Cornell Aniversity Library

 

THE GIFT OF

Ade sien —

   
    

 

 
Cornell University Libra

| Celeb

olin’

 

 

                                                                          

4 028 8

Jiresented

to

Sevrony sf Ga ANNA cay
ee Wc
by

Che Citizens’ Committee
of the
National Capital Centennial Celebration, 1 00

through

Che Librarian of Congress
1800 IQ00

CELEBRATION

OF THE

ONE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY

OF THE

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT IN THE
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

a
COMPILED By ‘Vv
WILLIAM V~ COX.

UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE ON PRINTING.

a + oe

WASHINGTON :
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
Igol.
A. 161037
(
  
   
  
   
 

THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION

-~SEAT-OF-

“ea J fo Sp = ana Rk OF THE

G

OF THE ESTABLISHMENT

 

ene t dey Sieg teeny =
a ee
2s

4

OWERNMENT »™ DISTRICT+OF=-COLU MBIA-

SWEET
SS ee
dda aT

 
    

1900.
REPORT OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE.

At a meeting of the committee held on December 20, 1900,
and on motion of Mr. Edson, the committee requested the
secretary to undertake the preparation of a report on the
Centennial Celebration.
AUTHORIZATION TO PRINT REPORT."

‘To print the report of the Committee on the Centennial
Celebration of the Establishment of the Seat of Government
in the District of Columbia, held in the city of Washington,
December twelfth, nineteen hundred, together with the pro-
ceedings and public addresses on the commemoration of that
event, in a memorial volume, with suitable illustrations as
selected by the committee, one thousand five hundred copies
for the use of the Senate, three thousand copies for the use
of the House of Representatives, and two thousand five hun-
dred copies for distribution by the citizens’ committee on the
celebration, five thousand five hundred dollars, or so much
thereof as may be necessary; of which amount the sum of five
hundred dollars shall be available for the preparation of the
report and for obtaining the necessary material for illustrating
the same. That the work shall be done under the direction
of the Joint Committee on Printing.”

 

An act making appropriations to supply deficiencies in the appropriations for
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1go1, and for prior years, and for other purposes.
(Approved March 3, 1901. Public, 136.)

5
CONTENTS.

Page.

TistOf A GStPA TIONS 4 <ccrartancsane aanarp ananassae Ape Ashen sexe DIE ORee 9
TPEHO MU CCOR Ys cvesanasneeresisw Sa caiei lets grasr ae Aid aU AIT es goat ott atar eGR a SecsterSe 13
Inception of plan and preliminary work of committees ...................4. Ly.
Proceedings of the meeting of the joint committee, February 21, 1900........ "29
Completion of arrangements... .2.:¢gstqonaca act eeetecseoyasareseig 2 Rees 41
Day of the Centennial celebration... 2.00.0... cccececccecececuescseteeenees 55
REO RTA MII Ci sci satacatriy BGnsustseubadsicadboed Gardsarays hulle Gealetedtne lind oectudepe day heatatd aisusyen 57
Reception and exercises at the White House ...................00-20005 59
Parade, and review by the President of the United States................ 79

Br encisessats the Ga pitell sa canscits onan aictasage cies tesd- te gia taneace esr ib bench e Sigal iGnnshseiaes 99
-Reception at the Corcoran Gallery of Art.........0...00 0002s eee ee eee 131
Personnel of committees) s.: acne caexaesansieriad epee eto secure atabhanes 135
Powers and duties of committees. ..1+scoscsanaesa as seegeweereeegusevenkeae 155
Committee an eet gS ose csecscpskie satis pes Maren Bee doang Baanea tear onntevirmiva O apkcersreuavialagind 163
Banquet by the Board Of Trades oo. oss oe ase ss nee eissateiniaenierneueue adieu genie taes 167
Decoration and illumination .........0..0 0.000. cece cece beeen eee 176
Sotiveiir medal atid! Dad SG) sata. csccentinns smamuiaer ag ey eencmin Raves wma aerate 183
Congressional action: 14. sicsctoscesaisinciis a cinstcdaigis ard talaafarembenoatansres nei are a 185
PInanCes.c condense giisseinsegunaerruodsKeeeetapagatmepaeeemanas ede a eewasany 211
Appehdixi.cadsrnitwnvagneseeeevarewas eeaebeeeneaas emoserawes eer eeeeg 219
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Portraits of Presidents ADAMS and MCKINLEY (1800-1900) .......... Frontispiece
Page.
Plate 1. City of Washington, 1800............ 000s eect eect e eee eee eee 13
2. Pennsylvania avenue, Washington, 1834........... 0.0.0. 000ee ee 17
3. An early view of the city of Washington................. 0.002000 2I
4. Washington and Georgetown in 1812.............. 0. cee eee eee eee 25
5. Washington about 1840.22 0..:.s0005+ een cmeremes sede eda dhe bee 29
6. Washington City from the Monument, I900.................020. <i 33
7. White House, Hoban’s design, 1792 ......... 2000 eee eee eee eee 37
8. White House, 1799, after sketch by N. King..................000. 39
g. White House, south front, 1900... 1.0... cee eee cece neers 4I
10. White House, east front, 1900......... 0... eee e eee 45
11. White House, north front, 1900 ........ 0... eee eee eee eee 49
12: OMGial programmes gs: ss cise oc ewsass nits wand aceaptasaantabar etnies aid wee 58
13. Model of proposed enlargement of the White House, north front... 62
14. Model of proposed enlargement of the White House, south front. . 64
15. President McKinley leaving the White House, December 12, 1900. . 79
16. Centennial parade, December 12, 1900.............00..0000000 eee 81
17. Pennsylvania avenue, Washington, 1900........-.. 0.0... .0 eee e eee 83
18, The: Capitol, 1830-1850 wis20:eseeeeee sag emia dveweees YeEReEesease 85
19. The Capitol from Maryland avenue...................0020. 0220s 87
20; “The: Capitol 105960... .9 s.cdcciss, cae C4FS FS Srarecand alle BRS agl nace en awe ies 93
21. President McKinley on the reviewing stand, December 12, Igo0.... 96
22. East front of the Capitol, showing the President’s reviewing stand,
December l2, 1900 sic iranans cosas ewan saw daa epee 99
23. President McKinley, Cabinet, Supreme Court, and Congress at the
Capitol, December 12; 1900 2:5 cs4 545 twamnmnweer es reste cendynelay 108
24. Exercises in the House of Representatives, December 12, Ig00..... T12
25-26. Buildings used for early Congresses ..........- 06sec eee beeen 118, 126

1. Carpenters’ Hall, Philadelphia, Pa.
. State House, Philadelphia, Pa,

. Congress House, Baltimore, Md.

. Old Court-House, York, Pa.

. Nassau Hall, Princeton, N, J.

. State House, Annapolis, Md.

. Old Court-House, Trenton, N. J.

. Federal Hall, New York, N. Y.

OI nnNhwWN
Io

Plate 27.

28.
29.
30.

31.
32.

33-

34.
35-

36.

37-
38.

39-

List of [llustrations.

Invitation to reception at Corcoran Gallery of Art, December 12, moe
WGOGK a eaves cede aeaeeawade te Sah coe alenaiseetor tater PaRiath at aati 133
Main stairway, Corcoran Gallery of Art, 1900 .........-..-+22+000- 135
Medal of the National Capital Centennial.............----++-+.05- 184
Plan for the treatment of that section of the city of Washington
situated south of Pennsylvania avenue. ............-.00 20ers 328
Transverse road-crossing for the Mall.............-.00. see eee eee 328
Perspective toward south, from corner of Pennsylvania avenue and

Fifteenth street NW oi siceaeee <5 ved cesees sand eawebe reads ewes tem 328

Working plan showing approximate grades and drains for the
treatment of that section of the District of Columbia situated
south of Pennsylvania avenue and north of B street SW......... 328

Parkway between proposed Memorial Bridge and Rock Creek...... 328

Exhibit of early literature relating to the District of Columbia,
Library of Congress, 1900. 635502060440 aa0s sane seats eee ee ewee nae 337

PLANS OF WASHINGTON AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

The “L’Enfant Map,’ 1790........ 0.0.0 cece e eee eee eens
Engraved plan of ‘Washing ten, 1800. . aa hh es aeeneetetaies After 443
Defenses of Washington during the civil war, 1865............

Map of the District of Columbia, 1901. ........ 0.02... 0 cece eee
 

PRESIDENT JOHN ADAMS, 1800. PRESIDENT WILLIAM McKINLEY, 1900,
 

 

CELEBRATION

OF THE

ONE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY

OF THE

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT
IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

 

 

II
‘gsa13U0) JO URRIGYT ayy JO Asaymnoo Sq SuLvssue plo UB woIy paonpomday

0081 ‘NOLONIHSYM JO ALIO

Se ee ae =
RR ee
DS Sea ee eee

S ares

ee

(ee 3
3 SS eS

 

 

 

 

‘| aiwid
INTRODUCTORY.

In the last month of the last year of the nineteenth century
the centenary of the establishment of the seat of Government
in the District of Columbia was appropriately celebrated in
the city of Washington by the representatives of the nation
and of the District of Columbia. The 12th of December,
1900, was the day selected, at the instance of President
McKinley, in order to have the celebration occur during the
session of Congress. As the Federal Government began to
move into the Federal district in May, 1800, and the executive
and legislative branches were in full operation in Washing-
ton by November of that year, when Congress met in extra-
ordinary session, although the Supreme Court of the United
States did not meet in Washington until February, 1801,
there was no one day which stood out in the record of 1800
so conspicuously as to demand special recognition in the
celebration.

Everything, including the weather, conspired to make
the celebration in every way successful. The President of
the United States, the Congress, the Supreme Court, the
ambassadors and ministers of foreign powers, Governors of
States and Territories, by personal participation and in
other ways, contributed cordially to produce this result.
The national character of the event was emphasized by them,
and they secured not only national but international atten-
tion for it. For that day the eyes of the world were fixed
upon the District of Columbia distinctively as they never

13
14 Establishment of the Seat of Governmeut.

were before. The citizens of the District of Columbia who
proposed the celebration, and who did most of the work of
planning and preparation, had a special and intimate pride in
it which was highly gratified by its success. They rejoiced
with civic patriotism to see their home, which is also the
National Capital, honored by the National Government and
by the representatives of all the Governments of the world.
They realized that the District of Columbia had made the
most of its first centennial birthday, and in so doing had
acquired new dignity and importance, and had received a new
recognition of its claims and needs, its beauties and its pos-
sibilities, which would prove invaluable to it in the future.
They had tangible proof during the remainder of the session
of Congress, in the enactment of important and much-needed
legislation and the increase of appropriations for the future
improvement of the District, of the practical value of this
recognition.

The celebration was simple and dignified. There was
nothing spectacular and nothing meretricious in the events
of the day. It was not calculated to draw great quantities of
visitors, but it did draw visitors of the highest quality. On
no other occasion, for example, were so many governors of
States and Territories ever gathered together, and the signifi-
cance of their presence, as representatives of the States, was
very evident in all the proceedings.

The general scheme of the celebration contemplated an
exhibition of the development both of the nation and of the
national capital during the century in addresses by eminent
men representing both, who should also indicate the possi-
bilities of development for the United States and the District
of Columbia in the future. Certain social entertainments, an
escort procession representing the Army, the Navy, the
National Guard, and other uniformed organizations, military
in character, together with suitable decoration of the city of
Washington, especially with the national flag, which was
used more extensively than ever before, naturally accom-
panied the more important features of the programme.

Three addresses were delivered in the morning at the
Executive Mansion (the first formal addresses ever delivered in
Lntroductory. 15

that place), and five were delivered in the afternoon before the
joint session of the Senate and the House of Representatives
in the Hall of the House of Representatives. On both occa-
sions the President and his Cabinet, fhe Supreme Court,
governors of States and Territories, the Lieutenant-General
of the Army, the Admiral of the Navy, and other distin-
guished men were present. The ambassadors and ministers
of foreign Governments were present at the exercises in the
Hall of the House of Representatives.

The. arrangements for the celebration were made, by
authority of an act of Congress, under the direction of a
joint executive committee, made up of representatives of the
two Houses of Congress, of the Governors of the States and
Territories, and of citizens of the District of Columbia. The
details of the preparations were confided by this committee
to the National Capital Centennial Committee, composed of
citizens of the District of Columbia. This committee organ-
ized suitable subcommittees. The very general desire of
citizens to serve upon these committees made the member-
ship large, and they included members of every important
organization in the District of Columbia. The Commis-
sioners of the District of Columbia, as its executive govern-
ment, had a prominent part in the preparations and the
proceedings, the District of Columbia, through these official
representatives, being given its proper place among the
States and Territories. The members of all the committees
labored with indefatigable zeal.

In the early deliberations of the joint committee it was
proposed that the celebration should be marked by the begin-
ning of some great national improvement within the District
of Columbia, and several such projects were suggested. Con-
gress in its wisdom, however, did not see fit to provide for the
beginning of any work of that character at that time. It
authorized, however, the preparation of plans for the enlarge-
ment of the Executive Mansion, which were exhibited on
Centennial Day, and also the preparation of a project for the
general improvement of the park system of the District of
Columbia, upon which, under the direction of the Senate
Committee on the District of Columbia, a commission of
16 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

experts is to report at the first session of the Fifty-seventh
Congress.’

The expenses of the celebration proper were met by the
contributions of the citizens of the District of Columbia.
Congress appropriated money to meet the expenses of the
Governors of States and Territories attending the meetings
of the committee at large, and also for the preparation and
publication of the report of the celebration, prepared under
the authority of the joint committee.

The total amount expended from the Congressional appro-
priation in connection with the attendance of the Governors
was $3,613, as shown in the report of Mr. George W. Evans,
Disbursing Clerk of the Interior Department, who was
charged by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary
of the Interior with the disbursement of this appropriation.

 

"A special committee consisting of Senator McMillan of Michigan, Senator Gal-
linger of New Hampshire, and Senator Martin of Virginia, with Dr. Charles Moore
as secretary, was appointed to report a plan for the improvement of the entire park
system of the District of Columbia. On March 19 this committee met Mr. Robert
S. Peabody, president of the American Institute of Architects, and the legislative
committee of that body. After « discussion of the problem Mr. Boring, for the
Institute committee, recommended that Mr. Daniel H. Burnham, of Chicago, form-
erly director of the World’s Fair, and Mr. Frederick Law Olmsted, jr., of Brook-
line, Mass., be requested to prepare the contemplated plan, with power to select a
third member to act with them. These recommendations having been adopted by
the committee, Mr. Charles F. McKim, of New York City, was selected to serve as
the third member of the commission. Mr. Augustus St. Gaudens has also been
added to the commission,
PLATE 2,

 

 

 

PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, WASHINGTON. 1834.
 

 

INCEPTION OF PLAN AND PRELIMINARY
WORK OF COMMITTEES.

 

 

 

H. Doc. 552 2 17
INCEPTION OF PLAN AND PRELIMINARY WORK
OF COMMITTEES.

In October, 1898, the attention of some of the prominent
citizens of the District of Columbia was directed to the fact
that the one hundredth anniversary of the establishment of
the permanent seat of Government in the District would occur
in 1900, and the suggestion of celebrating this event met
with so much favor that, upon informal invitations extended
to representative citizens of the District and through pub-
lished notices in the local papers by Mr. W. S. McKean, one
of those who first proposed such a celebration, a meeting was
held on the evening of October 24, 1898, at the Lenman
Building in Washington City, for the purpose of organizing,
with a view to preparing for appropriate ceremonies.

The president of the Board of Commissioners of the Dis-
trict, Hon. John B. Wight, was present and consented to act
as chairman of the meeting, Mr. McKean being chosen secre-
tary. On motion of Mr. Charles B. Bayly it was declared to
be the unanimous sense of the meeting that the citizens of
the District should celebrate in some appropriate manner
the one hundredth anniversary of the establishment of the
National Capital in the District of Columbia.

During the course of the meeting the chairman was author-
ized to appoint a committee of nine citizens, with himself as
chairman ex officio, to take the matter into consideration and
to report to a second public meeting, which he should convene
at the proper time.

The following named gentlemen were invited to form this
committee, of whom the seven first mentioned had previously
acted as chairmen of inaugural committees: Messrs. James G.
Berret, Charles J. Bell, John Joy Edson, Myron M. Parker,

19)
20 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

A. T. Britton, John W. Thompson, Lawrence Gardner,
Theodore W. Noyes, and R. Ross Perry.

All of these gentlemen having accepted the appointment,
the first meeting of the citizens’ committee was held on
Wednesday, November 1, 1898, when a majority of the mem-
bers were present, and it was the unanimous opinion of the
meeting that, inasmuch as the celebration had as the object
of commemoration the establishment of the capital of the
nation in the District of Columbia, it should be national in
character, and that before determining upon any plans, a con-
ference should be had with the President of the United States,
who later consented to receive the committee on November 14.

On the morning of that day the President met the commit-
tee, and he was handed by Commissioner Wight the following
memorial, explanatory of the object sought by the committee
on behalf of the citizens of the District of Columbia:

The citizens of the National Capital appreciate the fact that the year
1900 will be the centennial of events in the nation’s history which, while
they are general in character, are directly related to our city and the
District of Columbia.

The one hundredth anniversary of the laying of the corner stone of
the Capitol was properly commemorated by our citizens on September 18,
1893, but the approaching events to which we refer are of larger impor-
tance and demand more general notice.

In May, 1800, the archives and general offices of the Federal Govern-
ment were removed to this place. On the 17th of November, 1800, the
National Congress met here for the first time, and assumed executive
control of the Federal district and city..

This may be said to have been the establishment of the city of Wash-
ington as the permanent capital of the United States, the legal require-
ments being fully complied with when Congress met in regular session
on the first Monday in December, 1800, in accordance with the act of
July 16, 1799, which reads as follows:

‘And be it further enacted, That on the first Monday in December, in
the year’1800, the seat of government of the United States shall, by
virtue of this act, be transferred to the district and place aforesaid.”

At a meeting of citizens held on the 24th of October the chairman
was authorized to appoint a committee of nine citizens who should con-
sider plans for the proper celebration of this centennial and report their
recommendations at a meeting to be called for that purpose.

It is the opinion of this committee that the national character of this
event and the peculiar conditions which do now, and doubtless will,
‘ss01SU09 JO URTIRAGLT otf] Jo AsayMO9 Acq SulAvisue plo Uv ULOIy paonpoidoy

"NOLONIHSVM 4O ALIO SHI JO MSIA Alava NV

 

 

 

‘o aLlvid
Preliminary Work of Commtttees. 21

surround our national history, make it desirable to elevate the celebration
beyond purely local aspects. It marks the creation and growth of the
capital of a great country; it indicates the rapidly opening possibilities
of our future. The country has, apparently, completed one phase of its
development. The coming century opens for it a world-wide field which
it has not hitherto sought to enter. Within our borders we have a
united and prosperous people.

In order that this subject may be brought to the attention of Congress
in a manner suited to the dignity and importance of the occasion, we
have the honor to request that you will suggest in your annual message
to Congress such legislation as will provide for the appointment of a
national committee, consisting of five Senators and five Representatives,
to be appointed by the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the
House, respectively, who shall act with the committee appointed by the
citizens of the District of Columbia. and that you be empowered to
further increase this committee by the addition of citizens at large.

It is also suggested that you invite the Governors of the several States
and Territories to act as members of this committee, which, when finally
constituted, shall be authorized to report to Congress a suitable plan for
the celebration of the event.

It might be added that the committee already appointed are unani-
mously of the opinion that so important an event could well be marked
by the erection of a type of architecture which will in itself inspire
patriotism and a broader love of country, such as a memorial hall, a
bridge connecting the District of Columbia with the sacred ground of
Arlington, or some other permanent structure which would commemo-
rate not only the occasion but also the exceptionally happy condition of
our people at this time, when to so marked a degree there is noticed the
absence of all sectional feeling and the prevalence of good will throughout
the land.

Mr. Berret further explained the views of the committee,
giving special prominence to the idea that the celebration
should be national in character, and expressing the hope of
the citizens of the District of Columbia that some permanent
structure might be erected in the city of Washington in
commemoration of the event.

The President assured the committee that he was in full
sympathy with its aims. Referring to the mention in the
memorial of a committee to represent the country at large, he
suggested that it might be appropriate for the governor of
each State and Territory to be appointed to constitute such a
committee. He further advised that before the committee
definitely outlined its plan for the celebration Congress be
22 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

asked for its official approval and for authorization for the
President to appoint representatives of the country at large
to cooperate with committees of the two Houses of Congress
and the citizens’ committee of the District of Columbia. He
promised to comply with the request contained in the memo-
rial that he make reference to the matter in his next message
to Congress, which he did, on December 5, 1898, in the fol-
lowing words:

In the year 1900 will occur the centennial anniversary of the founding
of the city of Washington for the permanent capital of the Government
of the United States by authority of an act of Congress approved July
16, 1790. In May, 1800, the archives and general offices of the Federal
Government were removed to this place. On the 17th of November,
1800, the National Congress met here for the first time, and assumed
exclusive control of the Federal district and city. This interesting event
assumes all the more significance when we recall the circumstances
attending the choosing of the site, the naming of the capital in honor
of the Father of his country, and the interest taken by him in the adop-
tion of plans for its future development on a magnificent scale.

These original plans have been wrought out with a constant progress
and a signal success even beyond anything their framers could have
foreseen. The people of the country are justly proud of the distinct
beauty and government of the capital, and of the rare instruments of
science and education which here find their natural home.

A movement lately inaugurated by the citizens to have the anniversary
celebrated with fitting ceremonies, including perhaps the establishment
of a handsome permanent memorial to mark so historical an occasion,
and to give it more than local recognition, has met with general favor on
the part of the public.

I recommend to Congress the granting of an appropriation for this
purpose and the appointment of a committee from its respective bodies.
It might also be advisable to authorize the President to appoint a com-
mittee from the country at large, which, acting with the Congressional
and District of Columbia committees, can complete the plans for an
appropriate national celebration.

On December 7, 1898, a select committee of seven members
was appointed by the Senate, while ten members of the
House of Representatives were appointed as a similar com-
mittee on December 12 of the following year. ‘The Senate
committee consisted of Hon. George F. Hoar, chairman; Hon.
Eugene Hale, Hon. Alexander S. Clay, Hon. John L.
McLaurin, Hon. George C, Perkins, Hon. Joseph Simon, and
Preliminary Work of Committees. 23

Hon. Thomas B. Turley. The members of the House com-
mittee were Hon. Joseph G. Cannon, chairman; Hon. Joseph
W. Bailey, Hon. John C. Bell, Hon. William S. Cowherd,
Hon. Marion De Vries, Hon. Robert J. Gamble, Hon. William
W. Grout, Hon. Joel P. Heatwole, Hon. James A. Hemenway,
and Hon. James S. Sherman.

A meeting of the committee of nine, appointed at the pub-
lic meeting on October 24, was held in the rooms of the
Washington Board of Trade on December 9, 1898, at 4.30
o'clock, for the purpose of drafting a bill to be introduced in
Congress, authorizing the appointment by the President of a
committee to represent the country at large.

A joint resolution, substantially as drafted by the commit-
tee, was introduced both in the Senate and House of Repre-
sentatives, and the resolution originating in the former body
passed in the following form:

PusBLic, No. 84.--AN ACT to provide for an appropriate national celebration of the
establishment of the seat of government in the District of Columbia.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, The President is authorized to
appoint a committee from the country at large, of such number as he shall
think proper, to act with any committees that may be appointed by the
two Houses of Congress, or either of them, and with any committee that
may be appointed from the citizens of the District of Columbia, who may
prepare plans for an appropriate national celebration, in the year nine-
teen hundred, of the first session of Congress in the District and the
establishment of the seat of Government therein. Said committee shall
report their proceedings to the President, to be by him communicated to
Congress.

Sec. 2. The actual expenses of the members of said committee so
appointed by the President shall be paid by the Secretary of the Treasury
on vouchers to be approved by the.Secretary of the Interior.

Sec. 3. The sum of ten thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may
be necessary, is hereby appropriated from any money in the Treasury
not otherwise appropriated, to carry into effect the second section of
this act.

Approved, February 28, 1899.

In accordance with the resolution adopted at the citizens’
meeting held October 24, and the committee then appointed
being prepared to report, the chairman issued a call for a sec-
ond public meeting, which occurred on Saturday, December
24 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

17, at 8 o’clock, in Willard’s Hall, for the special purpose of
receiving the report. The chairman gave an account of the
progress which had been made up to that time, stating that
the committee had endeavored to secure the widest and most
beneficial results for the District of Columbia, and hoped
that its action would meet with general approval. Should
the joint resolution introduced in Congress become a law
(which, as has been stated, proved to be the case), it was his
wish that the Congressional committee, the committee from
the country at large, and the citizens’ committee be called
together for definitely outlining plans, and that when plans
had been agreed upon, a second bill be prepared for presen-
tation to Congress, requesting authority to carry them out,
and asking for such an appropriation as might be deemed
necessary. :

A resolution, offered by Mr. William Dickson, was then
unanimously adopted, as follows:

Resolved, That the report of the committee be, and it is hereby,
adopted, and that the committee of nine appointed by the chairman of
the citizens’ organization be, and it is hereby, authorized and empowered,
in connection with the committees appointed under resolutions intro-
duced into the Senate and House, to assist in the formulation and
execution of all plans for the celebration.

The first meeting of the committee of nine, as the author-
ized and empowered citizens’ committee to represent the
District of Columbia, was held in the rooms of the Washing-
ton Board of Trade on the evening of January 25, 1899, when
Mr. Lawrence Gardner was chosen secretary. After having
stated that on January 12 he had, upon invitation, appeared
before the Senate committee and presented the views of the
citizens’ committee as to the initial steps to be taken, the
chairman was authorized to appoint a committee of three to
consider and recommend tentative plans upon which could
be based an estimate of the amount of funds necessary to
meet all the expenses of the local features of the celebration.
This committee was composed of Messrs. Noyes, Bell, and
Gardner.

The chairman was also authorized to designate a member
to act as chairman of a finance committee, the members of
09 VY osud “Avparqnod £q ‘QOL ‘WAWAdoD “YO Ay s,pELOAy aq, MOL

“éL8tL NI NMOLS9YO3SD GNV NOLONIHSWM

 

‘p avid
Preliminary Work of Committees. 25

which should be selected from the citizens of the District of
Columbia by the chairman of that committee and himself,
the duty of this committee being to secure subscriptions from
the public. °

It was announced at this meeting that the Washington
Board of Trade had on January 6 adopted the following reso-
lution, heartily indorsing the Centennial movement, which
had been reported by Mr. Marion Dorian from the committee
on mercantile interests:

Whereas it is proposed to celebrate, in 1900, with proper ceremonies,
the one hundredth anniversary of the removal of the seat of the Federal
Government to Washington, and as this celebration will be national in
character, and should be of such magnificence as to reflect credit not
only upon the Nation, but upon our beautiful city and its public-spirited
citizens as well; therefore the Washington Board of Trade pledges its
aid and cooperation to the committees, official and civic, having the
arrangements in charge, and by its influence and zeal will help to make
of the occasion a success commensurate with the importance of the
events to be celebrated.

Among other organizations of the District which formally
indorsed the movement were the Columbia Historical Society,
the Oldest Inhabitants’ Association, and the Business Men’s
Association, the latter having on December 6, 1898, adopted
the following resolution:

Resolved, That this board of directors of the Business Men’s Associ-
ation of Washington, D. C., heartily approve the movement, already
inaugurated, to properly celebrate in 1900 the centennial anniversary of
the location of the permanent seat of Government in this city, and pledge
to that movement its most earnest support.

The joint resolution drafted by the citizens’ committee and
introduced in Congress, was passed by the Senate on January
28, 1899, and two days later by the House of Representatives.
It authorized the President to appoint a committee from the
country at large, and appropriated $10,000 to meet the
necessary expenses of the members. It was approved by the
President on February 28.

In accordance with the authority given at the meeting of
the citizens’ committee on January 25, the chairman desig-
nated Mr. Myron M. Parker to serve as chairman of the finance
committee, and at a meeting held February 2 it was deemed
26 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

best to combine that office and the one of treasurer, and Mr.
Parker kindly consented to serve in both capacities.

At a meeting held in the rooms of the Washington Board
of Trade on the afternoon of October 30, 1899, a special com-
mittee, consisting of Messrs. Bell, Noyes, and Parker, was
chosen to consider and suggest a plan of celebration, recom-
mending also the date on which it should be held and its
general character, together with any features in respect to
which national and State legislation might be deemed neces-
sary or desirable. ‘This committee’s report, presented shortly
afterwards, was adopted and formed the basis of the recom-
mendations of the citizens’ committee to the committees of
Congress and from the country at large.

Occasion was taken at this meeting to deplore the deaths
of two members of the citizens’ committee, Messrs. Britton
and Gardner. The names of Messrs. Beriah Wilkins and
William V. Cox, as their respective successors, were presented
by the chairman, and these gentlemen were duly appointed.
On November 6, the date of the next meeting, Mr. Cox was
chosen secretary of the committee.

Closely following this date, the Board of Trade considered
plans for the suitable entertainment of the Governors and
members of the Congressional and citizens’ committees on
the occasion of a meeting of the several committees to be
organized as a joint committee, which was called first for the
21st of December, 1899, but afterwards postponed until Feb-
ruary 21,1900. The hospitality extended by the Board of
Trade took the form of a banquet at the Arlington Hotel on
the evening of the same day, and a full account of this enter-
tainment will be found elsewhere in this volume.

In his annual message to Congress of December 5, 1899,
the President informed that body of the appointment of the
Governors of the States and Territories as a committee from
the country at large, to act with the Congressional committees
and the citizens’ committee, in the following words:

In accordance with the act of Congress providing for an appropriate
national celebration in the year 1900 of the establishment of the seat of
Government in the District of Columbia, I have appointed a committee
consisting of the Governors of all the States and Territories of the United
Preliminary Work of Committees. 27

States, who have been invited to assemble in the city of Washington on
the 21st of December, 1899, which, with the committees of the Congress
and the District of Columbia, are charged with the proper conduct of

this celebration. 7

A conference of the citizens’ committee with the Senate
committee was held on December 7, 1899, and a second con-
ference with both of the Congressional committees on the
15th of the same month, at which the citizens’ committee was
requested to submit plans for consideration. It was under-
stood that the local features were to be left in the hands of
the citizens’ committee, with assurance that such parts of the
plan suggested as would require action by Congress should
receive full consideration at the hands of its specially
appointed committees on the centennial celebration.

Before the joint meeting of February 21, 1900, three more
meetings of the citizens’ committee were held, on the following
dates: January 10, January 18, February 14. In obedience
to the wishes of the committees of the Senate and House of
Representatives, a programme was formulated by the citizens’
committee. ‘This met with the approval of the Congressional
committees, and at their request was later submitted by the
chairman of the citizens’ committee at the joint meeting for
final consideration. He was also instructed to submit a full
report of progress on the centennial movement at the joint
meeting, for which a special order of business had been previ-
ously arranged.

At the meeting held February 14, the chairman was author-
ized to designate Mr. W. P. Van Wickle assistant secretary.
 

“OD ZW asRg ‘ARparqnod Aq

 

IL IWAUAdo;Y “YIOA\ S.P[MOAy OWL, ULOIY

‘Or8L LNOPVY NOLONIHSVM

 

'G aLvid
 

 

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING OF THE
JOINT COMMITTEE.

(FEBRUARY 21, 1900.)

 

 

29
PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING OF THE JOINT
COMMITTEE.

The members of the joint committee assembled at rr
o’clock, February 21, 1900, in the parlors of the Arlington
Hotel. The meeting was called to order by Hon. John B.
Wight, chairman of the citizens’ committee. After welcoming
the members to the capital of the nation, he briefly presented
a history of the movement to celebrate the one hundredth
anniversary of the establishment of the permanent seat of
Government in the District of Columbia since its inception,
in October, 1898, referring especially to the deep interest
shown by the President, and to his suggestions, all of which
had been carried out. The members of the committee from
the country at large, as appointed by the President, were read,
as follows:

 

Alabama......... Joseph F. Johnston. New Hampshire. . Frank W. Rollins.
Arkansas ........ Daniel W. Jones. New Jersey ...... Foster M. Voorhees.
California? ...... Henry T. Gage. New York ....... Theodore Roosevelt.
Colorado......... Charles S. Thomas. North Carolina. ..Daniel L. Russell.
Connecticut...... George E. Lounsbury. | North Dakota....F. B. Fancher.
Delaware ........ Ebe W. Tunnell. Qhi0) so. s4 seca Asa S. Bushnell.
Florida.......... Wm. D. Bloxham. Oregon.......... Theo. T.Geer.
Georgia.......... Allen D. Candler. Pennsylvania ....William A. Stone.
Idaho. psi vex F. Steunenberg. Rhode Island ....Elisha Dyer.
Illinois .......... John R. Tanner. South Carolina. ..M. B. McSweeney.
Indiana.......... James A. Mount. South Dakota....Andrew E. Lee.
TOWasasAsoemantie? Leslie M. Shaw. Tennessee ....... Benton McMillin.
Kansas .......... W. E. Stanley. TOKAS! 2.0. ngcnzcuns Joseph D. Sayers.
Kentucky? ...... W. O. Bradley. Wah seats yan Heber M. Wells.
Louisiana........ Murphy J. Foster. Vermont......... Edwin C. Smith.
Maine... = s.cce%s = Llewellyn Powers. Vir Bima oc nsceaes J. Hoge Tyler.
Maryland........ Lloyd Lowndes. Washington ..... John R. Rogers.
Massachusetts. ...Roger Wolcott. West Virginia. ...G. W. Atkinson.
Michigan........ Hazen S. Pingree. Wisconsin ....... Edward Scofield.
Minnesota....... John Lind. Wyoming........ De Forest Richards.
Mississippi....... A.J. McLaurin. Alaska .......... John G. Brady.
Missouri......... Lon V. Stephens. Arizona.......... N. O. Murphy.
Montana ........ Robert B. Smith. New Mexico ..... Miguel A. Otero.
Nebraska........ W. A. Poynter. Oklahoma....... Cassius M. Barnes.
Nevada.......... Reinhold Sadler.

 

t State constitution prohibits governor from accepting appointment.

2 Appointment declined.
31
32 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

The chairman then suggested the selection of a chairman
of the joint committee, and on motion of Col. M. M. Parker,
duly seconded, Hon. Eugene Hale, of Maine, chairman of the
select committee from the Senate, was unanimously elected.

In accepting the office Mr. Hale expressed his appreciation
of the honor conferred upon him in being chosen to preside
over a committee which, if it prospered in its work, would
give to Washington City and the country a most interesting
celebration of one of the greatest events in the history of the
nation.

The chairman suggested the selection of a permanent
secretary, and on motion of Mr. Wight, Mr. W. V. Cox,
secretary of the citizens’ committee, was unanimously chosen.

The chair then directed that the roll be called, whereupon
the following-named gentlemen responded:

Eugene Hale, Senator from Maine; George C. Perkins,
Senator from California; Joseph Simon, Senator from Oregon;
Alexander S. Clay, Senator from Georgia; Thomas B. Turley,
Senator from ‘Tennessee, and James McMillan, Senator from
Michigan, members of the select committee from the United
States Senate.

Joseph G. Cannon, Representative from Illinois; J. P. Heat-
wole, Representative from Minnesota; J. S. Sherman, Repre-
sentative from New York; J. A. Hemenway, Representative
from Indiana; R. J. Gamble, Representative from South
Dakota, and John C. Bell, Representative from Colorado,
members of the select committee from the United States
House of Representatives.

Charles S. Thomas, governor of Colorado; Ebe W. Tunnell,
governor of Delaware; F. Q. Brown, proxy for William D.
Bloxham, governor of Florida; Allen D. Candler, governor of
Georgia; F’. Steunenberg, governor of Idaho; James A. Mount,
governor of Indiana; Llewellyn Powers, governor of Maine;
John Lind, governor of Minnesota; Robert B. Smith, governor
of Montana; W. A. Poynter, governor of Nebraska; Frank
W. Rollins, governor of New Hampshire; William A. Stone,
governor of Pennsylvania; Elisha Dyer, governor of Rhode
Island; Andrew E. Lee, governor of South Dakota; Benton
McMillin, governor of Tennessee; Heber M. Wells, governor
‘O09 Pose “Kepotquod sq ‘OO6L WUFWAdOD “ALO Ay §,PWOA, eT Wosy

"0061 ‘LNSWANOW 3HL WOU4 NOLONIHSVM

 

‘9 aLV1d
Proceedings of Meeting of Joint Committee. as

of Utah; Edwin C. Smith, governor of Vermont; G. W. Atkin-
son, governor of Vest Virginia; Alexander Stewart, proxy
for Edward Scofield, governor of Wisconsin; De Forest Rich-
ards, governor of W:yoming; John G. “Brady, governor of
Alaska; N. O. Murphy, governor of Arizona, mémbers of the
committee from the country at large.

John B. Wight, Commissioner of the District of Columbia;
M. M. Parker; Chas. J. Bell; James G. Berret; John Joy
Edson; George H. Harries, proxy for Theodore W. Noyes;
R. Ross Perry; John W. Thompson; Scott C. Bone, proxy for
Beriah Wilkins, and W. V. Cox, members of the committee
from the District of Columbia.

At the request of the chair the secretary read the act of
Congress (Public 84, approved February 28, 1899) entitled
‘“‘An act to provide for an appropriate national celebration of
the establishment of the seat of Government in the District
of Columbia.” (See p. 23.)

The chairman said that in view of the fact that the citizens’
committee had taken the initiative in the centennial move-
ment and had performed all necessary preliminary work
looking toward the celebration, he would call upon the chair-
man of that committee to outline such plans as it had consid-
ered. Mr. Wight, chairman of the citizens’ committee, replied
that his committee had prepared a report, which, on motion
of His Excellency Charles S. Thomas, Mr. Wight then read.
The report was as follows:

The citizens’ committee of the District of Columbia has the honor to
propose the following plan for the celebration of the Centennial of the
Establishment of the Permanent Seat of Government in the District of
Columbia:

First. That the celebration be held in the month of December, 1900.

Second. That commemorative exercises be held in the two Houses of
Congress, separately or jointly, in honor of the anniversary of the first
session of Congress held in the permanent capital.

Third. That the laying of the corner stone of an appropriate, sub-
stantial, and permanent memorial structure be made a feature of the
celebration, and that Congress be urged to provide for such a memorial.
In the judgment of this committee, a bridge across the Potomac River
to the Arlington National Cemetery, now the property of the United
States, would be the most fitting and appreciated ‘‘ Memorial to Ameri-
can Patriotism’’ that could be raised, and should be embellished with

3

 

H. Doc. 552
34 Lstablishment of the Seat of Government.

decorations illustrative of the great events in the nation’s history and
the progress of our country. Congress has already provided for pre-
liminary surveys and plans, and these plans have been completed so that
they are now available for the purpose of building such a memorial
bridge. It will therefore be possible to lay the corner stone of the pro-
posed bridge at the time of celebration. In connection with the cere-
mony, orations should be delivered by distinguished citizens of national
reputation; and further, such exercises should be preceded and followed
by a parade of military and naval forces and of civic organizations of as
great proportions and varied representations as practicable from the
United States and the several States and Territories.

Fourth. That the celebration should culminate in an evening recep-
tion and ball.

In connection with the first recommendation, that the celebration be
held in the month of December, 1900, it is, perhaps, proper to say that
much attention was given to the matter of date. It appears that during
the year 1800 the archives were being moved to Washington, and there
were several dates having some interest, covering a period from May to
December. In 1790 Congress decided, in connection with the establish-
ment of the permanent seat of government, that it should assume charge
and direction of this Territory at its meeting in December, 1800. ‘The
first meeting of Congress in the District of Columbia, however, was held
in November, 1800, and no special significance seems to have been
attached to that meeting. The committee is of the opinion that, inas-
much as there are so many dates from which to choose, that date should
be chosen which would meet most fully all the objects to be attained.
It is, of course, essential that it should be at a time when Congress is in
session, and it should be sufficiently remote from the present to admit of
such preparations as may be necessary in connection with the laying of
the corner stone of the memorial structure, which must be appropriated
for and for which some preliminary work must be done.

In connection with the third recommendation, that a memorial struc-
ture be erected, the citizens’ committee call attention to the following
propositions, which have also received its consideration:

The erection of a municipal building for Washington City; a memo-
rial arch at the head of Sixteenth street; a series of statues of American
worthies; a new Executive Mansion; the reclamation of the flats of
Anacostia River, the eastern branch of the Potomac; the enlarging of
the Capitol grounds by the condemnation of adjacent squares; the elim-
ination of Florida avenue as the northern boundary of the city of Wash-
ington; the policy of erecting all future Government buildings on the
south side of Pennsylvania avenue, and the purchase of the ground for
that purpose; a new building for the Supreme Court of the United
States, to be erected on a site corresponding to that of the Congres-
sional Library building; the retrocession of the whole or a part of the
Proceedings of Meeting of Joint Committee. a5

territory of the State of Virginia originally embraced in the ten-mile
square forming the District of Columbia.

Some of these suggestions, however, are open to the criticism that
they are partly local and are such as should be paid for in part by the
District of Columbia, such as the municipal building. The whole plan
of this celebration, as must be evident by all the steps taken since its
inception, looks to a national event, and whatever structure is chosen to
mark this interesting epoch should be provided by the nation.

The citizens’ committee have agreed—and will take pleasure in doing
the same—to raise such an amount of funds as will be required to meet
the expenses of the celebration proper, so that everything which is
purely local shall be paid for by the citizens of the District entirely at
their expense. The only expense asked of the General Government is
to provide for that which is purely national in its character.

In conclusion the citizens’ committee respectfully calls the attention
of the members of the full committee to the many interesting articles on
the early history of Washington City and the proposed celebration
which have appeared in local newspapers, as well as those throughout
the country, a number of which contain pertinent suggestions which
may be of interest to the committee, such articles having been preserved
by the citizens’ committee to form a part of its archives.

On the conclusion of the reading of the report, the chair-
man asked what action the committee wished to take upon it.

Hon. James S. Sherman, M.C., moved that the proposition of
the citizens’ committee, that the celebration take place in the
month of December, 1900, be approved, and the motion was
seconded by His Excellency Benton McMillin, and carried.

Col. M. M. Parker moved that a committee of five be
appointed by the chair, to which should be referred the
recommendations of the citizens’ committee for consideration
and report. This motion was seconded and carried, and the
chairman appointed as members of the committee: Hon. James
McMillan, United States Senator; Hon. Joel P. Heatwole,
member of Congress; His Excellency Elisha Dyer, Mr. C. J.
Bell, and Col. M. M. Parker.

The chairman then called for additional suggestions for
features of the celebration. None being offered, the com-
mittee of five was requested to consider the report of the
citizens’ committee at once, so as to be able to report plans of
celebration at the afternoon session.

On motion, a recess was taken until 3 o’clock in the after-
noon.
36 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

The chairman, Mr. Hale, called the meeting to order at
3.15 o'clock, and asked Senator McMillan to submit the report
of the committee of five.

Senator McMillan stated that the committee of five had
met as arranged, and had given the recommendations of the
citizens’ committee careful consideration, and had adopted
unanimously the following report:

First. That the celebration be held in the month of Decem-
ber, 1g00.

Second. That commemorative exercises be held in the two
‘Houses of Congress, separately or jointly, in honor of the
anniversary of the first session of Congress held in the per-
manent capital.

Third. That the enlargement of the Executive Mansion
in harmony with its present style of architecture, and the
construction of an avenue to be known as “Centennial ave-
nue,” ruuning from the Capitol grounds, through the Mall,
to the Potomac River, be made features of the celebration.

Fourth. That in connection with the ceremonies of enlarg-
ing the Executive Mansion and opening Centennial avenue,
orations be delivered by citizens of national reputation, and
that such exercises be preceded and followed by parades of
military and naval forces and of civic organizations, of as
great proportions and varied representations as practicable,
from the United States and the several States and Territories.

Fifth. That the celebration culminate in an evening recep-
tion, and such other entertainment as the committee may
determine upon.

Senator McMillan said:

Everyone recognizes that the Executive Mansion is not adequate for
the purposes for which it is used. It was built a great many years ago;
it is not in good order—in fact, the foundations of the building have
had to be supported from time to time, and it is not fit either as an office
or a residence for the President of the United States. The committee,
recognizing this, after a thorough discussion, came to the conclusion
that it would be wise to recommend that an enlargement of the Execu-
tive Mansion should be made, not to interfere with the architectural
‘Oo YOR “UMOIG UUA[) JO LSajo0 Aq peonpomdoayy

‘C6LL ‘(NDISAG SiNVGOH) SSNOH SLIHM

 

 

 

 

 

 

+
~~
+> ~
f
; yf
ss &
ie
ea
+ 8 * 5
; x X &
Pe i 4 6
x an
# é

a a

‘2 aLwd

 
Proceedings of Meeting of Joint Committee. 37

beauty of the present structure. It is suggested, at the same time,
that an avenue might be opened through the Mall from the grounds of
the Capitol to the Potomac River, where the proposed memorial bridge
might be built at some future time, making that avenue a boulevard,
with trees on either side, and possibly a riding path. This avenue
would be known ‘as ‘‘ Centennial avenue,’’ and would be probably three
miles in length. Strange to say, upon looking at the maps which the
committee had before it, it was seen that the original plan of Washing-
ton, as prepared by Major L’Enfant, provided for just such an avenue,
public buildings to be erected on either side of the same.

I might add that the committee was unanimous in the adoption of its
report, and that it consulted several gentlemen, not members of the
committee, who take a great interest in matters relating to Washington,
and they, too, were unanimous in approving these suggestions for sub-
mission to this meeting.

The chairman asked for any suggestions that members
might desire to make before taking action on the report.

Mr. Wight, as chairman of the citizens’ committee, stated
that while the report of the committee of five provided for a
proposition not recommended by his committee in its recom-
mendations, still he and his associates were pleased with the
same and heartily indorsed them as the best that could be
agreed on. The suggestion of the enlargement of the Execu-
tive Mansion is, he said, very necessary in the opinion of all
Washingtonians, housing as it does under one roof all the
offices of the Executive, as well as the living rooms of the
President and his family, with but a single doorway for
entrance and exit of officials as well as the Executive’s family
and private guests.

His Excellency John Lind said that he did not feel like
voting for the adoption of a report which was in the nature
of suggestions as to what Congress should do in matters over
which it alone had jurisdiction, referring principally to the
proposition that the enlargement of the Executive Mansion
be made a feature of the celebration. Mr. Lind suggested
that the report be modified so as to make it read that the
joint committee approved of the suggestions of the citizens’
committee, if the same met with the approval of Congress.
Mr. Lind, in conclusion, said, in brief, that he did not think
that the committee should take the initiative in a matter
belonging peculiarly to Congress.
38 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Senator McMillan explained that the entire matter was pre-
liminary only, and that, according to the law, whatever action
the committee took, would have to first receive the approval
of Congress before the same could be carried into effect.

His Excellency G. W. Atkinson thought that it would be
more practicable for the committee to recommend the erection
of an entirely new Executive Mansion, since the present one
is, he considered, entirely inadequate for the use of the Exec-
utive of the nation as his office and residence. He said that,
so far as sentiment was concerned in the objection to destroy-
ing the present Mansion, he thought a new one could be con-
structed on the same lines of architecture as the present one,
which, he appreciated, was of an unusually appropriate and
admired design. He said the condition of the present Exec-
utive Mansion almost required that it be overhauled and
remodeled from the ground up, which would practically mean
a new structure.

Senator McMillan said that his committee would not object
to such an amendment of its report, and Mr. Atkinson there-
upon moved that the report be amended by inserting after the
word “architecture,” in the third proposition, the words, “or
the erection of a new Executive Mansion.”

After considerable discussion on the objections to the report
made by Mr. Lind, Mr. Atkinson’s amendment was adopted.
During the discussion referred to, His Excellency Benton
McMillin stated that he thought the original proposition for
the enlargement of the Executive Mansion was more satis-
factory than the amendment. Mr. Atkinson did not think
Mr. Lind’s reasons for objecting to the report were well taken,
nor did His Excellency Charles S. Thomas. The latter
argued that, since a proposition to improve the Executive
Mansion and also to erect a new Executive Mansion had been
before Congress for a number of years past, the recommenda-
tions of the centennial committee would in his opinion be
perfectly proper and appropriate and would very likely be
welcomed by Congress. He pointed out that there was no
question of the great need of a new Executive Mansion, and
he thought that the centennial committee, which represented
every State and Territory of the Union and the United States,
“Bury “N Aq YoJoHS B LOW
*66LL ‘ASMOH SLIHM

 

"g alvid
Proceedings of Meeting of Joint Committee. 39

could very appropriately take such action as it now proposed
to do. ‘The improvement of Washington city and the capital
of the nation should, Mr. Thomas considered, receive the
attention and recommendation and material interest of every
citizen of the United States, and especially of those that rep-
resented it on the centennial committee. The committee, in
fact, should feel it to be its duty to urge such a worthy prop-
osition.

His Excellency James A. Mount moved that the report of
the committee of five, as amended, be adopted, which motion
was unanimously carried. The chair then asked what action
the committee desired to take in the matter of preparing its
plans of celebration and presenting the same to the President
and the two Houses of Congress. Mr. Thomas moved that
the citizens’ committee, which had taken the initiative in the
movement to celebrate and was so appropriately suited to take
full charge of the celebration, be authorized to make a report
to the President.

Mr. Atkinson suggested that Mr. Thomas amend his
motion by providing that the chairman of the joint com-
mittee act as ex officio chairman with the citizens’ committee.

Mr. Wight thought the committee of five a most repre-
sentative one and exceptionally suited to take charge of all
matters of detail that might arise in the future, and on this
line he suggested that this committee of five be increased by
the appointment of about five additional members and created
an executive committee with general directing powers. This
was indorsed by His Excellency William A. Poynter.

Mr. Sherman moved that the committee of five, and five
additional members to be appointed by the chairman, be made
an executive committee, the chairman of the joint committee,
Mr. Hale, to act as chairman ex officio thereof, which execu-
tive committee should possess all powers of the joint committee
at times when it was impracticable to call a meeting of the
latter.

Chairman Hale said that, while he desired to do everything
in his power to aid the movement and be of as much service
as possible to the committee, he felt that it was impossible
for him to act as chairman of the executive committee, owing
40 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

to his Congressional duties. Mr. Sherman thereupon modi-
fied his motion so as not to provide for the chairman of the
joint committee to act as chairman ex officeo of the executive
committee. ‘The motion was then put to the committee, and
was unanimously carried. The chair announced the follow-
ing-named gentlemen as members of the executive committee
thus provided for: George C. Perkins, of the Senate commit-
tee, chairman; Joel P. Heatwole, of the House of Represent-
atives committee; J. Hoge Tyler’ and Elisha Dyer, of the
committee from the country at large; John B. Wight, C. J.
Bell, John Joy Edson, Theodore W. Noyes, M. M. Parker,
and W. V. Cox, of the citizens’ committee.

Mr. Wight stated that he had ascertained that the Presi-
dent of the United States would be pleased to receive the
committee at the Executive Mansion at 3.30 o’clock, and he
moved that the committee adjourn and proceed in a body to
call upon the President. At the suggestion of Mr. Atkinson,
Mr. Wight.amended his motion so as to make the adjourn-
ment subject to the call of the chair. This motion was adopted,
and the committee adjourned.

 

7 See footnote, page 46,
0061 ‘LNOYS HLNOS ‘SSNOH 3LIHM

 

 

'6 alvid
 

 

COMPLETION OF ARRANGEMENTS.

 

 

4I
COMPLETION OF ARRANGEMENTS.

The executive committee met in the President’s room of
the Senate six days after the joint meeting, and on motion
of Mr. Edson elected Commissioner Wight, chairman of the
citizens’ committee, its vice-chairman. At the suggestion of
Senator Perkins, Mr. Cox, secretary of the citizens’ commit-
tee and joint committee, was elected secretary of the execu-
tive committee.

On motion of Mr. Heatwole, it was unanimously adopted
as the sense of the executive committee that the citizens’ com-
mittee be requested to take full charge of all matters of detail
connected with the celebration, including the reception at the
Corcoran Gallery of Art; and, in brief, to make such arrange-
ments for the local features of the celebration as were deemed
necessary to insure its success, and to report action at a meet-
ing of the joint committee to be held in December. It was
thought proper that the exercises to be participated in jointly
by the Senate and House of Representatives, in honor of the
one hundredth anniversary of the first session of Congress
held at the permanent capital, should be under the direction
of the Congressional Committees on the Centennial.

On February 28, the day following the date of this meet-
ing, the executive committee called upon the President for
the purpose of submitting for transmission to Congress the
proceedings of the joint meeting of the 21st. The chairman,
Senator Perkins, presented to the President the following
letter, accompanied by an outline of the plan of celebration
as adopted, a copy of the act of Congress, and a facsimile of
the original plan of the city of Washington.

NATIONAL CAPITAL CENTENNIAL, 1goo.
WASHINGTON City, February 28, rgo0.
To the President:
In conformity with an act of Congress entitled ‘‘An act to provide
for an appropriate national celebration of the establishment of the seat of
43
44 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Government in the District of Columbia,’’ approved February 28, 1899,
the committee appointed for that purpose has the honor to submit to
you herewith its proceedings.

The committee met at the Arlington Hotel, Washington City, on the
21st of February, 1900, and unanimously adopted plans for the proposed
celebration, which are appended.

The features of the celebration, as proposed, are, in brief, that in
December, 1900, appropriate exercises shall be held in the Halls of Con-
gress; that a corner stone shall be laid for an enlargement of the present
Executive Mansion or a new structure; that an avenue extending from
the Capitol grounds to the Potomac River and running through the
Mall, to be known as Centennial avenue, shall be provided for; that in
the evening there shall be a reception and such other entertainment
as the committee may determine upon; that in connection with the
laying of the corner stone there shall be a military, naval, and civic
parade of great proportions, and oratidns shall be delivered by distin-
guished citizens.

The committee ventures to hope that its action will meet with your
approval and that in transmitting this report to Congress you will give
it your indorsement, so that the objects of the celebration may be suc-
cessfully attained.

Iam, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
, Gro. C. PERKINS
Chairman, Executive Commtttee,
W. V. Cox,
Secretary.

The report of the proceedings of the meeting, together with
Senator Perkins’s letter and the above plan and other inclo-
sures, was transmitted to Congress by the President on
March 7 with the following message:

To the Senate and Flouse of Representatives:

I transmit herewith, for the information of Congress, the report of the
proceedings of the committee appointed in conformity with an act of
Congress entitled ‘‘An act to provide for an appropriate national celebra-
tion of the establishment of the seat of Government in the District of
Columbia,’’ approved February 28, 1899.

WituiaAM McKINLEY.
Executive Mansion, JZfarch 7, rgo0.

On the same date the message and report were read in the
Senate, referred to the Committee on the Centennial Celebra-
tion, and ordered to be printed. (Senate Doc. 210, Fifty-sixth
Congress, first session.) In the House it was referred to the
Committee on Appropriations.
‘0061 ‘LNOYJS LSV3 ‘SSNOH ALIHM

 

 

 

 

  

shdadde dade de i dendindindinde db A dit =

 

 

 

‘OL 3Lvid
Completion of Arrangements. 45

On May 14, 1900, Commissioner Wight tendered his resig-
nation as chairman of the citizens’ committee in the following
letter:

Sir: Inasmuch as I am no longer Commissioner of the District of
Columbia, and having been elected to the position of chairman of the
citizens’ committee by virtue of that office, I hereby tender my resigna-
tion as chairman of that committee. I beg to say, in this connection,
that my interest in the celebration of the Centennial is just as great as
ever, and I shall be glad in any way, no matter how humble, to aid
as much as possible in bringing to a successful issue whatever plans may
be decided upon.

Iam, very respectfully, Joun B. WIGHT.

W. V. Cox, Esq.,

Secretary, Citizens’ Centennial Committee.

Hon. Henry B. F. Macfarland succeeded Commissioner
Wight as president of the Board of District Commissioners
on May 9, I900.

In this connection the minutes of a meeting of the citizens’
committee held May 21 record that—

* %* > ‘The secretary presented a letter received from Chairman
Wight, tendering his resignation of that office, which he had held by
virtué of his position as president of the Board of Commissioners of the
District of Columbia. On motion of Colonel Parker, Mr. Wight’s resig-
nation was accepted with many regrets, since his work in behalf of the
celebration had been most zealous and energetic.

On motion, Mr. Wight was unanimously elected a member of the com-
mittee. He thereupon moved that his successor on the Board of Dis-
trict Commissioners, Hon. Henry B. F. Macfarland, be unanimously
elected a member of the committee, and chairman thereof by virtue of
his office. This motion was adopted, and the secretary was instructed
to so advise Commissioner Macfarland.

In the following letter, dated May 23, 1900, Commissioner
Macfarland conveyed his acceptance:

EXECUTIVE OFFICE
COMMISSIONERS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
Washington, May 23, rgoo.
Sir: I beg to acknowledge receipt of your notice of May 21, to the
effect that at a meeting of the citizens’ committee, centennial celebra-
tion of the establishment of the seat of government in the District of
Columbia, held that date, I was unanimously elected a member of the
46 Establishment of the. Seat of Government.

committee and chairman thereof. I appreciate the honor conferred
upon me, and shall be pleased to serve, to the best of my ability, in
furtherance of the proposed celebration.

Very respectfully,
Henry B. F. MACFARLAND.

W. V. Cox, Esq.,
Secretary, Citizens' Centennial Committee.

Commissioner Macfarland also succeeded Commissioner
Wight as a member and vice-chairman of the executive com-
mittee, Mr. Wight being reappointed by Senator Hale as a
member of that committee to fill a vacancy."

Commissioner Wight was subsequently (October 24) chosen
by the citizens’ committee as its vice-chairman.

Congress took important steps, in connection with the
recommendations of the joint committee, providing for the
construction of a model showing the proposed enlargement of
the Executive Mansion, and for the treatment of the territory
south of and adjacent to Pennsylvania avenue and the con-
necting of Potomac Park along the valley of Rock Creek with
the Zoological Park. Col. Theodore A. Bingham, U.S. A.,
in charge of public buildings and grounds, was requested to
prepare such a model, and he agreed to have it ready, with the
necessary drawings, by December. Thereupon the citizens’
committee conferred, through its chairman and secretary,
with the President as to holding a part of the exercises of the
centennial celebration in the Executive Mansion, at which
time the model and drawings might be exhibited for the first
time, and also suggested a reception by the President to the
Governors of the States and Territories. The President
informally signified his approval of such exercises and his
readiness to accord a reception to the State executives. He

 

1 Governor J. Hoge Tyler, of Virginia, whom Senator Hale appointed a member
of the executive committee, was unable to accept the President’s commission, owing
to an inhibition of the State’s constitution, which does not allow the governor or
other State officer to hold an office of profit or trust under the Federal Government.
Similar inhibitions of the constitutions of California and Texas also prevented
Governors Gage and Sayers from accepting the appointments of the President. In
view of the important part Virginia took in the establishment of the District of
Columbia, ceding, with Maryland, the territory originally forming the District, at
the instance of the citizens’ committee the President requested Governor Tyler to
act on the centennial committee informally as the representative of the Old Domin-
ion State, and to this he consented.
Completion of Arrangements. 47

was also consulted as to the date of the celebration, the month
of December having already been decided upon.

For the purpose of considering and adopting the necessary
modification of the plan of celebration, a meeting of the
executive committee was held on August 30, when, in the
absence of Senator Perkins, Commissioner Macfarland on
taking the chair said:

We have met to perfect plans for celebrating in December next the
centennial anniversary of the establishment of the seat of government in
the District of Columbia. These plans, in provisional form, have
already been submitted by the executive committee to the President of
the United States, who has signified his approval of them. They have
also been approved by the representatives of Congress upon the execu-
tive committee. They are designed to carry out the general purpose of
the celebration as adopted by the national committee, on the recommen-
dation of the citizens’ committee, with the approval of the President and
Congress. The fact that such an important anniversary ought not to be
allowed to pass without celebration has been recognized by everyone.
While there has been some disappointment because Congress in its
wisdom did not provide for the laying of the corner stone of the Memo-
rial Bridge at the time of the celebration, it must be remembered that
Congress has taken steps of an important character toward the execution
of the two projects recommended by the national committee as those
which ought to be connected with the celebration, namely, the enlarge-
ment of the Executive Mansion and the improvement of the Mall and its
park connections. Congress has authorized the completion of the plans
of Col. Theodore A. Bingham, Corps of Engineers, U.S. A., superintend-
ent of public buildings and grounds, for the enlargement of the Execu-
tive Mansion, and has authorized Brig. Gen. John M. Wilson, Chief of
Engineers, U. S. A., to prepare a plan for the treatment of the Mall and
its park connections.

President McKinley, who has shown such a sympathetic interest in
the proposed celebration, has consented to give a morning reception on
the day in December to be selected, when he will receive the Governors
of the States and Territories and other members of the national commit-
tee, together with Senators and Representatives, when it is hoped that
a model of the enlarged Executive Mansion, as proposed in Colonel
Bingham’s plans, will be exhibited in the East Room, and brief appro-
priate addresses will be made. The representatives of Congress have
planned for suitable exercises on the afternoon of that day in the Hall
of the House of Representatives, when prominent Senators and Repre-
sentatives will deliver orations. The citizens’ committee is to arrange
for a noonday military, naval, and civic parade, and for an evening
reception in honor of the distinguished visitors.
48 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

These outlines of the proposed celebration indicate that it will be
worthy of the occasion in dignity and interest. Posterity, which would
doubtless be astonished if there should be no celebration of this signifi-
cant event, will certainly look back to it with the same satisfaction that
will be felt by all those who take an interest in it now.

At this meeting the executive committee definitely decided
upon the details of the programme, which were to take place
in the following order:

Date of celebration: Wednesday, December 12.

Exercises at Executive Mansion in the morning:

Reception by the President to the governors of the States

and Territories, immediately followed by—

Addresses: By Col. Theodore A. Bingham, U. S. A., on
the history of the Executive Mansion dur-
ing the century 1800-1900, to be delivered
in connection with the display of the model
anda drawings of the proposed enlargement
of the Executive Mansion;

By Hon. Henry B. F. Macfarland, president
of the Board of Commissioners of the Dis-
trict of Columbia, on the development of
the District during the century 1800-1900;

By a member of the committee from the
country at large on the development of the
nation during the century 1800-1900.

Military, naval, and civic parade from the Executive Mansion
to the Capitol, to be reviewed by the President from the
east front of the Capitol.

Exercises at the Capitol in the afternoon, to be held jointly by
the Senate and House of Representatives in the Hall of
the House, commemorating the first session of the Congress
held at the permanent capital, to embrace addresses by two
Senators and two Representatives, on the following subjects:

‘Transfer of the national capital from Philadelphia to
Washington.

“Establishment of the seat of government in the District
of Columbia.

“History of the first century of the National Capital.

“Future of the United States and its Capital.”

Reception, in the evening, in honor of the Governors of the
States and Territories.
“0061 ‘LNOYS HLYON ‘3SNOH ALIHM

 

GORI ERE Se

 

| 2a Sree Sak
<5 >
S
~

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘Lp avid
Completion of Arrangements. 49

This plan of celebration was submitted, after adoption by
the executive committee, to each member of the joint com-
mittee, and received general approval. As will appear farther
on, the only change made was a slight increase in the number
of addresses at the Capitol. The speakers were selected by
the executive committee with a special view to representing
the States of Maryland and Virginia, which ceded the Dis-
trict of Columbia to the United States; Massachusetts, repre-
senting New England, and Tennessee, the last State admitted
into the Union before the capital was removed to Washington.
The great West, an unexplored territory a hundred years
ago, was also included in the plan. The speakers in Con-
gress represented the two great political parties and the two
Houses of Congress. :

For the purpose of arranging the details of the ceremonies
the executive committee at this meeting authorized the chair-
man of the citizens’ committee to organize the following
auxiliary committees: Finance, reception, exercises at the
Executive Mansion, exercises at the Capitol (to codperate on
behalf of the citizens’ committee with the committee of the
Senate and House of Representatives), parade and decora-
tion, press, medal and badges, printing, public comfort and
order, and auditing. In order to secure a compact organiza-
tion, and to enable the citizens’ committee to keep in immedi-
ate touch with every detail of the arrangements, it was
suggested that each member of this committee should act as
the chairman of one of the auxiliary committees.

Not until as many as 2,000 prominent men of the District
had been appointed on these committees was it felt that the
general patriotic and public-spirited desire of the citizens to
serve had been fully and properly recognized.

To this wide interest in the event the success of the cele-
bration was largely due. On these committees were repre-
sented, it was believed, all important patriotic, historical,
industrial, benevolent, and other similar organizations, among
which may be mentioned the Columbia Historical Society,
Oldest Inhabitants’ Association, the Loyal Legion, the Grand
Army of the Republic, the Confederate Veterans, Sons of the
American Revolution, Sons of the Revolution, Society of

4

 

H. Doc. 552
50 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Mayflower Descendants, Society of Colonial Wars, Society
of the Cincinnati, Military Order of Foreign Wars, Society of
the War of 1812, Aztec Club of 1847, Order of the Descend-
ants of Colonial Governors, and the various local citizens’
associations.

The following assignment of members of the citizens’ com-
mittee as chairmen of the auxiliary committees was made by
Commissioner Macfarland:

Mr. Parker, as chairman of committee on finance.

Mr. Bell, as chairman of committee on reception.

Mr. Edson, as chairman of committee on exercises at the Execu-
tive Mansion.

Mr. Perry, as chairman of committee on exercises at the Capitol.

Mr. Wight, as chairman of committee on parade and decoration.

Mr. Noyes, as chairman of committee on press.

Mr. Van Wickle, as chairman of committee on medal and badges.

Mr. Wilkins, as chairman of committee on printing.

Mr. Berret, as chairman of committee on public comfort and order.

Mr. Thompson, as chairman of committee on auditing.

Upon the completion of the working organization, the com-
mittee was, through the courtesy of Mr. Van Wickle, assistant
secretary, given the use of rooms in the Bradbury Building,
No. 1225 Pennsylvania avenue, where headquarters were
established.

Through the committee on reception the executive commit-
tee requested the trustees of the Corcoran Gallery of Art to
permit the holding of a reception to the Governors in the build-
ing under their control, and to this request they graciously
acceded. Later, Mr. Bell, chairman of the reception commit-
tee, accompanied by Rear-Admiral Edwin Stewart, and Mr.
A. A. Wilson, members of that committee, called upon the
President, and on behalf of the citizens’ committee invited
him and Mrs. McKinley to be present at the reception. To
this invitation the President signified his assent.

In his annual message to Congress of December 3, the
President again referred to the celebration in these words:

The transfer of the Government to this city is a fact of great histor-
ical interest. Among the people there is a feeling of genuine pride in

the Capital of the Republic.
It is a matter of interest in this connection that in 1800 the population
Completion of Arrangements. 51

of the District of Columbia was 14,093; to-day it is 278,718. The popu-
lation of the city of Washington was then 3,210; to-day it is 218,196.

The Congress having provided for ‘‘an appropriate national celebra-
tion of the Centennial Anniversary of the Estabfishment of the Seat of
Government in the District of Columbia,’’ the committees authorized by
it have prepared a programme for the 12th of December, 1900, which
date has been selected as the anniversary day. Deep interest has been
shown in the arrangements for the celebration by the members of the
committees of the Senate and House of Representatives, the committee
of Governors appointed by the President, and the committees appointed
by the citizens and inhabitants of the District of Columbia generally.
The programme, in addition to a reception and other exercises at the
Executive Mansion, provides commemorative exercises to be held jointly
by the Senate and House of Representatives in the Hall of the House of
Representatives, and a reception in the evening at the Corcoran Gallery
of Art in honor of the Governors of the States and Territories.

A resolution sanctioning the holding of the joint exercises
in the Hall of the House of Representatives, and legalizing
the day of celebration as a public holiday in the District of
Columbia, together with other desirable provisions, was sub-
mitted by the committee, formulated and passed December 5,
1900, and received the approval of the President on Decem-

ber 8.
The text of the resolution was as follows:

[Pusiic—No. 1.]

AN ACT In relation to the celebration of the centennial anniversary of the establish-
ment of the permanent seat of government in the District of Columbia.

Whereas the Senate and House of Representatives have each appointed
a committee to act with other committees appointed respectively by the
President of the United States and by the citizens of the District of Colum-
bia (in a mass meeting assembled), which committees have in charge
the celebration of the centennial anniversary of the establishment of the
permanent seat of government in the District of Columbia; and

Whereas said committees have in joint session adopted a plan of cele-
bration which has been submitted to the President of the United States
and by him transmitted to Congress, such plan proposing as a feature of
the celebration the holding by the Senate and House of Representatives,
jointly, commemorative exercises in the Hall of the House of Repre-
sentatives on the afternoon of the twelfth day of December, nineteen
hundred, in honor of the centennial anniversary of the first session of
Congress held in the permanent capital: Therefore

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, 'That the two Houses of Con-
52 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

gress shall assemble in the Hall of the House of Representatives on the
twelfth day of December, nineteen hundred, at the hour of half past
three o’clock post meridian, and that addresses on subjects bearing on
the celebration shall be made by Senators and Representatives to be
chosen by the joint committee mentioned in the preamble; that the
President and ex-Presidents of the United States, the heads of the sev-
eral Executive Departments, the Justices of the Supreme Court, repre-
sentatives of foreign Governments accredited to this Government, the
Governors of the several States and Territories, the Commissioners of the
District of Columbia, the Lieutenant-General of the Army and the
Admiral of the Navy, officers of the Army and Navy who have received
the thanks of Congress, and all persons who have the privilege of the
floor either of the Senate or the House be, and are hereby, invited to be
present on the occasion, and that the members of the committee from
the country at large, the members of the said citizens’ committee, and
the chairmen and vice-chairmen of the committees of the national capital
centennial are hereby granted the privilege of the floor of the House
during the exercises; that the said citizens’ committee shall issue cards
of admission to such portions of the public galleries of the Hall of the
House as may be set apart by the Doorkeeper of the House for that pur-
pose; that the Speaker of the House shall call the assembly to order
and the President pvo tempore of the Senate shall act as presiding officer
during the exercises; that the twelfth day of December, nineteen hun-
dred, be a legal holiday within the District of Columbia; that the
Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy are authorized to deliver
to the Architect of the Capitol, for the purpose of decorating the Capitol,
its approaches, and the reviewing stands in the Capitol grounds for the
occasion, such United States ensigns and flags, except battle flags, and
such signal numbers and other flags as may be spared, the same to be
delivered to the Architect immediately, and returned by him not later
than the thirty-first day of December, nineteen hundred: that admis-
sion of the general public to the southern portion of the Capitol, includ-
ing the Rotunda, on the said twelfth day of December, nineteen hundred,
shall be by card only, under the direction of the Doorkeeper of the
House; that the Commissioners of the District of Columbia are author-
ized and directed, for the occasion, to make all reasonable regulations
necessary to secure the preservation of public order and protection of life
and property, and to grant authority or permits for the use of such
thoroughfares and sidewalks in the city of Washington as may be neces-
sary for parades, and that the citizens’ committee are authorized to erect
for the occasion a reviewing stand at the east side of or on the east steps
of the Capitol.
Approved, December 7, 1900.

In accordance with action taken by the executive commit-
tee on February 27, which charged the citizens’ committee
Completion of Arrangements. 53

with the perfecting of arrangements for the celebration and
directed it to report at a meeting of the joint committee to be
held in December, such meeting was called for December 11
and held on that date in the parlor of the Arlington Hotel at
tr o'clock. ‘The proceedings of this meeting are best shown
by the minutes, in part here quoted:

Commissioner Macfarland, chairman of the citizens’ committee, said:

‘“The committee has performed the functions assigned to it by the
joint committee, in making arrangements for the celebration. In spite
of the absorbing interest of the Presidential campaign, which has delayed
the work so that all of the subcommittees were not actively at work until
after election day, the citizens of the District of Columbia, through their
committees, have done their full share toward the success of the celebra-
tion. Appreciating the importance of the occasion and sympathizing
with the purpose of the joint committee to commemorate it in a simple,
dignified, and impressive manner, they have worked zealously and effect-
ively, and have successfully accomplished the task assigned them. Most
of their work has been done within a month. The contributions of
money were made with unusual promptness and cheerfulness. The
general interest prompted a desire to serve on the committees, which was
met by the appointment of a large number of prominent citizens. These
committees have raised the necessary funds, arranged the details of the
exercises at the Executive Mansion and at the Capitol, securing the
necessary additional legislation, and also a provision in the act of Con-
gress for the observance of Centennial Day as a legal holiday in the
District this year. They have also prepared for a procession to escort
the President and other distinguished men from the Executive Mansion
to the Capitol, and for a reception in the evening at the Corcoran Gallery
of Art, which promises to be the most notable of the receptions at the
gallery. They have also arranged for the preparation of a beautiful
memorial medal and programme, and for decorations and illuminations,
for reduced railroad rates, and other necessary details. They are show-
ing the hospitality of the city to the Governors and other special guests
of the occasion as they arrive. It would be invidious to mention any of
the committeemen by name where all have done so well, but I must be
allowed to speak for the committee in praise of the efficient and untiring
labor of Secretary Cox and Assistant Secretary Van Wickle. I desire to
make formal acknowledgment of the cordial and constant interest of the
President of the United States, always a staunch friend of the District,
and of his unvarying kindness and courtesy to the committee. In his
desire to promote the success of the celebration, the President has much
more than met the wishes of the committee, and the committee is appre-
ciative and grateful.’’

Commissioner Macfarland then presented and read at length the
54 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

programme of the celebration, and the same was filed with the minutes.
He moved that the action taken by the citizens’ committee in arranging
the ceremonies be approved and ratified. This motion was seconded by
Senator McMillan and was unanimously carried.

In connection with the programme as presented, Commissioner Mac-
farland said:

““The committee, in the selection of speakers, sought first to recog-
nize the States that ceded the territory originally forming the District of
Columbia, and then the leaders of the two parties in Congress. Senator
Hoar, as first chairman of the centennial committee, and as senior Sena-
tor, was first in mind as one of the speakers, but the Senator believed at
that time that he would not be able to take the part in the ceremonies
which had been chosen for him by the committee. Finally, however,
he consented to speak, and his name will appear in the specially printed
programme. Senator Hoar desired to speak last. He will pronounce
the benediction.’’

The chairman, Senator Hale, called upon Senator Perkins, chairman
of the executive committee, who reported that with patriotic zeal and
public spirit the citizens’ committee had performed the work of prepara-
tion for the celebration in a manner deserving great credit and the
commendation of Congress. He said the executive committee, which
had delegated this work to the citizens’ committee, had felt confident
that the arrangements as made would result most satisfactorily and suc-
cessfully.

The chair expressed his full satisfaction with the manner in which
the citizens’ committee had performed the duties intrusted to it, dis-
playing great good sense and good taste.

On motion of Senator Perkins the committee adjourned subject to the
call of the chair.

With a view to gratifying a general desire to place on
permanent record the illuminated programme which was pre-
pared under the direction of the citizens’ committee, it was
decided to recommend that the same be included in this Report.
 

 

DAY OF THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION.

 

 

55.
DAY OF THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION.
PROGRAMME.

The programme, which is printed zz extenso, commenced
with a reception at the Executive Mansion to the Governors
of the States and Territories by the President of the United
States, followed by a display of the model and drawings of
the proposed enlargement. The remarks of the speakers
chosen for that occasion are given in full in the following
chapter.

At 1.30 p.m. the military, naval, and civic escort proceeded
from the Executive Mansion to the Capitol. The National
Government was represented by the President and his Cabi-
net, with troops of the Regular Army; the States, by their
Governors and military escorts, and the District of Columbia,
in the persons of its Commissioners, national guard, citizens,
committees of the celebration, and representative organiza-
tions. Lieut. Gen. Nelson A. Miles was the chief marshal of
the parade.

At 2.30 o’clock the President reviewed the escort at the
east front of the Capitol, and an hour later were held the
appointed exercises in the Hall of the House of Representa-
tives. The addresses suggested more particularly the intimate
relationship existing between the District and the National
Government, and included an account of the removal of the
seat of Government from Philadelphia to Washington. ‘These
also are given in full in the proper place.

In the evening from.8 to 11 o’clock a reception was held at
the Corcoran Gallery of Art, through the courtesy of the
trustees, in honor of the visiting Governors of the States and

‘Territories.
57
58 Establishment of the Seat. of Government.

The official programme is here printed in full. Much
credit is due Messrs. Beriah Wilkins and Barry Bulkley, of
the printing committee, in the selection of the designs, as
well as to Mr. Fred D. Owen, of Washington City, for his
assistance, especially in connection with the preparation of
the design for the front page.
 

MDGGG. — WASHINGTON — MDGGGG.
 

Programme of the
Centennial Celebration of the Establishment
of the Seat of Government in the District of Columbia,
Washington City,
Wednesday, December 12, 1900.

Tht the Jorenoon,

10 o'clock. ‘Reception by the President of the United States to the
Governors of the States and Territories, at the Erecutive Mansion. C

11 o’cleck. Display of model and drawings of the proposed enlarged 24
Erecutive Mansion, in the Last iRoom. (e

Elddresses : -

thistory of the Erecutive Mansion during the Century 180021900,
By Colonel Theodore A. Bingbam, WU. S. Army, Superintendent Fe

 

of Public Buildings and Grounds.

Development of tbe District of Columbia during the ZS =

Century 180021900, __ ge
By The ibonorable henry B. Jf. (Macfarland, President. A! 7).

ee ener of Commissioners of the District<of i = \
olumbia, z |

Development of the States during Dey SF Pip hean b
the Century 180021900, Lie CLA Go eS
By this Excellency Leslic ra \ mL

 

(M., Shaw, Governor of y fos
the State of Towa,

Development of the Mation
during the Century
Tee E

Y e ‘honorable ¢@
R '
ogee seo
Massachusetts.

   
  
 
  

fln the Hfternoon.

1.30 o'clock. Military, Waval and Civic Escort starts trom Executive
fiansion, marching via Pecnnsvivania Avenue to the Capitol.
Column to be composed as follows:

Platoon of Mounted Police,

Civic Escort to Parade,

Wicutenant=General Welszon H. Miles, Grand Marshal, and Statf,
(rigade of United States Troops, Army and iAavy,

President of the United States and Cabinet,

Brigade, Mational Guard of the District of Columbia,

Governors of the States, with their escorts, in the order of the
admission of the States into the Union,

Governors of the Territories,
Commissioners of the District of Columbia,
Specially Invited Guests,

Centennial Committee,

Wetcran and other Organizations.

Mote:
Details of the Parade
described in orders
iggucd by authority of
the Grand (Marshal.

 
 

- in the Hfternoon.
2.30 o'clock. Review of Escort by the President of the United States at
the Last front of the Capitol.

-30 o’clock. Joint Exercises by the United States Senate and Mouse of
Representatives in the Wall of the Ihouse of Representatives.

WAben order bas been called, the Temporary Presiding
Officer, the Honorable David JB. Henderson, Speaker ot the
fHouse, will introduce the Reverend W. H. Milburn, D.D..
Chaplain of the Senate, who will pronounce the invocation.

The Speaker of the House of Representatives will pre=
sent the Honorable William P. Frye, President (pro

tempore) ot the Senate, who will assume Ddirec=
tion of the erercises.

\\ Hddrvesses :

Transter of the Mational Capital from Pbiladelpbia,
The honorable James D. Richardson, Representative from Tennessce.
Establishment of the Seat of Government in the District of
Columbta,
The honorable Sereno LZ. Payne, Representative from thew Mork.

i) - History of the First Century of the National Capital,
UD |) \ The thonorable Zouis LZ. McComas, Senator from (Maryland.

The Future of the United States and its Capital,
The honorable Jobn Wi. Daniel, Senator trom Virginia.

‘ (2
LON

    
  
 
    
  

  
 

  
  
 

 

 

(AME! RE any I | OF

 

 

 

 

 

Mn the Evening.

8 to 1 o’elock, Reception m bonor
of the Governors of the States and
Territories, at the Corcoran Gallery
of Att.

Woard of Trustecs,
Corcoran Gallery of Att:

%. hb. Rauffman, President, F. KH. McGuire, Secretary,
Walter S, Cor, Vices President, C. C. Glover, Treasurer,
Edward Clark,
Calderon Carlisle,
Bernard ik. Green,
Wm, Corcoran Eustis,
Thomas Mydc.

Music by United States Marine ‘Band,
Hicutenant Wi. 1h Santelmann,
SV Divector.

 

 

J Lapy Wa suixetoi og ————————

  
Che Mational Capital Centennial, 1900

Foint Committee
EUGENE HALE. Chairman W. V. COX. Secretary

Executive Committee

GEORGE C. PERKINS. Chairman
HENRY 8B. F. MACFARLAND. Vice-Chairman
W. V. COX. Secretary

CHARLES J. BELL ELISHA DYER JOHN JOY EDSON
JOEL P. HEATWOLE THEODORE W. NOYES
MYRON M. PARKER JOHN B. WIGHT

Select Committee of United States Select Committee of United States

Senate WHouse of Representatives
EUGENE HALE, Chairman JOSEPH G. CANNON, Chairman
GEORGE C. PERKINS WILLIAM W. GROUT
JOSEPH SIMON JOEL P. HEATWOLE
JOHN L. McLAURIN JAMES S. SHERMAN
ALEXANDER S. CLAY JAMES A. HEMENWAY
THOMAS B. TURLEY JOSEPH W. BAILEY
JAMES McMILLAN MARION DeVRIES

WILLIAM S. COWHERD
JOHN C. BELL
ROBERT J. GAMBLE

Committee from Country-at=Large

Alabama, JOSEPH F. JOHNSTON New Hampshire, FRANK W. ROLLINS
Arkansas, DANIEL W. JONES New Jersey. FOSTER M. VOORHEES
California. H. H. MARKHAM New York, THEODORE ROOSEVELT
Colorado, CHARLES S. THOMAS North Carolina, DANIEL L. RUSSELL
Connecticut, GEORGE £. LOUNSBURY North Dakota. F. B. FANCHER
Delaware, EBE W. TUNNELL Ohio. ASA S. BUSHNELL
Florida. WM. D. BLOXHAM Oregon, THEODORE T. GEER
Georgia, ALLEN D. CANDLER Pennsylvania. WILLIAM A. STONE
Idaho, F. STEUNENBERG Rhode Island. ELISHA DYER

Illinois, JOHN R. TANNER South Carolina. M. B. McSWEENEY
Indiana, JAMES A. MOUNT South Dakota, ANDREW E. LEE

lowa, LESLIE-M. SHAW Tennessee. BENTON McMILLIN
Kansas. W. E. STANLEY Texas, A. W. FLY

Kentucky, J. C. W. BECKHAM Utah, HEBER M. WELLS
Louisiana. MURPHY J. FOSTER Vermont. EOWIN C. SMITH
Maine, LLEWELLYN POWERS Virginia. J. HOGE TYLER (Honorary)
Maryland, . LLOYD LOWNDES Washington, JOHN R. ROGERS
Massachusetts, ROGER WOLCOTT West Virginia. G. W. ATKINSON
Michigan. HAZEN S. PINGREE Wisconsin. EDWARD SCOFIELD
Minnesota, JOHN LIND Wyoming. DeFOREST RICHARDS
Mississippi, A. J. McLAURIN

Missouri, LON V. STEPHENS Alaska, JOHN G. BRADY
Montana, ROBERT B. SMITH Arizona, N. O. MURPHY
Nebraska, WwW. A. POYNTER New Mexico, MIGUEL A. OTERO
Nevada, REINHOLD SADLER Oklahoma, CASSIUS M. BARNES

Citizens’ Committee

HENRY B. F. MACFARLAND, Chairman
JOHN B. WIGHT, Vice-Chairman
MYRON M. PARKER, Treasurer

CHARLES J. BELL JAMES. G. BERRET JOHN JOY EDSON
THEODORE W. NOYES R. ROSS PERRY
JOHN W. THOMPSON BERIAH WILKINS

W. V. COX, Secretary
W. P. VAN WICKLE, Assistant Secretary

Committee on Printing
BERIAH WILKINS, Chairman BARRY BULKLEY, Vice-Chairman
RECEPTION AND EXERCISES AT THE WHITE
HOUSE.

The ceremonies of the day commenced with a formal recep-
tion to the Governors of the States and Territories and the
Commissioners of the District of Columbia by the President
of the United States. Shortly after 10 o’clock, accompanied
by members of the Cabinet, he entered the Blue Room, while
the Marine Band, under the leadership of Lieut. William H.
Santelmann, stationed in the large hallway, played “ Hail to
the Chief.”

Their excellencies the Governors had meanwhile assembled
in the Red Room, attended by their chiefs of staff, having
been escorted to the Mansion by members of the committee
in charge of the exercises. The Commissioners were also
present. The President being ready to receive them, they
were then ushered into his presence and were presented by
Col. Theodore A. Bingham, U.S.A. The President cordially
greeted his distinguished guests and some little time was
spent in conversation. At the close of the reception, the
guests with the members of the Cabinet proceeded to the East
Room where they were seated by members of the committee.

“The Governors who attended the reception were their excel-
lencies Ebe W. Tunnell, of Delaware; William A. Stone, of
Pennsylvania; Foster M. Voorhees, of New Jersey; W. Murray
Crane, of Massachusetts; John Walter Smith, of Maryland;
Frank W. Rollins, of New Hampshire; J. Hoge Tyler, of
Virginia; Theodore Roosevelt, of New York; D. L. Russell,
of North Carolina; Benton McMillin, of Tennessee; James
A. Mount, of Indiana; Llewellyn Powers, of Maine; D. W.
Jones, of Arkansas; Leslie M. Shaw, of Iowa; Edward Sco-
field, of Wisconsin; G. W. Atkinson, of West Virginia; Charles
S. Thomas, of Colorado; Frank Steunenberg, of Idaho; M. A.
Otero, of New Mexico; N. O. Murphy, of Arizona; John G.
Brady, of Alaska; C. M. Barnes, of Oklahoma. There were

59
60 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

also present the following ex-Governors: Hon. Lloyd Lowndes,
of Maryland; Hon. Asa A. Bushnell, of Ohio; Hon. H. H.
Markham, of California; and also Governor-elect A. M. Dock-
ery, of Missouri. Commissioners Henry B. F. Macfarland,
John W. Ross, and Lansing H. Beach were present.

During the reception other invited guests had entered the
East Room. Here was finally gathered an assemblage typ-
ical not only of the life of the capital city, but of the nation,
including the Chief Justice and the Associate Justices of the
Supreme Court of the United States, the President pro tempore
of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives,
the Commanding General of the Army, the Admiral of the
Navy, the Senate committees on the Centennial Celebration
and the District of Columbia, the House committees on the
Centennial Celebration and the District of Columbia, the
Governors of States and Territories, the Commissioners of
the District of Columbia, the Secretary of the Smithsonian
Institution, the members of the committee at large and of the
citizens’ committee on the Centennial Celebration, the mem-
bers of the court of appeals and of the supreme court of the
District of Columbia, the members of the United States Court
of Claims, ex-Commissioners of the District, ex-mayors of
the city of Washington, officers of the Army and Navy, and
many governmental officials and prominent citizens of the
various States and of the District of Columbia. There were
also present the wives of some of the governors, who remained
attentive listeners throughout the exercises. The wife of the
Chief Executive occupied a seat in the main corridor, with
the ladies of the Cabinet families.

When all were seated, the President entered, accompanied
by the speakers of the occasion. On a raised decorated plat-
form in the center was a plaster model of the Executive
Mansion with the proposed additions. With it were shown
ground plans and a side section, and also a view of the
completed building.

At 11.45 o’clock Senator Hale, chairman of the joint com-
mittee, introduced the chairman of the committee on exer-
cises at the Executive Mansion, Mr. John Joy Edson, as
master of ceremonies. Mr. Edson at once called on Colonel
Reception and Exercises at the White House. 61

Bingham, engineer officer in charge of Public Buildings and
Grounds, who delivered an address on the “History of the

Executive Mansion during the century 1800-1900.”
*

ADDRESS OF COLONEL THEODORE A. BINGHAM.

Mr. PRESIDENT, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: In the spring of 1792
the commissioners of public buildings and grounds, under the imme-
diate direction of the President, undertook the preparation of plans for
the President’s house. The house was occupied in November, 1800,
although it was not then entirely completed. The room in which we
now are was not finished. There was no north portico nor any graceful
south portico, and the north door was approached by narrow wooden
steps.

In December, 1900, the commissioner of public buildings and grounds
presents to you a plan for enlarging the President’s house.

In 1800 the population of the country was five and a quarter millions,
and there was more than room enough in this house for all the purposes
for which it was then required. In 1900 the population of the country
has increased to seventy-six and a quarter millions, and it has long been
practically impossible for this house to answer the purposes for which it
is intended.

In the spring of 1897 I began to study the question of the enlarge-
ment of the present Executive Mansion, with a view to satisfying myself
as to whether it should be enlarged; and if so, how. As I became
familiar with the daily life of a President, the conclusion was forcibly
presented to my mind that he would be more comfortable, both in his
private and official life, if both office and home were under one roof.
How, then, could an extension of this house be best accomplished, since
there is sufficient ground for the purpose? Five guiding principles were
adopted as necessary to be followed in any design for an extension, not
only on account of their own propriety, but also to meet the wishes of
the great majority of the American people. These were:

1. The present Executive Mansion to remain absolutely unchanged,
and, if possible, not an outer door or window to be closed up.

2. The additions to be of such a character as not to dwarf nor obscure
the present mansion; rather, if possible, to accentuate it.

3. Architectural harmony to be absolutely preserved.

4. The additions to be such as to relieve the pressure upon the present
building for, say, twenty-five or thirty years, and permit of still further
extension in the future as may be found necessary, while at the same
time presenting the appearance of a finished building.

5. Reasonable expenditure.

Of all the records I was able to find of extensions which had been
proposed in the past to the Executive Mansion, that prepared under the
supervision of the late Mrs. Harrison came nearest to fulfilling the
62 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

required conditions as just stated. This plan, as many of you doubtless
know, consisted, in a word, of buildings about the same size as the
present house, one on the east side and one on the west side of the White
House grounds, connected to the present mansion by curved wings—the
quadrangle being completed by rebuilding the conservatories at the south
end of the grounds. Perhaps the most striking advantage of this plan
is that it quite maintains the present openness to sun and air toward the
south and southwest—a vital necessity—and preserves the beautiful view
to the south as unobstructed as it is to-day.

Such a quadrangular plan, of course, involves a large expenditure for
its completion, but it seemed worthy of adoption in general outline.

One of the conditions by which I limited myself being reasonable
expenditure, which I assumed at about $1,000,000, study was then made
of the question, How much of Mrs. Harrison’s plan could be completed
for that sum? It was found that the two wings, one on the east side and
one on the west side, could probably be built, though in the completed
plan these wings were intended rather as connecting passages than for
daily occupancy. ;

Study was next given to the question, Could these wings be utilized
until such time as further addition should be made and the wings could
revert to their intended use? A satisfactory solution, it is thought, was
reached.

It then became necessary to have these studies worked out. For this
work I naturally turned to Mr. Frederick D. Owen, the architect who
had shaped up Mrs. Harrison’s plans and who was already familiar with
the limitations which surrounded this question of extending the Execu-
tive Mansion. The results of our studies are presented to you to-day in
part. In the short time which has passed since the rst of last July it
has only been possible to complete what you see before you. Much
other work has been done in the study of details, as, for instance, the
interior .finish and decoration, interior steel construction, fireproofing,
heating, ventilating, refrigerating, etc.

The plan presented to you complies with the five limiting conditions
laid down at the outset. As you will observe, the present mansion is
left unchanged; not an outer door or window of a room is closed, the
extensions beginning on the prolongations of the main corridors.

Architectural harmony has been preserved. The main columns used
are enriched by fluting, but this is a detail which could be changed.
The same windows and casings have been carried on in the proposed
additions. Owing to the recession of the extensions to the rear, the
present building is not obscured nor dwarfed. As to the extensions
themselves, every shape that could be thought of has been drawn out
and studied, with the result that what you see before you is regarded as
the best. The vista which the two extensions present from New York
avenue and Pennsylvania avenue is fine and in harmony with the
present front view of the mansion.
*(LNOY4S HLYON) LNSW39YVINS GasOdOkd JO TS0OW ‘“ASNOH SLIHM

 

‘€| aLvid
Reception and Exercises at the White House. 63

Careful study was given to the question as to whether the extension
adjoining the present mansion should be of one story or two. This
question was complicated by the necessity for having living rooms on
the second story, under the conditions imposed of a limited expenditure,
yet providing for all demands made upon the houge. It is not impossi-
ble that a two-storied extension was originally intended by Hoban, the
architect and builder. For you will remember that this’ house was
originally intended to be one story higher, and you can still see at each
end, just above the arched windows of the second story, a horizontal
panel across the frieze and architrave, left, as I suppose, for the exten-
sion joint. Considering that the necessities of the case required the
extension in two stories, it is submitted that the resulting design is not
displeasing.

The necessity for using the second story for living purposes also com-
plicated very much the construction and design of the large circular
room on the main floor, but the solution presented will, it is believed,
prove satisfactory when all the circumstances are considered.

It is proposed to build the basement of granite, the walls of concrete
and marble, inclosing a steel framework. At the west end the large
room would be suitable for a state dining room, capable of seating more
than 200 guests. That end of the building has been studied with that
purpose in view, having proper provision for kitchen, serving rooms,
pantries, etc., in the basement. Provision has also been made at both
east and west ends for the reception of large companies of guests, with
necessary arrangements in the way of dressing rooms and wardrobes.
The large room at the east end is intended as a reception room,
additional to the present East room.

On the second story, at the west end, six bedrooms are provided en
suite, with four bathrooms in connection therewith. At the extreme
southwest end is a very bright, cheerful room, which might be utilized
asa boudoir. At the east end of the second story are six additional
rooms, intended for executive offices, provided with necessary store-
rooms for records, stationery, etc., and with toilet and wash rooms; and
at the extreme southeast end there is a room available for visitors,
newspaper men, or other similar needs. Two additional entrances are
provided, one more private than the present one and the other more
convenient for official use.

It is intended to heat both additions by air, warmed by passing over
hot-water coils, and to ventilate, heat, and cool the extensions mechan-
ically. Provision has been made throughout both extensions for ducts
for the necessary pipes, wires, etc. Lighting is to be electric, and elec-
tric elevators are also provided in both extensions.

Although not entirely satisfied with what is offered for your inspec-
tion to-day, owing to the difficulty of using these extensions mainly for
living purposes instead of as corridors, I still feel a reasonable confidence
that examination of the details and explanation of the reasons for their
64 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

adoption will produce increased satisfaction with the plans proposed.
Should either of the larger additions, included in Mrs. Harrison’s plans,
ever be added to these extensions, many of the imperfections of the
present plan due to lack of space would be removed.

Careful but not final estimates on the extensions proposed amount to
$1,100,000, including partial furnishing. Should the work be under-
taken, however, I think from past experience that this estimate is quite
sufficient.

In the necessarily short time at my disposal to-day for showing you
these plans it is, of course, impossible to do more than describe the main
features.

The history of this house as it grew, year by year, is very interesting.
It was a delightful study to trace up the source of Hoban’s inspiration
and see how, point by point, he had improved on his first idea.

The period of its rebuilding after 1814 up to its final completion in
1829, under Hoban’s own eye, only increases one’s admiration for its
architectural beauties and for its designer and builder. But for this
there is at present no time.

Before closing I wish particularly to thank Mr. Owen for enthusiasm,
energy, and untiring devotion to the work during the past three years,
and particularly in the rapid preparation of this exhibit. The modeler
should also not be forgotten, who with every desire to produce artistic
work was much hampered by lack of time in completing some of the
details to his own satisfaction.

We have endeavored to imbue ourselves with a part, at least, of the
spirit of the first architect of this house and have worked for the entire
country; and if these results please you, its representatives, that is our
sufficient reward.

The chairman next called upon Hon. Henry B. F. Mac-
farland, president of the Board of Commissioners of the Dis-
trict of Columbia, who made the following address on the
“ Development-of the District of Columbia during the century,
1800-1900:”’

ADDRESS OF HON. HENRY B. F. MACFARLAND.

MR. PRESIDENT, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN: One hundred years ago
the District of Columbia became the permanent seat of the Government
of the United States. For the first time the young nation had a capital
after twenty-four years of wandering from one State to another. Moved
by the attack of the mob of soldiers on Congress in Philadelphia in 1783,
the makers of the new Government had written in the Federal Constitu-
tion that the nation should have its own capital, in a Federal district to
be ceded to the exclusive control of Congress. It is the only provision
for an independent cavital ever made by any nation. The North and

.
“(LNOYUS HLNOS) LNSW3SDYVINA G3sOd0u¥d 3O 1TS0OW “3SNOH 3LIHM

 

“pl avid
Reception and Exercises at the White House. 65

South had contended for the honor of providing this Federal district,
until threats of secession were occasionally heard, and it seemed to some
that there might soon come to be no need for a National Capital. States
offered cities, and even capitals, and their Representatives in Congress
fought over these offers. At last, with a characteristic compromise, the
fathers provided that the Federal district should be given to the South,
while the North should be given its desire in the assumption by the
nation of the Revolutionary indebtedness of the States. Nothing could
have been more fortunate than this decision, unless it be the determina-
tion to leave to George Washington the selection of the site for the new
capital and the direction of its preparation. His own State of Virginia
had offered 10 miles square. The State of Maryland had done the same,
and under the authority of Congress Washington had 100 miles of the
Potomac, from Williamsport, in Maryland, to the Eastern Branch, where
to choose.

Washington chose with the eye of a surveyor the best site available
under the circumstances, and then laid it out with the eye of a seer.
All that he saw could not come true. The Federal district could not
contain ‘‘the greatest commercial emporium’’ of the United States
which he hoped for here, believing that the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal,
which he had promoted, would, as its name suggested, with the Potomac,
connect the then East and West by the most practicable route to the
sea. Nor could it contain the national university, which was so dear to
Washington’s heart that he richly remembered it in his will, though it
was to become a roofless university. But Washington saw clearly, what
few other public men could see, that the young and small, but not feeble,
nation would grow and expand until it became the greatest of all
nations. While men were still doubting whether it would last long as a
nation, George Washington was planning, with the assistance of Thomas
Jefferson and L, Enfant and Ellicott, a National Capital for all time—a
city of magnificent proportions, greater and better in design than any
other in the world. No other city has ever been laid out on such a
scale or in such a style. Even Washington’s reputation for common
sense did not save it from being called a visionary scheme. For more
than half a century home and foreign wits jested at it as it lay undevel-
oped, half village, half capital, through the neglect of the General Gov-
ernment. Although it was south of Mason and Dixon’s line, it was
almost in the center of the narrow Union of 1800, as it stretched along
the Atlantic coast; but after the expansion of its domains, begun under
Washington, three years later, under Jefferson, crossed the Mississippi,
suggestions of the removal of the capital west of the Alleghenies began,
and continued, in what seemed an entirely natural way to the statesmen
meeting in the then Washington, until the railroad and the telegraph,
making communication so much quicker, deprived the advocates of
removal of their chief argument.

H. Doc. 552 5

 
66 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

The ‘‘ Federal City,’’ as Washington called it, the ‘‘City of Washing-
ton,’’ as the Commissioners and Congress inevitably called it, is Washing-
ton’s prediction that the nation would live for centuries and would grow
to the full need of such a capital. It is most appropriate that we begin
this celebration almost under the shadow of the Washington Monument,
that unique structure which practically marks the center of the original
District of Columbia, and in the President’s house, which so interested
Washington, and is the only public building completed in 1800 that is
still standing. For while Congress in the preliminary legislation pro-
vided only for a Federal district (though it afterwards ratified the prepa-
rations for a Federal city made by Washington), the city, named for
him, has always been more prominent than the District in the world’s
eye, and now that they are so nearly coterminous, the capital will be
more and more known by its great founder’s name; not, however, as
Washington City, but as the City of Washington.

It is interesting to read, in the official and unofficial documents, of the
part which Washington took, with his customary energy, thoroughness,
and patience, in all the details of the founding of the Federal district and
of the Federal city. It was he, personally, who made the bargain with
the nineteen original proprietors, advantageous to them but much more
so to the Government, and who finally brought even the refractory
David Burns to terms. It was he, personally, who directed the com-
missioners and the surveyors, as they laid out the streets and built build-
ings, and who mediated between them when they quarreled. It was the
crowning work of his life, and perhaps nothing that he did, except the
Jersey campaign that saved the Revolution and the making of the Con-
stitution that saved the nation, interested or pleased him more. It must
have grieved him that he could not live to see the actual establishment
of the National Government in the city that had been named for him.
He died in December, and, under the act of Congress passed ten years
before, the National Government began its removal from Philadelphia in
May. By July the six Executive Departments of that day were all in
full working order here. By November, President Adams, after a visit
of inspection in June, was occupying this house, and Congress was in
session preparatory to the regular session in December. The Supreme
Court, having adjourned in August until February, did not meet here in
1800. But through the address of President Adams in Congress, and
the responses of the Senate and the House, it was officially declared in
November that the seat of governinent had been established here.

These formal announcements and the addresses exchanged by President
Adams and the citizens are full of gratitude for the fact that the National
Government had at last a home of its own. Privately, there was much
complaining over the discomforts of the new city. The letters of Mrs.
Adams show what was thought of the President’s house by his family.
‘There were similar criticisms of the unfinished Capitol, while Senators
Reception and Exercises at the White House. 67

and Representatives complained of the places where they had to board,
and all agreed in denouncing the wretched roads which were called
streets. Besides the construction of a few public buildings at a cost of
$1,000,000, given by Maryland and Virginia og raised by the sale of lots,
and the outlining of the few streets, little had been done by the Govern-
ment in the ten years of preparation, and less proportionately had been
done by private individuals. The Government had no money to spare
for such work from its scanty treasure, and there were only a few thou-
sand people here. There had been a good deal of speculation in the
new-made real estate lots, but there had been comparatively little build-
ing onthem. It is not strange that the members of the Government and
of the diplomatic corps looked back regretfully from the crude capital to
the comforts and pleasures of Philadelphia. If Congress had then begun
to provide for the gradual improvement of the streets and parks reserved
by Washington as the property of the nation, which owned more than
half of the new city, it would have carried out the plan of its founder as
he doubtless intended should be done. But Congress left almost all that
work to the few thousand inhabitants, who were also expected to pro-
vide most of the cost of police and fire protection and other municipal
services, while Congress practically confined its appropriations to the
construction, repair, and maintenance of the Government buildings and
their surroundings.

It was impossible for the people of Washington to sustain this burden,
which was not shared by their neighbors of Georgetown and Alexandria,
and as the size of the Government, and with it the population and
needs of the city, increased, its municipal affairs went from bad to worse.
Guided by their admirable mayors (at first appointed by the President,
but afterwards elected, first by councils and later by the people), assisted
by councils, the Washingtonians doubtless did their best to perform what
was impossible, but of course failed. Even when Congress recognized
this failure and provided for some of its indebtedness, it made no material
change in the arrangement for nearly three-quarters of acentury. Indeed,
it provided no form of government for the entire District of Columbia
until 1871, and no permanent form of government for it until 1878,
although in 1801 it did establish a judicial system for it. Washington
and Georgetown, and Alexandria (until, grown tired of the unreciprocal
arrangement, she induced the nation in 1846 to let Virginia take back the
territory south of the Potomac), had each a separate municipal govern-
ment, while a levy court of justices of the peace in Washington County,
and a county court of justices of the peace in Alexandria County, looked
after the regions outside of the towns. The United States, owning more
than half of the real estate of the District of Columbia, was for nearly
three-fourths of the century like a visitor rather than a citizen, paying
no taxes and making but small direct contributions to meet the expenses
of the city of Washington or of the District of Columbia. It spent over
68 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

$90,000,000 in the District in that time on public buildings and their
surroundings, and occasional contributions to local objects, but it left the
citizens to carry out the rest of Washington’s plans and to maintain local
government. It was not until after the civil war had made the National
Capital known to the whole country and endeared to two-thirds of it as
never before, it was not until it had been contended for by the bravest
armies ever arrayed in battle, that the national interest in it induced
Congress to assume the nation’s share of its government and its burden.
The National Government ceased to have a transient feeling, and the
talk of the removal of the capital west of the Mississippi could, for the
first time, be treated humorously. The hundreds of thousands of men
whom the demands of war first brought to Washington came from all the
States and Territories. Many of them went home again to tell the people
how homely Washington was, yet how well worth fighting for; many
remained as citizens, while others gave their lives that it might con-
tinue to be the capital of the United States. From these men sprang its
new life.

The history of the District of Columbia falls naturally into two chap-
ters. The first covers the seventy-one years in which it had no real
existence. It was neither dead nor alive, although it had a name to
live. For forty-six years the cities of Washington, Georgetown, and
Alexandria lived independently, but in more or less harmony, within the
limits of the District of Columbia. Then Alexandria withdrew, while
Washington and Georgetown lived on the same terms for twenty-five
years more, but with constantly increasing community of interest.
Washington, as the actual seat of Government, naturally grew as the
nation grew, and much more rapidly than its older neighbors. Witha
selected population, representing from the beginning the best elements
of the whole country, brought together largely in connection with the
National Government, which at first boasted of long tenure of office,
Washington developed a local life unique in character. It shared with
Georgetown a peculiarly refined and cultivated society and an especially
intelligent citizenship. It had a cosmopolitan tone and view before the
days of constant and general world traveling. It had the consciousness
of being distinguished by the presence of the National Government and
by events in the country’s history. Members of the diplomatic corps
and European travelers who wrote about the National Capital in the
first half of the century admitted all this, even when they made sharp
criticisms of its physical appearance and temporary defects in comfort
and convenience. It is easy to see in the letters and reminiscences of
the Washingtonians of that time that life here had a flavor and interest
not found in any other American city. Washingtonians thought nation-
ally more than the people of other cities, and showed a peculiar public
spirit as they endeavored to meet the obligations which the neglect of
the National Government imposed upon them in peace and in war.
Reception and Exercises at the White House. 69

To meet the local needs a considerable commercial and manufacturing
interest developed with the growth of the city, and gradually the taxable
wealth increased so that by 1860 it amounted to $547 per capita.

The civil war wrought great changes here. * For the second time the
whole District of Columbia was recognized in practical legislation by the
creation of a metropolitan police force. The exigencies of the war times
compelled in other ways the recognition of the fact that there was a
District of Columbia. But Congress was too busy to take up any gen-
eral scheme for its improvement until ten years later when, by the act
of February 21, £871, it created a territorial form of government with a
governor and a legislature, the governor and the upper chamber to be
appointed by the President, together with a board of public works and
a board of health, while the house of delegates was to be elected by the
male citizens.

With this act begins the second chapter of the District’s history and
its real existence under a substantial government. In three years the
District was transformed, largely through the energy and enterprise of
one man in the new government. All that should have been done
toward the improvement of the District, and especially the city of Wash-
ington, according to Washington’s plan in seventy years, was done in
half that many months. The district was saved from being, like the
then unfinished Washington Monument, a disgrace rather than a credit
to the great founder. It was literally redeemed and given beauty for
ugliness, and wealth for poverty. But the first work was done roughly,
hastily, though thoroughly, and it naturally roused strong opposition,
and for the time being was misunderstood. People saw the compara-
tively large indebtedness it created, rather than the incomparably large
results it ensured, and many of them felt personal resentment, as well
as righteous anger, against some of the workers.

Between the ‘private griefs and the public indignation, and a certain
amount of political feeling, there was pressure enough on Congress to
induce it to make a radical change of government in 1874, abolishing
the elective franchise and providing temporarily a government by three
Commissioners, at the same time guaranteeing the interest and principal
of the bonds issued for the new improvements and providing for the
preparation of a permanent frame of government and a plan of dividing
the payment of expenses between the United States and the District of
Columbia. Four years later these pledges were redeemed in the act
of June 11, 1878, which the United States Supreme Court has called the
‘‘Constitution of the District.’’ It provided, in place of the governor
and legislature, a board of three Commissioners, to be appointed by the
President, and to execute the laws of Congress, with the equitable pro-
vision that Congress should appropriate for the expenses half from the
District tax funds and half from the National Treasury. Although
many good citizens have regretted that in the National Capital taxation
70 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

without representation is the principle of government, it is generally
admitted that for the District of Columbia the present form of govern-
ment is the best possible. Under it the District has doubled in popula-
tion and in wealth. Under it it has become the most beautiful capital
in the world. Free from the slighest suspicion of scandal, successive
boards of commissioners of the highest character have administered the
affairs of the District more efficiently and economically than the affairs
of any other American municipality have been administered, and to such
general satisfaction that there has been no lasting criticism. The com-
pact between the National Government and the people of the District of
Columbia for the equal division of its expenses has worked so well that
no adverse comment is now made upon it.

As the larger patriotism makes the nation dearer than the State, so
the capital of the nation claims the allegiance of the citizen of every
other city, even above that which he gives to his own city. This is
recognized in the growing desire of our countrymen everywhere that the
needs of the National Capital shall be generously met. They agree that
no niggard hand should minister to the nation’s city, and that regardless
of outlay, save that it shall be wise, she shall be kept the most beautiful
capital in the world.

After twenty-two years of experience the present government is recog-
nized as being, in the language of the act of 1878, the ‘‘ permanent form
of government’’ for the District, or in the language of the United States
Supreme Court in 1890, ‘‘the final judgment of Congress as to the
system of a government which should obtain.’’ Like all human systems,
it has its imperfections in theory and in practice, but for its purpose it
comes nearer to an ideal standard than any other of its kind. Its great-
est virtue is that it is distinctly a government by public opinion. The
unusually high intelligence of the citizens of the District, and their
remarkable interest and activity in the conduct of its affairs, make them
its real rulers, under the constitutional authority of the President and
Congress.

The very character of the District of Columbia as the seat of the
National Government makes a part of its life the history of that Gov-
ernment in the century now closing—the most remarkable since the
first of our era. Every President, except George Washington, has per-
formed the duties of his great office, the greatest in the world, within
these walls. Every Congress since the Fifth has done its work in the
Capitol. There, too, the Supreme Court of the United States has ren-
dered all its decisions since the day when John Marshall became its
Chief Justice. Simply to mention the names of John Adams, and Thomas
Jefferson, and James Madison, and James Monroe, and John Quincy
Adams, and Andrew Jackson, and then of Abraham Lincoln and Ulys-
ses S. Grant, brings before the mind a throng of great deeds done in
this very house. Think of the expansion of the country by successive
Reception and Exercises at the White House. wx

acts of the Presidents, beginning with Jefferson. Think of the negotia-
tions with foreign powers, of the war-making and of the peace-making,
of the formulation of far-reaching policies, and of all the dealings with
Congress by President after President. Think what went on here
under President Lincoln alone, when the eyes of the whole world were
for the first time fixed upon the Capitol of the United States. Time
would fail to tell the mere story of the great Presidents who have made
history in the District of Columbia.

When we go to the Capitol this afternoon we shall be reminded of the
great Senators and Representatives and judges who have won lasting
fame by their services to the country here. ‘Their memorable acts,
speeches, and opinions are events in our history as well as in the history
of the country. These illustrious men who have made, executed, and
interpreted our national laws for a hundred years, belong to the District
of Columbia as well as to the States that sent them here. They have
been the dominant element in the life of the District of Columbia, and
have given its society a peculiar character.

The District of Columbia, coming to the manhood of States, at the
opening of the twentieth century, looks forward to a larger and nobler
career as the capital of the nation which has grown in its short life to be
the greatest in the world. At the beginning of the nineteenth century it
was the capital of an ill-defined quarter of the present United States,
with a population one-fifteenth that of the present, and despised by
Europe. The flag waved nowhere on the Gulf of Mexico, or west of
the Mississippi, and only in scattered settlements west of the Alleghe-
nies. The locomotive, the telegraph, the telephone, and almost all the
other great mechanical inventions were yet to come. The country and
the Government were alike poor. There was no American literature,
there was no American art, there was no American music, there was no
American press.

At the beginning of the twentieth century the District of Columbia is
the capital of a mighty nation whose flag brightens and controls the far
Pacific as well as the near Atlantic, that holds the headship of this
hemisphere and leads among the powers of the world, all coveting its
favor; enriched at home with the material blessings which its myriad
inventors and industrial chieftains have bestowed upon all mankind, and
proud of the literary, artistic, and musical achievements of its sons and
daughters. Made one out of many in the fires of civil war, and strength-
ened by their tempering, it is even more than the Father of his Country
believed that ina century it could become. Standing here in its splendid
capital, looking back with pride on its wonderful past, it can face the
future with hope, in spite of difficulties and dangers, in a confidence born
of reverent and trustful devotion still given to Him who has been our
dwelling place in all generations, and to whom a thousand years are but
as yesterday when it is passed.
72 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

His Excellency Leslie M. Shaw, of Iowa, was the last
speaker, the title of his address being ‘‘The development of
the States during the century 1800-1900.”

ADDRESS OF GOVERNOR LESLIE M. SHAW.

Mr. PRESIDENT, MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION; CULTURED LADIES;
DISTINGUISHED GENTLEMEN; FELLOW CITIZENS: At the date of the
event this day commemorates, the United States of America was com-
posed of sixteen States—Kentucky, Vermont, and Tennessee having
been admitted to the Union during the closing decade of the eighteenth
century. Since then Massachusetts and Virginia have been divided and
two additional States created without increasing the area included in the
sixteen, and there have also been added twenty-seven other States.

To better appreciate the growth of the nation, a few comparisons may
not seem ill advised.

Had there been no change in area, and without taking into account
Territories then or now owned by the nation, and supposing the same
development and increas2 within the several States as has been witnessed,
the United States would be larger than Great Britain plus France and
Denmark, Greece, Portugal, and Belgium, and would have a population
more numerous than Italy plus Norway and Denmark; it would out-
number Austria plus Sweden, Switzerland, and Greece. The population
of these seventeen States is very nearly equal to that of Great Britain.

The twenty-nine States admitted during the century have brought an
increase of territory exceeding the German Empire plus Great Britain,
France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Hungary, Italy, Greece, Denmark, and
Sweden. The United States to-day, exclusive of organized Territories
and other possessions, is larger than European Russia and larger than
all Europe except Russia, while our population is nearly equal to that of
Great Britain and France combined, and once and a half as large as that
of the German Empire. The area of the United States, exclusive of
organized Territories and possessions, has increased sixfold and our
population fifteenfold in’one hundred years.

Not only have we increased numerically and the States developed
materially and our people prospered financially, but intellectual, moral,
and religious improvement has been equally marked. While the popu-
lation of the United States has increased fifteenfold in one hundred years,
church membership has increased four times fifteenfold in the same
period.

We have 16,000,000 pupils receiving elementary instruction, 650,000
receiving secondary instruction in high schools and academies, 100,000
in colleges and universities, 90,000 receiving normal school training, and
50,000 under professional tuition. Comparisons for the last thirty years
show an ever increasing per cent in the enrollment of children of school
Reception and Exercises at the White House. "3

age, as well as the number of days’ attendance of pupils enrolled and in
the average length of the school year. The expenditure for educational
purposes, exclusive of donations to endowments and for college and
university buildings, exceeds $300,000,000 pet annum.

When the seat of Government was moved to the District of Columbia,
our 5,000,000 people were dependent almost entirely upon agriculture
and fisheries. Their clothing was spun and woven in the home of the
wearer; their grain, home grown, was ground to order, and their meat,
mostly ‘‘range fed,’’ was generally slaughtered at the door of the con-
sumer. The table of the average American was not then debtor thrice
a day to three continents for what we now call necessaries. Very little
consumed by that frugal people, salt and rum excepted, had been trans-
ported twenty miles from the place of its production.

The Edinburgh Encyclopedia, published in 1830, spends forty columns
of an 18-volume edition in describing farm machinery. It calls atten-
tion to the ‘‘conspicuous superiority of British rural implements,’’ and
records the fact that ‘‘in former times the construction of utensils
of husbandry was left almost entirely to rude and ignorant artisans.’’
It speaks in glowing terms of a machine for ‘‘separating grain from
straw,’’ which, it declares, ‘‘has been brought to a degree of perfec-
tion that few people expected when it was first introduced.’’ So
important did these inventions appear to the author of the article, and
lest their construction might become a lost art, he describes in detail,
with cuts and drawings, all implements then known to agriculture, to
wit, a plow to feet in length, a single section A-shaped harrow, a roller,
a two-wheel cart, a drilling machine, a reaper that neither gathered nor
raked nor dropped, a machine “‘ designed to separate grain from straw,’’
and a fanner.

Time forbids even a hasty review of the more recent as well as more
marvelous improvements in agricultural methods and appliances, which,
in forty-five years, have reduced the time in human labor required to
produce a bushel of corn 85 per cent, and the cost of this labor, not-
withstanding ever increasing wages, 70 per cent, and which have reduced
the time in human labor required to raise a bushel of wheat from an
average of more than three hours in 1830 to ten minutes at the present
time, and the cost in human labor from 17 cents to 3% cents. Rates of
transportation have also materially decreased. The average rate per ton
per mile charged by one of the oldest and best-known roads in the United
States has been reduced more than go per cent since 1870, and the aver-
age rate charged by all roads in this country has decreased 61 per cent
during the same period. Average passenger rates have declined 43 per
cent in twenty years. Freight rates in England are nearly three times
as high as in the United States, and on the continent of Europe the rates
are higher than in England. No wonder that agriculture has prospered
under these favoring conditions, and no wonder that conditions are made
74 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

most congenial for all industrial pursuits when we note the tremendous
product of field and fold, of mine and quarry, of furnace and factory.

Our farms produce per annum in round numbers thirty-seven hundred
million bushels of cereals, worth $1,300,000,000. We grow two hun-
dred and thirty million bushels of potatoes, worth $90,000,000; fifty-five
million tons of hay, worth $400,000,000; eleven million bales of cotton,
worth $300,000,000; seventeen hundred million pounds of butter and
cheese, and market two thousand million gallons of milk, worth in the
aggregate $450,000,000; clip two hundred and seventy million pounds
of wool, worth $80,000,000; and sell a thousand million dozen eggs,
worth over $100,000,000; and hold upon our farms one hundred and
seventy million farm animals, worth $2,250,000,000. And still I have
not referred to tobacco; nor cane, beet, and other sugars; honey, seeds,
nuts, fruits, cut flowers, nor many other sources of agricultural and
horticultural wealth; all of which have been developed surprisingly dur-
ing the century. I shall not be surprised if the Twelfth Census shall
show an annual yield from the lands of the forty-five States worth, as it
leaves the producer $4,000,000, 000.

No less remarkable has been the development in mineral products.
We produce 14,000,000 tons of pig iron per annum, 35 per cent more
than Great Britain and nearly 70 per cent more than Germany, and
over one-third the product of the world. At the same time we manu-
facture 10,000,000 tons of steel, practically as much as Great Britain
and Germany, and 30 per cent of the product of the world. While the
world’s production of coal has doubled in twenty years, that of the
United States has trebled in the same period. We produced in 1899
more coal than Great Britain, nearly twice as much as Germany, and
nearly double that of all countries except Great Britain and Germany.
In the closing year of this century we shall doubtless mine 275,000,000
tons of coal, nearly one-third of the world’s output, worth $250,000, 000.
Not only do we produce more coal, but we also consume more and then
have more left than any other country on the map. We consume more
even than Great Britain and all her possessions; and nearly twice as
much as Germany, the third great consumer.

In 1845 we mined 100 tons of copper. We now produce nearly
300,000 tons, worth more than $100,000,000. In ten years the world’s
product of copper has increased 66 per cent, while ours has increased
twice 66 per cent in the same period.

We produce, in round numbers, 55,000,000 ounces of silver per
annum, one-third the output of the world, worth $35,000,000; and
3,400,000 ounces of gold, one-quarter of the world’s output, worth
$70,000,000.

We produce, in round numbers, 18,000,000 barrels of salt per annum,
practically one-fourth of the world’s output. This is twice the amount
produced ten years ago and three times the product of twenty years ago.
Recepiton and Exercises at the White House. 75

Ten years ago Great Britain and Russia each produced more salt than
we, and Germany quite as much. Now we produce more than Great
Britain and fifty per cent more than Russia or Germany.

The petroleum industry is forty-five years ol@. In 1859 we produced
2,000 barrels. Since then our wells have yielded 900,000,000 barrels.
The yield in 1899 was 57,000,000 barrels, worth, crude, $64,000,000.

Equally favorable showing can be made with respect to nearly all
mineral products. Our mines and quarries and wells and banks and pits
yielded last year $575,000,000 worth of metallic and nonmetallic min-
erals, an increase of 75 per cent in ten years and of 150 per cent in
twenty years.

I regret that the latest available statistics of manufactures are ten
years old and therefore valueless. But so good an authority as Senator
Nelson W. Aldrich, of Rhode Island, after careful consideration, recently
predicted that the Twelfth Census will disclose manufactured products
worth more than $12,000,000,000, exceeding in value the output of all
the factories and shops of Great Britain and Germany combined, by more
than $2,000,000,000. ‘The latest available statistics giving the value of
the tangible property of the United States are found in the reports of
the Eleventh Census. It is probable that the rate of increase during
the present decade will be as favorable as in previous periods. If this
assumption be correct, then the Twelfth Census will show accumulated
wealth in the hands of the people of the United States amounting. to
one hundred billions of dollars.

When the act was passed making the city of Washington the capital
of the nation, no one had ever seen a steamboat, a railroad, an iron plow,
or a friction match, or thought of an electric telegraph or telephone, or
dreamed of an automobile. Established highways were few and poorly
constructed. Generally, at least, ‘‘the roads were built on Adam’s plan,
and not McAdam’s.”

The first railroad was constructed in 1830. Since then we have built,
in round numbers, 200,000 miles. These lines of commerce have
become the track of empire, the pioneer of civilization. The unsurveyed
frontier of one hundred years ago is now an eastern metropolis, while
the unknown wilderness has become a veritable garden of flowers and a
paradise of fruits. Happy millions, housed in what our fathers would
have called palatial residences, now dwell where then no white man
‘‘was or had been from the making of the world.”’

The close of the most remarkable century in the flight of time finds
Americans the best housed, the best fed, the best clothed, the best edu-
cated, the best churched, the most profitably employed, and the happiest
because the most hopeful of any people at any time or under any sky.
Marvelous are the pages of their history; unprecedented and unparalleled
the record of their achievements; great and honorable the annals of their
deeds.
76 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

We have perfected and applied all sciences known to our fathers and
discovered new ones. We have harnessed every known physical force
except the tide, and sought new elements and combinations of elements
to enslave. We have annexed all contiguous territory lying between
parallels of latitude congenial to our civilization, and have not been slow
to assume responsibility, when duty or national honor has demanded,
beyond these limits. We have made surveys preliminary to the con-
struction of a canal for the bisecting of the continent and the nuptials
of oceans, through which in coming years shall pass the commerce of the
world, a moiety, let us hope, in American bottoms. Events, unplanned
and by some unwelcomed, have made the United States the mistress of
the Pacific. Destiny or man’s wisdom, call it which you will, has placed
both Asia and the islands of the sea under American tuition, and has
made the flag of freedom the harbinger of better things to 800,000,000
people, the natural distributing point for whose more than $1,000,000,000
of commerce is under the sovereignty of the United States.

Surely the future is big with possibilities. To be a parent and respon-
sible for the development and education of the baby in the cradle is a
great charge; to be of the faculty of a university with a thousand stu-
dents is quite enough to make one thoughtful and serious; but to be a
citizen of the United States, commissioned to instruct a strange and
ancient people in things new and in ways righteous and in acts honora-
ble, and to be answerable to the world and to God for results should
inspire not pride, but humility, and demands of the least and of all the
exercise of greatest wisdom.

Mr. Edson explained that his excellency ex-Governor
Roger Wolcott, of Massachusetts, was critically ill at his
home, and the address which he had undertaken to prepare
on the “Development of the nation during the century
1800-1900” would of necessity be omitted.

The Marine Band played the National Anthem, the audi-
ence rising. An informal reception was held, after which
the President, escorted by the Chief Justice, led the way to
the dining rooms, where luncheon was served to all present.
During the luncheon the Marine Band played appropriate
music, inciuding a piece entitled “National Capital Cen-
tennial,”’ composed by its leader, Lieutenant Santelmann,
especially for the occasion.

The floor arrangements for the comfort of the guests, which
were under the supervision of Mr. Edson, chairman of the
committee on exercises at the Executive Mansion, were ably
carried out. His committee was divided into the following
Reception and Exercises at the White House. 77

subcommittees: Press, Mr. C. H. Rudolph, chairman; oldest
inhabitants, Mr. Noble D. Larner, chairman; ushers, Mr.
Harrison Dingman, chairman; ex-mayors, ex-judges, and ex-
commissioners, Dr. Edward M. Gallaudet, chairman; carriages,
Mr. J. W. Schaefer, chairman; escort to Governors, Mr. S.
W. Woodward, chairman. Each of these gentlemen, with
their assistants, contributed very materially to the successful
performance of the exercises by the fidelity with which they
fulfilled the several duties alloted to them, and particular
mention should be made of the excellent services performed
by those who acted as escorts to the Governors, in accordance
with the arrangements carefully planned by Mr. Woodward,
chairman of the subcommittee on escorts.
PLATE 15.

 

 

 

 

 

 

PRESIDENT McKINLEY LEAVING THE WHITE HOUSE, DECEMBER 12, 1900.
PARADE, AND REVIEW BY THE PRESIDENT OF
THE UNITED STATES.

At half past 1 o’clock, the President, accompanied by Sena-
tor Hale, chairman of the joint committee, and the members
of the Cabinet, entered their carriages in front of the Execu-
tive Mansion, proceeding to Pennsylvania avenue, being
immediately preceded by the Fifth United States Cavalry.
They were followed by the brigade of the District of Colum-
bia National Guard. The governors, with their respective
staffs or escorts, formed in proper order behind the National
Guard. The signal for the parade to start was given by a
detail from the guard under command of Capt. C. Fred Cook.

The following orders for the organization, movement, and
dismissal of the parade were issued on December 8 by the
chief marshal, Lieut. Gen. Nelson A. Miles, U. S. A., and
were closely adhered to:

GENERAL ORDERS, \ HEADQUARTERS OF THE CHIEF MARSHAL,
No. 2. Washington, D, C., December 8, rgo0.

I. The escort will be composed as follows:

Platoon of mounted police; band; citizens’ escort, mounted; chief
marshal; staff and aids; chief marshal’s colors and escort.

Brigade United States forces, Col. Francis L. Guenther, Fourth Artil-
lery, commanding: Staff; regiment United States artillery, Lieut. Col.
John R. Myrick, Second Artillery, commanding; staff; First Battalion,
Fourth United States Artillery, Maj. E. Van Arsdale Andruss, Fourth
Artillery, commanding; Second Battalion, Fourth United States Artillery,
Maj. Henry W. Hubbell, Fourth Artillery, commanding; Third Battalion,
Second, Seventh, and Sixth United States Artillery, Capt. John P. Wisser,
Seventh Artillery, commanding; battalion United States marines and
company United States seamen, Lieut. Col. Benjamin R. Russell, com-
manding; Light Battery F, Second United States Artillery, Capt. Charles
D. Parkhurst, commanding; Fifth United States Cavalry, Col. William
A. Rafferty, commanding.

79
80 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

President of the United States and Cabinet.

Brigade of District of Columbia National Guard, Brig. Gen. George H.
Harries, commanding: Staff; company of engineers, First Lieut. Roy
B. Hayes, commanding; Second Regiment Infantry, Col. M. E. Urell,
commanding; First Regiment Infantry, Lieut. Col. B. R. Ross, com-
manding; First Separate Battalion of Infantry, Maj. Arthur Brooks,
commanding; Signal Company, First Lieut. F. C. Mattingly, command-
ing; Naval Battalion, Commander R. P. Hains, commanding; Ambulance
Corps, First Lieut. W. D. Fales, commanding; High School Cadet Regi-
ment; Separate Battalion High School Cadets.

GOVERNORS OF STATES, IN ORDER OF ADMISSION OF STATES
TO THE UNION. *

[With staffs and military escorts.]

1. Delaware. 16. Tennessee. 31. California.

2. Pennsylvania. 17. Ohio. 32. Minnesota.

3. New Jersey. 18. Louisiana. 33. Oregon.

4. Georgia. Ig. Indiana. 34. Kansas.

5. Connecticut. 20, Mississippi. 35. West Virginia.
6. Massachusetts. ai. Illinois. 36. Nevada.

7. Maryland. 22. Alabaina. 37. Nebraska.

8. South Carolina. 23. Maine. 38. Colorado.

9. New Hampshire. 24. Missouri. 39. North Dakota.
10. Virginia. 25. Arkansas. 40. South Dakota.
11. New York. 26. Michigan. 41. Montana.

12. North Carolina. 27. Florida. 42. Washington.
13, Rhode Island. 28. Texas. 43. Idaho.

14. Vermont. 29. Iowa. 44. Wyoming.

15. Kentucky. 30. Wisconsin. 45. Utah.

GOVERNORS OF TERRITORIES, IN ORDER OF TERRITORIAL

ORGANIZATION,
(With staffs and military escorts.]
1. District of Columbia. 3. New Mexico. 5. Alaska.
2. Indian Territory. 4. Arizona, 6. Oklahoma,

Specially invited guests; Centennial Committee.

Veteran and other organizations: The Old Guard; Grand Army of the
Republic; Union Veterans’ Union; Eighth District of Columbia Battalion;
Gen. Guy V. Henry Garrison, Regular Army and Navy Union; Span-
ish War Veterans; Gonzaga College Cadets.

II. The citizens’ escort, mounted, will assemble on Pennsylvania ave-
nue, in column of platoons of 12 men each, closed in mass, at 1 o’clock
p. m., facing the Capitol, the head of the column midway between
Twelfth and Thirteenth streets.

 

*A list of the governors who actually participated in the parade will be found on
pages 84-86.
PLaTe 16.

 

 

 

 

CENTENNIAL PARADE, DECEMBER 12, 1900.
Parade, and Review by the President. 81

The staff and aides of the chief marshal will assemble on Pennsylvania
avenue, facing the Capitol, at 1 o’clock p. m., in column of eights, with
8 paces distance, and intervals suited to the width of the avenue; the
head of the column opposite the New National Theater.

The regiment of artillery will assemble on Pennsylvania avenue and
Fifteenth street west, facing the Capitol, at 1 o’clock p. m., in column
of platoons, 16 files each, at 12 paces; the head of the column midway
between Thirteenth and Fourteenth streets.

The battalion of United States Marines and company of United States
seamen will assemble on Fifteenth street, facing south, at 1.10 o’clock
p. m., in column of platoons, 16 files each, at 12 paces distance, in rear
of the regiment of artillery.

Light Battery F, Second Artillery, will assemble on Pennsylvania ave-
nue, at 1 o’clock p. m., opposite the north front of the United States
Treasury, facing east, in column of platoons.

The squadron of the Fifth United States Cavalry will assemble in line
facing south, along the north curb of Pennsylvania avenue, at 1 o’clock
p- m., right of the line opposite the north front of the State, War, and
Navy building.

The salute to the President will be executed by this command, imme-
diately after which it will be wheeled into column of platoons of 12
troopers each.

The brigade of the District of Columbia National Guard will assemble
in close column, at 1 o’clock p. m., on Pennsylvania avenue, head of the
column at Seventeenth street, conforming in formation to that of the
brigade of United States forces.

The staffs and military escorts of the governors of States and Terri-
tories, in the order designated above, will assemble on Eighteenth street,
facing south, at 1 o’clock p. m., head of the column at Pennsylvania
avenue, conforming in their formations to those above prescribed.

The carriages or mounts of the governors will be assembled in column
on Executive avenue west, between the Executive Mansion and the
State, War, and Navy building, in the order of admission of the States
and of Territorial organization, the head of the column at Pennsylvania
avenue.

Upon the conclusion of the ceremonies at the Executive Mansion, the
governors, in the order above stated, will take carriages as called at the
south exit of the Executive Mansion and move to their respective posi-
tions on Executive avenue west and halt, entering the column immedi-
ately in front of their respective staffs or escorts as the same approaches
their position.

Gonzaga College Cadets and other armed organizations of the District,
unattached, will assemble in column in formation as above described, at
1 o’clock p. m., on Seventeenth street, facing north, head of the column
on Pennsylvania avenue, and will follow the veteran organizations.

6

 

H. Doc. 552
82 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Veteran organizations, in the order above prescribed, will assemble at
1 o’clock p. m., on Eighteenth street, facing north, head of column
at Pennsylvania avenue. ‘The column closed in mass, and will follow
the military escorts of the governors of the States and Territories.

The President having been received in front of the Executive Man-
sion, the column will move in the order and formation already given.

III. The escort on arriving at First street west will execute column
left and march to C street north, thence on C street to Delaware avenue
NE., thence on Delaware avenue to the entrance to the Capitol grounds,
where the escort will halt and the entire column be closely massed.

The President and Cabinet will leave the column and enter the Capitol
driveway at First street west, leading to the Senate wing, their carriages
being parked in the southeast driveways.

The governors, whether in carriages or mounted, and all others in
carriages will leave the escort promptly as soon as the column is halted
and, following the President and Cabinet, will take position upon the
reviewing stand, their carriages being parked in the northeast driveways.

The column will then be reviewed by the President from the reviewing
stand at the center of the east front of the Capitol.

IV. The guide for the foot troops will be right; for mounted troops
the guide will be center.

V. Salutes will be executed as prescribed in the drill regulations.

DISMISSAL.

VI. Organizations, after having passed the President, will not, under
any circumstances, execute any change of formation, but will hasten
their march to avoid all possibility of checking the march of organizations
in rear.

No organization will be permitted to break ranks and return to the
Capitol grounds, but will be held intact and marched expeditiously to
their respective rendezvous.

No organization returning to its rendezvous will be permitted to use
Pennsylvania avenue,

The Fifth United States Cavalry, except the band, will escort the
President to the Executive Mansion at the close of the ceremonies at
the Capitol, and for this purpose, after passing in review, will execute
column left on B street south, and proceed thence to First street east,
thence north on same to the driveway into the Capitol grounds opposite
the reviewing stand, thence into this driveway, where they will be
closely massed and await the conclusion of the ceremonies, when they
will escort the President by such route as he may elect, to the Executive
mansion, two troops leading and two following.

VII. Undress uniform with overcoats will be worn.

By command of Lieutenant-General Miles, Chief Marshal:

Joun A. JoHNSTON,
Assistant Adjutant-General.
‘0061 ‘NOLONIHSVYM ‘SNN3SAV VINVATASNN3d

ll

SONYId

 

“ZL 3LW1d
Parade, and Review by the President. 83

The mounted citizens’ escort, under Marshal Andrew Parker,
was composed as follows:

E. H. Droop.

W.T.Galliher.
Gist Blair.
Colin Studds.

F, G. Alexander.
Notley Anderson.
J. L. Atkins.

C. Auerbach.

J. Auerbach.

J. W. Babson, jr.
J. Emory Bair.
Dr. C. A. Ball.
H.K. Beck.

'F. W. Behrens.

P. T. Berry.

Maj. H. L. Biscoe.
Dr. F. B. Bishop.
Z. D. Blackistone.
George S. Boos.
W. Andrew Boyd.
J. H. Bradley.
Austin P. Brown.
Col. L. S. Brown.
W. W. Brown.

Thomas W. Buckey.

August Burgdorf.
A. J. Byer.

Henry Calver.
E.R. Campbell.
H.A. Campbell.
J. D. Carmody.
James Ciscle.

W. H. H. Cissel.
E. A. Clifford.

H. W. Coffin.
Robert Cook.

D. L. Coon.
George H. Coutts.
George E..Corson.
Percy Cranford.
A. J. Curtis.

F. S. Curtis.

Col. L. B. Cutter.
Charles W. Darr.

SPECIAL AIDS.

AIDS.

Dr. E. K. Goldsborough.
S. B. Hege.
E. H. Pillsbury.

CITIZENS.

Dr. J. C. De Vries.

L. C. Dyer.

E. M. Dyrenforth.
George J. Hasterday.
W. K. Ellis.

George E. Emmons.
L. G. Estes.

H. D. Feast.

Charles H. Fickling.
W. H. Freeman.

Fred. C. Geiseking.
John C. Gittings,
Peyton Gordon.

G. D. Graham.

Maj. H. A. Gripp.

W. F. Gude.

P. T. Hall.

J. V. Heidt.

August G. Herrmann.
William A. Hill.

W. K. Hill.

Charles E. Howe.
Graham Hume.
Thomas L. Hume.
Dr. William M. Hunt.
Thomas Bryan Huyck.
Dr. C. H. James,

B. T. Janney.

J. F. Javins.

T. M. Jones.

E. L. Johnson.

Dr. H. L. E. Johnson.
A. W. Kelley.

J. Miller Kenyon.

Dr. Richard Kingsman,
R. J. Kirk-Patrick.
Walter H. Klopfer.
Thomas E. Landon.
Clifford Lanham.

W. F. Lannon.

Maj. Harvey C. Carbaugh,
U.S. A.

W.H. Bayly.
A. C. Moses.
Dr. A. G. White.

F. B. Libbey.

Irwin B. Linton.

F, A. Lutz, jr.

Dr. William A. Lyon.
Dr. Louis Mackall, jr.
Dr. Charles C. Marbury.
R. J. Marshall.
Joseph Mathy.

F.C. Maxey.

E. C. Mayberry.

B. F. McCaully.

H. H. McKee.

R. L. Middleton.

J. H. Miller.

J. E. Minnix.

W. S. Minnix.

David Moore,
William Muehleisen.
J. E. Mulcare.
Allison Nailor.

P. J. Nee.

Henry T. Ofterdinger.
J. F. O'Neill.
Thomas J. Owen.
Benjamin Parkhurst.
Dr. W. E. Philes.
Capt. H. L. Prince.
E. E. Ramey.
William Ramsay.
Frank T. Rawlings.
F. K. Raymond.

M. P. Rice.

Joseph Richardson.
Thomas R. Riley.

M. D. Rosenberg.
I.N. Runyan.
William H. Sands.
James F. Scaggs.

J. W. Schafer.

J. M. Schneider.
84 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

J. A. Shaffer. Smith Thompson, jr. C. H. Welsh.

C. B. Smith. H. A.Tolson. O. W. White.

C. A. Snow. J. W. Tolson. Alexander Wolf.

De Witt C. Sprague. B. Trueworthy. William H. Yerkes, jr.
O. G. Staples. D. C. Turner. E. S. York.

A. T. Sullivan. Joseph Van Vliet. J. C. Yost.

Dr. L. B. Swormstedt. Charles P. Walter. Elphonzo Young.

Dr. John Thomas. F. Baker Weaver.

E. S. Thompson. J. I. Weller.

The staff and aids of the chief marshal. whose appoint-
ments were announced December 6, were:

Maj. John A. Johnston, U. S. A., adjutant-general.

SPECIAL AIDS.

Lieut. Col. Francis Michler, U. S. A. Lieut. Col. H. K. Bailey, U.S. A.
Lieut. Col. H. H. Whitney, U. S. A.

AIDS.
Brig. Gen. Joseph C. Breckinridge, Maj. Abiel L. Smith, U.S. A.

U.S. A. Maj. Frederick G. Hodgson, U.S. A.
Brig. Gen. John M. Wilson, U. S. A. Maj. John M. Carson, jr., U. S. A.
Brig. Gen. Alfred E. Bates, U. S. A. Maj. William A. Simpson, U. S. A.
Col. Thomas Ward, U. S. A. Maj. Thomas T. Knox, U.S. A. ~
Col. John F. Weston, U.S. A. Maj. Edward C. Carter, U. S. A.
Commander L. C. Logan, U. S. N. Maj. Webster Vinson, U.S. A.
Lieut. Col. Henry G. Sharpe, U.S. A. Maj. Charles McClure, U. S. A.
Lieut. Col. Alexander M. Miller, U.S.A. Maj. Harvey C. Carbaugh, U.S. A.
Lieut. Col. Culver C. Sniffen, U.S. A. Maj. John L. Chamberlain, U. S. A.
Lieut. Col. George W. Baird, U. S. A. Capt. Eugene O. Fechet, U.S. A.
Lieut. Col. Charles H. Heyl, U.S. A. Lieut. George M. Hoffman, U. S. A.
Lieut. Commander F. S. Carter, U.S.N. Lieut. Winfield S. Overton, U. S.A
Maj. George Andrews, U.S. A. Lieut. Joseph S. Herron, U.S. A.

The following-named States and Territories, numbering
thirty-five, were represented in the parade by their respective’
governors or others officially designated, the order in which
they are given being that of admission into the Union.

Delaware, Governor Ebe W. Tunnell, escorted by Mr. Joseph R.
Edson.

Pennsylvania, Governor William A. Stone, escorted by Mr. E.
Southard Parker.

New Jersey, Governor Foster M. Voorhees, escorted by Mr. Thomas

W. Smith.

Connecticut, Governor George E. Lounsbury, escorted by Mr. F.
L. Moore.

Massachusetts, Governor W. Murray Crane, escorted by Mr. S. W.
Woodward.

Maryland, Governor John Walter Smith, escorted by Mr. Samuel
Maddox; and ex-Governor Lloyd Lowndes, escorted by Mr. B.
H. Warner.
“SSOIBUO) JO URLIRIGIT ot{} JO ASoJINOD AG poonpomday

“OS81-0€81 ‘TOLIdVO SSLVLS G3LINN

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    
    

 

 

eee

iE rehig

—

ts a. 4

  

 

 

 

 

"S| a1V1d
Parade, and Review by the President. 85

New Hampshire, Governor Frank W. Rollins, escorted by Mr. E.
S. Smith.

Virginia, Governor J. Hoge Tyler, escorted by Mr. W. F. Mattingly.

New York, Governor Theodore Roosevelt, escorted by Hon.’ Martin
A. Knapp.

North Carolina, Governor Daniel L. Russell, escorted by Mr. Jesse
B. Wilson.

Rhode Island, Governor William Gregory, escorted by Mr. W. H.
McKnew. .
Vermont, Governor W. W. Stickney, represented by Adjutant-
General A. H. Gilmore, escorted by Dr. E. M. Gallaudet.
Tennessee, Governor Benton McMillin, escorted by Mr. D. S.
Hendrick.

Ohio, ex-Governor Asa S. Bushnell, escorted by Mr. D. A.
Chambers.

Louisiana, Governor W. W. Heard, represented by Lieut. Governor
Albert Estopinal, escorted by Mr. Ernest Wilkinson.

Indiana, Governor James A. Mount, escorted by Mr. Henry F.
Blount.

Maine, Governor Llewellyn Powers, escorted by Gen. Ellis Spear.

Missouri, Governor Lon. V. Stephens, represented by Lieut. Gov-
ernor A. H. Bolte; and Hon. A. M. Dockery, governor-elect,
escorted by Mr. Joseph R. Edson.

Arkansas, Governor Daniel W. Jones, escorted by Mr. Alexander
Britton.

Florida, Governor W. D. Bloxham, represented by Col. F. Q.
Brown, escorted by Mr. Frederick L. Moore.

Texas, Hon. A. W. Fly, escorted by Mr. Freeborn G. Smith.

Iowa, Governor Leslie M. Shaw, escorted by Hon. John B. Hen-
derson, sr.

Wisconsin, Governor Edward Scofield, escorted by Mr. Matthew
Trimble.

California,.ex-Governor H. H. Markham, escorted by Mr. 5S. S.
Burdett.

West Virginia, Governor George W. Atkinson, escorted by Dr.
Thomas Wilson.

Nevada, Governor Reinhold Sadler, represented by Hon. W. O. H.
Martin, escorted by Mr. M. P. Ward.

Colorado, Governor Charles S. Thomas, escorted by Mr. Thomas F.
Walsh.

South Dakota, Governor A. E. Lee, escorted by Dr. E. M. Gallaudet.

Idaho, Governor Frank Steunenberg, escorted by Dr. D. Percy
Hickling.

Wyoming, Governor De Forest Richards, represented by ex-Governor
W. A. Richards, escorted by Mr. Aldis B. Browne.
86

Establishment of the Seat of Government.

District of Columbia, Commissioners Henry B. F. Macfarland, John
W. Ross, Capt. Lansing H. Beach, U. S. A.
New Mexico, Governor M. A. Otero, escorted by Mr. L. M. Saun-

ders.

Arizona, Governor N. O. Murphy, escorted by Mr. H. H. Darnielle.

Alaska, Governor John G. Brady, escorted by Mr. C. F. Nesbit.

Oklahoma, Governor Cassius M. Barnes, escorted by Mr. B. H.
Stinemetz.

STAFFS ACCOMPANYING THE GOVERNORS OF STATES AND TERRITORIES.

Governor Ebe W. Tunnell, of Delaware.

Staff: Adjt. Gen. Garrett J. Hart.

Governor William A. Stone, of Pennsylvania.

Staff: Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Stewart, adjutant-general.

Col. Ezra H. Ripple, assistant adjutant-general.

Col. Frank G. Sweeney, inspector-general.

Col. B. Frank Eshleman, judge-advocate-general.

Col. Thomas Potter, jr., quartermaster-general.

Lieut. Col. Samuel Moody, assistant quartermaster-general.
Lieut. Col. George M. Halstead, assistant commissary-general.
Col. John V. Shoemaker, surgeon-general.

Col. Frank K. Patterson, general inspector of rifle practice.
Col. Shelden Potter, chief of ordnance.

Col. Asher Miner.

Aids-de-camp:

Lieut. Col. Henry Hall.

Lieut. Col. Thomas J. Keenan, jr.
Lieut. Col. James M. Reid.

Lieut. Col. Harry C. Trexler.
Lieut. Col. Ned Arden Flood.
Lieut. Col. Charles C. Pratt.
Lieut. Col. J. Milton Taylor.
Color Sergt. Jacob Greene.

Governor Foster M. Voorhees, of New Jersey.

Staff: Brig. Gen. Alexander C. Oliphant, adjutant-general.

Brig. and Bvt. Gen. Richard A. Donnelly, quartermaster-
general.

Brig. Gen. Bird W. Spencer, inspector-general of rifle practice.

Brig. Gen. Edward P. Meany, judge-advocate-general.

Brig. Gen. Joseph W. Congdon, inspector-general.

Col. Robert M. Thompson, aid-de-camp.

Maj. William J. Sewell, jr., acting aid-de-camp.

Capt. William Libbey, acting aid-de-camp.

Capt. Charles W. Parker, acting aid-de-camp.

Governor W. Murray Crane, of Massachusetts,

Staff: Adjt. Gen. Samuel Dalton.
“SNNSAV GNVIAYVW WOYS TOLIdvd AHL

 

 

 

 

 

‘6, aLvId
Parade, and Review by the President. 87

Governor John Walter Smith, of Maryland:
Staff: Adjt. Gen. John S. Saunders.
Col. Frank Markoe.
Capt. J. E. Emerson. s
Lieut. Col. J. Frank Supplee.
Lieut. Col. Charles B. McLean.
Capt. S. Johnson Poe.
Maj. Louis N. Rawlins.
Maj. Seth S. Urich.
Maj. Andrew W. Feuss.
Cavalry Troop A (under command of Capt. Jos. W. Shirley).
Governor Frank W. Rollins, of New Hampshire.
Staff: Brig. Gen. A. D. Ayling, adjutant-general.
Governor J. Hoge Tyler, of Virginia.
Staff: Col. W. O. Skelton, chief of staff.
Col. King E. Harmon.
Col. W. O. Moore.
Col. George S. Shackelford.
Col. S. S. Thomas.
Col. C. V Carrington.
Col. Alexander Cameron.
Col. George C. Cabell, jr.
Col. W. W. Sale.
Col. W. S. Battle.
Col. James Mann.
Col. E. D. Cole.
Col. Joe Lane Stern.
Col. John D. Potts.
Governor Theodore Roosevelt, of New York.
Staff: Brig. Gen. Edward M. Hoffman, adjutant-general.
Col. George Curtis Treadwell, military secretary.
Capt. William Littauer, aid-de-camp.
Capt. David S. Iglehart, aid-de-camp.
Maj. William Wilson, aid-de-camp.
Lieut. Col: Henry H. Treadwell, aid-de-camp.
Capt. George A. Wingate, aid-de-camp.
Capt. James M. Andrews, aid-de-camp.
Capt. Adrian W. Mather, aid-de-camp.
First Lieut. William L. Flanagan, aid-de-camp.
First Lieutenant Patterson, aid-de-camp.
Second Lieut. J. Wray Cleveland, aid-de-camp.
Governor William Gregory, of Rhode Island.
Staff: Brig. Gen. Frederic M. Sackett, adjutant-general.
Brig. Gen. W. Howard Walker, quartermaster-general.
Brig. Gen. Walter R. Stiness, judge-advocate-general.
88

Establishment of the. Seat of Government.

Staff: Lieut. Col. Lester S. Hill, assistant surgeon-general.
Col. Frank W. Tillinghast, aid-de-camp.
Col. John H. Wetherell, aid-de-camp.
Col. Robert F. Rodman, aid-de-camp.
Col. Harold J. Gross, aid-de-camp.
Col. Felix R. Wendelschaefer, aid-de-camp.
Col. Henry O. Potter, aid-de-camp.
Executive secretary Charles H. Howland.
Brig. Gen. Hiram Kendall, commanding brigade, R. I. M.
Lieut. Col. Arthur V. Warfield, assistant adjutant-general,
brigade, R. I. M.
Sergt. Frank P. Droney, Troop B, Cavalry, R. I. M. (flag).
Private Edward M. Holmes, Troop B, Cavalry, R. I. M.
(orderly).
State officials and members of the general assembly:
Hon. Walter A. Read, general treasurer.
Hon. Charles P. Bennett, secretary of state.
Hon. Charles C. Gray, state auditor.
Senators:
Edward L. Freeman.
Christopher L. Champlin.
Alexander G. Crumb.
Alfred W. Kenyon.
Ezra K. Parker.
John A. Grinnell.
Benjamin F. Robinson, jr.
Representatives:
Frank E. Holden, speaker of the house.
Harry C. Curtis.
John L. Remlinger.
John H. Crosby.
Other guests:
Hon. John H.’ Stiness, chief justice of the supreme court.
Hon. Charles A. Wilson, United States district attorney.
Gen. Charles R. Brayton.
Col. Frank F. Olney.
Hon. Walter Price.
Judge Edward M. Burke.
Hon. Joseph C. Church.
Rev. Carl N. Rabenius.
Col. Thomas J. Pierce.
Mr. John R. Dennis.
Mr. Alphonse Gaulin.
Mr. Edward Smith.
Mr. James F. McCusker.
Parade, and Review by the President. 89

Other guests—Continued.
.Mr. Charles Alexander.
Mr. William B. Banigan.
Mr. Jesse P. Eddy, jr. *
Mr. George A. Phillips.
Mr. Lance De Jongh.
Mr. George C. Cranston.
Mr. Edwin A. Kenyon.
Mr. Horace G. Belcher, representative of the Providence Journal.
Mr. Thomas H. McElroy, representative of the Providence News.
Hon. Albert Estopinal, of Louisiana.
Staff: Gen. Adolphe Meyer.
Col. R. F. Broussard.
Col. :Phanor Breazeale.
Governor Llewellyn Powers, of Maine.
Staff: Maj. Gen. John T: Richards, adjutant-general.
Maj. Atwood W. Spaulding, military secretary.
Governor Leslie M. Shaw, of Iowa.
Staff: Gen. M. H. Byers.
Gen. Milton Hemley, attorney-general.
Hon. George L. Dobson, secretary of state.
Governor Edward Scofield, of Wisconsin.
Staff: Col. Daniel B. Starkey.
Hon. J. O. Davidson, State treasurer.
Governor Charles S. Thomas, of Colorado.
Staff: Maj. Nathan Gregg, military secretary.
Governor M. A. Otero, of New Mexico.
Staff: Adjt. Gen. W. H. Whiteman, chief of staff.
Col. R. E. Twitchell, judge-advocate-general.
Governor C. M. Barnes, of Oklahoma.
Staff: Maj. Joseph E. Ball, chief of staff.

The military escort of Governor Tyler, of Virginia, con-
sisted of nearly 400 national guardsmen, representing the
Seventieth Regiment, Col. George Wayne Anderson, of Rich-
mond, commanding, with staff consisting of Capt. C. Gray
Bossieux, of Richmond, adjutant; Maj. W. M. Randolph, of
Charlottesville, surgeon; Capt. Ashby Miller, of Alexandria,
quartermaster; and Lieut. G. R. Lewis, of Lynchburg, ord-
nance officer. The companies from Richmond were Com-
pany A, Capt. Charles O. Saville; Company B, Capt. Anthony
W. Miller; Company C, Capt. George B. Shackelford; Com-
pany F, Capt. A. S. Lanier; Company H, Capt. Theo. C.
Baptist. Another battalion was under the command of Maj.
go Establishment of the Seat of Government.

William J. Perry, of Staunton, embracing Company E, of
Lynchburg, Capt. P. F. Williams; Company I, of Farmville,
Capt. John R. Martin and Lieuts. N. M. Gill and J. L.
Bugg; Company D, of Charlottesville, Capt. Wiliam B.
Peyton and Lieut. John S. White; and Company K, of
Staunton, Capt. Carter Braxton and Lieut. Eugene Somer-
son. The Virginia contingent closed with Companies A, B,
C, F, and H, of Richmond, headed by the Richmond band.

A novel feature of the parade was presented by a part of
the staff accompanying the governor of Rhode Island who
rode in automobiles.

The following special committee was appointed to see that
the governors and their staffs were placed in proper posi-
tions in the procession: Maj. H. B. Looker, A. A. Hoehling,
Charles W. Darr, John Gunnell, and Percy Cranford.

Following the governors came the specially invited guests,
including the ex-Commissioners of the District, J. W. Doug-
lass, L. G. Hine, George Truesdell, and J. B. Wight, and the
ex-mayors, M. G. Emery’ and J. G. Berret.*, Then came the
members of the centennial committee,? as follows:

Senate Committee—Senators Perkins, McLaurin, Clay, Si-
mon, Turley, McMillan.

flouse of Representatives Committee.—Representatives Can-
non, Bell, Bailey, Heatwole, Cowherd, Denny, Gamble, Sher-
man, Hemenway, Grout.

Citizens’ Committee —Mr. John B. Wight, Mr. Charles J.
Bell, Mr. James G. Berret, Mr. William V. Cox, Mr. John
Joy Edson, Mr. Theodore W. Noyes, Mr. John W. Thompson,
Mr. W. P. Van Wickle, Mr. Beriah Wilkins.

The veteran organizations in the parade were under the
marshalship of Maj. L. P. Williams, senior department com-
mander of the Grand Army of the Republic, and were pre-
ceded by the John B. Henderson Drum Corps. First in
order came the Old Guard, in charge of Capt. J. M. Edgar.
The veterans of the Grand Army and the Union Veterans’
Union, the latter under command of Gen. Robert St. George

 

' Died October 12, 1gor.
? Died April 15, Igor.
3 Excepting Senator Hale, who rode with the President.
Parade, and Review by the President. gI

Dyrenforth, were followed by the Eighth District Battalion,
consisting of two companies—the Butler Zouaves and the
Capital City Guard. Then came the Spanish war veterans,
under the command of Col. Lee M. Lipscomb, senior vice-
commander, followed by the Guy V. Henry Garrison of the
Regular Army and Navy Union. The Gonzaga College
Cadets, under the command of Maj. Frederick L. Devereux,
followed with their own band, and next came the Jackson
Democratic Association, with over three hundred members.
They were marshaled by Hon. James L. Norris, national
committeeman (Democratic) from the District of Columbia,
with the following aids: Bernard Kilmartin, John Campbell,
John A. Clarke, Frederic B. Keefer, Philip N. Tilden, Har-
vey S. W. DeGraw, and John P. Hamlin. The High School
Cadet Regiment, which made an attractive appearance in the
line of the District National Guard, was commanded by Col.
Clarence E. Boesch, and the “separate battalion” of cadets
was under the command of Maj. Walter P. Ray.

When the head of the column of the parade reached the
east entrance to the Capitol grounds, the line was halted, and
the President and Cabinet, the Governors and their staffs
and escorts, Commissioners of the District, specially-invited
guests, members of the centennial committee and others
riding in carriages, were driven directly to the Capitol. The
President and his immediate party, including Hon. William
P. Frye, President pro tempore of the Senate, and Hon. David
B. Henderson, Speaker of the House of Representatives,
occupied a covered pavilion, which had been constructed for
the occasion at the east front. On either side of the pavilion
were passageways. ‘The members of the Cabinet, the Govern-
ors, Commissioners of the District of Columbia, invited guests,
judges of the courts, Senators and Representatives, members
of the diplomatic corps, and the committeemen took positions
to the rear of the reviewing stand, which was tastefully dec-
orated with flags. The parade was then reviewed by the
President. As the organizations of the various States passed
in review, the Governors of the same took positions, succes-
sively, by the side of the President, remaining there during
the march past. ‘
92 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

When the last organization had passed, the President and
those with him who had witnessed the review, entered the
Capitol building, and were ushered into different apartments
prior to assembling in the order assigned for proceeding to
the Hall of the House of Representatives for the purpose of
participating in the commemorative exercises.

The orders issued by the War Department, the District
National Guard, the District Naval Battalion, and the chief
of police, being of special interest in connection with the
parade, are here reproduced:

ORDERS FOR THE UNITED STATES TROOPS.

GENERAL ORDERS, GOVERNOR’S ISLAND,
No. 25. } New York City, November 75, 1900.

In accordance with instructions from the Headquarters of the Army,
dated November 13, 1900, the following troops are designated to take
part in the centennial celebration of the establishment of the seat of
Government in the District of Columbia, and will be assembled in
Washington, D. C., by 9 o’clock on the morning of December 12, 1900:

The Fifth Cavalry Band and one squadron of the Fifth Cavalry,
under command of Col. William A. Rafferty, Fifth Cavalry.

Light Battery F, Second Artillery, Capt. Charles B. Patkhurst,
Second Artillery, commanding.

The Fourth Artillery Band and a regiment of foot artillery, under the
command of Lieut. Col. John R. Myrick, Second Artillery, to be com-
posed as follows:

First Battalion: Batteries N, A, K, and G, Fourth Artillery, Maj. E.
Van A. Andrus, Fourth Artillery, commanding.

Second Battalion: Batteries D, E, L, and H, Fourth Artillery, Maj.
Henry W. Hubbell, Fourth Artillery, commanding.

Third Battalion: Batteries G, First Artillery; B, Seventh Artillery;
B, Second Artillery, and M, Sixth Artillery; Capt. John P. Wisser,
Seventh Artillery, commanding.

The above-mentioned troops will be under the command of Col.
Francis L. Guenther, Fourth Artillery.

Each foot battery will have, if possible, not less than two officers, and
will be of such strength as to form with a front of thirty-two files, exclu-
sive of guides.

The staff of the commander will be composed of his regimental staff
and a surgeon, whom he will select. The staff of the commander of the
regiment of foot artillery will be composed of two officers, whom he shall
select. Each battalion commander will select a commander adjutant.

The commanding officers of Fort Myer and Washington Barracks will
"0061 NI 10LIdvO SHL

 

 

‘Og aLvid
Parade, and Review by the President. 93

each cause one ambulance, properly manned and equipped, to be reported
to the surgeon with the commander of the troops for assignment.

Undress uniform with overcoats will be worn.

Upon determination of the duty contemplated? the troops will return
to their respective stations.

Further instructions concerning the hour and formation for the cere-
mony will be communicated in due season.

The Quartermaster’s Department will furnish the transportation, and
the Subsistence Department the necessary subsistence.

By order of Maj. Gen. John R. Brooke:
M. V. SHERIDAN,

Assistant Adjutant-General.

ORDERS FOR DISTRICT NATIONAL GUARD.

The National Guard of the District of Columbia will assemble for
escort and parade duty on Wednesday, December 12, 1900, to participate
in the Centennial Celebration of the Establishment of the Seat of Govern-
ment in the District of Columbia. ‘The brigade will assemble in close
columns, right in front, facing east, at 12.50 o’clock p. m., in Pennsyl-
vania avenue NW., head of column resting on Seventeenth street, the
order of formation to be as follows:

General staff and noncommissioned staff.
Brigade band.

Engineer corps.

Second regiment of infantry.

First regiment of infantry.

Corps of field music.

First separate battalion.

Signal corps.

Naval battalion.

Ambulance corps.

Undress uniform, with overcoats, forage caps, leggings, and white
gloves, will be worn; the naval battalion to be in its prescribed uniform.

All members of the general staff and noncommissioned staff, and all
regimental, field, and staff officers, will be mounted and will wear the
prescribed undress mounted uniform, with overcoats.

Commanding officers of companies will furnish their battalion adju-
tants with ‘‘ morning reports’’ immediately after the parade is dismissed,
noting thereon the names of all officers and men absent from the parade
without leave. Commanding officers of regiments, separate battalions,
and separate companies, will furnish these headquarters with consolidated
morning reports before 10 o’clock a. m. of the 13th instant; will see
that all enlisted men absent without leave are properly dealt with, and
will report to these headquarters the names of all commissioned officers
so absent.
94 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

ORDERS FOR DISTRICT NAVAL BATTALION.

{Issued by Commander Robert P. Haines, commanding the naval battalion, District of Columbia
National Guard.]

The naval battalion will assemble on board the U. S. S. Fern at
9.30 o’clock a. m., December 12, 1900; uniform blue, with overcoats
and leggings, ready to take up the line of march to the point of assembly
of the National Guard, at 11 o’clock, in the order of close column for-
mation, as follows:

Buglers and drummers, battalion staff, signal corps.

First division, equipped as infantry, with color guard on the left,
consisting of two petty officers and two men, armed with cutlasses.

Second division, equipped as artillery, 3-inch fieldpieces; staff, petty
officers, ambulance.

Divisional commanders will see that the men of their commands are
properly equipped, belts square, hats adjusted straight, leggings laced the
entire length, arms cleaned and properly carried, and will furnish the
battalion adjutant with reports immediately after the parade is dismissed,
noting thereon the names of all officers and men absent without leave.

The executive officer will act as battalion adjutant.

In passing the east front of the Capitol, the salute will be executed
at the north line of the reviewing stand and maintained until the south
line of the stand isreached. Guide will be ‘‘right.’’ Distance between
divisions, eight paces.

After the parade the battalion will be marched to the Ferm, and
prior to dismissal divisional commanders will see that all arms and
equipment, leggings. and pea-jackets are properly returned.

The men being called out under special orders, National Guard head-
quarters, those in Government employ will receive their pay, and be
provided with time certificates by the divisional officers.

; ORDERS FOR METROPOLITAN POLICE.
(Issued by Maj. Richard Sylvester, Chief of Police.]

At 10 o’clock a. m., December 12, 1900, a reception by the President of
the United States to the Governors will take place at the Executive
Mansion. In order that every facility may be afforded those going to
and coming therefrom, the full force under command of Sergeant Goss
will report to that officer at the Executive Mansion at 9.15 a. m., in full
dress, with white gloves, and an additional detail of 8 privates and 3
mounted men, in like attire, will report to the same officer at the time
and place mentioned.

Sergeant Goss will in the meantime report to Col. Theo. A. Bingham,
U.S. A., for instructions.

At 1.300’clock p. m.a civil, military, and naval parade will take place
from the Executive Mansion to the United States Capitol.
Parade, and Review by the President. 95

Pennsylvania avenue from Seventeenth street NW. to Fifteenth street,
to Pennsylvania avenue, to First street NW. will be roped, but the
parade will follow along First street to C street, to Delaware avenue, to
the Capitol grounds, where it will halt. At First street the President
and Cabinet and other distinguished guests will proceed by the roadway
through the north Capitol grounds, passing under the east Senate steps
and on to the basement east entrance, where they will alight and enter
the building.

At the close of the ceremonies at the Executive Mansion the 8 privates
detailed thereat will report to Lieutenant Boyle. The 3 mounted men
will flank the carriages of the President and party on the right next to
the curb, 20 paces apart.

Lieutenant Boyle will have 3 mounted men flank the carriages of the
President and party on the left, next to the curb, 20 paces apart.

Lieutenant Boyle will detail 6 privates to flank the same carriages on
right and left, who will preserve their positions next to the curb in
single file, 25 paces apart, and march to the Capitol.

Lieutenant Boyle will detail 2 mounted men to flank the carriages of
the visiting governors on right and left, to move with the parade.

Lieutenant Boyle will detail 2 mounted men at Seventeenth street to
flank the governors’ staffs on right and left, who enter the line from
Eighteenth street.

A detail of 50 privates and 12 mounted men will report to Lieutenant
Boyle on Pennsylvania avenue north of the Executive grounds at 12.45
o’clock p. m., these to include 8 privates and 3 mounted men heretofore
mentioned to report at the Executive Mansion at 9.15 a.m. With this
force he will clear Pennsylvania avenue from Fifteenth to Eighteenth
streets NW. of all unauthorized persons and vehicles at 1 o’clock p. m.,
and further carry out the preceding instructions when the parade moves.

A detail of 60 privates will report to Lieutenant Amiss at Fifteenth
street and Pennsylvania avenue at 12.45 o’clock p. m., with which force
he will clear from Fifteenth street at New York avenue, Fifteenth street
and the avenue to Ninth street NW. at 1 o’clock p. m., all unauthorized
persons and vehicles.

A detail of 60 privates will report to Lieutenant Moore at 12.45 o’clock
p. m., at Ninth street and Pennsylvania avenue, with which force he
will clear the avenue from the west side of Ninth street to First street
NW. of all unauthorized persons and vehicles at 1 o’clock p. m.

When the carriages of the President and Cabinet officers leave the line
at First street to proceed through the Capitol grounds, as heretofore
stated, the mounted men and footmen flanking will continue through the
grounds and facilitate the parking of their carriages and return with
them in like order, except that the footmen will be dismissed to return
to their precincts, and 2 of the 6 mounted escort will report to Captain
Austin 4 remaining with the carriages.
96 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

A detail of 20 privates will report to Lieutenant Heffner at First street
and Pennsylvania avenue at 12.45 o’clock p. m., and at 1 o’clock clear
First street to C street, C street to Delaware avenue, of all unauthorized
persons and vehicles.

Lieutenants Swindells, Kenney, Daley, and McCathran, mounted; 8
privates, mounted, and 90 footmen will report to Capt. M. A. Austin,
mounted, at the United States Capitol, at 1 o’clock p. m.

At 10 o’clock a. m. 9 footmen will report to Sergeant Kaucher at the
east front of the United States Capitol and clear the Senate east front
and House steps of all unauthorized persons, and allow no one to go
thereon from the street.

At 12.45 o’clock all unauthorized persons and vehicles will be cleared
from the driveway east of the Capitol between the building and the rope
on the east and B street north to B street south, except that the public
will be permitted to occupy the intermediate grass plats.

At the conclusion of the ceremonies in the Capitol the cavalry troop,
which will have massed west of the statue of Washington, will proceed
to accompany the President’s carriage on its return to the Executive
Mansion, and the captain will see that the rope across the east side of
the grounds is opened in order to permit of the cavalry coming forward.

Sergeants Matthews and Harry and 14 mounted privates will report
to the major and superintendent of police at the corner of Twelfth street
and Pennsylvania avenue at 1 o’clock p. m.

After the parade has been reviewed at the Capitol a section of the
foregoing detail under Sergeant Harry will escort Lieutenant-General
Miles and staff to the War Department zvé@ B street south to First street,
to Pennsylvania avenue.

The other section of the mounted detail, under Sergeant Matthews,
will take position near the location of the President’s carriage, and pre- _
cede the platoon of cavalry which will act as escort to the Executive
Mansion at the close of the exercises in the Capitol.

All streets and avenues included in the route of parade must be closed
to traffic of all kinds and to unauthorized persons at 12.45 o’clock p. m.

The several lieutenants in charge along the line of parade will provide
and place ropes at intersecting streets, and no vehicles, excepting United
States mail wagons, will be permitted to cross the streets and avenues of
parade after 12.45 o’clock p. m.

Members of the press and telegraph messengers will have tickets per-
mitting them to cross the lines, and no exceptions will be made to others
except in case of emergency and by order of a lieutenant or sergeant.

Ambulances will be stationed as follows:

Emergency, at Seventeenth street and Pennsylvania avenue NW.

Garfield, at Fifteenth street and New York avenue NW.

Freedmen’s, at Thirteenth and E streets NW.

Police, at Ninth street and Pennsylvania avenue NW.
“0061 ‘Zt YABGW3IOSC ‘GNVLS ONIMAIASY SHL NO ABINIMOW LNAGISAYd

 

 

 

SSS

 

"LZ alvid
Parade, and Review by the President. 97

Police, at Four-and-a-half street and Pennsylvania avenue NW.

Police, at Delaware avenue and B street NE.

Lieutenants will utilize patrol wagons as their judgment may dictate.

Citizens having police authority will assist the police, and may be
called upon for such purpose.

The command under Lieutenant Boyle will give the close of the parade
safe and clean conduct to Fifteenth street and Pennsylvania avenue,
where the officers detailed to the first precinct will do likewise to Ninth
street, where the officers detailed to the sixth precinct will do likewise
to Delaware avenue.

Members of the force along the line of the parade, except at the Cap-
itol, will be dismissed as soon as practicable after the parade, but the
command at the Capitol will be subject to the orders of Captain Austin.

At 7 o’clock p. m. 40 privates, in dress coats and white gloves, and 6
mounted men will report to Lieutenant Boyle at the north entrance to
the Corcoran Art Gallery. ;

The lieutenant will arrange for cloaking the overcoats and belts at the
Gallery.

All members of the force will wear white gloves during time of parade.

Members of the force are expected to be respectful, but firm, and per-
sons who are out of order or attempt to provoke trouble should be
arrested.

Orders for the day park the carriages of the President and Cabinet in
the southeast driveways at the Capitol, which may be reached readily by
B street south, and carriages of the governors will be parked in the
northeast driveways.

All ropes along the route of parade, including supports, and at the
Capitol grounds will be removed by employees of the engineer depart-
ment immediately following the conclusion of the parade.

The many important details contributing to the successful
accomplishment of the plans for the parade were under the
charge of Hon. John B. Wight, chairman of the committee
on parade and decorations. The pun-tuality with which this
arduous part of the programme was carried out was very largely
due to his carefully-planned arrangements. The distribution
of the bands was so effected as to furnish a continuance of
music sufficient for the whole line, yet not in such excess as
to produce the discordance and confusion of step so commonly
noticeable on occasions of this kind. The engagement of the
bands was intrusted to Mr. T. F. Alvey, a member of the com-
mittee, and special reference is also made in Mr. Wight’s
report to the efficient aid rendered under the supervision of

7

 

H. Doc. 552
98 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Messrs. L. B. Cutler, Joseph Auerbach, B. M. Bridget, Charles
E. Kern, Isaac Gans, D. Agnew Greenlees, W. W. Danen-
hower, F. B. Pyle, E. S. Ford, W. F. Hart, and Oscar W.
White, who personally secured the decorations along the line
of march; Capt. Andrew Parker, for the organization of civic
escort; Mr. W. C. Allen, for his capable supervision of the
illuminations of Seventeenth street and the approach to
the Corcoran Gallery of Art; and Mr. W. H. Rapley, for his
valuable assistance in placing the Governors and other dis-
tinguished guests in their respective positions in the parade.
ONIMSIASRY Si: LN3SGISSYd 3HL ONIMOHS ‘1OLIdVO SHL JO LNOYS LSV3

‘0061 ‘ZL YAGWIOTA ‘GNVLS

 

* wn Ke
DO ee oe
ee ae aed
LOTTO tek
eee cee?

 

 

 

 

 

‘Oo JLV1d
EXERCISES AT THE CAPITOL.

At 3.30 o’clock, the hour appointed by law for a joint
convention of the Senate and House of Representatives to
celebrate the one hundredth anniversary of the establishment
of the permanent seat of Government in the District of
Columbia and of the first session of Congress held in the
permanent Capitol, the President of the United Statés with
the members of his Cabinet, the president pro tempore and
members of the United States Senate, the Chief Justice and
associate justices of the Supreme Court, the foreign ambas-
sadors and ministers to the United States, the governors of
the States and Territories, the Commissioners of the District
of Columbia and those entitled to admission to the floor,
entered the Hall of the House of Representatives, which
body was already in session.

Long before the hour of the ceremonies arrived, the galleries
had been filled with invited spectators, including in the press
gallery a large number of the most prominent journalists of
the country. The standing committee of correspondents in
charge of the press gallery, at the request of the citizens’
committee, extended the privileges of the gallery to the
members of the press committee.

The assemblage being seated, the Speaker, Hon. David B.
Henderson, of Iowa, arose and stated that under the provi-
sions of the law and in accordance with the programme
which had been arranged by duly appointed committees, it
became his duty to call the convention to order. This being
done, he requested the Chaplain of the Senate, Rev. Dr.
W.H. Milburn, to open the exercises with prayer.

99
100 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Dr. Milburn delivered the following invocation:

We praise Thee,. we worship Thee, we give thanks to Thee, O Lord
God, Heavenly King, God the Father Almighty.

Thus have Thy people in all ages of our era chanted or said the
angels’ song; and we, in this latest birth of time, come to join our
hearts and voices in this latest ascription of honors to Thee. Especially
are we moved to this devotion when we behold the marvels which Thou
hast wrought in this our country within the last hundred years; a
nation of 3,000,000 people, huddled in lowly places of residence, grown
to well-nigh four score millions and one of the powers of the earth; and
this city, from an insignificant and almost squalid village, grown to be
one of the fairest and stateliest capitals of the world, challenging the
admiration and the homage of all well-informed and traveled people.

For these Thy gifts and the promises which they contain, we join in
the angels’ song—

Glory to God in the nighest, and on earth peace, good will toward men.

And now we humbly ask Thy blessing upon this notable assembly;
upon the first and most eminent citizen of the land, our honored Presi-
dent, and the members of his official family; upon the Chief Justice and
associate justices of the Supreme Court; upon the President and all
members of the Senate; upon the Speaker and all members of the
House of Representatives; upon the chief men of the Army aud Navy
of the country; upon the gathering of Governors, the heads of the sov-
ereign States of this great Republic; upon all who are engaged in the
making, the interpretation, and the execution of the laws.

Nor would we forget the public-spirited citizens who have moved in
this matter and brought it to so admirable a conclusion. And we hum-
bly come to Thee, in our hearts and best desires asking Thy blessing
upon the ambassadors and ministers of the foreign nations and powers
with whom we are at peace and amity. And upon this great concourse
of men and women who represent the masses of our country from sea to
sea let Thy loving kindness descend and abide.

And so, moved in heart with unutterable gratitude for all Thy benefits,
we cry ‘‘Alleluia, for the Lord God Omnipotent reigneth!’’

All of which, in praise and prayer to Thee, we offer in the name and
mediation of our blessed Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. Amen.

The Speaker then introduced the President pro tempore of
the Senate, Hon. William P. Frye, of Maine, to preside over
the exercises of the convention, who, after briefly stating the
purpose for which the assemblage had met, called upon the
Hon. James D. Richardson, a Representative from the State
of Tennessee, to deliver an address on the subject of “the
transfer of the national capital from Philadelphia.”
Exercises at the Capitol. IOL

ADDRESS OF HON. JAMES D. RICHARDSON.

Mr. PRESIDENT: It isa matter of the sincerest congratulation to us
all on this auspicious occasion that there is assempled in this historic
Chamber, the official home of the representatives of the people, this
splendid audience, comprising in part the Governors of the States, the
Lieutenant-General of the Army, the Admiral of the Navy, detachments
of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and National State Guards; the
Commissioners of the District of Columbia; the diplomatic corps, resident
with us; the members of the several courts of the District of Columbia,
the Chief Justice and associate justices of the Supreme Court, the Senate,
and, with his Cabinet of constitutional advisers, the Chief Magistrate of
our beloved country.

The occasion for bringing together so large a number of illustrious
public men and officials can not be without great national significance.
As a nation we have just emerged from a fierce contest between the dif-
ferent parties for political supremacy, which was characterized in most
quarters by manly warfare. This political struggle ended as similar
contests have heretofore had their sequel, in bringing unhappy regrets
and disappointments to many, while it brought contentment and joy to
others. It is a source of pride to every patriotic American who loves his
country and her institutions that, when these periodical battles come
around, although the conflict may have raged with desperation while
the heat of the struggle was on, yet when the victory is won, “liberty
has not lost but gained in strength,’’ and every man, from the highest
to the humblest in the land, dutifully accepts the result and loyally
upholds the verdict reached. But the cause of our coming together is
wholly apart from our recent contest. We are here to take part in a
highly interesting ceremony—‘‘the celebration of the centennial anni-
versary of the establishment of the seat of government in the District
of Columbia.’’

The first Congress under the Constitution assembled in the city of
New York in 1789. One of the first questions which engrossed the
attention of the Congress and the country was, Where shall the seat of
government be located? This question was debated with acrimony and
bitterness, and in the minds of some of the participants therein much
sectional feeling was engendered. Such subjects always excite warmth
in debate and more or less of irritation. It has been charged that the
location of the capital was the result of a bargain between the contend-
ing sides in the Congress. If it was not an express bargain, it was the
direct result of a compromise between the factions. The plan of com-
promising for a result so early instituted in our history has never been
abandoned, and I fear is too often resorted to by those who are looking
out for special objects. Alexander Hamilton, in his full manhood, with
all his ability, was then endeavoring to have Congress assume the debts
of the several States of the Union, which had come to them as legacies of
102 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

the great Revolution. He eloquently maintained that the public debt
was ‘‘the price of liberty.’’ His plan of assumption was rejected by
Congress. The excitement resulting therefrom ran so high and the
public feeling was so greatly embittered it seemed that the experiment
of a general government had failed. It was said that Congress asseni-
bled thereafter every morning as usual, but only to adjourn at once, as
the two sides were ‘‘too much out of temper to do business together.’’
The question was largely the North versus the South; centralization
against the rights and dignity of the State governments. Hamilton
refused to submit to the verdict reached, and kept up his fight, while
Madison and those who stood with him resolutely resisted him. Late in
his life Mr. Madison, in giving his version of this parting of company
with Hamilton, said that ‘‘the purpose of the latter was to commit the
Government to a policy totally different from that which he and I both
knew perfectly well had been understood and intended by the convention
which framed the Constitution and by the people in adopting it.’”’

In the emergency upon them a compromise was effected, the details of
which I will omit, but the result was that Hamilton and his friends car-
ried assumption, and the capital was located on the Potomac. Prior to
this action a measure had almost gone through Congress to fix the seat
of government at Wrights Ferry, on the Susquehanna. ‘This place is
within the State of Pennsylvania and within the Congressional district
represented by Mr. Zeigler. It is now known as Wrightsville. By a
census of this town which I remember to have seen not very many years
ago, it contained ‘‘two sawmills and 1,310 inhabitants.’’

We learn that the members from New England and New York agreed
in proposing Wrights Ferry, and claimed it was the point nearest the
center of population and wealth, and that it would remain so indefinitely.
For many days this location appeared to have a better chance of becom-
ing the capital than either Harrisburg, Baltimore, New York, German-
town, Philadelphia, or any other place proposed. Wrights Ferry was
shown in the debate to be the veritable ‘‘ hub of the universe,’’ a region
favored by nature above all others. One gentleman advocating the loca-
tion there claimed that not merely the soil, the water, and the ‘‘ advan-
tages of nature were unstirpassed,’’ but he said—

“Tf honorable gentlemen were disposed to pay much attention to a
dish of fish, he could assure them their table might be furnished with
fine and good from the waters of the Susquehanna.”

Mr. Madison favored the shores of the Potomac as the place, and
insisted the location should be in a central position, geographically
speaking. The first reason assigned by him was that the Government
would expend probably a half million dollars, and every citizen should
partake of this advantage as equally as nature had rendered it possible.
And further he said—

“If it were possible to promulgate our laws by some instantaneous
Exercises at the Capitol. 103

operation, it would be of less consequence in that point of view where the
Government might be placed.’’

Upon a vote being taken in the House the advocates of Wrights Ferry
on the Susquehanna triumphed, but the Senate amended the bill by
inserting ‘‘Germantown.’’ ‘The House would not accept the amend-
ment, and the session ended without an agreement. The subject was
brought forward again in the spring of 1790, and after something of a
repetition of the proceedings of the former session the compromise was
made by which it was agreed that assumption should prevail and that
the capital should go permanently to the southern location on the bank
of the Potomac. Accordingly, on July 16, 1790, Congress passed the act
which provided, among other things, ‘‘that a district of territory not
exceeding 10 miles square, to be located as hereafter directed on the river
Potomac at some place between the mouths of the Eastern Branch and
Conogocheague, be, and the same is hereby, accepted for the permanent
seat of the Government of the United States.’’

And further provided ‘‘that prior to the first Monday in December
next all offices attached to the seat of Government of the United States
shall be removed to, and until the first said Monday in December in the
year 1800, shall remain at the city of Philadelphia, in the State of Penn-
sylvania, at which place the session of ee next ensuing to the
present shall be held.’’

The act was amended March 3, 1791, by which it was provided that
the lines were to be so run as to include a portion of the territory below
the mouth of the Eastern Branch. It was also provided that the public
buildings should be erected on the Maryland side of the Potomac River.

Mr. Hamilton and his followers were made happy by the passage of
the assumption act, the national credit was established and made sure,
and has never since been shaken—except temporarily—and we all trust
is destined to stand unimpaired so long as the Republic survives.
The hopes of the other localities—Harrisburg, Baltimore, New York,
Germantown, and Wrights Ferry—to become the seat of Government
were forever blasted, and Philadelphia was put off by being given a
temporary blessing of ten years’ short duration.

The preparations for the removal began at an early date after the
passage of the act of January 16, 1790. Under the law three commis-
sioners were appointed by the President on January 22, 1791, to stirvey
the territory for the District. The States of Maryland and Virginia,
respectively, having passed acts of cession, the survey was made, and on
March 30, 1791, the President, by formal proclamation, declared and
made known the territory 1o miles square for the District.

On September 18, 1793, the corner stone of the Capitol building was
laid by President Washington with imposing ceremonies. A procession,
consisting—with others—of Free Masons and of the military and civil
authorities, took appropriate parts in these ceremonies. The Masons
104 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

were represented by the Grand Lodge of Maryland and by Lodge No.
22, of Alexandria, Va. Washington delivered an address. After the
ceremonies ended all partook of a barbecue feast prepared for the
occasion.

In pursuance of law, in May, 1800, the ten years having expired,
the archives and general offices of the Federal Government were removed
to Washington, and hence my subject to-day, ‘‘ The transfer of the
national capital from Philadelphia to Washington.’’ I need not go
further than I have, as my subject does not require it, into the assign-
ment of reasons why the capital was transferred to Washington, the
motives which caused the removal, and the arguments which were
potential in bringing it about. I shall not recite at length the details of
the removal. We learn that on May 28, 1800, a notice was posted on
the office door of the Secretary of State in Philadelphia, of which the
following is a copy:

‘The office of the Department of State will be removed this day from
Philadelphia. All letters and applications are therefore to be addressed
to that Department at the city of Washington from this date.’’

President Adams had left Philadelphia the preceding day, and made
the journey to Washington overland. The books, papers, furniture, etc.,
of the Government were brought by water transportation and landed at
one of the wharves and thence carted to the several offices. Washington
was then a mere village and poorly prepared to entertain the officers of
the Government, although the number was small. The employees for
the first year in the new city apportioned among the Departments were
as follows: State Department, 8 clerks; Treasury Department, 75; War
Department, 17; Navy Department, 16; and Post-Office Department, 10,
making in all 126 clerks. The total sum paid in salaries in that year
was $125,881.

The population of this city was estimated to be about 3,000. The
statistics show that on May 15, 1800, there were 109 brick and 253
framed houses in the city. One gentleman describing it said: ‘‘It is the
best city in the world for a future residence.”’

And he added: ‘‘We want nothing here but houses, cellars, kitchens,
well-informed men, amiable women, and other little trifles of this kind
to make our city perfect.’’

Although this description was given to the public, we are not informed
that anyone made protest against the classification of well-informed men
and amiable women with cellars and kitchens, and the characterization
of all of them as small trifles. Another gentleman, writing to his friend,
announced that he was thoroughly reconciled to the change from Phila-
delphia to Washington. He said:

‘*Provisions are plenty, good enough, and cheaper than in Philadelphia.
You can buy a peck of field strawberries for a 5-penny bit, and garden
at 11 cents a quart. Vegetation is at least two weeks earlier than in
Exercises at the Capitol. 105

Philadelphia. The situation is beautiful, and this season is extremely
pleasant. For myself I do not regret the removal.’

It is a matter of some regret that this writer of history did not tell us
whether it was because strawberries were earlieg and cheaper here, or
because the situation was more beautiful and the climate more salubrious
than in Philadelphia, that he was constrained not to regret the transfer.

The removal was an epoch in the life of the young nation. It was
somewhat akin to that interesting and highly important event in the life
of the youthful bride and groom when they choose their home and settle
down permanently under their own roof-tree to fight the battle of life
and work out their destiny. We know that the actors in this removal
came hither with a resolute will to lay broad and deep the foundations
of the republic which is to endure while time lasts; a republic which
rests upon the Declaration of 1776 and the sublime principle it happily
inculcates, that governments are instituted among men to secure certain
unalienable rights, the chiefest of which are life, liberty, and happiness,
and that they derive their just powers from the consent of the governed;
a republic the asylum for the oppressed of all nations; a republic the
counselor, guide, and model of lovers of liberty everywhere; a republic
the friend and wellwisher of all nations, the ally of none.

They came to build a city not only beautiful to look upon and delight-
ful to reside in, but which for works of art shall surpass Rome herself;
for universities, colleges, and other educational opportunities shall equal
the capital of the German Enpire; and in all things that go to make
a capital lovely, charming, and attractive to the eye, shall outstrip the
renowned city of France. ;

At the date of this removal the limits of our country were exceed-
ingly narrow. The Mississippi River was the western boundary, and we
had no outlet on the south to the Gulf. The young nation was then
hemmed in on the north by the Great Lakes and on the east by the
Atlantic Ocean, of all of which England was the proud master; by
the Mississippi on the west, beyond which lay the possessions of France,
the strongest power of Europe. Those possessions were then—

A solitude of vast extent, untouched

By hand of art; where nature sowed herself
And reaped her crops.

On the south Spain held the territory between us and the Gulf.
Within these narrow limits the young nation was held and confined like
a caged lion when the fierce contest came for supremacy in the Union
between the two great political parties of that date, the Republican under
Jefferson and Madison, and the Federalist under Adams and Hamilton.
This contest was raging with bitterness during the year 1800, and reached
a climax on March 4, 1801, in the inauguration of Thomas Jefferson as
the third President of the United States. The removal was within less
than a twelvemonth from the death of Washington, the hero, warrior,
106 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

and patriot of the Revolution. The country had not been able to recover
from the shock and had not had time to react from the period of sadness
and gloom caused by the intelligence of his death, which had not only
sent a thrill of emotion throughout the length and breadth of America,
but in whose honor the mighty fleets of England lowered their uncon-
quered flag, and in whose memory the young soldier of France, then
in the first flush of his glory, ordered his victorious standards veiled in
crape.

The archives and general offices of the Government having been
removed to this city in May, on November 17, 1800, the Congress met
in Washington for the first time, and assumed the exclusive control of
the city and the District of Columbia. Brig. Gen. James Wilkinson
was the commander of the United States Army. Oliver Ellsworth was
the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. John Adams, though recently
defeated for reelection, was President, and in his annual message to
Congress gave especial emphasis to the importance of the removal hence
of the capital and the founding of the city of Washington. He uttered
a deeply impressive and profoundly beautiful invocation for the pros-
perity and well-being of the city and its inhabitants. He said:

‘May this territory be the residence of virtue and happiness. In this
city may that piety and virtue, that wisdom and magnanimity, that con-
stancy and self-government which adorned the great character whose
name it bears be forever held in veneration. Here and throughout our
country may simple manners, pure morals, and true religion flourish
forever.’’

Addressing himself to the Congress, he added:

‘“You will consider it as the capital of a great nation, advancing with
unexampled rapidity in arts, in commerce, in wealth, and in population,
and possessing within itself those energies and resources which, if not
thrown away or lamentably misdirected, will secure to it a long course
of prosperity and self-government.’’

The President and the Congress expressed regret that Washington
did not live to enjoy having his sum of earthly happiness made complete
by seeing the Government peaceably convened at Washington City.
The present Chief Executive of the nation, who, I have already stated,
honors this occasion by his presence, in his annual message in December,
1898, discussing this anniversary, said :

‘The original plans of the city of Washington have been wrought
out with a constant progress and a signal success even beyond anything
their framers could have foreseen. The people of the country are justly
proud of the distinctive beauty and government of the capital, and of the
rare instruments of science and education which here find their natural
home.’’

We stand to-day one hundred years from the date of the removal of
the capital to this city. Within this period what phenomenal develop-
fixercises at the Capitol. 107

ment of our country has been witnessed. Our population has increased
from about 5,000,000 to over 76,000,000. Our weaith as a nation has
enhanced to more than $90,000,000,000, making us the richest in the
world. Products of our mines and manufacttires exceed those of any
other land or people. Our laboring classes are blessed with more com-
forts and with fairer prospects for themselves and their children than
they have ever elsewhere been blessed. Our commerce has flourished
most abundantly, and a widespread well-being has richly rewarded the
industry of the nation. The number of the States has increased from
16 to 45 and the people have multiplied fifteenfold. Our territory has
been added to until from about 900,000 square miles in 1800 our area,
including Alaska, is more than 3,500,000 square miles, to say nothing
of our possibilities in another hemisphere. The desert has been made to
bioom into a garden, towns and cities have sprung up all over our Union
like the famed palaces of Aladdin, and all the discoveries of science have
been as genii of the lamp to our people. Along the lines of invention
and progress which intimately affect the life and civilization of the world,
triumphs have been achieved and wonders accomplished, the equal, if
not the superior, of all the former centuries combined. The numberless
material and intellectual achievements have contributed in many marvel-
ous ways to the magical advancement and real comfort of the human
race. And on and on, forever and forever, we are destined to go, each
decade of years bringing new and larger blessings to humanity.

May we not conclude that the prayer of President Adams has been
most generously answered? Comparing this capital, our capital, with
that of any other country, may we not boast that it is the abode of virtue
and happiness, that it holds in veneration that piety and virtue, that
wisdom and magnanimity, that constancy and self-government which
adorned the great character whose name it bears?

On this happy occasion, with all these felicitous surroundings, let us
renew his invocation, and with especial emphasis pray God that not only
in this beautiful capital, but that throughout the length and breadth of
the Union, simple manners, pure morals, and true religion may forever
flourish; that our glorious Republic shall continue its advance in arts,
in commerce, in wealth, and in population; and that it will never discard
nor throw away those energies and resources, those unique and peculiar
characteristics, which so distinguish it from other nations of the earth,
and which secure and guarantee to us unsurpassed strength, unrivaled
happiness, and unequaled prosperity.

The presiding officer then introduced the Hon. Sereno E.
Payne, a Representative from the State of New York, the
subject of whose address was the ‘‘Establishment of the Seat
of Government in the District of Columbia.”
108 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

ADDRESS OF HON. SORENO E. PAYNE.

Mr. PRESIDENT: On the occasion of the first general debate that I
ever heard in Congress I was surprised to see that the first speaker pre-
sented the facts in the case and those who followed upon the same side
merely elaborated. Now, should it happen that I refer to any fact
alluded to by the first speaker on this occasion, I hope you will not take
it for granted that I have fallen into this bad habit, but that I am
simply following the subject given by the committee, and which seems
to run somewhat in the same line.

The establishment of the seat of government in the District of Colum-
bia is the work of more than acentury. The causes that led up to it
and the selection of a place that was almost a wilderness as the capital
city of a great nation are unique in the history of the nations. Ancient
capitals were each the seat of all that was best in literature and art. In
later days London, Paris, and Berlin were cities foremost in commerce,
population, and wealth long before they each became in turn the capital
of a powerful nation. Our fathers located the seat of government in
the open fields ‘‘where the trees were yet growing and the streets
unsurveyed.’’ Time has long since made it great in literature and art.

If they had followed historic precedent, New York or Philadelphia
would have been chosen. The former was great in population, in
wealth, and in enterprise. It stood at the gateway of commerce, for-
eign and domestic. It then gave promise of that which the closing
century almost witnesses, an advance to the position of the first city in
the world. The latter, situate on one of the natural highways of the
country, near the center of population, was great in commercial and
material things; but was far greater as the birthplace and cradle of
American liberty.

Each of these cities had in turn furnished a temporary seat of govern-
ment for the federation of the States. Each had offered to donate suit-
able grounds and buildings for the Federal house; an offer of no little
consequence in view of our bankrupt treasury.

Other cities—Baltimore, Lancaster, York, Princeton, Trenton, and
Annapolis—had furnished a temporary refuge to the Continental Con-
gress in the varying vicissitudes of the war, and each had its claim on
the grateful patriotism of our people. Each of these cities had extended
a hospitable welcome, and quickly matured plans to give to the Congress
a permanent abiding place.

After the close of the war, and as early as 1783, the discussion concern-
ing a place for the permanent seat of government began. The people
tired of a roving capital; indeed, all necessity for this had ceased; there
was no longer danger of the capture of our lawmakers in any part of the
‘*States.’’

Looking back, after more than a century has passed, it is difficult to
AW3YdNS 'LANIGVO ‘AS INIMOW LNAGISAYd

0061 ‘ZL YSGW3OSA IOLIdvVO SHL LV SSSYONOO GNV ‘LYNOD

eee

 

"€o 3LlWd
Exercises at the Capttol. 109

realize the bitterness and acrimony of the debate. State after State
came forward with the offer of a ‘‘suitable place.’’ New York urged
Kingston; Rhode Island, Newport; Maryland, Annapolis; New Jersey,
Trenton; and Virginia, Williamsburg; but Congress rejected all. Then
it was that the cities of New York and Philadelphia offered buildings for
a Federal house, and ‘‘ Baltimore Town’”’ proposed to erect such build-
ings as the Government should require if assured that the capital would
be located there. At least half of the thirteen States were pressing for
the location of the capital within their own borders.

In June, 1783, an incident happened in Philadelphia which caused not
only the removal of Congress from that city, but doubtless destroyed all
hope of locating the capital permanently in a large city. Some unpaid
soldiers, who had become mutinous, threatened and insulted the Repre-
sentatives in Congress. The local authorities failed to suppress the riot,
and Congress in consequence beat a masterly but hasty retreat.

In October of that year Elbridge Gerry offered a resolution to erect
buildings for the use of Congress on either the Potomac or the Delaware
River, provided a site suitable for a Federal city could be secured on
either river. In April, 1784, this resolution was modified, providing for
the erection of such buildings on both of the rivers. But this was all
finally repealed on the 26th of April. In the following October Con-
gress passed a resolution to select a place either in the State of New
Jersey or in Maryland. The next day they appointed a committee to
examine a site on the Delaware River, and soon thereafter another com-
niittee ‘‘to examine and report on a location at or near the lower falls of
the Potomac.” ‘This committee discharged its duties, but years elapsed
before Congress passed upon it. It was as difficult for Congress to make
up its mind in those days on the location of the seat of government as it
has been during the last decade to locate a site for one of our magnificent
Government buildings in the city of Washington. The discussion con-
tinued with no abatement of zeal and earnestness down to 1790,

In the Constitutional Convention Mr. Madison moved to add to the
enumerated powers of Congress a proposition, which was afterwards
molded into the provision as it now appears in the Constitution of the
United States, giving to Congress the power ‘‘to exercise exclusive
legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding 10
miles square) as may by cession of particular States and the acceptance
of Congress become the 'seat of government of the United States.’? At
the first session of Congress under the Constitution the subject of the
establishment of a seat of government was undertaken in earnest.

Mr. Scott, of Pennsylvania; on the 27th of August, 1789, introduced
a resolution that expresses briefly the considerations that were to control
the location of the seat of government, viz: ‘‘That a permanent resi-
dence ought to be fixed for the General Government of the United
States at some convenient place as near the center of wealth, population,
110 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

and extent of territory as may be consistent with convenience to the
navigation of the Atlantic Ocean and have due regard to the particular
situation of the Western country.’’ We have no record of the debate in
the Senate, but the debate in the House involved some curious features.
It was urged in favor of immediate decision that the settling of the
question of the capital would form a new bond of union. On the other
hand, it was urged that such a course might start a question upon which
the very existence and peace of the Union might depend.

Fisher Ames doubted whether the Government could stand the shock
of such a measure, which involved as many passions as the human heart
could display. A motion to postpone the question to the next session
was defeated, and it was made the order for September 3. New York
and New England, in the meantime, and a portion of New Jersey and
Pennsylvania, formed a combine in favor of ‘‘some convenient place on
the east bank of the Susquehanna, in Pennsylvania.’’ Mr. Lee, of Vir-
ginia, offered a substitute providing for ‘‘a place as nearly central as a
convenient communication with the Atlantic Ocean and an easy access to
the Western territory will permit.’’ The southern members protested
against the decision until North Carolina, with her five votes in the
House and two in the Senate, should be admitted into the Union. The
debate over these propositions was sectional and acrimonious.

Apparently the question was regarded so important as to involve seri-
ous menace to the Union. Mr. Madison opposed the Susquehanna as
not navigable, and urged the importance of communication with the
Western territory, alleging that by the Potomac the way to the West was
more certain and convenient than the other, with wholly unobstructed
communication with the sea. Oneof the unique speeches of the occasion
was by Mr. Vining, of Delaware, who said: ‘‘I confess to the House and
to the world that, viewing this subject with all its circumstances, Iam in
favor of the Potomac, I wish the seat of government fixed there because
I think the interest, the honor, and the greatness of this country require
it. I look on it as the center from which those streams are to flow
that are to animate and invigorate the body politic. From thence, it
appears to me, the rays of government will most naturally diverge to the
extremities of the Union. I declare that I look on the Western territory
in an awful and striking point of view. To that region the unpolished
sons of earth are flowing from all quarters, men to whom the protection
of the laws and the controlling force of the Government are equally
necessary. From this great consideration I conclude that the banks of
the Potomac are the proper station.’’

This, as a sample of buncombe oratory, has seldom been surpassed in
Congress since that day. As the debate waxed warmer it became more
acrimonious. Mr. Lee, of Virginia, said: ‘‘If it should now be found
that confederacies of States east of Pennsylvania were formed, to unite
their councils for their particular interests, disregarding the Southern
Exercases at the Capitol. I1I

States, they would be alarmed, and the faith of all south of the Potomac
would be shaken. Virginia had not solicited Congress to place the seat
of government in her State, only contending that the interests of the
Southern and Western country should be consylted;’’ and he declared
‘‘that these interests would be sacrificed if Congress fixed on any place
but the Potomac.”’

Mr. Madison said that ‘‘if the declarations and proceedings of this day
had been brought into view in the convention of Virginia which adopted
the Federal Constitution, he firmly believed Virginia might not have
been a part of the Union at this moment.’’ Mr. Sedgwick asked ‘‘if it
was contended that the majority should not govern? Are we to be told
that an important State would not have joined the Union had they
known what would have been the proceedings in this House?’’ Mr.
Madison replied that all he asked was time for free deliberation. ‘‘ While
I acknowledge that the majority ought to govern, they have no authority
to debar the minority from the constitutional right of free debate.’’

This induced Mr. Ames to say that the House was ready to vote, and
that while he had no doubt of the patriotism and good intentions of the
gentlemen from Virginia, they seem to be engaged with a degree of
eagerness which none else seemed to feel. They seemed to think the

‘banks of the Potomac a paradise, and that riveran Euphrates. Mr. Burke,
of South Carolina, charged that a league had been formed between the
Northern States and Pennsylvania.

Mr. Fitzsimmons, of Pennsylvania, denied this, as did also Mr. Wads-
worth, of Connecticut, who said he did not dare to go to the Potomac;
he feared that the whole of New England would consider the Union as
destroyed.

The matter going over to the following day, Mr. Madison again urged
the importance of a central location. He said: ‘‘If it were possible to
promulgate our laws by some simultaneous operation, it would be of less
consequence where the Government might be placed; but if time is nec-
essary for this purpose, we ought, as far as possible, to put every part
of the community on a level.’

If Mr. Madison had lived a century later he would have witnessed the
instantaneous communication of the doings of Congress to all parts of
the country, and might not have urged with such vehemence the selec-
tion of a ‘‘central location’’ on the banks of the Potomac.

Finally the House adopted a resolution authorizing the President to
appoint three commissioners to locate the most eligible situation on the
Susquehanna, in Pennsylvania.

The Senate by a tie vote, Vice-President Adams giving the deciding
vote in the affirmative, located the permanent capital in a district of ten
miles square at Germantown, Pa. Subsequently in the House the Sen-
ate’s amendment was agreed to with an amendment continuing the laws
of Pennsylvania in force within the ceded district until Congress should
112 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

otherwise provide. This amendment, which was unnecessary from every
point of view, took the bill back to the Senate for concurrence, and as
only one day remained in the Senate the bill finally failed for want of
action. ‘This measure was not revived afterwards, and it was only this
narrow chance that prevented Germantown, instead of Washington, from
becoming the Federal city.

In July, 1790, the act was finally passed that gave to Washington the
sole power to select the Federal Territory, ‘‘not exceeding 10 miles
square on the river Potomac, at some space between the mouth of the
Eastern Branch and the Conococheague, for the permanent seat of gov-

ernment of the United States.’’ This new seat was to be ready for use
in 1800, and during the meantime the ‘‘ Federal Town’’ was to be
Philadelphia.

But this site was not selected without much tribulation. When the
District of Columbia was chosen, North Carolina had come into the Union
and cast her votes for the proposition. But even then the measure
would have failed but for the political shrewdness of Hamilton and Jef-
ferson. ‘The former had brought forward his great measure of finance
for the assumption by the nation of the debts incurred by the several
States in maintaining the Revolutionary war, amounting to $20,000,000.
The bill had been defeated in the House, after a fierce struggle, by an
overwhelming vote, and Hamilton, believing that the very existence of
the Union depended upon the reconsideration and passage of this crown-
ing work of his financial greatness and statesmanship, was making
strenuous endeavors to accomplish that result. Virginia and the South
had voted against it. Hamilton proposed a compromise. Jefferson
should help pass the assumption act, and Hamilton, as a guid pro quo,
should bring over enough votes to put through the act locating the seat
of government on the Potomac. How this was brought about let Jeffer-
son tell in his own words :

“TI proposed to him (Mr. Hamilton) to dine with me the next day,
and I would invite another friend or two and bring them into conference
together, and I thought it impossible that reasonable men, consulting
together coolly, could fail, by some mutual sacrifices of opinion, to form
a compromise which would save the Union. The discussion took place.
It was finally agreed that, whatever importance had been attached to
the rejection of this proposition, the preservation of the Union and of
concord among the States was more important, and that therefore it
would be better that the vote of rejection should be rescinded. to effect
which some members should change their votes.

‘But it was observed that this pill would be peculiarly bitter to the
Southern States, and that some concomitant measure should be adopted
to sweeten it a little tothem. There had before been propositions to
fix the seat of government either at Philadelphia or at Georgetown, on
the Potomac, and it was thought by giving it to Philadelphia for ten
PLATE 24.

1900,

12)

Ww
a
=
WwW
°
WwW
a
oO
Ww
>
BE
<
EK
=
Wd
n
WwW
a
a
WwW
a
te
°
Ww
oO
=
oO
a
WwW
ae
FE
z
o
uw
Q
5
iva
Ww
x“
WwW

 
Exercises at the Capitol. 113

years and to Georgetown permanently afterwards this might, as an
anodyne, calm, in some degree, the ferment which might be excited by
the other measure alone. So two of the Potomac members (White and
Lee, but White with a revulsion of stomach almost convulsive) agreed
to change their votes, and Hamilton undertook to carry the other point.
In doing this the influence he had established over the Eastern members,
with the agency of Robert Morris with those of the Middle States,
effected his side of the engagement; and so the assumption act was
passed, and twenty millions of stock divided among favored States and
thrown in as a pabulum to the stockjobbing herd.’’

This incident removes some of the glamour which time has thrown
over the acts of the ‘‘fathers,’’ and reveals them to us as human beings,
no better than the politicians of to-day. Surely it is not the highest
type of legislative integrity that characterizes this historical episode. It
goes far to reconcile us to the definition of a statesman as being a poli-
tician who is dead. But we can forgive this bit of ‘‘log rolling’’ when
we reflect that it saved a threatened rupture of the Union.

Washington acted promptly, and reported to Congress a location of
the District as originally laid out, thereby exceeding the limits of the
act of Congress by taking territory below the mouth of the Eastern
Branch. Congress legalized this by a subsequent act of ratification.
That Washington displayed his usual good judgment and foresight in
the selection of the seat of government it is needless to say in this pres-
ence. Our fathers ‘‘ took to the woods’’ for a seat of government, but
they laid the foundation for magnificent possibilities.

The place was near the center of the population, stood at the head of
navigation, and at what Washington believed to be the pathway to the
West. It was his judgment that the commerce of the great Western
territory would follow down and along the banks of the Potomac River
to tide water at Georgetown, and thence on the river itself to the Atlantic
Ocean. ‘That this prophecy of his was not fulfilled has been the fault of
the steam railway, supplanting the river and canal, and the more rapid
development of the commerce of the Northwestern States, forcing other
outlets to the sea.

The original act referred to this territory as the ‘‘Seat of Govern-
ment.’? Washington called it the ‘‘ Federal City.’’ But the commission
which he appointed called it the ‘‘City of Washington, in the Territory
of Columbia.’’ Finally Congress named it the ‘‘ District of Columbia.’’

But this action of Congress did not place the matter beyond all question
or dispute. Virginia voted $120,000 in money, and Maryland $72,000
as a free gift toward the erection of buildings. The owners of the prop-
erty in the District of Columbia conveyed all the streets and parks free
and reserved one-half of the lots and granted the other half to the United
States. These lots were offered for sale by the Government to raise the
necessary funds to build the Government buildings. But the sales were

8

 

H. Doc. 552
114 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

slow and the money was not forthcoming. Washington applied to the
State of Maryland for a loan. Maryland granted a loan of $100,000, but
took good care to require the personal security of the commissioners of
the District of Columbia. How vastly has our national credit improved
in a hundred years!

The commissioners employed Major l’Enfant, a French engineer and a
friend of Jefferson, to lay out the city. He adopted the plan of Versailles,
the seat of the Government of France, as a basis for his work. The
admirable location of the Capitol and the White House is due to him.
Fortunate would it have been had a Governor Shepherd been one of the
commissioners, as from his plan, developed a century later, all south of
the Pennsylvania avenue to the Potomac River would have been a vast
and beautiful park, while the Department buildings would have fronted
this avenue from the north side. It was to the credit of this great
engineer that it was nearly a century before any person ventured this
suggestion as an improvement on his original plan, and no other sub-
stantial improvement has ever been suggested.

Up to the war of 1812 there was continued agitation for removal. The
House of Representatives tired of crowding itself into the corridor of
the Senate wing while the coordinate branch were housed magnificently
in their own permanent chamber. It was not until the old House wing
was completed in 1807 that this cause of complaint was removed.

The city was dreary and desolate, the houses were poor and scattered,
the streets and roadways were execrable. Not a street or public build-
ing was finished, and the private houses were in similar condition. After
the British had destroyed the Capitol, the Executive Mansion, the navy-
yard, and many of the public buildings, the opposition to rebuilding in
Washington was very emphatic.

The debate occurred on a bill introduced in 1815 authorizing the Presi-
dent to borrow $500,000 to rebuild the public buildings. It was urged
that Washington was a failure, badly located, not in the center of terri-
tory or population, and too accessible to the sea to be defended in time
of war. On the other hand, it was urged that it was ungracious toward
Virginia and Maryland, the States that had contributed $200,000
toward the buildings, that it was unjust to the people who had freely
conveyed their real estate, and that it was cowardly to run away in the
face of anenemy. ‘The spirit of patriotism and good faith was appealed
to, and the appeal was not in vain. The bill became a law, and with the
rebuilding of the Government buildings the seat of government was
finally established in the District of Columbia, and the building here of
every Government building since, while it may have brought out discus-
sion and adverse criticism, has only become another anchor to the good
old ship of state in Washington harbor.

The dream of George Washington is fast becoming reality. He looked
upon the future capital as the center of art and learning. He looked
Exercises at the Capitol. 15

s

forward to a great city with beautiful avenues and streets, stately build-
ings, classic and grand, worthy of the great Republic. All this has been
realized. It takes no prophetic eye to see in Washington in the near
future the queen capital city of all the nations of the earth, worthy of
the great Republic.

The crowning fact in reference to the seat of government in the Dis-
trict of Columbia is that it is now established here for all time. Never
will a proposition for its removal again find favor in any quarter. Its
foundations are laid here, as enduring as the everlasting hills. In the
well-chosen words of the junior Senator from Missouri, it is and is to be
the ‘‘ eternal capital of an eternal Republic.”’

The presiding officer next called upon the Hon. Louis E.
McComas, a Senator from the State of Maryland, to deliver an
address on the “ History of the First Century of the National
Capital.”

ADDRESS OF HON. LOUIS E. McCOMAS.

MR. PRESIDENT: One hundred years ago President Adams first visited
Capitol Hill. From this eminence how different then the scene.

Around him stood the primeval forest. Here and there were naked
fields. ‘Through the thick oak woods had been cleared the streets and
avenues.

On this hill stood the north wing of the Capitol. Near by was a
tavern. On the Eastern Branch of the Potomac, then navigable, and
near the Arsenal was the hamlet of Carrollsburg. Nearer this hill in
the same forest was Law’s famous mansion. At Greenleaf’s Point on
the river, west of Tiber Creek, were some straggling houses.

About the new President’s house clustered a few buildings; behind
these wide marshes stretched away to the river. Across Rock Creek lay
the Maryland village of Georgetown.

At these four points, widely separated, were about six hundred houses.
All else was marsh and field and forest.

Such was—
The young city round whose virgin zone

The rivers like two mighty arms were thrown.

Said Rochefoucauld, who visited it then:

“Tt is in fact the grandeur and magnificence of the plan which ren-
ders the conception no better than a dream.”’

The bureau officials and the members of the Sixth Congress missed
the comforts of Philadelphia. They discussed afresh the wisdom of
moving the Capitol away from this village in the woods.

Seven years before President Washington had laid the corner stone of
this edifice. His new-made grave was on the west bank of the beautiful
river, nearly opposite the Federal city which bore his name. The magic
of that name now held the Capital in the village which bore it.
116 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Fourteen years after, on an August evening, President Madison stood
on this hill.

The British invader having set on fire the city had hurried away to
the fleet. Yonder Madison saw the black, smoking ruins of the War and
Treasury offices and of his own home, the Executive Mansion. At the
navy-yard the dying fires lighted up the smoking hulls of the d7gus and
the new Assex. Here were the charred and blackened walls of the two
wings of the new Capitol.

Again the cry rose to remove the Capital. Congress borrowed a half
million dollars to restore this unfinished structure, and the town slowly
rose from its ashes.

Faster grew the nation. The Federal city seemed asleep.

The chief cities of the South advanced. The Eastern cities grew
great. On the prairies, by the Western rivers, new cities sprang out of
the ground while the nation was fast spreading westward over the conti-
nent. Still the Federal city slept.

Its seat was healthful, the climate was mild and agreeable the year

round. The city was accessible. The great edifices of the Departments
of Government were worthy of the nation, worthy of the magnificent
plan of the city. Unhappily Washington was on the border between
the free and the slave States. The long contest over slavery rendered
the fate of the Union unsafe and made the future of the Federal city
uncertain,
‘During a generation the specter of disunion was a shadow upon the
young city. Its growth was confined to the river basin, and did not
extend east of the Capitol, where the founders designed the principal
growth to be. Sixty years ago Washington was ‘‘a large, straggling
village reared in a drained swamp.’’

Fifty-four years ago the wide boundaries marked by the men of the
Revolution were contracted by the petty economists of the day. The
lands west of the Potomac were retroceded to Virginia. President Polk
and Congress lacked the historic foresight of the founders and forgot the
future.

Forty years ago 75,000 people lived here. Municipal improvements
lagged. The grounds and public buildings were neglected by Congress,
absorbed in discussing slavery and the fate of the Union.

Dark seemed the future of the Union and darker still the future of
Washington.

This long and exciting period suggests the military and naval heroes,
the orators, statesmen, and jurists whose fame belongs rather to the
country than to Washington.

Yet eminent names survive notable men whose life’s work localized
them here. Thomas Ritchie, Francis P. Blair, Joseph Gales, and W. W.
Seaton, in journalism, won their fame as Washington editors. In sci-
ence Peirce, Hilgard, Bache, Henry, and Baird; in letters Peter Force,
Exercises at the Capitol. 117

Joel Barlow, and George Bancroft lived and labored here. Pulpit orators
of note, lawyers of eminence, were here in numbers. The most beautiful
gallery of fine arts on the continent is here, the chief benefaction of
W. W. Corcoran, the Washington philanthropistgwhose name it bears’

The cloud of civil war was fast gathering and it broke over the unfin-
ished Dome of this Capitol. Instantly Washington became the focus of
the world’s interest, the object of our people’s solicitude, the center of
our national life.

These streets thronged with civilians and volunteer soldiers. These
avenues resounded with the tramp of marching regiments, the clangor of
cavalry hoofs and sabers, the rumbling of artillery, or echoed the shrill
martial music or the funeral dirge. Schoolhouses and churches became
hospitals. Army wagons were parked in the vacant squares. Barracks
and camps filled the public parks. Forts and breastworks sprang out of
the adjacent fields and crowned the hills on either side of the Potomac.
Here President Lincoln reviewed armies of the Union and later saw the
capital a fortress assailed by an invading army. He was sustained by
the hope he expressed on the portico of this Capitol in his first inaugural
address, an unfaltering faith that the mystic chords of memory, stretch-
ing from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and
hearthstone all over this broad land, would yet swell the chorus ok the
Union when again touched by the better angels of our nature.

Soon after there came two beautiful May days when the national flag
was flying from every housetop and window, when from this Capitol to
the Treasury, marching along the Avenue in columns of companies,
there passed in grand review the brave armies of Sherman and Grant.
Taking their horses with them, as Grant had told them they should,
the gallant soldiers of Johnson and Lee had gone home for the spring
plowing, to put out a crop in the wasted fields of war. And the
harvest was peace.

When the battle flags were furled in Washington, when the forts
around it were razed, the streets of the city were deep in mud or
clouded with dust. The vacant lands were morasses. Beyond Tiber
Creek and the bed of the abandoned canal, out amid the marshes, stood
a marble monument half built.

Beyond it was the river on whose farther bank still reposed the ashes
of the founder of this city. This unfinished colunin of marble, its com-
memorative purpose seemingly forgot, stood there—a pathetic reminder
that President Washington’s design of a Federal city was yet unfulfilled.

The day of its fulfillment had dawned. At once the restored Union
began to move swiftly forward to its foremost place among nations.
The shadows vanished from Washington. The growth of its capital
kept step with the rapid growth of the Republic.

Governor Shepherd and the Commissioners and Congress took from
the wall the dusty map of l’Enfant and Ellicott, impressed its outlines
118 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

on marsh, on hill, on woodland, and, under the cloudless sky, out of
the fresh earth the new Washington rose ‘‘as from the stroke of the
enchanter’s wand.”’

In the paved streets and avenues decorated with nomes and churches
which are triumphs of architecture; in the open areas bright with
flowers and fountains; in the circles and parks adorned with statuary
and monuments of our heroes on land and sea, of men of science and
letters, of our statesmen and jurists; in the long succession of stately
public buildings; in the gorgeous Congressional Library, worthy man-
sion of letters; in yonder monument to the father of his country, ‘‘ the
marble column sublime in its simple grandeur;’’ in this Capitol, on
whose first corner stone the founder of the city laid his hand, this
already the noblest structure in the world, yet destined to be fairer
within and grander without—in all these crowning glories of the fairest
of all cities, our countrymen acclaim Washington their Delphi, their
Mecca.

We cherish it, not for the beauty of the now populous city alone, but
by a common sympathy that draws all Americans to this spot dedicated
to the Republic. Each generation has added new interests which touch
the imagination, new historic associations which stir American pride.
Washington is linked with the memories of the wise and valiant of our
race and blood now departed.

We love it for the great events and the great virtues of which it has
been the theater. We love it for its part in a century of our history,
that epic of our nation’s life whose great transactions, starting hope-
fully with President Adams, closing gloriously with President McKinley,
have centered the eyes of the world on us here.

The presiding officer then introduced Hon. John W. Daniel,
a Senator from the State of Virginia, to address the conven-
tion on “The Future of the United States and its Capital.”

ADDRESS OF HON. JOHN W. DANIEL.

Mr. PRESIDENT: Ancient history had no precedent for the United States
of America, and modern history has no parallel. A new land, a new peo-
ple, a new principle of government, a clean slate for the refiguring of old
problems, leisure and liberty to revise, correct, and expurgate old editions
of civilization and originate new ones—these were the rare conditions that
initiated the new deal for human rights and fortunes. The Anglo-Saxon
was forehanded, prepotent, paramount, and ascendant. He outfigured,
outworked, and outfought all rivals. To his side he beckoned all men
as brethren, and all types of men came trooping from the four corners
of the earth to share his winnings. In freer spirit and in higher hopes
they cast new patterns for themselves and for other nations.

If we are a greater England, we are also a greater Ireland, a greater
Scotland, and a greater Wales; a greater Denmark, Norway, and Swe-
PLATE 25.

 

Congress House, Baltimore, Md. The second
National Capitol.

 

Carpenters’ Hall, Philadelphia, Pa.
First ineeting place of Congress.

 

 

The old Court-House, York, Pa. The third
National Capitol.

 

Statehouse, Philadelphia, Pa, he first National Capitol.

BUILDINGS USED FOR EARLY CONGRESSES.

From Harper's Weekly, by permission. Oopyright, 1900, by Harper & Brothers.
Exercises at the Capitol. 119

den; a greater Netherlands, a greater Germany, a greater Greece and
Rome, and a greater Jerusalem; a greater everybody, bearing, indeed,
the Anglo-Saxon birthmark, but fused into a new, original, and composite
national character. *

‘‘Great races are made of the mixture of races, like the beautiful
bronzes which are composed of many metals.’’ The brightest and
bravest blood of the world’s great races is mixed in the American.

The Roman augur looked to the West to catch in the reflected light
of the upper sky the first flush of the coming dawn. So look we to the
past of our country for the omens of its brilliant future. The United
States contains the most diversified and assimilative elements that ever
composed a great nation. Our domain is the best located. We have
the most compact, the most convenient and symmetrical, of all the seats
of great nations. We are the most defensible of nations. North and
south of us are friends from whom there is nothing to fear. East and
west the everlasting seas are moats of our battlements.

Within our borders are all the elements of human sustenance and
national greatness. Our forests would build homes for the world to live
in; our coal would run its machinery, warm its firesides, and ccok its
food; our iron, lead, copper, and zinc would supply its furnaces; our
granite and marble would build its temples. From our woods, fields,
fisheries, orchards, and gardens we could set a feast that would turn
Lucullus green with envy; and dinner over, the world could quaff our
wines, fill its cups with our coffee, sweeten it with our sugar, regale its
fancies on our tobacco, and light itself to bed with our oil. If never
another man or another thing were landed on our shores, we could wax
strong, adorn our homes with finest art, and multiply and replenish the
earth with the overrunnings of our richness.

We have risen to greatness more rapidly than ever arose a great nation.
Our ascendancy is less endangered from without than was ever that of a
great nation. We have outrun the prophecies of our progenitors and
surpassed the ideals of our founders. Our development has been the
epic of human progress. It has made poetry of statistics and glorious
romance of history. It has left the dreams of optimists as faded specters
in the rear of achievement. Our longevity projects itself to the farthest
reach of human speculation, and the future is gorgeous with every sign
of hope and courage.

Our people understand each other better than they have ever done.
Consequently they have more hearty feelings of friendship and sympa-
thy for each other than they ever had. At home and abroad the
principles and the flag of the American Union were never more respected.
We are the most thoroughly unified of the great nations. In this build-
ing the differences of forty-five Commonwealths and 76,000,000 people
come to the mill to be ground out. The whirr of the grinding is great
and might make the impression that our differences are also great.
120 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

But be not deceived. Our States are as much alike in their forms of
government as the leaves of a tree. Our people are alike in their lan-
guage, their laws, their usages, and their aspirations. Our political
clocks all keep the same time—that is to say, after election—Washing-
ton time. Our differences are only the natural and just differences that
must ever arise from locality and individualism. Instead of rebuking
them we should be thankful for them. ‘They are sincere and unavoida-
ble. They are the processes of Providence, which out of difference
molds higher uniformity, and out of conflict produces the best resultant
force. When the grinding of opinion is over, all partake at a common
table of the same bread. After all it is only differences that come here.
Our similitudes, which are as a myriad to one difference, are quiescent,
and comparing them we should not forget that ‘‘a single grasshopper
under a fence makes more noise than a thousand cattle reposing in the
shade.”’

We are the strongest of nations. So far, with only the phantom of a
regular army as a nucleus of education, our wars have been fought for
the most part by the volunteer citizen soldiery. They have never failed
to cope successfully with the trained bands of Europe. To-day at the
tap of a drum ten millions would swarm to the national defense, and to
a foreign foe our seacoasts would become—

Looming bastions fringed with fire.

There can be no disparagement of our regulars, but against the soldier
of any age or any country we might place with confidence the American
volunteer.

There is an army in our country grander than any every mustered on
the field of Mars. In line it would stretch over 5,000 miles. It is the
conscript and volunteer school children of the United States, over six-
teen millions strong. It is the embryo of the mightiest civilized force
ever organized by any people. Woe be unto him who sows in these
young souls any unworthy thought. When this army deploys in action,
may it fly the banners of truth and liberty and carry in their hearts love
of their countrymen and their fellow-men, the only patriotism that is
not sounding brass and a tinkling cymbal.

The experience of over a century has exhibited the strength of our
electoral institutions. We are as strong within as without. In the first
inaugural address delivered in this city on the 4th of March, 1801,
Thomas Jefferson said:

“Strangers, unused to think freely and speak what they think, might
be imposed on by the animation of our discussions and exertions, but
the contest of opinion being decided by the voice of the nation and
announced according to the rules of the Constitution, all will, of course,
arrange themselves under the will of the law and unite in common effort
for the common good.’’

I believe with him that this is ‘‘the strongest government on
Exercises at the Caprtol. 121

earth.’’ I believe with him, also, that ‘‘this is the one nation where
every man according to the law would fly to the standard of the law and
would meet invasion of the law as his own personal concern.”’

When he thus spoke our self-government was yet an experiment. It
is now a consummation. We might repeat his admonition:

‘“Sometimes it is said that man can not be trusted with the govern-
ment of himself. Can he then be trusted with the government of others?
Or have we found angels in the form of kings to govern him? Let
history answer this question.’’

The history of a hundred years has answered it. Compare the men
whom the people have chosen as Presidents with an equal number of
hereditary monarchs of any other nation, and self-government in com-
parison finds its incarnate vindication. This is the only great nation
that ever passed through its formative conflicts without inflicting in a
single case the penalty of death for a political cause. Does not this fact
alone speak volumes for free thought, for free speech, for the govern-
ment of the people, and for the high character of the American people?

If we have had strife, it has been the proud and lofty strife of the
brave and the true who can cherish honor, who can cherish principle, can
cherish love, but can not cherish hate. And be this never forgotten,
that our only strife was over the heritage which empire foisted upon our
ancestors against their will and which the Republic has removed forever.
And that Republic stands at the dawn of a new century with every son
a free man under its flag and ready to defend it.

‘“‘T am an American’’ means more to-day than it has ever meant, for
if all the nations were arranged in line, each represented by one typical
man, the American man would stand at the head of the line, the tallest,
the straightest, the brawniest, the most practical-minded. and biggest-
hearted of them all.

We are the foremost nation of the world. We are the light and hope
of the world. It is our freedom that has made us gentle, and gentleness
has made us great.

Race problem, Philippine problem, trust problem—what will you do
with them? ‘This is not the time, nor am I here to answer. We may
well view these and other problems with deep solicitude and anxious
reflection. But if our problems be mighty, they grow out of our might
and have the mighty to deal with them. They come to those who have
never been confounded by problems and have never dodged one; who
have solved problems just as great and some greater than any now
presented, and have left them all behind with monuments of their solution
builded over them.

When John Smith and his little band sailed into James River in 1607,
a flight of arrows in their faces arrested attention to the greatest and
deadliest of race problems. There are as many Indians on the American
continent now as there were then, but where is the race problem of 1607?
122 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

The London company, syndicate, or trust, sent these settlers nere and
it ordered everything. It called a legislature at Jamestown in 1619, and
in 1624 that legislature said:

This people will pay no tax save as this assembly shall appoint.

One hundred and fifty years afterwards that principle became the
corner stone of this nation. Bills of rights and free constitutions cover
the country. But what has become of the London company? The king
gone, the Indian gone, the tea tax gone, the stamp tax gone, and the
London company, too—gone, all gone! But the American is here, and
from ocean to ocean not an acre but a free acre, not a man but a free
man, and all ancient problems but fireside tales. Behind our new prob-
lems marches the broader and better Republic. In the words of an illus-
trious American, ‘‘It is history that teaches man to hope.’’ No human
history burns with so high and bright a hope as that of the United States
of America.

We have been a world power ever since we tied taxation'and represen-
tation together and identified in one community the taxlayer and the
taxpayer. It was out of that germ that arose our free Constitution.
Wherever it is found, a free constitution would grow out of it. It has
quickened the republican movement around the globe. It has brought
us the homage not only of the downtrodden who welcomed its delivering
hand, but as well that of the powerful who heeded not its forewarnings.

But yesterday an English statesman, a former prime minister, declared
that had not the elder Pitt left the House of Commons for the peerage,
he would have induced the English King to admit the American people
to representation in Parliament; and he fancies that then the Crown
itself and all its belongings would some day have migrated to this coun-
try, leaving the British islands as the European outposts of a world
empire. The world empire, under any crown, is the fading dream of
humanity. The world republic is the ever brightening and growing
dream. It is not likely that any crown will ever come to this land of
ours, but our constitutional system, with the people sovereign and hold-
ing in their hands the purse and the sword, can go anywhere or every-
where if right and justice and wisdom lead the way.

Eighteen sister Republics of America have patterned on its example.
Our Monroe doctrine has said to the monarchies, ‘‘’Touch them not;”’
and the world republic, not the world empire, is the vision that grows
more and more distinct as we go spinning ‘‘ through the ringing grooves
of change.’’ This land is already the radiant center of Anglo-Saxon
power. Itis also the radiant center of that vision. We will cleave to
the principle that conjured it. It is brighter than crowns. It is stronger
than scepters. It is higher than thrones. It is longer ranged than can-
non. It is sharper than swords and bayonets. It is more august than
an army with banners. It marches while armies sleep. It conquers
where armies fall. It floats where navies sink. It is the shield of the
Exercises at the Capitol. 123

weak. It is the glory of the strong. It is the riches of the poor. It
is the faith and hope and uplift of the oppressed. It is subtler than
policy. It is right, and it is the destiny of nations.

As our country moves to speed that destiny, it avill carry the future of
Washington City with it. Our fathers brought the Federal Government
here in 1800, and dedicated this spot as ‘‘the eternal capital of the
eternal Republic.’’ And the capital and the Republic have grown with
equal pace and their step has ever been forward. It was then a strag-
gling village of 2,000 souls; it is now a magnificent metropolis of over
200,000: The Republic of 5,000,000 people and 16 States then rested its
western boundary on the Mississippi River, its southern on the northern
line of Florida. It has now 76,000,000 people and 45 States, and our
continental boundaries are the Pacific Ocean, Mexico, and the Gulf of
Mexico. We have multiplied our States threefold, our territory nearly
fourfold, and our population in the ratio of 16 to 1. This is a statistical
fact, not a financial statement. Our center of population was then near
Baltimore, Md. It is now near Columbus, Ind., and is still traveling
west ‘‘to grow up with the country.’’

To my mind this capital city of the Republic is the city unique and
beautiful. Other nations have fixed their capitals in the crowded urban
centers of commerce, and they possess the splendors that opulence has
gathered around them. Our capital, like our nation, was made to sub-
serve a principle, and it has grown up in the midst of the mementoes
and associations of the principle which it represents. Its broad avenues
intersecting its regular squares; its frequent reservations of grass and
flowers and fountains; its parks and trees; its substantial business houses
and sightly dwellings; its schools, colleges, universities, galleries, and
museums; its monuments and public buildings; its noble river and pictur-
esque landscape; its integral effect upon the eye, with the apex of the
Washington Monument piercing the sky on the one side and this noble
pile lifting its dome on the other—these things make Washington City a
nobler panorama and more inspiring contemplation than are afforded by
any other city in the world.

The United States will live; and with them Washington will live,
expanding, multiplying, beautifying, enlightening, with every, turn of
the prodigious wheel of which it is the axle. Plans for its improve-
ment abound. One contemplates the erection here of the Halls of the
Ancients, where the eye may behold revived the architectural creations
of bygone nations. Another would prcduce on some expansive field a
miniature of the United States of America, showing in the earth itself
the delineations and undulations of our national topography. These and
kindred schemes are well worthy of consideration; but the essential must
come first. Washington needs, and the people of the whole country
needs, fitting outlets for the new railroads that press for admission, and
bridges which will span the Potomac and connect the city with the
124 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

military post, the agricultural station, and the beautiful cemetery at
Arlington.

More public buildings are needed by both the District and the Federal
Governments. All will be gratified to know that the White House is
to be enlarged for the more suitable accommodation of the President in
the exercise of the official and hospitable functions incumbent on the Chief
of our multitudinous people; and all will wish the present occupant
that happiness which he would if he could bestow on every one of them.
No less pressing are the needs of the many Departments. This Govern-
ment should not be forced, as it has been and is now, to rerit rooms
like a transient visitor, nor to put its public servants in dingy lodgings
like postponed claimants.

It is planned for the ages and it should reside in habitations adapted
to health and comfort and becoming to its character. Whatever we do
in building should be the best of its kind in plan, in material, and in
execution. All our public buildings should be of the noble classic design
worked out by American architects according to the diversities of Ameri-
can genius. As this Capitol building, rising in white and soaring
majesty, speaks to the heavens and to the earth, as it were, in manifes-
tation of its office, so should every public building established here ex-
press to the beholder in every lineament of its structure the stability, the
dignity, and grace of the American nation.

And one public building above all others is needed here as the reflex
of the peculiar genius of this people and of its supreme intellectual dis-
tinction in a department where it surpasses all ancient and modern
peoples. We are the most inventive of nations. The free intellect has
been the most original and productive of all intellects. Other nations
have surpassed us in literature and the fine arts, but in inventive and
useful arts the United States is far transcendant. ‘The Patent Office,
established by Thomas Jefferson and protecting for a brief period the
only constitutional monopoly, the right to the exclusive enjoyment of
one’s original ideas, is the crown of American intellectual supremacy
over the material world, even as the Constitution of the United States is
the crown of political architecture and the Union itself the crowning
glory of our people.

As Francis Bacon says, ‘‘’‘The sciences dwell sociably together,’’ and
we should put on Capitol Hill, facing the Senate Hall, as a companion
piece to the exquisite Library building now facing the Hall of Repre-
sentatives, another building of like architecture. And the American
capitol of letters should have by its side the American capitol of invent-
ive art, both facing this capitol of the people, where their sovereignty
has its highest exemplification. In that hall should be displayed the
evolutions of inventions, with every invention indicated by its model,
inclusive of the last improvement. It would be the greatest college of
applied science that the world has ever seen; a monument to and a
Exercises at the Capitol. 125

stimulus to invention, and leading by gradations to those truths of science
which hover over the threshold of the age, ‘‘ waiting to be caught.”’

It was the mariner’s needle that discovered America, for the inventor
made the discoverer possible; and inventive genius is that which is
putting us ahead of all the nations. It is invention that manifolds the
thoughts of the wise and scatters them in the humblest habitations. It
is invention that has made the poor man’s cottage gleam in cleanliness
and beauty like the palace. It is invention that has made circulating
libraries and art galleries of our periodical literature. It is invention
that forestalls the pestilence, extinguishes the conflagration, illuminates
the darkness, makes the fountain to gush forth by the fireside and in the
desert, eliminates distance, relieves the famine, and snatches the stricken
of the battlefield from the jaws of destruction. It is invention that has
made princes of the earth out of our merchants, manufacturers, and
skilled workmen; that has given precedence to our products in all the
marts of the world; that is pouring the golden horn of trade balance into
our treasury chests and transforming us from a debtor to a creditor
nation.

It is invention that has made war so terrible that peace foresees its bed
of repose at the mouth of the cobwebbed cannon. It is invention that is
to lift our earthly being from poverty, feed the hungry, clothe the naked,
visit the sick, unlock the bastiles, and open all the doors where lie the
victims of hardship and bigotry and oppression. It is invention that has
brought to manifest revelation the unity of the universe, the unity of
man, the unity of life, the unity of soul, and thrown the very gates of
immortality ajar by proving the perpetuity of physical and moral force.
It is invention that, whispering round the world, brings us in voice-
touch and mind-touch with each other though thousands of miles apart,
and that reminds us by its miracles as to the Author of our being that—

Closer is He than breathing,
And nearer than hands and feet.

It is invention that will one day in the distant Aiden make the United
States of the World fulfill the dream that now hovers over the United
States of America. It is our high fancy that when that day comes the
English language will be the universal language. Our Constitution will
be the model of the universal constitution. The principle of the Declara-
tion of Independence, that taxation and representation must go together,
will be the universal principle. The flag of the stars will be blazoned
with the constellation of the nations. Here will assemble the Parlia-
ment of Man. The farthest star in the heavens will bear the name of
Washington, and the city that now bears the founder’s name will be the
capital of the universal republic.

The Presiding Officer then called upon the Hon. George F.
Hoar, a Senator from the State of Massachusetts, to deliver
the final address.
126 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

ADDRESS OF HON. GEORGE F. HOAR.

Mr. PRESIDENT: It is a hundred years since this city, planned by
George Washington, became the seat of government. The site was
chosen by the First Congress, in accord with the design of the framers
of the Constitution. And yet we seem to-day to be still engaged in
laying its foundations. The other great capitals of the world—Rome,
London, Paris, Berlin, Edinburgh, Vienna—have their origin in a remote
past. They not only embody the earliest authentic history of their
countries, but their beginning is lost in the darkness of antiquity or
hidden in the mist of fable. Their early annals have perished in a
deeper oblivion than that which covers the builders of the pyramids,
which moved Sir Thomas Browne to his sublimest utterance: ‘‘ History
sinketh beneath her cloud. ‘The traveler, as he paceth amazedly through
these deserts, asketh of her, Who builded them? and she mumbleth
something, but what it is he heareth not.”’

But Washington is still in earliest youth. There are Americans living
who were born before this city received its name. For the first fifty
years and more, down to the end of the civil war, our frugal predecessors
hardly expended enough to make it decently habitable. They expended
nothing fo. its adornment, except the construction of this Capitol, which
was not finished in its present condition until 1861. But, taking the
century as a whole, certainly the American people have no reason to be
ashamed of their city. .

It was on the border line between the two contending parties in the
civil war. The fires of that mighty conflict burned here more fiercely
and hotly than anywhere else. When peace came, Washington, like the
whole country, felt the inspiration of the new era.

Before, she like some shepherdess did show,
Who sat to bathe her by a river's side;

Not answering to her fame, but rude and low,
Nor taught the beauteous arts of modern pride.

Now, like a maiden queen, she will behold,
From her high turrets, hourly suitors come;
The east with incense, and the west with gold,
Will stand, like suppliants, to receive her doom.

I have spoken of the antiquity of European capitals. London has
been a center of civilization for more than twelve hundred years. The
House of Commons has existed for eight hundred. There has been a
Bishop’s Palace at Fulham more than a thousand. Paris has been a seat
of government for thirteen centuries; Berlin for nearly four; Vienna for
seven. And yet there are few places that can show for any one century
more than three products of architecture that equal the Capitol, the
Washington Monument, and the Congressional Library. If we can add
to the glories of Washington three such structures only for each coming
century, we need not be ashamed of comparison with any foreign city
when Washington shall have reached the same age. Yet in 1800 we
 

Nassau Hall, Princeton, N. J. The fourth

! The old Court-House, Trenton, N. J. The sixth
National Capitol.

National Capitol.

 

  

Statehouse, Annapolis, Md. The fifth National
Capitol.

Federal Hall, New York, N.Y. fhe seventh National Capitol.

BUILDINGS USED FOR EARLY CONGRESSES.

From Harper’s Weekly, hy permission. Copyright, 1900, hy Harper & Brothers.
Exercises at the Capitol. 127

were a people of but 5,000,000. We are now 77,000,000. The popula-

- tion of this District is multiplied in larger proportions still. We shall
deal with our metropolis in the coming centuries, as compared with that
which has gone, with a liberality proportioned to our wealth, numbers,
and power. If God spare the Republic. what may we not hope for
Washington?

These three structures, unrivaled as they are, each in its respective
class, are more interesting still for what they typify and stand for. The
monument to the Father of the Country is but a simple shaft. It marks
a narrow spot. It commemorates a single human character. But the
spot it marks, as was said, Mr. President, by one of the most accomplished
men who ever sat in your chair, ‘‘is a prime meridian.’’ ‘The prime
meridian of universal longitude on sea or land may be at Greenwich or
at Paris or where you will. But the prime meridian of pure, exalted,
human character will be marked forever by yonder obelisk. Integrity
and patriotism are to be measured by nearness to it or departure from it.
Boastfulness, out of place everywhere, is a thousagd times out of place
when we speak of the modest and unselfish Washington. Yet we can
establish by the concurrent authority of the foremost men of all civilized
countries that what the old monk, Joseph of Exeter, said of the English
Alfred is true of him: ‘‘’The Old World knows not his peer, nor will the
future show us his equal; he alone towers over other kings, better than
the past ones, and greater than those that are to be.’’

That integrity, that unambitious service, that unerring wisdom, that
unwearied industry, that unhesitating self-sacrifice, that purity not only
unsullied but untempted—not even the temptation to sin seems to have
beset that lofty nature—were all his. The devil is an ass. But he
never was such an ass as to waste his time tempting George Washington.

There is no time to-day to cite the overwhelming and concurrent testi-
mony of great Englishmen, statesmen, and writers of history, and of
great authorities on the Continent, to the primacy of George Washing-
ton among mankind. The only name likely to be thought of anywhere
for parallel or comparison is that in whose glory we also have an inher-
ited title to share—that of Alfred, the thousandth anniversary of whose
death is about to be celebrated by the people on whose throne his descend-
ant now sits.

This whole city is, in a larger sense, a Washington monument. It
were better that that great name pass into oblivion and be forgotten
unless the walls of this building where we are assembled, dedicated to
legislation and to justice, also bear honorable witness to the character
and infiuence of him who laid its corner stone. Here for a hundred
years a free people have enacted a great history, with its great achieve-
ments and its greater self-restraints. Here have been enacted the laws
under which thirteen States have become forty-five States, and the
country, which at first covered a little space by the side of the Atlantic,
128 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

has spread until it covers a continent and its portals are upon both the
seas. Here has been witnessed the sublimest spectacle that can exist on
earth—a great and free people governing itself by a law higher than its
own desire. A country where every man has his equal voice must, in
its legislation, sometimes exhibit the infirmity common to humanity.
But, in the main, faith and honor and duty have triumphed in these
halls over selfishness and passion and ambition. Here the interests of
capital have been protected by the votes of labor. Here debtors have
fixed in good faith the value of their payments to their creditors. Here
a people under no constraint but their own sense of duty, determined, in
spite of fearful temptation, to continue to bear the weight of a vast debt.
Here the policy of dealing with the conquered was decided at the end of
a long war by the votes of the conquerors, among whom every other
family was in mourning for its dead, and not a drop of blood was shed
and not a punishment exacted. Here finance and currency, with their
subtleties surpassing the subtleties of metaphysics, have been dealt with
by the plain sense of plain men. Here great public ways connecting
distant oceans have been provided for. Here the manufacturing inde-
pendence of America has been achieved. Here the great measures have
been framed and enacted under which millions of men have been raised
from slavery to citizenship and millions more welcomed from foreign
lands. Here a disputed title to executive power has been peacefully
settled under circumstances that would have drenched any other land
with blood. And all this has been accomplished under the restraints of
a written Constitution.

Here, also, in yonder silent chamber have been pronounced the judg-
ments under which the powers of Nation and State have been kept each
in its appointed path, as the planets are kept in their courses, without
noise and without jar. This has been the record of a single century. It
has been the record of the achievement of earliest youth. ‘The men who
have wrought this history knew well what they were doing. There has
been no drifting into empire. They have but seen what they foresaw.
The man who is to write this story, as Bancroft might have written it,
as Macaulay might have written it, as he who gave us the best portrait-
ure of Washington in literature before Massachusetts called him to
another service—called him from writing history to making it—might
have written it, has not yet begun his task. But it will yet be written.
It will be written to be read of all men, as the one best story, so far, of
constitutional liberty, protected and vindicated by law, according to
the will of a free people.

Literature and art and science came later. They always come later.
Art has provided for literature in yonder library its noble and fitting
home. American science, also, has here its noble and fitting home.
The Smithsonian Institution, founded, as we delight to remember, by
the generosity of an Englishman, a subject of that gracious sovereign
from whose realm we have learned so much of law and science and
Exercises at the Capitol. 129

literature and liberty, to whom we are glad to send our salutation on
this our Centennial Day. While we remember with gratitude this great
benefaction of our English kinsman, we are happy to recall also that it
has been at least in some degree recompensed by the bounty to the city
of London of George Peabody, an American, a citizen of the North by
birth, a Southern man by adoption, an admirable example of the best
traits of both sections blended into the highest character and type of
American citizenship. Here, also, universities destined to take a high
rank among the great institutions of the world have already laid their
foundations and are raising their towers to the sky.

The men who wrought this great work are gone—most of them—John
Adams and his illustrious son, Jefferson and Madison and Jackson and
Lincoln and Grant and Webster and Clay and Calhoun and Seward and
Benton and Sumner and Wilson and Morton and Chandler and Stevens
and Fessenden and Justin Morrill and Lamar and Harris and Bayard—I
have begun a catalogue I can not complete. But no list of the illustrious
statesmen of the Republic or of the illustrious benefactors of this metrop-
olis in the last century must omit the name of him whom the fatal arrow
smote, in the hour which seemed alike the end and the beginning of a
great career—your predecessor and friend, Mr. President, James A.
Garfield. A few of their companions and coadjutors survive to behold
the dawn of the new century and give their counsel to the people who
are to carry on its work, as a few of the companions of Washington
beheld the beginning of this, and inaugurated its great accomplishment
on the principles of the Revolution. Their work also is about done.
‘They seem to survive for a brief period only that the new century mav
clasp hands with the old, and that they may bring to the future the
benediction of the past.

The presiding officer then announced that the purposes of
the joint convention had been accomplished and declared it
dissolved, restoring the gavel to the Speaker of the House.
Thereupon the President and his Cabinet, the Chief Justice
and the associate justices of the Supreme Court, the Senate,
the ambassadors and ministers to the United States, the Gov-
ernors of the several States and Territories, the Commis-
sioners of the District of Columbia and others, retired.

The Fifth United States Cavalry escorted the President
back to the Executive Mansion.

To Mr. R. Ross Perry, chairman of the committee on exer-
cises at the Capitol, and his assistants is due great credit for
the orderly manner in which the arrangements intrusted to
his committee were carried out. The committee was sub-
divided into four sections: Legislation, Mr. Chapin Brown,

H. Doc. 552 9

 
130 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

chairman; stands, Mr. John B. Larner, chairman; admuiss.on
and escort, Mr. M. I. Weller, chairman; seating guests, Mr.
William Henderson Moses, chairman. Mr. Chapin Brown,
vice-chairman, rendered excellent service in connection with
the accomplishment of the necessary legislation.

Mr. Larner maintained his reputation for skill and energy
in connection with the construction of the very tasteful
stands, which were arranged for by the Architect of the Cap-
itol, Mr. Eliot Woods, Assistant Architect, the Sergeant-at-
Arms of the Senate, and other officers of Congress.

The arrangements under Mr. Weller were most satisfac-
tory. Certain rooms were set aside for the officials partici-
pating in the exercises, and at the proper time they were
ushered to the floor by the doorkeeper and took their respec-
tive positions in line preparatory to entering the Chamber.

During the absence of Mr. Moses, Mr. Norris assumed his
duties and displayed much tact in seating the guests without
confusion. Excellent order throughout was maintained by
the officials of the House of Representatives.
 

 

RECEPTION AT THE CORCORAN GALLERY
OF ART.

 

 
,
Z,

of
Ly,

OW MMMM
ty

¥

>
t/
Wf 0

   

Bh
HK

4), tH |
Hy Mit wil
AME AM"
Ml Wi | | nt
| NI
ha

        
 

  

GOHMM

MUKA Hon ti

PZ

//

)

_ Nahondl C4

i

finer of,
ep tt WIV! SY)

Lif fi

X ee }

GZ

CUS

D)

Whi

y
AOWMEL MM lle

WU,

(ph
t
C10

J

4,
YAS

PWC
CVCIMMM
WAIWMLtM

Vln

“

Sy, f?
WUAY /

thes

LACIMOLI
RECEPTION AT THE CORCORAN GALLERY OF
ART.

The Centennial Celebration was brought to a close by a
reception in the evening at the Corcoran Gallery of Art in
honor of the Governors of the States and Territories. There
was a large reception committee, of which Mr. Charles J. Bell
was the chairman, and the arrangements, which had been
carefully planned under his personal direction, were satisfac-
torily carried out. On the committee were the members
of-the Cabinet, the Chief Justice and associate justices of the
United States Supreme Court, the Commissioners of the Dis-
trict of Columbia, the Chief Justice and judges of the Court
of Claims, the Chief Justice and associate justices of the
Supreme Court of the District of Columbia and of the Court
of Appeals, together with a selected list of representative
private citizens.

The reception committee was subdivided into four sections:
Receiving committee, executive committee, floor committee,
and committee of the country at large. The receiving party,
which included the executive committee, together with the
chairmen and vice-chairmen of the several subcommittees
appointed by the citizens’ committee, was divided into two
parts, one serving from 8 to 9.30 o’clock, and the other from
9.30 to 11 o'clock. “The first section of this committee con-
sisted of Messrs. S. H. Kauffmann, vice-chairman, H. F.
Blount, Barry Bulkley, H. I. Cobb, George H. Harries, W. S.
Knox, J. K. McCammon, Willis Moore, Theodore W. Noyes,
E. S. Parker, R. Ross Perry, Thomas W. Smith, John W.
Thompson, W. P. Van Wickle, B. H. Warner, Beriah Wil-
kins, and John B. Wight. The second division included Hon.
Henry B. F. Macfarland, vice-chairman, Rear Admiral Edwin

Stewart, Gen. H. V. Boynton, and Messrs. James G. Berret,
133
134 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Chapin Brown, W. V. Cox, John Joy Edson, W. S. Hutchins,
J. B. Larner, W. H. Moses, Myron M. Parker, M. I. Weller,
A. A. Wilson, S. W. Woodward, and Simon Wolf. ‘The floor
committee and the committee at large also assisted in receiv-
ing and entertaining the invited guests, who began to arrive
at 8 o’clock.

The gallery was very effectively lighted throughout, thus
affording the visitors an opportunity of examining the collec-
tions of pictures and statuary. A section of the Marine Band,
conducted by Lieutenant Santelmann, was stationed at the
south end of the south court, and delighted the guests with
patriotic airs.

At about half-past 9 o’clock the President and his party
arrived. The President was escorted to the gallery by Mr.
Bell, followed by Secretary Hitchcock, Secretary Wilson and
other members of the Cabinet, and Mr. Cortelyou, Secretary
to the President, and here the Governors, prominent officials,
and the specially-invited guests paid their formal respects to
the Chief Executive. The Governors were attended by their
staffs, in uniform; and the numerous officers of the Army
and Navy, who were present in their full dress uniform, lent
an added brilliancy to the inspiring occasion, at which fully
5,000 persons were in attendance.
“0061 “LYV SO AY311VD NVYOOHOO ‘AVMUIVLS NIV

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

PERSONNEL OF COMMITTEES.

 

 

135
PERSONNEL OF COMMITTEES.

JOINT COMMITTEE.
Hon, Eugene Hale, chairman. Mr. W. V. Cox, secretary.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Hon. George C. Perkins, U. S. S., chairman.
Hon. Henry B. F. Macfarland, vice-chairman.*
Mr. W. V. Cox, secretary.

Mc. Charles J. Bell. Mr. Theodore W. Noyes.
Hon. Elisha Dyer. Col. Myron M. Parker.
Mr. John Joy Edson. Hon. John B. Wight.

Hon. Joel P. Heatwole, M. C.
SELECT COMMITTEE OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE.

Hon. Eugene Hale, U.S.S., chairman.? Hon. George C. Perkins, U. S. S.
Hon. Alexander S. Clay, U.S. S. Hon. Joseph Simon, U. S. S.
Hon. John L. McLaurin, U. S. S. Hon. Thomas B, Turley, U. S. S.
Hon. James McMillan, U. S. S.

SELECT COMMITTEE OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
Hon. Joseph G. Cannon, M. C., chair- Hon. Robert J. Gamble, M. C.

man, Hon. William W. Grout, M. C.
Hon. Joseph W. Bailey, M. C. Hon. Joel P. Heatwole, M. C.
Hon. John C. Bell, M. C. Hon, James A. Hemenway, M. C.
Hon. William S. Cowherd, M. C. Hon. James S. Sherman, M. C.

Hon. Marion De Vries, M. C.3
COMMITTEE FROM THE COUNTRY AT LARGE.

[Arranged alphabetically by States.]

Hon. Joseph F. Johnstone... .cc.crecs sees eiaeee ev ea da deewbaaeass Alabama.
Hon. Dantél, W. Jones sisnevess ve ccgeg sc deeee rege tng segeeeass Arkansas.
Hon. Ha. MarkhWatiecsseedas tuenceayaeredegassaaneaven eee California.
Hon. Chatles S. Thomas sacccccseyeeey peek yeeugents see de sheeeeey Colorado.
Hon. George E. Lounsbury ........ 060.0 c cece eee ete eee eee . Connecticut.
Hon: Ebe Wo Tunnel ias socc0sc00 584499 Reece WES SAG sacle wees eds Delaware.
Hon, William D; Bloxham «1.3 cccasaaemes oe ei dee Da need ee Florida.
Hon. Allen D. Candler ........ 0... c eee ee cee cette eee Gadi Georgia,

 

* Succeeding Mr. John B. Wight, February 27, 1900.

2 Succeeding Mr. Hoar as chairman.

3 Succeeded by Hon. James W. Denny, M. C., on December 5, 1900.
137
138 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Hong. Fy Steunen berg. sey io on Qian aly p paved cota nsnbalalats Wea 0d aeseees Idaho.

Hon, Jobii Ri. Tanner one anocaaa add con anens sake aes Illinois.

Hons janes. Ac. Moutiticas s axe cra sweeeusgowt- sansa eadge sears Indiana.

Hon. Leslie M. Shaw #.......... 0.0 0c eee e een eens ha ea ee AGA SAR Iowa.

Hon, We Hy Stanley isccec cs cess sonsdeenadeeay oeessecetseeaakees Kansas.

Hon. J.C. W. Beckham yi) cca d eke eetdaGeeien'y da Meets Bae kag aes Kentucky.
Hon, Murphy Ji. Ostet 4 caus can ankeihe tex anne ane nae aes Louisiana.
Hon. Llewellyn Powers ............ 0.0 c cece eee eee Score aah ches Maine.

Hon. Lloyd Lowndes........... 0.00 eee eee eee eee sce Saarat oa ites Maryland.
Flon;, Roger Wolcott: sie vies 'ss en gan gae daaenies uely new ners anand Massachusetts.
Hony Hazen S, Pingre@ ye. s<2sc.se4 gomnsadesravesere sat eyewee es Michigan.
Hon: John. Lind: .3..00c eye eeiecsc paar eeeedee sees deen Beto RG Minnesota.
Hori, Ay Jo Melanin: nc casita ete Pidccasknk eae oe Ree ome Mississippi.
FIOM: TOM, Vi. SEC PHENS) a. sect siasuisaien dn suas v chen Raind. 2, au alagysuabdala caver tuese-ae Missouri.
Hon, Robért.B: Sitithcccsannccaceesscaretindaanswiadeccws mis Montana.

HL Otit; We A 2POy NtEh se cesa sc. tease peura as HE oasen Pa Meeo ee Ree Nebraska.
Hon: Reinhold Sadler: gesscsnciiev cas orecyg oo canes sagem wae Nevada.

Hons, Frank W, Rollins: sagscyacveyses cay cmermaee hoses gag ee ag New Hampshire.
Hon, Foster. M. Vootheesnoas svi4easnssowlaianln ye seadedeads sa¥ ESR New Jersey.
Hon. Theodore Roosevelt............ 0.0 0c cece eee eee eens New York.
Hon.-Daniell (L: Russéllissei saci sass scdeead sii eeegteeasea sede North Carolina.
Hon. F. B. Fancher ............ 3 Mutants 4 bg ee eshte Ciamadatoner ws North Dakota.
Hotty AsaS. Bushivell) © fee yeisd tS teenie sutephecceuyive S82 AGue a eaee Gee nee Ohio.

Hon; DHeCodore Ly Geer auc in0h costed big wonaMean ee nant deans Oregon.

Hon., Walliati A, Stones xanicniale tise arauns sage samheesawtenans Pennsylvania.
Mon. Hlishé: NyePac cust diac tate euies ok ateemdems ound eae eats Rhode Island.
Hoon, M. B: McSweetiey:.. : sciuacnmsng casas es anitaenns cach sates ate South Carolina.
Hon; Andrew He eens cass ce aa lemmas daad andheied oy phe eeleakedaeae a South Dakota.
Hon. Benton McMillin. 0.0.0.0... 0000 cece cece eee eet e cence Tennessee.
Hon: Ay We Bly cuss se¥anes eu0a bad aR RU ORS PEND Eee eee ee eda eas Texas.

Hon, Heber A. Wells: A.c2s3 ceengages Geenee bigs eer eesyeee eens Utah.

Hon, Edwin. C. Smith cesccecga¢ watenencikan i sete ree agen taraeaaan Vermont.
Hons), HOSE Tyler Assess ss30etiee ky awncatunnaigers oO ee ne Sane ened Virginia.

HOt JOH ReRO SETS 5 su cecseatuid aid Slubinsctaags MADE aa Ades debe onan Washington.
Hon, GW ALRINSOn oci.d25 2s kacmaanerd ab adaMAadadasetanurg ta West Virginia.
Hon: Edward Scoteld: ..2cecidesosceveaadiaanaantew ere netdaees x Wisconsin.
Hons Dé Forést Richards: .4.02.2.414.c4cssa paneneaienneatcccwee doh Wyoming.
Hon. John G, Brady acaceagscaanes tis qerntuneratinn sg pee emia nae aaa Alaska.

Hon, Ny O. Murphysscss. nica 2s com Sie AuaOAR LE Sr emcn np aks Arizona.

Hon; Miguel A, Oteronw.s nqemcaanaw ants Poeinoe peg aees oe da wy ems New Mexico.
Hon: Cassius My Barnes's. ences pens aetow de aie's ee eeae $4044 Raa Oklahoma.

CITIZENS’ COMMITTEE.

Hon. Henry B. F. Macfarland, chairman. Hon. John B. Wight, vice-chairman.
Col. Myron M. Parker, treasurer. Mr. W. V. Cox, secretary.
Mr. W. P. Van Wickle, assistant secretary.
Mr. Charles J. Bell. Mr. Theodore W. Noyes.
Col. James G. Berret. Mr. R. Ross Perry.
Mr. John Joy Edson. Mr. John W. Thompson.

Mr. Beriah Wilkins.

RECEPTION COMMITTEE.

Charles J. Bell, chairman. S. H. Kauffmann, vice-chairman.
William Kerr, secretary.
Lersonnel of Committees.

John Hay, Secretary of State.

Lyman J. Gage, Secretary of Treasury.
Elihu Root, Secretary of War.

John W. Griggs, Attorney-General.

THE CABINET.

terior.

Charles Emory Smith, Postmaster-Gen- - .

eral,

£30

John D. Long, Secretary of Navy.
Ethan Allen Hitchcock, Secretary of In-

James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture.

UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT.

Melville W. Fuller, Chief Justice.
John M. Harlan, associate justice.
Horace Gray, associate justice.

David J. Brewer, associate justice.

Henry B. Brown, associate justice.

COURT OF CLAIMS.

Charles C. Nott, chief justice.

Lawrence Weldon, judge.

Charles B. Howry, judge.

George Shiras, jr., associate justice.
Edward D. White, associate justice.
Rufus W. Peckham, associate justice.
Joseph McKenna, associate justice.

John Davis, judge.
Stanton J. Peelle, judge.

COMMISSIONERS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

Henry B. F. Macfarland.

John W. Ross.

Capt. Lansing H. Beach, U. S. A.

COURT OF APPEALS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

Richard H. Alvey, chief justice.

Martin F. Morris, associate justice.

Seth Shepard, associate justice.

SUPREME COURT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

Edward F. Bingham, chief justice.
Alexander B. Hagner, associate justice.
Andrew C. Bradley, associate justice.

Charles C. Cole, associate justice.
Harry M. Clabaugh, associate justice.
Job Barnard, associate justice.

OTHER MEMBERS OF COMMITTEE ON RECEPTION.

Addison, A. D.

Adee, Hon. Alvey A.

Adler, Dr. Cyrus.

Abert, William Stone.

Allen, Col. Charles J.

Almy,C.G.

Andrews,
Auditor.

Baird, Commander George
W.,U.S.N.

Baker, Brook M.

Baker, John A.

Barber, A. L.

Hon. W. E.,

Barber, LeDroict L.

Barnes, Benjamin F.

Barney, Harry Wilder.

Beale, Truxton.

Bell, Alexander Graham.

Benjamin, Marcus.

Berger, Fred. G.

Berry, Walter V. R.

Bestor, Norman.

Biddle, J. M.

Bingham, Col. TheodoreA.,
U.S.A.

Birney, Arthur A.

Bispham, Charles.

Blagden, Thomas.

Blair, Gist.

Blair, Montgomery.

Blair, Woodbury.

Bloomer, George C.

Bone, Scott C.

Bowers, Hon. George M.

Breckinridge, Gen. J. C.,
U.S.A.

Brewer, Hon. Mark S.

Brice, Arthur T.

Brigham, Hon. J. H.
140

Bristol, Rev. F. M.

Brown, Jesse.

Browne, Aldis B.

Brownlow, Col. J. B.

Butler, Rev. J. G.

Caldwell, Lieut.
U.S. N.

Carlisle, Calderon.

Carnegie, Andrew.

Casilear, George W.

Chapin, Frederick E.

Chatard, Dr. T. M.

Chew, John J.

Chew, Robert S.

Chilton, R.S., jr.

Clarke, Prof. F. W.

Clements, Hon. J. C.

Clephane, Walter C.

Cobb, Henry I.

Colwell, J. H.

Conaty, Rev. Thomas.

Corbin, Maj. Gen. H. C.,
U.S.A.

Corning, J. H.

Cortelyou, Hon. George B.,
Secretary to the Presi-
dent.

Cotton, John B.

Cox, Judge W. S.

Crawford, Joseph.

Crawford, Lieut. John W.,
U.S.N.

Cridler, Hon. Thomas W.

Custis, Dr. J. B. Gregg.

Custis, Dr. Marvin A.

Davidge, Walter D.

Davis, Lieut. Cleland,
U.S.N.

Davis, Henry E.

Davis, Madison,

Dawes, Hon. Charles G.

Deeble, W. Riley.

De Koven, Reginald.

Denny, Maj. F. L., U.S.
M.C.

Dent, Louis A.

Dewey, Admiral George,
U.S.N.

Dodge, P. T.

Domer, Charles S.

Douglass, Hon. J. W.

Duell, Hon. C. H.

Dulany, H. Rozier.

Dulin, Charles G.

H. #H.,

Duval, L. Kemp.

Duvall, Andrew B.

Edmonston, W. E.

Eustis, W. C.

Evans, Hon. H. Clay.

Ffoulke, Horace C.

Fill, Ira H.

Fisher, Robert J.

Fitch, James E.

Flint, Dr. J. M., U.S. N.

Foster, Hon. John W.

Foust, F. De C.

Fox, Williams C.

Fraser, Daniel.

Fry, Dr. H. D.

Gaillard, Capt. David Du B.

Gannon, Frank S.

Giesy, S.. Herbert.

Gill, Dr. Theodore N.

Glover, C. C.

Goodloe, Col. Green Clay,
U.S.M.C.

Gordon, William A.

Gorham, George C.

Greely, Gen. A. W., U.S.A.

Green, Bernard R.

Greene, Rev. Samuel H.

Gunnell, Dr. R. H.

Hackett, Hon. Frank W.

Hamilton, George E.

Hamlin, Rev. T. S.

Harban, Dr. W. S.

Harris, Capt. P.C., U.S. A.

Heath, Perry S.

Hellen, Benjamin.

Hellen, George.

Henderson, Hon. J. B.

Henderson, J. B., jr.

Henderson, William G.

Herbert, Hon. H. A.

Heywood, Gen. Charles,
U.S. M.C.

Hill, Hon. David J., jr.

Hill, William Corcoran

Hills, Wallace H.

Hine, Hon. L. G.

Hopkins, Archibald.

Howland, S. S.

Hunt, Gaillard.

Hyde, Thomas.

Jenkins, Dr. Ralph.

Johnson, Hugo.

Johnson, Hon. W. M.

Johnston, James M.

Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Johnston, Dr. W. W.

Jones, Hon. W. A.

Kasson, Hon. J. A.

Kauffmann, Victor.

Keith, Arthur.

Keller, Thomas T.

Lamberton, Capt.
U.S.N.

Langley, Dr. S. P.

Legare, Alexander B.

Legare, Hugh S.

Legge, A. M.

Leiter, Joseph.

Leiter, L. Z.

Loring, Dr. F. B.

Lowndes, James.

Luckett, Oscar.

McCallum, James I.

McCammon, J. K.

McCauley, Edward.

McCauley, Henry C.

McGee, W. J.

McGuire, Frederick B.

Mackay-Smith, Rev. Alex-
ander.

McKee, David R.

McKenney, Charles A.

McKenney, J. H.

McKim, Rev. R. H.

Macfarland, Lieut. Horace
G., U.S.N.

Magruder, Dr. G. L.

Mallan, Dr. T. F.

Maury, W. A.

May, Col. Henry.

Meiklejohn, Hon. G. D.

Meredith, Capt. W. M.

Merriam, Hon. W. R.

Merrick, Richard T.

Merritt, Hon. John A.

B. P.,

Metcalf, W. P.

Michael, William H.

Michler, A. K.

Michler, Capt. Francis,
U.S.A.

Miles, Lieut. Gen. Nelson
A., U.S.A.

Miller, Commander Fred-
erick A., U.S.N.

Miller, John.

Montgomery, Col. B. F.,
U.S.A.

Moore, Charles.

Moore, Clarence.
Personnel of Committees.

Moore, Prof. Willis L.
Moses, Arthur C.
Neale, Sidney C.
Needham, Charles W.
Newman, Rev. S. M.
Nicolay, Col. John G.
Noyes, Crosby S.
O’Donnell, J. C.
Orman, Hon. John B.
Ornie, William D.
Page, Thomas Nelson.
Palmer, F. W.
Palmer, Hon. Aulick.
Parson, Rev. W. E.
Perry, R. Ross, jr.
Peters, E. F.
Petteys, Dr. C. V.
Phillips, P. Lee.
Pickford, Thomas H.
Pinchot, Gifford.
Powderly, Hon. T. V.
Powell, Maj. John W.
Power, Rev. Frederick D.
Pradt, Hon. L. A.
Procter, Hon. John R.
Prouty, Hon. C. A.
Pruden, O. L.
Putnam, Hon. Herbert.
Radcliffe, Rev. Wallace.
Rafferty, Col. William A.,
U.S.A.
Rathbun, Richard.
Ravenel, W. de C.
Reeve, Col. F. A.
Repetti, Dr. F. F.
Richards, Hon. J. K.
Richardson, Dr. Charles W.
Richardson, Mason N.

Riggs, E. Francis.

Rixey, Dr. P. M.

Roberts, Hon. Ellis H.

Rodney, Lieut. Command-
ar KB. U.S. N,

Rosse, Irving C.

Ruggles, Gen. G. D.

Russell, Sol. Smith,

Rutherford, Col. R. G.

Ryan, Hon. Thomas.

Sands, F. P. B.

Satterlee, Rt.Rev.Henry VY.

Scott, Judge C. F.

Seymour, H. A.

Shallenberger, Hon. W. S.

Shoemaker, L. P.

Slaybaugh, G. H.

Small, J. H., jr.

Smith, Franklin Webster.

Spaulding, Hon. O. L.

Spear, Gen. Ellis.

Spofford, A. R.

Stafford, Rev. D. J.

Stevens, F.C.

Stevens, Hon. Theron.

Stewart, Hon. A. T.

Stewart, H.C.

Stewart, Rear-Admiral Ed-
win, U.S. N.

Story, J. P., jr.

Strong, Frank.

Stuart, Prof. A. T.

Sullivan, Thomas J.

Taggart, Hugh T.

Talmage, Rev. T. DeWitt.

Taylor, Hon. J.K.

Thom, Corcoran.

Thompson, Dr. J. Ford.

141

Thoron, Ward.

Thropp, Joseph E.
Townsend, Richard H.
Townsend, Capt. Thomas

® G.U.S.A.

Tracewell, Hon. R. J.

True, Dr. F. W.

Tyler, Alfred.

Van Devanter, Hon, Willis.

Vanderlip, Hon. F. A.

Verrill, Charles H.

Vincent, Brig. Gen. Thos.
M., U.S.A.

Waggaman, John F.

Walcott, Hon. Charles D.

Wallach, Richard.

Walsh, T. F.

Watkins, J. Elfreth.

Webb, H. Randall.

Weller, Joseph I.

Whiting, G. F.

Whitney, Rev. John D.

Whittemore, W. C.

Wilkins, John F.

Wilkinson, Ernest.

Willard, J. E.

Wilson, A. A.

Wilson, Brig. Gen. John
M., U.S.A.

Wilson, Nathaniel.

Wilson, Dr. Thomas.

Woodhull, Gen. Maxwell
Vz. Z.

Wylie, Horace.

Wyman, Surg. Gen. Wal-
ter, U.S. M.H.S.

Yarrow, Dr. H.C.

Young, John R.

COMMITTEE ON FINANCE.

Myron M. Parker, chairman.

Abbot, Dr. Griffith E
Alvord, T. G.

Arms, John T.
Babson, J. W.

Bailey, L. C.

Barker, William E.
Barross, John V.
Bayne, Dr. J. W.
Biscoe, H. L.
Boardman, W. J.

MEMBERS.

Bovee, Dr. J. W.
Boynton, C. A.
Bradley, C.S.
Brown, Chapin.
Brown, L. S.
Burdette, W. W.
Cassels, John.
Chamberlin, J. M.
Chase, W. Calvin.
Church, W. A. H.

Henry F. Blount, vice-chairman,
W. Scott Towers, secretary.

Cook, John F.

Cox, W. V.

Cranford, J. H.
Crocker, Frank.
Crosby, O. T.
Curriden, S. W.
Curtis, W. E.
Darlington, J. J.
Darneille, H. H.
Davidson, H. Bradley.
142 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Davis, H.E.
Davis, Lewis J.
Dove, J. Maury.
Duncanson, C. C.
Dunlop, George T.
Dutton, R. W.
Dyrenforth, M.
Earnest, J. P.
Earnshaw, B. B.
Emery, M. G.
Emmons, George E.
Evans, Prof. D. J.
Evans, George W.
Fleming, R. I.
Foster, Percy S.
Fox, A. F.
Freeman, J. R.
Fuller, H. W.
Gale, Thomas M.
Galt, Ralph.

Galt, Walter A.
Gasch, H. E.
Gibson, George.
Gillett, A. S.
Glover, C. C.
Gordon, J. H.
Green, J. M.

Greenlees, Archibald.

Gude, W. F.
Gurley, W. B.
Harper, Robert N.
Harris, R.

Hay, E. B.

Hege, S. B.
Heiskell, P. H., jr.
Hemphill, John J.
Henning, George C.
Herrell, John E.
Herron, J. Whit.
Heurich, Christian
Hibbs, W. B.
Hoeke, Wm. H.
Hoge, W. S.

Horn, Aaron.
Hume, Frank.
Hutchins, Stilson.
Hutchins, Walter S.
James, Chas. A.
Janney, B. T.
Jeffords, Tracy L.
Johnson, E. S.
Johnson, R. S.
Jones, Chas. A.
Jones, Thos. R.

Kann, Simon.
Kauffmann, S. H.
Kellogg, W. P.
Kendall, J. Blake.
Kimball, Judge I. G.
Knox, W. S.
Lambert, W. J.
Lambie, J. B.
Lansburgh, Gustave.
Larner, John B.

Lee, Blair.

Lisner, A.

Lothrop, A. M.
Loughran, Daniel.
McChesney, J. D.
McGill, J. N.
McGowan, J. H.
McKay, Nathaniel.

McLanahan, George C.

McLean, John R.
Marean, M.
Marlow, E. 8.
Mattingly, W. F.
May, F. P.
Mayer, T. Jacob.
Miller, Jos. S.
Moore, David.
Morrill, Jas. S.
Moss, Geo. W.
Murray, Daniel.
Nailor, Allison.
Newbold, John L.
Newton, W. J.
Norment, Clarence F.
Norris, Jas. L.
Noyes, F. B.

Offutt, H. W.

Owen, Owen.
Oyster, Jas. F.
Parker, E. Southard.
Parker, H. B.

Parris, A. K.

Paul, Joseph.
Portner, Robert F.
Purvis, Dr. C. B.
Ralston, J. H,
Rapley, W. H,
Raymond, Frank K.
Read, A. M.
Roberts, W. F.
Roessle, T. E.
Roome, W. O.

Ross, Burton R.
Ross, Samuel,

Saks, Isadore.
Schafer, E. G.
Schneider, T. F.
Shedd, S. S.
Simpson, H. K.
Slater, I. C.

Sloan, C. G.
Smith, E. S.
Smith, Fred S.
Smith, Thos. W.
Somerville, J. W.
Sowers, Dr. Z. T.
Staples, O. G.
Stellwagen, E. J.
Stevens, E. H.
Stoddard, J.C.
Studds, Colin.
Sturtevant, A. L.
Swartzell, G. W. F.
Syme, C. H.
Thayer, R. H.
Thomas, Frank H.
Thompson, Ross.
Thompson, W. B.
Thompson, W. S.
Towers, Lem.
Truesdell, George.
Tucker, E. H.
Tyler, R. W.

Van Wickle, W. P.
Waggaman, Thos. E.
Warner, B. H.
Webb, John S.
Weller, M. I.
Wells, Henry.
West, H. L..
White, Geo. W.
Whitwell, S. N.
Wilkins, Beriah.
Wilkins, John F.
Willard, C. C.
Willard, H. A.
Willard, H. K.
Williams, Geo. B.
Wilson, J. M.
Wine, L. D.
Wines, M. W.
Wolf, Simon.
Woodbury, Levi.
Woodward, S. W.
Worthington, A. S.
Young, N. EB.

Zeh, W. J.
Personnel of Commuttees.

143

COMMITTEE ON EXERCISES AT THE EXECUTIVE MANSION.

John Joy Edson, chairman.
S. W. Woodward, vice-chairman.
Walter S. Hutchins, vice-chairman.

Adams, W. Irving.
Anderson, Thomas H.
Ansley, H.C.
Ashford, Mahlon.
Aspinwall, C. A.
Austin, O. P..
Babbitt, Dr. Z. B.
Bailey, Charles B.
Baker, Dr. Marcus.
Barry, David S.
Beckett, F. O.
Birney, William.
Birth, William W.
Bittinger, Rev. B. F.
Blair, Henry P.
Boynton, Charles A.
Brown, Austin P.
Brown, George W.
Brown, Thomas.
Burdett, Gen. S. S.
Busey, Dr. S. C.
Cammack, John.
Carusi, Eugene.
Caverly, R. B.
Chamberlain, J. A.

Chapman, Rev. William H.

Chappell, L. B.
Cheatham, Hon. H. P.

Chickering, Prof. John W.

Church, C. B.

Clark, C. S.

Clark, Dr. Daniel B.
Clephane, Lewis P.
Cohen, Max.
Concklin, Edward F.
Cornwell, S. G.
Coyle, J. F.

Crook, W. H.
Cropley, Thomas L.
Crosthwaite, F. B.
Cummings, Horace S.
Cutts, J. Madison.
Dall, Dr. W. H.
Danenhower, W. W.
Davis, E. G.
DeLashmutt, L. O.
Dingman, Harrison.

B. H. Warner, vice-chairman.

MEMBERS.

Dodge, W. W.
Domer, Rev. Samuel.
Donnelly, Owen V.
Dulin, Thaddeus C.
Earnshaw, Richard J.
Edson, Joseph R.
Edwards, Burr N.
Elliott, N. T.

Embry, James H.
Fardon, Dr. A. P.
Ffoulke, Charles M.
Fisher, Thomas J.
Foster, Charles E.
Fowler, Edwin H.
Freeman, H. W., jr.
Freund, Harry Edward.
Frizzell, William J.
Gallaudet, Dr. EK. M.
Galt, Norman.

Galt, William.
Hamlin, John P.
Harlow, Hon. J. B.
Harris, Hon. W. T.
Heaton, Frank M.
Hendrick, D. S.
Hermann, Hon. Binger.
Hesselbach, Max.

Hickling, D. Percy, M. D.

Hill, J. G.

Holbrook, Theodore L.
Holmead, William.
Howard, L. 9.

Hoyt, Hon. H. M.
Hughes, P. M.

Hurst, Bishop John F.
Hutchins, Lee.
Jackson, Hon. E, E.
Jackson, W. Bladen.
Johnson, William C.
Kauffmann, Rudolph.
Keim, De B. Randolph.
Kelly, J. F.

King, Dr. W. R.
Knapp, Hon. Marcus A.
La Fetra, Edwin L.
Lane, Dr. F.R.
Lanston, Tolbert.

Thomas W. Smith, vice-chairman.
Frank P. Reeside, secretary.

Larcomh, Benjamin F.
Larner, Noble D.
Lehmann, Frederick A.
Leighton, B. F.

Lewis, Dr. Samuel E.
Lockwood, E. J.
Lockwood, Philo J.
Lucas, F. A.

Lyons, Judson W.
MacVeagh, Wayne.
McKnew, W. H.
McLachlen, A. M.
Maddox, Samuel.
Magruder, J. H.
Maloney, P.

Mann, B. Pickman.
Marbury, John, jr.
Mason, O. T.

Merrill, Daniel F.
Merrill, George P.
Moore, F. L.

Morse, Alexander P.
Morsell, Samuel T. G.
Mullowny, Alexander R.
Nesbit, C. F.
Newcomb, Simon.
Nicolay, J. G.

Noyes, Thomas C.
Owen, Frederick D.
Oyster, George M.

‘Parker, John C.

Pearson, George W.
Pilling, Frederick W
Pitzer, Rev. Alexander W.
Portner, Robert.
Prather, Joseph.
Price, William W.
Prosise, J. L.

Queen, Benjamin F.
Rankin, Rev. J. E.
Rapley, W. W.
Reyburn, Dr. Robert.
Rheem, Clarence B.
Rhees, W. J.
Ridgway, Robert.
Rudolph, C. H.
Riley, Thomas W.
144 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Saunders, L. M.
Schaefer, J. W.
Schafhirt, A. J.

Shea, N. H.

Siddons, F. L.
Simmons, Leo.

Small, John H.
Smith, Emmons S.
Smith, Freeborn G.
Smoot, $. C.

Sperry, A. F.

Spohn, Milford. ‘
Sternberg, Gen. G. M.
Stinemetz, B. H.
Sunderland, Rev. Byron.

Swope, John A.
Stone, D. D.

Terrell, R. H.
Thompson, Magnus S.
Thorn, Charles G.
Tindall, Dr. William.
Trimble, Matthew.
Twombly, H. H.
Taylor, Capt. C. W.
Todd, William B.
Ucker, Clement S.
Waring, Dr. J. H.N.
Weaver, D. F.
Weaver, John L.
Welch, Dr. George B.

Wescott, E. S.

White, Dr. C. A.
Wilcox, W. R.

Wilson, Jesse B.
Wilson, Dr. Luther B.
Wimer, J. B.

Wimsatt, W. A.
Winship, Henry C.
Woodward, William R.
White, William Frye.
Wilson, Francis A.
Wilson, J. Henry.
Young, Elphonzo.
Young, Dr. William P.

COMMITTEE ON EXERCISES AT THE CAPITOL.

THE SENATE COMMITTEE.

THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES COMMITTEE.

R. Ross Perry, chairman.
John B. Larner, vice-chairman.
William Henderson Moses, vice-chairman.

Albert, Allen D.
Anderson, A. D.
Baker, Dr. Frank.
Baldwin, William D.
Barbour, Andrew.
Barney, Harry Wilder.
Bates, James A.

Beall, Charles B.
Bennett, Charles G.
Bingham, A. W.
Blumenberg, Marc.
Bradley, Andrew Y.
Bride, Cotter T.
Bright, Col. Richard J.
Brown, Glenn.
Browning, Frank T. ~-
Browning, William J.
Bulkley, Dr. J. W.
Bussey, Gen. Cyrus.
Cantwell, Edwin J.
Carrington, Campbell.
Casson, Henry.
Chamberlain, Dr. F. T.
Chambers, D. A.
Chaney, John C.
Childs, Rev. T. S.

CITIZENS’ COMMITTEE.

M. I. Weller, vice-chairman.

MEMBERS.

Cissel, W. H. H.
Clark, Appleton P.
Clark, J. B.

Cleaves, Thomas P.
Clephane, Allan O.
Coburn, Henry C.
Cohen, Myer.
Cohen, Robert.
Colladay, E. F.
Concklin, Edward F.

Couden, Rev. Henry N.

Courts, J. C.

Coville, F. V.
Cremer, John D.
Croggen, James.
Croissant, John D.
Crystal, James A.
Cushman, Charles R.
Darneille, Hopewell H.
Davis, Allan.

De Land, Theo. L.
Dudley, W. W.
Dunnell, E. G.
Duvall, W. C.

Easton, Rev. Thomas C.

Eichhorn, Rudolph.

Chapin Brown, vice-chairman.
Thomas H. McKee, secretary.

Evans, Dr. W. B.
Faulkner, Hon. Charles J.
Fisher, Samuel T.
Fletcher, Dr. Robert.
French, Walter H.
Gannett, Henry.
Gates, Merrill E.
Gawler, Joseph.
Gensler, H. J.

Gilfry, Henry H.
Glenn, W. J.

Goode, Hon. John.
Gorman, Hon. A. P.
Hamilton, Charles A.
Hanger, Harry B.
Henderson, John.
Hill, Isaac R.
Hillyer, C. J.

Hinds, Asher C.
Holmes, Prof. W. H.
Howard, Dr. Joseph T.
Howe, Albert H.
Huntoon, Dr. A. J.
Huxford, Maj. W. P.
Jackson, B. Lowndes.
Johnson, H. M.
Personnel of Committees. 145

Kober, Dr. G. M.
Lambert, T. A.
Lansburgh, Max.
Lincoln, Col. Charles P.
Lincoln, S. Dana.
Lipscomb, Andrew A.
Littlepage, Capt. H. B.
McCammon, Ormsby.
McDowell, Alexander.
McElroy, Col. John.
McElroy, Joseph C.
McNeely, Leroy J.
Maher, James D.
Manning, Dr. W. P.
Marble, Hon. E. M.
Marlow, James H.
Meloy, William A.
Metcalf, W. W.

Milburn, Rev. William H.
Mills, Gen. Anson, U.S. A.

Moore, Charles.
Morgan, Dr. George.
Morgan, Thomas P.
Mosher, Robert Brent.
Munn, Henry B.
Norris, James L,.
O’Farrell, Patrick.
Ogden, H. G.

Paine, Elmer E.
Paine, Gen. H. E.
Parker, E. Southard.
Parsons, J. L.
Pearson, Charles B.

Perkins, L. W.
Peter, Arthur.
Pierce, Edwin S.
Pilling, John W.
Prentiss, Dr. D. W.
Price, Hon. Hiram.
Pulsifer, Woodbury.
Pursell, C. C.
Ramsdell, Daniel M.
Reddington, J. K.
Reed, Wilson G.
Repetti, George R.
Richard, Julian W.

Richardson, Dr. A. B.

Riggles, J. Richard.
Rittenhouse, S. W.
Rockwell, J. E.
Rose, Henry M.
Ross, Col. George C.
Sanner, F. T.
Schofield, John C.
Selden, John.
Shields, Charles A.
Silverman, Louis J.
Simpson, Edward F.
Smith, Amzi.

Sohon, Henry W.
Solomo1s, A. S.
Stafford, A. O.
Stevens, Walter B.
Stewart, Alonzo H.
Stout, J. Kennedy.

Stoutenburgh, Dr. J. A.

Strobeck, Chas. H.
Talbert, George W.
Tanner, Hon. James.
Thomas, A. A.
Tjttman, O. H.
Todd, William E.
True, Alfred C.
Truesdell, Hon. George.
Vail, Benjamin.
Walford, D. N.
Walker, Samuel H.
Walker, William T.
Ward, M. P.
Warner, B. H., jr.
Washington, Col. Llewel-
lyn.
Weaver, Charles H.
Weller, Frank P.
White, Ashton S. H.
White, Wallace H.
Whittington, Granville N.
Willet, Richard.
Williams, Dr. J. T.
Willige, J. Louis.
Wilson, J. Ormond.
Wines, Hon. Fred H.
Woods, Elliott.
Wright, Gen. Marcus J.
Wylie, Judge Andrew.
Wynne, Robert J.
Yost, William.

COMMITTEE ON PARADE AND DECORATION.

Hon. John B. Wight, chairman.

W. H. Rapley, secretary.

Acker, William J.
Allen, Walter C.
Alvey, T. F.
Alvord, E. S.
Anderson, Marion T.
Ashford, Snowden.,
Ashmead, W. H.
Armstrong, R. H.
Auerbach, Joseph.
Balloch, Gen. G. W.
Barton, Dr. W. M.
Bayly, Charles B.
Bayly, William H.
Beale, George N.

H. Doc. 552

 

Gen. George H. Harries, vice-chairman.

W. W. Connor, assistant secretary.

MEMBERS.

Bean, B. A.

Beitzell, A. E.

Bell, Maj. James EH.
Bensinger, Samuel.
Besselievre, S. J.
Bieber, Lieut. Sidney.
Black, A. B.

Block, S. J.

Blout, Isaac L.
Brady, John B.
Bramhall, Col. W. L.
Brennan, P. J.
Bridget, B. M.
Brooks, Maj. Arthur.
Io

Brooks, Capt. N. M.
Brown, Col. Wm. Wallace.
Brownell, Fred H.

Bryan, W. B.

Buckley, Dr. E. L.
Bugher, Capt. Frederick H.
Burger, J.C. S.

Burton, E. L.

Calver, Dr. Thomas,
Cardozo, F. L., jr.
Carmody, J. R.
Carrington, Maj. J. McD.
Carry, Albert.

Carver, Frank N.
146

Castleberg, Robert.
Chamberlin, S. E.
Chase, B. F.
Christman, P. H.
Claudy, Frank.
Clay, Col. Cecil.
Collins, W. H.
Combes, Edward R.
Cook, C. F.
Copeland, Arthur.
Corson, George E.
Cranford, Percy.
Crawley, W.C.
Cross, Samuel A.
Cutler, L. B.

Daish, John B. —
Daley, Frank P.

Danenhower, Washington.

Darr, Charles W.
Davis, James S.
Dawson, Clarence E.
Deloe, W. W.
Dempf, Jos. A.
Dessez, Leon E.
Dodge, T. Conrad.
Dony, James H.
Dowling, Frank.
Droop, E. H.
Dunbar, U.S. J.

Du Perow, M.
Dyrenforth, Gen. R. St. G.
Eberly, S. P.

Edgar, J. M.
Edmonds, I. K.
Edmondston, Samuel H.
Edmonston, C. R.
Edson, John Joy, jr.
Emerson, R. P.
Ergood, Jesse C.
Espey, John B.
Falck, Joseph G.
Farnsworth, Calvin,
Fenning, F. A.
Field, George.
Fischer, Victor G.
Fisk, Howard.
Fleming, George E.
Foote, George F.
Ford, James M.
Francis, A. W.
Francis, Dr. John R.
Franklin, R. L.
Friedlander, Harry.
Galloway, Jno. R.

Gannon, Lawrence C.

Gans, Isaac.

Geare, R. I. ;

Geddes, Andrew. 4

Gillman, Howard '‘M.

Girouard, Alphonsé.

Glassie, D. W.

Gleeson, Andrew.

Gliem, Christian P.

Goldenberg, I.

Goodheart, Briscoe.

Graham, George D.

Grayson, D. C. ‘

Greenlees, D. Agnew.

Gregory, Hamilton I.

Grimes, A. V.

Grove, Bernard L.

Gunnell, John H.

Guy, B. W.

Hains, Comdr. R. P.

Hallam, O. B.

Hanvey, Frank L,.

Haradon, FE. A. _

Hart, Abraham. :

Hart, William F.

Heald, Eugene de F.

Hecht, Alexander.

Henderson, John M.

Hendley, Charles M.

Henry, J. William.

Herbst, William P.

Hess, David M.

Hibbs, W. C.

Hodges, Lieut. Benj.

Hodges, W. R.

Hodgkins, Chas. E.

Hoehling, A. A., jr.

Hopkins, Frank E.

Hopkins, Lieut.
8. G.

Howells, S. D.

Hunt, C. B.

Hunter, Maj. R. W.

Jackson, Frank H.

Jacobson, Samuel H.

Johnson, Maj..A. E. H.

Johnson, Rich. A‘.

Johnston, E. C.

Johnston, Maj. J.
U.S.A.

Joyce, George W.

Joyce, Col. John A.

Kehoe, H. J.

Kemper, Chas. E.

Comdr.

A,

Lstablishment of the Seat of Government.

Kern, Chas. E.
Kimball, Dr. E. S.
King, Charles.
King, Warrenton C.
Kline, Jno. M.
Kniffin, Col. G. C.
Kraemer, Charles,
Kramer, S. E.

Kopf, Bernard. |
Karr, C. F.

Laist, Theodore F.
Langley, Charles A.
Lanham, Trueman. ''
Lansburgh, James.
Lansburgh, Julius.
Leary, H. B.

Lee, Jesse B. K.
Leesnitzer, E. L.
Leetch, John.

Lewis, M. M.
Linkins, George W.
Lloyd, J. H.

Loeffler, Capt. Charles.
Loffler, Andrew.
Lomax, Gen. L. L.
Looker, Capt. H. B.
Loosé, J. Louis.

Lutz, Frank A., jr.
McCullough, .N. N.
McElderry, S. W.
McIntire, W. C.
McKee, H. H.
McLaughlin, A. E.
McLean, Edward B.
McLean, Wallace D.
Mackey, Franklin H.
Martin, Thomas R.
Mattingly, Lieut. F.C.
Maynard, Geo. C.
Megrew, Maj. H. C.
Middleton, Col. John.
Morsell, Herndon.
Morton, J. B.
Moseley, E. A.
Moser, J. H.
Muehler, George J.
Neumeyer, Maj. E. H.
Nicholson, J. E.
Norton, Col. H. D.
Noske, C. F.
O’Bryon, Philip M.
O’Donnell, James A.
Ogram, Dr. T. E.
O’Hare, Owen.
«O'Neill, W. H.
Ordway, N.G.
Ourand, Maj. Chas. H.
Oyster, George M., jr.
Parker, Andrew.
Parmenter, Maj. H. H.
Parris, Joseph.

Personnel of Committees.

Ring, T. M. 4

Riordon, Raymond.

Robbins, Capt. Alfred P.

Robinson, Chas. M.

Romeyf, | ‘Maj. .Henry,
U.S.A., 7

Rudden, John.

147

Toy, Joseph C.

‘ Traylor, J. G.
Tuckey, William W.
Tweedale, Maj. John,

Uss. A.
Tyssowski, A. Z.
Urell, Col. M. E.

Patterson, W. B. Ryder, S. M. Van Dyke, Harry W.
Patton, Capt. Edward E. Scott, John B. : Waddell, Hugh.
Peale, Dr. A. C. Sefton, W. M. Waggaman, George E.
Pearce, W. H. Shea, James F. Warwick, R. T.
Peddle, William R. Sheehy, Francis P. Weller, Francis R.
Pelz, Paul J. Shehan, George A. Whitaker, Gen. E. W.
Perham, A. S. Slemen, J. B., jr. White, L.C.
Pfeiffer, D. G. Smithmeyer, J. L. White, Oscar W.
Pitzer, Frank. Springman, Fred. Whitney, T. M.
Poindexter, W. M. Springman, John T. Wight, Lloyd B.

» Purman, Dr. J. J. Stone, Dr. Chas. G. Willett, W. T.

" Pyle, F. B. Stump, Edward B. Williams, L, B.
Quinn, M. J. Swayze, Theodore F. Wolf, A. G.
Rapley, E. £. Talty, T. J. Wolff, J.H. |
Rau,J.c. © Tappan, Myron A. Worden, C. H.
Rauscher, Charle Taylor, Blain W. Yarrow, John.
Reed, W. T. Thorp, Capt. M. R. Yoder, Gen. S.S.
Reilly, Hugh. Todd, W. E., jr. Yost, John C. y
Rich, L. Tolson, Julius W. Young, F. J.

Richards, W. P.
Rick, George C.

Towles, Henry O.
Townley, Lieut. R. H.

j-

COMMITTEE ON PRESS.

Theodore W. Noyes, chairman.

Gen. H. V. Boynton, vice-chairman.

G. A. Lyon, jr., secretary. : :

MEMBERS.

Albert, A. D. (Baltimore Sun).
: Allen, Charles H. (Washington Post).
‘Atkins, Addison B. (Brooklyn Eagle).
yres, A. S. (Scripps-McRae Press Asso-
ciation).
Barry, David S. (New York Sun).
‘Bell, W. R. (Philadelphia North Amer:
ican).
Bill, Edward Lyman (Music Trade Re-
view).
Bingham, William T. (New York Sun).
Blythe, Samuel G. (New York World).
Bone, Scott C. (Washington Post).
Boyle, John (Norfolk Virginian).
‘Boynton, Charles A. (Associated Press).
Brady, E. W. (Baltimore News). ‘
Brown, Harry J. (Portland Oregonian).
Bryan, W. B. (Evening Star).
Busbey, L. W. (Chicago Inter-Ocean).

» 4 \
Ree ,

Campbell, C. W. ( Philadelphia Inquirer ).

Carmichael, Otto (Detroit Journal).

Carmody, Francis J. (Duluth News-Tri-
bune).

Carpenter, Frank G., Washington, D. C.

Carson, John M. (Philadelphia Public
Ledger).

Cauldwell, F. W. (Wilkesbarre Record).

Clark, Walter E. (New Haven Register).

Cline, S. S. (Washington Post).

Conant, Charles A. (New York Journal of
Commerce).

Coolidge, L. A, (Boston Journal).

Coyle, Wilbur F. (Baltimore Herald).

Crane, M. E. (Boston Herald).

Crounse, W. L. (Detroit Free Press).

Curtis, William E. (Chicago Record).

Daniels, W. S. (St. Louis Republic).

Dodge, A. J. (St. Paul Pioneer Press).
148

Dunn, Arthur W. (Associated Press).
Dunnell, E. G. (New York Times).
Edwards, C. A. (Houston Post).
Edwards, W. A. (Kansas City Times).
Fearn, Richard Lee (New York Tribune).
Fry, Smith D. (Philadelphia Times).
Gardner, H. Gilson (Chicago Journal).
Garthe, Louis (Baltiniore American).
Genthe, Siegfried (Cologne Gazette).
Gibson, Edgar J. (Philadelphia Press).
Gregg, Isaac (Pittsburg News).
Habercom, L. W.( Milwaukee Germania).
Hall, Henry (Pittsburg Times).
Halstead, Albert (Brooklyn Standard-
Union).
Hamilton, Charles A. (Brooklyn Times).
Heiss, A. E. (Pittsburg Dispatch).
Henry, JamesS. (Philadelphia Dispatch).
Hosford, Frank H. (Chicago Dispatch).
Ihmisen, Max F. (New York Journal).
Jenks, J. E. (Army and Navy Register).
Jermane, W. W. (Minneapolis Journal).
Johnson, F. A. (Minneapolis Tribune).
Johnson, S. E. (Cincinnati Enquirer).
Jones, Van Cullen.
Kemp, Henry G. (Baltimore Sun).
King, W. P. (Scripps-McRae Press Asso-
ciation).
Landon, Hal. D. (Cincinnati Commercial
Tribune).
Larner, R. M. (Charleston News).
Leupp, Francis E. (New York Evening
Post).
Little, E. S. (San Francisco Bulletin).
Low, A. Maurice (Boston Globe).
MacBride, W. C. (Cincinnati Enquirer).
McPherson, W. L. (New York Tribune).
Mason, William) M. (Army and Navy
Journal).
Matthews, R. Bowman (New Orleans.
Picayune).
Merrick, H. L. (Columbus Press).
Metzgar, Charles W. (Albany Journal),
Michinard, Frank.
Miller, Albert (Kansas City Star).
Miller, George E. (Detroit Evening
News).
Miller, John H. (Washington Times).
Miller, John P. (Philadelphia Telegraph).
Morgan, F. P. (Boston Traveler).
Nesbitt, H. B. (Pittsburg Press).

Establishment of the Seat of Government.

O’Brien, Robert L. (Boston Transcript).

Ohl, J. K. (Atlanta Constitution).

O’ Laughlin, Cal. (New York Herald).

Oulahan, R. V. (New York Sun).

Paine, Elmer E. (Associated Press).

Patterson, Raymond (Chicago Tribune).

Richardson, F. A. (Baltimore Sun).

Ridenour, Charles H. (Army and Navy
Register).

Sarvis, J. M. (New York Daily News).

Schrader, Fred F. (Kansas City Journal).

Schroeder, Reginald (New York Staats-
Zeitung).

Seckendorff, M. G. (New York Tribune).

Shannon, J. Harvey( Washington Times).

Shaw, W. B. (Philadelphia Inquirer).

Shinn, C. M. (Evening Star).

Shriver, John S. (New York Mail and
Express).

Siggers, E. J.

Snowden, Harold (Alexandria Gazette).

Snyder, E. C. (Omaha Bee).

Splain, Maurice (Pittsburg Post).

Spurgeon, W. P. (Washington Post).

Stadden, Corry M. (Columbus Dispatch).

Starek, Fred. (Cleveland Leader).

Stealey, Col. O. O. (Louisville Courier-
Journal).

Stevens, H. C. (Buffalo Times).

Stevens, Walter B. (St. Louis Globe-Dem-
ocrat).

Stofer, A.J. (Scripps-McRae Press Asso-
ciation).

Sullivan, F. E. (Chicago Chronicle).

Suter, John T., jr. (Chicago Record).

Thompson, Charles T. (Associated Press).

Thompson, Howard N. (Associated
Press).

Van Antwerp, J. S. (Minneapolis Jour-
nal).

Waldeck, Jacob (Scripps-McRae Press
Association ).

Walker, E. G. (Lewiston Journal).

Watkins, J. E., jr, Washington, D.C.

Wellman, Walter (Chicago ‘Times-
Herald).

West, Henry L,. (Washington Post),

Williams, John C. (New York Herald),

Williams, Ralph D. (Cleveland Plain
Dealer).

Wynne, Robert J. (New York Press).
Personnel of Committees. 149

COMMITTEE ON MEDALS AND BADGES.

W. P. Van Wickle, chairman.
Clarence Corson, treasurer.

Simon Wolf, vice-chairman.
Edward T. Bates, secretary.
George B. Pitts, asst. secretary.

Appich, Jacob.
Archibald, C. C.
Arnold, J. DeWitt.
Ayer, William N.
Babcock, Harry A.
Bache, Rene M.
Bailey, George H.
Ballantyne, R. C.
Barber, Charles E.
Beale, C. F. T.
Beck, Henry K.
Becker, Conrad.

- Beckwith, Paul.
Berliner, Emile.
Brigham, H. H.
Brockett, Paul.
Brown, Dorsey.
Buck, John R.
Burk, W. H.
Burke, Moncure.

Caldwell, Col. Luther.

Cameron, Col. John.
Cardozo, F. L.
Carusi, Eugene D.
Chase, Col. J. M.
Clark, A. Howard.

Clark, Appleton P., jr.

Clark, William F.
Conboye, G: Fred.
Crane, Edward A.
Cushing, Henry.
Davis, Arthur P.
Day, Dr. David T.
_ Dodge, C. R.
Dodge, H. H.
Domer, W. A.
Draper, H. W.
Droop, Carl A.
Dunlop, G. Thomas.
Eaton, Horace W.

MEMBERS.

Ely, S. M.

Gifford, John C.
Gifford, Loren E.
Gillard, George E.
Gould, A. M.
Govern, Charles J.
Graff, Charles.
Grant, Alexander.
Grice, Francis E.
Hall, Henry O.
Hardie, J.C.
Harris, Findley.

Haskell, Col. William C.

Hastings, J. Syme.
Hawxhurst, J. M.
Heiberger, F. J., jr.
Hendricks, Arthur.
Hibbard, William W.
Hill, E. Lodge.
Hodgkins, Prof. H. L.
Hopkins, Thomas S.
Hough, Dr. Walter.
Howard, Clifford.
Howe, Dr. F. T.
Hungerford, W. A.
Jarvis, John F.
Johnson, Dr. H. L. E.
Jones, Harry S.

Judd, George H.
Kaiser, Edward T.
Karr, W. W.

Korts, Charles I.
Kranz, G. Fred.

La Dow, R. V.
Larner, Philip F.
Lavender, F. J.

Lay, Capt. Thomas W.
Lynch, John, jr.
McFarland, W. A.
Mades, Charles.

Marshall, J. R.

Miller, Benjamin.
Moses, Harry C.
Moss, Henry N.

Nye, Francis.

Offutt, A. E.

Palmer, William J.
Parker, B. W.
Parsons, A. J.
Pittman, F. L.

Prince, A. D.

Ray, Charles.
Roberts, Hon. George E.
Rogers, W. E.
Rupprecht, H. E.
Samson, Henry W.
Shaw, W. B., jr.
Simpson, G. Warfield.
Smith, F. G., jr.

’ Sprigg, Dr. William Mer-

cer.
Stead, Robert.
Stodder, C. W. P.
Stone, Robert L.
Strasburger, Joseph.
Swartzell, M. F. F.
Swormstedt, Dr. L. B.
Townsend, C. H.
Tulloch, S. W.
Van Deusen, Albert H.
Walker, Frank.
Ward, Lieut. Henry H.,
U.S.N.
White, W. A.
Whitehead, Cabell.
Wilson, William McC.

Woodward, Thomas P.
Young, C. F.
150

Beriah Wilkins, chairman.
Edwin C. Jones, secretary.

Acker, Dr. G.N.
Adams, B. S.
Anderson, E. W.
Andrews, R. P.
Arnold, Eugene F.
Ashton, J. H.
Bacon, George A.
Baum, William H.
Becker, Victor J.
Bennett, Frank V.
Biggs, W. W.
Black, W. H.
Blackford, B. Lewis.
Bliss, A. O.
Bonney, B. W.
Boteler, J. W.
Boyd, W. Andrew.
Brandt, E. S.

Brian, Capt. H. T.
Brown, Ellis W.
Bryan, C. C.
Buckey, Thomas W.
Bulkley, R. W.
Burchell, N. L.
Callaghan, John T.
Carmody, J. D.
Carson, Perry.
Caywood, A. S.
Chase, P. B.

Cissel, Frank.
Clark, Allen C.
Clarke, S. A.
Clayton, W. McK.
Clifford, E. A.
Cochran, Eugene.
Cohen, William K.
Collins, Guy V.
Copperthite, Henry.
Cotterill, C. A.
Cowsill, Arthur.
Crichton, Dr. Macpherson.
Cropley, Charles B.
Cropper, John.
Curry, Daniel.
Cutter, E. C.
Darrell, L. P.
Dennison, Dr. I. W.
Dinsmore, A. F.

PRINTING COMMITTEE.

Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Barry Bulkley, vice-chairman.
E. F. Riggs, asst. secretary.

MEMBERS.

Donaldson, R. S.
Dorsey, H. W., jr.
Driver, George W.
Dungan, Irvine.
Dunlap, Irving H.
Edwards, Joseph S.
Evans, Frank M.
Fairfax, Chas. W.
Ferguson, A. F.
Fickling, Charles H.
Fleming, John.
Fowler, Charles D.
Fox, Edmund K.
Freeman, Frank L.
Fulenwider, John E.
Galliher, W. T.
Gatley, W. A.

Gill, W.S.

' Gillet, C.J.

Gillin, David.
Geddes, William M.
George, O. B.
Goldsmith, M.
Graham, Dr. R. H.
Gray, Edwin N.
Green, George F.
Grogan, Peter.
Grosvenor, Gilbert H.
Grove, Harry C.

Guy, Benjamin F.
Hahn, William.
Halsted, John J.
Handy, C. W.

Happ, P. F.

Harban, J. H.
Harding, Theodore A.
Hardy, Theodore H.
Harper, J. H.
Harrington, Edward P.
Hart, Alphonso.

Hawkes, Col. Benjamin F.

Heald, John C.
Heiskell, J. L.
Henderson, James B.
Henry, J. Malcolm.
Hensey, Thomas G.
Herrmann, J. Philip.
Hesse, Henry A.

Hickey, John F.
Hill, John R.

Howe, George A.
James, Charles J.
Johnson, R. M.
Johnson, V. Baldwin.
Jones, Horace T.
Jones, Marcus R.
Joy, A.C.

Joyce, R. Edwin.
Karr, Henry C.
Kastle, John W.
Kaufman, D. J.
Keen, Edwin S.
Keene, J. R.

Kehoe, W. J.

King, B. C.

Kinnear, J. B.
Kirby, Thomas.
Knight, Hervey S.
Knowles, W. A.
Knox, John O.
Lancaster, Chas. C.
Lay, T. A.

Leet, Grant.

Lucas, M. G.
McCalmont, Edw. S.
McNally, W. J.
McPherson, Donald W.
Marcellus, Robert H.
Marston, Capt. H. P.
Mattingly, S. L.
Matson, Walter T.
May, George J.
Mayer, Alfred.
Mertz, George L.
Meyer, N.S.
Middleton, Alpheus,
Mills, Dr. William P.
Mitchell, John, jr.
Mitchell, R. L.
Moore, David.
Moore, Jacob.
Mogque, J. O.

Morris, Ballard N.
Neale, H. S.
Newbold, T. R.
Nolen, A. S.
Odell, Col. W. S.
Olive, W.S.

Pairo, Richard E.
Penicks, Thomas B.
Pettit, E. L.
Polkinhorn, J. H.
Prescott, S. J.
Prince, Capt. Howard L,
Proctor, W.H. |
Pyles, George F.
Ramsay, William.
Rankin, J.N.
Ransom, J.C.

Rice, Creighton.

Richardson, William W.

Ricketts, O. J.
Rideout, John.
Robinson, Bushrod.
Roche, Edw. J.
Rogers, C. C.

Rose, Dr. J. N.
Rosenberg, Maurice D.
Rupp, W. H.

Samson, Dr. George C.
Saul, John A.
Schneider, Charles F.

Personnel of Committees.

Schneider, John A.
Scott, Alexander.
Shand, Miles M.
Shaw, Edgar M.
Shillington, Joseph.
Sholes, W. H.
Shuster, William M.
Simpson, Horton,
Simpson, James C.
Smillie, T. W.
Smith, Francis H.

Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard.

Stevens, FE. C.

Stiles, H.C. C.
Stinemetz, S. W.
Stone, Dr. T. Ritchie.
Strasburger, Myer.
Sturtevant, Charles L.
Stutler, Warner.
Sullivan, R. E.
Swormstedt, J. S.
Syphax, John E.
Teel, W.S.

Tenney, Robert B.
Thomas, W. Francis.
Thompson, C. N.

I51

Thompson, W. S., jr.
Tindall, Philip.
Tolman, Edward M.
Tolson, Morsell.
Tiarpin, P. B.
Veerhoff, William H.
Voorhees, J. H.
Walker, Ernest G.
Walker, R. W.
Wallace, William J.
Walton, Maj. Clifford S.
Ward, H. G.
Webster, Edward.
Weill, Nathan.
Wells, James.
Werner, Charles,
West, William D.
Whiting, E. E.
Whitmore, W. S.
Wickersham, T. A.
Wilkins, F. G.
Wilson, B. B.
Wilson, Harry C.
Wilson, Louis C.
Wood, Court F.
Young, J. D.

COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC COMFORT AND ORDER.

Col. James G. Berret, chairman.
Maj. Richard Sylvester, secretary.

Acheson, M. H.
Acker, Walter H.
Albert, Allen D., jr.
AtLee, Goodwin.
Ball, Charles B.
Berry, J. E.
Bickford, Nathan.
Bond, George M.
Bowen, James G.
Brandenburg, C. A.
Brittain, William B.
Bronson, W. S.
Brooks, Hobart.
Brown, Solomon G.
Brown, Stephen C.
Bryant, Rev. S. L.
Bugher, Capt. F. H.
Bundy, C. S.

Burch, H.C.
Burdette, Le Blounde.
Cadick, Thomas W.

MEMBERS.

Cady, H. A.
Callahan, John.
Cardozo, Dr. F. J.
Carew, A. J.

Carr, Dr. W. P.
Chapin, Dr. A.
Christman, Howard L.
Clapp, Woodbridge.
Clark, E. S.
Collamer, Newton L,.
Colton, H. V.

Cook, Dr.G. W.
Corby, Charles I.
Cox, Dr. S. Clifford.
Cromwell, J. W.
Crook, Dr. Harrison.
Crosson, Dr. H. J.
Darby, Rufus W.
Darling, Dr. H.
Davenport, Rev. W. G.
Davis, Dr. Charles A.

William S. Knox, vice-chairman.
E, B. Hesse, assistant secretary.

Demonet, J. A.
Detweiler, F. M.
Devine, John T.

De Vries, Dr. J. Carlisle.
DeWitt, Gasherie.

De Zapp, Rudolph.
Dickson, Col. William.
Dietrich, A. L.

Dodge, W. C.

Dorsey, N. W.
Dowling, Dr. Thomas,
Downey, W. F.

Droop, E. F.

Dwyer, William J.
Eberly, August F.
Evans, Dr. W. B.
Ewin, James L,.

Filler, Dr. Charles W.
Finckel, William H.
Fishburn, Rev. M. Ross,
Flint, Weston.
152

Fowler, Dr. William C.
Franzoni, J. D.
Freeman, John T.
French, Dr. W.B.
Frisby, Prof. Edgar.
Fulton, H. K.

Gage, N. P.

Garges, Daniel E.
Gatchell, J. Fred.
Georges, J. J.

Gheen, John H.
Gibson, William.
Gill, Herbert A.
Glazebrook, Dr. L. W.
Gotta, Robert C.
Graham, Andrew.
Graham, Thomas.
Graves, Edward.
Gray, W. Bruce.
Grimshaw, W. H.
Griswold, H. A.
Grosvenor Asa W.
Grumley, E. C.
Hainer, E. H.

Haley, W. A.
Hammett, Dr. Whitt.
Hannan, E. J.
Harper, W. M.
Harris, James H.
Haycock, R. L.
Hege, S. B.
Henderson, Dr. George.
Henderson, R. W.
Hitchcock, F. H.
Hodges, Dr. J. Walter.
Holerith, Herman.
Holloway, J. L.
Holverson, Thomas.
Honn, William H.
Hoover, Smith.
Houghton, W. H.
Howenstein, H.R.
Howenstein, W. O.
Hubbard, Jerome.
Huyck, J. V.N.
Jarvis, Thomas.
Jewell, T. B.
Johnson, A. Geary.
Johnson, C. A.

Johnson, Dr. Joseph Taber.

Johnson, E. L.
Jordon, E. L.
Keenan, J. R.
Keen, George T.

Keene, J. G.

Keidel, Charles, jr.
Kennedy, John L.
Kenney, C. D.
Kimball, Dr. E. G.
Kimball, W. H.
Kingsman, Dr. Richard.
Knox, George V.
Lackey, James.
Lamb, A. R.

Latimer, Dr. C. M. N.
Lee, J. William.
Leech, William P.
Legge, John F.
Lewis, Herbert W.
Lewis, H. W.
Lindsay, Melville.
Livingston, C. H.
Lochboehler, Dr. G. E.
Lockwood, E. J.
Lothrop, Dr. Edward S.
Lown, W.G.

Luchs, Joseph.
Luckett, Joseph E.
MacLeod, D. B.
McCaully, B. F.
McConnell, W. M.
McComb, D. E.
McCubbin, Charles J.
McDermott, F. P.
McDonald, Dr. T. L.
McKenney, F. D.
McNeil, J. L.
McQuade, E. J.
McReynolds, F. W.

Marmion, Dr. William V.

Mears, Otto.

Meeds, Benjamin N.
Merkle, W. W.

Mertz, Edward P.
Miller, Francis.

Mills, Harrington.
Mills, Judge Samuel C.
Montgomery, Dr. W.S.
Moore, M. W.

Moot, Rev. Fred. W.
Moulton, Hosea B.
Muddiman, C. A.
Murphy, D. I.

Myers, William F.
Nalley, W. E.

Nailor, Wash. T.
Naylor, Dr. Henry R.
Newman, E. A.

Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Nee, P. J.

Nickerson, A. Howitt.
Nicolaides, Kimon.
Nolan, John J.

Orme, J. W.

Osborn, A. G.

Palmer, Samuel C.
Paret, John F.

Patten, Dr. Alphonse.
Peitz, H.

Perkins, L. L.
Pillsbury, E. H.
Pipes, Capt. J. M.
Polkinhorn, H. B.
Pool, Dr. B. G.

Porter, W. W.

Powell, J. Tyler.
Powell, W. B.

Pyles, Dr. R. A.
Ramsburgh, Dr, Jesse.
Randall, E. S.
Randle, A. E.

Reed, A. L.

Reiss, Benjamin W.
Riley, Thomas R.
Rines, L. C.

Rizer, Col. H.C.
Rowe, H. S.
Santelmann, Lieut. W. H.
Saul, B. F.

Saunders, William H.
Schaefer, Louis M.
Schneider, Charles.
Serven, A. Ralph.
Shannon, Andrew C.
Shaw, Alfred.

Shaw, B. F.
Shoulters, Dr. George H.
Sidwell, Thomas W.
Simmons, Arthur.
Small, Robert.

Smith, Frank E.
Smith, H. H.

Smith, John W. F.
Sniith, W. Hamilton.
Snyder, E. H.

Speare, W.R.
Stearns, Dr. S. S.
Stephenson, A. H.
Stern, Rabbi L.
Stone, Dr. Isaac S.
Stone, Israel W.
Stoughtenburgh, W. H.
Strongman, George W.
Studds, Colin.
Sweeny, T. W.
Talty, M. F.
Tassin, Wirt.
Taylor, Judge A. S.
Thom, George.
Thompson, John B.
Tobriner, Leon.

Topham, Washington.
Treutlen, Col. John F.

Truell, Edwin M.
Tschiffely, F. A., jr.

John W. Thompson, chairman.

Armstrong, George E.
Athey, John C.
Ballinger, M. A.
Bartlett, Maj. G. A.
Beebe, Charles G.
Bergman, William.
Berry, Edgar P.
Beyer, Louis, jr.
Bunch, Robert E. Lee.
Burchard, William.
Colvin, J.

Culp, J. M.
DeCaindry, W. A.
Eckloff, J. C.

Finckel, C. K.
Flather, W. J.

Frasier, James.
Goldsmith, J. S.

Personnel of Committees.

Turk, W. A.
Tyssowski, T. M.
Van Schaick, Rev. John, jr.
Vincent, Thomas N.
Wade, G. Taylor.
Walker, W. H.
Walsh, Dr. John E.
Weaver, W. T.
Whelpley, J. W.
White, R. E. L.
Wilber, E. A.
Wilkerson, Agur.

AUDITING COMMITTEE.

J. W. Babson, secretary.
MEMBERS.

Gray, Frederick.
Gray, Hamilton K.
Harbin, George F.
Henry, J. W.

Holt, H. P.R.

Hood, James F.

Hunt, Conway B.
Johnson, J. R.
Kennedy, J.-W.

King, John F.

Lewis, Capt. George C.
Lewis, W. C.
MacLannan, W. F.
Maderia, F. P.
McKenzie, Alexander.
McLean, Harry C.
Moore, J. Gales.
Moses, Brice J.

153

Wilkins, Eugene B.
Wilkinson, Dr. A. B.
William, Harry.
Williams, Wash. B.
Wines, M. J.

Winter, Dr. John T.
Wolf, Alexander.
Woodruff, Edmund W.
Woodward, Dr. William C.
Worch, Hugo.
Xander, Henry.
Zimmerman, J. W.

E. Southard Parker, vice-chairman.

Pearsall, Thomas C.
Petty, J. T.
Ridenour, Upton.
Robinson, N. E.
Rogers, Charles C.
Ruff, A. B.
Russell, R. L.
Sioussa, A. W.
Smith, Odell S.
Staley, Edwin King.
Stier, F. A.
Walker, Ernest.
Walker, Martin.
Watson, J. M. A.
Weaver, F. Baker.
White, Charles E.
Williams, C. P.
Wood, Eugene R.
 

 

POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES.

 

 

155
POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES.

JOINT COMMITTEE.

This committee, composed of the select committees from
the United States Senate and House of Representatives, the
committee from the country at large, and the citizens’ com-
mittee from the District of Columbia, shall prepare plans and
direct the holding of an appropriate national celebration in
the year 1900 of the centennial anniversary of the first session
of Congress in the District of Columbia and the establishment
of the seat of government therein.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

This committee shall possess all powers of the joint com-
mittee at times when it is impracticable to call a meeting of
the latter.

SELECT COMMITTEE FROM THE SENATE.

This committee shall act with the committees appointed
from the House of Representatives, the country at large, and
the citizens of the District of Columbia in holding fitting
ceremonies of the centennial anniversary of the first session
of Congress in the District of Columbia and the establish-
ment of the seat of government therein.

SELECT COMMITTEE FROM THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

This committee shall act with the committees appointed
- from the Senate, the country at large, and the citizens of the
District of Columbia in holding fitting ceremonies of the cen-
tennial anniversary of the first session of Congress in the
District of Columbia and the establishment of the seat of

government therein.
157
158 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

COMMITTEE FROM THE COUNTRY AT LARGE.

This committee, composed of one person from each State
and Territory of the Union, appointed by the President of the
United States, shall act with the committees appointed from
the Senate and House of Representatives and the citizens of
the District of Columbia in holding fitting ceremonies of the
centennial anniversary of the first session of Congress in the
District of Columbia and the establishment of the seat of
government therein.

CITIZENS’ COMMITTEE.

This committee shall act as general committee, and shall
have supervising charge of all citizens’ committees and all
matters pertaining to the celebration delegated to it by the
joint committee. Its chairman shall have the power to appoint.
such officers, agents, and subcommittees as may be necessary.
It shall authorize expenditures, and without its express
approval no expenditures of money shall be made, no indebt-
edness incurred, nor any contract be entered into by any
officer or subcommittee; and no indebtedness will be recog-
nized or paid except for the amount thus expressly authorized.
It shall be furnished copies of all contracts before the same
shall take effect and copies of all correspondence conducted
by all subcommittees. Full reports shall be furnished it at
least once a week by all subcommittees, or as much oftener
as the chairman of this committee may require. When the
committee is not in session its chairman shall exercise all
its functions and authority, reporting his action at the next
meeting so far as practicable. Through its treasurer, the
committee shall keep an accurate account of all moneys
received from any source, all appropriations authorized, and
all disbursements made.

COMMITTEE ON RECEPTION.

This committee shall have charge of all matters pertaining
to the reception to be held on the evening of the day of cele-
bration, and shall extend invitations to and receive distin-
guished guests, including the President of the United States,
Powers and Duties of Committees. 159

the members of the Cabinet, Senators and Representatives,
justices of the United States Supreme Court and Court of
Claims, justices of the District of Columbia supreme court
and court of appeals, officers of the Army and Navy, the Gov-
ernors of the several States and Territories, the Commis-
sioners of the District of Columbia, and such others as may
be designated. This committee shall also perform such other
functions as usually devolve upon a reception committee.

COMMITTEE ON FINANCE.

This committee shall raise sufficient funds to meet the
expenses of the celebration, giving suitable acknowledgment
to all contributors, and when such funds are collected they
shall be turned over to the treasurer of the citizens’ com-
mittee, who shall keep a proper record of all receipts and
disbursements.

COMMITTEE ON EXERCISES AT THE EXECUTIVE MANSION.

This committee shall, in conjunction with the President of
the United States and his secretary, prepare and have gen-
eral charge of the exercises to be held at the Executive
Mansion.

COMMITTEE ON EXERCISES AT THE CAPITOL.

This committee shall act on behalf of the citizens of the
District of Columbia, with the President pro ‘tempore of the
Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the
select committees from the Senate and House of Represent-
atives, and the committee from the country at large, in pre-
paring for and holding commemorative exercises in the Hall
of the House of Representatives in honor of the centennial
anniversary of the first session of Congress in the permanent
capital. It shall also be the duty of this committee to pre-
pare and obtain such legislation as may be required for
holding such exercises, and to receive and care for guests
invited to the same, as well as to provide for the construc-
tion of reviewing stand or stands in front of the Capitol, if
necessary.
160 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

COMMITTEE ON PARADE AND DECORATIONS.

This committee shall determine the extent and character
of the parade and have charge of all matters pertaining to
the same; secure decorations for and decorate the line of
march, as well as such other streets and avenues as might
be deemed desirable, and the national and city government
buildings; and the chairman of the committee, in connection
with the chairmen of the committees on reception, exercises
at the Executive Mansion, and exercises at the Capitol, shall
engage all necessary music for the entire celebration.

PRESS COMMITTEE.

This committee shall collect and disseminate correct infor-
mation in regard to the celebration, giving it as much pub-
licity as the event would seem to justify, and arrange for the
accommodation of and facilities for the press.

COMMITTEE ON MEDALS AND BADGES.

This committee shall cause to be prepared designs for the
commemorative medal, committee badges and buttons, as well
as buttons for general distribution, together with a state-
ment of the cost thereof, and, when approved and author-
ized by the citizens’ committee or its chairman, the commit-
tee on medals and badges shall have such medals, badges,
and buttons prepared and distributed.

COMMITTEE ON PRINTING.

This committee shall have charge of the execution of such
printing as may be referred to it by the citizens’ committee,
as well as the execution of such designing, printing or pub-
lication as may be referred to it; and in connection with the
chairman and secretary of the citizens’ committee shall deter-
mine upon the style and contents of the official programme
of the celebration, and shall have charge of the execution of
the printing of the same.
Powers and Duties of Committees. 161

COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC COMFORT AND ORDER.

This committee shall cooperate with the quthorities of the
District of Columbia in determining upon and enforcing reg-
ulations necessary to clear and so maintain the line of march
of the parade, and streets requisite for formation of the same,
and to make such other arrangements as may be necessary
or desirable for the protection and comfort of the public.
This committee shall also secure such reductions as it may
be able to secure on transportation rates from different points
in the United States to Washington; provide quarters, if
necessary, for the Governors and their staffs, and look after
their comfort; and provide carriages for guests, if required.

The following rules were promulgated for the guidance of
members of this committee:

The chairman of the subcommittee on depots will assign members of
his committee to the several depots, to meet the Governors and other
distinguished guests in conformity with information as to date, time, and
place of arrival, which he will procure from the secretary of the com-
mittee on public comfort and order.

Committeemen detailed as above will, upon the arrival of any Gover-
nor, comply with his wishes as to cafriage service and hotel, the driver
of any vehicle conveying such distinguished guest being instructed to
collect for his service.

Messenger boys will be at the bureaus of information established at
the depots, and will be detailed to the service of any prominent guest or
visitor.

The chairman of the subcommittee on hotels will assign members of
his committee to the several hotels where Governors and other distin-
guished guests may be stopping, on the 11th and 12th days of December,
who will consult the wishes of such visitors and do anything tending to
add to their pleasure and comfort.

On the 12th day of December a carriage will be at the service of each
Governor. ‘The drivers subject to such call will wear a red, white, and
blue rosette, and may be readily had by telephoning the chairman of the
carriage committee (call 1865).

The chairman of the subcommittee on carriages will so assign the mem-
bers as to have carriages in waiting early on the morning of December
12 for the several Governors, at their respective stopping places, in order
that they may comply with the programmie for the day, and to see that
the Governors are provided with carriages for the parade in the afternoon
and the reception in the evening.

 

H. Doc. 552 II
162 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

The drivers of the Governors’ carriages at the White House, the Cor-
coran Gallery reception, and at the Capitol will wear red, white, and blue
rosettes, be separately parked, and the chairman of the subcommittee on
parade and ceremonies will have members of his committee present to
see that the Governors are properly provided for at the close of the
respective ceremonies.

By order:

JamEs G. BERRET, Chairman.
RICHD. SYLVESTER, Secretary.

COMMITTEE ON AUDITING.

This committee shall examine all bills and vouchers against
the centennial fund, ascertaining that they have been author-
ized by the citizens’ committee or its chairman, and that the
accounts are approved for payment by the chairman of said
committee. After such examination, if found correct and
authorized, all bills and vouchers shall be approved by the
chairman of the auditing committee and given the treasurer,
who shall draw his check for the amounts of the vouchers in
settlement thereof. The auditing committee shall also exam-
ine and verify all statements of appropriations, of receipts or
disbursements made by any officer or committee, and, if found
correct and authorized, the same shall be approved by the
chairman of the auditing comunittee.
 

 

COMMITTEE MEETINGS.

 

 

163,
COMMITTEE MEETINGS.

October 24, 1898: Public meeting of citizens.

November 1: Committee of nine (subsequently constituting the citi-
zens’ committee, as designated at the next public meeting).

December 17: Public meeting of citizens.

January 25, 1899: Citizens’ committee.

February 2: Citizens’ committee.

October 30: Citizens’ committee.

November 6: Citizens’ committee.

November 28: Citizens’ committee.

December 7: Senate and Citizens’ committees.

December 15: Senate, House of Representatives, and Citizens’ com-
mittees.

January 10, 1900: Citizens’ committee

January 18: Citizens’ committee.

February 14: Citizens’ committee.

February 21: Joint committee (composed of committees of the Sen-
ate, House of Representatives, country at large, and citizens’ committee).

February 27: Executive committee (appointed at joint committee
meeting).

May 21: Citizens’ committee.

June 1: Citizens’ committee.

June 16: Citizens’ committee.

August 30: Executive committee.

August 30: Citizens’ committee.

October 24: Citizens’ committee.

October 31: Citizens’ committee.

November 2: Citizens’ committee.

November 14: Citizens’ committee.

November 24: Citizens’ committee.

November 30: Citizens’ committee.

December 7: Citizens’ committee.

December 11: Joint committee.

December 20: Citizens’ committee.

December 24: Citizens’ committee.

\

165
 

 

BANQUET BY THE BOARD OF TRADE.

 

 

167
BANQUET BY THE BOARD OF TRADE.

[February 21, 1900. ]

The Board of Trade of Washington, which has always
stood for the best interests of the city, and through whose
cooperation so much has been already accomplished toward
the improvement of the Capital, tendered a banquet to the
Governors of the States and Territories, the members of the
Congressional committees on the Centennial, and the Citi-
zens’ committee.

The decorations of the banquet hall of the Arlington Hotel
were very elaborate, and the function was brilliant in every
detail. The hall was a blaze of light, and the floral decora-
tions were magnificent. "The chandeliers were entwined with
smilax and ivy, in which small electric globes of red and
white were embedded. Easter lilies, too, were conspicuous.
The balcony, where the National Guard Brigade orchestra
was stationed, was very becomingly adorned, and over the
front were hung two wreaths, bearing the figures “1800” and
‘““tg00,” respectively.

The guests were received in the parlors by Mr. John Joy
Edson, president of the Board of Trade, and shortly after 8
o’clock the large folding doors leading into the banquet hall
were opened. When the guests entered the hall it was
lighted only by green-shaded candelabree; but suddenly there
was flashed on the north wall a large American flag composed
of electric lights. Surrounding the flag, flowers of various
kinds were arranged, and beneath it was a huge bank of
orchids, lilacs, roses, and ferns.

The tables, arranged in the form of a gridiron with one
side open, were exceedingly attractive, with handsome vases

of roses and tulips.
169
170 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

The menu cards were unique in design. On each were
painted six original water-color sketches, the scenes of which
were taken from Washington and vicinity.

When the guests had been seated, Mr. Edson, acting as
toastmaster, proposed the health of the President of the
United States. At the conclusion of the dinner Mr. Edson
announced with regret that the President was unable to
attend, and requested Gen. George H. Harries, secretary of
the Board of Trade, to read the following letter:

EXECUTIVE MANSION,
Washington, February 21, rgoo.

My Dear Sir: I regret that engagements already made will prevent
me from accepting the very kind invitation extended me for this even-
ing, as it would afford me much pleasure to join with the members of
the Board of Trade in the reception and dinner to the Washington
Centennial committee.

The purpose of the Centennial committee, as outlined to me some
mouths ago, met with my hearty approval, and I am glad to learn that
good progress has been made.

Please convey to the members of your organization and to your
distinguished guests my congratulations and best wishes.

Very sincerely, yours,
WiLLiaAM MCKINLEY.
Mr. JoHN Joy Epson,
President of the Washington Board of Trade, Washington, D. C.

Mr. Edson then addressed the guests in the following words
of welcome:

It is a pleasant duty, on behalf of the Board of Trade of the citizens
of Washington, to greet the committee called by resolution passed by
Congress to arrange for the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary
of the establishment of the general government in the District of
Columbia, and to welcome them to this city.

The occasion suggests that an account be given of the growth and
marvelous improvements of the National Capital, from cornfields and
mud in the year 1800 to brick, marble, and paved streets in the one
hundred years now closing. These will be briefly referred to by
other speakers. It is not simply the place of residence of nearly 300,000
people, but, vastly more important, it is the Capital of the Republic. In
it every citizen of our country, however humble or great or remote, has
a positive interest.

For one hundred years it has been, and until the end of time, we
Banquet by the Board of Tyade. I7I

believe, it will be, the home of the Government of the people of the
United States. A watchful care for its welfare and just pride in its
becoming a model National Capital and city are closely allied, and, in
fact, are a part of the patriotism which binds us together and makes us a
great nation.

It is for the purpose of rejoicing over the patriotic interest in the past
and of increasing it in the future that this celebration was planned. It
will not be condemned by wise men as mere show and sentiment. All
things are not measured by the unit of values. Patriotism is a sentiment;
devotion to the public welfare is sentimental. The glorification of great
men and great deeds of the past are matters of sentiment, but they all
lift us above our personal affairs and help us to do something for the
public good, worthy of approval and remembrance. We believe that
whatever recalls to our minds what was well done and beneficial to the
country, what was wise and patriotic, stimulates the highest order of
public spirit and patriotism in us and our descendants.

We must believe, too, that whatever is done in properly ornamenting
the National Capital is as wisely done and as much for the practical
benefit of the country as work on rivers and harbors or on any public
improvement. Behind all commerce and public improvements, and
behind the Government itself, are the intelligence and united public
spirit of the citizens. Without these, all manner of public improvement
and the machinery of the Government are useless. National pride and
the patriotism of the people are the life of the Republic.

We believe that the large amounts expended on the Capitol and
Library buildings, and on the grounds about them, were well spent. For
mere immediate utility, in a narrow sense, plain brick walls and board
walks and fences would have served as well. But these classic and
stately buildings are always object lessons. Upon the thousands of con-
stant visitors to the Capital annually, from all parts of the country and
the world, they make a direct uniform impression of the power and
dignity of the Government.

We desire that this city shall be a ‘‘fit setting’’ for the great capital,
and that squalor and meanness shall not surround and mar its wonderful
grandeur. We believe that enduring public buildings, wide streets, and
ornamented parks, with statuary and fountain, handsome and convenient
railway stations and terminals, attractive approaches to the city on all
sides, south as well as north, are fit vestibules to the nation’s capital,
are the best practical investment of public funds. They inspire in the
minds and hearts of the large and increasing numbers who visit the
capital a national spirit and admiration for their country, for the liberty
and blessings they enjoy, unequaled by any other nation.

We ask you also to believe that the citizens of Washington, fortunate
in their residence, are as patriotic as any. They are citizens of the
Republic, without, however, the usual ties of State, county, and town.
L7e Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Their local interest and pride are centered in the capital, and to the full
extent of their ability they earnestly desire to aid the citizens of the
country and the authorities in making Washington City worthy in every
respect to be the capital of the richest, the most intelligent and powerful,
the freest and most patriotic nation in the world.

At the close of his remarks, Mr. Edson announced that the
special toast of the evening would be to the centennial cele-
bration of the removal of the seat of the National Govern-
ment from Philadelphia to Washington, and called upon Mr.
C. W. Needham, dean of the law school of the Columbian
University, to speak on behalf of the Washington Board of
Trade. His address was as follows:

Mr. CHAIRMAN AND GENTLEMEN: It is an honor to represent the
Board of Trade of the city of Washington upon this occasion, and to
address this distinguished company upon the subject of a fitting celebra-
tion of the one hundredth anniversary of the city of Washington. I
should account myself eloquent indeed if I were able to do justice to my
constituency, the occasion, and the subject. That an event so important
in the history of our national life should receive proper commemoration,
and that the celebration should be under the direction of the most
distinguished men of the nation, is universally conceded. But how to
celebrate, and what shall be the underlying thought, the constant pur-
pose and aim in all that affects the growth and prosperity of this city are
the questions immediately before us.

It is the nation’s city! The convention which framed the Constitu-
tion in 1787 considered the establishment of a seat of government under
the exclusive control of Congress essential to independent national life;
and, on motion of James Madison, there was added to the enumerated
powers of Congress in the Constitution a general provision that the
representatives of the nation should ‘‘exercise exclusive legislation in all
cases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as
may, by cession of particular States and the acceptance of Congress,
become the seat of the Government of the United States.’’ Washington,
the great founder of the city, called it the ‘‘Federal City.’ James
Madison spoke of it as the ‘‘ National Metropolis.” Through all of the
discussions, in the conventions and in Congress, it was to be not only
the exclusive territory, but under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Con-
gress of the United States.

The Continental Congress from 1774 to 1778, and the Congress of the
Confederation from the latter period to 1789, had been a movable body,
and their sessions had been held in four different States and eight differ-
ent cities. The fathers thought it wise that the administration of the
National Government should be free from immediate State influence,
and that as the nation had a head, an untitled but royal family, it should
Banquet by the Board of Trade. 173

have a home; hence it came about that the nation which had established
itself upon a new continent was the first in history to found a ‘‘seat of
government on new ground by legislative act.”’

A nation is known and judged by its representative men, its institu-
tions, and its manifest wealth; every visitor to our land makes up his
judgment of the nation at large from the impression made upon him by
the men he meets, the institutions he comes in contact with, and the
visible manifestation of wealth and power. If the men are intelligent,
broad minded, far sighted, well grounded in honor and integrity; if the
institutions are progressive in thought, reaching out after the best and
truest facts in human life; if the structures in marble and stone, and
statues and paintings are of the highest art, if there be refinement in
society, then the nation is placed high in rank among the civilized
nations of earth, and men will seek friendship and homes among such a
people. Emerson said: ‘‘If there were any magnet that would point
to the countries and houses where are the persons who are intrinsically
rich and powerful, I would sell all and buy it and put myself on the
road to-day.’’

The race goes with us on their credit. The knowledge that there is
in a city a man who invented the railroad raises the credit of all its citi-
zens. But enormous populations, if they be beggars, are disgusting;
like moving cheese, like hills of ants or fleas—the more the worse. To
grow great and strong communities, there must be great plans and rich
and deep foundations. Society that is good rises like those majestic
trees in California, which spring from a soil as deep as the trees are
high, and spread their boughs in an air ever mild and full of life from
mountain and sea. Life in its highest form is made up of many ele-
ments, and of all the sentiments in the human mind ‘none is more
universal than that of the beautiful. Looking at human history, the
“beautiful is a river that has followed the marching human race like the
sweet, fresh waters which followed that. army that wandered in the desert
under the banner of Moses.’’

Follow man through Egypt and Greece and Palestine and Rome and
Italy and France and England, and you will find this “river of sweet
waters’’ everywhere. The ruins of civilization may be silent over the
particular merits of those who built and worshiped in the temples and
lived in the palaces, but the ruins all assure us that all those hearts, in all
countries, and in all times, were in harmony in just such taste as is now
the foundation of art. The history of the race, if wholly written, would
add to the records of war, of politics, and of religion, the history of
sentiment, which in the child reaches out for the brightest rose, and in
manhood and womanhood seeks marble and bronze and crimson and gold
and music and song. The highest utility includes the beautiful; songs
are as useful as reapers; poems are as necessary as railroads; statue and
memorial bridge meet a want in human life as real as that which calls
174 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

for the telegraph, and architecture is as valuable as carpenter work.
Let us then build for the nation a city which shall be full of the beautiful.

Nor is wealth to be despised. Dr. Johnson said: ‘‘Men are seldom
more innocently employed than when they are making money.’’ Aman
who lives in a hut or a cave will die with no more estate then the wolf
or the wild ass. The men who build railroads and factories and furnaces
and mills are the benefactors and missionaries who bring the glad tidings
of industry and markets and national wealth. Each nation has a civil-
ization of its own; the black man and the Indian have not learned and
taken up ‘‘the white man’s burden.’’ Let this city represent the nation
that within a hundred years has peopled half the continent, not with
savage Indians or brutish white men, but with those that love labor and
literature and art and liberty.

The city is the point of contact, and in a large measure determines the
reputation of the nation of which it forms a part; the activities of men
are there, the institutions which exist represent the development of the
people in science and art and literature and general culture. It becomes,
therefore, the measure taken of the nation at large.

In this city we receive the official representatives of every civilized
nation upon the earth; men in high standing in the political and social
life of the nations they represent. To meet these representatives and
see the capital city, the most distinguished people from every land are
daily visitors, and from this point of contact the American people are
estimated. Here are the rulers of the nation, those who make and those
who interpret and those who execute the laws. Here are the great
Departments where the nation’s affairs are transacted; where public
policy, internal and foreign, is determined, and the national progress is
guided. Where, then, so much as here, can the stranger expect to find
so excellent a representation of our people, of its institutions, and of
those arts which are the measure of a nation’s wealth and civilization?

What, then, ought this city to be? What was intended by its founders
and what may fairly be expected from its growth in a hundred years?
Its founders were men who had the souls, if not the vision, of prophets;
with a population of 3,000,000 to provide for they wrote a Constitution,
in short but expansive sentences, that provides equally well for 70,000,000,
and will be sufficient for 300,000,000. They did not bound the seat of
government by Florida avenue on the north nor the river on the west;
they laid it ten miles square; they laid out parks; they planned its
streets and avenues broad and expansive for beautiful houses, splendid
buildings, and open spaces for works that should adorn and beautify the
city and please the taste of a cultured people. Since they planned so
wisely, what wonderful growth there has been! From a population in
1800 of only 3,110 we have now nearly 280,000. z

With only 136 in public employ then, we have to-day nearly 20,000;
the disbursements at the beginning only about $137,000 per annum for
Banquet by the Board of Trade. 175

all purposes, where to-day is paid out $20,000,000 per annum. Public
buildings of great architectural beauty at large cost have been erected;
streets and avenues have been extended and paved; parks have been
planned, and vast improvements for the health and pleasure of the peo-
ple are under way. Time does not permit me to speak of the beautiful
homes and churches, the libraries and places of amusement, the institu-
tions of learning, nor of the marvelous beauty of the city. But its
possibilities are even greater than its achievements.

What, then, shall we do for the Federal City? *Our day is here; we
can not accomplish all that shall be done for it or bring all our plans to
completion, but we must build in this temple in the time allotted to us;
the reputation of the city and through it the reputation of the nation is
in our keeping. The United States, known for generations among the
great powers as a trading, money-making nation, has taken a great step
upward. It heard the cry of an oppressed people, and, although it loved
peace more than war, it loved liberty more than peace. Rising in its
strength it unfurled its banners upon the land and spread her sails upon
the sea, and in three months was-admitted to the peerage of the greatest
nationsof mankind. Civilization comes not by bread alone, nor by bread
and clothes and shelter, but by the uprising of many sentiments, and the
city that shall fittingly represent America must be made like the beau-
tiful temple of old, by the wonderful mingling of wood and beaten gold,
of rock and burnished stone, of mind and matter.

How is this to be accomplished?

1. By the exercise of a liberal spirit and a wise and honest expenditure
of money in public buildings required by the National Government.
These buildings should be located with reference to the public con-
venience and to the artistic grouping of buildings and open space.

2. By the application of part of the contribution made for the celebra-
tion of great events to permanent adornments.

3. By the establishment of institutions of learning through private
enterprises that shall represent in their methods and work, and in so far
as possible in their buildings, the best in the land.

4. The adornment of the public parks should be under the direction of
competent judges of works of art who possess the skill to place them with
reference to the best effect. In short, let the city in its public buildings,
in their general grouping, in artistic effects, in its institutions, in its
homes, represent the culture and attainments, and wealth, and power of
the nation whose city it is.

The next speaker was Mr. R. Ross Perry, who, on behalf
of the centennial committee, urged the importance of improv-
ing the Capital in a manner commensurate with the. greatness
of the nation. He likened the presence of the guests to “a
gathering of loyal sons to show their devotion to a proud
176 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

mother,” adding that‘from the various States which they
represented had come the individual features which together
formed the true American character.

Senator McMillan, chairman of the Senate Committee
on the District of Columbia, was next introduced, and in
the course of his remarks he impressed upon his audience
the desirability of having a definite part of the city laid
aside for the erection of public buildings. He also warmly
commended the fidelity of the Board of Trade in its patriotic
exertions.

The next speaker was Governor McMillin, of Tennessee,
whose praise of the accomplishments of the American Gov-
ernment during the one hundred and twenty-three years of
its existence was heartily applauded.

Governor Stone, of Pennsylvania, followed, and in well-
chosen words expressed his faith in the future of Washington
and his belief that it would be made the most beautiful city
in the world.

This speech was followed by one from Governor Thomas,
of Colorado, who, although wishing that the capital might
have been established ‘‘in the modern Palmyra of the Occi-
dent,” recognized the fact that the chosen locality had been
wisely selected. He strongly advocated the further beauti-
fying of the city, and suggested the propriety of erecting a
municipal building that would rival the Congressional Library.
He also advocated the plan of a memorial boulevard from the
Capitol to the Potomac, as well as a memorial bridge and a
monument to the memory of Abraham Lincoln.

Governor Powers, of Maine, was next introduced, his remarks
reflecting his belief that Washington should be made the
finest capital in the world, and adding that Maine would sup-
port any measure which had in view the beautifying of the
city.

Governor Wells, of Utah, was then heard. He heartily
approved the idea of having a new Executive Mansion, adding
some interesting and witty remarks concerning the represen-
tation of his State in Congress.

Senator Proctor, of Vermont, was then introduced, and
expressed himself as one whose sympathies were keenly alive
Banquet by the Board of Trade. 177

to the objects of the celebration through his long residence
in the city. He concluded by asserting that the welfare of
Washington reached to the uttermost parts, of the country—
from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Canada to the
Gulf.

Governor Dyer, of Rhode Island, in a brief speech lauded
the hospitality of the Board of Trade, and expressed it as the
opinion of the people of his State that Washington City
should be an adornment to the nation. :

The Hon. Joseph G. Cannon was greeted with hearty
applause. He referred to Washington as the place where the
youth of the land came to shape their ideals of government,
and assured the audience that Congress would do its part to
make the Centennial Celebration such as would emphasize
the progress of the century which was almost ended.

Governor Lind, of Minnesota, who will always be remem-
bered for his efforts in securing adequate appropriations for
the new Congressional Library, was then introduced, and
extended the good will of his State toward the people of
Washington. He highly commended the enterprise of the
people of the District of Columbia, and expressed the hope
that the celebration would be successful in the highest
degree.

The Hon. David H. Mercer, of Nebraska, followed in the
samé laudatory vein. He favored the erection of magnificent
buildings. With the Congressional Library, said he, should
be erected a magnificent temple of justice, and “the grounds
south of the avenue should be rehabilitated, parked, and
dotted with public buildings. The Capital City should be
made the greatest capital in the world.”

Senator Gallinger expressed himself as favoring generous
appropriations for improving the city. He wanted to see the
memorial bridge built and a boulevard, such as had been
outlined, completed.

The last speaker was Governor Mount, of Indiana, who
dwelt especially upon the progress which the nation had
made, and extolled its unmatched and boundless resources.

Mr. Edson then, on behalf of the Board of Trade, expressed
the great pleasure which the presence of the guests had

H. Doc. 552

 

12
178 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

afforded, and thanked them for the manifestation of their
sympathy and good will. The distinguished company then
dispersed after singing ‘‘ America.”

The special committee of arrangements for the banquet
was composed of Messrs. John Joy Edson, chairman; George
Truesdell, S. W. Woodward, Isadore Saks, Crosby S. Noyes,
Beriah Wilkins, and Gen. George H. Harries.
 

 

DECORATION AND ILLUMINATION.

 

SOUVENIR MEDAL AND BADGE.

 

 

179
DECORATION AND ILLUMINATION.

Patriotic feelings were aroused by the ample display of the
national colors on public and private buildings alike through-
out the city, and especially on Pennsylvania avenue and F
street. The Government buildings were appropriately decked
for the occasion. A number of large flags made an effective
display on the State, War, and Navy building, their centers
being held in place by American shields. The flags of many
Central and South American countries adorned the building
occupied by the Bureau of the American Republics. The
Treasury Department was made resplendent in the effective
decorations of the Stars and Stripes, and a large group of
flags hung over the north entrance, their staffs being united
in a common center.

The East Room of the Executive Mansion had been very
handsomely prepared for the morning exercises. Banks of
flowers and tropical foliage ornamented the mantels, and
numerous electric lights gave a resplendent effect to the large
crystal chandeliers. On the east wall and against a back-
ground of yellow silk curtains were a number of water-color
drawings and pen-and-ink sketches indicating in greater
detail the plans of the proposed enlargement of the Mansion.

The Hall of the House of Representatives was tastefully
ornamented for the afternoon exercises. Interspersed freely
among the decorations was the American flag, gathered at
the ends and middle so as to represent large bows. ‘The rail
separating the members’ desks from the lobby was covered
with bunting, and the front row of desks was hidden beneath
flags. The desks of the Speaker, the Clerk of the House,
and the official reporters were also draped with the national
colors.

At the Corcoran Gallery of Art in the evening the decora-

tions were very beautiful. Inthe Hall of Statuary the marble
181
182 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

pillars and the electric-light globes were festooned with vines,
while the wide staircase was hedged with palms and blooming
chrysanthemums. At the first landing the walls were deco-
rated with smilax.

The street illuminations were also very effective. On
Seventeenth street this feature was, as has already been men-
tioned, under the charge of Mr. Walter C. Allen, electrical
engineer of the District. Festoons of lamps were arranged
along this street southward from Pennsylvania avenue to the
entrance of the Art Gallery, and along New York avenue as
far as the entrance on that side. The south line of Pennsyl-
vania avenue at Seventeenth street was lighted by a suspended
device bearing the words ‘“‘Capital Centennial Celebration,
1900,” in a blaze of incandescent lamps. Beneath this was
a large American flag composed of colored lights which
alternately brightened and paled, giving the flag a waving
appearance. An electric flag similarly constructed was
erected on the Fifteenth Street side of the Treasury building.
SOUVENIR MEDAL AND BADGE.

A handsome medal was struck in honor of the National
Centennial Celebration. It was designed by the committee
on medals and badges, Mr. William P. Van Wickle, chairman,
and through the courtesy of Hon. George E. Roberts, Director
of the Mint, the dies were cut at the United States mint in
Philadelphia, under the personal supervision of the chief
engraver, Mr. Charles E. Barber. The medal is 134 inches
in diameter, and is of a rich, dark bronze, containing metal
from the old Capitol and White House of 1800. It is mounted
with a swivel and with a ribbon of the national colors, and
is provided with an invisible pin for attachment. On the
“obverse” is shown a profile bust protrait of President McKin-
ley in subrelief, overlaid by a bust profile of John Adams in
bold relief, with the following lettering -encircling the heads:
“John Adams, 1800”—“ William McKinley, 1900.”

On the ‘“‘reverse” is a panel across the center, inscribed
with the following words: ‘Commemorative of establishment
of the Capital in the District of Columbia.” Above the panel
is a representation of the United States Capitol building as it
stands at the present time, bearing the superscription ‘“‘ United
States Capitol, 1900.” Below the panel is a representation
of the United States Capitol building as it appeared one hun-
dred years ago, with the following words subscribed: “United
States Capitol, 1800.”

In addition, two gold medals, 24 carat, were struck from
the dies of the bronze medal, for presentation to President
McKinley and to the president of the Board of Commission-
ers of the District of Columbia, Hon. Henry B. F. Macfar-
land, chairman of the citizens’ committee. Ten silver medals
were presented to the Governors of Maryland and Virginia,

and local universities and libraries.
183
184 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Bronze copies of the commemorative medal, in neat cases,
were presented to the official participants and to the specially
invited guests.

A simple style of badge was also devised, consisting of a
button, on which is depicted the bust of George Washington,
with the words, “ National Capital Centennial, 1900.” From
the badge three ribbons of the national colors extended down-
ward, the title of the committee being stamped in gold upon
the center one.
0061 ‘IWINNSLN3O 1VLidvVO IWNOILYN 3HL 4O 1VGSW

 

"6c 31LV1d
 

 

CONGRESSIONAL ACTION.

 

 

185
CONGRESSIONAL ACTION.

The following extracts from the Congressional Record
show in detail the various actions of Congress in connection
with the celebration, which for convenience are arranged
under these heads: “ Appointment of Congressional commit-
tees,” “Providing for committee from country at large and
report to Congress on plans for celebration,” ‘ Reference of
report on plans for celebration,” “ Providing for plans for
enlargement of Executive Mansion and treatment of Mall
and Centennial avenue,” “ Final legislation providing for
joint exercises,” and “Preparatory to assembling of the
Houses for the exercises at the Capitol on December 12.”
The date of each action and the branch of Congress by which
enacted are indicated, except that the latter is not repeated
where it is the same for successive paragraphs.

APPOINTMENT OF CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES.

SENATE.
December 7, 1898.
Mr. Hoar submitted the following resolution, which was
considered by unanimous consent, and agreed to:
Resolved, That a committee of seven Senators be appointed by the
Chair, to whom shall be referred so much of the President’s message as
recommends the celebration with fitting ceremonies in the year 1900

of the centennial anniversary of the founding of the city of Washington
for the permanent capital of the Government of the United States.

December 19, 1898.

The Vice-President appointed Mr. Hoar, Mr. Hale, Mr.
Perkins, Mr. Simon, Mr. McLaurin, Mr. Clay, and Mr. Tur-
ley as the Select Committee on the Centennial Celebration
in the City of Washington, authorized by a resolution of the

Senate of the 7th instant.
187
188 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

February 8, 1899.
Mr. Hoar submitted the following resolution; which was
considered by unanimous consent, and agreed to:

[Senate resolution No. 502, Fifty-fifth Congress, third session. ]

Resolved, That the select committee on so much of the President’s
message as relates to the celebration in nineteen hundred of the establish-
ment of the Government in the District of Columbia be authorized to act,
in relation thereto, with any committee that may be appointed by the
President, the House of Representatives, or the citizens of said District
to make arrangements for said purpose.

January 4, 1900.
Mr. Hoar was, on his own motion, relieved from further
service on the Select Committee to provide for the celebration
of the centennial anniversary of Washington, D. C.

february 16, 1900.
On motion of Mr. Hale, and by unanimous consent, it was
Ordered, That the vacancy on the part of the Senate upon the Joint

Committee on the Centennial of the Establishment of the Seat of Gov-
ernment in Washington be filled by the President p70 tempore; and

The President pro tempore appointed Mr. McMillan.

HOUvSsE.
February 27, 1899.

Under clause 3 of Rule XXII, Mr. Babcock introduced the
following resolution (H. Res. 421) providing that a commit-
tee of ten members be appointed by the Speaker to confer
with other committees on the centennial anniversary:

Resolved, That a committee of ten members of the House be appointed
by the Speaker, who shall be authorized to act with any committee that
may be appointed by the President, the Senate, or. the citizens of the
District of Columbia, to make arrangements for the celebration of the cen-

tennial anniversary of the establishment of the National Capital in the
District of Columbia.

(Referred to the Committee on Rules and ordered to be printed. )

December 8, 1899.
The following resolution (H. Res. 28) was introduced by
Mr. Heatwole with a view to making necessary arrangements
Congresstonal Action. 189

for the celebration of the centennial anniversary of the estab-
lishment of the national capital in the District of Columbia:

Resolved, That a committee of ten members of the House be appointed
by the Speaker, who shall be authorized to act with any committee that
may be appointed by the President, the Senate, or the citizens of the
District of Columbia, to make arrangements for the celebration of the cen-
tennial anniversary of the establishment of the National Capital in the
District of Columbia.

(Referred to the Committee on Rules and ordered to be printed. )

December 12, 1899.

Mr. Cannon. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent for
the present consideration of the resolution which will be
reported by the Clerk.

The Clerk read as follows:

Resolved, That a committee of ten members of the House be appointed
by the Speaker, who shall be authorized to act with the committees that
have been appointed by the President, the Senate, or from the citizens
of the District of Columbia, to prepare plans for an appropriate national
celebration, in the year nineteen hundred, of the first session of Con-
gress in the District of Columbia and the establishment of the seat of
government therein.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the present considera-
tion of the resolution?

There was no objection.

The resolution was agreed to.

December 13, 1900.

The SPEAKER. The Clerk will report the following Select
Committee on the Establishment of the Seat of Government
in Washington, as provided for by the resolution passed last
night.

The Clerk read as follows:

Select Committee on the Establishment of the Seat of Government in
Washington: Mr. J. G. Cannon of Illinois, Mr. William W. Grout of
Vermont, Mr. Joel P. Heatwole of Minnesota, Mr. James S. Sherman
of New York, Mr. James A. Hemenway of Indiana, Mr. Robert J. Gam-
ble of South Dakota, Mr. J. W. Bailey of Texas, Mr. Marion De Vries
of California, Mr. William S. Cowherd of Missouri, and Mr. John C.
Bell of Colorado.
190 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

December 4, 1900.

The Speaker laid before the House the following resig-
nation:
WasHINGTON, D. C., August 20, rgoo.
DEAR S1r: I beg to respectfully advise you that I have this day
resigned as a Representative in the Fifty-sixth Congress of the United
States from the Second Congressional district of the State of California.

Very respectfully, yours,
: MARION DE VRIES.
Hon. D. B. HENDERSON,
Speaker of the House of Representatives of the United States,
Dubuque, lowa.

December 5, 1900.

The Speaker announced the following appointment:

To the Select Committee on the Centennial of the Estab-
lishment of the Seat of Government in Washington, Mr.
James W. Denny, of Maryland.

PROVIDING FOR COMMITTEE FROM COUNTRY AT LARGE AND
REPORT TO CONGRESS ON PLANS FOR CELEBRATION.

SENATE.
December 12, 1898.

Mr. Hoar introduced a joint resolution (S. R. 200) provid-
ing for the appointment of a committee to prepare and carry
out plans for the celebration of the centennial anniversary of
the founding of the city of Washington, which was read the
first time by its title and the second time at length, as follows:

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, That the President of the Senate and
the Speaker of the House be, and they are hereby, authorized to appoint
from the Senate and House of Representatives, respectively, five mem-
bers, who shall act with the committee of citizens of the District of
Columbia in the preparation and carrying out of plans for the celebra-
tion of the centennial of the anniversary of the founding of the city of
Washington as the permanent capital of the Government of the United
States; and that the President of the United States be, and he is hereby,
authorized to appoint a committee from the country at large to cooperate :
with the Congressional and District of Columbia committees in the
management of said celebration.
Congressional Action. IgI

Mr. Hoar. I move that the joint resolution be referred to
the Select Committee on the Centennial Celebration in the
City of Washington, authorized by resolution of the Senate
on the 7th instant.

The motion was agreed to.

January 28, 1899.

Mr. Hoar. I am directed by the Select Committee on the
Anniversary of the Foundation of the City of Washington,
D. C., to report a bill, and to ask for its present consideration.

The bill (S. 5391) to provide for an appropriate national
celebration of the establishment of the seat of government in
the District of Columbia was read for the first time by its
title and the second time at length, as follows:

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, The President is authorized to
appoint a committee from the country at large, of such number as he
shall think proper, to act with any committees that may be appointed
by the two Houses of Congress, or either of them, and with any com-
mittee that may be appointed from the citizens of the District of Columbia,
who may prepare plans for an appropriate national celebration, in the
year nineteen hundred, of the first session of Congress in the District
and the establishment of the seat of government therein. Said com-
mittee shall report their proceedings to the President, to be by him
communicated to Congress.

Src. 2. The actual expenses of the members of said committee shall
be paid by the Secretary of the Treasury on vouchers to be approved by
the Secretary of the Interior.

Sec. 3. The sum of ten thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may
be necessary, is hereby appropriated from any money in the Treasury
not otherwise appropriated, to carry into effect the second section of
this act.

By unanimous consent the Senate, as in Committee of the
Whole, proceeded to consider the bill.

Mr. Perrus. In section 2, line 2, after the word “com-
mittee” I move to insert ‘‘so appointed by the President.”

The amendment was agreed to.

The bill was reported to the Senate as amended, and the
amendment was concurred in.

The bill was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading,
read the third time, and passed.
192 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

HOUvsE.
January 30, 1899.
A message from the Senate, by Mr. Platt, one of its clerks,
announced that among the bills passed by the Senate and
requiring the concurrence of the House, was the following:
S. 5391. An act to provide for an appropriate national cele-
bration of the establishment of the seat of government in the
District of Columbia.

January 30, 1899.
Under clause 2, of Rule XXIV, the above-mentioned Senate
bill was, with others, taken from the Speaker’s table and
referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia.

february ro, 1899.

Under clause 2, of Rule XIII, the following bill (S. 5391),
to provide for an appropriate national celebration of the estab-
lishment of the seat of government in the District of Colum-
bia, was reported without amendment by Mr. Curtis, of Iowa,
from the Committee on the District of Columbia, accompanied
by a report (No. 2090). Both bill and report were referred to
the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union.

February 23, 1899

Mr. Bascock. I ask for the present consideration of the
bill (S. 5391) to provide for an appropriate national celebra-
tion of the establishment of the seat of government in the
District of Columbia.

The bill was read, as follows:

A BILL to provide for an appropriate national celebration of the establishment of
the seat of government in the District of Columbia.

Be tt enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, The President is authorized to
appoint a committee from the country at large, of such number as he
shall think proper, to act with any committees that may be appointed by
the two Houses of Congress, or either of them, and with any committee
that may be appointed from the citizens of the District of Columbia, who
may prepare plans for an appropriate national celebration, in the year
nineteen hundred, of the first session of Congress in the District and the
establishment of the seat of government therein. Said committee shall
Congresstonal Action. 193

report their proceedings to the President, to be by him communicated to
Congress.

Src. 2. The actual expenses of the members of said committee so
appointed by the President shall be paid by the Secretary of the Treasury
on vouchers to be approved by the Secretary of the Interior.

SEC. 3. The sum of ten thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may
be necessary, is hereby appropriated from any money in the Treasury
not otherwise appropriated, to carry into effect the second section of
this act.

The report (by Mr. Curtis, of Iowa) is as follows:
[Report (No. 2090) to accompany S. 5391.]

The Committee on the District of Columbia, to whom was referred
the bill (S. 5391) to provide for an appropriate national celebration of
the establishment of the seat of government in the District of Columbia,
report the same back with the recommendation that it do pass.

The purpose of this bill is to authorize the appointment of committees
to prepare plans for an appropriate national celebration, in the year
1900, of the first session of Congress in the District and the establish-
ment of the seat of government therein.

The following memorial was presented by the above-mentioned com-
mittee to the President:

‘‘At a public meeting of citizens, held the 24th of October, the chair-
man was authorized to appoint a committee of nine citizens, who should
consider plans for the proper celebration of this centennial and report
their recommendations at a meeting to be called for that purpose.

‘“It is the opinion of this committee that the national character of this
event and the peculiar conditions which do now, and doubtless will, sur-
round our national history make it desirable to elevate the celebration
beyond purely local aspects. It marks the creation and growth of the
capital of a great country; it indicates the rapidly opening possibilities
of our future. The country has, apparently, completed one phase of its
development. The coming century opens for it a world-wide field which
it has not hitherto sought to enter. Within our borders we have a
united and prosperous people.

‘In order that this subject may be brought to the attention of Con-
gress in a manner suited to the dignity and importance of the occasion,
we have the honor to request that you will suggest in your annual
message to Congress such legislation as will provide for the appointment
of a national committee, consisting of five Senators and five Representa-
tives, to be appointed by the President of the Senate and the Speaker of
the House, respectively, who shall act with the committee appointed by
the citizens of the District of Columbia, and that you be empowered to
further increase this committee by the addition of citizens at large.

13

 

H. Doc. 552
194 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

‘Tt is also suggested that you invite the Governors of the several
States and Territories to act as members of this committee, which, when
finally constituted, shall be authorized to report to Congress a suitable
plan for the celebration of the event.

“Tt might be added that the committee already appointed are unani-
mously of the opinion that so important an event could well be marked
by the erection of a type of architecture which will in itself inspire
patriotism and a broader love of country, such as a memorial hall, a
bridge connecting the District of Columbia with the sacred ground of
Arlington, or some other permanent structure which would commemo-
rate not only the occasion, but also the exceptionally happy condition of
our people at this time, when to so marked a degree there is noticed the
absence of all sectional feeling and the prevalence of good will through-
out the land.’’

The following is taken from the recent message of President McKin-
ley, and is incorporated as a part of this report:

“In the year 1900 will occur the centennial anniversary of the found-
ing of the city of Washington for the permanent capital of the Govern-
ment of the United States by authority of an act of Congress approved
July 16, 1790. In May, 1800, the archives and general offices of the
Federal Government were removed to this place. On the 17th of
November, 1800, the National Congress met here for the first time, and
assumed exclusive control of the Federal District and city. This inter-
esting event assumes all the more significance when we recall the
circumstances attending the choosing of the site, the naming of the
Capital in honor of the Father of his Country, and the interest taken by
him in the adoption of plans for its future development on a magnificent
scale.

‘“These original plans have been wrought out with a constant progress
and a signal success even beyond anything their framers could have
foreseen. ‘The people of the country are justly proud of the distinctive
beauty and government of the Capital, and of the rare instruments of
science and education which here find their natural home.

‘‘A movement lately inaugurated by the citizens to have the anniver-
sary celebrated with fitting ceremonies, including perhaps the establish-
ment of a handsome permanent memorial to mark so historic an occasion,
and to give it more than local recognition, has met with general favor
on the part of the public.

‘‘I recommend to the Congress the granting of an appropriation for
this purpose and the appointment of a committee from its respective
bodies. It might also be advisable to authorize the President to appoint
a committee from the country at large, which, acting with the Con-
gressional and District of Columbia committees, can complete the plans
for an appropriate national celebration.’’
Congresstonal Action. 195

The attached letter from Commissioner Wight explains the desira-
bility of this bill, and is made a part of this report:

‘OFFICE COMMISSIONERS OF THE DISTRICT OF CoLUMBIA,
Washington, February 3, 1899.

DEAR Sir: In connection with Senate bill No. 5391, referred to the
Committee on the District of Columbia, to: provide for a proper national
celebration of the establishment of the seat of government in the District
of Columbia, I have the honor to submit the following statement:

At a meeting of the citizens of the District of Columbia, held in
October last, to consider plans for the celebration of this important
event, I was elected chairman of the meeting, and was authorized to
appoint a committee of nine to make arrangements for the same. This
committee was appointed, and consists of prominent citizens of the
District of Columbia who have had large experience in the matter of
inaugural ceremonies, etc.

At the first meeting of the committee it was unanimously decided that
the celebration should be national in its character, and not purely local,
inasmuch as it celebrates the establishment of the National Capital.

The committee then waited upon the President of the United States,
who favored such a form of celebration, and has so expressed himself in
his last annual message to Congress.

This bill provides for the appointment by the President of a committee
from the country at large, of such a number as he shall think proper.
If he is allowed to do this, the committee will be appointed, consisting
probably of the Governors of the various States and other prominent citi-
zens, who will confer with the committees appointed by Congress and the
citizens’ committee of the District of Columbia, and arrange for the
proper celebration of the event referred to.

This is a matter, certainly, in which the whole country must take an
interest, and it is believed that the formation of such a committee of
arrangements will insure the wise and beneficial use that may be made
of such a celebration, and add largely to the welfare and growth of the
National Capital.

I am directed by the committee of which I am chairman to present
you these facts, and to say that the committee very earnestly desires the
passage of the bill, so that steps may be taken as soon as possible in the
direction indicated.

If any further information is desired, I shall be very happy to confer
with you or to send it to you upon your request.

Very respectfully,
JoHn B. WIGHT, Chairman.

Hon. Grorce M. CurTIS,
Acting Chairman District Committee, House of Representatives.”
196 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

The following paragraphs quoted from the Washington
Evening Star were also made a part of Mr. Curtis’ Report:

At a subsequent meeting of citizens of the District, held at Willard’s
Hall, for the purpose of receiving the report of the committee appointed
at the meeting held on the 24th of October to consider plans for the pro-
posed celebration of the centennial anniversary of the founding of this
city to be held in 1900, Mr. John B. Wight, president of the Board of
Commissioners of the District, and ex officio chairman of the committee,
presided, and Mr. W. S. McKean was the secretary. This committee of
nine is composed of Messrs. M. M. Parker, John Joy Edson, Charles
J. Bell, R. Ross Perry, Theodore W. Noyes, Lawrence Gardner, John W.
Thompson, and A. T. Britton.

Its report, which was read by the chairman, gave an account of the
appointment of the committee upon authority of resolutions adopted at a
public meeting held October 24. Continuing, the report stated:

‘‘A meeting of the committee was called for the evening of November
1, at which all were present with one or two exceptions. Full considera-
tion was given the resolution constituting the committee, suggestions
were made as to the various forms of celebration, and the committee
expressed the unanimous opinion that, inasmuch as the celebration
would relate to the establishment of the National Capital, it should be
national in character, and that before determining on any plan whatever,
a conference should be had with the President of the United States.

‘‘The President received the committee and at once evinced a deep
interest, conferring freely with its members and advising that before
further steps were taken, authority should be asked of Congress for the
appointment of Congressional representatives on the committee. He
also suggested that, were he given authority to do so, he would be glad
to increase the committee by the addition of citizens from the country
at large to cooperate in so worthy a project.

‘“The committee then requested the President to make reference to
the subject in his annual message to Congress, leaving with him a com-
munication to that effect. The President expressed a desire for more
detailed information, which was furnished him, and in his annual mes-
sage there appears this paragraph:

‘“*Tn the year rgoo will occur the centennial anniversary of the found-
ing of the city of Washington for the permanent Capital of the Govern-
ment of the United States by authority of an act of Congress approved
July 16, 1790. In May, 1800, the archives and general offices of the
Federal Government were removed to this place. On the 17th of Nov-
ember, 1800, the National Congress met here for the first time and
assumed exclusive control of the Federal district and city. This inter-
esting event assumes all the more significance when we recall the circum
stances attending the choosing of the site, the naming of the Capital in
Congressional Action. 197

honor of the Father of His Country, and the interest taken by him in
the adoption of plans for its future development on a magnificent scale.

‘““These original plans have been wrought out with a constant pro-
gress and a signal success, even beyond anything their framers could have
foreseen. ‘The people of the country are justly proud of the distinctive
beauty and government of the Capital, and of the rare instruments of
science and education which here find their natural home.

‘“‘A movement lately inaugurated by the citizens to have the anni-
versary celebrated with fitting ceremonies, including, perhaps, the estab-
lishment of a permanent memorial to mark so historical an occasion, and
to give it a more legal recognition, has met with general favor on the
part of the public.

““*T recommend to Congress the granting of an appropriation for this
purpose and the appointment of a committee from its respective bodies.
It might also be advisable to authorize the President to appoint a com-
mittee from the country at large, which, acting with the Congressional
and District of Columbia committees, can complete plans for an appro-
priate national celebration.’

‘*Since the message was sent to Congress, the following joint resolu-
tion was introduced into the Senate by Senator Hoar:

‘““Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That the President of the Sen-
ate and the Speaker of the House be, and are hereby, authorized to
appoint from the Senate and the House of Representatives, respectively,
five members, who shall act with the committee of citizens of the Dis-
trict of Columbia in the preparation and carrying out of plans for the
celebration of the centennial of the anniversary of the founding of the
city of Washington as the permanent Capital of the Government of the
United States, and that the President of the United States be, and is
hereby, authorized to appoint a committee from the country at large to
cooperate with the Congressional and District of Columbia committees
in the management of said celebration.’

“In the Senate, December 7, Senator Hoar introduced the following
resolution, which was adopted:

‘Resolved, That a committee of seven Senators be appointed by the
Chair, to whom shall be referred so much of the President’s message as
recommends the celebration with fitting ceremonies in the year 1900 of
the centennial anniversary of the founding of the city of Washington for
the permanent Capital of the Government of the United States.’

“Should this resolution become a law, the committee will be completed
as speedily as possible and convened for the formulation of such plans as
may be deemed proper.

‘The committee have endeavored in their deliberations to secure the
widest and most beneficial results for the District of Columbia. They
have not ignored that part of the resolution which requires them to
198 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

report to a meeting of citizens such plans as in their opinion are proper
for the observance of this great national event, but it will be seen from
the report made to-night that no plans have been adopted. The com-
mittee have called the citizens together to-night for the purpose of report-
ing progress, and to acquaint them with the steps which have been taken
thus far. It is hoped that their action will meet with the approval of
the citizens.’’

The information which was submitted to the President, to which ref-
erence is made in the report of the committee, was then read. It follows
in part:

‘The citizens of the National Capital appreciate the fact that the year
1900 will be the centennial of events in the nation’s history which, while
they are general in character, are directly related to our city and the
District of Columbia.

‘The one hundredth anniversary of the laying of the corner stone of
the Capitol was properly commemorated by our citizens September 18,
1893, but the approaching events to which we refer are of larger impor-
tance and demand more general notice.

‘‘In May, 1800, the archives and general offices of the Federal Gov-
ernment were removed to this place. On the 17th of November, 1800,
the National Congress met here for the first time and assumed exclusive
control of the Federal district and city.

‘“This may be said to have been the establishment of the city of
Washington as the permanent Capital of the United States, the legal
requirements being fully complied with when Congress met in regular
session on the first Monday in December, 1800, in accordance with the
act of July 16, 1799, which reads as follows: /

‘(4nd be it further enacted, That on the first Monday in December,
in the year eighteen hundred, the seat of Government of the United
States shall, by virtue of this act, be transferred to the District and place
aforesaid.’ ’’

Mr. Curtis, of Iowa: Mr. Speaker, I ask for a vote.

The bill was ordered to the third reading; and it was accord-
ingly read the third time and passed.

On motion of Mr. Curtis, of Iowa, a motion to reconsider
the vote by which the bill was passed was laid on the table.

February 25, 1899.
Mr. Hager, from the Committee on Enrolled Bills, reported
that it had examined and found truly enrolled S. 5391, an
act to provide for an appropriate national celebration of the
establishment of the seat of government in the District of
Columbia. It was then signed by the Speaker. .
Congresstonal Action, 199

SENATE.
February 25, 1899.

In a message from the House of Representatives it was
announced that the Speaker of the House “had signed the fol-
lowing enrolled bill:

S. 5391. A bill to provide for an appropriate national cele-
bration of the establishment of the seat of government in the
District of Columbia. It was thereupon signed by the Vice-
President.

March 1, 1899.

A message from the President of the United States, by Mr.
O. L. Pruden, one of his secretaries, announced that the
President had, on the 28th ultimo, approved and signed the
following act:

An act (S. 5391) to provide for an appropriate national cele-
bration of the establishment of the seat of government in the
District of Columbia.

REFERENCE OF REPORT ON PLANS FOR CELEBRATION.

SENATE.
March 7, rgoo.

The President pro ‘tempore laid before the Senate the fol-
lowing message from the President of the United States;
which was read, and, with the accompanying papers, referred
to the Committee on the Centennial of the Establishment of
the Seat of Government in Washington, and ordered to be
printed:

To the Senate and Flouse of Representatives:

I transmit herewith, for the information of Congress, the report of
the proceedings of the committee appointed in conformity with an act of
Congress entitled ‘‘An act to provide for an appropriate national cele-

bration of the establishment of the seat of government in the District of

Columbia,’’ approved February 28, 1899.
WILLIAM MCKINLEY.
EXECUTIVE MANSION March 7, rgoo.

HOUvsE.
March 8, r9o0.

The Speaker laid before the House the following mes-
sage of the President; which was read, referred to the Select
200 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Committee on the Centennial of the Establishment of the Seat
of Government in Washington, and ordered to be printed:
(For text of message see preceding page.)

PROVIDING FOR PLANS FOR ENLARGEMENT OF EXECUTIVE
MANSION AND TREATMENT OF MALL AND
CENTENNIAL AVENUE.

[Among the amendments to sundry civil appropriation bill.]

SENATE.
May 14, 1900.

Mr. McMillan submitted an amendment authorizing the
President of the United States to appoint an architect, a land-
scape architect, and a sculptor to make an examination and to
report plans for the enlargement of the Executive Mansion,
and proposing to appropriate $10,000 for services and expenses
incident thereto, intended to be proposed by him as an amend-
ment to the sundry civil appropriation bill; which was referred
to the Joint Committee on the Centennial of the Establish-
ment of the Seat of Government at Washington, and ordered
to be printed.

May 15, 1900.

Mr. McMillan, from the Joint Committee on the Centennial
of the Establishment of the Seat of Government in Washing-
ton, to whom was referred the amendment submitted by him-
self on the 14th instant, authorizing the President of the
United States to appoint an architect, a landscape architect,
and a sculptor to make an examination and report plans for
the enlargement of the Executive Mansion, and proposing to
appropriate $10,000 for services and expenses incident thereto,
intended to be proposed by him as an amendment to the
sundry civil appropriation bill, reported favorably thereon, and
moved that it be printed, and, with the accompanying paper,
referred to the Committee on Appropriations; which was
agreed to.

This amendment, worded as follows, was reached on May
26, during the consideration of the sundry civil bill (H. R.
TI212):

That the President of the United States is hereby authorized to
appoint an architect, a landscape architect, and a sculptor, each of con-
Congresstonal Action. 201

spicuous ability in his profession, to be associated with the Chief of
Engineers of the United States Army, to make an examination and to
report to Congress on the first Monday in December, nineteen hundred,
plans for the enlargement of the Executive Mansion; for the treatment
of that section of the District of Columbia situated south of Pennsylvania
avenue and north of B street SW., and for a suitable connection between
the Potomac and the Zoological parks.

For services and expenses incident to said examination and report, ten
thousand dollars, to be disbursed under the control of the Secretary of
War.

Mr. STEwarT. Let that amendment be passed over.

Mr. ALtison. At the request of the Senator from Nevada
and other Senators, I ask that the amendment may be passed
over.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The amendment will be
passed over.

May 29, 1900.

(In further consideration of the amendment offered by Mr.
McMillan on May 14th.)

Mr. PETTIGREW. Mr. President, it seems to me that that
amendment is not in order unless it has been estimated for.

Mr. ALLISON. It is not estimated for, but I will say to the
Senate that this is an amendment which has the approval of
a standing committee of the Senate.

Mr. PETTIGREW. The Committee on Public Buildings and
Grounds?

Mr. ALLISON. It was sent to us by the Committee on the
District of Columbia, and I believe, also, by the Committee on
Public Buildings and Grounds.

Mr. CHANDLER. This is not general legislation; it is spe-
cific legislation, and I do not suppose anybody doubts that
the Committee on Appropriations has the right—not a superior
right to any other committee, but the same right as any
other committee—to recommend the adoption of appropria-
tions of this kind.

Mr. ALLISON. I was not waiving the right of the Committee
on Appropriations.

Mr. McMILLAN. Mr. President, I should like to say right
here that this amendment was placed in this appropriation
bill at the instance of 'the Select Committee on the Centennial
202 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

of the Establishment of the Seat of Government in Washing-
ton, a joint committee of Congress, acting in connection with
the Governors of the States and citizens appointed by the
President. At their meeting on the 21st of February this com-
mittee decided to advise additions to the White House, and
also to open up the Mall by means of a handsome avenue to
connect the White House grounds with the Capitol grounds.

This committee has had several meetings, the result of
which was this recommendation for the employment of proper
and capable persons to report to Congress upon this subject,
and this amendment is to carry out that suggestion. The
proposition is simply to obtain plans, the report to be sub-
mitted hereafter. I think the committee was unanimous in
recommending that the appropriation should be made.

The PRESIDENT fro ‘empore. The question is on the
aimendment which has been made.

Mr. STEWART. Mr. President, before that passes away, I
wish to makeasuggestion. I hopethat thecommission will not
obliterate the historic building known as the White House, and
that, whatever they do, they will preserve that building with
all its features, for, as I have said, it is historical, and I think
it is a piece of fine architecture. If so desired, buildings can
be erected on either side of the White House or all around;
but whatever is done, I hope that they will leave that building
as a legacy to the country. I think the people are by all
odds more attached to that building and its associations than
to any other building in the United States.

The PRESIDENT fro tempore. The question is on the
amendment of the committee.

The amendment was agreed to.

HOUusE.
June 6, 1900.

Mr. Cannon. Mr. Speaker, I desire to call up the con-
ference report on the sundry civil appropriation bill, and I
ask unanimous consent to dispense with the reading of the
report, and that the statement be read.

The SPEAKER. Without objection, the statement will be
read and the reading of the report will be omitted.

There was no objection.
Congresstonal Action. 203

The Clerk read the statement, as follows:

The managers on the part of the House at the conference on the disa-
greeing votes of the two Houses on certain amendments of the Senate
to the bill (H. R. 11212) making appropriations fof sundry civil expenses
for the fiscal year 1901, submit the following written statement in expla-
nation of the effect of the action agreed upon as to each of said amend-
ments and submitted in the accompanying conference report, namely:

On No. 117: Appropriates $6,000 for expense of preparing plans for
the enlargement of the Executive Mansion, and $4,000 to enable the
Chief of Engineers to make an examination and report to Congress plans
for the treatment of that section of the District of Columbia situated
south of Pennsylvania avenue and north of B street SW., and for a suita-
ble connection between the Potomac and the Zoological Paiks.

J. G. CANNON,

W. H. Moopy,

Tuos. C. McRaAE,
Managers on the part of the Flouse.

The question was taken on agreeing to the conference
report, and the conference report was agreed to.

FINAL LEGISLATION PROVIDING FOR JOINT EXERCISES.

HOUvusE.
December 3, 1900.

Under clause 3 of Rule XXII, House bill 12283, in rela-
tion to the celebration of the centennial anniversary of the
establishment of the permanent seat of government in the Dis-
trict of Columbia, was introduced by Mr. Cannon, and referred
to the Committee on Appropriations.

December 4, 1900.
Mr. Cannon. Mr. Speaker, by direction of the Committee
on Appropriations, I report back without amendment the bill
which I send to the desk, and ask for its immediate

consideration.
The bill (H. R. 12283) was read, as follows:

A BILL (H.R. 12283) in relation to the celebration of the centennial anniversary of
the establishment of the permanent seat of government in the District of
Columbia.

Whereas the Senate and House of Representatives have each appointed

a committee to act with other committees appointed respectively by the
204 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

President of the United States and by the citizens of the District of
Columbia (in a mass meeting assembled), which committees have in
charge the celebration of the centennial anniversary of the establishment
of the permanent seat of government in the District of Columbia; and

Whereas said committees have in joint session adopted a plan of cele-
bration which has been submitted to the President of the United States
and by him transmitted to Congress, such plan proposing as a feature of
the celebration the holding by the Senate and House of Representatives.
jointly, commemorative exercises in the Hall of the House of Representa-
tives in the afternoon of the twelfth day of December, nineteen hundred,
in honor of the centennial anniversary of the first session of Congress
held in the permanent Capitol: Therefore,

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That the two Houses of Con-
gress shall assemble in the Hall of the House of Representatives on the
twelfth day of December, nineteen hundred, at the hour of half past
three o’clock post meridian, and that addresses on subjects bearing on
the celebration shall be made by Senators and Representatives to be
chosen by the joint committee mentioned in the preamble; that the
President and ex-Presidents of the United States, the heads of the sev-
eral Executive Departments, the Justices of the Supreme Court, repre-
sentatives of foreign governments accredited to this Government, the
Governors of the several States and Territories, the Commissioners of
the District of Columbia, the Lieutenant-General of the Army and the
Admiral of the Navy, officers of the Army and Navy who have received
the thanks of Congress, and all persons who have the privilege of the
floor either of the Senate or the House, be, and are hereby, invited to be
present on the occasion, and that the members of the committee from the
country at large, the members of the said citizens’ committee, and
the chairmen and vice-chairmen of the committees of the National Capital
centennial, are hereby granted the privilege of the floor of the House
during the exercises; that the said citizens’ committees shall issue cards
of admission to such portions of the public galleries of the Hall of the
House as may be set apart by the doorkeeper of the House for that pur-
pose. ‘That the Speaker of the House shall call the assembly to order
and the President j7o tempore of the Senate shall act as presiding officer
during the exercises. That the twelfth day of December, nineteen hun-
dred, be a legal holiday within the District of Columbia. "That the
Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy are authorized to
deliver to the Architect of the Capitol, for the purpose of decorating the
Capitol, its approaches, and the reviewing stands in the Capitol grounds
for the occasion, such United States ensigns and flags, except battle
flags, and such signal numbers and other flags as may be spared, the
same to be delivered to the Architect immediately, and returned by him
not later than the thirty-first day of December, nineteen hundred. ‘the
Congresstonal Action. 205

admission of the general public to the southern portion of the Capitol,
including the Rotunda, on the said twelfth day of December, nineteen
hundred, shall be by card only, under the direction of the doorkeeper of
the House. That the Commissioners of the District of Columbia are
authorized and directed, for the occasion, to make all reasonable regula-
tions necessary to secure the preservation of public order and protection
of life and property, and to grant authority or permits for the use of
such thoroughfares and sidewalks in the city of Washington as may be
necessary for parades, and that the citizens’ committee are authorized to
erect for the occasion a reviewing stand at the east side of, or on the
east steps of, the Capitol.

There being no objection, the House proceeded to the con-
sideration of the bill; which was ordered to be engrossed and
read the third time; and it was accordingly read the third
time, and passed.

On motion of Mr. Cannon, a motion to reconsider the last
vote was laid on the table.

December 5, 1900.

Mr. Baker, from the Committee on Enrolled Bills, reported
that the committee had examined and found truly enrolled a
bill (H. R. 12283) in relation to the celebration of the centen-
nial anniversary of the establishment of the permanent seat
of Government in the District of Columbia. The Speaker
then signed the bill.

SENATE.
December 5, 1900.

Mr. Harz. Mr. President, a bill has just come over from
the House of Representatives providing for the exercises of
the centennial celebration here on the 12th of this month. It
is important. It simply provides for the order of exercises
and the use of the Hall of the House of Representatives for
the celebration. I should like very much to have it put upon
its passage now. There is no objection to it.

The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. GALLINGER in the chair).
The Chair lays before the Senate a bill from the House of
Representatives.

The bill (H. R. 12283) in relation to the celebration of the
centennial anniversary of the establishment of the permanent
seat of Government in the District of Columbia was read for
the first time by its title.
206 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Mr. CockRELL. Let the bill be read the second time in full.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill will be read for the
information of the Senate. Before the reading begins,
the hour of 2 o’clock having arrived, the Chair lays before
the Senate the unfinished business, which will he stated.

The SEcrETARY. A bill (S. 727) to promote the commerce
and increase the foreign trade of the United States, and to
provide auxiliary cruisers, transports, and seamen for Govern-
ment use when necessary.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, the unfinished
business will be temporarily laid aside, pending the considera-
tion of the bill from the House, which will be read the second
time at length.

The bill was read the second time at length (see p. 203 e¢ seq.).

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection to the present
consideration of the bill?

There being no objection, the bill was considered as in
Committee of the Whole.

Mr. CockrELL. I should like to ask whether the bill
makes the 12th day of December a national holiday?

Mr. Hace. It makes it a legal holiday for the District of
Columbia. The Committee

Mr. CocKRELL. For all time to come, or just simply for
this year?

Mr. HALE. Only for this year. The committee that had
it in charge at the other end of the Capitol——

Mr. CocKRELL. The Senator is sure that it is only for
this year?

Mr. HALE. Undoubtedly.

Mr. CocKRELL. If it is for all time to come, | am unalterably
opposed to it.

Mr. Hae. Let that part of the bill be read.

Mr. CocKRELL. Let that part be read again.

Mr. Hae. I know what the intention is. The provision
in reference to the public holiday is in the latter part of the bill.

Mr. CockrELL. I did not catch it. There were others
talking equally as loud while it was being read.

Mr. Hae. Of course it ought to apply only to the present
12th of December.

 

 
Congresstonal Action. 207

Mr. PLaTT, of Connecticut. It is on the third page of the
bill.

The Secretary read as follows:

That the 12th day of December, 1900, be a legal holiday within the
District of Columbia.

Mr. Hate. That is very clear.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. If there is no amendment pro-
posed, the bill will be reported to the Senate.

The bill was reported to the Senate without amendment.

Mr. CockKRELL. I understand that the Senator from Maine,
the committee, and all those interested in this matter agree
that the 12th of December is not to be a permanent holiday,
but only in the year 1900.

Mr. HALE. It is so stated definitely in the bill.

Mr. CocKRELL. I know: it may be claimed

Mr. HALE. It is the 12th of this December. There is no
doubt about it at all.

Mr. CocKRELL. I want to have it clearly understood, because
there are a little too many holidays already.

The bill was ordered to its third reading, and passed.
_ The preamble was agreed to.

 

December 7, 1900.

A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr.
W. J. Browning, its Chief Clerk, announced that the Speaker
of the House had signed the enrolled bill (H. R. 12283) in
relation to the celebration of the centennial anniversary of
the establishment of the permanent seat of government in
the District of Columbia; and it was thereupon signed by the
President pro tempore.

HOUuseE.
December 10, 1900.

A message from the President of the United States, com-
municated to the House of Representatives by Mr. O. L.
Pruden, one of his secretaries, announced. that the President
had approved and signed a bill of the following title:

H. R. 12283. An act in relation to the celebration of the
centennial anniversary of the establishment of the permanent
seat of Government in the District of Columbia.
208 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

PREPARATORY TO ASSEMBLING: OF THE HOUSES FOR THE
EXERCISES AT THE CAPITOL ON DECEMBER 12.

SENATE.
December 12, 1900.

The Senate met at 3 o’clock p. m.

Eo Bs BS Eo * * Eo

Mr. Hate. While waiting for notice from the House of
Representatives that it is ready to receive the Senate, I will
ask the Senate to remain for a short time without taking
a recess. "The message will be here in a few moments,
undoubtedly.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Petitions and memorials are
in order. If there be none, reports of committees are in order.

Mr. Money. I thought when we adjourned yesterday to
meet to-day it was the understanding that no business would
be transacted. Am I mistaken about that order?

The PRESIDENT vo tempore. The Chair is informed that
the Journal does not show it.

Mr. CuLtom. That was the understanding.

Mr. Hae. It was undoubtedly the understanding of the
Senate that no business should be transacted to-day, as the
other body does no business to-day, because it was made a
legal holiday. ‘Therefore I hope that no formal business will
be. received.

The PRESIDENT p70 tempore. Without objection, that will
be the order.

After a delay of ten minutes,

The PRESIDENT fro tempore (at 3 o'clock and 22 minutes
p. m.). The Chair is informed that the messenger from the
other House is now here.

Mr. HALE. I move that the Senate proceed to the Hall of
the House of Representatives, there to take part in the cere-
monials of the day.

The motion was agreed to; and the Senate proceeded to the
Hall of the House of Representatives.

The Senate returned to its Chamber at 6 o’clock and 19
minutes p. m.

Mr. HALE. I move that the Senate adjourn.
Congresstonal Action. 209

The motion was agreed to; and (at 6 o’clock and 20 min-
utes p. m.) the Senate adjourned until to-morrow, Thursday,
December 13,. 1900, at 11 o’clock a. m.

2
HOUusE.
December 12, 1900.

The House met, pursuant to adjournment, at 3 o’clock and
I5 minutes p. m., and was called to order by the Speaker, the
Hon. David B. Henderson.

On taking the chair the Speaker was greeted with the
applause of members.

The Chaplain, Rev. Henry N. Couden, D. D., offered the
following prayer:

We bless Thee, our Father in heaven, for our country, its incompara-
ble past, its vast resources, its magnificent proportions, and the promise
of its perpetuity and future glory; for this beautiful city, the seat of our
Government, which through all the vicissitudes of the past has added to
its proportions until it promises to be not only the most beautiful but
the most interesting and influential city in all the world.

We invoke Thy blessing upon the exercises of the day which com-
memorates its hundredth anniversary. We are not unmindful of the
struggles, the sacrifices, the heroic deeds of our fathers, who laid the
foundation of our Government deep and strong and broad, and that
eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.

Help us to emulate the virtues of our fathers; to be watchful, zealous,
patriotic, that we may grow to yet vaster proportions, greater usefulness
and influence, and Thine shall be the praise. Through Jesus Christ our
Lord. Amen.

At this point the members of the Senate entered the House
for the purpose of taking part in the specially appointed
ceremonies of the day.

14

 

H. Doc. 552
FINANCE.

The subjoined statement from the Chairman of the Finance
Committee, accompanied by a list of the subscriptions towards

the expenses of the Centennial Celebration, demonstrates the
readiness with which citizens responded to the Committee’s

appeal for funds, and indicates the disposition made of the
money subscribed to meet the local expenses of the celebration.

OCTOBER 9, I90I.
My Dear Sir: The finance committee, charged with raising money for the pur-
pose of meeting expenses incident to the ceremonies commemorating the establish-
ment of the seat of Government in Washington, beg to report that they performed
that duty with the following result:

 

Amount received through individual subscriptions .................-+0.... $8, 481
Received from the badge committee, sale of badges...................0005 I, 500
LOCAL ast Younes cavencs ier apa sett tenets AC Vsce teat ed Poe ® Seay Rema ares mecramaI OG 9, 981

After paying all bills, we had a balance of $331. 43, which, by direction of the
executive committee, was turned over to the Hon. John W. Douglass, to be used by
him as chairman in connection with the District Day ceremonies at the Buffalo
Exposition.

I take pleasure in inclosing herewith a list of names of those who subscribed, .
showing the amount in each case. I can not permit myself to conclude this report
without congratulating the Centennial Committee on its chairman, in the person of
yourself.

In the preparation of the details leading up to this ceremony, you were always
painstaking, obliging, and convincing. The address delivered by you at the White
House was a beautiful word picture of the marvelous growth of Washington, and
has gone into history as one of the gems of that historic event. ;

Very respectfully, Myron M. PARKER,
Chairman Finance Committee.
Hon. H. B. F. MACFARLAND,
Chairman Centennial Committee, City.

SUBSCRIBERS TO THE NATIONAL CAPITAL CENTENNIAL FUND.

The Dewey Fund................ $500 Thos. F. Walsh.................. $100
The Riggs National Bank........ 250 S.W. Woodward.........-....... 100
Washington Gas Light Co....... 250° AM. Othropss : eiccerceundic aati tice 100
The Evening Star Co............ 200 Crosby S. Noyes..............06. 100
The Capital Traction Co......... roo =R.Ross Perry ...............-0.. 100
The Raleigh Hotel .............. 1607 1G.C Willard: ccanarcamnanictwaia 100
The Washington Post Co ........ TOO. Je RMCI CEI iy cect nerscanrresscersarar tee 100
ATS Establishment of the
John W. Thompson..... ........ $100
Mia Me Parker. iis diac mdngsnanee ot 100
John Joy Edson ................. 100
Co Ji BO: wenasicavewarm newman Renewed 100
SS: Bi Rossel’ is siiisnigsiyccemiener ees 100
American Security and Trust Co.. —_I00
Chris. Heurich Brewing Co ...... 100
J.B. Henderson.................. 100
COP NOPment cis ceanesuen beans 50
LC. WAHSHIp i. wa oeccgannas ea 50
Co TU ST ene. na napa unatnes 50
OF Ge Sta pl OS csc ccnsinateerninucerenes 50
Thomas E. Waggaman........... 50
Columbia National Bank......... 50
Jas. G, Betietse iss ctervaneeeenyes 25
James E. Fitch ..............-... 25
Freeborn G. Smith............... 25
Thomas W. Smith ............... 25
Saks & Company................ 25
Cuno H. Rudolph ............... 25
IA: STAASTICIR Bis Sis fact tenn eee soa oireayehos 25
W. W. Burdette. ..............05- 25
Rev. Alex. Mackay-Smith ........ 25
J. H. Small..& Sons ss cago.0ese aes 25
Robert Portner s,s cvacaeeesaouses 25
Samuel Maddox................. 25
G. G. Cornwell & Son............ 25
John B. Scott.................... 25
Henry F. Blount................. 25
Galt Brothers .................-. 25
Hon. Walter S.Cox.............. 25
Jas Le NOriss ceccwunennkgaurnace 25
WG Wittemor€ c.ccsccguscos anes 25
Phe Willard) soviumunnemeammn aeaed ve 25
Albright & Barker............... 25
Hon. John W. Ross.............. 25
Hon. H. B. F. Macfarland ........ 25
Levi Woodbury ................. 25
ERS. Par kets cea nauee aa wmaaie toe 25
Wm. McKinley...... S iseua tlie bane 25
RaIpPH Wy Galt. 3.2 siececcs.d aan 25
Alonzo O. Bliss.......0.......... 25
Je CPA Tt Ord virco cncpiscesace schees ean 25
Hamilton & Colbert ............. 25
Wim Galton pean eueedieoonsine 25
Matthew G. Emery .............. 25
Charles Keidel ¢ 2.650025: ¢050 000 25
G.T. Danlop 0.5.0 dene eg eens cae 25
Theo. W. Noyes ................. 25
Calderon Carlisle................ 25
Chas. E. Foster ..........-+--.04. 25
Wayne MacVeagh............... 25
As Sx Gillett scx ontmctatrnaarnncights 25
W.J. Boardman .......... 2.0... 25

Seat of Government.

James Lownes.....c60e.0ececee es $25
S. Kann, Son & Co............0.. 25
Barber & Ross .......-...000005: 25
Gifford Pinchot ...............0. 25
Patrick Maloney ................ 20
BoB. Warner innccccs vince edeurees 20
Lansburgh Brothers ............. 20
James B. Lambie ................ 20
Wm. F. Mattingly ............... 20
Daniel Prasietic .ci an aseecine ercarisevere 20
Tei AWE: cerassinseeosn a5 es aarti eelovesten 20
George Truesdell................ 20
Albert\M, Reedieccic. scigiaminn wegen 20
James H. McKenney............. 20
IF) Berliners costs goats genera: 20
E. F. Droop & Sons.............. 20
Dr. Richard Kingsman........... 20
Jas WORE, ictcnee toda aueicanicde 20
Maxwell V. Z. Woodhull ......... 20
The Cochran Hotel.............. 20
BJ Plei bergen yacacsncws atiieaciass 20
Oe Crosby incscrvacra.mank oaitiarduniseiant 20
G. W. F. Swartzell ............... 20
A. By Hager oss cccscpaencsdor nes ‘20
John Taylor Arms ............... 20
Joseph lL. Miller.............-... 20
Tolbert Lanston................. 15
Ri Marrs 82'CO i... c.cnsnreuwauiusiuvins 15
HIGH ES MAY act t a ecccana wie emanate 15
Perey Crantordsic.doccccramemnes 15
B. B. Earnshaw & Bro...... ..... 15
Weaver Brothers ................ 15
HHO Ms eri th. gsc urge opnwiseatiaters 15
Rufus:H. Thayer ses ccc.0. exeeass 10
Go EB Abbott e4 cen coeay eenecnes 10
Geo. Heming.................44. Io
B. H. Stinemetz & Son........... 10
Joseph Crawford ................ 10
Rt. Rev. H. Y. Satterlee .......... 10
Geo. W. Brown .................. 10
Rev. John D. Whitney ........... 10
Menry Ps Blaitacccvons Sagenwnaians 10
Je MeGowantssin iss sacarea se nislesnets 10
W. W. Johnson .................. 10
E. M. Gallaudet ................. 10
PB Ob Beckett sciseaweuaawaesecae 10
Henry C. Stewart................ 10
John W. Schaefer................ 10
Mrs. M.C. Audenreid ............ 10
Dr. Danl. B. Clark. ......: Swisnstasibig's Io
J. Kennedy Stout................ 10
John: Cassels + s:nsiwanks cqnees 45% 10
AL Ay Wilson: scxvecexeueeaswanees 10
John Prathefius cccicawanivacsues Io
Finance, B14
©. BeChuteh scsceegesseeeeeng ace fio C.A. Langley ................02. $10
Geos. Ms Kole ss cacmaneene pao 1o A.C. Shannon................... 10
Martin A. Knapp................ 10 AL BLED ys. cccavesa meg aroun 10
Walter C. Allen ................. 16) CoB Pearson: gcc gisea pind aetaaenensts 10
Conrad Becker ................4. to A.Geary Johnson................ 10
A.B. Richardson ................ to 6G,W.Strongman................ 10
Path ]> Peles. sacs cacosgeexeeeoer Wo (Gi W.. Casilerys weiesegeneasianaas Io
Wa Vu Re Berry seaqeceueid sn esec: 10 LG, Batley vcseescugs.s4 cesses 10
Matthew Trimble ............... 1o G. Taylor Wade................. 10
D, A. Chambers.............2.... io Saml.H.Edmonston ............ Io
Noble D. Larner................. TO: Os He Dittima tt ee see oe bale epdarcuesd 10
Rev. D. J. Stafford ............... io A.E. Randle ................... Io
Rev. R. H. McKim............... Io Jno.J. Nolan .................... Io
Jas. Ac Bates)... vs icca ay ba ae sannss io Walter H. Acker..............7.. 10
R. Ross Perry, jr................ to) | Win. B. Gurley: iccscccs ca cena cies 10
Moore & Hill ................... io JohnCallahan................... 10
Wm. Hahn & Co................ to 6B. Fi Leightotts.....4. sistas sages saat 10
Ju VN ity Cease nista ae nityignenda goa to: John @, Parker 6240 ea xu s2 aauigkisis Io
Geo. B, Pylesi viscera aad eeadeues § 10: Sh Ay Laniberts.uceeue sk oeees Race Ic
BD. McKenney. os .43 sn eanebess io Wm. Ballantyne & Sons ......... 10
Charles“W. Richardson .......... to Jno. C. Chaney 2.4 ...0.¢200s4 ch8. Io
Ia Si Stoner: :c4 s2saces ghee eee es 10 W.E.Edmonston ............... 10
Geo. A. Mills & Son ............, 10. ByPOMAY ss sdccueene 130 gaa oek 10
J. B. Gregg Custis..............., io $.S.Shedd & Bro............... 10
Jas. Topham .................... To. Anson Mills... gag ae ieee eee 10
Byron S. Adams................. TOL) “W.'V. COR a oe2e.cenp can kek eolwees Io
Browning & Middleton .......... io Richardson & Burgess........... Io
John Cropper ................... io L,. P.Shoemaker................. 10
Sa CoSMOGt. os. cccccug eg as wens aes io Edw. J. Stellwagen .............. 10
Chas: JwAllém ccc ciciaccatiereeac TO. Fule MO0te ccc cancniods beens 10
Wm. H. McKnew................ Io Robert B. Caverly ............... Io
V. Baldwin Johnson ............. 70 H.C. Ansley opie cite e seisneensincce Io
Thos. P. Morgan................. to. J. J: Darlingtou 3 oc oycegnsacd oem 10
J. M. A. Watson ..............-.. To Alex: Hecht)... :2ccceavs os pgueenee 10
John Cammack.................. 10 Gibson Brothers................. 10
Wm. R.Spedre ....3546 seins Io John J.Hemphill................ 10
A; BB. Grahaimy oo22 Side oteakacas 1o Hornblower & Marshall ......... 10
Luchs & Bro... 1.2... cece eee 10) Wald. Walkers cones aces daaiadiend ets 10
SG: T. Morsell. 20. 220 seuasoun ‘Io James M.Green................. 10
John T. Winter..............--.. 1o Alphonso Hart.................. 10
John By Jarvis iscvosae cents cee 10 A.J. Parsons: . 2ciwicasscemagenis Io
Dr. ZT SOWeIS oe ee eee Sad soto 10° GoS: Burdette: ...5 5 cssewesiimennss 10
Mertz & Mettzicc...ssacnicnns wn 10 Chapin Brown................... 10
Otto Mears ..........-.-..5-200. io Robt. I. Fleming................. 10
John L. McNeil ..............-.. TO° (Geos Jy May ccsg cgay poecsaealeges 10
Geo. W. Cook .........-.0..00 ee io Wm. Corcoran Hill.............. 10
GEO BIEl soins eyo cae o44 Ae 1o ‘Thos. M. Chatard................ 10
John B. Wight................... to Dulin & Martin Co.............. 10
Thos. E. Ogram ..........-..-5-- 10 Geo. F. Muth & Co.............. 10
Jas. K.McCammon.... ......... 10: Ay Ay BIPne jf. scctecen akin bows 10
R. AGuinell siciacio sewe deccaqans 10 Dr. H.C. Yarrow 6 i neces atonnnans 10
H. L. Biscoe.......... parece 1o M. Dyrenforth Co............... 10
Chas, B. Bailey «2. 0s 22¢sscresaaes 10 WeP. Kellogg. oc. oc crew weaaaiwes Io

Geo. B. Cortelyou................ io Gasch Brothers.................. 10
214 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Wm. F. Roberts ........... isiafe' as gio “HB. BUMcGuire vic cccctacner dees $10
John H. Magruder............... to A. By Brown). 2 c2eia salon ponies 10
GiGi Sevan rs dee cowka wk bees 1. Ty. Brows: geccee gece ataeune 10
Geo. A. Shehan.................. 1@ A. As Thoimasis.sschseacanasuaris 10
James S. Morrill..........0...... Te: (WS. Barbar, oo. cease nea ote 10
Geo. H. Harries. ................. ro H.H.Darneille.................. Io
John F. Waggaman.............. To John A. Merritt .............0... 10
Thomas J. Keane................ io 6W.P. Van Wickle............... 10
John: B.Daish seas csesaeauaennss io J.& M. Strasburger.............. 10
Fy Ac Seymour ye: g5d5 ewes s be TO. Ay Fi; Pok-s +4 cuease vestecer gsi tels 10
Judd & Detweiler................ to Arthur Cowsill.................. 10
PiJiNGC 82: CO... suas G23 aces 10 Edw. A. Mosely ...............-. 10
The J.C. Ergood Co.............. To Bs Speare sn. c.cua ere wane tees 10
Chas. B. Beebe & Co............. ‘yo Charles Kraemer................ 10
Ay J JOVCE CO: cca dcieetaies vases io W.B. Thompson ................ 10
R.S.Solomons..............+-5: 10. WC, Slaten occccssceda teas ta eee Io
Max Cohen scan asing Aaasileeecnd TO! JT Petty 2 scscecseesin tase gaan nee Hen 10
W.S. Thompson.........0....... io “Victor G. Fishery. 6... 6 scc0. es wars Io
Az C@. Moses 22.4 nneeseds toma vb eyes ro T..G; Kimball. scneceinssyecuee wine 10
AyS, Caywood ..2cccisyasyeuasaes to (C.J. MeCubbitacgeyse es seerkn aan 10
Reedy Bram kd iit o.c0 csaygtonaeainis acne ts 10 Daniel Laughlin ...... oe Aba bes 10
Thomas Wilson ................. AMO TH OASH OMY che uh atest onans 10
E.S. Hendrick .................- io John F. Ellis & Co............... 10
Hugo Worl... 2. iis seveecceeeee 10 Newton & Gillett ............... 10
Jb A MAN 8 eo oe sca secscs exe aetentsaace a to. 6©G.C. Bloomer ................0.. 10
House & Hermann.............. HO: C.D WWM S: caicnsaa sx deme 408 10
Andrew B. Duvall ............... 10 H. Rozier Dulany................ 10
Me To Weller, «ni ccuse nan gine anata 10; Js Bo Wilson sce: eanusiten waa aaa 10
WiC. Maskell. vse sccc ce wae s see to Frank. A. Lutz, Jr. ccssuece ce veees 10
Christian Xander................ io Joseph Gawler .................. 10
Owen O'Hare oy: cegseeegeads ees io Hon. J. W. Foster................ 10
A.R. Sewen............0000- 00. to Edward L. Jordan ............... 10
Dr.J. D. Morgan................. 1o Jerome Hubbard................. 10
N. H. Shea............0... 002 eee 10 James Y. Davis’ Sons............ 10
Frank Hume.................... 10 Hugh Reilly: o.2.c.s2ce:2 gees 10
Ji GTA settee ceeenese «ee bce ale eds a 10 D.W. Prentiss................... 10
Ji BABGHy: ec aig sani caeiannnnee 1o LouisD. Wine................... Io
Andrew Gleason................. to WalterR. Wilcox...........0 0... Io
Dr. J. W. Bovee .... 02.0.2. seen ee io John B. Larner.................. Io
H, V. Boynton. 24 o540¢ oncruadens 1o Chas. W. Needham .............,. Io
Louis A Dents cans ov eeuaeee ews: TO TE ReJOneSs sia seacies acces aca diews wie Io
Charles Rauscher................ To: (Gs W, Talbert sancuvre ie eleorse-gay 5
T. F. Schneider.................. to H.C. McCauley ................. 5
Robert Fletcher................. io Dr.S. EB. Dewis...............244 5
R.G. Rutherford ................ To S. Di Lincoln. ccc sce see ea ees 5
Fi Ay Gane? ccc dae ccna nurlemees 7O° ‘Cyrus Bussey .oscces cscs Sacins 5
Nathaniel Wilson ............... 16° J WH. Hares scacunciniacccana ani 5
F.H. Henderson ................ 10) M.E. Crane vicccicas cave e cence vie 5
Arthur Peter. 4. sis suai IO Job SDann eric cagiainsaseeecee: weds 5
Frank Pilling ..22.c2¢ sacyeueeaes 10 H.H.Stoutenburgh.............. 5
A.M. McLaughin ............... io Oscar Luckett...............0.00. 5
T.L. Holbrook ...... ..2........ 10 Robert N. Harper................ 5
Herbert G. Ogden ............... 10 Melville Lindsay................ 5
S. CONGAlEs os cteccectac tema lness 10> WB: Powell wcssaays ooiciee ae neacas 5
finance. B15

WC: Duvall «cc ¢ctacsecvagsares $5. Was MOSES icc 5 os coe oes eaek ae
G.U. Magruder.................. Se Wide EL |CRUPCHE 55. dung dee Ponne wad
Rev. F. D. Power .............2.. 5. AB Davidsott .0024 sa aveecsaee ace
By Ni CAEVER onic hp acca wen aun 6 acted 6) DAP. Pard On 3: inno cara meee
Wi Be Tod dices. 405 ds-0 sexe see aan 5 G. WN @ustis:28 cccccigaced Hae
As KalSO tbs aay een Mahan ee 5 J.T. Walker & Sons.............
JJ Halstead acgeaes es cia cous eos 5 LL.M. Saunders......0.006.0:. 005
A. E. H.Johnston................ 5 BL. Johnson o:eecc.geesasegs oe
WH: Rapley: scescrsssenysa panes 5: Cecil Clay sicexessecceaeesseanes
Jiz-By SHG vs agen ee ses ee een is geeks 5. Ee NAGI oy oe sews eden. ae eee.
Gi As Bartlett: ooyjeuweac awe ata 5 Hi. NeMaplit vc ceccscenepeedeess
W., Je brizzell (oe. p2utcomteg ad auue SW, TUMOR: sce eaccewiedeie se ama
See BONG satire. 9saneeusituaning tepane 5 M.S.Thompson.................
Gi Baleyincs 23 ctancatanamenemaces 5 GUN pACKEP oc econeheeneeceeetaas
RaW. Darby vseesacece a4 gaaa mn & A Handiie sc. cccesnaeeeasees §
[fz CoBIN6 yi tsa ss nace nenanne canes 5 Wm.P. Lipscomb ............-..
Philip Tindalos cscescc2 ce eew ens 5 F.H.Thomas Company..........
Ge We Barras ia cus ais emitting oensesiies So EE Leal icscca mente Guanes mere a
DW. Glassies «2222.44.44 44 ataatedras 5 Dr. F.T. Chamberlain............
A, Gude Brosises:escunceeanewontan 1 Wide Blac race 25. cinta ees are eicieacaia-s
John: Re Francis. 5.244047. 9eneeat 5. Dr Wm, Tindalle..:2.45<¢e024444
Dri W..Ry Kings: osesessssencenne 5 EvS: Wescott. ..ecsecuecaeewasags
A.B, Leckié ¢csyececeaagan sees 5. Chas. Schuchert...:22.0¢seee40505
Ay An Hoehlings iris «os secx eactn te 5 Ernest Wilkinson ...............
Percy Sv POsters sence sou ss umeds Si HBS SimpsOnp.wtsa pace ences
Ro Tt re Msg 2 wuss abd ais eiteneanceds 5 Wm.W. Dodge..................
Henry B.Munn................. 5 Rev. T.S. Hamlin ...............
Da Bi McCarry is cn eu fh neemcuncices 5 Dr S.C. Busey cso ccceasesnatsdes
OBO Gilttys ecco sscueremon ens S HLM, Meatot ssc. cscs ccsscnasaaa
ES: Wa Betta ecketens exact are eeesqetenaen 5 Geo. B. Welch...................
R. W. Henderson................ 5 (GS. Py PIShef 10. ag2cacscaaenanees
GaSHi, laisarss a's 'elacve pig sini gle entatenei no 5 Joseph Parrisis., ..cccdeawcaaennes
Frank Baker....... syle gay aemensie 6 EE. Jackson; o.ccecduscaeseeed
BSG: Sigpen .. .ce-cexs edeveseuiine 5 SHH, RUCKER s5.0. ec narcmanr ening ses
J: GS. Burger sees ese33 enedsinen S Ls B Wright) w.cessaccmcorecescts
Dr. J.H.N. Wering.............. iS JnGe Butlers va seecy.cweess ne ee dale
BUS Smith sie eke ee eee S Bela Mill coessss tee ee setae eee
J. HR Pete, oi cosmed ioe tetas 5 Charles Graft: :scseeeeeregaes Sess
G. F. Cook .......... Bester ers etre gf BOR Greens azeaee aenqeaeaes
P.M UES: 3.8 22.2, caus gee ohare 5) CV ACSHENAS seccecuawnnes Gees
J: Wi -DOUSIAS). 5.02232 agers io A TPS Clarks 3) Sue Ra aeee weds dale
N. E. Robbmson ................ 5S Je Ra YOURS so4 240 2.deewei ba wibetue
J. Di Carmody’ i225 nec neces 65 We Eh Piekt0 tds n2c202 22 220340 gas
Ni Ky Poulton os... 00800 sacearcinins Si. Js Je APplehs i pencanccenasaeazca
Hy Pe Chea thant s..c2.2 2 is.egishertnenes 5 Win: A. Finkel o4 3 ccenccc ae gene
J: Fred Kellioyvueesceeececye oeainn 5 GeBiiGreenvnsnstsasiseeeneeaeces
CLB: Re@ttieasssseceyon ees caniaiee 5 ‘Samuel H. Green...............-
Hénty Cy. Kart 4 sessee4e4344ene0 § AL W, BYancis 22s ¢crgeceeuioe Sees
John A. Schneider........... 8 5 J. Mi. Cutts.ccensesecscousstyer side
A. T, Stewart... 0. eee eee 5 Jno. Van Schaick, jr.............
Wa. C. TG Wis oe cee ee de aed e eccce 5 Weston Flint............... sd
Drie Wis Bay Nes s.5.22.0 0802 © hud ewes i 4. Jods, WHER ie coon tii tas teases
J. Be Gord On cnnciicain pase eaes 5 GyRy REPEC. 220262.06.0) daunnocuue
Be We Donny jt eas: so0gs0 eee ten 5 Earnshaw & Leary..............
216 Establishment of the Seat of Government.
J; Re Bds8Otiig. hac ccccs tae! aeeraae os Je Be Clack s.vecnegees cea eereeeds $5
JM Calppises dicudiaa ised iedaes 5. JAWS DOlsOttys « sie sianeuisndanss 493 5
TA. Be LOBBY a .c4 5 ataalaige vneatntectivvs 5. BGA avis vic sagaa wedge euaiienwaes 5
Chas, P.. Lilt. ccucca ses ease 5) AWSHOpKin’ apvstpaccseas aoneebels 5
Dr. Robert Reyburn ............. 5 JOR: Proctetins escnedandesseia es 5
Herbert A. Gill... 2.2.2.0 222.0... 5. (Gy Blaitayaceisa uc onde i acuhe taal’ 5
BAW, Hackett: «5 vee gesgadey eens. TB: Cutler ts Sateen sigigtlaige stm's 5
AvsGrionard :esi2e53 see sg ieee 5 John A. Stoutenburg............. 5
Je Ae DOmOnet ong ccainienanaewe #44 5 Te We Saihe 4.504 seeueusedaees 5
Edgar M. Shaw ................. 5 W.H. Veerhoff................-- 5
EE Dit ect sisene a avo genes Rontedasek 5. Metty WEIS wos oidecee ag dds 5
IN REGABSE fcc seperate nantes 5 Wallace Radcliffe ......... ..... 5
HG Rizerecs. aed cama eee SRO 6 VBE) Grit@ise acca aacceee eas eee 5
Hon. M.S. Brewer............... § Es NeGray ssuccanagitsainasseswae 5
C. H. Livingstone................ 5 Jacdige ES Witty at vicina aloe soe gurnguate ance 5
B, Fy Larcombess «02: eenseisae sees 5 Wan, Dy WeStecxseveayxiseedas aan 5
Ts. Pi Cleaves i224 cxauncemtegarces 5 J.W. Chickering ................ 5
G.ee Maynard | 2. s aascecn. eases 5 WD: Baldwitt, 2.2... cennsasedens 3
Je We Babson ce scheint ona S886 S.  1CsGy Bursell ciauigs vs oe aa acieannet aces 5
W. MM. Harpet?. occa ese bie & GCeT. Duplo pcmcia cd nadgus canes 5
J.S.Swormstedt........ Halal ed oan 5 A.M.Brooks..................-. 5
Ri By Pa bOnuis a9: devant eereran teh a2 5 Nathan Bickford ................ 5
G. C. Gorham, «5.462005 yaess4 eee 5 EJ. Cantwell................... 5
Bi W: ReiS@: 2.2 esceeaeihs nds ROE 5. WEG Dodge: oscaunne sa anueown ene 5
Ty Dé Landes sinsissing een gece 5 IM, We Moores. saiastidnsgccege ses 5
Sub, Walker ve gaisai anne oe yas & Myer Cohen, cagucmeevenseere aus 5
Nels Collanier a5 geaedees caus eee 5 BB Hawkes ouceazesscese cee eee 5
W.S. Whitmore ................. 5 Wm.A. De Caindry.............. 5
W. He Proctor ine Seweee ey sbesseas 5 A.McKenzie...............2.... 5
CuGs Stone. <2 gecuiaeaend sasanen 5 UPR. Weller accu vaesawens 40 5
Hon. J. B. Harlow................ 5 F.J. Heiberger, jr ............... 5
D. W. Van Dyke................. 5 PEMVURIRCY a4. nan ouan £3.4-2hhakn we 5
+ Wit, J. Father. acc sence ade 5 CiC. BRyall saaccaenead ace qenaid 5
Rudolph Eickhorn .............. 5 F.S.Gannon.................... 5
Te We Sidwell so. asacus se eee anes SE. Wei BrOwi 2 sinsicei ence a acu nis 5
Ry BE. Sullvan ss.coscoeag day on axe 5 M.A. Ballinger...... oO eegneeres 5
W.I. Montgomery............... 5 Chas: Moore: ong noes anced so GN 5
CS. Sturtevant sears gegyssesnrs 5 B.W. Hodges ................... 5
Wi. S» Abert « cccsnaide days neatees 5 JMOs Varnows snd sade oceeut ava oacs 5
W.C. Woodward ................ 5 ‘Wsaae Gans. iscics saci vee ia te tununcs 5
Jas: Ps HOod stocmca caves eeceacess 5 Leet Brothers................... 5
Edwin H. Fowler........... .... 5 Ox SuStaithyas: agama é bles eeeremveis 5
Leonhard Stejneger ............. 5 Geo. Thorn ..................... 5
Harrison Dingman.............. S MaP, Watdln2dicics codes aetna’ 5
Wi B, Dalll s.sesicudeisecne dag xo es 5 Saml.J. Prescott.... ........4... 5
WOR DGeblés.ccaside saa bhee were 5 Wm.A. Knowles ................ 5
R.H. Marcelles..........0..0..... 5° T.V. Powderly .................. 5
Hk, Grayrsnieudikecvenesaveara 5 “COWs Mana yee coca oa auinaients 5
Je R: Keene onescest vevpeceseseed 5 Geo. W. White ..............00.. 5
J.J. Georges & Son.............. 5 Arthur Brice... catcccawadeanese 5
Rev. Byron Sunderland.......... 5 Herbert Putman ........:....... 5
Rev. Luther B. Wilson ........... 5 RAs PHU DS sasces ene eevee 8 5
Av], DOSE sancvinne eeerey raise & WA) Maley. seeiesecimedaevas 5
CEC Bundy vaswnnhieceeaaeueuunes 5 FL. P. Reeside@sssgeadacciinowrncve 5
Finance. 2x7

 

Kimon Nicolaides ............... $5 Latimer & Nesbit ............... $3
J. Walter Hodges................ 5 Jno.O. Knox...............2.0.- 3
J. De Witt Arnold ............... 5 Edgar Frisby ................... 3
Je We Bile yo cccrc et ewewen acs 64 5 BUN NG6d8:5 ceaneey ican pat iz
Dr. L. B. Swormstedt............. 5 Tee CaWilSOnn; igiccanic se wae id oe Syed 3
MA; Custis: s sanccrisiareiy pacar ears 5 CLA JOHns0nm caccauwed eae ceeesa 3
CM. Hendley cossevrcrccescaace 5. He Bi Wooker nvexseuavey<aeecoge 3
Lem Towers, jr.............05055 § WeW2 Deloe « vsacvnaunsyavcxess 3
C. A. McKenney................5 § Allan Davisssccssuvisaavceveenes 2
Thos. P. Woodward.............. 5 B.F.Janney .................2.. 2
Dr. T. M. Newman...... sd auiseebie wee 5 F.P. McDermott ................ 2
Ralph W. Lee..............020.. 5) Gi Be COrsOm ecu susbedungeydead ae 2
Mrs. G. W. Harding.............. 5 Louis W. Perkins................ 2
The Misses Harding............. 5 Wa B LOdd auscgiieennisey tees 2
OF Wo WIE: cee note wenne se ag eae 5 Wea Be May incnnrnccsar sid pasta nee 2
Dr. J. Be Walsh: 2... saawveias § Bly. PHM scccescncrscceras aoe 2
J. M. Chamberlain............... 5 J.H.Hill. obit tae hye 2
Marcus Baker................... 3 JRE. Terrell ccacw ance aneeaoes 2
Wim P, Herbst scseasaenss cag oun 2 Jie Rentiedy wantnnsas scenes oe 2
M. F. F. Swartzell ............... 3 N.N.McCullough............... 2
A. SHAW sngvrers csv ease cues cosee 3 -
G.D. Graham ............0...... 3 TOtal sists nten sete ay es newer 8,481
W. Topham » s:45 242200208 eeus ces 3
 

 

APPENDIX.

 

 
APPENDIX.

. The coming of the white man, and the founding of the National Capital.
By Ainsworth, Ry SpOwtondys sie s:ajcaid daca sx Qeplensacddoainonevates, Aeundadeandiduestoncdatin
. Removal of the Government to the District of Columbia in 1800. By Ains-
WOTtH AR \SPOHOEG soc cat. stiradortg ies svnassioeeasraeui.e aaa aa deenuaa erddemsnao ea neeee
. Removal of the seat of government to Washington. By W. B. Bryan.....
. The centennial of the permanent seat of the Government of the United
, States; ‘By Samuel. C. Busey ienag. casein mecnrie song naad tp evan whaien wes
. Locating the Capital. By Gaillard Hunt.................0. 2.0 c cece eee
. Sketch of the various forms of local government in the District of Colum-
bia: with list of Washington city officials. By W. B. Bryan............
. Plans for treatment of that portion of the District of Columbia south of
Pennsylvania avenue and north of B street S.W., and for a connection
between Potomac and Zoological parks .............. 00.0. cece eee eee
. Books, pamphlets, periodicals, maps, and original plans of the ‘‘ Centennial
Exhibition”’ in the Division of Prints, Library of Congress, Washington.
Compiled by Mr. Arthur J. Parsons, Chief of the Division of Prints,
Library of CONBTESS 0.5023 iroamaney aeny, ewrmEmmen MEE eaE
. Beautifying the National Capital. By W. V. Cox, secretary of the Joint
SOMITE EER a. hchenagieee: os aga oS esaale iste nba asitscrumemaSeceeaenin a Say e\ sl Sabena ee

Page.

221

243
253

263
275

281

319

329
THE COMING OF THE WHITE MAN, AND THE
FOUNDING OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL.’

By AINSWORTH R. SPOFFORD, LL.D.

In this age, when nearly all the old histories have to be rewritten,
when every fact is questioned, and every opinion must show its reason
for being, I am honored with a request to outline the early history of
the region in which it is our happiness to live.

What manner of people were they who dwelt in these regions of the
globe a hundred years ago? What was their prevailing character, edu-
cation, religion? What kind of houses did they dwell in? What were
their manners and habits, their costume, employments, amusements,
domestic regimen, and social life? I have sought diligently for such
answers to these questions as exist in contemporaneous journals, letters,
and travelers’ observations, since no other authorities than those having
personal knowledge can be trusted. What I have gathered, though
greatly condensed, may serve to give a fairly truthful picture of the life
of the white man in Maryland and Virginia at the time when our
National Capital was carved out of the territories of those contiguous
States.

First, however, I must briefly establish the chronology of the earlier
coming of the white man. Passing by the Norse and the Spanish dis-
coveries of the New World as foreign to our theme, let us note the first
English settlements on American soil. Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Hum-
phrey Gilbert divide between them the honor of having been the father
of British-American colonization. Gilbert, in 1578, obtained from Queen
Elizabeth a patent for planting an English colony in America. Raleigh,
half-brother to Gilbert, was interested in the scheme, and sailed with
him in 1578 for America. Gilbert was forced to return, but Raleigh
made an attack on Spanish vessels near the Cape Verde Islands, and
then sailed for England in 1579. In 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed
on his second voyage, took possession of Newfoundland, and sailed to
the coast of New England, but was lost at sea in 1584. That year
Raleigh secured a charter for planting the new lands in America, and
sent out an expedition which left a colony on Roanoke Island, in North

 

*Read before the Washington Academy of Sciences, April 15, 1899, and printed

in the Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., January, 1900.
221
222 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Carolina, in 1585. Queen Elizabeth named the whole region Virginia,
and appointed Sir Walter governor of Virginia. The Roanoke colony
did not prosper and was soon abandoned.

VIRGINIA.

In 1606 the first Virginia Company was formed in London, with larger
means and a distinct purpose of permanent settlement in America.
The company consisted of noblemen, gentlemen, and merchants of Lon-
don; was known as ‘‘the London Company for Virginia,’’ and some-
times called ‘‘the Adventurers for Virginia.’ The manuscript records
of their careful and systematic government of Virginia now form one of
the most precious possessions of the Library of Congress. The company
was granted a royal charter, with exclusive right to occupy the regions
between 34” and 38°, or from Cape Fear to southern Maryland. The
Virginia Company, like the East India Company, was a commercial
organization. The first shipload of emigrants numbered 105, of whom
48 were classed as ‘‘gentlemen,’’ while there were unhappily only 12
laborers and very,few mechanics. The voyage occupied four months—
from January 1 to April 26, 1607. They sailed up the broad river Pow-
hatan, which they renamed the James, in honor of the King, and founded
Jamestown on a low and swampy peninsula at the mouth of the Chick-
ahominy. This was in direct violation of their instructions, ‘‘neither
must you plant in a low and moist place, because it will prove unhealth-
ful.’’ The colonists paid dearly for their rashness. Marsh fevers, with
careless regimen, decimated their ranks, and in six months 50 men, or
one-half the colony, had died.

The red man, too, was offended by the coming of the white man.
After the first wild surprise and the terror of fire-arms were recovered
from, the savages began their endeavors to get rid of the unwelcome
guests. Crafty and cunning, bloodthirsty and cruel, they cut off strag-
gling parties in ambush, and finally killed 347 settlers in one day by a
concerted massacre, after the infant colony had grown to some 2,000
souls. Women and children alike were slaughtered without mercy.
Days of sore trial and nights of fear and distress succeeded to the bril-
liant hopes of the early emigrants. Provisions often failed, what corn
they got from the Indians was quickly consumed, and famine stared them
in the face. T'oo many of the colony were shiftless adventurers, unac-
customed and unwilling to work, and the fruitful soil, ready to yield
luxuriant crops, remained largely untilled. The hardy and resolute
Capt. John Smith, tired of the idle company that surrounded him, set
out on an expedition of discovery, and visited Powhatan, the emperor
of the Virginia tribes, at Werowocomoco. Later, he sailed up the Poto-
mac River, and, it is supposed rather than proven, saw the site of the
present District of Columbia.

So much interest attaches to the long controversy over John Smith’s
Founding of the Nattonal Capital. 223

claims to honor and credence as pioneer and historian that I may be
pardoned for briefing some of the points involved. Until recently all
histories of Virginia have been built upon Smith’s early narratives, the
writers simply repeating one another. His romantic history was
accepted as unquestioned until modern criticism took hold of it and
applied searching analysis to its many improbabilities. The story of
his rescue from a bloody death by Pocahontas has been printed in hun-
dreds of volumes, and has even been perpetuated in a grotesque sculpture
by Capellano in the Rotunda at Washington—a harrowing example of
the barbaric art that prevails in yonder Capitol. This story is wholly
unsupported by any contemporaneous evidence. Not one of the early
chroniclers of Virginia—Wingfield, Spelman, Bullock, Jones, Beverly—
alludes to it. Smith himself published two books on Virginia soon after
the alleged rescue, the ‘‘ True Relation,’’ in 1608, and the ‘‘Map of
Virginia,’’ in 1612, in which he tells of his treatment by Powhatan, but
not a word of any contemplated massacre. His first recorded statement
of it was in a letter eight years after to Queen Anne, in 1616, when he
said Pocahontas had saved his life. This was expanded in his ‘‘ Generall
Historie,’’ 1624, sixteen years after the event, into the detailed romance
of the two great stones, with Captain Smith dragged and laid out upon
them, the savages standing ready with clubs to beat out his brains, and
Pocahontas getting his head in her arms and laying her own head upon
his to save him from death. Smith’s other works, moreover, abound in
marvelous tales of his prowess and escapes in Africa and Asia, where a
fair Turkish princess also saves his life. The least that can be said in
judging of the strange tale is that it is not proven. Among the histor-
ical writers who discredit it are Neill, Deane, Alexander Brown, Henry
Adams, Bancroft, Lodge, Eggleston, Charles Dudley Warner, Gay,
Palfrey, and Doyle. On the other hand, among the modern writers who
credit it are W. W. Henry, Howison, Bruce, Arber, and John Fiske.

It may, indeed, be thought that the discredit of John Smith has
recently been carried too far. The reverse swing of the pendulum of
historic judgment may have done injustice to one who must ever remain
a notable figure in American history. Capt. John Smith was an egotist
and a braggart, but he wasa great deal more. He was possessed of ardor,
courage, penetration, industry, and perseverance. Had he remained
longer in the colony (for his whole service in Virginia covered only two
and a half years, from 28 to 30 years of his age) he might have made a
much greater record. As it was, he did more for the struggling colony
in its first two years than any other man, and with less means. He
explored, with cool daring, amid tribes of hostile savages, the James
River, the Chickahominy, and the Potomac. He made the first map of
Virginia worthy of the name, a map, considering the obstacles in the
way and the nonexisting data, of surprising accuracy. He had the
sense to despise the gold fever, and the abortive aims of his fellow-

15

 

H. Doc. 552
224 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

adventurers, and to devote himself to practical utilities with his utmost
energy. His sagacity made him deal with the cunning and treachercus
savages with more success than any others. In his short term of the
presidency of the colony he built defenses, foraged successfully for sup-
plies of corn in the starving time, and required lazy vagabonds to work.
He was surrounded by dissensions and difficulties of every kind. The
absurd ordinance of the London Virginia Company, that the colonists
should share all in common, ended in the idlers and the shirks sponging
uponthecommunity. Then, asnow, communism meant that the industri-
ous and the capable should labor to support the indolent and the shiftless.
If John Smith, in his many writings, sometimes boasted more than other
men, he had also done more. Men are rare who can be trusted to write
their own biography. Let us have charity for poor John Smith, vain
though he may have been, as we behold him vanishing, all blackened
with powder, from the Virginia for which he had done so much, bearing
with stout heart the heavy ‘‘ white man’s burden.”’

As years rolled on, there came a steady influx of emigrants to Vir-
ginia. Colony after colony crossed the sea, until, about 1620, there
were landed some 1,100 annually. In Hotten’s ‘‘Original Lists of Per-
sons of Quality, Emigrants,’’ etc., London, 1874, the only extensive
published record of early emigrants to America, are some 15,000 names.
But among the multitude of eager searchers who daily haunt our libra-
ries in quest of the missing link that shall connect them with British
ancestors, scarcely one in a hundred ever finds it. Out of the hundreds
of shiploads of early emigrants many kept no records, and of many
more the records are lost. For the purposes of the genealogist, in most
cases, the coming of the white man was in vain.

The progress of the colony in the arts of peace was steady and great.
In 1649 there were 11 mills to grind corn and 6 public breweries. Iron
and bricks were manufactured in large quantities. The colony was
hampered in its foreign commerce by the narrow and odious navigation
laws of England, which prohibited her colonies from trading with any
other nation, thus cutting off a lucrative trade which might have made
all countries tributary to Virginia’s great staple—tobacco.

In 1670 the peace of the colony was disturbed by the great number of
desperate villains sent over from the prisons of England, and the coun-
cil of Virginia ordered that no vessel should be allowed ‘‘to bring in
any jaile-birds after January next.’’ Negro slavery was introduced as
early as 1619, by importation from Africa, and continued a growing
evil, demoralizing to a certain degree both races, though the profits of
slave labor insured its perpetuation.

That one may form an intelligent judgment of the country and period
that we contemplate, there. should be brought into view a distinct idea
of the natural features of Virginia. The country was held for hun-
dreds of miles by barbarous tribes of aborigines, forming a loose confed-
Founding of the National Capital. 225

eracy, each under its own Werowance, or chief, but subject to the
powerful king, Powhatan. The Virginia Company’s grant extended
about 240 miles north and south, with no defined limit westward. Its
territory was washed by four noble tide-water riyers—the James, the
York, the Rappahannock, and the Potomac—each having many tributa-
ries. ‘The ample Chesapeake Bay, full of convenient and safe harbors,
with good anchorage open to commerce from one end of the year to the
other, supplied a coast line of 150 miles. The magnificent harbor of
Hampton Roads could float all the navies of the world. The soil, cov-
ered mostly by vast primeval forests, was of such variety and fertility as
to ptoduce almost every kind of plant requisite for the benefit of man.
‘“The vesture of the earth,’’ says Strachey, ‘‘doth manifestly prove the
nature of the soyle in most places to be lusty and very rich. There are
pines infinite, especially by the sea coast.” ‘The early settlers soon
introduced all varieties of fruits and vegetables indigenous to England,
which, added to the staple agricultural products native to Virginia—
Indian corn, sweet potatoes, grapes, melons, etc.—soon loaded the
tables of the inhabitants with viands in rich profusion. Wild cherries,
currants, mulberries, raspberries, blackberries, and strawberries of deli-
cate flavor abounded, and the woods were prolific of chestnuts, chinqua-
pins, hazelnuts, peanuts, and walnuts. The forests were endless groves
of stately trees—oak, pine, maple, hemlock, walnut, ash, chestnut, sas-
safras, and poplar. Early voyagers tell of the sweet aromatic odors
blowing off the shore from the forests of balsam pines. The rich and
varied flora of the country loaded the summer air with fragrance, the
wild bees laid their stores of honey in the woods, the native song birds
filled the air with melody.

The climate, midway between the extremes of heat and cold, was
genial and wholesome, save in low and marshy regions, and cattle, sheep,
and swine could be kept in most winter seasons in the open air. ‘‘I
believe,’’ says Beverly (1705), ‘‘it is as healthy a country as any under
heaven; but the extraordinary pleasantness of the weather and plenty
of the fruit lead people into many temptations. If one impartially con-
siders all the advantages of this country, as nature made it, he must allow
it to be as fine a place as any in the universe.’’

For animal food the Virginians found all which the most eupeptic
Britons had on their tables, and in addition wild bears, opossums, rab-
bits, and squirrels. The waters, both fresh and salt, literally swarmed
with fish—the toothsome shad, the delicate rock-fish, the multitudinous
herring, the lively bass, the immense sturgeon, with crabs and oysters in
inexhaustible shoals along the bays and rivers. Of the feathered tribes
were wild turkeys, pigeons, partridges, and water fowl in clouds, the
delicious canvas-back ducks feeding on the wild celery of the bays and
inlets. Quaint old Alsop, describing the eastern shore on the Chesa-
peake Bay, says the water fowl ‘‘arrive in millionous multitudes about
226 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

the middle of September and take their winged farewell about the midst
of March.’’ ‘‘ There be wild turkeys extream large,’’ wrote Dr. Clay-
ton to the Royal Society in 1688, and he gives their weight at 50 to 60
pounds each.

Tobacco, the great indigenous staple of Virginia, grew luxuriantly in
her soil, became to her planters a great source of wealth, a world monop-
oly for more than a century, and supplied a currency and a measure of
value.

With their material wants supplied thus bountifully by all the king-
doms of nature, the Virginia planters of later years formed a class of
men who lived generously and entertained handsomely. Says the his-
torian Beverly: ‘‘The gentry pretend to have their victuals drest and
served up as nicely as if they were in London.’’ Indeed, the intercourse
between Virginia and the old country was by no means infrequent.
Visits to relatives abroad, or from those abroad to their friends in Amer-
ica, were of constant occurrence. The social intercourse at home was
intimate and lively. Daily almost the gentlemen and ladies of the
rural gentry would mount their horses (for carriages were but little used)
and ride three, five, ten, or more miles to visit neighbors, dining
together and returning in the evening. Every house was a house of
entertainment, for hotels were almost unknown. Any decent stranger
was sure of welcome. ‘There were frequent card parties, horse races,
shooting matches, athletic sports (like quoits, wrestling, fencing, and
running ), river parties, hunting meets, and riding matches. The tables
of well-to-do citizens were always supplied with malt liquors, wines,
brandy, or rum. ‘The favorite wine was Madeira, though claret, port,
and Sauterne were not uncommon. A generous, not to say profuse,
style of living prevailed, and ‘‘old-fashioned Virginia hospitality ’’ was
a term daily illustrated in a community where George Washington
records that his family did not once sit down to dinner alone for twenty
years. ;

Dress and manners partook largely of the style and habits of cultivated
people in Europe at the period. The Rev. Hugh Jones records that at
Williamsburg, the early capital, ‘‘may be seen a great number of hand-
some, well dressed, compleat gentlemen.’’ Knee breeches, silken hose,
and shoe buckles of shining silver were prevalent, and velvet was the
favorite wear for gentlemen’s gala dress. Lace ruffles and snow-white
cravats set off a costume, which, if not more sensible than that now in
vogue, was at least more picturesque.

With their large leisure, it may be thought that Virginia gentlemen
of a century ago were prone to idleness. Nothing could be further from
the truth as regards the leading men among them. ‘They were busy with
much felling of trees, fencing of grounds, plantation cares, with land sur-
veys and building improvements, with law suits, with roads and bridges,
with local elections and church business, with school arrangements, with
Founding of the National Capttal. 227

family provisions, and with correspondence at home and abroad. The
worm fence, made of rough rails laid zig-zag fashion, became known the
country over as the Virginia fence.

The prevalent idea that intelligence was at a lowebb in early Virginia
must yield to authentic facts. In spite of the oft-quoted dictum of the
narrow-minded Governor Berkeley, ‘‘I thank God there are no free
schools nor printing,’’ it is a fact that the first free school founded in
America was in Virginia (1622); in 1693 William and Mary College was
established, and elementary schools were common; in 1736 a newspaper
was successfully established at Williamsburg, and in 1748 education was
made compulsory by legislative act in case of parental neglect. Ninety-
four per cent of the inhabitants of Norfolk County could write, as
shown by the marriage bonds on record. Private libraries, too, were
common in many Virginia homes. In fact, the progenitors of such men
as Washington, Jefferson, Mason, Madison, and others, were far from
wanting in intellectual attainments.

The historian Jones records of the Virginia colony in 1724 that there
were very few poor people and no beggars therein. The planters, and

even the negroes, ‘‘spoke good English, without idiom or tone.’’ He
adds that the citizens generally wore good clothes, had ‘‘comely, hand-
some persons,’’ and good manners and address. ‘‘The climate,’’ said

he, ‘‘makes them bright and of excellent sense.’’

It is not singular that we find scattered through the literature of the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries numerous encomiums upon Vir-
ginia. Says the quaint historian Beverly: ‘‘Here people enjoy all the
benefits of a warm sun, and by their shady trees are protected from its
inconvenience. Here all their senses are entertained with an endless
succession of native pleasures.’’ The chronicler of Newport’s voyage
wrote that Virginia might ‘‘claim the prerogative over the most pleas-
ant places in the world.’’ Edward Williams wrote, in 1650, ‘‘the mel-
ancholiest eye in the world can not look upon it without contentment,
nor content himself without admiration.’’ Hugh Jones records: ‘‘ Vir-
ginia is esteemed one of the most valuable gems in the crown of Great
Britain.’? In England the newly found virgin land excited a wide
spread interest, reflected by numerous allusions in dramatic and poetic
literature. Spenser dedicated his Faerie Queen (1596) to ‘‘ Elizabeth,
Queen of England, Ireland, France, and Virginza.’’ At a later period
Thomas Neals was made by royal patent ‘‘ Postmaster-general of Vir-
ginia and other parts of North America.’’ Arthur Barlowe wrote:
‘The soil is the most plentiful, sweet, fruitful, and wholesome of all
the world.’’? Another writer speaks enthusiastically of ‘‘the dear strand
of Virginia, earth’s only paradise.’’ The early historian Hamor (1615)
tells of the ‘‘goodlie rivers, nowhere else to be paralleled,’’ and he says
there were ‘‘wilde pigeons in winter beyond number or imagination, so
thicke that they have even shadowed the skie.’’ Another adds: ‘‘ There
228 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

are infinite hogges in heards all over the woods.’’ Ralph Lane says:
‘We have discovered the main to be the goodliest soil under the cope
of heaven.’’? Capt. John Smith wrote: ‘‘ Heaven and earth never agreed
better to frame a place for man’s habitation.”

Thomas Hariot’s ‘‘ Brief and true report of the new-found land in Vir-
ginia,’’ 1588, was the first published account, but between this and 1700
more than thirty distinct books and pamphlets respecting Virginia were
published, though a complete Virginia bibliography is still to seek.
Beverly’s ‘‘ Virginia,’’ within two years of its appearance in 1705, was
translated into French, and three times reprinted at Paris and Amster-
dam. For more than a century before Washington’s time a constant
succession of British ships brought colonists to Virginia, and though
many returned, dissatisfied with the limited means for amassing wealth,
or the absence of advantages to which they had been accustomed, the
country grew more and more populous continually.

MARYLAND.

The story of Maryland’s first settlement by the white man is familiar.
Under King Charles’s charter of 1632, Caecilius Calvert, Second Lord
Baltimore, fitted out an expedition of about ‘‘two hundred gentlemen
and their servants,’? who.embarked with his brother, Leonard Calvert,
as governor of the colony. ‘They landed in Chesapeake Bay in March,
1634, and, sailing up the Potomac, founded the town of St. Marys about
12 miles from its mouth.

Father Andrew White, the pious Catholic missionary, who sailed with
this colonial expedition, and whose name is held in honor to this day,
labored for yearsamong the Patuxent, Piscataway, and Patapsco Indians.
He narrates in simple Latin the conversion of many savages, including
the Queen of Patuxent, the King of the Anacostans, and the Queen of
Port Tobacco. He tells how Governor Calvert visited ‘‘a village which
is called Potomac, a name derived from the river,’’ which he describes
thus: ‘‘A larger or more beautiful river I havenever seen. The Thames,
compared with it, can scarcely be considered a rivulet.’’ The good
father extols the excellence of the native preparations of Indian corn—
‘quem ‘pone’ e¢ ‘omini’ appellantur.”’

I can not dwell upon the history of Maryland as a colony, but will
come to some characteristic features of those parts of the State adjacent
to Washington in the latter part of the last century.

At Upper Marlborough, county seat of Prince George, and only 16
miles from Washington, there was a grand assembly room, where balls
were held and plays acted. Here people flocked to see the races, which
lasted a week, winding up with a grand ball, the dancing being kept up
till near morning, to the music of two or three fiddles and a clarinet or
flute. The houses of the town were all crowded by visitors from George-
town, Alexandria, Baltimore, and the whole country around. ‘The best
of manners prevailed and no disorder nor intoxication was tolerated.
Founding of the National Capital. 229

The second theater in the United States was opened at Annapolis in
1752, by an excellent troupe known as ‘‘the Company of Comedians
from Virginia,”’ where they had played at Williamsburg the same year,
and who played at Annapolis and Upper Marlborough for more than
twenty years. New York had plays only two year§ earlier, in 1750, and
Philadelphia in 1749. The French abbé Robin, who traveled in Mary-
land in 1781, records that there was ‘‘ more wealth and luxury in An-
napolis than in any other city which I have visited in America.’’ Indeed,
the style of living among prosperous citizens was of a kind which may
be characterized as generous and even profuse. The gentlemen wore
velvet coats, knee breeches, swords, lace ruffles, wigs, cocked hats laced
with gold or silver, and snuff boxes. The ladies were dressed in silks,
satins, lace and brocade; they frizzed and rouged, and both sexes wore
powdered hair. Brissot, the French traveler, in 1790 tells us that the
ladies’ dress was ‘‘ of the most brilliant silks, gauzes, hats, and borrowed
hair.’? On their heads were pyramids of towering turbans, to which
the odious and sometimes intolerable theater hat of to-day, with its for-
tification of an aviary or conservatory, destructive of human vision and
peace of mind, presents a too close analogy. But few jewels were worn,
for they were not common in that age. In the country women wore
bonnets called ‘‘calashes,’’ the front stiffened with cane and projecting
12 or 15 inches from the face horizontally. These were described, no
doubt correctly, as the height of ugliness.

In those days horse races abounded and cock fights were common
diversions, while fine old Virginia gentlemen sometimes staked their
negroes on the result. Everybody was fond of field sports, and even the
clergy joined in the chase. Horses were so common that no one ever
thought of walking to any distance. Most roads were merely bridle paths.
Ladies rode to the chase or to church on horseback, and went to balls in
the evenings mounted on side saddles, with scarlet riding habits tied
over their white satin dresses. The men of Maryland and Virginia were
like centaurs, who lived in the saddle, and thought nothing of pursuing
a fox chase 30 miles, through two or three counties. Even the grave
and sedate George Washington would set off fox hunting at 5 o’clock on
a frosty morning, with a party of youngsters, or oversee the hauling of
a seine of shad in the Potomac, at the head of a gang of yelling negroes.
Such severe training in outdoor life gave vigor and endurance to the
physical system, and made the Maryland Continentals the flower of the
Revolutionary armies.

The houses of those days were always surrounded with ample grounds,
and even in the cities such a thing as a block of houses was unknown.
The old Maryland term ‘‘inanor’’ was applied to the country estates,
which always had a mansion with ample porch in front, where the mem-
bers of the family sat in fine weather for air and shade, with a wide hall
running through the house for ventilation. Large estates had their own
mills for grinding flour and meal, meat house, corn house, henhouse, and
230 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

many servants’ outbuildings, and even the smallest farmhouses had a
smokehouse for curing the domestic pork and beef. Within there
reigned a cheerful hospitality. The huge, yawning chimney ate up
untold cords of wood (for coal was then unknown), and in summer tea
was served al fresco on the lawn. Cool tankards of sangaree or lemon
punch stood invitingly in the hall, and in the cellar was a cask of Bur-
gundy and often a pipe of Madeira. West India rum, however, was the
favorite beverage of the less wealthy class, because it was cheap, and
that was bought by the puncheon. The tables were supplied with a
bountiful variety of viands to tempt the palate. At breakfast there were
huge mounds of muffins, hot corn pone, plates of Maryland biscuit,
steaming pots of coffee and tea, pigs’ trotters and venison steak, fresh
fish, or succulent oysters or soft-shell crabs. The dinner table rejoiced
in great joints of beef or mutton, roast goose and cider apple sauce,
stewed rabbits, wild turkey, roast pig or opossum, and often boiled
corned beef, pork, and cabbage, with sweet potatoes, juicy succotash,
and other vegetables, and dessert of plum pudding and pumpkin pies.
You will concur with me that the eating and drinking were somewhat
hearty.

Guests were numerous, and so open was the hospitality that no house
was ever considered full, though each room (and they were large) had
half a dozen or more of guests; and it was the custom to serve all with
mint juleps in summer and hot rum or whisky in winter upon rising in
the morning. People from the North or from Europe called the style of
living very extravagant. In fact, many old families kept up a hospitality
so expensive that they were almost ruined by it, and farms were mort-
gaged recklessly to keep up appearances.

Both in Maryland and Virginia nothing was more striking than the
gallantry and deference shown by men of all classes toward the fairer
sex. The unanimous sentiment of the people stood for the honor of
man and the virtue of woman, and every offense against either was
quickly resented.

The legal interest was 6 per cent on money loans and 8 per cent on
tobacco loans, but many were compelled to borrow at usury, even as
high as 24 per cent a year. The ruinous expedient of issuing irredeem-
able paper money—that delusion and snare of inexperienced states and
nations—was more than once resorted to, with the always certain result
of speculation, collapse, and heavy loss to the people. In the scarcity
of gold and silver, tobacco, the one product of the land which had a sure
commercial value, became the currency and was made a legal tender in
1733—one of the few instances in which the remedy was better than the
disease. The whole financial fabric of Maryland and Virginia rested
upon tobacco. ‘The colonial governors salaries were paid in tobacco.
The doctor’s bill was settled by so many pounds of tobacco. ‘The attor-
ney’s fee was fixed at 100 pounds of tobacco in minor cases and 200
Founding of the National Capital. 231

pounds in important ones. All day laborers’ and servants’ wages were
paid in tobacco. The Virginia Company in 1621 sent over one widow
and 11 maids for wives, requiring that ‘‘every man that marries them
give one hundred and twenty weight of best leaf, tobacco for each of
them’’ to pay charges. Judges and jurymen alike were paid in tobacco.
The clergy tax was 40 pounds of tobacco for every citizen, so that his
very religion and his hope of heaven was measured by tobacco.

So far was the ever-growing planting of tobacco carried, year after
year, that nearly all the rich virgin lands of Maryland and Virginia were
exhausted and ruined by it. Most of the pine-grown and shrub-covered
thickets that surround Washington to-day represent worn-out and aban-
doned tobacco fields, on both sides of the Potomac. A century ago the
huge hogsheads of tobacco were rolled to market for many miles, each
rigged with tongue and axle, and propelled up hill or held back down
hill by negroes, mules, and oxen.

‘The first white man authentically known to have set foot on the soil
of the District of Columbia was Capt. Henry Fleet, an English mariner
and trader. He made an expedition up the Potomac in 1632, to buy
beaver furs from the Indians, whose language he knew, having been
much among them in Virginia. He anchored 6 miles below the Falls of
the Potomac, where he got 300 weight of beaver from the Nacostines, or
Anacostian tribe, whose name is perpetuated in the Eastern Branch of
the Potomac. Fleet thus describes the region :

This place, beyond all question, is the most pleasant and healthful place, in all
this country, and most convenient for habitation; the air temperate in summer, and
not violent in winter. It aboundeth with all manner of fish. And as for deer,
bears, buffaloes, turkeys, the woods do swarm with them, and the soil is exceedingly
fertile. * * * The 27th of June I manned my shallop and went up with the
flood, the tide rising about four feet in height at this place. We had not rowed
above three miles, when one might hear the falls to roar, about six miles distant, by

which it appears that the river is separated with rocks, but only in that one place,
for beyond is a fair river.

This Henry Fleet was a member of the Maryland house of assembly
in 1638, and of the Virginia house of burgesses in 1652. He lived for a
time near the mouth of the Potomac, at a place still known as Fleet’s
Point.

RELIGIOUS INTERESTS.

What of the religion of those who built up the region in which we
live? All records attest that the earliest settlers were zealous observers
of religious rites. At their first setting foot on the shores of the great
Bay of Chesapeake the pioneers of 1607 planted a cross, and baptized
the point Cape Henry. Maryland was consecrated to Christ at St.
Marys by the planting of across, in which Catholics and Protestants
participated. On laying out the site of Jamestown, one of the earliest
buildings to go up was achurch. Nearly every vessel from England
232 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

bore one or more clergymen. When the council that governed the little
colony had quarreled and made up their differences, they partook together
of the communion, in token of reconciliation.

But the laws first adopted for the government of the colony show more
clearly what severity of religious zeal pervaded the polity of the time.
In the ‘‘ Lawes and Orders, Divine, Politique, and Martial, for the Colony
in Virginia,’’ printed in 1612, is this stringent provision:

That no man blaspheme God’s holy name upon paine of death. That no man
speake impiously or maliciously against the holy and blessed Trinitie or against the
knowne Articles of the Christian faith, upon paine of death.

Every man and woman duly twice a day upon the first towling of the bell shall
upon the working daies repaire unto the church, to hear divine Service, upon pain of

losing his or her dayes allowance for the first omission, for the second to be whipt,
and for the third to be condemned to the Gallies for six Moneths.

And even in Maryland, so loudly praised for freedom of opinion in
religion, this worse than Draconian code was enacted in 1649, in ‘‘ An act
concerning religion’’:

Be it ordered and enacted by the right honorable Cecilivs, lord baron of Baltimore,
with the advice and consent of this General Assembly, that whatsoever person within
this province shall blaspheme God, that is, curse him, or shall deny our Saviour
Jesus Christ to be the Sonne of God, or shall deny the Holy Trinity, the Father,
Sonne, and Holy Ghost, or the Godhead of any of the said Three persons of the
Trinity, or the Unity of the Godhead, or shall utter any reproachfull speeches, words,
or language, concerning the said Holy Trinity, or any of the said three persons
thereof, shall be punished with death, and confiscation of all his land and goods
to the Lord Proprietor and his heires.

This act proceeds to provide that if any one shall disturb or molest
any person professing to believe in Jesus Christ, for or in respect of his
religion, or the free exercise thereof, such offender shall pay treble
damages to the person so wronged or molested, besides the sum of 20
shillings sterling in money, one-half to the lord proprietary and the
other half to the party so wronged or molested.

Thus we find this so-called ‘‘act of toleration,’? which punished by
fine any one who interfered with another’s free exercise of his religion,
also punished with death any one who preferred to doubt the doctrine of
the Trinity or the Godhead of Christ. It gave religious freedom with
one hand and took it away with the other. Need we wonder that it was
called by some ‘‘a cursed intolerable toleration ’? ?

But these statutes were too barbarous to be executed, and no one was
put to death in either colony under them, showing how much men were
better than their laws and more liberal than their creeds. When we
shudder at finding in the Virginia code of 1612 the penalty of death
ordained for 50 different offenses, we are reminded that far more trifling
offenses were then punished by death in England, where the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries witnessed multitudes of bloody beheadings,
hangings, and burnings at the stake. We who live in the full blaze of
Founding of the National Capital. 233

the light that is poured upon the radiant path of human progress may
thank God that the ages are gone when men were murdered for their
beliefs, their misbeliefs, or their unbeliefs.

But was there no persecution for religion’s sake in colonial days?
History records that in 1663 two Quaker women were flogged, under
Virginia laws, 32 lashes each with a nine-corded whip, every stroke of
which drew blood. The same year the Virginia assembly enacted that
any separatists from the Church of England, assembled for worship,
should be fined 200 pounds of tobacco, and for the third offense should
be banished from the colony. ‘The creed and the forms of the Church
of England were established as the sole tolerated religion. People who
refused to have their children baptized were.fined 2,000 pounds of
tobacco. Any master of a ship who brought in a Quaker was fined 5,000
pounds of tobacco. George Wilson, a Quaker preacher, writes in 1662
‘‘from that dirty dungeon in Jamestown,’’ where he was imprisoned for his
belief. In 1723 blasphemy was punished by boring through the tongue
which had offended. In 1756 every man was taxed 4o pounds of tobacco
annually for the benefit of the clergy, and 100 per cent was added to
all taxes to be paid by any Catholic. In 1662 Quakers were fined 20
pounds for absenting themselves from church, and no nonconformist
could teach religion under pain of banishment. Most of these infamous
laws survived until Thomas Jefferson’s Virginia ‘‘act for establishing
religious freedom,’’ passed in 1785, abolished the last relic of the bar-
barism of the dark ages.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

In more modern days church observances appear to have been gen-
eral, though not, as formerly, compulsory. In Georgetown, which was
founded in 1751, a Presbyterian Church was built in 1792, and enlarged
by subscription in 1802, when President Jefferson contributed $75 to that
object. In 1792 the first Catholic Church in Georgetown (now Trinity
Church) was founded. ‘The first Presbyterian Church in Washington
was founded as early as 1795, with Rev. John Breckenridge as pastor.
It first met in a carpenter shop, used for building the President’s house.
As illustrating the liberal tendency of the time, it is recorded that at
Georgetown the Bridge Street Presbyterian Church was occupied together
by Baptists, Methodists, and. Episcopalians, who celebrated the com-
munion service along with the Presbyterians.

From the earliest Washington newspaper, published from 1796 to 1798,
the Washington Gazette, of which the only known file is preserved in the
Library of Congress, one learns curious particulars of the beginning of
things in this District a century ago. Anail factory was started in 1796 at
Greenleaf’s Point, and a hat factory is advertised as an auspicious novelty.
William Cranch, afterwards judge of the District court, advertised for
‘Ca sober, industrious woman who understands housework. Good wages
234 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

will be paid. N. B. No objection will be made as to color.’’ As this
notice stood for six weeks, free labor must have been scarce in Wash-
ington. J. V. Thomas, bookseller, advertises bookbinding in all its
branches. Lund Washington, postmaster of the city, brother of the
President, advertises the Washington letters uncalled for. A runaway
negro is advertised at a reward of $8, rather cheap for a human being
held in absolute fee simple. Rude woodcuts, depicting a negro running,
with stick and bundle, abound. ‘The sheriff of Prince George County
advertises frequently runaway slaves in custody, who will be sold to pay
charges unless their owners take them away. The editor records the
finishing of 20 houses, begun by Robert Morris and J. Nicholson, which
those gentlemen celebrated by treating a few acquaintances, the archi-
tect and workmen, some 200 in number, to a barbecue on the spot.
‘‘We do not recollect ever to have seen a greater appearance of social
glee on a similar occasion.’? These houses stood on South Capitol
street, corner of G street. Blodget’s Hotel and his lotteries were the
butt of many gibés. ‘‘We understand that Mr. Blodget draws 100
tickets per week; now, as the wheel contains 50,000 tickets, the lottery
will be drawing ten years. We, therefore, advise all holding tickets to
mention them in their wills, as they may become important possessions
for the good of their heirs.’’ Again: ‘‘Wanted.—A number of patient
sportsmen to purchase the unsold tickets in Washington Lottery, No. 2.
Gentlemen of fortune would be preferred.’’ And again: ‘‘At Phila-
delphia the tickets in Blodget’s lottery are held at $1, at par; but at
Georgetown, where information is better, they may be got at under
par, and on a long credit.’”’ This notable ‘‘Washington Lottery, No.
2,’’ was first schemed in December, 1794, and the criticisms here cited
appeared in 1796. The lottery prospectus was headed: ‘‘ For improve-
ment of the national capital,’’ and read: ‘‘It is hoped that the friends
to a national university and the other national objects may continue to
favor the design.”’
CITY OF WASHINGTON.

The Gazette printed, June 25, 1796, a proclamation by President
Washington, setting forth that the requirement of building all houses in
Washington of brick or stone, and not less than 35 feet in height, had
impeded the settlement of the city by mechanics and others, and would
therefore be suspended until A. D. 1800. "The Commissioners of the
District made frequent advertisements of public auction sales of Wash-
ton lots, at one-third cash, and one and two years’ credit for the remain-
der; sales to be continued until they had raised a sum sufficient to
complete the public buildings.

The paper contained many advertisements of hotels. The Capitol
Hill tavern announced—‘‘A shuffle-board and ninepin alley are ready
for those inclined to amuse themselves.’’ William Tunnecliff, whose
tavern was located on Capitol Hill, in square 925, corner of Pennsylvania
Founding of the National Capital. 235

avenue southeast and Ninth street, announced ‘‘stabling for horses,
and lodging for gentlemen or ladies,’’ at his Eastern Branch hotel.

The first dramatic performances in Washington of which I find record
were held in 1801, in Blodget’s unfinished hotel, gear the site of the
former Post-Office Department, Seventh and F streets. Rough boards
were put in as temporary seats for the audience at the play.

In 1805 there were 700 houses and three market houses in Wash-
ington; while in 1800, five years earlier, there were only 47 brick and
119 frame houses completed in the city, after eight years’ possession by
the Government.

One of the most notable characters in the life and history of early
Washington was Thomas Law. He was of a distinguished English
family, being a son of the Bishop of Carlisle, and one of his brothers
being Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough, who became Lord Chief Justice
of England. Thomas Law went early in life to India, where he amassed
a large fortune, and, being a liberal in politics, he came to America to
spend it. This he succeeded in doing in the embryo Washington, where
he invested most of his estate, buying some 500 lots, and building a
block of houses near Greenleaf’s Point, in southwest Washington, which
are still standing. He also built the three large mansions in one block
at New Jersey avenue and C street southeast, so long occupied by the
Coast Survey, and which is now the Hotel Varnum. He married the
beautiful Miss Elizabeth Parke Custis, a granddaughter of Mrs. Martha
Washington, but separated from her after some years of married life.
The late Dr. Brodhead, who was his neighbor for many years, told me
that Mr. Law had a very slow, imperturbable utterance. One morning,
while sitting at breakfast, his negro waiter announced to him—‘‘ Massa
Thomas, Missus Law died last night.’ ‘‘ The-hell-she-did?—pass-the-
po-ta-toes,’’ was his only reply.

The English traveler, Thomas Twining, who had been, like Mr. Law,
an East India resident, visited him at Washington in 1796, and remarked
upon the seclusion in which he had chosen to bury his distinguished
talents. ‘‘I could not but be surprised,’’ said he, ‘‘at the plan of life
he had chosen. The clearing of ground and building of small houses
amongst the woods of the Potomac’’ seemed to him a most uncongenial
occupation for such a man as Law.

The Duke de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt stayed with Law during his
visit to ‘‘ Federal City,’’ and, says he, ‘‘I could not felicitate Mr. Law
on the speculation which induced him to purchase lots in the new city,
and thought he might have made a more prudent and fortunate use of
his great property.’’ ‘‘ His fortune,’’ he adds, ‘‘is superior to the great-
est fortunes in America, and he might have lived on his own revenues
with splendor. He has willfully plunged himself into an abyss of cares
and all the contentions of this distracted city, which not only prevent
the enjoyment of his fortune, but even endanger it.’’
236 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Mr. Law was an eccentric specimen of the wealthy Indian nabob, who
appeared to others marvelously out of place in the crude wilderness of
Washington. His leading qualities were obstinacy and independence.
The more money he sunk in building fine residences in places where
nobody wanted to reside, the more he resolved to have his own way.
His losses in real estate were enormous, but he lived luxuriously, enter-
taining Englishmen and other foreigners with profuse hospitality. We
read of his driving his chariot and four horses from Baltimore to Wash-
ington, with his wife, in 1796. George Washington and his secretary,
Tobias Lear, stayed at Law’s house on frequent visits to the Federal City.

Law was one of the chief promoters of the canal lottery, a scheme
which must not be confounded with the Washington lotteries of Samuel
Blodget. A charter was granted by Maryland in 1795, with Daniel Car-
roll, Thomas Law, and others as corporators, to build a canal from above
Great Falls through Washington City to the Eastern Branch. Into this
Mr. Law put much money and time. Procuring from Congress an ena-
bling act authorizing the lottery in 1812, the Washington Canal Com-
pany widely advertised the scheme as a ‘‘ National lottery,’’ and sold
many tickets in Virginia, Maryland, and elsewhere.

Mr. Law died July 31, 1834, aged 75 years, at his mansion on Capitol
Hill. The National Intelligencer styled him ‘‘one of the oldest, most
zealous, and enlightened citizens,” and said that he had passed an old
age clouded by disease and domestic calamity (for all his children had
died before him), but ‘‘indulging with delight in such hospitality as his
narrowed means permitted him to exercise, for his many investments
proved anything but lucrative.” He wrote at least twelve pamphlets,
printed anonymously, chiefly on finance and sound banking. His work,
‘“Thoughts on Instinctive Impulses,’’ however, is an ethical and poetical
treatise displaying a wide range of speculative thought.

DESCRIPTIONS BY EARLY TRAVELERS.

Richard Parkinson, whuse tour in America in 1798 to 1800 appeared
in two volumes, said that Washington contained only 300 houses, and
he concluded that it was too young a city for a brewery, which he had
thought to establish. Thomas Law he found the only man of any con-
siderable monied property in the city. Hemet General Washington at
Mr. Law’s, who was ‘‘quite sociable,’ though he adds, ‘‘the General
went to bed at 9 o’clock, as that was his hour.’’

John Davis, the English schoolmaster who first told the unfounded
tale of Jefferson’s riding alone to the Capitol to be inaugurated as
President, and hitching his horse to the palisades, wrote of Washington
in 1802, what may well be believed: ‘‘ There were no objects to catch
the eye but a forlorn pilgrim forcing his way through the grass that
overruns the streets, or a cow ruminating on a bank.’’ He says the
village was surrounded by ‘‘endless and almost impenetrable woods,”’
Founding of the National Capital. . 237

and drops into poetry upon ‘‘the noble river Potomac, on whose banks
the proud structures of Washington are to lift their heads.’’

Francis Baily, president of the Royal Astronomical Society of London,
visited here in 1796. He arrived by stage from Baltimore, for which
journey $4 was the fare, and the road was well furnished with good
taverns. Georgetown he describes as ‘‘a handsome town which will in
time lose its name of Georgetown, and adopt the general one of Wash-
ington’’—a prediction which is now fulfilled. He visited Alexandria,
fare 75 cents by stage. He praises the view from the Capitol as
‘extremely delightful,’’ visits Greenleaf’s Point, where 20 or 30 houses
were built, and says about 100 others were scattered over in other places.
Most of the streets were cut through the woods, appearing like broad
avenues in a park. ‘‘‘In short,’’ says he, ‘‘all tends to render it one of
the most delightful and pleasant sites for a town I have ever remarked.”’

In the Travels of the Duke de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, who spent
the years 1795 to 1797 in the United States, and who was a careful
observer, is the most extended account of this District and its vicinity in
Maryland and Virginia at the period of our review, to be met with. He
pronounces the plan of the city ‘‘both judicious and noble;’’ but adds
that it is in fact the grandeur and magnificence of the plan which renders
the conception ‘‘no better than a dream.’”’ He details at length the
speculation in lots, then at its height, in what he always terms ‘‘ Federal
City;’’ shows that Robert Morris, with Nicholson and Greenleaf, bought
up all that could be had, either from the Commissioners or from private
owners; that the Morris syndicate (to use a term not then invented)
purchased 6,000 lots at $80 each from the Commissioners, and nearly as
many more from individuals, the whole purchase being nearly $1,000,000;
that the bargain was made in 1793, on seven years’ time, one-seventh to
be paid annually; that they were bound to erect 120 brick houses of two
stories, within the seven years, but were not to sell any lots before 1796,
without a like condition of building on them. This was a stipulation
designed, on the part of the Commissioners, to improve the city rapidly
by settlement, but it proved ineffective.

Thomas Law bought from Morris 445 lots, paying nearly $300 a lot.
Many others bought, but mostly on speculation, for the land fever ran
high. ‘The building of the Capitol and the President’s palace, so-called,
excited the hope of a great influx of population. The public prints of
Virginia, Baltimore, etc., were filled with exaggerated praises of the new
city. The President and the Commissioners believed that the ground
marked out for the city would soon be filled up, and this led them to
enforce a regulation prohibiting houses of wood, or of less than two
stories in height.

Samuel Blodget, who had pugs a large quantity of lots, devised an
ingenious scheme of disposing of them by lottery. The great prize was
a handsome $50,000 tavern, yet to be built (for the whole speculation
238 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

was in the air); the next prizes were three houses to be erected near the
Capitol, valued at $25,000, $15,000, and $10,000, respectively. The
Duke de La Rochefoucauld—Liancourt adds that these lotteries gained a
large profit to Mr. Blodget, who, he says, ‘‘was the only person not
deceived in the transaction.’’

Messrs. Morris & Co. were not very successful in getting their exten-
sive lot purchases off their hands. People, after admiring the plan of
the Federal City in embryo for its beauty and magnificence, began to
perceive that it was rather extensive for the actual circumstances of the
United States; and that the immense extent of ground would not be so
speedily covered with handsome houses, as was expected. Every lot
holder intrigued to get his neighborhood first improved; hence rivalries
and antagonisms became the order of the day. Georgetown owners of
lots declared their property the most eligible, because situated near the
principal existing settlement, and boasted of the port of Georgetown and
its well-founded commerce, while Washington was a forest and swamp
without a harbor. On the other hand, Greenleaf’s Point lot owners sang
the praises of that situation as the most airy, healthful, and beautiful in
the city. Then came the Eastern Branch proprietors, who decried both
the Point and Georgetown, and claimed their location as the best, because
nearest to the Capitol and most likely to be settled by the Members of
Congress, when that body should remove here in 1800. Then, in the
fourth place, came Capitol Hill speculators in lots, who depreciated all
other locations but their own, as too remote from the political center
where Congress was to hold its daily sessions.

Our traveler records about 150 houses as svattered over the vast sur-
face of the city, each of the four contending quarters having 30 or 4o, at
great distances from each other. He said few lots had been sold to indi-
viduals to be improved, though in 1796 40 houses had been begun by
the Morris syndicate, who had pledged their property in advance, and
had no money to complete their extensive undertakings. Not a single
house had been built as yet, in 1796, on Pennsylvania avenue between
the President’s house and the Capitol.

After recording that the commerce of Georgetown had declined from
about $400,000 imports and exports in 1791 to $189,000 in 1796, a
decline he attributes to the diminished production of tobacco and the
absorption of the merchants in lot speculations, the Duke concludes his
somber picture of the prospects of Washington by saying that it was idle
to imagine that it would arrive at the execution of the tenth part of its
plan before a dissolution of the Union should take place. ‘‘ Federal City,”
he says, ‘‘ will never reach that degree of improvement to render it even
a tolerable abode for the kind of persons for whom it was designed.’’
We, who smile over the signal falsification of this dire prediction, should
allow that our infant capital, cradled in a wilderness of woods a century
ago, offered little enough to countervail the forebodings of failure.
founding of the National Capital. 239

Robert Sutcliff, an intelligent English Quaker, visited Washington in
1804, and wrote: ‘‘ The situation is one of the most eligible spots for a
city that I have ever seen; it bids fair to be one of the most elegant and
regularly built cities in the world.’’ Visiting a family in Alexandria,
where 100 slaves were employed (at least ostensibly), he remarked that
the more slaves there were kept about a plantation, the more disorder
appeared. He passed through Piscataway to Port Tobacco, in Maryland,
and found the people mostly black, and the sandy road tracked with feet
immoderately large, which he attributed to the slaves going always bare-
foot. On Sunday he met fair white girls riding to church on horseback,
with a negro boy mounted behind and jumping off to open gates while
the horse trotted on, and the boy, nimbly running after his mistress,
jumped up again behind her. At Alexandria he saw negro girls 1o or
12 years of age walking the streets with baskets of fruit and vegetables
on their heads, without any clothing whatever.

Another traveler, who came to Washington in 1796, was Thomas
Twining. He wished to go from his tavern in Georgetown to his friend
Thomas Law’s residence at Greenleaf’s Point, but could get no convey-
ance for a whole day. At last a horse was found, and he proceeded in
the saddle through what he terms ‘‘a silent wilderness,’’ or a thick
wood pierced with avenues, toward the south. He remarks of the
Americans that they are far more ready in speech than Englishmen, and
that they speak the English language with all the volubility of French-
men. ‘This characteristic has not apparently failed them in the century
since he wrote.

A Swiss, named Charles Pictet, whose two volumes on the United
States appeared in 1795, ‘‘ Tableaux des Etats-Unis d’Amérique,”’
describes Washington as a city laid out on a plan proportioned to the
majesty of the enterprise, and which ‘‘ will secure to the capital of America
advantages which no city before it will have possessed.’’

Charles W. Janson was in Washington in 1806, and he gave a graphic
and far from cheerful account of its aspect, headed ‘‘ Failure of the city
of Washington.’’ He wrote:

‘The entrance, or avenues, as they are pompously called, which lead to the Amer-
ican seat of government, are the worst roads I passed in the country, particularly
the mail-stage road from Bladensburg to Washington, and from thence to Alexan-
dria. Deep ruts, rocks, and stumps of trees every minute impede your progress,
and threaten your limbs with dislocation. Speculation, the life of the American,
embraces the design of the new city. Several companies purchased lots and began
to build, with an ardor that soon promised a large and populous city. Before they
arrived at the attic story, the failure was manifest; and in that state are the walls of
many houses begun on a plan of elegance. The President’s house, the offices of
state, and a little theater, where an itinerant company repeated the lines of Shakes-
peare, Otway, and Dryden to empty benches, terminate the view of the Pennsyl-
vania, or Grand, avenue. ‘This is the largest avenue; in fact, I never heard of more
than that and the New Jersey avenue. Except some houses uniformly built, with
some public houses, and here and there a little grogshop, this boasted avenue is as

16

 

H. Doc. 552
240 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

much a wilderness as Kentucky. Some half-starved cattle browsing among the
bushes present a melancholy spectacle to a stranger, whose expectation has been
warmed up by the illusive descriptions of speculative writers. So very thinly is the
city peopled, and so little is it frequented, that quails and other birds are constantly
shot within a hundred yards of the Capitol. Strangers, after viewing the offices of
state, are apt to inquire for the city, while they are in its very center.

Thomas Moore, the Irish poet, who was in Washington in 1804, while
Jefferson was President, wrote of

This embryo capital, where fancy sees

Squares in morasses, obelisks in trees;

Which second-sighted seers, ev’n now, adorn
With shrines unbuilt, and heroes yet unborn,
Though naught but woods and Jefferson they see,
Where streets should run and sages ought to be.

On his way hither, the poet wrote from Baltimore:

I have passed the Potomac, the Rappahannock, the Occoquan, the Patapsio
(meaning the Patapsco) and many other rivers, with names as barbarous as the
inhabitants. The mail takes 12 passengers, which generally consist of squalling
children, stinking negroes, and Republicans smoking cigars.

He speaks of Blodget’s famous lottery hotel thus:

The hotel is already a ruin; a great part of its roof has fallen in, and the rooms
are left to be occupied gratuitously by the miserable Scotch and Irish emigrants.
The few ranges of houses which were begun some years ago have remained so long
waste and unfinished that they are now for the most part dilapidated.

Gouverneur Morris, who attended Jefferson’s inauguration in 1801,
records that the road from Washington to Annapolis was so deep in mud
that the stage was stalled and stuck fast. It took him ten hours to go
the 25 miles. Of Washington he wrote: ‘‘We only need here houses,
cellars, kitchens, scholarly men, amiable women, and a few other such
trifles, to possess a perfect city. Ina word, this is the best city in the
world to live in—in the future.’’ Perhaps the present citizens of Wash-
ington will agree with him.

In 1800, John Cotton Smith, a Connecticut member of Congress, on
his way to attend its first session, November 17, 1800, in the new city,
recorded that he dined at Baltimore on canvas-back ducks, which he
pronounced a dish of unequaled and exquisite flavor. He found one
wing of the Capitol only erected, which, with the President’s house,
“both constructed with white sandstone, were shining objects in dismal
contrast with the scene around them.’’ Not an avenue was visible save
one which he calls ‘‘a road with two buildings on each side of it, called
the New Jersey avenue.” Pennsylvania avenue was nothing but ‘‘2
deep morass covered with alder bushes.’’ He says there appeared to be
but two really comfortable habitations in the city, those of Daniel Carroll
(whom he calls Dudley Carroll) and of Notley Young. In spite of the
unfavorable aspect presented by the city, this Yankee congressman
expresses his admiration for its local position. He extols the view of
the majestic river, ‘‘the cultivated fields and blue hills of Maryland and
Founding of the Natwonal Capital. 241

Virginia, the whole constituting a prospect of surprising beauty and
grandeur.”’

When Baron von Humboldt returned from his scientific expedition in
Central and South America, in 1804, he visited Washington, and was
taken to Capitol Hill to enjoy the prospect. After a careful survey of
the surrounding scenery, he said to his companions: ‘‘Gentlemen, I
have never seen a more beautiful near panorama inall my travels.’’ This
was told me by the late William W. Corcoran, who died in 1888, at the
age of go.

The oft-told story of the location of the National Capital at Washing-
ton is too familiar, in its main outlines, to justify repetition here. It
enters into every book about our city, and was made the subject of a
separate publication, ‘‘ The Founding of Washington City,’’ forming
No. 17 of the Maryland Historical Society’s Fund Publications, prepared
by the present writer. I shall here brief a mere outline of the salient
facts, with some allusions which are less generally known.

When the first Congress under the Constitution met at New York in
1789, that body was embarrassed by the claims of many cities and the
offers of various States to provide a permanent seat of government.
Trenton, Philadelphia, Carlisle, Germantown, Lancaster, York, Harris-
burg, Reading, Wilmington, and Baltimore all were eager to receive the
new Government with open arms. The debates in the House of Repre-
sentatives (for none of those in the Senate are reported) were long and
sometimes acrimonious. Suffice it to say that after many locations had
been successively defeated (Germantown, Pa., having been once selected
but reconsidered), the site on the Potomac was carried July 9, 1790, by a
majority of only 2 votes in the Senate and 3 votes in the House. Those
votes, moreover, could not have been obtained had North Carolina not
came into the Union before the decision, casting her vote for the southern
location.

The prolonged struggle over a question which excited so many pas-
sions, interests, and prejudices, attests at once, in its settlement, the
wisdom and moderation of our fathers, and the prodigious power of com-
promise in human affairs. Philadelphia was placated by receiving the
boon of the temporary seat of government from 1791 to 1800. Other
Northern votes were secured by pledging enough Southern votes for the
national assumption of State debts to carry that favorite measure of the
creditor States. As nearly all legislation is the fruit of compromise in
some form, as the earliest American Confederation in 1778 was a compro-
mise, so was the founding here of the National Capital a compromise, and
the adoption of the Constitution of the United States was the greatest
compromise of all.

It is a noteworthy fact that this act of Congress for establishing a per-
manent seat of government, adopted after so long and serious a division of
opinion, fixed absolutely no definite place for the site of the Capital City.
242 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

It gave the President of the United States the sole power to select any
site on the River Potomac, between the mouth of the Eastern Branch (or
Anacostia) and the mouth of the Conococheague, or about 7 miles from
Hagerstown, Md., which is over 100 miles, following the windings of the
river, from the present capital. It was in the power of Washington,
under the provisions of this act, to have founded the National Capital at
Harpers Ferry, 50 miles west of Baltimore, instead of at a place 4o miles
south of it. Indeed, a contemporary letter of Oliver Wolcott says: ‘‘In
1800 we go to the Indian place with the long name (meaning Conoco-
cheague) on the Potomac.’’

Washington, however, with that consummate judgment which distin-
guished his character, selected the only spot in the limits prescribed by
Congress which united the advantages of tidewater navigation to the sea,
easy access from Baltimore and other cities, andthe finest natural sites
both for public buildings and the future wants of a thronging population.
The ‘‘magnificent distances,’’ which were long the theme of almost
world-wide ridicule, have been discovered to be none too spacious since
the city has grown from a straggling village into a well-built and finely
paved emporium for nearly 300,000 inhabitants. While the measure-
ments of the city proper exhibit a total of 6,111 acres, no fewer than
3,095 acres of this aggegate are in streets, avenues, and public reserva-
tions, which leaves about half the surface of the city to private residences
and their grounds. It results that there is a far greater proportion of
open ground reserved from buildings in Washington than in any other
large city, and this secures most important sanitary advantages to its
inhabitants.

This is no place for any description of a capital so often described. But
it is a notable fact in its history that the felicity of the site, with the
rival pretensions of other cities, should have forestalled any removal of
the capital at times when that chronic discontent which sways the
temper of men and of nations, broke out against the established seat of
government. These criticisms give an amusing and sometimes grotesque
coloring to the letters and journals of some early members of Congress
and ambassadors from foreign nations in the earlier decades of our cen-
tury. But these and later discontents have been allayed, we may hope
permanently, by the extraordinary natural advantages of the site grow-
ing more and more evident every year, and by the magnificent civic
progress of the last quarter of a century, during which Washington has
been advanced to the first rank among cities in public buildings,
parks, museums, libraries, thoroughfares, cleanliness, private residences,
and all the arts of life.
REMOVAL OF THE GOVERNMENT TO THE
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA IN 1800.*

By AINSWORTH R. SPOFFORD, LL. D.,
On behalf of the Committee of the Columbia Historical Society.

The committee appointed in pursuance of a vote of the society,
November 6, 1899, to consider and report upon the historic facts con-
nected with the removal to the District of Columbia of the permanent
seat of government of the United States, respectfully submit the following
as their unanimous report:

The duty with which we were charged required a careful and system-
atic examination of the legal and documentary evidence bearing upon
the subject, including acts of Congress, executive orders and proclama-
tions, departmental records, and contemporary letters and journals. In
the entire absence of any comprehensive history of the various steps
connected with the initial organization of the Government in this Dis-
trict, we have been much aided by the researches as to portions of the
inquiry contributed by members of this society to its archives, and espe-
cially those of Dr. S. C. Busey and Messrs. W. B. Bryan and H. T.
Taggart. Thanks are also due to President Kasson and to Mr. Osborne
for important facts concerning early executive and judicial records
collected by them.

The briefest possible summary of the legislation which established
this District as the permanent seat of the Government will preface the
history of the actual removal, in the year 1800.

The Continental Congress, from 1774 to 1778, and its successor, the
Congress of the Confederation, from 1778 to 1789, had been a movable
body. It assembled successively at eight places, in four different States,
viz: Philadelphia, Baltimore, Lancaster, York, Princeton, Annapolis,
Trenton, and New York. Though its sessions during nearly one-half
of this period of fifteen years were held at Philadelphia (then the largest
city in the country), Congress forsook it in 1783 for Princeton, N. J.,
mainly because of a rude disturbance of its proceedings by a mob of sol-
diers, which had not been promptly quelled. This incident undoubtedly

 

1Senate Document No. 12, Fifty-sixth Congress, first session.
243
244 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

contributed much to the later hostility of that body to fixing the capital
in or near any large city.

The convention which framed the Constitution in 1787 was exercised
by the question of a proper seat of government. George Mason pro-
posed to provide in that fundamental law against fixing it at any State
capital. James Madison held that a central residence for the Govern-
ment was a necessity. On his motion there was added to the enumerated
powers of Congress this one:

To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not
exceeding ten miles square) as may by cession of particular States and the accept-
ance of Congress become the seat of government of the United States. (Art. 1,
sec. 7.)

The first Congress under the Constitution had few more difficult prob-
lems to settle than that of a permanent capital for what Washington
termed, in his first address to Congress, an ‘‘infant nation.’’ It met in
New York in elegant accommodations, free of rent; but the claims of
other places and various offers of States poured in. Maryland and Vir-
ginia each offered 10 miles square in any part of their territory which
Congress might choose. Protracted and sometimes acrimonious debates
ensued. ‘The chief controversy was over the conflicting claims of sites
on the Delaware, the Potomac, and the Susquehanna. The Eastern
States were solid for the more northerly site, while the South was nearly
equally solid for the Potomac.

Once both Houses of Congress had actually voted to locate the capital
at Germantown, then 6 miles from Philadelphia, but it was reconsidered.
Wilmington, Harrisburg, and Baltimore were all voted upon and all
rejected. The Potomac was denounced by New England members as an
unhealthy wilderness, and it was declared that members would forego
their election rather than go to a Congress on its banks. Numbers of
Eastern adventurers had gone to the Southern States, and all had found
their graves there. Mr. Madison declared the banks of the Susquehanna
more unhealthy than those of the Potomac. Fisher Ames said that the
gentleman from Virginia ‘‘seemed to think the banks of the Potomac a
paradise and that river an Euphrates.”’

A Georgia member said that if the North insisted on the Susquehanna,
it would ‘‘ blow the coals of sedition and endanger the Union.’’

A Connecticut member said, for himself, ‘‘ he did not dare to go to the
Potomac; he feared that the whole of New England would consider
the Union destroyed.’’ (Annals of Congress, v. d.)

But out of this nettle, danger, the flower of safety was plucked at last
by acompromise. Pennsylvania was placated by giving her the seat of
government for ten years, up to 1800. Enough Southern votes against
the bill for the assumption of the State debts by the United States were
changed to carry that favorite measure of the Eastern States into law;
and so the site of the Potomac was agreed to by a majority of 3 votes in
the House and 2 votes in the Senate.
Removal of the Government in 1800. 245

The ‘‘act for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of the
Government of the United States’? was approved by President Washing-
ton July 16, 1790. So much of it as bears most closely upon our inquiry
reads as follows: .

SEction 1. Be zt enacted, That a district of territory, not exceeding ten miles
square, to be located as hereafter directed on the river Potomac, at some place
between the mouths of the Eastern Branch and Connogochegue, be, and the same is
hereby, accepted for the permanent seat of government of the United States.

SEc. 2. That the President of the United States be authorized to appoint three
commissioners, who shall, under the direction of the President, survey and, by proper
metes and bounds, define and limit a district of territory, under the limitations above
mentioned; and the district so defined, limited, and located shall be deemed the
district accepted by this act for the permanent seat of the Government of the United
States.

SEc. 3. That the said commissioners shall have the power to purchase or accept
such quantity of land on the eastern side of the said river within the said district as
the President shall deem proper for the use of the United States; and according to
such plans as the President shall approve the said commissioners shall, prior to the
first Monday in December, in the year one thousand eight hundred, provide suitable
buildings for the accommodation of Congress and of the President and for the public
offices of the Government of the United States.

SkEc. 4. That for defraying the expenses of such purchases and buildings the Presi-
dent of the United States be authorized and requested to accept grants of money.

SkEc. 5. That prior to the first Monday in December next all offices attached to
the seat of the Government of the United States shall be removed to, and until the
said first Monday in December, in the year one thousand eight hundred, shall remain
at the city of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, at which place the session
of Congress next ensuing the present shall be held.

SkEc. 6. That on the said first Monday in December, in the year one thousand
eight hundred, the seat of the Government of the United States shall, by virtue of
this act, be transferred to the district and place aforesaid; and all offices attached to
the said seat of Government shall accordingly be removed thereto by their respec-
tive holders, and shall, after the said day, cease to be exercised elsewhere; and that
the necessary expense of such removal shall be defrayed out of the duties on imports
and tonnage, of which a sufficient sum is hereby appropriated. (1 U.S. Stat. L.,

130. )

This act, it will be observed, left a, wide liberty of choice to the Presi-
dent of any site within about a hundred miles above the confluence of
the Eastern Branch and the Potomac. But an amendment passed by
Congress the next year, and approved March 3, 1791 (1 U.S. Stat. L.,
214), repealed the limitation of the 10 miles square which required it to
be located above the mouth of the Eastern Branch, and authorized the
President to include the town of Alexandria and adjacent lands lying
below that branch as well as above on both sides of the Potomac.

Previous action by President Washington had been taken by the
appointment of three commissioners, Messrs. Johnson, Stuart, and Car-
roll, on January 22, 1791, under the act of 1790, and by a proclamation
January 24, 1791, directing them to proceed forthwith to run ‘‘lines of
experiment,’ beginning on Hunting Creek, Virginia, running due north-
west 10 miles; thence due northeast 10 miles, crossing the Potomac into
246 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Maryland; thence due southeast 10 miles, and thence southwest 10 miles
to the place of beginning. (1 Messages and Papers of the Presidents,
100.) This location, not in terms provided for in the first act, appears to
have been made with a view to secure amendatory legislation, and per-
haps to make his ‘‘lines of experiment’’ satisfactory alike to Congress,
to Maryland, and to Virginia, in view of the sum of $120,000 voted by
the Virginia legislature as a free gift toward the public buildings in case
of acceptance by Congress of her act of cession of December 3, 1789.

Maryland also gave the sum of $72,000 outright for the public build-
ings, besides ceding the land for the Federal district, December 23, 1788,
and afterwards, by three successive acts, in 1796, 1797, and 1799, loaned
the large sum of $250,000 for the same object on the personal security of
the commissioners added to that of the Government, the amendatory act
having repeated the stipulation that the Government buildings should
be erected on the Maryland side of the river.

The corner stone of the District of Columbia was laid on the Virginia
side April 15, 1791, with Masonic ceremonies.

March 29, 1791, Washington met the chief landholders in the District
at Georgetown, who agreed by deed, attested March 30, to convey to the
President and commissioners all their lands in fee simple, retaining an
undivided half interest in the lots that might be sold, giving outright all
spaces occupied by streets and avenues, and receiving £25 Colonial (about
$66.67) per acre for all taken for public buildings or improvements.

March 30, 1791, the President issued a proclamation, defining finally
the metes and bounds of the District of Columbia (1 Messages and
Papers of the Presidents, 102), and on April 3 he wrote to the commis-
sioners, styling the embryo capital ‘‘the Federal City,’’ a designation
which Washington continued to use through life. ‘The commissioners,
however, on September 9, 1791, in a letter to L’Enfant, determined to
call it ‘‘the City of Washington,’’ that honored name which it has ever
since borne; and they gave the District the title of the ‘‘ Territory of
Columbia.’’

The actual survey of the District embraced in the 10 miles square was
begun in February, 1791, by Maj. Andrew Ellicott, an accomplished
surveyor and engineer, who was directed by the Secretary of State,
Jefferson, February 13, 1791, to proceed to ‘‘the Federal territory on
the Potomac’’ for that purpose. In the following month, March, 1791,
Maj. Pierre Charles L’ Enfant, a French engineer who had served with
credit in the Revolutionary war, was chosen by Washington and Jeffer-
son to aid in the extensive work of laying out the city that was to
be. L/’Enfant, with an instinctive genius which has made the plan
of Washington City his lasting monument, drew the map and accom-
panying inscriptions, which the President submitted to Congress with a
special message “December 13, 1791. (1 Messages and Papers of the
Presidents, 113.)

The creation of the capital of the United States was the first instance
Removal of the Government tn 1800. 247

in history of a nation’s founding a seat of government on new ground
by legislative act. And the city was planned on a scale of amplitude,
and with a marvelous foresight, which does immortal honor to its chief
projectors—Washington, Jefferson, L’Enfant, and Ellicott. These broad
streets, magnificent avenues, noble vistas, and ample reservations, by
which one-half of the city area is forever secured from being built upon,
attest the broad-minded sagacity of its founders. The national capital,
cradled in the wilderness a hundred years ago, finds its ‘‘magnificent
distances,’’ once the theme of thoughtless ridicule, none too ample for
a thronging population in an age when distance is almost annihilated.

Coming now to the recital of the removal of the Government to its
new and chosen capital, we find the Congress at Philadelphia providing
therefor by an act approved April 24, 1800 (1 U.S. Stat. L., 214),
amendatory of that of July 16, 1790, and authorizing the President to
anticipate the time of removal, fixed by that law as the first Monday in
December, 1800. President Adams had previously reminded Congress,
in his annual address December 3, 1799, that the Government was
required on the first Monday of December next to be transferred from
Philadelphia to the district chosen for its permanent seat, and that the
commissioners had reported the public buildings advanced so that the
removal would be practicable and the accommodations satisfactory.
(Annals of Congress, Sixth Congress, 190. )

On the 13th of May, 1800, Congress provided by law that its next
regular session should be held on the third Monday of November, 1800,
at the city of Washington, instead of the first ifonday in December, the
constitutional date for its assembling in the absence of a special enact-
ment. (2 U.S. Stat. L., 85.) The next day, May 14, that body
adjourned, and President Adams, on the day following, May 15, 1800,
issued the following order in pursuance of the act of April 24:

The President requests the several heads of departments to take the most prudent
and economical arrangements for the removal of the public offices, clerks, and papers,
according to their own best judgment, as soon as may be convenient, in such man-
ner that the public offices may be opened in the City of Washington for the dispatch

of business by the 15th of June. (2 Gibbs’s Memoirs of the Administrations of
Washington and Adams, 362.)!

The fact that the 15th of June fell on Sunday in 1800 either did not
occur to the President, or was deemed unimportant in allowing just a
calendar month for completing the transit of the executive officers and
effects from Philadelphia to Washington.

President Adams himself left Philadelphia May 27, 1800, traveling by
way of Lancaster, Pa., and Fredericktown, Md., a circuitous route, but
affording opportunities of entertainment by the way.

He did not reach Georgetown until June 3, one week later, although
the daily stage via Baltimore, leaving Philadelphia at 8 a. m., then

 

'This important Executive order is not filed in the Department of State, nor has
it been found in any contemporary publication. —
248 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

arrived at Washington the next day at 5 p.m. The Centinel of Liberty,
or Georgetown and Washington Advertiser, of June 6. 1800, had this
paragraph: : -

The President of the United States arrived in this place on Tuesday last. At the
boundary line of the District of Columbia he was met bya large crowd of respectable
citizens on horseback and escorted into town, where he was received with pleasure
and veneration. The military of the City of Washington and the marines stationed
there manifested their respect by sixteen discharges of musketry and artillery.

There were at that time but sixteen States in the Union.

The same journal records a meeting of the citizens of Georgetown
May 31, which appointed a committee to address the President by letter
of welcome. In his reply, dated ‘‘ Union Tavern, Georgetown, June 4,
1800,’’ Mr. Adams wrote:

I congratulate you, gentlemen, on the translation of the Government to the city
so near you.

On Thursday, June 5, we find the scene of the Presidential reception
transferred to Washington, where an address was presented to President
Adams in the chamber of the House of Representatives at the Capitol
by Mr. Tristram Dalton in behalf of the citizens.

Mr. Adams replied :

I congratulate you on the blessings which Providence has been pleased to bestow
in a particular manner on this situation, and especially on its destination to be the
permanent seat of Government.

On the 11th of June the President was given an entertainment at
Alexandria, at which upward of a hundred citizens were present.

President Adams left Washington on Saturday, June 14, and pro-
ceeded on his way to Massachusetts, having spent nearly two weeks in
the District.

The removal of the various Department offices, their clerks, archives,
etc., to the new Capital was promply entered upon. Search of contem-
porary newspapers shows that the heads of the Departments left Phila-
delphia for Washington at the following dates:

Charles Lee, Attorney-General and Acting Secretary of State, May 28,
1800. Oliver Wolcott, Secretary of the Treasury, arrived July 2, 1800.
Samuel Dexter, Secretary of War, arrived June 12, 1800. Benjamin
Stoddert, Secretary of the Navy, left Philatelphia June 11. Abraham
Bradley, jr., acting for Postmaster-General Habersham (absent in
Georgia), left Philadelphia May 27 and arrived here May 29. John
Marshall, Secretary of State, arrived June 6, 1800.

The clerks employed in the various Departments (about 136 in num-
ber) came over from Philadelphia at various dates by stage or hired con-
veyances. They were allowed all expenses out of the appropriation for
removal of the Government offices and archives, and about $64,000 were
thus paid out of the Treasury for the entire pecuniary charges of remov-
ing a Government:from its temporary capital to its permanent one. The
Removal of the Government tn 1800. 249

Department records, office furniture, etc., were nearly all shipped around
by Delaware and Chesapeake bays and the Potomac by sailing vessels,
constituting no small bulk, and the myth of ‘‘a single packet sloop,’’
which magazine writers have reported as havifig transferred all the
archives of the United States to this city, has no foundation in fact.

The Washington that received the Executive emigrants was imper-
fectly provided with accommodations for them. Only one Department
building was erected, the old Treasury edifice, on the site of the present
south front of that Department, a plain two-story brick of only thirty
rooms. ‘The War Department went into lodgings (a practice of which
the present day shows many survivals) on Pennsylvania avenue above
Twenty-first street, and the Post-Office Department was opened in a leased
house near Blodget’s Hotel, at the corner of Eighth and E streets.

So far as the records of the Departments now show, the first official
paper dated at Washington was a note from J. Wagner, chief clerk of
the Department of State, to Evan Jones, dated ‘‘ 7th June, 1800, Depart-
ment of State, city of Washington.’’ A week later is recorded an offi-
.cial instruction addressed by John Marshall, Secretary of State, to Mr.
William Vans Murray, the United States minister resident to the Bata-
vian Republic, under date of June 16, 1800. In the War Department
the fire that occurred November 8, 1800, destroyed all the papers in the
office of the Secretary. The Treasury Department has no records of
letters sent or received in 1800, which were presumably destroyed in one
of the two fires which visited that office.

No other Department records at about the time of removal are found.

The removal of the Department of State is thus noticed in the Phila-
delphia Daily Aurora:

28 May, 1800. The office of the Department of State will be removed this day
from Philadelphia. All letters and applications are therefore to be addressed to that
Department at the city of Washington from this date.

On May 23, 1800, Claypoole’s American Daily Advertiser said, edi-
torially:

The Government offices, it is expected, will be removed in all next week.

In the Daily Aurora of June 12, 1800, appeared a notice that—

Letters and newspapers must in the future be directed to the respective officers of
the Government at the city of Washington.

A similar notice in the Daily Advertiser of June 11, 1800, reads more
fully:

PUBLIC OFFICES.

The following public offices are removed from Philadelphia:

Office of the Secretary of State, Secretary of War, Secretary of the Navy, and
General Post-Office. Letters and newspapers must in future be directed to the
respective officers at the city of Washington.

As early as July 7, 1800, we find the Treasury advertising in a George-
town paper (there being none continuously issued in Washington until
250 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

the National Intelligencer began, October 31, 1800) for supplies of 500
cords of wood, oak and hickory, for use of that Department.

In a letter of the Secretary of the Treasury, Oliver Wolcott, to James
McHenry, late Secretary of War, dated Washington, July 18, 1800, that
officer says:

General Marshall has been gone about a fortnight, but will soon return. The
law character (meaning Attorney-General Lee) has gone to Norfolk with his lady,

and Mr. Stoddert, Mr. Dexter, and myself govern this great nation; but how wisely,
is not for me to determine. (2 Gibbs’s Washington and Adams. )

President Adams returned to Washington from his home at Quincy,
Mass., on the 1st of November, 1800, and the Georgetown Centinel of
Liberty announced :

He occupies the spacious building erected for the accommodation of our Chief
Magistrate.

Passing now from the Departments, which we have found fully opened
here for public business by the time fixed in President Adams’s Execu-
tive order of May 15, 1800 (namely, June 15, 1800), we find Congress
assembling in the Capitol building (the north wing only being yet com-
pleted) on November 17, 1800, the third Monday, fixed by its own act.

No quorum, however, appeared in either House that day; but on the
18th the House of Representatives had a quorum, and the Senate on
November 21, when a joint committee was sent to President Adams,
notifying him that:Congress was in session and ready to receive any
communication from him. The President replied that he would address
them the following day. On November 22, both Houses being assem-
bled in the Senate Chamber, he read his speech (equivalent to the
annual messages of later days), in which occurred this notable passage:

Immediately after the adjournment of Congress at their last session in Philadel-
phia, I gave directions, in compliance with the laws, for the removal of the public
offices, records, and property. These directions have been executed, and the public
officers have since resided and conducted the ordinary business of the Government
in this place.

I congratulate the people of the United States on the assembling of Congress at the
permanent seat of their government, and I congratulate you, gentlemen, on the pros-
pect of a residence not to be changed. (Annals of Congress, Sixth Congress, p. 723.)

In the reply of the Senate, that body said:

We congratulate ourselves on the convention of the Legislature at the permanent
seat of government. (Ibid, p. 726.)

President Adams replied:

With you, I ardently hope that stability will be communicated as well to the
Government itself as to its beautiful and commodious seat.

Similar sentiments in different language were embodied in the address
of the House of Representatives and in the President’s reply.

It remains to notice briefly the action of the third coordinate branch
of the Government, the Supreme Court of the United States.
Removal of the Government tn 1800. 251

That body adjourned its February term of the year 1800 on February
13 and assembled for the first session of the following term on the 4th of
August, 1800. It isto be noted that this adjournment was in February,
before the amendatory act of Congress authorizing the removal from
Philadelphia to be anticipated and three months before the issue of
President Adams's order fixing June 15, 1800, as the time for opening
the executive offices in the city of Washington. The preface to its
minutes reads as follows:

At a Supreme Court of the United States, to be holden agreeably to law at Phila-
delphia (the same being the seat of the National Government), on the first Monday,

being the third day, of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hun-
dred, etc.

The minutes of the last session of this term conclude as follows:

The court, having finished the business depending before them, adjourn to the

time and place by law appointed.
SAML. BAYARD, Clerk.

The minutes of the first session at Washington opened as follows:

Ata Supreme Court of the United States, holden at the Capitol, in the city of
Washington (the same being the seat of the National Government), on the first
Monday, being the 2nd day of February, A. D. 1801, and of our independence the
twenty-fifth, etc.

A quorum was first secured on Wednesday, February 4, 1801.

It may be noted that the clerk’s minute prefixed to the judicial record
of the August session at Philadelphia makes the error of calling the first
Monday in August the 3d day, whereas it was actually the fourth.
The statement in the same minute, ‘‘at Philadelphia (the same being the
seat of the National Government),’’ was the stereotyped formula always
prefixed, and can hardly be regarded as involving any expression of the
court. It may be that the judges, seeing that no special preparation
had been made for them at Washington, met at Philadelphia in their
habitual quarters for mere reasons of comfort and convenience.

In any case, two facts stand out in distinct relief, upon a careful
review of the historical data here set forth:

First. All the Executive Departments of the Government of the
United States were in full operation at the city of Washington, and not
elsewhere, on the 16th of June, A. D. 1800, in strict pursuance of law.

Secondly. The legislative branch of the Government was duly organ-
ized and-in full operation in the city of Washington on the 21st day of
November, 1800. s

Your committee having been charged with no other duty than to
inquire into and report the facts regarding the change of the seat of
Government of the United States in the year 1800, do not deem it
proper to indicate any opinion regarding the most appropriate date for
celebrating the centenary of that memorable event. That is a question
whose solution ultimately rests with the Congress of the United States.
REMOVAL OF THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT TO
WASHINGTON.’

By W. B. BRYAN.

The removal of the seat of government from Philadelphia to Washing-
ton was completed as far as the executive offices were concerned by the
15th of June, 1800. Congress adjourned May 14, 1800, having directed
that the next or second session of the Sixth Congress should commence
in Washington, November 17, 1800.

The departure of the Government officials was considered of so little
consequence by the editor of the General Advertiser, a daily published
in that city, that the only reference to it wasa brief paragraph of some
three or four lines in the issue of June 12, 1800, stating that letters and
newspapers must in the future be directed to the respective offices of the
Government at the city of Washington.

As is well known, Philadelphia was regarded during the ten years of
the location of the seat of government there, as merely a temporary
abode. Many of the Philadelphians, however, entertained the hope that
the law which was passed in 1790, directing the removal of the seat of
government to Philadelphia, pending the building of a capital city on
the banks of the Potomac, would in some way be repealed, and that the
Government would remain permanently in Philadelphia. No doubt the
clerks, to a large degree, shared this hope, especially when they looked
forward to making their homes in the wilderness, as Washington was
then generally characterized.

In this connection the fact is interesting that a large house, which was
erected by the State of Pennsylvania on Ninth street, between Market
and Chestnut streets, for the accommodation of the President of the
United States, but which was never occupied either by President Wash-
ington or President Adams, was not disposed of until after the official
representatives of the Government had left the city, and then an

 

“tRead before the Columbia Historical Society, December 3, 1894. Senate Doc.

62, 56th Cong., Ist sess.
253
254 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

advertisement appeared in one of the local papers offering the property
for sale.

During the ten years the seat of government was located in Philadel-
phia the Executive Departments occupied leased buildings, while the
Houses of Congress sat in a building still standing at the corner of
Sixth and Chestnut streets, which had been furnished for their use by
the commissioners of the city and county of Philadelphia.

Some recently discovered letters supply details both curious and valu-
able in regard to the removal of the Government to this city. In the
letter books in the files of the Post-Office Department were found two
letters written by Mr. Abraham Bradley, jr., the Assistant Postmaster-
General in the year 1800 and for many years later. In the fair and
clerkly hand, which is characteristic of so many of the old records of the
Government, made in the more leisurely days of the period now nearly
one hundred years ago, is found recorded Mr. Bradley’s impressions of the
new city and an extremely minute account of the building secured for
the use of the Post-Office Department, including even the dimensions of
the rooms, as well as the prevailing rents in the city for private houses,
the price of vegetables, and other interesting details. The Postmaster-
General, Mr. Habersham, had gone to make a visit to his home in Geor-
gia, and did not reach the new city until the fall. The entire charge of
the removal of the Post-Office Department, therefore, devolved upon Mr.
Bradley. Under date of June 2 Mr. Bradley writes to his friend Robert
Patten as follows:

We arrived here on Friday last, having had a pleasant journey as far as we traveled
by daylight. Captain Stevenson, with whom I agreed for a house before my arrival,
was not ready to give possession, and the house was not convenient for us. I have,
therefore, taken a large three-story house within a few rods of Blodget’s Hotel, which
will accommodate the office and my family and the postmaster’s office. It is about
equidistant from the President’s house and the Capitol. It is impossible that all the
people attached to the public offices should be accommodated with houses, the few
that have been left are at rents none under $250 and $300. Provisions are plenty,
good enough, and cheaper than in Philadelphia. You can buya peck of field straw-
berries for a five-penny bit, garden at 11 cents a quart. Vegetation is at least two
weeks earlier here than in Philadelphia. For myself, I do not regret the removal.
The situation of the city is beautiful, and this season is extremely pleasant.

Under date of June 11, Mr. Bradley writes to the Postmaster-General
as follows:

We have not been able to open the office and commence business until this day.
I left Philadelphia on Wednesday, May 27, and arrived on Friday evening, the 29th.
The President left Philadelphia the 26th, and arrived at Georgetown June 1. The
situation of the city is extremely pleasant, and it will probably become the greatest
city in America. Provisions are plenty and cheap; but it will hardly be possible for
all those attached to the public offices to be accommodated with houses within 2
miles of the offices. I have not been able to learn whether any house has been taken
for your family, and have therefore been obliged to store your furniture in George-
town. We have taken Dr. Cracker’s house for this office (close by the Great Hotel)
Removal of the Seat of Government. 255

and for my family at $600 a year. The apportionment of the rent I shall leave to
you. It appears that $200 is as much as I ought to pay fora house. Our office is
kept on the second floor, which contains one large room and two small ones. The
largest room is 27 by 17 feet, and the smallest rooms are each 15 by 14 feet. The
front room on the first floor was prepared for Mr. Monroe's office, with an apartment
for blanks. Only half the floors were laid when we took the house, and only four
rooms were plastered. The owner allowed us to expend $300 of the rent to make it
tenantable. The carpenters are now at work and we shall complete, as far as our
money shall permit, by the last of next week, at which time Mr. Monroe will move
his office here. * * * We havea flood of business on hand at this time, and our
removal has put us a month in arrears. It took us a week to prepare to move, load,
etc., and it will take us another week to get our things in proper order.

There is another letter in which Mr. Bradley drops the gossipy style of
the preceding letters, and indulges in some caustic comment and thinly
veiled sarcasm at the expense of the owner of the building which the
Department occupied in Philadelphia. It is evident from this letter that
sundry claims were made for compensation, alleging damage to the walls,
the woodwork, and the fireplaces. From the vantage position of a two
days’ journey from Philadelphia, Mr. Bradley, as the representative of
the Department, sturdily resisted these claims. He curtly informed the
owner that the ink stains on the floors and the dents in the plaster and in
the woodwork were nothing more than the ordinary wear and tear that
might be expected, while as for the chimney back, he was told that if he
had built his chimneys better he would not now be claiming that they
were out of repair.

The information which is in the letters of Mr. Bradley constitute a
valuable contribution to the history of that period. While Mr. Bradley
does not give the exact location of the building that was leased for the
use of the Post-Office Department, his description is, perhaps, as accurate
as could be expected under the circumstances. It is hardly necessary to
say that while the streets of the city of Washington were beautifully
delineated on paper and carefully named, there was no indication, or at
least very little, in the city itself that there were any streets. Some
years later a traveler to the city stated that he was in the center of the
city when he thought he was some distance away.

There was the Capitol and the White House, and midway, as Mr.
Bradley says, the large building known then as Blodget’s, or the Great
Hotel. It was located on the site of the south wing of the present Post-
Office Department building. From Mr. Bradley’s account, as made
more definite by other records, it is believed the house referred to was at
or near the corner of Ninth and E streets northwest. Reference is made
by Mr. Bradley to providing quarters for Mr. Monroe’s office in this
building. Mr. Monroe was at that time the postmaster of the city, and
this statement clears up a rather doubtful period in the early history of
the city post-office. At any rate, the joint tenancy of the Post-Office
Department and the city post-office then began, which was continued,
with bnt slight interruption, up to a few years ago.

17

 

H. Doc. 552
256 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

The accounts of the removal of the Government to this city are
extremely meager; in fact, it may be said that the history of that event
is still to be written. In all the histories of the city of Washington
which have appeared from time to time since the year r800—and a com-
plete collection would form quite a respectable library—this period has
generally received slight attention, and, it may be said, in all cases inade-
quate attention. It is noticeable that the tendency on the part of nearly
all in treating of this event is to pack the Government effects into very
small and very few boxes and to reduce the official household to the
lowest reasonable limits—probably for the same reason that influences
individuals who have obtained wealth and position to exaggerate the
poverty and difficulties which surrounded their early days.

Perhaps the account which is most generally quoted is the one which
appeared some years ago in an article in Harper’s Magazine on the Early
History of Washington. The writer, in referring to the removal of the
Government to Washington, states that it was not ‘‘a very formidable
transfer. The oldest inhabitant assures me,’’ he continues, ‘‘that a
single packet sloop brought all the office furniture of the Departments,
besides ‘seven large boxes and four or five smaller ones,’ which contained
the archives of the Government. Fifty-four persons, comprising the
President, Secretaries, and clerical force, chose their own method of
conveyance.’’

This bill of lading, as it might be termed, is not complete. The old-
est inhabitant was evident a patriot, and if the occasion demanded, he
would no doubt have as readily asserted that all the archives of the Gov-
ernment were brought to this city in carpetbags by the Cabinet officers.
The description which is given in Mr. Bradley’s letter of the rooms
which were provided for the use of one of the Executive Departments of
the Government, the fact that only one building had been erected for the
accommodation of the Executive Departments, although another was in
course of erection, the extremely small civil list as compared with the
present, and in general the comparatively slight volume of Government
business, all seemingly confirm this popular impression of the insignifi-
cance of the removal of the capital to Washington.

The first Blue Book, which was printed in the year 1792, shows that
the employees in the Government Departments numbered 134, exclusive
of the heads of the Departments. The Navy Department was not then
in existence, and the General Post-Office, with Timothy Pickerin§ as
Postmaster-General, is put down as having made no returns. The next
Blue Book was sent to Congress by President Jefferson, January 12, 1802,
and the number of Department employees is given as 126. ‘The total
amount paid in salaries when the transfer was made to Washington was
$125,881. The employees for the first year in the new city, apportioned
among the Departments, were as follows: State Department, 8 clerks;
Treasury Department, 75; War Department, 17; Navy Department, 16,
and Post-Office Department, 10.
Removal of the Seat of Government. 257

The only account of an eyewitness of the arrival in this city of the
Government effects of which I have any knowledge is found in a small
volume published in 1866, in which Christian Hines gives his recollec-
tions of the early days of the Capital City. It is true that Mr. Hines
wrote this book at the advanced age of 84, and it is but natural to sup-
pose that in giving a description, unaided by a diary or other written
data, of events which had happened sixty-four years before he would fall
into some errors. He attempts to enumerate all the houses and their
location which were standing in the year 1800, and of course he made
mistakes.

It may be presumed, however, that his recollections of such an event
as the transfer to this city of the National Government are fairly accu-
rate. At any rate, his account is interesting as a contemporary descrip-
tion, especially in view of the fact that it is the only one in existence.
It isa singular circumstance that the letter books and proceedings of
the commissioners who were in charge of the erection of the public build-
ings and the preparation for the accommodation of the Government in
the new city contain no reference whatever to the arrival of the repre-
sentatives of the Government in this city. Mr. Hines’s narrative of the
removal is as follows:

About this time (1800) the seat of government was removed from Philadelphia to
Washington City. The vessels in which were brought the furniture, etc., landed
and discharged their cargoes at Lear’s wharf, and as the vessels were unladen their
contents were carted away to the War and Treasury offices, the only two that were
built at the time. Some of the furniture was stored away in the stone warehouse
and afterwards taken away in wagons, it being too bulky toremove incarts. Wagons
were rather scarce in Washington then, and our cart was engaged with others in

removing the boxes of books, papers, etc. I still remember that many of the boxes
were marked ‘‘ Joseph Nourse, Register.”

It will be noted that Mr. Hines uses the word ‘‘vessels,’’ and does
not say that ‘‘a single packet sloop’’ brought all the office furniture and
records. Fortunately there is more substantial evidence of the extent
of this removal than is afforded by the recollections of a man 84 years of
age. ‘The disbursements of that year, as recorded in the records of the
Treasury Department, show that over $48,000 were expended to defray
the expenses of the removal. If all the Government archives and office
furniture were transported in a ‘‘single packet sloop,’’ and there were
only 54 officials, the cost of the removal must be classed as one of the
most extravagant expenditures in the history of the Government.

While all the vouchers giving the details of this expenditure are no
longer in existence, a sufficient number are preserved to indicate that
this sum of money was actually expended for the purpose named. For
example, there is an account with Israel Whelan, who held the office of
purveyor of public supplies. This position was created under the theory
which prevailed during the early years of this Government that as the
Treasury Department was intrusted with the duty of raising the money
258 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

to meet the expenses of the Government, it should also have supervision
over the expenditures. All supplies for the Army and the Navy and the
Indians, and practically everything used by the Government, were pur-
chased by the purveyor of public supplies. It seems that the work of
removing the Government effects was intrusted to Mr. Whelan, and
while all the vouchers for the money which he expended in the discharge
of this duty can not now be found, there is recorded the following
statement:

Account of Israel Whelan. By amount of his expenditures from the 5th of June,
1800, to the 9th of February, 1801, for the wagons and charter hire of vessels [notice
the plural number] employed in the transportation of the President’s furniture and
the records and furniture of the public offices from Philadelphia to the city of Wash-
ington, including various payments for carpenter work, porterage, and insurance,
with his commission at 214 per cent, $15,293.23.

This account was duly audited and finally approved February 12,
t8o1. It is evident from the wording of this account, as well as from
the sum total expended, that ‘‘the single packet sloop’’ idea is hardly
admissible. Independent of this evidence, it is reasonable to suppose
that the accumulation of material and records belonging to the Govern-
ment must have been at that period considerable. The Government had
been in existence over ten years, and had succeeded to that of the Con-
federacy, with all the records of the war, the muster books, the account
books, and the various State papers.

There is another item in the expense attending the removal which is
still larger. The Government very justly and very properly defrayed
all the expenses which the employees were subject to in consequence of
the change in the location of the nation’s Capital, as was done when the
public offices were transferred from Philadelphia to Trenton, N. J., for
a few weeks in the summer of 1799, owing to the prevalence of yellow
fever in the former city. From the Cabinet officers down to the messen-
gers in the various Departments, the cost of boxing up personal effects
and traveling expenses of each employee and his family were paid out of
the public Treasury. The entries of the expenses incurred on this
account are duly recorded, and show an aggregate of $32,872.34.

In most cases the money seems to have been paid to the heads of
Departments and bureaus, the amount being sufficient to cover the cost
of the removal of all the employees in the respective bureaus and
Departments. In addition, there were a number of personal accounts.
Oliver Wolcott, then lately Secretary of the Treasury, received $510;
Benjamin Stoddart, the Secretary of the Navy, $729; Charles Lee, the
Attorney-General, $338; Samuel Meredith, the Treasurer of the United
States, for himself and family, $516; and so the entries run on. ‘The
vouchers or bills accompanying these accounts have been lost, but for-
tunately one bill has been preserved, and may serve as a sample of all
the rest. The bill, and it is a unique one, which was presented by John
Removal of the Seat of Government. 259

Little, a clerk in the Register’s office, and which was duly paid, read as
follows:
For the following expenses attending the removal of himself and family, consisting

of nine persons, from the city of Philadelphia to the city of Washington:
For expenses actually incurred in October, 1799, for procuring me a

house in the city of Washington ............ 0... cece cee eee eee ees $30. 00
Carpenter’s bill for making of boxes and cases for furniture, including
boards, nails, and packing of same... .......... 0. 0c cece cece eee 96. 00

Paid I. Irvine for the hire of a carriage for the removal of self and
family, nine in number, from the city of Philadelphia to Washington. 100. 00

Expetrises on the road, six days... 00.0 vic cuge ae ceed eee Ste eeemen eine 72. 00
Paid D. Cochran for hauling furniture from Lear’s store to my house... 7.00
For board after our arrival in Washington until the house was put in

PE pair tOMSCSiVE US. uu 238 hea ead sn Haan ane wee eden Aenean 4 eka ee 30. 00

My official duty compelling me to remain in Philadelphia till the rst of
July, in order to complete the dividends for the payment of interest, I
charge for board of self and family in Philadelphia after the shipment
of my furniture until that day, deducting the difference of boarding
my family and what it would have cost us in housekeeping .......... 30. 00
During the hurry generally attending a removal many incidental expenses
occurred of which I kept no account. The damage occasioned by the
removal of my furniture was considerable, which with cooperage,
porterage from my house in Philadelphia to the wharf and other neces-
sary expenses not enumerated would, upon a moderate computation,
AMOUNE COs clues Aik GEA Maat ak Mee Geo einen eH) Bea Fed eae 80. 00

 

It may be inferred that if Mr. John Little ever before in the course of
his careful life omitted any detail, he certainly did not do so on this
occasion when rendering his bill to the Government. It might also be
added that his kind and paternal Government seems to have paid the
bill without demurrer. It is evident from the accounts that the other
clerks were treated with equal liberality, though why Mr. Little should
have taken six days-to come from Philadelphia to Washington, when
Mr. Bradley states that he was two days in making the journey, is
rather difficult to understand, except on the ground that Mr. Little’s
numerous family may have required more rest and recreation in travel-
ing than the Assistant Postmaster-General. However, as the Govern-
ment did not object to the charge at that time, it is hardly worth while
to cavil at the bill at this late day.

While the records and furniture of the Government Departments were
conveyed to this city by means of vessels, the Government employees
traveled by private conveyances, or by stages which ran from Phila-
delphia to Baltimore and on to this city. It is probable that in most
cases the arrangements for their accommodations were made prior to
their coming here. As there were but comparatively few houses erected
in this city at that time, the majority of the Government employees were
obliged to go to Georgetown. ‘The population of the city in 1800 was
estimated to be about 3,000. A large proportion were artisans and
260 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

laborers engaged upon the public works. On May 15, 1800, there were
109 brick houses in the city and 253 frame houses. During the follow-
ing year 84 brick houses and 111 frame houses were completed, and,
including the unfinished structures, there was on November 15, 1801, a
grand total of 721 houses in the city.

The only building that was then completed and ready for the occu-
pancy of the Executive Departments of the Government was the Treasury
Department building, which occupied the site of the south front of the
present edifice. It was a plain, two-story structure of brick and stone,
with an attic and basement, and contained 30rooms. This building was
destroyed by fire in 1833, and the ruins were removed to give place to
the present structure, the erection of which was begun about that time.

The original building was in exterior appearance the counterpart of
the old State Department, which was subsequently erected on the site of
the present north front of the Treasury building, and was only removed
within comparatively recent years.

A short time before the removal to Washington, the commissioners in
charge of preparing the new city for the use of the Government began
the erection of a building similar in appearance and size to the Treasury
Office at the southwest corner of the White House grounds, but it was
not ready for the occupancy of the clerks at the time of the removal. It
was known as the War Office, and in later years was called the Navy
Department building. The Treasury Department, which at that period
was the largest and most important Department, and is probably so
considered to-day, took possession of the building which had been erected
for its use. The War Department leased a three-story house on the
south side of Pennsylvania avenue, between Twenty-first and T'wenty-
second streets, nearly opposite a hotel kept by William O’Neal, whose
daughter Peggy gained much notoriety during Jackson’s administration.

The Post-Office Department, as Mr. Bradley states, occupied a build-
ing at the corner of Ninth and E streets. The other Departments prob-
ably secured quarters in leased buildings in the vicinity of the White
House, and the habit which the Government formed at that early day
of renting buildings for the accommodation of the Executive Departments,
instead of erecting buildings, has continued to mark its policy ever since.

Owing to the limited accommodations which had been provided for the
Government in the new city, a large proportion of the Government
effects were stored in the stone warehouse which had been erected at the
foot of Twenty-fifth street by Col. Tobias Lear, formerly a private secre-
tary of General Washington. During the succeeding months of the
summer the officials had an opportunity to recover from the confusion of
the removal and to set going again the wheels of the machinery of the
public business. President Adams made but a short visit at this time.

Congress convened in the new city November 17, or rather the 2tst,
when a quorum of both Houses was present, and the members of that
Removal of the Seat of Government. 261

august body did not fare much better than the employees of the Execu-
tive Departments in respect to the accommodations which were provided.
Only the north wing of the Capitol had been completed, and both bodies
met in that portion of the building. An appropriation of $9,000 for the
purchase of furniture for the use of the Houses of Congress had been
made and liberal provision was allowed to the officers of Congress to
defray the expenses of removal. Some $6,000 was spent in providing
suitable furniture for the President’s house, but it is evident from Mrs.
Adams’s letters that only a small proportion was in place when she
arrived there in November.

The War Department officials had barely become located in the build-
ing on Pennsylvania avenue when a fire broke out and destroyed a large
part of the records. The fire occurred in November, 1800, and in the
following January the employees of the Treasury Department had a
somewhat similar experience, although the flames, fortunately, were
soon under control, and comparatively little damage was done.

These fires gave rise to a good deal of comment, and the Democratic
party, which had just won a victory over the Federalists, was inclined to
attribute their origin to some political motive on the part of their
defeated opponents. A newspaper called the Cabinet, which had a
short-lived existence, was at that time published in Washington, the
editor being the son of Matthew Lyon, a member of the House from
Vermont, who will be remembered as one of the principals in one of the
most desperate personal encounters that ever took place on the floor of
the House.

Mr. Lyon, jr., had no hesitation in saying in the columns of his paper
that the fires in the Department buildings were deliberate attempts of
the party then in: power to destroy the records and thus cover up the
evidence of its maladministration. In consequence of these charges a
Congressional investigation was held, but the testimony showed that the
fires were due to defective construction. This incident in some particu-
lars is not without its modern counterpart, although it has never happened
since that fires in the Government Department buildings have followed
the political defeat of the dominant party and have given rise to similar
suspicions.
THE CENTENNIAL OF THE PERMANENT SEAT OF
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES:

By SAMUEL C. BUSEY, M. D.

In view of the contemplated commemoration, in 1900, of the removal
of the seat of the Government from the city of Philadelphia to the city
of Washington, a collation and review of the events which led up to and
completed the establishment of ‘‘ The permanent seat of the Govern-
ment’’ on the river Potomac may add interest to that occasion and
invite attention to some historic incidents and facts which seem to have
been forgotten.

The title of this paper suggests the inquiry, Should the celebration
to take place in 1900 commemorate the mechanical removal of the busi-
ness affairs, books, papers, and chattels of the Government from Phila-
delphia to the city of Washington in 1800, or the establishment and
occupancy of the permanent seat of the Government of the United
States? And also the further inquiry, Did the Constitution or Con-
gress, by the act of July 16, 1790, either by direction or implication,
intend to found a capital city, or to acquire, locate, and define a district
not exceeding 10 miles square for the ‘‘permanent seat of the Gov-
ernment?’’ The data herein cited will supply the answers to these
inquiries.

Section 8 of Article I of the Constitution gave to Congress the power
“‘to exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such dis-
trict (not exceeding 10 miles square) as may, by cession of particular
States and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Govern-
ment of the United States.’’ i

By an act approved Decemper 23, 1788, entitled ‘‘An act to cede to
Congress a district ten miles square in this State for the seat of the Gov-
ernment of the United States,’’ the State of Maryland directed that—

The Representatives of this State in the House of Representatives of the Congress
of the United States, appointed to assemble at New York on the first Wednesday of
March next, be, and they are hereby, authorized and required, on behalf of this State,
to cede to the Congress of the United States any district in this State, not exceeding
ten miles square, which the Congress may fix upon and accept for the seat of govern-
ment of the United States.

 

t Read before the Columbia Historical Society, November 6, 1899. Senate Doc. 62,

Fifty-sixth Congress, first session. :
263
264 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

The State of Virginia, in the act approved December 3, 1789, entitled
‘‘An act for the cession of ten miles square, or any lesser quantity of
territory within this State, to the United States in Congress assembled,
for the permanent seat of the General Government,’’ cites the considera-
tions and advantages of a ‘‘situation for the seat of. said Government’’
on the banks of the river Potomac, and in the second section enacts—

Src. 2. That a tract of country not exceeding ten miles square, or any lesser
quantity, to be located within the limits of this State, and in any part thereof as
Congress may by law direct, shall be, and the same is, forever ceded and relin-
quished to the Congress and Government of the United States, in full and absolute
right and exclusive jurisdiction, as well of the soil as of persons residing or to reside
thereon, pursuant to the tenor and effect of the eighth section of the first article of
the Constitution of the Government of the United States.

These acts of cession by the legislatures of the States of Maryland and
Virginia promoted the favorable consideration of the selection of the
location of the permanent seat of the Government, which terminated in
the approval of the following act of Congress, July 16, 1790:

AN ACT for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of the Government of the United
States.

Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That a district of territory not exceeding
ten miles square, to be located as hereafter directed on the river Potomac, at some
space between the mouths of the Eastern Branch and Conogocheague, be, and the
same is hereby, accepted for the permanent seat of the Government of the United
States: Provided, nevertheless, That the operation of the laws of the State within
the said district shall not be affected by the acceptance until the time fixed for the
removal of the Government thereto, and until Congress shall otherwise by law direct.

Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the President of the United States be
authorized to appoint, and by supplying vacancies happening from refusals to act or
other causes, to keep in appointment as long as may be necessary, three commission-
ers, who, or any two of whom, shall, under the direction of the President, survey and
by proper metes and bounds define and limit a district or territory under the limit-
ations above mentioned; and the district so defined, limited, and located shall be
deemed the district accepted by this act for the permanent seat of the Government
of the United States.

SxEc. 3. And be it enacted, That the said commissioners, or any two of them, shall
have power to purchase or accept such quantity of land on the eastern side of said
river, within the said district, as the President shall deem proper for the use of the
United States; and according to such plans as the President shall approve, the said
commissioners, or any two of them, shall, prior to the first Monday in December, in
the year of one thousand eight hundred, provide suitable buildings for the accom-
modation of Congress and of the President and for public offices of the Government
of the United States.

Src. 4. And be it enacted, That for defraying of the expenses of said purchases
and buildings the President of the United States be authorized and requested to
accept grants of land.

Src. 5. And be it enacted, That prior to the first Monday in December next all
offices attached to the seat of Government of the United States shall be removed to,
and until the first said Monday in December, in the year one thousand eight hun-
dred, shall remain at the city of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, at which
place the session of Congress next ensuing to the present shall be held.
Centennial of the Permanent Seat of Government. 265

Sec. 6. And be it enacted, That on the said first Monday in December, in the
year one thousand eight hundred, the seat of Government of the United States shall,
by virtue of this act, be transferred to the district and place aforesaid; and all offices
attached to the said seat of Government shall accordingly be moved thereto by their
respective holders, and shall, after the said day, cease to be exercised elsewhere, and
that the necessary expense of such removal shall be defrayed out of the duties on
imports and tonnage, of which a sufficient sum is hereby appropriated.

The record does not show any proceeding in pursuance of the act of
July 16, 1790, until the appointment of three commissioners, by the
issuance of letters patent, January 22, 1791, which reads as follows:

[seat] GEORGE WASHINGTON, President of the United States. To all who shail
see these presents, greeting:

Know you, that, reposing special trust and confidence in the integrity, skill, and
diligence of Thos. Johnson and Daniel Carroll, of Maryland, and David Stewart, of
Virginia, I do, in pursuance of the power vested in me by the act entitled ‘“‘An act
for the establishing the temporary and permanent seat of the Government of the
United States,’? approved July 16, 1790, hereby appoint them, the said Thomas
Johnson, Daniel Carroll, and David Stewart, commissioners for surveying the dis-
trict of territory accepted by the said act for the permanent seat of the Government
of the United States, and for performing such other offices as by law directed, with
full authority for them, or any two of them, to proceed therein according to law,
and to have and to hold the said office, with all the powers, privileges, and authori-
ties to the same of right appertaining to each of them, during the pleasure of the
President of the United States for the time being.

In testimony whereof, I have caused these letters to be made patent and the seal
of the United States thereto affixed.

Given under my hand, at the city of Philadelphia, the twenty-second day of Jan-
uary, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety-one, and of
the Independence of the United States the fifteenth.

The succeeding events passed so rapidly that one is forced to the con-
clusion that Washington, during the period of apparent inaction, from
July 16, 1790, to January 22, 1791, had given the subject such consid-
eration as his judgment approved, and had concluded, as set forth in his
proclamation bearing date January 24, two days later than the issuance
of the letters patent, to the effect that ‘‘after duly examining and
weighing the advantages and disadvantages of several situations,’’ he
declared where he would locate and how he would ascertain and define
the boundary. lines of the district ‘‘for the permanent seat of the Gov-
ernment of the United States.’’ He had, furthermore, fixed the loca-
tion and sketched the outline of a city, within the territory to be
included within the survey, as shown by the following letter of Mr.
Jefferson to the commissioners, dated Philadelphia, January 15, 1791:*

The President, thinking it would be better that the outline at least of the city,
and perhaps Georgetown, should be laid down in the plat of the territory, I have

the honor now to send it, and to desire that Major Ellicott may do it as soon as
convenient, that it may be returned in time to be laid before Congress.

 

Records Columbia Historical Society, vol. 2,p.170. As Major Ellicott’s appoint-
ment is dated February 2, 1791, the date of the letter of Mr. Jefferson must be an
error. ‘The correct date should be February 15 instead of January 15.
266 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Next in order, following the issuance of the letters patent, is the
proclamation of January 24, 1791, which reads as follows:

Whereas the general assembly of Maryland, by an act passed on the 23rd day of
December, 1788, entitled ‘‘An act to cede to Congress a district of ten miles square
in this State for the seat of the Government of the United States,’’ did enact that
the Representatives of the said State, in the House of Representatives in Congress
of the United States appointed to assemble at New York on the first Wednesday in
March then next ensuing, should be, and they were thereby, authorized and
required on behalf of the said State, to cede to the Congress of the United States
any district in the said State, not exceeding ten miles square, which the Congress
might fix upon and accept for the seat of Government of the United States.

And the general assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia, by act passed the 3d
day of December, 1789, and entitled ‘‘An act for the cession of ten miles square, or
any lesser quantity of territory, within this said State to the United States, in Con-
gress assembled, for the permanent seat of the General Government,’’ did enact that
a tract of country not exceeding ten miles square, or any lesser quantity, to be located
within the limits of the said State, and in any part thereof, as Congress might by
law direct, should be, and the same was thereby, forever ceded and relinquished to
the Congress and Government of the United States, in full and absolute right and
exclusive jurisdiction, as well of soil as of persons residing or to reside thereon, pur-
suant to the tenor and effect of the eighth section of the first article of the Constitu-
tion of the Government of the United States.

And the Congress of the United States, by their act passed on the 16 day of July,
1700, and entitled ‘‘An act for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of Gov-
ernment of the United States,’’ authorized the President of the United States to
appoint three commissioners to survey, under his direction, and by proper metes and
bounds, to limit a district of territory not exceeding ten miles square, on the river
Potomac, at some place between the Eastern Branch and Conococheague, which dis-
trict so to be located and limited was accepted by the said act of Congress as the
district for the present seat of the Government of the United States.

Now, therefore, in pursuance of the powers to me confided, and after duly examin-
ing and weighing the advantages and disadvantages of the several situations within
the limits aforesaid, I do hereby declare and make known that the location of one
part of the said district of ten miles square shall be found by running four lines of
experiment in the following manner: That is to say, running from the court-house
of Alexandria in Virginia, due southwest half a mile, and thence a due southeast
course till it shall strike Hunting Creek, to fix the beginning of the said four lines
of experiment. Then beginning the first of the four lines of experiment at the point
on Hunting Creek where the said southeast course shall have struck the same, and
running the said first line due northwest ten miles; thence the second line into Mary-
land due northeast ten miles: thence the third line due southeast ten miles, and
thence the fourth line due southwest ten miles, to the beginning on Hunting Creek.

And the said four lines of experiment being so run, I do hereby declare and make
known that all that part within the said four lines of experiment which shall be
within the State of Maryland and above the Eastern Branch, and all that part within
the same four lines of experiment which shall be within the Commonwealth of Vir-
ginia, and above a line to be run from the point of landing forming the upper cape
of the mouth of the Eastern Branch due southwest, and no more, is now fixed upon
and directed to be surveyed, defined, limited, and located for the said district,
accepted by the said act of Congress for the permanent seat of the Government of
the United States; hereby expressly reserving the direction of the survey and location
of the remaining part of the said district, to be made hereafter contiguous to such
part or parts of the present location as is or shall be agreeable to law.
Centennzal of the Permanent Seat of Government. 267

And I do accordingly direct the said commissioners, appointed agreeably to the
tenor of the said act, to proceed forthwith to run the said lines of experiment, and
the same being run, to survey, and by proper metes and bounds to define and limit
the part within the same which is hereinbefore directed for immediate location and
acceptance; and thereof to make due report to me, under"their hands and seals.

In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be affixed to
these presents, and signed the same with my hand. Done at the city of Phila-
delphia, the 24th day of January, in the year of our Lord 1791, and of the Independ-
ence of the United States the fifteenth.

[SEAL. ] GEORGE WASHINGTON,

By the President:

THOMAS JEFFERSON.

A letter dated Philadelphia, February 2, 1791, is addressed by Mr.
Jefferson, as follows:

To Major ELLicort:

You are desired to proceed by the first stage to the Federal territory on the
Potomac for the purpose of making a survey of it. * * *

In this letter full directions are given in regard to the survey, and the
wish is expressed that ‘‘it be made with all the dispatch possible.’’

To this Major Ellicott replies in a letter dated February 14, 1791:

Sir: I arrived at this town on Monday last, but the cloudy weather prevented
any observations being made until Friday, which was fine. On Saturday the two
first lines were completed. * * *

Thus may the date of the beginning of the survey of the Federal
territory be fixed, approximately, for February 12, 1791, and the next
day (Saturday the 1 3th) the date of completion of the initial lines to
locate on Hunting Creek the point of beginning of the four experimental
lines to mark the boundary of the district to become the permanent seat
of the Government. Within these lines was included a part of the State
of Virginia, not contemplated in the act of Congress of July 16, 1790,
which was subsequently accepted and approved by the following amenda-
tory act, approved March 3, 1791, entitled—

AN ACT to amend an act establishing a temporary seat of the Government of the United States.

That so much of the act entitled ‘‘An act for establishing the temporary and
permanent seat of Government of the United States’’ as requires that the whole of
the district or territory, not exceeding ten miles square, to be located on the river
Potomac for the permanent seat of the Government of the United States, shall be
located above the mouth of the Eastern Branch be, and the same is hereby, repealed,
and that it shall be lawful for the President to make any part of the said territory
below the said limit, and above the mouth of Hunting Creek, a part of said district, so
as to include a convenient part of the Eastern Branch and of the lands lying on the
lower side thereof, and also the town of Alexandria; and the territory so included
shall form a part of the district, not exceeding ten miles square, for the permanent
seat of the Government of the United States, in like manner and to all intents and
purposes as if the same had been within the purview of the above-recited act: Fro-
vided, That nothing herein contained shall authorize the erection of the public
buildings otherwise than on the Maryland side of the River Potomac, as required by
the aforesaid act.

 

* Records of the Columbia Historical Society, vol. 2, p. 170.
268 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Ellicott continued in charge of the survey and marking with boundary
stones the outlines of the Federal territory, which he reported com-
pleted January 1, 1793.

On March 11, 1791, Maj. Peter Charles L’Enfant wrote to Mr.
Jefferson from Georgetown, informing him of his arrival there in obedi-
ence to the following order from Mr. Jefferson, dated March, 1791:

S1r: You are desired to proceed to Georgetown, where you will find Mr. Ellicott
employed in making a survey and map of the Federal territory. The especial object
of asking your aid is to have drawings of the particular grounds most likely to be
approved for the site of the Federal town and buildings. You will, therefore, be
pleased to begin on the Eastern Branch, and proceed from thence upwards, laying
down the hills, valleys, morasses, and the waters between that, the Potomac, the
Tiber, and the road leading from Georgetown to the Eastern Branch, and the whole
with certain fixed points of the map Mr. Ellicott is preparing. Some idea of the
height of the hills above the base on which they stand would be desirable. For
necessary assistance and expenses be pleased to apply to the mayor of Georgetown,
who is written to on the subject. I will beg the favor of you to mark to me your
progress about twice a week—say every Wednesday and Saturday evening—that I
may be able in proper time to draw attention to some other objects which I have not
at this moment sufficient information to define.!

In his letter of notification of arrival at Georgetown L’ Enfant? refers
to a hasty and partial exploration of the site made on horseback, in
which he states that the part between the river and Ferry road, connect-
ing Georgetown with the ferry across the Eastern Branch, the course of
which is not stated, presents ‘‘a situation most advantageous to run
streets and prolong them on a grand scale and for distant points of
view,’’ and that other spots ‘‘seem to be less commendable for the
establishment of acity * * * on that grand scale on which it ought
to be planned.’’ But after a more complete observation and study of
the site, he sums up in his preliminary report to the President, delivered
in writing upon his arrival in Georgetown March 28, 1791, his final
conclusion in the following sentences:

Thus in every respect advantageously situated the Federal City would soon grow
of itself, and spread as the branches of a tree does toward where they meet with most
nourishment.

then the attractive local will lay all Round and at distance not beyond those limits
wherein the which a City the Capital of an Extensive Enipire may be deliniated.3

To L’Enfant is due the authorship of the designation Capital City.
Mr. Jefferson had previously referred to the Federal City or Federal
Town. Subsequently it was known as the Federal City by Washington
and those who had occasion to refer to it, until it was named the ‘‘ City
of Washington’’ by the commissioners, September 9, 1791.

Washington arrived in Georgetown March 28, 1791, and the next day
proceeded, in company with the three commissioners and the two sur-

 

t Pictures of the City of Washington in the Past, p. 108.
? Records of the Columbia Historical Society, vol. 2, p. 150.
3 Records of the Columbia Historical Societv vol. 2, p. 30.
Centennial of the Permanent Seat of Government. 269

veyors, Ellicott and L’Enfant, to mark the metes and bounds of the site
of the city. On the evening of the same day he effected an agreement
with the landowners for the transfer of such portions of their property as
he might desire for the Government, which agreement was signed March
30,1791. Immediately after the execution of this agreement, on the
same day, before leaving Georgetown, the President issued the following
proclamation:

Whereas, by proclamation bearing date the 24th day of Jan., of this present year,
and in pursuance of certain acts of the States of Maryland and Virginia and the Con-
gress of the United States, therein mentioned, certain lines of experiment were
directed to be run in the neighborhood of Georgetown, in Maryland, for the purpose
of locating a part of the territory of ten miles square, for the permanent seat of the
Government of the United States, and a certain part was directed to be located
within the said lines of experiment on both sides of the Potomac, and above the
limits of the Eastern Branch, prescribed by the said act of Congress;

And Congress, by an amendatory act passed on the 3d day of this present month
of March, have given further authority to the President of the United States ‘‘to
make any part of the said territory below the said limit and above the mouth of
Hunting Creek a part of said district, so as to include a convenient part of the East-
ern Branch, and of the lands lying on the lower side thereof, and also the town of
Alexandria; ”’

Now, therefore, for the purpose of amending and completing the location of the
whole of the said territory of ten miles square, in conformity with the said amenda-
tory act of Congress, I do hereby declare and make known that the whole of the
said territory shall be located and included within the four lines following, that is
to say: ;

Beginning at Jones’s Point, being the upper cape of Hunting Creek, in Virginia,
and at an angle in the outset of forty-five degrees west of the north, and running in
a direct line ten miles, for the first line; then beginning again at the same Jones’s
Point, and running another direct line, at a right angle with the first, across the
Potomac ten miles, for the second line; thence from the termination of the said first
and second lines, running two other lines of ten miles each, the one crossing the
Eastern Branch aforesaid and the other the Potomac, and meeting each other ina
point.

And I do accordingly direct the commissioners named under the authority of the
said first-mentioned act of Congress to proceed forthwith to have the said four lines
run, and by proper metes and bounds, defined and limited, and thereof to make-due
report, under their hands and seals; and the territory to be located, defined, and
limited shall be the whole territory accepted by the said act of Congress as the dis-
trict for the permanent seat of the Government of the United States.

In testimony thereof I have caused the seal of the United States to be affixed to

these presents, and signed the same with my own hand. Done at George-
[skaL.] town aforesaid the 30th day of March, in the year of our Lord 1791, and
of the independence of the United States the fifteenth.
(Signed) GEORGE WASHINGTON.
By the President :
THOMAS JEFFERSON.

L/Enfant continued the preparation of a plan of the city, which was
presented completed to the President at Philadelphia, August 19, 1791,
and by him accepted and approved, and subsequently, December 13,
1791, placed before the Senate and House of Representatives with the
270 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

statement that it was ‘‘the plan of a city that has been laid out within
the district of 10 miles square which was fixed upon for the permanent
seat of the Government of the United States.”’

Such is the story of the selection of the location for the permanent
seat of the Government and the foundation of a city within the limits of
the Federal territory. The word city, nor any reference to such a
foundation, does not appear either in the provision of the Constitution or
in the acts of cession of the States of Maryland and Virginia, the act of
Congress of July 16, 1790, the amendatory act of March 3, 1791, the
letters patent, proclamation of January 24, 1791, prescribing the method
of fixing the beginning of the survey of the 10 miles square, at which
point the corner stone was laid by Dr. Elisha Cullen Dick, April 15,
1791, in the presence of a large concourse of citizens; nor in any of the
preliminary official acts relating to the location of the permanent seat of
the Government, except in a letter of Jefferson to the commissioners,
of January 15, 1791, in which occurs the reference to a sketch of the
outline of a city. The designation ‘‘ Capital City’’ appears first in a pre-
liminary report of L’Enfant, bearing date March 26, 1791, but not in
any other of the early official documents relating thereto. It may be
that the authority granted to the commissioners by the act of July 16,
1790, ‘‘to provide suitable buildings for the accommodation of Congress
and of the President, and for the public offices of the Government of the
United States, and the provision in the amendatory act of March 3, 1791;
that nothing herein contained shall authorize the erection of the public
buildings otherwise than on the Maryland side of the river Potomac, as
required by the aforesaid act,’’ may have, at least by implication, justi-
fied and inipelled the acquisition and laying out of an area around and
about the public buildings sufficient in extent to accommodate with resi-
dences and homes the officers and employees of the Government, and
such a community of citizens and visitors as it was reasonable to suppose
would seek a city in which were located the public buildings, and at
which the high officials and dignitaries of the Government would reside.
Its foundation is, perhaps, another and striking exemplification of the
broad and astute wisdom and sagacity of Washington, but it was with-
out authority of law, except by implication. ,

Section 8 of Article I of the Constitution provides for the location and
acceptance by Congress of a district not exceeding 10 miles square for
the permanent seat of the Government of the United States. Pursuant
to the tenor and effect of this provision, the acts of cession of the States
of Maryland and Virginia, the act of Congress of July 16, 1790, the letters
patent, the amendatory act of March 3, 1791, and the proclamations of
the President of January 24 and March 30, 1791, refer to the seat of the
Government as a district, territory, tract, tract of territory or country
not exceeding 1o miles square. The acts of Congress of May 6, 1796,
and April 18, 1798, authorize ‘‘loans for the city of Washington, in the
Centennial of the Permanent Seat of Government. 271

District of Columbia,’’ In the first of these acts the appellations ‘‘city
of Washington ’’ and ‘‘ District of Columbia’’ appear for the first time in
an act of Congress. The State of Virginia emphasizes the cession of a
“tract of country, not exceeding 10 miles square, or any lesser quan-
tity, * * * in full and absolute right and exclusive jurisdiction /or-
ever, as well of soil as of persons residing or to reside thereon.’

The district, territory, or tract of country was designated, probably first
by Jefferson, the Federal Territory; subsequently, September 9, 1791, by
the commissioners, the Territory of Columbia; and finally, by the act of
Congress of May 6, 1796," the District of Columbia, as such part as remains
in possession of the United States is known to-day.? Pursuant to the
act of Congress of July 16, 1790, and to the amendatory act of March 3,
1791, and to the proclamation of the President of January 24, 1791, the
District of Columbia became the permanent seat of the Government on
and after the first Monday of December, 1800, and the part of the said
10 miles square now known as the District of Columbia must now be,
as it has been since the act of retrocession in 1846, the permanent seat
of the Government. By the act of retrocession Virginia recovered and
continues to hold possession of such part of the original Federal Terri-
tory as lies on the Virginia side of the River Potomac, notwithstanding
the cession of such territory was made ‘‘in full and absolute right and
exclusive jurisdiction’’ forever.

In support of the contention that the District of Columbia is ‘‘the
permanent seat of the Government,’’ the following data from the annals
of the Sixth Congress may be cited:

In his address to the Senate and House of Representatives delivered
December 3, 1799, the President refers to the transfer of the seat of the
Government from Philadelphia ‘‘ to the district chosen for its permanent
seat.’’ In the response of the House of Representatives to his address,
reference is made to this district as the permanent seat of the Govern-
ment.

In his address to both Houses of Congress delivered in this city
November 22, 1800, President Adams congratulated ‘‘the people of the
United States on the assembling of Congress at the permanent seat of
their Government,’’ and submitted to Congress the consideration whether
the local powers over the District of Columbia, which he denominated
‘‘the capital of a great nation,’’ should be immediately exercised. In
its reply to this address the House of Representatives declared that ‘‘a
consideration of those powers which have been vested in Congress over
the District of Columbia will not escape our attention; nor shall we
forget that in exercising these powers a regard must be had to those
events which will necessarily attend the capital of America.’’

At the time of the cession and acceptance of the territory it was

 

Probably quoted from the act of Maryland, passed December 28, 1793.
2 Pictures of the City of Washington in the Past, p. 36.

18

 

H. Doc. 552
o78 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

known to Congress, as it was to the President, that the towns ot Alex-
andria and Georgetown and the village settlements of Carrollsburg and
Hamburg were located within the limits of the district aforesaid, but no
reference is made to these towns or villages in connection with the
foundation of a new city, except the statement of Ellicott in his letter
of February 14, 1791, from Alexandria, that the inhabitants ‘‘are truly
rejoiced at the prospect of being included in the Federal district,’’ and
of Washington in his letter from Richmond, April 12, 1791, to the com-
missioners, that the inclusion of Georgetown within the limits of the
Federal city would ‘‘render the plan more comprehensive, beneficial,
and promising, drawing the center of the Federal city nearer to the
present town.’’ At a later date, probably about the close of his first
term, Washington, in a letter to Arthur Young, expressed the opinion
that ‘‘the Federal city in the year 1800 will become the seat of the
General Government of the United States.’’

It is worthy of note in this connection that the initial form of govern-
ment of the permanent seat of the Government was a commission of
three persons, appointed by the President without the advice and con-
sent of the Senate, subject to his direction and supervision and removal
at his pleasure. To all intents and purposes it was a government by
the President, without the restraints and limitations of law, except as
might be necessary to legalize acts already accomplished. This form of
government continued in force until abolished by the act of May 1,
1801, which created the office of superintendent, charged with various
additional duties. Congress, by the acts of May 6, 1796, and April 18,
1798, provided for loans for the use of the city of Washington and the
payment of the same with funds to be raised by the sale of lots in said
city, and by the act of February 27, 1801, divided the District of
Columbia into the counties of Washington and Alexandria, but did not
make the city of Washington a body politic until May 3, 1802, by the
‘‘Act to incorporate the inhabitants of the city of Washington, in the
District of Columbia,’’ which is, perhaps, logically and legally the inau-
gural date and year of the city of Washington, and certainly as a body
corporate. Previous to this date, but after the removal of the perma-
nent seat of the Government, Congress passed several laws concerning
the District of Columbia which were general in their application to the
entire territory.

Pursuant to the tenor and intent of section 8 of Article I of the Consti-
tution, Congress by the act of July 16, 1790, directed a survey to define
by proper metes and bounds “‘the district for the permanent seat of the
Government,’’ and provided for the erection within the limits of said
district of ‘‘suitable buildings for the accommodation of Congress, and
of the President, and for the public offices of the Government,’’ and fur-
thermore, that, ‘‘on the first Monday in December, in the year of one
thousand eight hundred, the seat of Government of the United States,
Centennial of the Permanent Seat of Government. 273

shall, by virtue of this act, be transferred to the district and place afore-
said; and all offices attached to said seat of Government shall accord-
ingly be removed thereto by their respective holders, and shall after the
said date, cease to be exercised elsewhere.’’ "

By the act of April 24, 1800, the President was authorized to antici-
pate the removal of ‘‘ the various offices belonging to the several Execu-
tive Departments of the United States’’ to the city of Washington.
Appropriations were made for the purchase of furniture for the ‘‘ house
erected in the city of Washington for the accommodation of the Presi-
dent ’’ and for the ‘‘apartments which are to be occupied in the Capitol
at said city’’ by the two Houses of Congress, and also for the pavement
of streets for the comfort and convenience of members of Congress in the
city of Washington. By the act of May 13, 1800, Congress directed
that a session should ‘‘ be held at the city of Washington,’’ to commence
on the third Monday of November next ensuing. In neither of these
acts is the city of Washington designated or referred to as the Capital
City, nor is section 6 of the act of July 16, 1790, repealed or altered,
except so far as may be implied by the authority granted to the Presi-
dent to anticipate, at his pleasure, the removal of the ‘‘ various offices
* >* %& before the time heretofore appointed by law for such removal.”’
The Supreme Court of the United States adjourned its last session at
Philadelphia to reassemble at Washington, February 4, 1801.

Congress has erected public buildings outside of the original limits of
the city of Washington, as, for instance, the buildings for the Observa-
tory, Columbia Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, St. Elizabeth Asylum,
and Soldiers’ Home, and no one will contest the power of Congress to
authorize the construction of a residence for the President beyond such
limits. Congress has also appropriated large sums of money for repair,
improvement, and extension of roadways, and for the purchase of a large
tract of land for a public park outside of such limits, and recently, by
the highway act, provided for the extension of the streets and avenues
of the city to the utmost limits of the District of Columbia. Such facts
are significant of the intention of Congress to maintain ‘‘the permanent
seat of the Government’’ as defined by the Constitution and initial act
of Congress of July 16,1790. Perhaps not less significant of popular
judgment is the recent establishment within the territory of Columbia
of several institutions of learning which seek to expand and to elevate
the standard of the educational facilities of the permanent seat of the
Government.

There must be, at least, a technical if not a legal distinction between
the transfer of the seat of the Government and the removal of the offices
attached thereto, upon which, in connection with the data cited, must
rest the contention that the said District, not the city of Washington, is
now the permanent seat of the Government. The Constitution created
a nation with a government constituted of three coordinate departments,
274 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

the executive, judicial, and legislative, to each of which were assigned
special functions. The officers attached to the seat of Government were
subordinate appurtenances made necessary for the proper and complete
evolution and execution of these functions. ‘The transfer of the Govern-
ment to its permanent seat must therefore have been a more imposing
and dignified event than the travel and conveyance, overland and coast-
wise, of the holders of the offices, with their packages and boxes of books,
accounts, papers, and chattels, from a temporary to the permanent seat
of the Government. ‘The transfer of the Government was not complete
until the departments were in actual and entire cooperation at the per-
manent seat, which could not be accomplished before the assembling of
Congress on the first Monday in December, 1800, the day fixed by the
initial act of July 16, 1790, at which time all the offices attached to the
seat of the Government should cease to be exercised elsewhere.
LOCATING THE CAPITAL.’

By GAILLARD HUNT.

The two measures which aroused the most heated discussion in the
First Congress under the Constitution provided the one for the public
credit and the other for a permanent seat of the Federal Government.
The former took the shape of a bill, which Alexander Hamilton had
drawn up, funding the Federal debt, and assuming the debts which the
several States had contracted during the Revolutionary war. To the
assumption of these debts, as they stood, there soon developed a bitter
antagonism. It was based upon two chief arguments: First, that it was
an invasion of State prerogatives for the General Government to levy
taxes to pay debts which the States separately had contracted; and,
second, that it was unfair that those States whose debts were not embar-
rassing should be obliged to share the burdens of States whose debts
were large.

Among the Representatives most strongly opposed to the measure were
Alexander White and Richard Bland Lee, both of Virginia. The debt of
their State had been reduced, was funded at 6 per cent, and the interest
was being regularly paid. That Virginia should share in the larger
obligations of less cautious States was, therefore, thought to be a mani-
fest injustice. As the debate on the measure proceeded, it assumed a
threatening tone. Lee said, if the General Government assumed the
State debts due to individuals, the measure would be so evidently partial
that he dreaded the consequences, and White declared ‘‘it would lessen
the influence of the States; they would be reduced to a degree lower
than they should be, while, at the same time, the General Government
would be elevated on their ruin.’’ The assumption bill was defeated
April 12, 1790, in committee of the whole, by a vote of 31 to 29, and in
consequence the whole funding scheme was in danger of total collapse.
This condition of affairs was followed by the most violent excitement, and
although Congress met from day to day, the opposing factions could
transact but little business together.

It was more important that the public credit should be provided for
than that the capital should be located in any particular spot, for upon

 

1From the Annnal Report of the American Historical Association for 1895, pp.

289- 295.
275
276 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

the former depended the financial standing of the new nation in the eyes
of the world, while the latter was a measure of purely domestic concern.
The two, however, had no connection with one another; yet, by a sys-
tem since come to be known as “‘logrolling,’’? they became involved.
The Eastern members of Congress desired the passage of the assumption
bill, but had no hope, for geographical reasons, of obtaining the capital.
The members from the Middle States, on the other hand, were deter-
mined, if possible, that the seat of the Federal Government should be
permanently located either at Philadelphia or in that neighborhood. The
two sections, therefore, effected a combination of their interests, and it was
rendered only barely unsuccessful by the strenuous opposition of the
South. But Virginia and Maryland conceived that they also had claims
to the capital, and their respective legislatures had already taken steps
to procure it.

On December 27, 1788, before Congress had come together, the gen-
eral assembly of Virginia passed resolutions offering 10 miles square of
any portion of the State for the new Federal city which the Constitution
provided for, and White laid these resolutions before the national House
of Representatives May 15, 1789. On the following day Seney, of
Maryland, offered a similar act from the legislature of his State. Mary-
land and Virginia were not, however, in hostile rivalry in their efforts
to obtain the Federal district. They contemplated its location on the
banks of the Potomac, and calculated upon jointly profiting in conse-
quence. On December 10, 1789, the general assembly of Virginia
informed the general assembly of Maryland that it would advance
$120,000 toward the erection of public buildings in the new Federal
city, if it should be located on the Potomac, provided Maryland would
advance three-fifths of that sum, and at the November session, 1790, the
Maryland assembly appropriated $72,000 for the purpose.

On December 3, 1789, the general assembly of Virginia passed an act
reciting that the seat of the General Government should occupy a cen-
tral location, ‘‘having regard as well to population, extent of territory,
and a free navigation to the Atlantic Ocean, through the Chesapeake
Bay, as to the most direct and ready communication with our fellow-
citizens on the Western frontier.’’ The banks of the Potomac, above
tidewater, it was added, seemed to combine all these considerations, and,
therefore, a location of 10 miles square or less in that region was offered.

Lee had anticipated in Congress this action of the State by introduc-
ing, on September 3, a resolution, ‘‘That a place, as nearly central as a
convenient communication with the Atlantic Ocean and an easy access
to the Western territory will permit, ought to be selected and established
as the permanent seat of the Government of the United States.’? This
was seconded by Daniel Carroll, of Maryland, and supported by James
Madison, who contended, in the face of much opposition, that the Potomac
River region answered the requirements more satisfactorily than any
Locating the Capital. 277

other place. A little later Lee offered another resolution, coming out in
terms for the banks of the Potomac. It soon became evident, however,
that the combination, which was not strong enough to carry the assump-
tion bill a few months later, was strong enough at,this time to defeat the
bill locating the capital in the South, for the House decided that the
capital should be located on the banks of the Susquehanna River. The
bill was sent to the Senate September 22, and came back September 26,
with the location changed to Germantown, Pa., and this was accepted
by the House with an unimportant amendment, which threw the bill
back for further action by the Senate. There other business interposed,
and it died when it was upon the very verge of final adoption.

It was at this juncture that Jefferson gave his famous dinner party.
He tells the story in his Anas:

As I was going to the President’s one day, I met him [Hamilton] in the street.
He walked me backward and forward before the President’s door for half anhour. He
painted pathetically the temper into which the Legislature had been wrought, the
disgust of those who were called the creditor States, the danger of the secession of
their members, and the separation of the States. He observed that the members
of the Administration ought to act in concert; that though this question was not in
my Department, yet a common duty should make it a common concern; that the
President was the center on which all administrative questions ultimately rested,
and that all of us should rally around him; and that, the question having been lost
by a small majority only, it was probable that an appeal from me to the judgment
and discretion of some of my friends might effect a change in the vote, and the
machine of Government, now suspended, might be again set into motion. I told
him that I was really a stranger to the whole subject; not having yet informed myself
of the system of finances adopted, I knew not how far this was a necessary sequence;
that undoubtedly, if its rejection endangered a dissolution of our Union at this
incipient stage, I should deem that the most unfortunate of all consequences, to
avert which all partial and temporary evils should be yielded. I proposed to him,
however, to dine with me the next day, and I would invite another friend or two;
bring them into conference together, and I thought it impossible that reasonable
men, consulting together coolly, could fail, by some mutual sacrifices of opinion, to
form a compromise which was to save the Union.

The discussion took place. I could take no part in it but an exhortatory one,
because I was a stranger to the circumstances which should govern it. But it was
finally agreed that, whatever importance had been attached to the rejection of this
proposition, the preservation of the Union and of concord among the States was
more important, and that therefore it would be better that the vote of rejection
should be rescinded, to effect which some members should change their votes. But
it was observed that this pill would be peculiarly bitter to the Southern States, and
that some concomitant measure should be adopted to sweeten it a little to them.
There had before been propositions to fix the seat of government either at Philadel-
phia or at Georgetown, on the Potomac, and it was thought that by giving it to
Philadelphia for ten years, and to Georgetown permanently afterwards, this might,
as an anodyne, calm in some degree the ferment which might be excited by the other
measure also. So two of the Potomac members (White and Lee, but White with a
revulsion of stomach almost convulsive) agreed to change their votes, and Hamilton
undertook to carry the other point. In doing this, the influence he had established
over the Eastern members, with the agency of Robert Morris with those of the Mid-
dle States, effected his side of the engagement, and so the assumption was passed,
278 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

and twenty millions of stock divided among favored States and thrown in as pabulum
to the stock-jobbing herd.

Hamilton performed his part of the bargain first. On July 9, 1790, by
a vote of 32 yeas to 29 nays, the House passed the bill locating the capi-
tal on the banks of the Potomac River, between the Eastern Branch and
Conococheague Creek. It went through the Senate in due course, and
was signed by the President a few days later.

The final outcome did not give general satisfaction. —The East and the
South were generally in opposition on most subjects, and this was no
exception to the rule, and the Middle States were only partially placated
by the fact that Congress would sit at Philadelphia for ten years after
leaving New York. Moreover, it was known that there had been a bar-
gain, and this fact was freely condemned. Whether or not it was an
immoral bargain is hard for us to decide. Hamilton’s fears of disruption
of the Union, unless the deadlock in the House was broken, were real,
and had foundation in a dangerous situation, for the opening stage in the
experiment of the new Government was not the time for straining its
strength. White, and Carroll and Lee, who changed their votes against
the assumption bill, did so probably with the honest desire of lessening the
tension, but they received a guid pro quo for doing it.

The dissatisfaction with the location found expression in much jeering,
and a great deal of cheap humor was expended over the strange name.
Conococheague. Thus, a servant girl in New York is supposed to be
writing to a friend, and says of her master:

In fact, he would rather saw timber or dig,
Than see them remove to Conococheague,

Where the houses and kitchens are yet to be framed,
The trees to be felled, and the streets to be named.

Another, and even worse doggerel, represents Virginia as saying to
Massachusetts:

Ye grave, learned asses, so fond of molasses,
You're fairly outwitted, you're fairly outwitted;
With this Georgetown notion—oh, dear, what a potion!
In the teeth you'll be twitted, in the teeth you'll be twitted.

To which Massachusetts replies:

The Union you'd sever for sake of your river,

And give up assumption, and give up assumption;
There's White, and there's Lee, and there's Maryland G.,
Wise men all of gumption, wise men all of gumption;
Then there’s Daniel Carroll, who looks like a barrel,

Of Catholic faith, sir! of Catholic faith, sir!

He swore he was true; but the bung, sir, it flew,

And went off in a breath, sir! went off in a breath, sir!

_. The Conococheague is a little creek draining Franklin County, Pa., and
running through Washington County, Md. It reaches the Potomac at the
village of Williamsport, fully 80 miles distant from the mouth of the
Eastern Branch. Under the law, the President was free to make choice
of any ten miles square between the two points, so that it isa fact beyond
Locating the Capital. 279

dispute that the responsibility, or credit, for the location of the city that
bears his name rests wholly upon Washington. He seems never to have
contemplated planting it near the Conococheague, but started his surveys
at the extreme eastern boundary permitted by the Jaw. In locating the
city itself he hesitated between lands adjacent to Georgetown and those
at the mouth of the Eastern Branch, but finally decided in favor of the
former after a series of aggravating negotiations with the landowners.
They held their property at exorbitant prices, and were finally brought
to terms only after Washington had himself come upon the scene and
opened negotiations with them personally.

For the boundaries of the District the proclamation of January 24, 1791,
prescribed ‘‘four lines of experiment,’’ beginning at Hunting Creek, on
the Virginia shore, just below Alexandria, and embracing a portion of
territory beyond the Eastern Branch, and consequently not included in
the law. An additional act, remedying this difficulty, was passed March
3,1791. The later proclamation, defining the boundaries of the new
District, was drafted by Jefferson, in his own hand, when he was in
Georgetown. It was dated March 20, was read by Washington at Mount
Vernon, all that had been inserted in it about the erection of public
buildings was stricken out, and it was returned to be engrossed for the
President’s signature. It bore final date March 30, the great seal being
affixed at Georgetown.

The capital having been finally hatched out, the story of its growth is
like nothing so much as the story of The Ugly Duckling. When it first
peeped forth among the the family of cities, the whole flock cried out in
disapproval. ‘‘What sort of a duck are you?’’ they said; ‘‘ you are
exceedingly ugly !’’ And they all flew out and ‘‘bit him in the neck.’’
The new city was absolutely without friends. John Melish, an English-
man, who visited it early in the century, declared that he had traveled a
good way into it before he saw it; that it had ‘‘ more the appearance of
a thickly-settled country than a city.’’ ‘The poet Moore called it:

This famed metropolis, where fancy sees
Squares in morasses, obelisks in trees.

And John Randolph of Roanoke dubbed Pennsylvania avenue ‘‘’The
great Serbonian bog.’’

As the city grew apace it grew uglier. ‘‘ The ducks pecked him, the
chickens beat him, and the girl who fed the poultry kicked him with her
feet.’’ A Bostonian, in the elegant Atlantic Monthly, pronounced it, in
1861, a ‘‘ paradise of paradoxes, a great, little, splendid, mean, extrava-
gant, poverty-stricken barrack for soldiers of fortune and votaries of
folly;’? and Emile Molezieux, in 1874, said it was a strange scattering of
pompous monuments and very simple houses. An American woman
said it was ‘‘the most disappointing, disheartening conglomerate that
ever shocked the pride or patriotism of order-loving, beauty-worshiping
woman.”’
280 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Exactly when this hard winter of abuse terminated is not of conse-
quence, but it was not more than fifteen years ago. The change was
sudden and its coming was foreseen by few, but it was unmistakable
when it came. The ‘‘‘ugly duckling’ felt the warm sun shining and
heard the lark singing, and saw that all around was beautiful spring.’’
He was recognized for the first time as a swan among cities, and now the
cry has gone up that ‘‘the new one is the most beautiful of all.”’

[Authorities: Hening’s Statutes at Large of Virginia, Vols. XII and XIII; Annals
of Congress, Vols. I and II; Writings of Thomas Jefferson (Ford), Vols. I and V;
McMaster’s History of the People of the United States; Travels in the United States,
1806-1811, by John Melish; The Atlantic Monthly; Souvenirs d’une Mission aux
Etats-Unis d’Amérique, by Emile Molezieux; Laws of Maryland; The Washington
Sketch Book, by ‘‘ Viator’’ (J. B. Varnum, jr.); Johns Hopkins University Studies
in Historical and Political Science, Third Series, XI-XII; The Magazine of American
History; MS. proclamation and drafts, Department of State.]
SKETCH OF THE VARIOUS FORMS OF LOCAL
GOVERNMENT IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUM-
BIA: WITH LIST OF WASHINGTON CITY
OFFICIALS."

By W. B. BRYAN.

A complete list of the members of the city councils and of the other
principal officers of the local government of Washington City from its
organization down to the present time does not exist. In the manu-
script records of the city and in the printed collections of the laws of
the corporation and the proceedings of the legislative assembly may be
found the names of those who have served the city either in legislative
or executive capacities, but such records are not only deficient but they
are not easily accessible, and complete collections of the acts of the city
councils are fewin number. Through the efforts of Mr. William Tin-
dall, who has been the secretary of the Board of District Commissioners
since the organization of that form of government, the entire number
(1802-1871) of the acts of the city councils may be found at the District
office, and there is also another collection in the Library of Congress.
I know of no other full sets in this city, and it is growing more difficult
to get together these yearly annals of our city fathers during the period
when Washington had a mayor, a board of aldermen, and a common
council.

They were published annually in pamphlet form, and it appears that
some years small editions were issued, and in consequence the acts of
the councils for those years have now become very scarce. In addition
to the laws, lists of the names of the officers of the corporation were
frequently printed, and during the later years it was the custom to add
as an appendix the annual reports or statements of some of the city
officers. From the manuscript records of the city government, as well
as from the pamphlet editions of the ordinances, Mr. Andrew Rothwell,
the compiler of one of the digests of the local laws which was published
in 1833, gathered the names of the principal officers of the corporation,
including those of the members of the city councils, and placed them in
an appendix to the digest.

 

Read before the Columbia Historical Society April 4, 1898. Printed as Senate

Doce. 238, Fifty-fifth Congress, second session. Revised to date. ;
281
282 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

The list contains the names of the first officers of the city and the
members of the first council, who were appointed and chosen in the year
1802, and also of each successive year down to 1833. ‘This feature of
the Rothwell Digest is rather conspicuous, for the reason that it was
never attempted before and has not since been repeated. Although
more than sixty-seven years have elapsed since the book came from the
press, and mayors and councils succeeded each other under the old
corporate form of government for forty years, and two forms of gov-
ernment have followed, yet it is impossible to learn the names of those
who were actively identified with the municipal life of the city during
that long period except by patient search through scattered records and
books.

It is true that a few years ago Mr. William Tindall prepared a useful
handbook, giving information about the government of the District,
including a list of the mayors and members of the legislative assembly
under the Territorial form of government and the names of those who
have served as District Commissioners.’ Information of similar scope is
printed in the almanac annually issued by the Evening Star, but in
neither case are the names of the members of the city councils included.
I have thought, therefore, it would not only be of interest but of value
to compile from the numerous sources a complete roster of the principal
officers of the local government from its organization down to the pres-
ent day, and of those who have served the city in the local legislative
bodies. The list is appended.

In this connection it seems appropriate to give a sketch, which will
be in outline only, of the various forms of government Congress has
bestowed upon the District. I do not propose at this time to discuss
the larger phase of the subject, namely, the adaptability of these gov-
ernmental agencies to the needs of the community and the success of
each in attaining the objects sought for in establishing a government
for a city. ‘These forms of local government have neither been numer-
ous nor complicated. For the first sixty-nine years of the city’s life a
mayoralty government existed here, of a type that in a general way
was not dissimilar to those which were established in other cities at
that time. Succeeding this was a system which was based on that
provided for the Territories of the United States, but which was mod-
ified to meet local requirements, and this in turn gave place to the
present form of government by commissioners.

As is well known to all who have even a slight knowledge of the
history of the District, the Constitution of the United States gave to
Congress the power to exercise exclusive legislation over such a dis-
trict, not exceeding 10 miles square, that might by the cession of par-
ticular States and the acceptance of Congress become the seat of

 

' The District of Columbia, William Tindall, 36 pp., Washington, D. C., 1889,
Forms of Local Government tn District of Columbia. 283

government for the United States. The States of Virginia and Mary-
land passed acts ceding to the General Government such land within
their respective borders as might be chosen for such a purpose. By a
bill which became a law January 16, 1790, and an amendatory act at a
later date, this District was selected as a seat of government, then
including, however, the town and county of Alexandria, which were
ceded back to Virginia by Congress in 1846.

It was further provided that the public offices should not be removed
to the new location, nor Congress begin its sessions there, until the year
18 o, and that on the first Monday of September of that year the seat of
government should, by a virtue of the act, be transferred to this District.
Another section of the law provided that ‘‘ the operations of the laws of
the States within such District shall not be affected by this acceptance
until the time fixed for the removal of the Government thereto and
until Congress shall otherwise by law provide.’’

The act of cession adopted by the Virginia legislature stipulated that
the jurisdiction of the laws of the State should not cease until Congress,
having accepted the cession, should by law provide for the government.
A similar provision was incorporated by the Maryland legislature in the
law which was enacted December 19, 1791, ratifying the cession. ‘The
absolute jurisdiction over the land included within the bounds of the
new territory was, therefore, ceded by the two States, and such jurisdic-
tion was accepted by the United States. Not only were existing laws
of both States continued in operation within the new District, but the
respective States enacted new laws with special reference to this locality
and for the benefit of its citizens, ‘‘for,’’ as it was expressed in the
Maryland law, ‘‘many temporary provisions will be necessary till
Congress exercise the jurisdiction and government over the said terri-
tory.’’? After the passage by Congress of the law of July 16, 1790,
which accepted the cession of land, there was no other legislative action
taken by that body relating to the District until some months after
November 22, 1800, when the new locality was occupied as the capital
city of the United States.

It will probably not be considered that the real force of this statement
is diminished by the fact that Congress in 1796, and again in 1798, passed
laws authorizing a loan for the purpose of completing the buildings begun
in the new city for the use of Congress and the Executive Departments,
and again, in the spring of 1800, a law was passed while Congress was
still in Philadelphia in regard tu the removal of the public offices to the
new city, and which, among other provisions, directed that footways be
made in the city for the greater facility of communication between the
various Departments and offices of the Government. In neither case, it
must be admitted, was the local legislation either elaborate or important.

In addition to endowing the new District with a body of laws which
the inhabitants were living under as citizens of Maryland and Virginia,
284 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Congress in accepting the territory authorized the President to appoint
three commissioners to survey and define the bounds of the District.
Authority was given to the commissioners to purchase or accept land
on the eastern side of the river for the use of the United States and to
provide suitable buildings for the accommodation of Congress, the Presi-
dent, and for the public offices. No appropriation of money was made
to enable the commissioners to carry out these instructions, but in lieu
thereof, in the language of the act, ‘‘for the purpose of defraying the
expense of such purchases and buildings the President of the United
States be authorized and requested to accept grants of money.”’

This was apparently looked upon as ample authority for the commis-
sioners to prosecute the great work of founding in the wilderness, as it
was termed, a city for the nation’s capital. At any rate, there was no
further legislation on the part of Congress in relation to the District
for more than ten years ensuing. The legislatures of Maryland and
Virginia, however, as stated, did not neglect the District, and from
each legislative body during that period emanated a number of laws
enacted with special reference to the needs of the District. These
bodies were, so to speak, the first legislature of the District, and as in
the days of the humble beginnings of the nation’s capital, such a plenti-
tude of legislative wisdom was furnished as might be found not merely
in the legislature of one State, but of two, it ought not, perhaps, be
regarded as surprising that now in these later days of the prosperity and
power of the capital city Congress should seem to look upon all other
lawmaking agencies as incompetent for the task of managing the affairs
of this city and to have taken upon itself the government.

When Maryland ratified the cession of the land to the United States
by an act which was passed a few months after its acceptance by the
General Government, sections were inserted for the purpose of facilitat-
ing the conveyance of land in the new city, so as, for example, to permit
the transfer of the property of minors and others under the agreement
made between certain property holders of the land included within the
bounds of the city and the commissioners of the city; also to permit
foreigners to own real estate in the District. The law also established
what was practically the forerunner of the office of the recorder of deeds
of the District, by authorizing the city commissioners to appoint a
clerk for recording deeds of lands, and this clerk was required to deliver
to the commissioners, or their successors, or such person or persons as
Congress shall appoint, all books in his possession.

He was allowed the same fee for recording land transfers as those
allowed clerks of county courts. The same Maryland law also provided
a lien law for the District, and its intent, as is that of the existing law,
was to secure builders against loss for labor and material.

The law also conferred upon the commissioners of the city certain
powers, which they were to exercise until Congress should assume the
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 285

jurisdiction and government in the District. They were given the right,
for example, to license the building of wharves; to make building regu-
lations, with proper penalties for violations, to be recovered by action
before a justice of the peace and disposed of as a dqnation for the benefit
of the city. The commissioners were also authorized to ‘‘ grant licenses
for retailing distilled spirits’? within the limits of the city, but not ‘‘in
less quantity than 10 gallons to the same person.’’

By other laws, which the Maryland legislature continued to enact
until after the year 1798, authority was given to individuals named to
erect a bridge over the Potomac, and one over the Eastern Branch, to
establish a bank and an insurance company, and to give authority for
making an addition to Georgetown.

The legislature of Virginia was not quite so prolific in District legisla-
tion during this period as her sister State, but this is readily explained
by the fact that the conditions in the new city, which was located in
the Maryland portion of the District, called for most of the new legisla-
tion. Among these, as illustrating the extent to which minor details of
District needs were considered by the Virginia legislators, and the same
is shown by the enactments of the Maryland legislature, bills were
passed for regulating streets in Alexandria and for extending the limits
of that town; for increasing the capital stock of the bank of Alexan-
dria, and for the purpose of incorporating a marine insurance company
and a library company, both for Alexandria.

In addition to the legislative interest manifested in the District dur-
ing this period of ten years by both the Virginia and Maryland legisla-
tures, the territory included within the bounds of the ten-mile square
was not without local government. Georgetown had a corporate gov-
ernment, and so had Alexandria. The governing body in the territory
lying east of the river and outside of the limits of Georgetown, includ-
ing the site of the city, was what was known as the levy court. As the
existence of this agency for the management of local public affairs, at
least in the county of Washington, continued down to the period of the
establishment of the Territorial form of government in the District, and
is, therefore, within the recollection of a large proportion of the citi-
zens, a brief sketch of this court, as it existed from the foundation of
the District, will not be out of place.

As constituted by the Maryland laws the levy court was composed of
seven members, selected by the governor of the State, with the advice
of the council, from those annually commissioned as justices of the
peace. ‘The function of the court was to assess property, collect the
taxes, look after repairs to roads and the construction and repair of
county public buildings, take care of bridges, make allowances for the
support of the poor, appoint constables, overseers, etc. The appoint-
ment of the members of the court was vested by the law of February
27, 1801, in the President of the United States, and, by what was called
286 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

the charter of the city of 1848, the President was authorized by Con-
gress to increase the membership of the court from seven to eleven, by
the appointment of four members to represent the city of Washington.

An elaborate act of Congress became a law March 3, 1863, defining
the powers and duties of the levy court. This law provided that the
court should consist of nine members, appointed for a term of three
years by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Sen-
ate. Five were to be residents of the county, three of Washington,
and one of Georgetown, and the court was thus constituted when its
career was closed as above stated.

In the territory west of the Potomac and lying outside the corporate
limits of Alexandria a governmental agency existed that was somewhat
similar to the levy court in the county of Washington, but the Virginia
institution was more than a mere board of assessors.

It was known as the county court and, like the levy court of Mary-
land, was composed of the justices of the peace of the county. These
officials were appointed by the governor of Virginia, with the advice of
the privy council. The county court had judicial functions, and instead
of making the assessment of property and superintending the use of
public money thus raised, as was done by the levy court of Maryland,
the county court of Alexandria County appointed commissioners to per-
form those duties. The sheriff and coroner were also appointed by the
court, and it heard all legal presentments, criminal prosecutions, suits
in common law and in chancery when the amount involved was not
more than $20.

The States of Virginia and Maryland continued to exercise legislative
jurisdiction in the District until more direct Federal control was assumed,
than was provided by the act of January 16, 1790. The public offices
were opened in the new city June 15, 1800, and Congress, in accordance
with a resolution passed at the former session, convened there the 22d of
November in the year 18c0o. A few months later the National Legislature
enacted a law in regard to the District, which was practically the first
since 1790, and that was one providing a judicial system for the District.
The law was approved the 27th of February, 1801, and it is held that
from that time the National Government began the exercise of the power
granted by the Constitution of exclusive legislation in the District occu-
pied as the seat of government.* From that time down to the present
all laws relating to the District have come from Congress and from no
other source.

By the provisions of the act of February 27, 1801, above referred to,
the District was divided into two counties, one comprising all the part
lying on the east side of the Potomac, to be known as Washington
County, and the other to include all the portion on the west side of the
river, to be known as Alexandria County. <A circuit court was estab-

 

‘Van Ness v, Bank of United States, 13 Peters’ Rep., 19.
forms of Local Government tn District of Columbia. 287

lished and authority was given for the appointment of a United States
marshal, a district attorney, a register of wills, a judge of the orphans’
court; and, in addition, justices of the peace, to be appointed by the
President.

The law further provided that all indictments should be in the name
of the United States. The clause in the law of 1790 continuing in force
the laws of Maryland and Virginia was again repeated, and throughout
the act constant reference is made of existing laws of these States, and
it is stipulated that such laws are to remain in force.

With this provision for the new territory Congress rested content for
more than a year. ‘he affairs of the new city, then chiefly relating to
the management of the public property, were still under control of a board
of commissioners consisting of three members, but by an act approved
May I, 1802, the board of commissioners was abolished and its duties
transferred to a superintendent. Following closely upon this legislation
came a measure which gave corporate existence to the community,
termed in the act ‘‘the inhabitants of the city of Washington,’’ and
who, according to the census of 1800, numbered 3,210 souls.

Adopting the division of the city into three wards made by the levy
court, the act of May 3, 1802, further provided that the officers of the
corporation should consist of a mayor, appointed annually by the Presi-
dent of the United States, and a council of twelve members, elected
annually by ballot. There was no limitation placed upon the President’s
choice of a person to fill the principal office in the corporation other than
that he must be a citizen of the United States and a resident of the city
prior to his appointment. The length of time of residence was not speci-
fied, but this provision might be looked upon asa very slight recognition
of the principle of home rule.

In the same indefinite manner it was stipulated that the members of
the council must be residents of the city, but this uncertainty came to an
end when the qualifications of those entitled to vote were enumerated.
It was provided that the members of the city council should be elected
by ballot on a general ticket by the male white inhabitants of full age
who had resided twelve months in the city, and in addition there was
inserted a property qualification which limited the right of suffrage to
those who had paid taxes the year preceding the elections being held.

A curious feature of the new city government was the requirement
that the second chamber of five members should be chosen from ‘‘ the
whole number of councilors, elected by their joint ballot.’’ The powers
of the corporation were specified in detail, and ranged from the impo-
sition and collection of taxes to the regulating of chimney sweeps. The
mayor had the veto power, but his adverse action could be overridden by
three-fourths vote of both chambers of the city council. He had, per-
haps, the more important power of appointing all officers under the
corporation.

 

H. Doc. 552 19
288 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

This first city charter, as it has been frequently called, was to remain
in force for two years from ‘‘the passing thereof, and from thence to the
end of the next Congress thereafter,’’ but ‘‘no longer,’’ as it was
expressed in the act somewhat curtly. The two years had not expired
when Congress, by an act which was approved February 24, 1804,
extended the charter for fifteen years, with certain modifications. In
the first place, the system of choosing the entire body of the city council
on one ticket and subsequently making a division into two chambers by
the action of the members was changed, and it was provided that the
city council should consist of two chambers, each of which to be com-
posed of nine members, to be chosen by distinct ballots.

Some additions were made to the powers conferred upon the corpora-
tion by the first charter, and among these were the right to license
ordinaries or taverns, to restrain or prohibit tippling houses, and to pro-
vide for the establishment and superintendence of public schools. The
dignity of the corporation was asserted by a clause to the effect that the
levy court should no longer have the power of imposing any tax on the
inhabitants of the city of Washington. The corporation, however, as
already shown, had been given the power to levy taxes when it was
established.

No other change or addition was made in the form of government or
in the rights and powers of the corporation. It may not be uninterest-
ing to note in this connection that about this period Congress passed
laws amending the charters of both Alexandria and Georgetown. By
these instruments the right to vote was restricted to citizens who owned
property. The charter of Alexandria limited the franchise to those who
had freehold estates, while that of Georgetown, like the charter of
Washington, provided that citizens who paid taxes had the right to
vote. In both cases the mayor was elected by the common council, and
all corporation officers were appointed by the latter bodies. It will be
seen that the elective franchise in Alexandria was strictly limited to the
holders of real estate, while in Georgetown and Washington the privi-
lege was broadened somewhat, so as to admit those who paid taxes
on real or personal property, or on both.

Hight years passed before Congress made any change in the corporate
powers of the city, and then by an act approved May a, 1812, the two
bodies composing the city councils were designated for the first time as
a board of aldermen and common council, instead of the first and second
chambers. The membership was increased from nine in each to a body
of twenty, chosen according to wards. The board of aldermen consisted
of eight members, two from each ward and elected for-two years, while
the members of the common council were elected annually, three from
each ward. In the case of the aldermen it was directed that they should
be divided into classes, so that one-half could be elected each year,

The elective franchise by this act was still confined to citizens who

/
Forms of Local Government in Drstrict of Columbia. 289

paid taxes. The eligibility of members of the city councils was further
limited by new qualifications, so that it was necessary not merely to be
a resident of the city, but a resident for a year, and, further, to be pos-
sessed of a freehold estate. In the case of one ambitious to hold the
office of mayor the law required that he should have been a resident of
the city for two years immediately prior to the election, and be a bona
fide owner of a freehold estate in the city. No one but an owner of real
estate could aspire to the office of mayor or to a seat in either branch of
the city council, but the right to vote for the members of the city coun-
cil was still open to citizens who paid taxes, which meant, as stated,
either taxes on real or personal property, or both.

Perhaps the most important provision'’of the new law was the clause
which gave to the city council the right to elect the mayor by joint bal-
lot. Up to this time that official had been appointed by the President
of the United States. As under the first charter, the mayor was given
the power by the new law to appoint all the city officers. According
to the census of 1810 the population of the city was 8,210. Up to the
time of the passage of the act of 1812 the mayor had received no com-
pensation for his services. The first mayor, Robert Brent, was con-
tinued in the office by annual appointment of the President of the United
States until June, 1812, a period of ten years.

Then the mayor was elected by the city fathers, and shortly after-
wards an ordinance was passed appropriating $400 to be paid as a salary
to the man they had just elevated to the highest office in the city gov-
ernment. The next council increased the mayor’s salary to $500, and
two years later an ordinance was enacted providing that each member
of the board of aldermén and each member of the common council
should receive $2 per day when attending the sessions of the council.
Prior to this time the members of the city councils were not paid. It
is not, therefore, surprising to learn that $1,460 was the entire appro-
priation made for one year—1806—for the compensation of officers of
the corporation, who were as follows: Treasurer, register, secretaries
of the council, and clerks of the market.

When the term of the act of incorporation of 1804, which was fifteen
years, had expired, Congress passed another act, approved May 15, 1820.
This was an elaborate measure, but, stripped of its details, what seems
to be now, and no doubt was then, the most important feature was the
clause which provided that the mayor should be elected by the persons
qualified to vote for members of the city council instead of, as under the
former law, being chosen by the councils. The qualifications of those
entitled to vote for members of the council and, consequently, under this
act, for the mayor, were in part the same as specified in former laws,
namely, free white male citizens ‘‘who shall have been assessed on the
books of the corporation,’’ for in the new act this requirement was
repeated and in the same language, and, in addition thereto, was the
290 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

clause, ‘‘and who shall have paid all taxes legally assessed and due on
personal property when legally required to pay the same.”’

These additional words were apparently inserted as a device for assist-
ing the corporation to collect the personal tax by imposing a penalty of
withholding the franchise in the event the tax was not paid. The right to
vote was still limited strictly to those owning property, either real or per-
sonal, or both, as each class of property was assessed by the corporation
for taxable purposes. In this connection a pertinent inquiry arises as to
what, if any, amount was fixed for the value of the personal property to
be possessed by a citizen which would render him eligible as a voter.

October 6, 1802, a few months after the city was incorporated, the
councils passed an act providing for the levying and collection of taxes
on real and personal property. Certain exemptions were made in per-
sonal property, such as ‘‘the crop and produce of the land in the hands
of the person who produced the same, provisions necessary for the use
and consumption of the person to whom the same shall belong and his
family for the year, and plantation utensils.’’ It was further stipulated
that ‘‘the tax on the working tools of mechanics and manufacturers
employed in their respective occupations, wearing apparel, goods, and
merchandise, and all homemade manufactures in the hands of the manu-
facturers, all stills, all grain and tobacco be only laid in cases where the
owners thereof are not otherwise assessed, and provided that the assess-
ment in such cases shall not exceed the sum of $80.”’

A law enacted by the city councils July 2, 1824, throws additional light
on the question raised. It provided ‘‘that when the personal property
of any person shall not be valued to the sum of $100 or upward the
name of such person shall not be returned on the said assessment list.’”’
Unless the name did appear on the list furnished the election commmis-
sioners by the city officials, then the person was not allowed to cast a
vote in the municipal election. To what extent these requirements were
restrictions on the franchise it is not in the province of this paper to
inquire. It may, however, be stated that the rate of tax on real and
personal property for the years from 1802 to 1807 was 25 cents per $100
of assessed value, while for the period from 1808 to 1824 it was 50 cents,
from 1825 to 1830 it was 56 cents, and in 1831 the rate had risen to
75 cents.’ In 1863 the rate was 75 cents, but from that time there was a
gradual advance, and when the mayoralty form of government was abol-
ished it had risen to $1.80. ;

The wealth of the community may perhaps be indicated by the state-
ment that as late as the year 1824, when the population of the city was
about 15,000, the total annual amount due from the real and personal
tax was less than $25,000.”

 

? Laws of the Corporation of the City of Washington, Andrew Rothwell, 492 pp.,
Washington, D. C., 1833.

? Report of the register of the city. Laws of the corporation passed by the twenty-
third council, 1825.
Forms of Local Government in Drstrict of Columbia. 291

Under the charter of 1820 all the officers of the corporation not elective
were appointed by the mayor, with the advice and consent of the council.
It was provided that any free white male person who had resided in the
city for two years and who was a bona-fide owner of a freehold estate
was eligible to be elected mayor, while the same qualification was
required of members of the city councils, with the exception that a
residence in the city of only one year prior to the election was required.

Additions were made to the powers granted to the corporation, as no
doubt Congress found that greater latitude was needed by a city gov-
ernment expected to manage the affairs of 13,247 people, as the census
of 1820 shows the city of Washington contained. This act, like all
previous acts granting corporate powers to the city, imposed limitations,
not only on the powers to be exercised by the corporation, but also fixed
the time when the rights and privileges conferred should end. In the
case of the charter of 1820 it was provided that it should continue
in force for a term of twenty years and ‘‘until Congress shall by law
determine otherwise.’’

Twenty-eight years passed before Congress determined otherwise, and
during that period no marked changes were made in the organic act of
the city, although the population had increased to upward of 35,000.*
It was the longest period which Congress has ever allowed to elapse
without making important modifications of the powers previously
possessed by the corporation of the city of Washington.

Congress, however, by an act approved August 23, 1842, provided for
the city what was known as the Auxiliary Guard, a police force which
did duty at night and supplemented the work of the police officers
employed by the city, who served during the day. There wasa captain,
appointed by the mayor, and fifteen men, appointed by the captain.
The entire expense for the first year was met by an appropriation from
the United States Treasury. Subsequently, the salaries of the members
of the force came from the same source.

By the act approved May 17, 1848, the chartered rights of the city
were essentially modified, and again the provision was repeated fixing a
time when the charter should expire, which was also in this case twenty
years, or until Congress should otherwise determine. This act remained
in force, with some changes made by special laws from time to time, for
a period of twenty-three years, when all municipal corporations within
the District were abolished and a Territorial form of government was
established.

The act of 1848, as its title declared, was to continue, alter, and
amend the charter of Washington, and the act of 1820 and subsequent
laws, supplemental or additional, which were in force up to May 14,
1840, were declared to be continued. ‘The distinctive feature of this

 

Memorial of a committee of the corporation of Washington, Thirtieth Congress,
first session, H. R. No. 73, April 26, 1848.
292 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

new charter was the extension given to the right of suffrage. The color
line was maintained, but the property qualification was greatly modified.
Every white male citizen of the United States, a resident of the city for
one year preceding the election, and who should have paid the school
tax, which was $1 per year, was entitled to vote.

Adopting the feature of the charter of 1820, it was provided that taxes
due on personal property must be paid before a person otherwise quali-
fied was entitled to vote. It was not necessary for a citizen to be either
an owner of real or personal property in order to vote at municipal elec-
tions, but those owning personal property and assessed for it on the
books of the corporation and failing to pay the tax were prohibited from
exercising the right to vote. In addition to the mayor and the members
of the council, the board of assessors, consisting of one member from
each ward, the register, collector, and surveyor, were made for the first
time elective officers. The powers of the corporation were enlarged,
especially in relation to the levying and collection of taxes on personal
and real property. No change was made in the qualifications of the
members of the city council.

An important alteration in the charter of the city was effected by the
law of January 8, 1867, which not only wiped out the distinction of color
and all property qualifications of voters, but declared that every male
person shall be entitled to the elective franchise in the District, whether
he shall have paid a school tax or any other tax, the only exceptions
being those convicted of a crime or offense, or where one had voluntarily
given, in the words of the act, ‘‘aid and comfort to the rebels in the late
rebellion.’’ There was, however, a provision that a person to be a voter
must be a born or naturalized citizen of the United States and must have
resided in the District for a period of three years, and three months in
the ward or election precinct in which he shall offer to vote, the latter
provision being modified by the law of May 16, 1868, to a residence of
fifteen days prior to the day of election, instead of three months.

When the change in the form of government was made, in 1871, the
right to the unqualified exercise of the elective franchise, as generally
understood, had been available in the city of Washington for four years.
Even under the law of 1867, however, only white male citizens, bona
fide owners of freehold estates in the city, were eligible to the office of
mayor, to seats in the city council, and to membership of the board of
assessors. But by the law of May 16, 1868, the property qualifications
for city officers was abolished, and by the act of March 18, 1869, the
word ‘‘white,’’ in its use in existing law asa limitation of the right of
electors to hold any office in the city, was eliminated.

The right of the mayor to appoint various city officers, with the consent
of the council, was transferred by the law of May 16, 1868, to a joint con-
vention of the city council, but this law was repealed the following year.

In the early sixties Congress enacted two laws which curtailed the
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 293

powers of the corporation. By the act of August 6, 1861, all police
authority vested in the corporations of Washington and Georgetown and
over the entire District was transferred and granted to a board of five
members, appointed by the President of the United States, by and with
the advice of the Senate. An appropriation was made by Congress to
meet the expense not only of the board, but of the entire force. Annual
reports were required to be made by the board to the Secretary of the
Interior.

By an act approved July 11, 1862, Congress authorized the appoint-
ment by the Secretary of the Interior of a board of three trustees for the
schools for colored children in the cities of Washington and Georgetown.
All the powers that the trustees of the public schools in the cities named
enjoyed were conferred on the board, and it was given charge of the
proper proportion of the fund raised for school purposes.

In leaving this period of the history of the city it will not be out of
place to give some facts relative to the compensation paid the principal
city officers at various times. For some ten or thirteen years after the
city was incorporated, as already stated, neither the mayor nor the mem-
bers of the city council received compensation, but, curiously enough, one
of the first ordinances passed provided that when any member of either
chamber was absent from any meeting he should pay for every day for
such neglect a sum not exceeding $5; so that it appears that while the
public paid nothing to the members for attending the meetings, the
latter were obliged to pay something to the public when they did not
attend.

However, in the year 1815 the compensation of the members of the
city council was fixed at $2 per day, but in case of failure to attend,
except, as it is quaintly worded in the old city ordinance, ‘‘ through sick-
ness or being 5 miles from the city,’’ they were to pay as a penalty $2
each day. Five years later the compensation was reduced to $1 per day,
but the penalty for absence remained unchanged. In the year 1829,
while the rate of compensation was $1 per day, it was stipulated that
the entire amount paid to members of the board should not exceed $40 a
year.

The rate was increased in 1853 to $2 per day, but the entire compen-
sation for each member was not to exceed $100 per year, and there was
a forfeit for nonattendance of $2 for each meeting. Im the year 1864
members of the city council received $5 per day, and no more than $250
per year was to be paid to each member. By an act passed in 1869,
which was apparently the last on the subject, the pay was fixed at $600
per year.

As to the salary of the mayor, that started at $400 per year in 1812,
and by 1820 it had been increased to $1,000 per year, in addition to fees
which the mayor was entitled to receive as justice of the peace, and
thirty years later the salary was $1,600. In the year 1863 the sum of
“

294 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

$3,600 was paid annually to the mayor, and that was the salary received
when the mayoralty form of the government was abolished.

An act approved February 21, 1871, established what is known as the
Territorial form of government of the District of Columbia, this name
being given because it resembled in its general features that provided
for the Territories of the United States. The act repealed the charters
of Washington and Georgetown and abolished the levy court, thus
extinguishing all existing legislative authority in the District. A gov-
ernment in place of these various governmental agencies known as the
District of Columbia was established, under which name it was consti-
tuted a body corporate for municipal purposes, and was given authority to
exercise all powers of a municipal corporation not inconsistent with the
Constitution and laws of the United States and the provisions of the act.

All property of the corporations of Washington and Georgetown and
the county of Washington was vested in the government of the District
of Columbia as their successor. The executive power was vested in
a governor appointed for four years by the President of the United
States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. ‘The Presi-
dent was also empowered to appoint the members of one branch of the
legislative assembly, a secretary of the District, a board of public works,
and a board of health, while the members of the other branch of the
legislative assembly were to be elected by the people. The compensa-
tion of officers appointed by the President, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate, was to be provided by the United States, and that
of all other officers by the District.

It was required that the governor be a citizen of and have residence in
the District one year before his appointment, and that he should have
the qualifications of those entitled to vote in the District. All male citi-
zens of the United States residents of the District for twelve months
prior to the election, except persons convicted of crimes or mentally
unsound, were entitled to vote.

The legislative power was vested in the legislative assembly, consisting
of a council and house of delegates. The former was composed of eleven
members appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate, two of whom were residents of Georgetown and two of the
county outside of the cities of Washington and Georgetown. ‘They were
to have the qualifications of voters, and their appointments were to be
for two years. ‘The house of delegates, which was elected by the people,
numbered twenty-two members, who had the same qualifications as mem-
bers of the council, and they served one year. The District was divided
into eleven districts for the appointment of members of the council, and
twenty-two districts for the election of delegates, so as to give, as the act
stated, each section of the District representation according to popula-
tion. The members of the two bodies were to reside in the districts
from which they were elected or appointed, respectively. ‘To the legis-
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 295

lative assembly was given the power to provide for the election or
appointment of all necessary officers.

_ Provision was made for the creation by the legislative assembly of
townships in the portions of the District outside ef the corporate limits
of Washington and Georgetown, but the township officers were to be
elected by the people of the townships, respectively.

The concurrence of a majority of members of both houses was neces-
sary in the passage of a bill. The governor had the veto power, but it
could be overridden by a two-thirds vote of all the members of both
houses. Various limitations in the powers of the legislative assembly
were specified, and it was provided that the aggregate debt of the
District should not be increased to exceed 5 per cent of the assessed
property of the District unless a law authorizing the same be approved
by the people at a general election. All acts of the legislative assembly
were subject to a repeal or modification by Congress, and this clause was
added:

“Nothing herein shall be construed to deprive Congress of the power
of legislation over the same District in as ample a manner as if the law
had not been enacted.’’

The legislative assembly was given authority to appoint justices of the
peace and to pass laws modifying the practice of the judicial courts of
the District, which were to remain as organized prior to the law, and to
pass laws conferring upon the courts such additional jurisdiction as may
be required in the enforcement of the law. The salary of the governor
was fixed by the act at $3,000, and that of the secretary of the District
at $2,000 per annum; the compensation of the members of the legisla-
tive assembly at $4 per day, when in attendance at the sessions, and the
salaries of the members of the board of public works, to consist of four
persons, with the governor ex officio, was fixed at $2,500 each, annually.

‘The members of the board who were appointed by the President, with
the advice and consent of the Senate, were residents of the District,
with the qualifications of voters, one appointed from Georgetown and
one from the county. ‘Their terms of office were four years, and to this
board was given control of the improvements of the streets and other
work intrusted to it by the legislative assembly, and under the super-
vision of the assembly it was empowered to make building regulations.
A board of health was provided for, to consist of five members, appointed
by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The dele-
gate to Congress, himself a qualified voter, was elected by voters qualified
to elect members of the legislative assembly, and enjoyed the same rights
and privileges as delegates from the Territories.

The Territorial form of government was abolished by the act approved
June 20, 1874, and the President was given authority, with the advice
and consent of the Senate, to appoint a commission, composed of three
persons selected from civil life. This was what was known as the
296 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

temporary form of government by commissioners. All laws providing for
an executive, secretary of the District of Columbia, legislative assembly,
board of public works, and delegate in Congress were repealed, and the
power and authority vested in the governor and board of public works
was transferred to the commissioners. The compensation of each com-
missioner was fixed at $5,000 a year, and a bond of $50,000 was required
of each.

The President was authorized to detail an officer of the Engineer Corps,
United States Army, who, subject to the general supervision and direc-
tion of the commissioners, was to perform the duties formerly performed
by the chief engineer of the board of public works, and have charge of
the repairs and improvements of the streets. The engineer officer was
authorized to appoint three assistants from civil life.

The act provided that for the support of the government a tax be
levied on all real estate except that owned by the United States, the
rates to be $3 on every $100 of assessed value in the city of Washington,
$2.50 in Georgetown, and outside of the two cities $2. Of the money
thus collected one-fourth was to be paid to the United States on account
of the advances paid by the General Government on the funded debt of
the District, Washington, and Georgetown, the remainder for the defi-
ciencies of the year ending June 30, 1874, and the balance to be distrib-
uted according to the appropriation of the District legislature approved
June 28, 1873. The law further provided for a joint select committee to
prepare a suitable frame of government for the District, and also a state-
ment as to the proper proportion of expenses of the District government,
including interest on the funded debt which should be borne by the
United States and the District, respectively.

The faith of the United States was pledged to pay the interest on the
3.65 bonds by proper proportional appropriations and causing to be levied
upon property such taxes as would provide for the interest and create a
sinking fund for the payment of the principal. By this act Congress
abolished all elective offices in the District, and with it necessarily the
exercise of the elective franchise, and assumed the government of the
District, with the Commissioners acting in an executive capacity, to carry
out the laws enacted by the National Legislature for the District.

Four years later, by act of June 11, 1878, what was known as the per-
manent form of government by the Commissioners for the District was
established, and is, with some changes, the government that is in exist-
ence to-day. The Board of Commissioners, consisting of three persons,
was continued, with the same powers, rights, duties, and privileges of
the board under the temporary form of government. Two of the mem-
bers of the board are appointed by the President from civil life, and it is
required that they shall be citizens of the United States and at the time
of their appointment shall have been actual residents of the District for
three years next before their appointment and during that period having
claimed residence nowhere else.
Forms of Local Government tn District of Columbia. 297

The third Commissioner is an officer detailed by the President from
among the captains or officers of higher grade, having served at least
fifteen years in the Corps of Engineers, United States Army. Authority
is also given for the detail of three army engineer officers of junior rank
to the Engineer Commissioner as his assistants. All the Commissioners
receive a salary of $5,000 per year and the civil Commissioners each give
a bond of ¢50,000 and are appointed for three years.

The law provides that the Commissioners in the exercise of their
powers and duties shall make no contract or incur any other obligation
other than such contracts and obligations as are provided and approved
by Congress. They are given power to appoint the officers of the Dis-
trict government, and are required annually to submit to the Secretary
of the Treasury an itemized statement of the amount necessary to defray
the expenses of the government. The Secretary of the Treasury is
authorized to approve or disapprove or make changes in the estimates
and then submit the statement of the amount approved by him to
Congress.

‘To the extent,’’ the law stipulates, ‘‘to which Congress shall approve
of such estimate, Congress shall appropriate the amount of 50 per centum
thereof.’’ ‘The rate of taxation is not to exceed $1.50 on every $100 of
assessed value of real property and $1.50 on personal property, and on
agricultural land the rate is not to exceed $1. All taxes are paid into
the United States Treasury, and the accounts of the Commissioners, the
tax collector, and all other officers required to account are settled by the
accounting officers of the Treasury Department.

The Secretary of the Treasury pays the interest on the 3.65 bonds,
which is credited as part of the appropriation for the year by the United
States toward the expenses of the District. The Commissioners are
required to report annually to Congress, and it is forbidden to increase
the present amount of the total indebtedness of the District of Columbia.

It seems appropriate to close this sketch of the several forms of gov-
ernment provided for the District of Columbia with the comments of the
United States Supreme Court on the law of 1878 in a decision * rendered
some eight years ago. ‘They are as follows:

The court below placed its decision.on what we conceive to be the true significance
of the act of 1878. As said by that court, it is to be regarded as an organic act,
intended to dispose of the whole question of a government for this District. It is,
as it were, a constitution of the District. It is declared by its title to be an act to
provide a permanent form of government for the District. The word permanent is
suggestive. It implies that prior systems had been temporary and provisional. As
permanent it is complete in itself. It is the system of government. The powers
which are conferred are organic powers. We look to the act itself for their extent
and limitations. It is not one act in a series of legislation and to be made to fit into
the provisions of the prior legislation, but is a single complete act, the outcome of
previous experiments, and the final judgment of Congress as to the system of a gov-
ernment which should obtain.

 

tEckloff v. The District of Columbia, United States Supreme Court, April 28, 18go.
298 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON FROM THE
YEAR 1802 TO THE YEAR 1898."

First CoUNCIL.—ELECTED 1802.

Mayor.—ROBERT BRENT. Register.—THOMAS HERTY.
Treasurer,—WASHINGTON BoyD.

First chamber.—James Barry, president; George Blagden, Nicholas King, William
Brent, A. B. Woodward, Samuel H. Smith, Thomas Peter; Thomas Herty, secretary.

Second chamber.—Daniel Carroll, of Duddington, president; Benjamin Moore, Wil-
liam Prout, James Hoban, John Hewitt; James Hewitt, secretary.

SECOND COUNCIL.—1803.

Mayor.--ROBERT BRENT. Register.—THomas HERTY.
Treasurer.—WASHINGTON BOYD.

First chamber.—John P, Van Ness, president; William Brent, John Hewitt, Samuel
H. Smith, Charles Minifie, Daniel Rapine, Joseph Hodgson; Thomas Herty, secretary.

Second chamber.—Daniel Carroll, of Duddington, president; Nicholas King, Benja-
min Moore, Joel Brown, George Hadfield; John Gardiner, secretary.

THIRD COUNCIL.—1804.

Mayor.—ROBERT BRENT. / Register.—THOMAS HERTY.
Treasurer.—WASHINGTON Boyp.

First chamber.—Samuel H. Smith, president; George Blagden, Samuel N. Small-
wood, Joseph Bromley, Henry Herford, Daniel Rapine, Robert Alexander, Thomas
Carpenter, Peter Lenox; John Gardiner, secretary.

Second chamber.—Nicholas King, president; William Brent, William Woodward,
Alexander McCormick, Charles Jones, James C. King, Joseph Hodgson, John Sinclair,
George Andrews; Thomas Herty, secretary.

FouRTH COUNCIL.—1805.

Mayor.—ROBERT BRENT. Register.—THOMAS HERTY.
Treasurer.—WASHINGTON BOYD.

First chamber.—John Dempsie, president; Charles Minifie, George Collard, Wil-
liam Prout, Joseph Bromley, Alexander McCormick, William Emack, John
McGowan; John Gardiner, secretary.

Second chamber.—Samuel Hamilton, president; John Beckley, Griffith Coombe,
Robert Cherry, Peter Miller, Azariah Gatton, Nicholas Voss, Phineas Bradley,
Michael Nourse; N. B, Van Zandt, secretary.

FiFrtH COUNCIL.—I806.

Mayor.—ROBERT BRENT. Register.—THOMAS HERTY.
Treasurer.—W ASHINGTON Bovp.

First chamber.—John Dempsie, president; Samuel N. Smallwood, Samuel H.
Smith, Frederick May, Thomas H. Gilliss, James Hoban, Robert Alexander, Jere-
miah Booth, William Prout; John Gardiner, secretary.

Second chamber.—Nicholas King, president; Alexander McCormick, Peter Lenox,
Henry Ingle, Matthew Wright, Phineas Bradley, Joseph Bromley, John St. Clair,
Henry Herford; Henry Johnson, secretary.

 

? The author states that the names in this list of officers have been correctly tran-
scribed from the records, although apparently the same names are spelled differently
in different places, while others are perhaps incorrectly spelled.—Eprror.
Forms of Local Government tn District of Columbia. 299

SIXTH CoUNCIL,.—1807.

Mayor.—ROBERT BRENT. Register.—THOoMAS HERTY,
Treasurer.—W ASHINGTON Boyp,

First chamber.—Frederick May, president; Jeremiah Booth, John Dempsie, Gus-
tavus Higdon, EH. B, Caldwell, James S. Stevenson, John McGowan, Phineas Bradley,
Charles W. Goldsborough; John Gardiner, secretary.

Second chamber.—Charles Minifie, president; Samuel Eliott, Alexander McWil-
liams, Henry Ingle, Alexander McCormick, Matthew Wright, Joseph Bromley, Peter
Lenox, Richard Forrest; Henry Johnson, secretary.

SEVENTH COUNCIL.—1808.

Mayor.—ROBERT BRENT. Register.—THOMAS HERTY.
Treasurer.—HENRY WHETCROFT.

First chamber,—George Andrews, president; Charles W. Goldsborough, Charles
Jones, John McGowan, James Young, Patterson, Stephen Pleasanton, Peter
Lenox, Thorpe; John Gardiner, secretary.

Second chamber.—E. B. Caldwell, president; Buller Cocke, John Dempsie, Richard
Forrest, James Hoban, Philip Mauro, Daniel Rapine, Joseph Stretch, Clarke;
Henry Johnson, secretary.

 

 

 

EIGHTH COUNCIL.—1809.

Mayor.—RoOBERT BRENT. Register.—THOMAS HERTY.
Treasuver.—HENRY WHETCROFT.

first chamber.—Samuel N. Smallwood, president; William Prout, Adam Lindsay,
Joseph Parsons, John Law, Alexander McCormick, Joseph Cassin, John McClelland,
James Hoban; William Hewitt, secretary.

Second chamber.—Daniel Rapine, president; John Dobbin, Nicholas L. Queen,
Elexius Middleton, A. Kerr, James S. Stevenson, Gustavus Higdon, Tunis Craven,
Phineas Bradley; Henry Johnson, secretary.

NINTH COUNCIL.—1I8I0.

Mayor.—ROBERT BRENT. Register.—WILLIAM HEWITT.
Treasurer.—HENRY WHETCROFT.

First chamber.—Phineas Bradley, president; Charles Jones, James Hoban, John
Davidson, John Graham, Walter Hellen, James H. Blake, Samuel N. Smallwood;
William Hewitt, secretary.

Second chamber.—Nicholas King, president; Henry Herford, Peter Lenox, George
Andrews, Toppan Webster, John McGowan, James Birth, Peter Hagner, William
James; Christopher Andrews, secretary.

I8it.

By reason of informality in the election no council was recognized. ‘The officers
of the preceding year continued to act.

TENTH COUNCIL.—I812.

Mayor.—DaNIEL RAPINE. Register.—WiILLIaM HEWITT.
Treasurer.—HENRY WHETCROFT.

Aldermen.—Alexander McCormick, president; John Davidson, James Hoban,
Peter Lenox, Andrew Way, jr., Nicholas L. Queen, Joseph Cassin, John Davis, of
Abel; William Hewitt, secretary.
300 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Common council.—George Blagden, president; William Worthington, Toppan
Webster, William P. Gardiner, James Hewitt, Roger C. Weightman, Thomas H.
Gilliss, Edmund Law, Elexius Middleton, Matthew Wright, John Dobbyn, John W.
Brashears; Pontius D. Stelle, secretary.

ELEVENTH COUNCIL.—I8I3.

Mayor.—JAMES H. BLAKE. Register.—WiLLIaM HEWITT.
Treasurer.—HENRY WHETCROFT.

Aldermen.—Alexander McCormick, president; James Hoban, William Waters,
Peter Lenox, James Hewitt, William Emack, Joseph Cassin, John Davis, of Abel;
William Hewitt, secretary.

Common council.Roger C. Weightman, president; William Worthington, Richard
S. Briscoe, John Graham, Charles Glover, Thomas H. Gilliss, Edmund Law, Elexius
Middleton, Thomas Howard, Shadrach Davis, Thomas Haliday, George McCauley;
Pontius D. Stelle, secretary.

TWELFTH COUNCIL.—1814.

Mayor.—JAMES H. BLAKE. Register.—WiILLIAM HEWITT.
Treasurer,—HENRY WHETCROFT.

Aldermen,—Alexander McCormick, president; William Waters, Toppan Webster,
George Way, Joseph Gales, jr., William Emack, Joseph Cassin, Matthew Wright;
William Hewitt, secretary.

Common council,—Roger C. Weightman, president; William Worthington, Richard
S. Briscoe, William Knowles, Charles Glover, James M. Varnum, Edmund Law,
Thomas Howard, William H. Lyles, Shadrach Davis, George McCauley, Buller
Cocke; Pontius D. Stelle, secretary.

THIRTEENTH COUNCIL.—1815.

Mayor.—JAMES H. BLAKE. Treasurer.—HENRY WHETCROFT.
Register.— WILLIAM HEWITT. Surveyor.—BENJ. H. LATROBE.

Aldermen.—Joseph Gales, jr., president; Toppan Webster, Richard S. Briscoe,
George Way, Alexander McCormick, John G. McDonald, Matthew Wright, Joseph
Cassin; William Hewitt, secretary.

Common council.—Roger C. Weightman, president; William Worthington, James
Thompson, Joseph Mecklin, Charles Glover, Christopher Andrews, Samuel Burch,
James Young, Thomas Dunn, Thomas Haliday, Shadrach Davis, Israel Little; Pon-
tius D. Stelle, secretary.

FouRTEENTH COUNCIIL,.—1816,

Mayor.—JAMES H. BLAKE. Treasurer.—HENRY WHETCROFT.
Register.—WILLIAM HEwITt. Surveyor.—JOSEPH ELGAR.

Aldermen.—TYoppan Webster, president; Richard S. Briscoe, George Way, John
A. Wilson, Alexander McCormick, John G, McDonald, Matthew Wright, Joseph
Cassin; William Hewitt, secretary.

Common council,—Samuel Burch, president; William Worthington, John D. Bar-
clay, William O’Neale, Charles Glover, Christopher Andrews, James M. Varnum,
James Young, Thomas Dunn, Thomas Haliday, Israel Little, Daniel Kealy; Pontius
D. Stelle, secretary.
Forms of Local Government tn District of Columbia. 301

FIFTEENTH COUNCIL.—I817.

Mayor.—BENJAMIN G. ORR. Treasurer.—HENRY WHETCROFT.
Register.—WiLLIAM HEWITT. Surveyor.—JOSEPH ELGAR.
2

Aldermen.—Toppan Webster, president; Joseph Forrest, Christopher Andrews,
Thomas H. Gilliss, Alexander McCormick, John G. McDonald, Joseph Cassin,
Matthew Wright; William Hewitt, secretary.

Common council,—Samuel Burch, president; John N, Moulder, William O’Neale,
Thomas Sandiford, jr., Charles Glover, James M. Varnum, George Sweeney, James
Young, George Watterston, Israel Little, John Crabb, Thomas Haliday; Pontius D.

Stelle, secretary.
SIXTEENTH COUNCIL.—1818.

Mayor.—BENJAMIN G. ORR. Treasurer.—HENRY WHETCROFT.
Register.—WILLIAM HEWITT. Surveyor.—JOSEPH ELGAR.

Aldermen.—Alexander McCormick, president; James H. Handy, Joseph Forrest,
Christopher Andrews, Thomas H. Gilliss, John G. McDonald, Joseph Cassin, Samuel
Miller; William Hewitt, secretary.

Common council.—George Sweeney, president; John N. Moulder, George McDaniel,
William O’Neale, James M. Varnum, Enoch Reynolds, James Young, John Chalmers,
Henry Tims, Israel Little, John B. Forrest, Thomas Reynolds; Pontius D. Stelle,
secretary.

SEVENTEENTH COUNCIL.—18I9.
Mayor.—SAMUEL N. SMALLWOOD. Register.—WiLLiaM HEWITT.
Surveyor.—JOSEPH ELGAR.

Aldermen.—William W. Seaton, president; John N. Moulder, James H. Handy,
Christopher Andrews, Nicholas L. Queen, Alexander McCormick, Israel Little,
Samuel Miller; William Hewitt, secretary.

Common council.—George Sweeney, president; Saterlee Clark, Thomas Carbery,
William O’Neale, Enoch Reynolds, John McClelland, Henry Tims, James D. Barry,
John Chalmers, Edward W. Clarke, Adam Lindsay, Gustavus Higdon; Thomas L.
Noyes, secretary.

EIGHTEENTH COUNCIL. -—1820,
Mayor.—SaMvuEL, N. SMALLWOOD. Register.—WILLIAM HEWITT.
Surveyor.—JOSEPH ELGAR.

Aldermen.—William W. Seaton, president; James H. Handy, Charles W. Golds-
borough, James Hoban, Thomas H. Gilliss, Roger C. Weightman, Nicholas L. Queen,
Henry Tims, Daniel Carroll of Duddington, Thomas Dougherty, Israel Little, William
Prout; George Gilliss, secretary.

Common council,—Samuel Burch, president; Saterlee Clarke, Thomas Carbery,
Josias Taylor, John McClelland, Henry Smith, John Strother, Hanson Gassaway,
George Sweeney, Andrew Hunter, John P. Ingle, Benjamin Burch, Richmond John-
ston, James Middleton, Barton Milstead, Adam Lindsay, Gustavus Higgdon, Solomon
Groves; Thomas L. Noyes, secretary.

NINETEENTH COUNCIL.—1821.

Mayor.—SAMUEL N. SMALLWOOD. Register.—WILLIAM HEWITT.
Surveyor.—F. C. DE KRAFFT.

Aldermen.—William W. Seaton, president; Charles W. Goldsborough, James H.

Handy, James Hoban, Thomas H. Gilliss, Roger C. Weightman, Henry Tims, Ben-
jamin Burch, George Blagden, James Middleton, Israel Little, William Prout;

Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary.
302 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Common council.—George Watterston, president; James Thompson, Henry M.
Steiner, William P. Gardner, John McClelland, Hesekiah Langley, David M. For-
rest, Timothy P. Andrews, George Sweeney, Benjamin M. Belt, Andrew Hunter,
John Pic, William R.Maddox, Edward Mattingly, Clement Boswell, Adam Lindsay,
Solomon Groves, John Nowland; Thomas L,. Noyes, secretary.

TWENTIETH COUNCIL.—1822.

Mayor.—THOMAS CARBERY. Register,—WILLIAM HEWITT.
Surveyor.—F. C. DE KRAFFT.

Aldermen.—William W. Seaton, president; Henry M. Steiner, Charles W. Golds-
borough, John A. Wilson, James Hoban, Roger C. Weightman, William A. Bradley,
Benjamin Burch, George Blagden, James Middleton, Edward W. Clarke, Israel Lit-
tle; E. J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council.—George Watterston, president; Alexander McIntyre, William P.
Gardner, James Gaither, Henry Ashton, Henry Smith, Francis Coyle, Peter Force,
Walter Clarke, Nathan Smith, John Pic, Elias B. Caldwell, Griffith Coombe, Edward
S. Lewis, Clement Boswell, Adam Lindsay, Philemon Moss, John Nowland; Thomas
L. Noyes, secretary.

TWENTY-FIRST COUNCIL.—1823.

Mayor.—THOMAS CARBERRY. Register.—WILLIAM HEWITT.
: Surveyor.—F. C. DE KRAFFT.

Aldermen.—William W. Seaton, president; Charles W. Goldsborough, Henry M.
Steiner, John A. Wilson, James Hoban, Roger C. Weightman, James Young, Benja-
min Sprigg, James Middleton, George Blagden, Israel Little, Edward W. Clarke;
E. J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council.—Peter Force, president; Alexander McIntyre, James Gaither,
William P. Gardner, Henry Ashton, Henry Smith, Henry M. Morfit, William Hunt,
Charles Glover, John Pic, William J. McCormick, William Ingle, Griffith Coombe,
Edward S. Lewis, Clement Boswell, Adam Lindsay, James Friend, Solomon Groves;
Thomas L,. Noyes, secretary.

TWENTY-SECOND COUNCIL.—1824.

Mayor.—RocER C. WEIGHTMAN,. Surveyor.—F. C. DE KRAFFT.
Register.—W1ILLIAM HEWITT. Attorney.—RICHARD WALLACH.

Aldermen.—William W. Seaton, president; Henry M. Steiner, Charles W. Golds-
borough, John A. Wilson, James Hoban, Charles Glover, George Watterston, James
Young, George Blagden, James Middleton, Edward W. Clarke, Israel Little; E. J.
Middleton, secretary.

Common council.—Peter Force, president; Alexander McIntyre, Richard S. Briscoe,
Benjamin Harrison, Henry Smith, Henry M. Morfit, Cornelius McLean, William
Hunt, Edward de Krafft, John Pic, William J. McCormick, William Ingle, Griffith
Coombe, Edward S. Lewis, George W. Dawson, Adam Lindsay, James Friend,
Gustavus Higdon; Thomas L. Noyes, secretary.

TWENTY-THIRD COUNCIL.—1825.

Mayor.—ROGER C. WEIGHTMAN. Surveyor.—F. C. DE KRAFFT,
Register.—WILLIAM HEwITt. Attorney.—RICHARD WALLACH.

Aldermen.—William W. Seaton, president; Thomas Wilson, John N. Moulder,
James Hoban, John A. Wilson, Charles Glover, James Young, George Watterston,
Griffith Coombe, George Blagden, Israel Little, Edward W, Clarke; E. J. Middle-
ton, secretary.
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 303

Common council, —Alexander McIntyre, president; Richard S. Briscoe, Matthew
Hines, Henry Smith, William Jones, Cornelius McLean, William Gunton, William
Hunt, Samuel Burch, William J. McCormick, B. O. Tyler, Edmund Law, Clement
Boswell, Edward S. Lewis, George W. Dawson, John Pic, James Friend, Edward
Simms; Thomas L. Noyes, secretary. °

TWENTY-FOURTH COUNCIL.—1826.

Aayor.--ROGER C. WEIGHTMAN. Surveyor.—F. C. DE KRAFFT.
Register.—WiILLIAM HEWITT. Attorney. —RICHARD WALLACH.

Aldermen.—W. W. Seaton, president; Thomas Wilson, John N. Moulder, Peter
Lenox, James Hoban, Peter Force, George Watterston, James Young, Edward S.
Lewis, Grifith Coombe, Edward W. Clarke, Israel Little; E. J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council,—Christopher Andrews, president; Alexander McIntyre, Richard
S. Briscoe, Matthew Hines, James Larned, William Duncan, William Gunton, William
Hunt, Samuel Burch, William J. McCormick, John Coyle, jr., William H. Gunnell,
Clement Boswell, Clement T. Coote, James Carbery, James Friend, Jonathan Prout,
Adam Lindsay; John D, Emack, secretary.

TWENTY-FIFTH COUNCIL.—1827.

Mayor.—JOHN GALES, Jr. Surveyor.—F. C. DE KRAFFT.
Register.--WILLIAM HEWITT. Altorney,—RICHARD WALLACH.

Aldermen.—W. W. Seaton, president; Richard S. Briscoe, Thomas Wilson, Christo-
phe: Andrews, Peter Lenox, Peter Force, James Young, George Watterston, Clement
T. Coote, Edward S. Lewis, Andrew Forrest, Edward W. Clarke; E. J. Middleton,
secretary.

Common council.—A. McIntyre, president; Jonn Wells, jr., James H. Handy, Wil-
liam Duncan, James Larned, Henry Smith, William Hunt, Andrew Coyle, William
Gunton, John Coyle, jr., B. O. Tyler, William J. McCormick, Peter G. Washington,
James Carbery, Nathaniel Brady, James Friend, Charles Venable, Adam Lindsay;
Richard Barry, secretary.

TWENTY-SIXTH COUNCIL.—1828.

&
Mayor.—JOSEPH GALES, Jr. Surveyor.—F. C. DE KRAFFT.
Register.—WILLIAM HEWITT. Attorney.—RICHARD WALLACH.

Aldermen.—W. W. Seaton, president; John Wells, jr., Richard S. Briscoe, Peter
Lenox, Christopher Andrews, Peter Force, James Young, George Watterston, Edward
S. Lewis, Clement <. Coote, Edward W. Clarke, Andrew Forrest; E. J. Middleton,
secretary.

Common counvil,—Alexander McIntyre, president; Robert Leckie, James H. Handy,
William Duncan, Lewis H. Machen, George Crandell, William Gunton, Andrew
Coyle, Phillip Mauro, William Brent, Frederick May, John Coyle, jr., Clement Bos-
well, Edmund Law, David Butler, jr., Charles Venable, Adam Lindsay, Samuel
Hilton; Richard Barry, secretary.

TWENTY-SEVENTH COUNCIL. —1829.

Mayor.—JOSEPH GALES, Jr. Surveyor.—¥. C. DE KRAFFT.
Register.—WiLLIAM HEWITT. Attorney.— RICHARD WALLACH.

Aldermen.—W. W. Seaton, president; John P. Van Ness, John Wells, jr., John A.
Wilson, Peter Lenox, Peter Force, James Young, George Watterston, Clement T.
Coote, John Rodgers, Andrew Forrest, Edward W. Clarke; E. J. Middleton, secretary.

H. Doc. 552 20

 
304 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Common counctl,—Alexander McIntyre, president; Thomas Sim, Nathaniel Frye,
jr., George Crandell, William Duncan, Lewis H. Machen, George Sweeney, Phillip
Mauro, William Gunton, William Brent, Frederick May, John Coyle, jr., Peter G.
Washington, John Carothers, James Carbery, Charles Venable, Adam Lindsay, James
Marshall; Richard Barry, secretary.

TWENTY-EIGHTH COUNCIL.—1830.

Mayor.—JoHN P. VAN NEss. Surveyor.—F. C. DE KRAFFT.
Register. -WILLIAM HEWIT?. Attorney. —RICHARD S. COXE.

Aldermen.—W. W. Seaton, president; John Wells, jr., James Thompson, Peter
Lenox, John A. Wilson, Peter Force, George Watterston, James Young, Griffith
Coombe, Clement T. Coote, Edward W. Clarke, Andrew Forrest; E. J. Middleton,
secretary.

Common council.— Alexander McIntyre, president; John Barcroft, Nathaniel Frye,
jr., Johnson Hellen, Frederick Keller, William J. Stone, Jacob Gideon, jr., Joseph
Harbaugh, Aaron Van Coble, William Brent, William J. McCormick, John Coyle, jr.,
John Carothers, Nathaniel Brady, James Adams, Adam Lindsay, James Marshall,
Charles F. Ellis; Richard Barry, secretary.

TWENTY-NINTH COUNCIL.—I83I.

Mayor.—JOHN P. VAN NESS. Surveyor.—F. C. DE KRAFFT.
Register.—W1ILLIAM HEWITT. Altorney.—RICHARD S. COXE.

Aldermen.—Peter Force, president; James Thompson, John Wells, jr., John A.
Wilson, Peter Lenox, Jesse Brown, William Brent, George Watterston, Clement T.
Coote, Griffith Coombe, John Nowland, Edward Simms; E. J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council.—Nathaniel Frye, jr., president; John Barcroft, John H. Houston,
Johnson Hellen, George Crandell, Frederick Keller, Joseph H. Bradley, Jacob Gid-
eon, jr., Joseph Harbaugh, George Phillips, William Ingle, Charles K. Gardner,
James Carbery, John Carothers, Nathaniel Brady, Adam Lindsay, Charles F. Ellis,
William D. Acken; Richard Barry, secretary.

THIRTIETH COUNCIL.—1832.

Mayor.—JoHN P. VAN NESS. Surveyor.—WILLIAM ELLIOrr.
Register.—WiILLIAM HEWITT. Attorney.— RICHARD S. Coxe.

Aldermen.—Peter Force, president; Charles W. Goldsborough, James Thompson,
John McClelland, John A. Wilson, William Gunton, Charles K. Gardner, William
Brent, Nathaniel Brady, Clement T. Coote, Edward Simms, John Nowland; E. J.
Middleton, secretary. :

Common counci!.—Alexander McIntyre, president; John Barcroft, Edmund Hanly,
Frederick Keller, George Crandell, Johnson Hellen, Joseph Harbaugh, David A.
Hall, Jacob Gideon, jr., William Ingle, Moses Tabbs, George Phillips, Benjamin
Bean, Peter Griffin, John Carothers, James Marshall, Charles F. Ellis, Samuel
Phillips; Richard Barry, secretary.

THIRTY-FIRST COUNCIL.—1833.

Mayor.—JoHN P. Van NEss. Surveyor.—WiILLiaM ELLIorr.
Register.—WILLIAM HEWITT. Attorney —RICHARD S. CoxE.

Aldermen.—Peter Force, president; James Thompson, Charles W. Goldsborough,
John A. Wilson, John McClelland, William Gunton, William Brent, Charles K.
Gardner, Clement T, Coote, Nathaniel Brady, John Nowland, Edward Simms; E. J.
Middleton, secretary.
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 305

Common council,—Alexander McIntyre, president; Edmund Hanley, John Bar-
croft, George Crandell, Ignatius Mudd, C. L. Coltman, David Saunders, Reuben
Burdine, James Hoban, Moses Tabbs, Robert Beale, William Ingle, Peter Griffin,
Robert Hewitt, Thomas Blagden, William Speiden, James oe Joshua L. Hen-
shaw; Richard Barry, secretary.

THIRTY-SECOND COUNCIL. —1834.

Mayor.—WILLiamM A. BRADLEY. Surveyor.—WiILLIAM ELLIOTT.
Register.—WiILLIAM HEWITT. Alttorney.—JOSEPH H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen.—Clement T. Coote, president; Charles W. Goldsborough, James Thomp-
son, Frederick Keller, John A. Wilson, George Sweeny, William Gunton, George
Watterston, William Brent, William R. Maddox, James Marshall, John Nowland;
Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council, —Alexander McIntire, president; Edmund Hanley, John Adams,
George Crandell, Ignatius Mudd, Charles L. Coltman, Matthew St. C. Clarke, Joseph
Harbaugh, David Saunders, James Carbery, Robert Brown, Moses Tabbs, Thomas
Blagden, Peter Griffin, John Carothers, William Speiden, Charles F, Ellis, Joshua L.
Henshaw; Richard Barry, secretary.

THIRTY-THIRD COUNCII.—1835.

Mayor.—WiLIAM BRADLEY. Surveyor.—WILLIAM ELLIOTY.
Registey.—WILLIAM HEWITT. Attorney.—JOSEPH H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen.—Charles W. Goldsborough, president; Nathan Towson, Frederick
Keller, Edward Dyer, George Sweeney, William Gunton, George Watterston, Wil-
liam Brent, William R. Maddox, Clement T. Coote, James Marshall, John Noland;
Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council.—Alexander McIntire, president; John D. Bafclay, John Adams,
Ignatius Mudd, Jonathan Seaver, Wallace Kirkwood, Joseph Harbaugh, John W.
Maury, Peter Force, James Young, Moses Tabbs, James Carbery, John Carothers,
William Speiden, Peter Griffin, Joshua L. Henshaw, Marmaduke Dove, Charles F.
Ellis; Richard Barry, secretary.

THIRTY-FOURTH COUNCIL. —1836.

Mayor.—PETER FORCE. Surveyor.—WILlLiaM ELLIorr.
Register.—WiLLIAM HEwITYr. Alttorney.—JosEPH H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen.—Charles W. Goldsborough, president; John D. Barclay, Edward Dyer,
Charles L,. Coltman, Joseph Harbaugh, William Gunton, George Watterston, William
Brent, Nathaniel Brady, C. T. Coote, Jas. Marshall, John Noland; Erasmus J. Mid-
dleton, secretary.

Common council.—James Carbery, president; Edmund Hanly, William B. Magru-
der, William Easby, Jonathan Seaver, Wallace Kirkwood, George Crandell, John W.
Maury, John H. Goddard, G. C. Grammer, Jas. Adams, John Lynch, William Speiden,
John Carothers, Thomas Blagden, John Costigan, P. M. Pearson, Marmaduke Dove;
Richard Barry, secretary.

THIRTY-FIFTH COUNCIL.—1837.

Mayor.— PETER FORCE. Surveyor.—WiLLIaAM P. ELLIOTT.
Register.—WILLIAM HEWITT. Attorney.—JOSEPH H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen,—Charles W. Goldsborough, president; John D. Barclay, William B,
Randolph, Charles L. Coltman, William Gunton, Joseph Harbaugh, William Brent,
306 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

George Watterston, Griffith Coombe, Nathaniel Brady, Marmaduke Dove, James
Marshall; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council.—James Carbery, president; Edmund Hanly, Thomas Munroe, *
William Easby, Jonathan Seaver, Wallace Kirkwood, George Crandell, John W.
Maury, John H. Goddard, G. C. Grammer, James Adams, Joseph Follansbee, Alex-
ander Shepherd, William E. Howard, Isaac Clarke, James Crandell, Jarret Taylor,
Benedict Milburn; Richard Barry, secretary.

THIRTY-SIXTH COUNCIL. — 1838.

Aflayor.—PETER FORCE. Surveyor.—WIiLLIAM P. ELLIOTT.
Register.—WiILLiaAM HEwITT. Attorney.—JOSEPH H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen.—Charles W. Goldsborough, president; John D. Barclay, Edward Dyer,
William B. Randolph, John W. Maury, William Gunton, George Watterston, William
Brent, Isaac Clarke, Griffith Coombe, James Marshall, Marmaduke Dove; Erasmus
J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council.—James Carbery, president; Edmund Hanly, William B. Magru-
der, William Wilson, Jonathan Seaver, Wallace Kirkwood, William W. Billing, John
H. Goddard, G. C. Grammer, John C. Harkness, James Adams, John S. Devlin, Wil-
liam E. Howard, Samuel Byington, Nathaniel Brady, James Crandell, Robert M.
Coombe, Benedict Milburn; Richard Barry, secretary.

THIRTY-SEVENTH COUNCIL.—1839.

Mayor.—PETER FORCE. Collector.—A, ROTHWELL.
Register. —C. H. WILTBERGER. Surveyor.—WILLIAM P. ELLIOTT.
ittorney.—J. H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen.—Charles W. Goldsborough, president; John D. Barclay, Wallace Kirk-
wood, William B. Randolph, John W. Maury, William Gunton, George Watterston,
William Brent, Isaac Clarke, Nathaniel Brady, James Marshall, Marmaduke Dove;
Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council,—James Carbery, president; Edmund Hanly, William B. Magru-
der, William Wilson, John Wilson, Lewis Johnson, John A. M. Duncanson, John C.
Harkness, Samuel Bacon, G. C. Grammer, George C. Thompson, John Kedglie, Sam-
uel Byington, Edward Mattingly, George W. Thompson, James Crandell, George
Adams, G. H. Fulmer; Richard Barry, secretary.

THIRTY-ZIGHTH COUNCIL.—1840.

Mayor.—WiLLiamM W. SEATON. Collector.—A. ROTHWELL.
Register.—C. H. WILTBERGER. Surveyor.—WILlIAM P. ELLIOTT.
Attorney.—J. H. BRADLEY.

lldermen.—Charles W. Goldshorough, president; John D. Barclay, Wallace Kirk-
wood, William B. Randolph, John H. Goddard, William Gunton, James Carbery,
William Brent, Isaac Clarke, Nathaniel Brady, James Marshall, Marmaduke Dove;
Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council_—Edmund Hanly, president; William Easby, William Wilson,
William Orme, Lewis Johnson, W. W. Stewart, John C. Harkness, Samuel Bacon,
Joseph Bryan, John H. Houston, Simon Bassett, William J. McDonald, Samuel
Byington, John L. Maddox, J. T. Van Reswick, James Crandell, E. W. Clarke, G. H.
Fulmer; Richard Barry, secretary.
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 307

THIRTY-NINTH COUNCIL.—1841.

Mayor.—WiLuiamM W, SEATON. Collector.—A. ROTHWELL.
Register.—C. H. WILTBERGER. Surveyor,— WILLIAM P. ELLIOTT.
Attorney.—]. H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen,—Charles W. Goldsborough, president; John D. Barclay, William Orme,
John Wilson, John H. Goddard, John W. Maury, James Carbery, James Adams, Sam-
uel Byington, Nathaniel Brady, James Marshall, Marmaduke Dove; Erasmus J.
Middleton, secretary.

Common council,—Edmund Hanly, president; William Easby, William Wilson,
Lewis Johnson, James F. Haliday, William Radcliff, John C. Harkness, Samuel
Bacon, Joseph Bryan, Simon Bassett, Joseph Beck, B. B. French, J. S. Miller, William
P. Ferguson, J. T. Van Reswick, James Crandell, E. W. Clarke, G. H. Fulmer;
Richard Barry, secretary.

FORTIETH COUNCIL.—1842.

Mayor.—WiLLIAM W. SEATON. Collector.—A. ROTHWELL.
Register.—C. H. WILTBERGER. Surveyor.—WILLIAM P, ELLIOTT.
Attorney.—]. H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen.—James Adams, president; W. B. Magruder, John D. Barclay, William
Orme, John Wilson, John H. Goddard, John W. Maury, James Carbery, Samuel
Byington, Nathaniel Brady, James Marshall, Marmaduke Dove; Erasmus J. Mid-
dleton, secretary:

Common council.—B. B. French, president; Charles A. Davis, William Wilson, A.
McIntire, Lewis Johnson, James F. Haliday, Ignatius Mudd, Walter Lenox, Samuel
Bacon, J. T. Towers, John A. Lynch, Joseph W. Beck, J. E. Neale, William P. Fer-
guson, J. T. Van Reswick, James Crandell, E. W. Clarke, G. H. Fulmer; Richard
Barry, secretary.

ForRTY-FIRST COUNCIL. --1843.

Mayor.—WIiLLiaM W. SEATON. Collector.—A,. ROTHWELL.
Register.—C. H. WILTBERGER. Surveyor.—WILLIaM P. ELLIort.
Attorney.—J. H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen.—James Adams, president; W. B. Magruder, John D. Barclay, William
Orme, John Wilson, John H. Goddard, John W. Maury, Joseph W. Beck, Samuel
Byington, Nathaniel Brady, James Marshall, Edward W. Clarke; Erasmus J. Mid-
dleton, secretary.

Common council.—B. B. French, president; Charles A. Davis, William Wilson,
Richard M. Harrison, Nicholas Callan, jr., James F. Haliday, Ignatius Mudd, Walter
Lenox, Samuel Bacon, J. T. Towers, John Lynch, William Hicks, J. E. Neale, Wil-
liam Dixon, John McCauley, James Crandell, James Cull, G. H. Fulmer; Richard
Barry, secretary.

FORTY-SECOND COUNCIL.—1844.

Mayor.—Wi,LIAM W. SEATON. Collector.—A. ROTHWELL.
Register.—C. H. WILTBERGER. Surveyor.—WILLIAM P. ELLIOTT.
Attorney.—J. H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen.—James Adams, president; John D. Barclay, W. B. Magruder, John
Wilson, William Orme, John W. Maury, Walter Lenox, Joseph W. Beck, Nathaniel
Brady, Samuel Byington, Marmaduke Dove, Thomas Thornly; Erasmus J. Middleton,
secretary.
308 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Common council.—Samuel Bacon, president; William Wilson, Chas. A. Davis, R. M.
Harrison, Jas. F. Haliday, Saml. D. King, Lewis Johnson, John T. Towers, Saml.
Burche, Jas. B. Phillips, John Kedglie, John Johnson, John Van Riswick, J. W. Jones,
John McCauley, G. H. Fulmer, James Cull, John R. Queen; Richard Barry, secretary.

FORTY-THIRD COUNCIL.—1845.

Mayor.—WiLLiaM W. SEATON. Collector.—A. ROTHWELL.
Register.—C. H. WILTBERGER. Surveyor.—WILLIamM P. ELLIOTT.
Attorney.—J. H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen,—James Adams, president; W. B. Magruder, John D. Barclay, William
Orme, John Wilson, Walter Lenox, John W. Maury, Joseph W. Beck, Samuel Bying-
ton, J. C. Fitzpatrick, Thomas Thornly, Marmaduke Dove; Erasmus J. Middleton,
secretary. :

Common council,—Samuel Bacon, president; Chas. A. Davis, Saml. T. Stott, G. C.
Harkness, Jas. F. Haliday, Saml. D. King, Lewis Johnson, John T. Sowers, Samuel
Burche, John Kedglie, B. B. French, Peter Brady, J. W. Jones, John Van Riswick,
John L. Maddox, G. H. Fulmer, Alex. H. Lawrence, James Cull; Richard Barry,
secretary.

FORTY-FOURTH COUNCIL.—1846.

Mayor.—WiLLIaM W. SEATON. Collector.—A. ROTHWELL.
Register.—C. H. WILTBERGER. Surveyor.—RANDOLPH COYLE.
Attorney,—J. H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen.—John D. Barclay, president; W. B. Magruder, John Wilson, William
Orme, S. P. Franklin, John T. Towers, John W. Maury, Walter Lenox, J. C. Fitz-
patrick, B. B. French, Robert Clarke, Thomas Thornly, Ignatius Mudd, Samuel
Byington; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary.

Common counci!,—Samuel Bacon, president; Charles A. Davis, William Wilson,
William Easby, James F. Haliday, Samuel D. King, Lewis Johnson, Joseph Burrows,
Silas H. Hill, James W. Moorhead, Richard Wallach, Hugh B. Sweeny, A. W. Mil-
ler, Richard Dement, Peter Brady, G. H. Fulmer, James Cull, John R. Queen, J. W.
Jones, William Lloyd, J. T. Cassell; Richard Barry, secretary.

FORTY-FIFTH COUNCIL.—1847.

Mayor.—WiLLIaAM W. SEATON. Collector.—A. ROTHWELL.
Register.—C. H. WILTBERGER. Surveyor.—RANDOLPH COyvLE.
Attorney.—J. H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen,—Walter Lenox, president; John D. Barclay, William B. Scott, John
Wilson, William Orme, S. P. Franklin, John T. Towers, John W. Maury, James
Adams, B. B. French, Robert Clarke, Thomas Thornly, Ignatius Mudd, Samuel
Byington; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council,—Samuel Bacon, president; George J. Abbott, Samuel Stott,
William Easby, James F. Haliday, Jesse E. Dow, Lewis Johnson, Joseph Burrows,
Silas Hill, Joseph Bryan, Richard Wallach, Hugh B. Sweeny, John Johnson, Cor-
nelius Tims, E. W. Smallwood, G. H. Fulmer, John R. Queen, James Cull, William
Ashdown, William Lloyd, John T. Cassell; Richard Barry, secretary.

ForRTY-SIXTH COUNCIL.—1848.

Mayor.—WiL11AM W. SEATON. Collector.—A. ROTHWELL.
Register.—W. J. McCormick. Surveyor.—C. B. CLUSKEY.
wittorney.—J]. H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen.—Walter Lenox, president; William B. Scott, Samuel Drury, William
Orme, John Wilson, S. P. Franklin, John T. Towers, John W. Maury, James Adams,
Forms of Local Government in District of Columbia. 309

Benjamin B. French, Robert Clarke, Thomas Thornly, Ignatius Mudd, Samuel
Byington; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council.—Silas H. Hill, president; Samuel E. Douglass, Samuel Stott,
William T. Dove, Lewis Johnson, Nicholas Callan, Jesse E. Dow, Joseph Burrows,
Joseph Bryan, Richard Wallach, Hugh B. Sweeny, William H. Winter, John John-
son, George M. Dove, Francis Y. Naylor, James Cull, John Queen, Jonas B. Ellis,
J. W. Jones, William Lloyd, John T. Cassell; Richard Barry, secretary.

FORTY-SEVENTH COUNCIL.—1849.

Mayor.—WILLiAM W. SEATON. Collector.—A. ROTHWELL.
Register.—W. J. McCorMIck. Surveyor.—C. B. CLUSKEY.
Attorney.—J. H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen.—Walter Lenox, president; William B. Magruder, Samuel Drury, John
Wilson, William‘Orme, S. P. Franklin, John T. Towers, John W. Maury, Joseph W.
Beck, Benjamin B. French, James A. Gordon, Thomas Thornly, P, M. Pearson,
Samuel Byington; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council.—Silas H. Hill, president; Samuel E. Douglass, James L. Cath-
cart, William T. Dove, William F. Bayly, Nicholas Callan, Jesse E. Dow, Joseph
Bryan, J. A. M. Duncanson, Hugh B. Sweeny, William H. Winter, George S.
Gideon, John Johnson, George M. Dove, John L. Wirt, A. W. Miller, John Queen,
Jonas B. Ellis, J. W. Jones, D. B. Johnson, Ephraim Wheeler; Richard Barry,
secretary.

FORTY-EIGHTH COUNCIL.—1850.

Mayor.—WaLtER LENOX. Collector.—A. ROTHWELL.
Register.—W. J. McCorMIck. Surveyor.—C. B. CLUSKEY.
Attorney.—JAMES M. CARLISLE.

Aldermen,—Benjamin B. French, president; William B. Magruder, Samuel Drury,
John Wilson, William F. Bayly, S. P. Franklin, John T. Towers, John W. Maury,
Hugh B. Sweeny, Joseph W. Beck, James A. Gordon, Thomas Thornly, Peter M.
Pearson, James E. Morgan; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council, —Silas H. Hill, president; Samuel E. Douglass, William T. Dove,
T. P. Morgan, N. Callan, Joel Downer, J. R. Barr, Joseph Bryan, E. M. Chapin,
M. P. Mohun, T. H. Havenner, W. H. Winter, John C. Brent, Thomas Hutching-
son, John L. Wirt, A. W. Miller, John W. McKim, William Morgan, E. Wheeler,
D. B. Johnson, J. Van Reswick; Richard Barry, secretary.

FORTY-NINTH COUNCIL.—I851.

Mayor.—WaLtER LENOX. Collector.— ROBERT J. ROCHE.
Register.—W. J. McCoRMIcK. Surveyor.—HENRY W. BALL.
Attorney.—JAMES M. CARLISLE.

Aldermen.—Benjamin B. French, president; William T. Dove, William B.
Magruder, William F. Bayly, John Wilson, John T. Towers, Joseph Burrows, Hugh
B. Sweeny, John W. Maury, John L. Wirt, Thomas Thornly, James A. Gordon,
James E. Morgan, George Page; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council,—Silas H. Hill, president; Samuel E. Douglass, H. N. Easby,
James Kelly, N. Callan, Joel Downer, John F. Ennis, Joseph Bryan, C. P. Wannell,
M. P. Mohun, T. H. Havenner, John P. Pepper, John C. Brent, Thomas Hutching-
son, John J. Mulloy, A. W. Miller, James Cull, William Morgan, E, Wheeler, D. B.
Johnson, J. Van Reswick; Richard Barry, secretary.
310 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

FIFTIETH COUNCIL.—1852.

Mayor.—J. W. Maury. Collector. ROBERT J. ROCHE.
Register.—WILLIAM J. McCorMICcK. Surveyor. —HENRY W. BALL.
Attorney.—JAMES M. CARLISLE.

Aldermen.—Benjamin B. French, president; William B. Magruder, Thomas P.
Morgan, John Wilson, William F. Bayly, John T. Towers, Joseph Burrows, Alex-
ander McD. Davis,.Silas H. Hill, John L. Wirt, Thomas Thornly, James A. Gordon,
George Page, Ephraim Wheeler; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council.—Nicholas Callan, president; Samuel E. Douglass, H. N. Easby,
\James Kelly, J. R. Barr, J. W. Downer, Joseph Bryan, Edward F. Queen, Joseph
W. Davis, John P. Pepper, Henry Hay, George Burns, Samuel Hanson, jr., Thomas
Hutchingson (to September 6), John W. Meade (from September 20), John J. Mul-

_loy, William Morgan, A. W. Miller, James Cull, Samuel Pumphrey, William R.
Riley, John Van Reswick; Richard Barry, secretary. .

FiFTY-FIRST COUNCIL—1853.

Mayor.—J. W. Maury. Collector.—-ROBERT J. ROCHE.
Register.—WILLIAM J. McCorMICK. Surveyor.--HENRY W. BALL.
ittorney.—JAMES M. CARLISLE.

Aldermen.—John T. Towers, president; William B. Magruder, Thomas P. Mor-
gan, B. W. Reed, William F. Bayly, Joseph Burrows, Alexander McD. Davis, Silas H.
Hill, John C. Fitzpatrick, John J. Mulloy, Robert Clarke, William Morgan, Dearborn
Johnson, Ephraim Wheeler; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council.—Nicholas Callan, president; Samuel E. Douglass, H. N. Easby,
James Kelly, J. R. Barr, George W. Stewart, Charles P. Wannell, Edward F. Queen,
Joseph W. Davis, John P. Pepper, R. H. Clark, George Burns, Samuel Hanson, jr.,
S. C. Busey, John W. Meade, L. Gaddis, A. W. Miller, James Cull, Samuel Pum-
phrey, William R. Riley, William C. Bamberger; Richard Barry, secretary.

FIFTY-SECOND COUNCIL.—1854.

Mayor.—JOHN T. TOWERS. Collector.—ROBERT J. ROCHE.
Register.—WILLiaM J. McCorRMIcK. Surveyor.—HENRY W. BALL.
Attorney.—JOSEPH H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen.—Silas H. Hill, president; W. T. Dove, W. B. Magruder, William F.
Bayly, B. W. Reed, French §, Evans, Joseph Burrows, John P. Pepper, John H.
Houston, J. C. Fitzpatrick, Robert Clarke, S. A. H. Marks, P. M. Pearson, D. B.
Johnson; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council,—Alexander McD. Davis, president; James Kelly, W. G. H.
Newman, Luther R. Smoot, J. Russell Barr, G. H. Plant, John M. Donn, Joseph W.
Davis, J. A. M. Duncanson, J. T. Walker, John T. Clements, John Ball, John T.
Killmon, John McCauley, Samuel C. Busey, George R. Ruff, J. Cross, Henry Stew-
art, John Smith, W. C. Bamberger, John F. Gill; Charles F. Lowery, secretary.

FIFTY-THIRD COUNCIL.—1855.

Mayor.—JouHn T. TOWERS. Collector.—JOHN M. McCauma.
Register.—SAMUEL E. DouGLass. Surveyor.—R. FINLEY Hunt.
Attorney.—JOSEPH H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen.—Robert Clarke, president; William B. Magruder, William T. Dove,
William F. Bayly, Thomas Miller, French S. Evans, John Tretler, John P. Pepper,
Matthew G. Emery, Samuel C. Busey, John H. Houston, S. A. H. Marks, John L.
Smith, Peter M. Pearson; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary.
forms of Local Government tn District of Columbia. 311

Common council.—J. T. Clements, president; Charles Abert, John B. Turton,
Edward H. Fuller, Ferdinand Jefferson, Thomas J. Fisher, William Orme, Jonathan
T. Walker, James Towles, J. H.G. McCutchen, John Ball, James P. McKean, Almon
Baldwin, J. H. Peters, John Bohlayer, John Bayne, Josiah Venable, George R. Ruff,
Saniuel Y. Atlee, Thomas E. Lloyd, Jackson Pumphrey; Charles F. Lowery, secretary.

FIFTY-FOURTH COUNCIL.—1856.

Mayor.—WitLiaM B. MAGRUDER. Collector.—JOHN M. McCaLa.
Register.—SAMUEL E. Douciass. Surveyor.—R. FINLEY Hunt.
Attorney.—JAMES M. CARLISLE.

Aldermen.—Robert Clarke, president; William T. Dove, George W. Riggs, William
F. Bayly, Thomas Miller, French S. Evans, John Tretler, Matthew G. Emery, William
W. Moore, John H. Houston, S.C. Busey, Robert Clarke, George R. Ruff, Peter M.
Pearson, John L. Smith; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council.—Samuel Y. Atlee, president; Charles Abert, John B. Turton, D.C.
Lee, Thomas J. Fisher, Ferdinand Jefferson, William Orme, James Towles, Jonathan
T. Walker, J. H. G. McCutcheon, James A. Kennedy, Richard H. Clarke, Elijah
Edmonston, John Bohlayer, Almon Baldwin, D. A. Watterson, John Bayne, James A.
Gordon, William E. Hutchinson, Thomas E. Lloyd, Robert T. Knight; Charles F.
Lowery, secretary.

FIFTY-FIFTH COUNCIL.—1857.

Mayor.—W:L1IAM B. MAGRUDER. Collector.—JAMES F. HALIDAY.
Register.—WILLIAM MORGAN. Surveyor.—WILLIAM FORSYTH.
Aitorney.—JAMES M. CARLISLE.

Aldermen.—William F. Bayly, president; William T. Dove, George W. Riggs,
Thomas Miller, Thomias Donoho, F. S. Evans, William W. Moore, John H. Goddard,
John H. Houston, Edmund Barry, Robert Clarke, George R. Ruff, Peter M. Pearson,
John L. Smith; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council.—Charles Abert, president; John B. Turton, Robert A. Waters,
Thomas J. Fisher, Férdinand Jefferson, William Orme, Lambert Tree, Joseph F.
Brown, ¢ Ss. O’Hare, James A. Kennedy, Richard H. Clarke, Elijah Edmonston,
William A. Mulloy, E. F. French, W. F. Wallace, James A. Gordon, William E.

’ Hutchinson, James Crandall; William A. Kennedy, secretary.

FIFTY-SIXTH COUNCIL.—1858.

MTayor.—JAMES G. BERRET. Collector.—JAMES F. HALIDAY.
Register.—WILLIAM MORGAN. Surveyor.—WILLIAM FORSYTH.
Altorney.—JAMES M. CARLISLE.

Aldermen.—William T. Dove, president; George W. Riggs, Thomas J. Fisher, Thos.
Miller, Thos. Donoho, Jos. F. Brown, William W. Moore, Francis Mohun, Edmund
Barry, C. W. C. Dunnington, Aaron W. Miller, Robert Clarke, Peter M. Pearson,
John L. Smith; Erasmus J. Middleton, secretary.

Common council.—Charles Abert, president; John B. Turton, Southey S. Parker,
Charles S. Jones, William Orme, Grafton Powell, Lambert Tree, W. Gray Palmer,
C. S. O'Hare, Elijah Edmonston, Wm. P. Mohun, S. D. Castleman, Wm. A. Mulloy,
J. T. Van Reswick, W. F. Wallace, George A. Bohrer, F. S. Ober, Jno. H. Russell,
Thos. E. Lloyd, Chas. Wilson, Thos. Millstead; Wm. A. Kennedy, secretary.
312 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

FIFTY-SEVENTH COUNCIL.—1859.

Mayor.—JAMES G. BERRET. Collector.—JAMES F. HALIDAY.
Register. WILLIAM MORGAN. Surveyor.—WILLIAM FORSYTH.
Attorney.—JAMES M. CARLISLE.

Aldermen.—William T. Dove, president; Wm. B. Magruder, Thos. J. Fisher, Wm.
F. Bayly, Thos. Donoho, Jos. F. Brown, Wm. W. Moore, Wm. H. Ward, C. W. C.
Dunnington, Wm. F. Price, Aaron W. Miller, Francis McNerhany, Peter M. Pearson,
E. M. Clark; R. H. Laskey, secretary.

Common council,—Charles Abert, president; John B. Turton, Thos. P. Morgan,
Chas. Jones, Wm. Orme, Grafton Powell, Lambert Tree, Theodore Sheckells, P. M.
Martin, Elijah Edmonston, Wm. P. Mohun, W. J.C. Duhamel, J. T. Van Reswick,
Jno. W. Mead, E. F. French, J. M. Boiseau, F. S. Ober, Jno. H. Russell, J. T. Cassell,
J. T. Given, D. B. Clark; Wm. A. Kennedy, secretary.

FIFTY-EIGHTH COUNCIL.—1S60.

Mayor.—JAMES G. BERRET. Collector.—JAMES F. HALLIDAY.
Register.—W1ILLIAM MORGAN. Surveyor.—WILLIAM FORSYTH.
Attorney.—JAMES G. CARLISLE.

Aldermen,—William T. Dove, president; William B. Magruder, Thomas J. Fisher,
William F. Bayly, Thomas Donoho, Joseph F. Brown, William W. Moore, William H.
Ward, William F. Price (vacancy), George A. Bohrer (vacancy), John H. Semmes,
E. M. Clark; R. H. Laskey, secretary.

Common council.—Grafton Powell, president; George W. Emerson, Thomas P.
Morgan, Peter Lamond, Charles S. Jones, L. F. Clark, Joseph Borrows, Horatio N.
Easby, Joseph B. Bryan, Elijah Edmonston, William P. Mohun, E. M. Chapin, J.
T. Van Reswick, John W. Mead, W. A. Mulloy, F. S. Ober, John H. Russell (vacancy),
Edward Thomas, J. T. Given, Charles Wilson; William A. Kennedy, secretary.

FIFTY-NINTH COUNCIL.—IS86I.

Mayor.—RICHARD WALLACH. Collector.—WILLIAM Dixon,
Register.—SAMUEL E. DoucGtass. Surveyor.—WILLIAM FORSYTH.
Altorney.—JOSEPH H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen.—William T. Dove, president; William B. Magruder, William F. Bayly,
Thomas J. Fisher, Joseph F. Brown, A. C. Richards, William W. Moore, Cornelius
Wendell, John M. Brodhead, Nathan Sargent, George A. Bohrer, T. Edward Clark,
Thomas E. Lloyd, John H. Semmes; Samuel V. Noyes, secretary.

Common council.—Z. Richards, president; Thomas P. Morgan, George W. Emer-
son, John B. Turton, Nicholas Callan, George T. Raub, A.R. Shepherd, Thomas A.
Stephens, Thomas Lewis, Elijah Edmonston, Samuel Byington, William P. Mohun,
William A. Mulloy, George Hitz, John Grinder, William Talbert, John H. Peake
(vacancy), Charles Wilson, J. T. Given, William J. Murtagh; William A. Kennedy,

secretary.
SIXTIETH COUNCII,.—1862.

Mayor.—RICHARD WALLACH. Collector.—WIL,L1AM DIxon.
Register.—SAMUEL E. DOUGLASS. Surveyor.—WiLLIAM FORSYTH.
Attorney.—JOSEPH H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen.—Joseph F. Brown, president; William B. Magruder, John B. Turton,
George H. Plant, Lewis Clephane, A. C. Richards, Cornelius Wendell, John P.
Pepper, John M. Brodhead, Nathan Sargent, T. Edward Clark, James A. Gordon,
Thomas E. Lloyd, John H. Semmes; Samuel V. Noyes, secretary.
Forms of Local Government tn District of Columbia. 313

Common council.—A. R. Shepherd, president: Thomas Donoho, Charles Gordon,
William Rapley, J. Russell Barr, George T. Raub, J. W. Thompson, Thomas A.
Stephens, Thomas Lewis, Asbury Lloyd, Charles H. Utermehle, Joseph Follansbee,
Robert T. Knight, Charles I. Canfield, George F. Gulick, John H. Peake, William
Talbert, Richard Morgan, Charles Wilson, William J. Murtagh, Charles W. Mitchell;
Frederick L. Harvey, secretary.

SIXTY-FIRST COUNCIT,.—1863.

Mayor.—RICHARD WALLACH. Collector.—WILLIAM DIxon.
Register.—SAMUEI E. DOUGLASS. Surveyor.—W1LLIAM FORSYTH.
Attorney.—JOSEPH H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen.—John H. Semmes, president; W. W. Rapley, John B. Turton, George
H. Plant, Lewis Clephane, Joseph F. Brown, Thomas Lewis, John P. Pepper, Charles
H. Utermehle, George F. Gulick, Nathan Sargent, Richard Morgan, James A. Gordon,
Thomas E. Lloyd; Samuel V. Noyes, secretary.

Common council.—Asbury Lloyd, president; James Kelly, H. C. Wilson, Thomas
Donoho, George T. Raub, J. Russell Barr, William P. Shedd, A. R. Shepherd, N. D.
Larner, T. A. Stephens, Joseph Follansbee, Michael Larner, William P. Ferguson,
Robert Knight, Charles I. Canfield, George R. Ruff, John H. Peake, Donald
McCathran, Charles Wilson, C. S. Noyes, J. B. Ellis; Frederick L. Harvey, secretary.

SIXTY-SECOND COUNCIL.—1S64.

Mayor.—RICHARD WALLACH. Collector.—WI1LLI4SM DIXON,
Register.—SAMUEL E. DOUGLASS. Surveyor.—WiLLIAM ForRSYTH.
lttorney.—JOSEPH H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen.—Joseph F. Brown, president; William W. Rapley, John B. Turton,
George H. Plant, J. Russell Barr, Thomas Lewis, Thomas E. Lloyd, Charles H.
Utermehle, John P. Pepper, George F. Gulick, Charles I. Canfield, Richard Morgan,
Donald McCathran, Crosby S. Noyes; Samuel V. Noyes, secretary.

Common council.—Asbury Lloyd, president; James Kelly, H. C. Wilson, J. A.
Rheem, Samuel W. Owen, William Pettibone, Samuel A. Peugh, N. D. Larner, Thomas
A. Stephens, John W. Simms, William W. Moore, Elijah Edmonston, William P. Fer-
guson, James B. Davis, J. B. Ward, George R. Ruff, William Talbert, Bennett Swain,
W. T. Walker, John G. Dudley, George Wright; William H. Pope, secretary.

SIXTY-THIRD COUNCIL.—1865.

Mayor.—RICHARD WALLACH. Collector.—WiILLiaM DIxon.
Register.—SAMUEL E. DoucLass. Surveyor.—WiILLIAM FORSYTH.
Attorney. JOSEPH H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen.—Thomas E. Lloyd, president; John B. Turton, William B. Magruder, J.
Russell Barr, Samuel W. Owen, Joseph F. Brown, Thomas Lewis, John P. Pepper,
Asbury Lloyd, Charles I. Canfield, George F. Gulick, Donald McCathran, Samuel
Cross, Crosby S. Noyes; Samuel V. Noyes, secretary.

Common council.—William W. Moore, president; John A. Rheem, John Tynan,
James H. Hazel, Samuel A. Peugh, H. Clay Stewart, Andrew J. Joyce, John W. Simms,
Washington B. Williams, A. G. Hall, Elijah Edmonston, Charles H. Anderson, W. P.
Ferguson, W. H. Hamilton, John W. Mead, William Talbert, John E. Herrell, C. W.
White, John G. Dudley, George Wright, W. T. Walker; William H. Pope, secretary.
314 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

SIXTY-FOURTH COUNCIL.—1866.

Mayor.—RICHARD WALLACH. Collector .—WILLIAM DIxon.
Register.—SAMUEL E. DouGLass. Survevor.—WILLIAM FORSYTH.
Attorney.—JOSEPH H. BRADLEY.

Aldermen.—Thomas E. Lloyd, president; Wiiliam B. Magruder, John B. Turton,
Samuel W. Owen, J. Russell Barr, Thomas Lewis, John T. Given, Asbury Lloyd,
(vacancy), James A. Tait, George F. Gulick, Samuel Cross, Donald McCathran,
Crosby S. Noyes; Samuel V. Noyes, secretary.

Common council.—William W. Moore, president; Samuel T. Drury, Andrew Carroll,
Clarence B. Baker, Andrew J. Joyce, H. Clay Stewart, Samuel A. Peugh, George W.
Calvert, John W. Simms, B. F. Morsell, William H. Nally, Charles H. Anderson,
John V. Bryan, William A. Mulloy, John W. Mead, Thomas B. Marche, William
Talbert, John H. Peake, John G. Dudley, George Wright, W. T, Walker; William
H. Pope, secretary.

SIXTY-FIFTH COUNCIL.—1867.

Mayor.—RICHARD WALLACH. Collector.—A. G. HALL.
Register.— FREDERICK A. BOSWELL. | Surveyor.—C. H. Buiss.
Attorney.—JOSEPH H. BRADLEY, Jr.

Aldermen.—J. Russell Barr, president; J. Q. Larman, John B. Turton, Z. Richards,
J. R. Elvans, John T. Given, Asbury Lloyd, W. W. Moore, John Grinder, James A.
Tait, W. Talbert, Donald McCathran, E. Wheeler, Crosby S. Noyes; Samuel V.
Noyes, secretary.

Common council,—J. C. Dulin, president; W. M. Slowen, O. S. Baker, H. H. Tilley,
J. S. Pfau, J. S. Crocker, William Rutherford, N. B. Clark, T. C. Connolly, R. J. Beall,
Robert Ball, W. H. Nalley, J. F. Moore, L. B. S. Miller, J. R. Arrison, A. P. Clark,
J. M. Dalton, G. W. Miller, H. M. Knight, S. S. Baker, M. T. Parker; H. A. Hall,

secretary.
SIXTY-SIXTH COUNCIL. —1868.

Mayor.—SavLeEs J. Bowen. Collector.—A. G. HALL.
Register.—FREDERICK A. BOSWELL, Surveyor.—C. H. Biss.
Altorney.--WILLIAM A. CooK.

Aldermen.—John Grinder, president; J. Q. Larman, John F. Cook, Z. Richards,
John S. Crocker, Benjamin F. Morsell, Robert W. Fenwick, William W. Moore, Asbury
Lloyd, Appleton P. Clark, William Talbert, Donald McCathran, lenny M. Knight,
S. S. Baker; H. A. Hall, secretary.

Common council,.-—T. T. Fowler, president; A.S. Taylor, D. M. Davis, C. A. Stewart,
D. M. Kelsey (resigned November 9), William Rutherford, William H. Chase, Wilson
E. Brown, F. J. Bartlett, Nathaniel Sardo, William H. Nalley, Robert Ball, George
Jueneman, John R. Arrison, L. B. S. Miller, Turner Torrey, George W. Miller, James
M. Dalton, John H. Russell, Charles S, Bates, L. G. Hine; William H. Pope,

secretary.
SIXTY-SEVENTH COUNCIL.—1869.

Mayor.—SavLkEs J. BowEN. Collector.--FREDERICK A. BOSWELL.
Register.—JOHN F. Cook. Surveyor.—PATRICK H. DONEGAN.
Attorney.—WILLIAM A. COOK.

Aldermen.—John §S. Crocker, president; D. M. Davis, Carter A. Stewart, William
H. Slater, W. H. Chase, B. F. Morsell, T. C. Connolly, William W. Moore, M. G.
Emery, Appleton P. Clark, Donald McCathran, Charles Champion, H. M. Knight,
Sidney S. Baker; Charles L. Hulse, secretary.
forms of Local Government tn Dtstrict of Columbia. 315

Common council.—Joseph Williams, president; A. S. Taylor, Robert Thompson,
A. P. Fardon, H. A. Hall, H. H. Piper, George Burgess, R. J. Beall, John T. John-
son, R. B. Detrick, A. K. Browne, George W. Hatton, J. H. Ilolmes, J. W. McKnight,
A. B. Tinney, Charles &. Holden, Josiah H. Venable, Frank D. Gaines, R. A.
Simms, Sampson Netter, Villiam Boyd; William H. Pope* secretary.

SIXTY-EIGHTH COUNCIL.—1870.

Mayor.—MatTtHew G. EMERY. Collector.— FREDERICK A. BOSWELL.
Register.— JOHN F. Coox. Surveyor.—PAtTRick H. DONEGAN.
Attorney.—ENOCH TOTTEN,.

Aldermen.—-John S. Crocker, president; D. M. Davis, Carter A. Stewart, W. H.
Chase, A. R. Shepherd, T. C. Connolly, W. W. Moore, Jacob H. Crossman, George
F. Gulick, William H. Slater, Donald McCathran, Charles Champion, vice-president;
L. G. Hine, Sidney S. Baker; Charles L. Hulse, secretary,

Common couhcil,—Charles H. Holden, president; E. E. Brooke, J. F. Murray, W.
A. Freeman, A. F. Moulden, H. H. Piper, George Burgess, W. H. Pope, R. C.
Lewis, George Willner, S. P. Robertson, John O’Donoughue, Benjamin M. McCoy,
G. T. Bassett, Thomas A. Gant, Clarence M. Barton, B. F. Palmer, F. D. Gaines,
William R. Hunt, Anthony Bowen, Thomas Carraher; Arthur Shepherd, secretary.

TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT.
GOVERNOR OF THE DISTRICT.

HENRY D. Cooxe, of Georgetown, from February 28, 1871, to September 13, 1873.

ALEXANDER R,. SHEPHERD, of Washington, from September 13, 1873, to June 20,
1874.

Secretary to the governor.—William Tindall, May, 1871.

Surveyor.—William Forsyth, September 23, 1871.

Attorney.—William A. Cook, 1871 to 1874.

Collector.—W. H. Slater, September 23, 1871, to December 1, 1873; Lewis Cle-
phane, December 1, 1873, to July 20, 1874.

Secretary of the District.—Norton P. Chipman, from March 2, 1871, to April 21,
1871; Edward L. Stanton, from May 19, 1871, to September, 1873; Richard Harring-
ton, from September 22, 1873, to June 20, 1874.

 

BOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS.
[Appointed March 16, 1871.]
The governor of the District ex officio; S. P. Brown, Washington; A. B. Mullett,
Georgetown; A. R. Shepherd. Washington; 'James A. Magruder, Georgetown.
Adolph Cluss, appointed January 2, 1873, vice A. B. Mullett; Henry A. Willard,
appointed May 22, 1873, vice S. P. Brown; John B. Blake, appointed September 13,
1873, vice Adolph Cluss,
THE BOARD OF HEALTH.

[Appointed March 1s, 1871.]

N. S. Lincoln, M. D.; T. S. Verdi, M. D.; H. A. Willard; John M. Langston,

Washington; John Marbury, jr., Georgetown.
C. C. Cox, M. D., appointed April 3, 1871, vice H. A. Willard; D. W. Bliss, M. D.,
appointed May 23, 1872, vice N. S. Lincoln, M. D.

DELEGATE TO CONGRESS.

Norton P. Chipman, elected April 21, 1871; reelected October 14, 1873, and served
out his term, ending March 4, 1875.
316 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

FIRST LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.

[Convened May 15, 1871.]

Council.—William Stickney, president; A. K. Browne, Samuel Cross, Frederick
Douglass, Daniel L. Eaton, John A. Gray, George F. Gulick, Adolphus Hall, Charles
F. Peck, Daniel Smith, and John W. Thompson, Francis H. Smith, chief clerk.
Lewis H. Douglass appointed, vice Frederick Douglass, resigned.

House of delegates.—Charles L. Hulse, speaker; Solomon G. Brown, Joseph T. H.
Hall, William D. Cassin, John E. Cox, John F. Murray, James A. Handy, George
Burgess, Adolphus S. Solomons, John F. Ennis, Thomas E. Lloyd, William Dick-
son, John C. Harkness, Peter Campbell, William W. Moore, John W. McKnight,
Frederick A. Boswell, William R. Huut, John Hogan, Joseph G. Carroll, Lemuel
Bursley, and Madison Davis. P. H. Reinhard, chief clerk.

SECOND LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.
[Convened April 22, 1872.]

Council.—No change.

Flouse of delegates.—Charles L. Hulse, speaker; Solomon G. Brown, O. S. B. Wall,
William R. Collins, John E. Cox, John F. Murray, James A. Handy, Samuel R. Bond,
Henry Piper, John W. Le Barnes, Charles J. Brewer, William Dickson, Arthur Shep-
herd, Peter Campbell, Warren Choate, John W. McKnight, Frederick A. Boswell,
William R. Hunt, John Hogan, Joseph G. Carroll, Lemuel Bursley, and Madison
Davis. M. Pechin, chief clerk.

THIRD LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.

[Convened April 28, 1873.]

Council.--William Stickney, president; Daniel Smith, John H. Brooks, John W.
Baker, S. M. Golden, Adolphus Hall, John W. Thompson, A. K. Browne, Samuel
Cross, Joshua Riley, and George F. Gulick. Ernest F. M. Faehtz, chief clerk.
Samuel Gedney was appointed, vice Daniel Smith, resigned.

flouse of delegates.—Peter Campbell, speaker; Solomon G. Brown, O. S. B. Wall,
E. P. Berry, John E. Cox, Charles L. Hulse, John F. Murray, George W. Dyer, Thomas
W. Chase, S. S. Smoot, Matthew Trimble, C. J. Brewer, James G. Long, Arthur
Shepherd, William H. Claggett, J. W. McKnight, J. W. Taliaferro, W. R. Hunt,
M. E. Urell, Joseph G. Carroll, Sidney W. Herbert, and W. E. Vermillion. William
J. Donohue, chief clerk.

FOURTH LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.

[Convened April 27, 1874.]

Council.--No change.

Flouse of delegates.—Axthur Shepherd, speaker; Joseph Brooks, Clement A. Peck,
Edgar P. Berry, John E. Cox, George B. Wilson, Albert H. Underwood, George W.
Dyer, Elphonzo Youngs, Robert I. Fleming, William Dickson, Matthew Trimble,
Leonard Gordon, Charles J. Brewer, John A. Perkins, Samuel P. Robertson, Fred-
erick A. Boswell, William R. Hunt, M. E. Urell, Joseph G. Carroll, Lemuel Bursley,
and Josiah L. Venable. H. A. Hall, chief clerk.

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS (TEMPORARY).

William Dennison, July 1, 1874.

Henry T. Blow, July 1, 1874. .

John H. Ketcham, July 3, 1874.

Seth Ledyard Phelps, appointed January 18, 1875, vice Henry T. Blow, resigned
December 31, 1874.
forms of Local Government in Drstrict of Columbia. 317

Thomas B. Bryan, appointed December 3, 1877, vice John H. Ketcham, resigned
June 30, 1877.

Lieut. Richard L. Hoxie, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., detailed as engineer of the
board July 2, 1874.

*
BOARDS OF COMMISSIONERS (PERMANENT).

First.—Seth Ledyard Phelps, president; Josiah Dent, Maj. William Johnson
Twining, July 1, 1878, to November 29, 1879.

Second.—Josiah Dent, president; Thomas Phillips Morgan, Maj. William Johnson
Twining, November 29, 1879, to May 13, 1882. Major Twining died May 5, 1882.

Third.—Josiah Dent, president; Thomas Phillips Morgan, Maj. Garret J. Ly-
decker, May 13, 1882, to July 17, 1882.

Fourth.—Joseph Rodman West, president; Thomas Phillips Morgan, Maj. Garret
J. Lydecker, July 17, 1882, to March 8, 1883.

fifth.—Joseph Rodman West, president to March 27, 1883; James Barker Edmonds,
Maj. Garret J. Lydecker. James Barker Edmonds, president from March 27, 1883;
Joseph R. West, Maj. Garret J. Lydecker, March 8, 1883, to July 22, 1885.

Siath.—James Barker Edmonds, president; William Benning Webb, Maj. Garret
J. Lydecker, July 22, 1885, to April 1, 1886.

Seventh.—William Benning Webb, president; Samuel Edwin Wheatley, Col. Wil-
liam Ludlow, April 1, 1886, to January 27, 1888.

fighth.—William Benning Webb, president; Samuel Edwin Wheatley, Maj.
Charles Walker Raymond, January 27, 1888, to May 21, 1889.

Ninth.—John Watkinson Douglass, president; Lemon Galpin Hine, Maj. Charles
Walker Raymond, May 21, 1889, to February 14, 1890.

Tenth.—John Watkinson Douglass, president; Lemon Galpin Hine, Lieut. Col.
Henry Martyn Robert, February 14, 1890, to October 1, 1890.

Eleventh.—John Watkinson Douglass, president; John Wesley Ross, Lieut. Col.
Henry Martyn Robert, October 1, 1890, to October 15, 1891.

Twelfth.—John Watkinson Douglass, president; John Wesley Ross, Capt. William
Trent Russell, October 15, 1891, to March 1, 1893.

Thirteenth.—John Wesley Ross, president; Myron Melville Parker, Capt. William
Trent Russell, March 1, 1893, to May 8, 1893.

Fourteenth.—John Wesley Ross, president; Myron Melville Parker, Capt. Charles
Francis Powell, May 8, 1893, to March g, 1894.

Fifteenth.—John Wesley Ross, president; George Truesdell, Capt. Charles Francis
Powell, March 9g, 1894, to March 2, 1897.

Sixteenth.—John Wesley Ross, president; George Truesdell, Capt. William Mur-
ray Black, March 2, 1897, to May 8, 1897.

Seventeenth.—John Wesley Ross, president; John Brewer Wight, Capt. William
Murray Black, May 8, 1897, to June 1, 1898.

Eighteenth.—John Brewer Wight, president; John Wesley Ross, Capt. Lansing
Hoskins Beach, June 1, 1898, to May 9, 1900.

Nineteenth.—Henry Brown Floyd Macfarland, president; John Wesley Ross,
Capt. Lansing Hoskins Beach, May 9, 1900, to —_.

SECRETARY TO THE COMMISSIONERS.
William Tindall, July 3, 1874, to —.
SURVEVOR.

William Forsyth, July 1, 1871, to August 21, 1877.

J. A. Partridge, August 21, 1877, to March 2, 1881.
William Forsyth, April 4, 1881, to August 17, 1897.
Henry B. Looker, August 18, 1897, to —-.
318 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

ATTORNEY.

Edwin L. Stanton, July 3, 1874, to October 30, 1876.
William Birney, November 1, 1876, to October 31, 1877.
A. G. Riddle, November 1, 1877, to December 1, 1889.
George C. Hazelton, December 1, 1889, to May 31, 1893.
Sidney T. Thomas, June 1, 1893, to June 30, 1899.
Andrew B. Duvall, July 1, 1899, to —.

COLLECTOR.

John F. Cook, July 20, 1874, to April 30, 1888.
E. G. Davis, May 1, 1888, to ——.
PLANS FOR TREATMENT OF THAT PORTION
OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA SOUTH OF
PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE AND NORTH OF B
STREET S. W., AND FOR A CONNECTION BE-
TWEEN POTOMAC AND ZOOLOGICAL PARKS:

In this paper are presented the plans for the treatment of
that part of the Capital City lying south of Pennsylvania
avenue and north of B street, SW., and for a suitable con-
nection between the Potomac and Zoological Parks, which
were prepared under the direction of Brig. Gen. John M.
Wilson, U. S. A., Chief of Engineers, and transmitted to the
Speaker of the House of Representatives through the Sec-
retary of War, together with a special report by Mr. Samuel
Parsons, jr., the landscape architect.

War DEPARTMENT,
Washington, December 5, rg00.

S1r: Pursuant to the provisions of the act of Congress approved June 6,
1900 (Public, No. 163), I have the honor to transmit herewith copy of
a letter from the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, dated Novem-
ber 30, ultimo, together with copy of report from Col. Theo. A. Bing-
ham, submitting plans, estimate of cost, etc., for the treatment of that
section of the District of Columbia situated south of Pennsylvania avenue
and north of B street SW., and for a suitable connection between the
Potomac and Zoological parks.

I beg to call special attention to these plans and urgently recommend
favorable consideration and action.

Very respectfully,
Eruu Root,
Secretary of War.

The SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

 

House Document No. 135, Fifty-sixth Congress, second session.

H. Doc. 552 21 319

 
320 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS,
UNITED STATES ARMY,
Washington, November 30, rgoo.

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith in duplicate a report sub-
mitting plans for the treatment of that section of the District of Columbia
situated south of Pennsylvania avenue and north of B street SW., and
for a suitable connection between the Potomac and Zoological parks.

This examination was made in accordance with the terms of the act of
Congress approved June 6, 1900 (Public, No. 163), which provides as
follows:

The Chief of Engineers of the United States Army is authorized to make an
examination and to report to Congress on the first Monday in December, nineteen
hundred, plans for the treatment of that section of the District of Columbia situated
south of Pennsylvania avenue and north of B street southwest, and for a suitable
connection between the Potomac and Zoological parks, and in making such exami-
nations and plans he is authorized to employ a landscape architect of conspicuous
ability in his profession; for services and expenses incident to said examination and
report the sum of four thousand dollars is hereby appropriated.

The immediate supervision of this work was assigned to Col. T. A.
Bingham, United States Army, major, Corps of Engineers, the officer in
charge of public buildings and grounds in the District of Columbia; and
after careful inquiry, Mr. Samuel Parsons, jr., of New York, a land-
scape architect of conspicuous ability, was invited to make a study of
the section of the District of Columbia under consideration and to pre-
pare a plan and report, outlining a scheme for a park and boulevard
connecting the United States Capitol, the Washington Monument, the
Potomac and Zoological parks.

Mr. Parsons accepted the invitation and brought to the work that
genius, energy, ability, and devotion to his profession worthy of a land-
scape architect of conspicuous ability.

His report is clear and concise, and his suggestions meet with my
cordial approval.

When the subject comes up for action before the proper Congres-
sional committee, I trust that Mr. Parsons may have an opportunity to
personally explain more in detail the broad and comprehensive plan he
now submits.

The act of Congress made no provision for an estimate, but an
approximate statement of the probable cost of a portion of this great
work is submitted by Colonel Bingham. This, however, does not
include the value of the area required between Pennsylvania avenue and
B street north, nor of the area included in Mr. Parson’s plan south of B
street SW., with the improvements thereon, nor of the area with im-
provements thereon between Twenty-second and Twenty-fourth streets
deemed necessary for a suitable connection between the Potomac and
Zoological parks.
Improvement of the Capital. a2

In my judgment the plans suggested by Mr. Parsons, if fully carried
out, will give to the capital of the nation a park system second to that |
of no city on the globe.

Commending the plans and report to the favérable consideration of
Congress, I suggest that early action shall be taken toward initiating
this great enterprise by securing for the Government the title to the
land required.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
Joun M. Witson,
Brig. Gen., Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army.
Hon. Exinu Root,
Secretary of War.

OFFICE OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS,
Washington, November 15, 1900.

GENERAL: In the sundry civil act approved June 6, r900—

The Chief of Engineers of the United States Army is authorized to make an
examination and to report to Congress on the first Monday in December, nineteen
hundred, plans for the treatment of that section of the District of Columbia situated
south of Pennsylvania avenue and north of B street southwest, and for a suitable
connection between the Potomac and Zoological parks, and in making such exami-
nations and plans he is authorized to employ a landscape architect of conspicuous
ability in his profession.

The duty of carrying out this provision of the law was assigned to
me by letter from the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, dated
June 20, 1900, and its execution at once undertaken. ‘The advice of
competent professional advisers was sought in order to ascertain what
gentlemen were, without any doubt, regarded by the profession as land-
scape architects of ‘‘conspicuous ability.”” By the 2oth of July, 1900, a
preliminary agreement had been reached with the firm of which Mr.
Samuel Parsons, jr., of New York City, is the senior partner, the firm
name being Parsons & Pentecost. Mr. Parsons was at the time in Europe,
but the preliminary work of discussion was completed by the time he
returned, early in August, and by August 22 the work had been definitely
assigned to Mr. Parsons. Since that date this work has been vigorously
pressed, and J now have the honor to transmit herewith Mr. Parsons’s
report, dated November 14, 1900, together with accompanying map.
Several detail drawings and perspectives and also a model are still to
arrive, which Mr. Parsons has been unable to get completed at this date.

It is a pleasure to bear testimony to the interest and enthusiasm with
which Mr. Parsons and his partner have approached the problem pre-
sented to them, and I think it will be evident that the results of their
work are worthy of the capital city of this great nation, and reflect great
credit on both gentlemen.

The plan forwarded herewith has been prepared under pressure for
322 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

time, when the problems involved are considered. For this reason there
are some minor points which it is not intended should be carried out
exactly as they appear on the drawings. I refer to cases where it would
seem as if existing buildings were to be removed for roadways. These
minor departures from accuracy are due to the fact that the draftsmen
were not personally familiar with the ground they were delineating.

Mr. Parsons has also insisted from the beginning that he was present-
ing a scheme only in general outline, and that while his drawings illus-
trate the main points of his scheme, it was impossible, from lack of time,
to make it illustrate such final solution as might be found necessary in
minor details. He refers to this matter in his report.

The variations of terrain involved in Mr. Parsons’s plan are intended
to be produced by earth filling, but he presents no estimate as to the
quantity of filling required. To obtain this information would require
accurate surveys of the whole area involved.

The subject has been gone over in a general way, however, with Mr.
Parsons, and an approximate estimate is hereto appended.

The value of the triangle bounded by Pennsylvania avenue, Fifteenth
street north, and B street north, may be estimated at $7,500,000. This
does not include the other triangular spaces included in Mr. Parsons’s
plan, and these values must be added to the estimated cost of making
the park.

While this is a large amount of money to spend to produce no financial
return, its expenditure would, without any doubt, make Washington City
far and away the most beautiful capital of the civilized world.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
THEO. A. BINGHAM,
Colonel, Un.ted States Army,
Major, Corps of Engineers,
Brig. Gen. Joun M. WILson,
Chief of Engineers, U. S. A.

Approximate estimate of the cost of building park on the Mall, Washington, D. C.,
as designed by Parsons & Pentecost, landscape architects, New York City.

Grading:
From Capitol to fourth transverse road, 2,253,622 cubic yards, at
PO CENTS’ PEE Vand, cane draccacakwnmgonien ieee need Sowa aaN $450, 724. 40
Masonry, retaining walls:
First transverse road, 12,316 cubic yards; second tranverse road,
14,221 cubic yards; third tranverse road, 32,146 cubic yards;
fourth transverse road, 34,366 cubic yards—g3,049 cubic yards,

Ot GS e ntdee sagen ieeg Ce eaa Sea L Go tew eine shcihanedne nea es 744, 392. 00
Roads:
Drives, 38,340 linear feet, at $4...............00000- $153, 360. 00
Gutters, 38,340 linear feet, at $3.................00. 115, 020, 00

 

—— + 268, 380. 00
Lmprovement of the Capital. 323

Paths:

Surfacing 41,400 linear feet, at $1 per foot..................2.00. $41, 400. 00
Bridle paths:

Surfacing 15,000 linear feet, at $1.50 per foot......... ge aaeomnete 22, 500. 00
Drainage:

Lateral system, 38,340 feet of 8-inch pipe, at 30 cents. $11, 502. 00
Catch-basins—

 

 

io land basins, at $10 ..............00. $100, 00
384 catch-basins for drives, at $10 each. 3, 840. 00
414 catch-basins for paths, at $6....... 2, 484. 00
150 catch-basins for paths (bridle), at
$10 Cachine ss suwawanied sy eeeeneedsee I, 500. 00
Total cost of catch-basins................ 7, 924. 00
Total cost of drainage .......... 00.00 c cece eee 19, 426. 00
Water system:
6,000 feet of 4-inch pipe, at 50 cents per foot ........ $3, 000. 00
10,300 feet of 2-inch pipe, at 25 cents per foot ....... 2, 575-00
12 hose bibs, at fro each ....... Sn oa ing aacacataidestea gS 120. 00
50 hose bibs, at $3 each ... 0.0.0... 150. 00

 

 

5, 845. 00
Planting, seeding, finishing, hauling good soil, etc., from Capitol to

fourth transverse road, 352 acres, at $2,000 ...................+++++ 704, 000, 00
Bridges (masonry ):
First transverse road, 5,110 cubic yards, at $20 per

 

 

 

Varde case peroeses sees eked ddan de oteate games $102, 200. 00
Second transverse road, 6,000 cubic yards, at $20 per
Vary ssccugar shi deank edi ea uaa ummmacmrmmcnd wk 120, 000. 00
Third transverse road, 6,000 cubic yards, at $20 per
MAE! a cseck hanapidionadioe has Lata nsee aden eaths toa eae vel 120, 000, 00
Fourth transverse road, 6,000 cubic yards, at $20 per
Ward \..:-0s ces eermenwan son LAR wad ee ee eS 120, 000, 00
—— 462, 200, 00
BLO bal tseatansantes Masareh alam ee Pee ooh aa ORE EE suena a eewe ee 2, 718, 867. 40
Contingencies; I5 percents cscs cag upon sationsauarrniins ye iag aeeeeeen 407, 830. IT
Grand total...... putt store eee de eae eee ken Aen 3, 126, 697. 51
Asphalting and curbing (if desired):
Transverse roads—
First transverse road, 1,000 X I00, II,III square yards, at $2
PEK VAN esas euaaeed ead Aes render Hesese-aveaqichmun athe dike meluaraenes 22, 222. 00
Curbitis, 2 OOO feet, AE G2 ooo ucanianinn gaa weddak Sawa 4, COO. 00
Second transverse road, 320,000 square feet, 35,555 square
yards; at-$o;pet yard 22 2.t4eeg atencmnmmamewracasun eyes 71, I10. 00
Curbing, 4,000sfeet; at. $2: oc seers noeancaanaodae eden 8, 000, 00
Third transverse road, 3,700 X 160, 592,000 square feet, 65,777
Square yards; at $2.0 ecco a qeeay cor aigienigkens er ees gear eae ws 131, 554. 00
Curbing; 7,400: feet, at $2 ss. 6 acsriaeeceny ene ones needa 14, 800. 00
Fourth transverse road, 4,000 X 160+ 19,652 square feet,
659,652 square feet, 73,295 square yards, at $2............. 146, 590. 00
Curbing, 10,000 feet, at $2 ........ 0... cece eee eee eee 20, 000, 00

 

 
324 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

REPORT OF MR. SAMUEL PARSONS, JR., LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT.

NEw Yor«k, Movember rg, rgoo.

CoLONEL: I have the honor to submit the following report, in accord-
ance with the terms of the agreement made July 16, 1900, wherein,
under the sundry civil act approved June 6, 1900, ‘‘the Chief of Engi-
neers of the United States Army is authorized to make an examination
and report to Congress on the first Monday in December, 1900, plans
for the treatment of that section of the District of Columbia situated
south of Pennsylvania avenue and north of B street SW., and for a
suitable connection between the Potomac and the Zoological Parks,”
and wherein it is also agreed that your landscape architect will prepare
plans and reports which ‘‘will be purely practical suggestions as to the
proper landscape architectural treatment of the ground above mentioned,
and will not include working plans or details, but will describe as
approximately as possible the lines upon which the work should actually
be laid out on the ground.’’

In seeking to solve the problem of designing a park in the heart of
Washington, a park which will be worthy not only of a great city but of
a great National Capital, it is highly important at the very outset to
discover and define the natural limitations that grow out of the original
structural lines of the landscape and out of the demands both of the
residential and of the business interests of the city.

I think that these propositions will not be denied by persons who
have really considered the subject: (1) A park, as a pleasure ground,
should be set apart and isolated as completely as art can contrive it from
sound and sight of the surrounding city; and (2) on the same line of
endeavor the interior of the pleasure ground should be made to suggest
woodland and meadow scenery, so laid out as to afford convenient and
agreeable access, by means of carriage and bridle roads and footpaths,
to all points of interest and landscape charm.

Such a treatment would also assume that while every condition neces-
sary for the comfort and enjoyment of the public should be kept clearly
in view, the landscape should be made to take coherent and artistic shape
from the original peculiar genius or idiosyncracy of the place.

Under these terms public buildings could not be generally included
as part and parcel of the essential scheme of the park, but they would
properly find special territories of their own on the borders of the main
pleasure ground, where they could be screened with thickly planted trees
and given a landscape treatment suitable to their character.

Before proceeding to the consideration of the controlling lines of the
design I feel that it would be proper to explain that, in undertaking this
work of advice and suggestion, I have endeavored to assume the liberal
attitude of the citizen of the United States who, in his earnest desire to
secure for his country a noble and perfect park, contributes his keenest
Lmprovement of the Capttal. 325

endeavors to secure not only the most charming lawns and vistas, but
also the best adjustment of steam, electric, and other roads for pleasure
and traffic conveyance.

These are days of gigantic national and financial development. I do
not think it is asking too much of the general public that it shall assume
a sufficiently disinterested attitude to secure for the national capital such
an ornament and delight as a great park designed in a noble manner.

In order to explain what I consider an ideal plan, I beg leave to call
attention to the peculiarly fortunate outline and configuration of the pro-
posed park. At present it is intended to cover approximately 350 acres,
which lie in a space bounded by Pennsylvania avenue and B street SW.,
with the Capitol looming up at the east and Washington Monument at
the west. Anoblong. territory, occupied mainly by the Botanical Garden,
the Mall, the Smithsonian Institution, the Agricultural grounds, and the
territory around the Washington Monument, already belongs to the nation,
and it is proposed to condemn by law and secure a triangle of land run-
ning from Pennsylvania avenue on the north, B street north on the south,
and Fifteenth street on the west. I would suggest that in addition to
this land, in order to secure the ideal park, another parcel be acquired,
bounded by Maryland avenue on the south, B street on the north, and
Fifteenth street on the west, a range which would be wonderfully effect-
ive as seen from the base of the Capitol. There the view would widen
over a great perspective that would include in its very heart the cele-
brated vista over almost level ground through grand old trees to the
Washington Monument, which would be the very kernal and innermost
jewel or shrine of the landscape.

No arrangement could be more fortunate than this. Its steadily widen-
ing reach and its unsurpassed vista would make, as it were, a foreground
and park for the Capitol, emphasizing the fact that, owing to the special
growth of the city to the west, this side has gained paramount impor-
tance.

But the difficulties we shall meet in undertaking to devise such an
ideal park will not be overcome by securing sufficient land. There are
existing streets, railroads, buildings, and trees to be considered and
suitably treated before the task of designing the park will be complete.

The management of the streets is a difficult problem, if we adhere to
the vital principle of isolating the park from the city and recognize the
fact that the grades of the streets can not be materially changed, owing
to the proximity of the subjacent water. But the difficulty may be
overcome, as shown on the plan, by retaining only cross streets for traffic,
and turning them into transverse roads of ample width, screened by
embankments of earth surmounted by trees on either side, and connected
at the center of the park and in the exact line of the vista by bridges
arching 20 feet above the present roadbed.

In this scheme most of the pleasure movement would cross the park
326 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

by slightly curved but tolerably direct drives located close to the trans-
verse roads and nearly parallel with them, thus carrying out more com-
pletely the generally elliptical scheme of the park. This plan, whenever
it can be used conveniently, has special artistic value, particularly when,
as in this case, a blending veil of shade trees can be made to diversify
the slightly formal appearance of the oft-repeated ovals.

This arrangement of drives and masked transverse roads and bridges
kept in close relation with the vistas, it will be readily seen, will natu-
rally force the main scheme of park development into a series of ovals,
commencing at the Capitol and extending to the White House, where
‘the same idea is repeated in the already constructed ellipses of the White
Lot and the adjacent public territory. It is a fortunate circumstance
that the positions of the transverse roads cause the ovals to steadily
diminish in size, dropping progressively to lower and lower grades as
they approach the Washington Monument. ‘Thus in the widening spread
of territory they impart to the landscape a finished and consistent
perspective, a harmonious cadence and rhythm of effect, and a finely
lengthened appearance of distance.

Raising the bridges and foliage of the hidden transverse roads will
likewise tend to give an agreeable undulation to the naturally flat sur-
face of the park, while the changing contours and blending foliage will
increase the length of the vista. An adjustment of the roads in this
way will tend to give a desirable concavity and breadth to the interior
lawns, which are everywhere kept more or less below the levels of the
roads, and allowed to wind away from the eye in the long graceful
curves of the ellipse; in this point resembling the country roads that
bend and vanish in charming mystery, for it is proposed to screen all
these driveways with umbrageous trees.

Outside of the ovals, the simplicity and effectiveness of the symmetry
of which constitutes the keynote of the park, we find the drives seeking
the points of interest and convenience by long curving lines, which are
so arranged as to mass together as much as possible wide stretches of
lawn, and in that way increase the large and dignified quality of the
design.

Owing to the concentration of the most distinguished park effects
about the main vista and ovals, and owing to the proper demand that
walks, bridle-paths, and drives shall be close to each other so as to
afford easy human intercourse, and to avoid the great inconvenience
of losing one’s way—a risk that accompanies a more wandering, loosely
constructed system—I have placed the roads near the lines of the ellipses.
I am convinced a greater variety of effective views can be secured in this
way than in any other.

Nor must the need of solitary places be overlooked. For those who
wish to wander in seclusion, many walks will be found extending far
away from the ovals on other and more remote territory,
Lmprovement of the Capital. 327

The treatment of lawns is simple. It is planned to leave hollows,
meadows, and wide expanses of greensward, excepting on either side
of the pathways and roads; there the shade of trees is encouraged,
and, fortunately, easily attained. Extended masses of foliage already
exist, portions of which when displaced by the construction of the
transverse roads, can be transplanted, after proper root pruning, to
assist in emphasizing and extending the effects of the main vista to the
Monument.

One of the most important features of the plan will be found in the
new site assigned to the Pennsylvania Railroad station, now a serious
obstruction to the development of the new park. Its present location,
if retained, would utterly destroy the harmonious arrangement of the
ovals and sunken transverse roads, which are the distinguishing char-
acteristics of the present design. ‘The passage of trains through a park,
whether over or under or on the level, is always to be deprecated. It
destroys the restfulness and isolation of the place, and it should be
prevented by any arrangement that is not absolutely inimical to the
comfort and business necessities of the public. A lightning express
is quite incompatible with a green garden and singing birds.

The proposed site for the station, it will be seen, is large and com-
modious, and situated directly in front of the transverse road at Seventh
street, which is made as wide as Pennsylvania avenue, and only 1,600
feet from its nearest borders. ‘The station as now situated, in the heart
of the proposed park, would completely destroy the unity of the park
design, for it stands at the very point where the loss would be the
greatest. Under the new arrangement proposed, every advantage in
the way of electric cars and convenient and commodious foot and car-
riage ways could be secured, as they could all be brought directly under
the roof of the station.

I dwell thus strongly on the importance of a new location for the rail-
road station because I believe that if all parties genuinely and patriot-
ically interested in securing a really great park were thoroughly alive to
the real merits of the question, it would be readily conceded that the
railroad should be banished to parts where it would be invisible if not
wholly inaudible from the main drives of the park, and especially from
the bridges over the transverse roads. Its removal is a serious necessity.

Concerning the parkway from Washington Monument to the Poto-
mac and the Zoological parks, it should be said that, as far as the
beginning of the precipitous portion of the banks of Rock Creek, a
formal arrangement of footpaths, drives, and bridle-roads is secured,
whereby the house lots are reached by two roads, one on each side of
the parkway. The space of 800 feet in the middle is occupied by a
park drive, by footpaths and a bridle-road, each of which takes a direct
course parallel with the adjacent houses, as shown in the accompanying
detail plan.
328 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

When the park way reaches the steep hillsides of Rock Creek, it is
allowed to seek the easiest grades. It occupies a large portion of the
picturesque slopes with the winding curves of its drives and bridle-
paths, ending at the boundaries of the Zoological Park at the junction
of Cathedral avenue and Connecticut avenue, where it completes its
course in an entrance so enlarged as to include all three avenues.

There are some things that can be done with the design of a park and
some things that can not, if an unified and consistent scheme of treatment
is to be evolved; and the more thoroughly and intelligently these possi-
bilities and limitations are studied, the more certain the final successful
development of an artistic and enjoyable pleasure ground will become.

In my endeavor to make this report concise, I have necessarily been
obliged to omit any enlargement on many points of interest and impor-
tance, my object being chiefly to outline the general principles of the
scheme, relying on securing at a future time an opportunity to explain
the full details of the proposed arrangement.

In conclusion I feel constrained to reaffirm and reemphasize the idea
to which in this report I have continually endeavored to give expres-
sion, namely, that a park is both a work of art anda living phase of
nature. The beauties and advantages of each are to be carefully fostered.
A fine park is no mechanical or scientific automaton; it is an evolution,
an ever-growing, ever-changing, organized creation, from which no single
feature can be taken away with impunity. A true park has living func-
tions and peculiarities of construction that the most beautiful picture
does not possess, and these should be molded in accordance with its
inherent limitations and potentialities for beauty. Let us hope that such
a park may yet be one of the chief adornments of our National Capitol.

Respectfully,
SAML. PARSONS, Jr.,
Landscape Architect.
Col. THEopoRE A. BincuHaw, U. S. A.,
Ln Charge Public Buildings and Grounds.
 

iO 00" OOD000%0Nee
1 O70G000).00eeae
OLIOLID“ 300 }
COA ae
meh 4
eames Yin
7

es
2
Ost

~&
*
ir
a
v
D

 

 

 

 

 

PLAN FOR THE TREATMENT OF THAT SECTION OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON SITUATED SOUTH OF PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE.
“TIVW SHL YO4 ONISSOUD GVO ASHSASNVYL

 

 

 

 

 

"LE aLvid
“MN L33YLS HLN3SSLSIS GNV SNNSAV VINVATASNN3d JO YSNYOO WOYS HLNOS GUVMOL 3AILO3dSu3d

 

 

bs Sd

#e
if

BSR

 

       

3 Won ‘ we

SERS BH.
RRR

< SATAN Bre

 

 

 

 

“SS 3LV1d

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ee

—

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SF
vin

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

      

Pesren « Plectstatt hiaat tine: AoA
thes Sts araige

 

Bia go
BITES BIOWPEEM AGT
BHINGE AUD Rot

  
  

BEN AIAL
0

 

 

 

 

PARKWAY BETWEEN PROPOSED MEMORIAL BRIDGE AND ROCK CREEK.
BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, PERIODICALS, MAPS, AND
ORIGINAL PLANS OF THE “CENTENNIAL
EXHIBITION” IN THE DIVISION OF PRINTS,
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, WASHINGTON.’

Compiled by Mr. ARTHUR J. Parsons, Chief of the Division of Prints, Library
of Congress.

[The following is an inventory of articles exhibited. The items appear in the
order in which they were arranged in the exhibition.

The titles of the early Washington imprints here briefly entered may be found
in bibliographical form in A. P. C. Griffin’s ‘Issues of the District of Columbia
Press in 1800-1802,’ published in ‘‘Records of the Columbia Historical Society,
vol. 4.’?]

A. PERIODICALS.
. Early imprints.
. Early government.
. Early Washington.
. Historical.
. Library of Congress,
. Washington Monument.

An WN H

B. Books, PAMPHLETS, AND MAGAZINES.

. Capitol and White House.

Early governmental publications.
Early imprints.

. Early Washington.

Historical.

. Library of Congress.

Maps and views of Washington.

. Washington Directory and Guide.

SI AAR DH

C. Mars AND ORIGINAL PLANS.

1, Washington and District of Columbia.

2. Capitol.
3. White House.

 

See also ‘List of maps and views of Washington and District of Columbia,” by
P. L. Phillips, Senate Document 154, Fifty-sixth Congress, first session. —EDITorR.

329
330 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

A. PERIODICALS.

“WASHINGTON CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.’
Early imprints.

Norice.—All persons having any accounts open with Mr. Anthony
Whiting, deceased, my late manager, etc. (Signed) G. Wash-
ington.

In “The Columbian Mirror and Alexandria Gazette.” Alexandria,
July 6, 1793.
[Notice of sale of land in town of Alexandria by George Washington. ]
In ‘Alexandria Advertiser.’ August 2, 1797.

Alexandria Advertiser. Alexandria, Va., July 9, 1798.

[First magazine published in Washington. ]

i.e. “The National Magazine, or a political, historical, biographical,
and literary repository. Number VII, vol. ii, District of Colum-
bia. Printed by the editor, [Dec. ?] 1800.

Note.—The earlier numbers were published in Richmond.

Advertisement ‘‘A new work, The Private Life of Washington, with
a great number of original anecdotes, by M. L. Weems,”’

In “Georgetown Museum [and] Advertiser.’ Wednesday March 15,
1809.

Daily Federal Republican. Georgetown, November 26, 1814.

Early government.

Proposals for carrying the mail of the United States.

In “The Universal Gazette.’ Washington, January 20, 1803.

Early Washington.

Scheme of a lottery for the purpose of disposing of valuable property
in the District of Columbia.

In “The George-Town Weekly Messenger.” March 31, 1792.

[Advertisement for bids for building a bridge over Eastern Branch. ]
in ‘Alexandria Advertiser and Commercial Intelligencer.’ April7,
801. .
[Sale of lots by the Commissioners. ]

In “The National Intelligencer and Washington Advertiser.” Wash-
ington, November 25, 1801.

Bill to reduce the height of the houses of Washington.

In “‘ National Intelligencer and Washington Advertiser.” Washington,
January 17, 1802.

Removal of the seat of government.

in “ Colvin’s Weekly Register.” Washington City, February 13, 1808.

Observations on the District of Columbia. No. VI.

In ‘‘Washington Expositor.’ Saturday, March 26, 1808.

Public buildings.

In “ The Daily National Intelligencer.” Washington, April 17, 1816.

An abstract [from the returns made by the principal assessor of the

District of Columbia to the Treasury Department. ]
In “The Datly National Intelligencer.” Washington, October 5, 1816.
Centennial Exhibit in Library of Congress. cas

Historical.
An act making an appropriation in the aid of the city of Washington.
In“ The Daily National Intelligencer.’ Washington, May 25, 1813.
Extract of a letter from a gentleman of the first respectability, in
Baltimore, to a friend in this city.
In“ The Aurora.” Philadelphia, August 29, 1814.
Battle at Bladensburg ; Entry of the enemy into Washington; Navy
Yard and public buildings destroyed.
In‘*The New York Gazette and General Advertiser.” New York,
August 29, 1874.
Loss of the Capital, and alarm in Baltimore.
In “ New England Palladium.” Boston, August 30, 1814.

Capture of Washington.
In“ Essex Register.’ Salem, Mass., August 31, 1814.

Washington City taken.
In “Columbian Centinel.” Boston, August 31, 1874.
City of Washington destroyed.
In “Boston Gazette.’ Boston, September 1, 1814.
The British in Washington.
Ln ‘‘Boston Gazette.” Boston, Sepiember 1, 1814.
Washington City taken.
In ‘The Independent Chronicle,’ Boston, September 1, 1814.

Authentic account of the capture of Washington.
in ‘The Weekly Messenger.’ Boston, September 2, 1814.

Almost incredible victory.
In “The Daily National Intelligencer.’ Washington, February 6, 7815.
Library of Congress.
Purchase of Mr. Thomas Jefferson’s library for the Library of Con-
gress.
In ‘The Daily National Intelligencer.” Washington, October 18, 1814.

Congressional Library.
In “The Daily National Intelligencer.’ Washington, July 31, 1815.
Washington Monument.
[Debate in House of Representatives on the erection of a monument
to George Washington in Washington. ]
In ‘The National Intelligencer and Washington Advertiser.”’ Wash-
ington City, December 8, 1800.

B. Books, PAMPHLETS, AND MAGAZINES.
“WASHINGTON CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.”’

VIEWS OF THE CAPITOL AND WHITE HOUSE.
Capitol.
The Capitol, Washington. Drawn and engraved by Detournelle.
In D. B. Warden's “‘Chorographical and statistical description of the
District of Columbia.” p. 34. Paris, 1816.
330 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Capitol—Continued.
View of the Capitol of the United States after the conflagration in
1814. Engraved by Alexander Lawson.
In Jesse Torrey’s ‘A portraiture of domestic slavery in the United
States’ [ frontispiece]. Philadelphia, 1817.

Description of the Capitol.
In Wm. Elliot’s ‘‘The Washington Guide.” p. 14. Published by
S.A, Elliot. City of Washington, 1826.

Oestliche fronte des Capitols von Washington.
In Carl Bernharad’s ‘Reise durch Nord Amerika in 1825 und 1826.”
p. 270. Weimer, 1828.

Front view of the Capitol, Washington.
In “The American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge”’
Sor August, 1835. p. 579. Boston, 1835.

View of the Capitol of Washington.

In “American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge” Sor
October, 1836. p. 26. Boston, 1836.

East front of Capitol at Washington City. Engraved by Graham
after a drawing by Burton.
In “Burton's Gentleman's Magazine’ for November, 1839. Vol. V,
p. 231. Philadelphia, 1839.

View of the Capitol at Washington. Engraved by C. J. Bentley

from a drawing by W. H. Bartlett.
In N. P. Willis’s ““American Scenery.” Vol. I, p. 36. London, r84o.

The Capitol of the United States. Engraved by E. Griinewald
after a drawing by H. Brown.
In “Our Globe,” a universal picturesque album. p. 81. Philadelphia
[78go?].

Interior of the House of Representatives, Washington. Engraved
from a drawing by W. Goodacre.
In J. H. Hinton’s “ History and topography of the United States.”
Vol. 2, p. 527. London, 1842.

The Capitol at Washington. :
In ‘The Western Miscellany.” ~.96. Dayton, Ohio, 7848.

[Capitol, west front. Dr. Thornton, architect. ]
in J. Calvin Smith’s “The illustrated hand-book, a new guide for
travelers through the United States of America.” p. ror. New
York, 1849.

Senate Chamber.
In Wm. Q. Force's ‘Picture of Washington and its vicinity, for 1850.”
p. 64. Washington, 1850.
White House.
The President’s House, from Washington. Engraved by W. Rad-
clyffe from a drawing by W. H. Bartlett.
In N. P. Willis’s ‘American Scenery.” Vol. II, p. 32. London, r&go.
Centennial Exhibit in Library of Congress. a2

White House—Continued.

[View of the President’s House. ]

In J. S. Buckingham’s ‘America, historical, statistic, and descriptive.”
Vol. I, p. 310. London [7841]. e

President’s House, Washington.

In A. W. Franklin's “American Cottage Library.” p. 58. New York,
1848.

The President’s House at Washington.

In R. C. Smith’s ‘\An introductory geography, designed for children.”
p. 53. New York, 1851.
Early governmental publications.

[First Census.] Return of the whole number of persons within the
several districts of the United States according to ‘‘An act pro-
viding for the enumeration of the inhabitants of the United
States,’’ passed March the first, one thousand seven hundred
and ninety-one [ninety].

Printed by Childs & Swaine. Philadelphia, 1791.

Letter and report of the Secretary of the Treasury, accompanied
with sundry statements relative to the Military and Naval
establishments, and to the fortification of the ports and harbours
of the United States.

Published by order of the House of Representatives, February 7, 1798.
Printed by W. Ross.

Goldsborough, Charles W. An original and correct list of the
United States Navy, containing a list of the ships in commis-
sion, and their respective force. A list of officers and their rank
as well as those belonging to the Navy as the Marine Corps,
and a digest of the principal laws relating to the Navy, etc.

City of Washington. November, 1800.

[First United States Army Register. ]

Military Establishment. 17802.

(Smith, Samuel Harrison.] History of the last session of Congress,
which commenced on the seventh of December, 1801.

Taken from the ‘Daily National Intelligencer.” Printed by S. H.
Smith. City of Washington, 1802.

[First Blue Book.] Message from the President of the United
States transmitting a roll of the persons having office or employ-
ment under the United States. Published by order of the

Senate, February 16, 1802.
Printed by William Duane. Washington City, 1802.

[Congressional Directory.] Places of abode of the members of
both Houses of Congress, first session of Eleventh Congress.
[1809.]
Register of the Army of the United States.

(Adjutant and Inspector General’s Office.) Washington, August 16,
I8I3.
334 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Early governmental publications—Continued.

[First Naval Register.] Letter from the Secretary of the Navy,
transmitting a list of all the commissioned officers in the Navy
of the United States, showing their respective rank, and dates
of the commissions; also, a list of all the midshipmen, with the
dates of their warrants.

Printed by R. C. Weightman, Washington City, 1814.

[First Biennial Blue Book.] A register of officers and agents, civil,
military, and naval, in the service of the United States, on the
thirtieth day of September, 1816; together with the names,
force, and condition of all the ships and vessels belonging to the
United States, and when and where built.

Prepared at the Department of State, in pursuance of a resolution of
Congress of the 27th of April, 1816. Printed by Jonathan Eltiot.
City of Washington, 1816.

Congressional Directory, for the second session of the Fourteenth
Congress of the United States.

Printed by Daniel Rapine, Washington City, 1876.

[First Patent Report.] A list of patents granted by the United
States, for the encouragement of arts and sciences, alphabeti-
cally arranged, from 1790 to 1820; containing the names of the
patentees, their places of residence, and the dates of the patents
* 3% =: also, all the acts passed by Congress on the subject of
patents.

Printed and sold by Alfred Elliot, Wushingion, D. C., July 20, 1820.

Congressional Directory, for the first session of the Seventeenth
Congress of the United States.

Printed by Daniel Rapine. Washington City, 1821.

Table of post-offices in the United States, with the names of the
postmasters, the counties and States in which they are situated;
and the distances from the city of Washington, and the capitals
of the respective States.

By direction of the Postmaster-General. Printed by Way & Gideon.
Washington City, 1825.

Gordon, Wm. A. A compilation of the registers of the Army of

the United States from 1815 to 1837 (inclusive), * * *
Printed by James C. Dunn. Washington, 1837.
Early imprint.

The Potomak Almanac, or the Washington Ephemeris for the year
of our Lord, 1793.

Printed and sold by James Doyle. George-Town (Potomak).

[Woodward, A. B.] Considerations on the government of the Ter-
ritory of Columbia. * * *

Printed for the author by S. H. Smith. Washington, Metropolis of the
United States, r8or.

Nore.—Constitutes No. 1-4 of a series of articles. Nos. 5, 7 are

entered below.
Centennial Exhibit wn Library of Congress. 335

Early imprint—Continued.
Woodward, A. B. Considerations on the substance of the sun.
Printed by Way and Groff. Washington, Metropolis of the United States
of America, September, 1801. ®
Jefferson, Thomas. A manual of parliamentary practice for the use

of the Senate of the United States.
Printed by S. H. Smith. Washington City, 1801.

The clerical candidates, a poem.
Washington City, November 14, 1801.

Workman, James. Political essays relative to the war of the French
Revolution—viz: An argument against continuing the war for
the subversion of the republican government of France.

Printed by Colton & Stéwart, Royal street, Alexandria, r8or.
In ‘Political Pamphlets,’ Vol. ror.

(Blodget, S.] Thoughts on the increasing wealth and national
economy of the United States.

Printed by Way and Groff. North E street, City of Washington, 18or.
In ‘Miscellaneous Pamphlets,’ Vol. 933.

(Woodward, A. B.] Epaminondas on the government of the Ter-
ritory of Columbia. No. V. * * *

Printed by Green and English. George-Town, Territory of Columbia,
I8or.

Woodward, A. B. Considerations on the government of the Terri-
tory of Columbia. No. VII.

Printed by S. Snowden & Co. Alexandria, Territory of Columbia,
January, 1802. t

The Gambler, or memoirs of a British officer, distinguished in the
War of the Revolution.

Printed by W. Duane & Son. Washington City, 1802.

Dinmore, Richard. Select and fugitive poetry; a compilation: with
notes biographical and historical.

Printed at the Franklin Press. Washington City, 1802.

Ogilvie, James [instructor of youth in the Stevensburg Academy].
Cursory reflections on government, philosophy, and education.

Printed by J. & J. D. Westcott. Alexandria, 1802.
In “ Political Pamphlets,” Vol. 98.
Paine (Thomas), Letters trom, to the citizens of the United States

on his arrival from France.
Printed at the Apollo Press, W. Duane & Son. Washington City, 1802.
In‘ Political Pamphlets,’ Vol. 17.

Austin, David. The national ‘‘Barley Cake,’’ or, the ‘‘Rock of
Offence’’ into a ‘‘glorious Holy Mountain,’’ in discourses and
letters.

Washington, District of Columbia, 1802.
In “ Theological Pamphlets,” Vol. 6.

H. Doc. 552 22

 
336 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Early imprint—Continued.
Sidney, Algernon. A vindication of the measures of the present
administration.
Printed by Samuel H. Smith, City of Washington, 7803.
In “* Political Pumphlets,”’ Vol. ro4.
Observations on the intended canal in Washington City.
City of Washington, 1804.
In “‘ Duane Pamphlets,” Vol. 128.
[Blodget,S.] Economica; a statistical manual for the United States
of America.
Printed for the author. City of Washington, 1806.
The Alexandria Almanack for the year of our Lord 1807. * * *
Printed by Cottom & Stewart. Alexandria [1807].
Edgeworth, Miss [Maria]. The modern Griselda, a tale.
Published by Joseph Milligan. George Town, 1810. [First American
edition. |
The Alexandria Almanack for the year of our Lord 1812. * * *
Printed by Cottom & Stewart. Alexandria [1812].
‘The Bladensburg races, written shortly after the capture of Wash-
ington City, August 24, 1814.
Printed for the purchaser. 1816.
Early Washington.

[Lear, Tobias.] Observations on the River Potomack, the country
adjacent, and the City of Washington.
Printed by Loudon @& Brower. New York, 1794.

Look before you leap; or, a few hints to such arfizans, mechanics,
labourers, farmers, and husbandmen as are desirous of emigrat-
ing to America * * * applying particularly to the Federal
City of Washington.

London, 1796.

La Rochefoucault Liancourt, F. A. F. duc de. Travels through the
United States of North America, the country of the Iroquois, and
Upper Canada. * * *

Vol. 2, p. 312. London, 1799.
Front view of the President’s House in the City of Washington.

In C. W. Janson’s ‘The Stranger in America.” Albion Press.

London, 1807.
Historical.

[Parker, Brig. Gen. Thomas.] A narrative of the Battle of Bla-
densburg in a letter to Henry Banning, esq., by an officer of
General Smith’s staff.

[z8r4.] 16 pp. Plate.

An enquiry respecting the capture of Washington by the British,
on the 24th August, 1814: With an examination of the report
of the committee of investigation appointed by Congress. By

Spectator.
Washington City. Printed 1816.
0061 ‘SSSYONOD JO AYVHEIT ‘VIGWNI00 4O LOINLSIG SHL OL ONILVISY SYNLVYSLIT ATYV3 4O LISIHXS

 

 

 

NONLIGIHX 3 TVINNILNIO

NOLONIHS YM

 

 

‘

 

ak LG Vit; a
tC die Ly,

TT

 

 

"GE alvid
Centennial Exhibit in Library of Congress. aay

Historical—Continued. ,
Sketch of the engagement on the 24th of August between the
British and American forces.
In E. D. Ingraham's “ Sketch of the events, which preceded the capture
of Washington by the British on the 2gth of August, 1814." [Opp.
title page.) Philadelphia, 7849.
View of the President’s House after the conflagration, August 24,
1814. ;
Colored aquatint by W. Strickland, after a drawing by G. Munger.

Capitol after the conflagration, 1814.
Colored aguatint by W. Strickland, after a drawing by G. Munger.
Library ot Congress.
Report of the joint committee appointed to take into consideration
the arrangement of books and maps belonging to Congress.

December 18, 1801, Printed by order of the Senate of the United States.
[ Washington, r80r.]

Catalogue of books, maps, and charts belonging to the Library of
the two Houses of Congress, April, 1802.

Printed by William Duane, Washington City [1802]. [First catalogue
of the Library.

Catalogue of the Library of the United States, to which is annexed
a copious index alphabetically arranged.

Printed by Jonathan Elliot. Washington, 1815. [First catalogue after

the partial destruction of the Library by the burning of the Capitol.

Comprises exclusively titles of books purchased from Thomas

Jefferson. ]

Maps and Views of Washington,
+ Plan of the City of Washington.
In ** The Massachusetts Magazine’ for May, 1792, p. 283. Boston,
1792.
Plan of the City of Washington; now building for the metropolis of
America, and established as the permanent residence of Congress
after the year 1800.
Engraved by B. Baker, and published by W. Bent, 1793. In “* The
Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure” for July, 1793,
p. gz. London, 1793.

Plan of the City of Washington [Ellicott survey].
‘In “ The Literary Magazine,” p. 49. Published by J. Good, London,

[7793].
Washington City.
In S.S. Moore's and T. W. Jones's‘ Traveller's Directory, or a pocket
companion from Philadelphia to New York and from Philadelphia
to Washington.’ Plate 23. Philadelphia, 1802.

George-Town and City of Washington. Engraved by George Cooke.
In John Pinkerton’s ‘‘ General collection of the best and most interesting
voyages and travels.’ Vol. 12, p. 343. London, 1812.
338 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

Maps and Views of Washington—Continued. ;
A correct map of the City of Washington, capital of the United
States of America. Engraved by W. I. Stone.
In Peter Force's ‘National Calendar for 1820." [Appendix.] Wash-
ington, 1820.
Map of Washington.

In J. M. Duncan’s “Travels through part of the United States and
Canada in 1818 and 1819.’’ Vol. I, p. 252. Glasgow, 1823.

Plan of the City of Washington, seat of government of the United

States.
in “The Washington Directory.’ (Opposite title page.] Printed and
published by S. A. Elliot. City of Washington, 1827.

Washington. Engraved by J. E. Neagle, from a drawing by J. R.
Smith.

In Malte Brun’s ‘‘System of Geography.” Vol. Ll, p. 222. Boston,
1834.

Sketch of the City of Washington, made about 1852, by either

Luetz or Frank Mahon, from the Coast Survey window.
Washington Directory and Guide.

[First Directory.] The Washington Directory, showing the name,
occupation, and residence of each head of a family and person
in business; the names of the Members of Congress and where
they board, together with other useful information.

By John Delano. Washington, 1822.

[First Washington Guide Book.] The Washington Guide, con-
taining an account of the District of Columbia, the City of
Washington, etc.

Printed and published by S. A, Elliot. Washington, November, 1822.

C. Mars anpd ORIGINAL PLANS.

“WASHINGTON CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.”

Washington, and District of Columbia.

Columbia, or Federal City. Middle States of North America, show-
ing the position of the Geneseo country comprehending the
counties of Ontario and Steuben as laid off in townships of six
miles square each.

New York, 1791. Engraved by Maverick.

Columbia, or Washington, the Capital of America. Map of the
Middle States of North America with part of Canada, showing
the situation of the principal towns, viz: Columbia, Baltimore,
Philadelphia, and Montreal; also their several communications
with respect to Lake Ontario.

I7QL.
Centennial Exhibit in Library of Congress. 339

Washington, and District of Columbia—Continued.
Columbia, new seat of government of the United States. A map of
the Genesee tract, in the county of Ontario, and State of New
York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, also,its distance from the new
City of Columbia, or the proposed seat of government of the
United States.
L791.

Plan of the City of Washington, in the Territory of Columbia, ceded
by the States of Virginia and Maryland to the United States of
America and by them established as the seat of government,

after the year 1800.
Engraved by Thackara & Vallance. Philadelphia, 1792.

Map of Washington, in the District of Columbia. Showing the
lines of the various properties at the division with the original
properties in 1792. °

Published and copyrighted by James M. Stewart. Washington, 1884.

Territory of Columbia. First topographical survey of the District

of Columbia, 1793.
Drawn by Andrew Ellicott.

Plan of Washington, in the District of Columbia.
By Dennis Griffith. Published in Philadelphia, June 6, 1795. En-
gravers, J. Thackara & J. Vallance.

Plan of the town of Alexandria, in the District of Columbia, 1798.
Published by J. V. Thomas, Alexandria, Engraved by T. Clark. N. Y.

Plan of the City of Washington, in the Territory of Columbia, ceded
by the States of Virginia and Maryland to the United States of
America, and by them established as the seat of government,
after the year, 1800. ,

Boston. Engraved by Samuel Hill.

A map of the City of Washington, in the District of Columbia.

Taken from actual survey, as laid out on the grounds by R.

King, Surveyor of the City of Washington.
Washington, 1803. Engraved by C. Schwarz. (At the lower left-hand
corner, Elevation of S. Front of President’s House, by James Hoban.
Jower right-hand corner, Elevation of east front of Capitol, by Dr.
Thornton. ]

Plan de la Ville de Washington située sur le Territoire de Columbia
cedé par les Etats de Virginie et Maryland aux Etats Unis
d’Amérique et établi par eux comme le Siege de leur Gouv-

ernement depuis 1’ Année 1800.
Par Piere Francois Tardieu, Graveur, Editeur-propriétaire, Place de
? Estrapade No. 18, & Parts, 1808.

Plan of the City of Washington, seat of Congress of the United

States.
Printed and published by S.A. Elliot. City of Washington, 1827.
340 Establishment of the Seat of Government,

Washington, and District of Columbia—Continued.
Map of the City of Washington.
Published by John Brannan, 1828. Drawn by F. C. De Krafft, City
Surveyor. Engraved by Mrs. W. I. Stone.

District of Columbia, a map of Georgetown.
By William Bussard, 1830. Engraved by William Harrison, Wash-
ington, D.C.

District of Columbia. ‘Topographical map of the original District
of Columbia and environs, showing the fortifications around

the City of Washington.
By E. G. Arnold, C. E. Published by G. Woolworth Colton. New
York, 1862.
Capitol.
Stephen Hallet, Architect.
Plan A1.—Plan of the ground and principal floors of a project for the
* Federal Capitol, sent from Philadelphia to the Board in July, 1793.
Plan Cr1.—The ground floor of a plan laid before the Board in October, 1793.
Plan D1.—The ground floor of a plan presented to the Board in January, 1794.
Principal floor. (Competitive plan. )
Plan C3.—Elevation of the principal floor.
Plan D2.—Elevation of the principal floor of Plan D1.
Plan B2.—Elevation of Plan Br.
Plan C2.—Second floor.
Plan E5.—Second section of Plan Er.
Fragment of an analysis used for laying the lines and fixing the parts 7.
West elevation. (Competitive plan.)

Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1764-1820), Architect.
Plan of principal floor for one of the Houses of Congress.
: Plan of the principal story of the Capitol, 1806.

Arcade and colonnade.

President’s chair, Senate Chamber.

North Wing—Offices of the Judiciary.

Cross section of the House of Representatives.

South Wing—Sketch of a section in the Doric, Roman style, for the
consideration of the President, as to the propriety of a Doric
colonnade.

South Wing—Radius of the colonnade of the House of Representatives
to the center of the column.

Study for a West Front.

Dr. William Thornton (1761-1827), Architect.
Plan for principal floor.
[Presented to Mr. Latrobe by George Blagden, as the only existing
drawing of the Capitol, May 4, 1803.]
East elevation. (Competitive plan.)
Principal floor.
White House.
Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1764-1820), Architect.
East Front, with addition of North Wing.
Plan of the principal floor, South Front.
BEAUTIFYING THE NATIONAL CAPITAL.

By WILLIAM V. Cox.

The following remarks of the secretary of the Joint Committee, which
wete published in the Evening Star of December 5, 1900, are pertinent
to the subject of the Centennial Celebration and its purpose :

If the embellishment of the capital city is ever to be accomplished, now is the
time when it should be begun. The national legislative body, which must be looked
to for carrying out such plans, has authorized the preparation of designs and data
fora comprehensive park system. The heads of the different Executive Departments
have renewed their recommendations for the construction of a hall of records and
the District Commissioners for a municipal building. In other words, the require-
ments alone now call for these structures. THerefore, it would seem that every
organization, every individual having at heart the making of the capital city of the
great American nation one of noble, lasting structures, grouped appropriately and
of imposing design, a seat of government of such systematic layout and impressive
grandeur as would be expected of and would befit such a progressive country, every
individual in every part of our great Republic who looks to a future Washington as
the father of our country planned it, should join in an appeal that this work be begun
now, at the capital’s centennial and the twentieth century’s dawn.

The approaching centennial celebration of the removal of the capital from Phila-
delphia to Washington can not but inspire reflections on the present condition of the
city of Washington. A hundred years ago the building of the Capitol had been only
partially completed. The noble building that now stands overlooking the city, and
which is the admiration of the world, had not yet been conceived in its entirety by
its architect. The Executive Mansion was just ready for occupancy. Subsequently
the splendid group of buildings, such as the Treasury, with its imposing fagade facing
the Potomac, unfortunately later extended into the line of Pennsylvania avenue,
was erected. The magnificent War, State, and Navy building is of a more recent
date, and if architecturally not as attractive as some of the other buildings, still it
must be conceded that it serves its purpose in a most admirable manner. Of recent
buildings, the most striking is the superb Library of Congress, which forms a valuable
adjunct to the Capitol.

A hundred years ago there were a few scattered houses on almost impassable roads.
Now palatial residences abound on magnificent avenues paved with asphalt. Primi-
tive pathways have given way to granolithic pavements. In those days the cumber-
some stage coach brought the weary traveler to the new capital. Now steam or
electric railways, with all the luxuries of modern civilization, bring the visitor to
our gates and transport him in horseless carriages to palatial hotels.

341
342 Establishment of the Seat of Government.

In the original plans of the capital it is clearly shown that it was the intention of
our forefathers to reserve the territory on the south side of Pennsylvania avenue in
which to erect public buildings. The demands for business purposes led to the
temporary abandonment of this policy, but more than ten years ago Seth Milligan,
then chairman of the House Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, revived
the plan of preserving the south side of the avenue for administration buildings,
and, indeed, it may be said in consequence of his efforts the project has since been
kept alive. The members of the centennial committee were in thorough sympathy
with this proposition, and consequently they recommended to Congress in a com-
prehensive plan, which should include the connecting of the Mall and the Potomac
Park with the National Rock Creek Park, the improvement of that portion of Wash-
ington. Mr. Samuel Parsons, jr., who was for many years connected with Central
Park in New York City, has presented an elaborate plan for the artistic treatment
of these parks, which was submitted to Congress on December 5, 1900, by the Secre-
tary of War, and, together with the letters of transmittal through the proper official
channels, is printed in the appendix.

To the centennial committee is also due much of the credit for the interest in a
memorial bridge which should connect Potomac Park with Arlington, the home of
the nation’s dead, and later by a broad boulevard with Mount Vernon, where the
dust of the immortal Washington is preserved.

The persistent agitation of this comprehensive scheme for the beautifying of the
nation’s capital has unquestionably been stimulated by the active measures that
have been so effective in beautifying the city of Chicago, with its splendid parks,
driving roads, and connecting boulevards, and of New York, with its elaborate series
of parks in the city above the Harlem River. The plan of the city of Washington
is admirably adapted for such a scheme, and the centennial committee, having in
mind the opportuneness of the occasion, is exceedingly anxious that the new cen-
tury should be inaugurated by some active steps being taken toward the culmination
of such a project. The American Institute of Architects has shown very great inter-
est in the matter, and will soon hold a meeting in this city, when several of its most
eminent members will present papers on the future grouping of Government build-
ings, landscapes, and statuary in this city. The encroachments on the Executive
Mansion for business offices demand that a suitable residence should be provided for
the President. Whether this proposition will best be accomplished by the building
of a new home for the Chief Executive or by the enlargement of the present edifice
is a matter that will come up for consideration.

The line of old forts and’earthworks from Fort Reno to Fort Totten should for
history’s sake be preserved as a battlefield park. It was at Fort Stevens, midway
in this line, where President Lincoln stood exposed to the Confederate fire, and it
was this fort that saved the capture of the capital of the nation by Gen. Jubal A.
Early during the engagements of July 11 and 12, 1864. The site where Commodore
Joshua Barney planted his guns in 1814, to stop the advance of the British to Bla-
densburg, should also be marked as one of the few creditable incidents of the cam-
paign of General Ross and Admiral Cockburn that resulted in the capture of
Washington.

The history of a nation’s capital is the history of a nation, and the time is now
ripe for us to take advantage of the ability and talent possessed by our American
architects, sculptors, and artists to evolve something that should be in the highest
degree representative of the genius of the nation. More and more is Washington
becoming the center for that which is representative in the highest degree of the

 

*See ‘‘ Papers relating to the improvement of the city of Washington,’’ by Glenn
Brown, with introduction by Charles Moore. Government Printing Office, 1901.
Beauttfying the National Capital. 343

culture of the American people. It is already recognized as the greatest scientific
center in the United States, and institutions of learning are rapidly increasing.
A great national university is destined to spring from the nuclei that have already
obtained a foothold. Cathedrals, art galleries, and special museums will follow in
time. Steps have already been taken toward the erectién of a building for the
National Geographic Society, and the Washington Academy of Sciences has pur-
chased a site on which it is proposed to erect a temple to science. It was to Wash-
ington that the famous message, ‘‘ What hath God wrought?’ first flashed over
the wires from Baltimore. It was the home of Henry, from whose researches the
electric telegraph became a possibility, and it is now the home of Bell, to whom we
owe the telephone. The time is now opportune and should not be neglected.

H. Doc. 552 23

 

O
we PLAN Sy,

“of the CITY. mitended oribe *y
faiaaiae EAT of thes,
P Davermnent oft  YMIT SP STHTESA
r A royecterd agree vite to the dirertinn
| of the Presipen ofthe Unirep Srares#

an 1 PUT sbance fe a.Aer f CO VORESS * afi i oe a
S , cel > f d)
Sy POE COE b Opty of F wh, Mrcaxc, D
70011. hing the Fey TUINEN i

Ss wuile bork of he Potowwin

Ss PS

  
      
   
       
   

  
   

    

 
   

  

    

        
    
   
 

  

  

  
  
   
 

OBSERVATIONS explanatory ofthe PLAN.

’ Lhe positions for te different Grond Eedifices; and, fir the stworal CrandsSyucwes or Ureas: of different shapeses dey are laud lau 1.
were first determined onthe mest advantageous Ground, commanding the most eatenswe prospects; and the better susceptille Sf
feck snprovenents as the varwus interds of he, stvoral Gee ame reguire:

Tl. Liisi or Cuenues, of direct Comrrumucaliory, have beew devi std, Lr cormect the Separate und most distant OCjacts swith the precip,
and Lo foreserve through the whole a recgpwrocly fight atthe stone lLirne. Attention has hreonpraid to the papery f those Leading Quenuwes~”
ver Ge most, favorable i for “fpropect and Converuenee:* ;

OL. North and South Lines: snter;sbeted, bpothagy rawening de Kast sil Went, make the distrilution oft the. City into Strects Squares &.
and those laesthaveheon,sd/cormbined, asty med at certain v given prowrts with those elwergent Guanes, 50 aster form on the
sponses Fieve deter mined; the different Sguares or Greas;swhich are all | por eportional nw magnitude prthe numberof Qenues”

allay te es
Breadth of the Streess.

Levery LP rand br. Ons erge. Moone, andever principal Jwernmt on, such us the: cormrurucatum fe Sotho:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Presidents host tothe Congres G house, 8: PY 160 fest an Frexdth, rnd thus dwided

SO feet of pavernent.on cach side... easieeteresc8 20%
PO feet Co eis 60”
aay SUNG aia aerkwegeics, ti
7 a < Miles.
Bo fot in ake tmddle for cera coor Ce seta ta
460 Fea, ~ P)
The, other Nireckr are uf the following dimensions Vit, Ke “US e :
Those leading to foullichuildings or markets, ..... 30%

ee 44.07 NN
viata oe

de order to excoute the above flan, My, Lillicote. dren alr tMeridienalbine by celestird observation.
Aw ache fre through the Grea tntonded, for. the Congrefi house; this ine he-xrofied by anothor due
East and West, which popes throvy the Same Urea. Lhese Dinas weresareuratdy mneasured, und made

}

the hases on which the whole flan was executed. Fe ran al thehnes by 2 Transit Lnstrument;

and deter mined the ticute Angles oy actual measenement, ard. got oe re

    

REFERENCES. s

Vv
T I ] bE; equestrus figure of GEORGE WASHINGTON, & IMonnmnent -
woled om 4783 by the late Continental Congrefi.

«
-*>
‘cae dn historee Colawn Also intencled tor a [Pickle or dinerary Colernn, from cohose Station,

fe rule from the Federal house) all kstunces off aceS through, the Continent, are to be culeulited. &

A Preval elenerary Coluran, proposed tobe erected to celebrate the e forst rise of « Havy, and lo stand &#)

a ready Vlonurmment.to consecrate ts frrogres and Uchieemnents

Ths Church ts cntended for National purposes. such as fublec prayer, thank sec vgs, Juneral Grations, be. -

and afrigred Lo. the spree! use of rw0 puartecular Sect or denonunaliow, but equally yen to all. tturkle

likewise @ proper Sheller for such onumerds «s were voted b the lute Lontinental Cor reys, 7 ‘or those
Too I gy x

Heroes who fell on the cause of liberty. und for such others as mag fereafre 1 be cecreed by the vowce ft 7
a grateful Nation.

a;

: ; es seme ; NP; 4
I e Fev grand fuuntuins, tnteneled weth avonstant Sfrout of water N. B. There ure eatth "7 the Aintts
of the Cy, lave 25 geod prongs of excellent woul abe mnedbintly sepplied in the dvicst Season of the yen:

The Squares rolouredl yelloro, hivig fiftern in Wintieber, are proposed a le drurcdee? anong the severel Slates tn the

pes « : é
Caan: fer each v then to “7th 1 Owe, or sabscrthe. a Soe addhhi nul to the vwlue o the Tend the
/ 9 Z

ments’ round the Jyuars b te corp lebed ore ln ti Ge teees
The Conter of each Square’ wll admut of Statues, Glu eres, Olel

‘
ofr epros ,anl the epon os
vp.

on a
shy, or any other Orianents, such as the adifivent Jkules may

<

sho, se Lo erect, tr prpetuate pent oy the gnemory of such wrdunduols, who Counsels,or aruiliteny Athisinonts, Were nt yfucnen: wn o

peg “Liberty aid independence Lo thos Cuntry ; but also those these. cesefucdnefi hath, rendevel there werdy of general Onlater: le - ,
énvile the youtheys 1g  GJoreraducrys loLreat in the paths of Heose Sages or Heroes, npom their Coumlry has. Aovepht prropier i velbbrate eS

Zh Situation af these So uaros os Jech, that they are the nut advantageously and reeyrocally seme from cach wther, und as egunlly
distriluted overthe, whole Ly district, and connected Ly yeas Qeenues round the Grand Lederal. Lirywrovenunts, and as contiguous to

£ . ‘
ther, and atthe stime Lime ayrequally distant from cach other, as conumestances would adyut, The settlements’ roar oye Juanes rust
soon become connected,

This mode ofiahing  jrofiefrion oh und cryerocung the whole Aistrect
ahi: promoted tt,

«ss

at furst. aust leave © posterity, a grand dea’ c,
i v4 . .,

[erioled atcres.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

               

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

              

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a eis — ia “ - “Gy
’ ? “ oI IED IS egg .
| . 2. (SS SSSsaoeos wr \ t.
‘ (Op YEIbOow0e eS a BR.
: =. Se I a ee |
. LR COROT ECs z
: we = nw ee ,
\ ‘ iis See 2 54 7
% x ~ % = A \ Swi x al = y lac IL WV
4 me sODal Ds SI ae AG
‘\ - 3 # | INC IEIL SU Soh AAC ANE A
B we \ ad oe ANHODUBOO OES Anna IOVae
Pe : 3.8 r SOME 4 OOOO? Oo
S ~ «ee AMOOBEMMce 4 MORON ZOE}
Ry 5 ae c SoM LS UODR WW I
a oy AAoOoooODUoL Coro le
i aR ! CSNDOGOOUNOLC Uy ES
Se . id SOCIO ie ILL JC 1.g408UIE2 ae
83 Les ’ ae eee EE eco Lo CIA nnn oa0008
S \ . SERS Ae eco cD OC0og00
es get sia, = A if) sit Le OORWTAg L)
ne OF ae ‘ a < ee ee de CO
Rs AY Pear. 2 ‘ : x A Pe Las La
vy WAS 4 Fe FARNGSVIP whit . e2a00Y
42 Pisivgs bh 4 A ULI s MOLILuU Os SAO DZ
a Ths | j Sssaghe pg" So7i0
43 SINGS & f LLIN Ss Gl eee tes
a te Seeds Ue AP IN } POS es SSZ.Gi0 INOS
i Ma Saath oe Cl i l-eeoS eC as O00
LESS ep Toe Se 9 AU IISA
we gall Th 7 te] Jd eds Lach { C/U | A OLAULIL JWUoS
a Oboe Saar PPA Por ss oLIOOoo
i eZ cOCUIM LA
e 7 ee = : = oo
pee RES /| c\\ f Let I L/L
i e: aoe sr \ Vf
= tp qaQrs ~ J a | LI a JOU : L
PST eX 2 gece na
RRM aig ho = 7 = re
SOE ees | SS 1;
ie “Thus nares ‘Ki wl Ss r\ nea \W
4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sreofary

the Cty,
“tie

IL
VA)
LI
=
Me

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ea

ZF

 

 

Ve

 

 

 

 

CL ILI ¢

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ene Creck whose walkr,

   
   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DY0D 2c
oe

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

AU

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
N° 3035 PRICE 50 CENTS

Twitep Srares Coast axp GEopeTic SURVEY OFrFicz,

Washington, May 20, 1887.
Mr. F. M. THoxn,

Superintendent United Btates Coast and Geodetic Survey.
Sir: I have the honor to report that, agreeably to the directions of the Honorable Charles
8. Fairchild, Acting Secretary of the Treasury, contained in a letter from him to you, under date
of March 25, 1887, a tracing for preservation and reproduction has been completed of the origins]
mannscript plan of the City of Washington, which wes prepared by Peter Charles L/ Enfant, in
the year 1791, under the authority of President Washington
The work upon the tracing was done by Mr. William H. Bevton and Mr. Howard J. Sehneider,
dranghtsmen, under the immediate supervision of Mr. Edwin Hergesheimer, Assistant United
States Coast and Geodetic Survey in charge of the Drawing Division of this office. Each of the
draughtemen thoroughly revised the part of the work performed by the other, and I have also
made close exeminations of the work as it progressed, and have carefully compared the tracing

with the original and verified it.
The manuscript, when received by mo, was in a dilapidated state; it had been mounted on

cotton cloth and varniahed (evidently many years ago) for preservation, by which it had been
rendered quite opaque. It was cracked in some places and otherwise defaced, and ita faded con-
dition required the work of reproduction, revision, comparison, and final vertfication to be done
under special conditions of solar light reflected by mirrors and with the aid of magnifying glasses
a" and colored screens,
eet In the tracing nothing has been reproduced which was not distinguishable on the original,
‘and this will account for breaks in some of the linea shown on the tracing where, doubtless, com-
pleted lines were shown on the original, before it became affected by age. It will also acoonnt’
for the absence of plats of parking on the tracing which are referred to in the marginal notes
.on the original. An attempt was made to mark on the tracing with a steel Point some of these
plate, but they were found to be too indistinct and indefinite to warrant the use of an inked line.
The absence of coloring in certain squares which are referred to in said margins! notes as being
colored in red is to be accounted for in like manner.
ee I take pleasure in certifying the copy now submitted to be an exact one, as nearly ae trained
| akill, care, and the use of the best appliances can make it, of all that at the present time is sufii-
ate ciently distinct on the original manuscript plan to admit of reproduction,
os a" Yor convenience of reference in the future, and agreeably to existing regnilations in this office,
= er IT subjoin brief synopses, in chronological order, of the several papers accompanying the direction
a “oe of the Honorable Acting Secretary of the Treasury for the reproduction of said mep, viz:

ae! are 1. Letter of Hugh T. Taggart, Special Assistant Attorney for the United States in the mat-
- e _ tep of the suit to establish the title of the United States to the Potomac Flate, to A. 8,
< 2 Worthington, United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, dated March 4
7 . 1887 : States that the original pian of the city of Washington, prepared hy the Freach
y , engineer, Major Peter Charles L’ Enfant, under the direction of President ‘Washington,
f° a4 in the year 1791, and which formed the basis of all subsequent casays, is in the office
. . of Lientenant-Colonel John M. Wilson, of the Engineer Corpse, United States Army,
: oe who is in charge of the Public Buildings and Grounds and of the early records ap-
" é pertaining to the City of Washington ; that the lines of the etreets and other lines upon it
3 have become so indistinct from age that it cannot be accurately photographed, but that
it is fo such a condition as will admit of reproduction by the best appliances, skilled
x labor, ¢ cetera; that its reproduction, long demanded by considerations of ita historical
, value, is now rendered absolutely necessary by the requirements of the litigation pend-
, ing to establish the title of the Government to the Potomac Flats.
. 2. Letter from A. 8. Worthington, United States Attorney for the District of Colambia, te
ae the Honorable Attorney-General, dated March 4, 1887: Trapsmits the foregoing letter
. and suggests that the Secretary of the Treasury be requested to instruct the Coest and
Geodetic Survey to reproduce said map, so that photographs of it may be made for use
in said litigation, and forther suggesta that the Secretary of War, in whose custody
the map now is, be requested to deliver it temporarily to the Treasury Departtoent for
the purpose indicated.
3. Letter from the Honorable Angustus H. Garland, Atiorney-General, to the Honorable
Secretary of the Treasury, dated March 14, 1887: Transmits copies of the foregoing
letters and makes the reqnest suggested by the District Attorney.
4. Letter from the Honorabie Charles S. Fairchild, Acting Secretary of the Treasury, to ths
Honorable Secretary of War, dated March 16, 1887: Transmits copies of foregoing
letter of the Attorney-General and its enclosures, nud requests that, if not inconsistent
with the public interests committed to his charge, the Secretary of War will di-
rect that the map be loaned to the Treasury Department with a view to its reproduc-
tion by the Coast and Geodetic Survey in accordance with the desire of the Attorney.
General. This letter contains indorsemente by Brigadier-General James C. Duane,
Chief of Engineers United States Army, end by Lievtenant-Colonel John M. Wilson,
of the Engineer Corps, United States Army. The indorsement of the latter officer
states that the map is in a dilapidated condition; that he calied ateotion to it in his
annval reports for 1885 and 1886, and asked for an appropriation for copying it; that
the map is of great valine, and constantiy called for by attorneys and the courts.
5. Letter from the Honorable William C. Endicott, Secretary of War, to the Honorable
Acting Secretary of the Treasury, dated March 24, 1887: Acknowledges the reecipt
of his letter of the 16th March and ite enclosnres from the Attorney-General, request-
ing the loan of the map with a view to its reproduction oy the Coast and Geodetic
e@ S Survey, for use in the snit now pending, known as the Potomac Flats Suit; statee that
the map in question is one of great value and importance ; requests the Acting Secre-

7 IN
es tary of the Treasury to designate some officer to reesive it, who shall be responsible for
m {5 Houle ao * ° e its safe return to the War Department, and that a few of the photographic copies may
at on rere be sent te said Department for ite use.
* 6. Letter from Honorable Charles 8. Fairchild, Acting Secretary of the Treasury, to the

x ee Superintendent of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, dated Maroh 25, 1887: Transmita
=a 0 ° copies of the foregoing correspondence ; directs the designation of acme proper person
ey ei sig (eS pew eases PIS SY SS to receive the map, who shall be responsible for its safe-keeping and return, and that it

 

be reproduced agreeably to the request of the Attorney-General.

7. Letter from Mir. F. M. Thorn, Superintendent Coast and Geodetic Survey, to the Honora-
ble Acting Secretary of the Treasury, dated March 26, 1887: Acknowledges receipt of
bis letter of 25th March and enclosures; states that in obedience to his directions he
has designated and instructed Mr. B. A. Colonns, Assiatant United States Coast and
Geodetic Survey, in charge of the Office and Topography, to obtain said map from the
War Department, and to cause the same to be reproduced as apeedily as may be con- -
sistent with the proper performance of the work, and to return the map to the War

. Department upon the completion of such reproduction.

8. Letter from Honorable Charles 8. Fairchild, Acting Secretary of the Treasury, to the
Honorable Secretary of War, dated March 29, 1887: Refera to previons correspendence
in regard to the reproduction of said map; transmits letter of Superintendent of Coast

and Geodetic Survey of 26th March, designating Mr. B. A. Colonna to receive it, ot
tera. ¢
Yours respectfully,
e 4
& SLT Te oO _wvv72712.2-,
4y Assistant United States Coast and Geodetic Survey,
Ae In Charge of the Office-and Topography.

 

 

a UniTEv 8TaTES Coast anD GEODETIC SURVEY OFFICE,
ae Washington, May 20, 1887.
I do hereby certify that the copy hereanto attached of the “ Plan of the City intended for the

Permanent Seat of the Government of the United States, Projected agreeable to the direction of
the President of the United States, in pursuance of an Act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of
xy > Jaly, MDCCKO, ‘establishing the Permanent Seat on the bank of the Potowmas,’ by Peter Charles
UEnfant,” is 28 nearly compiete and exact as trained ekill, care, and the use of the beat appliances

 

YS can make it ; that it contains no lines, letters, or figares which sre not legibly indicated on the
r & original ; and that nothing has been inserted or supplied from inference. Except ss to such of

the tints as remain perceptible, and which are not copied on this tracing, it is a true copy of the

said original plan as the same appears at this date

Suz srentendent,

 

an ( s ee
‘ Vieterences.
a o

E Grand Cascade formed of the Water from the Sources of the Tiber .
oy G. Public walk. being x square of 1200 ) feet, through which Larriages may asco {ta

q S ; the wypyper Square of the Federal house. ~ 2
H. ee ae 409 ) feet in breadth, and about. oi feng bordered with -O
Gardens, ending va slope, _ fromthe houses onzach; se h
Mistaasreenitil’ ; and. connects the ae, Garden urth
] Presidents frank, and the/
: ides ouse, of about
K. Mell improved field, being a nert of the wath from, the Presidents h = eae |
de Auer tolowred , Lee
1800 fectin.breadth, ond $ ofa nile intength. huey hot. deep Lo

77
UBSERVATIONS explanatory ofthe PLAN.

k Lip ostans for the different Greid. Ldifices: and d fir.the stooral Crands Squares or Ureas: of different hapesses dey are lerd dou.
tere force deternwned onthe mest advantaycous growed, commanding th most eastenswe frrospects, and the better suscaptille Sf

Surk serocenvenths as

’ the varwus onterdls of the,siverall cy echy” meray require:
M2 ,

eres or Ovenues, of direct communication, have leew aeviséd, le connect the Separate und most distant Object uxth the prrenegpa,

aia foprreserve through Ge sable a recgn ncily of tight atthe stome time. Alter tion has hreonpraid to the frafiiny of those Leading Quenues” se
Over the PONE

p fewora biz ‘ Groural, for propert and Conweruence.* *
i. a |

berth ied South limes: snter sbetod by others nr

Se
due East and West, makelhe distrilution of the Qty into Strects Sguares. &. ove
wnat these bres hawe tean so combined, ashy meet at certoin given prowts with those alwergent Avaruces, 50 astr form on the seu
eace. s frst Helter nercel, the different ie Squares or Qreas;tuhech are all | por oportionall aw Magnitude dothe numberof ¢ Quenues” ‘
Crete oeas Lor then . 7 ‘

 

 

Breadth Of the Streets.

K

 

 

+
—<—

 

 

 

tes Wiesdol ah pee 7 ; ! a

fat ory oF Vet Lr mers. Ceonue, and every pronegpal Clwerwent ons, such us the: iii aaccoad de inethe
‘ ; i

fre iden és SO ecthe ta

grep Howse, &. an 160 fect a lreudth, and thus cdiviaed.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

EIE

 

 

 

 

J

ei eear ys

 

/ [
\W/ A
10 fect cfpavanent om eh sie... 97 sawn ' eed
OY her of Preset walk, wlanted caren a? [ Gr ORGE LOWN. : —-
wre tach sude. : fe . B =

 

 

 

 

pasha ee y ing dixtunt 3% Miles.
Be jer bn hie tniddle for Catrcages way . 80: et eta
i -

VO0 Feat > y

 

 

 

 

 

The ther Shroctr-are of the following dimensions, Via, Few. OES Se
Those leading to (fou llc le dings or Markets, 4307 oe

 

 

 

 

 

 

BODE ci oo icendeteo ieee a 140" Ver’

 

eS ge

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ss order ty excoute the above flan, MM, Llicott. drew a lreetMeridional bine by celestirel Observation.
w, ‘oh pafies through the rea antended, for the Congre 6 house; thisline-he rrofsed by another duce

 

 

 

 

 

 

East and Wese, vabsch pafies throw 1 the same Miete. Lhese Lines mere suceuratedy measured, und made
he hases on wshich the whole [ean wvas racccuted. Fle run al, she Leres by a Transit Lrstrument;

nd deter mined the Micute Cngles Ly as rid left nothing tthe stan
a“ tor rmimed. ty cule pj § Oy actual measurement, a fen 2 the urn oy
of the Compra, is,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

REFERENCES. eS

Vv
T q ] iG egyuestricne figure of GEORGE WASHINGTON, a Monument &

f ’ o &
wolecl om 4783 by the late Continental Congrefi > =“
} Wye dn historic Coluwn Ulse intencled for «a /Pwle or line rary Column, from whose Station,
(ae nele from the Federal house) all Bstunces of places throwsh the Continent, areto be calculated. @
1 . ‘
L. A. Peewval clinerary Colurnn, proposed tobe erected to celebrate the first rise Of « Mary, and lo stand #)
a ready Vlonurnent. to consecrate as frrogres and Achiernents rs
D. Lhe Church “s intended fo

r jtational  perpvoses. Such as fublec Prayer, thanksyic ngs, Jeneral Orations, ec.
and afsugred tothe spec! use of 10 puartecular Sect or denonunalion, but equally yen to all. tt urkbe

od
Lhewise @ Preper Seller for such Monumerds ws were voted by the lute Lontinental Congrefs, forthose &
hreroes whe fell en the Cause of liberty, und. for such others as re
a grateful Nation.

gy feereafte 1 be clecreed by the voece of E oy

. : , yw he ;
In e Five grand fuunrtoins, intended ctth avonstant out: of water. N. B. There are within the baits
U .

of the (ity, above 25 good preys of excellent wut abundantly supplied tu the dyicst Season of the

year, _
J

The Squares colourecl yellove, “4 ng fifteen tH number, OTE PES nosed e Le diocdee!? a’:ne8enug the Severel Slates an the

y. ; a 2 4
ton, for each y thenr to (mprove, or subscrtle. a Sein addi,

%
%
%,

wal te the value of the tri thet jiu Wf2e8e ,anl the pron
ments’ round the Jyuans to be com pleted ina “aindh CL Nie:

»
The Center of: each Square. wll admut Pf Statues, Ctuinns, Obelisks, orany other Orianents, such as the aiffivent sitatesrmay -
shoose Lo erect; Te perpetuate rot aeily the mary, of such dividuals, whox  Counyselssor wnllory Achievments, were vangpurned:s wn -
Ie" Liberty and independence to thys Country ; but also those tuhose cesefulrefi hath rendered then werehy of geval Sinlatecrv: fe’ we
tnvile te Youth of sucreediny  Gorerodeons loLread in the efraths of thom Sages or heroes’ whom heir Gunby hes. thereght Per apior i veltirate
The situation yf these Squares os Such, that they are the nwst advartageois ly and recy vocally weery from cach wther, ond as equally
destrilited overthe, whole Gly district, and connected hy praciou,s Queenmes round the grand Pederal Ly TONES, and as eoaegerotet tor

7 z :
them, and atthe sierme Lime asegually distant from cach other, as covunrstances would adrut, The settlements’ round
youn become cornrected ,

This gnode ofiahong jrafiGfrion re und urpwrovang the whoke aAistruct al forse. aquest leave lo peneney: «grand. clea.’
_whiche ‘Promoted it.

hope Jguar es Imus

peri aUneres.

Lhexs figures coloured. red, are intended forthe use iW all religious doronunations, on which they seh erect  felares’ of worship, ened are’ a ; ”)
[tryed to be alloted to-them onthe mommer as thosé coloured yellow tothe Mifferent States wu the Oricni hut notunying Grounds ull bey adinithed
utthin the lnuitsof the City, an afyu yn inion hong wntended, , for that - Jesen fuosse. nth out.
NB. Ten a number of Squares or Areas unrapproperiated, und in situations p frprer a~ Co

i
Leyes Land Qeadenias/ and of- hich coery Sicily a ubnse eget =
48 National, nuary le acoomnndated.

livery houst..withiw the City, will sland sguare on the Streets, andvery Lt even those onthe cteveryerse Bernas anil run G+ are utth, their, J ronte,
hice onthe most deute Angle well not mreagure lef than, 56 feet, ad eee wu be above, 140 Jeet. .
>

SCALE OF POLES.

 
 
 

     

Pe
Ue

re Tey ts
En een Cli Se oe

    

 

 

 

 

 

 
) ae
f ee

: ) The water of this © ahivninded Bere
Y tobe tonuryed on the high ground, eS eh f
the Congr hows sta. ids, and after i \ wa
ee toring th th pucrt.of he Cy, tb overs 2
i oo under the Jease of that 3 \ wat a

) Edifice, and ina (asec dey 20 feet A eee : : ‘
aes and 50 un bre: teh Ane eX “nN Lerpendreular faught » the lest branchy" i Re
Tefervoc telowy, thence to run ~~ : above the Like wn VN ber (a s ie it

an Lire, tills Brough tn © f : }

 

 

   
  
 

 

    
 
   

 

 

 

 

 

 

fardn sntothe 25 :
Grund Carl - ; .
ue Phe perpendicular heeght . 7
AS gf te round soharehe Congres '
Lies ele 63 abovethe tide nf ae |

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Eber Crech, 78 3 feet

\\ [- " [ ifs Pe +3
AO —
| tc

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

SL

OVS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

eT
tee)

 

JU

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

V7 0CIODN

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dp
fa
JU

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

fee Ey
I

| PLO
wD

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

=

 

 

 

 

 

OOOO

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LIC JIB
i
cM
|
OE
i

ILI
VL

: t
aaa | i |

 

 

 

 

iy

 

 

 

 

SL

ar
ot
NOW
a
z

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

l
\O
a\
aes
ti
IS
N

bs
. Nn

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
  
 
   
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

| L / |
oe Z La ai Ah | TATE ae Py Sr EZ 7 V/\s .
5 L L Le oa op | i hcl tod ia) =
ey er a DSS pS Se (LIU) @ Or EI Ald teen |
was : CID:
min WIin\ 4,40 |
\ | | \ BO r ) = =
| LIL B 4 l uf AX] L
z 8 = oS] 1 1 ] i i
Tra WITS
POL OL 7 mnt
Ee OOOONNA | iL Lai
I AU IIEN ISS EIEN /
Se DOP a wCINCL 7)
ee SADE SOON GnSSee
1} = acl J! IM ISMIOILL
Pans! TIES SN
qi JUDS SOB Sa voSos io
| Ce] 1 I r
ale Leet SWI MINA | =
ie m4 Neipieiza
\
z
— J

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

the second Bridge, the depth xfivaer >

ma rhed.

Re eae ted Aa é 7
Pas ate 4: - Ls, from JF “a 4. fit om. Fhe deguest ; aa,
s Sees wl along the whore seiere Wharfs are <

 
 

a
JL
i)

pay

  
 

 

 

 

 

 

F.

Ne ae ak ae pe SRE ee ee AM RS eS Rg a OR re pate ne ee eee pee ee ca
.on the original. An attempt was made to mark on the tracing with a steel point some of these
plate, but they were found to be too indistinct and indefinite to warrant the use of an inked line.
The absence of coloring in certain squares which are referred to in sid marginal notes as being
colored in red is to be secounted for in like manner.
a I take pleasure in certifying the copy now submitted to be an exact one, as nearly ae trained
Z akill, care, and the use of the best appliances can make it, of all that at the present time is suffi-
ciently distinct on the original manuscript plan to admit of reproduction
Yor convenience of reference in the future, and agreeably to existing regitlations in this office,
I subjoin brief syoopses, in chronological order, of the several papers accompanying the direction
of the Honorabie Acting Secretary of the Treasury for the reproduction of said map, viz:

1. Letter of Hugh T. Taggart, Special Assistant Attorney for the United States in the mat-
tep of the suit to establish the title of the United States to the Potomac Flate, to A. 8,
Worthington, United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, dated March 4
1887: States that the original pian of the city of Washington, prepared by the Freach
engineer, Major Peter Charles L’ Bofant, under the direction of Preaident Washington,
in the year 1791, and which formed the basis of all sabseqnent casays, is in the office
of Lientenant-Colonel John M. Wilson, of the Engineer Corps, United States Army,
who is in charge of the Public Buildings and Grounds and of the early records ap-
pertaining to the City of Washington ; that the lines of the streets and other lines upon it
have become so indistinct from age that it cannot be accurately photerspied, but thas
it is fp such @ condition as will admit of reproduction by the appliances, skilled
labor, ¢ cetera; that ita reproduction, long demanded by considerations of ita historical
value, is now rendered abeolately necessary by the requirements of the litigation pend-
ing to establish the title of the Government to the Potomac Flats.

2. Letter from A. 3. Worthington, United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, te
the Honorable Attorney-General, dated March 4, 1887: Trapsmits the foregoing letter
and suggests that the Secretary of the Treasury be requested to instruct the Goest and
Geodetic Survey to reproduce said map, « thet photographs of it mey be made for use
in said litigation, and forther suggaste that the Secretary of War, in whose custody
the map now is, be requested to deliver it temporarily to the ‘Treasury Department for
the purpose indicated.

3. Letter from the Honorable Angustus H. Garland, Atiorney-General, to the Honorable
Secretary of the Treasury, dated March 14, 1887: Transmits copies of the foregoing
letters and makes the request suggested by the District Attorney.

4. Letter from the Honorabie Charles 8. Fairchild, Acting Secretary of the Tressury, to ths
Honorable Secretary of War, dated March 16, 1887: Transmits copies of foregoing
letter of the Attorney-General and {ts enclosnres, nod requests that, if not inconsistent
with the public interests committed to his charge, the Secretary of War will di-
rect ihat the map be loaned to the Treaeury Department with a view to its reprodac-
tion by the Coast and Geodetic Survey in accordance with the desire of the Attorney.
General. ‘This letter contains indorsementa by Brigadier-Geveral James C. Duane,
Chief of Engineers United States Army, and by Lievtenant-Colonel John ML Wilson,
of the Engineer Corps. United States Army. ‘The indorsement of the latter officer
States that the map is in a dilapidated condition; that he called attention to it in his
annval reports for 1885 and 188, and asked for an appropriation for copying it; that
the nap is of great value, and constant!y called for by attorneys and the courts.

5. Letter from the Honorable William C. Endicott, Secretary of War, to the Honorable
Acting Secretary of the Treasury, dated March 24, 1887: Acknowledges the reeeipt
of his letter of the 16th March and ite enclosures from the Attorney-General, Tequest-
ing the joan of the map with a view to its reproduction by the Coast and Geodetic

oe J Survey, for use in the snit now pending, known as the Potomac Flats suit; states that
the map in question is one of great value and importance; requests the Acting Secre-

ee LY 6. Letter from Honorable Charles 8. Fairchild, Acting Secretary of the Treesury, to the
0 Superintendent of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, dated March 25, 1887: Transmita
at ° copies of the foregoing correspondence ; directs the designstion of acme proper person
to receive the map, who shall be responsible for its sefe-keeping and return, and that it
be reproduced agreeably to the request of the Attorney-General
. Letter from Sir. F. M. Thorn, Superintendent Coast and Geodetic Survey, to the Honora-
ble Act ‘retary of the Treasury, dated March 26, 1887: Acknowledges receipt of
bis letter of 25th March and enclosures ; states that in obedience to hia directions he
has designated and instructed Mr. B. A. Colonna, Assistant United States Coast and
Geodetic Survey, in charge of the Office and Topography, to obtain said map from the
War Department, and to cause the same to be reproduced as apeedily as may be con. -
sistent with the proper performance of the work, and to return the map to the War
Department upon the completion of sach reprod
8. Letter from Honorable Clmries 8. Fairchild,
Honorable Secretary of War, dated March 29, 7
in regard to the reproduction of said map; transmits letter of Super:
and Geodetic Survey of 26th March, designating Mr. B. A. Colo
tera, ;
Ycurs respectfally,

8 / N tary of the Treasury to designate some officer to reeaive it, who shall be responsible for
C Ol C35: ” ° 2 its safe return to the War Department, and that a few of the photographic copies may
at. one 9 be seni. te said Department for its use.

ODS ROR
-

ei

~

   

  

 
 
 
   
       

ntendent of Coast
2» to receive it, of

 

Bigl” .
fap f

A Ee
oa /. L@. 0-twv72 72.2,

Asistant United States Coast and Geodetic Survey,
In Charge of the Office-and Topography.

UNITED STATES COAST aND GEODETIC SURVEY OFFICE,
Washington, May 20, 1887.

I do hereby certify that the copy herennto attached of the “ Plan of the City intended for the
Permanent Seat of the Government of the United States, Projected agreeable to the direction of
the President of the United States, in pursaance of an Act A Congress passed the sixteenth day of
Jaly, MDCCKC, ‘establishing the Permanent Seat on the bank of the Potowmas,’ by Peter Charles
L’Enfant,”’ is as nearly complete and exact as trained ekill, care, and the use of the best appliances
an make it; that it contains no lives, letters, or figores which are not legibly indicated on the
original ; and that nothing has been inserted or supplied from inference. Except a8 to such of
the tints a8 remain perceptible, and which are not copied on this tracing, it is a true copy of the

said original plan as the same apveare at this date.

 

G, d Cascade, formed of the Water from the Sources of the Tiber

Tren

y % ‘ 4 id to
G. Piblic walk. being x1 square Sf 1200 fees, through which Larringes tray ascme

the upper Square of the Federal Aouse. .
H . Oe. 4.00 feet in breadth, and albout.a nde in length, hordered with-O

Gardens, ending uva slofoc, , fromthe. hou ses onzach side. Thus MvenueJeads othe
te “ 7 a
Monunent A, and connects the Cog Garden arth the

I. Presidents hark, and the/
K . ae L field, ‘ being anrrt of the welh from the Presidents house, fabout
of a Wile tnbength. L£ very ht, deep toloured red, wu

1/800 fects. breatth ‘ ond ¢
e Hliations. uthuch ennmand the most, agrecable

S lost le aT ‘re,
Greer plots, designates Jor of . o :
prospect; and snhich are: the best calculated, L for Sraccores houses, and ga ae 15; SULI

Aas may accommodate: poregn Whiinresters, be.

LZ round this Square, ard all along the:
M Mlvenue from the hwo bridges ‘Lo the. Federal. house, the prabernent onwwh Side?

U efi ‘under an Grehed way, ideriuhosé Cover, Shops. wll be anost converuently
wt
oe witunted. This Street ts 190 feet uvbreadth, tandhep mele long.

NI
   
 
 
 

Lhis branch and that o

may be conveyed os

        

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

    

 

 

 

    
 
  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

f ALA Te) BEF al

, EE Es BB Al

AS ol] e- B a

mol [1 F) 4 BI

OOOCIWN afer] EY 3 Fos

oo || | “Cole “oebelk

BORE \ To Piso, Gee

ae) ee 195] L<os = fe

pono eS S CLEIR ERIE

Sep IO a (bl EE Esl

NS es ER Eslf
S4 By } B (5 (=) re

y cal

ele eB

 

 

a

 

 

 

 

 

Matt 1 o.

OS oa OCA oo,
fT
&>
orl Crd os

 

 

S
S

 

 

 

roy

A aon
als
%, asd

     
 

ceo
nw

    

 

 

 

 

 

 

OBSERVATIONS y
=
explanatory of the 5.

Plan. +

L. THE positions for the different Edifices, and, for the
several SGuares or Areas of different shapes, as they are lad A
down, were first delermined on the most advantageous ground, %
commanday the most eatensive prospects, and the better susceptible %
of such unprovements, as either use or ornament may hereafter A,
call for. S

if. LINES or Avenues Sf direct comemunication have been devised A

a

to connect the sparate and most distant objects with the pronepal, =

and to preserve through the whole a reciprocity of sight at the same time. o>
Aitention has been pad to the paping of those leading Avenues over the Oo

most favorable ground for Prospect and convenience. rN

ii. NORTH and South lines intersected by otbers running due Hast and o

Hest, make the distribution of the City into Streets, Squares, &. and those “A
lines have been so combined as to meek at certain given pounts with those 7

°
Pa GO we Me ge Of 8 ea: 7S) ey 7. eT

 

 

 

 

 

 
Pespendicular height of the source of liber Creek | ae Z -
above the level of the ide in said Creek. ecole [*/

  
  
     
   
   

5 house.
The water of this Creek ne be conveyed
re

on the high ground where the Ce apithl stands,
KLatter watering that part of the Cay; may
be destined to otber uschitl Purposes.

    
    
 
  
  

The Pependicular height of the
round where the oo ts to

ads above the tide of Tiber Greek
78 Feet.

        
  

 
  
  

“> c os 7) ) = Y CTF %
) pK 7 92

in the Territory ere,
ae ceded by the States of a

topendicular height of the West ) EL gy
branch above the tide in Tiber Creek vo he

     
 

 

 

 

 

on VIRGINIA and MARYLAND

— Ce CK. fo be ss ——
foe et 615 or G ¢ v » RPK C/ : i= 7
Ee alta Clivited aStatis or America;

 

— eer

Soa

of their, GOVERNMENT,
after the Year B

Co se and-ty them flablished as the

 

 

gsi

AEP I-A

SS

a] la /BRGEER EER sD

EMBER EGAN | ,
EBEEERERER er MDCCC

fs firs FE fs 913 FE fis fess) Ca, fe Engravd by Lhackara t£ Vallance Pbilad? 1792.

 

fF WA US
&
()

—S eS ae SS ee ae Se |
Q
Safe | s ‘
Oe]

 

 

 

&
3

 

Ls_§
Rp
AI MAVEIC
GE]
: me |
>
GI
CSI
CsI
[e]
[e)
[7
S&S
RS
Be

j
Capitol
| ;
“ s /
a
El

a

(El

El

El]

a
1
1c
a
a
a

FE
7
S

623

=
~
Ss
G&

 

 

 

 

 

Q S|
Sag

 

=
el

UT es
i OB ey
ht a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ISIE

    
  
     

 

 

  

 

 

   
   
    

 

 

 

 

 

               
   
   

 

 

 

  

 

      

 

 

 

    

 

 

 

  
    
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

      

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

>” ORR BERR EE? eee | ce
63 ip BEE BEE oR maps Z \ BF
£2 = BY) [631] [\ be aaEe or [a] = 3 sit
= o> SEER BGPP Zeke 7) 2 <:
94 Teal bdfa ran rf Be 725 oom $95 4 Pooh Hos7| FO"? 1093 hc ee 1093| 1943 War25 |W 1h2 rar [roe [va [A pf
Ae, 7... ™C-PEEBERRCER Dee ee ee reaper)
Le ices BEEPS E EEK SaaS
— LS. apt SE CEL { =
geen OA IEE Eba@aSREe | Pie -e lesen ees
7 Ge EEEEB cade bs -C eee A
xy r ~~. rT ”- . Say
2 REL. 7 GRE Fe {EPRLEE C ¢
7 Gay f Bi Beem [\ \ ce)
~ STOPS GEEn win ORCC mire Fes], fe)
ae P fa be 2 Ged [exe] [ors [rez] @3 Bord oond) [en OES OE
3) [a3] Gas Bp fas ie H 7
96) (537) Geos 4 bed 2s, Col bes
7 Ear FF sare)
A tee 3
7 EASES YZ
7 | 544 PE OY ‘.
“EIN f gy
5] [Fa f < ;
4] [Ez f ©Y :
al bay WL ©
‘| Ft

 

 

 

yo Breadth of the Streets.

Ti HE grand Avenues, and such Streets as lead tmmediately to public
places, are e from 430 to 160 ) feet wide, and may be conveniently divided

4) eS into foot ways, walks A tres, and a carriage way. The other Streets
<< are from GO to MO feet wide,

LP IN order to execute: this lan, Vr KILN (CY) TT Artin a. Irate. MoxriAticond
    
    

This branch and that of the j
may be conveyed the Pre:

 

“REL
FBR RY
7|RAP ob

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

noOoo0o00
00000000

 

 

 

 

 

ri
A

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

is ie 20k

 

UN GER CEI

    

 

OBSERVATIONS
explanatory of the S.

Vlan.

I ‘ Ti HE spositions s for the different Edifices, and L for the
several Squares or Areas of different shapes, as they are lad Am
down, were first delermined on the most advantageous ground, %
commanding the most extensive prospects, and the better susceptible %
Of such umprovements, as elther use or ornament may hereafter Am
call for 4
if. LINE iS’ or Avenues Ff direct communication have been devised,
to connect the sqrarale and most distant objects with the prinepal,

and to preserve through the whole a reciprocity UA sight at the same time.

Aitention has been pad to the pafpsing of those leading Avenues over the S
most favorable ground for prospect and convenience. .

M..NORTH and South lines intersected by others running due Hast and %,
-
4

=>
=
= 4

 

 

 

 

A
2

Hest, make the distribution aS the City tnto Streets, Squares, &:. and those
Lines have been so combined as to meet at certain gwen points with those ¢

divergent Avenues, $0 a3 to form on the Spaces, farst determined,’ the different
Squares or Areas.

SCALE or POLES.

0 400 200 500 400 500 600 Poles. :
AACA | IAAI ca FAG
, 4 Q 3 Le 6 Inches. =a) : 2 = PETERS te ee WASHINGTON, 0. ©

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
or Ngo MEE Pha oe eT ah UAL A Je ee: AOE Ee GAR.

C236, 7, 7.
above the level ct the tide in said Creek. Biases if

  
   
   
 
   

—OUSE.
The waier of this Creek may be conveyed
on the high ground where the Capitol stands,

kKatter watering that part of the

6 Cy; may

destaned to other uschitl Purposes.

     
   

SS
Lhe Lexpendicular heaght oF the
ground where tbe zzol vs Lo
tand.is above the tide of Tiber Geek

78 Feet.
Copan dialer height of the Wise | BEB
Sas Hii ea A
(,\
Ba Be EN

 
 
     

 

ee th 615 ex
StS [ 553 hae bs

 

?

‘

=
N
2

312

 

 

1

 

 

 

 

 

[es wi Le jl] (Rp
$14. nf 620 S 673 ve] fel fg Fal fs fed py

3
|
=

21

Is
fs

909) [est

BP

 

Ei Be Be]

 

EIMAaIm

R
EY
fa
[:

 

& &
x g

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   
 

 
      
 

\ 3 oe Z A) PS Pe, f ih ‘ a
BENNO SS
(Cin ihe Territory 0: Cohn)
: i ceded by the States of —~

VIRGINIA and MARYLAND
Cliited as tates or nierica, >
ity them fablished as_the

ANC
—

SEAT of their GOVERNMENT,
after the Year

/
MDCCC.

 

 

Engravd by Thackara & Vallance Philad!17G2-.

  

BAW ERE
ay

   
 
 
 
 

  

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

   
 
  

 

 
   
   

 

  

 

N
Ov
=

 

 

 

 

 
   

 

 

 

 

  
  

EEE (= 1GP AERGEEEE
Bee, FL par re) (i [i Be Fed BB Bs Bs Be) Do Deer ay
at fs Pa aL) FoR BRB eM ERE Fe Fe 7.
omen s@ Le) COREFEREEREEEE
EERIE yp EOEEREREREES aber :
£°2 i Fed bel Be Yee) ef he Be oe Ge Ta (TD)
Sa Se Fishes 124 LBEE Pap Kr 186 kK
J feo ble PY hee Eb oe SEP ad pod ES on esl for ol at |e er
Me 6 ein a BEEPSER EER COE Em meer mo me pee
0 BaP ot a eae .w EEE va [el (alow ae Pe =
3 Na aay oe MRP ERB E efile kB _ te 7086 [cor [7 Fel Fa) 7) iy ZZ
ENG ALE Ge SScEFPRE Son Sel 7 @
5] Eo By EAST wae 7 “i fd Eo ed Le iT coal a | Wi
534 APR 7 WV 3p" 3 Fel Fd fe, os be 1087 joss 2) [erg 1080 Pa PES} i TE
D Rl 1EERRT Taba Poa fan Seber! Sa ae Z
583) a 7 eso ti bd in i a scl: - HUE Wy
ves A 730) PB ae ay Nf & (RRA
Fess) fsa B ngs ae, sk ei bs bah Be ee ef 1104, [v4 ze ae i 7 Wy
me fs “SEEERERER Ep OCR EE a
549} | & ae } 37 mS ; oN
mFmog neem OPP Ep Ee SET cael [od Po ° ‘
EAA SY 8 Us oo € 7023 Cea 7 a
PEA (als rTP ome | Fe g

\ rts
aS 7698500 bee ©
> hid sol ies

     
 
 

 

om =

 

 

oo
=] ‘

*2IILIS”

3

>
S

 

  

 

 

CHL BL_ bt tL LLL CL LO
Q w & Sas is w oy
SES EIESSSSSA7 AA
no oa SN ou =

 

 

 

 

      
 

Breadth of the Streets.

Ti HE grand Avenues, and such Streets as lead immediately to public
places, are e from 130 to 1460 ) feet wide, and may be conveniently divided
into foot ways, walks S trees, and a carriage way.
are from G0 to MO feet wide

IN order to execute this olan, Mr IELLICOTT drew a true Meridional
line by celestial observation, which Pajses through the Area intended L for the
Capitol, this lne he crofsed by another due Hast and West, which pajses trough
the same Area. These lines were accurately measured, and made the basis on
which the whole plan was executed. He ranall the lines by a Transit Instru-

The other Streets

meni, and determined the Acute Angles by actual measurement, and left
mothing to the uncertainty of the’ Compayf.
 

 

 

 

 

BA

Old Ps

we SS

. Birch, 2<

S Bue

Lee
A r'

IEF ebre Vv

) Sta) Neer

Balls Cr

FTRAMSA!
_ [UPTON

.
se

6 Mile Post | ve

y SS 4
J™

wl '
aileys CrossRoallsy 5
. B.We ya

if .
F pp Fowle, 5 Mrs. Triplett

Franconia Farm

Accompanying Teport of Brig 3
to the Secretary of War, date
SERizS I

/

g
a

October 30, 1865.

n Richard Delaffeld, Ces

A

Olivet Chapel

Qss

€" GRAIG

 

ITO SSO0 00g

 

JWi&on /, SchoolHo.

° ZAC
? “HWilfard Fy
E Profdewet fe 4

 

 

 

 

Geo Riggs

“SILVER SPRING

8. ree EC

Hill Cemete:

(72 Daniel 57 rs Feawick 69
af haat
: x

S

: heating = / Heitmudller 2
f 2 S

 

 

 

Shall. “fA
OOD

tlvon
Avon

 

 

2 INO

 

 

OS2VCA IE]

 

 

JDO
oOo

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

nO ne

WASOOOAZO [

 

 

 

 

 

 

OODASOOOOK

 

 

 

 

 

 

|
95 OSS

 

 

 

OS Hs
SaSSODIOIDOG
Y OoUSoooe4)
x] OS 2o00)

SN

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

AWW: Corcoran

MiSs + ak i
MOCO.
COOOOo £3
DOO ID00000 C22

DOM IOogop4 CIO
b SIO SIop2q9 03g,
Zora 24909057)
a] Oos"OOO000C“ey

f Mg0CSNO000gz

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ooo
Car]
EacSsesqun gad]
COMIC IDS924
Ve a00TS 9034
sO ACss

j>7 3

7 f ss
Lotz 0} BSA

 

 

 

E

ti

 

LZ,
DAC)
dD 20000

CAUDUDN

 

 

 

 

 

er

ro

 

aN

 

 

 

Sss7 50089 a
poo Memos oN
oS Soo 55 Wo

V4

 

 

 

TOLL
Vises

LOO 0000.00

=I
I zn
SS Ves

=
ooobZy
JODAZO _u.s. Navy y.
3 16

OOOF
OU io

 

eae

A

6 YCUEONG
~ a YAN

 

 

 

 

7

= - i ss
Mrs. ASB
 

 

   

 
  
   
  
 
   
   

*"s. e Talbot BS

sets

HyAttsville}

   

- tore and P. 0.

 
  

 

eHWilfard Fr ih Bee Pe ah l CHNichous. =~
Wett4f> 7 s a, d iS ag E
+ Col. WHeekey

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

! CA Os
ADOOW ON AOC I ISTIC es
FZ VAs Sw Zar

pA ALAC poo!
SSoo0o20U)3 Oo!
SS90 55515

(OVAS SSNS ase
OSO0ORkdooD

  
   
   
    
  

 
     
  
 
 
 
   
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   
  

  
 

 

 

 

 

       

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     
  
 
   
   
 
  

SS7000oouS8oooS. 4444S

» SSeS seeteeren Ao SISA

JAD S91 902s SSC oso OC AS Sag Io seag5 5,
2oo5) jOoSssooacocs Asa 2495159544

 

 

ZSNoo) SOUS sore: Oops anoo0s9ob05 :
SI OSs 2148 SSI a
SSq 7/7 2209505
Soe cee
Qos Dageg0 INS Ssagsosag

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    

SOOM ILIDs8924 qoOosS sq : :
C505 Oi 7 jozecy CIs Q %,
Score aS sua Sco , Ne 4
(SSW/x3 sg ASS ue ; _— cg
Ilan o'rs oS>7 304 bse L 3 nat Ne us :
DOS S550ogS . ,

 

 

 

 

Mota Col409 poo Ss gyn:
FOO So neo SONOS
WEI OIDIO Moo SONS
“LIC OoooS9 oo

6 4a SS aS

[LAU oo"
SoD o000
\ Psgnob27

| eae U.S.NAVY Y,
jZ000¢ 1%
Jooog

     
   
   
   
   
   
   
     

 

   
 
  

2 LL an ae

SF helen Wheeler,.

we (irs ABBrown s
2 at “s

_ <

 

—

      
  

Sey

. 6 ye
DEFENSES OF WASHINGTOS

Extract of’
MILITARY MAP

OF

NL. E. VIRGINIA,

sHowrne FORTS axp ROADS.
Engineer BureauWar Department,

  
  

ee

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1865.
Scale :oneinchto the mile.
oO “WY % ®% 1 ; 2Miles
NOTE.

The Coast Survey Maps were used in the compilation

 

s . ff North of the Potomac outside of the Dist.of Columbia.
section Roads marked thus: were used for
& FT FOOTE military PUTPOSses.

awe C2707

 

    

ethers See sclas, Plates VIl.and VIL}

~ JUUUS BIEN SCO LITH NY.
NEA

OF THE

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

1901

PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SUB-COMMITTEE OF SENATE COMMITTEE
ON THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, EXECUTING THE ORDER OF THE
SENATE, OF MARCH 8, 1901, FOR THE PREPARATION OF A PLAN
FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE PARK SYSTEM OF

1000

THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

SCALE:

0 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
1 +} 4 1 ie

aes | }
t Les

SUB-COMMITTEE ON THE IMPROVEMENT COMMISSION ON THE IMPROVEMENT
OF THE PARK SYSTEM. OF THE PARK SYSTEM.

James MoMinuan, Chairman. DANIEL H. BurRNHAM, Chicago.

J. H. GALLINGER, Guaries F, McKim, New York.

Tuomas S. MARTIN, Avavsrus §r. GaupEns, New York.
CxHaARues Moorz, Clerk. Freperick LAw OLMSTED, JR., Brookline.

NOTE—Elevations are in feet, and refer to the plane 0.807 above half tide level of the Potomac River.

Lines shown thus. indicate the Permanent Areas 9, 10, 11 and 12 are controlled by the Navy

Noa

System of Highways

Areas shown thus, = indicate the Authorized
New Railroad Locations

Areas shown thus, Sa! are controlled by the War

Department
Circles shown thus, O indicate School Houses
Areas 1, 2, 3, 4,5. 6 and 21 are controlled by the

District Commissioners
Areas 7 and 8 are controlled by the Interior Depart-

ment

Department
Area 13 is controlled by the Board of Control
Area 14 is controlled by the Smithsonian Institution

~ Area 15 is controlled by ® Board of Directors

Areas 16 and 17 are controlled by the Joint Com-
mittee on the Library

Area 18 is controlled by the Architect of the Capitol

Area 19is controlled by the Agricultural Department
Streets in Area 20 are controlled by the United

States

Gravelly Pt.

co

—TEAD LIN

&
STaBLisHEd

 

Photo-Lith. by A. HOEN & CO., Balto., Md.