aren : Soar Sek ante Reacts ee ian hulerp rr Sean” Pte aa Ee Shes Sireias re PE sa ae eh eee, 3 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY TRANSFERRED TO MAIN LIBRARY Cornell Universit Handbook of the trees of the northern st HANDBOOK or ee, “KES OF THE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. PHOTO-DESCRIPTIVE, By ROMEYN BECK HOUGH, B. A. Author of “American Woods.” SECOND AND REVISED EDITION LOWVILLE, N. Y.: PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 1918. COPYRIGHT, Nineteen hundred and seven, By ROMEYN B. HOUGH, TO THE MEMORY OF MY FATHER, DR. FRANKLIN B. HOUGH, WHO, AS THE PIONEER COMMISSIONER OF PORESTRY, FIRST STROVE TO AROUSE THE PUBLIC TO CHECK THE COURSE OF DESTRUCTION OF THE AMERICAN FORESTS, AND ESTABLISH THE PRINCIPLES. OF FORESTRY, AND TO MY MOTHER, WHOSE INTEREST IN THE PLAN OF THIS HANDBOOK AND ENJOYMENT IN ITS PROGRESS HAVE BEEN AMONG THE PLEASURES OF ITS PREPARATION, IT IS MOST AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED, PREFACE. It has been thought by the writer, and has frequently been remarked by others, that a series of carefully made photographic illustrations of the fresh leaves, fruits, leafless branchlets and typical barks of our various trees would be appreciated alike by the professional botanist, the less technical nature student, the forester and the Immberman. My natural interest in the subject and peculiar vocation made the task of the preparation of such a work peculiarly inviting to me. IT am required to be much in the field observing the trees, making it my personal duty to gather the woods used in the publishing of my AMERICAN WOODS — in order that I may be able to voueh for authen- ticity and this gives me unusual opportunities. I accordingly entered upon the task with enthusiasm, providing myself with an excellent camera, and adapt- ing it to the peculiar requirements of the work. It was not until after much experimenting, as to proper lighting, the elimina- tion of shadow, ete., that satisfactory results were obtained. The thought of a measured background — one ruled into square inches for convenience — occurred as a most satisfactory way of indicating size, which I deemed of greatest importance, owing to the great range of sizes of the objects which I must show on plates of uniform size. It is hoped that this feature of the work will meet with the approval bespoken for it. When once entered upon the work it was found that many and various vicissi- tudes must be encountered, which would unexpectedly prolong the work. Chief among these were the “ off’ years, during which a species does not bear fruit. For example: One season I could not find a single tree of the common Sugar Maple bearing fruit, though IT examined many from northern New York to North Carolina and westward to Missouri. One winter not a solitary twig could [ find of the Yellow Birch bearing its dormant catkins, and, naturally, not a tree bearing flowers or fruit the next summer. TI searched in vain two successive seasons for the pistillate flowers of the common Butternut, so regu- larly did the late frosts of spring destroy them, though the staminate flowers appeared annually. The shortness of the period, too, during which the flowers or fruits of certain trees are in their prime, or even exist on the trees, has necessitated close watch. The exact time must be ascertained by observation, and if, perchance, I miss it T must wait until another year for another opportunity. Then IT may find it an off year (imagine my disappointment!), and still another year must be waited. Procuring specimens from lofty tree-tops are trivial ordeals compared with instances like these. Add to these vicissitudes the distribution of our trees, [v] vl PREFACE. and the consequent necessity of being in many places at about the same time, and it can be readily understood that the field work could not be accomplished in one or even two seasons. Indeed, it has required several more than that. Nothing but a love of the subject would fortify one with the required patience. The necessity of visiting the trees in their native haunts is evident. This has brought me much in contact with the country folk in remote regions and has been associated with many novel and generally pleasant experiences. The visit of an * outsider” ofttimes seemed as welcome an occasion to them as the opportunities of their respective localities, and often contact with them, were enjoyed by me, and I gratefully remember many acts of kindness in these hospitable people. Oceasionally it was my good fortune to have the company of fellow botanists in the field and enjov the benetits of their familiarity with the trees of their respective regions. Such was my experience in studying the interesting trees of Staten Island with Mr. Wm. T. Davis, for whose assistance I am very grateful. A vare treat I found in store when I dropped in upon Prof. C. D. Beadle, botanist, at Biltmore, N. C., and enjoyed a few days’ sojourn with him working ap certain species of the Alleghany Mountains, and to Professor and Mrs. Beadle I am under lasting obhgation. For able counsel and assistance in many ways I am indebted to my good friend, Prof. Wim. Trelease, director Missouri Botanical Garden. To Dr. N. M. Glatfelter, whose familiaritv with the Willows of Missouri was of material assistance to me, I am likewise grateful. So, too, to Mr. G. W. Letterman, with whom I made several visits to the aes of the Merrimac River, Mo. I wish to acknowledge favors extended by Mr. C. C. Laney and My. John Dunbar, of Rochester, Prof. C. H. Peck, of ao and Mr. J. G. Jack, of the Arnold Arboretum, in assistance to material illustrative of various species of Crateeus of their respective regions. To Mr. E. P. Clapp, Rev. E. J. Hill, Dr. J. Schneck, Mr. H. N. Patterson, Prof. B. O. Longvear, Prof. W. A. Buekhout, Prof. A. T. Erwin, Mr. V. R. Gardner, Mr. E. 8. Steele, Mr. F. BE. Boynton, Mr. T. G. Harbison, Dr. R. M. TWarper, Mr. B. T. Gault, Mr. F. K. Balthis, Mr. A. J. Johnson and Mr. J. C. Teas, I wish also to extend thanks for assistance, Last, but by no means least, T gratefully acknowledge counsel and facilities extended in the use of herbarinm material by Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Forester, and Mr. G. B. Sndworth, Dendrologist of the U. S. Forestry Service: by Dr. J. N. Rose of the National Terbarium, and by Dx. Ne S. Britton, Director of the New York Botanical Garden. Data as to specifie gravities of woods has been taken from the Report of Tenth Census of the United States, and represent in each ease the average of two or more determinations with absolutely dry wood taken from different trees, Lowvitre, N. Y., June 29; 1907, EXPLANATION OF THE PLAN OF THE HANDBOOK. In the illustrated portion two pages which face each other are devoted to a species, practically all of the well-defined species within the area indicated being included. The few exceptions will be found mentioned after their es 418-457. ) respective genera. (See page e background in the pictures of leaves, fruits and It will be observed that t twigs are marked into squares. These are lines in all eases one inch apart; h their deviation from that measurement, in the picture, indicating a prepor- tional enlargement or reduction of the object, in order to make the plates of uniform size. On viewing the pieture with the standard of measurement in mind the actual size of the object is at once evident. The trees selected as subjects for pictures of barks are generally of medium size, as showing the phase of bark most commonly seen, and are such as could be called characteristic examples. The measure placed upon the trunks before photographing, to indicate size, is one foot in length, excepting when otherwise stated. On the outline maps the shaded areas indicate the regions over which the trees are distributed, as indicated by outlying representatives, as nearly as is generally understood. Within the Hinits of such areas there are often tracts, of greater or less extent, where the tree in question is not found, on aecount of unfavorable conditions of altitude, perhaps, or of soil, moisture, cte., or of other less evident reasons. Such limited tracts could not be easily indicated on our much reduced maps. It eannot be claimed of these maps that they are always absolutely perfect, as trees may sometimes be found outside the areas generally accredited to them. In view of further perfecting the maps, for future use, the author would be obliged for whatever data the observers of trees may have and find it convenient to send that would be important to have in this connection. The wood-structure pictures represent transverse sections (the end view of the grain) magnified uniformly about fifteen diameters. That is approxi- mately the magnification secured by a good simple magnifier. Such a glass is quite essential in identifying woods, by comparison, havin first exposed the end of the grain with a sharp knife to reveal its structure. In che foot-notes, following the letter-press on the right-hand page, will be found such synonyms only as are used in recent works, where the names there adopted differ from the names used in this work. “A. W.” indicates AMERICAN WOODS, in which work the species is further considered, especially with veference to its woods, and in which aetual specimens of same may be seen. The Roman numeral indicates the part or volume in whieh a species is found and the Arabie numeral its serial number. (See pages follow- ing the index at close of this volume. ) [vii] KEY TO THE FAMILIES BASED MAINLY UPON FLOWERS. a Flowers unisexual, with ovules naked on the face of a scale: leaves parallel-veined (Gymnosperme), moncecious; ovules 2 or more with each scale; stamens numerous; fruit a cone with imbricated scales or so modified as to resemble a ber Conifers (). 418). a’? Flowers with ovules inclosed in a cavity — ovary — (Angiospermae) and the parts of the flower in 4s or 5s; cotyledons 2 (Dicotyledons) ; flowers b Without a corolla (Apetale), e Unisexual and d Calyx absent or irregular if present; flowers appearing e After the leaves, the staminate £ From axillary buds on growth of the previous season, in drooping aments; pistillate solitary or in few-flowered spikes terminating new shoots fe the same tree; fruit a nut; leaves compound, deciduous Juglandacex (p. f° From the axils of evergreen simple leaves, in erect ree fruit a wax-coated ‘ Myricacee (p. 424). £° ‘Mostly from the axils of bud-scales at the base of new shoots and in Eg Drooping h Long-peduncled heads; the pistillate solitary or in pairs terminating shoots ON. SEE “SAM e-ELGB id. « cedars. eid a carte ences ete arse wee Fagus, in Fagacee (p. 429). hh’ Slender drooping aments; pistillate flowers from axils of leaves on the SAME “ShOOtS cancun tex ada estate ee Co eA wee Quercus, in Fagacez (p. 430). g° Erect axillary aments; the pistillate at the bases of the same aments. Castanea, in Fagacez (p. 430). f* In heads arranged in terminal racemes. Liquidambar, in Hamamelidacee (p. 437). . berry e’? Before or with the leaves £ From axillary buds which are g Covered with one or more bud-scales h_ Both staminate and pistillate flowers in aments and on different trees. Salicacesr (p. 425). h? Staminate only in aments; the pistillate in slender terminal spikes on See a tein eas ee aes haptics Sete pee Carpinus, in Betulacez. h’ In panicles, dicecious, without petals; leaves compound; fruit a samara. Fraxinus, in Oleacee. g’ Naked — not covered with true bud-scales; ovary superior; fruit an elongated COmMpPresséed: VUE Q wis.? fic I — a 10 ihn Ky. a - ssh (ALA, GA: X uM > ay JERSEY PINE. SCRUB PINE. Pinus Virgintana Mall.t big. 16. Branch with leaves and mature and young cones -3, seeds, 4: detached leaf-clusters, 5 Trunk of tree near Washington, D. C. Hanpsoox or Trees or tur Norruern Srares The Jersey Pine is usually a tree of medium stature, rarely more than 40 or 50° ft. in height, or of greater thickness of trunk than 18 in. In the western part of its range, how- ever, particularly in southern Indiana, it sometimes attains twice the above dimensions. It develops a rather irregular wide rounded top of long and somewhat pendulous branches, though when young the trees are more of a pyramidal habit of growth. It is readily dis- tinguished by its short twisted leaves dis- tributed in pairs along its purple branchlets. The bark of trunk is dark reddish brown, rough with sealy irregular plates and ridges. The tree has little to recommend it from an orna- mental or economic standpoint, its chief point of merit being the facility with which = it propagates itself and covers neglected worn out agricultural land with new forest growth. The wood is rather light, soft, not strong, brittle and of a light reddish brown color with abundant lighter sap-wood. A cubie foot when absolutely dry weighs 33.09 Ibs. It is used for fuel and occasionally for lumber for general construction purposes.2 Leaves in remote clusters of 2, with small per- sistent sheaths, 1% to 2 in. long, dark green, stout, spreading, more or less curved and twisted, with many rows of stomata, 2 fibro-vascular bundles and resin-duects in parenchyma; branch- lets flexible and distinctly purple in color. Flowers: staminate orange-brown, in crowded clusters; pistillate pale and rose color, single or few together, with long stalks lateral upon the branchlets. Cones few, narrow ovoid, 2-8 in. long with scales thickened at apex and provided with a prickle; seeds compressed ovoid, nearly 1% in. long and with ample wing broadest at about the center, lL. Syn. Pinus inops Ait. 2, Ax Wa; TV, 98: pe ee A ae ig Ney gar ra ie AND CANADA. i t a iB 4 i | | | Fig. 18. cone, 2; 10 TABLE-MOUNTAIN PINE. Pinus PUNGeNs Michy. Branch with leaves and mature detached leaf-clusters, 3. Trunk of tree with cones at base. and young cones, 1; seeds and detached scales of Near Washington, D. C. Hanpsoox or Trees or tur Norrurrn Srares anp Canapa. 19 The Table-Mountain Pine deserves its name from being contined in its natural distribution mainly to the dry gravelly table-lands and slopes of the Appalachian Mts., though it is found to be hardy and thrives well when planted outside of this limited range over the middle and eastern states generally. To the northward it is local in its distribution and generally scattered among other trees such as the Yellow, Pitch and Jersey Pines, Oaks, Hickories, ete., but in the southern Alleghenies it forms nearly exclusive forests of considerable extent. It rarely exceeds 60 or 70 ft. in height or 2 or 3 ft. in diameter of trunk, and develops a wide rounded or often irregular top. The bark of trunk is a dark reddish brown color rough with irregular scaly plates and ridges. A character by which it is readily distinguished from all other eastern Pines is its massive cones armed with very thick curved spines, more suggestive of various species of the Pacific slope than are those of any other eastern species. Its wood is light, soft, brittle, coarse-grained and of a pale reddish brown color with thick lighter sap-wood. A cubic foot, when abso- lutely dry, weighs 30.75 Ibs. [It is little used excepting for fuel and charcoal.! Leaves in crowded clusters of 2, 2-4+ in. long with short persistent sheaths, stout, stiff, more or less twisted, with 2 fibro-vascular bundles and resin-duets in parenchyma; branchlets short, dark brown and rough. Flowers: staminate yellow, in loose clusters; the pistillate long-stalked, lateral and generally in whorls of 2 to 5 or more. Cones short-ovoid, = in. long, lateral and in whorls upon the branchlet, oblique at base, sessile and with scales, especially those of the outer side near base, much thickened, with prominent transverse ridge and armed with a strong flat curved prickle ; seeds rounded triangular, nearly ™4 in. long, and with wings broadest near the center. hs JAS, Wes 2298) TAMARACK. EASTERN LARCH. Larix Americana Michx.* Fig.20. Branchlets with fascicles of leaves and cones, 1: detached scale with its two seeds, 2; scattered seeds, 3; tip of branchlet showing solitary leaves on first season’s growth, 4; branchlet in winter, 5. 21. Trunk of tree, in Lewis Co., N. Y. 22. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters Tlanpsook or Trees or tuk Norrurrn Srates and CANADA. The Tamarack is a beautiful tree not often over 60 ft. in height nor with trank more than 2 ft. in thickness. Its trunk is usually straight and columnar or slightly tapering, with scaly bark showing little tendency to become vidged and its top is usually of narrow pyramidal form with short horizontal branches and open airy foliage. It is distinctively a tree of swampy lands, venturing farther out ou low lake shores and quaking sphagnum bogs than any other tree excepting sometimes the Swamp Spruce and these regions it char- acterizes in summer with its pale green foliage or lights up in autumn with its covering of bright yellow. To the northward in its range where it is very abundant, it is found also on well drained uplands forming in’ places’ ex- tensive tracts of open forest. With the Black ts in the subaretic regions and there maintains Spruce it forms the vanguard of the fore tree-form battling with the elements while its ecmpanion is prone upon the ground but still engaged in the struggle. The wood, of which a cubic foot when dry weighs 38.86 Ibs., is rather hard, heavy, strong and very durable in contact with the soil, It is of a light orange-brown color with thin lighter sap-wood and is valued for railway ties, posts, planks and lumber for interior finishing.2 Leaves very slender, numerous, in fascicles on short lateral spurs, or singly on new shoots, %%4- 1 in. long, linear, triangular, pale green, turning yellow and falling in autumn. Flowers appear with the leaves; staminate yellow, subglobose from leafless sealy buds; pistillate oblong with rose-red rounded seales, on lateral mostly leafy spurs. Cones oblong, about % in, long on short peduncles and composed of about 12 thin concave suborbicular persistent scales bout twice as long as their bracts; seeds about 14 in. long, with light brown wing broadest at about the middle.* lL. Syn. L. laracina (DuRoi) Koch. D> Ay Wi, Iss: a 3. For genus see p. 420. MN RITON LS Tenn ON es: “ 1 BLUE SPRUCE. SILVER SPRUCE. 4 Picea Parryana (Andre) Sarg. Fie. 23. DPranchlets with leaves and mature cones, 1; detached scales, upper side (towards apex) showing seeds, 2: do, under side (towards stem), showing bract, 3; sterile branchlets, 4; branchlet from which leaves have been removed, magnified to show glabrous nature, persistent bases of ISaANES, te... oS. 2 Trunk with folhage at base and 2-ft. rule. Rocky Mountains, Colo. 25. Wood strueture magnified 15 diameters. Hanppoox or Trees or tHe Norriern Srares anp Canapa. 23 This beautiful Spruce is) restricted in its natural home to the banks and vicinity of mountain streams of Colorado, \Wyoming and Utah, between the altitudes of 6500 and 10000 ft. In these localities it sometimes attains in the forests a height of 100 or ex- ceptionally 150 ft., with trunk 2-8 ft. in thick- ness and narrow often irregular open top. The isolated tree, however, especially in its youth, possesses a rare and unique type of beauty. Its branches grow out in symmetrical whorls of flattened sprays longest near the ground and successively shorter towards the top, forming a perfect and beautiful pyramid. [his is farther enhanced by the massed toliage c. silvery blue or tints ranging from that to a purplish blue or green, a single bed of seedling: presenting perhaps the entire range. Its beautiful) form and color together with its hardiness make it one of the most valuable acquisitions for ornamental planting of recent years. The wood of the Blue Spruce is light, a eu, ft. weighing 23.31 Ibs., soft, with satiny sur- face and suitable for the uses mentioned of the Red Spruce.2 Leaves vigid, 4-sided, from 1% in. on fertile branches to 11% in. long on sterile, curved, spiny, acuminate, bluish green to silvery or dull green ; branchlets glabous. Flowers reddish yellow ; pis tillate with broad denticulate scales and acute bract. Fruits cones subsessile, oblong-eylindrical, 24%-4 in. long with glossy rhomboidal %flexuose scales narrow and erose-dentate at the elongated apex; seed & in. long with short wide wing. 1. Syn. P. pungens Engelm. 2. A. W., XI, 275. 3. For genus see p. 420. WHITE SPRUCE. Picea Canadensis (Aon. p) B. S. P.! eS Fie. 26. Portion of branch bearing cones, 1; seeds, 2; end of a sterile lower branchlet, 3; end of an upper sterile branchlet, 4; branchlet with leaves removed and magnified to show glabrous } ea.-l nature, persi-fent MSOs; nate composed of 5 or 6 whorls each of 3 stamens hearing broad connectives and 3 or 4 anther-cells ; pistillate consisting of % ovules open at apex, alternate, with % minute fleshy scales and sur- rounded with 5 or 6 whorls of ternate scales. Fruit matures the third season, subglobose, about 4, in. in diameter, dark blue with bloom, sweet flesh and 1-3 bony seeds which are about Y%_ in. long, angled, and penetrated with resin glands. ey BLACK WALNUT. Juglans nigra 1. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, 1; fruit in cross-section, 2; nuts with epicarps re- , 33 a vigorous leaf, 4; branchlet in winter, 5. Trunk of tree in Genesee valley, N. Y. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpsoox or Trees or THE NorrTureRN STATES AND CANADA. The Black Walnut attains the height of 100 to 150 ft. in the forests, with a trunk 4-6 ft. in diameter, vested in a prominently ridged dark brown bark. When growing apart from surrounding objects it develops a symmetrical rounded top of beautiful foliage. Once an abundant tree and constituting a considerable portion of large tracts of forest, particularly in the great Mississippi Basin, its valuable wood has caused its almost complete destruc- tion as a commercial product. The value of its timber was early recognized, as history tell us that it was an article of export to Eng- land early in the seventeenth century. Of late years new trees are being propagated which eventually will in a measure take the place of the natural forests. The heart-wood is of a rich dark brown color, very durable in contact with the soil, and highly prized for furniture, gun-stocks, interior finishing, etc. A cubic foot, when ab- solutely dry, weighs 38.11 Ibs. Occasional “figured” trees are of almost fabulous valus.1 The nuts of this tree were an important article of food with the Indians and are still gathered for domestic use and the local market. Leaves 1-2 ft. long with puberulent petioles and 18-23 ovate-lanceolate inequilateral leaflets, rounded or subcordate at base, serrate, acuminate, pubescent beneath; petioles puberulent. lowers (May-June) ; staminate aments stout, 2-4 in. long ; calyx with 6 nearly orbicular lobes, pubescent out- side; bracts nearly triangular, rusty tomentose ; stamens 20-30; pistillate in 2-5-flowered spikes, glandular-hairy bracts and pale reddish’ green plumose stigma. Fruit solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3, subglobose, light yellow-green, papillose ; nut round-oval, compressed, sculptured, 4-celled at hase; seed oily, edible.” 1. A. W., II, 35. 2. For genus see p. 453. 49 BUTTERNUT. WHITE WALNUT. OIL-NUT. Juglans cinerea L. Fig. 50. Branchlet bearing leaves and cluster of fruit, 1; fruit in cross-section, 2; dried nuts with epicarp removed, 3; branchlet in winter, 4. 60. Isolated trunk in Black River valley, Lewis Co., N. Y. Hanpsoox or Trees or tHE NortTHuerNn STATES AND CANADA. Ba The Butternut when growing in the open rarely attains a greater height than 60 or 70 ft., its short trunk sometimes 3 or 4 ft. in diameter soon dividing into a few large branches, which spread far out and make a wide symmetrical flat or rounded top. In forests it sometimes attains the height of 100 ft. It prefers rich soil along the banks of streams and on Jow hill-sides, commonly in company with the Beech, Yellow Birch, Maples, Elms, Red Spruce, ete. Its wood is light, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 25.46 lbs., not strong, of a gray-brown color and is valued for interior finishing, cabinet work, etc. Its sap is rich in sugar, and a fairly good quality of syrup is made from it, though it does not harden to form cakes; its bark possesses cathartic properties; its nuts make a delicious food, and the shucks are used for dying purposes. Leaves 11-17 in. long, viseid-pubescent, with stout petioles and 11-19 oblong-lanceolate yellow- ish green rugose leaflets which are rounded and unequal at base, acuminate, finely serrate except at base, turning yellow in autumn and _ falling early Flowers (May-June); staminate aments 1%-8 in. at first and elongating to 3-5 in.; calyx yellow-green usually 6-lobed with vusty pube t acute bracts; stamens 8-12 with dark brown anthers and slightly lohed connectives ; pistillate in 3-S-flowered spikes with sticky glandular hairs, pointed calyx-lobes and bright red plumose. stiz- mas usually not fully unfolding until after libera- tion of pollen. Fruit in racemose clusters of 2-5, ovoid-oblong, 114%4-2% in. long, sticky pubescent with rough deeply sculptured 4-ribbed nut, acuminate at apex, 2-celled at I », I-celled above and containing a very oily edible seed. 1. A. W., I, 14. BITTER-NUT HICKORY. Tlicoria minima ( Marsh.) Britt. Fig. 61. Fruiting branchlet with leaf and fruit, 1; nuts with epicarp removed, nuts and with shell partly removed, 3; leaf from vigorous shoot, 4; branchlet in winter, 5. 62. Trunk of tree in Genesee River valley, N. Y. 63. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters, in section Hanppoox or TREES OF THE The Bitter-nut Hickory when growing in the forests on moist bottom lands occasionally at- tains the height of 100 ft., and when growing apart from other trees develops a well rounded but often irregular top of handsome foliage. Its straight columnar trunk is sometimes 2 or 3 ft. in diameter and vested in a character- istic brownish gray bark with close scaly al- most reticulate ridges. It thrives best in low moist soil in company with the Silver and Red Maples, Black Ash, Elms, etc., but is often found also on rolling uplands. Being very hardy and less fastidious than the other Hickories in conditions of soil in which it grows, it is more uniform in its distribution and probably the most abundant representative of its genus. Its wood is heavy, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 47.06 lbs., hard and strong and is valued for tool handles, agricultural implements, hoops, ox-yokes, ete., and makes an excellent fuel.2 Leaves 6-10 in. long, pubescent when young, with rather slender petioles, leflets 7-11, sessile, lanceolate to obovate, 2-6 in. long, thin and firm, usually unequal at base, coarsely serrate, long taper-pointed, dark green and = glabrous above, pubescent beneath; winter buds bright yellow, compressed, with 2 pairs of valvate caducous scales. Flowers (May-June); staminate aments 2-4 in. long, slightly pubescent ; calyx-lobes about equal but middle one narrower: stamens 4; an- thers yellow, deeply ermarginate. Fruit) subglo- bose to obovoid, 1% in. long with 4 sutures prominently winged from apex to about the middle; husk thin, tardily dehiscent; nut thin- shelled, compressed, often broader than long ; seed reddish brown, deeply rugose and very bitter. 1. Syn. Carya amara Nutt. 2. Ay Wa; 11,3 3. For genus see pp. 423-424. a Ht x : an Op NEE ° N. ~ 7 eo AMIS NortHern STATES AND CANADA. WATER HICKORY. Hicoria aquatica (Michs. f.) Britt. ie | 8 eo Fig. 64. Branchlet bearing leaves, 1: fruit with closed epicarp, 2; do, with epicarp partly removed, 3; isolated nuts, 4; branchlet in winter, 5 6s. Trunk of tree in Red River valley, Ark. The bark is often more shagey than here shown. Hanpsoox Or TrreEs Oe SEES The Water Hickory is economically the least important of the Hickories. It is usually a small or medium-size tree from 50 to 70 ft. in height, but in forests of the bottom-lands of the lower Mississippi valley it attains the height of 80-100 ft. with straight columnar trunk 2-2% ft. in diameter, and narrow ir- regular top. When isolated it develops an oblong or obovoid top of long rigid branches of which the lowermost are drooping. As its name implies it is distinctly a water- loving tree, confined mostly to low swamps in the southern states, inundated dur- ing a considerable portion of the year, in com- pany with the Planer tree, Swamp Privet, Water Locust, Water and Pumpkin Ashes, Cotton Gum, Red Titi, Cypress, Red Maple, etc. Its dark-colored angular nuts possess a kernel usually too astringent and bitter to be eaten, but | have seen a tree of this species in southeastern Arkansas sweet delicious flavor. The wood of the Water Hickory is heavy, a cubic foot weighing 46.16 Ibs., hard and brittle, suitable chiefly for fuel. being yielding nuts of In sectioning this wood we have found it to be permeated with numerous dark-colored flecks and streaks of some substance of such hardness as to turn the edge of the hardest steel.? Leaves 8-16 in. long, with slender scurfy-pubes- cent petiole and rachis and 9-13 lance-ovate leaf- lets the lateral more or less falcate, sessile, usually unequally wedge-shaped at base, acuminate, 2-5 in. long, thinnish, glandular-dotted, glabrous dark green above. flowers: staminate aments glandular-pubescent; calyx-lobes about — equal. Fruit compressed. obovoid-oblong, commonly ob- lique with winged sutures, thin yellowish pubes- cent husk and flattened brown prominently ridged nut and very rugose thin shell much convoluted and usually bitter kernel. 1. Carya aquatica Nutt. 2. Ay Wa, Vy ELS: Or NorTurERN StTatTes anp CawaDa. PECAN. Hicoria Pecan (Marsh.) Britt. Fig. 66. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, 1; nuts with open or removed epicarp, 2; valves of epicarp, 3; leafless branchlet in late autumn, 4. 67. Trunk with leaves at base. Near Fulton, Ark. Hanpsoox or Trees or tus Norrurery Svrares AND CANADA. The stately Pecan tree is the largest of the Hickories, attaining sometimes in the forest a height of 160 ft., when crowded together, with massive trunk 5 or 6 ft. in diameter, When growing apart from other trees it de- velops a very large ovoid or obovoid rounded top, oftentimes seeming out of proportion to the size of its trunk. It prefers low rich ground in the neighborhood of streams subject to occasional inundation. Its wood is heavy, a cubie foot when abso- lutely dry, weighing 44.75 Ibs., rather hard and very tough and flexible, though not con- sidered as valuable as that of the other Hickories. It is occasionally used in the manu- facture of agricultural implements and is ex- cellent for fuel.2 Its delicious nuts, improved greatly by selection and cultivation, constitute its chief point of value and are an important article of commerce. For the production of these the tree is grown in extensive planta- tions. Leaves 12-20 in. long with 9-15 lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong falcate subsessile leaflets which are long-pointed, inequilateral and rounded or wedge-shaped at base; bud-scales few, valvate. Flowe in early June; staminate in’ subsessile aments, 3-5 in. long; calyx with middle lobe linear and much longer than the oblong lateral lobes. Fruit in clusters of 3-11, oblone-cylindric, pointed, 1-21%4 in. long, with prominent sutures and thin brittle busk splitting to the base; nut 1-2 in. long, pointed, with smooth thin brown shell with black markings, thin astringent dissepiments and delicious seed. 1. Syn. Carya olivacformis Nutt. 2. Ay We; XI), 267, 1A Leys wisth 1c) o Y ‘ed S - N. oN res NL Lae 57 SHAG-BARK HICKORY. Ficoria ovata ( Mill.) Britt. Tig. 68. Branch with mature leaves and fruit, 1; epicarp removed showing thick valves and cuts, 2; branehlet in winter, 3. 69. Trunk of a tree near North Rush, N. Y, ITanppoox or Trees or tie Norrurenn States ann Canapba. 59 The Shag-bark Hickory is an important forest tree occasionally attaining or even sur- passing the height of 100 ft., with straight columnar trunk 2-3 ft. in diameter vested in a singular gray bark. This exfoliates in long nn ee hard plate-like strips, which, hanging long at- tached at their upper ends, suggest an ap- pearance of shagginess; hence its name. When growing apart from other trees it develops an oblong or obovoid top with strong graceful upright branches, pendent lower branches and clean handsome foliage. It thrives best on low hill-sides and along the banks of streams where it is commonly associated with the Bass- wood, Maples, Cottonwood, Oaks, other Hick- ories, etc. The wood of this tree is hard, strong and tough, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weigh- ing 52.17 lbs., and is highly valued for tool- handles, agricultural implements, baskets, for fuel, etc., and it is this tree which yields the common small hickory nuts of commerce.? Leaves 8-20 in. long, with rather stout petioles and 5 (rarely 7) leaflets which are ovate-lance- olate to obovate, rather cuneate and unequal at base, acuminate, serrate, thick and firm, dark green above, paler beneath; bud-scales imbricated, the inner ones accrescent. lowers in May; stami- nate 4-5 in. long, in glandular-hairy aments; middle lobe of calyx narrow and much longer than the rounded lateral lobes; stamens 4; pistillate in cite he spikes, rusty-tomentose. Fruit 1-8 together, -2% in. long. subglobose, depressed at apex, ae thick husk splitting soon to the hase ; put whitish, compressed, more or less 4-angled, V%,-1 in. long; seed with rich delicious flavor. 1. Syn. Carya alba Nutt. 2. A. W., II, 36. oe = Ren c eek BIG SHELL-BARK HICKORY. KING-NUT. ico) ia lac INLOSd ( Michx. le ) Sarge. Fig. 70. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1; branchlet in winter, 2 The superposed branchlet is natural size; the other objects considerably reduced. le 71 Trunk with leaves at base. Genesee River valley, N. Y Hanpsoox or Trees or tHE Norruern States AND CANADA. 61 This stately Hickory occasionally attains the height of 120 ft. and 3 or 4 ft. in diameter of trunk. When growing apart from other trees it develops an oblong or subovoid top with drooping lower branches and with large handsome leaves. Its trunk is vested in very much the same kind of shaggy gray bark that is seen on the Shag-bark trunks, though the long scales as a rule do not curve outward as much as do those of that species. It is also more distinctly a tree of the bottom-lands (for which reason it is sometimes called the Bot- tom Shell-bark) associating there with the Cottonwood, Hackberry, Slippery Elm, Pep- peridge, Sweet Gum, Swamp White and Burr Oaks, Black and Red Maples, ete. Its wood, of which a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighs 50.53 Ibs., is very similar to that of the Shag-bark in properties and valued for tool-handles, agricultural implements, ete.2 The nuts are not considered quite as delicate as those of the Shag-bark in flavor and they do not generally command quite as high a price in the trade. Leaves 12-24 in. long, the stout petioles often persisting late into the winter; leflets 7 (ex- ceptionally 5 or 9), oblong lanceolate to obovate, usually oblique at base (excepting the terminal), serrate acuminate at apex, dark green above, paler and pubescent beneath. Flowers in May; stami- nate with central calyx-lobe narrow and twice as long as the lateral ones. fruit solitary or 2 or 8 together, oblong, 1%-2% in. long with thick woody husk and compressed thick-shelled yellowish white nut 144-24 in. long with prominent stout point at base; seed bright brown, rich and delicious. 1. Syn. Carya sulcata Nutt. 2A Wass. TTT, 64: MOCKER-NUT HICKORY. Ficoria alba (L.) Britt.t = Fig. 72. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1; leafless branchlet in late winter, 2 The outer scales of the terminal bud are falling away. 73. Trunk of a tree at Biltmore, N. C. Hanpsoox or Trees or tip Nortuern Srares anp Canapa. 63 A tree sometimes attaining the height of 90 or 100 ft. with trunk 3 ft. in thickness, though usually considerably smaller. When isolated from other trees it develops an oblong or rather wide-topped head with strong up- right lateral and pendent lower branches. The bark of trunk is of a gray color, rough with obscure scaly ridges. It is more com- monly found on hill-sides and ridges than is the Big Shell-bark, which it leaves to the in- undated river bottoms and rarely invades its territory. In the northern part of its range it is mainly confined to the coast region where it associates with the various Oaks, Red Cedar, Sassafras, Sweet Birch, Sweet Gum, Tulip, ete. To the southward it is more abun- dant and more generally distributed. The wood of the Mocker-nut is heavy, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 51.21 Ibs., strong and tough, and is used in the manufacture of tool-handles. agricultural im- plements, etc., and is excellent for fuel.2 The nuts command about the same price in the trade as those of the Big Shell-bark. Leaves 8-15 in. long, fragrant when crushed, with stellate pubescent petioles and 7-9 oblong- lanceolate to obovate acuminate serrate leaflets which are lustrous dark green above and paler and pubescent beneath; twigs tomentose; bud-scales imbricated, the outer early deciduous, the inner tomentose and = accrescent. Flowers in May; staminate in stellate pubescent aments; calyx with central lobe linear and much longer than the lateral ones; stamens 4 with red anthers; pis- tillate in 2-5-flowered spikes. Fruit globose-oblong, 114-2 in. long, with thick husk splitting nearly to the base; nut brownish white, variable in shape, 4-ridged with very thick shell and sweet seed. 1. Syn. Carya tomentosa Nutt. 2. A. W., IV- 90. PIG-NUT HICKORY. [Licoria glabra (Mall.) Britt.t Ve a Fig. 74. Branchlet with leaves and fruit and scattered specimens of the fruit, 1; branchlet in winter, 2. 75. Trunk of a tree with leaves at base. Staten Island, N. Y. Hanpsoox or Trees of THE Norrurern Srares anp Canapa. The Pig-nut Hickory in the forest attains the height of 80-100 ft. with trunk sometimes 3 or 4 ft. in diameter. When in the open fields it forks rather low and develops an oblong or obovoid top with strong upright and pendulous often contorted branches. The bark oi trunk is of a grayish color and finally be- comes rough with close scaly ridges. The tree inhabits uplands and ridges in abundance, especially in the northern states, and is said to be found at higher altitudes than any of the other Hickories. The wood of the Pig-nut Hickory is heavy, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 51.21 Ibs., strong and tough and is used in the manufacture of tool-handles, agricultural im- plements, ete., and for fuel.2. The nuts are ex- tremely variable in quality, some being quite astringent and others of pleasant flavor. Leaves 8-12 in. long, glabrous at maturity and with 5-7 (rarely 9) leaflets which are from oblong- lanceolate to obovate, rounded and mostly un- equal at base, sharply serrate, dark green above, paler beneath, the upper much larger than the lowest; winter buds with 8-10 imbricated scales, the outer falling early, the innermost accrescent and falling when about 1 in. long. Flowers in May; staminate aments 3-7 in. long; calyx-lobes usually about equal but middle one narrower ; pis- tillate in 2-5-flowered spikes: stigmas yellow. Fruit obovoid-oblong or pyriform, usually com- pressed, with thin husk tardily dehiscent and smooth or somewhat angled brownish thick-shelled nut having astringent or edible seed. 1. Syn. Carya porcina Nutt. Dy AL Way Ls, 65: Ee BR awa So M E OMe TO ILL IND. 65 SMALL-FRUITED HICKORY. Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britt. = ——— = 5 ————— = = Fig. 76. Branchlet with mature leaves winter, 3. 77. Trunk of a tree near Richmond, Staten Island, N. Y. and fruit, 1; nut and valves of epicarp, 2, branchlet in Hanpgoox or Trees or tus Norruern Svares anp CAnapa. A forest tree attaining the height of 80 or 100 ft., with shapely trunk 2-3 ft. in diameter, vested in a rough gray bark which exfohates in narrow plates. \When isolated from other trees it develops a full rounded or oblong top of upright and spreading topmost and lateral branches and lowermost pendulous. It in- habits mainly well drained slopes and hill- sides in company with the Pig-nut and Shag- bark Hickories, various Oaks, the Red Cedar, Dogwood, Sassafras, ete. The wood is firm, strong and tough and is used in the manufacture of agricultural im- plements, tool-handles, ete... and makes ey- cellent fuel.2 The nuts are sweet and of de- licious flavor but too small to be of commercial importance. Leaves 8-12 or 15 in. long, glabrous, with 5-7 sessile leaflets mostly 5-5 in. long, ovate-lanceolate to oblong, serrate, acuminate at apex ; winter buds with 6- cales, the innermost accrescent. lowers in May; staminate aments glabrous, middel lobe of calyx equalling or somewhat longer than the lateral ones. Fruit (vipe in September) subglo- bose or globose-oblong, less than 1 in. in length, with thin husk splitting to the base; nut subglo- bose, slightly compressed with thin shell and sweet seed. 1. Syn. Carya microcarpa Nutt. LHicoria glabra var. odorata Sarg. 2A, Wey, LV 09d ae & rel ae 2} oe won I ef RS Sak, ke i BF eo % qi Day : DAK ! or 6 4 PALE-LEAF HICKORY. Ilicoria villosa (Sarg.) Ashe.? n> ROR E Se 2S ¥ Z E @ = & eA ey e ee ae Fruiting branchlet and mature nuts. Branchlet in winter. Trunk of a tree in forest at Biltmore, N. C. Hanpsoox or Tres or tur Norrurrn Sr The Pale-leaf Hickory is a forest tree of medium size, not often more than 40 or 50 ft. in height or 18 or 20 in. in thickness of trunk which is covered with a grayish brown bark, very rough with prominent connected scaly ridges. When growing apart from other trees it develops a rather narrow oblong top with up- right branches and pendulous lower branches. It inhabits well drained slopes, sandy plains and rocky ridges, sometimes fruiting when only a few feet in height. It is abun- dant in the southern part of its range, par- ticularly the foothill region of the southern Alleghanies. Its wood is heavy, hard, strong and tough and excellent for tool-handles, agricultural implements and for fuel.2_ The nuts are sweet and edible. Leaves 6-10 in. long, with slender pubescent petioles and usually 7 (sometimes 5 or 9) leflets which vary from lanceolate to lance-obovate, ser- rate, acuminate, and when young pubescent and covered beneath with silvery peltate scales and resin-globules, but at maturity glabrous dark green above and yellowish beneath; winter buds small with 6-8 imbricated scales, the outer dotted with resin-globules. Floiers staminate in scurfy pubes- cent catkins, 5-7 in. long; central calyx-lobe much longer than the lateral ones. Fruit subglobose to pyriform, 1-1% in. long, compressed with thin husk splitting nearly to the base: nut slightly angled, pale brown with thick shell and small sweet seed. 1. Syn. Hicoria pallida Ashe. ATES AND CANADA. 69 WAX MYRTLE. BAYBERRY. CANDLEBERRY. Myrica cerifera L. Fruiting branchlets and detached leaves from vigorous shoots Trunk of a tree near coast of North Carolinc Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpsoox or Trees or tur Norriuiern “The Wax Myrtle is a slender tree occasion- ally attaineing the height of 30 or 40 ft. with usually crooked or inclined trunk 10-12 in. in diameter. When isolated from other trees it develops a rather narrow oblong top of small slender branches. It attains its largest size in the coast region of the southern Atlantic and Gulf states where it is a common tree. It is found in moist woods or encroaching upon the sand hills in the vicinity of the sea coast in company with the Yaupon, Wild Olive, Red Bay, Live Oak, ete., or, farther inland, in swamps and bottom-lands in company with the Sweet Bay, Loblolly Bay, Sparkleberry, Red Maple, Sweet-leaf, etc. Its fine-grained soft wood, of which a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 35.15 lbs., is little used, though suitable for use in turnery. Its fruit is sometimes gathered by the country folk and the waxy covering remoyed by hevt- This is then gathered and cast into candles which when lighted burn with a ing in water. distinctly bluish light.1 Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, 114-5 in. long, cuneate at and decurrent on the short petiole, acute, remotely serrate chiefly above the middle or entire, dark green above and paler base beneath, fragrant with yellow” resin glands. Flowers (March-April) dioecious ; staminate aments %-%4 in. long, cylindric; stamens few: pistillate aments oblong, shorter than the stami- nate. Fruit globose drupes, YZ in. or Jess in diameter, coated with bluish white wax and tipped with base of style, ripening in early autumn and long persisting.? 1. &. Wy XI, 268) 2. For genus see p. 424. StatTrs AND CANADA. bik CORK-WOOD. Leitneria Floridana Chapm. 2; branchlets in winter, 3; fruit in section, Fig. 83. Branchlet with leaves and mature fruit, 1 staminate (to the left) and pistillate (to the right). Trunk of tree in swamp bordering St. Francis Riy er, Mo. Sub Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. 85. Hanpsoox or Trees or tHe Norruern Stares ann Canapa. This curious and rare tree has the distine- tion of producing wood which is the lightest in weight of all known woods. It is a small tree, only under the most favorable con- ditions attaining the height of 20 ft. with loose open head of few spreading branches and trunk 5-6 in. in diameter. Few other trees are so strictly aquatic in distribution, as it thrives best in permanently inundated swamps and deep sloughs, where its roots are constantly wet, and to visit it one must go in a boat or wade through mud and water. Individuals growing in less permanently inundated locali- ties, where the water supply is less constant. plainly suffer the deprivation and hardly grow to the height of a man’s shoulder. It attains its largest size in the swamps which border the St. Francis River of Missouri and Arkansas, growing in the shade of other swamp loving trees as the Bald Cypress, Cotton Gum, Planer Tree, Pumpkin Ash, ete. Separated from this locality by a long interval it appears again in the saline marshes of the Gulf coast of Florida near Appalachicola, where it was first found and made known to science. Far to the westward it is also found in the swamps along the Brazos River near Columbia, Texas. The trunks are vested in a smooth mottled gray bark slightly fissured at their bases, which are much swollen beneath the water line and usually bearing a mass of dark moss and rootlets. The wood is of a pale lemon yellow color with lighter sap-wood. It is lighter than cork in weight, having a specific gravity, as re- ported by Prof. Trelease, of 0.207, while that of common cork (the bark of Quercus suber, ete.) is 0.240. Tt is occasionally used by fishermen for making floats for their nets. For botanical characters see the ordinal and generic descriptions, this being the only species.1 l. For genus see p. 425. PEACH OR ALMOND-LEAF WILLOW. Salix amygdaloides Anders. “ig. £6. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1; detached catkins of empty capsules, 2; end of leafy branchlet, 3; leafless branchlet in winter, 4. 87. Trunk of tree near St. Louis, Mo. SS. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanppoox or Tre oF tHE Norruern STATES and CANADa. 1D: The Peach-leaf Willow is a handsome and distinct \Willow, sometimes attaining the height of 60 or 70 ft. with straight columnar trunk 2 ft. in diameter. When isolated from other trees it develops a rather narrow rounded top of upright and spreading branches, and ihe while the bark of trunk is ridged it is dis- tinctly smoother and with more appressed scales than is that of the Black Willow, a character especially noticeable on the larger branches. Its large pendent leaves are quite suggestive of those of the Peach and Almond p trees and from that fact it receives its name. In company with the Black Willow, with ) i which it apparently freely hybridizes, it grows along the borders of streams and low. Jake- my shores over a large area. In distribution it is an almost exact complement of that of the Black Willow. in that it is rarer in the east and more abundant westward as far as to the Rocky Mountains at least, while the reverse is true of the Black Willow. Its wood is light, a cubie foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 28.10 Ibs.. soft and not strong, and used mainly for charcoal and fuel. Leaves revolute in the bud, 2-@ in. long, ovate- lanceolate to Janceolate, from cuneate to rounded at base, finely serrate, narrowing to a long slender point; lustrous light green above, pale and e¢lau- cous beneath: petioles slender, elongated and with- out glands; stipules reniform but mostly fueacious Flowers appear with the leaves in terminal aments eafy branchlets ; ‘ales yellow, villous both ducous: stamens 5-9 with filaments hairy pistillate aments loose with long-stalked narrow-ovoid glabrous ovaries and nearly sessile emarginate stigmas Fruit) globose conical with long slender pedice be AN AVS EES “Td 2. For genus see pp. 425-426. LONG-STALK WILLOW. WARD WILLOW. Salix longipes Anders.' a 3 ; § “ig. 89. Fruiting branchlets, 1; detached capsules, 2; leaves from vigorous shoots, 3; branchlets in winter, 4. 90. Trunk of small tree. Meramec River valley, Mo. Hanpsook or Trees or tik Nortuern STATES AND CANADA. 77 A small tree, rarely over 30 ft. in height or 8 or 10 in. in thickness of trunk, which is vested in a dark brown bark rough with prominent firm ridges. It is often found fruit- ing as a shrub. It differs from the Black Willow in distribution in that it is found more along the rocky or gravelly banks or beds of streams, where its dark colored bark and small crooked trunks are found so close to the rusi- ing waters that they are often bruised and battered by the passing flood-wood, while the Black Willow is found along the banks of still flowing streams of the bottom-lands, where the waters are less turbulent. Its geographic range is not yet well determined. Its wood is light, soft, not strong and of a reddish brown color with thin nearly white sap-wood.2 Leaves involute in the bud, 4-7 in. long, lance- olate to ovate-lanceolate, cuneate or rounded and the largest leaves sometimes cordate at base, long- pointed, finely and unequally serrate, glabrous bright green above, somewhat pubescent and whitish beneath; the foliaceous stipules reniform, often % in. long; petioles short, without glands ; winter buds small, brown, lustrous, branchlets hoary pubescent. Flowers: aments terminal on leafy branchlets, 8-4 in. long; scales ovate, yellow, obtuse, villous; stamens 3-7 with filaments hairy at base and yellow anthers; ovary long-stalked with nearly sessile stigmatic lobes. Fruit capsules about 14 in. long, globose conical. 1. Syn. Salir Wardi Bebb. Salix occidentalis Koch. 2. As W., XII, 296; BLACK WILLOW. Salix nigra Marsh. Fig.o1. Branchlet with leaves and mature fruit. leaves from vigorous shoots, showing stipules, and leafless branchlets in winter. o2. Trunk of tree near St. Louis Mo. Hanppoox or Trees oF THE NorTHERN Stares AND CANADA. The Black Willow is the largest and most abundant of the American Willows, sometimes in the forest attaining a height of 120 ft. with trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter, but these dimen- sions are attained only under most favorable conditions and it is usually a tree of less than half the dimensions above mentioned. When isolated it develops a rather irregular broad or round-topped head with fine branchlets and drooping yellow-green foliage. It commonly sends up clusters of crooked or inclined trunks from a common base. It is a tree of very wide distribution, skirting the low banks of streams and Jake shores from the Atlantic nearly to the Pacifie. It is very abundant in the Mis- sissippi valley and throughout the Atlantic states, and attains its largest dimensions in southern Illinois and in the Colorado River valley in Texas. The light soft wood is said to check badly in drying and is little used save for fuel and for charcoal. A cubic foot when absolutely diy weighs 27.77 |bs.1. The bark is rich in tanning and is used in domestic practice in the treatment of fevers. Leaves involute in the bud, lanceolate, some- times faleate (markedly so in var. falcata) very long attenuate often with curved tip, 3-6 in. long, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, finely serrate, glabrous light green above, somewhat paler and sometimes pubescent on the veins beneath and with the very short glandless petioles + winter buds small, about % in. long. Flowers expanding with the leaves; aments 1 n. long, terminal on short leafy branchlets : yellow, reunded at apex, hairy on inner surface : amens 3-7 with filaments hairy at base: ovary lone- ovoid, alked, and with thick nearly sessile stigmas. Fruit’ (June-July) : eapsules ovoid, gradually narrowing above the middle, about %& in. long, short-stalked, glabrous. S. nigra faleata (Prush) Torr. is a form, with narrower and more faleate Jeaves green both sides, ranging from Massachusetts to Ohio and Florida. Lie, Aly Wray... ell, ie sy ie er. | he Cok b OS OL el SHINING WILLOW. GLOSSY-LEAF WILLOW. Salix lucida Mnuehl. } : . / Fig. 93. Portion of a branchlet bearing mature fruit, 1: detached capsules, 2; leaves of vigorous shoots, 3; branchlet in winter, 4. 94. Trunk of tree in Lewis Co., N. Y. Hanpsoox or Trees or tue Norruern STATES AND CANADA. 81 The Shining Willow is a small tree attain- ing the height of 25 ft. with a short trunk rarely 10 or 12 in. in diameter, but it is more often shrubby than arborescent in habit of growth. Its branches grow upright and out- ward forming a rather broad rounded top. It inhabits the banks of streams, lake-shores and swamps in company with the Glaucous and other Willows, Alders, etc. among which its shining bright green leaves may be quickly dis- ma tinguished. It is a species of quite wide dis- tribution and greater abundance in the north- ern part of its range than to the southward. Economically the species is of little import- SaaS ERLE ee ance, though its conspicuous flowering aments in early spring, and later its clean glstening foliage, give it value for planting in suitable localities for ornamental purposes. Leaves involute in the bud, lanceolate to ovate- lanceolate, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, mostly long-acuminate, finely serrate, 2-6 in. lonz, coriaceous, covered with scattered pubescence when they unfold but finally abrous, lustrous dark green above, slightly pale nd with broad yellow- ish midribs beneath; petioles stout, puberulous glandular at apex; stipules small oblong or semi- cordate, glandular-serrate. Flowers aments termi- nating stout lateral leafy branchlets, erect, with thick tomentose peduncles; scales pale yellow, rounded at apex, denticulate, glabrous above; the staminate short, stout and densely flowered: stamens usually 5 with long free filaments, bairy at base; pistillate ament more slender with elon- gated long-stalked glabrous ovary and nearly ses- sile emarginate stigma. Fruit capsule long ovoid. acute, much longer than the pedicel, lustrous and often long persistent after liberating the seeds. ‘NS ba \ oR, TN: BRITTLE WILLOW. Salix fragilis L. Fig.95. Portion of branchlet bearing mature fruit, 1; end of vigorous leafy shoot, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 96. Trunk of tree in Albany, N. Y. The Brittle Willow is a native of HKurope and Asia, where it is one of the most useful of the Willows in the production of valuable timber. It was early introduced into America and has become’ extensively naturalized throughout the eastern states and Canada. It is a tree of very rapid growth, attaining a large size, sometimes 70 or 80 ft. in height with trunk 3 or 4 ft. or more in thickness, covered with a rough scaly-ridged gray bark. Its full rounded top of upright and spreading branches and clean foliage make it a desirable tree for ornamental planting in moist locali- ties, but its special value is for planting along the banks of streams to prevent erosion. This can be very easily accomplished by simply sticking stakes made from freshly cut branches into the moist soil in early spring- time. Soon they become clothed with foliage and in a surprisingly short time sturdy trees. The tree takes its name from the twigs being very brittle at base, a strong wind usually leaving the ground beneath a tree strewn with them. The wood of the Brittle Willow is very light, soft, tough and of a reddish brown color with thick whiter sap-wood. Lumber is manu- factured from the tree in Europe and is said to be more durable than that of most of the Willows, but the use of the wood is confined in this country mainly to fuel and charcoal, a large part of the charcoal used in the manu- facture of gunpowder coming from this source. The trees by being pollarded can be depended upon for successive crops of wood at regular intervals of a few years each. Leaves lanceolate, commonly 53-6 in. long, cuneate at base, long acuminate, glandular- serrate, glabrous both sides at maturity, dark green above, slightly paler beneath; petioles Y4-% in. long, glandular above ; stipules fugacious ; branchlets greenish. lowers appearing with the leaves on short leafy branchlets ; scales deciduous ; stigmas nearly sessile. Fruit capsules long-coni- eal, glabrous with very short pedicels. SAND-BAR WILLOW. LONG-LEAF WILLOW. Salix fluviatilis Nutt.t Fig.97. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1; leafless branchlet in winter, 2. 98. Trunk of a tree near St. Louis, Mo. Hanpvsoox or Trees or tHE Norturrn States anp Canapa 85 The Sand-bar Willow attains a masimum height of 60 or 70 ft. and trunk diameter of 2 fits; but only in a very limited portion of its yast area does it attain such dimensions. It is generally a small tree and often only a shrub 5 or 6 ft. in height. As a tree it de- velops a narrow top with upright and inclined branches, and its long narrow pendent leaves make it easily distinguishable. Comparatively rare and local in the east it is very abundant in the northern and western interior portions of the continent, covering the river banks and adjoining low-lands with great thickets of its flexible crowded stems. In these regions it is usually the first shrub or tree to spring up on the newly formed sand-bars, holding them with its strong roots and catching new deposits of silt, until the sturdy Cottonwoods can find foot- ing and develop their towering trunks. The wood of the Sand-bar Willow is’ soft and light, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 30.72 Ibs. and is little used save for light fuel and charcoal.? Leaves involute in the bud, linear-lanceolate, 2-6 in. long, gradually tapering to both ends, re- motely dentate with small glandular’ spreading teeth, glabrous, pubescent, yellowish green stipules small, deciduous petioles short and not glandular. Flowers (April-May) aments on terminal short leafy branchlets, often branchin:, with pubescent peduncles or from axillary buds of same branches; scales light yellow, villous; stamens 2 with filaments slightly hairy at base; ovary short-stalked with large sessile lobed stig- mas. Fruit capsules narrow-ovoid, glabuate. 1. Syn. Salir longifolia Muehl. e WEEPING WILLOW. NAPOLEON’S WILLOW. RING WILLOW. Salix Babylonica L. ™N Fig. 99. Portion of branchlet bearing fruit, 1; detached capsules, 2; tip of leafy branchlet, 3: leafless branchlet in winter, 4. too. Trunk of tree near Rochester, N. Y. The Weeping Willow is a familiar and singularly ornamental tree, and sometimes at- tains the height of 50 or 60 ft. with a short thick trunk from 3-4 or 5 ft. in diameter. This is covered with a smoothish grayish bark divided into shallow, firm and more or less reticulated ridges. [t has been introduced into this country from eastern [Europe and Asia and is naturalized in localities, ap- parently spreading mainly if not wholly by the distribution of its twigs. These falling upon the surface of a stream or lake float until they eventually find lodgement on the shore and when conditions are favorable take root and grow. The tree thrives best in moist soil and par- ticularly on the banks of quiet streams and ponds. Its trunk usually divides within a few feet of the ground into a few large branches which ramify and the ultimate branchlets, sometimes yards in length, droop and hang like a great natural portiere to the surface of the water. These great locks of branchlets, as they wave in the winds of a stormy day. give the tree a singular and striking appearance. Leaves linear-lanceolate, usually 3-6 in. long, cuneate at base, tapering to a long slender point, finely serrate, pubescent when young but finally glabrous dark green above, pale beneath; stipules small semicordate ; petioles usually 14 in. or less In length, glandular above; branchlets olive-green, very long and slender. Flowers appearing with the leaves in small slender aments with ovate- lanceolate bracts on lateral leafy branchlets. Fruit capsules narrow-ovoid glabrous. A number of varities are recognized as: var. aurea Hort., with yellow branchlets; var. an- nularis Forbes, with leaves curling back suggestive of rings; var. dolorosa Rowen, (Wisconsin Weep- ing Willow) a hardy northern form witb leaves very glaucous beneath, etc. YELLOW WILLOW. GOLDEN OSIER. Salix vitellina Ikoch.? Fig. tor. Section of branchlet with mature fruit, 1: ipty capsules, 2; tip of vigorous shoot, 35 leafless branchlet in winter, 4. 102. Trunk of tree, in Lewis Co., N. Y. Hanpsoox or Trees or tie Nortruern Stares anp Canapa. This large and beautiful Willow, like the Brittle Willow, is an immigrant from the Old World, and so prolific is it and so adapted to our climatic conditions that it is now growing spontaneously on the banks of almost every stream that flows through the populated regions of the middle and eastern states and Canada. Its bright yellow branches, especially conspicuous in early spring before the appear- ance of the leaves, are seen in greater abun- dance even than most of our native Willows. In size and habit of growth it is a noble tree sometimes attaining the height of 70 or 80 ft. with short thick trunk 3-5 ft. in diameter clothed in a dark gray bark rough with promi- nent scaly ridges. It divides near the ground into a few large branches, which radiate out and form a rather irregular broad or rounded top. It is a favorite ornamental tree in moist localities and particularly adapted to planting along the banks of streams and dikes to pre- vent erosion. Sections of fresh branches merely stuck into the wet soil in early spring is all that is required. Soon these put out leaves and grow with surprising rapidity, as though cognizant of their mission and the im- portance of prompt action. In a few years they become large trees, sometimes increasing in trunk diameter at the rate of 3 or 4 in. in a year, and their roots firmly bind the soil together. The wood of the Yellow Willow is very light, soft, tough and of a light brown color with thick sap-wood.2 Its chief use in this country is for charcoal and fuel, though adapted to other uses to which it is applied in its native land. Leaves lanceolate, 2-5 in. long, tapering to base, long acuminate, finely serrate, silky hairy both sides when young, glabrous at maturity and dark green above, paler and glaucous beneath ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, deciduous; petioles ¥% in. long or less, slightly if at all glandular; branchlets glabrous, bright yellow or reddish tinted. Flowers appearing with the leaves aments terminating lateral leafy branchlets, scales yellowish, falling before the ripening of the fruit; stigmas nearly sessile. Fruit: capsules narrow-ovoid, — long- pointed, glabrous, with very short pedicel. 1. Syn. Saliv alba var. vitellina Koch. eo Ne Wag Aili AG: MISSOURI WILLOW. Salix Missouriensis Muehl. Fig. 103. Branchlet with mature fruit, 1; branchlet with vigorous leaves and stipules, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. tog. Trunk of a tree near St. Louis, Mo. Hanppook or Trees or tue Norruern Starrs aNp CaNapba, 1 The Missouri Willow occasionally attains the height of 50 or 60 ft. with trunk from 10 to 14 in. in diameter. It develops a rather narrow rounded top of upright slender smooth- barked branches, and the bark of trunk is of a grayish color, thin and smooth or with low firm ridges. It is a tree of limited distribution and confined mainly to the low rich bottom- lands of the lower Missouri River, where it is found in company with the Black Willow, Sand-bar Willow, Peach-leaf Willow, the Sweet Gum, Green Ash, Red Maple. ete. The wood is unimportant though sometimes used for charcoal.? Leaves involute in the bud, lanceolate to ob- lanceolate and occasionally ovate-lanceolate, 5-5 in. long, narrowed and wedge-shaped or rounded at base, acuminate, finely serrate with small gland-tipped teeth, pubescent at first but finally nearly glabrous, dark green above, paler and often glaucous beneath; petioles pubescent; the persistent stipules semicordate, ofter 44 in. long: winter buds large and hoary-tomentose ; branchlets pubescent the first season. flowers unfold very early (February-March) on sbort branchlets bearing small scale-like leaves; staminate about 1% in. long; scales light green, hairy outside ; stamens 2 with long glabrous free filaments: ovary glabrous, beaked, with very short style and emarginate stigmas. Fruit: a narrow cylindrical ovoid long-pointed capsule with slender stalk about as long as the scale. 1. Syn. Salix cordata var. vestita Sarg. 2. A. W., XII, 297. GLAUCOUS WILLOW. Salix discolor Muehl. lig. 105. Branchlet with leaves and mature fruit, 1; empty capsules, 2; branchlet in winter, 106. Trunk of tree with leaves at base in Black River valley, N. Y. Hanppook or TREES OF THE NortTHERN STATES AND CANADA. 93 The Glaucous Willow rarely attains a greater height tnan 20 or 25 ft. or greater diameter of trunk than 12 or 14 in.. and com- monly is no more than a large shrub with miunerous crooked stems from a common base. \when it attains the stature of a tree it de- velops a rather wide rounded top with numer- ous upright or arching branches and short trunk. It is the common Pussy Willow in the parlance of childyen, who hail with delight its ging hairy eitkins as the first evidences f approaching snring. and gather bunches of its branches for home decoration. The tree is indeed at this season a handsome object, and when in full flower the humming of numerous bees among its branches tells us that they find in its flowers their first larvests after their long winter's rest. It is an abundant species, growing along the banks of streams and low wet meadows in company with other Willows, Ashes, Arbor-Vite, ete. Its wood is occasionally used for charcoal. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 26.50 Leaves convolute in the bud. narrow oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 in. long, acute at both ends, remotely crenate-serrate, pubescent at first but finally glabrous thick and firm. dark green above, glaucous white beneath with broad midribs; stipules semicordate and commonly _caducous : winter buds rather la >, purple and_ lustrous. Flowers in earliest spring, before the leaves, in dense erect sessile aments, 1 in. or more in length, pale tomento with dark red and finally blackish scales covered on the back with long silky white hairs; stamens 2, with long glabrous filaments ; ovary villous with short style and entire spread- ing stigmas. Fruit) capsules) narrow conical, pubescent and with long point. COTTONWOOD. NECKLACE POPLAR. CAROLINA POPLAR. Populus deltoides Marsh." Fig. 107. Branchlet with leaves and mature fruit, 1; leafless branchlet bearing two flower-buds (the larger ones) and leaf-buds, 2; terminal of a vigorous shoot, showing angular nature, 3. 108. Trunk of tree on Genesee River bank above Rochester, N. Y. too. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanppoox or Trees oF top NorrurkN Svares AND CanaDa. 5) This stately tree is the largest representa- tive of its genus, sometimes surpassing 100 ft. in height, with trunk 6-8 ft. in diameter. It develops a full wide or rounded top with few massive branches, and these often spreading far out extend their drooping branches and shining dark green leaves over a very wide area. It is confined to the rich moist soil of river bot- toms and the banks of streams and along those of the mid-continental regions it is the largest and most characteristic tree. East of the Alleghany Mountains it is less abundant and a smaller tree; still here and there con- spicuously large trees are found. The wood is light and soft, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 24.24 Ibs., and is used for paper pulp, in the manufacture of lumber for packing cases and for fuel. Owing to ten- dency to warp and difficulty in seasoning it is little valued for lumber. In early days, how- ever, before railroads crossed the western plains the pioneer settlers found in the Cotton- wood trunks material for building purposes from the rough stockade to the houses and buildings of their first villages.? Leaves broadly deltoid-ovate, 3-7 in. long, usually abruptly acuminate at apex, truncate or slightly cordate at base, crenate-serrate, entire at base, at first gummy with fragrant exudation but finally lustrous dark green above, paler beneath; petioles long, slender, and laterally K qd Flowers (April-May): aments sho staminate stout and densely flowered, . long; stamens numerous: pistillate at fi smaller but elongat- ing as fruit ripens; scales glabrous, laciniat Fruit with ovoid 2-4-valved capsules, which liber- ates in May their crowded contents of small light brown seeds with cottony coma. P. deltoides occidentalis Rydb. is a western form ranging from Sask. to New Mexico with leaves broader at base, longer-acuminate and more coarsely toothed with young branches shining, light yellow.® 1. Syn. Populus monilifera Ait. 2. A. W., II, 48. 3. For genus see pp. 426-427. LOMBARDY POPLAR. Populus nigra Italica DuRoi. 1 EN oe Ive =e Fig. 110. Branchlet with mature leaves. As staminate trees only are found in this country we are unable to illustrate the fruit. Leafless branchlet in winter. ttt. Trunk of tree near Lowville, N. Y. Hanpsoox or TREES oF THE The Lombardy Poplar is the most distinet of the Foplars in habit of growth, and prob- ably no other introduced tree has been more widely planted for ornamental purposes. Its tall spire-shaped tops are land-marks in al- most every populated region from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Canadian frontier to the Mexican boundary, and in some Eure- pean countries it is much more abundant than here. It is a tree of very rapid growth and. in our northern states, short-lived, but onee planted it spreads by means of suckers and persists in the soil for generations. often be- coming a nuisance in its abundance. Its de- sirability, however, in landscape architecture. as for the relief of a monotonous sky-line, is undisputed. Tt sometimes attains the height of 100 ft. with short ridged and buttressed trunk 6-S ft. in diameter, and this latter measure- ment is hardly more than doubled in the width of its compact narrow top. Botanically the tree is a bone of contention. Its leaf and floral characters are so close to those of the European P. nigra L. that it is held by scme to be a sport of that species, all existing trees having come from a certain one or few trees found growing somewhere naturally many years ago. This theory would seem to be sub- stantiated by the fact that in this country at least all of the trees are staminate, repro- duction being effected by its stoloniferous roots and fallen branches. The theory is mil- tated against by the fact that its new shoots are glabrous, while those of P. nigia are pubescent. For convenience we will consider it a sport of the P. nigra. It takes its name from the province of Lombardy in Italy, but its hardiness in far colder climates than that of Ttaly would indicate its origin in «&® more northern region. Tt is thought to have origi- nated in Afghanistan where it is said to grow naturally as a forest tree, The botanical characters, so far as we are able to observe them by a study of the tree as we have it in this country — the staminate only,—are apparently identical with those of the P. nigra, excepting its fastigiate habit of growth and glabrous new shoots.? Syn. Populus dilatata Ait. For P. nigra L. see p. 427. A, W., III, 73. eS Norruern Srares anp Canapa. LANCE-LEAF COTTONWOOD. Populus acuminata Rydb. Fig. 112. Fruiting branchlet and mature leaves and fruit; branchlets in winter, the upper one bearing four flower-buds, the lower one two leaf-buds and one terminal flower-bud. 113. Trunk near Greeley, Colo. For this trunk picture and specimens the author is indebted to Prof. B. O. Longyear. Hanpsoox or Trees or tor Norriern Srares anp Cawapa. The Lanece-leaf Cottonwood is the least abundant representative of the genus within the United States. It is a tree of medium stature, es if ever surpassing 40 or 60 ft. in height or 2 or 3 ft. in thickness of trunk, with rouuded or pyramidal top of stout spreading branches. The bark of branches and upper trunk is of a pale grayish brown color fissured into narrow flat ridges. Like the Narrow-leaf Cottonwood, with which this tree was confounded until recently separated by Mr. Rydberg, the bark of branches and upper trunk is very smooth and of a pale ash-gray color, but that of the branch- lets differs in being of a light greenish brown color, rather than orange-brown, and its buds are larger, more resin-coated and more curved. It is confined in its distribution, as far as now known, to the banks of streams along the eastern dry foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains from Assiniboia to New Mexico. It is oceasion- ally planted as a shade-tree in cities and vil- lages of Colorado and Wyoming. The wood is light, soft, not strong and suit- able for the uses to which the common Cotton- wood is applied. Leaves rhombic-lanceolate, 2-5 in. long, cuneate oy rarely rounded at base, acuminate, coarsely crenate-serrate excepting at base and apex which are mostly entire, lustvous dark green above, dull green beneath; petioles slender, terete, 1-5) in. long. Flowers rather open loose aments; stami- nate 14%4-3 in. long; disk of flower oblique saucer- shaped With numerous stamens; pistillate aments becoming 3-4 in. long, drooping ; disk cup-shaved ; stigma laciniate-lobed. Fruit) in rather loose drooping aments with oblong-evoid distinctly pediceled and usually 5-valyed capsules. e SA SKAL tne foe ab ee at cae NY Sea a ok i re NARROW-LEAF COTTONWOOD. Populus angustifolia James. 114. Fruiting branchlet, leaves and fruit; branchlets in winter, the lower one bearing mainly flower-buds. 115. Trunk of tree near Fort Collins, Colo. For this trunk picture and specimens the author is indebted to Prof. B. O. Longyear. Hanpzsoox or Trers or true Norruern States AND Cawapa. 101 The Narrow-leai Cottonwood is a medium- size tree rarely surpassing 60 or 70 ft. in height or 18 in. in thickness of trunk. It develops a rather narrow pyramidal top of ascending pale ashen gray branches, light orange-brown lustrous branchlets of the season and small buds. The livid smooth bark of the younger trunks becomes fissured with age, as the trunk enlarges, and finally is furrowed with dark firm ridges. Its small short- stemmed narrow green leaves are more sug- gestive of some of the broader-leaved Willows than of the other Poplars, and constitute a feature by which this tree is quickly recog- nized. It is the commonest Cottonwood over a considerable part of its range skirting the banks of streams and moist places between the altitudes of 5000 and 10000 ft. above the sea. It is extensively planted as a shade tree in the streets of towns of Colorado and Utah. The wood is lght, a cubic foot weighing 24.38 Ibs., soft, not strong, and of a light brown color with lighter sap-wood. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-544 in. long, rounded or cuneate at base, narrowing to an acute or blunt apex, finely serrate the entire length (or coarsely serrate on vigorous Shoots) rather thin, glabrous, vellow-green above, paler beneath, with broad midribs : petioles 14-% in. long grooved above but not laterally flattened. Flowers in closely flowered glabrous short-stalked aments ¢ staminate with cup-shaped disk and 12-200 sta- mens; pistillate with cup-shaped disk and broad- lobed stigmas. Frivift in erect or inclined aments, 2-3 in. long with broad-ovoid crowded — short- pediceled capsules. 1 wig . 2) BALM OF GILEAD. Populus candicans Ait. Fig. 116. Mature leaves and fruit, 1; branechlet in winter, 2. wz. ‘frunk of a tree near Lowyile, WN. Y. Hanpspoox or Trees or THE Norruern Srares AND CANADA. The Balm of Gilead when in its prime is a beautiful large Poplar, attaining the height of 70 or 80 ft. or more with broad and irregular spreading top, and trunk attaining a thickness of 3-6 ft., vested in a rather thick firmly ridged gray bark at base, while the upper trunk and branches are covered with a smooth yellowish brown bark. In a wild state it is a rare tree and apparently quite local in distribution, but from early times it has been a favorite tree for shade, and being very hardy was planted abundantly in the dooryards of country homes throughout the northern states and Canada. It is a beautiful object at first with its large parti-colored heart-shaped leaves con- stantly fluttering from the slightest breezes. Unfortunately it is a short-lived tree and early becomes decrepit. Then its dropping limbs make it unsightly and undesirable, but suckers generally spring up in abundance about it and eventually take its place, if allowed to do so, and in this way trees once planted continue to occupy the soil for a long time. The fra- grance of the sticky buds and new leaves of this tree is so marked as to be detected sometimes at some distance from the tree, and attracts the bees to it in abundance after the sticky varnish on its buds. “This they gather, pack onto their thighs and carry away to seal the crevices of their hives —the material called propolis by the bee-keepers. I have observed that goose-berry and currant bushes planted beneath the branches of this tree are not molested by the destructive currant-worm, the emanations of the tree seeming to be distaste- ful or disastrous to them, According to Prof. L. H. Bailey, the Balm of Gilead was an im- portant lumber tree in the forests of Michigan in early days. The wood is soft, light, a eubie foot weighing 93 lbs. when absolutely dry, easily worked and suitable for the manufacture of boxes, pails, exeelsior, ete. Leaves broad heart-shaped, 3-6 in. long, acuminate, rather coarsely crenate-serrate and ciliate-mar- gined, pubescent when young but finally glabrous dark green above, whitish, strongly reticulated and sometimes rusty beneath: petioles nearly terete and veins beneath commonly pubescent; buds large and covered with a sticky aromatic resin. Flowers in pubescent aments, the scales falling early; stamens 15-30; lobes of stigma broad and large. Pruit capsules crowded on the stems, ovoid, 2- valved and with short pedicels. 1. Syn. Populus bvalsamifera var. candicans Gray. BALSAM POPLAR. Populus balsamifera L. Fig. 118. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1; leafless branchlet in winter, 2. 119. Trunk of tree, in Lewis Co., N. Y. Hanpsoox oF Trees or tur Norruern STatres AND CANADA. The Balsam Poplar sometimes attains in the forest a height of 100 ft. and a trunk diameter of 5 or 6 ft. When isolated from other trees it develops a rather narrow irregular pyra- midal open top of few large branches, and its parti-colored leaves, as their dark green upper surfaces and light under surfaces show suc- cessively as moved by the wind, make it a handsome object. It is distinctly a northern tree, thriving and attaining its largest size along the banks of the streams which are tribu- tury to the Mackenzie River in a climate too severe for the existence of most other trees. In those cold regions this is the largest and most characteristic tree. It is confined mainly to alluvial bottom-lands and borders of swamps, and in our northern states, where it finds its southernmost limit of distribution, is by no means as large a tree as it is to the northward. Its wood is soft and light, a eubie foot when absolutely dry weighing 22.65 Ibs., and in the region of the Great Lakes and northern Michi- gan is used for paper pulp, and in the manu- facture of boxes, pails, ete.1 Leaves 3-6 in. long, ovate, rounded or broadly cuneate at base with crenate-serrate — slightly thickened margin, acute or acuminate at apex, dark glabrous green above, much paler and_ con- spicuously reticulated-veined and sometimes rusty beneath; petioles long, terete; winter buds large, taper-pointed and = very” resinous. Flowers (in April) ; seales of aments scarious, brown, lacine- ate lobed; stamens 20-30; ovary ovoid, slightly, 2-lobed and with 2 large dilated stig Fruit (ripe in May) with ovoid oblong 2- e pediceled capsules; capsules about %4 in. long. ‘DAK Ve At Se 24 i 105 SWAMP POPLAR. Populus heterophylla i 20, Branchlet with leaves and mature fruit, 1; leafless branchlet in winter, 2. ie tor. Trunk of tree, with leaves at base, near Kennett, Mo. Hanpsoox or Trees or tHe Norruern Strat The Swamp Poplar where conditions are favorable for best development, in the lower Mississippi Valley, attains a height of 80 or 90 ft., with straight columnar trunk 2-3 ft. in diameter vested in a grayish brown bark with prominent scaly ridges, and develops an open irregular top with few large branches. [n the Atlantic states it rarely attains a greater height than 40 or 50 ft. Here it is rare and local and is confined to the borders of ponds and swamps more or less permanently in- undated. In the Mi: abundant, and it is found in company with the sissipp1 basin it is more Honey and Water Locusts, Mississippi Hack- berry, Swamp White Oak, Red and Drummond Maples, Sweet Gums, Tupelos, etc. The wood of the Swamp Poplar is of a grayish brown color with light sap-wood. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 25.48 lbs. It is manufactured into lumber, under the name of Black Poplar, for interior finish- ing, ete.1 Leaves 4-8 in. long, broad ovate with petioles long and terete, varying from round to cordate at base, crenate, obtuse or subacute at apex, covered with white woolly tomentum at first but finally glabrous with brown buds acute or obtuse, resin- ous. Flowers (April-May) glabrous scarious fim- bricated scales, staminate aments stout, densely- flowered, finally 2-3 in. long and = drooping ; stamens 12-20; pistillate aments small, raceme- like, few-flowered with short style: ovary ovoid, and thick 2 or 3-lobed stigmas. Fruit (ripe in May) with ovoid-oblong pointed 2-3-valved cap- sules, shorter than or equalling the pedicels. 1 Ae We. IV, BT. AND CANADA. 107 QUAKING ASP. TREMBLING POPLAR. POPPLE. Populus tremuloides Michx. Fig, 122. Branchlets with mature and young leaves, 1; isolated empty capsules, 2; a capsule and its actual contents, procured by confining the capsule at the time of opening, 3; branehlet in winter with cluster of flower-buds near tip, 4. 123. Trunk of tree in Essex Co., N. Y. Note the transition rough old bark. from smooth young bark to Hanproox or Trees or tuk Norriuern States AND Cawnapa. 109 The Quaking Asp is usually a slender tree developing in the open a loose rounded top, and the trunk seldom more than 18 in. or 2 ft. in diameter, but in forests where it attains its largest size it grows to a height of 90 or 100 ft. with trunk sometimes 3 ft. in diameter. The bark of branches and young trunks is of a pale yellowish green color, or often nearly white, and on older trunks becomes fissured and divided into nearly black sealy ridges. A conspicuous feature of the tree is the constant agitation of its small rounded leaves, occasioned even by the slightest breezes, on account of their long flattened stems. It is a very useful tree in the economy of Nature in that its seeds, seeming possessed of an_ exceptional power of germination, are easily scattered by the winds, and it quickly covers forest lands recently denuded by fires with a fresh growth of little forest trees. In the shelter of these the tender seeds of more useful trees germinate and thrive, and eventually monopolize the soil, ungratefully erowding to the wall by their overpowering shade the slender Aspens which assisted them into existence. The wood is light, a eubie foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 25.13 Ibs., soft and is used mainly in the manufacture of paper pulp and excelsior.1 Leaves ovate to suborbicular, 14%-3 in. long, rounded or subcordate at base, short acuminate at apex, with finely crenate and ciliate margin, glabrous; petioles very slender and laterally com- pressed; winter buds glabrous. Flowers 1%-2 in. long: scales deeply 5-5-cleft into linear lobes fringed with gray hairs; staminate aments with disk entire, and 6-12 stamens: stigmas 2 with linear lobes. Fruit (May-June) capsules oblong conical, 2-valved; seeds about -32 in. long, obovate. 1. A. W., III, 72. LARGE-TOOTH POPLAR. ASPEN. Populus grandidentata Michx. Fig. 124. Fruiting branchlet with mature and young leaves, 1-2; isolated capsules, 3; tip of young shoot, 4 (Note the velvety pubescence as compared with the glabrous young leaves of P. tremuloides) ; branchlet in winter, 5. 125. Trunk showing the smooth young bark above and the furrowed older bark at base. Lewis Co. NEY: Hawnpsoox or Trees or THE Norruern States AND Canapa. 111 The Large-tooth Poplar rarely if ever at- tains a greater height than 70 or 80 ft. or 2 ft. in thickness of trunk. When sutliciently isolated from other trees it develops a loose oval or rounded top of handsome clean foliage, always rustling with the slightest breeze, on account of the peculiar formation of petioles. The bark of branches and younger trunks is smooth and of a grayish green color. Later it becomes fissured into rough firm ridges. It is found mostly on sandy slopes and the banks of streams in company with the Hemlock, Pines, Oaks, Maples, Shad-bush, Butternut, Red Spruce, ete. As with the Quaking Asp, its hardy seeds scattered widely by the wind quickly clothe with new verdure tracts of forest lands recently denuded by fires. Then protected by the shade of these seedlings the more tender seeds of more useful trees are able to germinate and grow. Its wood is light, a cubic foot weighing 28.87 lbs., soft and not strong and is used in the manufacture of excelsior. paper, wooden- ware and occasionally for lumber.1 Leaves orbicular-ovate, 3-6 in. long, coarsely and irregularly dentate, from obtuse to rounded at hase, short acuminate, densely white tomentose at first but finally glabrous, thin and firm ; petioles long, slender and laterally compressed; winter buds puberulous. — lowe aments 1-5 in. long; seales with silky pale hairs and irregularly 5-7- cleft; stamens 6-12; stigmas 2 with long filiform lobes. Fruit (May-June): capsules long-conic, 2- valved, about % in. long: seeds dark brown, minute. 1G Ae Wi Be WHITE POPLAR. ABELE. SILVER-LEAF POPLAR. Populus alba L. Vig. 126. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1; isolated empty capsules, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 127. Trunk with leaves at base. Near Albany, N. Y. Hanpsoox or Trees of tur Norruern Srares anp Cawnapa. The White Poplar is a native of central and southern KEurope, the corresponding latitudes of Asia, as far east as the Himalaya Moun- tains, and of northern Africa. It was carly introduced into this country for ornamental purposes and has become naturalized in many localities throughout northeastern United States and Canada. It is a large tree some- times attaining the height of 100 ft. with trunk 3 or 4 ft. or more in diameter, vested in a characteristic greenish gray and whitish bark of branches and upper trunk, while that at the base of old trunks becomes deeply cleft into firm dark ridges. It commonly develops a large irregular open broad or rounded top. The contrast between the dark green upper surfaces of its leaves and the velvety white under surfaces causes a pleasing scintillating effect as they are agitated by the wind, and this gives to the White Poplar a peculiar ornamental value. The abundance of the trees about the sites of old country homes attests its long popularity as an ornamental tree and its hardiness, but the rapidity and persistence with which it spreads, by means of its long stoloniferous roots, makes it in some places a nuisance. Its wood is light, soft, tough and of a red- dish yellow color with nearly white sap-wood.t Leaves quite variable but commonly suborbicu- lar or broad ovate, 2-4 in. long, obtuse or acute at apex, truncate or cordate at base, irregularly dentate, sinuate-dentate or (especially on vigor- ous shoots) palmately »-lobed and with petioles and branchlets white velvety tomentose at first, but many of the leaves becoming glabrate late in the season dark green above or by late summer often scurfy or nearly glabrous beneath, while those on vigorous shoots retain their white to- mentum beneath; petioles shorter than the blade ; branchlets and bud in winter white seurfy ¢ mentose, Flowers staminate aments long (becoming 3-4 in. long) stout; aments more slender: stigmas digitately lobed. Fruit: capsules ovoid-oblong, about 3-16 in. long, 2-valved. Populus alba var. Bolleana (Bolle's) Poplar) was found in Turkestan in 1875, They are trees with narrow pyramidal tops of fastigiate branches and are now extensively planted for ornamenta! purposes in the Atlantic states. They are con- sidered as of greater ornamental value than is the typical forum. 1. A. W., IV, 96. 113 JORNBEAM. BLUE OR WATER BEECH. IRON-WOOD. Carpinus Cerolintana Walt. Fig. 128. Branchlet bearing leaves and fruit, 1; detached nutlets with their involucres, 2; leafy branchlet, 3; branchlet in winter, 4. 129. Trunk of tree at Biltmore, N. C. 130. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Iiaxppook or Trees or tue Norrurrn Srares anp Canapa. 115 The Hornbeam in the forest sometimes at- tains the height of 30 or 40 ft. and a diameter of trunk of 18 in. or 2 ft. vested in a thin very close and smooth bluish gray bark often mot- tled with lighter or darker tints. When iso- lated from other trees it develops a broad open head with numerous tough branches, the larger of which and the trunk are much furrowed and ridged, suggestive of knotted sinews, on ac- count of which resemblance the Indians called it “ Otantahrteweh,” meaning “ the lean tree.” It grows on low moist bottom-lands in com- pany with the Holly, Sweet Bay, Swamp Bay, Gums, Red Maple, Water Locust, Prickly Ash, ete. in the south Atlantic states, where it is more abundant than northward and at- tains its largest size. In the northern part of its range it is a small tree with less sym- metrical and crooked trunks or often a tall shrub. Here it is commonly found along the banks of streams over whose waters it extends its many handsome sprays of beautiful foliage and curious clusters of leaf-like fruit. The wood of the Hornbeam is heavy, a cubic foot when dry weighing 45.41 Ibs., tough, strong and of a light brown color with abun- dant whitish sap-wood. It is used chiefly for fuel though suitable for tool-handles, and articles of wooden ware.! Leaves ovate-oblong, 2-5 in. long, acute or acuminate, rounded or sub date at base, sharply and unequally serrate with stout spreading teeth, often inequilateral, pubescent and plicate at first but finally glabrous, dull green with deeply im- pressed veins above, paler and with tufts of white hairs in the axils of veins beneath; petioles slender, pubescent ; winter-buds ovoid, acute and somewhat incurved with numerous brown white- margined scales. Floirers: staminate aments 1-1'% in. long; pistillate 3%, in. long with green scales and scarlet style Fruit nuts W% in. long with invoiucres with stout stalks 1-1% in. long with middle lobe large and serrate on one side and one lateral lobe commonly wanting.’ Vs aise OWS ts, Se 2. For genus see p. 427. ‘ee oe lt | at + 1 HOP HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD. Ostrya Virginiana (Mill) Koch. Fig. 131. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1 ; involueral sacs opened, to show nutlets, and detached nutlets, 2; branchlets in winter bearing young staminate aments and leaf-buds, 3 132. Trunk of tree, in Lewis Co., N. Y. 133. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters Hanpsoox or Trees or ture Norriutrx Srares anp Canapa. 117 lw The Hop Hornbeam is a handsome tree of medium size rarely over 60 or 70 ft. in height or 2 ft. in diameter of trunk. When isolated it develops a broad rounded top of many small tough branches, and when covered with its rich yellow-green leaves and pale hop-like fruit is a handsome object. The bark of trunk is rough with narrow loose elongated scales. It in- habits well-drained gravelly ridges and slopes and in the northern Atlantie states, where it is abundant and reaches its largest size, is as- sociated with the Beech, Sugar Maple, Yellow Birch, White and Cork Elms, Butternut, White Ash, ete. Its wood is heavy, a cubie foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 51.63 lbs., hard, tough, and is used in the manufacture of tool-handles and other small articles of wooden ware, for fuel, ete.1 Leaves ovate-oblong, 2-5 in. long, acute or acuminate, narrowed and rounded or cordate often inequilateral at base, sharply and unequally ser- rate, at maturity glabrous and dull yellow-green with impressed midribs and veins above, lighter and downy beneath, especially along the midribs and in the axils of the veins. Flowers: staminate aments about 14 in. long during the winter and when unfolding 2-8 in. long; pistillate aments very slender, with hairy stems and light green or red- dish leaf-like scales, those near the base the longest. Fruit: strobules 1%4-2% in. long with slender stems about 1 in. long; involucral sacs about %4 in. long, pubescent.? Shes AL Wes elt eas 2. For genus see p. 428. a Pa se =o Re [Fimo ee { = \ ee eo ee WHITE BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH. OLD-FIELD BIRCH. Betula populifolia Marsh. Fig. 134. Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, the one to the right bearing also young staminate ament, 1; broken cone with scattered cone-scales and seeds, 2; vigorous leafy shoot, 3: branchiet with leaf-buds and young aments in winter, 4; do. with flower-buds only, s. : 135. Cluster of trunks, near Albany, N. Y. : ets Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpsoox or Trees or tHe Nurrurern Strares anp Canapa. 119 This is the smallest of the tree Birches of eastern North America, commonly not more than 20 or 30 ft., or exceptionally 40 ft., in height, with trunk sometimes 18 in. in di- ameter. The bark of younger trees is dull creamy white, usually with dark triangular marks at the insertion of branches, and peeling of tardily in strips around the trunk. On older trunks it is darker and rough with transverse fissures. It develops a narrow and more or less irregular top of many small branches commonly clothing the stem to the ground. With its long stemmed small leaves in constant agitation by the wind, like those of the Quaking Asp, and white bark, it is a conspicuous and interesting object. It com- monly grows in dry sandy and often quite barren soil, springing up in abundance after forest fires and affording by its shade a shelter for the germinating of the more tender seeds of more useful trees. Its wood, a cubie foot of which, when abso- lutely dry, weighs 35.90 lIbs., is used in the manufacture of small wooden-ware, as spools, clothes-pins, shoe-pegs, hoops for casks, ete., and is excellent for fuel and charcoal.1 Leaves triangular-ovoid, from 2-3% in. long, with very slender points, truncate, obtuse or slightly cordate and entire at base, doubly serrate with spreading glandular teeth, dark shining green and glandular-roughened above and slightly paler and smooth beneath; petioles long and slender; branchlets resin-glandular. flowers un- folding with the leaves; staminate aments solitary or in pairs, about 1 in. or less in length and slender in winter, becoming from 2-3% in. long, with apiculate scales; pistillate aments slender, about \% in. long, on glandular pedicels of about the same length with pale green scales. Fruit: stro- biles cylindrical, about %4 in. long and 4 in. thick, erect or spreading with slender peduncle ; scales with lateral lobes recurv the middle one narrow ; nutlet narrower than its wings.* Te Ay. Wi; TIT, 70; y we TERRITORY _C_o- a Z CANOE BIRCH. PAPER BIRCH. Betula papyrifera Marsh.* Fig. 137. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit and young staminate catkins, 1; broken cone with scattered seeds and cone-seales, 2; branchlets in winter, one bearing young catkins for the next season's Howers, 3. 138. Trunk of tree in Adirondack region, N. Y. Hanpsoox or Trees or tur Norruern Srares anp Canapa. The Paper Birch, west of the Rocky Moun- tains, is said to attain a height of 120 ft. with trunk from 3-4 ft. in thickness, but elsewhere rarely exceeds 70 or 80 ft. in height. When isolated from other trees it develops a full rounded and usually irregular top of many branches. The bark of the larger branches and young trunks is laminate, smooth and of creamy or ivory whiteness, marked with long horizontal raised lenticels. As the trunk en- larges the bark becomes more or less streaked and blotched with blackish and the outer layers separate and roll back in large ragged sheets. On very old trunks the bark at base becomes broken into large closely appressed irregular scales. It inhabits rich slopes and ornaments the banks of northern streams and lake-shores from the Atlantic to the Pacific, ranging north- ward to the Arctic Circle. With the northern Indians its bark, impervious to water, is an indispensable material for the manufacture of their canoes and for many articles for domestic use. The wood, of which a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighs 37.11 Ibs., is used in the manufacture of wooden-ware, wood-pulp, etc., and is excellent for fuel.2 Leaves ovate, 2-4 in. long, acute or acuminate at apex, rounded or obtuse (cordate in var, cordi- folia Fern.) and entire at base, doubly or ir- regularly serrate, thick and firm at maturity, glabrous dark green above, paler and pubescent on the veins and with black glands beneath. Flowers: staminate aments *4-114 in. long in winter, finally 83-4 in. long; pistillate aments 1-1% in. long, slender, with light green scales and red. styles. Fruit: strobiles eylindrical, about 1% in. long, drooping, glabrous, middle lobe of scales longer than broad; nutlet much narrower than its wings. 1. Syn. B. papyracea Ait. 22 Ne AVG, Ty. 43: N\ONGaS rower A Terairory Lo 1 9 rs 1 RIVER BIRCH. WATER BIRCH. RED BIRCH Betula nigra L. cif | eI Fig.139. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1; isolated scales of fruiting cone, 2; seeds, 3; assortment of leaves, 4. 140. Trunk of tree in Washington, D. C. Hanpsoox or TREES oF THE NORTHERN STATES AND Canapa. 1238 This interesting tree occasionally attains the height of 80 or 90 ft. with trunk 4 to 5 ft. in diameter. When isolated it develops a narrow oblong head of many small branches, but with age a fuller, rounder and usually irregular picturesque head. The bark of branches is smooth at first, of a lustrous red- dish brown color, but with age breaks and separates into successive layers which curl up and long persist as thin papery scales of various tints of red and brown. These form a veritable mat on the larger limbs and trunks of medium size, while the bark of old trunks becomes rough with thick irregular plate-hke scales. It inhabits the banks of streams sub- ject to frequent inundation, and here its grace- ful branches hanging over the waters and al- most touching their surface with long sprays of handsome foliage add greatly to their charm. Prof. Sargent has called attention to the fact that the early ripening of the seeds of this and other riparian trees greatly assures their germination and growth, as they fall on the banks at the season of low water, germinate and make substantial growth when a later seed would have found only water in which to perish. The wood of the River Birch, of which a cubic foot when dry weighs 35.91 ‘lbs., is used in the manufacture of wooden ware, ete.t Leaves rhombic-ovate, acute, 2-4 in. long, wide cuneate or almost truncate and entire at base, serrate and serrately-lobed or doubly serrate, pale tomentose at first but finally lustrous dark green above and tomentose on midribs and veins be- neath; petioles slender, tomentose ; branchlets the first season tomentose. Flowers: staminate aments 1 in. or less long in winter with rounded lustrous scales finally 2-3 in. long; pistillate aments about ™%4 in. long with pxbescent ciliate scales. Fruit ripening in May or June in cylindri- cal strobiles 1-114 in. long, with short tomentose peduncles and scales with 3% about equal narrow lobes ; nutlet oval and about as wide as the ciliate wings. TAL Wi, TV. 95: SWEET BIRCH. BLACK BIRCH. CHERRY BIRCH. Betula lenta L. Fig. agi. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, 1; scales from cone and seeds, 2 and 3: branchlets in winter, one bearing young staminate catkins, 4. 142. Trunk of tree near New York. TJanpsoox or Trees or tne Norruern Srares anp Cawapa. 125 The Sweet Birch attains the height of 70 or 80 ft., with a trunk diameter of from 2-5 ft., and when growing away from other trees de- velops a symmetrical ovoid or pyramidal top at first with many strong small branches, but finally rounded or broad by the lengthening of the lateral branches. The bark of trunk is at first smooth and peels off transversely in thin strips, but finally becomes fissured with large and small irregailar scales suggesting the bark of the Black Cherry, for which reason the tree is sometimes called the Cherry Birch. The dark: Black Birch and from the sweet aromatic flavor of its leaves and bark it is called the Sweet Birch. It flourishes on rich well-drained up- lands, and in early spring while the branches are bare of leaves and it is trimmed with its ss of its color gives it the name of golden tassels of catkins, unloading their pollen on the lightest touch, it is a particu- larly handsome object. The wood is heavy, hard and strong, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 47.47 lbs., and is valued in the manufacture of furniture, agricultural implements and general wooden ware, and for fuel.t Leaves ovate to avate-oblong, 24% to 5 in. long, acute to acuminate at apex, rounded or cordate at base, sharply unevenly serrate, silky pubescent at first but finally glabrous shining green above, paler and pubescent along the prominent veins he- neath; petioles stout, hairy and grooved above. Flewers staminate generally in clusters, 1 in. or less in length and % in. thick and scales with free apiculate tips in winter, finally 5-4 in. long in spring; pistillate aments 4 in. long with greenish round-pointed scales and pink styles. Fruit: strobules erect ovoid-oblong, sessile, 1-14 in. long, glabrous with lobes of scales about equal, lateral lobes divergent; nutlet obovoid, broader than its wings. 4, As Wi, IL, 44. “ORTH EAGT \ OR TeaRitoRy Le / YELLOW BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH. Betula lutea Michx. Fig. 143. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, 1; cone scales, 2; seeds, 3; branchlet bearing leaves and young staminate catkins for next season’s flowering, 4; branchlets in winter, two bearing young catkins, 5. 144. Trunk of tree, Lewis Co., N. Y. The Yellow Birch is a large and important forest tree of the northeastern states and the eastern provinces of Canada, sometimes at- taining the height of 100 ft. with trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter. When isolated it develops a broad rounded top of many small straight- ish branches. Its peculiar bark is its most striking feature and distinguishes it from all other trees of the forest. The bark on its branches and smaller trunks is very smooth and lustrous silvery or golden gray, breaking finally as the trunk expands and rolling back in ribbon-like strips and curls, which long re- main attached rustling with every passing On very old trunks the character of the bark is quite different, as it is there reugh with irregular plate-like scales. It inhabits rich moist uplands in company in our northern forests with the Beech, Sugar and Red Maples, Black and White Ash, White Elm, Hop Horn- beam, ete. Its wood is hard and strong, a cubic foot, when absolutely dry, weighing 40.84 Ibs., and is highly valued in the manufacture of agri- breeze. cultural implements, wooden ware, ete., and occasional “ figured” trees being especially valuable for the latter use. It is also one of the best woods of its range for fuel.t furniture, Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, 2-5 in. long, acute ov acuminate at apex, rounded, obtuse or heart- shaped at base, sharply doubly serrate, silky pubescent at first but finally glabrous dull green above, paler and with silky hairs on midrib and prominent veins beneath; petioles slender, hairy ; branchlets at first green and pilose-pubescent but finally smooth. [lc staminate aments usually in clusters of 2-4, 3-31% in. long when fully ex- panded (*%4-1 in. long in winter and %& in. thick) with rounded scales; pistillate aments about 4 in. long with acute pilose scales; styles pink. Fruit an erect, subsessile, pubescent oblong stro- bile, 1-144 in. long with lobes of scales about equal, ciliolate and slightly spreading with obovate nutlet about as broad as its wings. de AL Wee Ty 1% SEA-SIDE ALDER. dnus maritima (Marsh.) Mnuebl. Mig. 145. Leafy branchlet in late summer, 1; do, bearing also mature fruit, 2; open strobiles and seeds, 3; branchlet in winter, 4. 146. Trunk of tree near Seaford, Del. 147. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpsoox or Trees of tur Norrurery Srares This curious and interesting Alder is a small tree, occasionally attaining the height of 30 ft., with narrow top and slender branches and smooth-barked trunk 5 or 6 in. in di ameter. It is very distinct from all other Alders in several respects. [ts bright glossy green foliage is in strong contrast to the dull green of the other Alders, and its period of blossoming, instead of being when the trees are leafless in early spring, as with the other species, is not until autumn. Then the effect of its golden catkins and handsome foliage together is very pleasing and gives the tree a peculiar ornamental value. Quite as different. too, as this tree is from the other Alders in its fohage and period of flowering is it in its distribution. The Alders are generally spevies of wide distribution, but this is limited to two small areas, one near the sea coast on the Delaware and Maryland peninsula and_ the other far inland on the banks of the Red River in Indian Territory. Its wood is light, a cubie foot weighing D 31.14 Ibs., soft and with numerous large medullary rays. Leaves ovate-oblong to obovate, wedge-shaped at base, usually acute or acuminate at apex, re- motely and sharply serrate, scurfy pubescent when young but at maturity dark green and very lust- rous, pale and minutely glandular punctate be- neath, Flowers expanding iu September, the staminate aments in racemes, 114%4-21%4 in. long from the axils of the upper leaves; the pistillate usually solitary from the axils of lower leaves. Fruit: strobile about 5&4 in. long with tbinvish crenate-lobed seales and wingless oblong-obovate seeds liberated late in autumn of the year subse- quent to fertilization." 1. For genus see p. 429. AND CANADA. 129 BLACK ALDER. EUROPEAN ALDER. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Geertn. Fig. 148. Branchlet, with mature leaves and fruit, and young aments (both staminate and pis- tillate) for next season’s flowers, 1: portion of cone with detached scales and seeds, 2; branchlet in winter bearing young staminate (the larger) and pistillate (the smaller) aments, 3; do, with leaf-buds only, 4. 149. Trunk of tree with leaves at base. teten Island; No “Y Hanpsoox or Trees or tur Norruern States The Black Alder is a naturalized tree found in various localities in the Atlantic states, particularly in southern New York and New Jersey. In its native home it is generally dis- tributed over Europe, western Asia and northern Africa in moist localities, and at- tains a height of from 50 to 70 ft. with a symmetrical pyramidal or when old rounded top, and with trunk 1-2 ft. in diameter. Being a vigorous growing tree of desirable qualities for ornamental planting, particularly on low grounds, it was brought to America and planted for ornamental purposes, and being possessed of a hardy adaptable constitution it seeds freely and grows spontaneously in suit- able localities. Few introduced trees of the ornamental value of this are so well suited to planting in very wet localities. Those are mainly Willows and Poplars and among them the straight smooth trunks of the Black Alder, with their symmetrical tops of hand- some foliage, have a very pleasing effect. They are not, however, very long-lived trees with us, and individuals are not found as large as those in their native land. In Europe the tree is of considerable com- mercial importance, as its soft straight- grained wood is easily worked and valuable in turnery, for wooden-ware, wooden-shoes, ete., and for carving. It is valued, too, for water pipes, pumps, piles, etc., and is largely used for charcoal and fuel. The bark and fruit are used in tanning leather and a yellow dye is made from the bark and leaves. The bark is also used in medicine, having astringent and alterative properties. Leaves orbicular to obovate, 2-5 in. long, mostly obtuse at base and retuse or rounded at apex, irregularly serrate-dentate, distinctly glutinous at first, glabrous dull green above, green and glabrous or pubescent on the veins beneath. Flowers ape pear in early spring before the leaves ; staminate aments 2-3 in. and the pistillate about 1 in. long. Fruit: strobile oblong-ovoid, 3%, in. long, with wingless seeds. AND CANADA. fh 2 o ak BEECH. Fagus Americana Sweet." Fig. iso. Fruiting branchlet with mature fruit, 1; leafy branchlet, 2; open involuere, 3; nuts from same, 4; branchlet in winter, 5. 151. Trunk of tree on bank of Black River, Lewis Co., N. Y. 152. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpsoox or Trees or tur Norrurrn Starrs anp Canapa. 183 The Beech is one of the most distinct and beautiful trees of our eastern American forests, sometimes surpassing 100 ft. in height and with straight columnar trunk 3 or 4 ft. in thickness vested in its trim smooth bluish gray bark. When isolated it develops a rounded or broad upright spreading top ot many branches and slender branchlets, It in- habits rich well-drained uplands and slopes, in the north in company with the Sugar Maple, Birches, Hop Hornbeam, Basswood, Hemlock, ete. and in the south is founc along the borders of swamps and bottom-lands. It often in old age sends up many shoots from its roots which form a thicket about its base, and as the parent declines the fittest of these survive and grow into trees to take its place. It is a beautiful tree at all times, each suecessive season of the year giving to it a pecuhar charm, and not the least of these is its leafless condition in winter. Its nuts form the chief article of food for many denizens of the forest and they are sometimes gathered and sold in northern markets. The wood, a cubie foot of which. when abso- lutely dry, weighs 42.89 Ibs., is used in the manufacture of furniture, woodeu-ware, plane- stocks, ete., and for fuel.? Leaves ovate-oblong, 3-6 in. long, acuminate, wedge-shaped, rounded or cordate at base, coarsely serrate, a vein terminating in each tooth, pale green and silky tomentose when they unfold, but finally glabrous dark green above, paler and with hairs in the axils and on the midribs beneath : petioles short. lowers appear after the leaves unfold. Fruit: nut about % in. Jong; involucre covered with many slender prickles, with stout peduncles and persisting open upon the branchlets late into the winter.* 1. Syn. Fagus ferruginea Ait. Fagus atro- punicea (Marsh.) Sudw. 22 he Wie dy: 2G: 3. For genus see p, 429. CHESTNUT. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.? S Fig. 153. Branchlet bearing mature leaves and fruit, 1: the nuts, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 154. Trunk of tree in western North Carolina, 155. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. involucres (burrs) opening to liberate ( § Hanpsoox or Trees or 'ruHw Norruern Srares anp Canapa. 13 When growing in the forests the Chestnut tree attains the height of 100 ft. with straight columnar trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter vested in a grayish brown shallow-ridged bark. — [t is in the open fields, however, that it shows best its noble form and proportions. ‘There it develops a very large broad or rounded head sometimes covering an area 100 ft. across with massive branches and = short sturdy trunk sometimes 8, 10 or even 12 ft. in thickness. Its long handsome leaves alyays give it a peculiar charm, but its beauty is greatly en- hanced in early summer when it puts out its great clusters of fragrant golden catkins. These are succeeded in a few weeks by its hardly less conspicuous pale green clusters of fruit, the precious nature of which is indicated by the forbidding barricade of sharp spines which effectually protects it until ripe, and then, opening. cast it out to be eagerly coveted vy both man and beast. Chestnut wood, a cu. ft. of which when abso- lutely dry weighs 28.07 Ibs., is very durable in contact with the soil and makes useful lumber for many purposes. It is also rich in tannin, which is extracted and used for tan- ning purposes.? Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 6-9 in. long, cuneate, rounded or obtuse at base, pubescent at. first. glabrous both sides and firm at maturity, dark zreen above, paler beneath; petioles short, stout. puberulous. Flowers: (June-July): staminate aments numerous, 3 in. long with stout tomen- tose stems: androgynous aments 2 5 in, long Fruit nut %-1 in. long, much compressed and 2-3 together in each involucre which is globose, about 2 in. in diameter, densely covered with prickles 1. Syn Castanea vesca var. Americana Michx. 22, cA6 Wes, LT 40: 3. For genus see p. 430. a cr | epuet LEpe Siig, 4 | me | nee ie card — Lee a ae CHINQUAPIN. Castenea pumila (L.) Mall. — 150. Fruiting branchlet, 1; involucres opening and liberating each its solitary nut, 2; liberated nuts, 3; branchlet in winter showing leat-buds and prominent scars, where fruit clusters were borne the season before, 4. , 157. Trunks of trees near Suffolk, Va. Hanpzsoox or Trees or tur Norruern Srares anp Canapa. 13 The Chinquapin is a small tree and is eften found fruiting in abundance as a shrub. Under favorable conditions it attains the height of 40 or 50 ft. and a trunk diameter of 2 or 3 ft., but these dimensions are rare. When isolated it develops a low broad rounded top. similar to that of the Chestnut, but much smaller. It inhabits dry hillsides and uplands as well as rich bottom-lands and, like the Chestnut, is of greatest beauty when in early stmmer, after the close of the flowering seasou of nearly all other trees, it puts out its numer- ous fragrant yellow catkins. In September its well-guarded fruit. which it produces in abun- dance. is ripe and liberated, and this, though a small nut, is delicious in flavor and is oe- casionally gathered for market. The wood is similar to that of the Chestnut with very thin sap-wood, a cubic foot, when absolutely dry, weighing 36.69 Ibs., and is used for fence posts, railway ties, ete. Leaves narrow-oblong, 3-5 in. long, mostly acute at apex, narrowed and wedge-shaped or rounded at base, coarsely serrate with slender pointed teeth, tomentose at first, at maturity glabrous dark green above, whitish tomentose beneath: petioles short stout and branchlets the first season pubescent. Flowers (June-July): staminate aments 2-6 in. long, hoary-tomentese: pistillate flowers at the bases of the upper androgynous aments, sessile or nearly so. Fruit: involucrves 1-1!5 in. in diameter, commonly in spike-like clusters, densely crowded with slender sharp spines outside, opening gen- erally by 2 or 3 valves aad containing a single round-ovoid lustrous dark brown nut pointed and white-pubescent at apex, 4-4 In. long and con- taining a large sweet secd naked at apex with scars of abortive ovules. de: AS Wi; el, 272: RED OAK. Quercus rubra L. Fig. 158. Branchlet bearing mature acorns and leaves and young acorns, 1; branchlet in winter, 2 (Note the presence of young acorns resulting from flowers of the previous summer and to mature the following season). 159. Large trunk of tree in Genesee valley, N. Y 160. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. ANDBOOK oF Treks or THE Norrurrn STATE Il I tte Norruern Srar One of the commonest and largest of the Oaks of the Atlantic states, the Red Oak, in the forest sometimes surpasses 100 ft. in height with columnar trunk 3 or 4 ft. or more in diameter. When isolated from other trees it develops a wide rounded top with few large far-reaching branches. It inhabits rich up- lands, well drained slopes and river banks, in company with the White and Red Pines, Aspen, Balsam Poplar, Red Maple, ete., among which its shining dark green foliage shows in pleas- ing contrast. Seeming possessed of a con- stitution hardier or more adaptable than other Oaks it ranges farther north than any other species and is more abundantly grown in Eu- rope than any other American Oak. The wood of this species, though inferior to that of the White Oak, is largely used for in- terior finishing, furniture, ete. A cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighs 40.76 Ibs.1 Leaves oval to obovate, 5-9 in. long, obtuse or rounded at base, acute or acuminate at apex, pin- nately divided about half way to midrib with oblique sinuses rounded at the bottom and_tri- angular lobes broad at base and 1-5-toothed at apex with bristle-pointed teeth, at maturity glab- rous dark green above, paler and usually glabrous beneath. Flowers (May-June): staminate in pubescent aments, 8-5 in. long; calyx 4-5-lobed ; stamens 4-6; pistillate flowers with glabrous peduncles; styles elongated and spreading. Fruit, Tipe in October, of the second year after flowering solitary or in pairs, with short stalk; acorn oval with broad flat base, %4-114 in. long, shell to- mentose inside, abortive ovules apical, acorn sub- tended by a very shallow saucer of closely im- bricated puberulous scales.* ds As, Wis tL, os 2. For genus see pp. 430-431. SOUTHERN RED OAK. SCHNECK’S OAK. Quercus Texana Buekl.t Fig. 161. Branchlet with leaves and fruit and young acorns, 1; branechlet in winter bearing young acorns and leaf-buds. 162. Trunk of tree in Meramec River valley, Mo. Hanpspoox or Trees or tue Norrukrn Srares anp Canapa. 141 This tree in the rich bottom-lands of the Wabash River basin is said to attain a height of nearly 200 ft., with sturdy buttressed trunk sometimes 7-S ft. in diameter and S0-90— ft. to its) branches—dimensions which would make this one of the largest of the American Oaks —but such a size is very exceptional, as it is usually a much smaller tree. It is com- mon along the banks of streams and bottom. lands of the Mississippi basin in company with the Cottonwood, River Birch, Sour Gum, Sweet Gum, Hackberry, Coffee-tree, Red and Silver Maples, ete. In the extreme western part of its range it is sometimes found fruiting as a large shrub. Its wood is considered by lumbermen as of better grade than that of the Northern Red Oak. It is applied to the same uses as that timber and is generally not distinguished from it in commerce.? Leaves ovate to broad oval, 31%4-8 in. long, trun- eate or broad wedge-shaped at base, deeply pin- natifid with broad rounded sinuses and 5-9 spreading lobes narrow below and spreading and dentate at apex with bristle-pointed teeth, at ma- turity thin. firm and shining dark green above paler and with tufts of whitish hairs in axils be- neath. lowers; stamipate in slender pubescent aments; calyx 4-5 with laciniately ent lobes; pistilate with short tomentose peduncles, stigmas Ted. Fruit usually solitary, sessile or with short stalks, ovoid, puberulous light brown acorn, %4-1% in. long, sometimes striated, 2-% times as high as the shallow or somewhat turbinate cup with thin closely appressed light brown tomentose scales. 1. Syn. Quercus Schneckii Britt. 2. A. W. XII, 294. PIN OAK. SWAMP OAK. Quercus palustris Muench. —— .s ' % b | | \ oN q . ae B= i aan at Past ey ‘ % | Fig. 163. Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, 1; branchlet in winter bearing young acorns and leaf-buds, 2. 164. Trunk of tree near St. Louis, Mo. Hanpsoox or Trees or toe Norrmern Stares anp Cawapa. 143 The Pin Oak occasionally attains the height of 70 or 80 ft. with trunk 2 or 3 ft. in diame- ter vested in a close smoothish bark. When growing in the open it develops an oblong or narrow rounded top of many upright and spreading branches, the lowermost reaching downwards nearly to the ground. It is one of our most distinct and beautiful Oaks, with its clear-cut,handsome leavesand smooth columnar trunks, and well worthy of more extensive planting for ornamental purposes. It natu- rally grows in deep rich soil of bottom-lands and the borders of ponds and swamps in com- pany with the Sour Gum, Sweet Gum. Red Maple, Swamp Poplar, Water Beech, Horn- beam, ete., but thrives well when transplanted to dryer situations. The wood of the Pin Oak is used for in- terior finishing, shingles, clap-boards, etc., and in cooperage. A cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighs 43.24 Ibs.1 Leaves obovate and broad oblong in outline, 4-6 in. long, pinnatified with broad rounded sinuses and 5-7 spreading lobes wide near apex and usually each 2-3-toothed and bristle-tipped, at maturity lustrous dark green above, paler and with tufts of pale hairs in axils beneath; petioles slender. Flowers: staminate aments slender, pubescent, 2-5 in. long; calyx lobes denticulate; pistillate with tomentose peduncles and slender spreading bright red stigmas. Fruit: acorns maturing second year, subglobose or nearly hemispherical, about ™% in. in diameter, with light brown shell, tomentose in- side and with thin saucer-shaped or slightly tur- binate cup with thin closely appressed puberulous scales. HILL’S OAK. NORTHERN PIN OAK. Quercus ellipsuidalis E. J. Hill. \ y e | Vo ey with both mature young 1 j acorns, «; leaves from branchlet in late autumn from which leaves have been removed, were taken from the type tree near Glenwood, Chicago, Il 166, Trunk of tree with spray of fohage at has Fig. 165. Fruiting branchlet shoots, 2: and vigorous 3. These specimens ‘ t ‘ ‘ 1 Near Chicago, II! f a bark picture and specimens of leaves and fruit the author is indebted to Rev. Ge Ld, Hanppoox or Trers or tHe Norrurern Srares aNbd CANADA. This interesting and distinct Oak has only recently been made known to science, through the keen observation of its discoverer whose name it bears. It is an Oak of medium size attaining the height of 60 or 70 ft., with short trunk 2 or 3 ft. in thickness vested in smoothish or closely ribbed bark similar to that of the Pin Oak. Similar to the Pin Gak, too, is its habit of developing an oblong top of many upright and horizontal upper branches and drooping lower branches, sending out many small branches near the ground. As these lowermost die in consequence of too much shade from those above, they break off and their bases persist for some time as stubs or pins about the trunk and, as Mr. Hill suggests, it is doubtless due to these that this and the southern Q. palustris are commonly called the Pin Oaks. Unlike the southern species, which inhabits mainly moist Jow-lands, this tree is rather an inhabitant of well-drained uplands, thoueh sometimes found on the borders of ponds and in low woods. As its habitat is north of that of the other tree, the two ranges overlapping in the latitude of northern Indiana and Hlinois. and this is already known as the Pin Oak, I suggest the name Northern Pin Oak as appro- priate to distinguish it from the more southern tree. Leaves oval to obovate-orbicular in outline, 3-7 in. long, wide-cuneate or truncate at base, deeply pinnately lobed with mostly 5-7 narrow repand- dentate Dbristle-tipped lobes and wide rounded sinuses, lustrous green above, paler and glabrous or nearly so beneath: petioles slender, glabrous. 1-2 in. long. Flowers with spreading recurved st Fruit maturing the second year, solitary or in pairs, short-peduncled or sessile with mostly elliptical chestnut-brown acorns 14-4 in. long and half invested by the thick turbinate cup of thin small puberulous closely appressed scales. 145 SCARLET OAK. Quercus coccinea Muench. Fig. 167. A leaf from vigorous shoot and fruiting branchlet, with mature and young acorns, 1; branchlet in late winter bearing young acorns and leaf-buds, 2 168. Trunk of tree at Biltmore, N. C. Hanpboox or Trees or tik NorTuERN STATES AND Canapa. 147 The Scarlet Oak attains the height of 70 or 80 ft. with trunk diameter of 2 or 3 ft., cov- ered with a dark brown shallow-ridged bark, reddish internally. Its habit of growth when isolated from other trees is to form a rounded or oblong head often quite irregular and always beautiful in summer on account of its hand- some deeply-lobed leaves. But it is not until it takes on its brilliant autumnal colors that its beauty and individuality are especially pro- nounced. Then the appropriateness of its name is at once evident, as it assumes a brilliant scarlet color, and other tints of red, and re- tains them until late in the autumn after the leaves of many of its associates have withered and fallen. It is an abundant tree over a large portion, of its range, particularly in the coast region, growing in sandy soil and on gravelly slopes and uplands in company with the Red, Black and other Oaks, the Pig-nut and Shag-bark Hickories, the Sweet Birch, Red Cedar, ete. Its wood is not distineuished from that of the Red Oak in commerce or in uses. A cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighs 46.15 Ibs.t Leaves broad obovate or oval in outline, trun- cate or obtuse at base, deeply pinnatifid with wide rounded sinuses and 5-9 spreading lobes, repand- dentate, with few spreading bristle-pointed teeth at the ends, reddish and pale pubescent at first, then light green and at maturity glabrous, Iust- rous above, paler and sometimes hairy tufted in the axils of the veins beneath; petioles long, slender, Flowers staminate aments slender, glab- rous: calyx 4-5-lobed; styles slender, recurved. Fruit sessile or short-stalked, solitary or in pairs with usually short ovoid brown and occasionally striated acorns about half enveloped in a_ deep large turbinate cup with thin closely imbricated pointed scales 1) As. W.,;. TTT, 69. YELLOW OAK. BLACK OAK. QUERCITRON OAK. Quercus velutina Lam. Fig. 169. Fruiting branchlet, with mature and young acorns, 1; branchlet in winter, 2. 170, Trunk of tree with leaves at base. Biltmore, N. C. Hanpsoox or Trees or tur Norruern Stares anp Canwapa. 149 This abundant and widely distributed Oak constitutes a considerable portion of the Oak forests of the Atlantic states, frequently at- taining the height of 70 or 80 ft. and has been known to considerably surpass 100 ft. in height, with trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter. The bark of trunk is firmly ridged, dark brown or blackish outside and distinetly yellowish within. When growing apart from other trees it develops a rather wide rounded or oblong top of which a noticeable feature is its large lustrous leaves, particularly those of its lower branches. In autumn they assume tints varying from dull red to orange and brown. The wood. of which a cubie foot when abso- lutely dry weighs 43.90 Ibs., is not distinguished in commerce and uses from that of the Red Oak.2 The inner bark yields tannin, a yellow dye, and is sometimes used in medicine. Leaves obovate to oblong in outline, 3-12 in. long, mostly obtuse but sometimes truncate or rounded at base, pinnately lobed generally to about the middle with round-pointed sinuses and usually 7 more or Jess oblique lobes sparingly mucronate- dentate at apex, broader at base and the terminal pair the largest, ved at first then hoary-pubescent and at maturity lustrous dark green above, paler and pubescent and hairy-tufted in the axils of the veins beneath. Leaves are sometimes found hardly distinguishable trom those of the Searlet Oak. Flowers: staminate aments 4-6 in. long with calyx pubescent and acute lobes; pistillate aments with short tomentose peduncles and red stigmas. Fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile or short-stalked with stout ovoid brown and often striated and sometimes pubescent acorn, 14-4 in. long, almost half covered with the deep turbinate cup with thin fight brown searious margined scales, closely imbricated at the base and logsely so or somewhat spreading nearer the edges of the cup. 1. Syn. Quercus tinctaria Bartr. Dy MeOWis., DTV 98% 5 POMBO | ASE ee SPANISH OAK. Quercus digitata (Marsh.) Sudw. Fig. 171. Branchlet, with mature and young acorns, and an assortment of leaves; leafless branch- let in winter. 172. Trunk of tree near Suffolk, Va. Hanpspoox or Trees or tHe Norruern Strares anp Canapba. This interesting Oak is usually not more than 70 or SO ft. in height or with trunk more than 2 or 3 ft. in diameter, but in the stately forests of the lower Ohio basin it occasionally attains 100 ft. in height with trunk 4 or 5 ft. in thickness. When isolated it develops a wide rounded top of stiff far-reaching branches and stout branchlets. The drooping nature of the leaves give the tree a peculiar aspect which is at once noticeable and quite different from that of other Oaks. It is an abundant tree of the South Atlantic and Gulf states, extending up into the northeastern states only along the coast and in the Mississippi Valley. The name Spanish Oak is said to have been given to this tree by early Spanish settlers on account of a similarity in its leaves to those of an Oak they were familiar with in Spain. Its wood is heavy, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 43.18 Ibs., hard and strong and is used for the same purposes as the Red Oak. Its bark also is rich in tannin.? Teaves vaviable, oblong to obovate, rounded or wedge-shaped at e and often irregularly deeply pinnatifid with 38-7 oblique and often faleate or long and narrow entire or dentate and_ bristle- tipped acuminate lobes or sometimes with merely 3 short-spreading lobes at apex, lustrous dark green above and gray or pubescent beneath. Flowers: staminate with thin scarious pubescent 4-5-lobed calyx; stigmas slender, davk red. Fruit sessile or short-stalked acorn, about % in. long and not more than one-third covered by the thin flat or turbinate shallow cup covered with thin obtuse closely appressed scales. 1. Syn. Quercus falcata Michx. 2. A. W., XI, 269. 1 5 1 SWAMP SPANISH OAK. Quercus pagodefolia (E}].) Ashe. Fruiting branchlet with both mature and young acorns, leaves from vigorous shoots; leafless branchlet in late autumn. 174. Trunk of tree with a spray of foliage at base. Near Mt. Carmel, Ill. For photograph of trunk and for leaf and fruit specimens the author is indebted to Dr. J. Schenck of Mt. Carmel, IL Hawnpsoox or Trers or tre Norrrern States and CaNnapa. This beautiful and stately Oak attains the height of upwards of 100 ft. in forest-growth with straight columnar trunk 4 or 5 ft. in diameter. \When isolated from other trees, as oceasionally found on river banks where it has room for full development, its massive branches form a wide rounded top, and its ample party- colored leaves as they display successively their dark-green and silvery-white surfaces, when agitated by the wind, make it a beautiful ob- ject. ‘The bark of trunk is of a dark gray color fissured into rather narrow ridges of firm small scales. It is distinctly a tree of alluvial bottom-lands and the banks of streams subject to inunda- tion, reaching its greatest development in northern Mississippi and eastern Arkansas where it is a very valuable timber tree. The wood is heavy, hard, and strong and useful for interior finishing, furniture, agri- cultural implements, ete., nearly equaling in value the wood of the White Oak and is really one of the very best of the Red Oak group. Leaves oval to oblong in outline, 5-10 in. lone, wide-cuneate, truncate or rounded at base, with 4-7 wide-based and often falcate parrow-pointed mostly entire bristle-tipped spreading lobes, at maturity lustrous dark green above, pale tomentose beneath; branchlets tomentose at first. ruil short-stalked with short subglobose puberulous acorn about 5¢ in. in diameter and nearly half invested by the far or slightly turbinate cup of small puberulons scales. 15 oO BLACK JACK OAK. Quercus Marilandica Muench.} . 175. Fruiting branchlet with mature and young acorns, 1: branehlet in winter, 2. Trunk of tree on Staten Island, N. Y. Hanpsoox or Trees or tHe Norruern StTaAtres AND Canapa. 155 The Black Jack Oak is a tree of medium size, occasionally attaining the height of 40 or 50 ft., with a trunk rarely more than 18 in. or 2 ft. in thickpess, and these dimensions are at- tained only by trees which are especially favored by soil and climate. When isolated from other trees it develops a rounded dome- shaped or obovoid top with wide spreading lateral branches and drooping lower branches. It is a singular fact that it is limited in dis- tribution mainly to dry sandy barrens, the conditions there, which most trees cannot tol- erate, seeming to be what this tree actually requires for its existence. Rare or local and poorly developed in the northern part of its range it is abundant southward, particularly inthe lower Mississippi Valley, where it attains its largest dimensions. Its singular dark green tufted at the ends of the branch- lets, ave pleasing and familiar objects within glossy leaves its range even to those who only casually observe trees. The wood of the Black Jack is hard and heavy, a cubie foot when absolutely dry weigh- ing 45.64 lbs., and is little used except for fuel and charcoal, for which it is excellent. Leaves obovate, very broad and rounded and entire or more or less 3-lobed and bristle-tipped at apex and rounded or cordate at the narrow base. When young. stellate-pubescent above and = rusty tomentose beneath, and at maturity thick and lustrous dark green above, yellowish and scurfy pubescent beneath; petioles short, stout and pubescent. Flowers: staminate in slender hairy aments; calyx with 4-5 broad lobes; anthers apiculate; pistillate flowers with rusty tomentose peduncles. Fruit sessile or nearly so with suh- globose acorns puberulous near apex and halt covered with the turbinate cup of rather thin loosely imbricated pubescent scales. 1. Syn. Quercus nigra Wang. Y Fong VAS beac WATER OAK. DUCK OAK. POSSUM OAK. Quercus nigra Lt 3 SS == Vig. 177. Fruiting branehlet with both mature and young acorns, 1: tip of a vigorous shoot, 2; branechlet in winter, 3. 178. Trunk of tree in southwestern Arkansas. Hanpsoox or Trees of THE NorruerN Svrares anp CaNapa. The Water Oak, as its name implies, grows niturally oniy on the moist bottom-lands or on ridges in the vicinity of same, and attains the height of 70 or 80 ft., with columnar trunk 2-31, ft. in diameter. When not crowded by other trees it develops a rather narrow oblong or sometimes wide rounded top with many branches. A near enough view to reveal the many forms and sizes of its leaves surprises one accustomed only to the northern oaks, which have leaves of generally more constant forms. Being a handsome tree, of rapid growth and easily transplanted, it is used extensively as a shade tree in the streets and parks of the cities and villages of the southern states. The wood of the Water Oak is hard and heavy, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weigh- ing 45.14 Ibs., and heretofore has been little used except for fuel and charcoal.? Leaves variable but mostly varrow-obovate, tapering gradually from the broad rounded and entire or move or less 5-lobed apex to a cuneate base; or on vigorous or sterile branchlets” the leaves are pinnately lobed about balf way to the midrib with 8-7 short triangular oblique bristle- tipped lobes linear-lanceolate Jeaves with inter mediate forms also occur, pubescent at first but at maturity glabrous and dark green above, paler and glabrous or with hairs in the axils of veins beneath, tardily deciduous during tbe winter. Flowers: staminate aments bairy, 2-3 in. long: calyx thin. pubescent, with 4-5 rounded lobes: pistillate with short thick tomentose pednocles : stigmas red. recurved. Fruit short-stalked with short globose ovoid or hemispheric acorn, about 14% in. long, rounded and pubescent at the pointed apex and = scarcely half enveloped by the flat saucer-shaped cup having thin small closely im- bricated pale-pubescent scales. l. Syn. Q. aquatica Walt. 2 Ae Way Vie LIS. Ee Ler ow N.C. , = 9 Sone / a i aN c. i iss) ALAS GA. 157 WILLOW OAK. Quercus Phellos L. Fiporg: branchlet in winter, 3. Branchlet bearing leaves and mature and young acorns, 1; detached acorns and cups, 2; 150, Trunk of tree on grounds of Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Hanpsnoox or Trees or tHe NortTuHern Srares anp Canapa. 159 This curious Oak in forests occasionally at- tains the height of 70 or 80 ft., and when isolated from other trees develops an ovoid or rounded quite symmetrical top with many slen- der branches. The trunks are sometimes 3 or 4 ft. in thickness, columnar and vested in a smoothish bark, somewhat roughened on old It in- habits the margins of swamps and streams and trunks by shallow longitudinal ridges. sandy uplands most abundantly in the south- ern states (though not in the immediate vicin- ity of the coast) and in the lower sfississippi basin. It is a handsome tree and especially curious to those whose familiarity with the oaks is limited to the broad-leaved species of the northern states. This tree to them seems to have the leaves of a willow and the acorns of an oak—a feature which gives it its com- mon name. Its wood is used to some extent for lumber and shingles, but mainly for fuel and charcoal. A cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighs 46.57 lbs.1 Leaves oblong-lanceolate 214-5 in. long, acute at both ends with very short petiole and usually bristle-tipped, entire or with slightly undulate and revolute margins: revolute in the bud and light green and pubescent when they unfold but finally lustrous light green. paler and usually glabrous with pubescent midribs beneath. Flowers: staminate calyx yellow, pubescent, 4-5-lohed : pis- tillate with short glabrons peduncles and slender recnvved stigmas. Fruit sessile or with short stalks, usually solitary, with subglohose or hemis- pherical pale-pubescent nut and thin flat saucer- shaped cup enveloping only its base and covered with small thin closely imbricated scales. Te, Ay We, Sa 271. T= LAUREL OAK. Quercus laurifolia Mich. Fig. 181. Fruiting acorns; 2. branchlet bearing leaves and fruit, 1: branchlet 182. Trunk of tree on the border of Dismal Swamp, Va. Hanpsoox or Trers or tne Norrirern STatres AND CANADA. This interesting and stately oak, when grow- ing among other trees in favorable localities, attains a height of 100 ft. with straight col- umnar trunk 3-4 ft. in diameter, clothed in quite smooth bark, but fissured on old trunks into flat firm ridges. It is distinctly a tree of the low-lands of the Gulf and Atlantie coast regions reaching its northernmost point of dis- tribution in the Dismal Swamp of eastern Vir- ginia. There it is common along the border of the great swamp in company with the Over-cup Oak, Red, Loblolly and Sweet Bays, Carolina Ash, Sourwood. Water, Tupelo and Sweet Gums, White Cedar, ete. It is a beautiful tree with its laurel-like leaves and sturdy trunks and is deservedly popular as a shade tree in the southern states, where it is commonly planted and is usually ealled the Water Oak. The wood heretofore has been used mainly for fuel and charcoal, though suitable for lumber for interior finish- ing, ete. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 47.82 Ibs.1 Leaves narrow-oblong to oblong-obovate, some- times faleate, 2-4 in. long, cuneate at base. rounded or acnte at apex, entire or on vigorons branches unequally lobed, at maturity lustrous dark green above, paler beneath; petioles short and stout. Flowers: staminate in reddish hairy aments 2-3 in. long; pistillate with short stout glabrous peduncles. Fruit sessile or nearly so. usually solitary with short ovoid to hemispherical nut, puberulous at apex about one fourth inclosed in a thin flat saucer-shaped cup with thin pale- pubescent closely imbricated scales. oA. W.. XII, 295: 161 SHINGLE OAK. Quercus imbricaria Miehs. 83. Fruiting branchlet with both mature and young acorns, 1; branchlet in winter, 2. 84. Trunk of tree near mouth of River des Peres, St. Louis, Mo. Hanpspoox or TREES OF THE The Shingle Oak in the forest under most favorable conditions of growth sometimes at- tains a height of 100 ft., with straight columnar trunk 3 or 4+ ft. in diameter, but is usually When isolated it develops an oblong or rounded top not more than 50 or 60 ft. in height. of numerous branches, and is conspicuous on recount of its large entire leaves, which are very different from those of all other American Oaks. ing both rich uplands and fertile bottom-lands, It is a distinctly handsome Oak inhabit- and is one of the most abundant Oaks of the lower Ohio basin and the state of Missouri. Its wood is heavy, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 46.92 Ibs., hard and strong, and is used in interior finishing, furniture and to for shingles —a use from which it takes its name. a considerable extent clapboards and Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 4-6 in. long, sometimes bristle-tipped, particularly when young, acute or obtuse at apex and rounded at with entire or htly undulate Margins, coriaceous, reddish or yellowish green and tomentose at first. at maturity very lustrous wedge-shaped or base, dark green above, paler and pubescent beneath with yellowish midribs and prominent veins; petioles short, pubescent. Flowers staminate ameuts slender and numerous, hoary-tomentose, 2-3 in. long with yellowish pubescent 4-lobed calyx; pistil with short tomentose peduncles ; stigmas recurved. Fruit solitary or 2 or 35 to- gether with short peduncles and subglobose davk brown ov striated nut about 4 in. third inclosed in a flattish turbinate closely imbricated pubescent scales OAL W., XI, 270. long and of smatt one- cup NorTHERN STATES AND CANADA. 163 WHITE OAK. () uercus alba L. 185. Fruiting branchlet with scattered leaves and acorns, 1; branchlet in winter, 2. Note the absence of young acorns with this and the subsequent species — the annual-fruiting oaks. 186. Trunk of tree near Albany, N. Y. 187. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpsooxk or Trers or tir Norruern Srares ano Canada. 165 The White Oak is one of the most useful trees of the American forests, attaiming under most favorable conditions when growing in tie forest a height of 150 ft. and trunk 4-5 ft. in diameter. When isolated from other trees its habit is to form a very broad top of firm, rigid horizontal branches and short thick trunk — the emblem of strength and solidity. It takes its name from the heht color of the sealy ridged bark, the aptness of which is shown in the accompanying illustration. It is one of the most common and generally distributed Oaks of the Atlantic states and Mississippi basin, growing alike on rich uplands and river bot- toms where not too moist, in company with several of the Hickories, Tulip-tree, Sweet and Seur Gums, Magnolias, Red and other Oaks, ete. Its wood, of which a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighs 46.5 5 |bs., is the standard of excellence among the Oaks and is used for fur- niture-making, interior finishing, cooperrge, the manufacture of agriculutral implements, bas- kets, railroad ties, ete., and for fuel. Leaves obovate to oblong, wedge-shaped at base, sinuate-pinnatifid with usually 4 7 broad. but sometimes narrow. oblique-rounded entire lobes, red and pale pubescent when they unfold but finally glabrous dark green above, paler beneath, 4-9 in. long. turning vieh dark red in autumn, withering and hanging to the branches until late in the winter; petioles stout glabrous. Flowers: staminate aments 214-4 in. Inne; calyx yellow, pubescent: stamens GS; pistillate with broad in volucral scales and short dilated stigmas. fruit maturing the first autumn, sessile ov nearly so, abortive ovules basal: acorn avoid-oblong, lustrous, about 34 in. long and about 1, covered by the flattish hemispheric tomentose cup, warty below with thickened and united scales which near the rim are thin and membranous i. Ay. Wi, TL; 38s POST OAK. Quercus minor (AMarsh.) Sare. Fruiting branchlet and an assortment Trunk of tree near St. Louis, Mo. of leaves and acorns, 1: branclilet i winter, Hanpsoox or Trees or tur Norriern Srares AND The Post Oak is usually a tree of medium stature attaining a height of 50 or 60 ft., but in the exceptional forests of the Ohio basin it is said to attain a height of 100 ft. and is trunk a diameter of about 3 ft. When growing in the open fields it develops a rounded or obovoid top with stout branchlets and shining dark green foliage, which in autumn turns to various shades of yellow and brown. It is one of the most marked of our oaks in the peculiarity of its leaves, which, tufted at the ends of the branchlets in great star-shaped clusters, suggests at once the appropriateness of Wangenheim’s name, Q. stellata. It inhabits limestone ridges and sandy plains in company with the Black Jack, Red, White and other Oaks, the Sassafras, Gums, Flowering Dogwood, Rea Cedar, ete. Its heavy, hard and durable wood is valued in the manufacture of agricultural implements, casks, ete., and to some extent for furniture. It is also used extensively for railway ties, fence posts, ete., and makes excellent fuel. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 52.14 Ibs.? Leaves broad-obovate, 4-8 in. long, cuneate or rounded at base, deeply lyrate-pinnatifid with usually 5 (sometimes 3 or 7) wide divergent en- tire or undulate rounded lobes, the central pair much the largest and usually notched, at ma turitv. firm shining dark green with scattered stellate hairs above, grayish or yellowish pubes- cent beneath; petioles and = midribs pubescent. Flowers: staminate calyx yellow with 5 laciniately cut lobes; stigmas short, dilated. fruit maturins the first year, sessile or nearly so; acorn ovoid- oblong, %-1 in. long, about half inclosed by the hemispheric cup. l. Syn. Q. obtusilaba Michx. Q. stellata Wan. 2. A. W., IV, 92. CANADA. 167 BURR OAK. MOSSY-CUP OAK. Quercus macrocarpa Michx. +} Fig. 190. Branchlet with mature fruit and leaves, 1; branchlet in winter, 2: specimens from near Lexington, Ky. 1o1. Trunk of tree in Genesee valley, N. Y. ) . Hanpzoox or Trees or THE Norrurrn Srares anp Canapa. 169 The Burr Oak has been known to attain the great neight of 170 ft. and 6 or 7 ft. in diame- ter of trunk, in the magnificent forests of the Wabash River basin — dimensions which make this one of the very largest American Oaks, but such trees are very uncommon. When isolated it develops an ovoid or rounded top with large branches and stout branchlets. As- sociate with its majestic stature the beauty of its party-colored foliage and its large acorns with mossy-fringed cups and we have one of the most interesting trees of its genus. It in- habits almost exclusively rich bottom-lands, excepting the western part of its range, in company with the Swamp White Oak, the Black and Silver Maples, Big Shelbark Hick- ory, Hackberry, Elms, ete. Its wood is heavy, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry, weighing 46.45 Ibs., tough and strong? It is fully equal in properties to that of the White Oak and usually not distin- guished from it in commerce. It is highly valued for ship building, furniture, interior finishing, agricultural implements, baskets. railway ties. fuel, ete. Leaves obovate to oblong, 5-9 in. long, mostly wedge-shaped at base, deeply lyrate-pinnatifid, with 5-7 lobes the terminal one the largest and irregularly crenate dentate, sometimes pearly en- tire, lustrous dark green ahove and whitish pubes- cent beneath: petioles short. /lowers: staminate aments slender, 2-6 in. long; calyx yellowish with 4-6 lacinately-toothed lobes. Fruit solitary or in pairs, ssile or with stalk shorter than the petioles: acorn broad-ovoid, usually rounded or depressed at apex from 14 in. in length on northern trees to 2 in. on southern trees. with usually thick tomentose cups, tuberculate below and with scales near the rim prolonged into awn-like tips forming a fringed border. OVER-CUP OAK. Quercus lyrata Walt. Fig. 192. Fruiting branchlet, 1; detached acorns showing laceration of cup, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 19 Trunk of tree in vicinity of Dismal Swamp, Va. we Hanpsoox or Trees or tHe Norrurrn Stares The Overcup Oak is a tree ordinarily of medium stature, but rarely attains the height of nearly 100 ft. with trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter. In its distribution it is contined to swamps and low wet bottom-lands, often that are more or less inundated during the greater part of the year. Its associates in these localities are the Water and Laurel Oaks, Swamp Bay, Tupelo Guin, Water Gum, Water Ash, River Birch, Cypress, ete. It is not often found isolated from other trees, but when so it has a handsome oblong or rounded top with more or less pendulous branchlets. The wood of the Overcup Oak is heavy, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 51.80 lbs., hard, strong, and is durable in contact with the soil. These desirable qualities make it applicable to the same uses as those to which the White Oak is applied, from which it is not distinguished in commerce.! Leaves obovate-oblong, wedge-shaped at base, lyrate-pinnatifid or lobed to beyond the middle, with 5-9 entire or sparingly-toothed triangular obligue lobes the upper pair usually the larger and more divergent, shining dark green above, white tomentose beneath. Flowers: staminate aments 3-6 in. long; ealyx with 5 acute lobes. Fruit sessile or with short peduncles; nut mostly de- pressed globose and nearly or quite enveloped by the cup which is rather thin, hoary tomentose, with thick rugged united scales at the base but gradually thinner towards” the margin, which often splits irregularly. Teds We; XT, 298. AND CANADA. 171 SWAMP WHITE OAK. Quercus platanoides (Lam.) Sudw.! Fie. 194. Fruiting branehlet with detached acorns and an assortment of leaves, 1; branchlet in winter, 2. tos. Trunk of tree near Albany, N. Y. Tlanpsoox or Trees oF tHE Norruern STATES AND Canapa. 1 The Swamp White Oak is a tree commonly 60 or 70 ft. in height with trunk 2 or 3 ft. in thickness, but when crowded by other trees in forest growth has been known to attain the height of 90 or 100 ft. The short stout trunks of isolated trees are sometimes 6 or 8 ft. in thickness. The tops of these are usu- ally broad or rounded, with numerous tortu- ous branches, and more or less pendulous branchlets which often fringe the trunk above. As its name implies it inhabits the low grounds of bottom-lands growing in company with the Red and Silver Maples, King-nut Hickory, Sweet and Sour Gums, Over-cup, Pin and Burr Oaks, Green and Black Ashes, ete. Its wood is heavy, hard and tough, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 47.75 lbs. and is applied to the same uses as that of the White Oak, no distinction being made between the two in commerce.? Leaves obovate to obovate-oblong, wedge-shaped at base, rounded or obtuse at apex, coarsely sinuate-crenate with 6-S pairs of primary veins or sometimes pinnately lobed with rounded entire lobes, tomentose at first but at maturity dark green and lustrous above, whitish and more or less tomentose beneath; petioles stout %-1 in. long. Floiwers staminate aments 2-4 in. long with light yellow and deeply 5-9-lobed calyx; pistillate with long tomentose peduncles and = short red stigmas. Fruit commonly in pairs with peduncle 2-6 times as long as the petioles; nut ovoid, %4-1 in. long, pubescent at apex and about one-third enveloped by the hemispheric tomentose cup, some- times tuberculate at base but smooth near rim and with tips of scales free and contorted. I. Syn. Quercus bicolor Willd. 2. A. W., III, 66. COW OAK. BASKET OAK. 0) wereus Vichaurii Niitt. Fig. 196. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1: branchlet in winter, 2. 197. Trunk of tree in border of Dismal Swamp, Va. Hanpsoox or ‘revs or tHE Norruprn Starrs anp Canapba. This large and important Oak is one of the most valuable timber trees of the southern states, and in forests sometimes attains the height of 100 ft.. with columnar trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter vested in a pale gray sealy ridged bark. It is one of our handsomest Oaks with its ample leaves showing alternately their glossy dark green upper surfaces and velvety white lower surfaces, as agitated by the wind. It is confined in its distribution mainly to low swampy grounds, rich bottom- lands and the borders of streams subject to frequent inundation, where it is found in com- pany with the Water Hickory, Swamp Bay, Planer Tree, Water and Laurel Oaks, the Gums, Red Maple. ete. : Tts wood, of which a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 50.10 Ibs., is hard, tough, strong and very durable in contact with the soil and is highly valued for furniture and interior finish- ing, cooperage, the manufacture of agricultural implements, fence posts, fuel, ete., and is con- sidered the best of our woods for the manu- facture of baskets.t Leaves obovate, usually 4-8 in. long, broad, ob- tyse or rounded at base, acute ov acuminate, regu- larly crenate-toothed, with S-12 pairs of primary veins terminating in the teeth, rather thiek, lust- rous dark green above, whitish and velvety pubes- cent beneath. Flowers: staminate aments slender, 3-4 in. long; pistillate with short tomentose pe- duneles and short red stigmas. Prouit solitary or in pairs, sessile or nearly so; nut 1-1% in. in length, ovoid-oblong and about ' enveloped in the hoary-tomentose closely imbricated pointed scales, those pear the base thick tuberculate. Te Ay W.5.- Vi; EL. 175 CHESTNUT OAK. ROCK OAK. Q@uercus Privus L. lig. ro8. Fruiting branchlet with an assortment of leaves and acorns, 1; branchlet in winter, 2 199. Trunk of tree near Albany, N. Y. Hanpspoox or Trers or tuk Norruern Strares ano Canapa. 177 The Chestnut Oak usually attains a height of from 60 to 70 ft.. but in forests where conditions are especially favorable sometimes 100 ft., with trunk 3 or 4+ ft in diameter vested in a dark firm broadly ridged bark. A tree of this species of exceptional thickness of trunk, as well as being famous from histeric association, is the * Washington Oak.” located on the east bank of the Hudson River near Fishkill. It is 7 ft. in diameter and the esti- mated age of the tree, based upon the known age of a fallen companion, is eight or ten centuries.t The Chestnut Oak inhabits well drained slopes, uplands and rocky ridges in company with the Shag-bark and Pig-nut Hickories, various Oaks, the Tulip-tree, ete. A cubic foot of its absolutely dry wood weighs 46.73 lbs., and is used for the same purposes as that of the White Oak.2 Its bark is used for tanning leather. Leaves from oblong-lanceolate to obovate, ob- tuse, acute or acuminate at apex, from obtuse to subeordate at base, coarsely crenate, with 10 to 16 pairs of straight primary veins, glabrous dark green above, paler and = puberulous beneath. Flowers: staminate with 7-9 calyx lobes; pistillate with short dark red stigmas. Fruit single or in pairs with pedicels shorter than the petioles; nut ovoid-oblong, lustrous brown, trom 1-114 in. long and about half immersed in the thin pubescent cup Which is somewhat roughened outside by the thickened centers and free tips of its scales. TeeraNs. Wis? oll. (Oe CHINQUAPIN OAK. CHESTNUT OAK. YELLOW OAK. Quercus acuminata (Michx.) Houba.t Fruiting branchlets and detached leaves and acorns, 1 and 2; branchlet in winter, 3. trunk of tree near North Rush, N.Y. The Chinquapin Oak is an abundant tree west of the Allegheny Mountains, and in the Juxuriant forests of the Wabash River Valley of southern Indiana and = IJllinois has been known to attain the exceptional height of 160 ft. with straight columnar trunk 3-5 ft. in thickness above the wide buttressed base, but it is generally a much smaller tree and in the eastern part of its range uncommon and local in its distribution. When growing apart from other trees it develops an oblong or rounded top of many branches. and its trunk is vested in a pale gray sealy-ridged bark. Its leaves very much resemble those of the Chestnut and in autumn turn to various tints of orange and red. The wood is heavy, a ecubie foot when thor- oughly dry weighing 53.63 Ibs., strong and hard and is extensively used in cooperage, the construction of agricultural implements, furni- ture, ete., and for posts and railway ties.2 Leares lanceolate-oblong, to obovate, 4-8 in. long, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, acute or acuminate at apex, equally and coarse serrate, with glandular-mucronate teeth, dark green above, whitish pubescent beneath, the straight prominent veins terminating in the teeth: petioles slender. Flowers; staminate aments pilose, 3-4 in. long, with llow 5-6-lobed calyx: stigmas short, red. Fruit sessile or short-pedunclate with lustrous brown short ovoid acorn ™%-%4 in. long and balf invested by the hoary-tomentose hemispherie cup covered with small appressed scales; seed some- times edible. A division of this species has recently been snegested, and the name (Q. exanderi Britt) ap- plied to cover trees with leaves broader above the middle and acorns with rather shallow cuns, but. inasmuch as beth forms of Jeaves and acorns are often found on the same tree, the proposed new species would hardly seem to be valid. 1. Syn. Q. Muhlenbergii Engelm. 2. A. W., III, 68. eae ATI LIVE OAK. Quercus Virginiana Mill! Fig. 202. Fruiting branchlets with an assortment of leaves and acorns. 203. Trunk of tree and portion of a gigantic grape-vine killed by constriction of its base, which became involved in a crotch of the oak. 204. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpsoox or Trees or tur Norturern Starrs anp Canapa. 18] The Live Qak is the most majestic and im- pressive Oak of the Atlintie states. Its height, rarely more than 50 or GU ft.. is not as re- markable as its great spread of branches. Its cies ~ massive trunk is sometimes G or 8 ft. in diame- ter and usually divides near the ground into a few great branches, which sometimes reach out horizontally from 50 to 75 ft. —a ereater distance than those of any other American tree. Visitors to the coast regions of the South- ern States are always impressed with these creat and beautiful trees, After contemplating them one can hardly realize that the same species is found (in var. nwitnima) on sandy barrens near the cost of Florida as a shrub bearing fruit when no more than 1 ft. in height. Our bark picture, while it shows nicely the characteristic bark of the species, tells also the story of a long struggle for existence, which the tree had had with a gigantic Grape- vine. and the final victory of the Oak. The wood of the Live Oak. of which a eubie foot when absolutely dry weighs 59.21) Ibs.. is so hard and difficult to work as not to be extensively used now-a-days, thoueh it was once highly valued for ship-building before iron was substituted for that purpose, and Congress, in its early sessions, enacted laws for perpetuating the supply.2 Leaves evergreen, very thick and coriaceous, obovate-oblanceolate to oblong, mostly rounded at apex and wedge-shaped at base with entire revo- lute margins (rarely spinose-dentate above the middle), shining dark green above, whitish pubes- cent beneath, falling with the appearance of new leaves in the spring. Frot with vunnsually long peduncles 1-5 acorns to each peduncle; acorns small lustrous dark brown, ovoid to obovoid and one-third covered by the thin turbinate hoary- tomentose cup with small appressed scales; seed sweet 1. Syn. Quercus virens 2. As Wa Ve Alt WHITE ELM. WATER ELM. Ulmus Americana V.. Tig. 205. Branchlet with mature fruit and young leaves, surrounded with mature leaves gathered later, 1; branchlet in winter hearing three leaf-buds above and four flower-buds below, enlarged, 2 206. Trunk of tree. Lowville, N. Y. 207. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpsoox or TREES OF THE The White Elm is one of the largest trees of the \tlantic States, frequently attaining the height of 100 or 125 ft. with a trunk 6 to 10 ft. in diameter. These large trunks are widely buttressed at base and in the forest usually columnar and undivided to the height of 30-60 ft. or more. Its beautiful form when growing in the open field is a familiar and beloved feature of almost every landscape of New England and the Northern States. These trees usually divide within 20 or 30 ft. from the ground into few large branches, which rise upward, ramify and curve gracefully outward, forming a broad rounded or flat top with more or less drooping branchlets. The trunk and large limbs are often fringed to the ground with short contorted branches. It inhabits naturally moist bottom-lands and the borders of streams. The wood when absolutely dry weighs 40.56 pounds per cubic foot, is strong, tough and difficult to split, and is a favorite timber for wagon making, particularly the hubs of wheels, and for saddle-trees. tool-handles, ete.1 Leaves oval to oblong-obovate, rounded or heart- shaped on one side at base and short or. wedge- shaped on the other, abruptly acuminate at apex, doubly serrate, dark green and smooth or nearly so above, paler beneath. Flowers, before the leaves, in fascicles, with slender drooping jointed pedicels; calyx with 7-9 short rounded lobes; ovary and styles light green. /'ruit, ripening as the leaves unfold, an oval-obovate samara short stipitate, glabrous with ciliate maigias.* Do Wey UM, 3s 2. For genus see p. 432. Norruern STares and CAaNapa. 18 3 CORK ELM. ROCK ELM. Clnus Thomasi Sarg." tranchlet with mature fruit and leaves nearly full grown, surrounded with mature 2. 208. leaves gathered later, 1; branchlet in winter enlarged to show minute characters, Trunk of tree, in Martinsburg, N. Y. Hawnpsoox or Trees or tHE Norruern Srares anp Canapa. 185 The Cork Elm attains the height of 80-100 ft., with trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter, and in forests has a straight columnar trunk some- times free from branches to the height of 60 or 70 ft. When growing outside of the forest its habit of growth is generally quite different from that of the White Elm, as it develops a rather narrow oblong top with strongly droop- ing lateral and lower branches and corky- winged branchlets, as shown in our trunk pic- ture. Tt is a tree inhabiting uplands, rocky ridges and slopes, in company with the Sugar Maple, Hop Hornbeam, Butternut, Basswood, White Ash, Beech, ete., but is much less abundant and general in its distribution than the White Elm. Its wood is heavy, a cubic foot weighing when absolutely dry 45 25 |bs., and is especially sought where great strength, toughness and flexibility are required, as in the manufacture of heavy agricultural implements, the handles of tools, ete.2 Leaves obovate-oblong, narrow and = obtus. to subcordate and somewhat inequilateral at base, doubly serrate, with usually ineurved — teeth, smooth lustrous dark green above, pale pubescent beneath; petioles and branchlets pubescent ; buds taper-pointed with puberulous — ciliate — seales. Flowers in racemes with slender filiform jointed pedicels; calyx 7-S-lobed; anthers purple Pruit ripening when the leaves are about half grown, samare ohovate-oblong, pale, obscurely nerved, pubescent and ciliate. 1. Ulmus racemosa Thomas. 2: Ay Wa; Tl, 34. oy ae Sy Tse We M01 [Maye | 4 = nA Ms Seas hh > | : WINGED ELM. Ulmus alata Miechx. Fig. 210. Section of corky branch with branchlets bearing mature fruit, 1 (Observe the leaf buds are scarcely as yet swollen); branchlet with mature leaves, 2; branchlet in winter showing leaf-buds and incipient corky flanges, 3; do, bearing leaf-buds above and flower-buds below, 4. 2tt. Trunk of tree near Kennett, Mo. Hanppoox or Trees or tie Norriern Srares aNp Canapa. 187 Compared with the large elms of the North- ern States, the Winged Elm is a_ tree of medium size. It rarely attains a greater height than 50 or 60 ft. or greater thickness of trunk than 2 ft., and when isolated forms a syim- metrical oblong or obovoid top. I[t inhabits well drained uplands and the borders of swamps and streams, being most abundant in the regions west of the Mississippi River in company with the Hackberries, Honey Locust, Willow-leaf and Shingle Oaks, Prickly Ash, ete. It differs materially from our northern elms in the size of its small leaves, and a pecu- liar feature is the wide wing-like growths of cork which develop on opposite sides of some of its branchlets, particularly the lowermost and those near the trunk of the tree. It is from this feature that it takes both its com- mon and technical names. Its wood is heavy, a eubie foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 46.68 lbs., hard and diffi- cult to split, though it is not considered as strong as that of the northern Elms.1 Leaves ovate-oblong, from abruptly wedge-shaped to subcordate at base and somewhat inequilateral. acute or acuminate, doubly serrate, at maturity firm, smooth, dark green above, pale pubescent be- neath. Flowers appearing in early spri before the leaves, in short few-flowered fascicle calyx glabrous with 5 obovate lobes. Fruit pening usually before the unfolding of the leaves, samara from \4-% in. in length, long-stipitate, white- hairy especially on the thickened margin; wings Darrow and with protruded points incurved at apex. 1. A. W., XII, 289. eae Nese, a Wyo, a ft SLIPPERY ELM. RED ELM. Ulmus pubescens Walt. Fig. 212. Branchlet with mature fruit, young leaves and stipules, surrounded with mature leaves gathered later, 1; branchlet in winter, with leaf and flower-buds, enlarged. 213. Trunk of tree in Genesee valley, N. Y. Hanpsoox or Trees or tre Nortuern States anp Canapa. 189 The Slippery Elm attains the height of 60 or 70 ft. with straight columnar trunk rarely more than 2 or 3 ft. in diameter. When iso- lated the trunk divides usually within a few feet of the ground into a few large limbs which branch and develop into a graceful broad-topped head, similar to that of the White Eln. Its larger rougher rugose leaves are features which readily distinguish it. It thrives best in the rich soil of bottom- lands and along the banks of streams. Here it is usually associated with the Burr and Swamp White Oaks, Black, Silver, and Red Maples, Hackberry, ete. but it is also found, though in smaller stature, on rocky ridges and slopes. Its fragrant mucilaginous inner bark is used in medicine and is also some- what nutricious, a fact which oceasionally leads to the destruction by boys, who sometimes literally skin it alive when once its identity is discovered. A cubic foot of the absolutely dry wood weighs 43.35 lbs. It is tough and strong an especially valued for the ribs of small boats and in the manufacture of agricultural imple- ments, for railway ties, ete.? Leaves obovate-oblong, from obtuse to subcord- ate and inequilateral at base, abruptly acominate at apex, doubly serrate, thick, firm, rugose, dark green and very rough above, pale tomentose be- neath, especially in the axils of the veins; buds obtuse or rounded, densely rusty tomentose. Flowers in crowded spreading fascicles with short pedicels; calyx 7-9-lobed; stigmas reddish purple. Fruit ripening when the leaves are about hah grown, suborbicular, %-"% in. long with tomentose cell and broad thin glabrous wings. 1. Ulmus fulva Michx. ae Nie SN Me Dede a Toy | Ya P0000 jaya | Ae) LY “——- ke ies X be PLANER-TREE. WATER ELM. Planera aquatica (Walt.) Gmel. Fig. 214. Branchlets with mature leaves in summer, 1; fruiting branchlet in spring with mature fruit and young leaves, 2; fruit with epicarp opened to display seed, 3: isolated seeds, 4; branchlet in winter, 5. 215. Trunk of tree in Red River valley, Ark. 216. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpsoox or Trees oF THE NORTHERN The Planer-tree rarely attains a greater height than 30 or 40 ft. or thicker trunk than 18 or 20 in. It is distinctly a water-loving species, being confined in its habitation to de- pressions in bottom-lands and deep swamps which are inundated during a_ considerable portion of the year. In these localities, too wet for nearly all other trees, it holds undis- puted sway and presents a singular appear- ance, with its broad tops of irregular, contorted branches. As if by common agreement they seem determined to maintain this low habit of growth, even though it requires them to en- dure the shade of the taller trees about them which are constantly vieing with each other in reaching up to the light. The light soft wood, of which a cubie foot when absolutely dry weig's 32.99 lIbs., is of little or no commercial value.! Leaves 1-3 in. long, ovate-oblong, obtuse or rounded and more or less inequilateral at base, coarsely crenate-serrate, subcoriaceous, dull dark green and roughish above, duller and with con- spicuous veins beneath, and with slender puber ulous petioles. JFlowers in early spring with or before the leaves; calyx greenish, campanulate, 4-5-cleft: the staminate in fascicles from_ the axils of the outer scales of the bud on twigs of the previous season, short pedicelate; anthers emargi- nate; the pistillate are perfect flowers. 1-3. to- gether, with longer pedicels from the axils of the leaves of the year; ovary stipitate, slightly com- pressed: styles two, reflexed, papil and. stig- matic on inner faces. Fruit ripening in April, and oblong oblique coriaceous droupe, % in. long. with short stipe, subtended by the calyx and tipped with the remnants of the style, ridged, and covered with fleshy processes; seed compressed ovoid with straight embryo, unequal thick coty- ledons, 00 albumen.? lis AR Ee ig. 2. For genus see p. 432 Y j \ miss) (ALA) GA. STATES AND CANADA. 191 HACKBERRY. SUGARBERRY. Celtis occidentalis LL. te J 2 7. Branchlet with leaves and mature fruit, 1; fruit detached, isolated pits, 4; branchlet in winter, 5 218. Trunk of tree in Meramac River valley, Mo. 219. Wood strueture magnified 15 diameters. 2; fruit in section, 3; Hanpsoox or Trees or tur Norrikrn Srares anp CANADA. The Hackberry in the forests of the rich bottom-lands of tne Ohio River basin some- times exceeds 100 ft in height and its trunk is sometimes 4 or 5 feet in diameter, but when in dryer soil of regions more unfavorable to its growth it is a much smaller tree. When isolated it develops an ovoid or oblong top of many small branches and fine branchlets. It is abundant in the Mi ssippi basin, but in the northeastern states and Canada so uncom- mon or local in its distribution as not to be generally known by the country people when it is observed, and strange names are often given to it. Two large trees having considera- ble local celebrity as ‘“ Unknown Trees” (one near Palatine Bridge and the other near Schuy- lerville, N. Y.) I have found upon examina- tion to be of this species. and my father has told me of having had several similar ex- periences. The leaves of the trees of this species in the Black River valley of northern New York commonly show an interesting variegation in mid-summer and becoming more marked as the season advances. This I am informed by Dr. B. T. Galloway is due to a parasitic fungus, known as the Phyllosticta Celtidis K. & K. The wood is rather heavy. a cubie foot when absolutely dry weighing 45.40 Ibs. and is used in the manufacture of furniture and agricul- tural implements, for fuel, fences, ete. Leaves inequilateral, ovate, more or less faleate, rounded or cordate ov tapering and oblique at base, coarsely serrate, thin, prominently — reticulate, light green and smooth or rouehish above, paler and glabrous or nearly so beneath. Flowers as described for the genus. /rvit subglobose or ob- long, about 4% in. long, with thick dark purple skin. yellowish flesh and smooth pit.# Var. pumila Gray, is a shrubby form of the Southern states, through Missouri and westward, with small and more rugose leaves. 1. Including C. crassifolia Lam. and (. canina Rat. Some botanists consider these distinct, but tenable directive characters do not seem to exist. Aus Wig Ty 22s 5. Por genus see pp. 432-433. 193 2, ee pan,! ae pin r Wi? AS VEN out RO SN AN ee Poe a i : Le: kin MISSISSIPP] HACKBERRY. SUGARBERRY. Collis Mississipplensis Bose. fi A ma a arerpeag SI = oe tt ! a A Fig, 220. Branchlets with leaves and mature fruit, 1; detached fruits, 2; isolated pits, 3; leaves from vigorous shoots, 4; branchlet in winter, 5. 221. Trunk of tree with leaves at base. Red River valley, Ark. Tlanpsook or Trees or tun Norruern Stares anp Canapa. 195 This tree attains the height of 60 or 80 ft. and in thickness of trunk 2 or 8 ft. It de- velops an open oblong head with more or less drooping lateral and lower branches, and is always of interest to one seeing it for the first time on account of its singular light gray smooth bark. covered at intervals with promi- nent excrescences and bosses. It is a handsome tree, as it is found hanging over the borders of lakes and bayous of the lower Mississippi valley in company with the Prickly Ash, Pe- ean. Nutmeg Hickory, Planer-tree, Decidu- ous Holly, Cypress, and other trees of the bottom-lands of those regions and the Gulf states. That its ornamental value is being justly appreciated is shown by the fact that it is being planted in the streets and parks of many of the southern cities and villages. The wood is rather heavy, a cubie foot when absolutely dry weighing 49.57 Ibs., and is not distinguished in commerce or uses from that of the C. occidentalis. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, inequilateral and often falcate, 3-nerved, from wedge-shaped to rounded and very oblique at base, long taper- pointed, entire or with remote low sharp teeth, smooth dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers as described for the genus. Fruit small orange brown drupes, 4% to 4% in. long, with thin flesh and reticulated pit. Var. reticulata (Torr.) Sarg. is the Palo Blanco of the Southwest, but not found within the area covered by this work. TA We, el 265s WHITE MULBERRY. Morus alba L. Fig. 222. Branch with mature leaves and fruit, 1; an assortment of leaves, 2; branchlet in winter, 223. Trunk of tree on Staten Island, N. Y. 2 Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpspook or Trees or tHe NortrHERN The White Mulberry, in that its leaves fur- nish the most valuable food known for the Silk-worm, has the distinction of being the tree about which more has been written than any other tree. Upon its existence, too, de- pend the employment of vastly more people and capital than any other tree, and no other tree has been so extensively cultivated. It grows naturally in northern China and Japan, but has been carried into all countries where climatic conditions are favorable. As early as in the seventeenth century it was brought to America and until the outbreak of the Re- volutionary War its propagation was en- couraged by the British government, as a basis for the establishment of silk production in this country. Many thousands of trees were planted and great preparations made, but the value of labor here has always made it impossible to compete with the Old World in silk production and the fortunes spent in early days were lost, but the White Mulberry tree remains as a last- ing monument to the departed hopes. The Wood of the White Mulberry is of see- ondary importance, but is hard and durable and used to some extent for furniture, boat- building, ete.1 Its fruit is edible and from that of a variety growing in Turkestan it is said a flour is made. Leaves mostly ovate, 3-7 in. long, serrate, and on vigorous shoots often with from 1-5 wide lobes, cordate or truncate at base, mostly acute at apex, thin, shining dark green above, duller beneath. Fruit maturing in June or July, %4-1% in. long, sweet and succulent, usually white or pinkish tinted. Several varieties have originated in culti- vation, one with nearly black fruit. DAG W., X17, 290. 2. For genus see p. 435. SvavTEes AND CANADA. 1 RED MULBERRY. Morus rubra L. Fig. 225. Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, 1: an assortment of leaves, 2: branchlet in winter, 3. 226. Trunk of tree in Genesee valley near Scotts Hill, N. Y. Hanpsoox or Trees or tue Norriurk The Red Mulberry when growing in the fot- est attains the height of from 60 to 80 ft. and iy sometimes 3 or + ft in diameter of trunk. When growimg apart from the influence of other trees it develops a compact, broad, rounded top of many small branches, and the short trunks of these isolated trees are some- times thicker than the measurements above noted. It is a handsome tree with large dis- tinct leaves, on account of which it casts a dense shade, and is well worthy of being planted as an ornamental shade tree. It in- habits rich bottom-lands and low hillsides which it enlivens in autumn with its bright pale-yellow autumnal garb. Its sweet juicy fruit, very much resembling a blackberry in appearance, is esteemed as one of our choice native fruits, and some natural varieties, dis- tinguished on account of the abundance or size of fruit, are being propagated by horticul- turists. The fruit is eagerly devored by birds and other denizens of the forest and on the farm by poultry, ete. The wood is rather heavy, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 45.41 Ibs., moderately soft and very durable and is used in cooper- age and boat building, for fences, ete.1 Leaves mostly orbicular-ovate, some 3-5-lobed or with single lohe on one side, from rounded to cordate at base, abruptly acuminate at apex, ser- rate, dark green and roughish above, pale pubes- cent and prominently reticulated beneath. The primary veins arcuate and united near the mar- gins; stipules lanceolate, pale or reddish green. Flowers: staminate spikes drooping, with stout pubescent peduncles: stamens with flattened fila- ments tapering from base to anther: pistillate spike smaller and with shorter peduncles. Fruit purplish black when fully ripe, oblong, averaging about one inch in length, juicy and delicious. 1; A. W., IIT, 63: 2. For genus see p. 435- RN STATE mS AND CawNaDa. 199 PAPER MULBERRY. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. 7. Portions of branches showing mature fruit, 1: leafy branchlet, 2; branchlets in winter, 8. Base of an old gnarled trunk at Suffolk, Va 229. Trunk of a younger tree with leaves at base, near New York. 220. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpsoox or Trees or Ture NortTuern States anp Canapa. 201 The Paper Mulberry is an introduced tree from eastern Asia and the neighboring islands. {Introduced into this country for ornamental purposes it has escaped and become naturalized in many localities in the Atlantic states from New York to Florida and as far west as Mis- souri. It does not often attain a greater height than 40 or 50 ft. but develops a wide- spreading rounded top of ample vigorous foli- age and short trunk 3 or 4 ft. in thickness. The bark of young trunks is quite smooth and handsomely reticulated with pale yellow lines. Old trunks commonly become — singularly gnarled and convoluted. The tree is called Paper Mulberry from the fact that paper of very good quality is made in China and Japan from its inner bark. The tapa-cloth which is used extensively by the South Pacific Islanders is also a product of this tree, being made from the inner bark by maceration and pounding to remove the non-fibrous portion. The wood is rather soft, light, coarse-grained and easily worked, but of no commercial im- portance in this country.1 Leaves usually ovate, 3-8 in. long, not lobed and also (especially on young plants) variously 3-5- lobed or with single lobe on one side all forms commonly on the same tree. cordate or rounded ar base, acuminate, serrate-dentate. rough above, velvety tomentose beneath, long petiolate. Flowers in middle spring, staminate aments peduncled. Fruit heads %, in. across, with red exserted fleshy perianth * 1. A. W.,. XI,. 266: 2. For genus see p. 433. OSAGE ORANGE. Toxylon pomiferum Raf Fig. 231. Branchlet bearing leaves and mature fruit, 1; fruit in section, 2: isolated seeds, 35 section of branch with old branchlet, 4; a terminal branchlet of first season’s growth, 5. Trunk of tree with spray of leaves and fruit at base. Staten Island, N. Y. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. 232. 233- Hanpsoox or Trees or THE Norruern Strares anp Canapa. The Osage Orange attains the height of 50 or 60 ft. when growing in the forest. When growing apart from other trees it has a short thick trunk from 18 in. to 3 ft. in diameter, and then divides into a few large limbs which send out many commonly curved branches and form a symmetrical rounded or dome-shaped top, with lower branches drooping nearly to the ground. The bark of trunk is deeply fur- rowed and of an orange brown color, and the stil! branches are beset with many short thick axillary spur-hke spines. Its lustrous leaves and good habit of growth make it a desirable tree for ornamental purposes, for which use, however, the pistillate trees are preferable, as their beauty is greatly enhanced in summer by their large conspicuous orange-like fruit. The Osage Orange is excellently adapted to use in hedges and is extensively planted for that purpose. Through this ageney it has be- come widely naturalized, over a considerable portion of the United States, though inhabit- ing naturally only the limited area shown on our map. The wood is heavy, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 48.21 pounds, very strong and durable, and is valued for railway ties, fence posts, the hubs of wheels, ete. Formerly it was a favorite wood with the Indians, of the region in which it grows, for their bows. and from this fact it is commonly called in those regions “ Bow-wood” or, by the French in- habitants, ‘“ Bois d’Arc.” 2 For botanical characters see description of the genus, this being the only species.? 1. Syn. Muclura aurantiaca Nutt. 2. AS Wi TT, 291: 3. For genus see p. 434. 203 CUCUMBER TREE. MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA. Magnolia acuminata L. 2; branchlet in winter, 3. isolated seeds, Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1: 235. Trunk of tree, in northern Virgina. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters Tlanppoox or Trees or THE Norruern Srares aND CaNapa. This tree, the northernmost and one of the largest representatives of the genus in America, attains in the forest the height of 80 or 90 ft. with straight columnar trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter, vested in a grayish brown sealy-ridged bark. When isolated it develops a wide rounded pyramidal top and is always a tree of marked appearance on account of its large handsome leaves. It inhabits mountain slopes and the gravelly banks of streams, rarely if ever forming pure tracts of forest, but in company with various Oaks and Hick- ories, the Tulip ‘Tree, Sweet Birch, Sugar Maple, White Ash, ete. The hardiest of the Magnolias, it is exten- sively planted as an ornamental shade tree, for which it is peculiarly appropriate, owing to its good habit of growth and the abundance of its ample leaves, which cast a dense shade and in autumn assume a pale yellow color. Its wood is light, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 29.23 pounds, soft, easily worked and durable. It is very similar to the White-wood in properties and applicable to the same _ uses. It is also valued for pump logs. troughs, ete., on account of its great durability.1 Leaves deciduous, scattered on the branchlets, 7-10 in. long, oblong or oval, rounded or slightly cordate at base, acute or acuminate at apex, thin, glabrous, dark green above, paler and more or iess. pubescent beneath. Flewers oblong bell- shaped, more or less inclosed, pale yellowish green, glaucous, the membraneous sepals 1-114 in. long, and the thick obovate concave petals 2-214 in. long, the three of the outer row narrower than those of the inner. Fruit oblong, usually curved, glabrous, dark red.” Var. cordata Sarg. is a form with broader leaves and more heart-shaped at base and smaller yellow flowers, is found in cultivation and approximated by wild flowers in South Carolina and Alabama. Te de Wi Te 1g > 2. For genus see p. 434. 205 LARGE-LEAF MAGNOLIA. Magolia macrophylla Michx. 1; detached fruits showing escaping seeds, 2; Alleghany Mountains, in. background. mature leaves and fruit Fig. 237. Branchlet with branchlet in winter, 3. 238. Trunk of tree with foliage of young shoots Hanpspoox or Trees or tur Norruern States anp Canapa. 207 This singular and very interesting tree rarely attains a greater height than 30-50 ft., or its trunk a greater thickness than 18 in. to 2 ft., with few large branches forming a wide-topped head. No tree in the American forests equals it in the great size of leaves and flowers, or surpasses it in ornamental value. It inhabits the rich soil of sheltered valleys and slopes of the Alleghany Mountains, in company with various Oaks and Hickories, the Sugar Maple, Dogwood, Witch Hazel, Chest- nut, ete. It seems strange that this beautiful tree is not more extensively planted as an ornamental shade tree, as it is said to be hardy as far north as Massachusetts, and few trees can be found that equal it in ornamental value and tropical effects. Not alone are its great leaves marvelous, but its pure white flowers when expanded are too large to be covered by the largest dinner plate. Later they are suc- ceeded by its large globose pink cones, hardly less ornamental, especially when opening and dangling on slender threads their conspicuous bright red seeds. probably to induce passing birds to aid in their dissemination. The wood is similar in appearance and properties to that of the Cucumber-tree, a cubie foot when absolutely dry weighing 33.09 Ibs. Leaves deciduous, 20-30 in. long, obovate or oblong, narrowed and cordate at base, acute or rounded at apex, bright green and glabrous above, white-pubescent beneath. Flowers open — bell- shaped, white with purple spot at base, fragrant. Fruit snbglobose, pubescent. UMBRELLA TREE. Magnolia tripetata Lo 239. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1; detached fruit with escaping seeds, 2; do, after the escape of seeds, and seeds nearby, 3; branchlet in winter, 4; scar on same indicating the location of fruit of the previous season, 5. 240. Trunk of a transplanted tree with leaves of vigorous shoots. New York City. r F aye A < Hanpnook or Trees or ron Norriuern Srares axnp Canwapa. 209 This Magnolia is a tree of medium size, at- taining sometimes a height of 30 or 40 ft. with straight or sometimes inclined trunk rarely more than IS in. in diameter. It sends out a few large and often contorted branches mak- ing a rather irregnlar open head, and often sends up several stems clustered about the main trunk. It grows in rich deep soil along the mountain streams and sheltered intervales, and is uncommon and local in its distribution. It never forms tracts of exclusive forests, but is found scattered among Chestnut Oaks, Large-leaf and other Magnolias, Rhododen- drons, the Yellow Buekeye, and other trees which clothe the slopes of the Alleghany Moun- tains. It is vigorous and quite hardy as far north as central New York and is largely planted as an ornamental shade tree, for which use it is peculiarly appropriate. [t takes its common name from the resemblance to an umbrella found in its radiating clusters of leaves at the extremities of its branchlets. Its wood is light and soft, a cubie foot when perfectly dry weighing 27.96 Ibs. Leaves clustered at the ends of the branchlets deciduous, obovate-oblong, cuneate at base, acute at apex and at maturity glabrous above, pale~ beneath. Flowers white ill-scented, cup-shaped. 4-5 in. deep; sepals light green; petals 6.9 white. concave, those of the outer row largest: fila- ments light purple. Frvit 2%4-4 in. long, ovoid- oblong, glabrous, light red. 1. Magnolia Umbrella Lam. FRASER MAGNOLIA. LONG-LEAF OR EAR-LEAF CUCUMBER-TREE. Magnolia Fraseri Walt. Fig. 241. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit with escaping seeds, 1; fruit after the escape of seeds, 2; branchlet in winter showing leaf-buds only, 3; do, with terminal flower-bud, 4. 242. Trunk of tree in Mo. Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. Tlanpsoox or Trers or tuk Norriern The Fraser Magnolia is never a very large tree. It attains the height of from 30 to 40 ft., and its trunk, often crooked and leaning, is rarely more than 12 or 18 in. in diameter, With few large branches it forms a wide-topped vested in a gray-brown smoothish bark. often irregular head, and frequently sends up two or more trunks from a single base. It is quite an abundant tree on the southern slopes of the Alleghanies at an altitude of from 2000 to 3000 ft. where it may be found leaning over the turbulant mountain streams in company with the Sorrel-tree, Rhododen- Witch Hazel, Silver-bell Tree, Black Birch, Yellow Buckeye, ete. It ranges north- drons, ward among the mountains into Virginia, Not as hardy as most of the other Magnolias, it where, however, it is far less abundant. is not as extensively planted for ornamental purposes, excepting in the Southern and Mid- dle States where it is planted as a valuable ornamental tree. Its wood is light, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 31.18 lbs., sort and easily worked.1 Leaves deciduous, branchlets, acute or above, clustered obovate-spatulate, obtuse at apex, paler beneath ; at the ends of the auriculate at base. glabrous dark green buds glabrous, purplish green. Flowers white, fragrant, 8-10 in. across; sepals early deciduous: petals 6-9, spreading, obovate-spatulate, longer than the sepals and those of the outer rank larger and broader than those of the inner. Fruit oblong, glabrous, 3-4 in. long, the carpels with long curved beaks; seed com- pressed. 1 AW. XL, 251, Srates AND Canapa. 211 SWEET BAY. Magnolia glauca I. — = = Se $$ AN eo Fig. 243. Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, one closed and one with escaping seeds. 1: fruit showing empty follicles and scattered seeds near by, 2: leafy branchlet showing flower-bud for the next season, 3; branchlets in winter, 4. J i 244. Trunk of a tree with leaves at base. Hawnppookx or Trees ov vue Norriukrn Sraves snp Canapa. 213 This favorite tree in the forests of the south Atlantic and Gulf states attains the height of 60 or 70 ft., with trunk 2-3 ft. in diameter covered with a brownish gray bark, which may be universally smooth or beset with seattered doss-like excrescences. When growing apart from other trees its habit is to form an oblone or rounded shapely top. It grows in the low moist soil of swamps and about the borders of Pine-barren ponds, associated with the Lob- lolly and Red Bays, Wild Olive, Evergreen Magnolia, Holly, Yaupon, Red Maple, ete. Farther northward it is a much smaller tree, and, at the extreme northern limit of its range. only a shrub. Such is its deserved popularity for orna- mental planting that its handsome party-colored leaves are familiar objects in almost every American city park, where the climate will permit, and when it fills the air in early sum- mer with the delicious fragrance of its pure white flowers it is sure to attract admiration from every visitor. The light soft wood, which when absolutely dry weighs 31.38 pounds to the cubic foot, is occasionally used in the manufacture of wooden-ware, ete.1 scattered on the branchlets, oblong to in. long, obtuse or acute at beth ends, lustrous dark green above, whitish pubescent be- neath, thick, usually concave, and in the north deciduous in the autumn, but in the south = per- sisting until spring. lowers (May and June) creamy white, very fragrant, cup-shaped, about 2 in. across; sepals obtuse, spreading; petals short, broad, concave. Fruit irvegular oblong, dark red, glabrous, from 14-2 in. long; seed about 44 in. long, compressed. di a Wig LT coe TULIP TREE. WHITE-WOOD. YELLOW POPLAR. Liriodendron Tulipifera WL. | LL Fig. 245. Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, 1; cone disintegrating and detached samare, 2; cone in transverse and longitudinal section, 3; end of vigorous shoot, showing leaves and large stipules, 4; branchlet in winter, 5. 246. Trunk of tree, Staten Island, N. Y. 247. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpsoox or Trees or tup Norruern States ann CAnapa. The Tulip-tree is one of the very largest and of the most valuable trees of the Atlantic States. In the valleys of the streams tribu- tary to the Ohio River and on the slopes of the Alleghanies individuals have been found to at- tain the height of from 150 to 190 ft. with columnar trunks 8 or 10 ft. in diameter, and free from branches to a height of from 80 to 100 ft.—trunks unsurpassed in grandure of column by those of any eastern American tree. While such great trunks are exceptional still noeastern trees possess such uniformly straight clear trunks. It inhabits deep rich well drained soi] but never forms exclusive forests. It is largely planted throughout the Eastern states as an ornamental shade tree and few trees equal it in value for this purpose. The young trees are of a pyramidal habit of growth but the older trees have an oblong head with rather short branches. They are handsome in summer with their clean-cut distinct leaves and tulip-like flowers, and in winter when their open cones are conspicuous on leafless branches and from which the twirling samazae are carried away by every gust of wind. The wood, of which a cubic foot weighs when dry 26.36 lbs., is one of our most valuable woods for interior finishing, cabinet making, wooden-ware, etc.2 Leaves glabrous, shining dark green above, paler beneath, turning bright yellow in autumn. Flowers tulip-like, 1144-2 in. deep. Fruit ripening in au- tumn but liberating the samare mostly after the leaves have fallen. tas Wee Ty 2 2. For genus see p. 435. BN ae TRIS “or 7 [PE5iaorn [erage l nue A s oe =. iss one a rn Y I Seale et ie tN 21¢ e PAPAW. mina trioba (L.) Dunal. Fig. 248. Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, one in section, 1; isolated seeds, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 249. Trunk of tree in Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. 250. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanppook or Trees or THE Nortrurrn Srares anp Canapa. 2917 Only under most favorable conditions does the Papaw attain the height of 30 or 40 ft. and is often only a large shrub. Its trunk is rarely more than from 8-12 in. in diameter. though I have seen it measuring 18 in. It com- monly grows in thickets occupying the eround exclusively, and is sometimes seattered as an undergrowth in the forests of rich bottom- lands. When isolated it develops a distinet pyramidal head. The bark of the trunk is of a dark brown color, thin and quite smooth. or sparingly fissured on old trunks. The handsome foliage of the Papaw, its beautiful flowers in early spring, and its ecuri- ous fruit in autumn, strongly recommend it for ornamental planting. The fruit when very ripe is delicious and nutritious and sold in considerable quantities in local markets in regions where the trees abound. The light wood, of which a cubic foot weighs 24.73 Ibs., is of handsome greenish and yellow tints when freshly eut, but is of no commercial importance. The fibrous inner ! was for- merly used for making cord for fish nets.1 Leaves lance-obovate, 8-12 in. long, cuneate at base, abruptly acuminate or acute at apex, glabrous light green above, paler beneath. Plowers ap- pearing with the leaves, dark purple, 114 in. across, with rusty tomentose peduncles; sepals broad-ovate, densely dark-tomentose ; petals at first small and green but finally purple when fully grown and 2 or 3 times as long as the sepals. nectiferous at base. Pruit cylindvical-oblong, ob lique, 3-5 in. long, single or clustered 2 or 3 together with common peduncle, with smooth yellowish green rind, custard-like fragrant luscious flesh and oblong seeds about 1 in. long.? Aes, Wig TV, 16, For genus see p. 435. SWAMP BAY. Persea pubescens (Pursh. ) Branchlet bearing leaves and fruit not quite fully grown, 1 (The peduncles are usually 0 vhat longer at maturity); isolated seeds, 2: branchlet in autumn from which the leaves have been removed, 3 Trunk of tree with leaves at base. Coast region of North Carolina. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpzsoox or Trers or THE NorrHern States AND Canapa. 219 The Swamp Bay is a tree of medium size rarely more than 30 or 40 ft. in height or witli trunk more than ll. ft. in thickness, witir straight branches and copious foliage. It is confined to the coast regions of the Gulf and Atlantie states but ranges northward into Virginia, where | have seen it in the Dismal] Swamp in company with the Bald Cypress, Red Maple. Tupelo and Water Gums, Water Ash, Over-cup and Laurel Oaks, ete. Further south it is more abundant occurring in pine- barren swamps, sometimes to the exclusion of nearly every other species. The wood is rather heavy, a cubie ft. when absolutely dry weighing 39.86 lbs., soft and strong, and when found large enough applica- ble to the same uses as the Red Bay.? Leaves oval to lanceolate, about equally pointed at both ends, margin slightly revolute, tomentose when they unfold but when mature lustrous dark green above, paler and pubescent beneath, rusty tomentose on midrib and primary veins, veins conspicuous; petioles stout, these and the new growth generally rusty tomentose. Flowers with tomentose peduncles, from 1-3 in. long when fully grown; calyx pale yellow with thick broad ovate pointed lobes, tomentose outside, pubescent inside, and those of the outer series about half as long as those of tbe inner. Fruit) dark blue, from yw to % in. long, with thin aromatic flesh.* 1. Persea Carolinensis var. palustris Chapman. 2 Aer Wea Le. 3. For genus see p. 435. \ FL q om) “ 4 RED BAY. Persea Borbonia (L.) Spreng.? at * Wits : i r Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, fruit in section and isolated seeds. Trunk of tree with leaves at base. Smiths Island, North Carolina coast. Hanpsooxk oF Trees oF THE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA. The Red Bay ranges from 50 ft.. or less. to 70 tt. in height, with stout erect branches and forming a symmetrical top. Its trunk is rarely more than 8 or 314 ft. in diameter, and is vested in a gray-brown sealy ridged bark. It inhabits rich moist soil along the borders of streams and swamps or occasionally drier sandy soil, associating with the Live, Water and Laurel Oaks, the Yaupon, Devil-wood, Laurel Cherry, Cuban Pine, ete. Though rarely seen in cultivation the Red Bay is well worthy of being planted for orna- mental purposes, as it is one of the most beau- tiful evergreen trees of the American forests, with its bright green leaves and red-stemmed clusters of blue berries. A cubic foot of the absolutely dry wood weighs 40.07 Ibs. It is of medium hardness and strength and of a reddish brown color with thin sap-wood, and is used in the manufacture of lumber for interior finishing. furniture, etc., and formerly for boat building.2 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, about equally pointed at both ends, with entire revolute margins, pilose at first but at maturity lustrous bright green above, paler and glaucous beneath, thick and firm, veins rather obscure and arcuate near the margin: petioles and new growths puberulous or nearly glabrous. Flowers with glabrous peduncles mostly from %-1 in. long; calyx pale yellow. Pruit lustrous dark blue. about 1% in. or less in diameter with thin flesh and red stems. 1. Persea Carolinensis Nees. 2. Ao Woe NT. 264, 221 SASSAFRAS. Sassafras Sassafras (L.) Karst.? liv. 256. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1; isolated drupes, 2; same in section, 3; brachlets in winter, 4. Hanpsoox or Trees or tur Norruprn Srares anp Canapa. 223 The Sassafras is a tree sometimes 8U or 90 ft. in height, with trunk from 4-6 ft. in diame- ter, but is usually a considerably smaller tree and in the northern part of its range is re- duced to a shrub. When isolated its stout con- torted branches ramify and ultimately divide into a profusion of branchlets, forming a dis- tinctly flat-topped irregular oblong head of characteristic aspect. It is a handsome tree at all seasons of the year; in the winter on ac count of the unobstructed view of its red brown furrowed bark and smooth green branch lets; in spring on account of the tufts of pale green velvety leaves and golden flowers, sub- tended by enlarged showy bud-seales which terminate each branchlet; in summer on ae count of its rich green leaves of many shapes and sizes and red-stemmed clusters of blue berries, and in autumn on account of the deli- eate red and yellow tints of its autumnal garb. The wood of which a eu. ft. when absolutely dry weighs 31.42 lbs., is soft and brittle but very durable and is used in the manufacture of pails and buckets, for fence-posts, rails, ete.? Leaves as described for the genus, 3-7 in. long. Flowers appear in April and May. Fruit ripens in August and September. See generic description, this being the only species.® 1. Syn. Sassafras officinale N. & E Bo Ae Wil gies 3. For genus ‘see p. 436. WITCH-HAZEL. TTamamelis Virginiana L. Fig. 259. Branchlet bearing mature fruit and flowers, 1: empty capsules, two opening, capsules disclosing seeds, and scattered seeds, 2; branchlet hearing leaves and flowers, 3; isolated flowers, 4+; branchlet in winter, 5s. 260. Trunk showing bark and lichens, Alleghany Mountains, N. C. 261. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. ITanpBook or Trees or ture Norruern Srares anp Canapa. 295 The Witch-Hazel is usually a large shrub throughout the greater part of its range, but on the slopes of the Alleghany Mountains be- comes a tree 30 to 40 ft. in height with spread- ing crooked branches and short scaly-barked trunk from 12-18 in. in diameter. The Witch- Hazel is of special interest from the fact that it does not expand its flowers until autumn, often so late that its leaves have put on their autumnal tints or have even fallen to the ground, and the first snows of the winter sometimes find it bearing its singular golden and delicately fragrant flowers. In the au- tumn, too, is the time when it scatters its seeds resulting from the flowers of the pre- vious season, and this it does in a peculiar way. It actually discharges them from their mortar-like capsules with considerable force and accompanied with an audible report. This it does by a contraction of the horny lining of the capsules upon the smooth hard seed until it is discharged, quite as one can discharge a moist apple seed by pinching it between thumb and finger. The wood is rather heavy, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 42.73 lbs., hard and very close-grained but is of no commercial im- portance.t An extract from the bark is ex- tensively used for allaying inflammation, Leaves oval to obovate, short-petiolate, rounded or subcordate and very unequal at base, from rounded to acute or acuminate at apex, undulate crenate, membraneaceous, smooth dark green above, lighter and pubescent on veins beneath Flowers nearly ssile; petals bright yellow, de- ciduous; calyx pubescent, persistent. Fruit cap- sules dull brown, opening elastically.? 1. AS Wey, ed. 281. 2. For genus see pp. 486-437. j —~ e \ Nches od Ae / ZY NL i SWEET GUM. RED GUM. BILSTED. Liquidanbar Styraciflua i Fig. 262. Eranchlet with mature leaves and fruit be fruiting head with empty capsules and tered spurious seeds, 2; branch showing corky growth, 3 ; fertile and spurious seeds enlarged ut two diameters, 4; smooth and corky branchlets in winter, 5 and ¢ 26 Large trunk, in southeastern Missouri 264. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters Hanpsook or Trees or rus Norrurrn Stares anp Canapa. 227 This large and beautiful tree in the southern forests attains the height of 100 to 140 ft. with straight columnar trunk 4 or 5 ft. in diameter. When isolated it develops a sym- metrical oblong-pyramidal top when young, but finally becoming broad and rounded. A pe- culiar feature, more marked in some trees than others, however, and often entirely wanting, is the growth of wing-like projections of the bark from its smaller branches. It thrives best in the rich soil of bottom-lands where it is associated with the Red and Black Maples, the Sour, Water and Tupelo Gums, the Laurel and Water Oaks, various Ashes, ete. Few trees of the American forests equal the Sweet Gum in ornamental value, owing to its grand habit of growth and its beautiful star-shaped leaves, of a rich green in stummer and con- spicuous in autumn on account of their crimson and purple tints. The wood, a cu. ft. of which when absolutely dry weighs 36.82 Ibs., is rather soft, with straight close grain, and is used in the manu facture of wooden-ware, paving-blocks, lumber for general construction, ete., and is sometimes — marketed under the absurd names — Satin rd Walnut, California Red Gum, ete.! Leaves about orbicular in outline, deeply 5-7 palmately lobed with acute glandular-serrate lobes and pointed sinuses, cordate at base, lustrous bright green above and offen pubescent in the axils of the leaves beneath, fragrant when brnised, purple-crimson in autumn; petioles long and slender. Flowers: staminate racemes: erect. rufous tomentose, the lower heads sometimes stalked: pistillate heads long pedunelate, droon- ing. Fruit; head 1.1% in. in diameter, liberating a few perfect and many abortive seeds in autumn and swinging empty upon. the leafless branches during the following winter.* 5 = Se ahi: GaSe! heey: ang, AU 2. For genus see YALA msg (ope V. oy SYCAMORE. BUTTONWOOD. BUTTON-BALL TREE. Platanus occidentalis L. is —_ Mig. 265. Branchlet bearing mature leaves and fruit, 1; fruiting head separating, with scattered akenes and hairs, 2; branchlet from vigorous shoot showing stipules, 3; branchlet in winter, 4; base of petiole showing cup-shape nature, 5. 266. Trunk of a large isolated tree, western New York. 267. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Lanppook or Trees or tur Norruern Spares aNp Canapa. 229 This stately tree is considered the largest deciduous tree of the North American forests, In the rich bottom-lands of the lower Ohio and the Mississippi valleys it towers to the height of one hundred and fifty to one hundred and seventy-five ft. and its trunk is some- times ten or eleven ft. in diameter above its tapering base. The trunk commonly divides into two or three large secondary trunks, which raise its irregular or rounded head far above the tops of most of the neighboring trees; or it may have a single columnar trunk of great height but often curved or leaning. A striking feature is the white bark of its branches, and as its favorite abode is the banks of streams their winding courses may be traeed from an eminence by the white branches of the Sycamores which line their banks. Quite as interesting as the bark of these whitewashed branches is that of the young trunks and the bases of large limbs, as it is pied of many colors, as shown in our picture, according to the varying length of time the scales of outer bark have been off. The wood, of which a eubie foot weighs 30.40 lbs., is tough, strong, and very difficult to split, and is used in the manufacture of boxes, erates, butchers’ blocks, ete.. and when cut quartering makes a handsome lumber for in- terior finishing, furniture, ete.1 3-5- Leaves wide-orbicular in outline, palmately lobed, with mostly broad sinuate-dentate acuminate lobes and wide sinuses ; stipules on vigorous shoots 1 to 1% in. long. Flowers: pistillate peduncles usually bearing one but sometimes two heads. Fruit: heads from 1-114, in. in diameter, usually solitary on glabrous stem 53-6 in. Jong; akenes truncate or rounded at apex.” 1. A. W., 1, 13. °° 2. For genus see p. 437 FRAGRANT CRAB. Pyrus coronaria L.* i s-section showing seeds, 2; Fig. 268. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1; fruit in cros branchlet in winter, 3. 7 269. Trunk showing bark of large tree, western New York. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanppnoox or Trees OF TILE NorvTirern This favorite tree attains the height of 25-30 ft., with trunk rarely more than 12-14 in. in diameter, and when isolated develops a broad top with rigid branches bearing many short branchlets terminating in sharp spur-like leaf- less tips. It inhabits rich, moist, but well drained soil, often in forest glades among taller trees. The beauty of its hght pink flowers and their delicious fragrance, which is so marked as to actually perfume the surrounding atmosphere, are as noticeable as of the Narrow-leaf Crab. On account of these attractive features it is deservedly popular for ornamental planting in shrubberies and door-yards. Its attractiveness is not limited to the flowering season alone, for its fragrant fruit, pendent with long. stems and persisting until autumn has tinted and removed many of its leaves, enhances its beauty. Its wood is heavy, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 43.92 Ibs., very close grain and useful in turnery for small articles of wooden-ware, tool-handles, ete.2 The fruit is sometimes used for preserves and for making cider and vinegar. Leaves ovate to almost triangular, truncate, subcordate or sometimes tapering at base, acute or acuminate at apex, irregularly cut-serrate or sometimes lobed on sterile shoots, membranaccous, bright green above. paler and glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath; petioles slender glabrous and with two glands near the middle. Flowers very fragrant, 114-2 in. across in 5-6 flowered umbels with slender pedicels; calyx-tube tomentose with taper-pointed lobes tomentose inside; petals white or pinkish; ovary hairy; styles united at base. Fruit shortened globose, 1-1%4 in. in width, pale green, fragrant and with waxy surface.* 1. Syn. Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. 25 AL WasclVs 3. For genus see pp. #38-439. Srares AND CANADA. 231 NARROW-LEAF CRAB Pyrus anaustifolia Nit. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1; branchlet in winter, 2. Cc, Trunk of tree at Biltmore, N. iN} by Hanpsoox or Trees or THE Norruern States anp Canapa. 238 The Narrow-leaf Crab is a small tree, occa sionally attaining the height of 25 or 30 ft., with a trunk S-10 in. in diameter. When isolated it develops a broad top with rigid branches armed with numerous short spur-like lateral branchlets. The bark of trunk is of a grayish brown color, rough, with narrow scaly ridges. It inhabits the banks of streams and rich well drained soil, often in the glades of forests of taller trees, when it can find sufficient light there, and in these regions its beautiful white and pink fragrant flowers are especially pleas- ing as one happens onto them. No tree of the American forest produces flowers of more de- licious fragrance. Should one visit the locality in late summer a very different yet quite as marked fragrance arrests his attention, per- haps when several yards from the tree. Now it is from its small pale yellow apples, much more pleasing to the sense of smell than of taste, for they are very acerb, though sometimes used for preserves and cider. The wood, of which a cubie foot when dry weighs 42.97 lIbs., is hard and very close grained and suitable for the manufacture of tool-handles, ete. Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, mostly taper- ing or rounded at base, acute or rounded and apiculate at apex, crenate-serrate, sometimes nearly entire, thickish, dark above, paler and glabrous be petioles slender. lairers about 1 in. across, very fragrant, with slender pedicels in few- 7 eymes; calyx lobes nar- row, tomentose inside; petals white or pink: ovary tomentose; styles distinct. /Mruit flattened globose, about 1 in. in diameter, fragrant, yellow- green with waxy surface and very sour flavor. J. Syn. Matus angustifolia (Ait.) Michx. PRAIRIE CRAB. Pyrus Tensis ( Wood. ) Bailey. Fig. 273. Mature leaves and fruit; leafless branchlet in late autumn. 274. Trunk of tree at Ames, Iowa Tlanpsoox or Trees or vires Norruern Svares anp Canapa. 232 The Prairie Crab is a small tree rarely if ever exceeding 20 or 30 ft. in height or 12 to 18 in. in diameter of trunk. It develops a spreading or rounded top of many rigid tor- tuous branches beset with numerous short lat- eral thorn-like spurs. From the sides of these thorns leaves and flowers appear, while the free tip is usually a very sharp rigid thorn. Like the other native apples its handsome flowers are characterized by a delicious fragrance, which makes the tree popular for planting in shrubberies and door-yards. In autumn its small yellow-green apples, with sur- face seemingly covered with wax or grease and of a strong characteristic fragrance, give it an ornamental value at that season, and later after the leaves have fallen. The attractive appearance and odor of the fruit, however, ends here, as in flavor it is too austere for most tastes to be edible, though the juice is sometimes used for making vinegar. The Bechtel Crab is a form recently intro- duced with large double rose-colored flowers. It is of signal merit for ornamental planting. The wood we have not examined, but it is said to be softer than that of the allied eastern species. Leaves ovate, oval or oblong, 3-4. in. long, broad-cuneate or rounded at base, acute or rounded at apex, crenate-serrate and on vigorous shoots with short acute or rounded lobes, at maturity thick lustrous dark green above, tomentose he- neath; petioles stout, pubescent. Flowers 1% in. across, in small clusters with pedicels and calyx tomentose. Fruit mostly 1-114 in. in diameter, greenish yellow, fragrant, greasy and with stout stems mostly %4-1 in. long. 1. Malus Ioensis (Wood.) Britt. aor aioe ei oy We oe p ae eek x \ pe \ MONT. if pak! es 2 es ty EEN a SRS Os ye 3 aie wis. f 1c N.Y ey . ee ! Ly A : a if eae = \ OMS Nye ha t > s ¥ 1.7.4 AR i \ SS N . L—- 4miss Ath} on 8 TN | 5 NG QED LARS \ yA \ a LN & SOULARD CRAB. uley.t c lardi B s Sou fru Pi leafless branchlet in late autumn. leaves and fruit; Mature Towa. Ames, Trunk of large tree, 2760. Hanppoox oF TREFS oF THE Nortruern STATES AND CANADA. he) The Soulard Crab is an interesting small tree resembling the common Apple-tree in habit of growth, with broad rounded top 18 to 25 ft. in height and trunk 10-15 in. in diameter. The bark of trunk is of a grayish brown color cov- ered with small closely appressed scales, also resembling the bark of the common Apple-tree. It is of local distribution, being found in locali- ties in the Mississippi River valley from Min- nesota to Texas, and is considered by some writers to be a natural hybrid between the Prairie Crab (P. Loensis) and the Common Apple (P. Malus), as it is found only in regions where both those trees abound and it presents characters intermediate between them. Its fruit is fairly edible, to one fond of tart apples, and is useful for culinary purposes. Its great hardiness commends it for culti- vation in the upper Mississippi valley where the climate is too rigorous for the more ten- der varieties of apples, and there a few named varieties are grown. It is said to have been first introduced into cultivation by James S. Soulard of Galena, Il]., after whom it has been named. me Leaves large elliptical-ovate to oval, 5-5 in. long, mostly rounded or obtuse at both ends, irregularly crenate-serrate or slightly lobed, thick. rugose, glabrous ahove, tomentose beneath ; petioles stout, pubescent. Floimers in close wooly cymes. Fruit from 1-2% in. across, flattish lengthwise with shallow basin, yellow or pink- cheeked and flesh sour but edible. 1. Syn. Malus Soulardi (Bailey) Britt. SIMiBo1q | MAW er. | ——L. AMERICAN OR SMALL-FRUITED MOUNTAIN-ASH. Norbus Americana Mazrsh.! ORG. Branchlet with mature wes and truit; branchlet in winter 278 Trunk, northern New York 270 Wood structure magnified 1s di meters Hanpsooxk or Trers or ture Norriern The American Mountain-Ash tree rarely more than 3U or or than 12 in. in diameter of irunx, and often reduced to When away from the influence of other trees it develops a rather narrow rounded top of slender branches and stout branchlets. It is one of the most beautiful trees of our northern forests, as is attested by the fact that it is more abundantly than any other tree, excepting the following species, transplanted from the forests to the door yards of country is a_ slender 4) ft. in height a shrub. homes for ornamental purposes, where its handsome foliage is a constant delight. The large bunches of small white flowers which terminate its branchlets in early summer add greatly to its beauty and offer abundant nectar to the searching bees. In autumn, when the flowers of summer are succeeded by its ample bunches of red berries, it is even a more beau- tiful object, and its fruit, long lingering after the leaves have fallen. offers to the departing robin their last leaving for their winter homes. and bluebird repast before The wood is soft, light, a eubie foot weigh- ing 33.97 lbs., and very close grained but of little economic value. Leaves 6-8 in. long, with green or reddish petioles, and 9-17 lanceolate taper-pointed leaflets, rounded or obtuse, entire and unequal at base, sharply serrate above, subsessile (excepting the terminal leaflet) glabrous, dark green above, paler beneath; leaf-buds glabrous glutinous. Flowers in May. 4-4 in. across, in dense broad eymes, 3-5 in. across. Fruit subglobose, 14 in. in diameter. 1. Syn. Pyrus Americana DC. 2. For genus see p. 434). STATES AND CaNnapDa. 239 LARGE-FRUITED MOUNTAIN-ASH. Sorbus scopulina Greene.! lig. 280, Branchlet with leaves and fruit; fruit in section and scattered seeds: branchlet in winter 281. Trunk in western New York Manpsoox or Trees oF tHe Norrnuern Srares anp Cawapa. 241 ‘The Large-fruited Mountain-Ash is a hand- some tree, sometimes attaining the height of 30 ft. with trunk 12 in. in diameter and vested in a smooth lustrous silvery gray bark. When isolated from other trees it develops a sym- metrical ovoid or rounded top. It is distinctly a boreal tree, being at home along the borders of swamps and streams and by the springs on mountain sides of the far north, where the beauty of its flowers and fruit are unsurpassed by those of any other tree of those regions. The tree has long been considered identical with a northern Asiatic species, the P. sambucifolia C. & 8. (Elder-leaf Mountain-Ash) and has been so named in the books generally upon American trees. Its distinctness from that species, however, has recently been pointed out and it has been given the name VN. scopulina. Though considered by some as a variety of S. Americana its specific distinctness would seem to be clearly indicated by its larger and earlier flowers in smaller clusters, its large fruit and broader, more obtuse teaflets and hairy winter buds. It is a particularly beauti- ful tree in autumn, when bearing among its blue-green foliage its nodding clusters of bright red fruit. The wood is light, a cubie foot weighing 36.94 lbs., soft and but little used.2 Leaves usually 4-6 in. long with reddish-petioles, and 7-15 oblong-oval_ to ovate-lanceolate, sub- sessile leaflets, rounded or tapering, inequilateral and entire at base, sharply serrate above, mostly obtuse or acute at apex, pubescent at first but at maturity glabrous dark bluish green above, paler and usually more or less pubescent beneath ; leaf- buds hairy. Flowers in latter part of June, ¥,-34 in. across, in pubescent cymes 2-4 in. broad. Fruit subglobose, bright red, from %4-% in. ip diameter. 1. Syn. Pyrus sambucifolia C. & SS. Sorbus Americana var. decora Sarg. A. W., IV, 84. 4U0S0N gar 4 \ag NoRTH East \ 4 ea fe Pood if yrs Bs TANS fj Mo RPO ES SERVICE-BERRY. SHAD-BUSH. SHAD-BLOW. JUNEBERRY. Amelanchier Canadensis (L.) Med. wie aia erste oo Praretet Piece Se es cee a ae ‘jg, 282. Mature leaves and fruit; branchlets in late winter. Trunk of medium-size tree, northern New York. Wood structure showing pith-fleck, magnified 15 diameters. Hanpsoox or Trees or ture Norriern States AND CANADA. The Service-berry is usually a smal) tree but occasionally individuals are found 40 or 50 ft. to. 2) tan rounded top with many small limbs and fine branchlets. in height with trunk from 18 in. diameter, and oblong or spreading lt inhabits well drained slopes and uplands in company with the Quaking Asp, Hemlock, White and Red Oaks, Sugar Maple, Hackberry, ete., and in mid-spring, when its top becomes a veritable cloud of white flowers, it is one of the most beautiful and conspicuous objects in the regions in which it dwells. It is the sea- son then when the shad come up the rivers from the sea to spawn, and hence the association of its flowers with the shad Shad-bush and Shad-blow. its names. of In June and July is eagerly sought by the birds and should they spare us any it is found to be juicy and delicious. The wood of the Service-berry, of which a cubic foot weighs when absolutely dry 48.85 in its ripened fruit close grained, valuable in turnery for the manufac- ture of tool handles and, under the name of lbs., is heavy, hard, very strong and “ Lance-wood,” is used in the manufacture of fish rods.1 Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, 2%-4 in. long, mostly rounded or cordate at base, acute or acumi- nate at apex, finely rrate with long pointed teeth, reddish and covered with white hairs when they unfold, at maturity glabrous, dark green above, paler beneath, turning yellow in autumn; petioles slender. Flowers, when the leaves are about 1-8 grown, in erect or nodding glabrous racemes, 244-4 in. long, with slender pedicels bearing each two silky deciduous bracts calyx villous inside; petals narrow obovate. fruit sub- globose, 4-% in. in diameter, dark purple, glaucous.? 1. Syn. A. Botryapium (L. f.) dec. 2, B. W., TIT, 59. 3. For genus see pp. 439-440. bo 4 COCK-SPUR THORN. NEWCASTLE THORN. Crategus Crus-galli L. Fig. 285. Mature leaves and fruit; leafless branchlet in late autumn. 286. Trunk with leaves and fruit at base, near Albany, N. Y. 287. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. The Cock-spur Thorn is a low wide-spread- ing tree with long tortuous horizontal or drooping and very thorny branches, forming a low broad top, seldom more than 20 or 25 ft. in height. The short trunk rarely exceeds 10 or 12 in. in diameter and is rough with scaly gray-brown bark. It is one of the most strik- ing and ornamental representatives of its genus on account of its thick shining dark-green leaves. The luster of these is seldom tarnished by insect or blight, and they preserve a fresh- ness throughout the season which is unsur- passed by the leaves of any other tree. The ample bunches of handsome flowers appear after the leaves are fully grown, and then the tree is an object of rare beauty. It is perhaps more extensively planted both in this country and in Europe for ornamental purposes than any other American species, excepting perhaps the Washington Haw, and it is also valued for hedges. The name Newcastle Thorn has been given to it on account of its abundant use in hedges about Newcastle, Del. Its wood is heavy. hard, very fine-grained and suitable for tool handles.1 Leaves mostly obovate, 1-4 in. long, cuneate and entire at base, acute or rounded at apex, sharply serrate-dentate, thick, coriaceous, lustrous dark green above, paler and prominently. reticulate- veined beneath, turning to orange and scarlet in autumn; petioles stout. Flowers opening in June *% in. in diameter in many-flowered glabrous corymbs: calyx with narrow obconie tube and linear-lanceolate entire or glandular-serrate lobes ; stamens 10, anthers rose-colored; styles usually 2. hairy at base. Fruit maturing in October and often remaining on the branches until spiing, subglobose or short-oblong, dull red with glaucous bloom, with dry flesh and usually 2 nutlets 4 in. long, rounded at ends and ridged on the back.? 1A. W., 1V,, 85. > 2. For genus see p. 440. MES a TORN oe DOTTED THORN. Cratequs punctata Jacq. Mature leaves and fruit; branehlet in late winter. Large trunk, Black River valley, N. Y. Hanpsook or Trees or tHE NoRYTHERN STATES AND CANADA. The Dotted Thorn is one of the most abun- dant and widely distributed of the Thorns, their picturesque flattened tops dotting the dry slopes and pasture-lands of almost every land- scape of the northern Atlantic states. The tree is sometimes 25 or 30 ft. in height, usually with rigid horizontal branches which form a peculiarly flat top, and short ridged trunk 12-18 in. in diameter. The branches and trunk usu- ally bristle with an armament of rigid sharp thorns to a remarkable degree, and on account of these the sagacious shrike or butcher-bird, which abounds in our northern fields, almost invariably chooses a tree of this kind in which to build its nest. Here effectually barricaded against cats and children it nests and rears its young in perfect safety, and upon the thorns it finds places to impale its prey. The Dotted Thorn is a handsome tree when in flower in early summer, or when bearing its large red or yellow fruit in autunin, but its foliage often loses its freshness early on account of attacks of blight or insects. The wood is hard, heavy and close-grained and suitable for too] handles, ete. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 47.87 Ibs.1 Leaves obovate, 2-3 in. long, cuneate and entire at base, rounded or pointed at apex, irregularly and often doubly serrate, incisely lobed on vigor- ous shoots, pubescent at first and at maturity firm glabrous gray-green with veins impressed above, paler and often pubescent beneath. Flowers in May, %-% in. broad in many-flowered compound corymbs ; calyx with narrow acute lobes pubescent inside; stamens 20 with rose-colored or yellow anthers; styles 5 white-hairy at base. /ruit ripe in October, mostly subglobose, 144-1 in. long, dull red (sometimes yellow) white-dotted, with dryish flesh and 5 nutlets ridged on the back. HeALS Vics. TI, ah, 247 Nv c wv aS rt ee iMay | 4 ele : GREEN HAW. Crategus viridis L. Fig. 290. Mature leaves and fruit; branchlet in winter 2gr1. Trunk of large tree, in southern Tllinois. The Green Haw is a sturdy representative of the genus, attaining the height of from 30-35 ft. with broad or rounded intricately branched top and clear trunk 12 or 18 in. in diameter. This is often ridged and fluted and is vested in a pale gray or brownish bark, which exfoliates in small friable scales. It inhabits the banks of streams, moist low-lands and lake-shores and is particularly abundant and well devel- oped along the bayous of the Mississippi river in the vicinity of St. Louis and southward. In these localities it is found in company with Water and Honey Locusts, Forestiera, Pin and Shingle the Pecan, King-nut Hickory, Oaks, Cottonwood, ete., and among them its full rounded top is one of the most attractive objects particularly when in flower or bearing its ripe fruit. Leaves mostly elliptic to lanece-ovate or obovate, 114-5 in. long, cuneate or abruptly contracted and entire at base, mostly acute or bluntly pointed at apex, irregularly serrate or serrate-dentate, some on vigorous shoots with shallow lobes, glabrous or with pale hairs in the axils beneath ; petioles slender 1-1% in. long. Flowers in May, about % in. acr , in many-flowered compound corymbs, with long slender glabrous pedicels: calyx glab- rous, with narrow entire lobes; stamens 20, an- thers pale yellow; styles usually 5 with pale hairs at base. Lruit subglobose or somewhat obovoid, bright scarlet or orange, about 14 in. long or less in drooping clusters with long slender stems ; flesh thin, outlets usually 5, slightly ribbed on back. ELLWANGER HAW. Crategus Ellirangeriana Sarg. Fig. 202. Mature leaves and fruit: branchlet in winter. 293. Trunk of type tree, Rochester, N. Y. Hanpsook or Trees or tur Norrurrn Svares anp Cawapa. 251 The Ellwanger Haw, so far as now known, is quite local in distribution, as it appears to be confined mainly to Western New York, where it is common. It is a large and beautiful rep- resentative of its genus, attaining the height of from 25-30 ft., with lofty broad rounded top and clear trunk 12-18 in. in diameter. This is covered with a grayish brown bark which exfoliates in rather small friable scales. The tree from which the leaf and fruit speci- mens used for our illustration were taken, and whose trunk is seen in the bark picture, is the type tree of the species. It stands on the grounds of the Mount Hope Nurseries, owned by Messrs. Ellwanger and Barry, and was fit- tingly given the name of the senior member of the firm, whose upright character and long career as a successful nurseryman have been of great benefit to his community and country. This particular tree is one of rare symmetry and beauty, with large handsome leaves, flowers and fruit, and for ornamental planting few if any of the other Haws surpass it. Leaves oval, 2%-4 in. long. mostly broad- cuneate or rounded (on vigorous shoots sub- cordate) at base, acute at apex, coarsely and _ ir- regularly serrate-dentate and with short acute lobes, membranous, dull-green and scabrous above, paler and nearly glabrous beneath ; peti slender and stipules % in. long, sometimes pe ting till autumn on vigorous shoots. Flowers in middle May, 1 in. in diameter, in many-flowered villose corymbs with short pedice calyx with lanceolate glandular-serrate lobes ; s 10 (or sometimes 8) with rose-colored anthers styles 5-5 Fruit ripe and falling in September, subglobose to ob- long, on slender glabrous pedicels, bright crimson, %-1 in. long; nuts 3-5, deeply grooved on back. n @ HOLMES HAW. SCARLET THORN. Crateequs Holmesiana Ashe, ‘ig. 294. Mature leaves and fruit: branchiet in winter. 295. Trunk with leaves and fruit at base, Rochester, XN. Y. Hanpsoox or Trers oF THE NorTHERN fhe Holmes Thorn is a beautiful large Thorn sometimes 25 or 30 ft. in height with full round-spreading top and a clear trunk 12-18 in. in diameter and sometimes 5-7 ft. to the branches. This is usually ridged and fluted and is covered with a gray or light brown bark which exfoliates in thin closely appressed scales. Before the recent study and revision of the Crataegus this tree was called the Scarlet Thorn and considered to be one of the many and various forms comprehended in the species C. coccinea L. In the revision this form has been given specific rank and named after Prof. J. A. Holmes, State Geologist of North Carolina. It is quite an abundant tree, occu- pying well-drained slopes and uplands, the bor- ders of swamps, etc., and is a tree of highly ornamental value. The wood is heavy, hard, very close-grained and suitable for use in turnery.! Leaves oval to ovate, 2-4 in. long, rounded or broadly cuneate at base (subcordate on vigorous shoots), acute or acuminate, irregularly double serrate or with short lobes, thick and firm at maturity, smooth yellow-green above, 2-5 in. long ; petioles slender, 1-11% in. long. Flowers %-%4 in broad, cup-shaped, in many-flowered mostly glab- rous compound corymbs with slender pedicels; calyx narrow obconic with acuminate glandular- serrate or entire lobes; stamens usually 5 (or 6-8) with large dark reddish anthers; styles 5.) Fruit ripening and falling in September, mostly short oblong or somewhat pear-shaped in drooping clusters with long slender stems, lustrous crimson %-% in. long with prominent erect or incurved glandular serrate lobes; nutlets 3, prominently ridged on the back. 1. A. W., IV, 86 (as C. coccina L.). States AND CANADA. bo ot o a) WASHINGTON HAW. Crateegus cordata (Mill) Ait. Fig, 296. Mature leaves and fruit: branchlet in winter 297. Trunk of tree in Central Park, New York Hanppoox or Trees oF THE Nonrruirn Srares and Canapa. 255 The Washington Haw is a beautiful and clearly defined tree with slender thorns and marked individuality. It attains the height of 25 or 30 ft. at times, with lofty rounded or spreading top and a clear trunk 10 or 12 in. in diameter and 6 or 7 ft. to the branches, or is sometimes only a large spreading shrub. The bark of the trunk is of a grayish or pale brown color and exfoliates in thin small scales. It occupies the low moist but well drained soil of bottom-lands and the banks of streams, but is nowhere abundant in a wild state. It has. however, probably been more extensively planted for ornamental purposes than anv other American species, and may have become naturalized in localities outside of its native habitat indicated on the accompanying map. It is hardy at least as far north as New York. It is said to be even more extensively grown in Europe than in this country, havine been introduced as early as in the seventeenth cen- tury and was named there. It has long been popular for hedges, as well as ornament, and is said to have received its common name from the fact that nearly a century ago it was introduced from the vicinity of Washington, D. C., into Chester Co., Pa., where it became popular and was extensively planted. Leaves broad-ovate to triangular, 1%4-2™% in. long, truncate to obtuse or wide-cordate and entire at base, mostly acute or acuminate, commonly witb 5-7 spreading pointed coarsely serrate lobes, thin and lustrous dark green at maturity. paler be- neath; petioles long and slender. Flowers in early June, in many-flowered glabrous corymbs calyx with short lohes pubescent inside. stamens 20, rose-colored: styles 2 hairy at base. Fruit ripening in October and persisting on the branches until spring, depressed globose, scarcely 4, in. in diameter, bright red, the calyx-lobes falling away ; Nutlets 3-5, about 4% in. long. 4 Oe NAN BA Peon on PEAR THORN. PEAR HAW. Crategus tomentosa ie Fig. 208. Mature leaves, fruit and nutlets (the spotting of the leaves is abnormal): branchlet in winter. 299. Trunk with leaves and fruit at base. Near Rochester, N. Y Hanpspook oF TREES oF THE NorTHERN STatTEes and Canapa. 257 The Pear Thorn is a very distinct species, but not of large stature. It sometimes attains a height of 18 or 20 ft. with upright or spread- ing top of rigid tortuous branches and trunk 5 or 10 in. in diameter, or is often shrubby with several stems. The trunks are usually well armed with formidable thorns and cov- ered with rather smooth bark of pale gray or vrown color and finally exfoliating in thinnish plate-like scales. It is of wider range than most of the American species. occupying low rich soil in localities from eastern New York to Kansas and from the Great Lakes to the southernmost slopes of the Alleghanies, but is not everywhere in this range abundant. West- ern New York and southeastern Missouri seem to be the regions of greatest abundance. It is easily recognizable on account of its large membranous leaves about equally pointed at both ends and its ample upright clusters of small oblong or pear-shaped fruit, which it retains long after the leaves have fallen. In this late retention of its handsome fruit and in the brilliancy of its autumnal colors lie its chief points of ornamental value, for which it is occasionally planted in American and Eu- ropean gardens. Leaves elliptic to obovate-oblong, 5-5 in. long, cuneate and entire at base and decurrent on the short petiole, mostly acute at apex, sharply den- tate or somewhat lobed above at maturity, thin- nish, scabrous or glabrous above, pubescent be- neath: petioles stout. flowers in early June. about 14 in. across in many-flowered tomentose compound corymbs; calyx with narrow laciniate- serrulate lobes; stamens 20; anthers pale rose- colored; styles 2-5. Fruit ripens in October and persists nearly until spring, red, in erect many- fruited clusters, mostly pear-shaped or oblong. with reflexed calyx lobes; stones 2 or 3, broad rounded on the back and with two large ventral cavities. TeRRiTORY 7 LONG-SPINE THORN. Crategus macracantha ( Lindl.) Lode et art lig. 300. gol. Mature leaves and fruit; branchlet in winter. Trunk with leaves and fruit at base. Rochester, N Hanpsoox oF TREES OF TILE NorTHERN STATES AND CaANaDa. 259 The Long-spine Haw or Thorn is a tree of medium size for its genus, being seldom more than 18 or 20 ft. in height, with rigid and often crooked branches forming a rather open and irregular top, and trunk 6-8 in. in diame: ter. This is vested in a pale brown or gray bark which exfoliates in small elongated scales. It inhabits the banks of streams and rich slopes, more commonly of limestone forma- tion, and attracts the attention of even the casual observer on account of its numerous very long chestnut brown thorns, which are rather slender, somewhat curved and often 3 or 4 inches or more in length. We cannot but wonder what may be nature’s plan in equip- ping this tree with so much more formidable an armament than she has the other species. It is a tree of handsome rich folinge and is a very beautiful object when bearing its large ciusters of pure white flowers, as it is also in autumn with its lustrous crimson fruit. Leaves broad-obovate to oval, 2-4 in, long, ab- ruptly or gradually cuneate and entire at base, mostly acute or rounded at apex, coarsely and sometimes doubly serrate or with short pointed lobes, coriaceous at maturity and dull dark green with impressed veins above, paler and puberulous on the prominent veins and midribs beneath: petioles stout, margined above. Flowers, Mavy- June, % in. in diameter in many-flowered villose compound corymbs; calyx with Jong, narrow, acuminate lobes with dark gland stamens usually 10 (or 8-12); anth pale yellow; styles 2-3, tomentose at base. Fruit ripening in Sep- tember in erect many-fruited clusters, subglobose, % «in. in diameter, lustrous crimson with serrated calyx-lobes reflexed and persistent: nutlets 2 or 3, prominently ridged on the back and with deep ventral cavites. ENGLISH HAWTHORN. MAY. Crategus Oxyacantha L. Fie qo2. Mature leaves and fruit, fruit in section and nutlets; branchlet in late autumn. 303. Trunk with leaves at base. Near New York. Hanpsoox or Trees or Tur NorRTHERN Stat The English Hawthorn, or the May of Eng- lish literature, is the most widely distributed species of the genus, being found as a native distributed over the greater part of Europe and central Asia, whence it was introduced into America and is now naturalized in many localities in eastern United States. It is a species of medium stature, seldom more than 20 or 25 ft. in height, of rather upright habit of growth and with trunk 8 or 10 in. in diame- ter. This is more or less ridged and covered with a grayish brown bark of elongated, closely appressed scales. It has been extensively planted for ornamental purposes for centuries in all European countries and few plants equal it in popularity for hedges. So extensively is it grown in England that it is as prominent in the associations of country life there as are the nightengale and sky-lark, and the beauty of the “blossoming May” in spring time has made it famous in literature. It is particularly well adapted to hedge growth, as its many stiff branches armed with numerous sharp thorns make an effective barrier. It was for that use and for ornamental planting that it was early brought to America. Here it does not seem to be entirely suited to our climatic conditions and has never won for itself the popularity it has in England. A few natural and several nursery varieties are found which vary widely from the normal type and some of these are of special orna- mental value. Among them are forms with double white, red or variegated flowers, incisel or variegated leaves, fas iate or drooping habit of growth, ete., and in one the period of flowering is prolonged until autumn. In Asia the tree is said to be cultivated for its fruit. Its wood is heavy, hard and very fine- grained, and is used in turnery. It is said to be the best substitute for Boxwood in wood- engraving. Leaves mostly broad-ovate, obovate or oval, 214 in. long, wide-cuneate or truncate and entire at base with 1-3 pairs of wide eading lobes, irregularly dentate or incisely s at apex glabrous at maturity; stipules often prominent semicordate, incisely dentate; petioles slender; branchlets with numerous short thorns. — Flowers about % in. broad white or pinkish, in many- flowered corymbs styles 1-5. Fruit oblong to subglobose, 1%4- in. long; stones 1 or 2, when in pairs with furrows on the inner side. var. vanthocarpa, Reem., has conspicuous yel low fruit. Var. monoguna Jacq... originally de- scribed as a distinet species, has a single stone as shown in our illustration. AND CANADA. 9 4 61 SWEET CHERRY. MAZZARD CHERRY. Prunus Avium L. a ee Mature leaves and fruit, 1; branchlet in winter, 2. Medium-size trunk. Staten Island, N. Y. ue Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpsoox oF Trers or tue Norrurern Starrs AND The Sweet or Mazzard Cherry is the most abundant of the introduced and naturalized Cherries. It is a much larger tree than the allied Sour Cherry, sometimes attaining the height of from 50 to 75 ft. with rounded pyramidal top while young, having a central leacer, but with age usually becoming wide- spreading. The trunks are vested in a smooth reddish brown laminated bark peeling off in transverse strips, and only on very large trunks, which are sometimes 2 or 8 ft. or more in diameter, does it lose its laminated character and show a tendency to low sealy ridges. Its native land is thought to be regions bordering on the Caspian Sea. but it is now widely naturalized throughout southern Europe and a considerable portion of eastern United States. The garden Cherries of which there are many kinds are derived almost without exception from this and the allied Sour Cherry. Those which have their parentage in this species have generally distinctly sweeter fruit than the others and include the Black Tar- tarian, Bald Eagle. May Duke, Windsor, Na- poleon, ete. Varieties of the tree of special value for ornament rather than for fruit have been introduced. as forms having respectively very large leaves, pyramidial habit, pendulous branches. leaves variegated with yellow m white, double flowers, ete. From the fruit of the wild tree in Europe a cordial is made and from its trunk exudes a useful gum. Its wood in Europe is valued for the manu- facture of furniture. musical instruments, ete.. and in turnery.1 Leaves ovate-oblong, slightly obovate, mostly rounded at base and abruptly acuminate at apex, irregularly serrate, conduplicate in the bud and pubescent at first but finally thin. limp and droop- ing, dull dark green above, pubescent at least on the veins beneath. Flowers expanding with the leaves. white, about 1 in. across in scaly umbels on short lateral spurs pedicels slender. Fruit depressed globular or heart-shaped. from yellow to dark red with generally juicy sweet flesh and globose pit.? 1. A. W,, III, 56. 2. For genus see pp. 440-441. SOUR CHERRY. PIE CHERRY. EGRIOT. Prunus Cerasus L. Fig. 307. Mature leaves and fruit, 1; isolated pits, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 308. Trunk of tree. North Rush, N. Y. HiANDBOOK OF TREES oF THE NorTHERN Srares AND Canapa. 265 The Sour Cherry is a naturalized tree in the United States, having been introduced on ac- count of the value of its fruit, and has es- caped from cultivation. It is a low spreading or rounded tree, seldom more than 20 or 30 ft. in height or with trunk more than 10 or 12 in. in thickness. The bark of young trunks is dis- tinctly laminate, but with age breaks up and exfoliates in thin curled scales, leaving a roughish, somewhat ridged inner bark. The native home of the Sour Cherry is thought to be the forests of northern Persia and Cau- easia, but it has become naturalized far out- side of these limits and is found growing spon- taneously in localities throughout the greater part of Europe and in northern Africa and India, as well as in the United States. It is hard:er than the allied Sweet Cherry, has smaller, more rigid and more upright leaves, its spreading top is generally without a central leader and the bark of the trunk is less per- sistently laminate. Among the valuable garden cherries which have their origin in this species are the Amarelles, Early Richmond, Montmo- rency, etc., having a colorless juice, and the Morellos and Louise Philippe, ete., having a colored juice. They are all generally more tart in flavor than those of the P. Avium cri- gin and the trees hardier. There are also some forms of the Sour Cherry which are of special ornamental value, on account of double white or pink-tinted flowers or leaves variegated with yellow or white. The normal characters are given below. The wood of the Sour Cherry is rather light, hard, brittle and of a light brown color with lighter sap-wood. Though of good qualities it is small and of no commercial importance in this country.1 Leaves ovate to obovate, 2%4-4 in. long, rounded or obtuse at base acute or abruptly acuminate unequally crenate-serrate, rather firm and_ thick, lustrous dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers white, about 1 in. broad, appearing before or with the leaves in few-flowered very scaly sessile umbels from axillary buds on the growth of the previous season ; calyx-lobes strongly reflexed. Fruit sub- globose or depressed globose, about 1% in. in di- ameter (larger in cultivation) red, without bloom, with juicy tart flesh and subglobose pit. TA Wax: LY, 82. PIGEON CHERRY. PIN CHERRY. BIRD CHERRY. WILD RED CHERRY. Prunus Pennsylvanica L. f. Fig. 309. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1; isolated pits, 2; leaves from sterile branch, 3; branchlet in winter, 4. 310. Two trunks, in Lewis Co:, N. Y. Hanpsoox or Trers oF THE NorTHERN STATES The Pigeon Cherry is a small, handsome tree occasionally attaining the height of 30 or 40 ft. and 10 or 12 in. in diameter of trunk, but is usually much smaller. It develops a rather narrow oblong top with slender upright branches. The bark of smaller trunks and branches is lustrous and of a rich wine color marked with prominent band-like lenticels and peeling off in horizontal strips. Few trees of northern regions equal it in beauty in early May, when each branchlet becomes a garland of delicate white flowers and tender bright green leaves, or in mid-summer when its flow- ers are succeeded by an abundance of small bright red translucent long-stemmed cherries. It inhabits dry sandy soil, coming up in abundance from seeds scattered by the birds on forest tracks recently denuded by fires. Here, offering shade and shelter for the more tender seedlings of other and more useful trees, it vies with the Quaking Asp in hastening re- And then, ended there, it dies as forestation. as though its mission soon as its nurselings surpass it in size and really need the space it occupies. The wood is rather light, a cubie foot weigh- ing 31.30 Ibs., soft and very close-grained but of little commercial importance.1 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly rounded = at base and acuminate at apex, finely unequally ser- rate, slightly viscid when young, smooth both sides at maturity, shining green above, paler be neath; pedicels slender, glandular above. Flowers about % in. across in lateral 4-5-flowered umbels or corymbs with long pedicels. Fruit subglobose, about 144, in. in diameter, light red, translucent, with very tart juicy flesh and oblong slightly com- pressed stone about 3-16 in. long. 1, A. W., III, 55. SS a Seay, NorTH cAGT \-- “on Me fi <= i 267 AND CANADA. CANADA PLUM. Prunus nigra Ait. “ig. 311. Mature leaves, fruit and isolated pits, one in Trunk. Lewis Co., N. Y. Cross-section, Hanppook oF TREES OF THE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA. The Canada Plum attains the height of 2Uu or 25 ft. and its trunk is occasionally 10 or 12 in. in thickness. It develops a broad or rounded top of many stiff and more or less contorted branches and small somewhat zigzag branch- lets. In the month of May its heretofore bare and blackened branches suddenly burst into a pro- fusion of flowers and is at once aswarm with myriads of bees, gathering their first harvest of the summer from its abundant nectar. At this season it is a beautiful and conspicuous object. Its orange and red fruit ripens in August and is valued both for immediate eating and for preserves and jellies. The quality of fruit varies considerably and some attention is being paid by pomologists to propagating and im- proving the better varieties. The Purple Yo- semite, Quaker and Weaver Plums are of this origin. The wood is heavy, a cubic foot when abso- lutely dry weighing 43.17 lbs., hard and very close grained.1 Leaves oval or ovate-oblong, mostly rounded or tapering at base, acuminate, unequally crenate- serrate, somewhat rugose, at maturity glabrous dark green above paler and prominently veined beneath ; petioles with dark glands near the leaf- blade. Flowers about 1 in. across in 3-4-flowered lateral glabrous umbels; calyx lobes glandular- serrate and glabrous inside; petals white, ovate- orbicular with short claws. Fruit oblong-ovoid, about 1 in. long, with thick yellow or reddish skin and oval compressed thick-walled pit, sharply and prominently ridged on the ventral edge and slightly grooved on the dorsal. DAR Wes, Vir Bh 8, Om tT Vines arta esha on \ xy NN. et { We qe \ od ce 269 AMERICAN PLUM. WILD PLUM. Prunus Americana Marsh. Fig. 313. Mature leaves and fruit, 1; fruit in cross-section, 2; isolated pits, 3; branchlet from sterile shoot, 4; leafless branchlet in winter, 5. 314. Trunk Southwestern Arkansas. Hanpsook oF TREES OF THE NortTHERN STATES AND CANADA. The American Wild Plum tree attains the height of from 20 to 30 ft. and in regions most favorable to its growth a trunk diameter of 12 or 14 in., but is usually a considerably smaller tree and is sometimes found fruiting as a large shrub. It develops a symmetrical broad or rounded top of spreading and upright branches. Like the more northern Canada Plum it is one of the delights of early spring, when cov- ered with its profusion of white flowers, and in mid-summer is quite as beautiful an object with its dark green leaves and red and yellow fruit. In quality of fruit it is variable, and pomologists have devoted considerable atten- tion to the propagation and improvement of the better sorts. The De Soto, Louisa, Itaska, Minnetonka, ets., are plums in cultivation of this origin. Its wood is heavy, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 44.96 Ibs., close-grained, hard and strong, but of no commercial importance.t Leaves ovate to obovate, 244-4 in. long, nar- rowed and rounded or tapering at base, acuminate at apex, sharply and sometimes doubly-serrate nearly glabrous when they unfold and at maturity rugose, dark green above, paler and with promi- nent reticulate veins beneath; petioles mostly glandless. Flowers when leaves are about half grown, in 2-4-flowered glabrous umbels; calyx lobes sometimes entire, pilose inside; petals white, rounded with claw. Fruit subglobose or slightly elongated with tough acerb skin orange or red often with pale spots; pit oval, rather smoothish and turgid and slightly ridged on the ventral side and obscurely grooved on the dorsal. Var. lunata Sudw. is a form ranging from Missouri to Texas with pubescent under surfaces of leaves, calyx-lobes, pedicels and branchlets. 1. A. W., XI, 257. 271 WILD GOOSE PLUM. RIVER PLUM. Prunus hortulana Bailey. Fig. 3t5. Branchlet with ieaves and fruit, 1; fruit in cross-section, 2; isolated pits. 3; branchlet in winter, 4. 316. Trunk (of var. Waylandi) near Allenton, Mo. Hanpsoox or Trees oF THE Nortuern States and Canapa. 273 The Wild Goose Plum attains the height of 20 or 30 ft. with broad rounded top of rigid branches and trunk sometimes 10 or 12 in. in diameter. In localities it is found as a tall shrub forming thickets of considerable extent. It inhabits the low banks and islands of streams subject to annual inundation (for which rea- son it is sometimes called River Plum) in company with the Sycamore, River Birch, vari- ous Willows, Green Ash, Box-Elder, King-nut Hickory, Red-bud, ete. It is said that it takes its common name from the fact that one of the first noticed trees was grown from a stone taken from the crop of a wild goose. General orchard varieties are in cultivation, producing fruit of excellent quality. Among them are the Miner, Langston, Clinton, ete. (of var. Mineri) and the Wayland, Golden Beauty, Moreman, etc. (of var. Waylandi). The wood is heavy, hard, strong, and suitable for use in turnery. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, long taper-pointed, closely glandular-serrate, pilose at first but at maturity glabrous, lustrous dark green above, paler and pilose in the axils of the prominent veins be- neath; petioles with dark glands near the leaf- blade. Flowers when the leaves are about half grown, 1 in. or less acro in 2-4-flowered puber- ulous umbels; calyx with acute or rounded glandular-serrate lobes, pubescent both — sides; petals white, rounded. Fruit subglobose or short- oblong, 1 in. or less in diameter, with thick tough red or yellow skin of pleasant flavor and with turgid stone prominently ridged on the ven- tral edge and grooved on the dorsal. j \7 mss ata ca. \ Roe) CHICKASAW PLUM. Prunus augustifolia Marsh.t Fig. 317. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, 1; isolated pits, 2; branchlet in late autumn, 3. 318. Trunk in eastern Virginia, Hanpspook or Trers or THE NORTHERN STATES AND CaNapa. A small tree rarely over 20 or 25 ft. in height with rather wide rounded top of spread- ing slender branches, and trunk rarely more than 8 or 19 in. in diameter covered with a thin dark brown bark rough with closely ap- pressed scales. It is often a shrub of but few feet in height forming thickets of considerable extent. The fact that it is confined in its dis- tribution mostly to old fields and roadsides in the vicinity of human habitations suggests the thought that it may be an introduced tree, but from whence it is not known. Early set- tlers found it growing about the settlements of the Indians in the South, among whom there was a tradition that it was brought from be- yond the Mississippi River. Its fruit is valued for immediate eating and for preserves and jellies and is regularly mar- keted in season in southern towns, commonly under the name of “ mountain cherries.” Vari- ous improved forms are sold by nursery houses but only suitable for the southern climate. Leaves lanceolate to lance-oblong, 1-2 in long, mostly tapering at base, acute or apiculate at apex, sharply serrate, glabrous, lustrous” bright green above, paler beneath and with short glabrous or puberulous petiol having two glands near the leaf blade. Flowers small, about 1 in. across, expanding before the leaves in lateré 4-flowered umbels, with slender glabrous pedicels; calyx glabrous with lobes pubescent inside; petals white, rounded. Fruit ripening in early summer, sub- globose, about % in. in diameter, lustrous red, without bloom, with thin skin, juicy subacid flesh and turgid oblong thick-walled stone with thick rounded margins and somewhat grooved in the dorsal suture. 1. Prunus Chicusa Michx. 275 ALLEGHANY SLOE. PORTER’S PLUM. Prunus Alleghaniensis Porter. eis Fig. 319 Branechlet with leaves and fruit, 1: fruit in cross-section, 2: isolated pits, 3; branchlet in late autumn, 4. 320. Trunk (bearing 2-foot rule) near State College, Pa. For specimens and trunk picture the author is indebted to Prof. W. A. Buckhout. Hanpsoox or Trees or rue Norrurern Srares anp Canapa. 277 The Alleghany Sloe is a small intricately branched tree, at best not surpassing 18 or 20 it. in height or 8 or 10 in. in thickness of trunk, vested in a loose scaly bark. It is usually a straggling shrub forming in places extensive thickets and occupying alike low moist soil and well-drained slopes and limestone ridges. In distribution it is the most restricted of the Plums, being confined so far as now understood to central Pennsylvania, chiefly Tussey Mountain in Huntingdon Co., Bald Eagle Mountain and Valley and the Allegha- nies in Clearfield and [lk Counties. Occupy- ing the wildest places of these regions it escaped the notice of botanists until about thirty years ago. It is well worthy of cultivation in the garden both on account of its abundant flowers and small glaucous blue-black fruit which it produces in abundance. The fruit is of a pleasant subacid flavor and is gathered and used, in considerable quantities under the name of “sloes,’ by the country residents, for preserves, jellies, etc. It is quite probable that it will be improved by selection and cultiva- tion. Leaves obovate-elliptical, 1144-8 in. long, mostly rounded or obtuse at base, acuminate at apex, sharply serrate, pubescent at. first, finally puber- ulous, dark green above, paler and glabrous ex- cepting on veins beneath; petioles 144 in. long, puberulous. Flowers appearing in May with the leaves, 1% in. in diameter in 2-4-flowered umbels ; calyx pubescent. Fruit ripens by the middle of August, subglobose, about 1% in. in diameter, dark purple with bloom, on stout pedicels, with thickish skin, of pleasant subacid or austere flavor and with turgid pit. MAHALEB. PERFUMED OR ST. LUCIE CHERRY. Prunus Mahaleb L. Fig. 321. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1; separated pits, 2; branchlet in winter, 3 322. Trunk with leaves at base and supporting the stem of a poison ivy vine, Rochester, N. Y Hanpsoox or Trees oF THE NORTHERN The Mahaleb, Perfumed or St. Lucie Cherry properly deserves its mame, * Perfumed ” Cherry, as it has fragrant foliage as well as fragrant flowers, and its seeds, too, are fragrant, and so is its wood. It is a small tree sometimes attaining the height of 20 to 25 ft., with rather irregular oblon. or rounded top of short lateral branches and usually crooked or inclined trunk 8-10 in. in diameter. This is vested in a dark gray or brownish bark, rough with low irregular ridges and appressed scales. It is a native of middle and southern Europe and the Cau- casus, whence it is extensively imported into the United States as a valuable stock on which to graft garden cherries and has become natu- ralized in localities. Its small fruit is too austere and bitter to be edible, but it yields a violet dye and a fermented liquor is made from it resembling Kirschwasser. The seeds possess an agreeable flavor and odor, and a fixed oil expressed from them is used in per- fumery and among the Arabs is valued as a remedy against calculus in the bladder. The wood is heavy, hard, close-grained, of a dark reddish color and fragrant. It is known in Europe as the wood of St. Lucie and is valued by cabinet-makers and by the manufac turers of tobacco pipes and other small articles of wooden-ware. The small rigid stems are used for the stems of tobacco-pipes, walking sticks, ete. Though a very interesting tree it is not commonly planted for ornamental pur- poses in America and little use is made of it here except as stocks for grafting purposes. Leaves broad-ovate to orbicular, mostly 1-2 in. long, rounded or slightly cordate at base, ab- ruptly acute at apex, finely crenate-serrate, firm, glaucous and fragrant; petioles slender, terete. Flowers May-June, small, scarcely % in. across, white, fragrant and in umbels terminating short lateral branchlets. Fruit ripening in July, sub- globose, 14 in. in diameter, very dark red, with thin bitter flesh and slightly flattened pit. STatTes AND CANADA. 279 CHOKE CHERRY. Prunus Virginiana U.. ig. 323. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1; detached fruit, 2; pits, 3: branchlet in winter, 4. 324. Trunk in Lewis Co., N. Y. Hanpsook oF Trees or tHE Norruern Srares anp CAaNapa. The Choke Cherry is usually a tall shrub and only under the most favorable conditions does it become a tree 20 to 30 ft. in height, with irregular rounded top and crooked or leaning trunk. This is rarely more than 6 or 8 in. in diameter, and is vested in a grayish brown more or less mottled and rather smooth bark. It is abundant over a large part of its range growing in moist rich soil of river bottoms and along fence-rows and road-sides, where its finger-like racemes of white flowers make it a beautiful object in the month of May, and its stems of dark red cherries when fully ripe offer refreshment to the wayfarer in the heat of midsummer. The fruit is used in making pies and jellies and is gathered for these uses Its name is appropriately given in allusion to the and marketed in many Canadian towns. consequence of attempting to eat the fruit when not thoroughly ripe, for it is then too astrin- gent to be easily swallowed. Leaves obovate to oval or oblong, narrow and rounded or tapering at base, abruptly acuminate or sometimes acute at apex, finely and sharply serrate with slender pointed teeth, glabrous and dull dark green above, paler and pubescent along the veins beneath. Flowers Y4-¥ in. across in cylindrical racemes terminating leafy branchlets ; petals suborbicular. Fruit about ¥% in. in di- ameter, shining dark or light red (rarely yellow) subglobose austere and astringent until very ripe then edible ; stone nearly globose, about 14 in. long. \ Nisan nortH EAST \, oo reanirony -C- 4 <— A Om. 5 Destin 1 1 nD Ss, is Lor ji i ol bo = \ WILD BLACK CHERRY. Prunus serotina Ehrh. Fig. 325. Branch with leaves and ripe fruit, 1; detached fruit, 2; pits, 3; branchlet in winter, 4 326. Trunk in forest in western New York. Hanppook oF TREES OF THE NORTUERN STATES AND Canapa. 283 This is one of the most valuable trees of the American forests, sometimes attaining the height of 80-100 ft., with straight columnar scaly-barked trunk 3-5 ft. in thickness. When isolated it develops an oblong or rounded top of slender rigid branches, and growing alike on dry gravelly slopes and moist intervales it is one of the chief elements of many tracts of forests of the Appalachian regions. Its flowers appear later than those of other representa- tives of the genus (hence the specific name, from a Latin word meaning late) and when its leafy top is trimmed with its many nod- ding racemes of small white flowers it is a highly ornamental tree. Its fruit, when fully ripe is of pleasant vinous flavor and is often used in making rum, and the aromatic bark is valued as a flavoring, as a tonic and sedative medicine. The wood of which a cubic foot weighs 36.28 Ibs. is strong, rather hard and very close grained and one of our most valuable woods for furniture making and interior finishing.1 Leaves oval or oblong to lance-obovate, 2-5 in. long, tapering or rounded at base, taper-pointed, serrate with ineurved teeth, glabrous, — thick lustrous dark green above, paler beneath, with slender petioles bearing red glands. Flowers opening when the leaves are nearly grown, 4 in. across in erect or nodding racemes 4-6 in. long, terminating short leafy branchlets; calyx with short lobes, persistent ; petals obovate. Pruit sub- globose and somewhat lobed, Y¥% in. in di- ameter, reddish black with juicy purple fiesh of vinous flavor and stone about 14 in. long pointed at apex. Ae CASO Ws Aelg 298 = SASK. \ STS L t * F ASSinin0., | MAY RED-BUD. JUDAS-TREE. Cercis Canadensis L. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1; branchlet in winter, 2. Trunk with stems of poison ivy vines. Red River valley, Ark. 9. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Fig. 3 ww to ‘cory bow Hanpsook or Trees or THE NorrukRN Staves anp Canapa. 255 The Red-bud is a small tree, sometimes in forest growth attaining a height of 40 or 50 at a height and then develops a low wide flat- ft., but when isolated does not attain so ¢ topped or a rounded head. The trunk is rarely more than 10-12 in. in diameter, clothed in a grayish or reddish brown scaly bark. It inhabits the banks of ravines and rich bottom-lands, sometimes forming an under- growth in forests of taller trees, and in early spring its abundant pink flowers make it a beautiful object. Associating as it does with the Flowering Dogwood and flowering at the same season of the year, one rarely sees a more beautiful floral medley than that pre- sented by these two trees, a bank of Red-bud flowers making a beautiful setting for the large white flower-heads of the Dogwood. In sum- mer its glossy round heart-shaped leaves are unsurpassed in attractiveness by the foliage of any other tree, and it is justly popular for ornamental planting. The wood, of which a cubic foot weighs 39.65 Ibs., is of a yellowish brown color with thin sap-wood, and is of little commercial import- ance, Leaves cordate-orbicular, 3-5 in. long and broad, truncate or cordate at base, obtuse or acute at apex, entire, thickish, lustrous above, hairy in the axils of the veins beneath, bright yellow in au- tumn. Flowers about % in. long, in sessile um- bels; corolla pink purple. Fruit: pod 2 4 in long, short stalked in the calyx; seeds oblong, yy in. long? 1. For genus see pp. 441-442 iS ort hie nO ee eT oe ea C vy, \ Hi ae i Te ve : \ tssy Lay GA- ey COFFEE-TREE. Gymnocladus dtoicus Koch. Fig. 330. Branch with leaf and mature fruit, 1: pods open and in section, 2 and 3; branchlet in winter, 4. 331. Trunk of tree near Allenton, Mo. »2. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hannsoox or TREES OF THE NORTHERN STATES aND Cawapa. 287 The Coffee-tree, or as it is commonly called the Kentucky Coffee-tree, sometimes attains the height of 100 ft. and in the forests with straight columnar trunk 2-4 ft. in thickness covered with a grayish bark, rough with firm prominent scales. In the open it de- yelops a rather wide obovoid top, conspicuous in summer on account of its graceful airy foliage and perhaps interspersed with its great brown pods. On the approach of winter its manner of shedding its large bicompound leaves suggested to the common mind the er- roneous idea that it is shedding also its twigs and its appearance then, when leafless, has given rise to the name Stump-tree. It is econ- fined in its distribution to low rich bottom- lands in company with the Black Walnut, Buckeye, Red-bud, Hackberry, Slippery Elm, Honey Locust, Oaks and Hickories, but is no- Where abundant. Its common name, Coffee- tree. is given to it because its seeds in early days were used to some extent as a substitute for coffee. The wood, of which a cu. ft. when abso- lutely dry weighs 43.21 lbs. is heavy, strong and very durable, and is useful for posts, rail- 9 way ties, furniture. etc.? Leaves large, 2-3-ft. long. with strong petioles and 10-18 pinne each bearing 10-14 ovate mem- braneous nearly glabrous leaflets. Flowers stami- nate flower-clusters 3-6 in. long; the pistillate 10-12 in. long with longer pedicels. Fruit pods mostly 4-10 in. long, 114%4-2 in. broad, remaining closed on the branchlets late into the winter with sweet pulp and seeds *4 in. across.* L 1. Syn. Gymnocladus Canadesis am. BAS Was le hs 3. For genus see p. 442. HONEY LOCUST. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Fig. 333: Piece of branch bearing leaves and fruit, the leaves being mostly “ asleep leaflets closed together, as they do at night), 1 leaflets spreading apart as they do in day-time, 334. Trunk near St. Louis, Mo. 335. Woo ’ (i. e., with portion of pod with side removed, 2 ; leaf with large branching thorn, 4; branchlet in winter, 5 5: d structure magnified 15 diameters Jlanppoox or Trers or tue Norruern States ayp Canapa. 289 The Honey Locust attains the height of from 75 to 140 ft. when growing in the forests, anid when isolated develops a broad rounded or lofty flat-topped head with drooping lateral branches and of very characteristic aspect. Its trunk, commonly 2 or 3 ft. in diameter, excep- tionally 5 or 6 ft., is vested in a dark gray bark with closely appressed firm scales. It usually bears a rigid sharp 1-3-pointed glossy purple-brown thorn above the axil of each leaf, and the trunk and bases of the large branches often bristle with very formidable branching thorns, but trees are occasionally met with in which the thorns are nearly or entirely absent. It inhabits chiefly moist bottom-lands in com- pany with various Oaks and Hickories, the Black Walnut, Hackberry, Buckeye. ete., and although growing naturally only west of the Alleghanies and in the Mississippi valley has become widely naturalized outside of its origi- nal range. It is extensively planted for orna- mental purposes, hedges, etc. From its incon- spicuous flowers the bees gather much honey. Its wood is heavy, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 42 lIbs., strong and very durable and is used for railway-ties, posts and in the manufacture of agricultural implements.2 Leaves 7-10 in. long with 7-10 pairs of leaflets 4-8 pairs of pinnw with pubescent petioles and rachises, the leaflets short-stalked, oblong-lance- olate, inequilateral at base, obtuse or rounded at each end, crenulate. lustrous dark green above, paler and often pubescent on the midribs beneath. Flowers (June) from axils of the leaves of the previous season, green and rich in honey, the staminate in dense and sometimes clustered race- mes, tt pistillate in few-flowered and usually solitary racemes. Fruit pods, linear, 10-18 in. long, ning dark brown and usually contorted and twisted in short racemes and containing numerous hard oval compressed seeds separated by a sweetish succulent pulp.* 1. Sometimes spelled Gleditschia. 22 As Wes ll, 228: 3. For genus sce p. 442. Aa Soha v st 1 \ Med So t Beg en, ; Se yes aN ~~ WATER LOCUST. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh.* Piece of branch with leaves and fruit, 1; fruit opened, ha l in southern Illinois near S branchlet in winter, 5. Louis. o isolated seeds, 3; } leaf Hanpsook or Trees or tur Norruern Srares AND Canapa. 291 The Water Locust attains a height of 50 or 60 ft. and its short trunk is sometimes 2 or 3 ft. in diameter. It divides usually within a few feet of the ground into several branches forming a bushy rounded top more or less flat- tened above, with contorted spiny branches. Sometimes the trunk also is beset with for- midable great rigid branching thorns. The bark of trunk is thin, firm, rough with small corky excrescences and is sometimes sparingly scaly. It inhabits only deep swamps, the bor- ders of sloughs and low river banks subject to long inundation, in company with the But- ton-bush, Forestiera, Planer-tree, Bald Cypress, Water and Tupelo Gums, various Willows, ete. and is most abundant and of largest size in the lower Mississippi valley. The wood, of which a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighs 45.76 lbs., is heavy, hard and strong, of a reddish brown color with thick pale yellow sap-wood.? Leaves 5-10 in. long with 5-7 pairs of pinnate or bi-pinnate pinnw of 5-12 pairs of ovate to ob- long leaflets, usually oblique at base, rounded at apex, finely crenate-serrate, thick and _ firm, lustrous dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers appearing in June in slender elongated racemes. Fruit: pods lustrous brown, thin, 1-2 in. long, in pendent racemes, oblique-ovate, pointed at both ends, with long slender stalk, without pulp and containing a solitary (or sometimes 2) flat sub- orbicular yellow-brown seed 14 in. in diameter. 1. Syn. Gleditsia monosperma Walt. 22 Be Wi V5 109: a a eS x PNA RP Wy! ae aa Ne iin HO gf AY a 7% \ 4 YELLOW-WOOD. GOPHER-WOOD. VIRGILIA. Cladrastis lutea (ALichs. ) IXoch. fj y / =| Branchlet with leaves and fruit, 1: pod with side removed, 2; others showing method cence, 3; isolated seeds, 4; branchlet in winter, 5. Trunk in cultivation in northern New York. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpzsook or Trees or tHE NortHERN Srares aND Canapa. 298 The Yellow-wood is one of the rarest as well as one of the most beautiful trees of the American forests. It attains the height of from 50 to 60 ft. with trunk from 1 to 2 or 3 ft. in diameter, vested in a thin smooth gray- ish beech-like bark, showing in delicate streaks the lighter inner bark as the outer becomes fissured in growth. Its short trunk usually divides within a few feet from the ground into few large branches, which ramify and form a graceful broad or rounded top, when unob- structed by surrounding trees. It grows natu- rally in rich well-drained soil, and mainly on lime-stone ridges along the banks of the streams which carry the waters from the west- ern slopes of the Alleghany mountains into the Ohio River. Its desirable habit of growth, its ample clean foliage little affected by blight or insects, and its long stems of pure white flowers. showing in beautiful contrast among its rich green leaves, make it a very desirable tree for ornamental planting. This fact was tecognized a century ago by its discoverer who sent its seeds to Europe, and it now lends its charm to almost every European collection. In this country, too, it is a favorite ornamental tree proving to be hardy as far north as north- ern New York and Ontario. The wood is rather light, a cubic foot when absolutely dry weighing 39.12 lbs., hard and strong, the heart-wood being of a clear yellow color when freshly cut, but soon changing to brownish, and the thin sap-wood is nearly white.1 A yellow dye is made of the heart- wood. For botanical characters see generic descrip- tion, this being the only species.2 1, A. W., XII, 280. 2. For genus see pp. 442-443. LOCUST. YELLOW LOCUST. Rob Inia Pse udacac id ile: Fig. 341. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, some showing process of dehiscence; branchlets in winter, 3. 2. Trunk of tree at North Rush, N. Y. 43. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Tanpsoox or Trees or Tue Norruern Stares anp Canapa. 295 This favorite tree attains the height of 70 or 80 ft. with a trunk diameter of 3 or 4 ft. and when isolated from the influence of other trees develops a rather narrow oblong top with more or less contorted sinuous branches. Its natural home is thought to be limited to the slopes of the Alleghany Mountains as_ indi- eated on our map, but on account of its valua- ble wood, the delicacy and beauty of its grace- ful foliage and fragrant flowers it has been probably more extensively planted both in this country and Europe for ornament and use than any other North American tree, and being pos- sessed of a hardy adaptable constitution it has become widely naturalized throughout eastern United States and Canada. Several nursery varieties are found in cultivation. The wood of the Lor: st is heavy, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 45.70 lbs., hard, strong and very durable, and highly valued in ship-building, for fence posts, in turnery and especially for treenails. Medicinal prop- erties (tonic, purgative and emetic) are found in the bark of the roots.1 Leaves 8-14 in. long with glabrous petioles and stipules finally spiny and _ persistent, 7-9 ovate- oblong or oval leaflets, 1-2 in. long, rounded at both ends and emarginate and mucronate at apex, thin, glabrous, dull dark green above, paler and pubescent on the midrib beneath; stipels linear, caducous; branchlets) glabrous or nearly — so. Flowers in late spring, white, in loose puberulous racemes, 4-5 in. long, very fragrant and nectifer- ous; pedicels about % in. long; calyx gibbous, the lowest lobe acuminate and longest; petals white, standard blotched with yellow’ beneath. Fruit: pods 2-4 in. long, purplish, maturing in late autumn and persisting on the leafless branch- lets late into the winter; seed 3-16 in. long.? he Ae We V5. 80: 2. For genus see p. 443. CLAMMY LOCUST. Robinia viscosa Vent. Fig. 344. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, 1; half of pod with seeds, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 345. Small trunk with leaves at base. Staten Island, N. Y. Haxpzpook oF Trees or tub Norruern Srares anp Canapa. 29% The Clammy Locust is a small tree, only under the most favorable conditions attaining the height of 30 or 40 ft. and 10 or 12 in. in diameter of trunk. Such individuals are rare as it is usually not of half that size and often only a large shrub, spreading, as do other representatives of the genus, by underground stems and forming considerable thickets. As an isolated tree it has a rather open oblong top with slender branches. Its branchlets and all new growths are covered with a shining sticky exudation and viscid hairs, by which it may be readily recognized. Its native home is restricted to the high slopes of the Alleghany Mountains, in the in- teresting forests where only are found the Rhododendron, Kalmia, Witch Hazel, Moun- tain Holly, ete.. in tree forms, and there it is by no means common. On account of its handsome foliage and flowers, however, it has been widely planted for ornamental purposes throughout eastern United States and Europe and has become naturalized in many locali- ties. as far north in this country at least as the Canadian frontier. Its wood is similar to that of the Yellow Locust, a cn. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 50.44 Ibs., but is not of commercial import- ance. Leaves 10-12 in. long with slender sticky glandular-hispid petioles, 11-21 ovate-oblonyg nearly glabrous petiolulate leaflets from 1-2 in. in length, rounded at base, rounded or pointed and mucronate at apex; stipules subulate and some- times delicate spines; stipels very small and slender; branchlets and all new growths glandular hispid. Flowers (June) in rather dense oblong axillary racemes, not fragrant, rose-colored, the standard marked on inner face with yellow blotch. Fruit: pods, 2-514 in. long, linear-lanceolate, thin gladular hispid with reniform seeds about \% in. long. PRICKLY ASH. TOOTH-ACHE TREE. Nanthoxylum Clava-Herculis Lo Fig. 346. Branchlet with mature leaves and clusters of fruit, 1: scattered empty capsules and seeds, 2; branchlet bearing prickles in winter, 3. They do not all bear prickles the first season. Trunk with leaves and small prostrate trunk at base. Red River Valley, Arkansas. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpsoox or Trees oF THE NORTHERN STATES AND Canapa. 299 The Prickly Ash is a small tree rarely at- taining the height of 40 or 50 ft. with trunk 12-18 in. in diameter, but usually is much smaller and often shrubby. Its tendency when isolated is to develop a broad rounded top of many spiny branches, and its peculiar bluish gray bark of trunk is sure to attract attention. This is smooth and studded with scattered barnacle-like corky bossess, each tipped with a thick sharp spine which, however, finally falls away. A fancied resemblance in these spiked trunks to the club of Hercules has sug- gested its specific name, and the hooked spines of its branches have given it its apt collo- quial names “ Wait-a-bit ” and “ Tear-blanket,” while its pungent bark has given it the name “ Sting-tongue’? among the southern negroes. This property, too, as a source of relief in tooth-ache has caused it to be known as Tooth-ache tree. Its wood is light, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 31.51 lbs., soft, close-grained and of little value. Its bark, however, is highly valued among the southern negroes for the medicinal properties mentioned of the genus.? Leaves 5-15 in. long, tardily deciduous, glabrous, with more or | spiny petioles and 3-9 pairs of ovate-lanceolate, often falcate, subcoriaceous leaf- lets, rounded and oblique at base, acute or acumi- nate, shiny above, dull beneath, crenate-serrate. Flowers appear after the leaves in large terminal compound cymes; sepals minute, persistent ; petals oval, greenish, 1-14 in. long; stamens 4 with slender exserted filaments; pistils 3 or with sessile ovaries and short styles bearing 2- lobed stigmas. Fruit mature in early autumn with oblique-ovoid pitted 1-seeded capsule, the seed after dehiscence hanging outside. Var. fruticosum Gray, is a shrubby form in western Texas with short often %-foliate pubescent leaves and blunt coriaceous leaflets.? 1. Syn. Fagara Clava-Herculis (L.) Small. 2. A. W., V, 106. 5 For genus see p. 443. WAFER-ASH. HOP-TREE. Ptelea trifoliata L. vith mature leaves and uit: leafless branchlet in winter. trunk with New York. structure m I[:xppoox or Trees or tur NorrireRN The Wafer Ash is more often a shrub than a tree, but is occasionally found attaining the height of 20 or 25 ft. with broad or rounded top, and trunk sometimes 10 or 12 in. in diame- ter. I have seen it in southern Ontario with a short trunk 16 in. in diameter, but such a size is very exceptional. Its dark green tri- foliate leaves and conspicuous bunches of light green wafer-like fruit make it an ornamental object in late summer, and in winter, it is hardly less conspicuous on account of the fruit which persists seared and dry upon its naked branches long after the leaves have fallen. The flavor and odor of its leaves and bark when bruised is very similar to that of the hop for which it is sometimes used as a sub- stitute in brewing beer, and it is from that fact that it takes its name Hop-tree. The wood is rather heavy, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 51.84 Ibs., hard and close-grained.t. An extract from its bark is sometimes used as a tonic in medicine. Leaves with 3 subsessile ovate to oblong leaflets, varying from rounded to cuneate at base, acumi- nate at apex, remotely crenulate, pubescent at first but finally lustrous dark green above, glandu- lar-dotted beneath. Flowers in mid-summer, of disagreeable odor. [Fruit flat, similar to that of an elm but larger-winged all around in dense clusters and persisting on the branches nearly all winter.? i Ast Wisy (Vy OTs 2. For genus see p. 444. STATES AND CANADA. 301 AILANTHUS. TREE-OF-HEAVEN. Ailanthus glandulosus dest. 6 | | Fig. 352. Branch bearing mature leaves and fruit, 1; detached samara, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 53. Trunk in southern Illinois, opposite St. Louis. 54. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. wo Hanpspoox oF Trees or tur Nortrurern Srares anp Canapa. 303 The Ailanthus is a handsome naturalized tree sometimes attaining, in its native land, the height of 80 or 100 ft. with rather loose open top and trunk 2to3or more feet in thickness. Its large plume-like leaves are familiar objects in the door-yards and parks of many of our eastern towns, giving a tropical appearance scarcely equaled by any other tree of like hardiness. Nor is its ornamental value in late summer often surpassed by any other tree, when its frond-like foliage is interspersed with large bunches of brilliantly colored fruit. It is par- ticularly well adapted to planting for shade and ornamental purposes, being a hardy tree of very rapid growth and little affected by the dust and smoke of cities. For this purpose, however, only the pistillate trees should be used as they are of greater ornamental value and their flowers are free from the objection- able ordor found with the staminate flowers. Those to most people are ill-scented and their pollen is said to aggravate catarrhal troubles. The native habitat of the Ailanthus is China and Japan, where an excellent quality of silk is made from a worm which lives upon its folinge. It is widely naturalized in eastern United States. The wood is of medium hardness and of coarse open grain.1 Leaves 12-36 in. long, with 15-41 stalked leaf- lets which are from ovate to lanceolate oblong, 2-4 in. long, rounded or subcordate at base, acumi- nate, entire but with 5-4 glandular teeth at base. Flowers (June) yellowish-green, in panicles ofteu 1 ft. or more in length; stamens villous at base. Fruit samaras about 1% in. long, spirally twisted.’ 1A Wh, Tod: 2. For genus see p. 444. AMERICAN SMOKE-TREE. CHITTAM-WOOD. Cotinus Americanus Nutt. Fig. 355. Branchlet with leaves, fruit and plumose sterile pedicels (an herbarium specimen), 1; assortment of fresh leaves, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 56. Trunk, near Carthage, Mo. 357. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpsook oF TreEs oF THE NortTHERN Srares anp Canapa. 305 The American Smoke-tree is a larger tree than the European species, as it sometimes attains the height of 30 or 35 ft., with a clear trunk 12-14 in. in thickness and firm spreading branches. The trunk divides at 8 or 10 ft. from the ground into a few large branches, which form a broad open top. The bark of trunk is of a grayish color and very rough with thin oblong somewhat imbricated scales. It is one of the rarest American trees, being found on rocky slopes singly or in small groves scat- tered among other trees in the limited re- gions indicated on the accompanying map. The Venetian tree with its beautiful plumose bunches of sterile pedicels and fruit, making its top suggestive of a puff of smoke or spray, is a familiar object in ornamental shrubberies. It is a tree vastly improved by selection and propagation upon its native condition, and the American tree, while now less profuse in its display of “smoke,” than the European tree may be susceptible of like improvement, while it has the additional advantage of greater size and more ornamental foliage. The wood is rather light, a cu. ft. weighing when absolutely dry 40.04 Ibs.. soft, durable and of a light yellow or orange color and very thin white sap-wood and is used locally for dying orange color.* Leaves oval to obovate. 4-6 in. long, thinish, mostly petiolate but the lowermost of the season’s growth subsessile. decurrent on the petioles, rounded or emarginate at apex. entire, glabrous, dark green above, paler and pubescent on the midribs beneath. Flowers (April-May) &_ in. across greenish, in panicles 5-6 in. long. Fruit drupelets about % in. long and produced sparingly among the plumose steril pedicels.® 1. Syn. Rhus cotinoides Nutt. Cotinus coti- noides (Nutt.) Britt. 2. A. W., XI, 256. 53. For genus see p. 445. STAGHORN SUMACH.: Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw. Fig. 358. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, 1; detached drupelets, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 359. Trunk in St. Louis, Mo. 360. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. The Stag-horm Sumach is occasionally 35 or 40 ft. in height, with trunk 12-15 in. in diameter at base, but is usually much smaller and often forms extensive thickets as a shrub but a few feet in height. It usually has a more or less crooked or inclining trunk divid- ing into few large branches and ultimately forming a broad flat or somewhat rounded open head. Its favorite home is dry sandy or gravelly uplands or slopes where it grows in abundance in northeastern United States and Canada, enlivening desolate regions with its handsome fern-like fohhage of green interspersed with large thyrses of pale yellow male flowers or later with erimson bunches of velvety fruit. Its autumnal garb of red, purple and yellow makes if an even more conspicuous object, and when leafless in autumn its velvety spreading branches are quite suggestive of the antlers of a stag in the velvet; whence its name. Its wood is git. a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 27.15 Ibs., soft. and of a golden yellow color streaked with tints of brown and green with white sap-wood.2) The bark and leaves are rich in tannin and an infusion of the tart fruit is used as a garegle. Leares pinnate. deciduous, 12-24 in. long, vety pubescent, with 11-51) lanceolate subsess leaflets rounded at base, long-pointed, sharply ser- rate (rarely Jaciniate) dark green above, lighter and pubescent beneath. Floivers vellow-green, in terminal dense compeund panicles, staminate panicles much the laveest: branchlets velvety pubescent. Frivi*t dvunes about 1 in. in diameter, globose, covered with erimsen acid hairs and massed in comnact vanicles which are conspicuous during the entire winter at the ends of the velvety branchlets.* 1. Rhus typhina L. 2, As Wa Ah 5 3. For genus see p. 445. DWARF SUMACH. Rhus copallina L. ty Fat By Fig. 361. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, 1; detached drupelets, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 362. Small trunk on Staten Island, N. Y. Hanpsook oF Trees oF THE NorrHErN The Dwarf Sumach, as its name implies, is a small tree at best and much more commonly a shrub than a tree; still it sometimes attains the height of 25 or 30 ft. with trunk 8 or 10 in. in diameter. This is generally more or less leaning and divided into a few large branches, ultimately forming a wide spreading top. It is an abundant species covering dry gravelly slopes often to the exclusion of nearly every- thing else. Its singular and beautiful leaves, with rachises winged between the leaflets, give it an individuality at once recognizable, and its bunches of crimson fruit add not a little to its ornamental value. In autumn it is brilliant in various tints of red and purple. The wood is light, a cubic foot weighing 32.86 lbs., soft and of a greenish brown color with lighter sap-wood. The bark and leaves are rich in tannin and the fruit similar in properties to that of the Stag-horn Sumach. Leaves deciduous, pinnate, 6-8 in. long, with pubescent petiole and rachis, the latter winged between the aflets; leaflets ovate-lanceolate to oblong, subs le, entire or remotely serrate towards the apex, acute or acuminate, lustrous dark green above, paler and pubescent beneath. Flowers in midsummer, about 1% in. across, yellow- green, in short dense pubescent terminal panicles, 4-6 in. long; the pistillate considerably smaller. Fruit in compact erect or nodding clusters, often persisting on the branches through the entire winter; drupe about % in. across, compressed, crimson, covered with short acid hairs; stone smooth. Var. lanceolata, Gray, is a small tree of eastern 3 with narrower and more falcate leaflets and reer bunches of flowers and fruit. Var. lencantha (Jaeq.) de C. is another form found in Texas (near New Braunfels) with white flowers. TAs W., XL, 279: a = ais : + Peon [Mag ag 4 TL : 2 | Mont SSR) oak! o 1 Srares aND Cawapa. 309 POISON SUMACH. Rhus vernia lL.) Mig. 363. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1 attached, 2. ; branchlets in winter, one with fruit still 364. Trunk of tree with leaves at base. Staten Island, N. Y. Hanpsoox or Trees or THE NortHEerRN Srares anp CANADA. The Poison Sumach is generally stigmatized as being the most poisonous American tree. It rarely attains the height of 20 or 30 ft. and its short trunk, occasionally 8 or 10 in. in diameter, forks near the ground and sends up a few large branches which form a wide open w top. It is much more common as a large shrub than a tree. Fortunately its home is exclusively swamps and the low miry banks of streams, as though nature were making an effort to keep it in places least frequented by human beings. who are easy victims to its poisonous emanations. Yet, in strange con- tradiction, it 1s given a foliage and pearl-like fruit of rare beauty which tempt the unsus- pecting, and then it poisons him who touches, unless he happens to be immune as some peo- ple are.2 It is occasionally found skirting the borders of ponds, where in autumn the glory of its brilliant red and orange tints ‘s doubled by reflection in their waters, and the beauty of such a scene is rarely forgotten. Its wood is light, a eubie foot when abso- lutely dry, weighing 27.30 Ibs., tough and of a golden yellow color streaked with tints of brown and green and with clear white sap- wood.3 Leaves 7-14 in. long and with 7-15 short-petio- late ovate-oblong or obovate entire leaflets (the terminal one often 2 or 3-lobed) obtuse or acute and unequal at base and mostly acuminate at apex, lustrous dark green above, paler and prominently veined beneath. Floiers (June) yellow-green, %& in. across, in long loose axilary panicles. Fruit ripens in September and often hangs from leafless branches in the winter. in long loose panicles ; drupe compressed globose, about 14 in. in di- ameter, shining ivory white or grayish; stone striated. 1. Syn. Rhus venenata deC. 2. Drs. Seward and Wakeley, of Orange, N. J., tell me that they find in the fluid extract of Grindelia robusta an almost infallible remedy against the poisoning of Poison Sumach, Ivy, and the allied species. They administer it both as an internal remedy (in doses of one drop every two hours) and as a topical applicant. 3 aie AMERICAN HOLLY. Ilex opaca Ait. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, 1: detached fruit and nutlets. Large trunk in eastern North Carolina. 367. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpsook oF TREES OF THE The Holly is a beautiful evergreen, whose leaves and bright berries add to the cheer of Christmas-time in almost every home through- out the land, and are familiar objects to many who do not have an opportunity of seeing a growing tree, though a common object in the forests of the Southern States. There it at- tains the height of 40 or 50 ft. with a narrow pyramidal top of many horizontal or drooping lateral branches and a smooth-barked trunk oceasionally 2 or 3 ft. (rarely more) in diame- ter. It oceupies well-drained slopes and bottom- lands in company with various Oaks and Hick- ories, the Red Cedar, Whitewood, Magnolias, Hornbeam. etc., rarely if ever forming exclu- sive forests. Few trees equal it in ornamental yalue, especially in late autumn and winter, when its associates are mostly bare and leaf- less and its bright red berries show in strong contrast to its dark green leaves. But alas! with many a fine tree its beauty causes its downfall, so great is the demand for its sprays for Christmas decoration. The wood is light. a cubie foot weighing 36.26 Ibs., tough, close-grained and nearly white, and is valued in turnery, in cabinet- making, ete.1 Leaves persistent, elliptical to obovate, spiny- tipped and with few spiny teeth or occasionally entire, thick, coriacious. dull dark green and cen- trally grooved above, paler. yellowish green and pubescent beneath. Floice in the spring, from the axils of the new leaves or scattered at the base of the growth. the staminate in 3-9-flowered cymes, the pistillate singly or 2-8 together; calyx acute, cilliate. Fruit: drupe subglobose, 14 diameter, red or rarely yellow; nutlets promi- nently ribbed.? 1. A. W., ITI, -52. 9 2. For genus see p. 445. “ Se misslvaua| ca. \ TEX OY vas A oo : aa NortHERN STATES AND CANADA. 315 CASSENA. DAHOON. Tlex Cassine Lo ——_ — _ =a Fig. 368. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1; isolated fruits, 2; nutlets, 3; tip of vigorous shoot, 4. 369. Trunk of tree in Okefenokee Swamp, Ga. Tanpzook or Trees or rue Norriern STATES AND Canapa. 315 The Cassena is a beautiful small tree of the Zz ar) j . —1 coast regions of the southern Atlantic and Gulf , States, occasionally attaining the height of 20 or 30 ft. with broad rounded top and trunk sometimes 12 or 18 in. in diameter, or is often no more than a large shrub. It grows mainly in the humid soil of swamps and about the borders of pine barren ponds in company with the Cypress, Ogechee Lime, Guins, Sweet Bay, Water and Laurel Oaks, Water Ilickory, Planer-tree, ete. Rare in the northern part of its range it becomes common southward, reach- ing its largest size and abundance in southern Alabama, Georgia and Florida. In these re- gions it is offen known as Menderson-iood. Its wood is light, a eu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 29.95 Ibs. tough, close-grained, easily worked and of a clear creamy white color.? Leaves persistent, oblanceolate or o\ovate, } in. long, cuneate at base, obtuse or acute or er ginate (sometimes rounded or retuse) at apex with revolute and entire margins or very re- motely and sharply appressed serrate near apex, thick, shining dark green above, paler and pubes- cent on midribs beneath ; petioles short, stout and usually pubescent. lowers white, scarcely 1% in. broad, in hairy pedunculate clusters from the axils mainly of the leaves of the year, the staminate 3-9-flowered and the pistillate usually 8-flowered, common peduncles nearly 1 in. long; ealyx lobes acute, ciliate. Fruit red drupes ripening in au- tumn and persisting until spring, subglobose, 4 in. in diameter; nutlets prominently ribbed. 1. Syn. /lee Dahoon Walt. So Wee Oe Ly BO, YAUPON. Tlex vomitoria Ait. Branchlets with mature fruit; scattered fruits and nutlets. Trunk of small tree in eastern North Carolina. Hanpzsoox or Trees or tue Norruern Strares The Yaupon is a small tree occasionally attaining the height of 20 or 30 ft., with dense top of many branches and usually more or less inclined trunk from 6 to 10 or 12 in. in di- ameter. It is often shrubby, sending up several trunks from a common base. It is confined to the immediate vicinity of the coast, seeming to require the influence of the sea breezes in order to maintain its existence, excepting in the lower Mississippi valley where it ventures farther inland. It is a tree of rare beauty in autumn and winter, when its brilliant red berries and handsome dark shining green leaves on livid branchlets are sought for Christmas decorations. The leaves of the species possess strong emetic properties, as implied in both the specific name and one of the vernacular names — Lmetic Holly,— which was a_ fact known to the Indians in early days. From these leaves they made their “black drink” which was used both as a medicine and cere- monial drink, and to partake of it they jour- neyed from far inland to the coast at regular intervals. The wood is rather heavy, hard, close- grained and of a creamy white color, suitable for use in turnery, for inlaid work, ete. A cubie foot when absolutely dry weighs 45.31 Ibs. Leaves persistent, elliptical or oblong, 1-2 in. long, obtuse at both ends, crenate, coriaceous, lustrous dark green above, paler beneath ; petioles short (about % in.) and thick. Flowers in glab- rous cymes from the axils of the leaves of the previous year, the staminate short-peduncled and several-flowered ; the pistillate 1 or 2-flowered and sessile, Fruit: ripening late in autumn, subglo- bose, bright red, about 14 in. in diameter, often in great abundance and persisting until spring with stems about 14 in. long; nutlets obtuse at both ends and prominently ribbed. 1. Syn. Jler Cassine Walt. AND CANADA. Ad SWAMP HOLLY. DECIDUOUS HOLLY. Tlex decidua Walt. Fig. 372. Branchlet with leaves and mature fruit, 1; nutlets, 2: branchlet from vigorous shoot, 3; branchlet in winter showing persistent fruit stems at base, 4. 3. Trunk of tree in Red River valley, Ark. Hanpsoox or Trees or tur Norrmern States AND CANADA. The Deciduous Holly throughout most of its range is only a shrub, but in localities west of the Mississippi, particularly in Arkansas, it becomes a small straggling tree occasionally 25 ft. in height, with crooked or inclined trunk 6 or 8 in. in diameter and covered with a smooth pale gray more or less mottled bark. It inhabits swampy places overhanging the borders of lakes and streams in company with the Red-bud, Prickly Ash, Soapberry, Missis- sippi Hackberry, Rusty Nannyberry, Rough- leaved Dogwood, Cypress, ete. In such localities in Autumn it js one of the most beauti- ful objects of gfhese interesting regions, par- ticularly after the leaves have fallen and its conspicuous red fruit persists long upon its leafless branches. Its wood is rather heavy, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 46.24 Ibs., hard, close- grained and creamy white in color. Leaves deciduous, lanece-obovate or spatulate, 144-5 in. long, cuneate at base, acute, obtuse or emarginate at apex, crenate, glabrous dark green above, paler and pubescent on the midribs beneath and the petioles; and branchlets silvery gray. Flowers (May) mainly on growth of the previous season, mostly in pairs, with slender pedicels, without bractlets, those of the staminate about % in. long and those of the pistillate shorter; calyx lobes triangular. Fruit vipening in early autumn and often persisting until spring, 4 in. in diameter, red, depressed globose with pedicels searcely 4% in. long; nutlet ribbed. 319 MOUNTAIN HOLLY. LARGE-LEAF HOLLY. Ilex monticola Gray. Mig. 374. Branchlet with leaves and fruit, 1; leaves from vigorous shoots, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 375. Trunk of tree on Alleghany Mountains in North Carolina. Hanpsook oF Trees or tHe Norruern Sratres and Canapa. 321 The Mountain Holly, as its name implies, is quite different from the other Hollies in being distinctly a mountain-loving tree. In the high Alleghanies of North and South Carolina and Tennessee it attains its largest size, here some- times growing to the height of 30 or 40 ft. with slender branches forming a narrow pyra- midal top and trunk sometimes 10 or 12 in. in diameter. The bark of trunk is of a brownish gray color slightly roughened with lenticels. Excepting in these high altitudes it is usually shrubby. Quite as distinct as it is from other Hollies in habitat is it also in its large leaves, which are more suggestive of those of a Plum than of a Holl larger fruit. It is a handsome tree and would 7, and in its somewhat doubtless be popular for ornamental planting were it not for the fact that its beauty is evanescent, as it drops both its leaves and its fruit early. The wood is heavy, hard and strong, fine- grained and nearly white but not of commercial importance.1 Leaves deciduous, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 3-5 in. long, obtuse or acute at se, acuminate or acute at apex, sharply serrate with slender pointed teeth, membranaceous, prominently arcuate veined, glabrous dark green above, paler and some- what glabrous on the prominent veins beneath : petioles slender, about 1% in. long. Flowers in June, in few-flowered cymes at the ends of short spurs on the growth of the previous season, or solitary on the new growth; calyx lobes acute, ciliate. Fruit subglobose, searlet, sometimes nearly 4% in. in diameter; nutlet prominently ribbed. 1. A. We, XI, 252. WAHOO. BURNING-BUSH. Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Fig. 376. Q Mature leaves and fruit, : (the former showing mildew and scale); fruit in stages of dehiscence, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. various Trunk of a large tree in eastern Tennessee Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpzoox or Trees or tup Norruern Srates ano Canapa. 32: The interesting Wahoo is a small tree, only under the most favorable conditions attaining the height of 20 or 25 ft. with a trunk 6 to 8 in. in diameter, vested in a smoothish mottled gray bark. When isolated from other trees it develops a wide flat top of slender spread- ing branches. Trees of this species, however, are rare and confined mainly to the southern and western parts of its range. Elsewhere it is usually a shrub rather than a tree. Its quite ordinary foliage and flat unassum- ing flowers scarcely attract attention during the summer season, but on the approach of autumn, when its leaves assume a pale yellow volor and its singular scarlet purple fruit dan- gles from each branchlet, it is an object of conspicuous beauty, and we see in it then the aptness its occasional names “ Burning-bush ” and * Bleeding-heart Tree,” as its opening fruit reveals its blood-red contents. The wood is rather heavy, a eu. ft. weighing when absolutely dry 41.08 Ibs., hard and close- grained. Leaves deciduous, mostly oblong, 2-5 in. long, tapering at base and acuminate or acute at apex, finely crenate-scrrate, rather thin, pubescent, paler beneath; petioles about % in. long: branchlets usually more or less 4-angled. Flowers about 1% in. across in 7-15-flowered trichotomous cymes with slender peduncles ; petals purple, obovate, un- dulate; anthers purple. Mruit ripe in October and often persisting into the winter about 4% in. across, deeply 3-4-lobed, smooth, light purple; seed about 44 in. long and covered with a thin searlet aril.! i. For genus see p. 446. SUGAR MAPLE. HARD MAPLE. ROCK MAPLE. Acer Saccharum Marsh. Fic. 370. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit and a detached leaf showing galls of a mite (Eriophyes acericola Garm.), which commonly infests this tree, 1; branchlets in winter, 2. 380. Trunk of tree. The squirrel was a wild gray squirrel, which, on account of reity of food in the forest, resorted to the author's grounds, where food and shelter were offered it. It remained all winter and was photographed when about to partake of a breakfast. 381. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpsoox or TREES vf THE rhe stately Sugar Maple in the forest some- times attains the height of 100 ft. or more with trunk from 3 to 5 ft. in and when isolated develops a distinctly ovoid or in diameter, very old trees a broad rounded top of many branches and dense foliage. It is without doubt the most valuable hard-wood tree in America, taking into consideration the abun- dance of maple sugar it produces, the choice figured woods and the valuable plain wood excellent in manufactures and for fuel and rich in potash. It is well-drained northward, in company with the Beech, Yellow Hemlock, Black Cherry, etc., and sometimes forms almost ex- clusive forests. Its clear and abundant on uplands, particularly 3irch, sweet sap is evaporated to gathered in early the or 13 quarts of sap making a and 3-4 lbs. IT have made 23 Ibs. in spring make sugar, 12 maple pound of sugar, to a tree being an aver- age yield. one season from a single tree tapped but once, which is an exceptionally good record that [ have never known surpassed. The and Blister Maple are almost exclusively and the Curly Maple largely Bird’s-eye products of this tree — unac- countable freaks in the development of indi- vidual trees. A ecu. ft. of the wood when absolutely dry weighs 43.08 Ibs.2 Leaves 5-5-lobed) with rounded acuminate sparingly sinuate-toothed, shaped or rounded at base, sinuses and lobes, heart- pubescent at first and at maturity glabrous dark above, paler be- neath, turning yellow and rlet in autumn. Flowers appearing with the leaves. in hairy ses- sile drooping corymbs with long slender greenish yellow pedice calyx campanulate ; corolla none. Fruit ripening in autumn; samaras glabrous, with slightly divergent wings nearly 1 in. long.* Var. Rugelii Rehd. is a form commonly found in the southern states, and rarely in the northern, with firm thick 3-lobed leaves having open rounded sinuses and entire acuminate lobes. 1. Syn. Aecr saccharinum Wang. Michx. A. barbatum Froid, genus see pp. Ta and 7b. 3. Bor 446-447. Norvruern ame! NORTH eT a Lfresires | 2. Die Pee TERRITORY / Sars ns: (zor teal \3 Asn 4% \n bs \3 7 [m0 aon OS a Doe tet 5 STATES AND Canapa. 325 BLACK MAPLE. -lcer nigrum Micbx. Fig. 382. Leaves and fruit. Note the presence of a few small stipules. They are occasionally much larger. Branchlet in winter. 383. Trunk of tree in Black River valley, N. Y. Hanpnoox or Trees or rime Norrirern The Black Maple, like the Sugar Alaple, is a stately tree attaining the height of 80. or 100 ft. with trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter, and also when isolated develops a distinct ovoid top of upright branches, and these gradually bend- ing outward make in old age a broad rounded top. With the country folk generally no dis- tinction is made between this and the true Sugar Maple, and its sap is likewise used in sugar-making, but to the observer its drooping concave leaves and other botanical features indicate its distinctness. It thrives best in the rich soil of river-bottoms in company with the Silver and Red Maples, Box Elder, Swamp White Oak, Kingnut Hickory, ete. Like the Sugar Maple it is a favorite shade tree owing to its abundant foliage, which in autumn as- sumes gorgeous scarlet, orange and yellow tints. The wood is hard, heavy and strong, similar to that of the Sugar Maple and applied to the same uses. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 43.09 Ibs. Leaves mostly 8-lobed (occasionally 5-lobed) with broad short and generally acuminate lobes, entire or slightly undulated, cordate at base with lobes sometimes overlapping, tomentose at first but at maturity glabrous dull dark green above, yellow-green and pubescent at least on the veins beneath, firm and with drooping sides; petioles stout and generally bearing stipules at the en- larged base. Flowers appearing with the leaves in subsessile hairy pendent corymbs with slender pedicels in. long; calyx campanulate ; corolla none; stamens 7-S; ovary pilose Fruit’ ripening in autumn: samaras glabrous, with quite divergent wings nearly 1 in. long. RA See] : Ne Eason pee: . Srares AND CANADA. 9 oO 24 MOUNTAIN MAPLE. zlecr spicatum Lam. Fig. 384. Branchlet with pair of leaves and fruit, 1; detached leaves and samarx, 2; section of small branch showing mottled bark, 3; branchlet in winter, 4. 385. Trunk of tree in Lewis Co., N. Y. Hanpsoox or Trers or tue Norrurrn Srarrs anp Canapa. 329 The Mountain Maple is the most diminutive of our eastern Maples, as it rarely if ever at- tains a greater size than 25 or 30 ft. in height with a trunk 6 or 8 in. in diameter, and is commonly rather a large shrub than a tree. It is ravely ever found isolated, as it seems to require the moist rich loam and shade of the forest, and does not grow naturally away from them. It is probably the most abundant of the shrubs and small trees that clothe the banks of mountain streams and overhang their spark- ling waters throughout the northern states and Canada. Their comely leaves and upright stems of pale flowers are as intimately asso- ciated with these retreats in early summer as the songs of the Hermit-Thrush and Catbird which live within their shade, and in autumn it is an object of special beauty, its orange and red leaves being only surpassed by the brillianey of its drooping clusters of scarlet keys. The wood is little used save as an humble contribution to the wood pile for fuel. Nore yp) i =I 4 ar: I POY] ao SIN BO, imMage.t Suert. = i v1 = wae A” 1 | ond fg ILL. no! Je far giyn Name DT 2) SOL age R ? BN aC - cr AaLat GA. \ \ rial ~ an x SILVER MAPLE. SILVER-LEAF MAPLE. WHITE MAPLE. Acer saccharinum L.} . Branchlet with mature truit while the leaves are not yet fully grown, unded with mature leaves gathered later. Leafless branchlet in winter, ed flower-buds. 9 Trunk of large tree in Black River valley, N. Y. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. : these are 2. Note the Hanpsoox or Trees or tHe Norruern Srares anp Canapa. 395 This beautiful tree when growing in the forest attains the height of 100 or 120 ft. with trunk 38-5 ft. in diameter. When isolated from other trees it forms an ovoid top with many upright branches which, however, after a time gradually incline outward and form a rounded or broad top. It thrives best in low bottom- lands, subject to occasional inundation, in company with various Willows, the Black Ash, River Birch, Red and Black Maples, Swamp White Oak, etc. In earlier days it lined the banks of most of the navigable streams of the interior of the eastern states, and early writers tell us that in it lay a large part of the charm of their picturesqueness. Its rapid growth and handsome incised leaves, which show suc- cessively their darx or white surfaces when fluttering in the wind, have long made it popu- lar for ornamental planting. Several nursery varieties have appeared. Sugar of excellent quality is made from its sap, though it requires more to make a pound than does that of the Sugar Maple. Its wood is strong, rather hard, easily worked, of very fine grain, and is used in the manufacture of furniture, ete. A cu. ft., when absolutely dry, weighs 32.84 Ibs. Curly Maple is occasionally produced by this tree.? Leaves deeply 5-lobed with narrow sinuses and acuminate and irregularly coarsely dentate lobes, truneate or heart-shaped at base, 5-7 in. long, green above, silvery white and often pubescent beneath; pale yellow in autumn; pedicels long, slender and often red. Flowers in very early spring before the leaves, in dense sessile axillary fascicles, greenish yellow; corolla none; stamens 3-7: ovary pubescent. Fruit ripening in May, the samaras large 114-2 in. long, falcate, divergent, prominently veined. 1. Syn. Acer dasycarpum Ehrh. 2. A. W., II, 26 and 26a. RED MAPLE. SCARLET MAPLE. SOFT MAPLE. Acer rubrum L. Fi Fig. 391. Mature fruit while the leaves are very immature, 1: mature leaves gathered later in the season, 2; branchlet in winter showing clusters of Aower-buds and leaf-buds, 3 392. Trunk of tree with leaves at base. Staten. Island, N. “Y. Hanpsoox or Trers or tie Norruern Srares anp Canapa. 335 The Red Maple sometimes attains the height of 100 ft. or more, when growing in the forest, with a trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter, and when growing away from the influence of other trees develops an oval or rounded top. It inhabits chiefly bottom-lands and the banks of streams and swamps in company in the north with the Black and Red Ash, Arbor Viti, Hornbeam, Tamarack, ete., and in places forms almost ex- clusive forests. It is one of the first trees to show its autumnal colors of brilliant scarlet and is then a very conspicuous and beautiful object. The swelling of its buds in late winter is one of the first evidences of approaching spring, and its early flowers open and_ offer their abundant nectar as early as it is warm enough for the bees to visit them. Even before the leaves appear in southern regions the tree is gorgeous with its crimson full-grown sa- maras, though in northern regions they do not attain full size until after the leaves ap- pear. The wood is extensively used in manufacture of furniture, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 38.50 Ibs., and a considerable portion of the Curly Maple of commerce comes from this tree.1| Maple sugar is also made from its sap though as the sap is not as sweet as that of the Sugar Maple it requires more to make a pound of sugar. Leaves 2-6 in. long, 3-5-lobed, with shallow acute sinuses and irregularly doubly serrate acute or acuminate lobes, truncate or subcordate at base, pubescent at first, at maturity glabrous) green above, whitish and mostly glabrous beneath, bright scarlet in autumn; petioles slender. Flowers in earliest spring before the leaves, scarlet or yellow- tinted, in lateral fascicles; petals oblong-linear ; ovary glabrous. Fruit on drooping pedicels 2-4 in. long, divergent, glabrous, nearly 1 in. long. Var. tridens Wood? is form in coast region from N. J. to Fla. and Tex., having leaves mostly smaller, more obovate, narrow and cuneate or rounded at base, 8-lobed (or lateral lobes some- times suppressed) dark green above, much lighter and glaucous beneath, thickish; fruit smaller, sometimes yellowish. 1. A. W., III, 53. 2. Syn. A. Carolinianumn Walt. fm 4 [jMohatemm - \ LS y CNS an, ey gee js ae i > BOX ELDER. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. clcer Negundo L.' Fig. 303. Mature leaves and fruit, 1; branchlet in winter from staminate tree, 2; do, from pistillate tree, 3. They are sometimes less glaucous than here shown. 394. Trunk of isolated tree, near St. Louis, Mo. Hanpsoox or Trees or tur Nortrukrn The Box-Elder attains a height of from 50 to 75 ft. with rather wide-spreading top and short trunk 2-4 ft. in diameter. It ranges from the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains to the limits of tree growth on the western planes. Occupying the banks of streams, lake shores and low bottom-lands, it is one of the most generally distributed and abundant trees throughout all this range, but is rare east of the Alleghanies. Its handsome foliage, rapidity of growth and unusual ability to withstand drouth make it very popular for planting as a shade-tree in the cities and towns of mid- continental regions, where it ornaments the streets and door-yards of many homes. Several nursery varieties have appeared which have won popularity both in this and European countries. The wood of the Box-Elder is light, a cu, ft. when absolutely dry weighing 26.97 Ibs., soft, close-grained, easily worked and is used in the manufacture of wooden-ware, lumber for in- terior finishing and paper pulp.2. From its sap sugar is sometimes made. Leaves 5-5-foliate with ovate to oval leaflets, from cuneate to subcordate and entire at base, re- motely and irregularly serrate or lobed above, tomentose at first but at maturity green above, paler and hairy in the axils beneath, thin, turning yellow in the autumn. Flowers dioecious, very small, appearing before the leaves, yellowish green; the staminate in fascicles with very slender pedicels 1-2 in. long; the pistillate in narrow racemes. Fruit: samaras, glabrous, 114-2 in. long, somewhat incurved, in drooping racemes 6-8 in. long, falling in autumn but stems commonly persisting until sprin’. Var. Californica (T. & G.) Sarg., is tri-foliate with more coarsely dentate leaflets, pale tomentose beneath. 1. Syn. Negundo aceroides Moench. ie Weg EL. aya ‘\ F84, i Temes rony ; yann109 *S 4s ATES AND HORSE CHESTNUT. Asculus Hippocastanum L. os. Eranch with mature leaves and fruit and opened capsules beneath, 1; branchlet in neath. Staten Island, N. Y. Trunk of tree with leaves be ed 15 diameters. 397. Wood structure magnifi lLlaNpBook or TREES OF THE The Horse-Chestnut has long been one of the most popular shade trees of both Murope and America. Its native home is said to be south- ern Asia, from the Mts. to from whence it was introduced into this coun- try about the middle of the 18th century, and it has become naturalized in many places. It is one of the largest trees of its genus, some- times attaining the height of 75 or 80 ft. with trunk 2 or 3 ft. in diameter. Its formal round cae top is one of the most familiar ob- Himalaya Greece, jects among the trees of the parks and street- sides of all the eastern cities, and few trees equal it in beauty when, in the month of May, its dome of tender green handsome leaves is beset with showy pyramids of white flowers mottled with red. appeared; as forms with variegated and lacini- ate leaves, red-tinted and double flowers, ete. It is said that the bitter principle of the fruit can be removed with fresh water and it is then The bark tannin and is used in medicine. Many garden varieties have palatable and nutritious. is rich in The light close-grained wood is suitable for the uses for which the Fetid Buckeye is applied. In Europe it is employed as blind wood in eabinet making, for moulds, ete.t Leaves with petioles 4-7 in. long and 5-7 (usually 7) sessile obovate leaflets, cuneate at base, abruptly acuminate, irregularly crenate- thin and nearly glabrous. Flowers dense thyrses, white spotted Fruit subglobose, 2-8 in. ; seed 1-11% in. dentate, rugose, in pyramidal rather with yellow and purple. in diameter, with long with large biium.? Te Ne, Wig: D6 2. For covered spines +47. genus sec p. Norvrurern STAters AND CANADA. OHIO BUCKEYE. FETID BUCKEYE. E'sculus glabra Wiild. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1: branchlet in winter, 2. 3 399. Trunk with stem of large grapevine. Meramec River valley, Mo. Hanpsook oF Trees or top Norriuern This is a medium-size tree rarely attaining a greater height than 75 ft. or thickness of trunk than 2 ft. and often no more than half that size. When isolated it develops a broad rounded umbrageous top of many branches and thick straight branchlets. It is confined in its distribution to low moist regions ani the banks of streams, and is a tree of hand- some aspect on account of its star shaped clusters of leaflets, which in autumn turn yel- low before falling. When leafless in winter the distinctly keeled bud-seales with apiculate free tips and rather smaller buds readily distin- guish it from closely allied Yellow Buckye. It is occasionally planted for ornamental pur poses though ill-favored on account of the ill- smelling bark and foliage when bruised and is not as ornamental as the introduced Horse- Chestnut. Its light wood weighs when absolutely dry 28.31 lbs. per cubic foot, is soft, close-grained rather tough and easily worked. These quali ties make it in demand for the manufactur: of artificial limbs, splints and some kinds of wooden-ware, and it is also used for paper- pulp.t The nuts, * buckeyes,” are often carried in the pockets of superstitious people with the belief that they will keep away the rheuma- tism. Leaves with petioles 4-6 in. long and 5-7 oval or oblong leaflets 8-6 in. long cuneate and entire at base, acuminate, finely unequally serrate above, at maturity glabrous on upper surface, pubescent on the veins beneath and on the petioles. Flowers (April-May) yellowish green, about % in. lon mostly unilateral in loose pubescent panicles 5-6 in. long; calyx campanulate; petals of nearly equal length the claws about equally as long as the calyx but the lateral pair broader; stamens loneer than the petals, usually 7, with lone curved fila- ments; ovary pubescent and armed with prickles. Fruit irregularly obovate or subglobose, 1-2 in. long, more or less roughened with prickles; seed 1-14% in. wide. 1. Syn. Asculus flava Ait. 2, &. W.,, XI, 253. HE Wang Y) ; Pris (g Ney GLa’ $ Hoh \ STATES AND CANADA. O41 YELLOW BUCKEYE. SWEET BUCKEYE. 48sculus octandra Marsh. Fig. 400. Branchlets with mature leaves and fruit, 1; branchlet in winter, 4. ORT, Prunk © a forest tree and Rhododendron foliage. isolated seeds and valves of capsules, 2-- \lleghany Mountains, N. ( a Hanpsoox oF Trees or toe Norruern States AND CANADA. This is the largest and handsomest of the native Buckeyes, attaining the height of 75 to 90 ft., with trunk 2-3 or more ft. in diameter. It does not equal the allied Horse-Chestnut in beauty of flower-cluster or size of leaves, but is distinctly a handsome tree, especially a purple-flowered variety which is known botan- ically as var. hybrida (de C.) Sarg. The spe- cies is called Sweet Buckeye not because the nuts are sweet enough to be eaten by man, but they are sweeter than those of the Fetid Buckeye and are eagerly eaten by cattle, swine, ete. It is said that flour made from the nuts is excellent for paste, which possesses an ad- hesive power greater than that of ordinary paste and is less liable to be eaten by insects. The wood is ght, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 26.64 Ibs., soft, tough, — fine- grained, easily worked and applied to the same uses as is the wood of the Fetid Buckeye.? Leaves with petioles 4-6 in. long and usually 7) obovate-oblong or elliptical leaflets, cuneate at base the lowermost oblique, acuminate, serrate, pubescent at first but finally nearly glabrous and dark green above, duller and hairy tufted in the axils beneath. Flowers (April- May) 14% in. long, yellow, in loose pubescent panicles 5-7 in. long; petals 4, unequal, longer than the calyx; stamens usually 7, shorter than the petals; ovary pubescent. Fruit about 2 in. long smoothish, with pale brown seed about 114 n. long. Var. hiabrida (de C.) Sarg. (var. purpurascens Gray) has pink or purple flowers and under sur- face of the leaflets, petioles, etc. pale pubescent. 1. Syn. #sculus flava Ait. Do Na Aes. SRL. 278; 5 (sometimes 6 or 343 WESTERN SOAPBERRY. Sapindus Drummondi H. & A. Fig. 402. Branchlets with leaves and fruit in October, 1; fruit cut into to expose seeds. 2, separated seeds, 3; branchlet in winter, 4. 403. Trunk of tree in Red River valley, Ark. 404. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters Hanpsoox or Trees or tur Norritern This interesting tree attains the height of from 50-75 ft., with trunk 14-2 ft. in diame- ter, clothed in a gray rough scaly bark and strongly buttressed at base. It puts out but few large branches and along these many short contorted branches, the whole forming a top of peculiar aspect. Its dark green leaves with sickle-shaped leaflets and large clusters of golden translucent fruit terminating each branchlet are features of singular interest, and in a measure compensate for its ungainly habit of growth. On account of a resemblance in its fruit to that of the China-tree (Melia Aze- darach) it is simetimes called the Wild China- tree. It inhabits chiefly bottom-lands in com- pany with the Pecan, Nutmeg Hickory, Mis- sissippi Hackberry, Prickly Ash, Honey Locust, Drummond Maple, ete. The name Soap-berry is applied to this and the allied trees on account of detersive prop- erties found in the pulp of its fruits, which when rubbed between the hands in water, form a lather and can be used as a substitute for soap. Its wood is heavy, a eu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 50.64 lbs., strong and splitting easily between the rings. These are properties which make it valuable for splints in basket making for which it is to some extent em- ployed.1 Leaves glabrous or nearly so, with slender not winged rachises and 9-11 pairs of lanceolate usually falcate ‘uminate short-petiolate oblique entire leaflets in. long, acute at base, glabrous above, pubescent, thickish. [lowers (May-June) about 3-16 in. across, white, in terminal compound panicles 6-9 in. long. Fruit ripening in early au- tumn and remaining, more or less shriveled, on the branches until spring, oval, about ™ in. long, yellow, translucent, glabrous and slightly if at all keeled ; seed dark brown.* 1. A. W., XI, 254. 2. For genus see pp. 447-448. STATES AND CANADA. O45 COMMON OR PURGING BUCKTHORN. EUROPEAN WAYTHORN. Rhamnus cathartica L. Corre Ke _ PIS ARR RRL T ILE ET LE IO OE kad | _ = | Fig. 405. Branchlets with mature fruit and leaves, 1 winter, 4. : detached fruit, 2; nutlets, 3; branchlet in 406. Tree in the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. 407. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpsoox or Trees or tur Norrukrn Srares aNd Canapa. 347 The Common or European Buckthorn or Waythorn, sometimes called also the Rhine- berry, is an introduced tree in the United States, as a hedge plant, and has become naturalized in many places throughout the eastern states. It is a native of Kurope and western and northern Asia. As we find it in this country it occasionally attains the height of 26 to 30 ft., and its short trunk, sometimes 12 or 14 in. in diameter, divides near the ground into large upright limbs, which develop an oblong or spreading bushy top of crooked branches and many small spiny branchlets; or it is often only a spreading bush. It is an interesting species for shrubberies, on account of its small distinct leaves and closely clustered black berries, and it is also a good hedge plant, on account of its many stiff spiny branchlets. Its bark yields a medicine of strong cathartic properties, and is also used in making a yellow dye. The wood is heavy, hard, firm, very durable, of characteristic fine grain and yellowish or pinkish brown color, with narrow light yellow sap-wood. It is suitable for use in turnery, for tool-handles, ete.1 Leaves opposite, deciduous, broad ovate or oval, 1% in. long, mostly rounded or obtuse at base, obtuse or acute, finely crenate serrate, glabrous, with 2-4+ pairs of prominent veins running from near the base nearly to the apex; winter buds scaly. Flowrs (May-June) about % in. wide, in 2-5 axillary clusters, 4 numerous; petals very narrow. Fruit) subglobose, black, about 1% in. across, very bitter and containing 3 or 4 nutlets; seed sulcate on the back.* Toke Wey I 20. 9 For genus see p. 448. YELLOW BUCKTHORN. INDIAN CHERRY. Rhamnus Caroliniana Walt. UY Fig. 408. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit; detached fruit and nutlets and branchlets (one still retaining fruit stems) in winter. goo. Tree near Allenton, Mo. Hanpzsoox oF Trees or tHE Norrurern Srares The Yellow Buckthorn or Indian Cherry, as it is also called, is a small slender tree with unarmed branches sometimes attaining the hight of 30 or 35 ft. with trunk 6 or 8 in. in diameter. It is more often, however, shrubby and scattered as an undergrowth through for- ests of the Black Jack, Post, Shingle and Chin- quapin Oaks, Blue Ash, Bumelia, ete., on rich bottom-lands and limestone slopes. In these situations its clear bright green follage and berries, varying from scarlet to black according to degree of ripeness, are highly ornamental and have occasioned its planting in ornamental shrubberies, for which it is well adapted. Its fruit is sweet and edible though of no com- mercial importance. The wood is rather light, a cu. ft. weighing 34.04 Ibs., but hard and close-grained and of a rich brown color with clear yellow sap-wood. Leaves elliptical to ovate, 2-6 in. long with 6 or 7 pairs of veins areuate near the margin, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, acute (or some- times acuminate) at apex, obscurely — serrate- crenate or nearly entire, tomentose at first but at maturity shining dark green with impressed veins above, glabrous or nearly so beneath; petioles pubescent; winter buds naked. Flowers (May- June) perfect, about 14% in. broad, in pubescent umbels or some solitary on peduncles from 1% to % in. long; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, enveloping a short stamen. Fruit subglobose, % in. in di- ameter, ripening in early autumn, black and sweetish when fully ripe and containing 2-4 closely coherent nutlets rounded on back. f PA PN oc. MISS\VALAY GA. \ run AND CANADA. B49 BASSWOOD. Tilia Americana L. Pig. gro. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1; nutlet in section, 2; leaf from vigorous shoot, 3; branchlet in winter, 4. 411. Tree in Black River valley, N. Y. 412. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpzsoox oF Trees or tur Norrurrn Srares anp Canapa. 351 The Basswood is one of the most abundant and useful trees of eastern United States and Canada. In forest growth it has been known to attain the height of 125 ft. with straight columnar trunk 3 to 4 ft. or more in diameter. When growing apart from other trees it de- velops a full ovoid or rounded top very un- brageous on account of its many branches and large leaves. It inhabits preferably rich moist but well drained slopes and bottom-lands, and is a handsome and favorite tree at all seasons of the year. It is especially so in midsummer when it dangles amid its ample foliage numer- ous clusters of yellow fragrant flowers, which perfume the atmosphere for some distance about the tree and offer an abundance of nec- tar from which the honey bees make their choicest honey. In autumn we see in the Bass- wood a unique plan of nature to aid in the scattering of its seeds. Each cluster of a half dozen or so seeds is furnished with a special seed-leaf, which serves as a parachute and so retards their fall that the wind has an op- portunity to carry them some distance away before striking the ground. The wood is light, a cu. ft. weighing 28.20 Ibs., soft and tough and largely used for fur- niture, carriage-building, wooden ware, ete.1 The fibrous inner bark furnishes vzluable bast for mats, cordage, ete. Leaves obliquely oval, 5-10 in. long, cordate at base, abruptly acuminate, sharply glandular- serrate, thick, glabrous, dull dark green above, paler and glabrous or hairy in the axils of the veins beneath. Flowers with pedunculate bract 3-5 in. long, cymes drooping; sepals pubescent ; petals slightly longer than the sepals and the scales. Fruit globose-oblong, 1%-¥% in. in diameter, rufous-tomentosce.? Ay Wa ee: For genus see pp. EtS 449. = + = 1 4 < ! “ Sa < oo OB mtn MAY! oe IML \ becky IY LOBLOLLY BAY. Gordonia Lasianthus El. = Fig. 413. Branehlet with mature leaves and empty capsules after the discharge of the seeds. 414. Tree with leaves at base. Near Rocky Point, N. C. 415. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. The Loblolly Bay sometimes attains the height of 70 or 75 ft. with rather slender trunk rarely over 18 or 20 in. in diameter, and usually considerably smaller. 1 have seen it in fruiting condition both as a shrub no more than shoulder high and as a tree of its largest dimensions in the same locality. As an_ iso- lated tree its habit is to form a rather nar- row compact head, and it is particularly a handsome object on account of its bright ever- green leaves and conspicuous flowers. A strik- ing feature is its grayish or reddish brown bark of trunk fissured into long broad rounded ridges, quite different from the barks of other trees with which it is associated. It inhabits low rich bottom-lands and the borders of swamps in company with the Red Maple, Sweet Bay, Swamp Bay, Evergreen Magnolia, Titi, Devil-wood, Gums, Loblolly Pine, ete. The wood is light, a cu. ft. when absolutely dry weighing 29.46 Ibs., soft, not strong, and easily worked.t) The bark contains tannin and is sometimes used for tanning purposes. Leaves oblanceolate to oblong, nearly sessile, euneate at base, bluntly acute at apex, appressed serrate, lustrous dark green above, 3-6 in, long. Flowers opening for several weeks commencing in July, 2-8 in. in diameter, with red peduncles 2-3 in. long, thickest above; sepals ciliate, pubescent outside ; petals white, about 114 in. long, pubescent outside; ovary pubescent; style short. Fruit: pointed ovoid capsules, persisting after liberating their seeds.* Ls, Wig Vex, LOD: 2. For genus see p. 44!). HERCULES CLUB. ANGELICA TREE. aAralia spinosa L. oe. 46 Pranchlet with mature leaves and fruit greatly reduced and branchlet in winter about natural siz cas Small trunk with foliage at base. Staten Island, N. Y. 418 \Vood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpspook or Trees or tur Norrmrern Srares anp Canapa. The Hereules Club is a small tree, rarely if ever attaining a larger size than 30 or 35 ft. in height with trunk 6 to 9 inches in diameter and it is often much smaller. It is commonly a vigorous shrub sending up branchless stems from a single base or from stolomferous roots. When it attains the stature of a tree it puts out a few spreading branches and forms a rather flat-topped head. Its beautiful great leaves are the largest of all leaves in the re- gions in which it grows, though their many small leaflets are commonly mistaken to be leaves and the leaf-stems branchlets. In keep- ing with the great size of its leaves are the enormous bunches of innumerable small flowers succeeded by small blue berries. The lenf- stems, the great twigs, branches and even the smaller trunks are beset with many sharp stout curved prickers, warning away intruders who might but for these pluck its royal leaves and flower clusters or break its brittle branches. It is justly popular for ornamental planting and no shrubbery is considered well equipped without it. Its wood is light, very soft and brittle and a large hollow pith-column occupies the centre of the trunk.1 Leaves at the ends of the branches, bipinnate, 2-4 ft. long with lone stout petioles armed with prickles; leaflets broad-ovate, acute or acuminate, serrate, dark green above, paler and often with prickles on midribs beneath. Mlowers (July) about 1% in. acress, in many small umbels, ar- ranged in a compound terminal panicle sometimes 8 or 4 ft. lone: style distinct. Fruit) ripe in August, 3-5-angled, subelobose, 14 in. long, black with purple juice? eM We; Ty 8: 9 For genus see pp. 449-450. o-r ODO. FLOWERING DOGWOOD. Cornus florida I... Fig. 419. Branchlet bearing mature leaves, fruit and young flower-buds, 1; isolated nutlets, 2 branchlet in winter showing flower-buds, 3; do, showing leaf-buds, 4. 420. Trunk with leaves at base. Staten Island, N. Y. 421. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hawnpsookx or Trees or tue Norriern Srares anp Canapa. This favorite tree occasionally attains the height of 35 or 40 feet with trunk 12 or 18 inches in diameter, and when away from the influence of other trees develops a low spread- ing intricately branched top. It inhabits rich well drained soil along the banks of streams and often thrives in the shade of other trees. These localities it enlivens in early spring with its showy flower clusters strangely suggestive of so many separate flowers. It is especially effective when seen against a mass of the flow- ers of the Red-bud, with which it is often associated and which flowers at the same sea- son. The Dogwood is again in evidence in autumn on account of the splendor of its red and purple garb and long-stemmed close clus- ters of shining red berries. Its wood is heavy, a eubic foot weighing 50.41 Ibs., hard, strong, very close-grained and admirably adanted to use in turnery, the handles of tools, ete. It is the wood used almost exclusively by metal-spinners for forms who purchase it from supply houses by the pound. Its bitter bark, particularly of the roots, is used in medicine on account of its astringent and aromatic properties.1 Leaves mostly in clusters at the ends of the branchlets, ovate to oval, cuneate at base, acute or abruptly acuminate at apex, entire or obscurely crenate-toothed, thickish, dark green and with seattered hairs ahove, pale and puberulous be- neath with prominent arcuate veins; petioles short. Flowers greenish yellow in dense heads surrounded by four large white or pinkish (rarely red) petal-like bracts from buds formed the pre- vious season, conspicuous during the winter, and enveloped by the bracts. Fruit) bright searlet berries in close heads, with mealy flesh and thick- walled, 1-few-grooved stonc.? Pod. W., by, &8. i 2. For genus see p. 450. Oe BO BLUE-FRUITED DOGWOOD. ALTERNATE-LEAF DOGWOOD. Cornus alternifolia L. ~ oe @ CG ? .@ Mig. 422. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1; isolated nutlets, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 423. Trunk of large tree, about 1 ft. in diameter, in Lewis Co., N. Y. 424. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpsoox or Trers or tie Norritkrn This is a small northern tree, occasionally ander most favorable conditions, attaining the height of 25 or 30 ft. with trunk 6 to 8 or exceptionally 12 inches in diameter, and is com- monly a tall shrub. It inhabits rich well- drained soil along the borders of forests, par- tially cleared land and fence rows, where its peculiar habit of ramification easily distin- guishes it from its associates. It puts out horizontal and upward inclined strightish branches with many upturned branchlets on the upper side and but few if any beneath. This feature is best seen when the tree is leaf- less and it is then quite as interesting an ob- ject as in summer, when it is conspicuous on account of its flat sprays of foliage inter- spersed with clusters of white flowers, or later red-stemmed clusters of blue berries. The wood is heavy, a cubie foot weighing 41.73 Ibs., hard and very close-grained, adapted to use in turnery, ete.t Leaves mostly alternate and clustered at the ends of the branchlets, ovate to oval, 3-5 in. long, wedge-shaped or somewhat rounded at base, lone- acuminate, obscurely crenulate, pale tomentose at first, but at maturity thin, dark green and glab- rous or nearly so above, pale and appressed pubes- cent beneath, with prominent arcuate veins; petioles slender, pubescent. Flowers (May-June) creamy white, about 4 in. long in loose com- pound terminal cymes; petals narrow, rounded at apex and reflexed. Mruif a subglobose blue drupe, ‘ in. in diameter, depressed at apex, tipped with the remnant of the style, in loose red-stemmed clusters; flesh thin and bitter and short ovoid somewhat pointed 2-cclled thick-walled nutlet with many longitudinal grooves. DBs WW EM BGs STATES AND CANADA. 359 ROUGH-LEAF DOGWOOD. Cornus asperifolia Michs. Fig. 425. Mature leaves and fruit, 1; isolated nutlets, 2; branchlet in winter, 3. 426. Large and small trunks with leaves and fruit at base. Red River valley, Ark. Hawnpsoox or Trees or tup Norruern Srares anp Canapa. The Rough-leaved Dogwood is a small tree only in a limited portion of its great range, which extends from the Atlantic coast nearly to the limits of tree growth on the western plains and from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. Usually a shrub it becomes a tree on the rich bottom-lands of southern Arkansas, eastern Texas and northern Louisiana. Here, in com- pany with the Pecan and Nutmeg Hickory, Prickly Ash, Rusty Nannyberry, Mississippi Hackberry, Soapberry, Drummon and_ Red Maples, the Water Oak, etc., it attains the height of 40 or 50 ft. with irregular open top and trunk sometimes 8 or 10 in. in diameter. It is an especially beautiful object in early summer when bearing its many clusters of creamy white flowers and in autumn with its red-stemmed bunches of white berries. The wood is heavy, hard, strong and of fine grain, adapted to use in turnery. Leaves mostly ovate to elliptic and oval, acute, obtuse or almost rounded at base, long-acuminate, with undulate nearly entire margins, tomentose at first, but at maturity dark green and rough with short stiff hairs above, paler and pubescent or glaucous beneath; petioles slender, rough pubes- cent, as is all new growth. Flowers (late spring) creamy white, in rather loose-flowered terminal compound long-peduncled cymes; petals narrow, oblong, acute finally reflexed. Fruit subglobose, about 4% in. in diameter, white, tipped with the remnants of the style and in’ loose spreading clusters; flesh thin and bitter and = stone 1-2- seeded slightly several-grooved lengthwise. aS aia orn | MAN! I a} \\7 FASSINIB, a ae PEPPERIDGE. SOUR GUM. TUPELO. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. 2; branchlet in winter, 3. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1 (There are often several more drupes in a Fig. 427. cluster than here shown) ; isolated pits, 28. Trunk of a forest tree. Biltmore, N. C. 29. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. eS 4 4 Hanpnoox or Trers or tur Norrurern Srares anp Canapa. 363 The Sour Gum in the forest occasionally at- tain the height of SO or 100 ft., with trunk 3 to - 5 ft. in diameter. When isolated from the influence of other trees its habit of growth is Be tn email picturesque, as it sends out many spreading vendulous small tough branches, forming a = oD a rounded or cylindrical head. It inhabits gen- erally swamps and wet lowlands, in company with the Red Maple, Swamp White Oak, Black Ash, Water Ash and other water-loving trees, but on the slopes of the Alleghany Mountains is also found on well drained uplands. — Its clear bright green foliage is an attractive feature in summer, and its autumnal tints, of bright red and purple, are scarcely surpassed by the tints of any of the trees about it. The wood of the Sour Gum is rather light and soft, of fine grain, tough and dillicult to split and work, owing to its contorted fiber. These qualities, however, make it particularly valuable for certain special uses; as for wheel- hubs, rolers, wooden-shoes and many other articles of wooden-ware, and it is extensively used, when cut into thin lumber, for fruit- boxes and crates.2 T.caves obovate-oblong to oval, 5 in. long. cuneate or sometimes rounded at base, acute or acuminate at apex, entire, pubescent at first but finally thick, firm and lustrous dark green above and more or less pubescent beneath. flowers ap- pearing when the leaves are nearly full grown on slender pubescent peduncles from 1% to nearly 2 in. long, the staminate in many-flowered and the pistillate in few-flowered heads. fruit ripening in October, 2-3 or more in each cluster, oblong, blue- black with thin juicy sour flesh and ovoid or oblong slightly flattened stone having 10-12 low longitudinal ribs.* 1. Syn. Nyssa multiflora Wang. 2 As Wi, 2,93 3. For genus see p. 450. Fy -ASSiniBoin i MANE! co (ORS ARiz~ | nye, 1 Ms ad I WATER GUM. SOUTHERN GUM. Nyssa biflora Walt.t Fig. 430. Mature leaves and fruit, 1; isolated pits, 2: branchlet in winter. 3 431. Trunk of a forest tree in Dismal Swamp, Virginia. Hanprnoox or Trees or rur Norriern The Water Gum attains the height of from 50 to 75 ft., with trunk usually tapering from an enlarged base. It develops a rather narrow top of many small spreading branches, and, as its name implies, it is confined in its distribu- tion to the immediate vicinity of the water. It occupies deep swamps and the margins of ponds and streams in company with the Cotton Gum, Cypress, Water, Laurel and Over-cup Oaks, Titi, Planer-tree, Forestiera, ete. In autumn it is a conspicuous object on account of the purple and red tints assumed by its foliage. Its wood is fine-grained, light, tough and difficult to split and work on account of its contorted and twisted fiber. It is applicable to the same uses as the wood of the Sour Gum. A forcible aneedote was once told the author to illustrate the crookedness of the grain of this wood. It was to the effect that “ An Trishman was up a gum-tree one day when it was struck by lightning, and he had time to climb down before the lightning reached the ground, because it had to follow the grain.” The truth of the story was not vouched for. Leaves oblanceolate to obovate and oblong. cuneate at base, obtuse or acute (occasionally acuminate) at apex, entire, tomentose at first but finally lustrous dark green above, paler beneath : petioles stout. Flowers (when leaves are nearly grown) on slender hairy peduncles, 1-1% in. long; the pistillate flowers usually in pairs. /'rvift in pairs or occasionally solitary, 4%-% in. long, dark blue with juicy acid flesh and distinctly flattened and ribbed stone. 1. Syn. Nyssa aquatica L. (in part). STATES AND CANADA. 365 COTTON GUM. TUPELO GUM. LARGE TUPELO. Nyssa Aquatica L.* Fig. q32. Mature leaves and fruit, 1; isolated pits, 2; branehlet in winter, >. 433. Trunk of a tree in Dismal Swamp, Va. Hanpsoox or Trers or tur Nortrurrn States anp Canapa. 367 This interesting semi-aquatie tree is th» statliest and most useful of the American Tupelos, sometimes attaining the heig't of 100 ft.. with straight columnar trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter above its wide base. This may be § or 8 ft. across at the surface of the ground, and is usually hollow. The wide base is nature’s provision to give the tree stability in the loose miry soil in which it grows. It in- habits deep swamps and the margins of streams and ponds, where its base is covered with water during 2 considerable portion of the year Here its associates are mainly the Bald Cypress, Water Gum, Planer-tree, Water and Pumpkin Ashes, River Birch, Water Hickory, etc. Among these it is a tree of striking ap- pearance, with its large lustrous green leaves and clusters of long-stemmed fruit, which sug- gest so many small dates in appearance, but the extreme opposite of them in flavor. Its wood is rather light, a cubie foot we'g'- ing 32.37 Ibs., soft, very close-grained and more easily worked than that of the other Tupelos. Tt is used in the manufacture of wooden-ware, boxes, fruit-crates, ete.2 Leaves ovate-oblong to oval, mostly rounded or subeordate at base, long-acuminate, irregularly angular-dentate or entire, tomentose at first but finally glabrous dark green above, pale and downy pubescent beneath, 5-10 in. long: petioles 14-214 in. long. Flowers, appear in Mareh and April, with long slender peduncles from the axils of bud- scales below the new leaves; the staminate in dense capitate clusters, the pistillate solitary ; style revolute into a coil. Mruit on slender droop- ing stems, 2-+ in. long, obovoid, tipped with the remnants of the style, about 1 in. long, dark purple with pale dot tough skin and narrow cbovoid stone, compressed and with about 10 sharp wing-like longitudinal ridges. 1. Nyssa uniflora Wang. 2. A. W., XII, ROSE BAY. GREAT LAUREL. Rhododendron maximum T.. 34. Branch with mature leaves and fruit, 1; do, with open capsules, 2. 5. Forest trunk. Highlands, N. C. 36. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanprnook or TREES oF Tug Norrirern Srares anp CaNapDa. 369 The Rose Bay is familiar as a shrub to most people, who never think of it as a tree, but in the Alleghany Mountains, of Tennessee and North and South Carolina, it becomes a bushy round-topped tree, 30 to 40 ft. in height, with crooked and more or less inclined trunk 10 or 12 in. in diameter. We see in these individuals the appropriateness of one of its names — Great Rhododendron. It is rave and local, and in shrubby form, in the northern part of its range, only occupying certain cold swamps, but to the southward it becomes abundant, occupy- ing mountain-slopes and intervales alike, and is commonly seattered as an undergrowth through forests among other trees, or in places forming almost impenetrable thickets of con- siderable extent. The beauty of the Rhodo- dendron in flower is scarcely surpassed by any other tree or shrub of the American forests and one’s first visit to its haunts in the flower- ing season is sure to be long remembered. The wood is fine-grained and hard, bit rather brittle, and useful in turnery for tool-handles, ete. A cubic foot when absolutely dry weighs 39.28 Ibs.1 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, oblanceolate or oblong, 4-12 in. long, acute at both ends, revolute in the bud, ferruginous tomentose at first but at = ma- turity lustrous dark green above, paler beneath, thick and_ stiff. Mlowers (June-July) in 16- flowered umbels 4-5 in. across, with slender pink viscid-pubescent pedicels springing from the axils of the scales of the inflorescence buds: calyx- lobes oblong, rounded; corolla campanulate, gib- bous posteriorly, about 1 in. long, varying from rose-color or purplish to white, cleft to the middle lobes rounded, the upper one yellow spotted in- side. Fruit) capsule oblong-ovoid, in. long, glandular-hispid, opening and liberating its seeds in autumn and persisting during the following winter.? Ly Ae Wi DSL, 28 2. For genus see p. 457. MOUNTAIN LAUREL. CALICO-BUSH. Kalmia latifolia L. Vig. 437. Branchlet with mature leaves and fruit, 1; branchlet with leaves and flower-buds for the next season, 2. A burly forest trunk. Highlands, N. C. Wood structure magnified 15 diameters. Hanpspoork oF Trees or tire Norrirern Stares ann CANnapa. The Mountain Laurel, like the Rhododendron with which it is commonly associated, is gen- erally a shrub rather than a tree, excepting in the heart of the Alleghany Mountains. Im that interesting region, which alone affords condi- tions sulliciently favorable for the aborescent development of several of our American trees, the Mountain Laurel is found occasionally 30 or 40 ft. in height, with compact rounded top oi rigid branches. Its trunk is usually crooked or inclined, and is sometimes 18 or 20 in. in diameter. To the northward it pre- fers low rich bottom-lands, but in the southern part of its range, where it is more abundant, it extensively occupies rocky slopes, forming in places dense thickets, and is widely dis- tributed as an undergrowth in deciduous forests. In flowering time it is the Rhodo- dendron’s only peer in beauty of floral dis- play, and it has become deservedly popular for ornamental planting. The wood is fine-grained, rather hard and brittle, and useful in turnery. at the base of each scale, oblong, compressed 2 ML and usually with lateral wings not united at apex: cotyledons 2 : ; Thuya is the ancient Greek name e some coniferous tree and applied by Linneus_ to this genus. For species sce pp. 40-41. THE COAST CEDARS. Genus CHAMAECYPARIS Spacn. Tall evergreen pyramidal trees with resinous juice, fragrant valuable wood, foliage in flat open fan-like sprays with some of the branchlets deciduous. A half dozen species are known confined to North America, Japan and Formosa, with many abnormal forms dne te the gardener’s art. OF the North American species two are confined to the Pacific and one to the Atlantic coast regions. 499 ANGIOSPERM-#. Leaves very small, opposite, in four ranks, scale-like and appressed or more spreading on older twigs and subulate on vigorous sterile shoots. Flowers in early spring. minute, moneecious, terminal, the two sexes on different branchlets; staminate oblong with several decussate stamens having ovate connectives decreasing in s’ze from below upwards, and each bearing usually two globose anther-cells: pistillate subglobose with decussate peltate scales each bearing two to five erect ovules. Cones small, globove, erect. maturing the first season but persisting on the branchlets after discharging their seed, with thick peltate scales having central bosses or points and each bearing at its base one to five erect compressed laterally- winged sceds : cotyledons two. The name is from Greek roots meaning “a lowe Cypress.” For species sce pp. 42-43. THE JUNIPERS. Genus JUNIPER L. Evergreen trees and shrubs of the northern hemisphere having.pungent aromatic juice. generally fibrous bark and very durable light odorous wood. About thirty-five speciees are known. In the New World they are distributed from the Arctic Circle to the highlands of Mexico, Lower California and the West Indies in eleven arborescent species and one or two shrubby. Two only of the avborescent and one of the shrubby species are found in north- eastern United States. Leares of two sorts, viz.. opposite, scale-like, with gland-like disk and appressed in four ranks. or subulate and free in whorls of three. sessile. sharp-pointed, without gland. convex below, concave and stothatiferous above —both forms sometimes on the same plant. Floirers small, diwcious or sometimes monmcious, oblong, terminal or axillary, the staminate yellow, with peltate scales each bearing 2-6 globose anther-cells attached to its base: the pistillate consisting of 2-G opposite or ternate fleshy pointed scales each bearing one or two erect ovules. Fruit bervy-like by a coalescence of the fleshy scales of the flower, blue-black or red with white bloom, smooth or marked with points of the flower-scales, closed or open, containing usually one to six bony wingless seeds and requiring one to three years to attain maturity; coty- ledons 2-0. Juniperus is the classical Latin name of the Juniper. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Leaves of 2 kinds, both scale-like and subulate: flowers terminal: buds naked Maturing its fruit in autumn of the first season J. Virginiana. Maturing its fruit in autumn of second season J. scopulorum., a? Teavescall-subulates: fowers-asillnsrs buds Salve: <.d-0 ahs, s a gelsie aos4 woe J. communis. Por species sce pp. 4-4 47 and the following: Western RED Cepar, J. scopuloriin y but with somewhat larger fruit, containing second season. ge. A tree very similar to the eastern Red Cedar usually 2 seec s and maturing at the close of the CLASS II. ANGIOSPERM &. In distinction from the class of plants known as the Gymnosperme we now take up Class TT, the Angiospermae, which includes all other Flowering VPlants. Its representatives are thought to be of more recent ori by having flowers in which the ovules are borne in a closed cavity (the ovary) which becomes the fruit at maturity. The Class is divided into two subclasses, viz.. Monocotyledons and Dicotuyledons. in than those of the Gymnosperma and ave characterized the leaves are parallel-veined, the parts of the flower are in Ss and the stems consist of a mass of soft, pith-like tissue (parenchyma) permeated with wire-like bundles of woody tissue (fibro- former are plants in which the embryo contains a single cotyledon or seed lea vascular bundles). ‘The Palms, Yuccas. ete.. are tree representatives of this subclass, all being confined to warm climates. Subclass 2. DYCOTYLEDONS. These are plants in which the embryo contains two cotyledons, the lenves are netted- veined, the parts of the flower are mostly in 4s ov Ss and the stems consist of bark, wood and pith, increasing by annual layers of wood inside the bark. ‘They comprise by far the greater part of the flowering plants including all of the trees of northern temperate recions excepting those of the class Gymuosperna, The subelass is divided into Apetalie, Polypetalie and Gamopetala, which we will take up in order. : Division 1. APETALZ. Flowering plants in which the corolla and also the calyx sometimes is wanting. Hanpsoox or Trees or rik Norruern Srares and Canapa. 423 WALNUT FAMILY. JUGLANDACE. A family of six genera and about thirty-five species of important trees with aromatic bark and watery juice, mostly of the warmer parts of the north temperate zone. Two genera are represented in the United States, Leares alternate, deciduous, odd-pinnate, with long grooved petioles exstipulate, the leaflets sessile or nearly so excepting the terminal one which is usually long-stalked. lowers monecious, opening after the unfolding of the leave the staminate in long drooping lateral aments on the growth of the previous season; calyx 3% to G-lobed, each in the axil of and adnate to a bract; stamens several with short distinct filaments and longitudinally dehiscent anthers: pistiNate in spikes or solitary terminating the new growth, bracteate and usually two-bracteolate ; calyx 38-5-lobed; ovary inferior and 1-celled or incompletely 3-4-celled and containing a solitary erect orthotropous ovule; style short with 2 plumose stigmas. fruit a bony incompletely L-celled nut inclosed in an indehiscent or 4-valved exocarp; seed without albumen, large, solitary, 2-lobed, fleshy and very oily; cotyledons 2-lobed, corrugated or sinuose; radicle minute, superior, at apex of nut. KEY TO THE GENERA. Husk of fruit indehiscent ; nut mostly sculptured; staminate aments simple; pith segmented. : Juglans. Husk 4-valved; nut not sculptured; staminate aments branched; pith not segmented. Hicoria. THE WALNUTS AND BUTTERNUTS. Genus JUGLANS L. Trees with dark colored durable heart-wood, furrowed bark, stout branchlets, laminated pith and edible nuts. Ten species are known, four of which are natives of the United States, two of the northern Atlantic states, one of the southwestern states and one of the Pacifie coast region. Leares with stout pubescent petioles and 11-17 subsessile, oblong-lanceolate leaflets which are mostly from 2 to 4 inches long, rounded and unequal at base, finely serrate except at base, acute or acuminate and clammy pubescent at least when young, rugose above; leaf-buds superposed. Flowers staminate in thick drooping cylindrical aments 3-5 in. long or more; ealyx usually G-lobed, light yellowish green, puberulous outside; stamens 8-40 with nearly sessile dark brown anthers; pistillate flowers in few-flowered spikes at the ends of the shoots of the season with villous laciniated involuere; calyx 4-lobed; petals 4, alternate with the sepals and adnate to the ovary; pistil with very short style; two plumose stigmas and usually 2-celled ovary. Fruit globose or ovoid with fibrous somewhat fleshy indehiscent exocarp and an ovoid or flattened globose hard thick-walled rugose or sculptured indehiscent endocarp (nut) which is 2-4-celled at base; seed deeply lobed. The name is of Latin derivation meaning nut of Jove. KEY TO THE SPECIES Fruit subglobose, papillose (not viscid) ; leaflets 15- ‘ J. nigra. Fruit pointed-ovoid, yiscid-pubescent ; leaflets 11- oe viscid- ‘pubese ent. J. cinerea, For species sec pp. 45-51. THE HICKORIES. Genus HICORIA Rar. The Ilickories are confined to the temperate regions of eastern North America ranging from the valley of the St. Lawrence River to the highlands of Mexico, There are about a dozen species, all being found within the United States excepting one, Their wood is very strong, flexible and more valuable than any other woods for certain uses. They have smooth gray bark when young, but with age become fissured into hard plates and scales. The branches are tough and flexible and the pith solid. Leaves with thick and firm ovate to obovate leaflets, increasing in size from below wp- wards, often elandular-dotted, usually unequal at base, and acuminate at apex, serrate, veins commonly forking near the margins. Flowers: staminate aments slender, drooping and usually in threes with common pedunele from the axils of leaf-sears at the base of the shoots of the season or in clusters from buds in the axils of leaf-sears near the summit of the growth of the previeus season, the lateral branches from the axils of persistent bracts ; calyx 2-3 lobed, adnate to the bracts; stamens 3-10 with ovate-cblong hairy anthers: pistillate flowers sessile, in mostly 2-10-flowered terminal spikes; calyx unequally 4-lobed: stigmas short-papillose. /'ruit subglobose, oblong, ovoid or pyriform, with husk (epicarp) woody at maturity and separating more or less completely into 4 valves, the sutures alternate with 494 JUGLANDACESX. MyRicacEx. those of the nut and falling away at maturity; nut with bony crustaceous shell (endocarp), 4-celled at base, 2-celled at apex; seed lobed and variously grooved, oily and usually edible, sometimes bitter. The name is from the popular name which is of American Indian origin. KEY TO THE SPECIES a Bud scales few, valyate; sutures of fruit winged, lateral leaflets more or less lanceolate and falcate. b Nut compressed and kernel usually bitter; shell SARI LIU) ELEC e EER ne oa aw eine erick Saree 'e ane ae dllnee lem Meroe Goh. aioe H. minima. Ragose, angled, chocolate-color Bei aey Seana ae H. aquatica. b’ Nat not compressed: seed eiliblé... 2.2450 204604 % Hy Pecans a? Bud-scales numerous, imbricated: lateral leaflets slig if at all falcate, broader: sutures not prominent (or slightly so in Hf. rillosa) b Husk of fruit usually thick, splitting to base e Bark exfoliating in long loose plates — shaggy: nuts whitish thick-shelled Leaflets mostly 3-5 and nut rounded at base................... HL. ovata, Leaflets mostly 7-9 and nut pointed at base. ah ieee. ake baeimioesa; e Bark in close rough ridges, not shaggy: leaflets T- foliage fragrant and. stellate- pubescent: nut usually 4-ridged and with thick brownish shell... H. alba. b? Husk of fruit thin and usually not splitting freely to the base. e Fruit nearly globose and nut small with thin shell and bark of old trunks exfoliz in long narrow strips Nut little flattened: middle lobe of staminate calyx short...... H. microearpa. Nut much flattened; middle lobe of calyx long... iiss. se. borealis: H H @ Fruit obovoid or pyriform with smooth thick-shelled ‘nut: bark close Foliage glabrous or nearly so. 5 - glabra. Foliage provided beneath with silvery peltate scales... .. seuss + villosa. For species see pp. 52-69 and the following: NortTitern Hickory. Hf. borealis Ashe. This is a name recently given to certain small Hickories found on dry uplands in Michigan near the Detroit River, which are allied to H. microcarpa, but differing from it mainly in having a longer middle lobe of the staminate calyx and fruit more flattened, with very thin rugose husk usually not splitting. The extent of their distribution is not yet determined. SWEET GALE FAMILY. \MYRICACE.®. Small aromatic trees and shrubs with astringent bark and of about forty species grouped in two genera only one of which is arborescent. They are of wide distribution throughout the temperate and warmer regions of both hemispheres. Leaves simple, alternate, mostly resin-dotted and fragrant, revolute in the bud, persistent ; buds small and sealy. Flowers in early spring in oblong aments from the exils of the leaves of the previous vear, dicecious or moneecious, solitary in the axils of bracts; perianth want- ing; staminate with + to several stamens inserted on the base of the seale with slender filaments united at base; anthers erect, intro 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent: pistillate flowers single or in pé y . with T-celled ovary, short style, 2 filiform stigmas: orule solitary, erect, orthotropous. Fruit a small subglobose drupe covered with waxy exudation; seed erect With straight embryo, plano-convex cotyledons and no albumen. THE BAYBERRIES. Genus MYRICA L. Trees and shrubs of about seven species are represented in America and of these three only are trees. One is confined to the Pacific coast region and the other two are inhabitants of southeastern United States, one of these extending northward into Virginia or in shrubby form farther north. Learcs serrate, dentate or entire, exstipulate, mostly resin-dotted. Flowers: ovary subtended by 2-4 short bractlets. Fruita small drupe covered with waxy exudations. The name JI/yrica, thought to come from a word meaning to perfume, is the ancient Greek name of some fragrant shrub, and applied by Linniwus to this genus. For species sce pp. TO-7T1. CORK-WOOD FAMILY. LEITNERIACE-E. Small trees and shrubs of a single genus and species, with exceedingly light wood, of southern United States and the valley of the St. Francis River in southeastern Missouri and the valley of the Brazos River in Texas. Leaves 3-8. in. long. deciduous. alternate, petiolate, involute in the bud, oblong or elliptic-laneceolate, acute or acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, firm, rugose-reticeulate. at maturity lustrous bright green above villous pubescent below as are the petioles and branch- Hanpbsook or Trees or ture Norruern Srares ann Canapa. 425 lets. Flowers dicecious in erect tomentose aments, expanding before the leaves; staminate aments about 1 in. long near the ends of the branchlets; perianth wanting stamens 3-12, inserted on the bases of the scales, with distinct filaments and oblong introrse 2-celled longi- tudinally dehiscent anthers; pistillate aments smaller, with perianth consisting of small scales; ovary superior, I-celled, with an elongated flatteneed recurved style, stigmatic on inner face; ovule solitary, laterally attached, ascending. /ruit an elongated compressed dry drupe, solitary or 2 or 8 together, with thin-walled nutlet; seed flatteened with oblong blackish hilum, fleshy albumen, erect embryo and flat cordate cotyledons. THE CORKWOOD. Genus LEITNERIA CuHapman. The genus is characterized as above and contains a single species. It was named after Dr. BE. F. Leitner, a German naturalist who was killed in Florida during the Seminole war, For species see pp. 72-73. WILLOW FAMILY. SALICACE®. Trees and shrubs with soft light wood, brittle twigs, bitter bark and of wide distribution, chiefly of the northern hemisphere, They are grouped in two genera, having the following characters in common : Leaves deciduous, simple, alternate and with stipules (sometimes minute and caducous). Flowers dioecious, appearing in early spring before the leaves, in aments, from axillary buds, a single small flower appearing in the axil of each scale of the ament, perianth wanting ; stamens 2-many, subtended by a disk and with introrse 2-celled anthers longitudinally dehiscent; pistil with short style, 2-4-lobed stigma and 1d-celled ovary having 2-+ parietal placente and numerous anatrvopeus ovules. 9 /'raif a t-celled 2-4-valved ovoid capsule, bearing numerous minute seeds surrounded by long silky white hairs and containing short radicle, flat cotyledons and no albumen. KEY TO TITE GENERA. Seales of the aments entire; stamens 2-10 and buds with a single scale... .. 2... Salix. Scale of the aments incised; stamens numerous and buds with several seales.... Populus. THE WILLOWS. Genus SALIX L. Trees and shrubs of 160 or 170 species of wide distribution throughout the northern and a few in the southern hemisphere. They grow generally along the banks of streams and in low moist so‘l from the Aretic regions to the tropics. Numerous natural hybrids also occur. About TO species are found in North America and of these 21 are recognized as trees of which 9 or 10 species are found in the northeastern states. Besides these we have two or three natualized arborescent species. Learcs commonly lanceolate but ranging from obeyate to linear; petioles short, some- times glandular at apex and more or less covering the bud: stipules oblique, serrate, large and persistent (especially so on young shoots) or small and deciduous: winter buds covered with a single scale of two coats, the inner thin and membranous. /loiers in aments with entire ov glandular dentate bracts and disk gland-like, minute and nectiferous; stamens 2-12 (mostly 2) inserted at the base of the scale, with slender and mostly free filaments and small oblong anthers: pistillate aments usually erect or spreading 5 ovary sessile or short stipitate with short style, 2 short more or Tess recurved 2-cleft stigmas and containing 4-8 ovules on ench of the 2 placentas. Fruit an acuminate capsule dehiscent by 2 recurved valves; seeds minute, dark brown. The name is the ancient Latin name of the genus. KEY TO THN SPECIES. a Stamens 3-7, with filaments hairy at base; aments terminating leafy branchlets and with light vellow caducous scales b Petioles not glandular; leaves e Pale or whitish beneath, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate 5 With longer petioles mostly '% in. or more long..........555 S. amygdaloides. With very short petioles mostly less than 1, in, long Ss longipes. e? Green beneath, narrow-lanceolate, long-pointed ; petioles short... S. nigra. b? Petioles glandular; leaves taper-pointed : Lustrous dark green above, pale beneath, thiekish and finely serrate. . S. lucida. Dull dark green (not lustrous) above, pale beneath, thinnish and more coarsely serrate. S. fragilis. 9 2 Stamens usually 2. a Aments both terminal and axillary; leaves linear-lanceolate and remotely denticulate : filaments hairy at base: bracts yellow, caducous.......++++++-. %. fluviatilis. b? Aments terminal on lateral branchlets. 426 SALICACE: e Capsules glabrous: leaves d Oblong-lanceolate, acute at apex...ccc.ss.csaceseeseeasseas SS. balsamifera, dad? Linear-lanceolate; branchlets long and pendent.............. S. Babylonica. d@ Lanceolate to oblanceolate: branchlets not pendent, e Glabrous Bright or reddish yellow; leaves glaucous beneath. Light brown: leaves silky pubescent e° Brownish pubescent . §. Missouriensis. e@ Capsules hairy; style short; leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblong, acute Glabrous and glaucous beneath; branchlets usually glabrous; pedicel of ovary shorter elaine lie 2S aul se ces Sak seed fn, ame a Secs teed hogbeahalnsarte caste etiah caetacned S. discolor. Pubescent beneath; branchlets pubescent ; pedicel of ovary longer than scale. S. Bebbiana. S. vitellina. S. alba. For species sec pp. T4-98 and the following Batsam Wititow. Nalie balsamifera Barr. A species of boreal distribution ranging from abont the latitude of Mt. Washington northward and usually shrubby, but in the vicinity of Ft. Kent, Me., has been found to attain the height of 25 ft. with trunk 12-14 in. in diamater. It is characterized as follows: Leares elliptic to ovate, 2-4 in. long, rounded or subcordate at base, usually acute or obtuse at apex, finely glandular-serrate, thin at first, finally rigid, glabrous, dark green above, paler, glaucous and prominently reticulated beneath: stipules usually none: petioles slender y, in. or less in length. /Vowers: aments expanding with the leaves on leafy-bracted branchlets, the staminate dense; stamens 2, with free filaments; pistillate rather loose: scales rose-colored, villous, persistent; style very short. fruit capsules narrow-ovoid, long-stalked. Wuoire Witntow. Salie alba Lb. A large European tree willow sparingly escaped in this country and differs from the N. rifelling mainly in having more ashy gr and. silky pubescent leaves. which gives a whitish effect to its foliage, and more brownish branchlets. Var. carrulea Iwoeh., also occasionally found, has more glabrous dull bluish green leaves and olive branchlets. Bess Wittow. NSalic Bebbinana Sarg. (SN. rostrata Rich.). A large shrub or small bushy tree, occasionally 25 ft. in height, with a trunk G or S in. in diameter, ranging from Pennsyl- yania to the Arecic regions, and from the St. Lawrence Liver to Alaska, and in botanical characters is close to N. discolor (sce pp. 92-93) but differs in having leaves uusally tomen- tose or pubescent beneath; pedicel of the ovary longer than the scale and branchlets pubes- cent. et THE POPLARS AND COTTONWOODS. Genus POPULUS L. Trees of usually large size, rapid growth, with scaly and usually resin-coated buds and bark pale at first but furrowed when old and rich in tannin. The sticky resin of these buds is gathered by honey bees for sealing crevices in their hives, the material which bee-keepers call “ propolis.” About twenty-five species are recognized of which approximately half are natives of North America ranging from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Arctie Circle to the tropics. The Poplars are the oldest Known dicotyledonous plants, being represented among. the fossils of the cretaceous formations. Leaves lance-ovate to orbicular or deltoid, involute in the bud. usually with long stalks more or jess laterally compressed causing their easy agitation by the winds; stipules small and enaducous; branchlets terete or angled: winter buds pointed, more or less) resin-coated and covered with several thin imbricated scales. /lomwers expanding with or before the leaves in stalked drooping aments which clongate while maturing, with thin obovate stipitate fimbriated caducous scales, more crowded on the staminate aments:; pistillate aments with broad cup-shaped, usually oblique, stipitate and persistent disk; stamens 4-0, with short free filaments; anthers purplish; ovary sessile with short style and entire digitate or broadly ?-f-lobed stigma. fruit maturing often before the full growth of the leaves, in usually drooping racemes and with subglobose to ovoid-oblong capsules subtended by the persistent disk and dehiscent by 2-+ recurved valves: seeds small, brown and provided with abundant cottony hairs. The name is the ancient Latin name of the Poplar. KEY TO THE SPECIES, a Buds coated with a sticky resin: leaves b Broadly deltoid, acute or acuminate at apex Very wide-cordate to truncate at base: buds large........6 805 Very wide-cuneate to truncate at base: buds comparatively small . deltoides. P ; ; P. dilatata. b' Rhombie-lanceolate, green both sides, long-pointed.............. BP. aeuminata. be Ovate-lanceolate, green both sides, short-petiolate P. angustifolia. Hanpsnoox or Trees of tur Norrurrn Srares anp Canapa. 427 b® Broad-ovate, cordate at base, pale or rusty beneath. ............ P. candicans. b' Ovate, pale or rusty beneath, rounded ov wide cuneate base, finely crenate-serrate, POTTING YE as ae eo pce rng eh a aes ea ee wales Shon aad aad a Ghd Dye nclae Seoras P. balsamifera. b® Teart-shaped, large, abrupt at apex, crenate-serrate and petioles slightly if at all POTN io to Geo bntco Sell ee WR eu URL Ae OS AED Weed dln Boel tere te P. heterophylla. a” Buds not resin-coated ; leaves orbicular-ovate ; petioles long and b Flattened laterally (-lspers) and edges of leaves Finely crenate-serrate; buds glabrous....................... P. tremuloides. Coarsely dentate: buds scuriy-pubeseent. oc cos ce sence eas P. grandidentata. b® Slightly if at all flattened ; leaves densely white-tomentose beneath. PB. alba. or specics sce pp. 97-113 and the following: Evrorean Biack Popiar, ?. nigra L.A large wide-spreading European tree and nearly a century ago was reported (as P. Hudsonica Micehx. and P?. betiulifolia Pursh.) as naturalized in this country, but it is rave in a naturalized state. The characters given below are of the typical P. wigra, and are equally applicable to the Lombardy Voplar (var. /talica) except as noted in the consideration of that tree. Leaves broad-deltoid. wide-cuneate or almost truncate at base, abruptly acuminate at apex, crenate, pubescent at first but finally glabrous, firm, the blade usually wider than long; petioles long, slender and laterally compressed. flowers: staminate aments 114%-3 in. becoming longer; stamens about 20; pistillate aments 2-3 in. long, becoming longer. fruit: capsules oblong, obtuse, short-stalked, BIRCH FAMILY. BETULACE®. Trees and a few shrubs of the northern hemisphere commonly with fragrant aromatic properties and grouped in six genera of which five are found in North America. They have the following characters in common: Leoares simple, alternate, petioled, pinniveined, obliquely plicate in venation, deciduous ; stipules fugacious; branchlets terete. lowers in early spring before or with the unfolding of the leaves, monecious; the staminate in elongated pendulous lateral aments, in the axils of the bracts of which are borne 1-8 small flowers, with ov without calyx and 2-20 small erect stamens inserted on the receptacle, with distinct filaments and 2-celled extrorse anthers opening longitudinally ; pistillate flowers in short spike-like or capitate aments, from lateral buds with or without calyx, with 2-ceHed ovary and 2-cleft or bifurcate style stigmatic at the apex or on the inner surfaces of the branches and a single anatropous pendulous ovule in each cell of the ovary. /’ruif} a small mostly 1-celled 1-seeded nut or samara; seed solitary, suspended, without albumen, with large and fleshy cotyledons and short radicle, KEY TO THE GENERA. a Nutlet wingless, from the axils of deciduous ules and more or less inclosed in an involucre; staminate flowers solitary in the axils of the scales of the ament and without calyx; involucre of fruit b Flat, open, 3-cleft and foliaceous; staminate aments in winter inclosed with bud-scales. Carpinus. b? A closed bladder-like sac; staminate aments in winter naked............. Ostrya. a? Nutlet more or less winged, in the axils of persistent scales and without involucre; staminate flowers 3-6 together in the axils of the scales of the aments and with calyx; bracts of the fruiting aments b Three-lobed, thin and deciduous; stamens 2 with 2-branched filaments; winter buds COMELECUIWIC SCWlES scam Bees Hae Sees wee pita teats te Friians Roba etl ee wats Betula. b? Evose or 5-lobed, thickened, woody and persistent; wings of nutlet more or less reduced ; wWanter buds: waked! 2. eines edee hate tedly 4 pis anaes bores SEN WS Sh Rupe eae eas Alnus. THE HORNBEAMS. Genus CARPINUS L. Trees of about a dozen species with smooth gray Beech-like bark, furrowed and ridged trunks, and confined to the northern hemisphere, but only one is found native in North America. The following are the generic characters : Leares ovate, acute or acuminate, with nearly straight prominent veins. Flowers in April; staminate aments pendulous and with prominent nearly sessile broad ovate acute scales, in the axils of which are found the naked flowers consisting of several stamens with short slender two-branched filaments, each branch bearing a T-celled half-anther hairy at apex; pistillate aments slender, few-flowered and terminal on leafy branchlets of the year, with small deciduous seales, each subtended by a pair of flowers which are furnished each with a small acute bract and pair of bractlets: calyx adnate to the ovary: stigmas 2. subulate. Fruit a small compressed ovoid prominently ribbed nut, tipped with calyx-lobes and attached at its base until maturity to a large foliaceous B-lobed pale-green involucre formed from the enlarged bract and bractlets of the flower. Carpinus is the ancient Latin name of the Huropean Fornbeain For species sec pp. [14-11o. 428 BrEtTuLACEs. THE HOP-HORNBEAM. Genus OSTRYA Scop. Trees of wide distribution throughout the northern hemisphere, with scaly bark, slender terete branchlets and hard rather close-grained wood. Four species are known, two of which are North American. One of them (O. Knowltoni Coy.), as far as known, is found only in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River in Arizona, and the other is a common tree widely dis- tributed throughout the eastern United States and Canada. Leaves open and concave in the bud, more or less plaited on the nearly straight veins. Flowers expanding before the leaves; staminate aments in clusters of a few each with short stalks or sessile, developed the previous season near the ends of the branchlets and naked and conspicuous during the winter; stamens 3-4, crowded on a receptacle at the base of a broad ovate pointed concave scale longer than the stamens: filaments short, 2-branched, each branch bearing a 1-celled half-anther hairy at apex; pistillate flowers in small loose suberect ameut terminating leafy shoots and with large pointed deciduous scales at the base of each of which are 2 flowers each surrounded with a tubular persistent accrescent involucre; calyx adnate to the ovat style 2-branched. /ruit an ovoid flattened pointed nutlet, inclosed in an enlarged pale membranous closed sac formed by the enlarged involucre and these together forming a strobile very much resembling a hop, suspended by a slender stem. Ostrya is the classical Latin name of the European species. For species see pp. 116-117. THE BIRCHES. Genus BETULA L. The Birches constitute a considerable and important part of the forests of the Northern Hemisphere of both the Old and the New Worlds. Although a few are shrubby species most of them are large and handsome and often aromatic forest trees, some of exceptional ornamental value with more or less laminate and resinous bark, very tough slender twigs and copious watery and slightly saccharine sap. Leares serrate, dentate, or sometimes incisely lobed, usually thin, from = sealy pointed sessile buds; stipules scarious and fugacious. loirers unfolding with or before the leaves: the staminate in pendulous often clustered sessile aments which form the previous season and remain erect and naked during the winter at or near the ends of the branchlets and rapidly develop expanding their golden flowers in early spring: scales broad-ovate with the two lateral flowers adnate to their bases; calyx membranous, usually 4+-lobed: stamens 2 with short 2-parted filaments, each filament bearing and anther-cell; pistillate aments small oblong or eylindrical, usually peduneled, terminating short lateral 2-leaved branchlets and with closely imbricated 8-lobed persistent accrescent scales: calyx wanting; pistil with compressed. sessile ovary and 2 spreading persistent styles stigmatic at the apex. Fruit) erect, inclined or pendulous strobiles with thin woody S-lobed scales and 8 laterally winged nutlets to each scale and these with the scales falling away from the central axis of the strobile at maturity. Betula is the classical name of the Birch-tree. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Branchlets, ete., not aromatie: strobiles b Cylindrical, with long slender peduncles: wings broader than nutlet: scales © Pubescent, lateral lobes broad and recurved: bark not easily separable into layers: leaves with long slender petioles, long acuminate and Deltoid, wide and mostly truncated at base, bright green. . B. populifolia. Ovate, mostly rounded or wedge-shaped at base, dull blue-gr B. cerulea. Glabrous with spreading lateral lox leaves mostly ovate and rounded at base; bark creamy white and separating freely into lavers................ . papyracea. b’? Oblong, slender, peduncled, mostly erect and lobes of scales linear-oblong : leaves acute. B. nigra. a’ Branchlets and inner bark aromatic: strobiles oblong-ovoid, subsessile, erect; wings not broader than nutlet; leaves sharply b Serrate; scales of stobiles short glabrous and with rounded lateral lobes: bark dark ISOMVN ATT CLAS ATL Nt: Bote yee AOE ace nce ean he ana Avlidtecat se B. lenta. b? Doubly serrate, scales longer and with oblong lobes: bark yellow or silvery and laminate. B. lutea. ° For species see pp. 118-127 and the following: Buivue Brrew, Betula coerulea Blanch. A small tree occasionally 30 ft. in height with trunk 8-10 in. in diameter recently deseribed as found in southern Vermont and northern Maine and may be found elsewhere in) New England, It resembles the B. populifolia but is said to differ in having leaves rather ovate in outline, more cuneate at base and with dull Pinish green upper surfaces, The bark of trunk is Cescribed as being more lustrous and of a pinkish white color. . Hanpsook or TRees oF tus Norruern Srares anD Canapa. 429 THE ALDERS. Genus ALNUS © The Alders ave trees and shrubs of about twenty species with astringent bark and durable SRTN. wood, inhabiting the north temperate regions of both hemispheres, and ranging among the mountains of the New World into the tropics. Nine species ave natives of North America of which six are recognized as trees, five of these inhabiting the Pacific slope, and one is a local species of the Atlantic states. Besides these there is also one species from the Old World naturalized in localities in the Atlantic states. Leaves servate or dentate and falling in autumn without change of color; buds naked, stipitate. Flowers both kinds in cymose stalked aments which appear during the previous season and, remaining dormant during the winter, develop in early spring before the leaves, or, in one American species, in late summer: staminate aments pendulous with peltate scales, 3-6 flowers in the axils of each scale and each subtended by minute bractlets > calyx 4-parted ; stamens usually 4, with short simple filaments; pistillate aments ovoid-oblong, erect, with thick scales and in the axils of each are two flowers without perianth and subtended each by 2-4 minute bractlets; ovary sessile 2-celled; styles 2. Fruit: nutlet small, compressed, tipped with the remnants of the style and bearing lateral wings which are sometimes reduced to a mere membranous border, 2 nutlets in the axils of each scale; scales thick woody, erose ov 5-toothed at apex and persistent, forming a strobile. Alnus is the ancient Latin name of the Alder. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Leaves oblong, lustrous bright green above; aments expanding in autumn.... A. maritima. Leaves orbicular-obovate, dull green and glabrous; aments expanding in very early spring. A. glutinosa. 131. BEECH FAMILY. FAGACE-. Trees of great economie value and some shrubs of wide distribution, mainly throughout For species see pp. 12 the northern hemisphere. There are nearly 400 known species grouped in six genera, five of which are represented in North America. Of these one is generally distributed throughout the United States, two others are represented in the Atlantic states only, and the remaining two are confined to the Pacific slope. Leaves alternate, petioled, pinniveined and with narrow caducous stipules. Flowers monecious, small; the staminate in aments or heads with 4-S-lobed calyx and 4-20 stamens with slender distinet filaments and introrse 2-celled anthers opening lengthwise; pistillate flowers sclitary or in few-flowered clusters or spikes subtended by a scaly inyolucre which becomes \oody in the fruit: calyx +-S-lobed, adnate; ovary 8-T-celled with 1-2) pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell, but usually only one ovule of one of the cells maturing, and as many linear styles as there are cells of the ovary. Fruit a nut subtended or enveloped by an involucral covering and with a coriaceous or bony exocarp, 1-celled by abortion and containing a single membranous-coated seed without albumen; cotyledons fleshy; radicle short, superior. KEY TO THE GENERA. a Nut sharply triangular; staminate flowers in globose long-stalked heads...... Fagus. a? Nut globose and more or less flattened at base; staminate flowers in aments; nut Inclosed in a prickly dehiscent burr: aments suberect. ... Castanea. Subtended by a scaly, woody involucral cup Quercus. THE BEECHES. Genus FAGUS L. Prees with smooth gray bark, hard close-grained wood and long pointed buds. About a half dozen species are known, all confined to the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere and one only is found in North America. Leaves convex and plicate on the veins in the bud, firm, deciduous, serrate with straight veins: stipules linear-lanceolate ; petioles short. Flowers expanding with or soon after the leaves: the staminate at the base of the shoots of the season in many-flowered drooping heads with long 2-bracted peduncles; pedicels short; calyx campanulate, greenish yellow, imbricated in gstivation, 4-S-lohed; stamens 8-16, longer than the calyx, inserted on its base and with greenish anthers; pistillate in 2-4-flowered clusters from the axils of the upper leaves and surrounded by numerous awl-shaped bracts of which the outermost are longer” and caducous and the iimer are united so as to form a 4-lohed burr-like covering : calyx + or 5-lobed, villous, adnate to the 3-celled and B-angled ovary with 2 ovules in each cell and with 3 filiform and recurved styles. Fruit a sharply 3-angled ovoid nut, with thin lustrous brown, coriaceous shell and inclosed usually in pairs ina 4-valved burr; seed (with the abortive ovules) ispended, oily, edible and of delicious flavor. : y : Fagus is the Greek derivation alluding to the edible quality of the nuts, For species see pp. 132-138. 43 Facgacnx. THE CHESTNUTS. Genus CASTANEA Abams. Trees and shrubs of the northern hemisphere, with astringent watery juice, edible nuts and very porous wood and of great economic value. Tour or five species are known and of these two are trees of eastern United States and one a shrub of the southern states. Leaves convolute in the bud, ovate to oblong-limecolate, coarsely serrate and with straight ves terminating in the teeth. Alowers appearing after the leaves, monacious; the staminate in interrupted erect axillary aments, several flowers together in the axils of small caducous bracts; calyx campanulate, pale yellow, puberulous, with © lobes imbricated in the bud; stamens LO-ZO, with long exserted filiform filaments and small yellow anthers, pistillate Howers mostly at the bases of the upper staminate (androgynous) aments, sessile, and usually 2 or 3 together, surrounded with an inveluere of many aente green bracts: calyx urn-shaped and with © minute sterile stamens; ovary G-celled, with G spreading white linear styles and 2 ovules in each. Arait maturing in autumn, nuts 1-5 tegether, with a globose mostly 4-valved woody burr-like involucre, very prickly with stiff branching spines outside and velvety pubescent inside; nut flattened by mutual compression, short, ovoid, pointed and tipped with the remnants of the style, with chestnut-brown coriaceous shell, lustrous below, pubescent above and with large pale sear oat base: seed solitary by abortion and marked by the abortive ovules at apex, large, starchy and of delicious flavor. Castanea is the classical name of the Chestnut-tree. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Nuts 2-83 in an involuere, compressed; leaves green and glabrous both sides.... ©. dentata. Nuts solitary, not compressed; leaves pale tomentose beneath................ Cc. pumila. For species sce pp. 134-137. THE OAKS. Genus QUERCUS L. Trees and shrubs of nearly 800 species of the north temperate regions and high altitudes of the tropies. Irom its representatives come some of our best hard woods, barks extensively used for tanning purposes and the corks of commerce. The acorns of many species are an important article of food for hogs, ete., and in some countries also for man. Oak-galls of commerce develop on the branches of certain species and many dyes and other products may also be recorded among the products of the genus. About fifty Oaks are natives of the United States and more than half of these are found in the Atlantic states. Leares deciduous or persistent, arranged in five ranks, pinuately veined and often pinnately lobed, sometimes entire and sometimes variable on the same branch; stipules scearious and caducous or occasionally persistent. lowers appearing with or before the leaves; the staminate in clustered slender drooping catkins, from axils of the leaves or bud-scales of the previous year ov leaves of the present vear, a single flower in the axil of each caducous seale of the ament; calyx yellowish green, campanulate, deeply G-lobed: stamens 4- with fliform exserted tilaments and yellow anthers: pistillate flowers solitary or in few-flowered spikes from the axils of the leaves of the year, each Hower subtended by a caducous bract and two bractlets : calyx urn-shaped, with tube adnate to the ovary, and limb of G short lobes: ovary mostly 8-celled with 2 ovules in each cell and 8 shore or elongated styles, each flower nearly enveloped by sealy jimbricated acerescent involucre. Fruit and oyvoid-oblong or subelobose t-celled nut (acorn) maturing in 1 oor 2 years, with coriaceous shell having large circular sear at base, each mnt subtended or more ov less enveloped in a woody cup of imbricated and more or less united scale seed solitary and bearing abortive ovules at base or apex; cotyledons usually plano-convex and entire, Vucrcus is the ancient Latin name of the Oak-trec. REY TO THE SPECIES, a Acorns maturing in autumn of the second year: shells hairy inside: abortive ovules at apex: stamens 4-6; styles elongated; leaves or their lobes bristle-tipped, deciduous (Black Oaks) b Leaves pinnately lobed, convolute in the bud and e Green hoth sides; cup of acorn d Saucer-shaped, shallow and wide: cups © 5g-1 in. wide, rather thick and vot more thant investing the acorns: leayes Dull green above and Jobes widest at base.............. Q. rubra. Lustrous green, lobes wide at apes . @. Texana. e? 36-56 in. wide, thins leaves lustrous with lobes spre and wide towards apex; A COMI ISN OSM OU OSC as nares oan wh inten as Cease Reet “OQ DPAlIStrise @ Turbinate with e Nmoall closely appressed scales £ Acorn elliptical: cup 4-' ine wide. lenves lustrous. ..... Q. ellipsoidalis. f° Acorn ovoid; cups mostly more than ts tn. wides leaves dull green and ILanppooxk or Trees or rue Norriuern Srares anp Canapa. 431 With broad rounded sinuses; inner bark reddish...... Q. coccinea. NVSTEHE Ta MeO VF SISOS. wre cnnecacuece anaheim 6 Bike ate koe fea Q. borealis. e? Scales larger, loosely imbricated and free at margin of cup: leaves obovate with narrower sinuses; inner bark yellowish................. @Q. vellutina. e Leaves whitish tomentose beneath and mostly with d Short broad lobes: leaves MNOSEY OHOVatSs Ss cence tw aise Rees Q. nana. @ Elongated and more or less falcate lobes; leaves Rounded or obtuse at base, obovate to oblong with 3-5 mostly Finer oo: (angular REO cua ey ce tess Sere te a ire atte Uae Soak Dhan ot at dare elena ane ge Q. digitata. Cuneate, ovate or oblong with 5-11 mostly faleate lobes.... Q. pagodefolia. b’ Leaves 3-5-lobed near the apex or entire, obovate or spatulate Wide-obovate, cuneate, rusty pubescent beneath Q. Marilandica. Sputulate-obovaute, clabvous vsuesns vaws eevee oe ek? Q. nigra. be Leaves usually entire and lanceolate to oblong, involute in the bud and Linear-oblong, acute at both ends, glabrous................... Q. Phellos. Oblanceolate to oblong, shining dark green above, paler and glabrous beneath. Q. laurifolia. Oblong-lanceolate to oblong or oyate, pubescent beneath....... Q. imbricaria. a’ Acorns maturing in the autumn of the first year; shells glabrous inside: abortive ovules basal: stamens G-S; styles short (White Oaks). ; oS ee lobed or lyrate-pinatifid with lobes rounded at apex (not bristle-tipped) deciduous e Glabrous beneath, obliquely 5-9-lobed and conduplicate in the bud: cup shallow. Q. alba. e Pubescent beneath and stellate pubescent above, usually 5-lobed, convolute in the bud. Q. minor. e* White tomentose beneath Lyrate-pinnatifid: cup fringed with free ends of scales. ... Q. macrocarpa. Deeply lobed: cup not fringed and nearly inclosing the nur Q. lyrata. b’ Leaves coarsely crenate-toothed e Fruit with peduncles much longer than petioles. . Q. platanoides. e Fruit with peduncles shorter than or about equal to the petiole: leaves whitish tom ls beneath Po ATREs Sau: WELLS Hp 8 aus Sa kes aie tate ATS feiseod “eenacte tees woe aR one ead eo Q. Michauxii. Bark firmly ridged, Sh DEOWATs seseees Q. Prinus. b® Leaves coarsely repand- serrate, lanceolate to obovate ; RANT CC Sears art laieat bain sek (00. BN acne ean ee Oe Aa RE Os Aye Cre Rtas Q. acuminata. SGM OTT BI eee foae ey cee hao era POs weit 9 Q. prinoides. i Leaves. mostly entire, thick and evercreen.... orbicular jeaves obtuse to truncate and coarsely dentate at apex, and short rather dense racemes. THE HAWS OR THORNS. Genus CRATVEGUS L. The Haws, Thorns, Hawthorns or Thorn-apples, as they are yariously called, are gen- Xs in. long. erally low wide-spreading trees or shrubs, with very strong tortuous branches armed with stiff sharp thorns (though sometimes unarmed), with somewhat zigzag branchlets and usuatly with dark or gray sealy bark. They are mostly confined to north temperate regions, with the bulk of distribution in eastern United States. Twenty years ago scarcely a score of species were recognized in Ameri and fewer abroad, but it was thought that many of the species presented almost innumerable forms. Within the past few years much attention has been paid to the subject, and now the list of named species numbers more than six hundred. The validity of many of these, however, is extremely problematical, as observers working in different localities have made observations and assigned names quite independently of each other, and when the studies have been more extended and results compared, doubtless many of the names must be relegated to synonymy. The value of certain characters, too, upon which to determine specific rank, are matters of controversy, and can only be determined by more extensive observation and agreement. Extensive experiments are being conducted, notably at the Arnold Arboretum, under the direction of Prof. C. 8S. Sargent, to determine how far seedling plants will present the characters of their parents, and the results will be looked upon with much interest. Due to the present unsettled condition of the subject it is impossible to present the genus with the completeness accorded the other genera, and it has been decided to take up and illustrate only a few of the most distinct or common species, defining them as outlined by Prof. Sargent. Leaves conduplicate in the bud, simple, petiolate, generally serrate, and often also lobed, especially on vigorous shoots, deciduous; stipules caducous or on vigorous shoots often foliaceous. Flowers in simple or compound corymbs terminating short lateral leafy branch- lets, lowermost pedicels of a cluster often from the axils of leaves; calyx obconic with 5 acute reflexed mostly persistent lobes and tube adnate to the carpels; petals 5, white and pinkish, spreading and inserted on the throat of the calyx; stamens normally 5 in one row and alternate with the petals or 10 in 5 pairs, or 15 in 2 rows, those of the outer row in pairs, or 20 in 8 rows, or 25 in + rows; filaments subulate, incurved; anthers pale yellow to nearly white, or from pink to dark rose and purple; ovary inferior, 1-5-celled with 1 or 2 ovules in each cell; styles 1-5, distinct, persistent. /’ruif a pome from short globose to oblong or pear-shaped, mostly from red to yellow (sometimes blue or black) with 1-5 bony carpels united below and each containing usually a single erect compressed seed. The name is from the Greek word for strength, referring to the toughness of the wood. For species see pp. 244-201. THE PLUMS AND CHERRIES. Genus PRUNUS B. & H. Trees and shrubs with peculiar bitter astringent properties, many containing prussic acid and exuding a gum from the bark when wounded. They are of general distribution throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the northern hemisphere and many repre- sentatives are of great economic value. There are about one hundred twenty species of which some twenty-five or thirty occur in the United States, eighteen of these being arborescent. Leares alternate, simple, petiolate, conduplicate or convolute in the bud, deciduous or persistent, serrate (sometimes entire); petioles often glandular: stipules small, caducous: winter buds with closely imbricated scales, the innermost acerescent. Flowers regular, perfect; calyx inferior, deciduous, with 5 lobes imbricated in the bud and thin annular disk; Hanppoox or Trees or tun Norruern Stares anp Canapa. 441 petals Dy white, spreading, deciduous; stamens numerous, inserted with the petals on the calyx, with free filiform filaments and oval 2-seeded anthers; pistil solitary with 1-celled ovary, single terminal style, capitate stigma: ovules 2, suspended. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe with horny compressed pit, the seed suspended ; cotyledons fleshy. Phe name is the ancient Latin name of the Plum-tree, KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Flowers in axillary umbels expanding with or before the leaves; pit more or less flattened b Vetioles rather slender and long (Bird Cherries) e Fruit mostly 3 in. or more in diameter Leaves pubescent beneath; fruit sweet................00- P. Avium. Leaves glabrous; fruit tart . PRP. Cerasus. ce? Fruit about 24 an. in: diameter. very SOUT. 3 oiled cee rn oe ss P. Pennsylvanica. b> Petioles stout and short (Plims) e Fruit red or yellow and about 1 in. or less long; leaves abruptly acuminate and d Obovate-oblong, thickish, dull and veins impressed -lobes Glabrows imeide: pit much commpressed....u. cc .css ae ccels P. nigra. Pubescent inside; pit turgid ...... PP. Americana. dad Ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, thinnish; pit turgid; calyx-lobes Pubescent both sides; fruit austere with thickish skin... BP. hortulana. Glabious? fruit with thinmish SKINS o3 is awan cam kw a ees P. angustifolia. e Fruit dark blue with bloom; leaves ovate and petioles mostly without glands. P. Alleghaniensis. P a’ Flowers in terminal corymbs appearing after the leaves........ . Mahaleb. a® lowers in racemes terminating leafy branchlets; leaves finely serrate b With slender spreading teeth; leaves thinnish..............0... . Virginiana. bh’ With ineurved callous teeth; leaves thickish... ..2 5.0502 ssn aws a‘ Flowers mostly solitary; leaves oblong-lanceolate; fruit velvety... P P. serotina. P. Persica. Por species sce pp. 262-283 and the following: Peacu, Prunus Persica (l.) S. & Z. Chmygdalus Persica Va). The Peach was early introduced into this country from Europe, coming originally it is thought from China, and is found naturalized in localities from southern N. Y. southward. It is a small tree, occasion- ally 1 ft. in diameter, with bark exfoliating in laminate scales. 9 Leares lanceolate to Jance- oblong. 4-6 in. long, tapering about equally to both ends, serrate, glabrous; petioles stout. y in. long. Flowers appearing before the leaves, solitary, pink, varying in size from To-2 in broad, sealy-bracted. Fruit a subglobose grooved drupe, velvety-tomentose, with very hard deeply pitted stone. PULSE OR PEA FAMILY. LEGUMINOS-E. A very large and important family of trees, shrubs and herbs of wide distribution throughout all temperate and tropical regions, generally free from obnoxious properties and many of its representatives of the greatest economic importance. There are about 7,000 species grouped in nearly 450 genera, and of these seventeen have arborescent representatives in the United States. Leares alternate, usually compound, with stipules. Mlowers vegualar or papilionaceons and usually perfect; stamens 10 or many, with diadelphous (sometimes distinct) filaments and 2-celled anthers opening longitudinally ; pistil solitary, with one or several-celled superior ovary. fruit a legume. : ade KEY TO THE GENERA. a Flowers regular or imperfectly papilionaceous; lobes imbricated in mstivation; stamens with distinct filaments; seeds albumenous ; flowers 5 b Imperfectly papilionaccous, perfect; legume thin and flat; leaves simple. . ; Cercis. b? Regular, diacious or polygamous: leaves i Bipinnate: calyx-tube elongated ; stamens 10; pods Chik ease gate ene Both pinnate and bipinnate ; stamens 3-5: pods thin st Gleditsia. a? Flowers papilionaceous; seeds usually without albumen; leaves pee oo b Distinct: flowers in long loose panicles adrastis. b? Diadelphous; pod thin and flat; stipules spinescent. ... 55.5. . +555 es Robinia. TH= RED-BUDS. Genus CERCIS L. Small trees and shrubs of seven species, three of whieh are natives Of the three North American species one is a Californian of North America and the others of Europe and Asia. i f asi f as RG rs > in Texas and southward, and shrub, another is a small tree of the basin of the Rio Grande in Ti the third is widely distributed in the middle and eastern states. Leares simple, deciduous, broad, with 5-7 prominent veins, entire, long-petiolate ; petioles terete, slender and enlarged near the leaf-blade; stipules small, membranaceous, eaducous, 449 LEGUMINOS®. Flowers appearing before or with the leaves in short lateral fascicles, on the growth of previous seasons or even the trunk; calyx oblique-campanulate, 5-toothed » corolla somewhat papilionaceous with 5 rose-colored unguiculate petals, those forming the keel the largest and not united, the standard smaller than the wings and inclosed by them in the bud: stamens 10, distinet, declined, with filaments enlarged and pilose at base; anthers alike, oblong, versatile ; ovary with short stipe; style filiform with capitate stigma: ovules numerous, in 2 ranks, attached to the dorsal suture. /'ruif a linear oblong flat pod, acute at both ends, margined along the upper suture, reddish purple and 2-valved at maturity, with thin reticulate valves; seeds oblong, compressed, with reddish brown crustaceous testa, straight embryo and scant horny albumen. The name is the ancient Greek name of the Old World Judas-tree. For species sce pp. 284-285. THE COFFEE-TREE. Genus GYMNOCLADUS Lam. Trees, with stout branchlets and large pith, of two species, one of eastern North America and the other of southern and southwestern China. Leaves deciduous, bipinnate, with single leaflets in place of the one or two pairs of lowermost pinnie: stipules caducous; branchlets thick with large pith and 2 small impressed buds in each axil. 9 floirers vegular, dicecious or polygamous, in terminal racemes, greenish white: calyx elongated, tubular, 10-ribbed, with 5 narrow nearly equal acute lobes: petals 4-5, oblong, equal, pubescent, rather longer than the calyx lobes, spreading; stamens 10 and inserted with the petals on the margin of the disk bearing the calyx tube, shorter than the petals, distinet, with pubescent filaments alternately of different lengths and uniform introrse longitudinally dehiscent anthers; pistil sessile with shert style and oblique 2-lobed stigma, rudimentary or wanting in the staminate flowers; ovules numerous. Fruit a large thick oblong subfaleate 2-valved coriaceous pod, tardily dehiscent and containing several seeds with pulp between; seeds suborbicular, flattened, with long funicles, thick horny testa, thick orange-colored cotyledons and thin horny albumen. The vame is from two Greek words meaning naked branch. Por species sce pp. 286-287. THE HONEY LOCUSTS. Genus GLEDITSIA L. Trees of about eight or ten species of eastern United States, Asia, Japan and tropical Afriea. Of these three are native of North America, one limited to a small region in Texas, another inhabiting mainly the lower Mississippi basin and southeastern states. and the third is now distributed over most of the Atlantic states. Leaves evenly piunate or twice pinnate or with some of the pinnewe replaced by simple leaflets often fascicled, deciduous; leaflets subsessile and irregularly crenulate ; stipules small, eaducous. [lowers regular, polygamous, small, green or white, in axillary or lateral some- times fascicled spike-like 1acemes with minute caducous bracts; calyx campanulate with 8-5 nearly equal lobes; petals equal and of same number as the calyx lobes; stamens 6-10, inserted with the petals on the edge of the disk, distinct, erect, with free filaments and uniform anthers; ovary nearly sessile; style short with terminal dilated stigma: ovules or many. Fruit a flat pod, long-linear, many-seeded and indehiscent, or short-ovate and dehiscent ; seeds suborbicular or oblong, flattened, attached by long funicles; embryo surrounded with horny albumen. The generic name (which is sometimes spelled Gleditschia) is in honor of Prof. J. G. Gleditsch, a German botanist of the ISth century. KEY TO THE SPECIES, Pods linear, many-seeded and somewhat twisted or coiled G. triacanthos. Pods oblique, oval, mostly 1-seeded G. aquatica. For species sce pp. 288-297, THE YELLOW-WOOD. Genus CLADRASTIS Rat. Trees of a single species of limited natural distribution in the Atlantie states, but widely planted for ornamental purposes. They have yellowish heart-wood, somewhat watery juice and smooth bark. Another tree ()faackia Amurcnsis Rupr.), of eastern Asia and Japan, is referred by some writers to this genus, but by others is considered to be generically distinct. Leares deciduous, odd-pinnate, with stout terete petioles enlarged at base and few large entire short-stalked leaflets; buds small, naked superposed and formed within the base of the petiole, lowers white, papilionaceous, ino terminal panicles or racemes; calyx narrow- campanulate, 5-toothed; petals with suborbicular reflexed standard and those of the keel incurved and distinct; stamens 10, distinet, with slender filaments and uniform. versatile anthers; ovary subsessile, linear and tipped with slender incurved style with terminal stigma; Hanpnoox or Trees or tuk Norriuern Srares anp Canapa. 443 yvules several, suspended, Fruit a glabrous compressed linear margined tardily dehiscent Jegume, containing tew oolong «ompressed seeds with slender funicle and no albumen. Name formed from Greek roots meaning brittle branches. lor specics see pp. 292-298. THE LOCUSTS. Genus ROBINIA L. Trees and shrubs with slender zigzag branchlets and minute superposed buds covered by the enlarged bases of the petioles. Phey are confined to North America. Seven or eight species are known, of which four are represented in the United States, three arborescent and one shrubby. Leaves deciduous, unequally pinnate and with spinescent persistent stipules; leaflets entire, petiolulate with minute bristle-like stipels. Flomers in racemes from the axils of the leaves of the year with caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, the upper pair shorter and somewhat united; corolla papilionaceous with large reflexed obcordate standard, oblong curved free wings and obtuse incurved keel-petals united below : stamens 10, the 9 inferior united and one superior free at least to base: anthers uniform or every other one smaller; pistil superior, stipitate with subulate inflexed hairy style and ter minal stigma; ovules numerous, suspended from the ventral suture in two ranks. fruit: pods, compressed, linear-oblong, flat-margined along the seed-bearing suture, with 2 thin mem- branous valves and containing several oblique reniform seeds with persistent incurved funicle, fleshy cotyledons and reflexed radicle. The genus is named in honor of Jean and Vaspasean Robin, father and son, herbalists to Henry IY, King of France, who first cultivated the Locust tree in Europe. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Flowers white; branchlets: and pods elabrous,....s.cessesdekeeaege . R. Pseudacacia. Flowers pinkish; branchlets and pods glandular-hispid................. R. viscosa. For species see pp. 294 RUE FAMILY. RUTACEE Juss. An important family of trees and shrubs with pungent or aromatic properties, widely distributed throughout warm and temperate regions, especially of the Old World, and most abundant in South Africa and Australia. About eight hundred eighty species, grouped in one hundred ten genera, are recognized, but only five of the genera are represented in the United States, this number including Citrus (the Bitter-sweet Orange, ete.) of Florida. Leares compound (sometimes simple) usually glandular-punetate, without stipules or with stipular spines. Floiers regular, perfect or unisexual, generally in cymes; calyx with 2-5 lobes imbricated in the bud; petals 3-5, hypogynous or perigynous, imbricated in the bud: stamens as many as the petals or twice the number, distinct or united below and inserted on the receptacle; anthers introrse, longitudinally dehiscent > pistils 2, separate or united, sessile or stipitate, the styles usually united and ovary containing 2 pedclous anatropous or amph iropous ovules. Fruit usually a capsule but in other cases a samara or drupe; seed with horny or crustaceous coat and containing an axile embryo in fleshy albumen. KEY TO THE GENERA. Xanthoxylum. Fruit a 2-valved capsule: leaves pinnate.........+eeee seers ; mn Ptelea. Fruit a samara winged all around; leaves trifoliate THE PRICKLY-ASHES. Genus XANTHOXYLUM L. Trees and shrubs of about one hundred species, with prickly twi and of wide distribu- Five species are found in the United States of which tion in tropical and temperate regions. : me is a shrub and the others small trees mainly of the southern states. The bark, especially of the genus contains active stimulant and tonic prop- f the roots, of all the representatives l in the treatment of rheumatism, to excite salivation and to relieve toothache. the leaflets generally opposite, oblique at base and entire in axillary or terminal pedunculate cymes ; ox ies and is usec Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, - a or crenulate. Floirers small, whitish or greenish, e te cy sepals 4-5 or obsolete: petals 4- stamens 4-5 and alternate with the peta : pistils 2 oblic ue, stipitate: ovaries distinct, 1-celled, 2-ovuled; style short, slender and connivanr. Peis a capsule with two thickish valves and containing 1-2 oblong seeds with smooth black 3 taceous testa, and often hanging from the open carpel at maturity suspended by a cotyledons foliaceous. is from two Greek words meaning Ie llow wood. For species sce pp. 298-299. PTs , shining crus slender funicle ¢ The name 444 ANACARDIACEE. THE WAFER-ASHES. Genus PTELEA L. Small trees or shrubs without prickles and with bitter bark. Five or six species are known, all natives of the United States and Mexico, one only being arborescent and that widely distributed throughout central and eastern United States. Leares usually 38-foliate, long petiolate and without stipules: leaflets conduplicate in the bud, ovate or oblong, entire or serrate, pellucid-punctate. Flowers greenish-white, polygamous, in compound terminal cymes: calyx with sepals +-5 or wanting: petals 4- imbricated ; stamens of same number and alternate with them with subulate filaments, pilose at bese and shorter in the pistillate flowers; pistil superior, stipitate. with compressed, 2-3-celled ovary, short style and 2-3-lobed stigma. Fruit an indehiscent 2-8-celled samara, surrounded by a broad reticulate wing (or rarely wingless) : seed pointed at apex, rounded at base and with coriaceous testa. The name is the ancient Greek name of the Elm. given to this genus on account of a resemblance in the fruit. For species see pp. 300-801. QUASSIA FAMILY. SIMARUBACE-E DC. Trees, shrubs and a few herbs with generally bitter milky juice and confined mostly to tropical regions. About one hundred forty-five species, grouped in twenty-eight genera, are known. Of these one arborescent genus (Nimaruba) is indigenous to the United States in subtropical Florida. Another (serted on the dis anthers introrse, 2-celled. ey Aes pee solitary. with 2-4 lobes and cells or entire: ovules 1 or 2 in ee : styles terminal. rui a drupe or capsule with small solitary seed and containing no albumen. Leaves alternate in the Americ: THE SOAPBERRIES. Genus SAPINDUS L. Trees and shrubs of wide distribution mainly in tropical regions and most abundant in Asia. Their fruits contain a saponaceous juice which makes a lather in water, like soap, for which they are sometimes used as a substitute. The horny seeds of pee See are used for beads and buttons. About forty species are known of which three are found in southern United States, one ranging as far north as southern Missouri. ed Sti ; 448 TILIACER. Leaves mostly pinnate, deciduous. Flowers small, with short pedicels, in ample racemes or panicles; sepals 4-5, unequal; petals of same number and alternate with the sepals, each usually with a scale at its base inside and inserted under the edge of the disk: stamens S-10 inserted on the di equal, usually with hairy filaments included in the perfect flowers but much longer and exserted in the staminate flowers: anthers versatile: ovary ascending and 3-celled with a single ovule in each cell; style columnar, short, and 2-4-lobed stigma. Fruit a 1-8 seeded drupe-like berry, subglobose or s-lobed; seed one im each carpel, obovate, with smooth testa and hilum surrounded with silky hairs. The name is from sapo and /ndus, meaning Jndian soap. ! For species see pp. 344-845. BUCKTHORN FAMILY. RHAMNACE-E Dumort. Trees and shrubs with watery bitter juice and of about five hundred seventy-five specie grouped in forty-five genera. They are natives of warm and temperate regions, and six of the genera have arborescent representatives in the United States, Rhamnus only being represented in the northeastern states. Leares simple, mostly alternate and often 3S-nerved; stipules small mostly deciduous. Flowers small, greenish, mostly perfect: ealyx -f-5-lobed valvate: petals 4-5 inserted on the ealyx: disk annular and lining the calyx-tube or none: stamens opposite the petals and in- serted with them on the edge of the fleshy disk: anthers introrse, versatile: ovary superior. 2-5-celled with 1 anatropous ovule in each cell; style columnar with terminal stigma. Fruit a drupe or drupe-like, tipped with the remnants of the style: seed usually with albumen. THE BUCKTHORNS. Genus RHAMNUS L. Trees and shrubs with bitter bark and often spinescent branches, of about seventy species, inhabiting chiefly northern temperate and tropical regio Five or six species are indigenous to the United States and at least one or two others are naturalized from Europe. Leares mostly alternate and deciduous or persistent, petiolate, conduplicate in the bud. Flowers perfect or polygamous in small axillary cymes, racemes or panicles: calyx campanu- late, 4-5-lobed; petals 4-5-emarginate and hooded around the stamen or none; stamens 4-5 with very short filaments: ovary ovoid, free from the disk: style 8-4-cleft or lobed. Fruit a drupe with succulent flesh and 2-fnutlets each containing a single erect grooved seed with large folinceous cotyledons and secant albumen. The name is the classical Green name of the European Buckthorn. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Leaves opposite, with 3 or 4 pairs of areuate veins running lengthwise: nutlets grooved. R. Cathartica. a? Leaves alternate, with 6-10 pairs of veins running to margin: nutlets smooth. Flowers and fruit in short-peduncled umbels................ .. R. Caroliniana. Blowers and iit in sessile timibelss. uu. ees ok ee ednbewc ak ead R. Frangula. For specics see pp. 3846-849 and the following: Anper BucKTHORN., Rhamnus Frangula L. A small tree or shrub of Europe, northern Africa aml western Asia, occasionally planted in this country for ornamental purposes and has rn wild in loenlities. Tt is very similar to the R. Caroliniana, differing chiefly in having rather smaller more obtuse leaves and flowers and fruit in sessile umbels. LINDEN FAMILY. TILIACEA: Juss. Trees, shrubs and herbs of about one hundred thirty-five genera and two hundred forty- five species, chiefly tropical and more numerously represented in the southern hemisphere thau in the northern. ‘Three genera are represented in North Amerien of which the following only is arborescent. Leaves simple, deciduous, mostly alternate and stipules small and eaducous. Floiwers regular, perfect, generally in cymes or panicles; sepals mostly 3. valyate. deciduous; petals of same number and hypogenous, rarely more: aAmens numerous: vistil solitary, ssile, 2-10-celled: ovules mostly anatropous: style terminal columnar: stigma eapitate. Fruit drupaceous or nut-like; seeds in fleshy albumen: cotyledons foliaceous. THE LINDENS OR BASSWOODS. Grexus TILIA L. The Basswoods are widely distributed throughout the temperate regions of the northern h hemisphere, none, however, being found in western America or central Asia. They are gen- erally trees of great economic importance in the production of a soft valuable wood, a fibrous Hanpsook or Trees or tre Norviern Strares ano Canapa. 449 inner bark and honey and perfume from their flowers. About twenty species are known five or six of which are found among the trees of eastern North America. Leaves deciduous, long-petiolate, mainly cordate and oblique at base, acute or acuminste, serrate. Flowers light yellow, very fragrant and nectariferous in pedunculate axillary cymes, each peduncle furnished w ith a lereze pale floral membranous bract to which it is adnate for about half its leneth; sals peials 5, imbricated in the bud, yellowish white stamens in 5 clusters each cluster (in the Amer species) united with a petal-like scale opposite each petal, the filaircent filiform and forked at the a each fork bearing an extrorse half-aather; ovary 5-celled, each cell containing | 2 anatropous ovules; style columnar and with 5 spreading stigmatic lobes. fruit nut-like, dry, woedy, J-ceiled and containing 1-2 amphitropous seeds; cotyledons palmately 5-lobed. The name is the classical name of the European Linden. KEY TO THE SPEHCIBS. a Leaves green and glabrous beneath........... 5 scale ceaeaasaes Cs Aamericama. h and E SS ENE Via uke eosin sk hha ke eR OR aS ... T. heterephylia. Stellate pubescent with tufts in the axiis of the veins beneath... nies T. Michauxii. For species see pp. 350-351 and the re om WH E Basswoop, 7. heterophylla Vent. . About 16 north-temperate r Hanpsoox or Trees or tHe Norruern Srares anp Canapa. 455 species are found within the United States, all arborescent though one is more commonly a shrub than a tree, Leaves deciduous, odd-pinnately compound, petiolate; leaflets econduplicate in the bud and usually serrate. /’lowers in early spring, from the axils of the leaves of the previous season mostly dicwcious or polygamous (occasionally perfect) in fasciceulate panicles; calyx small. campanulate or none; corolla 2-+-parted or none: stamens usually 2 with short terete filaments and large oblong anthers opening by lateral slits; ovary mostly 2-celled with single style and 2-lobed stigma. Fruit a samara, with terete or somewhat flattened and usually 1-seedéd body and terminal wing: seed elongated, pendulous. : : Fravinus is the ancient Latin name of the Ash-tree. KEY TO THE SPECIES. a Samara with seed-bearing portion flattened and wine extending the entire length b Lateral leaflets sessile: Ivx in the fertile flowers none........ F. nigra. b* Lateral leaflets stalked: calyx present Samara obovate to spatulate: tw LOT CEGn Gir ae cee cata ms a F. Caroliniana. 2 Samara elliptic to spatulate: twigs 4-sided...........00000% F. quadrangulata. a? Samara with seed-bearing portion subterete: wing not extending to base: leaflets stalked: calyx present in fertile flower b Wing almost entirely terminal -— slightly if at all deeurrent on body e Leaves and branchlets glabrous or nearly so.. : £, Americana. e Leaves beneath and branchlets pubescent............ we F. Biltmoreana. b? Wing decurrent somewhat on sides of body but not to base e Wing of samara spatulate d Branchlets and leaves glabrous or nearly so; leaves green beneath. F. lanceolata. d@° Branchlets and petioles velvety pubescent Samara Jess: than. 2 an lone: ealye smalls. saeedaeecse F. Pennsylvanica. Samara mostly 2 in. long or more; ealyx enlarged....... F. profunda. GP Wane Of samara ome ite its 6.09 a. bedoncath wie cous oe & ethers alu wieeaecrees F. Darlingtonii. For specics see pp 384-899 and the following: 1 Di) / g Darnincron Asi. f. Darlingtonii Britt. This is a little known species deseribed from material from Lancaster, Pa., and is similar to the FY. lanceolata and F. Pennsylvanica, with foliage and twigs pubescent or glabrate and samara 2-8 in. long with linear wing decurrent upon the seed-bearing portion one third to one fourth its length. THE FRINGE-TREES. Genus CHIONANTHUS L. Trees or small shrubs of two species one of the middle and southern United States and the other of China. Leaves simple, deciduous, opposite, conduplicate in the bud. Floirers perfect or poly- gamous, white, in loose drooping panicles from the axils of the leaves of the preceding season: calyx small, 4-parted, inferior, persistent: corolla of + linear white petals slightly united at base: stamens 2, inserted on the base of the corolla, with very short terete filaments and ovate apiculate anthers: ovary ovoid with short columnar style and thick fleshy 2-lobed stigma ; ovules 2 in each eell, pendulous. /riit an ovoid or oblong drupe tipped with the remnants of the style, nearly black thick skin, dryish flesh and usually 1 but sometimes 2 or 8 thick-walled erustaceous stones. The name is from two Greek words meaning snow-flower. For species sce pp. 400-401. THE FORESTIERA. Genus FORESTIERA Porr. (ADELIA P. Br.) Shrubs or small wide-branching trees of about fifteen species natives of America. Six or § species are found in the southern United States, one of these only attaining the dignity of a tree, and that ranging as far north as southern Illinois. Leares simple, opposite. deciduous or rarely evergreen, and usually small. Flowers small and mostly polygamous, yellowish or greenish, diecions, appearing before the leaves in Fase cicles or racemes from sealy buds in the axils of the leaves of the previous year; calyx wit very short tube and 4-5 unequal lobes; corolla none or with 1 or 2 deciduous petals : sta ee 2-4 with extrorse anthers; ovary ovoid, 2-celled, with slender style and thick usually 2-lobed stigma and 2 pendulous ovules in each cell, Fruit a drupe with 1 or 2 seeds with membranous testa and fleshy albumen. ; i The name is in compliment to M. Forestier, a French physician. For specics see pp. 402-403. 456 RuBIACER. TRUMPLT-CREEPER FAMILY. BIGNONIACE-® Pers. Trees, shrubs, climbing vines and a few exotic herbs mostly with large showy flowers and widely distributed in tropics with a few representatives in temperate regions. About 500 species are known grouped in nearly 100 genera. Of the five genera represented in the United States 3 are arborescent, one of the southwestern states, another of Florida and the third of the Atlantic states. Leaves simple in the arborescent representatives in the United States mostly opposite and without stipules. Flowers perfect, large, showy and more or less irregular; calyx hypogenous bilabiate; corolla hypogenous, somewhat bilabiate, 5-lobed. imbricated in the bud; stamens or + inserted on the base of the corolla with introrse 2-celled anthers longitudinally dehiscent ; staminodia Toor 8: ovary 1 or 2-celled, with simple slender 2-lobed style, stigmatic at the apex; ovules numerous, anatropous and horizontal. Fruit a pod-like 2-valved capsule or berry and seeds without albumen. THE CATALPAS. Genus CALTAPA Scop. Trees of tonic and diuretic properties with stout terete branchlets large pith and soft durable wood. Seven species are known of which two are natives of eastern United States and the others of eastern China and the West Indies. Leares opposite or in whorls of three, long-petiolate, involute in the bud, entire or spar- ingly lobed, deciduous. Flowers in showy terminal compound panicles or corymbs; calyx splitting irregularly into two lobes in opening: corolla thin and membranaceous, oblique with broad campanulate tube and 2-lipped 5-lobed limb, the lobes spreading and with crisped mar- gins: stamens 2, ascending under the anterior lip of the corolla, with glabrous divergent anther- cells and flattened arcuate filaments, staminodia 5, rudimentary, filiform: ovary, 2-celled, with long filiform style, 2-lobed stigma and ovules inserted in several rows on the central placenta. Fruit an elongated nearly terete pod-like capsule loculicidally dehiscent, persisting during the winter; seeds numerous, flat, oblong, with broad lateral fimbriated wings ending in’ white hairs: cotyledons broader than long. The name is the Cherokee Indian name of one of the American species, KEY TO THE SPECIES. Flowers about 115 in. wide, in many-flowered panicles: lower lobe entire.... ©. Catalpa. Flowers about 245 in. wide, in few-flowered panicles; lower lobe emarginate.. C. speciosa. For species sce pp. 404-407. MADDER FAMILY. RUBIACE-® B. Juss. Trees, shrubs and a few herbs of about 550 species grouped in some 350 genera. They are chiefly natives of tropical regions and comprise several species which yield products of great economic importance, such as coffee, quinine, ipecac, madder, ete. Leaves simple, opposite or verticillate, entire, mostly with stipules and turning black in drying. Flowers vegular, perfect; calyx 4-5-toothed or lobed and with tube adnate to the ovary; corolla 4-5-lobed, stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them and inserted on the tube with filaments free or united at base and introrse 2-celled anthers opening longitudinally ; disk epigynous; ovary 1-10-celled with slender style and ovules 1 to many in each cell. Fruit a capsule, drupe or achene: seeds with membranaceous coat and without albumen, THE BUTTON-BUSH. Genus CEPHALANTHUS L. Shrubs and small trees of about a half dozen species of North and South America and Asia, one only inhabiting the United States. Leares both opposite and. verticillate, petiolate. deciduous. Flowers velow or white, sessile in the axils of glandular bracts in dense globular pedunculate panicled heads: calyx tube obpyramidal its limb with four or five short lobes: corolla tubular funnel-form with four short lobes; stamens +, inserted on the throat of the corolla with very short filaments and oblong-sagitate anthers; ovary 2-celled with a solitary pendulous ovule in each cell and a long Hliform exserted style bearing a capitate stigma. Fruit dry. obpyramidal, 1-2-seeded: seeds oblong with a white aril at the apex and eartilaginous albumen, The name is from two Greek words indicating that the flowers are in heads. For species sce pp. 408-409. Hanproox or Trees or rue Norriern Srares anp Canapa. 4 or FIGWORT FAMILY. SCOPHULARIACE® Linpt. This family consists chiefly of herbs, but some shrubs and trees, and is of very wide dis- tribution. About 2.500 species are known, grouped in 165 genera. Leaves various, without stipules. Flowers mostly perfect, complete and irregular: calyx inferior, variously cleft or divided, persistent; corolla gamopetalous, irregular, with imbricated lobes; stamens 2-5, didynamous or nearly equal and inserted on the corolla alternate with its lobes; anthers 2 or 1-celled; pistil solitary with slender style, entire or 2-lobed stigma and mostly 2-celled ovary containing atropous or amphitropous ovules on axile placenta. Fruit a capsule usually containing numerous seeds with small embryo in copious albumen. THE PAULOWNIA. Genus PAULOWNIA Siren. & Zuce. This is a genus composed of possibly two or three species of Asiatic trees but is generally known only by the single species P. imperialis S. & Z., now naturalized in America. Leaves opposite, long-petioled, mostly 5-8 in. long larger on vigorous shoots, broad-ovate, cordate, acute or short acuminate, entire or with a single short-pointed lobe on each side, vel- vety pubescent especially at first; long-petioled, branchlets with segmented pith. Flowers before or with the leaves, fragrant, in large erect rusty tomentose terminal panicles from buds formed the previous summer and remaining naked during the winter; ealyx with 5 thick lobes ; corolla 1'5-2 in. long, pale violet or blue, somewhat irregular, with 5 spreading lobes, puberu- lent outside; stamens +4, didynamous, included, with divaricate anther-sacs. Fruit broad-ovoid woody abruptly pointed 2-celled capsule, about 1% in. long, loculicidally dehiscent and contain- ing many small membranous-winged seeds. The genus is named after Princess Anna Paulowna, daughter cf the Czar Paul I. For species see pp. 410-411. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Bent. Trees, shrubs, vines, and perennial herbs of about 260 species and grouped in ten genera. They are most abundant in the nerth temperate zone, but a few extend into the tropics and the southern hemisphere. Leaves opposite, petiolate, involute in the bud and mostly without stipules. /Toiers regu- lar, perfect, and in terminal compound cymes ; calyx-tube adnate to the ovary with 5-toothed limb: corolla 5-lobed and sometimes 2-lipped; stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, exserted, with slender free filaments; anthers oblong, introrse, 9-celled, longitudinally dehiscent ; ovary inferior, 1-G-celled with short style and 8-5-lobed capi- tate stigma; ovules solitary, anatropous and suspended from the apex of the cell. Fruit a 1-6-celled drupe, capsule or berry; seeds with membranous coat, minute embryo and copious albumen. THE NANNY-BERRIES, ETC. Genus VIBURNUM L. Shrubs and small trees with tough branches cf nearly 100 species widely distributed in north temperate regions and a few in the tropics. Several species are important on account of their omamental flowers and fruit. About 75 are natives of North America, all shrubby except three, which are small trees of the Atlantie states. Leares deciduous, generally without stipules and the first pair rudimentar petioles broad: buds large and enveloped with a single pair of seales. Flowers white or varely pink, in terminal or axillary compound cymes with minute caducous bracts and bractlets, the outer flowers sometimes radiant and neutral: calyx with tubinate tube and stout 5-toothed limb, persistent in the fruit; corolla rotate with 5 spreading and finally reflexed lobes ; ovary I-celled, inferior, with short conical style, 3-lobed and stigmatic at apex. Fruit an oblong or sub- globose and sometimes flattened drupe with thin sweet or acidulous flesh and a single stone Which in the American species is dark brown, coriaceous and much flattened. The name is ancient Latin name of one of the Buropean species. 7. Lor species sce pp. 412- GLOSSARY. Abortion, part. Achene or akene. A dry, hard, I-celled and l-seeded indehiscent fruit. Acuminate. Tapering to a rather long point. Acute. With a short sharp point. Adnate. Closely united or growing to (liter- ally “born with’’). Estivation. The arrangement of the parts of a flower in the bud. Albumen. = Nutritive material the embryo in some seeds. Albumenous. Furnished with albumen. Alternate. Not opposite; applied to leaves and flowers. Ament. A spike of unisexual flowers, each subtended by a bract; a catkin. Amphitropous. Said of a straight ovule or seed when half inverted. Anatropous. Said of straight ovules or seeds when inverted, the micropyle being near the hihun. Androgynous. posed of tlowers. Angiospermous. closed pericarp. Anther. The portion of a stamen which con- tains the pollen. Imperfect or non-development of a surrounding infloresenee com- and pistillate Said of an both staminate Having seeds borne in a Anthesis. The time of the opening of a flower. Apetalous. Without petals or corolla. Apiculate. With a short pointed tip. Arcuate. Curved. Avil. An appendage growing about the hilum of a seed. Avistate. Terminating in an awn or bristle. Articulated. Joined by a more or less easily separable joint. Ascending. Growing upward. Auriculate. Furnished at base with ear-like lobes. Attenuate, Long-tapering. Awn. , and are more minutely described as follows No. 1. Bluebirds flying and “ Merry Christ- No. 5. Christmas tree and ‘ Give to the mas and Happy New Year.”’ eel the best you ta bees me come back to you, with N11 ¢ houghts anc No. 2. Fanciful woods scene with two chil- good wishes at Christmas-tide ’’ beneath. dren's faces and | Babes in ae \ ie fol- No. 6. Holly corner and “Best Wishes for lowed by \\ ishing you a Merry iristmas a MaKe ChiStnSnan aa Eady New. wear @? and a Happy New Year. ? No. 7. Bluebirds flying and No. 3. Christmas bells and , “Swift on the wings of the morning, “When a bit of sunshine hits ye houghts that are tender and true, After passing of a cloud; 3earing the message of Christmas When a fit of laughter gits ye \re flying, my friend, to you.” An’ yer spine is feelin’ proud, Don't fergit to up and fling it No. 8. Holly corner and At the soul that’s feelin’ blue, “May all the months the whole year through For the minit that you sling it, Be happy months to yours and you! ? i It's a boomerang to you. ® ae a Noo veo Daineeraand with With the compliments of the season The little nymph within the wood beneath, Bears greetings straight to you. May every joy and all that’s good No. 4. Holly corner and “ There is so much Be yours the whole year through.” good in the worst of us, and so much bad in cat : the best of us, that it hardly becomes any of No, 10. Christmas candle and us to speak ill of the rest of us,” with “ Merry “May happiness surround you, dear, Christmas and Happy New Year’”’ beneath. On Christmas day and all the year.” Birthday and Patriotic Cards The prices of the Holiday cards in durable individual envelopes, ready to mail, are 10 cts. each; $1 per dozen; $1.75 per 25: $3 per 50; $5 per 100. One’s name neatly printed at the bottom of the cards. when desired, without extra charge on orders for 100 or more: 25 cts. extra on smaller orders. The envelopes are made in imitation of very nice birdseye maple wood, photographed from nature. Our Birthday, Patriotic and Easter cards are of the same nature as the Holiday cards, furnished in similar individual envelopes and at the same prices. The designs are as follows: Birthday Card. Bluebirds and ‘“Wish- Easter Card. Bluebirds and ing you Many Happy Returns of the “EASTER GREETINGS Day. ‘From the fields, exultant voices; Patriotic Card. Flag in colors and Each feathered throat rejoices. “Your flag and my flag, While Nature sings her psalm And how it fles today, In your land and my land, And half a world away.” Of love and balm.’ ” to appear later, and if Fea ae wos cca] he y resses, we will be glad Lol OMNES 16 - a lobi ai | - a . obi joa: oit| | a a gb 9a 4 ———- | — a 7b ga 9 | 7 _ S95 | SCALE OF SIZES | WOODEN CROSS-SECTION | AND 3-PLY CARDS | MANUFACTURED BY | | | R. B. HOUGH COMPANY PATENTED LOWVILLE,N. Y. | | (SPECIAL SIZES FURNISHED TO ORDER) | | aa | ates res Ra ROMEYN B. HOUGH COMPANY LOWVILLE, N. Y. 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