ee ot ee = ; : : oe : aay ae - 5 ous BES gh eee hs the Pe zt - seh “ Say eer he , i ree tes oa k te 7 ; De LA z ai at nha ‘ Bier Roches atresia rhe area Seer Seri: . a ‘ ms “4 é or sie Pe so oe Ye OO aes Chey Giri set ee ww Tee eee hate Sreces Sgtorege ieee te eee re a frees rey oe Gornell University Library Sthaca, Nem Bork CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION CHINA AND THE CHINESE THE GIFT OF CHARLES WILLIAM WASON CLASS OF 1876 1918 Cornell 1909. Library HV 5020.C88 1909 “iin Intoxicating Drinks «Drugs IN ALL LANDS AND TIMES A TWENTIETH CENTURY SURVEY OF INTEMPERANCE, BASED ON A SYMPOSIUM OF TESTIMONY FROM ONE HUN- DRED MISSIONARIES AND TRAVELERS By DR. & MRS. WILBUR F. CRAFTS AND MISSES MARY & MARGARET W. LEITCH REVISED TENTH EDITION, 1909 The temperance movement must include all poisonous substances which create or excite unnatural appetite, and international prohibi- tion is the goal—Senator Harry W. Blair, in letter to author, 1905. Intemperance, largely through foreign introduction, is-rapidly on the increase throughout the earth, and Christianity owes it to herself and to the honor of Christendom to support and encourage every effort of missions and every agency of reform for saving the world from its ravages.— Rev. Jas S. Dennis, D.D., Christian Missions and Social Progress, Vol. I., pp. 79, 80. The International Reform Bureau. 206 Pennsylvania Avenue,-S, E. Washington, D. C. Copyrighted, 1900, by The Reform Bureau, Washington, D. C. PRES, GROVER CLEVELAND who urged legislation to forbid exportation of rum to Africa, p. 31. PRES, WILLIAM M’KINLEY who endorsed Gillett- Lodge bill and pro- posed universal treaty, p. 285. SEC JONN HAY who by letter and hearings has aided native races crusade, p. 285 KING who heard and approved OSCAR OF SWEDEN plan of native races crusade, p. 221 PREMIER ALFRED DEAKIN of Australia,whoheardand President Weiwupu, as Viceroy. expressed sym- approved plan of native races crusade, Pezet. ([C epi right photos: H. E. YUAN SHIH KAI pathy with native races crusade, p. 285. PRES, THEO, ROOSEVELT who has officially co- operated nine times in the native races crusade, p. 285. SEC. ELIHU ROOT who gave Godspeed to native races crusade and promoted Shanghai Opium Con- ference, p. 285. COUNT TADASU HYASHI who, Who,as Japan's Foreign Secretary, received in 1907 great petition ad+ dressed ‘‘To All Civilized Na- tions,” in behalf of world treaty to protect native races, p. 285. Cleveland and McKinley, Bell; Roosevelt, Rockwood.) Brief History of Temperance. 5 TEMPERANCE, in the early stage of the movement to mitigate the evils arising from the use of intoxicating drinks meant, as the etymo- logical meaning of the word implies, the observance of moderation in their use, when the aim was only to prevent drunkenness by appeals to the drinker. Among its more strenuous advocates it now commonly signifies total abstinence from such liquors. There have been, indeed, in every age, some persons who practised and advocated abstinence, some also who proposed laws prohibiting wholly or in part the sale of intoxi- cating beverages; but such persons were few and far between among white peoples previous to the beginning of the 19th century. Ancient Civilizations.—Descriptions of the evils wrought by drunk- enness and efforts to cure them are as old as literature. On the tombs of Beni-Hassan in Egypt, 5,000 years old, Pictures are seen of drunken men carried home by their slaves after a feast, and of women also who are manifestly intoxicated. Wine was offered to the gods in connection with rites of the most bestial character. There was at least one advocate of abstinence, one prohibitionist in Egypt, in 2000 B. C., Amen-em-an, a priest, who is on record, in a letter to a pupil, as commending his pledge of total abstinence, taken with an oath, and insisting on its observance: “I, thy superior, forbid thee to go to the taverns. Thou art degraded like the beasts. God regards not the breakers of pledges.” Chinese literature of the same period furnishes like utterances. In 2285 the emperor banished a man for inventing an intoxicant made from rice. Mencius declares that Yao the Great was an abstainer, and that during his reign virtue pervaded the land, and crime was unknown. A few years later, 2187 B. C., a drunken ruler led the people to drunken- ness, which continued and increased for centuries. The anti-treating remedy was tried 202 B. C. in a law forbidding drinking in companies of more than three. This was unavailing, and so in 98 B. C. government ownership was tried, also without satisfaction. In 459 B. C. China adopted prohibition, with beheading as the penalty for liquor selling, and this policy has been generally followed in China since then. Whether because of this law or because of racial and climatic conditions or per- haps through all of these causes, missionaries and travelers at the open- ing of the 20th century reported so little drunkenness in China that special temperance efforts were unnecessary except in ports where Euro- pean and American beer has been introduced. President James B. Angell, former American minister to China, declared in 1900 that while at Peking he did not see two drunken Chinese a year. The opium, which may seem to some a substitute, was seldom used except as a medi- cine until introduced by Europeans shortly before the Opium war of 1840. Japan, kindred to China, has a similar story of unusual freedom from the curse of drink, to which her statesmen have added successful prohibition of opium except as a prescription medicine, and of tobacco for all under 20 years of age, and all students in elementary and middle grades, any age. Japanese sake is the root of many a sad story of drunk- enness, and at the close of the 19th century American beer halls became a popular novelty, prompting another novelty for the Japanese, temperance societies; but drunkermess has never been common in Japan. In India the gods of early times were shrewdly represented by the priests as very -fond of intoxicants, and the people learned to drink with their 6 Intoxicants and Opium. gods in their temples until drunkenness became so serious a social peril that both the Hindu and Buddhist religions required total abstinence by a rule that in the union of church and state was both a religious precept and a civil law. Mohammed’s prohibitory law (Koran v. 7), prompted by drunkenness in Arabia, has spread abstinence among mil- lions in both Asia and Africa. These three total abstinence religions, reinforced perhaps by the natural influence of tropical climate, produced such results that at the opening of the 19th century there was very little drunkenness among the tinted races, and the temperance problem among these races is largely how to save them from new drinking habits prompted by the white man’s example and the white man’s liquor traffic. Seventeen great nations have adopted two treaties to protect natives of Africa against distilled liquors, to which the United States Government has asked that a final world treaty be added to prohibit the sale of all intoxicants and opium among all the uncivilized races of the world. Modern Christian Nations._Among the white races in the ‘“Chris- tian nations,” we find that intemperance has wrought greater havoc and has yielded less readily to remedies applied, which until recently have not been, as in the Orient, total abstinence and prohibition, applied in the name of religion and backed by civil power, but moderation offered without the imperatives of either religion or civil government. The Bible’s teaching on this subject is not so clear as to be beyond contro- versy. In one passage it seems to proclaim total abstinence in the strongest terms (Prov. 23:31), but there are other passages where wine is spoken of with favor. One class of commentators hold that wherever wine is spoken of in the Bible favorably the reference is to unfermented wine, but other commentators insist that this is not proven and declare that the Bible goes no farther than condemnation of drunkenness and exhortation to moderation. This was the generally accepted interpreta- tion up to the 19th century, before which preachers usually condemned only the “abuse” of distilled liquors. Greece and Rome wefe founded on a “basis of hostility, senti- mental and legal, to the use of intoxicating liquors,’ and were strongest while they held to that attitude. Plato taught that men should not drink wine at all until 30 years of age, and but sparingly from 30 to 40, when they might indulge increasingly to old age. Demosthenes was a total abstainer. Most of the Greek worthies uttered warnings against wine. But this early virtue was relaxed for the worship of Bacchus, and with it came political decay and subjection to Rome, which had adopted the earlier temperance code of Greece. Romulus is reputed to have been a most radical prohibitionist. A husband was authorized to kill his wife for drinking wine or committing adultery, and men were forbidden to drink wine before 30 years of age—this law doubtless borrowed from Greece. Libations to the gods were in that age in milk. In 319 we first hear of a libation promised to Jupiter of a “small cup of wine.” The worshipper could not be expected to be more temperate than his god. And so with other arts of Greece its wines and worship of Bacchus were adopted, and wines came to be used increasingly. .The end of the republic is synchronous with the beginning of drunkenness. By Pliny’s time the drunkenness of men and women had become notori- ous. Drinking wagers were the entertainment of feasts. One man was Brief History of Temperance. 7 knighted as Tricongius, the three-gallon knight, for putting away that much wine at one time, and another was “celebrated” for drinking twice as much. With Bacchus came Venus, and so Rome went down the three steps to the grave of nations: moral, physical, political decay. Up to this time distilled liquors were unknown. The drunkerness thus far described was upon wine. Ancient European Tribes.Among the rugged German tribes and the Britons drinking was common, but less excessive, and they were better able to bear it.- They drank a sort of beer prepared from barley and wheat, sometimes using the skulls of their enemies for their cups. Quarrels often arose, ending in bloodshed. Drinking was en- couraged by the theory that in drink men were most sincere, throwing off disguise, and also most open to deeds of heroism. Drinking, how- ever, was by no means so general among these tribes of Germany and Britain as among the Romans. Queen Boadicea, addressing her soldiers, 61 A. D., after condemning the intemperance of her foes, said: “To us every herb and root are food, every juice our oil, and water is our wine.” But the Romans brought in the art of wine-making, which led the native Britons to such increased drunkenness that the Emperor Domitian ordered half the vineyards cut down. Great Britain.—In the Roman. period we find the ‘‘public house” or “tavern” developing, where drink, with games, was the centre of social converse, not alone for travelers, but for people of the vicinage also, especially in Britain. The Roman emperors from 81 A. D. to 276 A. D. made some efforts to counteract the increase of drunkenness in Britain, which the introduction of wine-making had caused, but in the last-named year the restriction of vineyards gave place to imperial permission for unrestricted production and drinking of wine. The public houses became such centres of drunkenness that they were put in charge of clergymen,* the first appearance of the theory that liquors would be harmless if sold by “persons of a good moral character.” But for this or other reasons or both the drunkenness of priests increased, and they were warned by their superiors to keep away from alehouses and taverns. In 569 A. D. a church decree, said to be the only decree of the British State Church on intemperance, imposed a “‘penance for three days”? on priests who got drunk when about to go on duty at the altar. The decree also imposed penance for 15 days on those who got drunl: “through ignorance,” for 40 days in case it was through “negligence,” for three quarantines if ‘through contempt.’? One who “forced another to get drunk through hospitality” was to be punished as if drunk him- self, and one who got another drunk out of “hatred,” or in order to “mock” him was to “do penance as a murderer of souls.” Notwith- standing all this penance, drunkenness increased—every wedding, funeral and holiday being an excuse for excess, culminating in “‘the twelve metry days’? of what came to be called, because of its debauchery, “anti-Christmas.”” In the 7th century the public house became the rendezvous of the Anglo-Saxon ‘‘guilds,” a word meaning that each paid his share, in which men of the same trade, masters and men, met together to talk and drink. The Danish invasion reinforced drinking *Bishop Potter take notice. 8 Intoxicants and Opium. habits, for the Danes had been accustomed to drink to the gods. The Norman invasion still further reinforced drinking by introducing French and Spanish wines. Vineyards were generally attached to religious houses. Drunken revels of the nobility are often mentioned in writings of this period. In the 13th century temperance reform consisted of efforts to substitute light wines for beer and ale. In the next century the reverse policy came into favor, and “church ales” filled the place now occupied by strawberry festivals in raising religious funds. Two hundred years after, these ‘‘church ales’? were denounced by church leaders, but the national drink was too strongly intrenched to be dislodged from popular favor by banishment from ecclesiastical finance. Restrictive Legislation.—Late in the 15th century Henry VII. of England began the license system in.efforts to secure at once restriction’ and revenue. Henry VIII. added to these laws, and attempted to pre- vent adulteration. It was in his time that the custom of transacting business over drink originated. In his time also distilled liquors, then called “ardent spirits,’ were introduced into England from Ireland. During Elizabeth’s reign added restrictive legislation attested the insuf- ficiency of what had preceded and the increase of drunkenness. Liquor selling became a crown monopoly, let out for fee or favor. Home con- sumption was discouraged, but exportation was promoted, and the queen herself exported liquors for profit. In this Elizabethan era the modern “club” began, in which men of high social standing were brought together for political or literary conversation, with drinking as a feature. In the reign of the Stuarts and Hanovers, the ale house came to be “the poor man’s club.” Restrictive liquor laws multiplied from reign to reign until in three centuries from the beginning of the 15th century there were as many as the years. But drinking and drunkenness increased. The average of British spirits distilled rose from 527,000 in 1684 to 3,601,000 in 1727—this besides all the malt and vinous liquors. Re- tailers of gin put out signs that customers could get “drunk for a penny, dead drunk for two pence, and have straw for nothing.” High license for gin was tried for a temperance measure in 1736. The protests against this law and the support of it by good men constitute the first real temperance agitation in Great Britain. From that time there have been frequent efforts to restrict, and constant pleas for moderation, and more recently for total abstinence and prohibition. About all the prohibition secured in Great Britain has been for Sun- days, on which day liquor selling is- forbidden, except to bona fide travelers in Scotland, Ireland (except five cities), and in Wales, but not yet.in England, though strongly demanded. Legal efforts in Great Britain are chiefly devoted to securing “local control,” corresponding to “local option” in the United S:ates. Movements for total abatinence, which were given great impetus by Father Mathew and John B. Gough and have been fostered by numerous “teetotal”’ organizations, have been in Great Britain more successful than legislative temperance work. An increasing minority of the clergy in the State Church and the Roman Catholic Church are abstainers, and an increasing majority in the non- conformist churches, but an effort in 1908 to exclude liquor sellers from Wesleyan lay offices was unsuccessful, Brief History of Temperance. 9 British Colonies, however, outrank all other commonwealths in temperance reform, Canada showing a consumption of less than five gallons per capita, Australia about .15, which are respectively about one-fourth and three-fourths of the consumption in the United States, which has the smallest liquor consumption and the largest area of pro- hibition of any Christian nation when the white population of the entire jurisdiction in each case is brought into the comparison. United States.—The first settlers in the American colonies brought with them the European usages in drinking, and down to the 19th cen- tury liquors were a part of the usual entertainment at an American ordi- nation of a preacher, or dedication of a church. Elders manufactured, and deacons sold these liquors. Increasing drunkenness only prompted appeals for moderation and more restrictive laws. The Modern Temperance Reformation is generally traced to the pro- test against the use of distilled liquors made by Dr. Benjamin Rush, a physician of Philadelphia, in 1785. He persuaded his associates of the Philadelphia College of Physicians that the habitual use of distilled spirits was unnecessary, and they united in an appeal to Congress in 1790 to “impose such heavy duties upon all distilled spirits as shall be effective to restrain their intemperate use in the country.” One year previous, in Litchfield, Conn., the first society pledged to abstain from distilled spirits was formed. No other known society down to 1826 did more than ‘‘discountenance the too free use of ardent spirits.” Dr. Rush in 1811 persuaded the Presbyterian General Assem- bly to appoint a committee to act with others in devising remedies for drunkenness, which was confessed to have seriously invaded the churches. (In 1784 both the Methodists and the Quakers had enjoined their mem- bers not to sell or use “‘spirituous liquors.”) In 1812 Dr. Lyman Beecher preached a series of temperance sermons which gave a great impetus to the new reform. In 1826 temperance societies generally pledged their members not to moderation, but to abstinence from distilled spirits. All except a few radicals regarded beer and wine as temperance drinks until in 1836, at the second National Temperance Convention, composed of delegates from temperance societies and churches, after a full discussion, it was resolved that the only effective basis for temper- ance work was total abstinence from all drinks that can intoxicate, including beer and wine and all fermented as well as distilled liquors. On that platform was organized the American Temperance Union, the first national total abstinence society. The ‘(Washingtonian Movement,” which began in Baltimore in 1840, reinforced by the eloquence of John B. Gough in 1842, led many thousands of hard drinkers to take the pledge, who with others were organized in fraternal societies. The Sons of Temperance were organized in 1842. The Rechabites were introduced from England the same year. The Good Samaritans started in 1847, but have declined since the War. The Good Templars organized in 1857. Temperance societies, in the decade beginning 1850, had generally reached the conclusion that the best legal remedy for the evils of drink was Prohibition (q.v.). The movement toward that standard was checked by the War, which, with the introduction of Ger- man lager in popular saloons, that afforded social fellowship and amuse- ment and music, increased drinking, and when the War was over pledge- signing movements were renewed, especially the “ribbon clubs,” in To Intoxicants and Opium. which all who took the pledge ‘‘showed their colors” in red or blue. In 1872 came the woman’s temperance crusade, in which refined women went in companies to saloons with prayer and song, urging the pro- prietors to give up the business. Out of this grew the greatest. of tem- perance organizations, which now has branches in almost every American city and in nearly all foreign lands, the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, whose most influential leader was Frances E. Willard. Its first work was mostly to reform drunkards. Later it dealt more with pre- vention, especially child training and prohibition. The organization finding other vices associated with drink, broadened to include “forty departments” of reform work, aiming to right all the social relations of men to each other. In 1865 the National Temperance Society and Publishing House succeeded to the American Temperance Union. The new society was largely devoted to furnishing prohibition literature. The decade from 1880 to 1890 was characterized by efforts to secure State constitutional prohibition in many States, and although only a few of these campaigns succeeded, the total vote for prohibition was 49 per cent of all the votes cast. Another important legislative movement was that by which in thirty years preceding 1902 scientific temperance educa- tion, under the lead of Mrs. Mary H. Hunt, of the W. C. T. U., was made compulsory in all the schools of the Republic. The radical tem- ‘perance men organized a ‘Prohibition Party” in 1872, the vote of which had grown in 1900 to 209,936. In 1895, railroads having generally begun to require total abstinence of employees, and many other business houses having adopted that policy, Congress ordered an investigation in all lines of business of “The Economic Aspects of the Liquor Ques- tion,”’ the summary of which was: “More than half of the establishments reporting require in certain occupations and under certain circumstances that employees shall not use intoxicating liquors.” In 1899 Congress passed the first national prohibition law for white men, prohibiting the szle of even beer and light wines in army “canteens,” which law was re-affirmed in two years, and in 1908 was followed by laws excluding liquor fram United States immigrant stations and the Capitol, in further development of the policy of prohibiting liquor selling in government buildings. Then national temperance efforts turned to preventing inter- ference with State liquor laws by outsiders under protection of national powers of “interstate commerce” and “internal revenue,” in order to give free scope to the growing policy of local prohibition which, with other forms of prohibition, was reported in 1904 to have extended to two-fifths of the population.—-W. F. Crafts in Encyclopedia Americana. In 1907-8 state prohibition was adopted in six Southern Democratic states, making, with three Northern Republican states under the same policy, nine prohibition states, with a population of ten millions. ‘he area of local prohibition was also increased, under the leadership of the Anti-Saloon League, bringing the total American population under prohibition up to about forty millions, out of a total of ninety millions. In Canada, also, and New Zealand, and Australia and Scan- dinavia the area of prohibition increased in the same years, but less rapidly and mostly in the form of local option. A British Government bill in 1908 proposed gradual reduction and ultimate local veto. Worldwide prohibition of intoxicating drugs and drinks is now the goal. PROTECTION OF NATIVE RACES AGAINST INTOXICANTS. Hon. SamvueEt B. Caren, LL.D. PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOR- EIGN MISSIONS, ON TAKING THE CHAIR AT SUPPLEMENTAL MEETING ON OPIUM AND LIQUORS IN MISSION FIELDS, DURING ECUMENICAL MISSIONARY CONFERENCE, Igoo. We know what the curse of this abominable liquor traffic is in our own country, and it is the same elsewhere. It is a curse to the individual and a curse to the home; it fills our jails and our alms- houses; it is opposed to everything that is good in America. The saloon is no different or better anywhere else. It does not improve by exportation. HON. S. B. CAPEN, LL.D. PRAYER OF Rev. ARTHUR T. Pierson, D.D., EpiTor oF THE Missionary REVIEW, AT SUPPLEMENTAL MEET- ING, ECUMENICAL CONFERENCE OF Missions, 1900. Almighty God, the God of the nations of the earth, the God of the Ten Commandments, the God of all righteousness in dealing with our fellow men, as well as of all godliness in our relations to Thy- self, preside over this meeting, and may there go out from it a trumpet remonstrance against alcoholic Notge. To get all that this book says on any country or topic turn to indexes at close of book, and to bring any progressing movement up to date, write to the Reform Bureau (p. 3) for latest documents, IL 12 Introductory Remarks. drinks and opium and all else of a kindred character, which is not only destructive to human bodies and human souls, but is bringing the very Gospel of Jesus Christ into disrepute as connected with nations which themselves are called Christian. We do entreat Thee that every word that is spoken this afternoon may be a bugle blast; that it may be the word of God, that Thou, who didst make choice of Peter that out of his mouth the Gentiles might hear the word of grace, wilt Thou be pleased this afternoon to make choice of every mouth that shall speak that it may speak not the word of man but the word of God in the power of the Spirit, which shall echo round the world, that everywhere may be heard this remonstrance against gigantic and ter- rible evils, which we pray that, either through mercy or through judgment, Thou wilt speedily sweep away off the face of the earth, that Thy kingdom may come and Thy will may be done in earth as it is in heaven, through our Lord Jesus Christ. Amen, The Universal Prayer. Repeated in unison for fifteen days at the World’s Parliament of Religions, Chicago, 1892, by representatives of all the great religions, and so suitable for anti-opium and anti-alcohol meetings whenever people of differing religions unite against these evils, Our Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed be Thy name; Thy kingdom come; Thy will be done, as in Heaven, so on earth; Give us this day our daily bread; And forgive our trespasses, as we forgive those who tres- pass against us; And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil; For Thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, Forever and ever. Amen. GENERAL SURVEY oF THe PROBLEM. ADDRESS BY REV. WILBUR F. CRAFTS, Ph. D. AT THE SUPPLEMENTAL MEETING, ECUMENICAL MIS- SIONARY CONFERENCE, 1900, On Sabbath morn- | ing, on our ships of war, as the hour of worship approach- es, the stars and stripes are tempo- rarily lowered, and there is raised to the peak a pennant containing a blue” cross, symbol of the Kingship of Christ, in a white field, em. blem of national REV, WILBUR F. CRAFTS, PH.D. righteousness. Then ‘Old Glory’’ is drawn up under the cross, in token of the nation’s subordination to Christ as its King; proclaiming in the language of flags what the United States Supreme Court declared in a unanimous opinion in 1892, ‘‘This is a Christian nation’’; proclaiming also that nothing has a right to have our flag float over it in token of protection that is inconsistent with the cross of a Christian civilization. 13 Missing Page Missing Page 16 Protection of Native Races. that we could multiply conversions by ten if we could jirst subtract the saloon, it would seem hardly less than a self-evident mathematical axiom that mis- sionary and temperance societies ought to unite actively in this country, as they have in England, to marshal Christian citizenship for the swift over- throw of the liquor traffic among native races. LTawaswetl FO create a more favorable moral as gospel environment is the supreme mission of nent government, at home and abroad. In the words of Gladstone, ‘‘The purpose of law is to make it as hard as possible to do wrong, and as easy as possible to do right.’”?’ Ex-President Harrison, in opening this Ecumenical Missionary Conference, declared that the child races, ‘‘even less than our children, have acquired the habits of self-restraint.’’ They should therefore be treated as the wards of civilized nations, as, theoretically at least, we have treated our minors and Indians. Weare the In a heathen country, like Turkey, government. missionary work must be chiefly the planting of Christian life in individual souls. But when in any country individuals have been con- verted in such numbers that Christian convictions have become a Christian nation, then in the home land and in all its colonies, the Christian citizens, who can control the acts of government if they will, are responsible if these acts are so unchristian as to hinder the work of civilization and Christianization. In all missionary lands that are controlled by Chris- tian popular governments the very citizens who send ‘the missionaries are responsible for permitting the sending of the opium and intoxicants which are the greatest hindrance to their work.! 1Considerably more than half the world’s surface is under General Survey of the Problem. 17 Miss Marie A. Dowling, a missionary to China, tells in a letter how a Chinaman asked her and other missionaries standing by, why they were in China, to which they replied, ‘‘To preach the true doc- trine.’’ The Chinaman said, with bitterness in his voice, and contempt in his manner, ‘‘You cannot be true, for in one hand you bring opium to curse China, and in the other you bring your religion.”’ The missionaries replied that they were from Amer- ica, not from England, which forced opium upon the Chinese. ‘‘But,’’ the letter continues, ‘‘whai if we had been in Africa?’’ Let the missionaries cease their vain effort to separate the Christians that sent them from the citizens that permit the rum and opium to be sent, and in prophetic indignation awake Christian citizenship to prohibit thts slaughter of native races. Christian citizenship can certainly dictate the pol- icies of Great Britain and the United States, whose united leadership in such a case would almost cer- tainly be followed by all others of the sixteen great nations that dominate the world, and that have already twice adopted in treaties the principle that the native races should be protected against the vices of civilization. Tosecure extensions of these treaties made for Africa to all like cases the world over, by way of providing a favorable environment for child races in the process of civilization, is our sublime object. Christian governments, and the remainder largely under their control, and if we had really Christianized our politics the world might soon be Christianized, but the Christian govern- ment back of the missionary is often his chief obstacle rather than his best ally, because of its attitude toward the liquor and opium traffics. 18 Protection of Native Races. mie tapranne With this object clearly in mind, let us crime of politics examine without flinching the great and commerce. evil we seek to cure, the slaughter of native races, body and soul, through the white man’s vices, a crime done by commerce, with the co-oper- ation of politics, of which no one of us ts tnnocent who has not done his utmost to prevent it. Total absti- At the foundation of this part of our nence religions. study we must place the fact that when this debauching of the native races began half the world was under total abstinence religions, Hindu, Buddhist and Mohammedan. There are seven hundred millions of arguments against the shallow sophistry, invented by tipplers but often echoed by Christians, that the desire for intoxicants is ‘‘a universal human instinct that will be gratified one way or another.’’ Wherever in heathen lands Christian nations have not ‘‘made ten drunkards to one Christian,’’ it is usually due to the fact that we have encountered a total abstinence religion. In their simplicity Persians suppose white men and Christians are one and the same, and that drunken- ness is a fruit of Christianity. Mohammedans say on seeing one of their number drunk, ‘‘He has left Mohammed and gone to Jesus.”” Here are some ingenuous expressions in a description of drinking usages in Morocco, from a Mohammedan point of view: ‘‘Drunkenness is considered a Christian sin.*’ “All the grog shops are kept by Christians.’’ ‘*There is no license system because the Sultan can- not derive a profit from sin.'’ ‘No efforts are made to check the manufacture, importation or sale of intoxicants because the Moors consider it a Christian habit which they must tolerate.’’ This ‘‘Christian habit’’ is the chief obstacle, say the missionaries, to General Survey of the Problem. 19 the conversion of Moham- medans, in Africa and Asia alike. The testimony is abundant that even now the adherents of the total ab- stinence religions, except the classes that are intimate with Europeans and have been affected by their evil exam- ple,* generally observe this best of all the provisions of heathen religions, Other heathen Even those races light heathen who Sen PE es are not held to abstinence by religious vows are most of them very temperate.‘ President James B. Angell, through whom, when American Minister to China, a treaty was negotiated that stopped the PRES. J. B. ANGELL. 3’ The following is a representative statement. It came to the National Temperance Society from a Hindu. ‘‘With the spread of the English education in India, we notice the more extensive use of liquors. We are strictly and religiously pro- hibited from touching liquors, but many of our youths privately drink the English and the country wines and liquors. A small band of preachers are doing their best by giving lectures against the use.’—R. S. Rana, L. C. S., Raj Kot, India, 14-37-1900. It is a suggestive fact that the only place in our new islands where prohibition is now in force, so far as we have heard, is in Sulu, where liquor selling inside and outside the army has been forbidden by Col. Jas. F. Pettit, chiefly because he is surrounded by fierce Mohammedans, who are abstainers by religion. 4The Ainos of Japan are the only race of heathen drunkards known to us who were not made so by civilization. Drunken- ness is with them, as with ancient worshipers; of Bacchus, a religious ecstasy. 20 Protection of Native Races. importation of opium by American merchants into that country, told me that when resident in Pekin he did not see two drunken Chinamena year. In the year 459 of our era a Chinese emperor made a prohibitory liquor law with the effective: penalty of behead- ing. And need not remind you that the opium vice is there only because a Chinese emperor’s pro- hibition of it was repealed by British cannon in the wickedest of all wars. When I have spoken of the liquor traffic in India to mis- sionaries from that country, I have repeatedly received the reply, even in these days when Great Britain has so long fostered it for revenue, that ‘‘intemperance is not nearly so much of a problem in India as in England or the United States.” the folly of ‘Tropical races generally, before the whisky drinking coming of the white man, had learned in the tropics by instinct and the survival of the fit- test to drink only mild intoxicants and those very MINISTER WU. Copyright, Gutekunst, Phil. 5In response to an inquiry, the Chinese Minister at Wash- ington, Wu Ting fang, sends us this statement: ‘‘Imperial edicts against liquors have been so common in China,from the remotest times that I need to mention only a few of them. Emperor Yu, of the Hsia dynasty, had a particular distaste for wines of a delicious flavor owing to their insidious nature. Emperor Cheng, of the Chow dynasty, issued a strong edict against the use of wine, which has remained to the present day a classic of the Chinese language, much admired by scholars. The laws of the Han dynasty prohibited the use of wines and liquors except upon occasions of national rejoicing and festiv- ities. Emperor Chao-lieh, of the Han dynasty, made it unlaw- ful even to make wine.”’ General Survey of the Problem. 21 moderately. European and American merchants look down upon such races as intellectual inferiors, but they at least have ‘‘more sense’’ than to invite insanity and early death by whisky drinking in the tropics. Hon. Ogden E. Edwards, who lived long as consul and merchant in Asia, declares it is hardly less than idiocy for a civilized nation to allow whisky to be sold in tropical colonies. The excess- ive death rate of Europeans who go to the tropics is conveniently laid to malaria, which has no doubt slain its thousands, but tropical drinking has slain its ten thousands." ; ; It is often claimed that civilized drinks Native drinks A less harmful displace worse native ones, but there than those of ~~ was but little ‘‘strong drink’’ in heathen civilization. : lands before they came in contact with civilization,’ and when such a distilled native drink is found, as in the case of arak, it is commonly used by the natives in very small quantities. Was it native drink that wrought the wholesale slaughter of the American Indians, and of the Africans? There is no escape for the sure indictment of his- tory, that in the nineteenth century the so-called Christian nations, largely because Christian citizens failed to protest effectively at the polls, have made ® The American Board has recently stated that its mission- aries, though a majority of the mission fields are tropical, show a death rate in the last decade of 8.6 per thousand, which is 4.9 per thousand less than the death rate of the select insured lives of twenty-eight American life insurance com- panies. These missionaries are total abstainers. 7One missionary says: ‘‘In the matter of the rum traffic America and England are more heathen than the Africans, The palm wine will make the native over-merry, but it is only the imported rum that makes him a beast complete.” 22 Protection of Native Races. the savages they essayed to civilize more, intem- perate than they found them. Civilization, The vices of civilization have done such with all its deadly work that many are saying that faults, a gain we might better have left the heathen in their simplicity. They object to sending a lone missionary in the cabin with enough New England rum in the hold to pervert ten times as many as he will convert. But they forget that the rum would go even if the missionary did not. ‘‘Trade follows the flag,” says one. ‘‘Trade follows the missionary,’ says another. But oftener trade outruns both, as in Hawaii. And with all its faults civilization has carried more blessings than curses to new lands. For instance, in India, where England’s course has sub- jected her to much just criticism, one hundred cruel customs,- such as throwing the children into the Ganges and burning widows with their husbands, have been abolished by the British government, moving forward slowly as missionaries created pub- lic sentiment to support these humane reforms, But let us remember also that India might have had the blessings without the curses of civilization if the Christian citizenship of Great Britain had unitedly so ordained at the ballot box.® § Dr. John G. Paton, being asked what he thought of leaving the heathen in their innocence, replied with gentle irony: ‘‘If there are such peoples I don’t know of them. All heathen whom (J have seen have been unhappy in their heathendom, abominable in their habits. The man who does not know Christ may write a pretty tale filled with dialect and the romance of undisturbed children of nature. Such a writer misses much and does harm for art’s sake.” ® The rapid increase of intemperance in recent years in the world at large is declared and described in “Christian Missions General Survey of the Problem. 23 Our new Shall we condemn the sins of other policy. nations and condone our own? We allowed the stalwart American Indians, children of nature claiming our special protection, to be slaughtered wholesale by the drink traffic pushed by white savages through a ‘‘Century of Dis- honor,’’ and then repented and made them wards of the nation, protected, as we protect minors, against the liquor seller. In the Indian Territory and in Alaska for a generation we forbade the sale of intoxicants even to the whites as the only practicable way to protect the reds, and when, in 1899, prohibition in Alaska was hastily repealed, so far as it applied to the whites, it was retained for all native races, even for those that are civilized and live in villages, members of the Greek church. Whisky is It is self-evident that the full prohibi- king. _tion of the Indian Territory, or at least the Alaskan prohibition for all native races should have been extended to the similarly populated islands of Hawaii and the Philippines. There was yet another national precedent point- ing the same way, the international treaty of 1892, by which sixteen of the foremost nations of the world covenanted to suppress in a certain defined part of Africa—the larger part of the Congo Free State—the traffics in slaves, firearms and spirituous liquors. Our country, I blush to say, was the last, save Portugal, to sign the treaty, and even jeopard- and Social Progress,’”’ by Jas. S. Dennis, D.D. (Revell), vol. I, pp. 76, 84, with numerous references to the literature of the subject. See also Gustafson’s ‘‘Foundation of Death,’’ pp. 351-356 (Funk & Wagnalls Co., N. Y.). For a fuller world survey of the drink curse, see ‘‘'Temperance in All Nations,”’ National Temperance Society, N. Y. 24 Protection of Native Races. ized its success by years of delay. The Moslems and the monarchies went in before us, reminding us of a fact that we must face, that the liquor traffic, in the very nature of the case, has more power in a republic than under any other form of government. But we joined the treaty at last, accepting ¢hzs new policy of civilization, namely, that civilized nations are bound to restrain their own merchants in 10 Treaty made July 2, 1890, ratified by U. S. Senate January 11, 1892. The portions of the treaty that relate to liquors are: “ArTICLE XC.—Being justly anxious concerning the moral and material consequences to which the abuse of spirituous liquors subjects the native population, the signatory powers have agreed to enforce the provisions of Articles XCI, XCII, and XCIII within a zone extending from. the 2oth degree of north latitude to the 22d degree of south latitude, and bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean and on the east by the Indian Ocean and its dependencies, including the islands adjacent to the mainland within 100 nautical miles from the coast. “ArticLte XCI.—In the districts of this zone where it shall be ascertained that, either on account of religious belief or from some other causes, the use of distilled liquors does not exist or has not been developed, the powers shall prohibit their impor- tation. The manufacture of distilled liquors shall also be pro- hibited there. “Each power shall determine the limits of the zone of pro- hibition of alcoholic liquors in its possessions or protectorates, and shall be bound to make known the limits thereof to the other powers within the space of six months. “The above prohibition can only be suspended in the case of limited quantities intended for the consumption of the non- native population and imported under the régime and condi- tions determined by each government.’’ Article XCII provides for a progressively increasing tax on distilled liquors for six years in all parts of the zone to which the above prohibition does not apply, as an experiment on which to determine a minimum tax that will be prohibitory to natives, which by treaty of 1899 was fixed at 52 cents a gallon. On this treaty, ratified by U. S. Senate. Dec. 14, 1900, see PP- 1, 3%, du. General Survey of the Problem. 25 defending the child races of the world as their wards, especially in newly-adopted countries not already hope- lessly debauched by the vices of civilization. The Philippines were precisely such a case, but to them we gave not even protection for the native races against rum. That the rum tragedy of Manila is being repeated in our other new islands we have abundant evidence. For all of them missionary work should begin with an attack on the American saloon. Later, see pp. 1, 8, 51. Victoriesal- £0 many people it seems a chimerical ready achieved. dream to talk of uprooting the traffics in liquors and opium among native races. But in fact the crusade has already marched three success- ful stages toward victory. The first stage is the treaty already referred to, made by sixteen leading nations in 1892 for the suppression of the traffics in liquors, firearms and slaves in the Congo region. Although it is extremely difficult to enforce such a law in such a country, the general testimony of missionaries is that it has been of great benefit, and that the part of Africa so protected presents a most favorable contrast to adjacent portions not under prohibition." That treaty has taken us over the most 1 Mons. A, J. Wauters, a well-known traveler in the Congo Free State, and author of several works on the Congo, and one of the chief officials of the Congo Railway, makes the following statement: “In 1890, immediately after the passing of the Brussels Act, the importation of spirits into the greater part of the Free State was absolutely prohibited. The area of prohi- bition was further increased in March, 1896, and againin April, 1898, so that spirits cannot be carried beyond the river of Mpozo on the southern bank, and as the railway is entirely within the zone of prohibition, liquor cannot be conveyed by tailway.”—Twelfth Annual Report, United Committee for the Prevention of the Demoralization of the Native Races by the Liquor Traffic, p. 24. 26 Protection of Native Races. difficult stage of all—the first step that costs. In that action the principle is admitted, the precedent established, whose logical expansion will save from these curses all the native races of the world. It has already been expanded somewhat in a treaty made in 1899. That is the second stage. We shall carry petitions, now being gathered *—let every one lend a hand—to those sixteen nations, asking for a worldwide expansion of that treaty. The recent abolition of the Siberian exile system is a fresh proof that a nation may be shamed out of a wrong course by the general disapproval of mankind. Great Britain’s THAT THIS REFORM IS NOT TO STOP WITH new policy. THESE CRUDE INTRODUCTORY STAGES IS EVIDENCED BY THE FACT THAT GREAT BRITAIN, WITH- OUT WAITING FOR THE CONCURRENCE OF OTHER POW- ERS, IS ADOPTING PROHIBITION, IN THE NAME OF CONSCIENCE AND COMMERCE, AS TO OPIUM, IN BURMA,'® AS TO INTOXICANTS, IN MANY PARTS OF AFRICA“ anD THE SoutH Sea Is,anps." This is the third stage. 2 See p. 6. 18 See p. 94. 4 Dr. Alfred Hillier, for many years resident in South Africa, in his paper before the Royal Colonial Institute, 1898, makes the following statements: ‘‘For the prevention of this evil there is one remedy, and only one; itis the total prohcbetion of the liguor traffic among the natives. In Ruovesia this prohibition obtains and is enforced. In BEcwuANALAND the native Christian chief, Khama, has steadfastly forbidden the importation of liquor among his people, and in this attitude he has, in the recent annexation of Bechuanaland to the Cape Colony, been supported by Her Majesty’s Government. Narat, BasuToLanp and the Orancz Free State enforce prohibi- tion.’"—Twelfth Annual Report, United Committee for the Prevention of the Demoralization of the Native Races by the liquor Traffic. 16 See p. 53. General Survey of the Problem. 27 Temperance Let no one think we are neglecting workathome. saloons on our own shores in this crusade for the defense of native races at a distance. The beginning of the end of slavery in the United States was the battle against its extension to new territories. Many who had accepted it as a necessary evil for the old South, stoutly opposed its extension into the new West. The outcome was a fresh study of the evil, resulting in its suppression in the old States as well as in the new Territories. There are signs that this history is about to repeat itself in the long war -with the saloon. Many who have ceased to fight the liquor traffic in civilized lands are shocked at the idea of Christian nations carrying its horrors into new countries, where the frontiersmen of civilization confront the child races, to whom it has proved so deadly. We are putting our old story on a fresh background and giving it a new audience, interesting missionary people in temperance as well as tem- perance people in missions. Our merchants, recon- ciled to saloons at their doors, on the devil’s theory of ‘‘necessary evils’’ and because they have been too busy to see that trade as well as morals are damaged thereby, will perhaps see in the rapid destruction of buying power wrought by rum among the child races, an intensified picture of what is going on more slowly in theirown town. The trade is an Arab, its hand against every other trade, and every other trade should be against it. Merchants, and especially farmers and other workingmen, should learn that it makes a great difference whether money is ‘‘put into circulation’’ in a saloon or in some useful mart. Of a dollar put into whisky but two cents goes to labor, and in the case of beer it is but one. Of a dollar put into hats and caps, 28 Protection cf Native Races. thirty-seven cents goes to labor. And in other useful trades the percentage is similar. The large meaning of this is that if the billion dollars worse than wasted for drink in the United States every year were used to purchase the twenty: chief com. forts of life, the farmer would get four hundred millions of dollars more for raw material, and there would be additional employment in handling these comforts for one and a third millions of bread-win- ners, besides those turned out of the liquor business, We may sum up, in the words of a poem by Coletta Ryan,” these profound problems that confront us at the crossing of the century. "The Coming Age, Dec., 1899. “God is trying to speak with me, and I am trying to hear, ‘Away with the gold that is won by death Of mind and body.’ (O Nazareth! O living, breathing tear!) Away, away with the realist’s hand, Away with the tyrants that slave the land, For the heart must sing and the stars command, (Great God is near.) And soothe and comfort the voice of pain, Man’s Eden must return again, And the Christ that suffered must live and reign, (Great God is near.) And hush and silence the battle’s din— And lift forever the mists of sin That veil the wealth of the God within, (Great God is near.) . And strive, oh, strive to be brave and true; The world is dying of me and you, Of the deeds undone that we both might do! (Great God is near.)” Rev. H. Grattan Guinness, in an address before the Centenary Missionary Conference, London, 1888: “The merchants of Christian nations, especially those of Great Britain, Holland, Germany and the United States have _been for many years practically forcing on the weak and ignorant races of Africa and the South Seas, of Madagascar and Australia, of India and Burma, the rum, gin, brandy, which are to them not only the degrading curse they are in this country, but a maddening and deadly poison. This they have done for the sake of the enormous profits arising from the sale of cheap and bad spirits, profits amounting in many cases to seven hundred per cent. They are doing it every year toa larger extent. Enormous capital is invested in the trade, every opportunity for extending it is eagerly sought and the right to spread this blighting curse in the earth is claimed in the name of Free Trade. : ‘“These uncivilized people have neither the strength of mind to avozd the snare, nor the physical stamina to wzthstand the poison. They are often painfully conscious of the fact, and entreat the Government in pity to remove from them the awful andirresistible temptation whose dire results they dread, but whose fascinating attractions they cannot resist. “There is no question whatever that this accursed drink traffic has been oxe of the greatest hindrances to the spread of civilization and Christianity in heathen lands. “The Rev. Thomas Evans (of India) says, ‘I am at my wits’ end to find out the reason why our rulers introduced into this country a system which kills us, body and soul, and gives them in return but a paltry sum for a license tax.’; “Every municipality in India would suppress the use of strong drink if the government would allow them. We are doing in India with the drink what we did in China with opium, forcing it upon an unwilling people, until they become demoral- ized enough to desire it. And this for the sake of a revenue. Prayer and co-operation alone can meet the case. Prayer to God, persevering, unanimous, believing prayer; and co- operation—the co-operation of Christian governments in the prohibition of a traffic producing more misery and destruction among native races than slavery with all its horrors.” 2) INTERNATIONAL TREATIES FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIVE RACES. “ZONE DE PROHIBITION” cONGO COUNTRY. Treaty of 1890-2. MAP BELOW SHOWS ON A SMALLER SCALE THE MUCH GREATER RANGE OF TREATY OF 1899, 20 DEG. N. LAT. TO 22 DEG. S. LAT. ATLANTIC i 4g) i OCEAN FRasd, MeNaMy & C& Mohammedan penne protects native races in the parts of Africa north of portion covered by Treaty of 1899, and British prohibition protects most of the natives in the regions south of it. On Treaty of 1890-2, see pp. 23, 158. ~* On Treaty of 1899, see pp. 26, 50, 51, 159. 30. XN Rum Tragedies in Africa. Livinestone: All I can say in my solitude is, May Heaven’s richest blessing come upon every one—English, American, or Turk—who shall help to heal this open sore of the world. PRESIDENT GROVER CLEVELAND, in message, December 4, 1893: By Article XII of the general act of Brussels, signed July 2, 1890, for the suppression of the slave trade and the restriction of certain injurious commerce in the independent State of the Congo and in the adjacent zone of Central Africa, the United States and the other signatory powers agreed to adopt the appropriate means for the punishment of persons selling arms and ammunition to the natives and for the confiscation of the inhibited articles. It being the plain duty of this government to aid in suppressing the nefarious traffic, impairing as it doés the praiseworthy and civilizing efforts now in progress in that region, I RECOMMEND THAT AN ACT BE PASSED PROHIBITING THE SALE OF ARMS AND INTOXICANTS TO NATIVES IN THE REGULATED ZONE BY OUR CITIZENS. [Let us repeat for Africa law made ior Pacific Islands, p. 52.] T. H. Sanperson, in letter to W. F. Crafts, Dec. 10, 1900: “I am directed by the Marquis of Lansdowne to inform you that Lord Cromer states that Lord Kitchener, when Governor-General of the Sudan, in- structed the moodirs to see that no liquor was sold to natives. Startling statistics of the liquor traffic in Africa are given by Rev. Jas. S. Dennis, D.D., in “Christian Missions and Social Progress,” pp- 78, 79. One of the strongest articles on this subject is by Arch- deacon Farrar in Contemporary Review, 1888. The author bore to the 8d Brussels Congress of Nations for the Restriction of the Sale of Spirits in Africa, in 1906, a great petition (p. 225) for the extension of the Congo prohibition (p. 24) to all native races. The petition was not granted, but the tax on distilled liquors was raised from 70 to 100 francs per hectoliter. It will probably fail, as did the previous tax, but may clear the way for such prohibition as advanced nations put on their uncivilized wards. The Congo Free State, of whose protection against distilled liquors the following pages speak—see also p. 6.—has fallen into the hands of white men worse than cannibals in their cruelties prompted by greed (send to The International Reform Bureau, Washington, D. C., for docu- ments), but the prohibition of liquors abides, probably only because it is seen to be best for the other trades (see p. 40). At the 1904 meeting of the International Missionary Union in Clifton Springs, N. Y., the following memorandum, prepared by Rev. hk. H. Nassau, M.D., for more than forty years a resident in Africa, was unanimously adopted: “Protests against Traffic in Intoxicating Liquors among aboriginal populations come from various sources. 1. From the lips of mis- sionaries in charge of native churches, where a careful estimate claims that the membership would be ten-fold the present number were it not for the temptations set by the drink habit. If there be such a thing as ‘moderate drinking’ possible to the colder blooded and stronger willed Anglo-Saxon, it is not possible to the enervated popula- tion of tropical countries. 2. It is not true of those countries that their own native drinks, and not the foreign liquors, are responsible for - their drunkenness, and that they would be equally drunken even if the foreigner had not introduced his rum. Native palm-wine, and plaintain- beer are not as intoxicating, do not so sodden the mind or destroy physical organs as the poisonous compounds of the rum trade (p. 50). 31 32 Protection of Native Races. REV. WILLIAM TAYLOR, D.D. MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR AFRICA METHODIST-EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 1884-1896, THIRTY-THREE YEARS OF MISSIONARY SERV- ICE IN AFRICA. BISHOP TAYLOR.? On my first voyage down the west coast of Africa the Kroo boys who handled the cargo on a three months’ cruise down and up the coast were paid in gin of the wretched quality used in commerce on that coast. If they succeeded in obtaining a small portion before they left the ship the result was temporary insanity involving the necessity of imprisonment in the brig. On our way up the Coanza River our little steamer made its first land- ing at a ‘‘factory’’ which was the export point of the plantation, a distillery which did business under the 3In the giving of testimony the face is a part of the evidence, and so we have inserted portraits of many of our witnesses, that they may seem to speak from the very lips. Missionary letters in this volume, unless marked otherwise, were written in 1900 Classified Testimonies—Africa. 33 name of Bon Jesu—Good Jesus. Many thousands of the Ambundu had never heard the sacred name except-in connection with this agency of the devil. Rumasameans At Malange, our inmost mission of cheating: station in Angola, we found the following method of trading: Caravans arriving from the interior with ivory, dyewoods and rubber were invited to deposit their loads in the compound of the trader. They were then debauched with rum for several days, when they were told what price would be paid for their products. If they expostu- lated they were informed that the trader now had possession of them and they must take his price. When forced to do so, they were paid in rum, also at his price. We opened a trading post, putting it in charge of a merchant from Lynn, Mass. Because of his square dealing with the natives and the payment of a fair price for their product in cloth, needles and thread, or Portuguese currency if they preferred, our missionaries became wel- come heralds in the caravansaries, and the natives . returned to their homes with the message of sal- vation from the new people they had met, ‘‘the God-men.”’ At that time there were two hundred steamships in the rum trade of Africa. Since then the coast steamers have ceased to pay their Kroo boys in rum, and it has been excluded from large sections of Africa. Among others, that large territory called Zambesia has excluded ‘the rum traffic. Like the river of the same name, it is called after N’Zambe, the God of the Heavens; and if it succeeds in main- taining the strict prohibition enjoined by many African chiefs it will be worthy of its title, ‘‘God’s Country.’”’ 34 Protection of Native Races. Rev. Joseph C, Hartzell, D.D. (Missionary Bishop for Africa Methodist - Episcopal Church, 1846—, four years’ service in Africa).—Bishop Tugwell, of the English Church, whose diocese is on the west coast of Africa, said a few months ago that seventy-five per cent of the deaths among the European traders and other white inhab- itants of Lagos were due to the excessive use of intoxicat- ing drinks, and I believe that he did not overstate the facts. As to the natives, not only on the west coast of Africa, but also in all Africa wherever they are in touch with European com- mercial relations and the traffic is allowed, I believe that fully seventy-five per cent of their demoraliza- tion in home life and in personal character comes from the same source. The abominable and wicked habit of ‘‘treating,’’ so common among the Europeans, is, as a rule, extended to the natives whose trade is desired. I have seen many caravans come from the interior to the coast towns with rubber or other native prod- ucts. The European traders would at once invite the ‘‘captains”’ of the caravans to their places, and, getting them half drunk, would dress them up and start them out as illustrations of their great kind- ness and liberality. Asa result, the traders would buy the rubber at a very low price, and in turn sell to the caravans through their half-inebriated ‘‘cap- tains’ what they needed, at enormously large prices. BISHOP HARTZELL. Classified Testimonies—Africa. 35 It is encouraging that England and other nations having vast possessions and responsibilities in Africa, are seriously considering this question. There are large sections where the sale of intox- icants to the natives is forbidden, and wherever possible attempts are made to lessen the sale by increasing the per cent of taxation. What a sad thing it is that there could not have been a consensus of national conscience and policy, on the part of the three or four great nations of Europe who control the destinies of Africa, to ex- clude intoxicants from the millions of that continent! Henry Grattan Guinness, M.D., F.R.G.S. (Secre- tary ‘‘Regions Beyond’”’ Missionary Union, London). —It is infinitely sad that the contact of civilization with the native races of West Africa should have been characterized in the first place by slavery, and later on by the traffic in ardent spirits. It is well that our steamers should carry missionaries to the Dark Conti- nent, but is it well that the car- go of many a vessel should mainly consist of gin and gun- powder? This was the case with the old steamship Adrian, on which I sailed for the Congo in 1891. In due time we safely reached Banana, at the mouth of the Congo River, and I com- menced to see the abominable effects of the firewater, which in those days was so freely sold. Night was made hideous in the wooden hotel by scenes and sounds of revelry. inconponateo ROBERT C. CLOWRY, President ‘and General General Manager. TWO AMERICAN CABLES FROM NEW YORK TO GREAT BRITAIN. CONNECTS 4180 wrth FIVE ANCLO-AMERICAN «n> ONE U.S. ATCARTIC CABLES. DIRECT CABLE COMMUNICATION WITH CERMANY AND FR CABLE CONNECTION witt CUBA, WEST INDIES, MEXICO ano CENTRAL ano Sours AMERICA. MESSAGES SENT To. 1 Ano RES ‘CEIVED FROM, ALL Eo RTS OF THE WORLD. =e IN AnwRica AN Offices (2 000) oft the "Western vtsion_ Ty Telag h_ Compa and its p Sel Hichenge, aes wee, BERR a wii’ T BRITA: eee Eos i car A Ease ogy Han Orr, RE Wyatt BEQG Washington DC’ May a ( Shree ing Fos Manila 47 Crafts Refarm Washington Highest bidder opium monopoly bill pending patterned after India legislation opposed by evangelical union Chinese chamber of com- meroe-wil) greatly stimulate consumption focus public santiment an president secretary war bill and letter reach you within weok bil) tad morals ard worse politics urgam Stunts ll aps the monopoly would otherwise have been sold to a Chinese syndicate, a cablegram was sent from the War Department, by order of the President, in these words: ‘Hold opium monopoly bill. Further investigation. Many protests.” In 1904, Dr. F. E. Clark, President of the World’s Christian Endeavor Union, but acting in the capacity of Chairman of the Native Races Deputation, enlisted King Oscar of Sweden, and, through the Australian missionary societies, Premier Alfred Deakin, of that country, in the great crusade (p. 4). These last named officials urged the British Government to accept the proposition that had been made by President Roosevelt through Secretary Hay in 1901. Canada made like requests through resolutions and public meetings. In that same year, 1904, the Philippine Opium Commission reported its investi- gation of the opium laws in Asia, declaring that revenue and real restriction were never found together, and that the only effective law. was that of Japan, in which there were no revenue 222 Appendix. ‘ features but a total prohibition of the sale of opium except very guardedly for medical prescriptions (p. 190). In this same year, the Government of Japan asked for full information from the International Reform Bureau in regard to the crusade for native races. In addition to supplying written and printed information, the matter was taken up with Baron Komura of the Japanese Foreign Office by a statesman-missionary, Dr. J. H. De Forest, with the result that official expressions of Japan’s hearty approval of the movement were given. Further action was interrupted by the breaking out of the war be- tween Japan and Russia, but during the war a syndicate article was sent out to the leading papers all over the world, sug- gesting that the end of the war would bring a reopening of Chinese questions, and urging that humane people of all na- tions should agitate for the eman- cipation of China from British opium at that time. Numer- ous copies of this book were sent to leading statesmen and other moral leaders in many lands. On November roth, the Re- form Bureau secured a second hearing before Secretary Hay, this time on petition that Presi- dent Roosevelt would use his “good offices” with the British Government to have China released from the opium treaty, for which it was anticipated a favorable opportunity would come when the war should close. This hearing, which represented the great reform and missionary societies, was immediately seconded by commercial bodies, including the Boards of Trade of Baltimore and Jacksonville, the Chamber of Commerce of Pittsburg, the National Board of Trade, and the Merchants Association of New York. It was recognized that the impoverishment of more than a hundred millions in the families of Chinese opium sots by the interference of Great Britain with the police regulations of China, that pro- hibited opium until overruled, was a matter that injured the honest trade of every nation. In 1905, the Philippine tariff was taken up in Congress. The BARON KOMURA Chronological Review. 223 bill as drawn by the War Department and reported by the Committee on Ways and Means, left the regulation of opium entirely to the Philippine Government, that had done nothing right in regard to it in seven years of our occupation. But through the interposition of the Reform Bureau, Congress was induced to enact a law prohibiting the sale of opium except as a medicine, the law to take effect in the case of Filipinos at once and in the case of others after three years, March 1, 1908 (p. 190). On May 30, 1906, the opium question was brought up in the British Parliament by previous agreement. Documents setting forth the action of the United States in the Philippines, first, in the defeat of the opium monopoly; second, in the col- lection of correct information; and third, in the prohibitory law, were in the hands of the men who were to take part in the debate “as a potent weapon,” to borrow the phrase used by the anti- opium leader of Great Britain. The American re-enforcements included also a few effective lec- tures by Dr. Sidney L. Gulick in leading British cities and the cir- culation among members of the British Parliament and the Brit- ish people of the resolution of the American missionary and com- mercial bodies as expressions of international public sentiment. It was learned afterwards that President Roosevelt also, in response to the petitions previously mentioned, used his ‘‘good offices” in behalf of Chinese emancipation, and secured the good offices of the Japanese Government also to the same end. These proved to be the Blucher forces in the Waterloo of opium, bringing the necessary foreign re-enforcements to British anti-opium societies that had fought persistently for half a century to bring their government to right the wrong done to China. Hon. T. C. Taylor moved, seconded by Dr. V. H. Rutherford, that ‘the Indo-Chinese opium trade is morally indefensible, and the Government is instructed to bring it to a speedy close.” Right Hon. John Morley, Secretary of State for India, speaking for the Government, declared that if China LORD MORLEY 224 Appendix. sincerely desired to be released, the Government would inter- pose no obstacle. The vote was then unanimously carried. The Chinese Government accordingly issued a decree, on Sep- tember 20th, for the abolition of the opium traffic within ten years. Subsequent regulations, published on November aist, were far more drastic than the decree had seemed to promise, for teachers and minor officers were called upon to give up the opium habit or give up their positions in three months, higher officials in six months, which was the limit named for the closing of opium dens, and it was also required that the cul- tivation of the poppy and the use of opium, except by those over sixty, should be cut down 20 per cent. a year. These, with the total prohibition of the use of opium for persons who had not reached the condition of opium sots, promised that the major part of the opium traffic and the opium vice would be done away in China within the ten year period. It should be gratefully recalled that in five years, 1903 to 1907, an anti-opium wave swept around the world, resulting in drastic legislation against opium in the Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Great Britain and China. The writer was in China in 1907, and saw a measure of success achieved there in enforcing the imperial decree ordering the closing of opium dens, and helped to prevent the extension of the traffic in the Philippines beyond the prohibitory date set by Congress. Difficulties in stamping out the evil will be encountered, but ultimate success is assured, for President Roosevelt in 1907 arranged for an anti-opium con- ference of a dozen nations, namely, China, Japan, Siam, Tur- key, Persia, the United States, Great Britain, France, Russia, Germany, Portugal, Italy and Holland, to meet in Shanghai, February 1, 1909. The British Government in 1908 gave new proof of its sincere determina- tion to carry this difficult reform through to success by prohibit- ing opium dens in Hong Kong and Ceylon. The Straits Settle- ments it was understood, were TatcieaanniReteat Buea to be brought under the same law. Secretary for China. REV. E. W. THWING Appendix. 225 To overcome a new peril to China from the fallacy that the opium smoker needs a long period for “tapering off” and to prevent the substitution of opium pills and beer and cigar- ettes for opium smoking, the International Reform Bureau gathered and published in 1907 the opinions of leading physi- cians in medical missions of China (see p. 245), and will need many thousands of dollars to distribute this and other docu- ments to prevent the threatened substitution of beer and cigar- ettes among China’s millions, to whom the Bureau in 1908 sent more personal help in a well-equipped missionary reformer, able to speak efficiently to young and old both in English and Chinese, Rev. E. W. Thwing of Honolulu, whose address is “Care Presbyterian Press, Shanghai, China.’ He is commis- sioned as Secretary for China and the Chinese everywhere, and bears commendatory letters from the Governor of Hawaii and the Chinese Minister at Washington that will open to him all official doors. * Protection of Uncivilized and Newly Civilized Races, The world-encircling wave of anti-opium reform brings powerful impetus to the separate and kindred crusade to pro- tect the uncivilized and newly civilized races against all forms of intoxicants. A third Brussels Conference of nations to protect African natives against distilled liquors was called to meet October 16, 1906, to which the writer bore a petition of nineteen millions of Americans, represented mostly by the official signatures of great societies. The petition was addressed, “To All Civilized Governments,” which were asked to unite in a world treaty to prohibit the sale of all intoxicants to all uncivilized and newly civilized races. President Roosevelt, at the request of the Re- form Bureau, sent a cablegram expressing the same petition officially in behalf of himself and the Senate (see p. 1) and the American people. This cablegram and the great petition and the Bureau’s argument for it were communicated to the Conference by the American Minister at Brussels, H. E. Henry Lane Wilson, on October 16th. These communications were cordially received, and the proposal was argued by the writer in- prolonged personal interviews with the Ambassadors of Great Britain, France, Spain, Italy, Germany and Sweden. The limitations in the call of the Conference did not permit ’ 226 Appendix. favorable action on the American prohibitory proposal, but it aided those who sought increased tax restrictions in Africa, and prepared the way for worldwide prohibition, for the child races at least, at the next Conference. Subsequently the writer held meetings for fourteen months in four continents, chiefly in the British Empire, and found everywhere among officials and people cordial endorsements of the proposal that the British Empire and the United States should together sub- mit the proposed world treaty to other powers. The triumph of this crusade waits on a more persistent and worldwide propaganda. To secure such resistless promotion of the cru- sade, the International Reform Bureau began in 1908 to en- roll an Atlas Brotherhood to lift the world—fifteen thousand leaders, including preachers who influence not only great con- gregations but whole denominations; editors of great papers; officers of great societies; and business men who guide the commerce of whole states. Such a company, having been fully informed and aroused, could, no doubt, by a simultaneous ap- peal to their governments, carry through to victory the native races crusade, the greatest thing before the world that can be done. Every one to whom this book is sent with his name or title and the stamp of the International Reform Bureau on this page is invited to become one of this Atlas Brotherhood. There are no dues, though there is abundant opportunity to use unlimited contributions in this worldwide crusade; and there are no duties save one—namely, that each member shall appeal to his own government to protect the native races against intoxicating drinks and drugs, by separate action in its own jurisdiction and by cooperative action elsewhere. It is hoped that many will so appeal, by telegraph if necessary, in time to checkmate the anticipated opposition of dealers in various forms of opium to the humane anti-opium proposals that President Roosevelt will submit, with a view to helping China in its great struggle with opium, to the Shanghai Opium Con- ference in February, 1909, where the opposition of any one of the thirteen powers participating might defeat the beneficent purpose of the conference (see p. 224). But appeals will also be needed long after that date for the protection of the child races against the white man’s intoxicants. And the Brother- hood may later be of service in promoting international peace if it so elects. . We invite nominations from all lands of persons suitable for membership in this Atlas Brotherhood. Short Story of the Shanghai Opium Conference. In 1903, the Philippine Government, overruled by the Presi- dent in its plan for an opium monopoly (p. 220), sent out an Opium Commission to investigate the working of opium re- striction in Asia, which made a valuable and influential report (p. 190). In 1905 Congress prohibited opium importation in the Philippines, to take full effect after three years (p. 221). During the same years, opium prohibition was enacted also in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The prohibitory action in these four dependencies and the report named power- fully influenced the British Parliament, which in 1906 released China from treaty compulsion to tolerate the opium traffic (p. 222). China thereupon ordered the closing of opium dens in six months. This was not so speedily accomplished, but the British Embassy at Pekin reported that the Chinese Gov- ernment was manifestly sincere and was making good progress. In order to remove one obstacle, China asked the treaty pow- ers to suppress the sale of morphia and hyperdermic syringes by their subjects in China, and they agreed to do so from Jan. I, 1909 (page 72). Advice of medical missionaries for those breaking off (p. 245) was gathered and published by the International Reform Bureau, which had taken a leading part in the battle over the proposed monopoly, and, by invitation of, and in co-operation with the British Anti-Opium Federa- tion, in the Waterloo of opium in the British Parliament above referred to. In 1907, Bishop Brent, of Manila, one of the Opium Com- missioners sent out in 1903, advised President Roosevelt that various nations concerned in the opium traffic should be asked to co-operate with China and the United States in their efforts to suppress the vicious uses of opium. The President, there- sot through the skilled diplomacy of the Secretary of State, on. Elihu Root, induced China, Japan, Siam, Persia, Russia, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Holland and Portugal to unite with the United States in a Joint Opium Commission to meet at Shanghai on Feb. 1, 1909. Turkey, invited to par- ticipate, expressed hearty approval of the proposals, but having no embassy in China will send no delegates. PLAN OF SHANGHAI OPIUM CONFERENCE AS OUTLINED BY U. S. STATE DEPARTMENT IN COMMUNICATION TO DIPLOMATIC AGENTS AuG. 8, 1908 “Our idea is that each Government’s commission should proceed inde- pendently and immediately with the investigation of the opium on behalf of its respective country, with a view, first, to devising means to limit the use of opium in the possessions of that country (see p. 72); secondly, to ascertain the best means of suppressing the opium traffic if such now exists AmOnE the nationals of that Government in the Far East; and, . thirdly, to be in a position so that when the commission meets at Shanghai the representatives of the various powers may be prepared to co-operate and to offer jointly or severally definite suggestions of meas- ures which their respective governments may adopt for the gradual suppression of opium cultivation, traffic, and use within their Eastern possessions, thus assisting China in her purpose of eradicating the evil from her Empire.” ; ; ; What will te done will depend on the expression of public sentiment to the Government in each nation participating. Unless philanthropy speaks influentially in all these countries, opium dealers may minimize results. - 227 228 Appendix. For International Emancipation of China from Opium. [This appeal of thirty-three American Missionary Societies, originated during the Boxer uprising of 1902, still waits for Christian public sentiment to carry it to victory.] To THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. Sir: The undersigned, official representatives of Missionary Societies engaged in work in China, and representatives of other religious, philan- thropic, commercial, and educational institutions, are deeply impressed that the negotiations to be carried on between the Allied Powers and the Chinese Government present an opportune time for our Government to assist in bringing to an end the opium traffic in that Empire. This traffic has been a terrible curse among all classes of the Chinese people, has brought desolation and sorrow into many thousands of homes, and its victims are multiplying with every added year. The position of our Government is most favorable for taking the initiative in this matter. Our own treaty concluded with China in 1884, absolutely prohibiting all American citizens from engaging in the traffic, and all American vessels from carrying opium to or between the ports of China, express- ing as it does the sentiment of the American people, and our cordial good will toward China in helping to relieve her of this traffic, gives us strong vantage ground for asking the other nations to join in this commendable purpose. As foreign nations will be urging a great exten- sion of commercial privileges at this time; including the abolition of internal duties, and these privileges are necessarily for the increase of commerce, they can most happily reciprocate what may be granted by China in this respect, by giving her their powerful help in delivering her from the multiplied evils of the opium traffic. While objections will doubtless be made by some interested parties to the great decrease of trade which will be occasioned by the interdiction of traffic in opium, it ought to be borne in mind that this traffic is one of the greatest obstacles to all legitimate trade, absorbing, as it does, more than the whole amount of the value of the export trade in tea, and impoverishing the people so that they cannot expend, as they otherwise would, large sums for the products and legitimate manufactures of other countries. The Chinese Government has repeatedly declared its ‘willingness and desire to sternly prohibit the cultivation of the poppy as soon as foreign countries consent to the prohibition of the traffic. Such an act of humanity and justice on the part of our Government at this time will greatly tend to increase good feeling among the Chinese officials and the vast multitudes of Chinese people. No one thing could have greater effect in overcoming the revengeful feelings aroused especially in those regions of the country which have suffered most during the late troubles, and its whole influence throughout the land would be most beneficial. It would be a most happy inauguration of the first new treaties of the twentieth century, between western nations and China to carry out so humane and beneficial a purpose in the revision of treaties with that empire. We therefore respectfully and earnestly urge upon our Govern- ment to take the initiative in this important matter, and use its influence with the other nations concerned to bring about so desirable a result. The foregoing Memorial has been signed by the following: REPRESENTATIVES OF MISSION BOARDS. For the Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church: H. K. Carroll, First Assistant Corresponding Secretary. S. L. Baldwin, Acting Assistant Corresponding Secretary. For the Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church in America: Henry N. Ccbb, Corresponding Secretary; James L. Ammer- ran, Financial Secretary. : For the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A.: -Frank Ellinwood, Corresponding Secretary; Robert E. Speer, Corresponding Secretary. For the American Baptist Home Mission Society: T. J. Morgan, Corresponding Secretary; H. L. Moorehouse, Field . Secretary. For the Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church in the United States: So ee S. N. Callender, Secretary, Mechanicsburg, Pa. British Opium in China. 229 For the Foreign Mission Board of the Mennonite Church of North America: A. B. Shelly, Secretary. For the Board of Foreign Missions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, General Synod: George Scholl, Secretary. For the Missionary Society of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection: A. W. Hall, Financial Secretary; A. F. Jennings, President of the same. For the H. F. & F. M. Society (Missionary Society United Brethren in Christ): . M. M. Bell, Corresponding Secretary. L. G. Jordan, Secretary National Baptist Foreign Mission, Louisville, Ky. (Miss) N. H. Burroughs, Woman’s Auxiliary of the National Baptist Convention, Louisville, Ky. J. H. Miller, Secretary Cumberland Presbyterian Board of Missions and Church Erection, St. Louis, Mo. . A. B. Simpson, President Christian and Missionary Alliance; E. A. Funk, neral Secretary of the same. J. C. Jensson Roseland, Secretary United Norwegian Lutheran Church. W. R. Lambuth, Corresponding Secretary Board of Missions Methodist Episcopal Church South, Nashville. H. S. Parks, Secretary Missions of the A. M. E. Church, Bible House, New York. Prof. = Syerdrup, Secretary Lutheran Board of Missions, Minneapolis, inn, Charles E. Hurlburt, President Philadelphia’s Missionary Council, Phila. J. ©. jishop, Corresponding Secretary Mission Board of the Christian urch. ’ Arthur Given, Corresponding Secretary for the General Conference Free Baptists. Wm. W. Rand and Geo. L. Shearer, Secretaries American Tract Society. Paul de Schwinitz, Secretary Missions of the Moravian Church. W. W. Barr, Corresponding Secretary United Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. R. M. omieeue Corresponding Secretary Board of Foreign Missions A. O. Oppergaard, President, and Chr. O. Brohaugh, Secretary, China Mission of the Lutheran Synod. Benjamin Winget, Secretary, and S. K. J. Gubro, Treasurer, General Mission Board of the Free Methodist Church of North America. D. Nyvall, Secretary Swedish Evangelical Mission Covenant of America. Henry Collins Woodruff, President of the Foreign Sunday School Associ- ation of the U. S. A., Brooklyn, N. Y. William C. Doane, Vice-President and Chairman of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. Arthur S. Lloyd, General Secretary of the same. For the American Board of Foreign Missions: Samuel B. Capen, President. : Judson Smith, Secretary for China. ‘ Albert _H. Plumb, Chairman of the Committee. C. H. Daniels, Secretary of the Committee. For the American Baptist Missionary Union: ‘ . Henry M. King, Chairman of the Executive Committee. , Henry C. Mabie, Thomas S. Barbour, Corresponding Secretaries. Rev. Paul A. Menzel, Sec. German Evangelical Mission, Wash., D. C. The American “Native Races Deputation” (see p. 269), organized by the International Reform Bureau to facilitate the co-operation of missionary and temperance societies has been unable for lack of funds to do anything save the personal work of the Chairman (p. 8, 9), and Secretary. The missionary and temperance societies should each make a small appropriation to send out abundant literature, and perhaps a small deputation to enlist cooperation for this crusade, which can hardly fail except by neglect of the Church to seize this opportunity. Hearing Before Secretary Hay on Re- lease of China from Opium, State DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, D. C., November 10, 1904. Secretary Hay, in behalf of the President, gave a hearing to representatives of the International Reform Bureau and mis- sionary and temperance societies—chambers of commerce also—on a petition asking the President to direct that diplo- matic efforts shall be made through the State Department to induce Great Britain to release China from treaty com- pulsion to tolerate the opium traffic. Hon. Charles Lyman, president of the Reform Bureau, introduced the hearing by submitting the following summary of the case: “To the President of the United States: “In behalf of the International Reform Bureau and numerous missionary and temperance societies and many colleges—also of chambers of commerce and other business associations—I present anew to you, through your honored Secretary of State, a petitiori previously presented when the Boxer outbreak re- opened international questions in regard to China, which we anticipate the present war will do again, so affording strategic opportunities for a diplomatic effort to induce Great Britain to release China from the enforced opium traffic, which we believe to be contrary to the sentiment of British people and to the real interests of British commerce, as it is inconsistent with the usual beneficent influence of British-power, and which seems to us to be so harmful to the world’s commerce through the pauperizing of 100,000,000 of people in the homes of Chinese opium sots as to afford solid commercial ground for international intervention, in which as friends of Great Britain we hope that the most friendly powers, the United States and Japan, may lead. “We need not recall in detail that China prohibited the sale of opium, except as a medicine, until the sale was forced upon that country by Great Britain in the opium war of 1840. Abundant testimony of statesmen, doctors, travelers, and mis- 230 State Department Hearing on Opium. 231 sionaries, gathered recently by the Reform Bureau, shows that this opium traffic has not only enslaved and impoverished its individual victims, but has also intensified the anti-foreign feel- ing, to the further detriment of foreign commerce. The su- periority of Japan in energy and progress has been attributed in part to Japan’s successful prohibition of opium, and this has increased China’s desire to return to her own prohibitory policy. Mr. Wu: Ting fang, recently the popular Chinese min- ister to the United States, assured the superintendent of the Reform Bureau that although China now raises an increasing proportion of the opium used there, the Government would quickly prohibit the traffic, as before, if allowed a free hand, which in any case she should have in the restraint of any vice. Only a few weeks since a very slight restriction attempted by Chinese authorities was vetoed by the opium merchants through appeal to the British treaty. We recognize that in this matter Russia will second anti-opium efforts, as missionaries testify that Chinese territory about Port Arthur while under Russian control was more favorable for missionary work because of Russia’s anti-opium attitude than parts of the country where the British opium treaty had full sway—a comparison that will have weight with the British Government. “These and many other favoring circumstances incline us to believe that this effort to protect the ‘integrity’ of China in the profoundest sense of that word will succeed if the new and mighty force of international public opinion swiftly supports this movement, and if it can have the leadership of our own Secretary of State, who, because of the unique position of our Government to-day and because of his own unexcelled position in the world of diplomacy, is especially adapted to carry through this gfeatest thing before the world that can be done.” Remarks by Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts, Ph.D., Superintendent of the International Reform Bureau. This morning’s paper reports a British cabinet officer, Lord Lansdowne, proposing peace in the Orient. That is the signal for considering what shall be done with China after the war is over. We expect Japan and the United States to guard its geographical “integrity.” Shall they not also unite to prevent its disintegration by opium? “Because of moral and material injury wrought’’—these 232 Appendix. words from a treaty of seventeen nations, including Great Britain and the United States, for the emancipation of a zone in central Africa from the curse of distilled liquors, afford one of many precedents for our proposal that “because of the moral and material injury wrought” by British opium in China the United States shall diplomatically constrain Great Britain to restore to China its sovereign right to make its own police regulations, especially as despoiling China of that right has despoiled the commerce of all nations by impoverishing and disturbing the largest market in the world. Worse than temporary massacres of Jews and Armenians has been the persistent poisoning of the Chinese people by compulsory opium sales for more than threescore years. Red Cross regulations in war are not so urgently required by hu- manitarian sentiment as a stay of this wholesale destruction of the Chinese people. When the victor at the close of the Crimean war demanded of the conquered more than could be granted without great harm to the world at large, other na- tions interposed, as often at the close of other wars. If Eng- land, as we believe, exacted from conquered China in 1842 and 1858 what was inconsistent with the general sentiment and interest of nations, certainly it is not improper for other nations to proffer their diplomatic good offices to revise the settlement. Let me recall some facts bearing on this case preliminary to fresh testimony from these missionaries as to present condi- tions in China that call out for interposition in the name of conscience and of commerce: : 1. Rev. James S. Dennis, D.D., the foremost cyclopedist of missions, in his book, Christian Missions and Social Progress, says of opium in China (p. 80): ‘ “Prior to the introduction of the drug by foreigners, the Chinese were not ignorant of its existence and medicinal prop- erties, but there is not a particle of evidence to show that it was smoked or abused in any other way in those days.” 2. The Encyclopedia Britannica relates that the vicious use of opium in China was chiefly due to Portuguese and British smugglers, and that the Chinese rulers persistently prohibited its sale, and that it was the great success of this prohibition, resulting in the seizure and destruction of smuggled British opium valued at $6,000,000, that brought on the opium war, by State Department Hearing on Opium. 233 which for the first time in history a police regulation of one independent nation, enacted in the interest of morals, was canceled by cannon in the interest of lawbreaking traders of the attacking nation, which act has proved a detriment to all other business except that of the smugglers by destroying the buying power of increasing millions for more than sixty years. The treaty of 1842 did not legalize opium sales, but as the preceding war had been in defense of smuggling that crime was allowed to go on unhindered until, in 1858, at the close of another war, these deadly lines were inserted: “Opium will henceforth pay 30 taels per picul import duty. The importer will sell it only at the port.” 3. The Chinese Government, I was assured by Mr. Wu Ting fang, recently Chinese minister to the United States, is as much opposed to the opium traffic as ever, although it is now largely produced by its own people, since they must have it. He says the Chinese Government would again use all legal means to suppress it if left free in its police regulations, as every nation clearly should be in any case. 4. Many, if not most of the British people, are opposed to the forcing of opium upon China, and are maintaining a per- sistent agitation for China’s release—a London meeting in that interest being announced for December, at which the Bishop of Durham will preside. The British Society for the Suppres- sion of the Opium Traffic has expressed great gratification that we are bringing international public opinion to its aid. 5. The British Parliament itself, in 1891, declared the course of the British Government with reference to opium revenue in Asia was “morally indefensible,” and the Government itself has recently enacted gradual prohibition of the use of the drug in Burma, seeking to evade any seeming concession to Christian agitation at home by saying: “The use of opium is condemned by the Buddhist religion, and the Government believing the condemnation to be right, intends the use of opium by persons of the Burmese race shall forever cease.” Undoubtedly this act is a result of, and so an encourage- ment to, agitation, and certainly the Government can not tong refuse to apply the same principle and policy in India and China. 234 Appendix. 6. Another encouragement to agitation -is that the British revenue from opium sold to China is steadily decreasing and will ultimately disappear through the steady increase of domestic production. But meantime unspeakable “moral and material injury” will result if the Chinese are not allowed to repress it, as they were this year forbidden to do even in a small way. P 7. Another encouragement to expect success is that Rus- sia’s anti-opium attitude in Manchuria, and Japan’s successful prohibition of opium, to which that nation’s progress is partly attributed, is in many ways set in contrast with Great Britain’s contrary policy, to the detriment of the latter in the public opinion of China and of the world. The British Government must again, as in the days of the Declaration of Independence, be called to ‘a decent regard for the opinion of mankind.” 8. But the fact that affords the strongest ground for asking the United States and Japan and other powers to use diplo- matic efforts to induce England to release China from treaty compulsion to tolerate the opium traffic is that the legitimate trade of every commercial nation has been seriously curtailed by the pauperizing of more than one-fourth of the world’s most populous nation. Seventy-five million dollars a year is worse than wasted by the Chinese in the purchase of what brings no useful return and decreases both the producing and the buying power of more than one hundred millioris of people, who are further shut out of the markets of the white races by the bitter hatred of all white faces that the compulsory leprosy of opium has created. The world awaits Port Arthur’s fall. More im- portant for China and the world is the fall of the British opium treaty. Many nations marched together to relieve the beleaguered legations at Peking. Let the nations unite again, this time for the relief of opium-cursed China. Remarks of Rev. Frank D. Gamewell, twenty years missionary in China, officially representing the Methodist Episcopal Missionary Board. The use’ of opium is universally condemned by the Chinese. It is not necessary to develop a sentiment against it. I have never heard a word spoken in its favor in China, for the people State Department Hearing on Opium. 235 everywhere regard its use as bad, and only bad. This fact is based on the havoc wrought by the opium habit. The Govern- ment of China resisted its introduction into China, and refused to accept a revenue from opium until 1858, when opium was practically forced upon them. At Tsunhua Chou, a city 100 miles east from Peking, where the North China Mission of the Methodist Episcopal Church has a station, the official went out in his official chair with his attendants and had the grow- ing poppy torn up by the roots. The prosperity of the nation, which involves its commercial welfare, depends upon good government. It is a well-known fact that the officials and all those connected with them are much given to the use of opium, it being estimated that 80 per cent. of the official class smoke it. In 1886 in Szechuen, west China, a riot occurred in which all foreign property of both merchants and missionaries in the city of Chungking was destroyed. The magistrate said to me in person, in reply to a question as to why he had not checked the trouble when I had warned him that it was impending: ‘“Upon whom can I rely for help? I have over 100 men here, and they are all opium smokers and are not to be depended upon.” The political corruption and military weakness of China may be traced in considerable degree to the use of opium. One of the best-known medical men of New York City, knowing that I had been in China, spoke to me some years ago of a Doctor Suvoong, a Chinese who had received his medical edu- cation in the United States, and whom he regarded as one of the most remarkable men he had met. This Doctor Suvoong says: “Opium is a moral poison and is largely responsible for the decay of the Empire.” The development of China means the development of com- merce with China; the decay of China, the decay of com- merce with China. The Chinese are noted for industry and thrift and for a certain business honesty, which has been the foundation of their marked success in commercial life. Opium strikes a blow fatal to these characteristics. The opium smoker is proverbially unreliable. He loses energy and ambition, and disregards all obligations of business, home and society. The masses in China to not distinguish between foreigners, 236 Appendix. who in the Mandarin dialect are commonly designated as “yang jen”—‘“ocean men,” that is, the men that come from beyond the sea. The same term, “yang,” is used in designat- ing opium, which is called “yang yen,” “the foreign tobacco.” Thus the United States shares in the opprobrium attaching to the importation of opium into China. It is true, however, that the official class and the more intelligent of the masses are learning to distinguish foreign nations, and in the settlement of the difficulties arising in 1900 the United States gained much prestige on account of the considerate and masterly handling of affairs by the Secretary of State. This condition can be enhanced by friendly intervention with England to relieve China from compulsory treaty obligations to tolerate the opium traffic, for there is reason to believe if the foreign supply is cut off the central government will take active steps against an evil that threatens the very existence of the Empire. Even if there were not weightier moral considerations, commercial in- terests alone should prompt this intervention. Remarks by Rev. William Ashmore, D.D., fifty-four years a missionary in China, officially representing the Baptist Mis- sionary Union. I will express briefly some of the sentiments that prompted Doctor Mabie and other officers of the American Missionary Union to ask me to support this appeal for diplomatic aid to release China from British opium: I. They think it right to entreat the British Government to take at this time the action desired through “a decent respect for the opinions of mankind.” This appeal to international public opinion was found first in our Declaration of Inde- pendence. It marked the introduction of a new force in political administration. It has been gaining in recognition and force ever since and has attained the dignity of a place in the common law of nations. To-day all nations are obliged to allow its legitimacy. We think it not amiss to appeal to Great Britain on behalf of a down-trodden people out of regard to the enlightened sentiment of mankind. It is the right of any- one to speak out on behalf of any one who is being wronged. II. We think that the removal of such a wrong as is the enforcement of the opium traffic in China would be a right and a righteous thing in the eyes of the Governor of all State Department Hearing on Opium. 237 nations. We are in His hands and to Him we must answer. We are not to forget that in former times our own merchants aided in fastening this yoke on the Chinese people, and there- fore our voices are not out of place in asking our sister nation for the excising of opium provisions in their future treaties, as they have been excised out of ours. TII. We think that the excision of British opium provisions from a future treaty with China, soon to be made presumably, will be the beginning of the rectification of a great wrong of more than a hundred years’ duration, from which many millions have suffered, and from which, including smokers and their suffering families, more than a hundred millions are now suffering. The present opportunity is a rare one and may not come again in a generation. IV. We believe that the expulsion of opium would result in the speedy rise of China toa position of power and influence in the family of nations. This is what we as a people all de- sire, and for this our statesmen have recently exerted them- selves with marked success. Add this crowning achievement, and then, with her strong men emancipated from this enslav- ing vice, there will be such an increment of her force as will help her stand on her feet to be her own protector, and make her a valuable addition to the world’s aggregate of resources which make for peace and prosperity. V. We believe China’s release from enforced opium would be an enormous advantage to the general commerce of the nations. With such enormous sums spent for opium, and such poverty and pinching want, such inability to produce and such inability to buy, trade is seriously hindered. The British get a revenue for India, but British merchants lose with others in the injury to trade. : VI. We believe that our Government can well afford to voice herself on such a subject as this for the reason that she is to-day one of the great world powers—has always been, but is such now more than ever before. It is not our armies and our fleets that have given us predominance, though as society is made up to-day these can not be dispensed with, any more than policemen, till the millennium comes, but it is the influence of our splendid success in self-government. No nation can do so much and so graciously to induce Great Britain to release China as the United States, and in doing this we shall benefit not only China, but England and the world. 238 Appendix. Remarks of Rev. W. L. Beard, eight years a missionary in China, official representative at the hearing of the American Board (Congregational) and now under appointment to go to China for the Young Men’s Christian Association, Among the 10,000,000 Chinese people of Fukien Province more money is spent for opium than for rice, which is the food of the people. In spite of sentiment against it, an in- creasing acreage is used yearly for the growing of the drug. It is conceded on all sides that this use of the land not only withdraws it from the production of food, but also that the raising of poppies impoverishes the land much more than the raising of food. The feeling is, however, that so long as opium is forced on China there is little use in trying to stop the rais- ing of it by Chinese themselves. The effect of the drug on the individual is to ruin him morally, mentally, physically, and financially. It first incapacitates him for business, then begins to eat up his capital, and does not halt until it robs him of all his property. He sells his house piece by piece, until only enough is left to shelter his family. Then the daughters are ’ sold, next the sons, and last of all the wife, and then the man himself goes into his coffin. It is impossible to walk for half a day, even in the country districts, without meeting men whose faces and dress bear evidence of the blasting effect of opium. I have never met with any form of dissipation that so com- pletely unmans its victim, nor any that fastens itself with such deadly grip upon men of all ages and classes. When the habit is once fixed nothing but superhuman power can dis- lodge it. This is one of the greatest obstacles of the mis- sionary. e Let me speak of the commercial aspect of this subject. One of the most striking evidences of the coming of the new China is the presence of articles of household use purchased from other countries that one sees everywhere. Kerosene oil is in every small village. This is always imported, and it means in most instances that the lamp in which it is burned is also im- ported. But the man who is spending his money for opium uses the native candle or the native oil. He buys neither oil nor lamp. Soap is always imported, but the opium smoker uses none. Various articles of wearing apparel are now imported, and go into the smaller and more remote villages. But the opium smoker uses the cheapest native clothing. American State Department Hearing.on Opium. 239 wheat flour was on sale ina city 300 miles back from the coast in North Fukien for the first time in December, 1901. Ameri- can missionaries had resided in this county seat for twenty- five years, and were the advance agents who introduced this product. But it is sold to people who do not use opium, because they are the people who have the money with which to buy the better articles of food made from the American flour. The same might be said of cotton cloth, clocks, watches, and of every imported article. The man who uses opium buys only one article of import, and that is opium. Many of the district magistrates and the majority of the petty officials of North Fukien use opium. It is scarcely necessary to add that such men do not take the initiative as promoters of the im- portation of foreign goods. One more fact should be stated. Whenever I have met these “opium devils,” as they are universally called, and have spoken to them of the habit, the almost universal response is, “You’ve nothing to say, you force it upon us from a foreign country.” The Chinese in North Fukien almost to a man know that England compels China to admit opium, and it is difficult for the Chinese to distinguish between the Englishman and the American. Remarks of Mrs. S. L. Baldwin, President of New York Branch Methodist Wowen’s Foreign Missionary Society. My observation in many years of residence and wide travel in China confirm all that has been said—first, as to the wide- spread and extreme suffering from this deadly opium traffic. In our medical work for China’s women and children I saw the shocking work of opium-cursed insane husbands and fathers in the bruised and mangled mothers and little ones who came to us for healing. Traveling in the sedan chair in the interior, where the foreign face had not been seen, we often found great establishments, family estates, going to wreck, where once there had been an income of thousands, all because of the foreigner’s greed and the opium curse. Shall we blame them for an anti-foreign sentiment, widespread and most just, when from one end of the land to the other the foreigner’s opium has been forced upon them at the mouth of the cannon 240 Appendix. and the point of the sword, and when almost every family in some of its branches is mourning wrecked homes and ruined loved ones? How could there be other than anti-foreign senti- ment? We missionaries find this opium traffic a more deadly obstacle to the uplifting of the people than all their idolatry and superstition, for all foreigners represent Christianity to them just as they represent heathenism to us. Now as to the commercial injury wrought by opium. Mis- sionaries are truly the advance guard of commerce, for educate and Christianize a people and immediately we multiply their wants and open the door for our western products. When I went to China in 1862 this opium curse chiefly affected the rich and official classes. But under the English Government’s skilled nourishment of thé terrible trade, I saw it reach down to the middle and working classes, until the very bearers of my sedan chair were its emaciated victims. The very bone and sinew of the great nation has been weakened and de- moralized by it. When the workingman is demoralized then indeed is the nation in danger. China is the great future market of the world. Her bankers and great merchants are so honest that China to-day leads the world, as she has for years, for commercial integrity. What Bradstreet and Dun do in representing the commercial integrity of men in our country the Merchants’ Year Book, of London, does for nations. In telling the Bank of England to what countries she can most safely make her great loans for years that book has placed Chinese commercial establishments at 95 per cent. while our own Christian country is rated fourth, at 80. May I say a word of hope even for China’s million and more of opium smokers? I have learned from an expert:student of the effects of opium that, unlike other anesthetics, it does not usually affect the brain beyond restoration. This is confirmed by my own long observation. In one class in China, where we had but 23 members, 17 had been confirmed smokers. One, a man over 70, had used it for thirty years. All of them cut it off at once and were saved by God’s help, and we had no more intelligent class within the bounds of our church. Even confirmed opium victims may be transformed into producers and consumers—aye, more, into manly men. Mr. Secretary, you have stood successfully for the “soli- darity” of China as a great world market, but what is to be hoped from such a market with only a degraded, demoralized, State Department Hearing on Opium. 241 impoverished people, from officials to workingmen; strength sapped, will broken, wants minimized, all desjre or means to purchase gone? We need a great market, China needs our commodities. Have we not a right then to act even from and for our own interests? But, asks one, does not China herself raise the poppy? Never, until England forced her to admit the India drug, and then as some sort of self-defense. Her officials then said, “If we must have it we will let our people raise it until we can lessen or drive out the foreign drug, and then we will cut off the heads of any of our people who have anything to do with it!” The United States has been recognized by China as her best friend in spite of our unrighteous, discriminating exclusion laws. Now let America take the initiative in relieving China from this compulsory opium traffic and the United States will be- come the favored nation in China’s great market, and this Administration will go down into history as having accom- plished the greatest good for the greatest nation and for the uplifting of the world by rescuing China from what a great English writer termed, “the crime of the twentieth century.” Following Mrs. Baldwin, Rev. J. F. Hill, secretary of Presby- terian General Assembly’s permanent temperance committee, presented its petition for release of China from opium, and read from a letter of Rev. J. Walter Lowrie, D.D., for twenty years missionary in China for the Presbyterian Board, which had officially requested him to represent it: 1.. My observation attests that the habitual use of opium among at least nine-tenths of those addicted to it is an un- mitigated evil. 2. I have never heard any Chinese defend the habitual use of it, but have heard many excuse themselves for it,-and many curse it. 2 3. The student and ruler class are peculiarly addicted to the insidious narcotic, and as one of the essentials of the per- petuation of the self-government of China, in my judgment, the habitual use of opium by the student and mandarin class must cease. 4. I have invariably heard intelligent men denounce the foreigners who, as they believe, forced China to permit the importation of the drug. 242 Appendix. 5. I commonly hear intelligent Chinese declare the futility of fighting opium within the Chinese Empire so long as they are prohibited from forbidding its importation. Rev. E. Huber, representing the German Evangelical Synod, expressed briefly, by request of its missionary secretary, its great desire for the emancipation of China. Mrs. W. E. De Riemer, for ten years an American Board missionary in China, as official representative of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, happily expressed the great de- sire of Chinese women, and therefore of American women also, for the release of China from opium. There were also present Joshua Levering, Esq., of Baltimore; Mrs. Ellen M. Watson, of Pittsburg, and Doctors Power and Prettyman, of Washington. Dr. H. H. Russell, who had ex- pected to represent the Anti-saloon League, was detained by its annual conference of superintendents. Mr. Joshua Baily, invited to represent the National Temperance Society, also sent regrets. Numerous petitions were presented from mis- sionary and reform societies and chambers of commerce. Secretary Hay, in responding cordially to the addresses, prom- ised to present the whole case to President Roosevelt, and sig- nificantly intimated that the mightiest force for this crusade was wrapped up in the watchword previously quoted, “A de- cent regard for the opinions of mankind.” Exemplary Action of Pittsburg Chamber of Commerce “The Pittsburg Chamber of Commerce, recalling the repeated recommendations of President McKinley, renewed by Presi- dent Roosevelt, that Congress should appoint a commission to study the industrial and commercial conditions in the Chinese Empire, and to report as to the opportunities for and the ob- stacles to the enlargements of markets in China, and recog- nizing that the pauperizing of more than one hundred mil- lions of its people by opium and the anti-foreign feeling which has been partly caused by the act of Great Britain in compelling China to repeal its prohibition of this most harmful drug, is one of the great obstacles to the development of that largest market in the world, hereby join with others in petitioning President Roosevelt, through Secretary Hay, to use his ‘good offices’ to induce Great Britain to release China from the Action of Boards of Trade. 243 treaty provision which compels it to tolerate this traffic which is working great material as well as moral injury.” Reasons given for above action: “tT, It seems only right and just that China or any country should be relieved from any obligation which would force an evil or injury upon her people contrary to her will. “2. Every government, so long as it retains its sovereignty, ought to have the unrestricted authority to regulate its own internal affairs. “3. The opium traffic, by pauperizing and demoralizing the people, will be a great obstacle to the enlargement and de- velopment of the foreign commerce of China, in which our own country is already largely interested, and to which it looks forward with great expectation.” The World’s Commerce Against Chinese Opium. Extracts from Address by W. F. Crafts at National Board of Trade, -Washington, D. C., Jan. 19, 1908. The directors of the Pittsburg Chamber of Commerce and the Boards of Trade of Baltimore and Jacksonville have unani- mously asked President Roosevelt to use his good. offices, when the present war shall reopen all Chinese questions, to induce Great Britain to release China from this moral and material curse, for China’s own sake and for the benefit of the world’s commerce. The resolution adopted by the Balti- more and Jacksonville Boards of Trade is as follows: “To the Honorable, the Secretary of State. “The Board of Trade of ———— has authorized the under- signed in its behalf to petition you to use your great diplomatic influence to induce Great Britain to withdraw from China the opium treaty, which a British writer has characterized as ‘the enemy of the honest trade of every nation,’ since it de- stroys the buying power of China in all the markets of the world, by impoverishing millions of her people.” It should be noted that the case is totally different, from the liquor traffic in England and the United States or any other evil which goes on by a nation’s own free consent. China is the only country in which a police regulation has been stamped out by a foreign invading army, and since this unprecedented international wrong has lessened international trade it is clear- ly an international issue. The leader of the British anti-opium movement, Mr. J. G. Alexander, has cordially recognized as a welcome re-enforcement our American anti-opium movement, and has written that there is “no country from which the British Government would so graciously receive a proposition to release China from opium as from the United States.” We recall the wonderful international army that marched to Pe- 244 Appendix. king to save the white missionaries and diplomats from the Chinese Boxers. In our present anti-opium war, inter- . national public opinion is marching to the rescue of the Chinese nation itself from the greatest wrong ever done by the white race to one of the tinted races, [At the close of this address the National Board of Trade voted that it considered this a matter of ‘‘great importance” and urged that it be considered by all commercial bodies.] See se ZMBB KE 2 KESOASLHERRLAMAARBRERE HE WSLARERAR MUA RANKER E BBE & kk TWEHKHE RP Se MS Ae hk ee BAY Bit KERRNA MER KE AA AMARRAKHRA BOKER Bok — ERAGE HBPH BES 6 Big SSH RA-HR SMa OW The above petition was adopted by the San Francisco Anti-opium Society at 4 meeting, Apr. rst, 1905, and, translated, reads as follows: making it pos- sible for China to prevent the use of opium by stopping the growing of the poppy and prohibiting the mani ure and sale of opium within her jurisdiction. : FOR EMANCIPATION OF CHINA FROM BRITISH OPIUM. AppgaL TO PresipENT RoosEVELT FROM MERCHANTS’ ASSOCIATION OB New Yor« City. ““Wuereas, Under the provisions of the Treaty existing between England and China, the trade in opium has been forced upon the Chinese Empire for more than half a century and the police power to regulate. and contro) such trade has been taken away from the Government, of China; and : “*WueEREAS, The use of opium, which has grown tremendously under the opera- tion of this Treaty and which it is now estimated involves over 120,400,000 people, or about quarter of the ation of the Empire, has raised a bitter resentment among the Chinese people against al] foreigners; and : -‘ Wuereas, The effect of this widespread use of opium has beerl to demoralize, diminish and in many instances nullify their purchasing power, thereby greatly curtail- ing the ability of the Empire of China to consume the products of the world, including the products of this country: and “Wuereas, It seems probable that the logic of events now making in the Far East will necessitate, in the near future, a-revision of treaty rights between the Em pire of China and the Kingdom of Great Britain; now. therefore, be it . “Resolved by the Board of Directors of The Merchants’ Association of New York that the power and right to regulate and control its own internal affairs should be restored to the Empire of China, in order that justice may be done to that Empire; the growing intensity of hatred for all foreigners may be counteracted, and. the pro: ducing and purchasing power of the Empire may not continue thus to be curtailed; and be it further x “Resolved, That the Government of the United States, through its Honorable Secretary of State, be, arid hereby is requested to use its good offices, in so far as the same may be done consistently, to induce the restoration to the Empire of China of its full and proper police powers relative to this subject; and be it further _ “Resolved, That the Secretary of the Association is hereby authorized and directed to forward a copy of these preambles and resolutions to the President of the United States and to each member of his Cabinet, particularly to the Hon. John Hay, Secretary of State." The International Reform Bureau at Washington has secured many important government actions fer the protection of native peoples from the imposition upon then % great and most degrading vues, but no movement it has ever attempted has equaled in importance and world-wide interest its Present Sltorts to urge Que Tgovernment to take fhe feituative in inducing Great Britain tocancel that tion of her treaty wit ina which compels ire to it opi i trade Mra. 8. L, Baldwin in Christian Advocate N.¥.. Mar, to, Ree N. Y., Mar. 16, 1905. President Roosevelt took action requested in foregoing petitions, p. 223. OPIUM CURES. OPINIONS OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN PHYSICIANS IN CHINA AS TO THE MEDICAL AND GOVERNMENTAL AID THAT SHOULD BE GIVEN TO THOSE COMPELLED BY ANTI-OPIUM LEGIS- LATION IN MANY LANDS TO BREAK OFF THE OPIUM HABIT AND TO OTHERS VOLUNTARILY TURNING FROM IT. Both Britain and China are moving too slowly against the curse of opium because revenue fights at every step the march of righteousness. But the opium traffic is manifestly doomed. To assure success in the Herculean task of emancipating the Chinese from this vice in China and in the Philippines, Presi- dent Roosevelt united all governments having permanent ter- ritorial possessions in eastern Asia, namely China, Japan, Britain, France, Italy, Holland, and the United States, in an Anti-Opium Joint Commission (other nations since added, P. 224), whose work can hardly fail to extend until the opium traffic joins piracy and slavery in the limbo of crimes against civilization. This symposium of medical opinions only aims to bring to China and the Chinese everywhere, and their friends and helpers, the best medical advice as to what should be done by governments and individuals to aid opium users in breaking from the slavery that was thrust upon China, when its law prohibited opium except as a medicine, by what Mr. Gladstone called “the wickedest wars of history,” the opium wars of 1840, 1858 and 1861. The world was ready to forgive and forget those wars when, on May 30, 1906, the British Parliament unanimously voted “that the Indo-Chinese opium trade is morally indefensible, and the Government is instructed to bring it to a speedy close.” But the Government has not been “speedy” in obeying that mandate, and the Christian citizens of the British Empire, who are demanding that the vote shall be fully and promptly obeyed, should be re-enforced by the almost irresistible might of international public opinion, expressing itself through courteous resolutions, not only of missionary and reform 245 246 Appendix. societies but also of chambers of commerce, since “the opium traffic is the foe of the honest trade of every nation.” In this symposium we propose to show more especially what action, governmental and medical, is needed in China and wherever the Chinese have spread this deadly drug, to meet the immediate exigency caused by nearly a million people being cut off by legislation from the vice which they were pre- viously allowed to indulge. ‘ The author being in China when the opium dens were being closed by imperial decree, saw new perils arising from the sale of alleged “opium cures,” all of them containing opium in some form, to be eaten or drunk. He heard there and in the Philippines the plea of merchants and officials interested in holding on to opium revenues so long as possible, that five or ten years would be necessary for opium sots to “‘taper off.” The Chinese Government, though it had ordered opium dens closed in six months, had spoken of ten years’ allowance for aged opium sots to accomplish gradual emancipation. On this account he sought from the skilled physicians in the missionary hospitals of China, graduates of the best medi- cal schools of Europe and America, authoritative information on this “tapering off” theory and related matters. Their replies are found in the following pages which we ask philanthropists to aid us in sending in Chinese and Eng- lish to the millions who need this important information. The consensus of these replies (with minor variations) is: 1. That the worst opium sot can be cured in a month, while the majority of opium users can stop at once, without harm, as prisoners do, especially if opium prohibition has put them in like case—that they can not get the drug. 2. That whatever slight “tapering” is in rare cases per- missible should be done in a hospital or at least through medi- cal prescription, and that it is foolish to suppose any sot, with opium dens accessible, will himself drop the habit by a sliding scale. 3. That like does not cure like in the case of alleged “opium cures’? made wholly or in part of opium, and that the sale of all such “cures” should be suppressed. 4. That moral and legal means should be used to prevent the abuse of the exception made in all anti-opium legislation for the use of the drug in prescriptions of qualified physicians, Opium Cures, 247 The best suggestion on this point is that only in public hos- pitals should such prescription be permissible. This should certainly be the law in China and in the Philippines. The author made careful inquiry as to the treatment of opium sots in the Hong Kong prison. The chief warden said that opium-using prisoners, on being jailed, dramatically pro- tested they ‘could not live without opium.” The answer would be not denial but seeming postponement. ‘To-mor- row’ to them meant indulgence, but to the keeper it meant treatment. On the morrow there would be a yet more dra- matic “scene’ that might be called, ‘Dope or die.” The keeper would prove to be a believer in Mark Twain’s motto, “Never put off till to-morrow what you can do day after to- morrow just as well’? At last, when the prisoner had dis- covered he could really live two or three days without dope, but was miserable enough to listen to advice, he would be’ assured by the keeper that a glass of water would relieve him’ of his misery. There is nothing an opium fiend so much loathes as water, but. he would finally conclude to try the remedy. The water would serve as an emetic. A very foul stomach would be cleaned out, and a hot bath and long sleep would complete the cure. Only in very rare instances is the prison hospital resorted to, and then only for a brief period. The opium sot usually takes up his prison task as quickly and works as steadily as other prisoners. This prison record shows the possibility of an immediate break without injury. Surely government should by drastic prohibition give opium sots out of jail an equal chance for swift emancipation, and provide also for prevention by making it impossible to get opium outside of a hospital. Medical opinions came in response to following circular of inquiry: MEMORANDUM FROM INTERNATIONAL REFORM BUREAU 206 Pennsylvania Ave., s. e., Washington, D. C., U. S. A. Please send your opinion as a Medical Missionary in China to our Bureau, at above address, to be presented with a few others to President Roosevelt, who has just secured appoint- ment of a Joint Commission for co-operative international ‘action in suppression of the vicious uses of the opium in & 248 Appendix. Eastern Asia. The danger is that those interested in opium revenue will again plead, as they have done successfully in many cases of previous ineffective legislation, that “opium users would be killed if opium dens were suddenly closed,” and that legislatively and medicinally a long “tapering off” period of ten years or five or three should be allowed. Acting Governor May, of Hong Kong, tells me his prison positively disproves this, as no bad results follow an instantaneous breaking off at the time of arrest. Such men do their job at once and as regularly as other prisoners. The United States Congress allowed three years, terminating March 1, 1908, for “tapering off” in the Philippines.** H. E. Viceroy Yuan Shih kai accompanies his sudden closing of opium dens in North China with the opening of a special opium hospital adjoining his Yamen, where I saw the recovering victims examined by Dr. Peck, all doing well and about ready to be dismissed after short treatment. : The authoritative word will be that of the medical mission- ary, and we shall welcome your opinion— 1. Whether opium users need a long period for “tapering off.” : 2. Whether this should be provided by continuing opium dens or by hospital treatment. 3. What action should be taken by Government with refer- ence to alleged opium cures that continue the use of opium in pills or other form. *The author having reported June 1, 1907, from Manila to President Roosevelt, the following cablegram was sent from Washington to Manila by the Bureau of Insular Affairs of the War Department on July 20, 1907: “W. F. Crafts has written intimating some of the internal revenue officials are inclined to recommend postponement of the date within which Congressional opium prohibition to become effective. Secretary of War writes me to cable on no account must any hope be entertained that Congressional limitation will be postponed or in any way modified; that a warning ought to be issued immediately calling attention to the coming into operation of prohibitory statute, and that all persons must be prepared to have it strictly enforced.” Accordingly prohibition took effect Mar. 1, 1908. Opium Cures. 249 4. What safeguards are needed against the abuse of the exceptions allowing opium to be prescribed by physicians. Thanking you in advance for your reply, I am, Yours for a “better world” here and now, Wivegur F. Crarts. En route from Philippines to Australia, June 2, 1907. Opinions oF AMERICAN AND EuROPEAN PHYSICIANS IN CHINA AS TO THE Best Arp, MEDICAL AND GOVERNMENTAL, TO BE GivEN To THosE WHO ARE GIVING UP THE Vicious UsEs OF OPIUM VOLUNTARILY oR UNDER COMPULSION. W. H. Park, M.D., Soochow Hospital, Soochow, China, June 18, 1907, American Southern Methodist Mission. [Dr. Wm. Hector Park was born in Georgia, U. S. A., October 27, 1858, and came to China as medical missionary in 1862. Has always run an opium refuge in connection with his hospital. Compiled the pamphlet, “Opinions of One Hun- dred Physicians on the Use of Opium in China.” For many years has acted as treasurer of the Anti-Opium League of China.] ; 1. Opium users do not need a long time for tapering off. 2. Where necessary it should be accomplished by hospital treatment and not by opium dens. If opium could be abso- lutely withdrawn from the country, over ninety of the present opium users would need no treatment at all. They might suffer for a few days, but in a short time they would be like new men, and would be a thousand times better off without opium than they can ever be with it. 3. Government should absolutely prohibit the sale of all onium cures containing opium. 4. During the present state of medical practice in China, -be-e of the exceptions allowing opium to be prescribed by “cians cannot be safeguarded. Government should raise standard of the medical practice and allow only registered medical men to prescribe opium to their patients. This priv- ilege will be abused, though, unless some way can be devised for holding the doctor responsible. 250 Appendix. President Roosevelt, Washington, D. C.: Dear Sir—I have been asked by Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts to write you as to my opinion of the “tapering off” of opium users in ten years, five years or three or other long periods, from the standpoint of a medical man familiar by reading and practice with opium cases. : I do not believe in the tapering off plan. We are supposed to be tapering in Soochow now under a notice to close all opium dens in six months, but, though the time is nearly up, the tapering has not yet begun. As a rule, opium smokers never taper off. The tendency is all the other‘way, and they will smoke their full amount as long as they can get it, if the heavens fall. This is just as true of those who daily smoke a small amount as those who smoke a large. All are sots and time given them to taper off in is just so much time thrown away. The suffering from stopping at once may be rather severe in many cases, but it does not last many days and is not in itself dangerous to life. Chinese patients often ask me to “pull their teeth slow and easy.” Imagine how it would feel if I should listen to their appeals. So with the opium habit—it must be eradicated, and the quicker it is pulled out by the roots the better for all parties concerned. Most respectfully yours, David T. Stuart, M.D., Superintendent, Elizabeth Blake Hos- pital, American Presbyterian Mission, South, Soochow, China, June 18, 1907. We treat an average of two hundred opium smokers in our hospital a year, and my answers are based on an experience covering eight years in Soochow. 1. From two to three weeks’ treatment after a sudden break- ing off or rather stoppage of opium gives the best results, and the patients suffer very little pain or discomfort during this time. 2. Hospital treatment is the only satisfactory method. Opium dens should all be closed at once. 3. The government should absolutely prohibit the sale of “anti-opium pills” and other “opium cures.” They all con- tain opium in one form or another and it simply means con- Opium Cures. 251 tinuing the use of opium in another form. It is not a cure by any means, and simply dupes the victim and makes him a worse slave to the habit. 4. This is a hard question to answer. Any physician can prescribe opium in any prescription and defend himself by saying the patient needs it. It all depends on the honesty of the physician. The only safeguard I know of is to raise the ethics of the profession and take away the license of any physician found guilty of ordering opium for a patient when he does so simply to satisfy his craving for the drug. John MacWillie, M.D., St, Peter’s Hospital, American Church Mission, Wuchang, via Hankow, China, June 21, 1907. 1. In my five years’ active practice in China I have treated most of my breaking off opium cases by the radical method, ie., by immediate and total deprivation of opium in any form, and the balance of my patients by the gradual method, ie., by reducing the amount of the alkaloid each day for ten days, when only water is given. The only obstinate case is one at present under my care whom I have treated by the radical method. He has been addicted to the habit for over twenty years and has been under treatment for fifteen days. 2. Hospital treatment. 3. Prohibition. 4. Effective safeguard impossible as there is practically no Chinese medical profession and no registration of those who take upon themselves the calling. James L. Maxwell, M.D., Lond., Tainan, Formosa, June 22, 1907, English Presbyterian Mission. 1, The method used should be that of immediately and com- pletely cutting off the supply of the drug. The only exception to this rule is when the habitué of the drug is very seriously ill from some other cause, in which case the opium should be continued till convalescence is established, and then the same rule followed. Ree 2. The answer to this is implied in the answer to the first question. 252 Appendix. 3. No “opium cures” containing opium or its alkaloids should under any circumstances be allowed to be offered for public sale. 4. No safeguards are needed so long as the word “physician” implies a registered practitioner holding the qualifications of some reputable school. J. G. Meadows, M.D., Wuchow, American Southern Baptist Mission, via Canton, China, June 23, 1907. 1. “A long period for tapering off” is not needed. The cure must be radical and immediate, but opium in some form will very often be required for a few days. The large majority do not need any opium while taking the cure. 2. The treatment will have to be done in hospitals or insti- tutions for the special purpose to make it most effective. Many do break off without any treatment at all. 3. The most radical measures possible should be taken to suppress the sale of opium or its compounds in pill form. It is far more injurious than opium smoking and is at present quite general. 4. Physicians as a class are no better than other men and if business men requires safeguards, so do all classes of men. A physician proven to have abused his privilege as a physician to prescribe opium should be prohibited from practising medicine. E. L. Woodward, M.D., H. B. Taylor, M.D., St. James Hos- pital, American Church Mission, Nganking, China, June 24, 1907. 1. The tapering off method is only required when the patient is extremely debilitated. The ordinary case can be broken off immediately and without serious difficulty or any danger, if under medical supervision. The tapering off method, whether used for those extremely debilitated or for those attempting to break off the habit without medical supervision and re- straint, should not be prolonged beyond about twenty days. 2. By hospital treatment exclusively. 3. To be effective, government action must be rigidly un- compromising and therefore the alleged opium cures that con- Opium Cures. 253 tinue the use of opium in pills or other forms should be ex- posed by government analysis and suppressed except when used under medical supervision. 4. The prescribing of opium preparations should be re- stricted to the duly licensed practitioner, and the abuse of the privilege should be followed by a heavy fine. B. L. Livingstone-Learmouth, M.B., C.M., Edin., Irish Presby- terian Mission Hospital, Hsin Min fu, via N’Chwang, Manchuria, June 25, 1907. 1. Opium users do not need a long period for breaking off. 2. Opium shops would be useless. The breaking off is attended with considerable discomfort and should be undertaken in hospitals, where the various symptoms may be treated as they arise. 3. The government sanitary inspector should have the vari- ous pills examined, and if they contain opium they should be under the same embargo as the opium of the opium dens. 4. When there is a goverment diploma necessary for all medical practitioners, it will be time enough to discuss this point. Henry Fowler, London Mission Hospital and Leper Home, FIsiao-kan, via Hankow, Central China, June 29, 1907. 1. My experience is that the majority of opium users suffer no ill effects by breaking the habit suddenly. My own practice is to allow one week. At the end of that time I invariably find that the desire for smoking the drug is gone. The patient remains in hospital for a further period of two weeks to undergo medical treatment. As a rule the patient is en- feebled and requires tonics and a generous diet. I have a little hesitancy when one comes to old men, chronic smokers. I have been disappointed in some cases to find that the sudden giving up of the habit has meant the death of the patient. 2. For this reason I earnestly recommend for such patients hospital treatment under fully qualified medical men or women. The older the patient the. more necessary the medical treat- ment. I am firmly convinced that the habit can be given up 254 Appendix. if care is taken in treating the case. The harm results from carelessness. Constant watching of the cardiac and pulmonary apparatus is necessary. 3. I am entirely opposed to the anti-opium pill. Invariably it means that the user is taking an even larger quantity of morphia or opium than previously. I have made a collection of these pills as sold on the street in this city and find that they all contain opium or its derivatives. The government must on no account allow the sale of these pills. 4. In China there are so few qualified Chinese doctors that it would be safe to say that No ONE BUT PHYSICIANS CONNECTED WITH HOSPITAL PRACTICE SHOULD USE OPIUM AS A MEDICINE.* All native drug stores should be fined for stocking or selling it. The greatest offender in this part of China, is Japan. Her medical quacks are to be found all over Central China. They derive their greatest fees from these so-called “opium cure pills.” If anything can be done to protect China from these quacks so much the better.7 James Menzies, M.D., Hwai Ch’ing fu, Honan, China, July 2, 1907, Canadian Presbyterian Mission. Have been a medical missionary in North China for nearly twelve years in the Province of Honan, and have during that time had considerable experience with patients breaking off the opium habit. 1. In many cases sudden stopping of opium would mean the death of the user where the habit has become confirmed, un- less he were looked after in some hospital. I have, however, even with the worst cases of late stopped their opium at once *Missionaries and others should urge that wherever opium cases are numerous, in China, the Philippines, India, and in large parts of New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Hawaii and the United States, the administering of opium as a medicine to Chinese should be limited to public hospitals. yAmbassador Takahira in 1908 assured the International Reform Bureau, in reply to a letter, that although there had been some exporta- tion of hypodermic syringes from Japan to China, the Mikado’s govern- ment expected to suppress this traffic and co-operate heartily with Presi- dent Roosevelt and with China in efforts to stamp out the vicious uses of opium. Opium Cures. 255 on entering the hospital, but have carefully looked after them with stimulants till they were able to sleep and digest natural food. In my humble opinion this tapering off business will in most cases mean tapering on instead of tapering off. 2. I would close every opium den in the kingdom at once. While these exist the people will never break off the habit, and those who have broken off will begin again. Proper hospital treatment is, I am sure, far more sane and more likely to be effectual. 3. The government should prohibit the sale of opium cures containing opium. The country is at present being flooded with such. They do not cure the opium craving, but merely substitute the habit of opium eating for opium smoking, and the last end of that man is worse than the first. The govern- ment should take a lesson from the experience of the United States and Canada, and PROHIBIT THE SALE OF PATENT MEDICINES WHOSE FORMULA IS NOT PLAINLY PRINTED ON THE LABEL. Medical missionaries would not abuse the privileges, but unscrupulous native doctors might, and some legislation along that line might be found necessary. Bran V. Somerin Taylor, M.B. (Nearly 29 years medical mis- sionary in China), American Church Missionary Society, Hing Hua, Foochow, July 6, 1907. 1. Opium users do not need a long period for tapering off. 2. No continuance of opium dens. They simply perpetuate the evil. Sweep them off the face of China. 3. Prohibit all such pills. They are useless and delude the patient. 4. Very difficult to answer. At first sight, it seems that a law prohibiting the use of opium or morphine except by physicians in prescriptions would guard against abuse, but until the Chinese register their physicians such a plan is use- less, unless they confine the use of opium to foreign qualified physicians, which one could hardly ask them to do. The only plan that I can think of is that the Customs keep track of all imported opium or morphia and follow it up as far as possible. 256 Appendix. Sidney H. Carr, M.D., China Inland Hospital, Kai feng fu via Hankow, June 29, 1907. 1. A long period is not needed for breaking off. 2. Treatment should be carried on in hospitals or by trained physicians. 3. Alleged “opium cures” containing opium should be pro- hibited except under the strictest supervision. Fred H. Judd, M.B., B.O., China Inland Mission Raohow fu, Shanghai, June 7, 1907. 1. Opium users do not need a long period for tapering off. The longest in my own experience has been less than a month. When broken off instantaneously they suffer a great deal for several days, but rarely enough to endanger life. I use the gradual method, stopping the opium at once and personally giving them diminishing doses of morphia for ten to twenty days, with tonic treatment besides. 2. The tapering off treatment should not be provided by con- tinuing opium dens, but by hospital treatment, or by some similar method. 3. While the government should do all it can to stop all public indulgence, it is difficult to say how far it can control a man’s personal habits at home as long as he directly injures no one else. 4. While I am strong against opium and all its evils, it is a useful drug especially in summer complaints. One cannot very well forbid the sale of opium pills for diarrhoea. I can suggest no safeguard against abuses of medical prescriptions except that prescriptions should be limited in the quantity of the drug ordered, and should not be repeated without a new signature of the physician. The moral tone and conscience of medical men should be raised so that they will use it only when needed. W. H. Venable, M.D., Kaihing, China, July 22, 1907. I have treated a large number of patients for the opium habit in my hospital. Have not used the tapering off process, but have stopped all opium from the time of entering the Opium Cures. 257 hospital. A certain proportion of these patients seemed to suffer a good deal. A good many got along quite comfortably and scarcely seemed to suffer at all. Occasionally, if a patient seemed to be suffering more than usual, I would break my rule and give him a hypodermic injection of morphine when the suffering seemed to be at its height, but without the patient knowing that he was receiving opium. Though the patient may have some vomiting and diarrhoea for several days after leaving off his opium, it is very rare for a patient’s strength to be depressed to the extent of causing his attending phy- sician any anxiety. Of all the patients I have treated, I can only recall one whose pulse became weak enough to make me feel somewhat anxious, and that was a patient who had tuber- culosis. I stimulated him freely and he came through all tight, and broke off the habit. As a rule the longer a person has used opium and the larger the amount he has taken, the more difficult it is to break off the habit. But temperament has a good deal to do with it. Some seem to suffer more from breaking off a small amount than others do for breaking off a large amount. To sum up: There is a certain amount of depression of the system fol- lowing the leaving off of opium, but not nearly as much as is popularly supposed. This depression might cause death in an individual whose vital power is already impaired by old age or disease, but such cases are rare. Taking the ordinary run of cases, even including some who are seriously diseased, there is very small risk to life from breaking off the opium habit. I therefore give these answers to questions: : 1. Opium users do not need a long period for tapering off. I have heard that during the war between Japan and China hundreds of opium smoking soldiers who were captured by the Japanese were put in prison and not allowed any opium. They suffered for several days, but none died. This coincides with the experience of Acting Governor May of Hong Kong. 2. They should be kept in a hospital while breaking off the habit, as their will power is not strong enough to resist tempta- tion. 258 Appendix. "3. Of the thousands who have tried to get cured of the habit by taking pills containing morphine or opium, I know of few who have been cured, but the cure was in each case, no doubt, due to the amount of will power of the individual rather than to the method used. These few could have broken off the habit by tapering off the amount they smoked in some other way if they could have had as much faith in the method. This kind of so-called “opium cure,” i. ¢., taking medicines that contain opium or morphine, should be legislated against most stringently. I have no hesitancy in saying that such cures are a snare and a delusion. Cecil J. Davenport, F.R.C.S. (Medical missionary since 1889), Shantung Road Hospital, London Mission, Shanghai, China. 1. I do not think opium users need a long period of taper- ing off. If they are in earnest three weeks is sufficient. 2. I do not think the continuing of opium dens Helps at all— except to keep up the smoking habit. Heavy smokers and weaklings must have skilled medical care—in my opinion, for about three weeks. Have frequently found their condition serious. For them hospital treatment is ideal. 3. In my opinion the only way is to license chemists or druggists. By keeping a strict watch on sales and quantities bought and sold it would be possible to limit or restrict illicit sales. In case of detection heavy fines should be imposed. 4. I do not think it possible to confine the sale of opium only to physicians’ prescriptions nor do I think it advisable. The only way to curb abuse appears to me to be by strict vigilance, by licensing and limiting the centers from which drugs containing opium or opium compounds can be obtained. The first essential for all this is a pure government, honest officials and trusty employes. Kate C. Woodhull; M.D., American Board Mission, Hospital for Women, Foochow, June 24, 1607. 1. The tapering off policy, in my opinion, only lengthens out the time of suffering and increases the difficulty of getting rid of the drug. Opium Cures. 259 2. When the opium is dropped, whether suddenly or after a tapering off process, there will be more or less suffering, and it is humane to mitigate this by intelligent medical treat- ment, such as only a physician can give. The sooner opium dens are closed the better for the opium user. It also removes the temptation for others to learn. Opium smokers often take their friends with them, and they think they will just try it once, and thus gradually form the opium habit. 3. Opium pills and other so-called ‘opium cures” should be condemned, as they usually result only in changing the use of opium from one form to another which is nearly, if not equally, as harmful. 4. All well educated, intelligent physicians know the need of great care in prescribing opium in all its forms to any patient, and they know that the greatest care is needed in the case of opium users. If physicians are not conscientious enough to act in accordance with the knowledge they, have, it would be difficult to provide any safeguards. In our hospital we have treated hundreds of opium smok- ers—had them leave off at once. Did not use any opium, but calomel and worm tablets, tonics and medicine that would aid digestion. If the distress was so great that the patient could not sleep we used bromide of potassium and chloral. They like this treatment, and most of them are temporarily cured. ‘That is, they get so that they can eat, sleep and work. BuT WITH ALL METHODS OF CURE THAT HAVE BEEN TRIED IN THE PAST, AFTER A FEW MONTHS THE CRAVING RETURNS. THIS IS THE TIME OF GREATEST DANGER. IF WITH INTELLIGENT MEDI- CAL TREATMENT, AND THE SYMPATHY AND HELP OF FRIENDS, THEY CAN BE KEPT FROM THE OPIUM, THEY CAN BE SAVED. THE MAJORITY OF OUR PATIENTS WHO SEEMED TO BE CURED WENT BACK AGAIN TO THE USE OF THE DRUG WHEN THE CRAVING RE- TURNED. HAD THE OPIUM DENS BEEN CLOSED AT THAT TIME, PROBABLY MOST OF THEM WOULD HAVE BEEN PERMANENTLY CURED. IF IT IS POSSIBLE FOR THEM TO OBTAIN THE OPIUM, WHEN THE CRAVING RETURNS IT IS ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE FOR THEM TO RESIST THE TEMPTATION. May 12th was the day appointed to close the opium dens in Foochow. The officers were very enthusiastic about it. Had a long procession which marched through the streets carrying banners, accompanied by a band of music, also stopped at 260 Appendix, several places to make speeches. The students of the govern- ment schools joined in the procession, and the students of our Foochow city college were invited to join them in the march. It so happened that our deputation from Boston, Dr. Barton and Dr. Moore, were here on that day. They also marched with the procession, and Dr. Moore made a speech in front of one of the public buildings. So a beginning was made. If only the officers would be firm and follow up the matter. But if the officers themselves use opium there is little hope that they will exert themselves to do away with the drug. Edward C. Machle, M.D., Lienchow via Canton, American Presbyterian Mission (Twenty years’ experience in treat- ing obium habitués) Oct. 18, 1907. 1. I would say that most opium users do not need a long period for tapering off. Some are sure to suffer with the sudden withdrawal of opium, but they can be relieved by entering special opium hospitals, to be temporarily erected out of cheap material in connection with each mission hospital or yamen. 2. Opium dens ought to be closed and special hospitals opened to relieve those who suffer. 3. From my experience as a medical missionary among opium smokers and also ten months’ experience in the Philip- pines, the so-called “cure” of the opium habit by means of pills should be forbidden by law, as most of those who have tried this treatment have been disappointed. Many have come to my hospital as much addicted to the drug as when they began the use of the so-called cure. The habitué has access to an entire bottle full of the morphine-containing drug, uses it in sufficient quantity to relieve his cravings and is likely to increase rather than decrease the amount to be taken, and bind the chains of the habit more firmly. 4. PHYSICIANS AND PHARMACISTS SHOULD BE INSTRUCTED THAT NO PATIENT OR CUSTOMER IS TO BE SUPPLIED WITH ANY MEDICINE CONTAINING OPIUM OR ITS DERIVATIVES FOR A LONGER TIME THAN TWO MONTHS, AS THE HABIT IS FORMED BY THREE MONTHS’ USE. After three months’ use the relief which the Opium Cures. 261 drug formerly afforded is not the new habitué’s reason for continuing it, but the distress produced from not taking the drug is the sole reason for continuing its use. C. F. Ensign, M.D., Tai-an, via Tsingtau, China, Sept. 23, 1907. American Methodist Episcopal Church Mission, 1. Decidedly, No. Experience has shown that even patients with other diseases also can break off the habit after a few days of restlessness. 2. Hospital treatment makes the breaking off much easier. 3. Government should take as drastic measures against one form of opium as against the other. The opium cases con- taining the pills are not cured—have not even broken off the habit. 4. All professions have their rogues, and no matter what laws are passed a certain per cent. of the medical fraternity will violate them, but that per cent. is very small. Opium, in some of its forms has been, is, and will continue to be a much- used drug, and very effective, so much so that many practi- tioners say they can not get along without it. Promiscuous prescribing of the drug should cease, and the using of it as seldom as possible should be enjoined. Further, a penalty should be provided for one giving the drug until a habit is formed, and for one who knowingly gives opium to a habitué. Chas. W. Service, M.D., Canadian Methodist Mission, Kiating via Chung king, China, Aug. 18, 1907. 1, Opium patients do not need a long period for tapering off. Many suffer, more or less, for the first few days, but two or three weeks are usually ample for treatment in hospital. I do not think there is any danger in breaking off suddenly, although most patients are more or less uncomfortable for a few days. 2. Give them from two to four weeks’ hospital treatment by all means. Many have some concurrent disease which needs treatment. 3. I think the government should forbid the sale and use of all opium in pills or other forms. Most, if not all of the 262 Appendix. so-called opium cures sold on the streets in China and by unlicensed practitioners, drug shops, etc., contain opium in some form and should be prohibited under penalty. 4. a. Allaw only qualified physicians to prescribe. This rules out quacks and all self-constituted physicians, including Chinese doctors, except such as hold diplomas from schools of scientific medicine. b. Allow only accredited and licensed drug stores to handle it. c. Allow such drug stores to sell it only as above men- tioned qualified physicians prescribe it. d. Have rigid inspection of such drug stores. ge. Allow no import of opium or morphine except by qualified physicians and licensed drug stores. Would the importation into China of patent medicines, cigarettes and spirituous liquors be in line with the work of the International Reform Bureau?* These are some of the greatest menaces to China. There is no doubt about the latter two. As for the first, the patent medicine vendors are going to find here a very lucrative field for the exploitation of their wares. The Chinese are great medicine users, and even now are spending no small sum in buying foreign patent medicines and proprietary mixtures of doubtful worth. As years pass increasing millions of dollars will be wasted or worse than wasted. All sorts of inert and harmful preparations will be foisted trpon the millions of this land and only the makers and vendors will be gainers. *The Reform Bureau is seeking to checkmate the efforts of Ameri- can brewers and tobacco dealers to introduce in China beer and cigarettes as substitutes for opium. The Bureau’s Secretary for China, Rev. E. W. Thwing, will warn Chinese officials and people of this peril, and we ask philanthropists everywhere to help us circulate a million copies of “Scientific Testimony on Beer,” following, in a Chinese translation. Scientific Testimony on Beer. There is another peril that all friends of China should provide against, namely, that the beer saloon shall take the place of the abolished opium dens. China has been a prohibition country since the fourth century, except as foreign trade and- treaties have broken down its customs and laws both as to intoxicants and opium. “Young China,” aping the follies of the West in its blind effort to be “progressive,” thinks it can prove itself so by doing three, things—whistling, smoking cigarettes and drinking beer. We therefore subjoin a symposium, which we hope may be translated into Chinese and circulated wherever the Chinese dwell, “Scientific Testimony on Beer.” In the fight against beer in China we must probably for a while rely upon educational rather than legislational action. In every missionary school in China at least—if possible in government schools and colleges—and also by posters such as are used for like purpose in French and British cities, the warnings of science against beer should swiftly be made known. And beer is the new peril of Japan also, which has an unequaled record in anti-opium and anti-tobacco and anti- gambling legislation, and has hitherto had less of alcohol- ism and drunkenness than most other nationalities. Beer is also invading the Spanish countries, hitherto least drurfken of the white races, partly because Spain had two hundred years of Mohammedan prohibition. Beer is also the most harmful of American drinks, partly because it is thought to be the least harmful. OPINIONS OF TOLEDO PHYSICIANS.—The alarm- ing growth of the use of beer among the American people, and the spreading delusion among many who considered them- selves temperate, that the encouragement of beer drinking is an effective way of promoting the cause of temperance, impelled The Blade, a newspaper of Toledo, Ohio, edited by a wit known as “Petroleum V. Nasby,” to send a rep- resentative to leading physicians of that city to obtain their opinions of beer drinking. 263 264. Appendix. A Beer Drinking City—Toledo is essentially a beer drinking city. The German population is very large. Five of the largest breweries in the country are located there. The practice of these physicians is, therefore, largely among beer drinkers, and they have had abundant oppor- tunities to know exactly its bearings on health and disease. Every one bears testimony that no man can drink beer safely, that it is an injury to any one who uses it in any quantity, and that its effect on the general health of the country has been even worse than that of whiskey. These opinions were quoted by Senator J. H. Gallinger, M.D., in the United States Senate, on January 9, 1901, in a debate that resulted in the prohibition of army beer saloons by a vote of more than two to one. Beer Kills Quicker Than Other Liquor.—Dr. S. H. Burgen, a practitioner thirty-five years, twenty-eight in Toledo, says: “I think beer kills quicker than any other liquor. My attention was first called to its insidious effects when I began examining for life insurance. I passed as unusually good risks five Germans—young busi- ness men—who seemed in the best health, and to have superb constitutions. In a few years I was amazed to see the whole five drop off, one after another, with what ought to have been mild and easily curable diseases. On comparing my experience with that of other physicians I found they were all having similar luck. with confirmed beer drinkers, and my practice since has heaped confirma- tion on confirmation. “The first organ to be attacked is the kidneys; the liver soon sympathizes, and then comes, most frequently, dropsy or Bright’s disease, both certain to end fatally. Any physician who cares to take the time will tell you that among the dreadful results of beer drinking are lock- jaw and erysipelas, and that the beer drinker seems in- capable of recovering from mild disorders and injuries not usually regarded of a grave character. Pneumonia, pleurisy, fevers, etc., seem to have a first mortgage on him, which they foreclose remorselessly at an early oppor- tunity. Scientific Testimony on Beer. 265 Beer Worse Than Whiskey.—‘The beer drinker is much worse off than the whiskey drinker, who seems to have more elasticity and reserve power. He will even have delirium tremens; but after the fit is gone you will some- times find good material to work upon. Good manage- ment may bring him around all right. But when a beer drinker gets into trouble it seems almost as if you have to recreate the man before you can do anything for him. I have talked this for years, and have had abundance of living and dead instances around me to support my opinions.” Beer Drinking Shortens Life—Dr. S, S. Lungren, a leading homeopathic physician and surgeon, has practised in Toledo twenty-five years: “It is difficult to find any part of the confirmed beer drinker’s machinery that is doing its work as it should. This is why their life cords snap off like glass rods when disease or accident gives them a little blow. Beer drinking shortens life. This is not a mere opinion; it is a well-settled, recognized fact. Physicians and insurance companies accept this as un- questionably as any other undisputed fact of science. The great English physicians decide that the heart’s action is increased 13 per cent. in its efforts to throw off alcohol introduced into the circulation. The result is easily fig- ured out. The natural pulse-beat is, say, 76 per minute. If we multiply this by 60 minutes in an hour, and 24 hours in a day, and add 13 per cent., we find that the heart has been compelled to do an extra work during that time in throwing off the burden of a few drinks (4.8 ounces of alcohol) equal to 15.5 tons lifted one foot high.” Life Insurance Companies.—“The life insurance com- panies make a business of estimating men’s lives, and can only make money by making correct estimates of what- ever influences life. Here is a table they use in calculating how long a normal, healthy man will probably live after a given age: Age. Expectancy. Age. Expectancy. 20 years........ 41.5 years 50 years........ 20.2 years 30 years........ 34.4 years 60 years........ 13.8 years 4O years........ 28.3 years 65 years........ II years “Now they expect a man otherwise healthy, who is addicted to beer, will have his life shortened from 40 to 60 266 Appendix. per cent. For instance, if he is twenty years old and does not drink beer, he may reasonably expect to reach the age of sixty-one. If he is a beer drinker, he will probably not live to be over forty or forty-five, and so on.” Beer Drinking and Longevity.——The President of. the Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company—one of the oldest in the country—has for years been investigating the relation of beer drinking to longevity; or otherwise, whether beer drinkers are desirable risks to a life insur- ance company. He declared, as the result of a series of observations carried on among a selected group of persons who were habitual drinkers of beer, that although for two or three years there was nothing remarkable, yet presently death began to strike, and then the mortality became astounding and uniform in its manifestations. There was no mis- taking it; the history was almost invariable; robust, apparent health, full muscles, a fair outside, increasing weight, florid faces; then a touch of cold or a sniff of malaria, and instantly some acute disease, with almost invariable typhoid symptoms, was in violent action, and ten days or less ended it. It was as if the system had been kept fair on the outside, while within it was eaten to a shell, and at the first touch of disease there was utter collapse, every fiber was poisoned and weak. And this in its main features, varying in degree, has been his ob- servation in beer drinking everywhere. It is peculiarly deceptive at first; it is thoroughly destructive at the last. Beer Drinkers Unpromising Patients.—Dr. J. T.. Woods: “That confirmed beer drinkers are especially unpromising patients all practical surgeons agree.” Dr. S. S. Lungren: “Alcohol invites attacks of disease, and makes recovery from any attack or injury difficult.” Dr. C. A. Kirkley: “Sickness is always more fatal in beer drinkers, and serious accidents are usually fatal to them.” Dr. S. H. Burgen: “Beer drinkers are absolutely the most dangerous class of subjects a surgeon can operate on. Insignificant scratches are liable to develop a long train of dangerous troubles. Sometimes delirium tremens results from a small hurt. It is dangerous for a beer Scientific Testimony on Beer. 267 drinker to even cut his finger. All surgeons hesitate to per- form operations on a beer drinker that they would undertake with the greatest confidence on any one else.” “A Little Circle of Doctors.”—Dr. S. S. Thorne: “If you could drop into a little circle of doctors, when they are having a quiet, professional chat, you would hear enough in a few minutes to terrify you as to the work of beer. One will say, ‘What’s become of So-and-So? I haven’t seen him around lately.’ ‘Oh, he’s dead’ ‘Dead! What was the matter?’ ‘Beer.’ Another will say, ‘I’ve just come from Blank’s. I am afraid it’s about my last call on him, poor fellow.’ ‘What’s the trouble?’ ‘Oh, he’s been a regular beer drinker for years.’ A third will remark how —— has just gone out like a candle in a draft of wind. ‘Beer’ is the reason given. And so on, till half a dozen physi- cians have mentioned fifty recent cases where apparently strong, hearty men, at a time of life when they should be in their prime, have suddenly dropped into the grave. To say they are habitual beer drinkers is sufficient ex- planation to any physician.” Beer Drinking Produces Rheumatism.—Dr. W. T. Ridenour: “Beer drinking produces rheumatism by pro- ducing chronic congestion and ultimately degeneration of the liver, thus interfering with its function by which the food is elaborated and fitted for the sustenance of the body.” 4 Dr. S. H. Burgen: “All beer drinkers have rheumatism, more or less, and no one can recover from it as long as he drinks beer. Notice how a4 beer drinker walks about stiff on his heels, without any of the natural elasticity and spring from the toes and ball of the foot that a healthy man should have. That is because the beer increases the lithia deposits about the smaller joints.” Beer Cripples the Liver—Dr. S. H. Burgen: “The first effect on the liver is to congest and enlarge it. Then fol- lows a low grade of inflammation and subsequent con- traction of the capsules, producing ‘hob-nailed’ or drunk- ard’s liver. the surface covered with little lumps that look like nail heads on the soles of shoes. This develops dropsy. The congestion of the liver clogs up all the 268 Appendix. springs of the body, and makes all sorts of exertion as difficult and labored as it would be to run a clock the wheels of which were covered with dirt and gum.” Liable to Die of Pneumonia.—Dr. W. T. Ridenour: “Beer drinkers are peculiarly liable to die of pneumonia. Their vital power, their power of resistance, is so lowered that they are liable to. drop off from any form of acute disease, such as fevers, pneumonia, etc. As a rule, when a beer drinker takes pneumonia, he dies. “My first patient was a saloon keeper, as fine a looking man physically as I had ever seen—tall, well built, about thirty-five, with clear eyes, florid complexion, muscles well developed. He had an attack of pneumonia in the lower lobe of the right lung, a simple, well-defined case, which I regarded very hopefully. Doctors are confident of saving nineteen out of twenty such cases. I told my partner so in the evening. To my surprise he said quietly, ‘He'll die” I asked what made him think so. ‘He is a beer drinker,’ he answered. My patient began to recover from the attack on the lower lobe. Suddenly the disease lighted up in the middle lobe. Finally it attacked the other lung, and my patient succumbed.” Dropsy Induced by Beer Drinking.—Dr. M. H. Parma- lee, physician and surgeon twelve years in Toledo, says: “The majority of saloon keepers die from dtopsy, arising from kidney and liver diseases, induced by beer drinking. My experience has been that saloon keepers and men working around breweries are very liable to these diseases. When one of those apparently stalwart, beery fellows is attacked by a disorder that would not be regarded as at all dangerous in a person of ordinary constitution, or even a delicate, weakly child or woman, he is liable to drop off like an over-ripe apple from a tree. You are never sure of him a minute. He may not be dangerously sick to-day, and to-morrow be in his shroud. Most physicians, like myself, dread being called upon to take charge of a sick man who is an habitual beer drinker. The form of Bright’s disease known as the swollen or large white kidney is much more frequent among beer drinkers than any other class of people.” Scientific Testimony on Beer. 269 Insanity Caused by Beer Drinking.—Dr. S. S. Lungren: “The brain and its membranes suffer severely, and after irritation and inflammation comes dullness and stupidity. There is no question in my mind that many brain diseases and cases of insanity are caused by excessive beer drinking.” Dr. C. A. Kirkley: “Under its influence the mental powers are more inactive than the physical. There is hardly a single cause that operates more powerfully in the production of insanity; and not only that, but it excites the action of other causes that may be present.” Bright’s Disease Due to Beer.—Dr. W. T. Ridenour: “I have no doubt the rapid spread of Bright’s disease is largely due to beer drinking. I have always believed that Bayard Taylor fell a victim to the German beer that he praised so highly. He died of Bright’s disease at fifty, when he should have lived, with his constitution, to a ripe old age. He went just as beer drinkers are going all the time and everywhere.” Dr. C. A. Kirkley: “I believe that forty-nine out of fifty cases of chronic Bright’s disease are directly produced by it. I have never met with a case in which the patient has not been intemperate to a greater or less degree. The proportion may be too high, but that is certainly my ex- perience. Mr. Christian, a celebrated author, states that three-fourths to four-fifths of the cases met with in Edin- burgh were in habitual drunkards.” An Artificial Prop.—Dr. C. A. Kirkley, in constant prac- tice in Toledo fifteen years, says: “I do not believe the healthy organism needs an artificial prop to sustain it. Depression below the standard of health always follows just in proportion as the system is stimulated above that standard. Every physician is familiar with cases in which nervous wear and tear in an active life has been kept up by stimulants without apparent loss of power for years. Bodily and mental vigor, however, suddenly fail. The repeated application of the stimulus that the exertion might be prolonged has really expended the power of the nervous system and prepared him for more complete pros- tration. The temporary advantage was purchased at a great cost. The greater the expenditure of nervous power 270 Appendix. by the use of stimulants, the more complete the ex- haustion.” Children of Drunkards—Idiots—Dr. C. A. Kirkley: “Plutarch says, ‘One drunkard begets another’; and Aris- totle, ‘Drunken women bring forth children like unto themselves.’ A report was made to the legislature of Massachusetts, I think by Dr. Howe, on idiocy. He had learned the habits of the parents of 300 idiots, and 145, nearly half, are reported as known to be habitual drunk- ards, showing the enfeebled constitution of the children of drunkards. I have.in mind an instance where children born to the mother, begotten when the father was intoxi- cated, all died within eight months of birth. They would have recovered had they not had the enfeebled constitu- tion inherited from their intemperate father. Instances are recorded where both parents were intoxicated at the time of conception, and the result was an idiot. There is not a doubt but that inebriety not only makes more destructive whatever taint may exist, but impairs the health and natural vigor for remote generations.” “A Crop of Lunatics."—Dr. A. McFarland: “That ‘the iniquities of the fathers are visited upon the children’; that ‘the fathers have eaten sour grapes and the children’s teeth are set on edge,’ are truths that no Scripture is needed to teach. In other words, he who sins through physical excess does not do half the harm to himself that he does to the inheritors of his blood. The penalty must be paid as sure as there is seed time and harvest. “It is your stout old hero, who goes to bed every night with liquor enough under his belt to fuddle the brains of a half dozen ordinary men, and yet lives out his threescore and ten, that will be found at the head of the stock that pour into the world, generation after generation, such a crop of lunatics, epileptics, eccentrics and inebriates as we often see. The impunity with which one so constituted will violate all physical law gets its set-off in a succeeding generation, when the great harvest begins.” Only One Safe Course.—Dr. J. T. Woods: “That beer is foreign to nature’s demand is plainly evident. The whole organism at once sets about its removal. Every channel Scientific Testimony on Beer. 271 through which it can be got rid of is brought into play, and does not cease till the last trace is gone. Reaching a certain end depends only on the frequency of the repe- tition. The whole is made up of the parts; every drink counts one. These ‘ones’ added together make the wreck; to secure this result it is only necessary to make the single numbers sufficient. Each leaves its footprints in one way or another; and the idea that, because you stop before you stagger, the system takes no note of the damaging material you put into it is a ruinous delusion.” Dr. S. H. Burgen: “I have told you the frozen truth— cold, calm, scientific facts, such as the profession every- where recognizes as absolute truths. I do not regard beer drinking as safe for any one. It is a dangerous, aggressive evil that no one can tamper with with any safety to himself. There is only one safe course, and that is to let it alone entirely.” ~ If the argument against the moderate use of the mildest of intoxicants is so conclusive, what need is there of testi- mony against the more alcholic drinks ?* *See “World Book of Temperance,” by Dr. and. Mrs. Wil- bur F. Crafts, issued November 1, 1908, for testimony of forty scientific experimenters on alcohol as to the effects of even a moderate or occasional use of the mildest intoxicants. (Pub- lished by The International Reform Bureau, 206 Pennsyl- vania Avenue, S. E., Washington, D. C.; cloth, 75 cents; paper, 35 cents.) Prohibition Arguments From Many Lands. By the general concurrence of opinion of every civilized and Christian community, there are few sources of crime and misery to society equal to the dram shop, where in- toxicating liquors, in small quantities, to be drunk at the time, are sold indiscriminately to all parties applying. The statistics of every State show a greater amount of crime and misery attributable to the use of ardent spirits ob- tained at these retail liquor saloons than to any other source.—U. S. Supreme Court, 137 U. S., 90, 91. [From the Australian Christian World, Sydney.) ABOLITION OF LIQUOR BARS. Dr. Crarrs’ FAREWELL Appress IN AusTRALIA No-LIcENSE CAMPAIGN, 1907. It is a novel experience to advocate No-License, as I shall do to-night, in an audience where the women can help by their votes as well as their prayers. The political issue in our country is the tariff, and so “protection,” in that sense, is the chief word in our politics—and it is getting into yours also. But, surely, as some one has said, “The protection of boys is as important as the protection of pig iron,” and so, “Home Protection,” the great watchword that Miss Willard gave to the W. C. T. U., should surely be the watchword of the voting mothers and sisters here—aye, of fathers and brothers also. And there can be no doubt that the chief foe of your homes is what you call the “public house,” which surely does not get its name from the great watchword that underlies all govern- ment, “pro bono publico.” On some one saying to a Christian man, “I see you are more interested in Sabbath observance than in temperance,” he replied, ‘‘That is because the Sabbath is in the Commandments.” But it will be quickly discovered that the liquor traffic is against not one commandment, but all, if you will put up over a bar Paul’s summary of the Law: ““LoVE WORKETH NO ILL TO HIS NEIGHBOR.” There has been some stir in Sydney, I see, about taking 272 Prohibition Arguments. 273 down some street signs. It would make a far greater excite- ment if in the quiet of some night that sign should be put up over the door of every public house. Everybody here, and nearly everybody else, including many drinking men and many liquor sellers also, believe the sale of intoxicating beverages to be a great evil. Gladstone, though he sometimes drank wine, said that the liquor traffic had done more harm to the world than war, pestilence and famine. Roosevelt and Rosebery, though not abstainers, have uttered loud warnings against the mighty power for evil that the liquor traffic exerts, especially by its political domination. Here is the thought of many in the words of the editor of the leading afternoon paper of the U. S. Capital (the Washington Star): “There are many men in America, not teetotalers nor prohibitionists, who would be glad for. several reasons to see the cattse of temperance grow in strength and influence at this time. For one thing, they resent the power in politics which the liquor traffic has of late years been exhibiting. It con- tributes, as the trusts long did, to the campaign funds of both parties, in city, county, State and national contests, and then asks favors. In many cities it rules the roost.” “Tt is a widespread belief that there would be a wholesome general uplift by the introduction into our public affairs of a great moral question—by an appeal to the people on some- thing higher than tariff rates and public improvements and all that. Why not touch them on something besides their pocket-book, and see the effect of the change? And what better thing for the purpose than the thing which everybody concedes is, without strict restraint, a terrible evil?” In a concert hall in the city of Buffalo, Kipling saw two young. men get two young girls drunk, and then lead them. reeling down a dark street. Mr. Kipling has not been a total abstainer nor have his writings commended temperance, but of that scene he writes: “Then recanting previous opinions, I became a prohibitionist. Better it is that a man should go without his beer in public places, and content himself with swearing at the narrow-mindedness of the majority; better it is to poison the inside with very vile temperance drinks, and to buy larger furtively at back doors, than‘to bring tempta- tion to the lips of young fools such as the four I had seen. I understand now why the preachers rage against drink. I have 274 Appendix. said: “There is no harm in it, taken moderately; and yet my own demand for beer helped directly to send these two girls reeling down the dark street to—God alone knows what end. If liquor is worth drinking, it is worth taking a little trouble to come at—such as a man will undergo to compass his own desires. It is not good that we should let it lie be- fore the eyes of children, and I have been a fool in writing to the contrary.” Many who have nothing to say against drinking at home, see that the bar greatly increases the drink evil by providing a treating, loafing, plotting resort, frequented by all kinds of bad characters and open late into the night. I am informed that, although your drinking places all pretend to be hotels, many of them, in the suburbs especially, have no accommoda- tions for lodgers and serve no meals, and are nothing more than what we call saloons, where no food is served except salty free lunches to increase thirst. Tue Issue Not ABSTINENCE BUT ABOLITION OF THE Bar. Those of us who believe in total abstinence need to re- member that is not the issue in a no-license vote, but only the abolition of the bar. Many, if not most of the men who vote no-license in the United States, are men who sometimes drink, but they do not wish to have twenty, or forty, or a hundred men in town whose cupidity spurs them on from morning to night to induce men and boys to drink and drink and drink. This is the real way to “eliminate cupidity,” by banishing from your own town those who make a living by inducing young men and boys to begin the drink habit, and reformed men to renew it. It does not eliminate cupidity, we found in South Carolina, for the government to sell the drink and give the profits to office holders and taxpayers, whose cupidity is even more dangerous, because more wide-spread, than that of liquor dealers. No prohibitory law ever prevented a man from importing liquors for use in his own home. What every no-license law attempts is to put out of the town or state those whose business is to induce others, by show windows and rousie and social fellowship, to drink, when they would not Ot. -rwise do so. ° As the issue is not state prohibition, but local option, the articles about the State of Maine published in your papers as Prohibition Arguments. 275 paid advertisements by the liquor dealers, which are as wrong as they are long, do not at all apply to the issue pending here. Their chief claim is that big cities, where a majority do not favor prohibition, are coerced by the rural vote. If that were true, what has it to do with your State, where the big cities are to settle the question by their own votes? But Maine may be cited in another way to show that no-license is home pro- tection. I was myself brought up there, and never saw a bar, nor had my associates any real temptation to drink. It should not be inferred from this that there is no liquor selling in Maine. Its prohibitory law is sometimes violated, as your laws against importing opium and against stealing are violated. No-license laws come under the great definition that was given of all laws, as intended to make it harder to do wrong and easier to do right. What does it mean that your liquor dealers and their champions are declaring that liquor dealers in America actually violate the law and so nullify it? Is this a threat that dealers here will also break the law? Surely it can have no other meaning, and this threat affords a new argument why this law-breaking class should be put out of town. The proper American precedents to study in a local option campaign are the great and increasing areas in the United States that have been put under no-license by local option. Absurd efforts are being made to create the impression that prohibition in the United States is declining because State prohibition has decreased. But it is only a change to local pro- hibition that has occurred. More people of the United States are now under no-license than ever before—above thirty mil- lions. The State of Georgia is a typical case. Some of the smaller towns first voted out the saloons, and no-license so decreased the vices and taxes, that it spread like a blessed contagion, until the whole State adopted prohibition. And so state prohibition is coming back because local prohibition, in spite of “interstate commerce” difficulties that no other country would have, has worked so satisfactorily that the people want the prohibition by wholesale. Tue DANGER OF COMPROMISING ON REDUCTION. If you vote for “reduction” you vote against “no-license,” but when you vote “no-license,” if that larger good fails, your vote will be counted for reduction. 276 Appendix. The United States has been for a hundred years an experi- ment station of liquor laws, and one thing we have learned is that reducing the number of bars does not materially reduce the consumption or consequences of drink, except when, in rare instances, it removes the drinking places altogether from a considerable area. For example, when in a city block con- taining three bars, there is a “one-third reduction,” or even a “two-thirds reduction,’ in the number of drinking places, while the remaining one is made more attractive and palatial by getting a monopoly of that block, it no more reduces the business than eliminating superfluous oil refineries to concen- trate the business in a Standard Oil Company reduces that business. Even good men sometimes speak as if “eliminating the worst resorts” was a great advantage, when in fact it is only the more respectable places that start boys and young men in the drink habit. In this respect the “best places” are the worst. “Reduction,” voted again and again in three-year periods, might at last come to something, but whoever wishes to really protect the home now should vote “no-license.” Hawaiian Inspector’s Frank Argument for No License. On the Hawaiian island of Kavai, license commissioners in 1907 abolished ‘retail liquor licenses, but retained wholesale licenses, with dangerous permission to “deliver” liquors any- where, though they must not “sell” or “solicit” except on their licensed premises. Previously the wholesale dealers could sell and solicit in the sugar camps-and at the people’s houses, and did so industriously.and effectively, and the people had been debauched by loafing, treating resorts—the retail saloons. Some improvement is expected from the new plans, but Mr. W. G. Smith, although he is a license inspector, frankly declares that the earlier “no-license” plan, before an- nexation to the United States, despite some illicit selling was best of all. He states the case with convincing frankness as follows: “My own opinion was then, and is now, that the best way to meet the situation would be to issue no licenses of any kind whatever. I am not a prohibitionist. But I be- lieve that by issuing no licenses the conditions of the old days Prohibition Arguments. 277 would be restored. A great many people sent to Honolulu for the supplies they kept in their own homes. Every Chinese store, and every Japanese store, too, for that matter, kept liquor and sold it—illicitly. But in selling it they were cir- cumspect. The danger to them lay in selling too much to one customer. A drunken customer was a danger to them be- cause it attracted attention—the attention of the police as well as other attention that might prove dangerous. For holidays, the Portuguese would club together and send for a keg or a barrel of wine. Or one of their number would send for it and retail it out to his neighbors. Occasionally the Chinese storekeeper was caught and fined. So, too, were the Japanese, and Portuguese. LittLte DRUNKENNESS. “In all there was a great deal of liquor consumed. Any- body who really wanted liquor could get it. But there was very little drunkenness. People had to seek the liquor instead of the liquor seeking them. The natural demand was supplied. But the demand was not artificially stimulated and increased. There was enough danger in the illicit business to keep it down to moderate limits. There was not enough money in it to make it a factor in politics. In those days, as near as can be estimated, there was about $40,000 a year spent in liquor on this island, as against $260,000 that we know of during last year (under license). “Why, during the month that the island was ‘dry,’ there was a very measurable return to the conditions of the old days. There was more money in circulation in general channels of trade than there had been for two years. Dealers of all kinds spoke of it. A Chinese tailor told me that men who had owed him for two years before, paid him. Several -mer- chants spoke to me about it. They said it was easier to col- lect their bills than it had been for a long time. “The women noticed it and spoke of it. After the first pay day during that period, the Porto Ricans went to Gandall’s place at Kapaia. When they found it closed they went in a body to Nawiliwili, not understanding what was up. They found the saloon closed at Nawiliwili. Their wives were de- lighted and said so. “Thus my own opinion was, and is, that it would be better for the community to issue no licenses at all, letting conditions 278 Appendix. revert to those of several years ago, when the direct order trade with Honolulu supplied a part of the demand, and, gen- erally speaking, that part least liable to abuse; and the illicit trafic supplied the remainder of the demand without stimu- lating it, without making it a demoralizing element in politics, under conditions that kept the traffic down to the lowest point of demand—a system that, as experience showed, resulted in infinitely less drunkenness than any other system has.” A Srrikinc CoNntTRAST. “As showing the striking contrast of the two systems, the first day that the new wholesale licenses were: issued there was an immense amount of drunkenness and debauchery in Nawiliwili. Portuguese, natives and Porto Ricans all went there. Though they could not drink the liquor on the premises where they bought it, they could go just across the street and drink it; and they did, and there were numerous drunken, quarrelling, fighting men in consequence. We have, there- fore, already had the demonstration that where liquor can be bought openly in any quantity, drunkenness, disorder, and fighting will follow, even when the liquor cannot be consumed on the premises where it was bought.” British Statesman for No License and No Come- : pensation. In “The Drink Problem,” recently published by Methuen, there is a chapter on “Alcholism and Legislation,” by Dr. V. H. Rutherford, M.A., M.P. Chairman of the International Reform Bureau’s British Council. Dr. Rutherford is frankly and emphatically a believer in Local Veto without Compensa- tion. Of this he says: ‘Compensation for the non-renewal of annual licenses and its discussion, scarcely come within the limits of a scientific work. Medical science, however, could roll up a big catalogue of damage done by alcohol, that would make a counter-claim look ridiculous.” He concludes thus: “How much better the world would be without alcohol God only knows. For our own country no second sight is needed to foresee a mighty improvement in the lives and homes of the people, and in their material prosperity, in their physical Prohibition Arguments. 279 efficiency, and in their spiritual beauty. The death-rate would fall, and the hospitals would be relieved of many of their patients, the cry of the little children would be turned to laughter, and the joy of parents would be as the noonday sun. While’ many of our prisons crumbled away, churches and schools would flourish like the green bay tree. With trade booming, and rates and taxes dwindling, civilization would be equal to the problems of poverty, and able to cope with the difficulties of unemployment and provision for old age... . The black night of lunacy would be reduced by one-half. Private virtues, public morals, and national ideals would all participate in the grand ascent through freedom from alcohol. A new heaven and a newer earth might not be reached by the banishment of drink, but as a people and as a nation our in- fluence for good would be enormously enhanced, and we should be a long way nearer that great day when there shall be no more curse.” Local Prohibition. Appress BY Rev. WILBUR F. Crarts, Pu.D., BEFORE COMMITTEE ON VIcE AND IMMORALITY OF PENNSYLVANIA LEGISLA- TURE, 1892. The saloon having been proved to be a serious menace by the most careful investigations of the ablest scientists, states- men, and business experts, much more by moral principle and Christianity, the defenders of a license law usually claim only that it is the less of two evils, or urge it only because they do not consider the people ready for prohibition. Arguing thus, they admit that the traffic is a curse. They should there- fore insist that it must not be forced upon any township, county, or ward, in which a majority are ready to outlaw and exile it. I am embarrassed by the shameful necessity of arguing for so moderate a temperance measure as local prohibition. The liquor traffic should be outlawed, like slavery, by national law. A national evil requires a national remedy. It can be only partially restricted even by state constitutional prohibition, while the nation protects the transfusion of this poison from state to state as part of “interstate commerce.’ We need a 280 Appendix. national quarantine law against this worse than cholera pest, less alarming only because more familiar. That this pestilen- tial river of beer, wine, brandy, and whiskey, teeming with germs of poverty, lust, sacrilege, cruelty, insanity, murder, and treason, should be allowed to flow through the borders of any township, county, or state, by the vote of a majority of its citizens, seems incredible. That it should be turned into any county, township, city, or ward, in which a majority is good and wise enough to desire to exclude it, is monstrous indeed. TAKE THE Best You Can GET. Those radical temperance people who underrate local pro- hibition, even where it is the only available form of prohibi- tion, should note that local prohibition in a great state, by adding city to city and county to county, may become equal to state prohibition in a smaller state. The persistent local prohibition battles in Cambridge and Quincy, Mass., have helped prohibition everywhere. Town prohibition, county pro- hibition, state constitutional prohibition, national prohibition, are, respectively, good, better, best. But, while we work for the best, let us get as much as possible of the good, both be- cause it is good, and because it will help us to get the best. % Tuey Say, “PROHIBITION DOESN’T PROHIBIT.” Say rather, “It does not annihilate.” Neither does pro- hibition annihilate murder or adultery. Shall they therefore be licensed? I need no statistics to prove that prohibition by state law, or by city or township local option, restricts the traffic more than any form of license. The liquor papers and dealers furnish all the evidence that any sensible man needs on that point; for they fight prohibition in all its forms, pre- ferring any kind of license. If more liquor were sold under prohibition, as liquor men make many Christians believe, liquor dealers would advocate “‘no license,’ both to increase sales and to decrease expenses. Bui they do not. Said The Wine and Spirit Gazette recently: “We never said that more liquor was sold under prohibition than under license; we know better.” But some license advocates who think themselves wiser than liquor sellers, don’t “know better.” Said the lead- ing Milwaukee daily plainly after securing the facts from the brewers: “Partial prohibition in Iowa has largely decreased Prohibition Arguments. 281 the sales of Milwaukee beer.” That local option decreases crime and poverty, and increases morality and general pros- perity is shown in a volume reporting the results of ten years’ prohibition in Cambridge, Mass. Tuey Say, “No License Causes Law BrEAKING.” Robbery and murder would not be law breaking, if all laws against them were repealed. License laws are more frequently and persistently violated than prohibitory laws. Nearly every license law forbids selling to minors and drunkards, which law is broken daily in almost every saloon. The keeper of a licensed saloon who allows dice thrown for drinks, and the one who throws them are as really law breakers as the keeper of a blind pig in a “no license” town. The licensed saloon is the greatest American law breaker. “No license” can be enforced with less difficulty than license. The majority that votes no license could and should elect men to office who will fulfill their official oaths by enforcing it. But Ir Costs SoMETHING. “But it takes work to enforce it,’ says one, “and I can’t afford the time; and besides, it might hurt my business.” It costs time and money to save your boy’s life, when attacked by typhoid fever. It may cost something to banish these man- traps, where your boy may be ruined, where scores of your neighbors are being hastened to a drunkard’s end; but it will pay. It costs something to put out the fire that threatens your whole village. Will you let it burn? Will you let your children and neighbors be destroyed because it costs something to save them? But, if you refuse to pay that cost, you will help pay the cost of the paupers and criminals it makes. Does Not Asrince LiBerty. One of the very, best definitions of personal liberty was given by Rev. Dr. Oerter, speaking to and for a thousand Germans of the better sort, gathered in Brooklyn a few years since in behalf of law and order. He said, in substance, that personal liberty is the right to act without molestation within the limits of law. The “personal liberty’’ of the liquor seller to sell his mad- dening poison, or of the dens of infamy to sell yet more deadly vices, on any day, means liberty to break the hearts of 282 Appendix. mothers and damn the lives of sons by the score. The “per- sonal liberty” of the drunkard to make himself a temporary lunatic interferes with the liberties of men, women,-and chil- dren wherever he exercises that liberty. The law abridges no man’s “personal liberty’ except his liberty to do wrong, and that only in the defense of the liberties of others. Therefore,—Work for total abstinence and universal pro- hibition. Till you can get that, work and vote for local prohibition. Elect officers to enforce it. See that it is enforced at whatever cost. A Local Option Victory Not the End of the War. A Campaign for Voluntary Abstinence Should Follow, Even while a local option campaign is on, and still more when victory is won, there is a feeling of disappointment on the part of some temperance radicals and even of some mer- chants who desire to turn to their own useful traffics the money that is worse than wasted in drink shops, because local option does not, either in theory or practice, stop all the pur- chasing of intoxicants. It should be distinctly recognized that THERE ARE TWO CAM- PAIGNS TO BE FOUGHT: THE FIRST FOR THE ABOLITION BY LAW OF LOCAL INDUCEMENTS TO DRINK, THAT IS, OF ALL LIQUOR SELLING; THE SECOND, FOR THE INCREASE OF PERSONAL ABSTI- NENCE, WHICH IS TO BE SECURED BY ARGUMENT. When law has made it harder to drink and easier to abstain, we should “seize the hour’’ to press the total abstinence argument, not only for the general good of the individual and the community, but also to fortify and maintain “‘no license,” which is very likely to be lost at a subsequent election if the waste of money in drink has not been materially diminished, for in that case it means only the purchase and profit transferred to the next town. It is a supreme mistake for temperance forces to re- lax their campaigning when “no license” has been voted. It is like the mistake of saying, “The sermon is done,” when it is only preached and has not yet been ‘‘done”’ in real life. The “no license” law needs a campaign of education not only to secure its enactment but also its faithful enforcement; and still more to insure its continuance; and most of all to secure the complete abstinence which is the final goal to which science and religion and patriotism all summon us, Arguments for Total Abstinence. 283 A TOTAL ABSTINENCE CAMPAIGN OUTLINED. In any twentieth century appeal for abstinence, the danger of drunkenness should no longer be in the front line. The up to date argument for abstinence may be thus outlined: I. Abstain for your own sake. (1) Because the science of life insurance shows from half a century’s test that the ab- stainers live about 25 per cent. longer even than such moderate drinkers of high physical quality as are allowed insurance. (2) Because the record of athletes shows that abstainers are also stronger. (3) Because the abstainer has the best chance to get and hold a good job. The United States Bureau of Labor has ascertained that 51 per cent. of American employers discriminate in favor of abstaining emplbyees. (4) Because the abstainer has smaller chance of: going to the jail or poor- house. (5) Because the abstainer is less liable to alcoholism and gambling and impurity. . The municipal posters put up by city governments in France and Britain and elsewhere show that daily tippling produces a chronic poisoning known as “alcoholism,” which is worse than drunkenness, to which also every tippler is liable, inasmuch as every drunken man, some of them persons of strong character, started out to be only a moderate drinker. II. Abstain for the sake of your family and associates. (1) “No man has a moral right to do that which if the whole world should follow his example, as some are sure to do, will produce more harm than good.” So reasoned Neal Dow, and let any man disprove it if he can. (2) Science is declaring that daily tippling is more likely than occasional drunkenness to produce hereditary degeneracy. III. Abstain for the sake of your country. (1) The intelli- gent patriot will fight as his country’s worst foe the domina- tion of liquor sellers in politics, and to give it a mortal blow will practise and advocate total abstinence. IV. Abstain for God’s sake. (1) The passage in the Revised Bible, “ABSTAIN FROM EVERY FORM OF EVIL,” formerly mis- translated, puts Christianity unmistakably into the list of total abstinence religions. Surely no one will seriously claim that the beverage traffic in alcoholic poison, which Gladstone said truly had done more harm than war, pestilence and famine, is not on the whole “a form of evil. ” TE so, I am bound by the divine and direct imperative quoted to abstain from all participation in it. [Most people would abstain if persuaded that beer, the beverage with which most people begin a drinking career, was really harmful. To. bring full conviction of that, “Scientific Testimony on Beer,” a four page leaflet at 35c. per 100, should be widely circulated. It is one of the best helps in carrying “no license.’’ See matter it contains, pp. 263-271.] 284 Appendix. Alcoholism and Physical Degeneracy The best_elements of posters that have been put up by city govern- ments in France, Great Britain and Australia are combinéd in. the following form, which is recommended by the International Reform Bureau’s Sydney Council, the Primate of Australia, Chairman, tor use in cense and license towns all ver the word. 4 . Extracts from Proceedings French Supervising Council of Public Aid, 1902, Report by Prof. Debove, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine: Alcoholism 1s the chronic poisoning which results from the hab.tual use of alcohol, even when the latter would not produce drunkenness. It is an error to say that alcohol is necessary to workmen who en- gage in fatiguing labor: that it gives heart to work, or that it repairs strength. The artificial excitation which it produces gives place very quickly to nervous depression-and_ feebleness. The habit of drinking entails disaffection from the family, forget- fulness of all duties to society, distaste for work, misery, theft and crime. It leads at the least to the hospital, for alcohol engenders the most varied maladies: paralysis, lunacy, disease of the stomach and liver, dropsy. lt is one of the most frequent causes of tuberculosis. Finally, it complicates and aggravates all acute maladies. Typhoid fever, pneumonia, erysipelas, which would be mild in the case of a sober man, quickly carry off the alcoholic drinker. The hygienic faults of parents fall upon their children. If the latter survive the first months they are threatened with idiocy or epilepsy, or, still worse, they are carried off a little later by tuberculosis, meningitis, or phthisis. For the health of the ind.v.dual, for the existence of the family, for the future of the nation, alcohol is one of the most terrible scourges. (The foregoing is from a poster put up by French city governments to check the national decay that has led to deaths exceeding births. What follows is from British Parliamentary Report on Physical Deterioration, prompted by failure of a majority of candidates for en- listment in British Army to pass the physical examination. In conse- quence, British city governments post these extracts as a warning, not only in Great Britain as a cure, but also in athletic Australia as a preventive. For one or other of these reasons such a warning should be i in every city and town of the world, and read in the schools. Alcohol is not a source of muscular vigor or dexterity, but the re- verse. Alcohol may produce temporary exhilaration, but depression soon follows. .The continued use of alcohol, whether in the form of beer, wine or Spirits, even though not to the extent of drunkenness, often leads to chronic poisoning. Of 61,215 people the average deaths per year by insurance tables will be 1,000. Of 61,215 liquor sellers, the death average is 1,642. Of_ 61,215 Rechabites (abstainers) the death average is 560. Sir Frederick Treves, Physician to King Edward, declares that al- cohol is an insidious poison, and should be subject to the same strict limitation as opium, morphia or strychnine, and that its supposed stim- ulating effects are delusive. Approved by Board of Education and Board of Health and City Council, and ordered read in schools as a part of scientific temperance education or in study of current events; also ordered posted in each voting precinct, where election notices are ysually posted, as scientific temperance education extension. = eu eeeeeceecceeessss+Chairman Health Board. oeccesccccesessChairman Board of Education. This poster printed in bold type about 4 ft. by 3 ft., supplied at 10 certs each, ,for $1. Address The International Reform Bureau, 206 Pennsylvania Ave., s, ¢., Washington, D. INDEX OF CONTRIBUTORS. Aiken, Rev. E. E., 2 Alexander, Dr. yj. R . 13. Angell, Pres. J. B., 19. Antisdell, Rev. fe B., 43. Archibald, Mrs. I. C., 91. Ashmore, Rev. Wine "236. Ashmore, Rev. Wm., Jr., 115. Baer, John Willis, 202. Baldwin, Rev. C. C., 120 Baldwin, Mrs. S. L., ” 239, “244, Barclay, Rev. T., 13. Baskerville, Miss A. E., 84. Beard, Dr. A. F., 191. Beard, Rev. W. L., 2388. Beiler, Mrs. A. F., 168. Bishop, Mrs, J. F., 127. Blair, Hon. W., 3, 197. Brown, ae G., 79. Bruce, Rev. H. J., 85. Capen, Hon. S. Bos, 11. Carey, Rev. One, ae Caw, Dr. S. phamberlain, ses oe 56, 154. Cochrane, Rev. W. W. is 97. Coe, Rev. C. P., 167. Cook, Dr. Jos., 53, 72, 126. Cook, Mrs. Joseph, 87. Corser, Rev. H. P., 171. Crafts, Dr. W. F. 248, 272, 279. Crafts, Mrs. W. ey Crozier, Rev. W. N., Cuyler, Dr. T. L., iso, Sig. avennsts, Ih J., 258. Davis, Dr. a W., 117, Dearing, ru ae 138. Dodson, Rev. . Pe 45. Ensign, Dr. C. F., 261. Fearn, Rev. and Mrs. J. B., 121. Fowler, Dr. H., 253. Galpin, he as 116. Gamewell, F cs aon Gring, Ran Dp ‘ Guinness, De HL o4 Gulick, Rev. O.-H., 1 Gulick; Rey. Te Dns 177. gard, Rev. F. P., ae Hapeard. Rev. E. B. 82. Hae Dr. Cyrus, 67 Harford Battersby, pe C. F., 159. Hart, Dr. Hartzell, Bishop J, Jz os 34. Hascall, Rev 92. Headlands, Rev. ic i "119. Holbrook, Dr. Mary A, 117. Hotchkiss, Rev. W. R; 47. - .18, 231, 243, ohnson, Rev. T. S., 90. udd, Dr. F. H., 256. Kingsbury, Rev. F. L., 75. Kupfer, Rev. C. F., 109. Leitch, Misses Mary and Margaret W., 101, 206, 218. pee -Learmouth, Dr. B. L., Loegstrip, Rev. 112. Lowrie, Rev. J. w’, 241. Macallum, Rev. F. on 68. MacWillie, Dr. J., 251. McAllister, Miss lee 36. Welbon, Rev. W. K., 110. Maxwell, » Js Ley 251. Meadows, o G., 252. Menkel, wer +3 BT. Menzies, Dr. J., 254. Miller, Miss T., 118. Morris, Rev. C S., 38. Park, Dr. W. H., 249 Paton, Dr. John G., 8, 22, 52, 151, 160, 179, 218, 220. Pearce, Rev. 'T. W., 120. Pierson, Dr. A. pe "41. Polhemus, Rev. 37. Preston, Miss E. ng 143. Proctor, Miss Myra’ A., 68. Richards, Rev. H., 40. Riggs, Rev. Edw. vy ei Rouse, Rev. G. Schweinitz, Rev. P., 168. Service, Dr. C. W., 261. Shattuck, Miss C., 69. Soothill, Rey. W. E., 111. Stuart, Dr. D. T., 250. Taylor, Dr. B. V. S., 255. Taylor, Mrs. Howard, 122. Taylor, Dr. J. Hudson, 107. Taylor, Bee 89. Taylor, Bisho Wits Se Thoburn, Bison Ban iM th 153. Thompson, Dr, Thwing, E. W., Sor one Venable, Dr. W. H., 256. Ve hytock, Rev. Peter, 43. Winchester, Rev. A. B., 119. Wood, Mr. Jno. W., 169. Woodhull, Dr. Kate’ C., 258. Woodward, Dr. L., "252, Woodbury, Rev. F. E., 170. Young, Rev. W. M., 94. Johan Rev. Wm., 169. 285 286 Index. GOVERNMENT OFFICERS QUOTED AND CITED. Hon. Jos., 40, Chentung, Sir Liang cheng, rh Cleveland, Ex-Pres. Grover, 4, 31, uae Sten Rt. Deakin, Hon. Alfred, 4. Edwards, Hon. O. E., 189. Gillett, Hon. F. H., 65. Hamilton, Lord George, 93. Harrison, EeeE res. Benj., 2, 58, 59, 219 Hay, Hon. ios 1, 5, 221, 230, 236, Hyashi, Gout ne 4, Komura, Baron, 222. INDEX BY Africa, 6, 23, 24, 26, 30£, 136, 158, 202,’ 217, 225. Alaska, 23, 163, 168, 183. Australia, 8, 9, 10, 56, 136, 221, Brazil, 136. Bulgaria, T5f, 136. Burma, 26, 92f, 136, 189, 2383. Canada, 9, 10, 136, 201, 221, Ceylon, 83, 101f. China, 5. 8, 19, 20, 107¢, 135, £06, 139, 220, 224, 227, 230, Congo State, 7, 23, 25, 30, 31, 35, saa 42, 43; 50, 154, 158, 517! Cuba, 176. Egypt, 5, 73, 136, 158, 231. Formosa, 97, 189, 144. France, 49, 50, 51, 58, 136, 161, 1 224, Germany, 7, 49, 50, 58, 186, 141, 218, 234, Great Britain, 5f, 7, 9, 10, 21, 22, Guam, i 188, 186. Hawaii, 22, 23, 58, 175, 214. TOPICAL Abstinence, 282. Anti- Saloon League, 10, 253. Arctic regions, Athletics, 230. Atlas Brotherhood, 226. Beer,' 7, 9. 82, 117, 135, 137, 141, 142, 147, 148, 187, 193, 225, 2631. Landsdowne, Lord, 4, 31, 2381. Littlefield, Hon. c E., 180. Lodge, Hon. H. C 65. Long, Hon. J. D., 48, McKinley, Pres. Wm., 1, 4, 62, 153. 7 Oscar, King, 4, 221. Bey ae ts Theodore, 1 , 186, 220, 223, Root, Hon. Elihu, 1, 227. Schurman, Pres. J. G., 188. Taft, Pres. W. H., 188. Wu Ting fang, 5, 20, 230. Yuan Shih kai, 4, 248, 4, 230, COUNTRIES. Holland, 224. India, 19, 22, 77f, 91, 111, 127, 130, 135, 136, 233. Italy, 224. Japan, 5, 8, 19, 72, 136, 137#, 222, '224, 231, New Hebrides, 151, 160, 179. New Zealand, 10, , 224, Pacific islands, 26, 58. Persia, 18, a ett, ao Pappas, © i 2s 105, 151, 175 i76, 178, 183, teat 219, 220. (Sulu 19.) Porto Rico, 176, 179, 191£. Portugal, 218, 224, 232, Russia, 5, 50, 58, 112, 136, 163, 232, 294, 231, 234, Samoa, 184, Scandanavia, 10. Siam, Soudan, 47, 158, 281. South America, 136. Spain, 7, 50, 186, 179, 194. Turkey, ‘49, 50, 67£, 136, 217, 224, Tutuila, 4, 184¢. United States, 9, 10, 21, 22, 23, 27, 49, 56, 69, 75, 79. 105, 111, 130, 136, 137, "141; 144, 150, 151f, 155, 156, 160, 163f, 218, 224, 227. INDEX. , 23f, 217, 5. Buddhists, 18, 98, 94, 97, 101. Canteens, 10, 167, 193. Catholics, Roman, 218. Children hurt and helped, 14, 37, earn a 87, 117, 122, 127; Brussels Conferences, Index. eho Prcnibees Ey 6, 8, 90, 115, Ciicct i of, to reforms, 197, 201, 203, 206f, 209, 211. Clubs, 9,1 0. Commerce injured, 26, 27, 28, 48, 106, 114, 129, 152, 161, 174 206, 207, 217, 222, 236) 238, Commissions, O au 92, 101, 116. Compensation, Congress, U. S., , 51, 163, 164, 165, ath ait, "193, 195, 201; 219, Boe an ‘of liquors, 3, 22, 70, 73, 82, 91, 141, 142,’ 263. Conventions and gonferences, 11, i 12, 21, 48, 105, 132} 158, 159, 301. Co- -operation, > 49, 131, 138, 158, , 198, 201; 209; 214. Crime, 440 Gee 170. Distilled liquors (arak, bino, sake, 171, 187, 193; 195; 200f, 217. Education, 10, 73, 76, 217. Famines, 80, 114, 128, 138. Firearms, 23, 25, 35, 39, 47, 54, 55, 58, 177, 203. Friends, Society of, 9, 90. Hindrances to missions, . 14, 37, 42, 43, 64, 68, 140, 141, 146, 150, 155, 156, 159; 162" 168, 177, 203. Hindus, 86. 91, 99, 101. History of Temperance, 5. Indians. 21, 23, 162, 163, 1708, , 191. Insurance, 265. International Reform Bureau, 1, 0, 135, 155, 165, 195, 214, 219, 220, 222, 223) 230. Jews, 86. Law enforcement, 164, 172. Legislation, 1, 8, 9, 14, 17, 50, 58, 93, 120, 122, 139, 165° 209, 281f; how secured, 28, 104; 105, 154, 165f, 203, 207, 214. See License, Prohi- bition, Petitions. “Liberty,” 281. License, 8, 81, "82, 83, 84, 87, 91, 99, 101 108, 116, 165, ‘177, Literature, 10, 23, 104, 105, 201, 219. “Local option,” 274f. Methodists, 9, 83, 201, 212. Minors,* 156, 287 Missionary societies, 51, 156, 157, ae 2, 200, 209, 213, 216, Missions, ra 15. Missions, Home, 15, 27, 214. Mohammedans, 6, 18, 67, 71, 72, 86, 91, 101. Morphia, 72. ee Narcotics (bhang, gurija, Haebersts Indian hemp, tobacco), 5, 42, 68, 74, 82, 88, 89. Native’ drinks (arak, ioe sake, toddy, etc.), 21, 84, 85, 99, 117, 142° a8" 162; 188, 195. Native Races Deputation, 51. Navy, 4, 186, 213, 219. Opium, the evil, As 5, 16, 80, ine 84, 87, 89, 92, 94, 99, 102, 105, toee’ 135, 138, ivr 183. 184, | 230; remedies, 51, 72, 110, 111, 116, 118, - 122, 129, 133, 133, BS 139, 174, 187, 209, 220, 223) 227; 299) 2458. Petions, 5, 12, 28, 173, 174, 176, 181, 215, 228, 244. Pledge, 5, 145, 228. Poster, Municipal, 284. Preachers, 7, Presbyterians, 218, Prohibition, 5, 7, 20, 30, 33, 35, 43, 47, 78, 110, 130, 131, 132, 139, 144, 150, 163, 174) 177, 178, 180; 183, 207, 209; 213) 272¢. Prostitution, 12, 145, 152, 169, ,186, 203, 204f, 210. Public opinion, 6, 414, 122, 131, 206. Revenue, _ a Sabbath, Saloons, fis: tbo, 188f, 196, 191, 223. Slavery, 2, 23, 25, 27, 38, 64, “108, 208. Suicide, 123. Supreme Court, 18, 163, 272. eo: oe Tea, 17, Tobacco, ee és, 74, 143, 144. See Narcotics. Treaties, 23, 24, 25, — 30, 45, 17; proposed, 1, 48, 50, 51, 58, 154, 158, ido. Tropics, 19, 21, 86. White men atone, pthet py 34, B37, OTE BO, 99, 140, 142, 169. ed aL Wine, 67, 235. See Nabe drinks. Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, 10, 73, 103, 136, 145, 253, 257. Women, 5, 10, 87, 146, 160, 169, 206. WORLD BOOKS by Dr. Wilbur F. Crafts (These books nearly all written or revised in the Twentieth Century, and written wth a view to use in all lands.) A Primer of Internationalism 4 12mo, 96 pp. Cloth, 40 cts.; paper, 15 cts. Revised 1908. World Book of Temperance . > ino Cloth, 50 cts.; paper, 25 cts. Biblical, Historical, Scientific. 1908. Intoxicants and Opium in All Lands and Times. 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The March of Christ Down the Centuries ae Historic survey of all Reforms, with Twentieth Century Statistics. 128 pp. Cloth, 40 cts.; paper, 15 cents. Eighth thousand. The Sabbath for Man 4 12mo, 672 pp. Cloth, $1.50 net. Ninth thousand. Edition of 1909. The Civil Sabbath : oe * The Sabbath surveyed from Patriotic and Humanitarian standpoints. Octavo, 96 pp. Paper, 15 cts. Fifth thousand. Successfal Men of To-day and What They Say of Success Based on Replies of 500 Living Men of Eminence as to How The Attained Success, With Study of Integrity’ in Business. Illustrated. 12mo, 288 pp. Cloth, $1. New enlarged forty-fifth edition. < That Boy and Girl of Yours. (In preparation.) Heroes and Holidays Five-minute Talks to Boys and -Girls on Heroes of Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Acts: also, on all Annual Holidays. Imustrated. 12mo. 474 pp. Cloth, $1.25. Talks to Boys and Girls About Jesus (By Dr. Crafts and others.) 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One who becomes a $3 member of the Reform Bureau not ‘only re- ceives monthly magazine, “The Reformer,” free, but also a book (3d, 4th or 9th above), and can more than save his membership fee in right to get any other books above at 20 per cent. discount, postpaid. . 288 eatin ert Baby eer I etd Perera tts G x ‘ me sé Mee 5 Fs) ny Cary res re ag i eS eee Popecars Bet lop Pad era a Ne eet fe Sst pera hea 25 ne t ae een Fi a lise eens cae Se pig's fs one aye re saber ya eee ee Reels ees Ed ater at dati bet ey x eee i don ec) e y re ey fe Fol rere) Pare ee ae pre ae eae a os SE ete tere EER oe tes ears Saas a crete ape ee pets ty a Cie kos te ie ie i ER e ds eee Diseases eye we PR Bree Cea co ea ata es fo fe PS ot Ta