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CORNELL
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LIBRARY

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Illustration of Bank Swallow by Louis Agassiz Fuertes

 

 
Cornell University Library
QL 684.N2B89

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PRELIMINARY REVIEW

OF THE

BIRDS OF NEBRASKA

WITH SYNOPSES

BY
LAWRENCE BRUNER ROBERT H. WOLCOTT
MYRON H. SWENK

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LABORATORY
OF ORNITHOLOGY
LIBRARY

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fabucca fedle

CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

 
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159 Sapsucker Woods R

Cornell University
ithaca, New York

A

PRELIMINARY REVIEW

OF THE

BIRDS OF NEBRASKA

WITH SYNOPSES

BY

LAWRENCE BRUNER ROBERT H. WOLCOTT
MYRON H. SWENK
QL
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KLOPP & BARTLETT CO.
Printing, Lithographing, Stationery, Book Binding
OMAHA, NEB.
INTRODUCTION

In 1896, Prof. Bruner published his list entitled ‘‘Some Notes on Nebraska
Birds.” Asa working basis for the study of the ornithology of the state it has
proven invaluable and it has also been greatly in demand by people not ornithol-
ogists, who desired to ‘‘know something about our birds.” That edition was
exhausted some time ago and its author hasbeen frequently urged to publish
another. However, the organization of the Nebraska Ornithologists’ Union
and the development of ornithology in the University has led to such a rapid
increase in our knowledge in the past five years that it seemed that any publi-
cation would soon become out of date, and so no one ventured to undertake
the task.

It is under these conditions that the opportunity has been offered, through
the kindness of Ex-Governor-Furnas, Secretary of the State Board of Agricul-
ture and an enthusiastic member of the Union, to prepare something on the
birds of the state. It seemed too good an opportunity to be lost, and yet,
under the circumstances, the authors of this contribution feel that it can only
be considered, as its title states, as a preliminary review.

It should be understood, nevertheless, preliminary in one sense as it is, that
it has been prepared with the greatest care, and is believed to represent exactly
the state of our knowledge at the present day. Every species has been care-
fully considered, the specimens available examined, its occurrence in surround-
ing states studied, the records in Bruner’s list thoroughly canvassed, as well
as all data which have accumulated since, and the whole reduced to such
statements as indicate clearly the limits of our knowledge in regard to the
form under consideration. - All specimens about which there could be any
doubt were sent to authorities east for exact: determination. Those species
that have been previously reported from Nebraska but the right of whichtoa
place in our fauna is questioned or denied have been introduced, but in brack-
ets. There have also been added under the phrase ‘‘extralimital”’ those
species which may possibly be found in the state in the future.

This introduction of extralimital forms and their inclusion in the synopses
has been thought desirable for the reason that many of them are almost
sure to be found sooner or later, and this calling attention to them may
result in their earlier detection and addition to our list. The aim has been
to prepare a work which should not only reflect the present state of our
knowledge, but at the same time be a new basis for future work. For the
same reason all species which are known definitely to have bred within our
limits are marked with an asterisk. It will be evident to the reader that:
the addition of the figures showing the details of bird structure and the
article on Birds in relation to Agriculture and Horticulture, as well as of the
synopses themselves, is in order that the paper may be useful to any one,
whether an ornithologist or not, and may be the means of further increasing
4

the interest in birds and love for them, in the state, and so advancing the
cause of bird protection. It is not expected, however, that it will be suf-
ficient for the student of ornithology, who should possess beside some good
manual with full descriptions and figures of our birds, suchas Apgar’s Birds
of the Eastern United States, Chapman & Reed’s Color Key to North
American Birds, or if he can afford a more expensive work, either Ridgway’s
Manual or Coues’ Key. Some day this preliminary review may be ex-
panded into a complete, illustrated work on Nebraska birds, but it remains
for the generosity of the state legislature or of some state society, interested
in their preservation, to say when that shall be.

The numbers preceding each species are those of the American Ornithol-
ogists’ Union check list, and in regard to nomenclature the same list has
been followed implicitly; the possessive has however been omitted from the
common names. : .

The authors desire to acknowledge the assistance received, in the way of
data, from various members of the Union and local bird club, whose names
appear in connection with the records under different species, and also to
recognize their indebtedness to Apgar’s Birds of the Eastern United States,
the keys in which have formed the basis for some of the synopses here used.

The thanks of the authors are also here extended to those of our ornitholog-
ical authorities who have generously determined specimens sent to them—
Messrs. H. C. Oberholser of the U. S. Biological Survey and Witmer Stone .
of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.

In the working over of records and material and in the comparison of
authorities all the authors have participated, but a large part of the clerical
work and of the preparation of the synopses has been done by Mr. Swenk.
BIRDS IN RELATION TO AGRICULTURE AND HORTI-
CULTURE*

 

BY LAWRENCE BRUNER

Nebraska is a good home for birds. We know definitely as many as four
hundred different kinds that have been found within our borders and
the presence of 11 moreis quite probable. Of thesetwo hundred are definitely
known to nest in the state; many more certainly should be added to the list.
During winter months more than one hundred (120) have been recorded,
while the others leave in the fall for the warmer south country, only to return
to us with the advent of pleasant weather in the following spring. While
there is much to be learned concerning the migrations, nesting, moulting,
songs and peculiar ways of living among the different birds that we may see
in our groves, fields, along the streams, on the prairies, and about the hedge
rows and garden patches, the most important feature connected with their
lives to us is their food habits. For it is by what they eat that birds can and
do make themselves of so much value to us. Of course birds are of different
colors, sizes; and forms, and have their beaks, feet, wings, and tails made so as
to best conform to the uses for which they are intended. The woodpeckers
‘have hard, chisel-like beaks for cutting holes in the bark and wood, and, at
the same time, their tail feathers are stiff and pointed so as to be of use as
props for holding the birds in place while busily engaged at nest making or
digging for borers. In a like manner their long tongues are barbed so as to
spear and drag forth the ‘‘worms” when reached. The short, strong beaks
of the sparrows and their relatives are likewise suited for cracking the many
kinds of weed seeds eaten by these birds in winter, as well as for crushing
such insects as are eaten by the parents or fed to their young during the sum-
mer time.

On account of this most important feature in connection with our birds,
we will confine our remarks in this paper chiefly to what they eat, and leave
the descriptions of the birds themselves, their haunts, migrations, and nest
building for some other time. Then too, almost everybody knows a few of
these last mentioned things about most of our common birds.

Birds can be useful to us in many ways. They can carry the seeds of dif-
ferent plants from one place to another so as to help start new groves in which
we and our domestic animals may find shelter from the cold winds of winter
and the oppressive heat insummer. They plant seeds of shrubs by the way-

*The present Pg ad is a combination of two former papers by the author,
on the same topic, but the subject matter has been somewhat modified and
abridged. The first of these DApPrE appeared in the Proceedings of the Ne-
braska Ornithologists’ Union, II, pp. 18-29, and the second in the New
Elementary Agriculture, pp. 103-117. This last work was issued by the
University Publishing Company of Lincoln, Nebr.
6

side that spring up either to give shade or later to bear good fruit. They also
carry the spawn of fishes and small crustaceans among their feathers into new
waters, and feed upon.the countless millions of weed seeds that are scattered
broadcast over our fields, meadows, pastures, and prairies. Some kinds live
almost entirely upon insects; while others hunt out and destroy such small
animals as mice, ground squirrels, and gophers. Still others, like some of the
useful insects, act as scavengers by helping to remove decaying things that
would make us sick if not cleared away.

In addition to these direct benefits which we derive from the birds, we are
further indebted to them for the cheer which their gay music, bright plumage,
and pleasant manners bring tous. The birds form a carefully planned army
of, police, which is engaged in keeping things in nature about us balanced.

But we can go even further when summing up the benefits that human
beings derive from birds. A great many kinds provide us with excellent
food, while others furnish downy feathers for making soft pillows upon which
to rest our weary heads and warm coverlets for use upon our beds during the
long cold winters.

Everybody knows that birds sometimes also do harm. It is therefore our
duty to learn just what this is and whether or not it is as great as some people
try to make us believe. Quite a number of different kinds of birds are con-
tinually doing things that we call wrong. If we only know of these wrongs
and nothing of the good things which they do it might go pretty hard with
our feathered neighbors.

Some of the wrongs that are perpetrated by birds, or at least which are
credited to them, are such as cherry stealing, grain eating, grape puncturing,
apple pecking, corn pulling, the carrying of various kinds of bark and other
plant lice on their legs and feet from place to place, the spreading of hog
cholera by crows and turkey buzzards, the robbing of eggs and young birds
from nests and even the poultry yard. ;

Some of these so-called crimes are genuine and are to be regretted. Others
are more imaginary than real. A few of them could be prevented in part or
altogether, while others might be made less severe, if we were inclined to take
the trouble to do it. After all that can be said in favor of and against the
usefulness of birds in general, there can be but little doubt left in the minds
of thinking and observing people as to the value of these creatures. Only
ignorant and thoughtless persons will continue to destroy our birds indis-
criminately after learning the actual facts about them.

So varied is the task of ‘‘evening up” in nature spoken of above, that if
attended to in the right way, the workers should be many and necessarily
have widely different habits. That such really is the case, can easily be seen
from a perusal of the following short account of the food habits of some of the
different groups of our Nebraska birds:

Grebes and loons feed chiefly on snails and other water animals such as are
found about, ponds, lakes, and rivers. They also destroy grasshoppers and
other destructive insects when these latter are found about their haunts.

‘The gulls, with their long wings and great powers of flight, often reach far
inland in their journeys. Whenever they do they catch large numbers of
7

grasshoppers, crickets, June-beetles, and other common ‘insects. Four or five
kinds of these birds breed in our state in large numbers every summer, and
may frequently be seen following the farmer as his plow turns up the juicy
but destructive grubs.

The ducks and geese, like their tame relatives, are also very fond of insects,
which they catch about the margins of ponds and lakes near which they
build their nests and raise their young. Even such birds as the bitterns and
other herons kill many insects in addition to the snails, fishes, frogs, and other
small animals which in part make up their bill of fare.

The different kinds of snipes and their relatives are also great destroyers of
insects. Moving over the landscape, as many of them do, in large flocks
which spread out over the meadows, pastures, hillsides, and fields, they per-
form a large amount of systematic police service in discovering and arresting
the rascals among insects. They even pry them out of the cracks and holes
in the ground where they have crawled and are hiding during the daytime.
This they are enabled to do on account of the long, slender bills with which
they are provided.

The Prairie Chicken and Sharp-tailed Grouse, as well as the Quail or ‘‘ Bob-
white,” all feed almost entirely on insects during the summer. They also eat
large numbers of these creatures during the remainder of the year whenever
they can get them. The Quail especially is to be considered one of our very
best insect destroyers, since it eats both the Colorado potato beetle and the
chinch-bug. Perhaps no other bird on the farm pays higher prices for the
little grain it gets than does the Quail. Living about hedge-rows, groves,
and in ravines, where insects gather and lurk during the greater part of the
year, this bird discovers and devours large numbers of these enemies daily.
Not only during the summer months when these vermin are moving about,
but all winter, too, it scratches among the fallen leaves, and other rubbish
seeking for hibernating insects of variouskinds. Being a timid bird it seldom
leaves cover to feed openly in the fields, and therefore does little real harm in
the way of destroying grain.

Even the barnyard fowls do much in the way of destroying many different
kinds of insects throughout the summer months. Where fields of grain can
be gone over systematically by chickens, turkeys, guinea hens, and ducks,
little or no damage is done by grasshoppers, cut-worms, and other similar
pests, unless, of course, these insects are too numerous to be eaten by them.

Ordinarily doves and pigeons are not considered harmful, yet they eat but
fewinsects. But, on the other hand, many weed seeds, as sunflower, ragweed,
foxtail, etc., are eaten by them. Perhaps, all told, the good done by them
during the year will greatly overbalance the harm caused by their visits to
the grain fields and feed lots.

During recent years, since we began studying more carefully just what our
various kinds of birds have been eating, it has been learned that many of those
which we heretofore called rascals should really be considered as friends.
Hawks and owls, all of which were killed on sight by nearly every man or
boy who could shoot, are now spared, except when caught in the very act of
stealing chickens. This change is due to the fact that we now know that
8

they feed mostly on mice, squirrels, gophers, prairie dogs, and rabbits, as
well as on many harmful kinds of insects.

Our Yellow-billed and Black-billed Cuckoos feed chiefly on hairy cater-
pillars and several other kinds of insects which they find lurkimg among the
leaves of trees. Although considered among our shyer species, they even
come about our houses and venture into towns and cities for their favorite
insect food. :

There are few persons who will not admit that the woodpeckers as a family
are very useful birds. Feeding as they do, on the young of wood-boring
insects, they can do more relative good for the number of insects destroyed
than if they feed on such kinds as attack the leaves. A single.borer left undis-
turbed might kill a tree, while hundreds of leaf eaters of the same size would
scarcely be noticed ifwarning of their presence depended on the effect their feed-
ing had upon the appearance of the same tree. The commonest kinds of wood-
peckers in Nebraska are the Flicker, Red-headed, Downy, and Hairy, all of
which are often seen about our groves and orchards, where they carefully
hunt for borers and other harmful insects.

Birds like the Whippoorwill, Nighthawk, and Chimney Swift eat nothing
but insects such as they catch in the air while flying about. The first two
are night fliers, while the other is one of our birds that flies and feeds during
daytime.

The family to which the King-bird or Bee-bird belongs is also one that is
made up of insect eaters. They catch such kinds as flies, butterflies, moths,
beetles, and grasshoppers. The few bees eaten by the Bee-bird should not
count against the other members of the family, nor should we blame even the
bee-killer himself too much for the occasional rascal of his kind that prefers
to sit near a hive and catch drones and, rarely, a worker.

Crows and their relatives, the magpies and jays, are sometimes called
rascals. Perhaps there is good reason in a number of cases for giving these
birds so bad a name; but we must not judge them too hastily, for sometimes
there are good deeds done even by the greatest of rascals. After finding out
what these deeds are, good and bad, we may think that enough good has been
done to at least give the ‘‘rascal’” another chance. All of these birds eat
more insects, bulk for bulk, than they do of any other substance. The Blue
Jay does much of the mischief for which we blame the Robin, orioles, and
thrushes, and then sneaks away like a thief. He also robs the nests of our
smaller and weaker birds at times. To partly offset these mean traits he
destroys large numbers of injurious insects.

The meadowlarks, orioles, and blackbirds are the most important destroyers
of such insect pests as attack field crops. They remain with us during the
whole year save for only a few months in the winter; gathering in large flocks,
as several kinds.do, they can wipe out an insect plague in a short time. The
large flocks of red-winged blackbirds which visit our cornfields do so to secure
the destructive ear-worm which abounds at that time of the year, and not
for the corn, as many of us suppose. Don’t kill any of these useful birds,
because they more than pay for the vegetable food which they eat.

Our sparrows and their relatives of the family Fringillidae form a very ex-
9

tensive group of highly useful, as well as beautiful, birds. They spend most
of their time during the summer months when not actually occupied with
nest building and rearing their young, in hunting for and destroying different,
kinds of insects. But this is not all the good they do. In fall, winter, and
early spring, when Mother Earth has lost her beautiful green dress and is
clothed instead in somber browns and wrapped in a mantle of snow and ice,
the longspurs, snowbuntings, snowbirdsandsome of the sparrows that have
remained with us, are busily engaged in gathering for themselves a living.
They hop and fly about from place to place hunting for and picking up little
seeds of grasses, weeds, shrubs, and trees with which to feed themselves and
keep alive until the warm weather of spring returns and brings back to them
the abundant supply of nourishing insects of which they are so fond. Even
during this busy cold season, they chirrup merrily as they work, so satisfied
are they with the kind of life they are living. The English, or European
House-sparrow, has the worst reputation of the entire family. But even
this bird has some good traits which tend to secure for it ouf friendship.

The swallows, as we all know, are insect destroyers; and, seizing their prey
as they fly, they naturally take such forms among these pests as flies, gnats,
and mosquitoes—our worst personal enemies. We should by all means
encourage these birds to build their nests in our barns and sheds in order
that they may pay rent by destroying the various flies that attack and worry
ourselves and our domestic animals.

The shrikes or butcher-birds are genuine brigands or pirates when it comes
to killing other forms of life. They are true to their name, and butcher large
numbers of insects, mice, lizards, small snakes, and even occasionally a few
of the smaller birds. They take their prey to some thorn bush or barbwire
fence and impale the victims for future use or to dry up and blow away. The
good they do will more than outweigh the harm which they inflict.

‘The vireos or greenlets, as they are commonly called, which frequent
thickets and hedgerows, live almost entirely upon an insect diet. Their food
is composed chiefly of little caterpillars and grubs picked from the leaves of
small trees.and shrubs which form the shelter in which they make their homes.
They are not entirely averse to eating some of the hairy forms, and in this
respect aid the cuckoos mentioned in a preceding paragraph.

The warblers are insect destroyers. Brightly-colored, active creatures as
they are, they fill a gap in nature which would be empty without them.
They flit about the terminal twigs and leaves of our trees and shrubs where
they detect and capture many of our smaller, but at the same time very
dangerous, insect pests. Plant-lice and the smaller caterpillars are at times
quite prominent in their bill of fare.

Much could be written about birds like the wrens, the Mockingbird, and the
Catbird, but they are too well known in one way or another to make it neces-
sary to spend time or space here for the purpose of introducing them anew.
Suffice it to say, that they more than pay for what they eat by killing off
some of the decidedly harmful insects. Then, too, they are to be numbered
among the most beautiful singers of the feathered choir, which latter fact
in itself fully offsets the harm done by them in the way of fruit eating.
10

The nuthatches, titmice, and others of our winter and early spring birds
are too well known as friends to make it necessary here to even hint at
their usefulness. The eggs of many hibernating insects are quite prominent
among the things eaten by them throughout the season when the trees are
bare and bird food is scarce.

The Robin and the Bluebird need no introduction even to our boys and
girls. We all know them only to wish that their numbers could be greatly
increased. The former as it hops over the grass-covered lawn in search of
cut-worms, is engaged in its chief occupation. Seventeen quarts of caterpil-
lars, it is claimed, is the average number.of such insects destroyed by each
robin annually; and of this quantity about one-half or more are cut-worms.
We need not stop to ask whether or not the destruction of these will pay for
the cherries and berries eaten.

Summing up the work of our birds as relates to their destruction of insects,
it can be briefly stated as follows:

“In the air swallows and swifts are coursing rapidly to and fro, ever .n
pursuit of the insects which constitute their sole food. When they retire,
the night-hawks and whippoorwills take up the chase, catching moths and
other nocturnal insects which would escape the dayflying birds. Flycatchers
lie in wait, darting from ambush at passing prey, and with a suggestive click
of the bill returning to their post. The warblers, light, active creatures,
flutter about the terminal foliage, and with almost the skill of a humming-
bird, pick insects from leaf or blossom. The vireos patiently explore the
under sides of leaves and odd nooks and corners to see that no skulker escapes.
The woodpeckers, nuthatches, and creepers attend to the trunks and limbs,
examining carefully each inch of bark for insects’ eggs and larvae, or excavat-
ing for the ants and borers they hear within. On the ground the hunt is con-
tinued bythe thrushes, sparrows, and other birds that feed on the innumer-
able forms of terrestrial insects. Few places in which insects exist are neg-
lected; even some species which pass their entire lives in the water are preyed
upon by aquatic birds.’”’* 2

In nearly every case where the food habits of our birds have been care-
fully studied, do we find that the good done far exceeds the possible harm
that might be inflicted by our birds. Allowing twenty-five insects per day
as an average diet for each individual bird, and estimating that we have
about one and one-half birds to the acre, or in round numbers 75,000,000
birds in Nebraska, there would be required 1,875,000,000 insects for each
day’s rations.

Again estimating the number of insects required to fill a bushel at 120,000,
it would take 15,625 bushels of'insects to feed our birds for a single day, or
2,343,750 bushels for 150 days. These estimates are very low when we take
into account the numbers of insects that various kinds of our birds have
been known to destroy in a single day. For example, the stomach of four
chickadees contained 1,028 eggs of cankerworms. Four others contained
about 600 eggs and 105 mature females of this same insect. The stomach

o

*Frank M. Chapman in Bird Life—D. Appleton & Co.
11

of a single Bob-white contained 101 potato-beetles; and that of another
upwards of 500 chinch-bugs. A yellow-billed cuckoo shot at six jp the
morning contained forty-three tent caterpillars. A robin had eaten 175
larvae of Bibio, which feed upon the roots of grasses, etc.

Birds, like all other animals, feed upon that food which is most readily
obtained, hence the insectivorous kinds destroy those insects which are the
most numerous—the injurious species; and likewise the seed-eaters subsist
largely upon the seeds of our weeds.
"mM~NOahwWhNre

 

TOPOGRAPHY OF BOHEMIAN WAXWING FOR BEGINNERS

Upper mandible.
Culmen.

Nostril.

Forehead.

Lores.

Superciliary stripe.
Crown. .
Crest.

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Occiput.

Auriculars or ear-coverts.
Nape.

Interscapular region.
Back.

Scapulars.

Tertials.

Rump.
13

17 Upper tail-coverts. 29 Greater wing-coverts.
18 Tail feathers. _. 80 Middle wing-coverts
19 First primary. 31 Breast.

20 Primaries. 32 Lesser wing-coverts.
21 Tarsus. 33 Carpal joint.

22 Hind toe. 34 Jugulum.

23 Outer toe. : 385 Throat.

24 Middle toe. "36 Chin.

25 Inner toe. 37 Gape.

26 Abdomen or belly. 38 Lower mandible.

27 Secondaries. 39a Cere on bill.

28 Side.

TYPES OF BILLS AND FEET

39 Strongly hooked bill of hawk. 43 Lobate foot of Pied-billed Grebe.
40 Falcate bill of MexicanCrossbill. 44 Palmate foot of duck.
41 Tubular nostril of Fulmar Petrel. 45 Totipalmate foot of cormorant.
42 Raptorial foot of Long-eared

Owl.

 

DIAGRAM SHOWING THE VARIOUS FEATHER TRACTS ON THE WING OF A BIRD
(FROM CORY’S BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA)
11.
11.

138.

13.

15

SYNOPSES AND LIST

THE ORDERS OF NEBRASKA BIRDS

Hind toe connected by web with inner front toe....... III. Steganopodes.
Hind toe, if present, not connected with inner front toe............(2)
2. Cutting edges of bill more or less fringed or serrated . .IV. Anseres.
2. Cutting edges of bill not fringed or serrated... .............. (3)
Legs inserted in the rear of the body; toes webbed or lobed. I. Pygopodes.
Legs inserted near middle of body, or else toes not webbed... ........(4)

4. Front toes distinctly webbed, and tarsus shorter than tail....
ja dialed cantin Asi siete ay pan tar ales eatumle teamed meharacsaee age a . II. Longipennes.
4. Front toes not distinctly webbed, or else tarsus longer than tail. (5)
Tibia more or less naked below; waders.............. 00s eee eee (6)
Tibia entirely feathered; not waders. ... 1.0... .. 0. cece eee eee (8)

6. Hind toe long and on the same level as the others; lores naked
dade te Beate See Desc ti ne dase dnt ett soy ee ... V. Herodiones.
6. Hind toe, if present, small and elevated; lores feathered... ... (7)

If more than 3 feet long, hind toe elevated; if less, on the same level.
AERA ae Red RON edna eee Mie Paid cole,

Never more than three feet long, hind toe, if present, elevated.....

si pitt cuinareadi ie SAN GS at thin SUSUN ach Baa cateytla-t aided Gus whiny VII. Limicolz.

8. Bill strongly hooked, and with distinct naked cere at base..... (9)

8. Bill not both strongly hooked and cered; or if cered the bill straight
Gdibtcctc atts ila Codnee) eA franc) Sa Blioe Mee cean cient ieumbtnate iret ies to oe LO)

Toes 38 in front, the outer toe sometimes reversible. . .X. Raptores,
Toes. 2) in front, 2 behind. « 4 <5 ¢s604.6 Wr dae peediadiecce XI. Psittaci.
10. Hind toe short, decidedly elevated. ... ...... VIII. Galline.
10. Hind toe but very slightly elevated, ifatall............... (11)
Bill with a soft swollen cere... 00... cee eee ee eee ee IX. Columbe.
Bill “without: CePes cs igo ejay Sie Wo Wa toon Pade dua een A Ae AR (12)

12. Wing very long, tail feathers 10, gape very wide and deeply cleft;
or else bill long and slender and secondaries 6. ..XIV. Macrochires.
12. Wing not very long and gape not wide or deeply cleft; or else

tail Feathers: 12) cp acsiens. gies eaalga galse dnetabatcesedyr hig At atpiat eg ais (13)

Toes 2 in front, or if 3, middle and outer toes connected for one-half their
TOT BCLS Scales dit aes tee a etd. get ee eed RS ela di nada ReaD (14)
Toes 3 in front, middle and outer ones not connected for one-half their
lenPth Si ee Sey eee e Ha eek eas pate oh esau XV. Passeres.
14. Tail feathers stiffand pointed..................,XIUIIL. Pici.

14. Tail feathers not stiff, nor pointed... ..........XII. Coccyges.
Pe

16

Orper I. PYGOPODES—Divine Brirps

Feet lobed but not webbed... . 0... cece cece ee eee ee Podicipide.
Feet webbedess 4 2.094 ea0 ree ess vb abe Sad ee ya ee eee Re Gaviide.

Famity PODICIPIDZ—GrezBeEs

Bill longer than head (3 inches), five times as long as deep, slender, acute,
straight; size very large; neck very long; above slaty, crown and hind
neck black, elsewhere pure white... ............Western Grebe.

Bill shorter than head (1 inch), less than twice as long as deep, very stout,
compressed sideways, hooked at tip; size small; in summer throat
and band on bill black.... ....................Pied-billed Grebe.

Bill equal to or shorter than head (1 to 24 inches), less than fourtimes as
long as deep, stoutish, dace size small to aa neck moderate;

in summer head crested. : (2)
2. Wing about 73 inches: "pill shout. as em as 5 tags aides of Heel
rufous in adult. we ceeows owadag Wee Mele eal eae Holbcell Grebe.
2. Wing 5 to 6 inches; bill shorter than head.................. (3)
Bill compressed, higher than broad at base; neck red in front in summer
SRE sa dh Pe gabe sol Sole RE AS Horned Grebe.
Bill depressed, broader ‘than high at base; neck black in front in sum-
MOTE A Se tepices hardy dead gaia eaten coin Ue ys Peat ya ee ae Eared Grebe.

ichmophorus occidentalis (Lawrence)—-WESTERN GREBE. ‘
A straggler from the west, breeding from North Dakota and Mani-
toba northwards. Recorded twice from Nebraska, once from Cut-off
lake, near Omaha by L. Skow, and again from Curtis, where Rees
Heaton has taken a specimen.

Colymbus holbcellii (Reinhardt) —HoLBe.i Gress.

A northern grebe, breeding locally north of the United States, but
occasionally reaching the latitude of southern Nebraska in late fall
and winter. A specimen was taken at Alda by F.'W. Powell, and an-
other shot at Curtis is now in the Rees Heaton collection at that place.

*Colymbus auritus Linnaeus—HorNnep GREBE.

Rather a rare migrant and breeder. Recorded migrating at West
Point, Ravenna, and Lincoln. Found breeding i in the alkali lakes of
northern Cherry county by I. 8. Trostler, and a pair, with newly made
nest, noted at Little Alkali lake, in the same region, June 6, 1903,
by Wolcott. :

*Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Heerman)—-EarEep GREBE.
Acommon migrant throughout the state, breeding in abundance in
the lake region of Cherry county. Also found breeding in small num-
17

bers at West Point and Omaha. Arrives in spring about the end of
April; departs by the end of September.

6. *Podilymbus podiceps (Linnzeus)—-PIEp-BILLED GREBE.

An abundant migrant, and a common breeder in suitable localities
throughout the state. Arrives about the middle of April and lingers
till October.

Famity GAVIIDA’-—Loons

1. Back black or blackish, distinctly spotted with white... ............ (2)
1. Back blackish, not spotted with white, but the feathers gray tipped. . (3)
2. Throat whitish, in summer foreneck with chestnut.........
rein wane Bear aarawamirr eee eh peseeeeeeeeeeess..,, Red-throated Loon.
2. Throat black, sides of neck with white streaks and no chestnut (3)
Wing 13to15 inches long; crown black in summer... ... . Loon.
Wing 11 to 13 inches long; crown ashy in summer. Black-throated Loon.

oo 2

7. Gavia imber (Gunnison)—Loon.
A not common migrant, breeding from northern United States
northward. Numerous records; Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Rock-
port, Curtis, etc. Seen early in spring and late in fall.

9. Gavia arcticus (Linnaeus)—-BLacK-THROATED Loon.
A bird of the arctic regions wintering south to the northern states.
One Nebraska record, a fine male,in the Rees Heaton collection,having
been taken at Curtis.

11. Gavia lumme (Gunnison)—Rep-THROATED Loon.
Also an Arctic bird, found in the northern states in winter. Two
records, a specimen being taken on the Missouri near Omaha, Sept.
28, 1894, and another April 6, 1897, both males and both reported by
“J. 8. Trostler. ‘

OrpER II. LONGIPENNES—Lone-wincep Swimmers

A. Upper mandible of three pieces, a hook, lateral piece, and cere....
edeliie sbyeeat Soke Gath gee espn AG. deal Rc defok Bea eG antes eis aes Sa Me Stercoraridz.
A. Upper mandible of one piece... .............0 0... cee, Laride.

Famity STERCORARIDEH—Jazncers

1. Middle pair of tail feathers rounded; wing 134 and culmen over 14 inches

Von ge 2 obs sg hd ERR E Be EE Maes Coed accented s Pomarine Jaeger.

1. Middle pale of tailfeathers acute, wing under 134 and culmen under 14
INCH eB ONG raise heae Srv ars tay sig dara eo pesnere edad ein abs. eA Hip Gea heme (2)

2. Cere more than half as long as culmen; adult with tail about 84
Mmches OMe a seeds Sek nied henge Guns eters Parasitic Jaeger.

2. Cere less than half aslong as culmen; adult with tail 11 to 15 inches

LONG cane ahantds cipigte den danaiee 2tLGe wieteneamee te ya Long-tailed Jaane,

36. Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck)—PomarinE JAEGER.
A rare migrant, breeding far north. Aughey saw it once on the
18

Missouri river, in Dakota county, in May, 1869, and a specimen was

_ sent to him, shot on the Platte river near Fremont, in May, 1873. A
third record is fom M. K. Barnum, of one shot at North Platte, Nov.
11, 1895.

87. Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus)—Parasitic JAEGER.
A rare migrant. One record for Nebraska, a specimen having been
shot by August Hiche on Salt lake near Lincoln, Sept. 13, 1898, and
now in his collection.

EXTRALIMITAL: The third member of this genus in North
America, 38. S. longicaudus Vieillot, the Long-tailed Jaeger, also
rarely migrates through the interior, but has not been taken in
Nebraska as yet.

Famity LARIDZ—Gu.tuis anp TERNS

1. Bill with upper mandible strongly curved and hooked at tip, directed
forward in flight; tail generally even at tip, rarely slightly forked;
voice hoarse; (Subfamily Larinze—Gulls)....................0. (2)

1. Bill with upper mandible slightly and evenly curved throughout, sharply
pointed and not hooked at tip, pointed downward in flight; tail forked,
generally deeply so; voice shrill; (Subfamily Sterninz—Terns)...(11)
2. Plumage without black, even on the primaries...... Kahne (3)
2. Plumage with more or less black, at least on the primaries... . . (4)

3. Bill over 2 inches long and wing over 164 inches long. . . Glaucous Gull.

3. Billunder 2 inches long and wing under 164 inches long. . . Iceland Gull.
4. Hind toe very minute and without a nail; head mostly white.

es bgu ah Bach Sea ye WHR AMER Rhee e's fe aE Rp Peep gat SL alow eae Raabe Re able <5 Kittiwake.

4, Hind toe well formed and with anail.........2............ (5)

5. Tail forked for about an inch; primaries largely black, 2 to 4 white-tipped.
SAUER Ra ae eRe eee See ea a nia eae ae ee Sabine Gull.

5: ‘Tailnotiat all forkeds gi te sous sae cieiadey wtuses oe bmais teens eee (6)
6. Large,wing 14 to 19 inches long; head, tail, and under parts white

IN SUMME? AGU... case e ee ee Meme e as pi eese Rea aes eB aS (7)

6. Small, wing 10 to 13 inches long; head black in summer adult (9)
7. Back and wings slaty black in adult, brownish in young; wing over

IGE NCheBsiiche ase euaeaweh aeons vee es aes Great Black-backed Gull.

7. Back and wings pearl gray in adult; wing under 174 inches long..... (8)
8. Wing about 17 inches; feet flesh-colored; bill chrome yellow;
young mottled iis 6 say jt wey eitiary ata x cave Pad gree ean sage Herring Gull.

8. Wing about 163 inches; feet yellowish; bill with a red spot below.
Baad eas eaub AON) eet ava ar naee weer daat pea Ab lac. gates arate is ad . California Gull.
8. Wing about 15 inches; feet yellowish; bill banded with black near

GAD ctese tors. Aah oie Sue che Ae at ars has aoe tanaueeainn Ring-billed Gull.

9. Outer primary wholly black; wing over 12 inches; bill reddish in sum-
IMGT y atria ers yh a ies aed eres he emey a oa he Laughing Gull.

9. Outer primary with white in adult; wing under 12 inches.......... (10)

10. Tip of outer primary white in adult; bill red; wing about 11
INCHES. as rac umaaed aethes wea Me eS nee nee Franklin Gull,
11.

11.

13.

13.

15.

15.

47.

51.

54,

19

10. Tip of outer aad black in ae bill black; wing about 10

inches....... ee .Bonaparte Gull.
Back,wings, and tail alatys in summer 7 head aud andles parts black, in
WINTER WILE Gath -s- sco ce yee eae ee es wea ae Ba SA ade gs Black Tern.
Back and wings pearl gray, crown more or less black............. (12)
12. Small, wing about 6% inches; forehead white, crown and line
through eye black, bill yellow in summer. .... ....Least Tern.

12. Medium, wing 94+0112 inches; crown wholly black, bill redin
BUMIMIOT oie dh dua ceteok- cinch alone ahs Had mee aNeeRRD Ras (13)

12. Large, wing 14 to 17 inches; crown wholly black, bill orange (15)
Inner web of outer tail feather gray, outer web white; under parts pure

white... ... sipinle .Forster Tern.
Inner oe of oben teil feather shite, ee eb eras sauder parts gray-
Ishi nds Ge secdeen vorewhoGaady saw eed ere eee des AS Ooe et aes (14)
14. Billred, tippedwith black ; tarsus over ,% inch; tail one-half length
Of WING: awd sea ae Ree AEE FREES LEST Oe eae Common Tern.

14. Bill wholly red; tarsus under ;,inch; tail two-thirds length of
WILD fate cate unebnan nae aoveaMay sawed ak Ae aue bd ’.... Arctic Tern.

Primaries wholly blackish, silvery on outer web; tailless forked; larger.
Laysetcaien ob Retell tors Made to heey Ds migceslar nieale agentes halaa pe Gali tanshs Caspian Tern.
Primaries with inner two-thirds of inner web, except tip, white, the tip
and outer web frosty black..... 0.0... 0... cece ce eee Royal Tern.

Larus marinus Linnaeus—Great BLacK-BACKED GULL.

The only Nebraska record for this bird is Aughey’s, he having ex-
amined a dead specimen which some Winnebago Indians had shot on
the Missouri and brought to Dakota City in May, 1871. He states
that this was the only instance of its occurrence in Nebraska knownto
him. Some doubt has been expressed as to the acceptability of this
record, but the bird winters regularly to the Great Lakes, and is so
well-marked in adult plumage by its slaty mantle and even in the
young by its very large size, that misidentification is hardly possible.

Larus argentatus Bruennich—Herrine GuLu.

A rather rare migrant. Aughey records two specimens, procured
from the Winnebago Indians in May, 1870. Since then other observ-
ers have recorded it from West Point, Lincoln, Omaha, Rockport,
Gresham, and Beatrice. Breeds from northern states northward.

Larus delewarensis Ord—RING-BILLED GuLL.

A common migrant. There is a strong probability of this bird
breeding in northern Nebraska, especially about the Cherry county
lakes, where J. M. Bates, J. S. Hunter, R. H. Wolcott, J. E. Wallace,
and F. H. Shoemaker have, in several different seasons, found it to
be common throughout the summer, but as yet no one has found
anest. Also recorded in July from along the Niobrara and Elkhorn
rivers. Appears in spring about April 1, and lingers in fall to October.
58.

60.

62.

64.

69.

70.

20

Larus atricilla Linnaeus—LavuGHiIne GULL.
A rare summer visitant, straggling up the Mississippi valley from
the Gulf coast, where it breeds. Recorded by F. W. Powell, from
Alda, in July, 1880, and by L. Skow, from Omaha.

Larus franklinii Swainson and Richardson—FRANKLIN GULL.
An abundant migrant, passing in large numbers from the middle
of April to the end of May, and again in October. May be found
in the state during the entire summer, but not known to breed.

Larus philadelphia (Ord)—BonararTE GULL.

An uncommon migrant, breeding north of the United States. The
only records for this gull are from Salt lake, west of Lincoln, where it
has been taken a number of times—on Oct. 28, 1895; Nov. 3, 1896;
May 6, 1899; Sept. 29, 1900.

Xema sabinii (Sabine)—SaBine GULL.

Rare winter visitant. An immature specimen of this northern gull
was captured from a flock circling about an electric light at Beatrice,
Sept. 2, 1899, by Swenk, and a little later, on the 30th of the same
month, another specimen, also immature, was shot at Salt lake, near
Lincoln, by M. A. Carriker, Jr. The latter specimen is now in the
University collection. This gull has generally been considered quite
rare, but it has been taken a number of times in Colorado and once in
Kansas, and may prove commoner than is generally believed.

Sterna caspia Pallas—Caspian TERN.

Our only record is of a specimen shot at Salt lake, near Lincoln,
May 5, 1893, by F. L. Riser, and now in the Wesleyan University
collection. Though its breeding range would include our state, it is
probably only a migrant here. The Royal Tern, 65. Sterna maxima
Boddaert, though a southern breeder, wanders in summer up the Missis-
sippi valley even to the Great Lakes, so is likely to occur in our state
as a straggler.

*Sterna forsteri Nuttall—Forstrer Trern.

A very common migrant over the state, and breeds abundantly
throughout the lake region of Cherry county, but not recorded breed-
ing elsewhere in Nebraska. Arrives about the middle of April and
departs early in October.

Sterna hirundo Linnaeus—Common TrERN.

Arare migrant. Has been taken at Omaha, West Point, and Lincoln,
at the latter locality several times. It has been taken in Kansas and
Wyoming also. Aughey does not record this species, but he does the
Arctic Tern, 71. Sterna paradisea Bruennich, of which he states that
a few were seen in Dixon county in May, 1866. But as the specimens
are not stated to have been shot and as paradise@a is so similar to
hirundo, which he does not mention, the chances for a misidentifica-
tion are too great to warrant the continued inclusion of paradisea
21

in our list. It has, however, been taken in Colorado twice, and it is
very likely to eventually be taken here also.

74. *Sterna antillarum (Lesson)—Least TERN.

A common migrant, and not a rare breeder, especially in north-
eastern Nebraska. Aughey found young birds along the Missouri in
Dixon county in July, 1866, and also records it from Cedar county in
August and from Lancaster and Sarpy counties in June. L. Skow
found it breeding at Cut-off lake near Omaha, in the summer of 1893.
Wilson Tout found five nests on a basin near York during the summers
of1896 and 1897,and Swenk found it common and breeding inJuly,1903
on the sandbars of the Niobrara from Badger to its mouth. Numer-
ous migration records from West Point, Omaha, Peru, and Lincoln.

77. *Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (Gmelin) —Biack Tern.
An abundant migrant and rather common breeder in suitable local-
ities over the state; in the lakes of Cherry county it breeds in great
numbers. Arrives late in April and departs by the middle of October.

EXTRALIMITAL: Three species of gulls included in the above key,
viz.: 40. Rissa tridactyla (Linnaeus)—Kittiwake, 42. Larus glaucus
Brunnich—Glaucous Gull, and 43. Larus leucopterus Faber—Iceland
Gull; are northern species which are not known from Nebraska, but
which winter regularly south to the Great Lakes and even farther, so
may straggle to our state; especially is this true of the Kittiwake which
has straggled even toWyoming and Colorado. The California Gull, 53.
Larus calijornicus Lawrence, has never been taken in Nebraska so
far as known, but has been taken a few times in Colorado and once
even in western Kansas, so may be reasonably expected as a straggler
here also.

Orver ITI. STEGANOPODES—Toripatmare SWIMMERS
A. Upper mandible not hooked at tip; neck very long; plumage dark.

hit thas wis aye aac ee ee aad a cnenteaiee Bua phi adel Rat Sa Anhingide.

A. Upper mandible hooked at tip............... 0.0... .0.0. 0000000. (B)
B. Tail 14 to 20 inches long, forked for half its length; lores feathered

Biers ia me Sau iia setts Ssaal ate ee tay Sy ee ed INN aah ac eaten Fregatide.

B. Tail 5to 10 inches long, not forked; lores bare.............. (C)

C. Bill under 4 inches in length, its pouch moderate; plumage in adult
mostly black, 5. nc wees caw eukodmennandasoe dcbex ea Phalacrocoracide.

C. Bill 8to15 inches long, its pouch enormous; plumage in adult mostly
WHITE re oie hth He Rae He Ge deena ete ined AGREES Pelicanide.

Famity ANHINGID/—Anuincas

[The first two families included above are represented each by a single
species in North America. To the first belongs 118. Anhinga anhinga
(Linnaeus), the Anhinga or Snake Bird of the southern swamps, which oc-
curs up the Mississippi valley to Kansas and southern Illinois, and which
was included in Bruner’s list as a Nebraska bird on the authority of a speci-
22

men shot supposedly near Omaha, and mounted by F. J. Brezee at that place.
It has since developed, however, that the bird may have been secured either
in Iowa or Missouri, and unless it can be definitely determined where the
specimen came from this species must be excluded from our list.]

i Famity FREGATIDZH—Fricate Birps

[The second family is represented by 128. Fregata aquila (Linnaeus), the
Frigate Bird or Man-o’-War Bird, a species of tropical and subtropical oceans
which because of its.extraordinary powers of flight occasionally strays in-
land into temperate regions, and has been recorded from Texas, Kansas,
Ohio, and Wisconsin. In the spring of 1884 Bruner saw a bird near West
Point which he took to be this species, and a later oceanic acquaintance
with it has convinced him of the correctness of the identification. But in
view of the unusual nature of the record and the lack of a specimen it is not
given full standing in the list.]

FAMILY PHALACROCORACID —Cormorants

1. Pouch orange, white at base; wing under 11 inches; young with belly
TONE CI ech sces Sas outa bee SNiicid Are eaters crooner cae et Mexican Cormorant.
1. Pouch wholly orange; wing over 11 inches; young with belly brown. (2)
2. Wing 12to13 inches long, tail 64, bill 24; color browner
axe aun epakbesamodeccen a sees L.sees........ Double-crested Cormorant.
2. Wing 114 to 124 inches long, tail 54, bill 255; color blacker
sHaRe Ate es Baath go ry RE eS ipc wb vec eben Uasie, baat . Florida Cormorant.

120. Phalacrocorax dilophus (Swainson and Richardson) —DovuBLE-cRESTED
CoRMORANT. ;
A not common migrant. West Point, Omaha, Lincoln, Nebraska
City, York, Beatrice, Neligh, Cherry county, ete. April, and October
and November. Breeds from northern states northward.

[The Florida Cormorant, 120a. P. d. floridanus (Audubon) has beeh re-
ported several times from Nebraska, but all the specimens at present availa-
ble are referable to dilophus. However birds occur which are decidedly
smaller than average dilophus, and since floridanus has been found north
to southern Illinois as a breeder, it is thought best to leave its status an
open question for the present. The Mexican Cormorant, 121. Phalacrocorax
mexicanus (Brandt), reported by Bruner, was not seen by him personally,
but included in his list on the statement of a friend, who probably had seen
a specimen of the common species. It has, however, been found north to
southern Illinois and Kansas, and may straggle to Nebraska.]

Famity PELICANIDA-—Peticans

1. Plumage white, primaries black; crown brownish in young; tarsus over

SR MNCHES yx tesa aod ieee Rmare annamarann sudan emai etna oe eee White Pelican:

1. Plumage gray above, brownish below, head white, in summer hind neck
brown; young brownish, white below; tarsus under 34 inches...

. Brown Pelican.
125.

126..

23

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin—WuiTE PELICAN.

A common migrant throughout the state, breeding from northern
states northward. Seenfrom late in March or early in April to early in
May and from late in September to the end of Octeber. Three were
seen by Wolcott on Dewey lake, Cherry county, daily during a visit
there from May 28 to June 8, 1903.

Pelecanus occidentalis (Linnaeus)—Brown Pruican. _

Rare; a subtropical species which has strayed north to Illinois and
Wyoming as well as to Nebraska. One definite record, a male taken at
St, Paul, Howard county, Oct. 10, 1885, and reported by D. H. Talbot.
L.'Skow reports having seen ‘‘fragments of six specimens in a hog-
pen where they had been thrown by the man who shot them” at
Honey Creek lake near Omaha, in spring, but there is considerable
chance for error in this record.

Orpver IV. ANSERES

Famity ANATIDA—Ducxs, GrEesz, aND Swans

Neck as long as body; tarsus 4 inches or more; wing 20 inches, or
more long; adult entirely white; the young dirty grayish white. . .(2)
Neck shorter than the body; tarsus under 4 inches long............ (3)
' 2. Bare skin in front of eye marked with yellowish; back end of nos-
tril much nearer tip of bill than toeye......... Whistling Swan.

2. Bare skin in front of eye without yellow; back end of nostril
about midway from eye to tip of bill.........Trumpeter Swan.
Tarsus, 2 to 4 inches long and longer than middle toe without claw; front of
tarsus with rounded scales instead of square scutelle............. (4)
Tarsus not over 2 inches long and shorter than the middle toe without
claw; front of tarsus with distinct scutelle.................... (11y
4. Serrations on the cutting edge of the upper mandible visible from
the side for more than half length of bill; bill and feet pale... .(5)

4, Serrations scarcely visible from the side at all; if visible then only

at the base; bill, feet, and portions of the head black........: (8)

Depth of bill at base about 4 the length of culmen; forehead white in
Mature birds a. eri eiobeekd ab ends wdees White-fronted Goose.
Depth of bill at base much greater than 4 the length of culmen.... (6)
6. General plumage gray, grayish brown, or brown without con-

spicuous white margins to wing-coverts...........Blue Goose.
6. General plumage of adult white; young grayish brown with the
wing-coverts widely margined sith WHE. cc case an gy de (7)

Length 23 to 28 inches, middle toe 2 to 24 inches. . . Lesser Snow Goose.
Length 30 to 38 inches; middle toe 23 to 24 inches Greater Snow Goose.
8. Head black; neck at sides and in front white streaked; belly
WIMTES a ra, asap ened sys weisicgua pels Sane s Ss Siete awe suns Brant,

8. Head partly white sisbvcat aa Hf cys ve ase uy a cea ae wade ae ale $ sex nde (9)
Lower parts deep grayish brown; white cheek patches generally sepa-
11.

11.

13.

138.

15.

24

rated by black throat stripe or mottling........... Cackling Goose.
9. Lower parts light brownish gray, fading gradually into white on anal
region; white cheek patches usually confluent on throat... ......(10)
10. Larger, 35 to 43 inches long................... Canada Goose.
10. Smaller, 25 to 34 inches long............,.... Hutchins Goose.
Bill nearly cylindrical, about as wide as high throughout; head always
morévor-lessi crested 5.10 Garin peice keen aia te wiek sane ne ere (12)
Bill always wider than high near the tip; head rarely crested. ....(14)
12. Smaller; wing 7 to 84 inches long; crest high and flattened
SIGEWISEs «1a ss Sia Rha deena eEaoe ee eNO tees Hooded Merganser.

12. Larger; 8}to 114 inches long; crest inconspicuous......... (13)
Wing about 104 inches long; frontal feathers extending beyond those
OnsldeOF billy, ca 26 ea ea csmewe eran ee ood eu American Merganser.
Wing about 9 inches long; frontal feathers not extending beyond those
on siderof bila i.ais wes sk srw seas pee wees Red-breasted Merganser.
14. Hind toe with a rounded membranous lobe.. ............ (15)
14. Hind toe without a lobe-like border... .................. (27)
Wing 7 inches or less in length.... 2.0... . ce eee ee ee es (16)
Wing over 7 incheslong.... ...... 0... cs cee eeepc ence nenene (17)

15.

17.

17.

17.

19.

19.

21.
21.

23.
23.

16. Upper tail-coverts very short; bill broad; tail flat. Ruddy Duck.
6.. Upper tail-coverts about half as long as tail; head fluffy. .

i bre SAAR orig hlais Fae Rule Mpa eanaee eRe ysis caste ab Sy 4A ea _.Buffle-head,

Bill appendaged with a lobe at base formed of skin of cheeks; culmen
about one inch long... 2. 0... eee eee eee Harlequin Duck.
Bill bulging at base; nail large and so united with the bill as to give
the nail a very indistinct outline .-. 2.0... 0. ee eee eee (18)
Bill of the usual duck form. .... 00... eee ee eee (20)
18. Wing 104 inches long or more; a white wing patch in both
SORES sc: sae sector esirdhlgadha maaan aie agit White-winged Scoter.

18. Wing. less hii TOR inches Ong sisic.2c ss 5 geese vooe sae oeoacacd (19)
Feathers on the culmen reaching forward as far as those on sides of
upper mandibles soa sc emasea rege ey ee ae OH wera American Scoter.
Feathers on the culmen reaching about an inch farther forward than
those on side of upper mandible... .................... Surf Scoter.

20. Tail pointed (over 6 inches long, male; about 3 inches long,
female;) bill black and orange, nostril within less than 4 inch
of frontal feathers.................. 0000 ee Old-squaw Duck.

20. Tailnot pointed; nostril about 3 inch from frontal feathers. . (21)

Bill high at base (over half as high as long); under tail-coverts white(22)

Bill lower at base; under tail-coverts dark... ................., (23)
22. Male with the gloss of the dark head and throat green; head of
fetalé DrO wily, «0:: occa we ecw s ke Amiw dans wee SG aaher ae Golden-eye.

22. Male with the gloss of the dark head and throat purple; head
of female brown... 1.1... cece eee ee eee Barrow Golden-eye.

. Bill decidedly wider near tip than at base... ........0...........,. (24)

Bill but little if any wider at tip than at base... ................ (26)
25.
25.

27.

27.

29.

29.

31.
31.

33.
33.

35.
35.

37.

37.

37.

129.

25

24. Male with an orange ring around neck; speculum brownish

gray; female chiefly brown...............- Ring-necked Duck.
24, Male with white speculum; female with white face... ......(25)
Length 18 to 20 inches; wing over 8} inches long... ......Scaup Duck.

Length 15 +016} inches wing under 8} inches long. . Lesser Scaup Duck.
26. Bill about half as wide as tle length of the culmen . . Red-head.

26. . Bill about half as wide as long... .... ; .Canvas-back.
Bill decidedly broadened toward tip, elug gaely dees as wide here
a8 At- Dass. accrue ew eau he eer hee eos een ee :....Shoveller.

' Bill but little if any widened toward tip.. ........2.....00-00005 (28)
28. Head conspicuously crested; crown green with purple reflec-
tions; throat white. .... 00.0... 0 cece tee eee Wood Duck.

28; Head mot-cresteds as. cure sq ue weaved esa eke bee Ged side won eo (29)
Central tail feathers over 7 inches long (male) or broad and sharp-
pointed (female); neck unusually long... ................ Pintail.
Tail and neck not especially lengthened... .................-05- (30)
30. Bill decidedly shorter than the head; belly white.......... (31)
30. Bill about as long as head, or longer... ...........-....-. (32)
Head and throat mainly buffy, finely barred with black...... Baldpate.
Head and throat with much brown or reddish brown European Widgeon.
32. Wing less than 84 inches long .. .......u.. eee ee eee (33)
32. Wing over 94 inches long.......... 0.0... eee eee (35)
Wing-coverts leaden gray without blue... ........ Green-winged Teal.
Wing-covertssky blue. i. scasccc ae ee ei ence ee eee ee ew (34)

34. Culmen usually more than 12 inches; head, neck and lower
parts uniform rich cinnamon brown (male); female slightly
ruddier than same sex of Blue-winged........ Cinnamon Teal.

34. Culmen generally less than 13 inches; head and neck dull
plumbeous, with a large crescent-shaped white patch in front of
eye; lower part pale chestnut, spotted with black (male);

head and neck streaked with dusky......... Blue-winged Teal.
Speculum white or grayish white. . ...................00. Gadwall.
Speculum a rich purple with a black border. .................... (36)
36. Speculum bordered at both ends with narrow black and white
Ban d8 sa) wand aerd ON o NO Mile Wis We a enh tae Mallard.

36. Speculum with only a black border, seldom with any white. .(37)

Crown without paler margins; throat usually without markings; legs
olivaceous brown; bill greenish black, dusky olive, or olive-green.
L gd eekoe ee Peae eA Baw be ds ESCM SERRE See ee ESE 4 Black Duck.
Crown edged with buff or gray; throat spotted; legs red; bill yellow
bien sess Aargucelia sap Boag Nik bec ese aR a . Red-legged Black Duck.

Similar to the last but lighter colored and with small black spot at
lower edge of upper mandible at base... ............. Mottled Duck.

Merganser americanus (Cassin)—-AMERICAN MERGANSER.
A regular, and in some localities, common, migrant; early in spring
and late in fall. Breeds from Minnesota northward.
130.

131.

132.

133.

133a.

135.

136.

26

Merganser serrator (Linnaeus)—-R&rp-BREASTED MERGANSER.

A rare migrant, but reported by one-or more observers nearly
every season. Also seen early in spring and late in fall, breeding
northward. Bruner reports it asseen on the Platte river in mid-winter,

*Lophodytes cucullatus (Linnaeus)—Hooprep MERGANSER.

A common migrant, breeding sparingly along the wooded streams
in the eastern part of the state and also reported to have bred at least
formerly in the timbered canyons of northern Nebraska. A young
one was taken by Swenk from a brood of six or seven following the
mother on the Blue river at Beatrice in July, 1900, and Bruner also
found young on a pond at West Point years ago. A brood of half-
grown young were seen at Lincoln Aug. 2, 1900, by J. S. Hunter.
Migrates in Apri! and ‘October.

*Anas boschas Linnaeus—MAaA.uarp.

An abundant migrant; coming very early in spring, usually before
the first of March, lingering late in fall, and staying all winter where
there is open water. Breeds all over the state, more commonly than
elsewhere in the sand-hill region. In the collection of August Eiche
is a specimen undoubtedly a cross between this and the Black Duck,
and another of very large size apparently a cross between the Mallard
and some tame duck.

Anas obscura Gmelin—Buacx Ducx.

An uncommon migrant, not known to breed in the state. It is an
abundant duck in eastern United States and Nebraska lies at the
westward limit of its range. Reported from Omaha, Lincoln, and
Cherry county. Migrates about the same time as the Mallard. All
specimens accessible are referable to this form and not to the next,
which has only recently been recognized, but it is possible that some
of the records refer to the latter.

Anas obscura rubripes Brewster—Rev-Lecerp Buack Duck.

There is no definite record of this duck for the state, but Bruner
is inclined to believe, from notes made at the time, that the single
observation by himself of the Black Duck at West Point, a number
of years ago, should refer to this subspecies.]

*Chaulelasmus streperus (Linnaeus)—GapDWwaLL.

A common migrant, seen from the middle of March to the middle
of April, and from the middle of October to the middle of November.
Also a frequent breeder about the lakes of the sand-hill region, nests and
young having been taken by Bruner in Holt county and by Wolcott
in Cherry county.

Mareca penelope (Linnaeus)—EvroPEaAN WinGEon.

Of this: European bird, of which stragglers have been taken from
time to time-in various parts of this country, there is one valid record
for Nebraska, a single specimen having been taken by Bruner at West
Point years ago.
137.

139.

140.

141.

142.

143.

27

Mareca americana (Gmelin) American WipGEON; BALDPATE.

A common migrant, found from about March 10 to the end of April
and from the middle of September-to the middle of November. It
is seen, though in limited numbers, during the whole summer about
the lakes of the sand-hill region and probably breeds there.

*Nettion carolinensis (Gmelin) -GREEN-WINGED TEAL. ‘

An abundant migrant, coming early in spring, about the first of.
March, remaining till the end of April, and here again in fall from early
in September to the end of November. It is occasionally seen in
summer and it has been noted by observers in all parts of the state
as wintering regularly wherever there is open water. It breeds
chiefly north of the United States, and must be looked upon as only
an accidental breeder in Nebraska. But in the latter part of June,
1902, Wolcott observed, at Dewey lake, Cherry county, a pair which
was undoubtedly breeding; they were observed on several occasions
at a locality exactly suited to their nesting, and the actions of the
birds showed unmistakable evidences of the presence of a nest, but
the character of the cover was such that although a careful search
was made, it could not be found.

*Querquedula discors (Linnaeus)—-BLuE-WINGED TEAL.

An abundant migrant and common summer resident. Arrives
usually in the latter part of March and departs by the first of Novem-
ber. It breeds sparingly in southeastern Nebraska, more commonly
about ponds and marshes farther west and north, clear to the western
boundary, and is an abundant breeder in the sand-hill region, every
pond or marsh, no matter how small, having one or more pairs located
in its vicinity.

Querquedula cyanoptera (Vieillot)—Cinnamon TEAL.

An occasional migrant only, its normal range being from the Rocky
mountains westward. Reported from Omaha, West Point, Niobrara,
Lincoln, Grand Island, and Cherry county; dates—Omaha, April 10,
1896, and April 12, 1897, and Lincoln, April 11, 1896.

*Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus)—SHOVELLER.

A very common migrant and common summer resident. Arrives
early in March and stays till the middle of November. . Breeds com-
monly in the sand-hill region and sparingly in various other parts of
the state.

*Dafila acuta (Linnaeus) —PInTAIL.

An abundant migrant, the first duck to appear in the spring and
one of the last to pass in the fall.. Does not linger, the advance guard
appearing with the first warm days in February, and nearly all having
gone on by thé first of April to their breeding grounds in the states to
the northward. A few breed in Cherry county, where a brood of
half-grown young was seen by Wolcott on Hay lake, June 17, 1902.
144,

146.

147.

148.

149.

150.

151.

152.

28

*Aix sponsa (Linnaeus)—Woop Duck.

Largely confined to the eastern half of the state; formerly com-
mon, now somewhat rare. Breeds in suitable localities throughout
eastern Nebraska. Arrives in spring early in April and last seen
about the middle of October.

Aythya americana (Eyton) —RED-HEAD.

An abundant migrant, arriving early in March, remaining till the
first of May, and here again throughout October and November. Al-
though Nebraska is at the southern limit of its breeding range, a
considerable number.stay regularly in the sand-hill region and doubt-
less breed.

*Aythya vallisneria (Wilson) —-CaNnvas-BACK.

Rather an irregular migrant, some years abundant, others less
common. Found in spring from late in February to the middle of
April, and in the fall during October and November. Breeds chiefly
from North Dakota northward, but a few are seen in summer about
the lakes of Cherry county, where they are known to breed. A nest
with eggs advanced in incubation was found near Cody, in northern
Cherry county, by I.S. Trostler in the latter part of June, 1895, and
J. M. Bates reports the Canvas-back as breeding at Irwin in 1896
and 1897, and at Hackberry lake in 1897.

Aythya marila (Linnaeus)—Scaur Duck; BLUE-BILL.

A rare migrant, though formerly more common, and most frequent
along the Missouri river. Omaha, Lincoln, Peru, West Point, Neligh,
Cherry county. Breeds to the northward.

Aythya affinis (Eyton)—Luzssrer Scaur; Lirrte BLUE-BILL.

An abundant migrant, seen from the middle of March even to the
latter part of May and from early in October to the end of November.
Breeds from North Dakota northward, but a few remain about the
lakes of Cherry county all summer and it may breed there.

Aythya collaris (Donovan)—RiING-NEcCKED Duck.

A common migrant, being found at the same time as the preced-
ing. It is present in Cherry county throughout the summer and
may breed.

Clangula clangula americana (Bonaparte) —-GoLDEN-EYE.

A resident from the northen boundary of the United States north-
ward, only coming down to us during the winter, when it is not un-
common, especially on the Platte and Missouri rivers. Seen from
the middle of November to the end of March, sometimes lingering to
the end of April.

Clangula islandica (Gmelin)—Rocxy Mountain on Barrow GoLpEN-
EYES.
‘A rare winter visitant in eastern Nebraska, more numerous west-
153.

154.

155.

163.

165.

29

ward. Reported from Omaha, South Bend, Long Pine, and Grand
Island.

Charitonetta albeola (Linnaeus) —BUFFLE-HEAD.
A common migrant, present from about the middle of March to
the middle of April and during October and November. Breeds to

the northward.
e
Harelda hyemalis (Linnaeus)—OLp-squaw Duck.

A regular, but not common winter visitor, specimens Bead taken
every season on the Missouri river in the vicinity of Omaha. Merritt
Cary records the taking of a female near Neligh in October, 1898.
Breeds far north, chiefly beyond the limit of trees.

Histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus)—HarLequin Duck.

Of this northern duck, there are two definite records for Nekraska,
I. S. Trostler recording the taking of two specimens on the Missouri
river at Omaha, Sept. 16, 1893, and of another on Florence lake near
Omaha, Sept. 19,1895. Bruner also notes the securing of a specimen
in the Omaha market several years ago from among birds said to
have been shot in Burt county.

Oidemia americana Swainson—AMERICAN ScoTER.

The first record for the state was based on a female specimen taken
on Salt lake, near Lincoln, Sept. 28, 1895, by August Eiche and now
in his collection. Specimens have since been taken at Omaha and
it can apparently be considered an irregular winter visitant. to be
looked for in flocks on the Platte and Missouri rivers.

Oidemia deglandi Bonaparte—W HITE-WINGED ScoTER.

This duck is also a winter visitant to the larger rivers and lakes in
the state, being the most common of the scoters. Bruner in his Notes
on Nebraska Birds refers to an indefinite record from Tekamah or
some point in the vicinity. The first definite record is by August
Eiche, based on a specimen secured Oct. 14, 1899, on Salt lake near
Lincoln; he also reported a flock Nov. 13 of the same year. J. E.
Wallace records the taking of a specimen at Cut-off lake, near Omaha,
Dec. 8, 1900, and the species has been seen there several times since.
It must be considered a regular and not very rare winter visitor.

166. Oidemia perspicillata (Linnaeus)—Surr Scorer.

Also a winter visitant to the larger bodies of water in the state, but
apparently not so common as the last. Bruner refers to three birds
probably of this species, shot on Salt lake, near Lincoln, in Nov., 1895,
by university students, which were not preserved; but here again
August Eiche has the honor of the first definite record for the state,
having a male in his collection taken at the same place, Oct. 7, 1896.
It has since been taken at Omaha and is probably a regular winter
visitor.
30

167. *Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmelin)—Ruppy Duck.

Avery common migrant and a common breeder on the lakes of the
sand-hill region. Arrives about the middle of March and lingers in
the southeastern part of the state till the end of May; in the fall
migrates during October and November.

169. Chen hyperborea (Pallas)—-Lesszer Snow Goose.

A very common migrant, breeding far north. Migration dates
from about March 1 to the first of May, and from the latter part of
September to the middle of November. Usually called ‘‘ Brant” in
this state.

169a. Chen hyperborea nivalis (Forster) GREATER SNow GOosE.
A rather rare migrant, occurring at about the same time as the last.
Recorded from Omaha,West Point, South Bend, Lincoln, and Waco.

169.1. Chen caerulescens (Linnaeus) BLUE GoosE.
Formerly seen alone, according to Bruner, in small flocks, though
never common; now rather rare and only seen flying with the snow
geese. Breeds about Hudson’s bay.

17la. Anser albifrons gambeli (Hartlaub)—Wuitr-Frronrep Goose.
A not uncommon migrant, seen from early in March to the middle
of April and from the end of September to the middle of November.
Breeds in the far north.

172. *Branta canadensis (Linnaeus)—Canapa GoosE.

An abundant migrant; from as early in February as the ice breaks
up even to the middle of May, and from the middle of October to late
in the fall. Also found on the Platte and Missouri rivers during all
ordinary winters. Formerly bred about the lakes in the sand-hill
region and on the islands of the Platte and Missouri rivers, and a few
are found breeding there still.

172a. Branta canadensis hutchinsii (Richardson) —-Hurcuins Gooss.
A common migrant, at the same time as the preceding but appear-
ing a little later in the spring. Breeds in Alaska.

173. Branta bernicla glaucogastra (Brehm)—Brant.
The only definite record of this goose for the state is reported by
I. S. Trostler who saw three that were killed on the Missouri river at
Omaha, Nov. 9, 1895. L. Skow says there is, or was, a specimen in
an Omaha gun store, said to have been shot on the Platte river.
Breeds within the Arctic circle and seen chiefly along the Atlantic
coast.

180. Olor columbianus (Ord)—WuistTLine Swan.
A rare migrant now, formerly more common, and more numerous
than the next. Seen from the middle of March to the middle of April
and late in September and in October. Breeds far north.
31

181. *Olor buccinator (Richardson) —TruMPETER SWAN.

Now rare and apparently never known to be common. Recorded
from localities along the Platte river, Omaha, North Platte, and Grant
and Cherry counties. J. M. Bates reports this species as having for-
merly bred on Watt’s lake, Cherry county, and it probably was once
a breeder about many of the lakes of the sand-hill region.

EXTRALIMITAL: 134a. Anas fulvigula maculosa (Sennett), the
Mottled Duck, breeds from Texas to middle Kansas and may reach
southern Nebraska. 172c. Branta canadensis minima Ridgway, the
Cackling Goose of the northwest coast, has been taken in the interior
as far east as Wisconsin and may reach Nebraska during migrations.

 

ORDER V. HERODIONES—Herons, Srorks, Iptses, Erc.

A. Sides of upper mandible with a deep narrow groove. Bill slender,
nearly round, not widened at end, and decurved throughout....

bhi ith as faa lable Si A ad Uae alas aS aval ayia sath a alas .  . ..-Ibidae.

A. Sides of upper mandible without a groove................0.00 0005 (B)
B. Middle toe not pectinate, hind toe elevated above others. .

Cleontidas.

B. Middle toe pectinate, hind foe: on same eleva with others. .Ardeidae.

Famity IBIDAi—Isises
1. General color white in adult, grayish brown above and white below

in young. EUS ak Aa Ged say fe bua dps MAAR ON RT aie Ub eae ee SB White Ibis.
1. Chestnut with siepliak and greenish reflections in adult; dark brown
with greenish reflections on the back in young.................. (2)

2. Lores greenish in life; feathers around bill same color as back.
face A Rae RAR enh eR wee oes Glossy Ibis.
2. Lores red; feathers around bill white. . |. White-faced Glossy Ibis.
186. Plegadis autumnalis Riera Gedeay Isis.

A specimen taken near Omaha, Bruner thinks at Cut-off lake, is
now in the University museum, and there are two specimens in the
collection of L, Sessions, of Norfolk, taken at that place. Straggler
in summer from the southeast.

187. Plegadis guarauna (Linnaeus)—Wuirs-racep Guossy Isis.
A straggler from the south. Two specimens are recorded from
Omaha, by I. 8. Trostler and L. Skow; one killed near Florence lake,
Aug. 19, 1893, and a second near Cut-off lake, Apr. 6, 1897. A speci-
men was secured years ago, according to Bruner, by Frank Parmalee
of Omaha, at Clarks.

EXTRALIMITAL: 184. Guara alba (Linnaeus) —The White Ibisis
stated to occur casually north to South Dakota and may be looked
upon as a probable addition to our fauna sooner or later.

Famity CICONIIDA—Srorxs anp Woop Inises
A large white bird, 35 to 45 inches long, with greenish black tail and wing
32

quills; head and neck mostly naked; bill stout, tapering, the
*« end curved downwards. ~ gsseceacwyededdeeeaece sevens Wood Ibis.

[188. Tantalus loculator Linnaeus—Woop Isis.

While no records are at hand which would warrant us retaining
this bird in our Nebraska lists, it has been definitely recorded from
states as far north as Wisconsin and as far west as Colorado. Un-
confirmed observations by sportsmen of single birds of the above
description would point to its having been seen here as well.]}

Famity ARDEIDA—Henrons, Bitrerns, Etc.

. Outer toe shorter than the inner one; nail on hind toe fully half.as

rig 2018). TIES BOS sae ein aeseleixce WIA dies eiceeeslsn wlaios al Gp iad d, epi eerdedo ware (2)
. Outer toe as long or longer than the inner one; nail on hind toe less

than half as lomg.as Its:t0@. occ dee ees darian ese ai ecenmee aia er aeiees wk (8)

2. Size large, length 24 to 34 inches.................... :. Bittern.
‘ 2. Size small, length 13 inches.. .... Bee .Least Bittern.
. Bill slender, fully four times as long as it is hich at its en sie ihe safes tice it (4)

. Bill rather stout, only about three times as long as it is high at base... (9)

4. General color white during bree = season with ei
plumes on back.......... saveraB)

4. General color, at least shows: ia or brent slate, the: diese
rette’’ plumes short and gray, or with elongate narrow feath-

ers instead. . 2. 1.0... 000 seid ee eas wate ay aN egies (7)

Larger; length 40 inches; bill yellow; feet and legs black; back
plunies Strate hte s 2.4. 2012 clea d area g eememarnd ware acne mes American Egret.
. Smaller; length 22, to 24 inches............ 0. ccc eee e eee ee eens (6)
6. Bill, legs, and feet black; plumes recurved. .......Snowy Heron.

6. Bill black, legs and feet greenish sei tips of primaries
bluish. 8 oye nine y Little Blue Heron, young.

. Very large, length. 45 rinihews reabee of crown white; the occiput pro-
vided with elongate homens legs blackish (adult); crown black,

head not crested (young)... 2.1... eee eee ee Great Blue Heron.
. Smaller, lehgth from 17 to 26 inches; head feathers forming more or
TESS) OE IACLOS Be cia sic sch rset sen i ctesedons ech atlann aia eens need astaen delay awe napeae (8)

8. Length 17 inches; neck and sides of head purplish chestnut;
back and wings ae washed with bluish gray..........
beet Baer BAER Goede Green Heron.
8. Length 22 to 26 inches; “iad and neck maroon, rest of plum-
age slaty blue (adult)... .0 .............0.. Little Blue Heron.
. Billless than one-half an inch shorker than tarsus; its top and bottom
but slightly convex; crown and back greenish black (adult).
Grayish brown streaked with white above; primaries with pale
rufous (young) .......... 00... eee eee Black-crowned Night Heron.
. Bill over one-half an inch shorter than tarsus; its top and bottom
decidedly convex; blue-gray, crown and ear-coverts whitish
(adult). Crown black, streaked with white; primaries bluish
Slate (VOUNZ).. cn cssdan as weed oaadan Yellow-crowned Night Heron.
190.

191.

194.

196.

197.

200.

33
*Botaurus lentiginosus (Montague) —BITTERN.

A common migrant throughout the state, breeding everywhere
in suitable localities but much more commonly in the sand-hill region
than elsewhere. Migrating during April and late in September and
in October, lingering sometimes into December.

*Ardetta exilis (Gmelin)—Lrast Birrrrn. /

A common summer resident in the eastern portion of the state
in suitable localities, rare in the sand-hill region, and not so far re-
corded from the western part of the state. Arrives in the latter part
of April or early in May and departs during the latter part of Sep-
tember and in October.

*Ardea hérodias Linnaeus—GreEaT BLuE HERON.
, Found along rivers and streams throughout the state, and breeds
here and there in appropriate places; more common eastward and
especially along the Missouri river, where it nests in colonies in the
largest trees of the river bottom.

Herodias egretta Gmelin—AMERICAN Ecrer.

Of this heron there are four records for the state. Aughey states
that he saw a single specimen on the Nemaha in Richardson county
in May, 1873. A specimen was killed near Omaha, July 12, 1894,
and reported by I. 8. Trostler. L. Skow reports it from Nebraska
City, and Swenk records seeing one on Cedar creek, near Beatrice,
July 12, 1900. A straggler from the south, occurring in southern
and eastern Nebraska in summer.

*Egretta candidissima Gmelin—Snowy Heron.

An occasional straggler from the south in summer, and a rare, per-
haps accidental, breeder. We have several records of its occurrence:
Aughey records it from Otoe and Richardson counties; I. S. Trostler
from near Fremont, Sept. 4, 1893; Swenk from Fairbury; and one
was shot in the Hat creek valley in extreme northwestern Nebraska
and the specimen mounted. August Eiche has recorded a nest of
this bird at Lincoln, in June, 1895, the female which was shot on the
nest being now in his collection (See Proc. N. O. U., II, 96).

Florida caerulea Linnaeus—LittTLe BuuEr Heron.

A straggler from the south in summer, to the southern part of the
state. Reported from Butler county, on the Platte river, by a Dr.
Peebles, according to Bruner; also observed by Trostler near Omaha
June 15, 1897 and Aug. 15, 1903; and a specimen is in the collection
of Rees Heaton of Curtis, killed on an artificial lake at that place.
Bruner also records a specimen from near Omaha years ago brought
to F. J. Brezee to be mounted, but whether killed in Iowa or Ne-
braska is not known. It has been reported as breeding north of
Omaha, on the Iowa side of the Missouri river, but this is probably
an error. Possibly some of the records of the preceding species
may have referred to the young of this, since at that age it is white.
34

201. *Butorides virescens Linnaeus—GREEN Heron.
A very common summer resident in eastern Nebraska, but not
reported west of the eastern one-third of the state. Omaha, Peru,
West Point, Oakdale, Neligh, Lincoln, Gresham, Beatrice—breeding
at all localities. Merritt Cary reports it as an abundant summer resi-
dent and breeder at Neligh. Arrives in April, departs late in Sep-
tember or early in October.

202. *Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Boddaert)—BLack-cROWNED NIGHT
HERON.

A common migrant over the greater part of the state, becoming
rare in the extreme western portion, and a common breeder here and
there in the northern portion of the state and in the sand-hill region.
In the latter locality it nests in the rushes about the lakes. Not
known to breed south of about the middle portion of the state. Ar-
rives in April, departs late in September and early in October.

203. Nyctanassa violacea (Linnaeus) — YELLOW-CROWNED Nicut Heron.

A rare straggler from the south in summer.’= Recorded from Val-
ley by Bruner years ago and an immature ae shot on the Blue
river near Beatrice by Swenk, July 19, 1901. One was killed at
Omaha, on the Iowa side of the Missouri river, May 1, 1892, and re-
corded by I. 8. Trostler who also reports one near Florence lake,
Aug. 23, 1903.

ORDER VI. PALUDICOLA—Cranzs, Rais, Erc.

A. Wing over 15 inches long; hind toe much elevated............. Gruide.
A. Wing under 10 inches long; hind toe very slightly elevated... .Rallide.

FamMity GRUIDA—CrRaNES

1. General plumage of adult white; of young more rusty tinged; tarsus

102 to 13 inches long............... 0.00.00 .0000,5 Whooping Crane.
1. General plumage of adult slaty to brownish gray. .(2)
2. Smaller, length 35 inches; tarsus 74 inches. . “Little ‘Brown Crane.
2. Larger, length 44 inches; tarsus 10 inches.. ... Sandhill Crane.

204. Grus americana (Linnaeus)—WHOooPING CRANE.

Formerly a fairly common migrant in the state, now rare, although
as late as 1899 reported by Cary as a rather common migrant at Ne-
ligh. Occurs from late in March, through April and again in Octo-
ber. May have once bred in the sand-hill region.

205. Grus canadensis (Linnaeus)—LittLe Brown CRANE.
Very rare migrant, breeding far north. Bruner has recorded speci-
mens from West Point and Scribner and L. Skow has reported it from
Omaha. Cary reports one killed at Neligh in May, 1895.

206. *Grus mexicana (Mueller)—Sanpniti CRANE.
Formerly a very abundant migrant and a common breeder in the
marshes of the state, still frequently seen in migration and breeding
35
sparingly in the sand-hill region. Arrives late in March and in April
and departs in October.

Famity RALLIDZH—Raixs, GALLINULES, AND Coots

1. Forehead provided with a shield-like, horny extension of the bill;

under tail-coverts white... . 0.0.0... 0 cece teen nes (2)
1. Forehead without the shield-like, horny extension of bill............ (4)
2. Toes with broad, membranous lobes; slate-colored, with
white-tipped secondary quills... .. 2.0.0.0... 0000. e eee eee Coot.
2. Toes without: Lobes: secs: Sa dedcee ygotec due segies 4 Se GE Se as (3)

3. Most of the head and all under parts purplish blue (in the young mot-
tled with white); back olive-green (washed with brownish in the

* “YOUN Be 0 cas. sg) de dee Saeeteanathen Aba wate aoe dead Bere heeds Purple Gallinule.
3. Generally cinbas ealovad above, with conspicuous white streaks on the
« Mamksy 0 lip  shemectawerwrav hieag sai ne onan se ee Florida Gallinule.

4, Bill slender, decurved, 2 or more inches long; upper parts rich
olive-brown, streaked with black; 16 to 19 inches long..

ares eet eee eee ates os wees - King Rail:

4. Bill slender, decurved, 14 to 13 inches lowes apps sats black
and grayish brown; 8 to 104 inches long........ Virginia Rail.
4. Bill stout, not deourved, 1 inch or less in length.............. (5)
5. Feathers of the back black with broad, buffy borders....... Yellow Rail.
5. Back blackish with round, white spots.................... Black Rail.
5. Olive-brown, streaked with white on back and wings.............. Sora.

208. *Rallus elegans Audubon—Kine Ralt.

A summer resident in the eastern third of the state, but not com-
mon, arriving early in May and breeding in June. West Point, Elk-
horn, Omaha, and Sarpy, Lancaster, and Harlan counties—breeding
at Omaha. In the Proc. N. O. U., II, p. 84, J. S. Hunter reports the
King Rail from Cherry county but later experience seems to throw
doubt on this identification, although since in the Proceedings, I, p.
16, J. M. Bates says this species was reported to him as on Ballard’s
lake, in the same locality, in September, 1898, its occurrence in the
sand-hill region may later be verified.

212. *Rallus virginianus Linnaeus—Vireinia Ratu.

A common migrant, at times even abundant, and also a common
breeder in the northern part of the state and in the sand-hill region,
but a rather rare breeder in the southeastern portion of Nebraska.
Arrives early in May, leaves about the end of September. Omaha,
West Point, Plattsmouth, Lincoln, Gresham, Neligh, and Cherry
county—found once breeding at Lincoln, and a common breeder at
Neligh and in Cherry county.

214. *Porzana carolina (Linnaeus) CAROLINA Raz; Sora.
An abundant migrant, and rather common breeder in the eastern
part of the state, a rare breeder in the sand-hill region. Same dates
as the preceding. West Point, Oakland, Peru, Richardson county,
215.

216.

218.

219.

221,

36

‘Lincoln, Gresham, Beatrice, Ponca, Ewing, O’Neill, North Platte,
Cherry county; breeding at Omaha, at Neligh, and in Holt county.

Porzana noveboracensis (Gmelin)—YELLOW Rai.
Very rare. Bruner reports it once from Bellevue, and has seen
it once, years ago, in the Omaha market. There is a specimen, taken
at Norfolk, in the collection of L. Sessions of that place.

Porzana jamaicensis (Gmelin)—Buacx Rat.
Rare. Aughey records two, taken in Richardson county, in Sep-
tember, 1873, and Bruner reports it from West Point, and in the
Omaha market. It may breed.

Ionornis martinica (Linnaeus) —PuRPLE GALLINULE.

Only recorded once from Nebraska, a specimen being seen by
Bruner, at West Point, in June or July of 1884 or 1885. It was dur-
ing high water; and the bird, seen about a rush-grown, cut-off lake,
was approached to within twenty yards or less.

*Gallinula galatea (Lichtenstein) -FLoripa GALLINULE.

Quite a common but locally distributed summer resident in south-
eastern Nebraska, rare in sand-hill region. Omaha, Dunbar, Beat-
rice, North Platte, Cherry county. Reported as a common breeder
at Omaha, as breeding at North Platte, and breeding on the one occa-
sion on which it was noted from Cherry county, by Wolcott.

*Fulica americana Gmelin—Coor.

An abundant migrant, and in the lakes of the sand-hill region an
abundant resident; also common as a resident everywhere in the state
where reedy sloughs.and ponds are found. Arrives during the first
half of April and departs in October.

ORDER VII. LIMICOLA—Snoret Birps

A. Toes with lobed webs on the sides; tarsus much compressed........

Widgeei piste eAeee weewherh ee edie we eesean es og ex Phalaropodide.
A. Toes not lobed on the sides; tarsus not especially compressed........ (B)
B. Tarsus more than twice as long as middle toe and claw......
Sai uu otras Peanse s Wey Neto oh daenaNese tata mei de Ga eamene as ’... Recurvirostrida.
B. Tarsus less than twice as long as middle toe and claw...... .(C)
C. Front of tarsus covered with a continuous row of transverse four-
sided Beales.) 6 sa, algun pundedinedn Gee ovata eacie a cue yeaa wee eR (B)
C. Front of tarsus covered with small six-sided irregular scales......... (D)
D. Billshorter than tarsus............ Deda Bayes oe4 Charadriidz.
D. Billlonger thantarsus....................000, Hematopodidae.
E. Bill slender, with a bluntly rounded tip................ . Scolopacide.
E. Bill stout, with a pointed wedge-shaped tip.................Aphrizida.
Famity PHALAROPODIDA—PuHatarRopeEs ,
1. Larger; bill over 14 inches long..................... Wilson Phalarope.
1. Smaller; bill under 1 inch long.....................0....0. 0.00 00a (2)
37

2. Bill stout’and with a flattened tip; wing more than 4} inches

LONG: es cw eae seen Be Poe se ey sees eee dy eae ed Red Phalarope.
2. Bill quite slender and not flattened at tip, wing less than 4}
inches long. . . se ceeeseeeeeseesses...Northern Phalarope.

223. ‘Phalaropus lobatus (Linnaeus) -NoRTHERN PHALAROPE.
A rare migrant. Reported by F. W. Powell from Alda in Cooke’s
Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley; by I. S. Trostler from
Omaha, where a specimen was taken May 6, 1896; and several times
at Lincoln, by D. A. Haggard, August Hiche, and J. S. Hunter, in
May and from the end of August to the end of October. Breeds far
to the north.

224. *Steganopus tricolor (Vieillot) -Wi1LsoN PHALAROPE.

An abundant migrant throughout the state and a common breeder
in the sand-hill region. “Migrates during the latter part of April and
the first half of May and during September and early in October.
Omaha, Peru, West Point, Fremont, Lincoln, Fullerton, Neligh,
Dakota and Dixon counties, North Platte, ete.—migrating; summer
resident in Holt county, breeding in Cherry county and reported
by J. A. Dickinson as probably breeding at Gresham, May 30, 1896,
when two pairs were observed.

EXTRALIMITAL: 222. Crymophilus julicarius (Linnaeus), the
Red Phalarope, is a species breeding far to the north and coming.
south rarely in winter to the northern Mississippi valley. Has been
recorded from Illinois, Minnesota, and Wyoming, and it might occur
in Nebraska.

Famity RECURVIROSTRIDA!—Avocets anp STILTS

1. Bill decidedly curved upward, over 3 inches long; the 3 front toes

Connected Dy WEDSs << occu g whe asd Gases eee e Abe and walla RA Rha dA Avocet.
1. Bill only slightly curved upward, less than 3 inches long; the 2 outer
toes only webbed. .... 0 1... ee eee eee eee Black-necked Stilt.

225. *Recurvirostra americana Gmelin—Avocet.

A rather common migrant over the state and a frequent breeder
in the sand-hill region. Migrates late in April and during May and
again during September and October. Omaha, West Point, Rich-
ardson county, Lincoln, Wood river, Gresham, etc.; found by Wolcott
breeding at Clear lake, Cherry county, in June, 1902.

226. Himantopus mexicanus (Mueller) —BuacK-NECKED STILT.

This bird, a southern species, but recorded from Illinois, Minne-
sota, and Kansas as a straggler, and as breeding in Colorado, has
only been observed in Nebraska in the vicinity of Omaha, from where
L. Skow and I. S. Trostler record it, the latter giving the following
dates: May 10, 1893; May 6, 1894; Apr. 20, 1895; and Oct. 3 and
9, 1894. May possibly breed in southwestern Nebraska.
11.
11.

138.
13.

15.
15.

17.
17.

38

Famity SCOLOPACIDA:—Snirss, Sanppipers, Erc.

. Bill long and much decurved; tarsi scaled in front only; reticulate

behind. ee ucx€2)
. Bill not inoucly ae tarsi i cunballove bath in Seni acct ery (3)
2. Bill over 44 inches long. . sie . .Long-billed Curlew.
2. Bill under 43 inches, but over r3 flawhies lone. , sg ode 3 Hudsonian Curlew.
2. Bill under 3 inches long............ 0.0.00 ee ee Eskimo Curlew.
. Toes three, the hind toe wanting.........................Sanderling.
. Toes four, the hind toe present. «6 6... eee (4)
4. Eyes back of middle of head; bill twice as long as tarsus....... (5)

4. Eyes not back of middle of head; bill not twice as long as tarsus.(6)

. Crown banded crosswise; axillars not barred; tibie entirely feathered.

Syeda Sk RE ea Ra ewe aS Gee S be eee es Woodcock.

. Crown striped lengthwise; axillars barred; joint of tibie naked....

eng Tiserdsd qirnnehes Mea sneak aAalon NOOR cnclie Wcauntemagtareae snteas : . Wilson Snipe.

6. Front toes with at least one distinct web .................. (7)
6. Front toes not distinctly webbed..................0..0.0. (19)
. Bill slightly curved upward at tip............ 0... cee ee eee eee (8)
. Bill straight throughout, or curved slightly downward..............(9)
8. Bill 34 to 54 inches long; rump and upper tail-coverts barred
with brown..... : .Marbled Godwit.
8. Bill 22 to 3}inches long: rump and fail lack, with white upper
THU-COVERtS) 2 Merce oennemaeekas Haein Hudsonian Godwit.
. Axillars barred with black.......... pa saea eae Meter ee aaa Geey and (10)
2 Axillars not barred js: einsca cava ayaa suse oP he ane sidan seagate ae (13)
10: Legs yellow isis nance papeeek pe aeaea Bee atedu caked da Ses! (11)
10: Liegs blackish... te4 sce sca teed awe ee alo aaa tees gaee ead (12)
Wing over 74 inches long....................., Greater Yellow-legs.
Wing under 7 inches long...................... 0.005. Yellow-legs.
12. Bill averaging under 24 inches long................ Dowitcher.
12. Bill averaging over 24 inches long........ Long-billed Dowitcher.
Bill over 2 inches long............................ Western Willet.
Billainder 2anches Long... cess eee hae ny eet ae Ee wee canis (14)
14. Tail with cross-bars...................0.0. racemes sine) 2b. det Say (15)
14. Tail without cross-bars..........0.. 0000 eee (17)
Wing over 53 inches long.................... Bartramian Sandpiper.
Wing under 53 inches long............ 0.0... ee cece eee eas ». (16)
16. Upper parts brownish gray, barred with blackish; under
parts spotted ccc cccasaccwwew cs wipe ere . Spotted Sandpiper.

16. Upper parts fuscous, spotted with white... .Solitary Sandpiper.
16. Upper parts fuscous, spotted with buffy, inner margin of outer
primary, speckled black and white... . Western Solitary Sandpiper,

Bill over 1, inches long............. 0.0... .00000000- Stilt Sandpiper.
Bill under 1,4 inches long........ 0.00.0 cece cece eee (18)
18. Bill3to4 ofaninchlong.............. Semipalmated Sandpiper.

18. Bill 4 of aninch to lgincheslong............ Western Sandpiper.
39

19. Inner web of outer primary speckled with blackish..............
siege ee sROE Gh sicnan Seta arin lge lige B Heh Ged AG a aS .Buff-breasted Sandpiper.

19. Inner web of outer primary not speckled.............0...000 000s (20)
20. Wing over 6 inches long......... 0.0... eee ee eee Knot.
20. Wing underG inches long...... 0.0.00. c cece eee ee ee eee (21)
21. Bill curved downward... ....... 0... cece ee eee Red-backed Sandpiper.
215 Bil Straight: is accngin sce Races eae naved OLES RAGS Wea La eT ASEM Eas (22)
22. Bill over 1} inches long..............-.---- Purple Sandpiper.
22. Bill under 14 inches long.......... 2.0.0.2 eee cee ee (23)
23. Wing under 4 inches long.......... 00... 6.0 e eens Least Sandpiper.
23. Wing overt 4inches long... cscs ca ee ees ede eee eee neha eee (24)
24. Upper tail-coverts white .... ...... White-rumped Sandpiper.
24. Upper tail-coverts black.................. Pectoral Sandpiper.
24. Upper tail-coverts fuscous.................... Baird Sandpiper.

228. *Philohela minor (Gmelin)—Woopcock.

A rare migrant in the extreme eastern part of the state, breeding
occasionally along the bottomlands of the Missouri river and other
wooded streams flowing intoit. Omaha, West Point, andSarpy and Otoe
counties; stragglers reported from Beatrice and Lincoln, and even as
far as Neligh. Arrives late in March and leaves in October. May
winter in mild seasons.

230. Gallinago delicata (Ord)—-Wixuson SNIPE.

A very common migrant throughout the state and found in winter
about springs in Holt, Cherry, Dawes, and Sioux counties, and along
the Missouri river. It may possibly breed in northern Nebraska,
as is claimed by some ranchmen, since it is reported staying all sum-
mer at North Platte by M. K. Barnum, was seen in Cherry county
by Trostler late in June, 1895, and in the same region in June, 1900,
by J. S. Hunter. Migrates during the latter part of April and in
May, and again from the end of September to the middle of November.

231. Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmelin)—DowirTcHER.

Specimens which were referred to this species have been reported
from West Point, Lincoln, and Omaha, by Bruner; from Omaha by
Skow and Trostler, April 30, 1893 and Sept. 15, 1894; from Neligh
by Cary, May 16, 1899; from Cherry county by Bates; and from
Lincoln by. August Eiche, in whose collection is a specimen with a bill
only 2.25 inches long. Aughey’s records of this species probably
refer to the next. It is claimed by many authorities that the
Dowitcher is only found in the eastern states and that all western
specimens represent simply variations of the Long-billed Dowitcher.
So long as the authorities are not unanimous these records are al-
lowed to stand for what they are worth. The two species differ in
color in the breeding plumage but in the winter plumage are in-
distinguishable.
233.

234,

239.

240.

241.

242.

232.

40

Macrorhamphus scolopaceus (Say)—Lonc-BILLED Dow!TCHER.

An irregular migrant, sometimes common. Aughey reported it
years ago under the name griseus as abundant. Found from the mid-
dle of April to the middle of May and throughout September and Oc-
tober and even into November. Dixon, Wayne, Nemaha, and
Sarpy counties, Omaha, West Point, Lincoln, Cherry county, North
Platte. Breeds in British America.

 

Micropalama himantopus (Bonaparte)—STILT SANDPIPER.

Usually considered a rare migrant, but has been seen at Lincoln at
times in large numbers, in May and again in September and October.
Omaha, West Point, Lincoln, Neligh, Holt county, Long Pine, Cherry
county. Breeds far north.

Tringa canutus Linnaeus—Kwnor.

Rare. Aughey records a specimen from Brownville, Oct., 1874;
Trostler one from Omaha, Sept. 30, 1893; J. S. Hunter one from Lin-
coln, May 16, 1896; and August Hiche has a specimen in his collection
taken at Lincoln, Aug. 27, 1896. Breeds in Arctic regions.

Actodromas maculata (Vieillot)—-PrEctoraL SANDPIPER.

A common migrant, seen late in April and in May and in Septem-
ber and October. Frequents fields and pastures and often called
‘‘Grass Snipe.” West Point, Lincoln, Peru, Omaha, Gresham, North
Platte, Cherry county. Breeds far north.

Actodromas fuscicollis (Vieillot) -WuHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER.

A rather common migrant, though not so numerous as the preced-
ing, and not so frequently reported. Seen at about the same time
though more inclined to linger even to June. Omaha, Peru, Lin-
coln, Fairbury, Cherry county. Also a breeder only to the north.

Actodromas bairdii Coues—Bairp SANDPIPER.

An abundant migrant, frequently lingering all summer, but only
breeding far to the north. The earliest sandpiper to appear in the
spring, sometimes as early as the middle of March, always by the first
of April, remaining in large flocks till the end of May, and here again
in fall migration from the middle of August till the end of October.
Throughout the state.

Actodromas minutilla (Vieillot)—Least SANDPIPER.

An abundant migrant, also lingering, especially in northern Ne-
braska, throughout the summer. In June and early in July 1902,
Swenk found representatives of several species of shore birds along
the Niobrara river; examination of sexual organs showed no evidence of
development except in this species, of which two pairs were seen about a
small pond acting as if breeding, and the ovaries of which showed
a marked development. Its usual breeding grounds are in British
America; Hatch claims that it also breeds in Minnesota. Migrating
from the end of March or first of April to the end of May, and from
early in August to November. Throughout the state.
41
248a. Pelidna alpina sakhalina (Vieillot)—Rep-BACKED SANDPIPER.

Rare. Recorded only from Omaha, where L. Skow took a speci-
men May 12, 1895, and from Lincoln, where specimens have been
taken by D. A. Haggard; by J. S. Hunter, May 16, May 30, and Nov.
7, 1896; and by August Eiche, May 22, 1899. Breeds far north.

246. Ereunetes pusillus (Linnaeus)—SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER.

A common migrant, usually in company with the Least Sandpiper,
and breeding in high latitudes. Reported from localities throughout
the state. Specimensin the collection of F. L. Riser, taken at Lincoln
are dated June 8 and July 8, 1897.

(247. Ereunetes occidentalis Lawrence— WESTERN SANDPIPER.
Reported once from Omaha by L. Skow. Though Nebraska
comes within the accepted range of the species, the identification
does not seem to be entirely beyond question.]

248. Calidris arenaria (Linnaeus) —SANDERLING.
An irregular migrant, sometimes numerous. Reported from West
Point and Lincoln by Bruner, from Omaha by Trostler and Skow,
and from North Loup by D. H. Talbot; A. R. Graves took a specimen
at Alliance, April 6, 1892, and specimens from Lincoln are in the col-
lection of August Eiche, dated May 21, 1895, Aug. 22, 1896, and Oct.
4, 1898. Chiefly maritime.

249. Limosa fedoa (Linnaeus)—-MarBLED GopwiIT.

A common migrant, found from the middle of April to the middle
of May, and from the end of August to early in October. West
Point, Omaha, Lincoln, Ashland, Gresham, and Cherry and Holt,
counties. Aughey also reports it from Cedar and Wayne counties,
and says it breeds in Nebraska, though so far as we know no nest
was ever found within our limits. His statement is probably the
basis for the inclusion of this state in the breeding range as given by
various authorities, but since the bird is known to have bred in Iowa,
Minnesota, and the Dakotas, and has been frequently seen here in
summer, it almost certainly breeds in Nebraska also.

x

251. Limosa hemastica (Linnaeus)—Hupsonian Gopwit.
A rare migrant, and reported by but a few observers. Recorded
from West Point, Oakland, Lincoln, and Holt county, by Bruner;
J.S. Hunter and August Hiche have collected specimens nearly every
year in May at the lake near Lincoln. Breeds far north.

254. Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin) GREATER YELLOW-LEGS.

A common migrant, from early in April to the middle of May and
from the end of August to November. Recorded from various lo-
calities west to Cherry county and North Platte. Reported in
Bruner’s Notes on Nebraska Birds as breeding at Peru and in Holt
county. The former was probably an error, but Bruner has seen
this species in pairs in Holt county in summer, and since it has been
42

known to breed in northern IJlinois and in Minnesota, it is not unlikely
that it breeds occasionally in Nebraska.

255. Totanus flavipes (Gmelin) YELLOW-LEGS.

256.

An abundant migrant; seen also all summer, but there is no evi-
dence that it breeds. Seen at the same time as the last species.

*Helodromas solitarius (Wilson)—Soritary SANDPIPER.

A common migrant; here in May and in September,and to be met
with chiefly along creeks and small streams. Recorded from all
parts of the state. Reported from Cherry county by J. M. Bates,
and from Neligh by Merritt Cary as frequently and regularly seen in
summer though no nest has been taken by either; Aughey, however,
records seeing the young in Dakota county in August, so it probably
is a regular though not common breeder in the northern portion of
the state. It is known to breed from northern Illinois northward.

258a. *Symphemia semipalmata inornata Brewster—WESTERN WILLET.

'

261.

262.

264.

A rathercommon migrant, passing through from the middle of April,
to the middle of May and again in September. Recorded from va-
rious localities west to Cherry county. It is frequently seen in sum-
mer, especially about the lakes of the sand-hill region, and J. M. Bates
reports having seen young at Kennedy.

*Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein) -BarTRAMIAN SANDPIPER.

An abundant migrant throughout the state, breeding commonly
in the southern and eastern portion and abundantly in the sand-hill
region and on the high plains of the north and west. Arrives about
the middle of April and departs about the middle of September.

Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot)—-Burr-BREASTED SANDPIPER.

A rare and irregular migrant, apparently not so common as in for-
mer times. Aughey recorded one specimen from Nebraska City, in '
September, 1874; Bruner reports it as formerly fairly common at
West Point, and the same report comes from L. Sessions at Norfolk;
it is also reported from Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, DeWitt, and Neligh.
Has been taken late in July and in August at Lincoln, but breeds far
north.

. *Actitis macularia (Linnaeus)—Srorrep SANDPIPER.

A common migrant; also a frequent breeder in northern Nebraska,
and an occasional breeder in the southern part of the state. Arrives
about the first of May, last seen about the middle of October. Reported
from numerous localities west to Cherry county, and once by Cary
from Andrews, Sioux county, late in May, 1901.

*Numenius longirostris Wilson—Lonc-BILLED CuRLEW.

Formerly an abundant migrant. throughout the state, now very
irregular in the eastern portion, though common westward. In for-
mer times an abundant breeder also to the eastern edge of the sand-
hill region, still a common breeder locally from Cherry county west-
43

ward, nesting in dry valleys. Arrives by the middle of April, departs
by the first of September.

265. Numenius hudsonicus Latham—Hupsonian CURLEW.
Now a rare and irregular migrant, formerly more numerous. Re-
corded once or twice from West Point, and once from Holt county,
by Bruner; from Lincoln by August Eiche and by Wolcott, Oct. 8,
1898. Breeds far north.

266. Numenius borealis (Forster) Eskimo CURLEW.

Formerly very abundant in flocks of thousands, and killed by wagon-
loads for food in the early days of the state, now very seldom seen
in eastern portion, but still said by sportsmen to be fairly common in
the western. Migrating in April and October, and breeding in the
Arctic regions.

EXTRALIMITAL: 235. Arquatella maritima Bruennich, the Purple
Sandpiper, is said to migrate in winter southward to the Great Lakes
and the shores of the larger streams in the upper Mississippi valley,
though chiefly maritime. It may be looked for on the Missouri river.
The Western Solitary Sandpiper, 256a. H. s. cinnamomeus Brewster,
is a western form said to range eastward to the plains, and may be
expected to occur in western Nebraska.

Famtty CHARADRITIDA:—PLovers

1. Toes four, the hind toe present but very small; above mottled brownish
gray and white, below white in fall, black in spring............

sie huiesh kirk bteuiteatsr aiye duce bbe t eee eeeeseeeeses..-Black-bellied Plover.

1. Toes three, the hind toe wanting ........ 0.0... . eee ee eee eee (2)

2. Back decidedly and brightly dotted with golden and whitish spots

on a dark ground; below grayish in fall, varied with more or less

black in, Spring. ico ect aananked os han meaw ans Golden Plover.

2. Back uniform plain brown or gray, without decided spots...... (3)

3. Rump bright orange-brown in conspicuous contrast to the brownish back;

white lower parts crossed by a neck-ring and breast-band of black

Blas Gigs Palas ayn ane pinhiceWw agen Ay GRR Gee que Ue BIE 2 .Killdeer.
3. Rump dull colored, never bright, rust red; ict more than one black band
On lower partsis ¢ vai asec eos Roa di ety rea edas ere das skeen (4)

4. No black patches on sides of breast or black band across it; but
an indistinct band of buffy; adults with a crown-stripe and lore-
stripe of black; above grayish brown varied with reddish. .
iesiieoniee wes GRU Wer een tag eee ota hal dae Mountain Plover.
4. Breast either crossed by a continuous black band or with con-
spicuous black patches on the sides..............-.. 0.000. (5)
5. Space between eye and bill dark brown or black; a heavy black breast-
ring, and in spring sides of head and fore crown black; toes webbed
at base; back brownish..................0.05. Semipalmated Plover.
5. Space between eye and bill white; toes not distinctly webbed at base... (6)
6. Bill entirely black and a black spot on the sides of the head; also
270.

272.

273.

274,

44

a black line above the forehead and the sides of the breast with

large black patches not connected; above pale grayish, below pure

WIHIUEe a ee des oe Se hare Bia das A ee eA AR RR eee Snowy Plover.
6. Bill yellow at base and black at tip, and sides of head not black;

sides of breast with black patches, which are connected by a nar-

row breast-line; a black crown-line; back: pale grayish....

i RRBA AE OATS RAMS TS Hew SRMY nae Ne MRA Bass Belted Piping Plover.

Squatarola squatarola (Linnaeus)—-BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER.

A regular migrant, but not usually common. However, F. W. Powell
records an instance in which he saw thousands on the Platte river,
May 21, 1883 (See Cooke’s Bird Migr. in Miss.Val., p. 98). Migrating
late in April and early in May and in September and October. Sarpy
county, Lincoln, Omaha, Alliance, Atkinson, Neligh, Alda, North
Platte. Breeds in Arctic regions.

Charadrius dominicus Mueller—GotpEn Piover.

Formerly abundant, in flocks of hundreds, still rather common; not
recorded west of Holt county. Found from the middle of April to
the middle of May and in September and October. Also breeds in
Arctic regions.

*Oxyechus vociferus (Linneaus)—KILLpDEER.
An abundant migrant, and also abundant summer resident in the
sand-hill region, a common breeder over the rest of the state, especially
northward. Arrives early in March and remains till November.

Aegialitis semipalmata Bonaparte—SEMIPALMATED PLOVER.
A common migrant. Seen during May and September and the first
half of October. Breeds in British America. Not reported west of
Neligh.

277a. *Aegialitis meloda circumcincta Ridgway—Br.rep Piping Piover.

278.

A fairly common migrant; breeds about the lakes in the sand-hill
region, along the Niobrara river, in northern Nebraska, on the Loup
at Dannebrog, along the Platte, and perhaps on any .of the rivers of

' the state where are the sand-bars on which it nests. Aughey recorded
it breeding in Dakota county in July, 1866, where he found two nests.
Arrives in May and departs during the latter part of September.

Aegialitis nivosa Cassin—Snowy PLover.

This ‘species was included in Bruner’s Notes on Nebraska Birds
based on the seeing of a flock of what was supposed to be this plover
in Holt county in the spring of 1885. But the first definite record,
and so far the only one, was established by the taking of two specimens
at the lake near Lincoln, May 17,1903,by Swenk. It must be looked
upon as a rare straggler from the west.

281. Podasocys montanus (Townsend)—Mountain PLovER.

Not uncommon in extreme western Nebraska, where Bruner has
45

observed it at Sidney, Marsland, and Harrison. It was seen in sum-
mer and probably breeds. It is a common breeder in Wyoming.

Famity APHRIZIDA—Surr Birps anp TURNSTONES

A medium sized, stout billed, brightly marked bird; above mottled
bright rufous, black and white, the rufous replaced by gray in winter
iba ay MIs TA AUS Aalle gees elses amore ae Leg Ruddy Turnstone.

283.1. Arenaria morinella (Linnaeus)—-Ruppy TuRNSTONE.

A regular but not common migrant. So far all specimens seen have
been in May. Omaha,’ Lincoln, Norfolk, Long Pine. Breeds far
north; more frequent along sea-coasts.

[286. Haematopus palliatus Temminck, the American Oyster-catcher, be-

longing to the family Haematopodidae, should be omitted from our
list. The evidence on which it was included in Bruner’s Notes on
Nebraska Birds is not sufficient to warrant the retention of this bird,
which is entirely maritime, and has never been recorded inland.]

ORDER VIII. GALLINZ—Gatuinaceous Brrps

. Tarsi without spurs... 6 0... eee eens Tetraonidz.
« VATS With Spurs. cscs. eee as oy pened ed we eee UavTac scala fg 400 Phasianide.

Famity TETRAONIDZ—Grovsez, PARTRIDGES, ETC.

. Wing, 10 inches or more long; tail feathers stiff and pointed; tail about as

long'as'the wings vic pate warce ae aekien Shane roa eta a Se Sage Grouse.
. Wing under 10 inches; the tail feathers not especially stiff............ (2)
2. Wing 8 to 10 inches long............ 0000.00 cece eee heats (3)
2. Wing 8 inches or less. .... 2.00... cee eee ees (7)
. Tail about 2 inches shorter than wing, square, black with a distinct ter-
minal gray bands: vcc.sese eee te Ge thao osme ean nwnne® Dusky Grouse.
.- Tail 34 to 5 inches shorter than wing.......... 0.0... cece cece ence (4)
4, Tail pointed, wedge shaped; tarsus fully feathered........... (5)
Ae) Val TOURED os 5s e514 9 ead hanidss capita Ba NAT nae 24 ahs Raw oe (6)
. Ground-color, above ta or pale ee clay-color, with little or no rusty
tinge...... eee . Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse.
. Ground-color, shave: more 2 rusty or ohraceous, Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse.
6. Tarsus fully feathered, no bare strip behind...... Prairie Hen.

6. Tarsus scantily feathered, exposing a bdre strip behind......
ii nasacse ohh tasare cathe aA Rear rw onal ibateal ahawespatiy leased vith Lesser Prairie Hen.
. Larger, 15} to 19 inches long, with a ruff of black feathers on each side of
neck, and broad, fan-shaped tail................... Ruffed Grouse.
. Smaller, 10 inches long; brownish- mottled, white throated, bare legged
ply Ska wade RP ERS ROY Sale eS et whe abe ce BO edd eae Bob-white.

289. *Colinus virginianus (Linnaeus)—Bos-wHitTs,

Formerly confined to the eastern portion of Nebraska; now prac-
tically over the entire state, especially along river and creek valleys

y
(297.

300.

305.

307.

308b

309.

46

and about farms where natural shelter occurs. It is exceptionally
abundant on the upper Elkhorn and the streams emptying into the
Missouri river west of Yankton, South Dakota. During recent years
showing a tendency towards domestication.

Dendragapus obscurus (Say)—Duskxy GROUSE.

The range of the Dusky Grouse points to its probable occurrence
among the pines of Sioux and Dawes counties. While spending a
short time in that region a number of years ago Bruner was informed
by some ranchmen of the presence of the ‘‘ Fool Hen” on Indian creek
only a mile or two west of the state line.]

*Bonasa umbellus (Linneaus)—RuFFED GROUSE.
This Grouse is confined to the wooded portions of the eastern one-
fifth of the state where it is rare. Rockport, South Omaha—breeding
(L. Skow); Weeping Water, Waverly, Richardson county.

*Tympanuchus americanus (Reichenbach)—Pratriz Hen.

Entire state. Formerly abundent in the eastern portion, where it
is still common; now plentiful in central portions, especially north-
ward; becoming rarer towards the western end; partially migratory,
moving southeastward in fall and northwestward in spring.

Tympanuchus pallidicinctus Ridgway—Lrssrr Prairie HEN.

The Lesser Prairie Hen formerly occurred in Cuming and Washing-
ton counties where a number were shot in the early seventies
by Omaha and local sportsmen. Some of these specimens were mount-
ed and are supposed to be still in existence. Bruner saw a living bird
at West Point during the winter of 1871-72 which was approached
to within a few yards, but was not taken. It has also been reported from
Clay county, South Dakota, by Dr. Agersborg. To our knowledge it
has not been seen nor taken within the state since the above dates.

. *Pedicecetes phasianellus campestris Ridgway— Prairie SHARP-TAILED

GROUSE.

A common bird in the sand-hill region of the middle and western
portions of the state where it breeds; formerly spreading to the east-
ward in winter to Cuming and Dodge counties.

*Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonaparte)—Sacre Grouse.

Not common and confined to the extreme northwestern portions
of the state in regions where sage-brush (Artemesia tridentata)
abounds; along Hat. Antelope, and Indian creeks in Sioux county,
where it has several times been reported to breed and where Carriker
and Cary found old birds with half-grown young in the summer of
1901 (Proc. N. O. U., III, p. 77).

EXTRALIMITAL: The Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse, 308a. P.
p.columbianus (Ord), referred to in Bruner’s Notes on Nebraska
Birds was an error and based on rather light-colored specimens of
P. p. campestris taken in the northwestern part of the state along the
Pine ridge. ;
47

Famity PHASIANIDA— PHEASANTS, TURKEYS, ETC.

1. Very large, 40 to 50 inches long; tail broad; plumage lustrous; head and
upper neck without feathers; breast with tuft of hair-like feathers
Lyedesee Saoa ye whew ieee hee Se ee Meee eee a ee aed Gs Wild Turkey.

1. Medium sized, 20 to 30 inches long; tail lengthened and graduated, the
feathers tapering to a point; adult male with white neck-ring, the neck
and head feathered, breast rich coppery chestnut, with metallic purple
and coppery reflections; female brownish, more or less spotted and
mottled with darker................-. 000005 Ring-necked Pheasant.

310. Meleagris gallopavo silvestris (Vieillot)—Witp Turkey.

This magnificent bird was formerly abundant throughout the
wooded portions of the state and even on the adjoining prairies as
far west along the Platte and Republican rivers as McCook and North
Platte. Now, if present at all, very rare; confined to the heavier
bodies of timber between the mouth of the Niobrara and Sioux City
in the vicinity of Rockport north of Omaha, and between Brownville
and Rulo. In territorial days it was common along the Elkhorn, the
Big and Little Blue rivers, and on the Niobrara to Long Pine, as well
as along the wooded borders of others of our streams.

000. Phasianus torquatus Gmelin—RING-NECKED PHEASANT.

This introduced Asiatic pheasant seems to have gained a precarious
foothold in portions of southeastern Nebraska where individual birds
are occasionally to be met with. A few of them are shot each year
although there is a statute making their killing a misdemeanor pun-
ishable by a fine of fifty dollars for each bird so destroyed. Table Rock,
Pawnee, and Barnston.

ORDER IX. COLUMBZ—Doves anp Picrons
Famity COLUMBIDA—Doves
1. Larger, 15 to 17 inches long; tail 84 inches, pointed; back slate-blue;

below chestnut near chin to whitish toward tail .... Passenger Pigeon.
1. Smaller, 11 to 13 inches long; tail 53 inches, less pointed; back brownish;
under parts brownish to yellow or buff............ Mourning Dove.

315. Ectopistes migratorius (Linnaeus)—-PassENGER PIGEON.

Formerly rather common along the Missouri river. Now very
rare, and probably entirely absent from the state. The last records
of its presence as a Nebraska bird are from West Point, Norfolk,
Florence, Papillion, and Omaha.

316. *Zenaidura macroura (Linnaeus)—Mournine Dove.

An exceedingly common bird over the entire state; chiefly asummer
resident, arriving in April and departing during November. Some
individuals remain throughout winter in sheltered locdlities south-
ward. It nests both in trees and on the ground, and rears from two
to three broods of voung during the summer months.
48

ORDER X. RAPTORES—Birps or PREY

A. Head entirely without feathers, nostrils longitudinal.. ... .Cathartide.

A. Head fully featherd, nostrils vertical or roundish. .................(B)
B. Eyes lateral, not surrounded by discs of radiating feathers... .

sila ’nihs aes badih phe ae mR Rae Daa tps Mees eh Bee oid ata ess. Falconide.

B. Eyes set in front, surrounded by discs of radiating feathers. . . (C)

C. Middle claw pectinate. © 6. 1... cece cece cee eee Strigide.

C. Middle claw not pectinate 2... 1... eee eee Bubonide.

Famity CATHARTIDZ—AmMERICAN VULTURES

1. A very large bird, 26 to 32 inches long, dull black, naked headed, hook
billed; tail rounded, nostrils large and broad; skin of neck and head

PO ssc epee Sy Sib eee ee Ghee an einad a depen se Turkey Vulture.
1. Somewhat smaller, 22 to 27 inches long; blacker; tail square; nostrils
small and narrow; skin of head and neck black. .... Black Vulture.

325. *Cathartes aura (Linnaeus)—TurRKEY VULTURE; TURKEY BuzzaRD.
A moderately common bird during spring,summer and fall; rare
in winter. It has been reported as nesting in Sioux, Cherry, Frontier,
.Custer, Douglas, Lancaster, and Richardson counties—practically
throughout the state in suitable localities.

326. Catharista urubu (Vieillot)—BLack VuLTURE; CARRION Crow.
The Black Vulture, which is confined chiefly to the warmer portions

of the United States and tropical America, isknown to wander north-

ward casually to Maine, Ohio, Illinois, and South Dakota. We have

a single authentic record by D. H. Talbot, who took it on Wolf
creek. Other, but unconfirmed, reports would point to its occasion-

ally visiting our southern borders.

Famity FALCONIDA—Fatcons, Hawks, Eacuss, Etc.

1. Talons or claws all of the same length, narrowed and rounded on lower
side; wing 17 to 22 inches long; scales of the tarsus small, rounded
antec HUA bhn cutee iced Gaah 8k Ts a aha MRSA ACR alle ety Sateen ad Oise cet -Osprey.

1. Talons of graduated length, the hind one longest, the outer shortest. . . (2)
2. Tarsus densely feathered all around and to the toes; wing 22 to

28 inches longs... orasiev anise se ad eee ree Pawan Golden Eagle.
2. Tarsus bare for at least one-third of its length, or if feathered to
the toes, having a bare strip behind... ................... (3)

3. Tarsus bare behind, feathered to the toes in front; length of wing, 15 to
20 IM CHES i.e oe se aces Rohan dd oe das Ronin BN ae ate Paeed ste aeons Oe (4)

3. Tarsus not feathered to the toes even in front; size quite variable... .. (5)
4. Feathers of legs more or less buffy; bill small and weak. ......

Ub iareiiesas 4 tatia ee eae eee American Rough-legged Hawk.
4. Feathers of legs bright brownish red with black bars; bill much
longer and stronger.... .............. Ferruginous Rough-leg.

5. Wing over 19 inches long; adult with white head, neck, and tail.Bald Eagle.

5. Wing under 18 inches.... 2... 0... cee cc cee cee cere cece (6)
©

11.

11.

138.
13.

15.

15.

17.
17.
17.

19.

49

6. Tail deeply forked; above a bluish black, the head, rump,

and under parts white........ ‘ yowalewntailed Kite.

6. Tail but slightly if at all fovkad cspula vn Auta Re geca h ete alee wf Aan fogs are (7)

. Wing 7 or more times as long as tarsus; bill with no sharp teeth or notches;
nostrils elongated and without inner bony tubercle.............. (8)

. Wing 7 times as long as the tarsus; bill with a sharp notch and tooth back
of tip; nostril circular and with an inner bony tubercle..........(9)

. Wing 6 or less times as long as tarsus... 1.0.0... 0.00 cece ee eee (10)

8. Tail white without bars and square tipped. White-tailed Kite.
8. Slaty blue above, gray below; tail black, unbarred..........
esi Beate arg bisioant RO ee Mla aay dohe, wi aisEy steam NCEE BL CO Mississippi Kite.

. Tarsus hardly at all feathered above; sides of head black. .. Duck Hawk.
. Tarsus feathered less than half way down in front.... .. Prairie Falcon.
. Tarsus feathered over half way down in front and on sides. .

Lge Ses here eyleceede Vee ee ee Gee eben seed ead & , Biay Gyrfalcon.
10. Upper tail-coverts white; tail gray (male), Jenmueinoun (female) ;
barred with blackish.... ................00000. Marsh Hawk.

10. With neither the general plumage black nor the upper tail-coverts
WIGS Scans Sree op tuts auctieascta ish anise vata een crac tase ie eepiatn (11)
Nostril circular and with a conspicuous central bony tubercle; upper
mandible with a strong tooth and notch back of hooked tip... . .(12)
Nostril oval and the upper mandible without more than one lobe or
tooth, and that weak... 2.6... . ee eee (16)

12. Wing 11 to, 17 inches long; only one primary notched on inner
web..............Duck Hawk, Prairie Falcon, Gray Gyrfalcon.

12. Wing 5 to 94 inches long; two primaries notched... ........(13)
Back bluish slate-color, or blackish and without bright rufous... ....(14)
Back or belly with more or less of bright brownish red... .......... (15)
14. Above slaty blue; middle tail feather with not more than four
black bands... ... .Pigeon Hawk.

14. Similar to preceding, ‘put fanless “qidals. tail: feather crossed by
six light bars, counting the terminal one.... . Richardson Merlin.

Tail with one black bar; male spotted below; whole back barred;
female tail with numerous black bars; below streaked .Sparrow Hawk.

Similar to preceding, but slightly larger and appreciably paler, black
bars and streaks narrower..................- Desert Sparrow Hawk.
16. Tail about 7 as long as wing... ..........2. 0.0. (17)
16. Tail not over # as long as.wing... .......... 0.000.000. 000 (19)

Wing under 9 inches long; the tail square........ Sharp-shinned Hawk.

Wing 9 to 11 inches long; the tail rounded... .......... Cooper Hawk,

Wing 114 to 144 inches long... 2.0... eee (18)

18. Above bluish slate-color, crown darker, a whitish line over eye
.to the nape; below finely' marked with gray and white....

See Seba Dba ee eee see ee oe Stes American Goshawk.

18. Above dark plumbeous, markings on lower parts heavier and

Gar kets. .2ee-ciine Bote pia ha dla ee Geis aes Gad A een et the Western Goshawk.

Outer web of primaries with white buffy or reddish spots; four outer
19.

21.

21.

21.

21.

327.

[328.

[329.

331.

332.

333.

50

primaries notched on the inner web........... Red-shouldered Hawk.
Outer web of primaries not as above. .. 1.2... 0... cece lee ee ee (20)
20. Four outer primaries notched on the inner web... .......... (21)
20. Three outer primaries notched... 20.0.0... . cee eee eee (22)

Tail rusty brown, with a black band, sometimes broken near its tip;
below buffy white, a band of spots across the belly; legs usually

WIthOWt DAMSs 2 e) gc agin gil, REAM eee aS eae Red-tailed Hawk.
Similar to preceding, but nearly or wholly white below; adults usually
without black tail-band. i : ..Krider Hawk.

Varying from sooty brown shows andl helow- wily more or less rusty to
a light phase resembling borealis, but tail averages paler and some-
times has more than one bar; under parts deeper and legs usually
barred with rusty... .. . Western Red-tail. |

Above sooty brown; tall dionely matted sath, backtehi rusty, and whit-
ish; below varying from white, more or less spotted on belly, to sooty

ee MS} ox gies wea KRAMER oe See eee ads Harlan Hawk.
22. Wing 14 to 18 inches long; breast patch rusty brown (male) or
grayish brown (female). ..................Swainson Hawk.

22. Wing 94 to 12 inches long; tail with two whitish bands and a
brownish tip; below barred with rusty brown............
i devils ouscinds Gav GPts Sella Dra agli opng Alaa aaa gard -.......Broad-winged Hawk.

*Elanoides forficatus (Linnaeus) -SwaLLOW-TAILED KITE.
A regular visitor in eastern third of the state; not common. Omaha,
West Point, Tekamah, Fullerton, Beatrice, Falls City; breeding at
Greenwood, Rockport, and Calhoun,

Elanus leucurus (Vieillot)—Wuirs-TaiLep KirTs.
The record given in Bruner’s Notes on Nebraska Birds of the
occurrence of this species is an error. But its range is such as to make
it possible that it may be taken in the state.]

Ictinia mississippiensis (Wilson)—Mississirpr1 Kirn.
While the known range of this kite would bring it within our borders,
the record by R. E. Dinges as given in Bruner’s Notes on Nebraska
Birds is very likely an error.]

*Circus hudsonius (Linnaeus)—-Marso Hawk.
Found over the entire state, common. In part resident—a few
remaining throughout winter. Breeds on low ground, more com-
monly in the sand-hills and northwestward.

*Accipiter velox (Wilson)—SHarp-sHINNED Hawke.
A common migrant over the entire state in spring and fall, and an
occasional winter resident. Breeds regularly in Sioux county. Re-
ported by all observers.

*Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte)—Coormr Hawk.
Like the preceding,this hawk is found over the entire state in spring,
summer, and fall; abundantly in the southeastern portion, common
51

elsewhere. Frequently seen in winter. An earlier and more general
breeder than the Sharp-shinned.

334. Accipiter atricapillus (Wilson)—AMERICAN GosHAWK.
A regular, but not common, winter visitant. Observed at Omaha,
Lincoln, Rockport, Norfolk, and in Sioux county.

[834a. Accipiter atricapillus striatulus Ridgway—WersTERN GosHAWE.

This western variety of the preceding species has been reported
once from Florence, in 1896, by L. Skow, and again from Ken-
nedy, Oct. 1896, by J. M. Bates. Very dark‘colored goshawks are
occasionally to be met with in the state, especially westward, which
may be the wesern variety.] :

337. *Buteo borealis (Gmelin) —ReEp-TaILED Hawk.

The typical Red-tailed Hawk is confined to the eastern half of the
state where it is found in the timber belts along all the larger water-
courses. It is partially migratory, but some remain throughout
winter. Breeds over entire range and feeds chiefly on rabbits, ground
squirrels, etc.

337a. *Buteo borealis kriderii Hoopes—Kriprr Hawk.
Found chiefly westward but spreading to eastern part of state
during migrations; breeds in Sioux and Dawes counties—sometimes,
at least, on ledges of the canyon walls.

337b. Buteo borealis calurus (Cassin) —-WEsTERN RED-TAIL.
During migrations straggling over the entire state. Breeds com-
monly in both Colorado and Wyoming, and may breed also in western
Nebraska. West Point, Omaha, and Lincoln.

337d. Buteo.borealis harlani (Audubon)—Harian Hawk.
Casually over eastern third of the state, but not known to breed.
West Point, Omaha, Lincoln. There is a specimen in the collection
of August Wiche taken at the latter locality.

339. *Buteo lineatus (Gmelin)—-RED-SHOULDERED Hawk.

A not uncommon hawk in the eastern part of the state, where it
breeds most abundant along the Missouri river bluffs. Omaha, Belle-
vue, Nebraska City, Ruylo, Lincoln, Neligh.

342. *Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte—Swainson Hawk.

: A very common hawk over the entire state; in fall sometimes gather-
ing in large flocks during migrations; nesting throughout the Nebraska
range eastward in trees, westward frequently on the ground. Oc-
curring in several color variations.

343. *Buteo platypterus (Vieillot)—Broap-wincrp Hawk.

A regular and rather common summer visitant and breeder along
the Missouri river and its tributaries in the eastern part of the state;

rare in the interior, and a straggler in western Nebraska. Observed

once at Harrison, Sioux county, by Bruner; at Long Pine by Bates,
and at Neligh by Cary—numerous records farther east.
52

347a. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmelin)—American RovaGu-
LEGGED Hawk.

A rather rare winter visitant in middle and southern Nebraska,
but more common in the northern part of state. Breeds chiefly north
of the United States. West Point, Omaha, Lincoln, Neligh, Cherry
county.

348. *Archibuteo ferrugineus (Lichtenstein)-FERRuGINoUs RouUGH-LEG.

This is the common rough-legged hawk in the state and occurs
throughout. It is less common in the eastern portion, but becomes
more plentiful as we approach the middle and western sections of the
state. It nests in moderate numbers in the sand-hills, and com-
monly along Pine ridge and about the buttes of western and north-
western Nebraska. It is a ground bird to a great extent, and fre-
quents the vicinity of prairie dog towns, upon the inhabitants of
which it preys. -

349. *Aquila chryszetos (Linnaeus)—GoLDEN EAGLE.

This magnificent bird is found in moderate numbers throughout
the state in winter, but is more common westward. Owing to its
large size, fearless nature, and carrion-eating habits, we have numer-
ous records of its occurrence each year, and a few still breed annually
in Scott’s Bluff, Sioux, and Dawes counties. It bred quite generally
over the state years ago.

352. Halizetus leucocephalus (Linnaeus)—Baup Eac te.

Much less common than the preceding, and seems to be confined
chiefly to our larger water-courses even during its migrations. It
probably formerly bred in the more heavily wooded portions of
northeastern Nebraska, and it is likely that a few still do so, but
there are no definite breeding records. It likes to nest near where the
Osprey makes its summer home so as to have an opportunity to rob
the latter of its catch and save the work for itself. Many records.

[354. Falco rusticolus Linnaeus—Gray GYRFALCON.

This northern falcon has been taken at Vermillion, S. Dak., and is
known to wander casually south to Kansas. It is included here on
the strength of a record of a single specimen seen by Bruner at West
Point, but not positively identified; another, probably the same
species, was reported to him as seen at Norfolk.]

355. *Falco mexicanus Schlegel—Prairig Faucon.

Over the entire state in migrations; rare in eastern portions, rather
common westward; a feware resident, but the majority move south
in late fall, and return in early spring. It is a regular breeder in
Dawes and Sioux counties, where it nests during May and June
upon ledges on the faces of perpendicular cliffs.

356. Falco peregrinus anatum (Bonaparte)—Duck Hawk.
A rare but regular migrant over the entire state. Lincoln, Omaha,
West Point, Neligh, Dawes county. It probably breeds in this last
53

named locality where old and young birds were observed by Bruner
Aug. 5 to 19, 1903, flying about the cliffs 8 miles west of Ft. Robin-
son, going in and out of a recess that may have been the nesting site.

357. Falco columbarius Linnaeus—Picron Hawk.
Not common, but found over the entire state during migrations.
A few remain over winter. We have no records of its breeding in
the state. Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh, Long Pine, Dawes
and Sioux counties.

358. Falco richardsonii Ridgway—Ricuarpson MERLIN.

This small hawk seems to be rare in Nebraska at present, but
is said by Aughey to have been formerly common and to have bred,
but he gave no definite breeding record. ‘Taken at West Point and
Omaha by Bruner; and reported from southeastern Nebraska by
Powell. The museum of the state university contains a specimen
from the first locality. ,

360. *Falco sparverius Linnaeus—Sparrow Hawk.
Common in the eastern portion of the state; abundant westward;
breeding throughout. Arrives early in April, departs -in October.

360a. Falco sparverius phalena Lesson—Dersert Sparrow Hawk.
A specimen from Sioux county taken in Jim creek canyon May 26,
1901, by M. A. Carriker, Jr., and sent to Witmer Stone, has been
determined as ‘‘nearly typical” phalena. Whether or not this
is the breeding form there we cannot say. It was not suspected
hitherto that we had this form in the state, and careful note was not
taken of the Sioux county birds.

364. *Pandion haliztus carolinensis (Gmelin) —OsprREy.

: A regular migrant; most frequent along the Missouri and its tribu-
taries, less so in the interior or middle, and almost or quite absent
from the extreme western portion. Formerly bred along the Mis-
souri river near Rockport, where Bruner observed birds carrying
food to the nest, and may still do so occasionally in the northeastern
part of the state. Numerous records. '

Famity STRIGIDZ—Barn Ow.s

Without ear-tufts; eyes black; above gray and yellowish buff; below white
more or less washed with buff and spotted with black..........
pfs atin: Da au NRMEAea diane eum ariath Sawa ich . Barn Owl; Monkey-faced Owl.

365. *Strix pratincola Bonaparte—Barn Ow; Monxkry-racep OwLt.
Practically over the entire eastern half of state, but more com-
mon southward; becoming more generally dispersed with the
settlement of new districts. Breeds over most of its range, selecting
for the purpose burrows in banks, niches in rocky cliffs, hollow trees,
nooks about buildings, etc. Lincoln, Omaha, West Point, Cherry
county, Beatrice, Hebron, McCook. ,
11.
11.

13.

13.

15.

15

54

Famity BUBONIDZ—Hornep Ow1s, Etc.

. Tarsus partly bare, twice as long as middle toe; wing 53 to 74 inches

long. . Ree ere a ee ce

. Targus fully feathered. . a eRe Mgkehetiratareeaegeesamae G2)

2. Head with conspicuous enr-tutts, Sa behead es a eatinatane Mea cic cent teas (3)
2. Head without ear-tufts. 2. 0.0.0... eee (11)

. Wing 8 inches or less in eee SMe aulad inthe £ kanepaya yas duh Riga er yrakaamadonadeets (4)
. Wing over 8 inches long. . . bate -(7)

4. Without ear-tufts; wing ‘3h ee 4 ‘Sichias Gong... -Pyemiy Owl.
4. With ear-tufts; wing over 4 inches long. . ai itire i bets . (5)

. Toes entirely naked to extreme base; ear-tufts nally,

Flammulated Screech Owl.

. Toes distinctly feathered or bristled on upper ‘side; ear-tufts rather

VAR SO r 25. cine em Rinne Nae onct x sNies ida Dblepin dees a. onl aan st Seuel he eaten abs J (6)
6. Above gray, irregularly marked with black; below gray, white,
rusty and black, (gray phase); or above bright rusty brown with
a few black streaks; below white streaked with black and barred
with rusty brown, (red phase). ................. Screech Owl.
6. Very pale; above with a pale grayish buff predominating; black
markings throughout very narrow and less numerous than in
other forms... ... ere .. Rocky Mountain Screech Owl.

. Size large, form robust; wie ‘14 to 18 inches MONG. swan manees-aua(S)
. Size medium, form slender; wing 11 to 13 inches ime, Slane den gaeeners (10)

8. General color davlvee, much suffused with buffy and rufous. ..
Soils dn aise Pare sae Ree Gee ase ge as .......Great Horned Owl.
8. General color lighter and grayer, with little or no buffy in plumage

. Very pale throughout; the feet immaculate... ......Arctic Horned Owl.
. Darker, but not buffy or ferruginous; the feet more or less spotted. ..

Sides cys er sa Se eg eoneat hee detonate ne sceetRpe eee OO . Western Horned Owl.
10. Ear-tufts large and composed of 8 to 12 feathers...........
he ia AMeoh a N d a as DD ate -American Long-eared Owl.

10. Ear-tufts small, composed of few feathers...... Short-eared Owl.
Wing 10'inches or under... isi es eee boa bea eee aces (12)
Wing more than 10 inches long... ................0. 0.00 -.005, (14)

12. Wing 8 to 10 inches long; hawk-like in appearance.

Diigo St eheetedeeed ewe date eis _ American Hawk Owl.

12. Wing 5 to 8 inches long... ...................0.... eeher (13)
Length 10 inches; above aka brown with numerous white spots,

especially on head. anthcd ae 1 .Richardson Owl.
Length 8 inches; — cinnamon ‘brown; ‘forehead with many streaks;

hind head with few. .......................0.0.. Saw-whet Owl.

14. General color white, more or less barred with blackish... ....

cee e de gree mee ee eee ey ee aes een eed Snowy Owl

14. General color gray or brown. .. ......................... (15)
Length 20 inches; eyes black; breast barred... ........... Barred Owl.
Length 27 inches; eyes vellow; breast streaked ....... Great Gray Owl.
366.

367.

368.

370.

371.

372.

373.

55

*Asio wilsonianus (Lesson) -AMERICAN LONG-EARED OWL.
Distributed over the entire state in the wooded portions; common
eastward, less frequent westward. Breeds throughout its range.

*Asio accipitrinus (Pallas) -SHorT-BARED OWL.

Found over the whole of Nebraska where it is frequently very
plentiful during migrations, and at times is to be met with in flocks
of a dozen or more. Some remain over winter, and others in
the summer—the latter breeding. A nest was found in Dodge county
on the ground in tall dead prairie grass in April by Bruner. Several
nesting records and numerous other records are at hand.

*Syrnium varium (Barton)—Barrep OwL.

A not uncommon resident and breeder in the wooded districts of
the eastern one-third of the state, but becoming rarer westward
towards the eastern edge of Colorado and Wyoming where it seems
to be absent. Numerous records.

Scotiaptex nebulosa (Gmelin)—Grreat Gray OwL.

A northern species which rarely reaches the state in winter. It
was reported once, Dec. 17, 1893, near Omaha by I. S. Trostler. A
mounted specimen in a saloon at Long Pine is claimed to have been
taken in that vicinity.

Cryptoglaux tengmalmi richardsoni (Bonaparte)—-RicHarpson OwL.
The authority for including this northern owl as a Nebraska bird,
was the taking of a live bird near Lincoln on Dec. 10, 1892, by some
boys. It is nowin the state university museum. It has been reportd
also as of casual occurrence in Iowa and Colorado.

*Cryptoglaux acadica (Gmelin)—Saw-wHeT Ow. |
A not rare species over the entire state, but most plentiful in winter.
It has been found breeding at Nebraska City by M. A. Carriker, Jr.;
‘is known to breed quite regularly across the river from Omaha and
probably does on the Nebraska side also. It is reported as occuring
at Beatrice, Lincoln, Omaha, West Point, Neligh, Long Pine, and in
Sioux county.

*Megascops asio (Linnaeus)—Scrercnu Ow..
This is our most abundant and generally distributed owl. Both
the gray and red color phases occur in most regions, but the gray
greatly predominates. It breeds throughout its Nebraska range.

(373e. Megascops asio maxwelliz (Ridgway)—Rocxy Mountain ScrEECH

OwL.

While we have no definite records of the occurrence of this Rocky
Mountain form of the Screech Owl within the state, there is little
doubt but that it occurs in the extreme western portions of Nebraska.
It is reported as ranging along the foothills and adjacent plains from
Colorado to Montana.]
56

375. *Bubo virginianus (Gmelin)—Great Hornep Ow.

The typical virginianus, or a race that approaches this form most
nearly, occurs quite commonly over the eastern third of the state where
it is resident and a regular breeder; westward merging into the next
sub-species.

375a. *Bubo virginianus pallescens Stone—WerstTERN HornEep OWL.

This horned owl is resident in western Nebraska, where it is com-
mon and spreads eastward in winter over the entire state. Breeds in
Sioux and Dawes counties. West Point, Omaha, Lincoln. The Dusky
Horned Owl referred to in Bruner’s Notes on Nebraska Birds
certainly belongs to this form.

375b. Bubo virginianus arcticus (Swainson)—Arctic HornED OwL

Rarely into the state during winter. The University of Nebraska
collection contains a single specimen taken at West Point by Bruner.
It was also reported once by L. Skow at Florence.

376. Nyctea nyctea (Linnaeus)—Snowy Ow.. )

Coming regularly into Nebraska from the north in winter; found
throughout the state and sometimes abundant. Numerous records.

877a. Surnia ulula caparoch (Mueller)—Amerrican Hawk Owu.

This northern species winters south to northern United States,
casually to Illinois, etc. Included as a Nebraska bird on the strength
of a single specimen which was shot in Nov., 1891, at Raymond, by
E. R. Mockett. The specimen was mounted and was seen by Bruner
and August Eiche.

378. *Speotyto cunicularia hypogea (Bonaparte)—Burrowine OWL.

A very common owl in the middle and western parts of the state,
becoming rare eastward. Formerly common to the Missouri river;
now almost absent from the more thickly settled portions of the east-
ern counties. Numerous records. Breeding throughout its range.

EXTRALIMITAL;: A number of yearsago Bruner saw avery small
owl near Omaha which he cannot bring himself to beiieve was the Aca-
dian—could it have beena Pygmy Owl, 379. Glaucidium gnoma Cassin,
which species is found in Colorado? The Flammulated Screech
Owl comes so close to our western border that it has been considered
wise to at least include it in the synoptic table.

ORDER XI. PSITTACI—Parrots, Macaws, PAROQUETS, ETC.

Famity PSITTACIDA’—Parrots anpD ParoQusEts

A small, green, long-tailed paroquet with yellow head and orange
forehead and cheeks ..................00 00005. Carolina Paroquet.

382. *Conurus carolinensis (Linnaeus)—CaroLina ParoQueEt.

Formerly a common bird in the Missouri river bottoms, especially
southward, probably not extending north of the mouth of the Platte;
now completely extinct in the state, having disappeared about 1866.
They used to breed on an island in the Missouri river near Brownville.
(See Furnas, Proc. N. O. V. III, 107.)
57

ORDER XII. COCCYGES—Cuckoos, KINGFISHERS, ETC.
A. Toes, two in front, two behind; bill curved downwards........ Cuculidz.
A. Toes, three in front, one behind; bill straight............... Alcedinidz.
Famity CUCULIDZi—Cucxkoos

1. Bill wholly blackish; tail narrowly white-tipped; wings slightly cinnamon
pedin gee paaaian oe Leese eeeeeeeeseeeeee » . -Black-billed Cuckoo.

1. Bill mostly yellow below; tail broadly white-tipped; wings extensively

CINNAMON sie esas chek od Gee ee TRAVERS EEE RE ha ee sek ow seh (2)
2. Smaller, with smaller bill (wing under 53, tail under 6, culmen under
Dane i cast asstiqendicact avcusaia ah Baa oe tou ave ee ae Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
2. Larger, with larger bill (wing over 5%, tail over 6, culmen 1 inch
or more).............- bed bud tea Repek aaheaee ae Ree sae California Cuckoo.

387. *Coccyzus americanus (Linnaeus)—-YELLOW-BILLED Cuckoo.
Eastern half of state, a common summer resident and breeder,
arriving the second week in May, breeding in June or early July, de-
parting early in September. Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point,
Neligh, Niobrara valley, Holt county, Cherry county, Bloomington.

388. *Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wilson)—BLAcK-BILLED Cuckoo.
Entire state, but rather uncommon; dates practically as preceding;
breeding wherever present. Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point,
Neligh, Niobrara valley, Long Pine, North Platte, Sioux county.

EXTRALIMITAL: 387a. C. ¢. occidentalis Ridgway, the California
Cuckoo, a western race of the Yellow-billed, is the form occurring
throughout Colorado to within a few miles of the eastern boundary
of the state, and any yellow-billed cuckoo found in western Nebraska
is very apt to be occidentalis.

Famity ALCEDINIDZ—KInGFIsHERS

A large, blue backed, crested kingfisher, white below and with a
blue band across the breast... .4...........- *....Belted Kingfisher.

390. *Ceryle alcyon (Linnaeus)—BELTED KINGFISHER.
Common over the entire state; breeding in sand and clay banks.
Arrives first week in April, breeds early in June, lingers until late fall,
and a few remain the entire winter where there is open water.

ORDER XIII. PICI—Woopprckrrs, WRYNECKS, ETC.
Famity PICIDA!:—WoopPEcKERS

1. Back entirely dark, without white marks, but rump sometimes white. . (2)

1. Back conspicuously marked with white or yellowish.................. (7)
2. Back shining blackish (3)—brownish with black bars; under parts
SPOUEEd g3.or cand oceans ae eneiens Sneed dab ara senate qlee ee (6)

3. Head crested, the crest bright scarlet, or partly so; under parts black;
size of CTOW.......... 0.0000 0ee Northern Pileated Woodpecker.
58

3. Head not crested; under parts not entirely black; much smaller than a
CTOW isis 4 eisai ee ahokd ee eee Ces See eh re aie Soeses (4)

4. Under parts of stiff reddish feathers; elsewhere shining bronze-
black, except for a grayish collar and a red face. Lewis Woodpecker.

4. Under parts of soft feathers; without red on breast or belly... .(5)

. Secondaries entirely white; rump white; head and neck red in adult, brown-

ish in young; toes 4; flanks not barred......Red-headed Woodpecker.
5. Wings black, spotted with white; rump black; crown orange in male;
toes 3; flanks barred............... Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker.

5. Wings black, spotted with white, a large white patch on bend of wing;
rump white; head black with two white stripes on sides and a red one
onthroat; toes 4; flanks barred; belly light yellow............
irae) so aee See Re RRS pagex beak es Williamson Sapsucker, male.
6. Under surface of wings and tail yellow throat brownish; male with

a black malar stripe............. 0.0. 000005- Northern Flicker.
6. Under surface of wings and tail orange-red; throat ashy; male with
ared malar stripe.................0 0000 Red-shafted Flicker.

Back black marked with white (9)—back mottled, black and yellowish;
belly«yellowishs..12° :3 eve duress pas nse pe timeine pre ahead ee ae eeA (8)
8. Nape whitish; male with a black stripe from bill to chest separat-
ing the red throat from the white cheeks; female with whole
chin and throat white................ Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.
8. Nape more or less red; male with red of throat extending in
middle to the cheeks, thus obliterating the black stripe ex-
sue at ends; female with throat largely red..............
in aie . .Red-naped Sapsucker.

or

at

9. Back Bins with conspicuous, a. white Saee: eGR RARER ‘2 ..(10)

9. Back with a large, broad, white streak running lengthwise, but no
cross-bars....... as (12)
10. Outer tail featlvers: eouapienauely “entinely- whites 108s: 3;
crown yellow in male........ American Three-toed Woodpecker.
10. Outer tail feathers with black; toes 4; much barred with
black aiid Whités..0cc2.c05 oveceorctieeaiadaewweesearaass (11)
11. Under parts scales head brown, without decided white or red.
3 . Williamson Sapsucker, female,
11. inter: oe vaddigh ; head praylah white with more or less red on
crown..... Red-bellied Woodpecker.
12. Under tail feathers white, barred with black; isis wing
under 4 inches... .... oe . (18)
12. Under tail feathers white, not banreds Tareen) wing over 4
INCHES! eaten leosiriedly awed 1s ew ey al Me of bated eee mnie end Baw alin (14)
13. Middle and greater wing-coverts conspicuously spotted with white. .
will phase PES CO Nee doe Goes Northern Downy Woodpecker.
13. Middle and greater wing-coverts plain black or but slightly spotted. .
eee eT eee ere eee .... Batchelder Woodpecker.
14. Middle and greater wing-coverts plain black or the white
59

spots few; below pure white; wing over 5 and tail up to 4
INChES. .o4 4 havea hee BES Rocky Mountain Hairy Woodpecker.
14. Middle and greater wing-coverts conspicuously white a cehie
lores black or mostly black. Shs ee . (15)
15. Larger, wing over 5, tail 33 to 4, eulmen 1z to 13 anghues miller.
Sod piie  HEeeneD RG We Rew Reteee wah ACR ONE aS . Northern Hairy Woodpecker.
15. Smaller, wing not over 5, tail 3,4 to 33,culmen under 12
INCHES, eh a dawns aly Res RE EM Og RR RT rae an Hairy Woodpecker.

393. *Dryobates villosus (Linnaeus) Harry WoopPEcKER.
A common resident over at least the eastern half of state, breeding
in early May. Omaha, Lincoln, Peru, West Point, Neligh, Rock
county, Cherry county.

[393a. D. v. leucomelas (Boddaert), the Northern Hairy Woodpecker, is
the form breeding north of the United States and reaching the north-
ern states in winter. Largespecimens of the Hairy Woodpecker taken
at Omaha in winter have been referred to this form by Skow and Trost-
ler, but probably represent only the maximum of villosus.]

393e. *Dryobates villosus monticola Anthony—Rocky Mountain Hairy
WooDPECKER.

A common resident in Sioux county, entirely replacing the eastern
form. To this form must be referred all the records given as Cabanis
Woodpecker in former Nebraska reports. A dozen or more speci-
mens from Sioux county all agree with this form rather than with
hyloscopus.

394b. *Dryobates pubescens homorus (Cabanis)—-BarcHELDER Woop-
PECKER.
An uncommon resident in Sioux county, breeding in willow stubs;
not so common as the corresponding variety of the Hairy. (For-
merly referred to as Gairdner’s Woodpecker.)

394c. *Dryobates pubescens medianus (Swainson)—NorTHERN Downy
WoovDPECKER.

A very common resident in the eastern third of the state, breeding
commonly; rare and local west of this to about the middle of the
state. Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, Peru, Dakota City, West Point,
Neligh, Niobrara, Long Pine.

400. Picoides arcticus (Swainson)—-Arctic THREE-TOED WooDPECKER.

A northern species making its way south in winter to the northern
states. Has been taken three times in the state, twice at Omaha,
once by I. S. Trostler, Dec. 15, 1895 and again by F. J. Brezee, and
at Dakota City by Wallace Bruner.

402. Sphyrapicus varius (Linnaeus) —-YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER.
A migratory woodpecker, found only in the eastern part of the
state and common only in the Missouri bottoms. It has frequently
been seen in various localities in summer but its nest has never been
60

found and its breeding is still open to question. Omaha, Peru, West
Point—in summer. Migratory at Lincoln.

405. Ceophleeus pileatus abieticola Bangs—NortTHern PiteateD Woop-
PECKER.

This magnificent woodpecker was formerly not uncommon in the
more heavily wooded portions of the Missouri bottoms. Both L.
Skow and Bruner have seen it in the vicinity of Rockport, and Bruner
also found it not rare about Tekamah years ago. The last Nebraska
record is I. S. Trostler’s, from near Omaha, May 20, 1895, a bird seen.
It probably used to breed in these regions, for there have been noted
in the past numerous indications of what was undoubtedly the work of
this bird in building its nesting sites. If now present at all it is very
rare. The Peru record of the ‘‘Ivory-billed” refers to this species.

406. *Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linnaeus)—-RED-HEADED WooODPECKER.
Common throughout the whole state. Locally abundant and in-
creasing in numbers. It winters but is rare at this season, in the
southern part of the state, the bulk appearing about the first of May

and remaining till late in October. Breeding throughout its range.

408. *Asyndesmus torquatus (Wilson)—-LEwis WoopPECKER.

Common summer resident and breeder in the pine-covered canyon
districts of Sioux, Dawes, northern Sheridan, and Scott’s Bluff counties;
in winter east to the eastern limits of the pines or about Long Pine
and Valentine.

409. *Centurus carolinus (Linnaeus)—-RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER.
Found locally in eastern Nebraska, especially southward; breed-
ing uncommonly and rarely remaining in winter. Omaha, Nebraska
City, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point. Bruner reports seeing a strag-
gler once in Monroe canyon, Sioux county.

412a. *Colaptes auratus luteus Bangs—NorTHERN FLICKER.
Common all over the state, abundant eastward, breeding through-
out, and only in part migratory.

413. *Colaptes cafer collaris (Vigors) -RED-sHAFTED FLICKER.
A common resident over the entire state, abundant westward,
very common eastward in winter but becoming much less so in sum-
mer. Sioux and Cherry counties, Lincoln, Beatrice, Omaha.

EXTRALIMITAL: It is barely possible that the American Three-
toed Woodpecker, 401. P. americanus Brehm, may reach our state in
winter very rarely, but there is no record as yet. 402a. S. v. nuchalis
Baird, the Red-naped Sapsucker, is the western variety of the Yel-
low-bellied Sapsucker. It is common in eastern Colorado and
Wyoming and has been taken in western Kansas, so may be
expected in western Nebraska also. Williamson Sapsucker, 404. S.
thyroideus (Cassin), is common in both Colorado and Wyoming,
61
breeding from 5,000 to 10,000 feet, and migrating commonly in the

foothills even to Cheyenne, so it may occasionally reach Nebraska also
during migrations.

ORDER XIV. MACROCHIRES—GoatsuckeErs, SwIFTs, ETC.

A. Bill slender and long, gape narrow; plumage metallic... .... Trochilide.
A. Bill short and broad at base; gape very wide; plumage non-metallic. (B)
B. Middle toe pectinated and longer than others....... Caprimulgide.
B. Middle toe not pectinate nor longer than others. .. ..Micropodide.

Famity CAPRIMULGIDA—Goatsuckrrs, NIGHTHAWKS, ETC.

1. Middle of primaries with a conspicuous white bar; tail: forked; rictal

bristles very small. oe 2 cess ences Ree athe tide paw ateeduas (2)
1. Middle of primaries without a white spot; tail rounded or square; rictal
bristles1On gs, - turin ace geuieen aes pn Cane en Abcanh AEST WR pane naruh eg (3)

_2. Darkest. Black markings prominent above, much in excess of
the brown and gray ee the blackish bars below mostly
cempiete....... . Nighthawk.

2. Paler. Gray andl ube: in excess cae ded: color abate, the white

on wing, tail and throat more extensive, below often washed

WIth TUStYs 6G ese dss bee sede Wie eae a Western Nighthawk,

2. Palest. Pale silvery gray predominating above, the white below
greatly in excess of the narrow, irregular or broken, dark bars,

and little or no rufous feathers... .......... Sennett Nighthawk.

3. Tarsus feathered; tail rounded, the 3 outer feathers white tipped for over
AMINCH 06 yin netie edad AeA eae nae esos Whippoorwill.

3. Tarsus naked; tail even, the 3 outer feathers white tipped for less than
BRIT Bs 26 Ya sae, suc date ate seach aod @ eter ese Sah HH Rasp sir wig aor re gf a (4)

4. Darker, the ground color of upper parts velvety gray, irregularly
barred with black; below barred with blackish and buffy; chin

and cheeks blackish... ........0... 0.0.0.0. 0.00000. Poorwill.

4. Paler, the ground color of upper parts much lighter, largely frosty

white, with the dark markings fewer and sharper; the bars

beneath finer and paler, less conspicuous; chin and cheeks faded

brown. iG se eueeyeveee at wecde wee heise Frosted Poorwill.

417. *Antrostomus vociferus (Wilson)—WHIPPOORWILL.
Uncommon summer resident and breeder along the Missouri river,
more rarely westward over about the eastern half of state. Omaha,
Peru, Nebraska City, Neligh—breeding. Noted also, but not breed-
ing, at Lincoln, West Point, Thomas county—rare. Arrives the last
week in April, breeds from the middle of May to well into June,
leaves late in September.

418. *Phalaenoptilus nuttallii (Audubon)—Poorwit.
Western part of state, common; breeding in the canyons of Sioux
county and east at least to Long Pine canyon, probably across the
state northward.
62
420. *Chordeiles virginianus (Gmelin) —NicHTHawK.

The nighthawks breeding along the Missouri and a little westward
are very clearly of this form, which occurs during migration over the
eastern half of the state, but is not nearly soabundant as is sennetti
westward. Arrives the second week in May, breeds in early June,
departs before the middle of September. Omaha, Peru, Beatrice,
Lincoln, West Point.

420a. *Chordeiles virginianus henryi (Cassin) -WEsTERN NIGHTHAWK.
This rufous form is the commoner one in Sioux county, though speci-
mens nearer sennetti also occur there. During migrations it extends
eastward about half way across the state, flocking with sennettt.
Indian creek, Warbonnet canyon, Harrison—breeding.

420c. *Chordeiles virginianus sennetti (Coues)—Sennett NicHTHAWK.

This is the nighthawk of the whole western two-thirds of the state
except in Sioux county where it is mostly replaced by and runs into
henry; it occupies this region to the complete exclusion of the other
forms during the breeding season. It is the nighthawk of the sand-
hills, where its conspicuous paleness makes its identity unmistakable,
but eastward it intergrades with virginianus and is more difficult to
distinguish. Antelope, Holt, Rock, Cherry, Dawes, Thomas, Dundy,
Red Willow counties.

EXTRALIMITAL: 418a. P. n.nitidus Brewster,the Frosted Poorwill,
occurs as a summer resident in western Kansas and eastern Colorado,
and may reasonably be expected in extreme southwest Nebraska,
though there is as yet no specimen from that locality.

Famity MICROPODIDA—Swirts

1. Sooty, paler below, the throat gray, wings black; tail rounded, spine
tipped. . . Chimney Swift,
1. Black, under ‘pacts exeopt the ‘sides whites “atl jotked, a6 spiny.
ee eee ee ee eee ee White-throated Rock Swift.

423. *Chetura pelagica (Linnaeus)—-CHIMNEY SwIrFtT. :
Eastern portions of state only, west along northern border to Ne-
ligh, O’Neill, Atkinson, and probably Long Pine, but rare west of the
98th meridian. Arriving third week in April, breeding the latter
part of May, and departing second week in September. Locally very
abundant. Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, Peru, West Point, Niobrara.

425. *Aeronautes melanoleucus (Baird)—WuitTz-THROATED Rock Swirt.
Sioux, Scott’s Bluff, and Dawes counties, common summer resi-
dent and breeder in the high perpendicular cliffs of that region. (See
Carriker, Proc. N. O. U., ITI, pp. 81-83.)

Famity TROCHILIDZ—Hovmminestirps

1. Throat metallic red; males (2)—not wholly metallic red; females... . (4)
2, Tail forked; outer primary broad, end turned inward; back
golden green................... Ruby-throated Hummingbird.
63

2. Tail rounded; outer primary narrow, acute...... . (8)

3. Back golden green; end of outer primary bowed euigeaeds ‘Hhneat
pink, . dae dee E Ca SSE tare eae Broad-tailed Hummingbird.

3. Back i iit mostly chestnut; end of outer primary bowed inward;
throat-copperye<esci0ie Mo eGo eGe eek aea eee: Rufous Hummingbird.

4, Tail without rufous, doubly rounded, three outer feathers
white tipped, black barred. .... Ruby-throated Hummingbird.

4. Tail with rufous, rounded, four outer feathers white tipped,
middlé pair greenish, . 04265 chscansae nee yemnreeegee anes (5)

5. Outer tail feather under 1 inch long and only 4 inch broad, the rufous
equalling or exceeding the black............ Rufous Hummingbird.

5. Outer tail feather over 1 inch long and 4 inch broad, the rufous less
extensive than the black..... ......Broad-tailed Hummingbird.

428. *Trochilus colubris Linnaeus—RuBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.
Eastern Nebraska, not recorded west of the 98th meridian, breeding
quite commonly in the ravines of the Missouri river bluffs. Arrives
second week in May, breéds in June, departs late in September.
Omaha, Beatrice, Gresham, Lincoln, West Point.

432. Selasphorus platycercus (Swainson)—Broap-raiLepD HUMMINGBIRD.

During the summer of 1891, Bruner saw on several occasions on
the Pine ridge in Sioux and Dawes counties a species of humming-
bird which he identified as this one, and a later intimate acquaintance
with it in Colorado confirmed his identification. The hummingbird
reported by J. M. Bates in Bruner’s list from Cherry county (Valen-
tine) according to his own judgment also belongs here since he later
identified the Broad-tailed at Bassett, Sept. 10, 1899, thus establish-
ing its range half way across the state. (See Proc. N. O. U., I, pp.
16-17.) Inthe adjacent states of Wyoming and Coloraco this species
is common.

EXTRALIMITAL: 433. S. rufus (Gmelin), the Rufous Humming-
bird, is a western species which is fairly commonin Colorado and has
been taken at Cheyenne, Wyo., only about 60 miles from the Nebraska

line.
ORDER XV. PASSERES—Perrcuine Birps
A. Tarsus with its hinder edge compressed....................0004.. (C)
A. Tarsus with its hinder edge rounded......................00.0000. (B)
B. Bill hooked at tip and with bristles at base.... .....Tyrannide.
B. Bill not hooked at tip and without bristles............ Alaudide.
C. Primaries 9, the outermost one much over 4 length of next........ (D)
C. Primaries 10, the outermost one not over 4 length of next.......... (J)
D. Bill slightly hooked at tip, narrow and straight . . Vireonidae (pt.)
D. Bill not hooked at tip or else short and broad based, or
toothed on cutting edge of upper mandible.............. (E)
E. Bill very broad; its gape twice length of culmen......... Hirundinidae.

E. Bill various, but gape never twice length of culmen................. (F)
64

F. Bill conoid; if compressed the tip slightly hooked, and if
slender with a notch on upper cutting edge near tip, or the
tip acute ......... «ea()
F. Bill slender; if deep the ‘pulen much curved, ‘and? if ap-
proaching conoid the corners of the mouth not turned

downward . tie hail ae dibs ceca ech A Sek aha Senne oe .(G)
G. Tertials nearly as lotie® as priniaries.. Thee aeder ts | Motacillida,
G. Tertials not nearly as long as primaries. 3 .Mniotiltide.
H. Rictal bristles obsolete; bill not notched ‘at ins ware eos Icteridz.
H. Rictal bristles present; bill notched at tip or nostrils feathered (I)
I. Corners of mouth turned abruptly downward..............Fringillide.
I. Corners of mouth not turned downward.................0- Tanagride.
J. Front of tarsus a single continuous plate except at extreme
Bas G tinea head cei a kd dee eae Dame ee MSS Win Rae Ta ewe (T)
J. Front of tarsus divided into foursided scales................(K)
K. Bill very strongly hooked, and toothed near tip............... Laniide.
K. Bill not hooked, or but slightly so... 1.6.0.0... . cece eee eee (L)
L. Tarsus not longer than middle toe with claw, bill short, de-
Pressed ai ess. Ga eae Gh Matas as Ampelide.
L. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw, or else bill elongated,
not depressed. ................. ee ee re en (M)
M. Tail feathers stiff and pointed at tips...................... Certhiide.
M. Tail feathers not stiff nor especially pointed....................... (N)
‘N. Nasal feathers erect, not covering the nostrils. ............(O)
N. Nasal feathers directed forward, usually covering the nostrils, .(R)
O. Hind toe longer than outer toe ............. 0.0.2 cee ee Troglodytide.
O. Hind toe not longer than outer toe. bene .(P)
P. Basal joint of middle toe joined to lateral ‘toes. _Vireonide (pt.)
P. Basal joint of middle toe mostly free from lateral toes....... (Q)
Q. Wing under 24 inches Sylviide (Polioptiline)—over 34 inches. .Mimide.
R. Hind toe longer than outer toe, its claw large........... ,Sittide
R. Hind toe not distinctly longer than outer toe...............(8)
S. Wing under 4 inches Paride—over 4 inches.................. Corvide.
T. Without rictal bristles; nostrils linear; tail very short. .Cinclide.
T. With distinct rictal bristles; nostrils oval; tailnormal........(U)
U. Wing under 3 inches Sylviide (Sylviine, Reguline)—over 3 inches
SAM ene sey a Releee c4 St oe EE al yee eae ents bauer cacenee Turdide

Famity TYRANNID#—Ftiycarcuers
1. Tail very long, over 7 inches, forked for } its length; ashy, with

Starlet: SIGES., ss555 Aes wen game ease ea os Scissor-tailed Flycatcher.
1. Tail shorter, under 5 inches, only slightly forked, or square.......... (2)
2. Larger, wing 3} to S5incheslong.................... aie ahastsa (3)
2. Smaller, wing 3} or less, down to 24............ 0.0.00 cece ee (12)

3. Crown with a concealed orange patch (4)—without a bright colored
65

4, Under parts whitish, without yellow; upper parts black; tail

white-tipped .s<iviw cece ke ties thee bales boas Kingbird.
4, Under parts yellow except ashy throat and breast; above ashy;
tail not white tipped. . Eg fis Gop Saag eRe h OES e (5)

5. Tail slightly forked, its outer feathes eh aative outer web and half
of the quill whitish; head, neck, and breast light ashy, that on
breast lighter than that on back, the chin and throat pale ashy;
wings blackish narrowly edged with paler, the tip of outer pri-
maries narrowed gradually for some distance. .. . Arkansas Kingbird.
5. Tail rounded, its outer feather with quill brown and only outer edge
of outer web whitish; head, neck, and breast dark ashy, breast
as dark as back, chin abruptly whitish; wings brownish, broadly
edged with paler, the tips of outer primaries narrowed abruptly
near the end... .. .Cassin Kingbird.
6. Under parts alk thront anal breast ashy ghanging to sulphur
yellow on belly and under tail-coverts; wings and tail con-

spicuously marked with chestnut... © ...............000. (7)
6. Under parts not as above, without decided yellow; no chestnut
on wings or tail....... ... (8)

7. Throat and chest dark ashy, abruptly: changing +46 “prio gellow:
above olivaceous brown; edgings on secondaries and coverts gray-
ish, the chestnut on insier web of tail feathers extensive, the fus-
cous stripe very narrow and not widening at tip..............

Mas .Great-crested Flycatcher.
7. Throat qa neat 3 very i aaler ashy: fomer almast white, changing
gradually to pale yellow; above grayish brown; edgings on sec-
ondaries and coverts yellowish, the chestnut on tne web of tail
feathers narrower, the fuscous stripe wider and broadening at tip

across the feather. ..... So teahs .. Ash-throated Flycatcher.

8. Bill narrow and entirely bledls; wing 25 dimes as long as tarsus. .(9)
8. Bill broad,lower mandible more or less pale; wing 6 times as

long as tarsus... . Heeeeeseuee es CO)

9. Belly whitish; elsewhere glive-erey, hie quill ducky, Sips Ga etetv ak oe Phebe.
9. Belly cinnamon brown; elsewhere brownish gray, the tail black....

En ag in se Seteals se staid ends MEARE GEOR So a hea SO eS RSH HE . Say Phebe.

10. Wing 31 to 4,8,, averaging 4 inches; above dark oliva-
ceous, throat whitish, breast and sides dull grayish, middle
of belly abruptly ani white in a lengthwise streak .
; . . Olive-sided Riveatcher.
10. Wing 3} “7 ay i iadhies) “pally without a defined yellowish

white streak. ss Saat .(11)
11. Upper parts lighter, more olivaceous, belly : more , whitish, breast less
olive gray; lower mandible yellowish................. Wood Pewee.

11. Upper parts darker, more fuscous; belly more clouded, breast much
more olive gray, generally solidly of ‘1at color; lower mandible
HPOWNIshve stages eetiss sSeebehis wees Bede S eS Western Wood Pewee.
12. Under parts sulphur yellow, that n throat, breast, and sides
66

tinged with olive green; above dull olivaceous, not vee

with brown; lower mandible pale. . ‘ F . (18)
12. Under pats: dull whitish, somewhat finged aeiile yellow on
belly but never on throat... 0.0... eee ee eee (14)

13. Under wing-coverts pale yellowish, wing-bands yellowish white;
coloration purer and brighter, above more greenish olive, below
purer yellow, the breast shaded with olive; tail longer, gener -
ally over 24 inches. See : . Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.

13. Under wing-coverts pale buffy, deeper on n edge of wing; wing-bands
buffy gray; coloration duller and more clouded, above more gray-
ish olive, below pale dull yellow faintly clouded with dull grayish
brown on the breast; tail shorter, generally under 24 inches....
ya GA ice hg aa ok ge aed ane, ba een Sela Joti ada Western Flycatcher.
14. Bill moderately wide, at nostrils over $ the length.......... (15)
14. Bill very narrow, at nostrils less than 4 as wide aslong....... (18)

15. Above uniform olive greenish not tinged with brown; wing-bars and
eye-ring tawny; below white with breast grayish, and together
with sides, washed with sulphur yellow; lower mandible whitish
PBR myReeip an Select Ee (ba 5 gitnu omen we dey ei Bete wees Acadian Flycatcher.

15. Above olivaceous tinged with brown; wing-bars and eye-ring buffy
whitish; below white, breast grayish, and, together with sides,
very slightly yellowish; lower mandible darker................ (16)
16. Smaller, wing 2% or less long; tail slightly forked; upper

parts more grayish, rather ashy; wing-bars Groudes: dull

white; eye-ring grayish white; under mandible dusky....

Bed Ghtsidins a8 stv Rea cutss acer PALS a BWA gos y vices tennay ascie eel a oan Least Flycatcher.
16. Larger, wing over 23, up to 23 long; tail even or rounded;

upper parts more brownish; wing-bars narrower, tinged with

gray or buffy; eye-ring buffy white; under mandible paler. .(17)

17. Above duller, more fuscous, breast more ashy and lower parts less
yellowish; wing-bars duller, less conspicuous, more grayish white;
bill longer and very slightly narrower, tarsus longer. Traill Flycatcher.

17. Above clearer, more olivaceous, lower parts more yellowish; wing-
bars more olivaceous white; bill and tarsi shorter... Alder Flycatcher.
18. Outer web of outer tail feather not paler than inner; more

. olivaceous, throat grayish, eye-ring and wing-bars soiled
whitish, below more yellowish; lower mandible brown.....
se afi toast glove tio aes nest at avn Slag Tatoos acon ete Hammond Flycatcher.
18. Outer web of outer tail feather abruptly paler than inner, dull
whitish; duller and grayer, throat, eye-ring and wing-bars
whitish, lower parts hardly yellowish; lower mandible
brown at tip only.... Sua .. Wright Flycatcher.

443. Muscivora forficata (Gmelin)—Sctssor-TaILED FLYCATCHER.
Accidental. The only known instance of the occurrence of this
bird in Nebraska is a single specimen seen south of Lincoln in the fall
of 1872 by Bruner. There is no doubt as to the correct identification
444.

447.

452.

456.

457.

459.

461.

462.

67

of the species, as the view was very good and the bird known by the
observer. ,

*Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus)—KINGBIRD.

Abundant over entire state in summer, arriving the last few days
in April or in early May, breeding from middle May through June,
and departing the second week in September. Breeds throughout
the state.

*Tyrannus verticalis Say—ARKANSAS KINGBIRD.

Presemt over entire state; an abundant breeder westward in the
semi-arid districts, east to about the 100th meridian, and in the
Niobrara valley to its mouth; eastwardly rare, occurring only as a
migrant. Sioux, Cheyenne, and Dundy counties, east to Niobrara,
Valentine, Broken Bow, Holdrege, ete.—breeding. Migrant at
Omaha, Lincoln, Ashland, Fremont, West Point, Neligh, etc.

*Myiarchus crinitus (Linnaeus)—GREAT-CRESTED FLYCATCHER.

A common summer resident and breeder along the Missouri and
in the larger timber of its principal tributaries in eastern, and’ especi-
ally southeastern, Nebraska. Richardson county, Brownville,
Omaha, Peru, up the Blue to Beatrice, Milford, along Salt creek to
Lincoln, up the Elkhorn to West Point—breeding. Arrives first
week in May, breeds in June, departs early in September.

*Sayornis phoebe (Latham)—Pu@BE.

More eastern portions of state; abundant summer resident and
breeder. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, Neligh, Long
Pine, Cherry county—breeding. Arrives about third week in March,
breeds from middle April to middle July, departs early in September.

*Sayornis saya (Bonaparte)—Say PHa@se.

Like the Arkansas Kingbird this species is practically confined to
the semi-arid portions of the state, but even more decidedly so.
Very common summer resident and breeder, Sioux and Dundy coun-
ties, east to Chadron, Valentine, and Rock, Custer, Dawson, and Buffalo
counties. Migrant in Holt county and once at Lincoln. Extending
slowly eastward.

Nuttallornis borealis (Swainson)—OLIVE-sIDED FLYCATCHER.
Rather rare migrant over the state, breeding north of Nebraska.
Sioux county, West Point, Lincoln, Gresham. Passes first week in
May and late in September.

*Contopus virens (Linnaeus) Woop PEwEE.

Eastern edge of state, common summer resident and breeder,
arriving second week in May, breeding in June, and departing late
in August. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, Beatrice, Weeping Water, Ne-
braska City, Dakota City, ete.

Contopus richardsonii (Swainson)—WeEsTERN Woop Prewes.
Common summer resident in Sioux County, east, but not common,
463.

465.

466.

467.

68

to Dismal river, Thomas county. Aughey reports it also from Sid-
ney and the Wood river, the latter probably in Custer or Dawson
counties. Very likely breeds in the state.

Empidonax flaviventris Baird—YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.
Aughey states that this flycatcheris present sparingly in eastern
Nebraska and that he has known it to breed along the Missouri, but
he does not give his evidence, and the latter statement is probably
a mistake. He shot one near Dakota City in July, 1870. It has
been noted once at both Lincoln and West Point as a migrant by
Bruner. It is, however, quite rare.

\

*Empidonax virescens (Vieillot)—Acapran FLYCATCHER.

Whole of state, breeding commonly along the Missouri, less com-
monly along the lower Platte and the Elkhorn. Omaha, West Point,
Sioux county. Arrives second week in May, breeds in June, departs
early in September.

*Empidonax traillii (Audubon)—Traiut FLycaTcHeEr.
Entire state, common, arrives first week in May or a day or so pre-
viously, breeds in June, and departs early in September. Omaha,

Peru, Nebraska City, Lincoln, Neligh, Sioux county.

*Empidonax minimus Baird—lLzEast FLYcaTCHER.

Eastern Nebraska rather rare; breeding along the Missouri river.
Omaha, Dakota City—breeding. Migrant at Lincoln, West Point,
and Neligh. Dates same as preceding.

EXTRALIMITAL: 448. T. vocijerans Swainson, the Cassin King-
bird, isa common summer resident in Colorado down to the foothills
and is present, though uncommon, at Cheyenne, Wyo. It may straggle
to western Nebraska during migration. 454. M. cinerascens (Law-
rence), the Ash-throated Flycatcher, has been taken at Cheyenne,
Wyo. 464. E. difficilis Baird, the Western Flycatcher, represents the
Yellow-bellied in the western United States. It is common in sum-
mer in Colorado, occurs in eastern Wyoming,and may reach western
Nebraska during migrations. 466a. H.t. alnorum Brewster, the Alder
Flycatcher, is a scarcely distinct form occurring in eastern United
States west to Michigan, but specimens from Sioux county, in ex-
treme northwest Nebraska, have been identified at Washington as
alnorum. Owing to the extreme distance from the limits of its ac-
cepted range it is not included as a Nebraska bird. Two small
western Empidonaces, 468. E. hammondi (Xantus), the Hammond
Flycatcher, and 496. E. wrightit Baird, the Wright Flycatcher,
especially the latter species, are apt to straggle into western Nebraska
during migrations. Both occur in Colorado and Wyoming, wrightii
abundantly and even to Cheyenne.

Famity ALAUDIDA—Larxs

1. Larger, wing 44 to 42, averaging 43 inches, upper parts darker,

more rufescent and less pinkish.............0 0.0.0. ..0c00 eeu (2)
69

1. Smaller, wing 4 to 43, averaging 4! inches; upper as paler,

more grayish and pinkish......... . (3)
2. Throat, forehead, and line over eye “deep “yellow: 4hie color
often suffusing rest of crown, occiput and auriculars.Horned Lark.
2. Throat pale yellow at least centrally, forehead, line over eye,
and rest of pale areas on head white.........Hoyt Horned Lark.

3. Throat yellowish white, the line over eye usually yellowish; upper

parts paler, more sandy brown than blackish; nape, upper tail-
coverts, and bend of wing more pinkish....... Desert Horned Lark.

3. Throat pale yellow, the line over eye usually all white; upper parts

darker, more blackish than brown; nape, upper tail-coverts and
bend of wing less pinkish...................Prairie Horned Lark.

474. Otocoris alpestris (Linnaeus) —Hornep Lark.

474b.

474c.

474k.

The typical form, breeding from Labrador to Hudson bay, in win-
ter descends chiefly along the Atlantic coast, but occasionally in the
Mississippi valley also to Illinois. A single specimen, taken at Lin-
coln by a student in the taxidermy class (full data unfortunately lost)
has been identified by Oberholser ‘as typical alpestris. This record
extends the known winter range of this species considerably westward.

*Otocoris alpestris praticola Henshaw—Prairig Hornep Lark.
Eastern and especially southeastern Nebraska; common resident;
in summer rare west of the 97th meridian, in winter straggling west-
ward half way across the state. Breeds from late March to well into
July. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point—breeding.

*Otocoris alpestris leucolema (Coues)—Desrert Hornep Lark.

Greater portion of state especially westward; an abundant
resident, breeding east to at least the 99th meridian and northward
even farther, in winter over whole state but uncommon eastward.
Sioux, Cheyenne, Dundy, and Cherry counties, to Niobrara, Neligh,
etc.—breeding. Under this name are included those specimens re-
ferable to Oberholser’s form enthymia which he has identified from
specimens taken at Valentine and Harrison.

Otocoris alpestris hoyti Bishop—Hoytr Hornep Lark.

Regular winter visitant, occurring over the entire state, never so
common as the two preceding forms and appearing usually in Febru-
ary. Breeds far north, from Hudson bay to the Mackenzie river and
south to Lake Athabasca. Oberholser has identified it from Pap-
illion, Platte Center, and Lincoln. It is here that most, if not all,
of the previous Nébraska records of the typical alpestris and of the
large so-called ‘Jeucolema’ (=arcticola) belong. Omaha, West
Point, Covington.

Famity CORVIDZ—Jays, Crows, Macriss, Etc.

1. Color wholly black'(2)—mostly blue (5)—neither wholly black nor

MIOSHLY DIVE a oz. cnc o wicnarenae Peta ie uhh anwar k wae Boe Bakes wh icc et (9)
70

2. Throat feathers oval, blended; bill under 2 inches, wing 12 to

I4Anches, oocc0s nies ceases ars dvee i eee ee ea ee eae Crow.
2. Throat feathers narrow, pointed, separated; bill over 2, wing
OVER 13 Inches: acs a4 si cece See TE EN eR BS (3)

3. Wing 13 to 14 inches long; hind neck with feathers white at base. .
. White-necked Raven.

3. Wing 16 to 18 dadhes Jeng< ifad week feathers without white........ (4)
4. Larger, bill 23 to 3}, averaging about 3 inches, over 1 inch
deep at nostrils: ¢ 4% 6s curaweaeianeede ds eu Northern Raven.
4. Smaller, bill 22 to 3, averaging 2 inches, under 1 inch
deep at nostrils... 0... eee «American Raven.
5. Head crested (6)—not crested... 2... 0... eee ce ene (8)
6. Crest purplish blue, throat white with a black collar and front-
let; wings and tail blue. . io des egestas RAO Sahn Blue Jay.
6. Crest, head, neck, and upper chest and back blackish or brown-
ish; rump, belly, wings, and tail dark blue................ (7)

7. White spot over eye smaller, streaks on forehead light blue, (both
sometimes So greater wing-coverts not barred........

; Ae : . Black-headed Jay. -

7. White "apots over Bye sonepicnois, strealal on Pordtiead bluish white
or pure white (never See greater wing-coverts barred

with black. .... ..Long-crested Jay.
8. Wholly dull bluse, hinielibar’ on head “duller ¢ on belly, throat
white-streaked «. as cai ens eae hbo ea soda ee ws Pinion Jay.

8. Below gray, under tail-coverts blue, with streaks on breast
and tinge of belly same color; back grayish blue with crown,
nape, wings, and tail pure blue................ Woodhouse Jay.

9. Black; shoulders, lower back, under parts, and wing tips white; tail
9 to 12 inches. : . Magpie.
9. Gray; wings black, “tail white with middle feathers “Hlepkes ‘tail 5
inches..... Se Clarke Nutcracker.
9. Gray; head mostly latte, lower parts nalny: ‘iil: narrowly white tipped. (10)

10. Occiput and hind crown blackish, this reaching to (often en-
circling) the eye; in young crown colored as back... .Canada Jay.

10. Occiput only plumbeous gray, this not reaching to eye; young
with crown white tinged with grayish brown..............
dod aby Be hips Gaawea Ah eed Aine stu oh Gras Gree eed Rocky Mountain Jay.

475. *Pica pica hudsonica (Sabine)—Macprig.

Resident. Formerly present over entire state (Norfolk, West
Point, Beatrice, Plattsmouth, Dixon county), now restricted to west-
ern and especially northwestern portion of state, where it is still com-
mon; breeding in Sioux and Dawes counties, in winter east to Long
Pine and Badger in the Niobrara valley.

477. *Cyanocitta cristata (Linnaeus)—Buun Jay.
Entire state, resident, abundant eastward, uncommon westward.
Though present in winter, the majority retire farther south at that
71

season, returning about middle April, breeding in May, and leaving
again in late October. Spreading westward rapidly.

478c. Cyanocitta stelleri annectens (Baird) —BLACK-HEADED Jay.

One record for the state, « bird seen in Sioux county on the tim-
ber reserve west of Fort Robinson in April, 1891, by Bruner. This
bird is common in eastern Wyoming. The Long-crested Jay, 478b.
C. s. diademata (Bonaparte), is the Colorado form, occurring also in
southern Wyoming and might occur in winter in southwestern Ne-
braska.

[480. Aphelocoma woodhouseii (Baird)—Woopuouss Jay. This was re-
corded in Bruner’s list as a common ‘‘transient visitor’? at North
Platte by M. K. Barnum, but it was confused with the Pifion Jay.
The Woodhouse Jay, however, is a common resident in Colorado,
and has been taken from October to April at Fort Lyon, so may
oceasionally reach the state.]

484. Perisoreus canadensis (Linnaeus)—Canapba Jay.

Very rare winter visitor. The only record is the one by Bruner,
who saw a specimen of this bird at West Point either the last few days
in February or in early March, 1886. There is no question as to iden-
tification as the bird was approached to within a few feet.

484a. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis Ridgway—Rocxy Mountain Jay.
Probably a regular winter visitant to northwest Nebraska. Bruner
has noted it three times—near Belmont in the spring of 1889, at the
timber reservation west of Ft. Robinson in April, 1891, and at the
head of Monroe canyon in February, 1896.

486. Corvus corax sinuatus (Wagler) AMERICAN RaveEN.

Formerly frequent, now very rare if not extinct in the state. Aughey
says it ‘‘was formerly frequently seen in Nebraska, especially in its
northern part; latterly (1877) seldom met with.” He examined a
single one in June, 1865. Bruner has noted it in Brown county and
near Sidney. L. Skow reports it from Omaha. Whether any of
these records pertain to the eastern form (468a. C.c. principalis Ridg-
way) can not now be determined beyond doubt, but it is not probable
thaf they do.

487. Corvus cryptoleucus Couch—WHiITE-NECKED Raven.

Aughey states that he saw this raven but once in Nebraska, on the
Republican river near the west line of the state in April, 1877. Bruner
noted it once near Sidney. Now probably extinct within our bor-
ders.

488. *Corvus brachyrhynchos C. L. Beehm—Crow.

Resident over the whole state, abundant eastward, becoming rare
westward, but steadily spreading in that direction. Rare west of
98th meridian, but reaching regularly up the Niobrara to Long Pine;
only once seen at Crawford till Aug., 1903, when Bruner observed
72

a flock of about a dozen twelve miles west, at Glen. Breeds from
early April to late in June.

491. Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson) CLARKE NUTCRACKER.
Northwestern Nebraska; occasionally seen in summer on Pine
ridge where it may breed. In fall and winter spreading south and
east to Sidney, Kearney, North Platte, and even to Omaha.

492. *Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus (Wied)—Pinion Jay.

Common resident, spending the summer and occasionally breeding
along Pine Ridge in Sioux, Dawes, and Sheridan counties; in winter
wandering in flocks eastward to Cherry county, Long Pine, North
Platte, Fullerton, etc.

Famity ICTERIDA—Buacxkpirps, ORIOLES, AND MEADOWLARKS

1. Body deep black with conspicuously contrasting, sharply defined, un-
broken patches of bright yellow, scarlet, white, or chestnut some-
where, and without streaks...... s€2)

1. Body entirely deep black, brownish, or platy: gravish, ‘“nustrexted
and without an unbroken patch of bright color anywhere, though
sometimes varied with broken rusty or yellowish which is never

sharply defined... (a). 2: Sages ess ae-hlcu Ws dec BN ae eee Soe wee (7)
1. Body above brownish or dusky streaked, below lighter with conspicu-
ous streaks on the sides... 1.2.0... eee ee (11)

1. Body olivaceous above and du! yellow or orange below, unstreaked. . (15)
2. Belly deep black; marsh birds (3)—uniform chestnut or
orange; arboreal birds. ... 2.0 2... cee eee eee eee een (5)
3. Black; rump, and shoulders white, back neck buffy white; tail feath-
ers acute at tip..... : aie . Bobolink, male.
3. Black; head, and breast wvellaar except some iv blael around bill; a ahah
wing-patch. . . Yellow-headed Blackbird, male.
3. Black; shoulders eoaplet bordered by buffy Sa rarec esi eee aye Uae eens (4)
4. Smaller, with a longer, slenderer bill; wing about 43, depth
of bill at base about 4 inch; middle wing-coverts paler buff
IN: WINTER: csi eitnioe mame noes e548 Red-winged Blackbird, male.
4. Larger, with a shorter, thicker bill; wing about 5 inches, depth
of bill at base decidedly over 4 inch; middle wing-coverts
deeper buff in winter................ Northern Redwing, male.
5. Black; with breast, belly, lower.back, and rump chestnut..........
oaren . Orchard Oriole, male.
5. Black; Hl ‘hreast, helly, lower bacle, and nant with most of tail
orange...... ...(6)
6. Head entaely hacks, Suter tail feather » orange with 4 some
black at base and greater wing-coverts black broadly edged
with white. . atid eer ..Baltimore Oriole, male.
6. Head black wath gheeles nae line over ayes” yellow, outer tail
feathers with the black near the tip, and a large wholly white
patch on greater wing-coverts............Bullock Oriole, male.
7. Tail rounded, the outer feathers about an inch shorter than inner
73

ones; male black with head metallic bluish purple, back metallic
bronze, wings and tail metallic purplish black; female similar
but duller, and less metallic; iris white............ Bronzed Grackle.
7. Tail square, the outer feathers almost or quite as long as inner ones. . . (8)
8. Brownish above and below with a yellowish throat and breast.
ay . Yellow-headed Blackbird, female.
8. Bleck, ‘benweniali. or dats without any yellowish anywhere... .(9)
9. Bill short and thick, its depth over half its length, plumage never
rusty; male entirely glossy blue-black with brown head and neck;
female entirely brownish gray... ............-.0.00--000- Cowbird.
9. Bill long and slender, its depth about half its length or less, plumage
often with rusty
10. Male black with a faint green gloss, and a faint blue gloss on
head, in winter upper parts conspicuously varied with rusty ;
female entirely dull slate, varied with rusty in winter.
Shh GRA ah A LER ee la 2 GaN Viel Hii og Bia Rusty Blackbird,
10. Male black with a,deep green gloss, head and neck with a
beautiful violet iridescence, in winter faintly varied with -
grayish brown; female brownish gray without any rusty
even in winter. dpa .Brewer Blackbird.
11. Under parts mostly prighe yellow, with, a  Conspiowous black cres-
cent on throat. ww( 12)
11. Under parts pale y jellgsatye or + butte phot a , blaek heat eroseenty (13)
12. Yellow of throat confined to space between the maxille;
upper parts dark brown with conspicuous black stripes; mid-
dle tail feathers with more or less confluent black bars not
reaching to edge of feather. ...... 3 . Meadowlark.
Yellow of throat spreading on ghewke: upper : parte pale gray,
more barred than striped; middle tail feathers with broken
bars crossing entire feather.... .... . Western Meadowlark.
13. Back buffy olive, streaked with black, shale sander parts yellowish
or buffy; tail feathers stiff and pointed...........Bobolink, female.
13. Back dusky, streaked with rusty and buffy, under parts dull white
streaked with black, sometimes a buffy or pinkish tinge on throat;
tail feathers blunt and soft

14. Smaller, with a longer, slenderer bill, wing under 4 inches,

depth of bill at base about 2 inch; chin and throat seldom

pinkish, and then less deeply or extensively so..........
-Red-winged Blackbird, female.

14. Darecs, sith a , shorter, eHieker’ pill, wing over 4 inches, depth

of bill at base decidedly over 2 indie: chin and throat gener-
ally pinkish, this color deeper and more extensive

12.

asi aag Haha: ROE eats pai asciie tier EE aay Northern Redwing, female.
15. Tail and its upper coverts olive greenish tinged slightly with vel-

lowish; female with throat dull yellow, young male with throat

black. .Orchard Oriole, female and immature male.
15. Tail and ta upper sayerts dull yellow
494.

495.

497.

498.

74

16. Crown olive-gray without blackish spots, or sides of head dull
orange with astripe over the eye of the same color; upper
parts palerand grayer . Bullock Oriole,female and immature male.

16. Crown streaked or spotted with black, sometimes wholly
black, or sides of head dusky and no Sinipe over eye; upper
parts pple more Olivaceous. .. 1... lie eee

-Baltimore Oriole, female and immature male.

*Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus)—-BoBoLINK.

Present and breeding in suitable localities over the state, locally
abundant, especially in the sand-hill lake region. Arrives first week
in May, breeds from late May to middle June, departs in middle Sep-
tember. Cherry and Holt counties, North Platte—abundant breed-
er. Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, Gresham, Scribner, Norfolk, York,
Neligh—occasional breeder.

*Molothrus ater (Boddert)—CowBirp.
Entire state, abundant; arriving about the third week in March.
or a little earlier, breeding (parasitically) throughout the season,
remaining commonly until late October or early November.

*Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte) —YELLOW-HEADED
BLACKBIRD.

Whole of the state, abundant migrant and (locally) summer resi-
dent and breeder, especially in the lakes of the sand-hill region,
Omaha, Lincoln, Peru, West Point, Neligh, York, and west to Dundy
county—occasional to common breeder. Arrives second week in
Aprid, breeds in May, departs in late October.

*Agelaius phceniceus (Linnaeus)—REep-wincep BLACKBIRD.
A common to abundant summer resident and breeder over entire
state in the vicinity of marshy ground. Arrives first or second week
.in March, breeds from middle May to middle July, departs in early
November, a few remaining all winter.

498d. Agelaius phoeniceus fortis Ridgway—NortTHERN Repwina.

Common migrant. The type of this new form was taken at Omaha,
March 9, from migrating individuals, the breeding range being the
far northern ‘‘interior districts of British America.” In migrations
it extends over the whole region from the Rockies to the Mississippi.

501. Sturnella magna (Linnaeus) MEADOWLARK.

Although nearly all our meadowlarks belong to the following species,
there is yet an occasional occurrence of typical magna or specimens
nearer magna than neglecta in extreme eastern Nebraska. Such
specimens have been noted several times at Omaha, and on March 18,
1903, a bird evidently magna by both appearance and song was care-
fully observed by both Wolcott and Swenk near the lake west of Lin-
coln. It is, however, rare, and its breeding doubtful.
15

501b. *Sturnella magna neglecta (Audubon)—-WEsTERN MEADOWLARK.

506.

507.

508.

509.

510.

Abundant throughout the state, arriving the first week in March,
breeding from the latter part of April to the middle of July, the major-
ity departing south of the state late in October, but a considerable
number remaining in flocks through the winter. The meadowlarks
from the lake region of Cherry county, differ from both the two forms
here referred to in certain ways, but the sending of specimens east
has so far failed to satisfactorily settle their relationship.

*Icterus spurius (Linnaeus)—OrcHarp ORIOLE.

Eastern Nebraska, common summer resident and breeder west to
100th meridian or a little farther. Arrives first of May, breeds in
June, leaves second week in September. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln,
West Point, Neligh, Niobrara valley, Cherry county, North Platte.

*Icterus galbula (Linnaeus) BALTIMORE ORIOLE.
Eastern Nebraska, west about as far as preceding, apparently com-
moner than spurius, its dates practically the same. Omaha, Lincoln
West Point, Neligh, Niobrara valley to Valentine, North Platte.

*Icterus bullocki (Swainson)—-BULLOcK ORIOLE.

Western Nebraska, east to about western limit of galbula which it
replaces westward. It is a common breeder in Sioux, Dawes, and
Scott’s Bluff counties, nesting mostly in cottonwoods. Also Dundy
county to McCook and Cherry county to Long Pine, Carns—breeding.
Once taken migrating at West Point.

Euphagus carolinus (Mueller)—Rusty BuackBirp.

Common migrant and occasional winter resident over about the
eastern half of the state, appearing in early October and remaining
well into April. Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, Neligh, Long
Pine, Cherry County, etc.

*Euphagus cyanocephalus (Wagler)—-BrewerR BLACKBIRD.

Common summer resident and breeder in Sioux county, in migra-
tions over entire state. Cherry and Holt counties, Neligh, West
Point, York, Lincoln, Omaha—migratory, passing in October and
latter part of March and in Aprl.

511b. *Quiscalus quiscula zneus (Ridgway) -Bronzep GRACKLE.

Abundant summer resident and breeder over entire state, not so
common westward: arriving the third week in March, breeding dur-
ing May, departing in large flocks in late October and early No-
vember. A very few winter along the southern border of state. To
this form belong all Nebraska records of the ‘‘Purple’’ Grackle, the
eastern form, which is accidental west of the Alleghanies.

Famity FRINGILLIDA—Fincues, Sparrows, AND GROSBEAKS

1. Bill very large, almost as deep at base as tarsus is long; male yellow

1. Bill much shallower, its depth at base decidedly less than length of
76

tarsus; nostrils more or less concealed by one or two tufts of ‘for-

wardly directed plumules; winter birds....................00- (3)
1. Bill also shallower, but nostrils exposed, or at least without distinct
tufts of plumules; mostly summer birds..................005 (23)

2. Bill shorter and stouter, the culmen generally under 4 inch;
male with yellow stripe on forehead broader, generally over
4inch; female grayer below................ Evening Grosbeak.

2. Bill longer and narrower; culmen generally over 4 inch;
male with the forehead stripe generally under £ inch, fe- ,

male more buffy below............. Western Evening Grosbeak.
3 Tips of bill distinctly crossed (4)—not crossed. : . (6)
4. Wings black with two distinct white bara, "“White-winged ( ‘Grovebill,
4. Wings dusky, not barred..............- 05 cece cece ee eee es (5)

5. Smaller, wing of male about 34 inches and culmen under 3 inch, colors
duller, ~ F sitesi .Red Crossbill.

5. Larger, wing of cals aaa 33 juste ‘anil -gultaeh over ra sah colors
brighter....... per . Mexican Crossbill.

6. Bill very short ‘and thick, the eulaaen saradh eurved: size very
large, the tail over 34 inches long. . ; oat £)

6. Bill conical, the culmen but slightly ued size vgrmaller, hie
tail less than 34 inches long..............00 0000s e enue (8)

7. Bill shorter and thicker; the culmen in male about #2 inch, and
dusky centers to back feathers more pronounced, the breast and
sides more uniformly and extensively red............Pine Grosbeak.

7. Bill longer and narrower; culmen in male somewhat over 2 inch,
the dusky centers to back feathers nearly obsolete, the under
parts less extensively red, more or less broken even on the breast
iA heel og ues een ek wa meekh nes yoRiae W253 Mountain Pine Grosbeak.
8. Crown from eye backward pure ash gray; general color chest-

Hut and TOsys 9 2 vyctan teed ehwes es whee dere eas (9)
8. Crown not ash gray. . si Ha Bactideane sy aul O)

9. Gray of crown not sprenditig 61 on sides of head below & eyes.
se ih a ats tty wctetanche fin he DEN Seales Sti 5 _ Gray-crowned Tewcosticte:

9. Gray of crown ee over more or less of sides of head below eyes

% . Hepburn Leucosticte.
10. Top ‘of ‘head some sahade ‘a red either wholly or in part (11)—

without any Teds.) 2.06<008 peas Saedye Kees dew wl (16)
11. Chin blackish (12)—not blackish. . ‘ alee ai tae VA) =
12. Under tail-coverts and sain anstiesiiced: ‘pack feathers bor-
dered with hoary........ 0.0... .....0......04. Hoary Redpoll.
12. Under tail-coverts and rump streaked; back feathers bor-
dered with brownish....... 0.0.0... 00.000 0c ccc eee eee (13)

13. Larger (wing about 3} long) with heavier bill (depth at base over }
inch); back darker and sides more heavily streaked .Greater Redpoll.

13. Smaller (wing 2} to 3long) with slenderer bill (under 4 inch); back
paler, sides less streaked... 2.2. 0.0.0 eee Redpoll.
14. Whole crown red; wing feathers edged with reddish. ........ (15)
15.

15.

17.

17.

19.
19.

21.

23.

23.

25.

25

27.

29.

77

14. Only forehead and superciliary stripe red} wing feathers

edged with grayish............. .........House Finch, male.

Crimson of crown deeper than rest of body; under tail-coverts
streaked. . qantas BALAN eh te Sal .Cassin Purple Finch, male.

Purple of crown same shade as rest of biedly: under tail-coverts un-
Streake dis dno scare dae eat ocewan nnn Sein Rohe ed oe ano Purple Finch, male.
16. Back not streaked (17)—back streaked...................(19)

Back vellow or brown; male yellow with black crown and wings,
female brownish above, white below..........................-(18)

Back olive-green ; esis ne with a white eas spot; male with
crown black . ee percha . Arkansas Goldfinch.

18. Larger oftnns 3 Snolean, tail 2); paler, more extended white
markings...... sie . Western Goldfinch.

18. Smaller (less Han ghavels darker, more “ pestefeted white
MAPFKINGB i clad AREAS aad eta daane Mee ends Goldfinch.
Not streaked below; white marked with brown and black. Snow Bunting.
Stréakéd DelOW. occ se sncerccwte gine sowa ye eeenan eee we eeucken (20)

‘20. Yellow bars on baa and tail; very streaky; wing under
3 inches......... seteeeseeee ss... Pine Siskin.
20. No vellow bars; wing over 3 tule Se Wine ladd adn marke amaheeiee yay (21)
Tail not ngtehed—tetae Finch, female—tail deeply notched....... (22)
22. Under tail-coverts streaked........ Cassin Purple Finch, female.
22. Under tail-coverts unstreaked... .......Purple Finch, female.
Head conspicuously crested; male red, female gray and red... .Cardinal.
Head: not-cresteds sess ads eee Gee Re E SE OER Ss Ge ee ees (24)

24, Front claws small, little curved; hind claw straight, longer
TAM) LORS, sia cate a bat ots hate Cie eae ca be ena tcan neon Se RA (25)

24. Front claws larger, curved; hind claw curved, either shorter”

than toe or very stout........... 0.0.00 cee eee (29)

Tail white except two middle feathers and a broad dusky tip; bill
stout. . ere sae .McCown Longspur.

Tail with outer Jeathors ‘owhly white without danke tip, inner ones
mostly dark; bill rather-slenderer........................... (26)

26. Four outer tail feathers with much white at base..........
.Chestnut-collared oe
26. Outer tail Feaititions dual: at base, nly two with white. . we(22)

. Under parts buffy ; second outer tail feather mostly white........

PA RGR PAR ORG ara eS BG tae aa eels eee onan gy Painted Longspur.

Under parts white; second outer tail feather with little white. ...... (28)
28. Darker and browner; back more heavily streaked, with the
dark centers of feathers broader than the light brown edgings

Bike Soha Ble eee CEOS CEMA EERO SR al Lapland Longspur.
28. Tighter and more buffy; back less heavily streaked,with dark
centers of feathers narrower thanthe pale grayish buffy edg-

MIN Se sieeciae + Gish Sula k Cele Saath Boacutr cs gen bide oie Rela sane a Alaskan Longspur.

Upper parts not dark streaked; sometimes with white ones........ (30)
29.

31.

31,

33.
33.

35.

35.

37.

39.
39.

39.

41,

41.

43.

78

Upper parts decidedly, generally conspicuously, darker streaked,

never with white ones. .... 00... . ccc eee eee etna (52)
30. Outer tail feathers with a conspicuous amount of white (31)—
without White... .26s4c60 <n cde oe bee Ee Ae EEA RM ees (42)
Plain dark and white,without any bright red, brown or yellow; tail
UNO EF, SW CH OS csiovie wiieee jas 8 oh Geta OR ed Suede y Merete eae (32)
Some bright red, brown.or yellow in plumage; tail over 3 inches... . (39)
32. Three outer tail feathers white; generally two white wing-
bands: ow ncsecev age veer eas cours eRe ae ess White-winged Junco.
32. Third outer tail feather mostly dark; no wing-bands........ (33)
Sides gray like chest,with no pinkish tinge............:.........(84)
Sides pinkish, cinnamon or buffy. ............ 00000 e cece eee “. . (35)

34. Back with a triangular cinnamon rufous patch; head ashy. .
Siecle Wiartse ab ee Seer h ahaa Sion eet ah at aie Aten hay ay eae Gray-headed Junco.

34. Back plain slate or slightly brownish tinged; head slate....
Lah ee ees Su See MARRS aaa Se iy aati Slate-colored Junco.

Head, neck and upper chest sooty black; a squarish brownish back
patch.. aes ........... Shufeldt Junco, male.
Head, abel endl chest ever’ or ne jigs etn Glo Ro da diareueseshsiheeiN wamaaa a Sree (36)

36. Second outer tail feather nearly or entirely white; throat
and chest ashy. . a .Pink-sided Junco.

36. Second outer tail feather witli much deities reat and chest
SIAY. whet wshad ohana cee ee ree deuly Cubes Wa Meed BX (37)
Wing 3 inches or less long (38) —wing 3 to 3} long. .Montana Junco, male.
38. Throat and chest grayish slate....... Shufeldt Junco, female.
38. Same parts ash-gray or slaty-gray...... Montana Junco, female.

Plumage mostly black and white; under wing-coverts and _ breast
rose . 4 ae. oo .Rose-breasted Grosbeak, male.

‘Siamese: mastly ‘flack, sad bigs, ‘uader wing-coverts elon
breast tawny. . . Black-headed Grosbeak, male.

Under wing- sdaente ahiies pper “punts lanpel black; sides chestnut-

40. Head and back sy the latter streaked with white and

_ often with brownish edgings to feathers................... (41)
Outer web of primaries with white edging often forming a patch;
whole outer web of outer tail feather white, the white patch on
inner web generally over 1} inches long; hind claw moderate... .

hi aah eheietaty ceased wee Oe & LOO ES Arctic Towhee.
Outer web or primaries without distinct white edging, never forming
a patch; only outer edge of outer web of outer tail feather white,
the white patch on inner web generally under iis inches long; hind

claw large, stout . Silas an . Spurred Towhee.

42. Olive green ahave, whitieh blow. crown “speddich :

Ses Hina Rab mead ies His pla Sa Rees) ME mds Green-tailed Towhee.

42. Not olive green above, or if so, no reddish crown.. ........ (48)

Black, with a large white wing-spot...... ........ Lark Bunting, male
43.

45.

47.

49.
49.

51.

53.

55.

55.

57.

Not pure black and white... 00.0.0... 00. cece cee ee eee (44)
44. Throat distinctly streaked; above plain brown. Canyon Towhee.
44. Throat never streaked: male with much blue, female brown:

ish above, light below. ...........0.0 0.0. cee eee ee . (45)

. Larger, with wing over 3 inches long; conspicuous chestnut wing-

bands........ oa ns . Western Blue Grosbeak.
Smaller, wing under 3 taeliess. no a ébesennt wine-bonde ee ee (46)
46. Wing with two white wing-bars; male head and neck blue,
belly white; female brown above, white below. . Lazuli Bunting.
46. Wing without white bars.... 2.0.0.0... ce eee eee eee (47)
Wholly bright blue—Indigo Bunting, male—under parts not blue. . (48)
48. Throat red (49)—throat not red. . vege eee ee se . .(50)
Under parts vermillion, back green, ring can: "Painted Bunting, male.
Under parts purple, back red, rump blue........ Varied Bunting, male.
50. Under parts whitish (51)—under parts yellowish..........
.Painted Bunting, female.
Chest streaked —Indigo Bunting, feuisle—chext not streaked.
ey seaNbuse n.d eastecatay Soa RADA AGN DRAINS Acree ang Ee es . .Varied Bunting, fomals,
52. Outer pair of tail feathers decidedly shorter than. the

middle pair, making the tail plainly rounded............. (53)

52. Outer pair of tail feathers not decidedly shorter than
middle pair, making the tail even or double rounded....... (70)
Outer tail feathers with a broad white tip (54)—without white...... (55)

54. Upper parts darker, with the streaks comparatively broad,
the chestnut markings on head darker and more extensive
black streaking through and below eye........... Lark Sparrow.
54. Upper parts paler,with much narrower and sharper streaks,
the chestnut on head paler, and black more restricted....
(Geerheiswas VENOM pEREES Bet Shaw Western Lark Sparrow.
Tail feathers very narrow, the tips pointed and stiff; marsh spar-

LOWS) 5 vars ORY Saco eie ee ae onde laish Shay ands gale Mabe esac A hoe oon deem doa Eee uedy (56)
Tail feathers either broad or narrow, but tips bluntly rounded and
me MLOt (SULTS a hgh Haste aa tac ons cal engda-d ects pandas istuera ane e-ave eldest (59)
56. Crown with an indistinct bluish median stripe; back without
chestnut; feet dark..................0..0000.. Nelson Sparrow.
56. Crown with a distinct brownish or buffy median stripe; back
marked with chestnut; feet pale... .................... (57)

. Tail as long as wing; edge of wing white; nape bright rufous

streaked with black; i over eye bright a Seabees ea Dh
4 . Leconte Sparrow.

Tail shertes hans wing; ne ae wing “pale NE Hoe: nape pale
olive green streaked with black; stripe over eve olive........... (58)

58. Darker above, with chestnut of back darker and more ex-
tensive; under parts more buffy............. Henslow Sparrow.

58. Palerabove,with chestnut of back paler and more restricted ;
under parts whiter................ Western Henslow Sparrow.

Laboratory of Dimithology
1159 Sapsticker Woods Road
Cornell University

tthaea, New York 14860
59.

61.

61.

63.

63.

65.

65

67.

67.

69.

69.

71.

80

Some distinct vellow on head and bend of wing (60)—no yellow
BMY WHOLE 5c 33 eee cnaed a Sak ated pwn Raoul BH da Snes, RRA (63)

60. Bend of wing yellow, but none on head (61)—head with yel-

Back spotted and barred but not streaked with dusky; flanks
broadly streaked with rusty; tail feathers lightly barred with
disk ys oncoue ee oeeRee yee Chase to awes LEee EERE Cassin Sparrow.

Back indistinctly streaked with rusty on a gray background, these
streaks rarely with dusky centers; flanks not streaked and tail
feathers with no indication of bars............... Bachman Sparrow.
62. Front of median crown-stripe yellow; throat colored as chest

Sean pa eye een eeG EE  GAe F Golden-crowned Sparrow.
62. Upper lores yellow but none on median crown-stripe; a con-

spicuously contrasting, square,white throat-patch..........

Spc trate Mee aineR ata nea | coe Naar White-throated Sparrow.

Crown either without median stripe, or the stripe very broad and
pure white, bordered with black........... 0.0.0... c eee eee (64)

Crown rufous with a lighter but not white, narrow median stripe. . (66)
64., With a median stripe (65)—without a median stripe, often

SOM Dl ACK cases actaa: ad, ogden g BR Bly Bia tant ay? aYer org se Harris Sparrow.
Upper half of lores black or seat cutting the white superciliary
stripe. . 3 .........White-crowned Sparrow.
Upper half ae lovey scan: or ‘ashy, continuous with the supercil-
jary stripe. . anf .. Intermediate Sparrow.
‘66. Lower patie wah distinctly sirasked: crown and back largely
CHEStHUT coe dusatoacwedw at ckiw ate Rates Swamp Sparrow.
66. Lower parts conspicuously streaked...................... (67)

Breast finely marked with narrow sharp streaks not tending to form
a central spot and crossed by a broad cream buff band......
SAE E SEESSR YEE PER Rone eee eee see Lincoln: Sparrow.
Breast rather heavily marked, these streaks forming or tending to
form a central spot, no buff band.................. 0.0... 000. (68)
68. Larger; tail generally over 13 inches long, and bill slenderer,
less than $ inch deep at base.......... Mountain Song Sparrow.
68. Smaller; tail generally under 12 inches, and bill about 4 inch
decp at: base. accnunmree ica in Oe yaceebedy eeaeeeaeds (69)
Upper parts paler, more gray, with very little or no rusty; super-
ciliary stripe and sides of neck whitish; lower parts averaging
less spotted. ¢id ec. ca peceey a yie ee kee cancun: Dakota Song Sparrow.
Upper parts darker, with a conspicuous amount of rusty; sup-
erciliary stripe and sides of neck olive-grayish; lower parts
averaging more spotted........................004. Song Sparrow.
70. Lower parts not distinctly streaked (71)—distinctly streaked(84)
Edge of wing pure white (72)—yellow or yellowish................ (81)
72. Upper tail-coverts covering half of tail; a white wing-bar;
male with throat black ..... 0.0.0... ccc cece (73)
73.

75.
75.

77.

77.

79.

79.

81

Crown grayish or ene au brown......

ad . European Tree Sparrow.

74. dion pes ee ith black in eeuilt atiechipisag sata, eos Sot (75)
74, Crown reddish, either wholly chestnut or speckled with

rusty in- adult. ac. andes ena aiee wn yale ek MhateeD eae Beas (76)

Crown with a distinct gray median stripe........ Clay-colored Sparrow.
Crown streaked bonnes throughout, no trace of a median stripe.

be .Brewer Sparrow.

76. nee. with, a dusky central eno “to ine Gendes lower
mandible yellOw sii 5 cara ieee aca iawiees oom's dele ee Ree de (77)
76. Breast without a spot... 0.0.0.0... eee eee (78)

Darker; the black streaks on back broader, with a considerable

amount of rusty, especially on scapulars; crown chestnut, me-
dian stripe but poorly defined; outer webs of tertials darker,
more chestnut; edgings to tail feathers narrower, grayish;
smaller, wing averaging under 23 inches............ . Tree Sparrow.

Paler; the black streaks on back narrower, with very little rusty;

crown cinnamon, median stripe generally well defined, gray-

ish; outer web of tertials paler, more buffy; edgings to tail

feathers broader, almost white, larger, wing averaging over 2?

IMEHESS 6 geass 9 gutted esgilivs yn Hem acme a on end NO Seay .. Western Tree Sparrow.

78. A black line through eye; crown bright chestnut in adult
(young with crown brownish and breast streaked)......... (79) ,

78. No black line through eye; crown. rusty................... (80)

Darker; ground color of back dark brown or rusty, crown darker

chestnut, rump and sides of head mouse gray, black stripe behind
eye broader; smaller, wing averaging under 2! inches. ;
Gti Raa sg ac chsth Atacama ws AAU gettin Pith hee AsO MVS aed Mceatnhac gn anentels aes Chipping Sparrow:

Paler; ground color of back pale brown without rusty, crown paler

guestmnit, rump and sides of head paler gray, black stripe behind

eye narrower; larger, wing averaging over 24 inches. a

se dys) ually. ieedene ans nih iter ony aoa tee 24 Western Ciippine Sparrow.

80. Upper parts more rusty, thes crown bright rusty, rarely with

an indication of a median stripe; back with much rusty

and broader black streaks, under parts, especially the

breast, more buffy; decidedly smaller, wing 2} to 23 inches,

tail 24 to 22 inchesinlength............... Field Sparrow.

80. Upper parts grayer, the crown dull rusty, with a broad gray
median stripe, sometimes almost entirely gray; back mostly
grayish, with narrower black streaks; under parts paler, the
breast tinged with gray; decidedly larger, wing 2} to 24
inches, tail 23 to 24 inches in length....Western Field Sparrow.

¢

81. Outer tail feather with some conspicuous white; a blackish dot on

PDTCAR GG sep aude in da Gaiman dsare ual de gould groan teenage Sage Sparrow.

81. Outer tail feather without white..................0..0.....0.0. -. (82)

82. Breast bright yellow; throat, except white chin, black.Dickcissel.
82. Breast without yellow; throat without black
83.

83.

85.

85.

87.

89.

91.

91.

82

Darker; with broad black centers to the feathers, the hind neck
distinctly streaked, the throat and cheeks buffy; smaller,wing av-
eraging under 22 inches.................... Grasshopper Sparrow.

Paler; with brown predominating on upper parts rather than black,
the hind neck scarcely streaked, merely speckled, the throat and
cheeks whitish; larger, wing averaging over 22 inches........
Eyeunes OLEH Ae Gen ALES See Me ewes Western Grasshopper Sparrow.
84. Outer tail feathers mostly white, bend of wing chestnut...... (85)
84. Outer tail feather with little or no white, and bend of wing

HOtChestillls. va dvavecaraaceaneema taste aenwes (86)

Darker, with broader and blacker streaking; smaller, wing aver-
aging under 3, tail under 24 inches long.......... Vesper Sparrow.

Paler and graver, the streaking much sharper and narrower, less
intensely black; larger, wing averaging over 3, tail over 24 inches
VOTO ast hese izceriags Gra Ned nk we Soe aed aod Sh aihie ima Western Vesper Sparrow.
86. Under wing-coverts lemon yellow. Black-headed Grosbeak,female.
86. Under wing-coverts orange yellow.....................-.

Sian FEAR Ane ar ae epee Rea S Rose-breasted Grosbeak, female.

Wings and tail with much rusty red (88) —without rusty red... ....(89)
88. Color of back gray,well streaked with chestnut,with rusty red

upper tail-coverts and tail. . greater ee aos . Fox Sparrow.
88. Color of back and rump plain sinatra lead pea in strong

contrast with rusty red upper tail-coverts and tail........

KGa RAGES GS BUN SIGNS a ir cagte cr Mane Psi BEAL a ea Slate-colored Sparrow.

Bend of wing with late white patch—Lark Bunting, female—
without white patehi $06 cicciccourmcemawers a suse ee ee eee wes (90)
90. Hind claw longer than its digit; tertials shorter than pri-

maries; head suffused with yellow,two black stripes on

crown and conspicuous maxillary and rictal stripes........

iii haved WER AS real ahah ey Randa e erates Baird Sparrow.
90. Hind claw about as long as digit; tertials about as long as

PMMALES aii c ceded ia teee ee VRS EA a ake yeRs hee ee (91)

Darker and browner; streaking broader, superciliary stripe yel-
low; smaller, wing averaging under 22 inches, bill stouter, oyer
dinch deep at base...................048.. gua sees Savanna Sparrow.

Paler and grayer; streaking narrower, superciliary stripe less
yellow, often wholly white; larger, wing averaging over 22
inches, bill more slender, under } inch deep at base...........
Sikes pee cee cece ee eeeeeeeese ees. Western Savanna Sparrow.

514. Hesperiphona vespertina (Cooper)—-EVENING GROSBEAK.

An irregular and rather rare fall and winter visitant over the state.
Has been found from October to March. Recorded from West Point,
Lincoln, Omaha, Cedar Bluffs, Long Pine, and Curtis—all based on
specimens taken. It is quite probable that: the western subspecies,
H.v. montana Ridgway, may occasionally make its way in winter
to the western part of our state, since it is resident in Colorado and
83

occurs in western Kansas, but as yet no specimens of this form have
been examined.

515. Pinicola enucleator leucura (Mueller) Pine Grosbeak.

A rare and irregular winter visitant, occurring from November to
late February or early March. Recorded from Lincoln, Omaha,
Grand Island, Long Pine, Norfolk, and Neligh. As in the preceding
species there is a western or mountain form, P. e. montana Ridgway,
which may reach the western part of the state in winter, but has
not yet been taken.

517. Carpodacus purpureus (Gmelin)—Purpue Fincu.
An uncommon migrant and rare winter resident. Passes through
in October, November, and in April. Omaha, Lincoln, West Point,
Peru, and Neligh.

(518. Carpodacus cassini Baird—Cassin Purpie Fincu. This bird has
been recorded from Sioux county by J. B. White, but in absence of a
specimen or further corroborative evidence it cannot be included in
the check-list. However there is little doubt but that it does occur
occasionally in extreme western Nebraska as well as a third member
of the genus: 519. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say), the House
Finch, which is common in eastern Colorado and southeastern Wyo-
ming and has been taken in western’Kansas in January.]

521. Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm)—ReEp CRosspiLu.

An irregular, but during most years rather common, winter resident,
appearing in flocks in late September or October and remaining about
coniferous groves until late in April or even the end of May. Speci-
mens from eastern Nebraska for the most part agree closely in meas-
urements with minor, but those from Sioux county in winter are uni-
formly larger, agreeing better with Ridgway’s unaccepted sub-
species, L. c. bendiret, Bendire Crossbill, and prcbably representing
wintering individuals of that form from the mountains. The com-
mon form, minor, is present throughout the summer in Sioux county
feeding on pine seeds and sunflower seeds, but probably does not
breed even there.

“ 521a. Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Ridgway—Merxican CrossBILL.

Most of the specimens of the intermediate bendirei agree more
closely in measurements with this than with minor, and unless called
bendirei must be referred to this. However, there is one specimen(a
female, Neligh, Nebr., Dec. 9,1898, Merritt Cary) which even under
Ridgway’s restriction must be placed here, its wing measuring 88 mm.
and exposed culmen over 20 mm.

522. Loxia leucoptera Gmelin—WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL.
A rare winter Visitant. Records from West Point, Omaha, and
Fairbury only. At the latter place Dr. M. L. Eaton took nine speci-
mens.
524.

528.

84

Leucosticte tephracotis Swainson—Gray-crowNED LEUCOSTICTE.

An uncommon winter resident in northwestern Nebraska, and once
recorded from Omaha by L. Skow, who knew it in the northwestern
part of the state. Aughey records a specimen taken in June, 1865.
The specimens examined, all from Sioux county, are typical tephra-
cotis, but the Hepburn Leucosticte, 524a. L. t. littoralis (Baird), occu-
pies much the same range in winter, and has been taken casually as far
east as Minnesota, so may be reasonably expected within our limits.

Acanthis linaria (Linnaeus) —-REDPoLL.
An irregular winter resident, in some seasons very abundant, gener-
ally coming in large flocks anywhere between middle of October and
April. Throughout the state.

[528b. A.l. rostrata (Coues)—GREATER Reppouy. A resident in Greenland

529.

and in winter straggling southward and westward. It has been re-
corded from NewYork, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan,and even Colorado,so
we may get it also. The record in Bruner’s list, Trostler says was a
misidentification for linaria. An examination of twenty specimens
from this state shows all to be nearest linaria, though some are large
enough for holbellii, but probably should be considered intermediates
between linaria and rostrata.]

*Astragalinus tristis (Linnaeus)—-GoLDFINCH.
An abundant resident over the southeastern portion of the state,
breeding from middle July to early September, remaining in flocks
through the winter.

529a. Astragalinus tristis pallidus Mearns—WrESTERN GOLDFINCH.

533.

000.

534.

536.

Sioux county—a single specimen, May 16, 1901; also found along
the Niobrara, summer of 1902, and probably the prevailing form in
the northern and western portions of the state. No doubt breeds.
Specimens identified by Oberholser.

Spinus pinus (Wilson) PINE SIsKIN.

A common, though somewhat irregular, winter resident; appearing
in early October and remaining until into May. Present all summer
in the pines of Sioux county where it may breed. Omaha, Lincoln,
Beatrice, West Point, Neligh, Sioux county.

*Passer domesticus (Linnaeus)—-ENGLISH SPARROW.
Throughout the state—abundant.

Passerina nivalis (Linnaeus)—SnNow BuntTIne.
Entire state, irregular winter resident, present from early in No-
vember to the middle of March. Omaha, Lincoln, West Point,
Gresham, Norfolk, Sidney, Sioux county. Breeds far north.

Calcarius lapponicus (Linnaeus)—LarLanp Lonaesrur.
Greater portion of the state eastward, abundant winter resident,
present from middle of October to early April. Omaha, Lincoln,
: 85

Beatrice, West Point, Wood River, Neligh, Cherry county. Breeds
far north.

536a. Calcarius lapponicus alascensis Ridgway—ALasKAN LONGSPUR.
Western Nebraska in winter, dates as preceding. In a walk from
Wray, Colo. to Haigler, Neb., Nov. 16, 1901, Bruner and Wolcott
found these birds lying dead by the railroad track in numbers, along
with Desert Horned Larks. They had been killed by flying against
the telegraph wires while circling in immense flocks.

537. Calcarius pictus (Swainson)—-Paintep Lonespur.

An uncommon migrant, passing in late April and October. Re-
corded only from West Point and Lincoln, at the latter place several
times. Specimens were secured from a flock of 50 in a corn field near
Lincoln, April 20, 1901, by Cary and Carriker. Breeds far north.

538. *Calcarius ornatus (Townsend) —CHESTNUT-COLLARED LONGSPUR.

A common migrant and uncommon breeder; the latter only along
the northern border of the state. Aughey states he has found young
‘from June to August, while Will Colt has taken nests at Badger, Holt
county. Carlos Bates found a half dozen nests between June 14 and
22, 1903, only three miles from the Nebraska line in South Dakota
north of Merriman, Neb. As a migrant it occurs from middle March
to late April and from early to middle October over almost the whole
state. Omaha, Lincoln, Norfolk, West Point, Neligh, O’Neill, Grand
Isiand, Albion, Cherry county—common.

539. *Rhynchopanes mccownii (Lawrence)—McCown Lonespur.
An uncommon migrant over the state, breeding in Sioux county
(See Proc. N. O. U. III, p. 74 and 84). Migrates from middle
March to middle April and from late August to middle November.
Breeds in June. Cherry, Harlan, and Franklin counties, Wood River,
Neligh, West Point, Lincoln, Omaha.

540. *Pocecetes gramineus (Gmelin)—VEsPER SPaRRow.

Eastern edge of state, not west of 98th meridian, very common
migrant and rare breeder; arriving second week in April, breeding in
late May or early June, departing in October. Omaha, Peru, Lin-
coln, West Point, Gresham.

540a. *Pocecetes gramineus confinis Baird—-WEsTERN VersPeR Sparrow.

Greater part of state, abundant westwardly, breeding commonly

in Sioux and Cherry counties, less numerously east to Holt county,
Neligh, Harlan county, etc. Dates as preceding.

542a. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wilson)—Savanna SPARROW.
Eastern Nebraska, not recorded west of 99th meridian; a rather
abundant migrant especially eastwardly, arriving in late March or
early April, passing northward to breed, returning in October.
Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh, O’Neill, Wood River, etc.
Occassionally seen in summer, and may breed.
86

542b. Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus (Bonaparte)—WESTERN, SA-
VANNA SPARROW.

Entire state, occurring only as a migrant in eastern Nebraska; may
rarely breed westwardly, though not knowntodoso. Cherry county,
Neligh, Lincoln,Omaha—migrating; much the same dates as savanna.
In a series of sixteen specimens from Lincoln taken during migra-
tions only three can be referred to alaudinus, and only one of
these is typical.

545. Coturniculus bairdii (Audubon)—Bairp Sparrow.
An uncommon migrant, dates much as the Savanna Sparrow, com-
monest in fall. Breeds north of Nebraska. Lincoln, West Point,
O’Neill—migrating.

546. Coturniculus savannarum passetinus (Wilson)—-GRASSHOPPER SPAR-
ROW. i
An occasional specimen is taken along the eastern edge of the state
apparently nearer this than the following form, though even
there bimaculatus predominates. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln. Breeding
questionable.

546a. *Coturniculus savannarum bimaculatus (Swainson) WESTERN Grass-
HOPPER SPARROW.

An abundant migrant and very common summer resident over al-
most entire state, arriving first week in May, breeding from late May,
through June, departing in early October. Sioux, Cherry and Holt
counties, Neligh, West Point, Lincoln, Beatrice—breeding.

(547. Ammodramus henslowii (Audubon)—-Hrenstow Sparrow.

Has been recorded from Nebraska, and is known to occur west to
Minnesota. The only specimen available has been indentified by
Oberholser as the Western. Iti is likely that all, or most, of the records
refer to that form, but until "more material is examined it cannot be
safely assumed that they do. Its occurrence is probably analogous
to that of the Grasshopper Sparrow.]

547a. *Ammodramus henslowii occidentalis Brewster—WrsTERN HENSLOW
SPARROW.
A rare migrant. Aughey ‘‘only occasionally met with this bird,”
and the only specimen he examined was taken at Kearney Junction
in September, 1874. A specimen was taken at Lincoln, April 22, 1899,
by Wolcott, and Bruner has seen it at West Point. It may occa-
sionally breed locally in the state, since Trostler took a set of eggs,
with female bird, at Omaha, belonging to this species and probably
to this form.

548. Ammodramus leconteii (Audubon)—LrEcontE Sparrow.
A very common migrant, arriving in late March and early April
and lingering late into May, reappearing in late September and
remaining commonly until November, occasionally even to the mid-
87

dle of that month. Breeds north of the state. Omaha, Lincoln, West
Point, Neligh, Holt and Hall counties etc.; not recorded west of 99th
meridian.

(549.1. A. nelsoni (Allen), the Nelson Sparrow, although included in Bruner’s
list, has as yet no definite Nebraska record, though there is no doubt
it will eventually be taken within the state, possibly breeding.]

552. *Chondestes grammacus (Say)—Lark Sparrow.

Eastern edge of state; an abundant migrant and summer resident,
arriving first week in April, breeding in late May and June, depart-
ing by the end of September. Omaha, Peru, Beatrice, Lincoln,
West Point, etc.; not occuring west of 9Sth meridian.

552a. *Chondestes grammacus strigatus (Swainson)— WrstEerRN Lark SparR-
ROW.

Greater part of state, abundant, especially westwardly, intergrading
with preceding in eastern portions of state. Sioux, Dundy, and
Cherry counties, east to Niobrara City, Neligh, etc., or to about the

‘ 98th meridian—breeding. Dates as preceding.

553. Zonotrichia querula (Nuttall)—Harris Sparrow.

An abundant migrant and common winter resident in southern
portions of state, lingering until middle or late May, reappearing in
middle September, largest numbers present in April and October.
Not recorded west of Cherry county. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, Beatrice,
West Point, Neligh, Genoa,,Wood River, etc. Breeds north of Ne-
braska.

554. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forster)—-WHITE-cROWNED SPARROW.

A common migrant, arriving in middle April and lingering until
well into May, reappearing in late September and remaining until
November. Breeds north of Nebraska. Omaha, Lincoln, West Point,
Neligh—apparently only eastern third of state.

554a. Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii (Nuttall) INTERMEDIATE SPARROW.

Migratory, not so common as preceding form,but occurring with it.

Sioux and Cherry counties, Neligh, West Point, Lincoln, Crete,
Omaha—migrant over entire state.

557. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin) -WHITE-THROATED SPARROW.
Eastern Nebraska; a common migrant, arriving a little earlier and
departing a little later than leucophrys and commoner than that
species. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh, etc.

559. Spizella monticola (Gmelin)—TrreEr Sparrow.
Eastern Nebraska; an abundant winter resident, appearing first
-week in October and remaining well into April. Most of the speci-
mens from the eastern part of the state are intermediate between this
and the following western race, but some are practically indistin-
guishable from Michigan and New York birds. Breeds far north.
Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, etc.
88

559a. Spizella monticola ochracea Brewster—WEsSTERN TREE SPARROW.
Whole state in winter; abundant westward where it is apparently
the only form, eastward less common, giving place to and intergrad-
ing with the preceding form. Dates as for monticola. Sioux and
Cherry counties, Neligh, Lincoln, Omaha, ete.

560. *Spizella socialis (Wilson) —-Cuiprinc Sparrow.

Eastern Nebraska; arriving the middle of April, breeding in June,
departing in late September. Peru, Omaha, Dakota City, West Point,
Neligh, Lincoln—commonas amigrant and generally asa summer resi-
dent and breederalso. Betweenthe 98thtobeyondthe103d meridians
(which is much over half the length of the state), there are few records
for this bird until in Sioux county where it is abundant. This, to-
gether with the fact that the western form (560a. S. s. arizonae Coues)
is the common one in Colorado and Wyoming even within a compara-
tively few miles of the Nebraska line (Cheyenne, Wyoming), makes
it quite probable that the birds from that region. are the western
subspecies. Unfortunately, there are at present no specimens
to decide the question.

561. *Spizella pallida (Swainson)—CLay-coLoRED SPARROW.
An abundant migrant over entire state, and, according to Aughey,
an occasional breeder in the northern part. Arrives first week in
May and lingers through that month, appearing again in early Sep-
tember and remaining through October.

562. *Spizella breweri Cassin—BREWER SPARROW.
Sioux county; a common summer resident and breeder locally.
M. A. Carriker, Jr., found it breeding commonly along the north side
of Indian creek in the summer of 1901. (See Proc. N. O. U. III,
pp. 70 and 85.) J. M. Bates reports taking one specimen in Cherry
county, May 16, 1891, which was sent to Washington for identifica-
tion.

563. *Spizella pusilla (Wilson)—Fisip Sparrow, and
563a. *Spizella pusilla arenacea Chadbourne—WerstTERN Freip Sparrow.
The exact status of these two races in Nebraska is still somewhat

uncertain, but during migrations arenacea occurs over almost the en-
tire state. It breeds abundantly along its northern border (Valen-
tine, Long Pine, Springview, Carns, Niobrara City) and less commonly
southward (Broken Bow), being present as a migrant only at Neligh,
West Point, and Lincoln. Arrives in late March and early April,
breeds from middle May through July, departs in late September
and early October. The birds breeding at Omaha, Peru, Rulo, Weep-
ing Water,and other points in extreme eastern Nebraska, are certainly
nearer pusilla than arenacea. There are not sufficient specimens
at hand to definitely state the exact ranges of each form.

566. *Junco aikeni Ridgway—WHITE-WINGED JUNCo.
A rather common summer resident in Warbonnet canyon, Sioux
89

county, where, during 1901, it was frequently observed by Cary and
Carriker and a nest with four young birds found by the latter on June
29, thus establishing it as a breeder. Later Cary found another
family of young birds two miles westward in the same canyon. In
winter the birds breeding in the Black hills and northern Wyoming
descend to the foothills and it becomes abundant in Sioux county.
Bruner found it one of the most abundant birds in the region at
Fort Robinson, Dec. 12-14, 1895, and later at Harrison, Feb. 18-29,
1896.
567. Junco hyemalis (Linnaeus)—SLaTE-cOLORED JUNCO.

An abundant winter resident over the state but more especially
so eastward, arriving the second week in October and remaining
until late in April. Both Aughey and Trostler record it as present
in summer, but it probably does not breed south of northern Minne-
sota. Lincoln, Omaha, Rulo, Beatrice, West Point, Neligh, Long
Pine, Sioux county, etc.

567b. Junco hyemalis shufeldti Coale—Suureipt Junco, and

567.1. Junco montanus Ridgway—Montana JUNCO.

Under these two names should probably be placed some of the
records of the ‘‘Oregon Junco,” for this state. Just which
one is referred to in each case is now impossible to definitely state
owing to the extreme similarity of the two species, but it is certain
that both are represented. The former is a northwestern species
breeding from Oregon to British Columbia and east to Montana,in win-
ter migrating south over the Rocky mountain plateau-of the United
States to northern Mexico, and straggling eastward. The latter
species breeds from Montana and Idaho north to Alberta, migrating
south in winter to Mexico and straggling eastward. Specimens of
one or the other of these species have been taken as far east as Illinois,
Michigan, Indiana, Massachusetts, and Maryland. A single speci-
men of Shufeldt Junco was taken byJ. M. Bates at Long Pine and identi-
fied by Ridgway.

(568. J. mearnsi Ridgway—Tur PrInK-stipep Junco (= annectens Baird,
in part) breeds in southern Idaho and Montana and _ winters
south through Wyoming and Colorado to Mexico, and probably
reaches western Nebraska during its migrations. The specimen
(now unfortunately lost) recorded in Bruner’s list as annectens was
in all probability montanus.]

(569. J. caniceps (Woodhouse), THE GraY-HEADED JuNcoO, breeds in the moun-
tains of southern Wyoming and Colorado, descending in winter to
the foothills and straggling eastward to Michigan, so may be ex-
pected in western Nebraska in winter. The record of caniceps from
Siodx county published in Bruner’s list was based on an immature
specimen of hyemalis.]

581. Melospiza melodia (Wilson)—Sone Sparrow.
Arrives abundantly in late March or early April and lingers until
90
well into May, when it becomes rare until early September brings
the fall migrants. It remains commonly all winter, and probably a
few breed, especially in northern Nebraska. Entire state; resident—
Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh, Long Pine, Sioux county.

581b. Melospiza melodia juddi (Bishop)—Daxota Sone Sparrow.

This form, described in April, 1896, and accepted by the A. O. U.
committee the following November, though rejected by both Ridg-
way and Oberholser, seems to be fairly well entitled to recognition.
A comparison of Nebraska and Michigan specimens shows many of our
birds to be decidedly paler and grayer above, with a conspicuous sup-
pression. of the rufous so evident in melodia, and the superciliary stripe
and sides of neck whitish rather than olive grayish, thus apparently
representing the form named juddi. Specimens sent to Oberholser
were returned labellcd melodia, though according to the judgment of
Bishop himself, to whom they were later sent, they are nearer juddi.

583. Melospiza lincolnii (Audubon)—LIncoLn Sparrow.

An abundant migrant over the state, passing from second week
in April to middle of May and from middle of September to late in
October, vere rarely wintering. Omaha, Lincoln,-Peru, West Point,
Neligh. Not known to breed in the state.

584. *Melospiza georgiana (Latham)—-Swamp Sparrow.
EasternNebraska, west to about the 100th meridian ;common migrant,
arriving late in April and lingering until middle May, reappearing
in middle September and femaining through October, very rarely
wintering. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh—common
migrant. Cherry county, Neligh—rare breeder, nesting in June.

585. Passerella iliaca (Merrem)—Fox Sparrow.

A common migrant in eastern Nebraska, passing in late March
and early April and again through October to middle November,
rarely wintering. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point,
Neligh. Our birds are grayer than eastern My showing a
decided tendency toward the following: form. ,

585c. Passerella iliaca schistacea (Baird) —-SLATE-cOLORED SPARROW.
Western Nebraska during migrations. According to Cooke (Birds
of Colorado, p. 107), the type of this form came from Nebraska about
twenty miles east of the Colorado line.

587. *Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus)—TowneExz.

Southeastern Nebraska; along southern border west to about 99th
parallel, becoming more restricted to eastern portions northward,
and replaced along northern border by the following species. Rulo,
Peru, Omaha, Beatrice, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh—common breeder.
Arrives in middle to late March or early April, breeds from late
April to July, departs in late October or early November, a few
remaining all winter.
91

588. *Pipilo maculatus arcticus (Swainson)—Arctic TOWHEE.

Northern and western Nebraska in summer, whole state during
migrations. Sioux, Dawes, and Cherry counties, and east in Nio-
brara valley to its mouth, southward principally west of 100th paral-
lel—abundant breeder. West Point, Lincoln, Beatrice, Omaha—
abundant migrant. Arrives later than preceding species, about
first week in April, and lingers through that month, in eastern parts
of state, appearing again in larger numbers during October, rarely
wintering. Some Sioux county specimens show a tendency toward
the Spurred Towhee, 588a. P. m. megalonyx (Baird), in the slightly
less extensive white on outer tail feathers.

[592.1. Oreospiza chlorura (Audubon), the Green-tailed Towhee, was in-
cluded in former lists on the authority of Baird, but the locality in
which his specimens were taken is far without the present boundaries
of the state. It is, however, a common bird from May to October
in Colorado and eastern Wyoming, and is likely to occur in western
Nebraska, during migrations at least.]

593. *Cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus) CARDINAL.
Southeastern Nebraska. Rulo, Nebraska City, Omaha, Beatrice,
Lincoln—common resident. West to Harlan county, north in winter
rarely toWest Point, Maple Creek, and Neligh.

595. *Zamelodia ludoviciana (Linnaeus)—-RosE-BREASTED GROSBEAK.
Eastern third of state, or about west to 98th parallel; common
to abundant summer resident and breeder. Omaha, Peru, Beatrice,
Lincoln, West Point, Neligh. A straggler once at Long Pine. Arrives
first week in May, breeds in early June, departs in middle September.

596. *Zamelodia melanocephala (Swainson)—BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK.
Representing the preceding in western half of state during the
breeding season. Sioux county east to Valentine, Long Pine and even
Niobrara City, and Dundy county east to Holdrege, Kearney, Dan-
nebrog, ete.—common to abundant breeder. During migrations
over the state. rarely, to Neligh, York, Omaha. Dates as preceding.

597a. *Guiraca caerulea lazula (Lesson)—-WESTERN BLUE GROSBEAK.
Over the entire state; locally common summer resident and breeder.
Arrives first week in May, breeds in June, departs from middle to
late September. Most common in Dundy, Thomas, and Cherry
counties, and east in the Niobrara valley to Knox county; less com-
mon in Sioux county, at Broken Bow, Grand Island, Red Cloud,
Beatrice, Omaha, and Lincoln, o

598. *Cyanospiza cyanea (Linnaeus)—INpIGo BUNTING.

Eastern Nebraska; common summer resident and breeder west to
the 98th meridian. Omaha, Peru, Beatrice, Lincoln, Columbus, West
Point, Neligh—breeding. Straggling westward rarely in Niobrara
valley to Eagle creek, Long Pine, and even Cherry county. Arrives
first week in May, breeds early in June, departs early in September.
92

599. *Cyanospiza amcena (Say)—Lazu.i BuNTING.
Sioux county; common summer resident and breeder. East during
migrations to West Point and Lincoln. Dates as preceding.

604. *Spiza americana (Gmelin)—Dickcissg..

Entire state, locally common to abundant, especially eastward;
arriving second week in May, breeding in June and July, departing
late in August or early in September. Omaha, West Point, Lincoln,
Neligh, and Brown, Cherry and Sioux counties—breeding.

605. *Calamospiza melanocorys Stejneger—Lark BuNTING.

Entire state; abundant westward, uncommon to rare eastward.
Sioux to Cherry and Rock counties, Dundy to Harlan counties—
abundant breeder. Neligh, Norfolk, Lincoln, Beatrice—occasional
breeder, commoner during dry seasons. Dates as preceding species.

EXTRALIMITAL: Ten species belonging to this family are in-
cluded in the above key which have no record for Nebraska, but which
are possible within our boundaries, viz: 527a. Acanthis hornemannii
exilipes (Coues), the Hoary Redpoll, an arctic bird which has occurred
in northern Michigan and Illinois; 530. Astragalinus psaliria (Say),
the Arkansas Goldfinch of the western United States, a species com-
mon throughout Colorado and recorded from Cheyenne, Wyoming,
and which may eventually be recorded from Western Nebraska; 557.
Zonotrichia coronata (Pallas), the Golden-crowned Sparrow of the
extreme west, has strayed east in migrations to Nevada, Colorado,
and even Wisconsin, to the latter state three times; 574a, Amphi-
spiza belli nevadensis Ridgway, the Sage Sparrow, occurs in Colorado
and Wyoming to within a short distance of Nebraska, and may occa-
sionally stray to our sagebrush plains; 575a. Peucea estivalis bach-
mannii (Audubon), the Bachman Sparrow, occurs north, locally, to
the parallel of 40°, and has been taken in southeastern Iowa, so may
reach us also; 578. Peucea cassini (Woodhouse) the Cassin Sparrow,
of the arid Southwest, occurs north to western and central Kansas,
so may be expected along our ‘southern border westwardly; 581b.
Melospiza melodia montana (Henshaw), the Mountain Song Sparrow,
is the Colorado form even far out on the plains, so may reach us during
migrations; 591. Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus (Baird), the Canyon Towhee
of eastern Colorado and southwestward might reach our limits; 600.
Cyanospiza versicolor (Bonaparte), the Varied Bunting of southern
Texas and southward has strayed north to Michigan; 601. Cyano-
spiza ciris(Linnaeus),the Painted Bunting, is a southern species occur-
ring north to southern Kansas and Illinois.

Famity TANAGRIDA—TawnaGeErRs

1. General color red, or at least the head red. (Adult males).......... (2)
1. General color olive-greenish above, yellow below. (Females and young
TIDAL) Serer cia sees ice Ace ed taalanh Sia Mee eo ueedel hip tecip alee cpiendal beh aay Goa (8)

2. Wings and tail black; back, lower parts and head red... ....
i ee Bl sea ie EIA Aca eae ie aay moe cane ae Scarlet Tanager.
93

2. Wings and tail, along with back, lower parts and head red. ..
Shh Sony Beek s ie Maceene aie ees ene one Summer Tanager.
2. Wings, tail and back black; under parts yellow, head red.. ..
af Saige: Ie sag ho kG ain (autshes cd cte’t te tae asap tl aed teu BNSyifase y saareaetes Louisiana Tanager.
3. Wings with two vellow bands, or one yellow and one white; tail gray-
ish brown with yellowish olive-green edgings..... Louisiana Tanager.
3. Wings without yellow bands... 00... ... i eee tenes (4)
4. Under wing-coverts yellow, without dark outer margin. ....°.
nae hoainede ma Bind aie nat dated Bre eau Gradne RARE ese Summer Tanager.
4. Under wing-coverts white, with olive, dusky, or black exterior
DOLd GPs, ose wane earning a trian: sob ee a Aa asl Scarlet Tanager.

607. *Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson)—Lovuisiana TANAGER.
A common summer resident and breeder on Pine ridge in north-
west Nebraska.

608. *Piranga erythromelas Vieillot—ScarLer TAaNaGErR.
A common summer resident and breeder in eastern Nebraska.
Arrives first week in May, breeds in June, departs in early September.
Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, Weeping Water, Neligh.

610 Piranga rubra (Linnaeus)—SumMmMrer TaNaAGER.

A rare summer resident in extreme southeastern Nebraska. May
breed. Reported from Richardson county by Aughey and from
Douglas county by L. Skow and I. 8. Trostler, the latter observing
a single specimen in July, 1894.

; Famity HIRUNDINIDZ—Swatriows

1. Wing over 5 inches long; male shining blue-black; the female duller
coloted:. so qaueere vse She mae rwar wees dla ebewiw bs Purple Martin.

1. Wing 5 inches or less in length... . 0... ee (2)
2. Tail 3 inches or more long, the notch more than an inch deep;
under tail feathers with white blotches; throat chestnut: back

lustrous steel-blue.. . ......................Barn Swallow.

2. Tail 23 inches or less long .... ...................6......(8)

3. Back with metallic luster or greenish... ..........................(A4)
3. Back brownish, without lustre..... 0.000.000. cee eee (5)
4. Above lustrous green, beneath white... ..........Tree Swallow.

4, Above opaque velvety green, beneath white. . Violet-green Swallow.
4, Above steel-blue; throat chestnut or black; upper tail-coverts

redish.. Oe TSM Netia ey Aca Seed Me dhake aoke AE Radom Te Cliff Swallow.
5. Breast brownisli; belly and throat white..............Bank Swallow.
5. Throat and breast brownish; belly white........ Rough-winged Swallow.

611. *Progne subis (Linnaeus)—PurpLe Martin. .,

Eastern half of state, common only eastwardly. Arriving about
first of April, breeding in the latter part of May and in June, depart-
ing in the middle of September. Omaha, Lincoln, West Point,
Norfolk, Callaway, North Platte, Broken Bow, Neligh.
94

612. *Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say)—Cuirr SwaLiow.

Entire state; common summer resident and breeder, arriving by
the middle of April, breeding in June, departing in early September.
Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh, North Platte, and Cherry, Sioux
and Dundy counties.

613. *Hirundo erythrogastra Boddaert—Barn SwaLLow.
Abundant over entire state, dates as preceding, but remaining into
October.

614. *Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot)—Trez SwaLiow.

Entire state, breeding commonly along its northern border, rarely
southward. Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh—mostly migra-
tory, a rare breeder. Sioux county, Niobrara valley—a common
breeder.

615. *Tachycineta thalassina lepida (Mearns)—-VIOLET-GREEN SwaLLow.
Sioux countv; common summer resident and breeder in cliffs.
Once taken during migration at West Point by Bruner.

616. *Riparia riparia (Linnaeus)—-Bank SwaLLow.
Entire state; arrives in middle April, breeds in May and June, and
departs late in September.

617. *Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Audubon)—RovuGH-wincep SwaLiow.
Eastern half or more of state—common summer resident and breed-
er in river banks, especially northwardly. Richardson county, Peru,
Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, Neligh, Niobrara valley,
Cherry county—breeding.

Famity AMPELIDZ—Waxwines

1. Wing-bar white; the under tail-coverts chestnut... Bohemian Waxwing.
1. Wing-bar wanting; under tail-coverts white... ....... Cedar Waxwing.
618.-Ampelis garrulus Linnaeus—BounEemian Waxwina.

An irregular winter visitor, liable to occur from the middle of No-
vember till late in February or even March, over the entire state.
Omaha, South Bend, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, Neligh, Cherry
county, Curtis, Sioux county.

619. *Ampelis cedrorum (Vieillot)—Crepar Waxwina.

Eastern Nebraska; very common as a migrant, not common in
winter, and breeding but rarely in the state, most frequently north-
ward. Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, Long Pine, Cherry
county.

Famity LANIIDA:—Surixes
1. Breast with wavy cross-bars; no transverse black line on forehead. .
Ap Ae eee y hts fy por WE Pagid ly ORR Wa ONG A RSE . Northern Shrike.
1. Breast without conspicuous wavy cross-bars; a transverse black line on
POTON GAG fs - wget 4 Seed A ce sit al Suga shou acl Ah ae Gar se entaai CD)
2. Rump and upper tail-coverts but little lighter than back....
dads Hoes sth hse eee bah Si See aslal Rk ll ee ence amt es Migrant Shrike,
95

2. Rump and upper tail-coverts po hee colored than back.
ae 8 . White-rumped Shrike.

621. Lanius borealis “Vieillot— eaeunew samen

A common winter resident over entire state, appearing in aida
October, and remaining late into March. Rulo, Peru, Omaha, Lin-
coln, Beatrice, West Point, Neligh, and Cherry and Sioux counties.

622e. Lanius ludovicianus migrans W. Palmer—Micrant SHRIKE.

This recently recognized subspecies occurs regularly in eastern
Nebraska, but is only locally common. Breeding specimens have
been. taken at Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, and West Point, which
beyond doubt are referable to migrans. On these specimens all
former Nebraska records of the ‘‘Loggerhead” Shrike are based.
Other specimens intermediate between this and the following form
are frequent.

622a.*Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides (Swainson)—WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKE.

Entire state; eastward partially replaced by preceding form, but
the commoner form even there. Arives early in April, breeds late
in April, in May, and in June, departs early in October. Omaha,
Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, Neligh, and Cherry and Sioux counties.

Famity VIREONIDZ—Vireos

1. Without distinct wing-bars. 0+... 0.0.0... eee (2)
1. With distinct white or whitish wing-bars........................(A4)
. Under parts white . pies a . (3)

. Under parts wollauael Fess enmity 3 over one anh leap crown

gray with a white but no black heatlering line over eye.
dgeitla-pive Gh (Aa Rah bee Raa Re oer aoa eARe | ee a Philadelphia Vireo.

3. Yellowish on sides; larger, first primary less than one inch long. .
CED AEA Ga Ree die aon MEG 1 deere ee dgle mayne ae a aes Warbling Vireo.

3. Yellowish on sides; smaller, upper parts, particularly crown, grayer. .

SRG REPAIRS TUS DANO Se PEE eee ee Western Warbling Vireo.
3. Little or no yellowish on sides; first primary much over one inch long;
crown slaty gray, bordered by a black and then a white band over
GHEE VE: thay sacs oa See eee ee EA ees Bog Red-eyed Vireo.
4. First primary nearly as long as second; breast bright yellow;
back bright olive-green; eye-ring yellow. . Yellow-throated Vireo.
4, First primary shorter than second, less than one inch long, bréast

MOG VElGWe wires. - sched Bis.54, Sek Se erhealy SAG WRN Ee eden antes (5)

5. Wing over 2? inches long, eye-ring white........................(6)
5. Wing under 2} inches long, eye-ring variable....................(7)
6. Crown and sides of head bluish gray, changing to olive-green on

the back; below white ................... Blue-headed Vireo.

6. Crown and sides of head bluish gray, the back of same shade;
below less pure white. ..................000, Plumbeous Vireo.

7. Crown and sides of head black, changing to olive-green on the back; eye-
Ting WHit@. «soy s4<asa eharayedas Rei nerdy vad pcan Vireo.

7. Crown and sides of head gray or olive ........... ‘ 5 _(8)
96

8. Crown olive, much like back; a distinct yellow line over eye..
sigan eee eee eee eee eee esses sees... White-eyed Vireo.
8. Head grayish, much like back; eye-ring white........ Bell Vireo.

624. *Vireo olivaceus (Linnaeus)—REp-BYED VIREO.

Entire state. Our commonest vireo except belli; arriving first week
in May, breeding from late in May to July, departing in the middle of
September. Peru, Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, Neligh,
and Cherry and Sioux counties—breeding throughout the state.

626. Vireo philadelphicus (Cassin)—-PHILADELPHIA VIREO.

Aughey claims to have found this bird common in eastern Ne-
braska,but recent observers have not noted it. Of giluus he says “have
only found this species abundant in northwestern Nebraska,” and
there is great probability that he confused the two species. Bruner’s
records were field identifications, and, with little doubt, refer to gilvus
also. Skow has reported it from Omaha.

627. *Vireo gilvus (Vieillot)—WarsLine VIREO.
Eastern portion of the state, not so common as olivaceus, its dates
the same as for that species. Peru, Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, West
Point, Neligh, and Cherry county.

627a. *Vireo gilvus swainsoni Baird—WersTERN WaRrBLING VIREO.
A Sioux county specimen sent to Witmer Stone has served to con-
firm the identification of this sub-species. So far it has only been
found in Sioux county, where it is common and breeds.

628. *Vireo flavifrons Vieillot—YELLOW-THROATED VIREO.

Eastern Nebraska; not recorded west of the 97th meridian, and
quite rare north of the Platte. Arrives the first week in May, breeds
early in June, departs late in August. Richardson county, Peru,
Omaha, Nebraska City, Lincoln, Fairbury—rather a rare breeder,
most common along the. Missouri river bluffs.

629. Vireo solitarius (Wilson)—-BLUE-HEADED VIREO.
Eastern Nebraska in the heavier timber along Missouri and Elkhorn
rivers; a rare summer resident, and possibly a breeder. Omaha, West
Point.

629b. *Vireo solitarius plumbeus Coues—PLuMBEOUS VIREO.
Common summer resident and breeder in Sioux county.

630. Vireo atricapillus Woodhouse—Buack-caPPeD VIREO.
Probably accidental; a single bird clearly seen and thoroughly
identified, June 19, 1894, near Bellevue, by I. 8. Trostler and L.
Skow.

631. *Vireo noveboracensis (Gmelin)—-WHITE-EYED VIREO.

A not uncommon summer resident in eastern Nebraska along the
Missouri river; not recorded west of 97th meridian. Arriving early
in May, breeding in June, departing late in September. Aughey
97

found a nest of this bird in some shrubbery along the Nemaha in
Richardson county in the spring of 1875. It is a rather common
breeder at Omaha, and has also been noted at Lincoln and West
Point.

633. *Vireo bellii Audubon—Br.t Vireo.
Eastern half of state; abundant summer resident and breeder.
Arrives first week in May; breeds late in May, in June, and in July;
departs early in September. Peru, Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, Neligh
—breeding. Long Pine, Valentine—a straggler.

Famity MNIOTILTIDA—Woop WaRrBLERS

1. Rictal bristles conspicuous, half as long as culmen or more; bill flattened,
wider than high at base; flycatching habits.................... (48)
1. Rictal bristles wanting or inconspicuous, decidedly less than half as long
as culmen; bill not flattened, as high or higher than wide at base. . (2)
2. Bill narrowly wedge shaped, its tip.sharp and not decurved; tail
shorter than Wing... 6s ce eee ee on eee es (3)
2. Bill slender but not wedge shaped, its tip decurved, tail shorter
CHAD, WIDE aia sce cee eh aah ek Mew eae aH ANG We. Re elec fete (11)
2. Bill short, stout, higher than wide at base, culmen much decurved;
tail longer than wing. .... 0.2.6.0... cece nee ne ees (42)
3. Head buffy with four black stripes, above ee below buffy”
’ .Worm-eating Warbler.
3. Whole hon, weak, end. undien’ ee bight, guungee back, wings, and tail
BSI jes om eens eeaey ny Say yeaa hee bee hw 'a art gah Prothonotary Warbler.
3. Without four black head-stripes, and whole head not orange......... (4)
4, Wings with distinct white or yellow bars (5)—wings not barred. (7)
5. Throat black in male, gray in female; a large yellow wing-patch..
Sq ata bieitls Gaeta dae Base Seda eae Golden-winged Warbler.

5. Throat yellow; wings merely barred.............. 0000.0 00 0200000 (6)
6. Whole under parts yellow; crown yellow; a black line through the
EVO Sadichirasshishors bipasnivalie bp ayins Shay iea io eek shine 3 Blue-winged Warbler.

6. Only throat and breast yellow; back bluish with a yellow spot
aetna AREAL gue eI A ae ata Nt ete Nee biaas Northern Parula Warbler.

7. Rump greenish yellow, unlike grayish back; a yellow breast-patch. .
Ua eke He oe Rete ee hae nA aaa oe we Lata eet Virginia Warbler.

7. Rump about the same color as back.............00...00 0.00000 ee (8)
8. Under tail-coverts and abdomen yellow.................... (9)
8. Under tail-coverts and abdoman white....... Tennessee Warbler.
9. Head gray with chin and throat yellow, and a white eye-ring......
Pea vaasecee ce GAG Tae eee detae Oana aeeRe ge Nashville Warbler.
9. Head olive-greenish, lighter below, no eye-ring.................... (10)

10. Duller, above grayish olive-green, below pale olive-yellowish
duel) seed aye eeeh eee ls Gade setee Orange-crowned Warbler.
10. Brighter; above bright olive-green, below bright olive-yellow
Sipisineiacee wate Haha any aaey ee tie te ae a Lutescent Warbler.
11.

138.

15.

15.

17.

17.

19.
19.

21.
21.

23.

23.

25.

25.

27.
27.

29.

98

Inner web of outer tail feather with a distinct white spot (12)—without

"AWTS IS POb scien sisieey ah 6-4 Wt higher aan We heaech ROLA ae the Mek Bee areata i (33)
12. Plain black and white with a broad white median crown-
BITIPCA anid aide oe oe oe ew er ae es Black and White Warbler.
12. Not plain black and white, or if so, crown boas black or dark (13)
Rump yellow (14)—not yellow . : ake .(17)*
14. White on tail in middle, pictenene ‘éoally over itl ‘bak middle
pair of feathers: «206 :eac: caus dyes aise oe Magnolia Warbler.

14. White on tail near tip, or else occupying most of feathers... .(15)
Crown black, cheeks chestnut; below yellow, streaked with black in

adult........ ee ee ee ee eee ee eee Cape May Warbler.
Crown and sides of breast more or less yellow; cheeks black or dark blue
ey edith PEARS Hits Bes eGe hate vee eee eeE weed eaves (16)

16. Throat white—Myrtle Warbler—yellow......Audubon Warbler.

Wing with a white.patch at base of primaries; male, bluish above and
white below, with cheeks, sides and throat black; female, olive above,

yellowish below.......... 0... ..0.05-- Black-throated Blue Warbler.
Wing without such a white patch................ 0.0.00. 2 ee eee (18)
18. Throat and chest black or coe black (19)—without black (20)
Cheeks mostly blackish. . : ‘ : . Townsend Warbler.
Cheeks mostly yellow................. Black ‘throated Green Warbler.
20. Wings with two distinct bands, sometimes joined to form a patch

igh Sneha he DU chee bE Oe ye ate ty Pugs eee enn aes ened Ua (21)

20. Wings not banded or with but oneband................... (31)
Upper parts not’grayish blue.........00. 0... (22)
Upper parts light grayish blue.............. Cerulean Warbler, male.
22. A light line over eye (23)—no light line over eye............ (26)
Throat white or yellowish white, no yellow on sides of head; above pale
greemish: blWe.s 2.0. 542¢se0 ie hese aghey Cerulean Warbler, female.

Throat yellow, orange, or buff, or else sides of head mostly yellow. . .(24)
24. Back plain slate-gray in adult, grayish brown in young; cheeks

and forehead black..................000005 Sycamore Warbler.

24. Back neither gray nor plain grayish brown................ (25)
Back in male black and throat orange; in female streaked, throat yel-
lowish......... ........,Blackburnian Warbler.
Back diveeneen: thvaak phvally yellow. ..- Townsend Warbler, young—
throat not wholly yellow....... Black-throated Green Warbler, young.
26. Back more or less streaked (27)—plain olivaceous; below greenish
VelOW: Ssce-saeledaa mauled 22 eee ee baleg re en Pine Warbler.

Sides of crown or space behind eye, black....................... (30)
Sides of crown not black...... 0... ccc cc ete (28)
28. Under tail-coverts white...............0....... Peer ere (29)
28. Under tail-coverts buff..... étore Bay-breasted Warbler, young.

. Sides of head, sides, and flanks unstreaked gray................

ship ttl & Gh Sed alig Sisters ot ated NA teen Bat Chestnut-sided Warbler, young.
Sides of head, sides, and flanks olive or streaked..................
Ag detsiava prespecee OA WOR aaa ees Se Gok Ahn ote Black-poll Warbler, young.
31.

31.

33.
33.
35.

35.

37.
37.

39.

39.

41.

41.

99

30. Crown olive-yellow; sides of head, throat and chest white, sides

chestnut. . see Saks ..Chestnut-sided Warbler.
30. Crown Shastauis ages ay Teas ladle throat, chest, and sides
chestnuts ccbicis creative nan Gea eamia eta Bay-breasted Warbler.

30. Crown black, no chestnut, but wholly black and white. .
pba: upabonis-nit ake Manin ced ered a Halle aba Neal If aie hy Black-poll Warbler.
Back streaked with black; a white eye-ring; below pale yellow, sides

StKCAKE, bn. oe ne Wnrtaahee reek aes owes Kirtland Warbler.
Back not streaked with black; no eye-ring. i = . (32)
32. A distinet ee ene crown ulisirealeed ahve: Balow:
yellow... ... sh . Prairie Warbler.

32. No wing-band; crown Pchestaut | in adult: streated grayish in young
Phew ever dyes Seawhs eaeae oes Saws be Eanes Palm Warbler.
Above greenish yellow; below bright yellow, streaked with chestnut in
Males savas woes Meee ees hae eer Gas fos Reads veneer Yellow Warbler.
If bright yellow below, not streaked, and sides of head with blackish(34)
84. Under parts distinctly spotted (35)—not spotted.......... (37)
Crown rufous, bordered oO black; a white nana but no dusky streak
behind the eye........ ee . Ovenbird.
Crown plain olivaceous; no eye-ring, But: wits a dusky sireak ‘behind the
BNE Sad cesaandug ap iagbabon baie dhs Rakes ied oal dt auleyiack wis BG tagledesteimiasie Leda eee eed (36)
36. Line over eye narrow, yellowish; under tail-coverts yellowish;
under parts, including throat, heavily streaked with blackish on
a yellowish ground..................... Grinnell Water-thrush.
36. Line over eye broad,white; under tail-coverts buffy; under parts,
excluding throat, lightly streaked with brownish on a buffy
BROWN «ec. ectag ciety angen Ghaaaiohee cuacwdees Louisiana Water-thrush.
Throat and chest bright yellow; sides of head with black..........(38)
Throat and chest bluish gray to blackish (male) or brownish to grayish
Gemale) ouigigaraelane Shes had weave Mee eA eave? Aaa es Betws (40)
38. A yellow line over eye; whole crown black or grayish black
rikt ese d wee sta Seeebese tea aay ee oe ee ee Kentucky Warbler.
38. No yellow line over eye; only forehead black................(39)°
Space behind black on forehead of male pale gray; yellow of under parts
duller; female darker above Smaller, tail under 2 inches.......

Space behind black on forehead of male white; yellow of under part
much brighter, more orange; female paler bow: Larger, tail over
PAMCWN ES isc is.c5 de SdeareeshG ava aiion vi a D3 aah onawicies Western Yellowthroat.
40. Tail nearly even; breast without black, a decided white eye-ring

POEM HAT AR ONDE anne beeen ee Connecticut Warbler.
40. Tail rounded; breast with black; no decided eye-ring, at most

evelids white........... ATEN A Olt acta nawdonunbentancads (41)
No white on eyelids; tail under 2 inches; chest blacker, lores less so in
Malesia sy ecdee ews WEFT a REM a Hee deme -Mourning Warbler.

A white mark on each eyelid; tail over 2 inches, hawt less black, lores
MOTE SOlao va ne Agee y tbe ae Soe REe com aan Macgillivray Warbler.
100

42. Brighter olive-green above, more greenish than gray; white on
sides of throat more restricted, occupying less than half of malar
area; yellow paler; tail under 3 inches long. . Yellow-breasted Chat.

42. Grayer olive-green above, usually the gray predominating; white
on sides of throat much more extended,occupying more than for-
ward half of malar area; yellow deeper; tail over 3 inches long

ips .Long-tailed Chat.

43. Base at tail, eniddla, of wines, aud. sides: prarigs mails) or dull yellow (fe-
MALS iia. sara aaa ieee SERN ee tee at Re TERE eS Redstart.

43. No orange or dull yellow on wings or tail; belly bright yellow..... (44)

44, Outer tail feather largely white; head black, with forehead and
cheeks yellow. .......... 00-00 e eee ',... Hooded Warbler.

44, Outer tail feather without white; throat yellow, not black (45)

45. Upper parts grayish; under tail-coverts white; a necklace of dusky spots

across breast . ares snaps .Canadian Warbler.

45. Upper parts olivegreen; under ‘sail-caverts yellow: forehead yellow,
male with black cap . : aia . (46)

46. Brighter; above more eGelllowieh. eliiee cae below baits yel-

low; wing over 24 inches.................00. Pileolated Warbler.

46. Duller olive-green above, duller yellow below; smaller, wing
qinder 26 Inches ois ce inde cal ee ae wh de Wilson Warbler.

636. *Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus)—Biack anp WHITE WARBLER.

A very common migrant over at least the eastern half of state,
breeding in the wooded portions. Aughey records finding a nest
near Lincoln in May, 1875, Swenk found it breeding commonly along.
the Niobrara from Long Pine canyon to its mouth, Wolcott and J.
M. Bates report it summering in Cherry county, and L. Skow found
it breeding at Omaha.

637. *Protonotaria citrea (Boddaert)—-ProTHoNoTARY WARBLER.

A fairly common summer resident and breeder in the heavily wooded
Missouri bottoms, arriving late in April,breeding in June, and departing
late in August and early in September. Aughey sawit a few times in
Richardson county during June, 1875. It breeds every year around
Omaha, though becoming each year less numerous, ‘and M. A. Car-
riker, Jr., has found nests at Nebraska City. Has been seen once
in migration at Lincoln and once at West Point.

639. Helmitheros vermivorus (Gmelin) —-WorM-EATING WARBLER.
Aughey found this warbler in southeastern Nebraska in June, 1875,
F. J. Brezee and I. S. Trostler have noted it in July and August at
Omaha, and Wolcott has noted it several times in the vicinity of
Lincoln, on the capitol grounds and in the deep woods near Roca,
where it was present all summer in 1903. Breeding almost certain.

641. *Helminthophila pinus (Linnaeus)—-BLur-wiInGEp WARBLER.

A rather common summer resident and breeder in the wooded Mis-
souri bottoms, arriving early in May and departing late in August.
101

Aughey observed it near the mouth of the Nemaha in June, 1875.
It is present about Omaha and Peru all summer, and during 1900
nests were taken at the former locality by J. E. Wallace. Migrat-
ing individuals have been seen at Lincoln and Weeping, Water.

642. Helminthophila chrysoptera (Linnaeus)—GoLDEN-WINGED WARBLER.

The only record of this eastern warbler is the one made by Aughey

who stated he had occasionally seen it in eastern Nebraska. As it

occurs regularly west to Minnesota it may yet prove not rare in the
Missouri bottoms where its breeding is quite possible.

644. Helminthophila virginia (Baird)—Vircinia WARBLER.

Again our only record is Aughey’s, who saw a single specimen of
this western warbler in a narrow belt of timber in the Republican
bottoms in Hitchcock county. Of course it must be considered but
a straggler in our state.

645. *Helminthophila rubricapilla (Wilson)—NasHVILLE WARBLER.

A common migrant and rare summer resident in the Missouri
river region along the eastern edge of the state, where it breeds.
Aughey found a young bird just from the nest June 10, 1865; and on
June 11, 1900, at Nebraska City, M. A. Carriker, Jr., shot a female,
with well-formed eggs in her ovary which showed evidence of having
a nest in the vicinity; the latter, however, he was unable to find. This
species remains all summer in the vicinity of Omaha, and has also
been seen at Weeping Water and West Point.

646. Helminthophila celata (Say)—ORaNGE-CROWNED WARBLER.

An abundant migrant, passing during the first half of May and late
in September to the middle of October. Breeds north of United
States except in mountains. Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, Peru, West
Point, Neligh.

647. Helminthophila peregrina (Wilson)—-TENNESSEE WaRBLER.
A common migrant in eastern Nebraska, passing early in May
and late in September, breeding north of us. Omaha, Lincoln, Peru,
West Point, Sioux county.

648. Compsothlypis americana usneez Brewster—NorTHERN PaRULA WaR-
BLER.
Aughey says of the Parula Warbler that it reaches Nebraska about
May 1, that it is found principally along timber belts and in orchards,
and he has frequently seen the young soon after leaving the nest,
but has never found the nest itself. The only addition to this record
is a single male specimen taken April 20, 1901, near Havelock by
Merritt Cary. This specimen agrees with Ridgway’s new form,
C. a. ramaline, but until action is taken by the A. O. U. commutes,
our bird must be referred to usnee.

650. Dendroica tigrina (Gmelin)—Carze May WarBLER.
A rare migrant. Two definite records, a male taken at Alda, May
652.

654.

655.

656.

657.

658.

659.

102

12, 1883, by F. W. Powell, and another at Omaha, May 24, 1893, by
L. Skow. Breeds north of the United States.

Dendroica estiva (Gmelin)—YELLOW WaRBLER.

An abundant summer resident and breeder throughout the state,
especially eastward; arriving the first week in May, breeding late
in that month, through June and into July, and departing early in
September.

Dendroica cerulescens (Gmelin)—BLAcK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER.
This bird Aughey found present in small numbers during both
spring and fall migrations, in eastern Nebraska, and he records shoot-
ing one at Lincoln in September, 1874. Bruner has noted it on rare
occasions at both Omaha and West Point, but no other observers
seem to have seen it. Breeds from northern states northward.

Dendroica coronata (Linnaeus)—-MyrtTLe WARBLER.

An abundant migrant in at least the eastern half of the state, un-
common westward. Arrives late in April and lingers until the middle
of May, appearing again in October and present during most of that
month. Aughey records finding young birds in eastern Nebraska
on several occasions, and seeing birds in June, but it has not been seen
in summer by recent observers, and, while offering no explanation
of Aughey’s observations, we cannot accept it as a breeder. Win-
ters south of us. :

*Dendroica auduboni (Townsend)—AvupUBON WARBLER.

A very common summer resident among the pines of Sioux county,
where it breeds. A nest was found May 20, 1900, by the expedition
of that year, which, however, contained no eggs. On June 14, 1901,
Cary found a nest in Warbonnet canyon from whicha set of four fresh
eggs was secured on the 27th of that month.

Dendroica maculosa (Gmelin)—MacGnoiia WARBLER.

An uncommon migrant. Aughey records it as occasionally seen
during migrations in northeastern Nebraska and of having taken one
near Ponca in May, 1865. A specimen taken at Omaha by F. J. Bre-
zee is now in Bruner’s collection. Cary found them in fair numbers
at Neligh during the spring migration, May 16 to 22, but not in the
fall. Recorded twice from Lincoln. Breeds north of the United
States.

*Dendroica cerulea (Wilson)—-CeRULEAN WARBLER.

A rather common summer resident along the wooded bluffs of the
Missouri river, where it breeds. In the vicinity of Omaha several
nests have been found. It arrives early in May and departs late in
August. Cary took a female at Neligh May 17, 1899.

*Dendroica pensylvanica (Linnaeus)—-CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER.
A common migrant along the eastern edge of the state. In the
vicinity. of Omaha it is frequently seen throughout the summer, and
108
has once been found breeding, a set of four eggs being taken by I. 8.
Trostler, June 23, 1894.

660. Dendroica castanea (Wilson)—BayY-BREASTED WARBLER.

The right of this warbler to be considered asa Nebraska bird rests
entirely upon Aughey’s record. He found it occasional in eastern
Nebraska and took a specimen in September, 1874. This is an
eastern species barely reaching the Missouri, and breeding from the
northern states northward.

661. Dendroica striata (Forster) —-BLACK-POLL WARBLER.
A common migrant over the eastern half of the state, passing
* through during the second and third weeks in May and in August.
Breeds from the northern states northward. Omaha, Lincoln,
Beatrice, Peru, West Point, Neligh, Cherry county.

662. Dendroica blackburnie (Gmelin) —-BLacKBURNIAN WARBLER.

Aughey states that he has occasionally seen this well marked
warbler in the borders of woodlands in eastern Nebraska, and Bruner
has noted it at West Point and Omaha. It breeds from northern
Minnesota northward.

663a. Dendroica dominica albilora Ridgway—SycamMorE WARBLER.

Aughey’s record of dominica undoubtedly refers to this subspecies,
which breeds in the Mississippi valley from Texas to central Illinois
and eastern Kansas, and stragglers even to Wisconsin and Michigan.
He says he has seen it only along the Nemaha in southeastern Ne-
braska, where he took a specimen in September, 1874; no one else
has reported it. It probably occasionally breeds in the extreme
southeastern part of the state.

667. Dendroica virens (Gmelin)—BLack-rHRoaTED GREEN WARBLER.

A rare migrant through eastern third of state. Aughey records
taking three specimens in Dakota county June 5 and 6, 1865, and two
in Lancaster county June 14,1875. Bruner has observed it at Omaha,
Florence, and Weeping Water. Cary reported it twice from Neligh,
late in April, 1898, and May 4, 1899. Breeds from northern Illinois
northward.

671. Dendroica vigorsii (Audubon)—PI1nE WaRBLER.
Aughey says this warbler occurs here during early spring and
autumn, and that he took specimens in Dakota county in April,
1865, and Lancaster county in April, 1875 and 1877. He also took
one Sept. 30, 1876. No other definite Nebraska records of this bird.
It breeds from Minnesota and Manitoba southward, and may be found
nesting in this state. ‘

672. Dendroica palmarum (Gmelin)—Patm WarBLer.
Aughey recorded this species as abundant in eastern Nebraska,
which it certainly is not now, but is rare. He noted it in both early
spring and late, fall, and took specimens April 10,1875, and Oct. 1,
104

1876. The only other Nebraska record is a specimen taken at Omaha,
May ‘4, 1893, by L. Skow. Breeds north of the United States.

673. *Dendroica discolor (Vieillot)—Prairiz WARBLER.
Like the preceding Aughey recorded this species as abundant in

eastern Nebraska, but recent observers do not find it so by any
means. He found young in Dakota county and a nest in Richard-

son county near the Nemaha, and recorded specimens from the for-

mer locality June 1, 1865, and from Lancaster county Sept. 5 and 20,

1874, June 2 and 14, 1875, and June 4, 1877. Since then Bruner

has noted it at West Point and Omaha, and L. Skow at the latter
locality also. It should be found breeding in small numbers along

the Missouri river, especially southward.

674. *Seiurus aurocapillus (Linnaeus)—OvENBIRD.

A common summerresident; found throughout the state, but more
especially eastward. Arrives first week in May, breeds in June;
departs early in September. Omaha, Peru, Beatrice, Lincoln, West
Point, Neligh, Sioux county.

675a. *Seiurus mnoveboracensis notabilis Ridgway—GrinnELL WatTER-
THRUSH.
An uncommon migrant over the state, breeding in Sioux county.
Passes during second and third week in May and early in September:
Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh, Sioux county.

676. *Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot)—LovisIANA WaATER-THRUSH.

Along the eastern edge of the state; breeding rather commonly
in suitable localities along the bluffs of the Missouri river at Omaha
and Peru, and in Richardson county. Occurring as a migrant a little
farther west, at Lincoln, Beatrice, etc.

677. *Geothlypis formosa (Wilson)—-Kmentucky WARBLER.
A common summer resident and breeder in the wooded ravines of
the bluffs along the Missouri river, rarely as far west as Lincoln.
Omaha, Peru, Lincoln—breeding.

679. *Geothlypis philadelphia (Wilson)—Mournine WARBLER.
Aughey found this bird in the eastern part of the state, and also
found young birds being fed by the parents in the southeastern por- °
tion, thus establishing it as a breeder. L.Skow took twospecimens at
Omaha, May, 21, 1893, and Cary found it a not uncommon migrant
at Neligh, May 16 to 24, 1899. No other records.

680. Geothlypis tolmiei (Townsend)—MacGiILiivray WarBLeR.

Aughey records noting this species in western Nebraska, probably
along the Republican river, late in August, 1874. Cary noted it in
Monroe canyon, Sioux county, May 27, 1900, and later during 1901,
several times. Breeding probable.

681a. *Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster—WrsteERN YELLOWTHROAT.
In the western part of the state, breeding abundantly in Sioux
105 :

county. During migrations specimens which approach this form,
are found over the entire state, and such have been recorded from
Lincoln, West Point, and Kennedy.

681d. *Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla (Swainson)—NorTHERN YELLOW-
THROAT.

This is the yellow-throat of the eastern portion of the state, where
it is an abundant migrant and very common breeder, arriving the
last week in April and remaining until late in September. Westward
it grades into and finally becomes replaced by the preceding form.
Omaha, Peru, Beatrice, Lincoln, Norfolk, West Point, Neligh,
Holt county, Niobrara valley, Long Pine, Cherry county—breeding.
The more western specimens are so nearly intermediate between this
and the preceding that it is difficult to satisfactorily place them.

683. *Icteria virens (Linnaeus) YELLOW-BREASTED CuHatT.

An abundant summer resident and breeder along the eastern edge
of the state and a little westward; arriving the first week in May,
‘breeding from late in May to July, departing in the middle of Septem-
ber. Omaha, Peru, Weeping Water, Lincoln, etc.

683a. *Icteria virens longicauda (Lawrence)—LoNG-TAILED CHAT.

This is the common chat of the state, of which breeding specimens
from Sioux and Cherry counties and the Niobrara valley are typical,
those from east central Nebraska grading into virens but nearer this
form. Over the whole state during migrations. Lincoln, Beatrice,
West Point, Neligh, Valentine, Thedford, Holdrege, etc. Dates
about as for preceding.

684. Wilsonia mitrata (Gmelin)—Hooprp WaRrBLER.
Aughey observed this well marked warbler along the Nemaha
river in southeastern Nebraska on several occasions in September,
1874. Recent observers have not recorded it. Breeding very prob-
able.

685. Wilsonia pusilla (Wilson)—-W1Lson WarBLER.

This bird Aughey found sparingly in both eastern and western
Nebraska, and mentions especially one seen in southwestern Nebraska
along the Republican late in August, 1874. There is every probability
that this bird was a Pileolated Warbler, 6852. W. p. pileolata (Pallas),
which form occurs east across the plains to Minnesota and Missouri,
but in the absence of this or other specimens the status of this and
typical pusilla cannot now be determined. The Wilson Warbler .
has been taken at both West Point and Omaha by Bruner, was found
to be a common migrant at Neligh by Cary, April 28 to May 13 and
Sept. 2, and was observed at Gresham by Dickinson. Breeds north
of Nebraska.

686. Wilsonia canadensis (Linnaeus)—CANAaDIAN WARBLER.

Our only record of this bird seems to be the one by Aughey who

observed it in spring in the eastern part of the state and shot a single
106

specimen on the Nemaha in Richardson county in the middle of
May, 1875. Breeds north of Nebraska.

687. *Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus) —ReEpsrTaRrr.

An abundant breeder and summer resident over the state, arriving
first week in May and departing in the middle of September. Omaha,
Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, Neligh, Long Pine, Cherry county,
Holdrege, Sioux county-—breeding.

EXTRALIMITAL: The Lutescent Warbler, 646a. Helminthophila
c. lutescens Ridgway, may reach western Nebraska during migrations,
as it occurs on the plains east of the Rockies in Colorado. 668.
Dendroica townsends (Townsend)—The Townsend Warbler, a bird of
western North America, found during migrations east to the plains
of Wyoming (Cheyenne), Colorado (Ft. Lyon), and Texas, and acci-
dental in Pennsylvania. 670. Dendroica kirtlandii Baird—The Kirt-
land Warbler. This rare warbler has been taken in Illinois, Michigan,
Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Missouri, and its occurrence in Nebraska
is possible. 678. Geothlypis agilis (Wilson), the Connecticut Warbler,
of the eastern United States, has as yet no Nebraska record, but, as
it occurs regularly west to Minnesota and casually even to Colorado,
its ultimate inclusion in our fauna is but a matter of time.

Famity MOTACILLIDZ—Pipits

1. Tail about one-half inch shorter than wing, the inner web of its outer
feather chiefly dusky; tarsus as long as hind toe and claw, feet dark;
colorsdull obscures 4 yte Steeles ie ees Pipit.

1. Tail about three-fourths inch shorter than wing, the inner web of its outer
feather chiefly white; tarsus shorter than hind toe and claw, feet
pale; colors bright, distinct................4. ee Sprague Pipit.

679. Anthus pensilvanicus (Latham) —Ptrir.
A common migrant, passing in April and early in May and again
late in September and in October; breeding far north. Omaha,
Lincoln, West Point, Neligh.

700. Anthus spragueii (Audubon)—Spracue Prrir.
Migrant; not so common as preceding; same dates. Omaha, Lin-
coln, West Point.

Famity CINCLIDA!—Dirrers

Slaty gray, tinged with brown on head and neck; frequenting running
SUTCAINS 6 wed s6ne ode Hee eG AA Be awh eA eS Ree eee ca Dipper.

701. Cinclus mexicanus Swainson—Dipper.

So far as known, the only record of this bird for Nebraska is of
the one seen by Bruner on the White river in Sioux county west of
Crawford in May, 1891. The bird was clearly seen sporting among
the rocks along the stream. It is a common resident in Colorado
and Wyoming and east into the Black hills.
107

Famity MIMIDA:—Turasuers anp Mockers

1. Under parts spotted (3)—not spotted... 0.0.0.6 lee ee (2)
2. Slaty, with black crown and tail and chestnut under tail-coverts

wed . .Catbird.

2. Gray abana. Soiled aie below: beds on wing ‘and outer tail
feathers: white: vs. evase oe Mage daa ee agone sein Mockingbird.

2. Slightly vane above, tinged with brownish below; wing-patch
larger. . 3 . Western Mockingbird.

3. Above prowiliath gray; ‘below ‘spotted. eee feaiteular dusky spots
Bark gh ioe a eee be ace PL MEE SCE eee S OSS Sage Thrasher.

3. Above rich rufous; below spotted with long brownish spots; two wing-
bands cose na eealeed Pah ped keeeeusos 4 aes s brOwn: Thrasher.

702. Oroscoptes montanus (Townsend)—Sacn THRASHER.

Rare, and so far as known, confined to northwestern Nebraska.
Baird’s ‘‘Nebraska” records are now extralimital, referring to Ft.
Laramie and the Black hills. A. K. Fisher saw a single bird at a dis-
tance of six feet at Alliance, Box Butte county, July 12, 1893, and
it has been found nesting within a half mile of the Nebraska line in
Wyoming, May 20, 1900, by Cary and Carriker. Residents of the Hat
Creek valley report it as occasional in that region.

703. *Mimus polyglottos (Linnaeus)—Mockinesirp, and
703a. *Mimus polyglottos leucopterus (Vigors)—WersteRN MocKINGBIRD.
This bird is found throughout the entire state; south of the Platte
a common summer resident and breeder; rare north of middle of
state. Arrives in the middle of April, breeds in June, departs
about the middle of October. Rulo, Nebraska City, Weeping Water,
Lincoln, Beatrice, Franklin, Kearney, North Platte, McCook, Strat-
ton, Haigler, Sidney—breeding; even north to Sioux county, though
not common—breeding. Specimens from the last locality much paler
in color and with more extended white markings than eastern birds
have been identified by Witmer Stone as leucopterus, and there is
no doubt the Sidney record refers to the same form. In regard to the
records from other localities westward, however, it is impossible, in
the absence of specimens, to make a definite statement; nor is it pos-
sible to limit the range of the two in the state.
704. *Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linnaeus)—CatTBirp.
Whole of state; abundant eastward, common westward, arriving
the first week in May, breeding in June, departing late in September.
705. *Toxostoma rufum (Linnaeus)—Brown THRASHER.
Over the entire state; abundant except in the more western por-
tions, breeding throughout. Arrives late in April, breeds late in May,
and in June, departs late in September.

Famity TROGLODYTIDA—Wrens

1. Upper parts brown, not barred nor streaked; a white line over eye;
large WHENS: 6.46 acwne munca a nals Baws mined ouateacuen ESR NB ads (2)
108

1. Upper parts more or less barred crosswise; wings, tail and flanks fully

barred; tail not fan shaped................ 0. cece eee ee ees (4)

1. Upper parts streaked lengthwise; flanks scarcely barred; marsh wrens;
tail NOt fat SHA Ped ....dcencuvenunsi naka mod doutramned Walesnd Chad Mame EE (6)

1. Upper parts dotted with dusky and whitish spots; tail broad and fan
shaped jasc cnet ccns aon xe Ceo gaat x hn capeyinr USN Po cebaaate cect ea teases eS (8)

2. Tail brownish, distinctly barred, shorter than w'ng; above redd‘sh
brown: ¢ cewsuugeaarerecsuicgraylesaamnns na wienwre Carolina Wren.

2. Tail blackish, not fully barred, longer than wing; above eS
brown....... ar . (3)

3. Darker, more brownish aboves beneath, adiled ‘white, Hines more « brown
ish; smaller........ passes .Bewick Wren.

3. Paler, more erayish meen beneath 5 pure z aphita, flanks seucely brownish;
larger...... Rees .Texas Bewick Wren.

4, Tail much short: than wings; : dhewe bright. cinnamon, below pale
cinnamon, heavily barred. .. . : . Winter Wren.

4. Tail as long as wings; above pale cliimamori, , halow gray washed

with brownish, lightly barred... ....... ae (5)

5. Darker, more reddish brown above, ihe bars obscure; darker ‘below.
strongly brownish. is s6 pac gags caag leas pees ea dss House Wren.

5. Paler, more grayish brown above, the bars distinct; paler, almost white,
below. . db gk Meare PEER OE ORR wees Western House Wren.

6. Crown streaked with white; bill under 4 inch long. .........
a . Short-billed Marsh Wren.
6. Grown Att sbreateeds pi 7: ines or more efloug a Sie oe ak Bawa NS (7)
7. Bars on middle tail feathers and both tail-coverts indistinct or lacking,
sa ceh ol cpetachda’s Sve mp AIS = Fe ave decease site g a eeaabiiee Long-billed Marsh Wren.
7. Bars on middle tail feathers and tail-coverts distinct, continuous;
palersi. ee ou Cher kieeeeaside tee ed ata aes cease Interior Tule Wren.

8. Belly, rump, and tail rusty; back rusty brown; throat white
sie Sap shexe sox de carer 396 Rancho eee a arate NE ed Bae ice ataerceid Canyon Wren.
8. Whole under parts whitish; bathe aoe brown, rump rusty
ee ee Ce OES he eee . Rock Wren.

715. *Salpinctes obsoletus (Say)—Rock Wren.

An abundant breeder in the Pine ridge country of northwest
Nebraska, south through Scott’s Bluff and Banner to Kimball and
Cheyenne counties, east through Dawes and Sheridan counties to
the Minnechaduza and Gorden canyons in Cherry county, breeding
in the rim-rocks in June. Aughey records finding a nest in an old
slab pile near Dakota City, June 3,1865, and another in an old stump
along Salt creek in June, 1875, but recent observers have noted it as
a migrant only in eastern Nebraska. Neligh, West Point, Eingele
migrating in late April and early May.

[717a. Catherpes mexicanus conspersus Ridgway—Canyron WREN.
In Sioux county in a canyon on White river between Glen and
Andrews, Aug. 12, 1903, Bruner saw a wren which he identified as
109

this species, but did not secure the specimen. There can be little
doubt as to the correctness of the identification, but it is deemed
advisable to withhold this bird from full standing in the list until
the taking of a specimen places the record beyond all doubt, since it
is a rare species in both Colorado and Wyoming.]

718. Thryothorus ludovicianus (Latham)—CaroLina WREN.
Aughey saw this bird but once in Nebraska, in Richardson county,
June 12, 1875. Bruner saw it again years afterward at Rulo in the
same county. The third and last instance of its occurrence was a
specimen taken at Roca, Feb. 20,.1902, by J. S. Hunter (See Proc. N.
O. U. III, p. 108). It is probably a rare resident in the extreme
southeastern part of the state.

719. *Thryomanes bewickii (Audubon)—Brewick WRENN.

Aughey’s record stands alone for this bird in Nebraska. He found
a nest near the Missouri river in Otoe county, June 12, 1875, and
watched the parents feed their young with small locusts.

The recording of 7’. b. bairdii (in part cryptus) from Nebraska was
a guess by Taylor as to the identity of Aughey’s specimen. Since
the rearrangement of the subspecies, (See Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XXI, pp. 421-450) the only other form likely to occur in this state is
719c. T. b. eryptus Oberholser, the Texas Bewick Wren, which is found
north to Kansas and eastern Colorado and may straggle into western
Nebraska.

(721. Troglodytes aedon Vieillot—Housz Wren.

‘ Both eastern and western forms of this species have been recorded
from this state, but a careful examination proves them all to refer to
the western subspecies. The western range of aedon is to Indiana
and Illinois and it probably never reaches this state.]

721a. *Troglodytes aedon aztecus (Baird)—-Wrestern Hovusrt Wren.
Entire state, abundant summer resident and breeder; arriving in
the middle of April, breeding in the latter part of May, and in Juné
and departing late in September and in October, though lingering
even to the first of November.

722. Olbiorchilus hiemalis (Vieillot)—-WinreER WRreEN.
Rather rare winter resident, appearing in the middle of Septem-
ber and present until March. Omaha, Peru, Dunbar, Blair, West
Point, Neligh, Lincoln. Breeds north of this state.

724. *Cistothorus stellaris (Lichtenstein)—-SHoRT-BILLED MarsH WREN.
An uncommon migrant and rare summer resident in eastern
Nebraska. Aughey found a nest in a marsh in Dixon county in 1867,
the only time he found it breeding. It has also been found at Omaha,
West Point, and Lincoln in summer, and nests have been found at
the two latter localities (See Proc. N. O. U. III, p. 108).
110

725. *Telmatodytes palustris iliacus Ridgway—Lone-BILLED Marsu WRreEN.

A very common migrant and a common summer resident, arriving

in the middle of April, breeding in the latter part of June and early

in July and departing in September. Abundant breeder in the sand-

hill lake region of Cherry county, common everywhere in marshes

in the state. Omaha, Tekamah, West Point, Lincoln, Beatrice, York,
Neligh. ,

EXTRALIMITAL: 725c. Telmatodytes p. plestus Oberholser, the
Interior Tule Wren, is the form breeding in Colorado and Wyoming
and has been taken to within a few miles of the state line, so may be
found in western Nebraska during migrations. °

Famity CERTHIIDA:—CREEPERS

1. Browner above, with tawny of rump less distinctly contrasted with
color of back; smaller, with a shorter bill (wing 22 to 275, tail 24
t0:2,%, Inches) vestige eee ae eee ee pees Brown Creeper.

1. Grayer aor; with tawny of rump more dtetinetly contrasted with
color of back; larger, with a longer bill (wing 24 to 27%, tail 2,%
to 23, bill 4% to 4inches.................. Rocky Mountain Creeper.

726. *Certhia familiaris americana (Bonaparte)—-BROWN CREEPER.

Eastern Nebraska, resident; common all winter in more southern
parts, less so northward, rare between middle April and early October
when most of them go north to breed. - Aughey ‘‘found a nest of this
bird in a knot-hole in the timber near Dakota City, in June, 1865,”
and Trostler has evidence of its breeding near Omaha, rarely. Rulo,
Dunbar, Omaha, West Point, Ponca, Neligh, Lincoln, Beatrice. The
westernmost record is from St. Michael just east of the 99th meridian.

726a. Certhia familiaris montana Ridgway—Rocky Mountain CREEPER.
Sioux county in winter. The specimen taken there Feb. 17, 1896,
and on which the only existing record was based, has been examined
by Oberholser who confirms the identification. It is rare in Sioux
county and ascends to higher altitudes in spring, probably early in
April.

FamiLty SITTIDA—NovurtuHatcuHes

1. Larger, wing about 33 inches; below white, rusty on flanks and

under tail-coverts only... 1.0.0.0... cece ccc eee teas (2)
1. Smaller, wing about 24 inches; whole under parts tinged with brown-
ish, often bright rusty . . .(8)

2. Above lighter, more phumbesds, fertisle light “phuish gray
with large, sharply defined, oblong patches of black, the
one on outer web of third feather rounded at end; sides of
neck grayish ome smaller wing about 33 inches, bill
shorter, stouter . , i . White-bellied Nuthatch.

2, Above darker, more alate: tertials dark bluish gray with
narrower, less sharply defined black patches, the ohe on
111

outer web of third feather pointed at end; sides of neck
' pure white; larger, wing about 34 inches, bill longer, more

slender. ae : .Rocky Mountain Nuthatch.
3. Crown black fenatey or a ‘like ‘badk (fewale), with a black line
through eye and a white one over it; under parts usually bright

rusty; nospot on nape..........-.....0.000- Red-bellied Nuthatch.
3. Crown dull brownish (adult). or gray like back (young) changing to
‘blackish before and behind eye, but no white line over eye; nape

with a poorly defined whitespot .................. Pygmy Nuthatch.

727. *Sitta carolinensis Latham—WuiTE-BELLIED NUTHATCH.
Greater part of state, eastward; common resident and breeder.
Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Blair, Tekamah, Ponca, Neligh, Long
Pine, etc. Breeds usually in April and May.

727c. *Sitta carolinensis nelsoni Mearns—Rocxy Mountain NurTuHatcu.
Sioux county, common resident and breeder. Oberholser has veri-
fied this identification in regard to both winter specimens and breed-
ing birds. To this form refer all the previous valid Nebraska records
of aculeata.

728. Sitta canadensis Linnaeus—Rxrp-BELLIED NUTHATCH.

Whole state; uncommon winter resident, present from the middle
of October until the middle of May. There is much circumstantial
evidence to indicate the breeding of this bird in the state, but as yet
no definite record. Omaha, Dunbar, Lincoln, Dakota City, Neligh,
Long Pine, Sioux county. The earliest Lincoln record is October
26, 1903, (Swenk), the latest May 10, 1898 (J. S. Hunter).

730. Sitta pygmza Vigors—Pyemy NurHatTcu.

A fall and winter visitor in the pine clad region of northwest Ne-
braska. Aughey met with this bird once (1877),in the ‘‘timbered
bottoms and bluffs of the Niobrara river on the northern border of
the state.” The Sioux county records for the ‘‘Brown-headed Nut-
hatch,” (see Bruner, Birds of Nebraska, p. 160), on Feb. 26, 1896
(L. Skow),and for the ‘‘Hudsonian Chickadee,” on Dec. 13, 1895
(L. Bruner), were both misidentifications and should refer to this
species. The Omaha records for the ‘‘ Pygmy Nuthatch” (1. c. p. 160)
refer probably to immature examples of the Red-bellied. Ascends to
higher parts in March and not breeding in the state.

FAMILY PARID#—TirMice

1. Head conspicuously crested; above ashy with black forehead, below

CU Whiter pach sine Sener dws oe ee eee Me Tufted Titmouse.

1. Head not crested; top of head and throat glossy black..............(2)
2. Forehead and line over eye white; wings scarcely edged with

white. | .Mountain Chickadee.

_ Forehead black, 1 no lines over eye; - wings ‘broadly white-edged . . (3)
3. Sloe darker, above olive-gray, wings and tail moderately edged with
112
hoary,the latter not so terminally ; smaller with shorter tail (24 to
23 inches) ; black on head less extensive, white less pure. . . Chickadee.
3. Colors paler, above pure ash-gray, wings and tail very broadly edged
with hoary, that on latter generally passing around the tips, that
on former, much broader on tertials and greater wing-coverts;
larger, with longer tail (23 to 3 inches) ; black on head more exten-

sive on nape and reaching breast, sides of head pure white..... :
Long-tailed Chickadee.

731. Bzolophus bicolor (Linnaeus)—TurrTep TITMovusE.

Not uncommon (locally) in eastern Nebraska in more heavily
timbered districts, rare elsewhere and not present west of 98th meri-
dian. Resident, and with little doubt a breeder, but as yet there
is no taking of a nest recorded. Rulo, Peru, Dunbar, Omaha,
Tekamah, West Point, Dakota City, Neligh, Lincoln.

735. *Parus atricapillus Linnaeus—CHICKADEE.

In extreme eastern Nebraska an occasional chickadee is found nearer
to atricapillus than the following form, but such are not plentiful
and most of the eastern Nebraska birds are intermediates. Omaha,
Lincoln, Beatrice—breeding.

735a. *Parus atricapillus septentrionalis (Harris) —LoNG-TAILED CHICKADEE.

Entire state; abundant resident, eastward running into preceding

form; breeding in April and May. Sioux and Cherry counties,

Niobrara valley, Neligh, West Point, Tekamah, Omaha, Dunbar,
Lincoln, Beatrice—breeding.

(738. Parus gambeli Ridgway—MountaiIn CHICKADEE.
Baird’s record referred to what is now Wyoming, so this must be
dropped as a Nebraska bird. However it occurs at Cheyenne, Wyo.,
commonly, and may reach northwest Nebraska in winter.]

Famity SYLVIIDZE—KiIncGLETs AND GNATCATCHERS

1. Outer tail feather white; bluish gray, with blackish wings and tail.. .
<pamdwe et eee ge Meas Beg REPAY Rae eRe ES Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.
1. Outer tail feather not white; above olive-green, below whitish... .... (2)
2. A yellow crown patch bordered by black on the sides. :
se Any bale Gis Adouae ahha aoe ae ak eek Mead ated Golden-crowned Kinglet.
2. A ruby crown patch (male) or none (female), and no black. .
S/R ig BE SACs Rr a Rea eMC eee ae ae Ruby-crowned Kinglet.

748. Regulus satrapa Lichtenstein—GoLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.
Migratory, common; passing in April and October, but rarely
wintering. Breeds north of Nebraska. Omaha, Lincoln, West
Point, Dakota City, Neligh, York, Long Pine.

749, Regulus calendula (Linnaeus)—-RuBy-cROWNED KINGLET.
Migratory, commoner than preceding, appearing early in April and
lingering often until the middle of May, breeding north of us, return-
ing early in October, and lingering through that month, occasionally
113

wintering. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, Beatrice, York, West Point,
Dakota City, Neligh.

751. *Polioptila cerulea (Linnaeus)—-BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER.

Common migrant, passing in April and late in September over the
eastern third of the state, breeding in suitable localities along the
Missouri river, especially in the vicinity of Omaha, where several
nests have been taken. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point,
Dakota City, Neligh.

FaMILY TURDIDH—Turvsuss, BLUEBIRDS, AND SOLITAIRES

. Color ashy, with outer tail feathers white tipped, a buff wing-band and
‘pale eye-ring; no blue in plumage, not spotted below... ......

Sac gy BWCH no waa te i eee, dea GN AN es iad teal G-aleca cea Townsend Solitaire.
. Color gray, with upper tail-coverts and base of tail white, rest of tail,
wings, and cheeks black, throat and breast pale buff unspotted.

Ss edihs ddgnacaieeatani aed aide len sary olathe doa as wae eieatelel Greenland Wheatear.
. Color above slaty, below mostly rusty brown, breast unspotted in adult,
plumage without blue... 0.6... ec eee teens (2)
. Color below white spotted with dark and no chestnut; no blue in plumage.
Sete Oo ees aca lite opted alec eon hen eatasaa: Naat . (4)
. Colormostly bli@ss > s:<¢ 2.8 ee cers dei vedere sere dec ed ow nessun (10)

2. A black band across breast; throat and line behind eye rusty...”
satus de sds aha Scale et Dealt cee ere hs . Varied Thrush.
2. No black-band across breast; throat white with black spots. . . (3)
. Under tail feathers with distinct white tips on first two pairs; black of
hind neck grading into slaty gray of back, which is spotted with

. Under tail feathers without distinct white tips; black of hind neck
abruptly defined against pale slaty gray back, which lacks the black

SPOtS. sk eas cee cae eee ae oak ee Re ee Western Robin.
4. Rufots tail and upper tail-coverts decidedly brighter than olive-

brown: backs. 4 ge ekoe cng otcia sae aes Dat gos ae ae eect (5)
4. Back and tail of practically the same color... ................ (6)

4, Olive rump and tail decidedly duller than bright cinnamon-brown
back; breast and sides with many round black spotsWood Thrush.
. Above dull brown, more smoky in winter, flanks olive brownish; smaller,
wing 3} to 33, tail 2? to 3 inches; bill heavier....... Hermit Thrush.
. Above grayish brown, more olivaceous in winter; flanks light grayish;
larger, wing 4 to 44, tail about 3} inches; bill slenderer........
steele ee tN Rak Aen ae Bea EO SE eS Audubon Hermit Thrush.
6. Upper parts cinnamon-brown throughout (7)—olive throughout.(8)
. Upper parts light tawny brown, sides of throat cream-buff with only the
very center immaculate, breast light tawny buff marked by narrower
more pencilled brownish spots, sides white slightly tinged with grayish,
under mandible not tipped with brown or but very slightly so..
wi each ahah otedtts Seid ud ark ald cgeitmtine 2 veseeeeeeeesss. Wilson Thrush.
. Upper parts olivaceous tawny most tawny on the rump, throat almost
114

immaculate and unmarked, breast dark olivaceous buff more heavily
marked with blunt arrow shaped fuscous spots, sides white strongly
tinged with olivaceous, under mandible horn color tipped with brown.
da dt te nih Gitaeh A tasecternated uti Masry aaah Ooh ee celeoteegiay leu ettag! 6 . Willow Thrush.
8. Throat, breast, sliaeice, eye-ring, and lores gray with a very slight
buffy tinge... 4.6 We caren eee eae oe Gray-cheeked Thrush.
8. Throat, breast, cheeks, eye-ring, and lores deep cream buff... . (9)
9. Upper parts more olivaceous, sides and flanks less grayish... ...
MIee TAREE CL Ee Deke thee sae eee eee ws Olive-backed Thrush.
9. Upper parts more grayish, especially on rump and upper tail-coverts;
sides, and flanks more grayish. ................000005 Alma Thrush.
10 Whole upper parts blue (11)—middle of back chestnut..
ibid thie Reali a ania tdi 4 Ree eee Chestnut-backed Bluebird,
11. Throat and breast chestnut. . spied . Bluebird.
11. Throat and breast not chestnut, ‘but pele blue. ahh amas "Mountain Bluebird.

754. *Myadestes townsendii (Audubon)—TowNsEnD SOLITAIRE.
Resident in northwest Nebraska. Common summer resident in
Sioux county, breeding in the latter part of May, in winter spreading
eastward over the entire state. Valentine, Long Pine, Niobrara
valley, Neligh, Norfolk, Alda, Lincoln, Beatrice—wintering.

755. *Hylocichla mustelina (Gmelin)—Woop THrusH.

Entire state; abundant summer resident and breeder eastward, un-
commonly so westward; arriving first week in May, breeding in June,
departing by the middle of September. Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice,
Peru, West Point, Dakota City, Neligh, Long Pine, Sioux county—
breeding.

[756. Hylocichla fuscescens Stephens, the Wilson Thrush, is the form of
Eastern North America west to Missouri (see Howe, Auk, XVII, pp.
18-25), but may straggle west into eastern Nebraska. However, in
the absence of specimens, all our records are referred to the fol-
lowing.]

756a. Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola Ridgway—WiLLow THRUSH.

An uncommon migrant, arriving the first week in May and lingering
into June, departing early in September. It is probably an occa-
sional breeder, but as yet the only evidence of its nesting is a pair seen
by Wolcott near Lincoln June 2, 1898, in a locality very favorable for
that purpose, the male in full song. Richardson county, Omaha,
Lincoln, West Point.

757. Hylocichla alicie (Baird)—Gray-cHEEKED THRUSH.
An uncommon migrant, passing through in the middle of May to
breed north of the United States. Beatrice, Lincoln—migrating.

758a. Hylocichla ustulata swainsonii (Cabanis)—-OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH.
An abundant migrant in eastern Nebraska, arriving the first week
in May or a little earlier, lingering until well into June, breeding north
of the state, reappearing in early September and present most of that
758b.

759a.

759b.

115
month. Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh, Kearney, Long Pine,
Valentine.

Hylocichla ustulata almz Oberholser—ALMA THRUSH.

The western or mountain form of ustulata and a common migrant
in Sioux county, arriving about the middle of May and a few lingering
through the summer in Warbonnet canyon,where it may breed. Ober-
holser has kindly verified this determination. Some, possibly most,
of the records provisionally placed under the preceding form may
belong to this recently differentiated race, especially those from Valen-
tine and Long Pine.

Hylocichla guttata auduboni (Baird)—AupuBon Hermit THRUSH.

Migratory; our only definite record is of a specimen taken at Lin-
coln April 9, 1900, by M. A. Carriker, Jr., and identified by Ober-
holser as audubont. Probably a number of the records placed pro-
visionally under the next form belong here.

Hylocichla guttata pallasii (Cabanis) Hermit THRrusH.

An uncommon migrant in eastern Nebraska, arriving the first week
in April and lingering through May, reappearing late in September.
The breeding record from Alda by F. W. Powell (Bull 2. Div. Orn. p.
287) was probably a mistake. Omaha, Lincoln, Fairbury, West Point,
Dakota county.

761. *Merula migratoria (Linnaeus)—Rosin.

761la.

766. *Sialia sialis (Linnaeus)—BLUEBIRD.

767a.

Over the whole state, abundant summer resident and breeder;
arriving the first week in March, breeding from the middle of April
through May and June, departing late in October and early in No-
vember, present in small numbers all winter. Westward runs into the
following form, but typical migratoria occurs over the state, though
less common westward. Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh, Cherry
and Sioux counties—breeding. ~

*Merula migratoria propinqua Ridgway—WeEsTERN RoBIN.

Western Nebraska, not recorded east of the 100th meridian even
during migrations. Most of our Western birds are intermediates
with an occasional well-defined propinqua. Breeds in Sioux county,
east in migrations to Curtis. Dates as for preceding, or somewhat
later. ‘

.

Entire state; abundant eastward but rare westward; arriving first
week in March, breeding from early in May to the middle of July,
departing from late in September to the middle of October, rarely
wintering. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, Neligh,
Long Pine, and Cherry and Sioux counties—breeding, even in the
latter locality.

Sialia mexicana bairdi Ridgway—CHESTNUT-BACKED BLUEBIRD.
Accidental. A bird of the west, occurring regularly as a migrant
116.

along.the eastern base of the Rockies, accidental east.to Iowa and
Minnesota. Included on Aughey’s record, who reported it as ‘‘rare’”’
in the state, and to have seen ‘‘it for the first time in August on the
-Niobrara, about seven miles from its mouth in a dense timber.” He
was close enough to observe its feeding habits.

768. *Sialia arctica Swainson—Mountain BLUEBIRD.
Western Nebraska; Sioux and Dawes to Kimball and Cheyenne
counties, breeding commonly in the higher parts of Pine Ridge in late
May and June.

EXTRALIMITAL: 763. Izoreus nevius (Gmelin), the Varied
Thrush, of the Pacific coast has straggled east even to the Atlantic
coast; 765a. Sazicola enanthe leucorhoa (Gmelin), the Greenland
Wheatear, has occurred in winter (accidentally) in New York, Maine,
Michigan, and even Louisiana and Colorado.

 
INDEX

BIRDS OF NEBRASKA.

Acanthis linaria.............. 84
linaria rostrata ............ 84
linaria holbeellii........... 84

Accipiter atricapillus.......... 51
atricapillus striatulus....... 51
COOPET 555. Gis vw Gaon Re ee Ss 50
MOOK 5 xi dere ences asserts ek atten 50

Actitis macularia............. 42

Actodromas bairdii. ........ .. 40
fuscicollis ................. 40
MACUIAEA ssc sec ces kaiaace 40
minutilla, .............000. 40

Aechmophorus occidentalis.... 16

Aegialitis melodia cireumcincta. 44
TVOSBen swe eee ace ee 44
semipalmata.............. . 44

Aeronautes melanoleucus.. 62

Agelaius phoniceus........... 74
pheeniceus fortis. . ... TA

AIX SPONBA,. 59 2 sci tga cia eas 28

Ammodramus henslowii....... 86
henslowii ooerdentals, 86
leconteli.. i. cs ee ates ca ees 86
NElSOM 3 sis dn.d5 alg we arwe a auese 87

Ampelis cedrorum............ 94

. earrulus:..s 4-25 92a caeved ans 94

Amphispiza belli nevadensis. . 92

Anas boschas,.............-. 26
fulvigula maculosa......... 31
OUSCUTAG 2.5 tease os ee sees 26
obscura rubripes........... 26

Anhinga. f.o05 03% fetus ae ec 21, 22

Anser albifrons gambeli....... 30

Anthus pensilvanicus......... 106
SPPAQUCH 6.6 seg d sande eh eens 106

Antrostomus vociferus........ 61

‘Aphelocoma woodhousei...... 71

Aquila chrysetos............. 52

Archibuteo ferrugineus........ 52
lagopus sacti-johannis.... 52

Ardea herodias............... 33

Ardetta exilis................ 33

Arenaria morinella............ 45

Arquatella maritima.......... 43

Asio accipitrinus . tiewacee DO
wilsonianus..,..........5. 55

Astragalinus tristis ........... 84
tristris pallidus . tee. 84

Asyndesmus torquatus........ 60

AV OCCty sau susan se fo n4ah tugs ee 37

Aythya affinis................ 28
AMETICANAs 69 45 64s wee ie eats 28
Collaris .. ¢.6iavaesnee se eeee 28
Marilay is eres evi ses eras 28
vallisneria..............00. 28

 

Beolophus bicolor. . faegucee E12
Baldpate...............0.0. ‘25, 27
Bartramia longicauda......... 42
Birds in Relation to Agriculture
and Horticulture. .......... 5-11
Bittern, American........... 32, 33
TOSS thes 5 aus dnstaomandunn wats apie BOO
Blackbird, Brewer........... 73,75
Northern Red-winged. ..72, 73, 74
no sia iassicasace abies 72,73, 74
RUB Ye ccc ng Beene eee "73. 75
Yollow-headed ee 72,73, 74
Bluebird................. 114, 115
Chestnut-backed........ 114,115
Mountain. .............. 114, 116
Bobolink. ............,.. 72,73, 74
Bobwhite. ...............004. 46
Bonasa umbellus. ............ 46
Botaurus lentiginosus......... 33
Brant. . . 28, 30
Branta bernicla glaucogastra. . 30
canadensis...........-..... 30
canadensis hutchinsii. ...... 30
canadensis minima. ........ 31
Bubo virginianus.. .......... 56
virginianus pallescens i seiest 56
virginianus arcticus........ 56
Bufflehead................0.. 29
Bunting, Indigo............ 79,91
POTIC 2. ge sosacantee kee oh Haug Oe Sd 78, 82,92
Teall gsi hig acscass ag, Sosa ed eds 79,92
Painted fas secu vcag bce ds 79,92
STO Weve 37 <4 sed dvs ean nantes ouk 77, 84
Varled oo ues enue ddaaristuien 79,92
Buteo borealis... ............ 51
borealis calurus............ 51
borealis harlani............ 51
borealis kriderii............ 51
lineatus! ici. ecen4d nainsaaw -51
platypterus. ............... 51
SWALTSONL 65 .cc eae us eee ne 51
Butorides virescens........... 34
Calamospiza melanocorys...... 92
Calcarius lapponicus. ......... 84
lapponicus alascensis ....... 85
OTNAtUS gw fikew ie eee ea 85
RO GUS? ws cendclintee ate ected ct ee hg 85
Calidris arenaria.............. 41
Canvasback...........-..... 25, 28
Cardinals .5.5.s6 a2 deci dew sears 77,91
Cardinalis cardinalis.......... 91
Carpodacus cassini............ 83
mexicanus frontalis. . aa 83
purpureus. ................ 838
INDEX

Catbind ty cee ens 107, 108
Cathartes aura............... 48
Catharista urubu............. 48

Catherpes mexicanus oS 108
Centrocercus urophasianus. . 46

Centurus carolinus............ 60
Ceophlceus pileatus abieticola.. 60

Certhia familiaris americana. 110
familiaris montana ........ 110
Ceryle aleyon. ............... 57
Chaetura pelagica............ 62
Charadrius dominicus......... 44
Charitonetta albeola. ......... 29
Chat, Long-tailed.......... 100, 105
Yellow-breasted......... 100, 105
Chaulelasmus streperus........ 26
Chen cerulescens............. 30
hyperborea.. ahcmiomatatanter, OO)
hyperborea nivalis......... 30
Chickadee... ..........0.0. 111, 112
Hudsonian................. 112
Long-tailed.............. 111,112
Mountain. .............. 111, 112
Chondestes grammacus........ 87
grammacus strigatus....... 87
Chordeiles virginianus......... 62
virginianus henryi.......... 62
virginianus sennetti...:.... 62
Cinclus mexicanus............ 106
Circus hudsonius............. 50
Cistothorus stellaris. . . 109
Clangula clangula americana. 28
ASLANGI CA. s cis ssi pe Leases scteg ai 28
Coccyzus americanus.......... 57
americanus occidentalis..... 57
erythrophthalmus .......... 57
Colaptes auratus luteus........ 60
cafer collaris........:...... 60
Colinus virginianus........... 45
Colymbus auritus............. 16
holbeellii.... 0.0... eee 16
nigricollis californicus....... 16
Compsothlypis americana usnex 101
americana ramaline........ 101
Contopus richardsonii......... 67
VIPCDS i xe eee ne ae taa ene ts 67
Conurus carolinensis. seaasanea 236
COO ics bacterin arse he ectceceears ,..385, 36
Cormorant, Taubleoesiad. wasp wee
TelOri Gl Bis ka ceaceedy a cath Sete dacianesee y 22
Mexican. ..........-....6-- 22
Corvus brachyrhynchos....... 71
corax principalis. .......... 71
corax sinuatus............. 71
eryptoleucus. . Aiasacepac. “OL
Coturniculus bairdii........... 86
savannarum bimaculatus.... 86
savannarum passerinus... .. - 86
COWDITES 2. oc wesc bce nate eel aes 73, 74

 

Crane, Little Brown.......... 34
Sandhill, « ccs 205 gee e5 FH O* 34
Whooping. ................ 34

Creeper, Brown... ..........-. 100
Rocky Mountain........... 110

Crossbill, Bendire............. 88
een i sieinctee tiotideds Goats Reet rb 76, 83

TREC irg is iui erates ak tates ed 76, 83
White-winged............. 76, 83

CTO Wh i 4 hacen ne med nan seule Baan 70, 71

Crymophilus fulicarius........ 37

Cryptoglaux acadica.......... 55
tengmalmi richardsoni...... 55

Cuckoo, Black-billed. ......... 57
California. . fez hha ae, ees ag
Yellow-billed............... 57

Curlew, Eskimo............. 38, 43
Hudsonian.. he Wed daa hard POO EO!
Long-billed. ......,........ 38, 42

Cyanocitta cristata........... 70
stelleri annectens........... 71
stelleri diademata...... ag eae (i

| Cyanospiza amcena........... 92
CHAS yg wien eeu ante eek we AS 92
CYANCAs sas ccs cee ees eye meas 91
versicolor... ...........05. 92

Dafila acuta... ............... 27

Dendragapus obscurus........ 46-

Dendroica estiva............. 102
auduboni................. 102
blackburnia@ ............... 103
eerulea ...... 2.2... 102
cerulescens................ 102
Castanea. « .sca ss cea esae ess 103
COTOWEIG, yeou5i 254 045-44 40 102
discolor........-......005. 104
dominica albilora.......... 103
maculosa.............00005 102
pensylvanica .............. 102
palmarum................. 108
SUTVAUA goad snares Rode jee & 103
HeTNay wiewrte hee dla asiyes 101
VAP OMS os ss -y- brn ba ae Bae La 103
virens..... ee eee 103

Dickeissel....-..........0... 81, 92

Dipperts isa a.e tats cen ecatna va ges 106

Dolichonyx oryzivorus. ....... 74

Dove, re Sidian saab emnatia A

Dowitcher.................. 38, 39

Long-billed. .
Dryobates pubescens homorus . 59

pubescens medianus. ....... 59
Millosus:: baccmeaeeawere vey 59
villosus leucomelas. ........ 59
villosus monticola.......... 59
Duck, Black ................ 25, 26
Harlequin edt itanged a tects Hc 24, 29

Lesser Scaup.............. 25
INDEX

Duck, Mottled............... 28
Old-squaw ORCA Daw Pesaro wt 24, 29
Red-legged Black ......... 25, 26
Ring-necked. .............25, 29
Rudd yi ac dated eae Bae ae 24, 30
SCalpPys cays Wie gems KS 25, 28
W000 seth i asia wuduriae eed 25, 29

‘Hagle, Bald... ...........24- 48, 52

olden. . Ses sian 2v48; 52

Ectopistes migratorius. be ese: 47

Egret, American............ 32, 33

Eegretta candidissima......... 33

Elanoides forficatus. . apsaae, 00

Elanus leucurus.............. 50

Empidonax difficilis.......... 68
flaviventris............... 68
hammondi................ 68
MOUNIMUS 5). ike esgoaencacdoe eed sca 68
PPAMNT o ncseasinnndaeioen ace uoues 68
traillii alnorum............ 68
virescenS..............-.-. 68
WEIGH. wii. dawn wales wey 68

Ereunetes occidentalis........ 41

usillus........ yan “A

Erismatura jamaicensis. Loe tet 30

Euphagus carolinus. Senate." SO
cyanocephalus.............. 75

Falco columbarius............ 53
mexicanus............-..-. 52
peregrinus anatum......... 52
richardsonii ............... 53
TUSEICOVUS tos cee-ked does eee sand 52
sparverius...............4- 53
sparverius phalena ge eee 53

Falcon, Prairie.............. 49, 52

Finch, Cassin Sern ee 77, 83
Purple. . Lips wine ep eardaak Lt OO
HOUSES. {chen cariere Seka d See 77, 83

Flicker, Northern............ 58, 60
Red-shafted.............. 58, 60

Florida cwrulea.............. 33

Flycatcher, Acadian......... 66, 68
INVOCT sinuictund so bec aniow aiked aon unis 66, 68
Ash-throated.............. 65, 68
Great-crested............. 65, 67
Hammond................66, 68
TU CASIA «cou cis Bh ook aw 2 hab ba 65, 68
Olive-sided............... 65, 67
Scissor-tailed.............. 64, 66
Braille oo i¥ og haces wana eae 65, 68
Wiesterne: . iccse a ecto srace trace anes 65
Wright. . en ee
Vellawcallied, . ......65, 68

Frigate DRT Gs Site rats ance aot a 22

Fulica americana............. 36

Gadiwalllincrs wees pte eat ees 25, 26

Galeoscoptes carolinensis. ..... 108
a s

 

Gallinago delicata............ 39
Gallinula galeata. ............ 36
Gallinule, Florida............ 35, 36
Purples: saxeaae sega ersts 35, 36
Gavia arcticus............... 17
WNDEL: ¢ av mat ew eds owiyw a 17
IMMIME 2s w Keowee rnin aeres 17
Geothlypis agilis............. 106
formosa....... abe RY WR 104
philadelphia ............... 104
tolmiéi soc. ccece etary esos 104
trichas brachidactyla....... 105
_trichas occidentalis......... 104
Glaucidium gnoma........... 56

Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray....
Godwit, Hudsonian...........3

Marbled.................. 38,41
Golden-eye................. 24, 28
Rocky Mountain or Barrow,24, 28
Goldfinch. ................0. 77, 84
ATKANSAS:, occ ea em de ws 77,92
Western. ...........000 eee 77, 82
Goose, Blue ................ 23, 30
Cackkhigin ocr cna nae nance 24, 31
Canad aiciscmivwn cnernan sewn 24, 30
Greater Snow............23, 30
Hutchins... ..............24, 30
Lesser Snow.............28, 80
White-fronted. ............ 23, 30
Goshawk, American. .........49, 51
Western.................. 49,51
Grackle, Bronzed............738,75
Grebe, Eared...............4. 16
Hoolboell ois 04 vale-s Garg eae’ 16
Horned. iv 8 seen aes cau eae » 16
Pied-hilled. ............... 16,17
Western Beene lOve
Grosbeak, Black-headed. . .78, 82,91
Evening. Fo daicch ity esas . 76, 82
Mountain Pine. .......... 76, 83
Pin, js 2 se sheet ee ee 76, 83
Rose-breasted.......... 78, 82. 91
Western Blue. 79,91
Western Evening eserenee ay ied 76, 82
Grouse,Columbian Bhar -tailed, 45,46
Dusky Beep saath racdetaelene Gash debe, ciek 45, 46
Prairie Sharp-tailed........45, 46
RWC, 8. i toss 408 ectdod vn eee Hons 45, 46
SAP Gil de dew teiedeaad-ter deca? satin 45, 46
Grus americana... ............ 34
canadensis................ 34
MEXICANS. sy eit wet decwnce noes 34
Guara alba... ..........-.0-.. 31
Guiraca cerulea lazula........ 91
Gull, Bonaparte. ............ 19, 20
California.....-......... 0. 18, 21
Franklitiy. ssc -s tau ease aes 18, 20
Glaucous. .............-4. 15, 21
Great Black-backed........ 18,19
INDEX

Gull, Herring.. ............. 18, 19
Teeland): sco secs anew ed 18, 21
Laughing. ................ 18, 20
Ring-billed............... 18,19
SADING..6.c:4.n op Aw levsca ges, sumo 18, 20

Gyrfaleon, Gray...........-- 49,52

Hematopus palliatus......... 45

Halixetus leucocephalus. . .. 50

Harelda hyemalis............. 29

Hawk, American Rough-legged, a 52
Broad-winged OSE REM Daa 0, 51
COO POM eos vans Sa temo Bid eee 49, 50
Desert Sparrow........... 49, 53
Dut ke ssa vice sk db yor Sees antics 49, 52
Ferruginous Rough-legged. .48, 52
Harlan cniaien gehts ate dene 50, 51
Wri GY: Sete kd hh es oe 50, 51
Marshisiy itty cd dace’ atau ¢ 49, 50
Pigeons, +4 sas% eenur weed es 49, 53
Red-shouldered........... 50, 51
Red-tailed................ 50, 51
Sharp-shinned............. 49, 50
Sparrow. ...-.-. ee eee ee 49, 53
Swainson. .............-.. 50, 61
Western Red-tailed........ 50, 51

Helminthophila celata........ 101°
celata lutescens............. 106
chrysoptera.......-...-45. 101
peregrina. .......-......... 101
PINUS. dacs cs wes paling ace eves 100
rubricapilla ............... 101
VITGINIS voces Hee eee ees 101

Helmitheros vermivorus....... 100

Helodromas solitarius......... 42
solitarius cinnamomeus..... 43

Herodias egretta............. 33

Heron, Black-crowned Night. .32, 34
Great Blue... ....... «By ' 32, 33
Green. . Sees
Little Blue. . dps BeBe: OO
SNOWY ie se doz slats: aieece Yeeeah a) cee 32, 33
Yellow-crowned Night... .. 32, 34

Hesperiphona yee ee ee Seed 82
vespertina montana........ 82

Himantopus mexicanus....... 37

Hirundo erythrogastra. . weeeeee 94

Histrionicus histrionicus....... 29

Hummingbird, Broad-tailed... 63
Ruby-t roated..........5. 62, 63
Rufousy cairns ginny vested

Hiydrockel don nigra surinamen- a

Hyloa bla alici@ies 524 e465 nea 114
‘fuscescens ...........0605 .. 114
fuscescens salicicola ........ 114
guttata audubonii. 115
gutfata pallasii.. 115
mustelina..............005- 114

 

Hylocichla, ustulata alme. .... 115
ustulata swainsonii......... 114
Ibis, ey bo cGubiy tibiae nck Sma Sih ae 31
bases dou ia sanon Ghats, 9 ui sanR ea eae 31
Whitefaced Glossy. . ince ne 31
WOO Aas suc ach stay aren dea ae 32
Icteria virens................ 105
virens longicauda.......... 105
Icterus bullockii.............. 75
galbula vii 202s eses remae ans 75
spurius | Hees le ak A Bares e ee Oe 75
Ictinia mississippiensis. ....... 50
Introduction................. 3-4
Ionornis martinica........... 36
Iridoprocne bicolor... ... eine 94
Ixoreus nevius............-.. 116
Jaeger, Long-tailed .......... 17,18
Parasitic... 2.0.0.0... 0005 17,18
Pomarines xs: 44 asadese%42 17
Jay, Black-headed........... 70,71
BUG sits dietdnacacnce ra ennce doen eee a 70
CBA Sice sis Saabs den woe esdew 6 70, 71
Long-crested.............. 70,71
ATH OM 5 e seh ahh aA ak teeraranlaies 70, 72
Rocky Mountain... ........ 70,75
Woodhouse............... 70, 71
Junco aikeni................. 88
caniceps..... ieee GERD EW AS 89
Gray-headed.............. 78, 89
hyemalis..................
hyemalis shufeldti......... 89
IMCSINSL « ceeding tee Suds o ahuckinue 89
montanus.....,...-......4. 89
Montana.................78, 89
Pink-sided................78, 89
Shufeldt..............00.. 78, 89
Slate-colored.............. 78, 89
White-winged..............
Killdeers «i:52ya:04 gees esc ‘43, 44
Kingbird. ..... TAR jehsnedss @ ae ah sees 65, 67
Arkansas................. 65, 67
CASSIS fs cia -agegiscia nanacteates uss 65, 68
Kingfisher, Belted........... 57
Kinglet, Golden-crowned...... 112
Ruby-crowned............. 112
Kite, Mississippi............. 48, 50
Swallow-tailed Societe Mas Seca 49, 50
White-tailed. ............. 49, 50
Kittiwake........ Bhat dissed 18, 21
HNO b spans scene epsasncrcen aces eaued 40
Lanius borealis. ....... Satie aoe 95
ludovicianus excubitorides .. 95
ludovicianus migrans....... 95
Lark, Horned............... 69
Desert Horned............. 69
Hoyt Horned... ........... 69
*

Lark, Prairie Horned. .......

Larus argentatus............ ;

MbTICUWIS oases oth aoa bcn eae 3
ealifornicus...............
delawarensis..............
franklinii................

MATINUS ops. sye Gakic eked bald ncaa

philadelphia. .............
Leucosticte, Gray-crowned....
Hepburn. oc cee ee ca ee
tephracotis...............

tephracotis littoralis ........

Limosa fedoa...............
hemastica...............
Longspur, Alaskan...........
Chestnut-collared..........

Lophodytes cucullatus.......

Loxia curvirostra bendirei. ....

curvirostra minor.........

INDEX

. 69 | Mockingbird............... 107, 108
. 19 Western. ............06. 107, 108
. 20 | Molothrus ater............... 75
. 21 | Muscivora forficata. .......... 66
. 19 | Myadestes townsendii......... 114
. 20 | Myiarchus crinitus........... 67
19 cinerascens ..........---+5- 68
. 20 : ‘
76, 84 | Nettion carolinensis........... 27
76,84 | Nighthawk... .............. 61, 62
. 84 Sevhath: 5 ets Matte, Ane te oeal 61, 62
84 Western. ..........200e eee 61, 62
. 41 | Nucifraga columbiana......... 72
. 41 | Numenius borealis............ 43
77, 85 hudsonicus............ ue es “AD
77, 85 longirostris. ............... 42
77,84 | Nutcracker, Clarke.......... 70, 72
77,85 | Nuthatch, Pygmy... ......... 111
77, 85 Red-bellied. ............... 111
« de Rocky Mountain... ......... 111
. 17 White-bellied... ........... 111
. 17 ; Nuttallornis borealis.......... 67
. 26 | Nyctea nyctea............... 56
83 | Nyctanassa violacea.......... 34

. 83 | Nycticorax nycticorax nevius.. 34

 

curvirostra stricklandi...... 83
leucoptera os .ceiieeewens es 83 | Oidemia americana. .......... 29
‘ Cee ATOR spe vous, tid dee ysnniee das 29
Macrorhamphus griseus... .... 39 erspicillata ............... 29
scolopaceus................ 40 | Olbiorchilus hiemalis. ........ 109
MAB DIE sic sisi ed als a ae uta si .. 70 | Old-squaw.............-...6. 29
Mallard... ook ean tee a 25,26 | Olor buccinator.............. 31
Man-o’-War Bird............ 22 columbianus............... 30
Mareca americana. ....... -.... 27 | Oreospiza chlorura............ 91
penelope... ................ 26 | Oriole, Baltimore... ...... 72, 74, 75
Martin, Purple. .............. 93 Bullocks. 2 cic ¢< exe cans 72, 74, 75
Meadowlark. ............... 78, 74 Orchard. ............4. 72,738, 75
Western..................78,75 | Oroscoptes montanus......... 108
Megascops asio............... 55). | Osprey ecg even ewe wirtcw ena 48, 53
a’io maxwellie............ 55 | Otocoris alpestris............. 69
Melanerpes erythrocephalus ... 60 alpestris hoyti............. 69
Meleagris gallopavo silvestris... 47 alpestris leucolema......... 69
Melospiza georgiana....... J... 90 alpestris praticola.......... 69
lincolnii.................. 90 | Ovenbird.................. 99, 104
melodia. «2 siscea ee hse aoe ny ei 89 | Owl, American Hawk.........54, 56
melodia juddi.............. 90 Arctic Horned............ 54, 56
melodia montana........... 92 Barns aces veer oe res Waele male 53
Merganser, American......... 24, 25 Barrediss sss ecte acces ens 54, 55
americanus.....,.......... 2 Burrowing................54, 56
Hoodéds .cnvghws cae eros ae 24, 26 Flammulated Screech...... 54, 56
Red-breasted............. 24, 26 Great Gray. iss0csasseeues 54, 55
SOIT Stor oses-cu mba wks 8 aie 26 Great Horned............. 54, 56
Merlin, Richardson... ........ 49, 53 Long-eared............... 54, 55
Merula migratoria. ........... / 115° PYEMY: vace es oe ts eae 54, 56
migratoria propinqua....... 115 Richardson. .............. 54, 55
Micropalama himantopus..... 40 Rocky Mountain Screech. . 54, 55
Mimus polyglottos. .......... 108 Saw-whet................. 54, 56
polyglottos leucopterus.... 108 Sereechi. s vnc basis skeen ans 54, 55
Mniotilta varia............... 100 Short-eared............... 54, 55
INDEX

Owl, Snowy... ........00005 54, 56
Western Horned.......... 54, 56
Oxyechus vociferus........... 44
Oyster-catcher, American. .... 45
Pandion haliwtus carolinensis... 53
Paroquet, Carolina............ 57
Parus atricapillus............. 112
atricapillus septentrionalis.. 112
Pambel si ceacseag yee ng aeen 112
Passer domesticus. ........... 84
Passerculus sandwichensis alau-
GUNS) cs Si csceyasetsccy cowie ee ta ou 86
sandwichensis savanna...... 85
Passerella iliaca. ............. 90
iliaca schistacea............ 90
Passerina nivalis... .......... 84
Pedicecetes phasianellus cam-
POSbTISy ..6 otal Phy ening goed 46
phasianellus columbianus.... 46
Pewee, Wood............... 65, 67
Western Woods ead ie o.ees 65, 67
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos.... 23
occidentalis............... 23
Pelican, Brown............. 22, 23
ANE cae e's a cen ccanedes Jen ce 22, 23
Pelidna alpina sakhalina...... 41
Perisoreus canadensis. ........ 7h
canadensis capitalis......., 71
Petrochelidon lunifrons.......... 94
Peucea estivalis bachmanii... 92
cassini . Brig vines eee ses 92
Phalacrocorax dilophus....... 22
dilophus floridanus......... 22
MORIOANUS. 0k ee wise oe 22
_Phalenoptilus nuttallii....... 61
nuttallii nitidus............ 62
Phalarope, Northern.......... 37
Redie so boas dhanar dee neens 37
Wilson 78 ah Batis 36, 37
Phalaropus Jobatus. .......... 37
Phasianus torquatus.......... 47
Pheasant, Hngeaeeleed weenee ne 47
Philohela minor. nae 39
Phoebess. 5-44 eb. eerie ee ees 65, 67
SRY ogg aca page de He dennes 65, 67
Pica pica hudsonia........... 70
Picoides americanus... ....... 60
ATCHICUS. sadder oo eechaedce es 59
Pigeon, Passenger... .......... 47
Pinicola enucleator leucura.... 83
enucleator montana........ 83
Pintall e's ew chase @ on eae sues 25, 27
Pipilo erythrophthalmus....... 90
fuscus mesoleucus.......... 92
maculatus arcticus.......... 91
maculatus megalonyx....... 91
PUP ibis kot Ak Ae cdtenucine ie aud eoabced 106
PTABUE. sce cies ee eee 106

 

Piranga erythromelas, ........ 93
ludoviciana ............... 93
TULA. ao 6 ta teee hes He 93

Plegadis autumnalis.......... 31
guarauna.... 2.2.2... eee 31

Plover, Belted Piping......... 44
Black-bellied die ae ame ac ek BRAGS 43, 44
Golden. ............000005 438, 44
Mountain. ...............- 43, 445
Semi-palmated............ 43, 44
SUOWYs ociaw as ket aes eheee s 44

Podasocys montanus.......... 44

Podilymbus podiceps......... 17

Polioptila cerulea. . Samay 113

Pocecetes gramineus ee encuabat ho bds $5 .
gramineus confinis......... 85

Poorwilly ..sca i sacane oc 3 sane od es 61
Wrosteds is..g.cacs gv eden yas 61, 62

Porzana carolina.............
jamaicensis................ 36
noveboracensis............. 36

Prairie. Hen. sc 0% ei eas wees 45, 46
LeSs6fe iin hain caste S88 45, 46

Progne subis............ ere 93

Protonotaria citrea........... 100

Querquedula eyene pits ee 27
discors. naar ts- 2H.

Quiscalus quiscula seneus...... 75

Rail, Black. y.0aas suse vin eee 35, 36
Carolinas» c:.ac¢e ceawia ceed 36
King. . eae eek Stes OO.
Virginia. . ea Se Sa sentpsSy asec aed ora 35
WMO Wredscs guh Gud) oa aeaceoe tar ius ate 35, 36

Rallus elegans............... 35
virginianus ................ 35

Raven, American. ...........70,71
Northern................. 70, 71
White-necked. geeucn nd Ovidels

Recurvirostra americana... ... 37

Red-head................. _..25, 28

Redpoll. so: ges asaava rears 76, 84
Greater... ..........0..0. 76, 84
FROALY eS aot’, Bigctorss os ouaaas os 76, 92

Redstart. cos. icssa. 2 ace aoe wes 100, 106

Regulus calendula............ 112
SALTADA «10 oo dbnek hare Soe eats 112

Rhynchophanes mccownii.. ... 85

Riparia riparia............... 94

ROD sis ik oe han eek eon es 113,115
Westerns ou seri 2s 3 eects 113,115

Salpinctes obsoletus.......... 108

Sanderling. . Fi gdeeiiee ys COOy AIL

Sandpiper, Baird. ........... 39, 40
Bartramian............... 38, 42
Buff-breasted............. 39, 42
THOS tess. naive doit aon ra miecee aoe 39, 40
* INDEX

ea Pectoral.......... 39, 40
PUrpl nas arin een 4h sag Gace 39, 43
Red! backed. .............. 29° 41
Semi-palmated............ 38, 41
Dolitarye cot coeds ound 38, 42
Spotted... soc ae vsod ana ses 38, 42
Stilts & occaautee unde wand eons koe 38, 40
Wresterny.. i+ -eee se ce aieage 38, 41
Western Solitary. ......... 38, 43
White-rumped............ 39, 40

Bapsucken Red-naped ....... 58, 60

BIN AMISONS: 6 sie eee aldars o 58, 60
Yellow-bellied............. 58, 59

Saxicola enanthe leucorhoa.... 116

Savornis pheebe.............. 67
SAV Oss 3a seen id erases aa ed ae 67

Scoter, American............ 24, 29
Guirfiss aiveaiocnywata cate be 24, 29
White-winged............. 24, 29

Scotiaptex nebulosa.......... 55

Seiurus aurocapillus.......... 104
motacilla.... 2... -....2005. 104
noveboracensis notabilis . .. 104

Selasphorus platycercus. ...... 63
LUTUS? jog.cc0 wig crmee une cased 08 63

Setophaga ruticilla............ 106

Shovellets woi4 55.4 dg-cseaed aio! oe 25, 27

Shrike, Northern............. 94,95
Loggerhead. . Suwanee O49
White-rumped. . ee ee ee 95

Sialia arctica................. 116
mexicana bairdi............ 115
SIA Si ccs ahaa a aWadey as AG a De 115

Siskin, Pine................. 77, 84

Sitta canadensis.............. 111
carolinensis............ 25a eT
carolinensis nelsoni......... 111
PYSMHA .......- eee eee 111

Snipe, Wilson............... 38, 39

Solitaire, Townsend........113, 114

DOFAs tes saae eh acne ee Mews 36

Sparrow, Bachman.......... 80, 92
Bared ys sacedeseay oc tk eee 82, 86
Brewer................:..81, 88
on baa dina eohca re GE ag BS be SE 80, 92

EPPING. co eae ak ae Soiaoes 81, 88
Clay-colored.............. 81, 88
Dakota Song.............. 80, 90
Eov@ lis Bay, oc ap sc pee gi gd sar a 81, 84
European Tree............. 81
PIGldy od auacoa dann ddaatelniawncad 81, 88
Ose nc Nila ulaee de ane kav aceeatnta wi 82,90
Golden-crowned........... 80, 92.
Grasshoper............... 82, 86
arti). sso 6 ae ea wate nea 80, 87
Henslow.............--6-- 79, 86
Intermediate. ............. 80, 87
Doak? iis cade tech oe Re ay HRS 79, 87
Leconte. 1.2... 0.0 eee ee 79, 86

 

Sparrow, Lincoln............ 80, 90
Mountain Song. . . 80, 92
Nels6iy. 20 ce uae noe Row oem 79, 87
DAB Chcect aa tae rece Pelee ah ee ed 81,92
Savanna..........0. 00 eee 82. 85
Slate-colored.............. 82,90

OMG ca io Sik Mia pel ses aS ais 80, 89
DWAMDP: ge sewege ean anes 80, 90
Tree, ..... «11... 81, 87
Vesper. whi eCards poe ee 82, 85
Western chip IDG y wtecae 81, 88
Western Field............. 81, 88
Western pie Poppers ... 82, 86
Western Henslow.. ..,..79, 86
Western Lark............. 79, 87
Western Savanna.......... 82, 86
Western Tree. ............ 81, 88
Western Vesper........... 82, 85
White-crowned............ 80, 87
White-throated.. 80, 87

Spatula clypeata. . 27

Speotyto cunicularia oe 56

Sphyrapicus thyroideus....... 60
VATIUS: cuss. eines aan hoa. a eA ea Seen 59
varius nuchalis............ 60

Spinus pinus................. 84

Spiza amiericana.............. 92

Spizella breweri.............. 88
Monticola, . 2... anesacc sass x 87
monticola ochracea. ........ 88
pallida. sicccwcewaanaee ease 88
pusilla. onc ad cweneedeee ne a 88
pusilla arenacea..: ........ 88
SOCIAMS pind ve ones eye a see on 88
socialis arizone..... 88

Squatarola squatarola. . 44

Steganopus tricolor........... 37

Stelgidopteryx serripennis..... 94

Stercorarius longicaudus....... 18
parasiticus. ............... 18
pomarinus................. 18

Sterna antillarum............ 21
CASPIAsoy 4s dee eet eors eees 20
fOrsteriis sisanc oe tee oe oda 20
hivUndo 3 os wiv ccan ee de eg eta s 20
MAXIMA. oe eias ese wes G ae es 20

aradis@a. ... 0.0... cee eee 20

Stilt, Black-necked........... 37

Strix pratincola. ............. 53

Sturnella magna.............. 74
magna neglecta... ........- 75

Surnia ulula caparoch....... 65

Swallow, Bank... ........... 93, 94
BAP 6:5 pcs acink rated 8 Acad 93, 94
CHM: Sateen ik ets Bates 93, 94
Rough-winged............ 93, 94
TEE: #4034 area den ata es 93, 94
Violet-green.............. 93,94

Swan, Trumpter............. 23, 31
INDEX 3

Swan, Whistling............. 23, 30

Swift, Chimney
White-throated Rock....... 62

Symphemia semipalmata inor-

WB bie pido aig anbteaahnde ano eataeccea 42
Syrnium varium....:......... 55
Tachycineta thalassina lepida.. 94
Tanager, Louisiana........... 93

Scarleticnd 6 sci suo s gargs ies 92, ae

Suminers.. s<ieaiaoeee crease
Tantalus loculator............ 3
Teal. Blue-winged. ..........25, 27

Cinnamon.,............... 25, 27

Green-winged. ............ 25, 27
Telmatodytes palustris iliacus. 110

palustris plesius............ 110
Tern, Arctic.............-204. 19, 20

Blathkie seiaarces ted, bides pgagstes 19, 21

Caspian. sacceeanaasis o4 ee 19, 20

ComMONs «24 eee ek oee Caw 19, 20

Horsters sive van baw hae eK 19, 20

Déaste» 4520s socsxeeascies 19, 21

Royalss 634 @ svgaags wot Oe ee 19, 20
ere Brown.......... 107, 108

ace deeutitiien Rul taavand ear haa ae 107, 108
Thrush, PALA cies cpeorten ss peas 114,115

Audubon Hermit........113, 115

Gray-cheeked. ....... seat hp 114

Hermits. meu waveataeds 118, a

Olive-backed. .............. 114

Ware i ace pace ho gamiys 113, 116

Willow: oo segs ween seared as 114

Wilson 113, 114

Wood. . oveo0 118,114
Thryomanes bewickii......... 109

bewickii bairdii. ........... 109

bewickii cryptus........... 109
Thryothorus ludovicianus..... 109
Titmouse, Tufted.......... 111, 112
Topography of Bird... ...... 12-13
Totanus flavipes... .......... 42

melanoleucus.............. 41
Toiwhees ses Aidan Min edss 6 78,90

ATCC wads eee Apes Bes 78,91

Canyons sia secisnuesevses 79,92

Green-tailed.............. 78, 91
» SPUrIPed, doce nee y .....78,91
Toxostoma rufum. . eee 108
Tringa canutus............... 40
Trochilus colubris............ 638
Troglodytes edon....... : 109

aedon aztecuS..,........... 109
Tryngites subruficollis. . 1... 42
fe ee btaeis 47
Turnstone, Ruddy...../.-.... 45
Tympanuchus,americanus..... 46

nal hdiciantues,. uaaeertine Malia 46

itgeannye tyfannus, ......... .. 67

 

Tyrannus verticalis..... serinvig.cer OW
vociferans.........-..e0e 0s 68
Vireo atricapillus. . ... See erat 96
bellies ca ciaeeseve weds ste OF
Bell. 3 escacsweaes ned eee 96
Black-capped........--+-- 95, 96
Blue-headed.. ............ 95, 96
flavifrons ..........400000- 96
gilvus.......... Maia areas 96
gilvus swainsoni. ........ a 696
noveboracensis............. 96
O]VACEUS 4 eae Fae eR eS ee 96
Plumbeous..........-... «95; 96
Philadelphia. | Gea Re a ayswTeS 95, 96
hiladelphicus............. 96
Radavel ae adic aensceneeee wie Rite 95, 96
solitarius. ..........0..000. 9

solitarius IEEE ifs sane ~ OO
Warbling.

Western “Warbiing, Si ykew gaeaee 95, 96
White-eyed. . rxcisnnme 96
Yellow-throated. . ....95, 96
Vulture, Black ............... 48
Turkey Cori Mss MEees SEER ESR 48
Warbler, Audubon.......... 98, 102
Bay-breasted......... 98, 99, 103
Blackburnian iliac eval Mae eee 98, 103
Black-poll. ...98, 99, 103
Black- Fhadeked ‘Blue... .98, 102
Black-throated Green... ..98, 103
Blue-winged.. ........... 97, 100
Black and White......... 98. 100
Canadian............... 100, 105
Cape May...............98,101
Ceritleatin sccce sc isenice dyer see ous 98, 102
Chestnut-sided. ....... 98, 99, 102
Connecticut. ............. 99, 106
Golden-winged. .......... 97,101
Hooded. ............... 100, 105
Kentucky... ........:...99, 104
Kirtlands:é es. gen ae nctiee- ee 98, 106
“LUbesCent..i a4 4226 aa nego 97, 106
Macgillivray............. 99, 104
Magnolia. ............ ...98, 102
Mourning. .........,..0.. 99, 104
Myrtle... ............00.. 89, 102
Nashville. ............... 97,101
Northern Parula......... 97,101
Orange-crowned,......... 97,101
S Palins 26° a ale i ecaacn's waa vate 99, 103
Pileolated............... 100
Pine. ....... 5S eae ene os 98, 103
PLAITIOS ¢ 2256 5 hog eee eens 99, 104
Prothonotary... .......... 97, 100
Sycamore................ 98, 103
Tennessee... ............ 97,101
Townsend. ee ee 98, 106
~Virginia............ hatha 97,101
INDEX

 

Warbler, Wilson .......... 100,105 | Wren, Bewick............. 107, 109
Worm-eating............. 97, 100 CAN VO Twinn sis5r set gas peienteand sae 107, 108
MONO Wiss issien sae vandee doar d 99, 102 Carolina................ 107, 109
Water-thrush, Grinnell. . ..99, 104 LOUSE di nein fAcy Mena ake 107, 109
Louisiana................ 99, 104 Interior Tule............ 107, 110

Waxwing, Bohemian.......... 94 Long-billed Marsh....... 107, 110

OAT cpa diarauewuenivetamees Gre kanes 94 OO tice (Asie aha mene tees ee 108

Wheatear, Greenland...... 113, 116 Short-billed Marsh....... 107, 109

Whippoorwill... .............. 61 Texas Bewick Wren. . 107, 109

‘Widgeon, American........... 27 Western House...:...... 107, 109
European.................. 26 Winters ciccen cig ew scasacs gs 107, 109

Willet, estern. ............ 38, 42

Wimitrata ne 1.7071! Jpg | Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus |
pusilla. ........... ss. eee. 105 | Xema sabinii................ 20
pusilla pileolata............ 105

Woodcock.................. 38, 39

Woodpecker, American Three- : Yellowlegs: « svccsnneas aveees 38, 42
Taat PPE RISC RANG BT ~...58, 60 Greater: ccs aecise hs eens 38, 41
Arctic Three-toed......... 58, 59 Yellowthroat, Northern..... 89, 105
‘Batchelder................ 58, 59 Westernina ss ccavearsaee es 99, 104
Haityciaya nea cere Satins o 59 2
Ivory-billed. ............... 60 | Zamelodia ludoviciana........ 91
DeWise ss sis ets pie cede secs 58, 60 melanocephala............. 91
Northern Downy.......... 58,59 | Zenaidura macroura.......... 47
Northern'Hairy............ 59 | Zonotrichia albicollis.......... 87
Northern Pileated. ........ 57, 60 COPOTIAUE:«. oc scgcns ese gcc actin 92
Red-bellied. .............. 58, 60 leucophrys ..............5. 87
Red-headed............... 58, 60 leucophrys gambelii........ 7
Rocky Mountain Hairy. .... 59 QUGPU Eo 3.5.5 i Seen ances 87
See ease as Seat
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