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Ss ne eaieepicgoont .) et eS heal a og ee eet s S Ce See peers EEN MYOX MAN “VOVHII ALISUSAINN TIENYOD KDO'IOHLINYO 40 AYOLVYOSV'I CORNELL LAB of ORNITHOLOGY LIBRARY AT SAPSUCKER WOODS = Illustration of Snowy Owl by Louis Agassiz Fuertes = | ib “tn . 8 DATE DUE ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. \ VoL. XIV. 1922 W. J. HOLLAND, £aitor PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE ‘ BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OcTOBER, 1922 «aif \ f ks oo J | S TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGES WAtle2pag ee 2sciaGies oe heres Re uno An MNnMaan A Ns Hl ERS RAS RMAC ORM i-ti Table of (ContentSncesocnndetsa sey eee vee 454 eeneenee ue ear eee iii-vi Last (of (Plates -seeucind.6 6 ceeweres Ga ual daue ee a ainda deen vi Pistol Plenees ti Tet .oiiucdatascdaraicesaeaiauneatearmeocaeets vii Form: ‘new ‘to. Sctenté.....ccccerediaed Sve deed ee Oe NES Ese oa ee aG owes viii Errata, et. (Corrie éndawseda cae seenea vali ieee Gee a waa oom viii Foreword. By W. J. Holland....... 2... . cc cece cece eee eee een eens I-2 The Birds of the Santa Marta Region of Colombia: A Study in Altitudinal Distribution. By W. E. Clyde Todd and M. A. Garriker. Jie csi douguneaiae sad tack wn eae petro ME TEE 3-582 Introduction .......... Bcieiuveiite ese be ea RRA AHA CoigmemU meee ee 3 Geography and Physiography........... ccc cece essen ee eee eeeeee 6 Geographical Limits............cc eee cette teen ee en en eees 6 Mountain System........... cece cece cece cence eeeacereerees 7 Rivers? viv veer diy eionenicratlle aocbnnicas Sumaale niga nens 8 Lakes and Swamps.........0cceeeeceree reece scenes eeetees 10 Geological History..........cceceeeeeeeeeeees Sv abate tabard it es 10 Climates ava de sess oS 2 a4 a Mearsaiah tenella Pes ieee tara aia ao PALE Rainfall and Humidity............. 2c cece eee eee eens II SnOW* Sc4cnchaianiuniaawiets (pas aaaide das SaieweAter ees II Temperature: ccs saewainaouensg ahs eese ees dee Sonnet 12 Population and Resources....... 20. ce sees cece cece eee eeneeees 13 Ecological Conditions... ccccsonsciacneded ee ess sn riidawewee eee 14 Caribbean Lowlands......c..cccceccesceceuceucevcencencees 14 Foothills: winwd te coe eae i apaadadw evan ooend ko o ees. 14 Western Littoral and Foothills........... Maes 3 et 15 The Magdalena Delta........ccccceecc ee cec eee teeeeeeeeees 16 WAVANNAS Lease ce aot i ieiy Soe cet Petar dundee aunts 16 MGUfitaIN: FOF ESS) 4.5655. :sus:sueressiasece sn nog 9:nc0 estan a secniecoca ee beesevedgisidd 17 Paramos: 23mm. They were laid on the bare ground, in a thicket in open land. 157. Setopagis parvula heterura Todd. Setopagis heterurus (sic) Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVIII, 1915, 81 (La Tigrera; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—ApoLinaR Maria, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, 1II, 1915, 88 (ref. orig. descr.). —Cory, Field Mus. Zodél. Series, XIII, 1918, 135 (ref. orig. descr.; range). One specimen: La Tigrera. This bird is obviously so closely related to S. parvula (Gould), of which we have six Bolivian skins and the American Museum of Nat- ural History three from Brazil, that it should doubtless be regarded as conspecific. In the color and markings of the upper surface the two forms are entirely similar, but the under parts in the new form are somewhat darker. The tail is broadly tipped with white, the two outer rectrices on each side having white on both webs, 15 to 18 mm. wide along the shafts. The next two pairs have only the inner webs so tipped, while the middle pair have no white at all. In S. p. parvula the white is mostly confined to the inner webs on all the rectrices (ex- cept of course the middle pair), and is much less in extent, running only 11 mm. or less along the shafts. The white patch on the wings is also decidedly larger in heterura than in parvula. Measurements: wing, 138; tail, 90; bill, 11; tarsus, 15. The type and only specimen (a male) was taken May 6, 1913, about a mile below La Tigrera, where it was flushed from a thicket in the daytime. Topp—-CaRRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta Recion, CotomBia. 22] 158. Systellura®! ruficervix (Sclater). Stenopsis ruficervix HArtert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 584 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta). Ten specimens: San Miguel, Macotama, Paramo de Chiruqua, and San Lorenzo. Agreeing with specimens from Venezuela and the interior of Co- lombia. This species appears to be more characteristic of the Temperate Zone, although extending down to the upper Subtropical. A pair were secured on the San Lorenzo at 8,000 feet, where they were breeding. The eggs were laid out on an open ridge on the bare ground, under the shelter of a small bush. In the Sierra Nevada it was fairly com- mon from San Miguel on up the valley to an altitude of 12,000 feet, and seven specimens were secured. A pair were breeding near our camp at San Miguel, the eggs being laid on top of a bare rock with high grass all around. 159. Thermochalcis cayennensis albicauda (Lawrence). Nine specimens: Punto Caiman, Don Diego, and Dibulla. Unfortunately only one male is included, and this looks as if it were not fully mature. In its darker coloration above and buffy suf- fusion below as compared with an adult male of T. c. insularis it answers to Mr. Ridgway’s diagnosis of albicauda. The outer rectrices are conspicuously banded with black, but in view of the variation shown in this respect by a series of true cayennensis from French Guiana we are not inclined to attach much if any importance to this character. Females differ conspicuously from a series of the same sex of the typical form in being more buffy below, with the dark barr- ing and mottling much less distinct; they are also paler above, with the black spots and streaks smaller. They agree well with a female albicauda from Costa Rica, but have the black streaks on the pileum less “solid.” They are indistinguishable from female examples of insularis, however. The preponderance of evidence thus favors the reference of the Santa Marta birds of this genus to albicauda, to which form Mr. Ridgway doubtfully refers a specimen from Barranquilla, Colombia. 31 The combination “ Thermochalcis ruficervix” (cf. Chapman, Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXXVI, 1917, 275) is of course inad-. missible, Systellura having priority. 222 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEUM. An exceedingly rare bird everywhere, except at Dibulla, where it was nearly as common as Nyctidromus albicollis gilvus. Six speci- mens were taken here, nearly all around the cattle corrals, to which they were doubtless attracted by the insects about the animals. Prob- ably it is present at Rio Hacha also, but it was not possible to hunt there at night. , Family MOMOTID. Mormnors. Urospatha martii semirufa (Sclater). Momotus semirufus SciaTer, Rev. et Mag. Zodl., (2), V, 1853, 489 (“Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type now in coll. ?).—Scrater, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1855, 136 (crit.); “ 7857,” 1858, 254 (“Santa Marta ’”’).—ScLaTER and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, 363 (“Santa Marta,” in range). —GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., II, 1875, 611 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.). ‘ Baryphthengus martii (not Momotus martii Spix) Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1895, 462 (“Santa Marta”; syn.). Urospatha semirufa Brasourne and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 96 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Urospatha martii semirufa Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 468 (“Santa Marta,’ in range; references).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 267 (“Santa Marta”; crit.). Of this species Sclater writes as follows: “ This fine, large Motmot I first saw in 1853 in the hands of MM. Verreaux, who had then lately received two specimens of it from their collector at S. Martha. .. I at that time considered the bird as without doubt unnamed, and descrived it accordingly in Guérin’s ‘Revue et Magazin de Zodlogie.’” It is now recognized as a northern race of Urospatha martii, but it is exceedingly doubtful if the type ever came from Santa Marta. Not one of the collectors who have visited the region from the time of Simons up to the present has detected it, and Dr. Chapman points out that its known range in Colombia is restricted to the humid Tropical Zone west of the Eastern Andes, and very probably the original specimens came from some point in this latter section, or else, like Tanagra fulvicrissa, from Panama. The present whereabouts of the type-specimen is not known to the writer, 160. Momotus subrufescens subrufescens Sclater. Momotus subrufescens ScLATER, Rev. et Mag. Zodl., (2), V, 1853, 489 (“ Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.).—Scrater, Proc. Zoél. Soc, London, “ 1857,” 1858, 252 (“Santa Marta”)—Sciater, Cat. Am. ‘Birds, 1862, 261 (“Santa Marta”; references) —ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays- Bas, III, Momotus, 1863, 3 (“Santa Marta,” in range).—Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 79 (“Santa Marta,” in range).—SciaTER and Savin, Nom. _ Avium Neotrop., 1873, 102 (range), —GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., II, 1875, 612 (“ Santa Marta”; references).—Satvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 174 (Santa Topp-CarrikER: Brrps of SANTA Marta REGION, CoLomBiA. 223 Marta).—Suarpz, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus:, XVII, 1892, 321 (Santa Marta).— Savin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1895, 459 (Santa Marta, in tange).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 133 (“ Santa Marta ”).—Banes, Auk, XVI, 1899, 137, in text (“Santa Marta ””)—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 135 (Bonda).—Tuaver and Banas, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., XLVI, 1906, 215, in text (“ Santa Marta”; crit.). Momotus momota subrufescens ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, 1893, 125 (“Santa Marta”).—Herimayr and von Seitern, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, ror2, 155, in text (Santa Marta, in range; crit.; ref. orig. descr.).. Momotus bahamensis subrufescens Hettmayr, Nov. Zoél., XIII, 1906, 41, in- text (Santa Marta, in range; crit.). Momotus subrufescens subrufescens Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 455 (diag. ; range; references), 462, footnote (“Santa Marta”; meas.).—CHAPMAN; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 271 (“ Santa Marta”; crit.). Additional records: Tucurinca (Carriker). Twenty-five specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Santa Marta, Las Vegas, Fundacién, and Don Diego. , A study of this fine series has led to several conclusions, which seem worthy of record. First, M. subrufescens is clearly specifically distinct from M. momota, differing in smaller size, larger amount of terminal black on the rectrices, distinctly greenish throat, more rufes- cent posterior under parts, paler, more buffy-tinged upper parts, and more concealed, more cinnamon rufous area behind the nape-cincture, which latter also averages narrower. . Second, among the forms studied in this connection, M. subrufescens seems most closely allied to M. nattereri, but should probably be kept specifically distinct therefrom. Unfortunately we have not seen'either M. microstephanus or M. igno- bilis. Third, there is one specimen (No. 44,411) from Don Diego, on the north coast, which differs so decidedly from the general run as to suggest that it may represent a local form. It is very richly colored below, about like M. bahamensis, and above is strongly shaded with the same rich rufous tawny color as overspreads the upper parts in M. s. conexus Thayer and Bangs (which we find no difficulty in distin- guishing when smoothly made up spécimens are compared), which, on the other hand, is purer green above than the typical form. This is strictly a Tropical Zone species, ranging over the whole of the lowlands from Dibulla to Fundacién, as well as those of the Rio Cesar-Rio Rancheria Valley. It is essentially littoral in its local dis- tribution, for while it ascends into the hills in some places up to 3,000 16 224 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. feet, it is ordinarily not found above 1,000 feet. It was one of the first species from this region to be described as new, the type being a specimen received from Verreaux, which came into Sclater’s hands and was given a distinctive name in 1853. All the collectors who have worked in this region have met with it here, and good series of speci- mens are extant. According to the experience of the writer it fre- quents the forest and heavier woodland, especially where there is plenty of undergrowth, keeping near the ground. The birds are al- ways found in pairs, and are very tame; they feed on the ground a good deal, digging into the earth for worms, etc. The nest is made in a hole dug in the bank along a stream, but the writer has not seen the eggs. Family ALCEDINIDZE. KINGFISHERS. 161. Chloroceryle enea nea (Pallas). Ceryle enea enea CaRRIKER, Ann, Carnegie Mus., VI, 1910, 493 (Santa Marta [region]). Five specimens: Don Diego, Punto Caiman, Trojas de Cataca, and Dibulla. These appear to have the abdominal white patch more restricted,. and the white spots on the inner webs of the rectrices larger, than in two males from French Guiana, but whether a series from the latter locality would bear out these differences is an open question. A species which is strictly confined to the Tropical Zone lowlands, and is fairly common along the innumerable waterways around the Cienaga Grande, but always in the mangroves. One was taken at Don Diego and another at Dibulla, both in the heavy forest along small creeks, 162. Chloroceryle inda (Linnzus). Ceryle inda Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 276 (Don Diego). Two specimens: Buritaca and Don Diego. Apparently the rarest of the family in this region. Mr. Smith is the only collector who has met with it, securing only three specimens in all, two at Don Diego, May 3, 1899, and one at Buritaca, September 18, 1899. All of these are females, not distinguishable from a series from Panama and Dutch and French Guiana. Topp-CARRIKER: Birps of Santa Marta REGION, CoLomBia. 225 163. Chloroceryle americana americana (Gmelin). Ceryle americana Savin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 174 (Minca).—SHARPE, Cat. Rirds Brit. Mus., XVII, 1892, 131 (“Santa Marta” and Minca).— Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XI, 1898, 133 (“Santa Marta’”).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 136 (Bonda and Cienaga). Ceryle americana septentrionalis (not of Sharpe) Carrixer, Ann, Carnegie Mus., VI, 1910, 492 (Santa Marta [region]; crit.). Chloroceryle americana [subsp.] Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 432, footnote (Santa Marta [region]; meas.). Twenty-one specimens: Bonda, Don Diego, Minca, Mamatoco, Tro- jas de Cataca, Fundacion, and Santa Marta. According to Mr. Ridgway “ birds from Venezuela and Colombia are recognizably different from the Guiana form,” and probably deserve to be named. At the present writing only three specimens of topo- typical americana from French Guiana are available. The single male is certainly not distinguishable in any way from Colombian males, but oddly enough the two females show a character not evident in the other sex, namely, the practically unspotted condition of the outer webs of the remiges. Not one of the Colombian females approaches these two examples in this respect, all being prominently spotted with white on the wings. But until the constancy of this character can be demon- strated by a larger series we are unwilling to take the responsibility of making a formal separation. This kingfisher is a bird of the Tropical Zone, ranging over the whole of the lowlands and up into the foothills to at least 2,000 feet, along the streams. 164. Chloroceryle amazona (Latham). Alcedo amazona SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, III, 1874, 2 (“Santa Marta”). Ceryle amazona Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 133 (“ Santa Marta ’”’).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 136 (Bonda). Six specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Dibulla, Fundacién, and Santa Marta. We are unable to discover any geographical differences in a series of this species coming from various parts of its range. Nos. 43,039, September 5, and 44,780, February 27, are young males, with the rufous pectoral band merely indicated. This species is found throughout the Tropical Zone lowlands along all streams of sufficient size. 226 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Megaceryle alcyon alcyon (Linnzus). Ceryle alcyon Suarre, Cat.. Birds Brit. Mus. XVII, 1892, 125 (“Santa Marta ”).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., II, 1895, 472 (“Santa Marta,” in range, ex Sharpe). A specimen in the British Museum (received from the Tweeddale Collection), purporting to have come from Santa Marta, is the only record for the Belted Kingfisher for Colombia, and one of the very few from South America, this being beyond its normal winter range. 165. Megaceryle torquata torquata (Linnzus). Ceryle torquata Savin and Govan, Ibis, 1880, 174 (Rio Manzanares).— Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVII, 1892, 121 (Santa Marta).—Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 133 (“Santa Marta ”).—ALLEN, Bull, Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 136 (Bonda). Seven specimens: Bonda and Punto Caiman. The Punto Caiman specimen is albinistic, having many white feath- ers among the rufous ones of the under surface. Some of the speci- mens show a good deal of white on the secondaries in the form of spots, as in M. t. stictipennis. Simons took a single specimen of this species along the Rio Manza- nares near Santa Marta. Mr. Brown and Mr. Smith secured a few in this same section, and the writer shot a single example at Punto Caiman. It is found only in the lowlands about the lagoons and larger streams. Family BUCCONIDA. Purrsirps. 166. Nonnula frontalis pallescens Todd. Nonnula frontalis pallescens Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXXII, 1919, 116 (Fundacion; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.). Seven specimens: Fundacién and Tucurinca. Three specimens from the State of Santander, Colombia, corres- ponding closely to the original description of Malacoptila frontalis Sclater (described from the “interior: of Colombia”) show that the bird of the coast region is a strongly marked form, differing in the much paler coloration of the under surface. In the typical form the throat and breast are rich ochraceous tawny, passing into buffy pos- teriorly and into white on the under tail-coverts, while in the new form the throat and breast are cinnamon buff or clay-color, and the abdomen as well as the under tail-coverts nearly white. The upper parts are the same in both. Males average a little more richly colored below 2 Topp-Carriker: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, CoLomsBia. 227 than females, but the type has been chosen from the latter sex be- cause it so happens that all the comparable specimens of true frontalis belong to that sex. The specimen from Algodonal, on the lower Magdalena River, referred to by Dr. Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXXVI, 1917, 344), undoubtedly be- longs to this same pale race, while the Panama examples may be dif- ferent again. Besides the above, we have three specimens from the Sinu region of Colombia, farther to the eastward along the coast. On the first trip to Fundacién this bird was not met with at all, but on the second it was one of the first birds shot. It was more numer- ous at Tucurinca, in the heavy forest of the alluvial plain, and prob- ably ranges over the whole of this plain surrounding the Cienaga Grande, and thence over into the Magdalena basin. 167. Malacoptila mystacalis (Lafresnaye). Malacoptila mystacalis Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 133 (“Santa Marta ”)—ALteNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 134 (Onaca, Valparaiso, and Las Nubes).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 342 (“Santa Marta Mountains”). Thirteen specimens: Onaca, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, and Las Taguas. In juvenal plumage, illustrated by Nos. 42,476 and 42,589, Cincin- nati, July 10 and 25, the color-pattern is like that of the adult, but the colors are duller, the rufous of the throat and breast being still imper- fectly developed. This species has thus far been taken in this region only in the Sub- tropical Zone of the San Lorenzo and Horqueta, between 4,000 and 6,000 feet, apparently not reaching the main Sierra Nevada. It is confined to the heavy forest, and is not at all abundant, being a quiet and rather stupid bird. The nest is placed at the extremity of a hole in a bank of earth, excavated by the birds to a depth of nearly two feet (in the case of the one examined). The tunnel proper is from two to three inches in diameter, while the nest-chamber at the end is enlarged to be about six inches across and four inches high. The nest is very slight—merely a few twigs and dead leaves. The one examined was in a bank by the roadside, where people and ani- mals were passing daily; it contained one young bird, nearly fully fledged. 228 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEuUM. 168. Hypnelus ruficollis ruficollis (Wagler). Bucco ruficollis ScLtater, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (2), XIII, 1854, 361 (“Santa Marta ’’).—Scrater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 270 (“Santa Marta”’). —Wyart, Ibis, 1871, 374 (Santa Marta).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 205 (Valle de Upar); 1880, 175 (Santa Marta).—Sciater, Mon. Jacamars and Puffbirds, 1880, 89, pl. 29 (Sant@ Marta and Valle de Upar; meas.).— Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIX, 1891, 187 (Santa Marta and Valle de Upar).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1896, 514 (Santa Marta, in range).—Banecs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 133 (“ Santa Marta”).—ALLEeN, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 135 (Santa Marta and Bonda); XXI, 1905, 280 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). Hypnelus ruficollis ruficollis Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 382 (Santa Marta localities and references)—CHaPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 341 (Bonda suggested as type-locality). Twenty-eight specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Santa Marta, Funda- cién, Punto Caiman, Dibulla, and Rio Hacha. There is some individual variation apparent, affecting the intensity ‘of the tawny color on the throat and the amount of spotting on the ‘-flanks. The type-locality of the present form, according to Sclater, is Cartagena, whence came the specimens collected by Haeberlin con- stituting Wagler’s types. An abundant bird throughout the whole of the littoral Tropical Zone, except in the forested section of the north coast, being most numer- ous in the drier portions. It prefers the open scrub, with scattering trees. It is very sluggish and stupid, sitting quietly for long periods, and is very easily approached. The natives call it “pajaro bobo” ‘(foolish bird). Mr. Smith sent in a set of three eggs, collected at Bonda, May 17. They are “clear dull white, sub-spherical.” They were found in the clay nest of Furnarius leucopus exilis. “ce 169. Hypnelus ruficollis decolor subsp. nov. Six specimens: Rio Hacha. The Rio Hacha birds differ from the Santa Marta series proper in their paler coloration throughout. The upper parts are paler, duller brown, and the lower parts are also paler, less buffy, nearly white in fact. The ochraceous wash on the throat is conspicuously paler and less extended, and the nasal plumes are usually dull whitish, with little or no buffy tinge. The new form thus varies in an opposite direction from Hypnelus ruficollis coloratus, of the humid section south of Topp-CarrIKER: Birps oF Santa Marta Recion, CoLomsBia. 229 Lake Maracaibo, and is probably restricted to the arid coast region of the Goajira Peninsula, where it is one of the characteristic birds. Type, No. 45,649, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult female; Rio Hacha, Colombia, May 6, 1914; M. A. Carriker, Jr. 170. Notharchus hyperrhynchus subsp. Five specimens: Mamatoco and Fundacion. Dr. Chapman’ (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXXVI, 1917, 340) has recently called attention to the differences be- tween Nicaragua specimens of this species on the one hand and those from Panama southward on the other. He adopts for the latter the name leucocrissus, and the writer has verified his conclusions after an examination of the same material. Quite unexpectedly, Nicaraguan skins, assumed to represent dysoni, prove to be appreciably different from those from Costa Rica, which latter agree in all essential respects with specimens from Panama, western Colombia, Ecuador, and Bo- livia. Curiously enough, the Santa Marta specimens are clearly not leucocrissus; they are in fact practically indistinguishable from dy- soni, having the same narrow pectoral band and less heavily marked flanks. The only difference is that the outer primary has less white in the present series, but this by itself seems to be too trifling a char- acter upon which to base a formal separation. To refer these birds to dysoni, on the other hand, would leave the distribution of that form discontinuous, so that for the present it seems necessary to hold the matter open for further data. This bird was first met with at Fundacion, where four in all were taken, and later a single specimen was shot at Mamatoco. It is not at all common at the former locality, being found in the open wood- land among the tangled masses of vines and low trees. Family GALBULIDA. Jacamars. 171. Galbula ruficauda pallens Bangs. Galbula ruficauda (not of Cuvier) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 205 (Valle de Upar); 1880, 175 (Santa Marta).—Sciater, Mon. Jacamars and Puft- birds, 1879, 15 (Valle de Upar; meas.).—Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. ‘Mus., XIX, 1891, 166 (Santa Marta and Valle de Upar). Galbula ruficauda pallens Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 133 (“Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type now in coll, Mus. Comp. Zodl.; crit.).—Dusois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1056 (Santa Marta, in range; ref. orig. descr.). 230 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEUM. Galbula ruficauda pallida (lapsus) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 120, 135 (Cienaga and Bonda); XXI, 1905, 280 (Bonda; descr. eggs). Galbula pallens Suarpe, Hand-List Birds, II, 1900, 194 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—BranournE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 161 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Additional records: Tierra Nueva (Carriker)., Twenty-nine specimens: Bonda, Cienaga, Dibulla, Rio Hacha, Ma- matoco, Fundacion, and Tucurinca. . In this form the bill (all the measurements, in fact) averages longer than in true ruficauda; there is more buffy tinge on the throat, there is a more decided color-difference between the sexes; and the under parts, posterior to the pectora] band, are noticeably paler, sex for sex. The race was described from this region, but is now known to range over into the lower Magdalena and Sinu Valleys. , A species characteristic of the littoral Tropical Zone, ranging over the whole of the lowlands, but more abundant in the drier portions, where the woodland is open above and filled with tangled undergrowth below. In its feeding habits it is not unlike the flycatchers, selecting a perch in the open and catching insects on the wing. Many but- terflies are eaten. A set of two eggs, collected by Mr. Smith at Bonda on April 17, are described as clear glossy white. Simons says that it “ builds its nest in the banks of streams.” Family RAMPHASTIDZ. Toucans. 172. Aulacorhynchus lautus (Bangs). Aulacorhamphus albivitta (not Pteroglossus albivitta Boissonneau) SaLvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 206 ([Valley of ?] Chinchicua; crit.). Aulacorhamphus albivittatus ScLaTerR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIX, 1891, 157 (“ Santa Marta” and [Valley of ? ] Chinchicua). Aulacorhamphus lautus Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 173 (San Miguel; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zoél.; meas.; crit.); XIII, 1899, 92 (Chirua and La Concepcién).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 120, 133 (Valparaiso, San Lorenzo, El Libano, and Las Nubes).—Dusgois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1056 (ref. orig. desct.; range).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXI, 1908, 158, in text (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; crit.)—BrazournE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 160 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—CHapmMan, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIV, 1915, 640, in text (Santa Marta [region];. crit.).— Cory, Field Mus. Zoél.-Series, XIII, 1919, 378 (references: range). Topp-CarrIKER: Brrps or SANTA Marta REGION, CoLomBia. 231 Thirty-one specimens: Las Nubes, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Maco- tama, San Miguel, Las Vegas, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), Las Taguas, San Lorenzo, Cerro de Caracas, Paramo de Mama- rongo, and Heights of- Chirua. Salvin and Godman remarked on the peculiarities of the first pair of these birds received from this region, but did not venture to separate them from A. albivitta, so that it remained for Mr. Bangs to give the form a distinctive name. In its characters it is almost exactly inter- mediate between A. albivitta albivitta of Central Colombia and A. ceruleogularis of Central America, but is manifestly entitled to stand alone. The throat is gray, tinged with blue posteriorly, instead of white or deep blue, as in the other two forms respectively, and there is no red on the bill, which is black, the culminal ridge (except at base) olive yellow, the base of both mandibles narrowly white, with a triangular patch of black at the base of the culmen. Males are notice- ably larger than females, the bill especially. This species is found under exactly the same conditions as 4. calor- hynchus, except that its local range is higher, although overlapping that of the other species at its lower edge. On the San Lorenzo it ap- pears to inhabit the region between about 5,000 and 8,000 feet, and in the Sierra Nevada that between 5,000 and 9,000 feet, in the Subtrop- ical Zone. , 173. Aulacorhynchus calorhynchus (Gould). Aulacorhamphus calorhynchus Satvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1879, 206 ([Valley of ?] Chinchicua).—Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., X1X, 1891, 155 ([Val- ley of ?] Chinchicua).—Banes, Proc, Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 134 (“Santa Marta”), 158 (Pueblo Viejo; crit.), 172 (Palomina; crit.; type- locality).—Banes, Auk, XVI, 1899, 137, in text (“ Santa Marta Mountains ”; range).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 133 (Valparaiso). Additional records: La Concepcién, San Antonio (Brown). Twenty-three specimens: Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Las Taguas, Las Vegas, Pueblo Viejo, and Chirua. Santa Marta examples are precisely like those from the Andes of Merida, Venezuela, whence came Gould’s types. Females: have con- stantly smaller bills than males. This toucan was added to the fauna of this region by Simons, who secured a specimen in the Valley of Chinchicua, at an altitude of 6,500 feet. Mr. Brown took it in the highlands above Santa Marta, and later 232 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEuM. got specimens also at La Concepcién, Chirua, San Antonio, Pueblo Viejo, and Palomina. Mr. Smith obtained a series at Valparaiso (Cincinnati). It seems to be a bird of the Subtropical Zone, rang'ng between 4,000 and 6,000 feet on the forest-clad slopes of the San Lorenzo, but coming down as low as 2,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada proper. It generally goes in pairs or small bands, sometimes high up in the trees, sometimes lower down. It is noisy and active, very in- quisitive, and not at all shy. 174. Pteroglossus torquatus nuchalis Cabanis. Pteroglossus torquatus (not Ramphastos torquatus Gmelin) Savin and Gop- MAN, Ibis, 1880, 175 (Santa Marta and Minca).—Sctrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIX, 1891, 141 (Santa Marta and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).— SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1896, 555 (Santa Marta, in -range).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 134 (‘Santa Marta ”).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 133 (Bonda).— CarrIKER, Ann, Carnegie Mus., VI, r910, 574 (Santa Marta [region]; crit.). Pteroglossus torquatus nuchalis Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 341 (Santa Marta references). Eleven specimens: Bonda, Don Diego, Mamatoco, Fundacion, Tu- curinca, La Tigrera, and Santa Marta. Every one of these specimens shows the characters ascribed to this form by Mr. Ridgway in his diagnosis when compared with Central American examples. A skin from northern Venezuela, whence came Cabanis’ type-specimen, is similar, so that we find no difficulty in rec- ognizing nuchalis, although it may be necessary to restrict the name to the bird of these two regions alone. A species characteristic of the Tropical Zone, inhabiting the whole of the lowlands, but only the lower reaches of the foothills. It is perhaps more numerous in the semi-arid parts of the littoral area, al- though fairly common also at Fundacién, on the other side of the mountains. It is almost always seen in pairs or flocks of from four to ten birds, and is not at all shy, and very inquisitive. Like all of the family, it is strictly a fruit-eater. Ramphastos ambiguus abbreviatus Cabanis. Ramphastos tocard (not of Vieillot?) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 206 (Manaure). Ramphastos ambiguus (not of Swainson) ScratTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ' XIX, 1891, 128 (Manaure).—Ruipeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 339 (Manaure, in range; ex Sclater). Topp-CarrIKER: Birps oF Santa Marta REcIon, CoLompia. 233 Simons secured an adult male on May 12, 1878, at Manaure, in the foot- hills of the Eastern Andes, at an altitude of 2,700 feet. No recent col- lector has met with the bird in the Santa Marta region proper. The record is referred to this form on geographical grounds (compare Chapman, Bul- letin American Museum of Natural History, XXXVI, 1917, 329), although Mr. Ridgway, on page 336 of his ‘great work, has inadvertently placed it under R. piscivorus brevicarinatus. 175. Ramphastos piscivorus brevicarinatus Gould. Rhamphastos carinatus (not of Swainson) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 206 (Manaure; range); 1880, 175 (Minca)—ALieN, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 133 (Salvin and Godman’s reference; crit.). Rhamphastos brevicarinatus ScLaTER, Cat. Birds Brit, Mus., XIX, 1891, 126 (Manaure; crit.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1896, 553 (Manaure, in range).—Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 134 (Santa Marta), 157 (Pueblo Viejo).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 133 (Bonda and Cacagualito). Ramphastos piscivorus brevicarinatus Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 334 (Santa Marta localities and references; meas.). Additional records: La Concepcién (Brown). Eighteen specimens: Bonda, Cincinnati, Minca, La Tigrera, Funda- cién, Don Diego, and Las Vegas. Not different from Costa Rican exameles. This handsome large toucan is found in all parts of the Tropical Zone, from sea-level up to about 5,0co feet, wherever the forest is suf- ficiently dense. In the drier portion of the lowlands it keeps to the woodland along the narrow valleys of the various streams. It is rather shy, and not so abundant as some of the other species of this family, probably for the reason that it is hunted a great deal for food by the natives. It has a loud, rather mournful call-note, usually heard in the evening or early morning. A set of two eggs, taken from a “nest in a large hollow tree,” are in the Smith collection, labeled Bonda, May 12. They are soiled white in color, and measure 35 X 27.5, which seems small for the size of the bird. Family PICIDE. WooppecKers. 176. Picumnus cinnamomeus cinnamomeus Wagler. Picumnus cinnamomens Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., III, iii and iv, 1868, 27 (“Santa Marta’’)—Hareitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVIII, 1890, 527 (“Santa Marta” and Valle de Upar; descr.; references).—ALLEN, Bull: Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 137 (Bonda). 234 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEUM. Eighteen specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Fundacién, Tierra Nueva, Dibulla, Rio Hacha, Tucurinca, and Fonseca. This tiny little piculet is a very distinct, isolated species, and ap- pears to be confined to the northern littoral of Colombia. In the Santa Marta region it ranges over .the whole of the littoral Tropical Zone from Rio Hacha to Fundacion, not going above 1,000 feet. Simons found it at Valle de Upar, on the south side of the mountains. It is rare everywhere, and being so small easily escapes notice, the more so from its habits of frequenting the most tangled parts of thickets and masses of vines. It is very tame and may be approached quite closely with a little care. 177. Picumnus squamulatus Lafresnaye. One specimen: Fundacion. This specimen agrees in size with a good series from the coast region of Venezuela, considered by Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern (Ar- chiv fiir Naturgeschichte, LXXVIII, 1912, 152) to represent P. s. obsoletus Allen, These Venezuelan birds average a little smaller than a series from the State of Boyaca, Colombia, assumed to be practically topotypical squamulatus, but we fail to make out any difference in coloration whatever, although considerable seasonal variation exists. The name obsoletus is almost certainly based on an individual variant, judging by the description above, since Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern state that ‘specimens from the State of Bermudez are like those from Caracas and Las Quiguas. A single female was taken at Fundacién, August 14, 1913, in the tangled undergrowth of the open woodland, this being the only one seen. The record is interesting as extending the range of this species to the Caribbean coast region of Colombia. 178. Veniliornis kirkii cecilii (Malherbe). Fourteen specimens: Fundacion, Punto Caiman, and Tucurinca. These compare favorably with specimens from the interior of Co- lombia, although some of them have the wing-coverts slightly tinged with red, verging thus toward the Panama form. The outer rectrices are in some examples distinctly barred, in others nearly plain. The color of the upper parts also varies considerably. The local range of this woodpecker covers the lowlands contiguous to the Cienaga Grande, back to the lower edge of the foothills of the Topp—Carriker; Birps oF SANTA Marta REGION, CoLomBia. 235 Sierra Nevada. It is found only in the heavy forest of the alluvial plain and in the mangroves along the borders of the Cienaga Grande, and has doubtless entered the region from the Magdalena basin. 179. Veniliornis oleaginus exsul Todd. Veniliornis oleaginus exsul Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXXIII, 1920, 74 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 6,000 feet; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.). Four specimens: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), Cerro de Caracas, and Paramo de Mamarongo. The series of the several forms of Veniliornis fumigatus examined in this connection shows an astonishing amount of variation in color, which must be taken into account in any attempt at discriminating the geographical races. There are apparently two phases, not correlated with sex or season, although possibly age may have something to do with them. One is golden brown, the other is much darker, between raw umber and mummy brown, in the case of V. oleaginus fumigatus. Some individuals in the light phase are almost or quite as bright as duller colored examples of V. oleaginus aureus of western Colombia. Santa Marta specimens are close to fumigatus, but average darker, deeper brownish olive below in the dark phase, and obviously more uniform. The race from the coast region of Venezuela, inadvertently described by the writer (Proceedings Biological S: ociety of Washing- ton, XXIX, 1916, 97) under the name exiguus (long antedated by reichenbachi of Cabanis and Heine), differs from the Santa Marta bird in having much more white on the remiges, and in being smaller and generally duller. The first specimens of this species to be taken in this region were two males, shot on the north slope of the Sierra Nevada back of the San Lorenzo, at about 6,000 feet. Later a male was taken on the Cerro de Caracas, on the slope back of San Miguel, at about’ 6,000 feet, and another at the upper edge of the forest at the foot of the Paramo de Mamarongo, at perhaps 9,000 feet. No others were seen. It is evidently a species characteristic of the Subtropical Zone, and it is very doubtful if it ever goes below 6,000 feet. 180. Scapaneus melanoleucos malherbii (Gray). Campephilus maltherbii Sarvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 205 (Atanquez).— Hareitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVIII, 1890, 472 (Atanquez).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1895, 448 (Atanquez. in range). — 236 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 134 (“ Santa Marta ”).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 137 (Bonda, Valparaiso, and El Libano). : Scapaneus malherbii Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 172 (Santa Marta localities and references; meas.). Nineteen specimens: Bonda, Las Nubes, La Tigrera, Las Vegas, Minca, Cincinnati, and Fundacion. With a fair series of specimens, representing various localities in Bolivia, French Guiana, Venezuela, and the interior of Colombia, at our command, we find that intergradation between S. melanoleucos and S. matherbii is complete, necessitating the reduction of the latter to subspecific rank. There is usually a trace of black on the lores of the male, indicating its close affinity to the other form. No. 41,923, La Tigrera, May 8, is a female in juvenal dress, with the barring be- low less distinct, more like spotting, especially posteriorly; the lores and malar stripe are buffy brownish white, and the crest ‘is shorter. A fairly common and very conspicuous species of the Tropical and lower part of the Subtropical Zones, ranging from sea-level up to 6,000 feet on the San Lorenzo, and possibly to about the same altitude in the Sierra Nevada, where, however, the writer has ever met with it above 3,000 feet. 181. Ceophlceus lineatus mesorhynchus Cabanis and Heine. Ceophleus lineatus (not Picus lineatus ‘Linneeus) Hart, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVIII, 1890, 508 (“Santa Marta’”).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 134 (“Santa Marta”)—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 136 (Minca and Valparaiso). Ceophleus lineatus mesorhynchus Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50. VI, 1914, 148 (Santa Marta localities and references; meas.).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 356 (“Santa Marta’; crit.). Additional records: Cienaga (Univ. Mich. Exp.); San Antonio (Brown). ‘ Three specimens: Bonda and Pueblo Viejo. This form was based on Costa Rican specimens, with which the above agree. It differs from typical lineatus in average smaller size, more decidedly buffy suffusion of the under parts, darker colored bill, and in particular in the heavier streaking of the throat. The barring of the under parts is also more frequently broken up into spots, but this is not the case with every individual. This must be a rare bird here, for although the writer was on the Topp-CarRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotomsra. 237 watch for it continuously and killed many specimens of Scapaneus mel- anoleucos malherbti by mistake for it, he secured but one specimen, at Pueblo Viejo. The available records indicate that it is mainly a bird of the foothills and lower mountain slopes of the Tropical Zone. 182. Chrysoptilus punctigula ujhelyii von Madarasz. Chrysoptilus guttatus (not Picus guttatus Spix) Hargett, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVIII, 1890, 117 (“ Santa Marta ”),—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 136 (Cienaga). Chrysoptilus ujhelyii von Maparasz, Orn. Monatsber., XX, 1912, 97 (Aracataca; orig. descr.; type in coll. Budapest Mus.).—Brazourne and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 171 (ref. orig. descr.; range). ; Chrysoptilus punctigula ujhelyii CHapman, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX XIII, 1914, 612 (“Santa Marta”; diag.) —Cory, Field Mus. Orn. Series, I, 1915, 306 (Aracataca, in range; diag.)—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 349 (“Santa Marta’’; crit.). Four specimens: Fundacién, This form, which occupies the lower Magdalena basin, west along the coast to the Rio Sinu, whence we have specimens, is apparently most closely related to C. p. striatigularis Chapman (Bulletin Amer- ican Museum of Natural History, XXXIII, 1914, 611), but differs in having the posterior under parts paler, with the spots smaller, while the bars on the back, wings, and tail are narrower and less distinct. The type-specimen was collected by Mr. J. Ujhelyi at Aracataca, between Fundacion and Tucurinca, in January, 1912, and promptly named for this party by Dr. von Madarasz, into whose hands it fell. Mr. Smith had previously collected a single bird at Cienaga, which is probably the extreme limit of its range in this direction. It seems to be confined to the Tropical Zone lowlands around the Cienaga Grande. The four shot at Fundacion were all that were seen; they were met with in rather heavy woodland. 183. Chloronerpes chrysochloros aurosus Nelson. Four specimens: Fundacién, Don Diego, and Tucurinca. Up to date this form has been known only from the type, described from eastern Panama. The specimens here recorded, together with two more from Gamarra, Colombia, have been compared with the type and found to agree, most of the characters assigned by Mr. Nel- son proving constant on comparison with an equal series of true chrysochloros from Bolivia and Argentina. Indeed, aurosus is a de- * 238 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEuM. cidedly well-marked race, differing in its brighter, more golden olive coloration above and on the sides of the head, and deeper, more golden orange hue of the under surface, including the tail. The red of the pileum is also perceptibly brighter, but the dusky area on the distal portion of the primaries is about the same. Measurements are as fol- lows: No. Sex. _ Locality. Date. Wing. Tail. Bill. Tarsus. 42715 of Fundacién ....... August 9, 1913..... 123 63 23 17 42782 dim. Fundacién ....... August 11, 1913.... 124 67 24 17.5 44616 of “Don Diego .....- February 2, 1914... 126 64 25 17.5 49467 of Tucurinca ....... September 20, 1915 122 60 25 17 54230 .¢ UCAMIAITE . .icawey « July 9, 1916....... 128 65 23.5 17 §4231 of Gamarra ......... July 6, 1916:eneas , 122 69 24 17 Three adult @g of C. c. chrysochloros average..... 125 75 25 18.4 There is thus very little difference in size between, this and the typical form, except that the tail is a little shorter in aurosus. The present records constitute a considerable extension of the known range of this woodpecker,’ heretofore known only from eastern Pan- ama. It is evidently a Tropical Zone form, apparently most numerous in the region around the Cienaga Grande, where three of the four specimens were taken. They were all found near water or marshy ground, and very likely farther out, nearer the Cienaga Grande and Magdalena River, the bird may be more nunierous. The securing of a single example at Don Diego, on the north coast, was most unex- pected. One bird was noted at Valle de Upar, in the Rio Cesar Valley, early in August, 1920, but not secured. 184. Chloronerpes rubiginosus alleni Bangs. Chioronerpes yucatanensis uropygialis (not of Cabanis) Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 93 (La Concepcién and San Miguel; range; crit.) —Banoes, Proc. New England Zoél. Club, I, 1899, 76 (San Sebastian). —AtteEN, Bull.,Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 136 (Valparaiso). Chloronerpes yucatanensis alleni Bancs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, III, 1902, 83 (San Sebastian; orig. descr.; type now in coll, Mus. Comp. Zoél. ; crit.) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 277 (ref. orig. descr. ; syn.). ‘Chloronerpes alleni BRaBOURNE and CuHuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 170 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Chloronerpes rubiginosus alleni Rineway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 126 (diag.; range; ref. orig. descr.).—Cory, Field Mus. Zodl. Series, XIII, 1919, 439 (ref. descr.; range). : Topp-CaRRIKER: Birps of Santa Marta ReEcton, CoLomsia. 239 Twenty-four specimens: Valparaiso, Cincinnati, San Lorenzo, Las Taguas, Las Vegas, San Miguel, and Chirua. The first specimens of a Chloronerpes hailing from this region were referred to the Central American form, uropygialis, by both Dr. Allen and Mr. Bangs, but shortly thereafter the acquisition of a good series of the latter race induced Mr. Bangs to describe the Santa Marta form as distinct. Not all of the characters he assigns hold good in the above series. For instance, there is considerable variation, ap- parently of'a purely individual nature, in the extent of the brownish area on the inner webs of the outer rectrices. Again, the barring of these feathers is a very inconstant feature, varying greatly in charac- ter and extent in different individuals. Taken as a whole, however, the series 1s conspicuously different, not only from C. r. uropygialis, tut also from any other of the numerous races into which this wide- ranging and unusually plastic species has been divided. It is much brighter, more suffused with golden orange, above than true rubigi- nosus, and has the red patch on the head wider, while the dark bars on the under surface are more dusky, less greenish, and the outer rectrices have more or less brown on their inner webs. The two characters last named also serve to distinguish it from the form inhabiting the region immediately to the southward, in the State of Santander, Colombia. This woodpecker was found most abundantly on the slopes of the San Lorenzo between 4,000 and 7,000 feet, nearly always in the heavy forest, but rarely out in the coffee-plantations in the guama trees. In the Sierra Nevada it ranges somewhat lower down, mainly between 3,000 and 5,000 feet, but may be considered essentially a species of the Subtropical Zone. It was found breeding at San Miguel (5,500 feet) near our camp, but few were seen above that altitude. Mr. Brown, however, met with it as high up as San Sebastian (6,600 feet), on the south slope of the mountains. 185. Centurus rubricapillus rubricapillus Cabanis. Centurus subelegans (not of Bonaparte) ScuatTer, Proc. Zoél, Soc. London, 1855, 162 (“Santa Marta’’). Centurus tricolor (not Picus tricolor Gmelin) Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 115, 381 (Santa Marta).Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 205 (Valle de Upar); 1880, 174 (Santa Marta), Melanerpes tricolor Harcitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVIII, 1890, 174 (Valle de Upar). 17 240 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Melanerpes wagleri sancte-marte Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 134 (‘Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type now in Mus. Comp, Zodl.; meas.; crit.)—Bancs, Proc. New England Zoél. Club, II, 1900, 18 (“ Santa Marta”; crit.) —Atien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 120, 136 (Santa Marta and Bonda). Melanerpes sancte-marte SuarpE, Hand-List Birds, II, 1900, 211 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—BrasouRNe and Cuuss, Birds S, Am., I, 1912, 172 (ref, orig. descr.; range). Centurus subelegans sancte-marte Dusois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1058 (Santa Marta, in range; ref. orig. descr.) —RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. _50, VI, 1914, 53 (diag.; range; references), 74 (meas.). Centurus wagleri sancte-marte ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 281 (Mamatoco; descr. nest and eggs). Melanerpes terricolor sancte-marte HELLMAYR and von SerLern, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 150, in text (Santa Marta region; crit.). Melanerpes rubricapillus rubricapillus CuapMan, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 351 (Bonda; crit.). , Twenty specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Santa Marta, Don Diego, Rio Hacha, and Fundacion. The proper name for this woodpecker has been the subject for con- siderable difference of opinion, as the above list of references shows. It was described by Mr. Bangs in 1898 under the name sancte-marte, but this designation is long antedated by Centurus rubricapillus Caba- nis, 1862, a name provisionally applied to a bird from Barranquilla, Colombia, which we now know is precisely the same as that from the Santa Marta region. If, as claimed by Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern, Centurus subelegans Bonaparte is not pertinent, Cabanis’ name must be adopted as the earliest valid specific designation for the mem- bers of this group, as already’said by Dr. Chapman. With a series of sixty-two specimens, representing various parts of the general range of the species, we find great difficulty in discriminating any of the several geographic races commonly recognized. There is certainly no constant difference in general color correlated with locality, although there is considerable seasonal variation. The differences in size are too slight and inconstant to be seriously considered. Costa Rican ex- amples (wagleri) seem to have the abdominal red patch more re- stricted, and to have rather more white on the lateral rectrices, than the typical form, but it is a question whether it is worth while to recognize this difference in nomenclature. Birds from- Venezuela (terricolor), on the other hand, have rather less white on the lateral Topp-CarrIKER: Brros or Santa Marta Recion, Cotompia. 241 rectrices, while there is a tendency for the red of the crown to be separated from that of the nape by a grayish brown band. Many ex- amples are practically indistinguishable, however, and it is doubtful if terricolor ought to be granted recognition. Specimens from the in- terior of Colombia (neglectus), so far as we can see, present no special peculiarities. ; This is the common woodpecker’ of the Tropical Zone lowlands. It is found over the whole of the low country surrounding the Sierra Nevada, but is rarely seen over 1,000 feet above the sea. It prefers the more arid parts, especially where there is plenty of the giant cac- tus, in which it often digs its nest. Wyatt recorded it in the mimosa thicket near Santa Marta in 1870, and Simons secured specimens here and at Valle de Upar during his trip. Mr. Smith sent in a section of a tree-trunk containing a nest, together with one egg, secured at Mama- toco, on April 10. It was observed at Fonseca and Valencia by the writer in the summer of 1920. Tripsurus pucherani pucherani (Malherbe). Zebrapicus pucherani MALHERBE, Mon. Picidées, II, 1862, 227 (“ Santa Marta,” in range). / The only authority for the inclusion of this species in the present list is that above quoted. Malherbe gives no particulars, and it is very doubtful if this Pacific Coast form ever ranges so far to the eastward as such a record would imply. Family TROGONIDZ. Trocons. 186. Chrysotrogon caligatus columbianus Chapman. Trogon caligatus (not of Gould) SaLvrn and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 174 (Minca; crit.) —OGILviE-GRANT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVII, 1892, 465 (Minca).— Auten, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 135 (Cacagualito and Minca). Chrysotrogon caligatus Ripgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 786 (Minea and Cacagualito, in range; references). Chrysotrogon caligatus columbianus CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. XXXIII, 1914, 607 (“Santa Marta’; meas.; crit.); XXXVI, 1917, 317 (“ Santa Marta”; crit.)—Cory, Field Mus. Zodl. Series, XIII, 1919, 330 (“Santa Marta,” in range). Nine specimens: Bonda, Cincinnati, and Fundacion. The adult males of this series agree with others from Colombia in having the purplish blue sheen of the nape extended over the posterior part of the crown, and the pectoral band of the same color apparently 242 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. narrower. Some Costa Rican specimens approach them closely in these respects, and the differences appear to be fully bridged over by indi- vidual variation in both series, and to be merely of an average char- acter. Females of the present form, however, are more purely gray, less blackish, and the form is doubtless entitled to recognition. Simons secured this trogon at Minca, and Mr. Smith also took it at the same place, as well as at Bonda and Cacagualito. With the ex- ception of a single specimen shot at Cincinnati, June 13, 1911, the writer failed to find it in the region around Santa Marta, all his speci- mens having been taken at Fundacion, where it was fairly common (as trogons go). Here it was found in the open woodland as a rule, and high up in the trees. It was recorded as far east as Loma Larga by the writer in July, 1920, and was not rare at Valencia. 187. Trogonurus personatus personatus (?) Gould. Trogon personatus Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 93 (Chirua, La Concepcién, and Macotama).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 135 (Valparaiso, Las Nubes, and El Libano). Twenty-five specimens: Las Nubes, El Libano, Valparaiso, Cincin- nati, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), Las Taguas, Pueblo Viejo, Las Vegas, San Lorenzo, San Miguel, and Heights of Chirua. These agree with Gould’s plate (Monograph of the Trogonide, Ed. 2, 1875, pl. 10), purporting to represent the type. According to ven Berlepsch and Taczanowski (Proceedings Zod!logical Society of Lon- _ don, 1884, 307), the Ecuador bird is appreciably different. The series includes two immature females from Las Vegas, May 31. A fairly common species throughout its range, which lies in the Subtropical Zone, in the forest-clad slopes of the mountains between 4,500 and 7,000 feet. It is a quiet bird, remaining motionless on its perch for long periods at a time, then flying suddenly for a distance of fifty or a hundred feet. It keeps well up in the trees, but not in their very tops. Like all of the family, it is strictly a fruit-eater. 188. Curucujus melanurus macrourus (Gould). Sixteen specimens: Fundacion, Tucutrinca, Tierra Nueva, and Tro- jas de Cataca. These are larger than Bolivian specimens, assumed to represent true melanurus; the red below is paler and more pinkish, especially pos- teriorly, in both sexes; and the crown, upper tail-coverts, and middle Topp-CarrikER: Brrps or Santa Marta Recion, CoLomsia. 243 rectrices average more greenish or bronzy, less bluish. A young fe- male (October 10) has the outer webs of the outer rectrices barred and the secondaries with coarsely mottled webs, while the finely barred area on the wing-coverts is faintly indicated in gray and black. A Magdalena Valley form, invading our region only in the lowlands around the Cienaga Grande. It was fairly common at Fundacion, also at Valencia, in the valley of the Rio Cesar, where the conditions are somewhat similar. 189. Pharomachrus festatus Bangs. Pharomacrus fulgidus (not Trogon fulgidus Gould) Satvin and Gopmay, Ibis, 1879, 205 (Valley of Chinchicua). Pharomacrus antisiensis (not Trogon antisiensis D’Orbigny) OciLviE-GRANT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVII, 1892, 433 (Chinchicua Valley). Pharomachrus festatus Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 92 ({Heights of] Chirua; orig. descr.; type now in coll, Mus. Comp. Zodl.).— AuLen, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 120, 135 (El Libano).— SuHarpe, Hand-List Birds, II, 1900, 146 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Dusois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, toso (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 735 (diag.; range; ref. orig. descr.) —HeLt- MAyYR and von Sgrrern, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 153 (range; ref. orig. descr.; crit.)—BRaBouRNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 149 (ref. orig. descr.; range)—Cory, Field Mus. Zodél. Series, XIII, 1919, 320 (ref. descr.; range). Eight specimens: El Libano, Valparaiso, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet) Las Vegas, and Heights of Chirua. The single specimen of a Pharomachrus secured by Simons in the Valley of Chinchicua was a young bird, and was not recognized as belonging to an undescribed form by either Salvin and Godman or the author of the “ Trogones” in the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. It remained for Mr. Bangs to describe adult specimens sent in by Mr. Brown from the Heights of Chirua. It is a very distinct ‘species, the male differing from those of both P. antisiensis and P. auriceps in the color-pattern of the tail, which is black, with the three outer rectrices white for their terminal third or more, the color ex- tending obliquely in towards the shaft of each feather. The present series bears out all the other characters assigned to the species by the describer. The upper tail-coverts are certainly relatively longer in this form than in either of the two allied species, extending more than an inch beyond the tail in the adult male. No. 38,608 (March 20) is . 244 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEuM. apparently an immature male, having the middle’ wing-coverts and middle rectrices tipped with buffy. The tail-pattern is like that of the adult male, except that the white is more restricted; otherwise the plumage is like that of the adult female. This magnificent trogon is a Subtropical Zone species, confined to the heavy forest between the altitudes of 5,000 and 8,000 feet, and is a rare bird. During the ripening season of the coffee the birds gather along the edgés of the upper part of the hacienda Cincinnati (5,000 to 5,500 feet) and feed on the ripe coffee berries. A nest was noted at this point, built in an old cavity made by Scapaneus melanoleucos malherbii in the top of an old dead stub of a tree, about fifteen feet from the ground. Unfortunately the writer was unable to return to investigate it further. It was thought at first that this species was peculiar to the Santa Marta region, but we now know that it occurs in northern Venezuela also, from which country the Carnegie Museum has several specimens. Family MICROPODIDA. Swirts. 190. Chetura spinicauda spinicauda (Temminck). Chetura spinicauda Auten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 137 (Ca- cagualito). Chaetura spinicauda fumosa (not of Salvin) Hetitmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, VIII, * 1907,” 1908, 161 (Cacagualito, in range, ex Allen). Chetura cinereiventris fumosa Ripcway, Bull. U. S, Nat. Mus., No. 50, V 1911, 725 (Cacagualito, in range). Nine specimens: Las Vegas. These agree substantially with authentic specimens from Trinidad and Cayenne, both in size and color. C. s. fumosa, of which we have six specimens from Costa Rica, differs from spinicauda in its larger size, brighter, blacker coloration, and darker gray rump-patch. It is clearly conspecific with spinicauda, but not with cinereiventris, as given by Mr. Ridgway. Dr. Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Nat- ural History, XXXVI, 1917, 277) speaks of specimens from western Colombia as being larger, whereas his measurements show them to be the reverse, and to agree with the Las Vegas skins here recorded. This swift, like its larger cousin Streptoprocne zonaris albicincta, is here today and gone tomorrow, perhaps feeding over the San Lorenzo in the morning and over the Snow Peaks of the Sierra Topp-CarrikER: Birds or Santa Marta Recton, CoLtompia. 245 Nevada in the afternoon. It has never been noted except on the wing, and the flocks have the habit of circling repeatedly over some hill or ridge in quest of insects, at which time they are not easily frightened away by shooting until ready to leave. On one occasion (June 9, 1913) at Las Vegas eight birds were secured out of one flock under such circumstances. 191. Streptoprocne zonaris albicincta (Cabanis). Hemiprocne zonaris (not Hirundo zonaris Shaw) Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 158 (“Santa Marta”; crit.)—ALLen, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 137 (Bangs’ reference). Streptoprocne zonaris albicincta Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 697 (Sierra Nevada and La Concepcion, in range). Additional records: San Lorenzo, 4,500 feet (Univ. Mich. Exp.). Three specimens: Pueblo Viejo and San Miguel. These specimens agree well in size and color with Costa Rican skins, showing no approach to the characters of S. sonaris a'tissima Chap- man. This species doubtless ranges over the whole of this region, from sea-level up to the higher altitudes, in its search for food. While blasting out the intake for a flume at Cincinnati on March 19, 1917, a colony of this large swift was discovered nesting in a shallow cavern behind a waterfall. The place was absolutely inaccessible, so that no idea of the number of nests could be had. Only one nest, which hap- pened to be near the top, was secured, together with the occupants, which had been stunned by the blasting, and proved to be an adult fe- male and two recently hatched young. The nest resembled very closely that of the Chimney Swift, being composed of twigs fastened together with saliva. The birds entered and left the cavern by dash- ing through the curtain of water falling over the front of it. The altitude of the site was about 4,300 feet. Family TROCHILIDA. HummMinesirps. 192. Simonula floriceps (Gould). Trochilus floriceps Goutp, Atheneum, No. 1329, April 16, 1853, 481, in text (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 5,000 ft.; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.) —Goutp, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, ‘‘ 1853,” 1854, 62 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; descr.).—Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 142 (“ Columbia ”).—GuinBet, Thes. Orn., ITI, 1877, 677 (references). 246 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Metallura floriceps Retcuensacu, Aufz. der Colibri, 1854, 8 (in list of species).—REICHENBACH, Troch, Enum., 1855, 5 (in list of species). Adelomyia floriceps Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. Zoél., (2), VI, 1854, 253 (in list of species) —-Goutp, Mon. Trochilid, III, 1855, pl. 202 and text (San Antonio; descr.; references)—MuLsANT and VERREAUX, Mem. Soc, Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, XII, 1866, 215 (in list of species). Anthocephala floriceps CaBaNis and Heinz, Mus. Heineanum, III, 1860, 72, footnote (references)—GouLp, Introd. Trochilide, oct. ed., 1861, 115 (ref- erences; range)—GouLp, Mon. Trochilide, I, 1861, Ixxviii (references; range).—ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 87 (range).— Mutsant, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n. s., XXII, 1875, 220 (in list of species). —Mutsant, Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouches, III, 1876, 125 (descr.; references; range).—Extior, Smithsonian Contr. to Knowledge, XXIII, Art. V, 1879, 183 (syn.; descr.; ex Gould; range).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1881, 595 (San José; crit.)-——-von Brrterscu, Journ, f. Orn., XXXV, 1887, 335 (Valle de Upar [error!] fide Gould and Simons).—Boucarp, Humming Bird, II, 1892, 74 (“Santa Marta,” in range).—Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 172 (San Antonio and San José; descr.; references). —Satvin, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, III, 1893, 8, in text (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; crit.).— Boucarp, Gen. Humming Birds, 1893, 51 (references; descr.; range).— Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1897, 23 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range).—Si1mon, Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, (3), XXVII, 1897, 173. (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, XII, 1898, 158 (Pueblo Viejo) —Banes, Auk, XVI, 1899, 137, in text (Santa Marta [region], 138 (San Antonio, San José, and Pueblo Viejo).— Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 94 (Pueblo Viejo, Santa Cruz, ‘La Concepcién, San Francisco, and Chirua; plum.) —Dvusois, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 146 (ref. descr.: range).—HAarTert, Tierreich, Lief. 9, 1900, 102 (references; descr.; range)—SHaARPE, Hand-List Birds, II, 1900, 119 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range)—Atten, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 140 (Valparaiso).—BRrasouRNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 124 (ref. descr.; range) —Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochiliae, 1921, 139 (descr.), 347 (references; range). : Simonula floriceps Cory, Field Mus. Zodl. Series, XIII, 1918, 226 (references; Tange). ‘ 7 Four specimens: Las Taguas, Pueblo Viejo, and Chirua. One adult and one immature male, and two adult females. Females are slightly paler, less grayish, below. This was the first of the several species of hummingbirds peculiar to the Santa Marta region to come to the notice of naturalists, and still remains one of the rarest. Gould tells us that his type, which he received from Mr. Linden of Brussels, had been collected by the brother-in-law of that gentleman near the Indian village of San An- Topp—Carriker: Brrps ofr SANTA Marta REcIon, CotomBra, 247 tonio, in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta at an altitude of 5,000 feet. In describing it he did not indicate its exact systematic position, but later on, following Bonaparte, he placed it in Adelomyia, while Reich- enbach referred it to Metallura. A few years later Cabanis and Heine made it the type of a new genus, Anthocephala, where by com- mon consent it has remained ever since, but unfortunately this name is preoccupied in Vermes (with a masculine termination, however), and has recently been replaced by Simonula®? Chubb (Birds of British Guiana, I, 1916, 413). The species continued to be known from the type alone (a male) until 1881, when Salvin and Godman -reported the capture of a second specimen, a female, by Simons at San José, March 30, 1880. Two other examples listed under this species by Salvin in 1892 proved to belong to a different one, shortly described as A. ber- lepschi. Mr. Brown took a single male at Pueblo Viejo on his first trip, and later on succeeded in securing no less than nine additional specimens from various points in the Subtropical Zone of the Sierra Nevada. Mr. Smith secured a single specimen at Valparaiso (Cin- cinnati). To the above list of specimens we now add four more, making seventeen in all. . A rare bird, usually found in the forest, or in smaller tracts of woodland. The only localities in the San Lorenzo district for which there are any records are in the vicinity of Cincinnati, at about 4,000 to 5,000 feet elevation. In the Sierra Nevada, however, it ranges lower down, from 2,000 to 5,500 feet. It was noted, but not secured, at San Miguel, feeding from the blossoms of a banana. As a rule it keeps rather low down, feeding about the flowers in the undergrowth. 193. Chrysolampis elatus (Linnzus). Chrysolampis moschitus (not Trochilus mosquitus Linneus) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 140 (Bonda). Chrysolampis mosquitus Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 666 (Bonda, in range; meas.). Nine specimens: Bonda, Don Diego, Cincinnati, and Dibulla. Of this widely distributed Tropical Zone species three specimens were taken in June at Cincinnati, where they were feeding from the flowers of the guamas (shade-trees for coffee). At Dibulla two were taken, while Mr. Smith secured a series at Bonda and Don Diego. We 32S, “ chloriceps” is named as the type, but this is of course a mere slip of the pen for floriceps. 248 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. are inclined to think that the bird is a regular although rather rare resident of the lowlands and lower foothills, ascending into the moun- tains in search of food when not breeding. 194. Cheetocercus astreans (Bangs). Acestrura mulsanti (not Ornismya mulsanti Bourcier) SALVIN and Gopan, Ibis, 1879, 205 (Atanquez).—Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 406 (Atan- quez).—Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 403, 404, note (crit.). Acestrura astreans Banos, Proc. New England Zodl. Club, I, 1899, 76 (San Sebastian [type-locality] and El Mamon; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zoél.; meas.; crit.) —ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 120, 137 (Valparaiso and Bonda). Chetocercus astreans BRABOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 145 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Cory, Field Mus. Zodl. Series, XIII, 1918, 301 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Acestrura astrans Simon, Cat, Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 239 (descr.), 404 (ref. orig. descr. ; range). Twenty-two specimens: Cincinnati and Las Taguas. Only one of the females in this series shows any trace of an inter- rupted pectoral band of greenish, as mentioned in the original descrip- tion. This diminutive hummingbird is evidently a species belonging to the Subtropical Zone, and is confined to the west and south slopes of the Sierra Nevada and San Lorenzo. Simons secured a female at Atan- quez, as low down as 2,700 feet, however, and Mr. Smith sent in a specimen purporting to come from Bonda, which locality, if not an error, is certainly a most exceptional record. The writer first took a pair in the forest at Las Taguas at 5,000 feet, and saw others, but later found it abundant in the coffee hacienda of Cincinnati in July, the season when the shade trees were in bloom. During flight the wings of this bird make a buzzing sound exactly like that made by a big bumblebee. M. Simon says that the female specimen sent in by Simons from Atanquez is referable to C. mulsanti, but we venture to doubt this determination on geographic grounds. 195. Oxypogon cyanolemus Salvin and Godman. Oxypogon cyanolemus Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 172, pl. 4, fig. 2 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.; crit.).—ReICHENow and Scuatow, Journ. f. Orn., XXVIII, 1880, 316 (re- print orig. descr.) —Suarpe, in Gould’s Mon. Trochilide, Supplement, 1883. Topp-CarrIKER: Brrps or SANTA Marta Recton, Cotompra. 249 pl. [C41] and text (descr. and range, ex Salvin and Godman).—p’Hamon- VILLE, Bull. Soc. Zoél. France, VIII, 1883, 79 (descr.; crit.).—von Berr- LEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XXXV, 1887, 335 (Santa Marta [region], ex Salvin and Godman).—Boucarp, Humming Bird, II, 1892, 74 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range; ref. orig. descr.) —-Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 341 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; descr.; references).— Boucarp, Gen. Humming Birds, 189s, 65 (references; descr.; range).— Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilides, 1897, 35 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range).—Simon, Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, (3), XXVIII, 1898, 5 {Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range).—Banes, Auk, XVI, 1899, 138 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; Salvin and Godman’s record).—Dvusois, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 159 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Harvtert, Tierreich, Lief. 9, 1900, 167 (references; descr.; range).—SHarPE, Hand-List Birds, II, 1900, 133 (Santa Marta,” in range).—ALLEeN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 120, 138 (Salvin and Godman’s reference) —BRaBOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 139 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Cory, Field Mus. Zo6l. Series, XIII, 1918, 273 (“Santa Marta”; references; range).—Si1mon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 205 (deser.), 384 (references; range). Nineteen specimens: Paramo de Mamarongo and Paramo de Chiru- qua. This interesting species is the representative of O. guerinii of the Eastern Andes, which it closely resembles in pattern of coloration. Both sexes have the outer rectrices (except terminally) white on both webs, while the throat-plumes of the males are deep blue instead of green. It was discovered by Simons in the Sierra Nevada in July, 1879, at altitudes ranging from 11,000 to 14,000 feet, and up to the present time has been known to science only by the specimens secured by that collector, Mr. Brown having failed to meet with it. It was found very sparingly in April, 1914, on the Paramo de Mamarongo from 10,000 feet upwards. Bushes and shrubbery are scarce on this paramo, hence the few birds found there. On the Paramo de Chiru- qua it was more common, and was taken as low down as 12,000 feet, and thence up to 16,000 feet, being most abundant between 13,000 and 15,000 feet. It is therefore essentially a species belonging to the Paramo Zone. Almost invariably it alights on the flower from which it is feeding, hanging on by its strong feet, instead of hovering before it like most hummingbirds. It is very shy. 250 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 196. Metallura districta Bangs. Metallura smaragdinicollis (not Orthorhynchus smaragdinicollis D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye) Savin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 205 (Valley of Chinchicua; crit.)—von BrERLEepscH, Journ. f. Orn., XXXV, 1887, 335 (Santa Marta [region], ex Salvin and Godman):—Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 154 (Chinchicua Valley).—Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilides, 1897, 32 (Santa Marta [region], in range).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 174 (Palomina and San Miguel).—Harrert, Nov. Zodl., VI, 1899, 73, in text (“Santa Marta”; crit.).—Banes, Auk, XVI, 1899,'139, in text (Palomina and San Miguel; crit.)—Duso1s, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 156 (Santa Marta [region], in range; references). Metallura districta Bans, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 94 (Pueblo Viejo, La Concepcién, San Miguel [type-locality], Paramo de Macotama, Macotama,: and Paramo de Chiruqua; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zoél.).—Banes, Proc. New England Zoél. Club, I, 1899, 76 (San Sebastian and Templado).—Suarpe, Hand-List Birds, II, 1900, 133 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 140 (El Libano and Valparaiso).—Dvuzots, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1067 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Laticauda districta BrazourNe and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 138 (ref. orig. descr.; range), ‘ Metallura smaragdinicollis districta Cory, Field Mus. Zool. Series, XIII, 1918, 271 (ref. orig. descr.; range)—Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 202 (diag.), 381 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Forty-one specimens: El Libano, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, San Lor- enzo, Las Taguas, Cerro de Caracas, San Miguel, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 and 8,000 feet), and Heights of Chirua. The first specimen of a Metallura collected in the Santa Marta re- gion was referred by Salvin and Godman to M. smaragdinicollis with some misgiving. Mr. Bangs pointed out its distinctive characters in due course, and gave it a name as soon as he was sure that these were really constant. It is very closely related to M. smaragdinicollis of Bolivia and Peru, and might readily stand as a subspecies of that form, were it not for the fact that another and different bird, M. tyrianthina, occupies the intervening region. In the several races of this latter species the tail is bronzy or coppery, while in M. districta it is more purplish or violet. There is, however, considerable variation shown in the present series as regards the precise shade of color, in both sexes. Females vary also in the amount of green spotting on the under parts. No. 45,292, San Miguel, April 13 (sexed as a male but more probably a female, judging by the rufescent underparts), is a Topp—CarrikER: Brrps or Santa Marta Recion, Cotompia. 251 partial albino, the wings, most of the tail, and some of the feathers of the back being white, the two former much worn. The most abundant and generally distributed hummingbird of the higher altitudes of this region, to which it is strictly confined, rang- ing through the Subtropical and Temperate Zones. It is abundant on the open summit of the San Lorenzo as well as in the forest down to 5,500 feet, and occurs down as low as Cincinnati (4,500 feet). In the Sierra Nevada Mr. Brown reported it from Pueblo Viejo, but the writer did not meet with it so low as that. The lowest point was the Heights of Chirua at about 4,000 feet elevation, from which it ranges upward to the limit of the forest, probably about 11,000 feet. It is a very tame, rather sluggish little bird, and often hangs on by the feet to the flower from which it is feeding upon insects and nectar. It has a curious little song, often heard when the bird is at rest on a twig in the shrubbery. 197. Ramphomicron dorsale Salvin and Godman. _Rhamphomicron dorsale Satvin and Gopmay, Ibis, 1880, 172, pl. 5, figs. 1-2 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.; crit.; habits)—REICHENow and Scuatow, Journ. f. Orn., XXVIII, 1880, 317 (reprint orig. descr.).—Suarre, in Gould’s Mon. Trochilide, Supple- ment, 1883, pl. [43] and text (descr. and range, ex Salvin and Godman).— von Brrteprscu, Journ. f. Orn., XXXV, 1887, 336 (Santa Marta [region], ex Salvin and Godman).—Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 343 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; descr.; references)—Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilides, 1897, 35 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range).—Simon, Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, (3), XXVIII, 1898, 44 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range) —Banes, Auk, XVI, 1899, 138 (Salvin and God- man’s record).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 94 (Par- amo de Chiruqua and La Concepcién; plum.).—ALLen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 120, 137 (Salvin and Godman’s and Bangs’ references).— Dusors, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 158 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Cory, Field Mus. Zodl. Series, XIII, 1918, 275 (references; range). Ramphomicron dorsale Boucarp, Humming Bird, II, 1892, 75 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range; ref, orig. descr.)—Boucarp, Gen. Humming Birds, 1895, 86 (references; descr.; range). Rhamphomicrum dorsale Hartert, Tierreich, Lief. 9, 1900, 171 (references; descr.; range) —SuHarpPe, Hand-List Birds, II, 1900, 134 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range).—Brasourne and Cuusgs, Birds S, Am., I, 1912, 140 (ref. orig. descr.; range). ‘ Rhamphomicrus dorsalis Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 199 (descr.), 380 (references; range). 252 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEUM. This is one of the four interesting new species of hummingbirds dis- covered by Simons in the Sierra Nevada, and duly described by Salvin and Godman, who remark as follows: “ Of this beautiful species Mr. Simons sends two specimens, marked male and female. Both are in perfect plumage. The female, first obtained, was found flitting ahout a small stream in a wood. The male was shot on the grassy slope of a hill far from bushes and trees.” The female was taken at an eleva- tion of 8,200 feet, the male at ‘ 2,000” feet, but this latter is clearly a slip for 12,000 feet. The species continued to be known from this pair alone until 1899, when Mr. Brown succeeded in securing four more specimens. “An adult female and two adult males were taken at Paramo de Chiruqua, at the edge of the snow, on March 25 and Febru- ary 25, 1899, at an altitude of 15,000 feet. A young male taken at La Concepcion, February 16, 1899, at 3,000 feet, is much like the adult female, having a green back and spotted underparts; its tail, however, is like that of the adult male, except that the ends of the feathers are decidedly tipped with white.” The upper parts in the male have been described as black; they are only so when seen in one position (held away from the light, the bill pointing toward the eye). Ina sidelight they show changing reflections of dark bluish, greenish, and flame- color, and on the upper tail-coverts rich coppery. Below the gorget the ground-color is buffy cinnamon. So little is known about the migration habits of this species that it is uncertain to which zone it really belongs. The available records in- dicate that it is a bird of the Temperate and Paramo Zones, but it is difficult to reconcile this alignment with the La Concepcién record un- less a local migration takes place at certain seasons. 198. Florisuga mellivora (Linneus). Mellisuga mellivora Savin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 172 (Minca). Florisuga mellivora Savin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 329 (Minca).— Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 135 (“Santa Marta ”).— Aven, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 138 (Bonda and Cacagualito). —Ripveway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 576 (Santa Marta lo- calities and references; meas.). Additional records: Tucurinca (Carriker). Twenty-four specimens: Don Diego, Don Amo, Minca, Cincinnati, La Tigrera, and Dibulla. This species seems to be remarkably constant throughout its exten- Topp-CarrikER: Birps or SANTA Marta REGIon, CoLomBia. 253 sive range. It is true that Mr. Ridgway (Proceedings Biological So- ciety of Washington, XXIII, 1910, 55) has described the Tobago bird as distinct on account of its supposed larger size, but some of the Santa Marta specimens above listed are fully as large. Some indi- viduals are more or less glossed with bronzy above, while others are plain dark green. Another Tropical Zone hummingbird, fairly common from the edge of the foothills back of Santa Marta up to 5,000 feet at Cincinnati. Probably it goes up to the altitude of Cincinnati only to feed on the guamas, for at other times it is scarcely seen above 2,500 feet. It was common in the forested lowlands at Don Diego and Dibulla, on the north coast, and fairly common also at Loma Larga, in the eastern part, but less numerous on the west side of the Sierra Nevada, at Tucurinca. It is entirely a forest-dweller, and partial to the vicinity of water, always being seen near or over some small stream in the forest. 199. Lafresnaya lafresnayi liriope Bangs. Lafresnayea gayi (not Trochilus gayi Bourcier and Mulsant) Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 327 (San José).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 94 (Macotama, San Miguel, and Paramo de Chiru- qua).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 138 (Salvin and Bangs’ references). Lafresnayea liriope Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIII, 1910, 105 (Paramo de Chiruqua, 11,000 ft.; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zoél.).—BRaBournE and CuHuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 131 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Cory, Field Mus. Zodl. Series, XIII, 1918, 249 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Lafresnayea gayi liriope Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 160 (descr.), 358 (references; range). One specimen: San Miguel. This individual is an immature male, as shown by the buffy upper throat, spangled with green. It agrees in other respects with the type and one other male specimen in the collection of Mr. Bangs, but the status of the form represented by these birds is open to question. It was described as intermediate between the two recognized species of the genus, having the straight bill and more bronzy central rectrices of L. lafresnayi, and the white outer rectrices of L. saul. Now, it so happens that the difference in the shape of the bill between these two species to which Mr. Bangs alludes simply does not exist, as shown by 254 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. examination of the ample series studied in this connection. The cen- tral rectrices average more bronzy, less greenish, in L. lafresnayi than in L. saul, but some specimens are practically indistinguishable in this respect. The color of the outer rectrices seems to vary through wide limits, too, as shown by a series of specimens in the collection of the Carnegie Museum from the State of Santander, Colombia. In some of these the outer rectrices are as white as in topotypical specimens of L. saul from Quito, Ecuador, while in others they are rich buffy white, comparing favorably with Bogota skins of L. lafresnayi. In short, all the characters serving to separate these two forms are so evidently unstable that the forms in question can scarcely be regarded as more than conspecies. Clearly, therefore, a form resting on a combination of these characters is open to suspicion. Asa matter of fact, the only character by which liriope may be recognized is the deeper, more cop- pery bronze tinge of the central rectrices, and even this might fail in a larger series. Simons took a single example of this hummingbird at San José, in the Sierra Nevada, while Mr. Brown obtained three, at altitudes rang- ing from 7,500 to 11,000 feet. Although the writer was continually on the watch for it he secured only the one specimen, shot at San Miguel in March, feeding from the blossoms of a tree near the river. From the known records it is fair to assign the species to the Subtrop- ical Zone, ranging upward to the Temperate Zone, or from about 5,000 to 11,000 feet. : 200. Helianthea phalerata (Bangs). Leucuria phalerata Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 174 (“ Macotama ”; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zo6l.; meas.).— Banes, Auk, XVI, 1899, 138, pl. 2 (‘‘ Macotama”; habits).—-Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc: Washington, XIII, 1899, 93 (Paramo de Macotama; crit.).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900; 121, 139, 184 (El Libano; plum.; crit.).—Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 165 (deser.), 358 (ref- erences; range). Helianthea sp. ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 139 (El Libano). Helianthea phalerata Hartert, Tierreich, Lief. 9, 1900, 131 (references; descr.; range).—Suarpe, Hand-List Birds, II, 1900, 126 (Sierra [Nevada] de Santa Marta, in range).—Dusors, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1067 (ref. orig. descr.; range)——Hetimayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, XIX, 1906, 29 (crit.) —BrapourneE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 128 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Cory, Field Mus. Zool. Series, XIII, 1918, 243 (references; range). Topp-CarrikeR: Birps or SANTA Marta Recion, Cotomsia. 255 Thirty-nine specimens: El Libano, Cincinnati, San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet) San Miguel, Cerro de Caracas, and Heights of Chirua. A very distinct, isolated species, but scarcely entitled to generic separation from Helianthea. Fully adult males appear to have the tail wholly pure white, like the type, but many of the specimens of our series have the feathers more or less shaded and tipped with bronzy— markedly in some cases, as for instance in No. 38,626, in which the middle rectrices are more than half of this color. This condition is accompanied by the presence of cinnamon-tipped feathers on the abdo- men—clearly indicative of immaturity. Two such specimens (Nos. 38,004 and 44,890) also lack the glittering crown, the feathers being dark green like the rest of the upper parts. This is clearly an indi- vidual variation, and is precisely analogous to the case of a specimen of H. helianthea in the series now before us. The young male, il- lustrated by No. 45,140 (March 30), is like the adult female, but with -a few green feathers coming in below, and indications of the glit- tering crown. Young females are duller cinnamon below than the adults, with more dusky spotting. This beautiful bird is one of the interesting discoveries made by Mr. Brown in the Sierra Nevada. His first specimen, from which Mr. Bangs described the species, was taken at San Miguel, instead of Macotama, as erroneously given on the label, under the following cir- cumstances: “After a difficult march through the forest, the way barred by swollen torrents and fallen trees, I arrived at the Argoneous town of San Miguel. Here hummingbirds of many species were seen, and on that day [June 17] I collected the only specimen of this beauti- ful white-tailed species that I have seen in these mountains. I first detected it hovering above an orchid. Its flight was rapid and strong, and it uttered a twittering note as it darted from flower to flower in search of its food, its gorgeous plumage shining in the morning sun. As I only watched this little gem a few minutes before shooting it, I detected nothing in its habits to distinguish it from the numerous other hummingbirds that were about me.” Later Mr. Brown secured another male at an altitude of 11,000 feet on the Paramo de Macotama. Mr. Smith traced it to the San Lorenzo, securing nine specimens at El Libano (6,000 feet), including three females, which were duly de- scribed by Dr. Allen. According to the writer’s experience the species 18 256 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. is not abundant on the San Lorenzo, where it occurs as a bird of the Subtropical Zone, between 5,000 and 8,000 feet, in the virgin forest only, almost always keeping high up in the trees. It was more com- mon at San Miguel and the Cerro de Caracas, at the former place occurring out in the open, feeding from the flowers of the banana-plant. At the latter locality it was found in the forest or along its edge, between 9,000 and 11,000 feet. On no occasion was it seen above 11,000 feet, and it is rare above 10,000 feet. It is very swift on the wing, darting ahout with dazzling quickness, and hovering but an instant over a flower. It is very fond of feeding from the blossoms of the bromelias, which grow so abundantly on all the trees from about 3,000 feet upwards. 201. Chlorostilbon russatus (Salvin and Godman). Panychlora sp. Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 205 (Manaure; crit.) ; 1880, 174 (San Sebastian and Manaure). Panychlera russata SaLvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1881, 597 (Manaure, San Sebas- tian, and San José; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.; crit.).— _ RetcHENow and Scuatow, Journ. f. Orn., XXX, 1882, 216 (reprint orig. descr.).—SHARPE, in Gould’s Mon. Trochilide, Supplement, 1883, pl. [58] and text (descr.; range, etc., ex Salvin and Godman).—von BERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn. XXXV, 1887, 336 (Santa Marta [region], ex Salvin and Godman).—Boucarp, Humming Bird, II, 1892, 80 (Santa Marta [region], in range; ref. orig, descr.)—Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 71 (Manaure, San José, San Sebastian, and Atanquez; descr.; references).— Boucarp, Gen. Humming Birds, 1895, 131 (references; descr.; range).— Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 174 (San Miguel and Palo- mina).—Banes, Auk, XVI, 1899, 138 (San Miguel, Palomina, and “ Santa Marta”; Salvin and Godman’s record).—Banes, Proc. New England Zodl. Club, I, 1899, 76 (San Sebastian and El Mamon).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 141 (Bonda).—BrapourneE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 120 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, sq (descr.), 288 (references; range). Chlorostilbon russatus Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilides, 1897, 18 (range).— Duszois, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 142 (range; references)—HartTert, Tier- reich, Lief. 9, 1900, 78 (references; descr.; range).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, II, 1900, 114 (range).—Cory, Field Mus. Zodél. Series, XIII, 1918, 207 (references; range). Additional records: San Francisco, La Concepcién, San Antonio (Brown). Eleven specimens: Cincinnati, Minca, Pueblo Viejo, and San Miguel. A very distinct species, readily distinguished from its congeners by Topp—Carriker: Brrps or Santa Marta Recion, CoLomBia. 257 the rich coppery or bronzy gloss of the tail and wing-coverts, more or less obvious in adults of both sexes. It was discovered by Simons at Manaure, near the foot of the Eastern Andes, and encountered later at various points on the southern slope of the Sierra Nevada. Mr. Brown found it on the north slope also, as well as in the foothills back cf Santa Marta, while Mr. Smith sent in two specimens labelled as coming from Bonda. According to the experience of the writer it seems to range over the whole of the region between 2,000 and 5,000 feet, straggling a little lower down in the foothills back of Santa Marta. It is not common anywhere, however, and frequents shrub- bery along roadsides, the edges of woodland, etc. 202. Chlorostilbon haeberlinii (Reichenbach). Chlorostilbon haeberlini Exxiot, Ibis, 1875, 160 (“Santa Marta’’).—Satvin. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 53 (“Santa Marta’’)—Sr1mon, Cat. Fam. Trochilidés, 1897, 17 (‘Santa Marta,’ in range).—Simon, Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, (3), XXVII, 1807, 144 (“Santa Marta,” in range).—HarterT, Tierreich, Lief. 9, 1900, 75 (“Santa Marta,” in range). Suarpr, Hand-List Birds, II, 1900, 113 (“Santa Marta,” in range).— Auten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 141 (Bonda).—Dvsors, Syn, Avium, I, 1900, 141 (“Santa Marta,” in range; syn.)—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 290 (Bonda suggested as type- locality). Chlorostilbon sp. SALviIn and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 174 (Valencia). Chlorostilbon atala (not Ornismya atala Lesson) Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 55 (Valencia). () Chlorostilbon chrysogaster Boucarp, Humming Bird, II, 1892, 79 (“ Santa Marta ”’).—Boucarp, Gen. Humming Birds, 1893, 121 (“ Santa Marta ”).— Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 292 (‘Santa Marta’; crit.). Five specimens: Mamatoco and Fonseca. The two adult males from Bonda sent in by Mr. Smith are apparently correctly identified. The Maniatoco skins, both females, are referred here provisionally, mainly on geographical grounds. The true home of the present species is the lower Magdalena Valley, the Santa Marta region being on the edge of its range. Dr, Chapman has recently pro- posed to substitute Bonda as the type-locality, but Reichenbach dis- tinctly gives Carthagena as such. Carthagena is also the assigned type-locality for Trochilus chrysogaster Bourcier (Revue Zoologique, 1843, 101), which has been synonymized with Chlorostilbon gibsoni, apparently on the strength of Gould’s and Salvin’s statements that they had cornpared Bourcier’s type (now in the British Museum col- 258 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. lection), and found it absolutely identical with the type of C. angusti- pennis (= gibsoni). We now know, however, that C. gibsont comes from another part of Colombia, and that the only form of this group occurring in the lower Magdalena Valley is C. haeberlinii. It follows either that Bourcier’s supposed type has been misidentified, or that it did not come from Carthagena. Boucard, indeed, distinctly says that the type in question is in his collection, and that it came from Santa Marta! If he is correct, then chrysogaster would become the proper specific appellation for the species now known as C. haeberlinii. It thus is desirable to determine which of these two specimens has the better claim to be the actual type of Bourcier’s description. Since the above was written M. Simon has gone into this case also, and we venture to give a translation of his remarks: “ Bourcier’s de- scription leaves a little doubt because of his statement ‘bill of a brown- ish-black,’ but the rest corresponds to the bird most often designated under the name C. haeberlini Reichenbach; the indication of Cartha- gena conforms to the habitat of this species to the exclusion of any other. The bird in the Boucard collection, labeled ‘C. chrysogaster de Sta Martha, Nouvelle Grenade, 1853, type de Bourcier,’ is certainly not the type of Bourcier described in 1843, but it has perhaps been determined by him in the old collection of Riocourt. In the British Museum another supposed type of T. chrysogaster Bourc. is, accord- ing to Salvin, C. gibsoni.” The several individuals of this species above recorded were shot in scrubby woodlands at Mamatoco and Fonseca. It was common also at Valencia, in open spots in the forest. A female taken at this latter locality by Simons has been referred to C. “ atala” (==caribeus) by Salvin, but inasmuch as it is C. haeberlinii which occurs at Fonseca, farther northeast, we feel safe in referring this record to the present species. 203. Chlorostilbon caribeus Lawrence. Three specimens: Rio Hacha. This is one of the species of the arid coast district of northern Ven- ezuela, reaching the Santa Marta region in the extreme northeastern part, at Rio Hacha, where the same conditions obtain. The three specimens (all males) agree with a series from Curacao in small size and shape of the tail, but the bill (in the skin) is pale underneath, al- most as in C. haeberlinii. Topp-CarrIkerR: Birps or Santa Marta Recion, CotomBia. 259 These three individuals were taken in the scrub-growth around Rio Hacha. Unlike most of the characteristic birds of this arid section, the species does not appear to range into the valley of the Rio Ran- cheria, at least to any great extent. 204. Lepidopyga lillie Stone. (2?) Sapphironia ceruleogularis (not Trochilus ceruleogularis Gould, 1850) GouLp, Mon. Trochilide, V, 1860, text to pl. 346 (“Santa Marta ”).— Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 378 (Cienaga). (?) Lepidopyga ceruleogularis Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, TOIT, 539 (Cienaga, in range, ex Wyatt). Lepidopyga lillie Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1917, 204 (Punto Caiman; orig. descr.; type in coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia). , —Cory, Field Mus. Zool. Series, XIII, 1918, 181 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Sapphironia ceruleigularis duchassaingi (not Trochilus duchassaingi Bour- cier) Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 299 (crit.). Two specimens: Punto Caiman. Two male hummingbirds collected by the junior author in the man- groves at Punto Caiman on September 27 and 29, 1913, and sent to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, proved to belong to a very distinct species, and were accordingly described by Dr. Stone under the above name, given in honor of his wife. ‘They differ from authentic specimens of L. ceruleogularis in having the entire under parts (except the under tail-coverts) glittering blue, and seem to be specifically distinct. It is probable that the examples of supposed ceruleogularis to which Gould refers as having been received by Ver- reaux “in tolerable abundance from Santa Martha” were really of the present form (it does not appear that Gould ever saw these birds him- self). Very likely, too, Wyatt’s record from Cienaga pertains to the same form, since there is absolutely no satisfactory evidence going to show that L. ceruleogularis ranges beyond the lower Atrato Valley in Colombia. The known range of L. lillie is thus restricted to the vicinity of the Cienaga Grande, east of the Magdalena River. Lepidopyga ceruleogularis (Gould). Thalucrania [sic] celina Bourcier, Rev. et Mag. Zodl., (2), VIII, 1856, 553 (“Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type in coll. 2). Thalurania celina GiesEL, Thes. Orn., III, 1877, 616 (syn.; ref. orig. deser'). Sapphironia celina Stmon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 299, part (ref. orig. descr.). 260 “ ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE Museum. Bourcier’s name above cited was based on a supposed Santa Marta speci- men. Unfortunately its present whereabouts are unknown, but Gould must have handled it at one time, since he says “I have not placed the Trochilus Duchassaigni and Thalurania Celina among the synonyms of the present species without due consideration and a careful comparison of the typical specimens one with the other.. . The specific name Calina not having been given till a year later than my own of ceruleogularis, it must give place to that term; besides which, the bird is not a Thalurania.” Following Gould, the name has been considered as a synonym of L. ceruleogularis by all authors up to 1909, when M. Simon (Revue Francaise d’Ornithologie, I, 1909, 66) sought to transfer it to the species described by Lawrence under the name Sapphironia luminosa (Annals Lyceum Natural History New York, VII, 1862, 458), intimating that the difference indicated in the respective descriptions was probably due to age. Although M. Simon’s determination has been followed by such authorities as Mr. Ridgway, Messrs. Brabourne and Chubb, and Dr. Chapman, we can in nowise indorse it. With a good series of both the blue-throated and the green-throated species available for study, it is inconceivable that Bourcier’s description, “ Gorge, devant du cou, thorax d’un beau bleu brillant, verdissant sur les cétés du cou. Abdomen vert bronzé” could apply to anything but the former. M. Simon, indeed, brings forward no new evidence in support of his position, and in the absence of any valid proof to the contrary we believe that Gould's statement should be accepted at its face value. The only difficulty in so doing arises from the fact that Bourcier assigns the vicinity of Santa Marta as the type-locality of his new species calina, whereas we now know that the region in question is inhabited by a form in which not only the throat, but also the entire under parts are glittering blue. Bourcier’s description being so explicit, so obviously applicable to an adult bird, and so fully confirmed by Gould, we have a right to conclude that his type could not possibly have come from Santa Marta as he believed. Since we know that sundry other species ascribed to Santa Marta by various authors really came from Pan- ama instead, this difficulty is not insuperable. 205. Lepidopyga luminosa (Lawrence). Six specimens: Fundacién and Fonseca. In accordance with the foregoing considerations, we are obliged to restore Lawrence’s name, based on a specimen from Barranquilla, Colombia, to the form with wholly green under parts. For a long time the species appears to have been known only from the type, and even as late as 1909 only three additional specimens had come to light, according to M. Simon. As a result Lawrence’s name was quoted doubtfully, or sometimes as a synonym. The species appears from re- cent researches, however, to be a common resident in the Caribbean Topp-CarrikER: Brrps or SAntA Marta Recion, Cotomaia. 261 coast region of Colombia, extending up the Magdalena Valley as far at least as Aguachica, and westward to the Atrato. Fundacion, where four male specimens were taken in open woodland, is apparently well within the limit of its range, and brings it into the present list. More recently it has been traced into the Rio Rancheria-Rio Cesar Valley, having been detected at Valencia and Fonseca in the summer of 1920. 206. Thalurania colombica colombica (Bourcier). Thalurania columbica SaLvin and GoDMAN, Ibis, 1880, 172 (Minca and San José).—Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 79 (Minca, San José, Pueblo Viejo, and Chinchicua Valley).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, XII, 1898, 135 (“Santa Marta”), 174 (San Miguel and Palomina).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 141 (Bonda, Onaca, Minca, Cacagualito, Las Nubes, Valparaiso, and El Libano).—Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 306 (“ Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta,” in range). Thalurania colombica colombica Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 532 (Santa Marta localities and references; meas.). Additional records: Chirua, San Francisco, La Concepcién (Brown). Thirty-nine specimens: Las Nubes, Onaca, Don Amo, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Las Taguas, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), Las Vegas, and Don Diego. Immature males, distinguished by their green crowns and dusky and greenish abdomens, with little or no blue, are dated variously from April 10 to July 27. These are in first nuptial dress. This well-known species is widely distributed: within its range, and is moreover one of the most abundant of the hummingbirds with which the writer is acquainted. Its normal range appears to lie wholly in the Subtropical Zone, but it is continually straggling downwards in search of food wherever the forest descends to lower levels. Mr. Smith got two at Bonda, while the writer took one at Don Diego, prac- tically at sea-level. It is found only in the forest or heavier woodland, and keeps well up in the trees as a rule, although occasionally feeding from some flower in the undergrowth. It is very pugnacious, driving other species away from a favorite tree with the greatest animosity. Perhaps this very trait is one of the reasons for its relative abundance. A nest received from Mr. Smith, labeled Onaca, December 109, is of the usual hummingbird type, saddled on the fork of a small branch, and composed of fine plant down, the outside partly covered with lichens. The eggs measure 13.5 X Io. 262 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 207. Damophila julia julie (Bourcier). Eighteen specimens: Cincinnati and Fundacion. There is considerable variation in the amount of bronzy or coppery sheen on the upper tail-coverts and upper parts generally. Two males in transition dress are included (August 9 and 13). A single male was taken in the coffee-planitations at Cincinnati (4,500 feet), but no others were ever seen there. At Fundacion it was the most abundant of the family in Augtist, being found in the forest. It is a Tropical Zone form, evidently ranging in this region over the alluvial plain around the Cienaga Grande and into the Mag- dalena basin. 208. Colibri delphinz (Lesson). Petasophora delphine Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 173 (Minca).—Sat- vin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 111 (Minca).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 135 (“Santa Marta”).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 140 (Bonda). Colibri delphine Ripcway, Bull. U. S, Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 486 (Santa Marta localities and references). Twenty-two specimens: Bonda, Cincinnati, Dibulla, and Heights of Chirua. Although this species appears to be subject to considerable variation of an individual character, as well as that due to age, there do not seem to be any essential differences between specimens from extremes in its range, dark and pale birds occurring indifferently anywhere. The guttural spot varies considerably in size and color, but is present in all specimens examined. Individuals with buffy lores are probably imma- ture. This hummingbird ranges through the Tropical into the lower Sub- tropical Zone in this region. The only place where it has ever been observed in any numbers is the hacienda Cincinnati, where it is always abundant during the blossoming season of the guamas. It was fairly common at Dibulla also, feeding among the flowers of a tree used for shade in the cacao-plantations. It is evidently a dweller in the forest under natural conditions. It is one of the few hummingbirds which has a sort of weak little song, often repeated while the bird rests in the shade of the guamas. Topp—Carriker: Birps or Santa Marta Recion, Cotomsra. 263 209. Colibri cyanotus cyanotus (Bourcier and Mulsant). Petasophora cyanotis SALvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 173 (Minca and San Sebastian).—Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 110 (Minca and San Sebastian).—Bancs, Proc. New England Zoél. Club, I, 1899, 76 (San Sebastian and El Mamon).—AtLten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 140 (Valparaiso and El Libano). Colibri cyanotus Hartert, Tierreich, Lief. 9, 1900, 94 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range).—Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 484 (Santa Marta localities and references). Eight specimens: Cincinnati and San Lorenzo. Caracas, Venezuela, is the type-locality of this form, so that speci- mens from the coast region of Venezuela may therefore be considered typical; they agree essentially with a series from the State of San- tander, Colombia. Eliminating the females and young birds, and com- paring adult males alone, it appears that Costa Rican birds differ in having the under parts markedly brighter, more bluish, less yellowish green, with frequently a decided dark blue area on the middle of the breast. These differences, to which Mr. Bangs has called attention (Proceedings New England Zoélogical Club, III, 1902, 30) in the case of Panama specimens, have been discounted both by Mr. Ridgway and more recently by Dr. Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXXVI, 1917, 294), but they are certainly far too prominent and constant in the series examined to be ignored. Santa Marta specimens prove to be distinctly intermediate between this north- ern form (for which we accept the name cabanidis Heine) and typical cyanotus, although perhaps nearer the latter. The under tail-coverts are more or less edged with pale buffy in all these examples, while in a young bird (No. 38,001, Cincinnati, August 4) the buffy margins are very broad. This is not a rare bird on the San Lorenzo in the heavy forest of the Subtropical Zone, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet, rarely coming out into the coffee-plantations. It has been taken on the south slope of the Sierra Nevada by Simons, and also by Mr. Brown, but there are no records for the north slope. The first-named collector took it as low down as Minca, but this must be an exceptional case. 210. Colibri iolotus brevipennis Cory. Petasophora anais (not Ornismya anais Lesson) Savin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 173 (San Sebastian and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta), Petasophora iolata (not of Gould) Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 264 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 107 (San Sebastian and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 173 (Macotama and San Miguel).— Banes, Proc. New England Zodél. Club, {, 1899, 76 (San Sebastian and El Mamon).—Atten, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 140 (Salvin and Godman’s and Bangs’ references). Here as elsewhere throughout its extensive Andean range this fine large hummingbird appears to inhabit the Subtropical Zone, reaching up to the Temperate Zone at certain points. Simons took many speci- mens at San Sebastian (6,700 feet), and some in the Sierra Nevada as high as 10,000 feet. Mr. Brown secured it at Macotama and San Miguel, and sent back no less than one hundred and thirty-eight speci- mens from San Sebastian and El Mamon, on the south slope of the Sierra Nevada—a circumstance sufficiently attesting its abundance there. Notwithstanding, Mr. Carriker’s collections do not contain a single example of this species, for which fact it is hard to account. He writes that a single individual was once seen between Macotama and Taquina, feeding on the flowers of the sisal plant, out in the open. It was exceedingly shy, and was shot at twice, but finally escaped en- tirely. He has recently (November, 1920) encountered the species on the summit of the San Lorenzo, associated with other Subtropical Zone hummingbirds, about a large tree which was in flower-at the time. 211, Anthracothorax nigricollis nigricollis (Vieillot). Lamparnis violicauda (not Trochilus violicauda Boddaert) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 135 (“Santa Marta”).—Atren, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 141 (Bonda, Cacagualito, and Masinga). Anthracothorax nigricollis nigricollis Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1913, 459 (Santa Marta localities and references). Nine specimens: Bonda, Don Amo, Cincinnati, and Fundacién. This wide-ranging South American hummingbird is probably only a straggler as high up as Cincinnati, its regular range being in the Trop- ical Zone lowlands and lower foothills of the north and west sides of the San Lorenzo, there being no record for the Sierra Nevada proper. It is partial to the more open woodland rather than the deep forest. 212. Saucerottia saucerottei warscewiczi (Cabanis and Heine). Saucerottia warszewiezi SaLvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 173 (Santa Marta, Minca, and Valencia). Pyrrhophaena warszewiczi VON BERLEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XXXV, 1887, 336 (Santa Marta [er Salvin and Godman]). Topp-Carriker: Brrps or SANTA Marta Recion, CotompBia. 265 Saucerotia sophie (not Trochilus sophie Bourcier and Mulsant) Boucarp, Humming Bird, II, 1892, 81 (Santa Marta, in range). Amazilia warszewiezi Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 222 (Santa Marta, Minca, Atanquez, Manaure, Valencia, and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 135 (“Santa Marta ”).—Banes, Proc. New England Zodél. Club, I, 1899, 78 (San Sebas- tian). Amizillis warszeuiezi ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 139 (Bonda, Minca, and Cacagualito). Saucerottea warscewiczi (typica) Harrert, Tierreich, Lief. 9, 1900, 52 (Santa Marta, in range). Saucerottia saucerottei warscewiczi HEttMayr, Nov. Zoél., XX, 1913, 251 (Santa Marta region, in range).—Cory, Field Mus. Zoél. Series, XIII, 1918, 183 (Santa Marta region, in range). Saucerrotea mellisuga warszewiczi Simon, Cat, Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 333 (Santa Marta”). Thirty-two specimens: Bonda, Don Amo, Cincinnati, Agua Dulce, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Fundacién, and Dibulla. Females of this form have the under tail-coverts grayish, glossed with blue, approaching thus typical saucerottei from western Colombia. No. 38,807, Mamatoco, April 25, a young bird, has the posterior under parts buffy, and the feathers of the lower back tipped with the same color; otherwise it resembles the female. Mr. Hellmayr has suggested that Trochilus caligatus Gould (Pro- ceedings Zoédlogical Society of London, 1848, 14) may be an earlier name for this form. It is true that in the original description noth- ing is said about the color of the lower back in particular, but later (Monograph of the Trochilide, V, 1861, text to pl. 322) Gould himself says that he could find no difference between his type-specimen, the type-specimen of Trochilus sophie Bourcier and Mulsant, and an au- thentic skin of Hemithylaca hoffmanni Cabanis and Heine. Since the alleged type of Trochilus sophie is known to belong to the Central American race Gould’s statement is perfectly consistent with the facts in the case. As Gould at the same time recognized warscewiczi as distinct from the form in question it is scarcely probable that he would have misidentified his type of caligatus. It is true that the measure- ments he gives do not agree with those for either the Costa Rican or north Colombian bird, also that the alleged locality (“New Grenada”) raises a further question, but the chances are that the name caligatus belongs to the Central American race at present known as hoffmanni. 266 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The examination of the type-specimen, if extant, would readily settle the matter. It is a curious fact that in the Tierreich and the Cata- logue of the Birds in the British Museum the name Trochilus caligatus appears in the synonymy of both “ Amazilia” (Saucerrottia) sophie and “ Spathura” (Ocreatus) underwoodi, The most common species of the family in the lowlands and foot- hills back of Santa Marta. Its local distribution is rather puzzling, but probably its occurrence anywhere above 2,000 feet may be at- tributed to an altitudinal migration in search of food, as it appears there only during the season when the guama is in flower. It is resi- dent all the year round in the lowlands and foothills of the San Lor- enzo and Horqueta, but it has not been recorded from any point on the north slope of the Sierra Nevada proper, although there are several records from the south slope. It was not very abundant at Don Diego or Dibulla, and was not seen at all after the coast was left behind. Simons took it at Valencia, and the writer has lately met with it at the same place, as well as at Fonseca and Loma Larga. 213.' Amazilia tzacatl tzacatl (De la Llave). Amazilia fuscicaudata Bancs, Proc. Biol: Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 135 (“Santa Marta”).—Harrert, Tierreich, Lief. 9, 1900, 58 (‘“ Andes of Santa Marta,” in range). Amizillis fuscicaudata ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 139 (Bonda and Cacagualito). Amizillis sp. ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 139 (Bonda). Amizilis tzacatl tzacatl Ringway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 408 (Santa Marta references .and localities). Amazilis tzacatl Stmon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 323 (“Santa Marta,” in range). Nineteen specimens: Bonda, Buritaca, Don Amo, Don Diego, Fun- dacién, Mamatoco, Dibulla, and Fonseca. Santa Marta specimens of this well-known hummingbird are pre- cisely like others from Central America. There is much variation, apparently merely individual, in the amount of bronzy tinge on the upperparts. Females average duller than males, but the dark-colored maxilla is not characteristic of the female sex, as stated by some au- thors. A species which in this region is strictly confined to the lowlands of the Tropical Zone on both sides of the Sierra Nevada, being most oe Topp-CarrikER: Brrpos or Santa Marta REcIon, CoLompBia. 267 abundant in the more humid portions. Open woodland and shrubbery are its favorite haunts, instead of the heavy forest. 214. Leucippus fallax fallax (Bourcier and Mulsant). Doleromyia fallax von BERtepscu, Journ. f. Orn.,, XXXV, 1887, 335 (“ Santa Marta ”).—Bovucarp, Humming Bird, II, 1892, 83 (“Santa Marta,” in range).—SAtvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 177 (“northern Colom- bia ”).—Arren, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 140 (Salvin’s record; crit.). Five specimens: Rio Hacha. This plainly colored hummingbird is a littoral form, invading the . Santa Marta region from Venezuela. The exact locality where Simons took his specimens is not stated, but was probably some point at the foot of the south slope of the Sierra Nevada. It is not uncommon at Rio Hacha in the thorny scrub, and is doubtless confined in this region to the Goajira Peninsula and the drier portions of the country south of the Sierra Nevada. 215. Chalybura buffonii eneicauda Lawrence. Chalybura buffonii (not Trochilus buffonii Lesson) Satvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1879, 205 (Manaure); 1880, 171 (Minca).—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911,.388 (Santa Marta localities and references; crit.). ' Hypuroptila buffoni Sarvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 87 (Minca and Manaure).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 135 (“Santa Marta ”’).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 141 (Bonda, Minca, Jordan, Cacagualito, and Valparaiso). Chalybura buffonit @neicauda HrLttMayr and von Seirtern, Arch. f. Na- turg., LXXVIII, 1912, 140 (“ Santa Marta’; crit.).—Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 341 (Salvin and Godman’s record). : Twenty-four specimens: Bonda, Don Amo, Don Diego, Cacagualito, Cincinnati, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Minca, and Dibulla. Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern have shown that the Trochilus buffonii of Lesson was based on the Bogota form, in which the tail is wholly bluish black. The bird from the coast region of Venezuela and Colombia, in which the middle rectrices are glossed with dark green or bronzy, they recognize as subspecifically distinct under the name @neicauda, With this conclusion we agree, after examining, in addi- tion to the above, an ample series from Venezuela, although there is, to be sure, considerable individual variation. Although Mr. Ridgway intimates that Santa Marta examples differ from those from Vene- ‘ 268 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. zuela, and while it is true that in the former the middle rectrices aver- age more greenish, and in the latter more bronzy, so many specimens are indistinguishable that there does not seem to be sufficient ground for their separation. A common bird in the more humid lowlands of the north coast, as well as in the foothills back of Santa Marta, going up to 4,500 feet at least. It was noted at Loma Larga on the east side, but was not observed anywhere in the lowlands on the southwest side of the Sierra Nevada. Around La Tigrera and Don Diego it was particularly abundant. It always keeps low down in the forest, and is very partial to the flowers of the wild plantain as a source of food. 216. Hylocharis cyanus viridiventris von Berlepsch. Hylocharis cyanea (not Troéhilus cyanus Vieillot) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 135 (“Santa Marta”)—At.ren, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900,:138 (Bonda, Cacagualito, and Jordan). Additional records: Las Vegas (Carriker). Twenty-six specimens: Buritaca, Don Amo, Dibulla, Don Diego, and Loma Larga. , A very distinct subspecies, described originally from Venezuela, which appears to have entered the Santa Marta region from the north- east, and is unknown in any other part of Colombia. It is the most abundant hummingbird at Don Diego and Dibulla, but is confined strictly to the forest and the shade-trees on the cacao plantations. It is a rare bird so far west as Santa Marta, but there are a few speci- mens collected in that vicinity by Messrs. Brown and Smith. 217. Campylopterus phainopeplus Salvin and Godman. Campylopterus phainopeplus Savin and GopMAN, Ibis, 1879, 202 (San José {type-locality], Atanquez, San Sebastian, San Miguel, and Sierra Nevada up to 15,000 ft.; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.; range, habits, ex Simon).—REICHENOw and ScuHaLow, Journ. f. Orn., XXVII, 1879, 429 (reprint orig. descr.) —Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 171, pl. 4, fig. 1 (San Sebastian) —p’HamonvittE, Bull. Soc. Zodl. France, VIII, 1883, 78 (descr.; crit.).—SHarrr, in. Gould’s Mon. Trochilide, Supplement, 1883, pl. [3] and text (descr., habits, etc., ex Salvin and Godman).—von BeEr- LEPSCH, Journ. f. Orn., XXXV, 1887, 316, footnote, and 335 (“Santa Marta ”).—Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 2904 (Atanquez, San José, and San Sebastian; descr.; references).—S1mon, Cat. Fam. Trochil- ides, 1897, 8 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range).—Simon, Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, (3), XXVII, 1897, 88 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Topp-CarrikER: Birps or Santa Marta Recion, Cotompia. 269 Marta, in range)—Bancs, Auk, XVI, 1899, 138 (Salvin and. Godman’s record) —Dvuzois, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 134 (ref. orig. descr.; range).— Hartert, Tierreich, Lief. 9, 1900, 33 (references; descr.; range).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, II, r900, 102 (Santa Marta [region], in range).—ALLEN, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 120, 138 (Salvin and Godman’s references).—BrazournE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 110 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Cory, Field Mus. Zodl. Series, XIII, 1918, 168 (ref- erences; range), Sepiopterus phainopeplus Boucarv, Humming Bird, II, 1892, 86 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in range; ref. orig. descr.)—Boucarp, Gen. Humming Birds, 1895, 358 (ref. orig. descr.; descr.; range).—Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 32 (deser.), 267 (references; range). This beautiful large hummingbird is one of those which is peculiar to the Santa Marta region, where during the spring months it inhabits that part of the Subtropical Zone lying on the south slope of the Sierra Nevada, but apparently ranges higher up at other times. Simons ap- pears to be the only observer who has met with it, and it is known only from the specimens collected by him, most of which are now deposited in the British Museum, the only examples in this country being a fine male in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History and another specimen in the Field Museum of Natural His- tory. It was described in 1879 by Salvin and Godman, from whose account we quote as follows: ; “Of this beautiful species Mr. Simons has sent several specimens, all but one of them shot, unfortunately, a little before their plumage had become complete, the wing-feathers being still not fully grown. He has since sent’us the following note concerning it: “* During an eight months’ sojourn in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta I had frequent opportunities of observing this interesting and brilliant Humming-bird, which I believe is migratory, spending the months of February, March, April, and May in the banana-plantations of the Lower Nevada, from 4000 to 6000 feet above the sea-level. From June to October I found it .in the more elevated regions up to nearly the snow-line, or 15,000 feet above the sea-level. While explor- ing a mountain-gorge near Atanques (4000 ft.) I obtained my first specimen, in March. It was resting on a bent twig in the shade of a banana-leaf, and appeared very tame, allowing me to retire some dis- tance before firing. The species was unknown to most of the inhabi- tants of Atanques, and excited much admiration from its beauty. A few days afterwards I had the pleasure of meeting with it again among 270 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. the banana-groves of San José. These plantations of the Indians are very extensive along the banks of the Guatapuri, at an elevation of 6000 feet, and are the highest banana-cultivation in the Nevada. This Humming-bird is pretty common here, but solitary; and I seldom saw more than three or, at the most, ‘four in an afternoon. It betrays its presence, not only by the well-known bur-rr of the wings, but also by a sharp double note uttered as it flits from flower to flower. Alighting suddenly on a branch in the shade, it will remain minute after minute without the slightest movement. On these occasions I used to watch them carefully, but never could see them fly away, they disappeared as they came, like phantoms. “*Visiting San Sebastian in June, I was surprised to find the same little beauty, identical in plumage but with totally different habits. Instead of shunning the sun, as among the bananas, it establishes it- self on the topmost twig of some dead branch or scantily clothed tree, and passes the day filling the air with its loud plaintive note in answer to its mate. Every now and then, as a sort of exercise, it would shoot up into the air like a rocket, sound a very pretty twit-twit, turn a few somersaults, and descend gracefully with tail-teathers spread out like a fan. These aerial movements are excessively beautiful, and always resorted to, even if the bird is disturbed. In this latter case it does not return-to its accustomed perch, but seeks another tree close by, where it sings on merrily till all danger is past; it always, however, returns to its old haunt. I watched one for a fortnight, and it never forsook its adopted perch. Another I fired at four times successively without effect; in spite of this it always returned to the same tree. They are very wary and difficult to shoot; and I have spent days dodg- ing them backwards and forwards without getting near enough for a shot. June and July are the flowering months in the elevated re- gions. This may attract them; for I have met with them in all parts of the Nevada, especially in a valley at an elevation of 11,000 feet, where they were abundant, but so shy that there was no approaching them within a hundred yards. On crossing to the northern flank I found them as low down as San Miguel, 6000 feet. At San Antonio, 3450 feet, not ten miles distant, they were unknown. “On previous visits to San Sebastian in February and March this species was not there; but the Indians told me that after the forest rains a very beautiful “ Chupa-flor” puts in an appearance, without, Topp-CarrRIKER: Birps or Santa Marta Recion, Cotomaia. 271 however, being very common. Passing a couple of days in San José in August, I found they had disappeared.’ ” 218. Anthoscenus longirostris longirostris (Vieillot). Floricola longirostris Bancs, Proc. Biol, Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 135 (“Santa Marta”)—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 139 (Bonda and Cacagualito). Anthoscenus longirostris stewarte Cuarpman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 311 (“Santa Marta”;. crit.).—Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochil- ide, 1921, 392 (“Santa Marta,” in range). One specimen: Dibulla. This specimen, an adult male, differs from Venezuelan and Costa Rican ‘skins in the rich coppery bronze color of the upper tail-coverts, the middle rectrices also being strongly tinged with this color, while the lateral rectrices are not green at the base, as is usual. The coppery bronze of the nape is also more intense. These characters are all probably attributable to high plumage. A single specimen was taken at Dibulla, feeding about the blossoms of the shade-trees in the cacao plantation, Mr. Smith took only four . specimens in all, at Bonda and Cacagualito, while Mr. Brown secured but one, which is labelled as having been collected at an altitude of 6,000 feet above Santa Marta. Probably there is some mistake about this, as the species is not known to range as a rule beyond the lowlands of the Tropical Zone. 219. Threnetes ruckeri (?) subsp. One specimen: Don Diego. This example agrees with two others from the State of Santander, Colombia, in the pale coloration of the under surface in general, with the cinnamon area more restricted, and in the greener, less bronzy up- per parts, as compared with Costa Rican specimens. The Colombian birds are clearly entitled to subspecific recognition, but the matter of naming them is complicated by the uncertainty regarding the proper application of the name ruckeri. -We agree with Mr. Hellmayr (Pro- ceedings Zoédlogical Society of London, 1911, 1177, note) that Bour- cier’s description can scarcely apply to the species at present known under this name. Furthermore, Panama birds differ somewhat from those from Costa Rica, so that until we know more about the char- acters of the type-specimen of ruckeri it would be unsafe to make any 19 272 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. formal separation: Should this name be found not pertinent both the Costa Rican and Colombian forms would have to stand as subspecies of T. fraseri (Gould). One individual of this species was taken and two others seen in the heavy forest of the coastal plain at Don Diego. They were feeding as usual from the flowers of the wild plantain. They were noted dur- ing the last days of the collecting at this point, and possibly further search would have revealed more. This record involves a consider- able extension of the range of the species. 220. Glaucis hirsuta affinis Lawrence. Glaucis hirsuta (not Trochilus hirsutus Gmelin) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 134 (“Santa Marta”)—AtLten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 142 (Bangs’ reference); XXI, 1905, 276 (Don Diego; Bangs’ record), 281 (Don Diego; descr. nest and eggs). Glaucis hirsuta affinis Ripgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 333 (Don Diego, in range; references). Twenty-six specimens: Don Amo, Don Diego, Tierra Nueva, Tro- jas de Cataca, Fundacion, and Dibulla. In this fine series the difference in the colors of the sexes, referred to by Mr. Ridgway under typical hirsuta, is well illustrated. The present form differs from hirsuta in its generally duller, paler colora- tion, the abdomen and under tail-coverts being mostly grayish white, with little or no rusty color except on the flanks. No. 44,552, Don Diego, January 23, is a partial albino, the abdomen being almost wholly white, as well as many feathers on the head. A Tropical Zone species, found throughout the lowlands, but very scarce in the semi-arid portions. It is entirely a bird of the forest, keeping low down. It is very partial to the blossoms of the wild plan- tain, feeding from them exclusively in season. Mr. Smith sent in a nest with two eggs, collected at Don Diego on May 19. “The nest, attached to the under surface of a wild banana leaf, is composed of fine vegetable fibers and partly covered externally with large strips of a greenish gray lichen. The eggs measure 15 & 9 mm., being very elongate oval, the two ends similar in form.” 221. Phaethornis striigularis striigularis Gould. Pygmornis striigularis Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 93 (La Concepcién).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 138 (Bangs’ reference). Topp-CarrikER: Brrps or SANTA Marta REcGion, CotomsBia. 273 Phethornis striigularis striigularis Ripoway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. $0, V, 1911, 327 (La Concepcién, in range; Bangs’ reference). Two specimens: Don Diego and Chirua. Agreeing well with specimens from the interior of Colombia. In the male of this species the throat and breast are noticeably darker, with the stripes more distinct, than in the female. In addition to the localities above specified, the writer has seen this species in the foothills back of Santa Marta as well as in the valley above Bonda, towards Don Amo, and in the valley below Las Vegas, but it is very scarce and most difficult to secure. It keeps in the heavy forest, always near the ground and amongst thick undergrowth. Often a bird will suddenly come up to within a yard of one’s face and hover for a few seconds, then dart off and disappear, not to return. The species evidently ranges over the lowlands and lower foothills of the mountains on the north and west slopes, from sea-level up to 3,000 feet. 222. Phaethornis anthophilus anthophilus (Bourcier and Mulsant). Phethornis anthophilus RetcuHenspacu, Aufz. der Colibri, 1854, 14 (“Santa Marta,” in range).—ReICHENBACH, Troch. Enum., 1855, 12 (“ Santa Marta,” in range).—Satvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 171 (Valle de Upar and Valen- cia).—SaLvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 275 (Valle de Upar and Valencia).—Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 135 (‘ Santa Marta ”).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 138 (Salvin and Godman’s and Bangs’ references); XXI, 1905, 276 (Don Diego; Salvin and Godman’s and Bangs’ records).—HrELLMAYR and von SEILERN, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 137 (‘‘Santa Marta,’ in range). Ten specimens: Buritaca, Don Amo, Don Diego, La Tigrera, Tro- jas de Cataca, Tucurinca, and Loma Larga. A species which is distributed over the whole of the littoral Tropical Zone, extending around to the low country on the south side of the Sierra Nevada. Simons says that he found it “in the forest on flowers; rare and very shy,” which accords with ‘the experience of the writer. Like all of this genus it is accustomed to keep low down in the forest, near the ground. It was most abundant at Don Diego, where it was feeding from the flowers of the wild plantain. : 223. Phaethornis longirostris susurrus Bangs. Phethornis longirostris (not Ornismya longirostris Delattrey) SaLvin and Exuiot, Ibis, 1873, 5 (“Santa Marta”; crit.)—von BERLEPScH, Journ. 274 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. f. Orn, XXXV, 1887, 334 (“ Santa Marta,” fide Elliot).—Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XVI, 1892, 272 (Pueblo Viejo)—Hartext, Ibis, 1897, 425, in text (“Santa Marta,” in range; crit.)—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 134 (“Santa Marta”), 173 (Palomina).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 138 (Cacagualito and Las Nubes). Phethornis longirostris susurrus Banes, Proc. New England Zool. Club, II, 1901, 64 (Chirua [type-locality], Pueblo Viejo, San Francisco, and La Concepcién; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp, Zodl.; meas.; crit.).—OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1902, 313 (“Santa Marta,” in range).—Duso1s, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1064 (“Santa Marta,” in range; ref. orig. descr.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 278 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.).—Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 320, footnote (Santa Marta [region]; meas.). Phethornis susurrus BraBouRNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 107 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Phethornis longirostris susurrus Cory, Field Mus. Zo6él. Series, XIII, 1918, 156 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Phethornis cassini susurra Simon, Cat. Fam. Trochilide, 1921, 254 (refer- ences; range). Thirty-one specimens: Onaca, Cincinnati, Minca, Las Taguas, Don Diego, Pueblo Viejo, Chirua, and Heights of Chirua. The peculiarities of Santa Marta examples of P. longirostris were not detected until the acquisition of a good series from that region, collected by Mr. Brown, enabled Mr. Bangs to point them out and dis- criminate the bird as a new subspecies. The characters he assigns hold good in the present fine series, which is decidedly more buffy below than a series of the Costa Rican form. So far as known P. longiros- tris susurrus is confined to the Santa Marta region, where it ranges over the north and northeast slopes of the San Lorenzo and Sierra Nevada between 2,000 and 5,000 feet, the latter altitude being based on a record from the Heights of Chirua. Its area of greatest abun- dance, according to the experience of the writer, is lower down in the Sierra Nevada than on the San Lorenzo. Two specimens were even taken at Don Diego, on the north coast. It is more addicted to tangled woodland and the fringes of trees and shrubbery along streams, al- though found in the heavy forest as well, and is usually seen low down. During the breeding season the males are almost continually singing their quaint little chirping song of two or three notes. At such times they conceal themselves in a tangle of vines or shrubbery, open their bills widely, twist their heads about and twitch their tails up and down in a perfect ecstacy of song. Topp—CarrikeR: Brrps or Santa Marta Recion, Cotomsia. 275 Family DENDROCOLAPTIDZ. WoopHEwErs. 224. ‘Dendrocincla lafresnayei lafresnayei Ridgway. Dendromanes meruloides (not Dendrocops meruloides Lafresnaye) SaLviN and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 202 (Manaure; crit.). Dendrocincla olivacea (not Dendrocops olivaceus Eyton) Sctater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 166 (Manaure). Dendrocincla olivacea anguina Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 138 (“Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zo6l.; crit.); XIII, 1899, 100 (Palomina, Chirua, and La Concepcién).— ALLEN, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121 (Bangs’ record). Dendrocincla meruloides ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 156 (Salvin and Godman’s reference). Dendrocincla olivacea lafresnayei AtLtEN, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 156 (Minca, Onaca, Las Nubes, and Valparaiso; crit.) —OBERHOLSER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1904, 457 (Santa Marta region; syn.; crit.). Dendrocincla anguina Suarpr, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 75 (ref. orig. descr.; range; syn.).—Dusors, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1070 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.). Dendrocincla lafresnayei lafresnayei Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 288 (diag.; syn.)—CHapmMan, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 418 (Valparaiso; crit.). Dendrocincla meruloides lafresnayei Hettmayr, Proc. Zo6dl. Soc. London, i911, 1156 (Manaure; range; crit.). Additional records: Tucurinca (Carriker). Thirty-one specimens: Don Diego, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Las Ta- guas, La Tigrera, Las Vegas, Minca, Mamatoco, Pueblo Viejo, and Fundacion. Dr. Oberholser and Dr. Chapman have both remarked on the varia- tions shown by the respective series of this form studied by them. There is certainly a considerable range of variation in color, some specimens being more olivaceous, others more brownish by comparison. It is fairly certain, however, that an olivaceous cast indicates imma- turity, as also does a dark-colored bill. As will be seen from the above list of references, the present form has suffered numerous nomenclatural vicissitudes. Salvin and God- man referred their single specimen to D. meruloides, from which it seems specifically distinct. Sclater confused it with the Panama form, adopting therefor a name which turns out to be preoccupied. Mr. Bangs described it as a new subspecies. Dr. Allen and Dr. Oberholser 276 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. referred it to D. lafresnayei, a species. described by Mr. Ridgway from a specimen in the Lafresnaye collection supposed to have come from the “Upper Amazon,” but which must have really come from some place in western or northern Colombia, as indicated by Mr. Hellmayr. Dr. Chapman now proposes to make Valparaiso (i.¢., Cincinnati) the accepted type-locality for the form, to which there certainly can be no objection. This is a bird of the Tropical Zone, and is probably the most com- mon and widespread species of the family in the Santa Marta region, ranging from sea-level up to 5,000 feet, but more abundant in the low- lands of the northeast and southwest sides of the Sierra Nevada. It is a forest-dweller entirely, and is gregarious in its habits, being rarely seen alone, but rather in pairs, small flocks, or in company with other kinds. It is one of the species which are invariably seen following the swarms of foraging ants in the forest, feeding on the insects which are thus driven out of the rubbish on the ground. 225. Campylorhamphus trochilirostris venezuelensis (Chapman). Two specimens: Valencia. A single pair of birds were taken at Valencia on August 7, 1920, these constituting the first record of a Campylorhamphus for this re- gion. They agree closely with Venezuelan specimens. Sittasomus sylvioides levis Bangs (?). Sittasomus olivaceus (not of Wied) Savin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 202 (Manaure).—SctaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 119 (Manaure).— Aven, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 157 (Salvin and Godman’s reference). The only record for a Sittasomus in the vicinity of our region is that quoted above, referring to a single specimen shot by Simons at Manaure, May 7, 1878. This example was referred to S. olivaceus both by Salvin and Godman and by Sclater, but as the latter author confused several easily dis- tinguishable forms under that name it is impossible to be sure to which of these the bird in question belongs without actual examination. The chances are, however, that it will turn out to be S. sylvioides levis, described from Chiriqui, of which there is a perfectly typical example in the Carnegie Mu- seum collection from Jaraquiel, Bolivar, Colombia. 226. Thripobrotus lacrymiger sancte-marthe (Chapman). Picolaptes lacrymiger (not Dendrocolaptes lacrymiger Des Murs) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 171 (San Sebastian)—Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Topp-CarrikER: Brrps or SANTA Marta Recion, CoLomBra. 277 Mus., XV, 1890, 148 (San Sebastian).—Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, XIII, 1899, 100 (La Concepcién).—Atien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 156 (Valparaiso, El Libano, Las Nubes, and San Lorenzo). Picolaptes lacrymiger sancte-marthe CuapMan, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXI, 1912, 150 (Valparaiso; orig. descr.; type in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.); XXXVI, 1917, 423, in text (crit.)—Apotinar Marta, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, II, 1914, 245 (ref. orig. descr.). Thripobrotus lacrymiger sancta-marte CuapMan, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, XXXII, 1919, 262, in text (crit.). Twenty-seven specimens: Las Nubes, Cincinnati, Las Taguas, Las Vegas, San Lorenzo, Pueblo Viejo, Cerro de Caracas, Chirua, and Heights of Chirua. The characters to which Dr. Chapman calls attention hold good in the above series upon comparison with another from the interior of Colombia, the broader striping below, upon a paler ground, being a fairly constant if not a very conspicuous feature. Seasonal variation is much less than would be expected. This is essentially a species of the Subtropical Zone, although des- cending sometimes to the upper part of the Tropical. It is found only in the heavy forest where such exists between 3,000 and 7,000 feet. It is rare below 4,000 feet, however, and sometimes straggles up to as high as 9,000 feet. It is fairly common throughout its range under favor- able conditions. 227. Thripobrotus albolineatus (Lafresnaye). Sixteen specimens: Mamatoco, Fundacion, Don Diego, Tucurinca, and Valencia. Due allowance being made for seasonal variation, we can see no dif- ference between the above series and a considerable number of other specimens coming from various parts of Venezuela and Colombia. Al- though no specimens from the State of Cumana in the former country have actually been examined, it would seem unlikely, judging from the variation exhibited in our series, that a recognizable form inhabits that region, as said by Messrs. Hartert and Goodson (Novitates Zodlogice, XXIV, 1917, 417). The alleged type of Dendrocolaptes albolineatus Lafresnaye in the Paris Museum was examined by Sclater, and found to be identical with a specimen from Carupano, Venezuela (cf. Cata- logue of the Birds in the British Museum, XV, 1890, 152). A speci- men with a better claim to be Lafresnaye’s type is in the collection of 278 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, and agrees substantially with a specimen from Las Quiguas, Venezuela, forwarded to Mr. Bangs for comparison. There can therefore be no doubt as to the proper appli- cation of the name. It is difficult to understand how this bird could have been overlooked by all previous collectors in this region. It is true that it is very rare in the lowlands back of Santa Marta, but it is certainly common enough at Don Diego and Fundacién. It prefers the open woodland, and at Don Diego was taken mostly in the cacao- and coffee-trees. It was met with on the other side of the mountains also, at Loma Larga and Valencia. 228. Xiphorhynchus nanus nanus (Lawrence). Dendrornis susurrans (not Dendrocolaptes susurrans Jardine) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 171 (Minca).—ScraTer, Ibis, 1889, 353. in text (“Santa Marta ””).—Scrarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 133 (Minca). Dendrornis nana AtLen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 157 (Caca- gualito). Xiphorhynchus nanus nanus Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, I91I, 250, 252 (Santa Marta localities; meas.). Additional records: Mamatoco (Carriker). Nineteen specimens: Don Diego, Trojas de Cataca, Fundacion, Cin- cinnati, Las Vegas, Agua Dulce, and Tucurinca. Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern (Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, LXXVIII, 1912, 110) reduce this to a subspecies of X. guttatus, and it must be admitted that the similarity between X. guttatus sororius of the Orinoco region and the present form is close. However, X. nanus is decidedly smaller in all its dimensions, the throat is more buffy, and the general coloration is more olivaceous, less brownish, than in so- rorius, so that for the present at least we prefer to follow Mr. Ridgway in recognizing it as a distinct species. Deferring until a future occasion a discussion of the propriety of recognizing a Venezuelan form, it may be stated that the Santa Marta series agree substantially with Panama specimens. Such variation as obtains is due partly to season, partly to age. In fresh plumage speci- mens are more olivaceous, less rufescent. Immature birds have dark- colored bills, and the markings of the under parts are more distinct, with some tendency to cross-barring. No. 9,386 (Don Diego, May 17) is peculiar in having the shafts of the rectrices white toward the base. Topp—Carriker: Birps of Santa Marta Recron, Cotomsta. 279 Mr. Brown failed to meet with this bird at all, and Mr. Smith se- cured only a few specimens., The writer did not take it at any point in the Sierra Nevada proper after leaving the coast. It was most abundant at Don Diego, but was found sparingly in the woodland on the west side of the Sierra Nevada, as well as in the foothills of the San Lorenzo. It is confined to the Tropical Zone, running up oc- casionally as high as 4,500 feet, but rarely above 2,500 feet. It is a typical tree-creeper, rather solitary in its habits, spending its time in climbing in spirals up the trunk of a tree, and then flying to the foot of another and repeating the performance. 229. Xiphocolaptes procerus fortis Heine. Xiphocolaptes fortis Heine, Journ. f. Orn., VIII, 1860, 185 (Cartagena or Santa Marta[?]; orig. descr.; type in coll. Heine Mus.; crit.).—Rupe- way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, 19 (Santa Marta[?]; reprint orig. descr.).—SciaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 142 (ref. orig. descr.).—Duzots, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 188 (ref. orig. descr.).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 82 (in list of species).—BRABOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 253 (ref. orig. descr.). Dendrocolaptes fortis Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 176 (in list of species). —GrEBEL, Thes. Orn., II, 1875, 25 €ref. orig. descr.). Xiphocolaptes procerus (not of Cabanis and Heine) Banas, Proc.: Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 177 (Macotama).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 157 (Valparaiso, El Libano, San Lorenzo, and Las Nubes): Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus procerus HELLMAYR and VON ' SEILERN, Arch. f. Naturg.,, LXXVIII, 1912, 111 (Santa Marta [region], in range). Additional records: San Miguel, Chirua (Brown). Thirty-one specimens: Las Nubes, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, San Lor- enzo, Cerro de Caracas, Las Taguas, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), Las Vegas, Paramo de Mamarongo, and Heights of Chirua. The splendid series of Xiphocolaptes from Venezuela and Colombia in the collection of the Carnegie Museum has made possible the eluci- dation of the various forms inhabiting these regions with some degree of finality. To begin with, we have twenty-six skins of X. promeropi- rhynchus, which, with its relatively short bill and more heavily streaked under parts, may be regarded as specifically distinct. Of X. procerus procerus, described from Caracas, Venezuela, we have twelve speci- mens, including one from. the type-locality. The Santa Marta speci- 280 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEUM. mens above listed are a most interesting series. Several specimens in juvenal plumage (June 19 and 26) may readily be distinguished by the looser character of their plumage, by their shorter bills, and by the tendency of the buffy shaft-streaks of the pileum, throat, and breast to be indented by dusky spots, giving a partially barred effect. These shaft-streaks, too, are wider and more deeply buffv than in the adult. Some of the adults are decidedly brownish in general coloration, while others are more olivaceous. Some of the latter are scarcely distin- guishable from the Venezuelan skins except by the somewhat longer bill, which is a very constant feature. Asa series, however, the Santa Marta birds average more finely streaked below, with less spotting pos- teriorly. X. fortis was described from a specimen of unknown locality, but supposed to be from Cartagena or Santa Marta. Heine’s descrip- tion and comparisons apply so well to the present series that we feel little doubt as to the correctness of his guess with reference to the source of his type. While by no means a strongly marked form, it may be allowed recognition. Further west along the coast of Colom-. bia it is replaced by another and very distinct form, X. procerus ros- tratus Todd (Proceedings Biological Society of Washington, XXX, 1917, 5), easily recognized by its larger bill, rich rufescent coloration, and more heavily streaked under parts. A not uncommon species in the forested parts of the Subtropical Zone, between the altitude of 5,000 and 9,000 feet. It is usually met with in pairs or family groups, but seldom in the company of other wandering species. It is especially fond of hunting among the brome- lias, where there are always insects, salamanders, frogs and frogs’ eggs to be found. 230. Dendroplex picirostris picirostris Lafresnaye. Dendroplex picirostris LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zodl., X, 1847, 76 (Rio Hacha; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia).—Sc ater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 165 (“Santa Marta”).—Wyartt, Ibis, 1871, 115, 331 (Santa Marta).—SciaTer and Satvin, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 68 (range).—-GieseL, Thes. Orn., II, 1875, 35 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.).— SALVIN and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 171 (Santa Marta).—Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 139 (Santa Marta).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, XII, 1898, 138 (“Santa Marta”).—Srone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1899, 51 (crit. on type).—ALLEN, Bull.:Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1901, 157 (Bonda) ; XXI, 1905, 288 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). —BrapourNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 252 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Topp-CarRIKER: Birps or SANTA Marra Recion, Cotomsia. 281 Dendrocolaptes picirostris Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 177 (range). Dendroplex picus picirostris CuarMan, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. XXXVI, 1917, 422 (Bonda; crit.).—Bancs and Prnarp, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., LXIV, 1921, 370 (Rio Hacha and “Santa Marta”; crit.). Additional records: Tucurinca (Carriker). Twenty-eight specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Gaira, Fundacion, Punto Caiman, Dibulla, and Santa Marta. We consider this form specifically distinct from the more southern D. picus. It was described by Lafresnaye in 1847 from specimens purporting to come from Rio Hacha, in the northeastern corner of the region covered by the present paper, his types being still extant in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy respectively. Some specimens of the present series are decidedly rufescent below, while others are more olivaceous, but this difference is apparently not dependent on either locality, age, or season. Immature birds (August to October) may readily be told by their darker and shorter bills, while there is a ten- dency for the stripes on the breast to continue down over the abdomen. A Tropical Zone species, confined entirely to the lowlands and lower edge of the foothills, and not often seen outside of the semi-arid sec- tion or the drier parts of the forested section. It was recorded by the writer at Rio Hacha, the type-locality, in July, 1920, and also at Arroya de Arenas, Fonseca, and near Badillo. It prefers the thorny scrub and cacti, and is never séen in dense forest. Dr. Allen describes the nest as placed in an abandoned woodpecker hole in the top of a dead stump, and built of a felted lining of plant-down mixed with bits of plant-stems at the bottom of the cavity. The eggs are three in number, pure white. 231. Dendrocolaptes validus seilerni Hartert and Goodson. Dendrocolaptes validus (not of Tschudi) ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 156 (Valparaiso, El Libano, and Las Nubes). Dendrocolaptes validus validus ? Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXII, 1909, 73 (Santa Marta [region]; crit.)—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 229, 233, footnote (Santa Marta region; crit.). Dendrocolaptes validus multistrigatus (not of Eyton) HxrritmMayr and von SerLern, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 118 (“ Santa Marta” [?], in range). Seventeen specimens: El Libano, Las Nubes, Cincinnati, San Lor- enzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), Las Vegas, and Heights of Chirua. 282 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The subspecific determination of this series has been until very re- cently an open question, depending on what the type of Dendroco- laptes multistrigatus might turn out to be. Messrs. Hartert and Good- son (Novitates Zodlogice, XXIV, 1917, 416) now report that the type in question agrees absolutely with Colombian skins from Bogota collec- tions, and they accordingly describe as new the form from the north coast of Venezuela, the characters of which had already been indicated by Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern. This disposition of the case is supported by the series in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. In addition to the characters claimed for seilerni it may be added that the bill (in the skin) is much lighter in color, and the upper parts are a shade browner, than in multistrigatus. Santa Marta specimens prove to be inseparable from those from northern Venezuela, although their bills average a little longer. This bird is found only in the highlands of the Subtropical Zone, be- tween about 4,500 and 7,000 feet. Since it is confined to the heavy forest, it is rarely seen in those parts of the Sierra Nevada worked by Mr. Brown and the writer, for the reason that there is very little heavy forest left at these elevations. It is not abundant anywhere, and is a solitary, noiseless bird. Family FURNARIID. Ovenpirps. 232. Thripadectes flammulatus (Eyton). Thripadectes fammulatus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 158 (El Libano), One specimen: Heights of Chirua. So few specimens of this species have thus far found their way into collections that it is impossible to determine whether or not there is geographic variation. Scarcely any two examples of those ex-: amined in this connection are exactly alike in color and markings, but the difference may well be individual rather than geographical. In the above specimen the pileum and nape are black, distinctly different from the color of the back. Evidently this is an extremely rare bird. Mr. Smith got but one specimen, at El Libano, at about 6,000 feet altitude, while the single. bird secured by the writer was taken at about 5,000 feet above Chirua, in dense, humid forest. It seems to be a bird of the Subtropical Zone. Topp-CarRIKER: Brrps of SANTA Marta REGIon, CotomBia. 283 233. Automolus rufipectus Bangs. Automolus rufipectus Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 158 (Pueblo Viejo; orig. descr.; type now in coll, Mus. Comp. Zodl.; meas.; crit.) ; XIII, 1899, 99 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 3,000-7,500 ft.).— Aten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 158 (Bangs’ reference). —Duprois, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 194 (Santa Marta [region], in range; ref, orig. descr.)—SuHarpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 68 (ref. orig. descr.; range) —Hetimayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, XV, 1905, 55, in text (crit.).—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, 1911, 213 (diag.; range; references).—BrabouRNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 241 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Additional records: La Concepcion, San Antonio (Brown). Seventeen specimens: Cincinnati, Las Vegas, Agua Dulce, Pueblo Viejo, Chirua, and Heights of Chirua. This series bears out the characters ascribed to this species by the original describer. In immature dress, illustrated by specimens dated March 6, 7, and April 12, ‘the throat and upper breast are slightly squamate from the narrow brown edgings of the feathers. No. 42,232, June 17, is moulting both remiges and rectrices; No. 42,557, July 22, is just completing the postnuptial moult of the remiges, and is in fine fresh plumage. In the Sierra Nevada this Automolus ranges from 2,000 to 6,000 feet (7,500 feet, according to Mr. Brown), and in the San Lorenzo be- tween 3,000 and 5,000 feet, or from the upper Tropical into the Sub- tropical Zone. It is partial to the heavy forest or thick second-growth, and is fond of dark tangles and ravines. It does little climbing, but keeps hopping about on or near the ground. It was perhaps most numerous at Pueblo Viejo in the thick scrub, but cannot be considered 2 common bird anywhere. 234. Xenicopsis montanus anxius Bangs. Anabazenops striaticollis (not Anabates striaticollis Sclater) Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 99 (Chirua, San Miguel, and La Con- cepcién.—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 158 (Onaca, Val- paraiso, El Libano, and Las Nubes). Xenicopsis anxius Bancs, Proc. New England -Zool. Club, III, 1902, 83 Chirua; orig. descr.; type now in Mus. Comp. Zodl.; crit.) —ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 278 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.).— Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 207 (diag.; range; ref. orig. descr.) —Cory, Auk, XXXVI, 1919, 273 (crit.). Anabazenops anxius Dusots, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1072 (ref. orig. descr.). 284 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Philydor montanus anxius HrtimMayr, Rev. Francaise d’Orn., II, 1911, 49, in text (ref. orig. descr.; meas.; crit.) HELLMAyR and von SEILERN, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 103 (range)—CHapmMan, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 412, in text (crit.). Philydor anxius BrasouRNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 243 (ref. orig. descr.; ‘range). Twenty-seven specimens: Las Nubes, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, San Lorenzo, Las Taguas, Las Vegas, Pueblo Viejo, and Heights of Chirua. The Xenicopsis collected in the Santa Marta region by Messrs. Brown and Smith was at first presumed to be X. striaticollis, the form inhabiting central Colombia, until Mr. Bangs pointed out its distinc- tive characters in 1902. There is little difference between the two forms in the color of the upper parts, but anxius is markedly yellower below, the throat and superciliaries being mustard yellow. It is clearly only subspecifically distinct from striaticollis, and according to Dr. Chapman and others the latter is similarly related to the Peruvian form, montanus. A species which is found in the heavy Subtropical Zone forest be- tween about 5,000 and 8,000 feet in the San Lorenzo, dropping down as low as 3,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada. It is an active, noisy bird, continually scrambling and hopping about among the branches of the trees, but unlike the stiff-tailed species doing little real climbing. It is fond of rummaging about in the bromelias for insects. 235. Leptasthenura andicola extima Todd. Lebtasthenura andicola (not of Sclater, 1869) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 170 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 10,000 ft.).—Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 36 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 159 (Salvin and Godman’s ref- erence). Leptasthenura andicola andicola Hrttmayr, Nov. Zoél., XIII, 1906, 333 (Sierra Nevada‘'de Santa Marta, in range). Leptasthenura andicola extima Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIX, 1916, 97 (Paramo de “ Macotama” -[i.e., Chiruqua]; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.) —Arot1nar Maria, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, IV, 1916, 118 (reprint orig. descr.)—CuHapman, Am. Mus. Nov., No. 18, 1921, 9 (in list of species; range). Three specimens: Paramo de Chiruqua. Leptasthenura andicola was described by Sclater (Proceedings Zoblogical Society of London, 1869, 636) from Ecuador, and specimens Topp-CarrikER: Birps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, CoLompBia. 285 from Mt. Pichincha in that country agree in general with his figure. The three examples from the Paramo de Chiruqua, however, differ from the Ecuador birds in having the remiges and their coverts more extensively rufous-edged, the superciliaries narrower and less promi- nent, and the throat more extensively streaked, leaving only the chin immaculate. From L.andicola certhia von Madarasz (Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 1, 1903, 463), from the Andes of Merida (of which L. montivagans Riley, Proceedings Biological Society of Wash- ington, XVIII, 1905, 219, is a synonym), it differs in its darker upper parts, darker color of the streaks on the pileum, and greater rufescence of the remiges and their coverts. Measurements are as follows: No. Sex. Locality. Wing. Tail. Bill., Tarsus. 45363 Q Paramo de Chiruqua................... 65 93 II 20 45301 oO Paramo de Chiruqua..............-.64. 69 95 TY aI 453909 9 Paramo de Chiruqua................... 65 94 II 19 This interesting form is peculiar to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, where it occurs in the Paramo Zone. Simons marked his speci- mens as having been taken at 10,000 feet, but the three examples above listed were all secured between 12,000 and 15,000 feet. They were shot along the edges of tiny rivulets, where they kept hidden in the matted vegetation, and would not flush until almost stepped upon. Perhaps the bird is more abundant than it seems, owing to this habit of con- cealing itself and its dislike of flushing from cover. 236. Poecilurus candei candei (Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny). Synallaxis cand@it SALVIN and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 170, part (“ Santa Marta ’’). Seven specimens: Fundacion. This series, collected in August and October, are all in rather worn plumage, and therefore not strictly comparable with a series of speci- mens from Cartagena, the type-locality of the species, and its vicinity. They appear to have the black of the throat more extended, and the white chin-spot and maxillary stripe correspondingly more restricted, than Cartagena examples, which, however, vary somewhat among themselves. If this is not due to wear, it indicates an approach to the characters of the recently described P. atrigularis (Proceedings Bio- logical Society of Washington, XXX, 1917, 129), which, however, is otherwise very distinct.. ° . 286 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. This species, with its broad, rounded, terminally expanded rectrices, of soft, closely webbed feathers, certainly cannot belong in Synallavis. In the paper just cited the writer has accordingly proposed to make it the type of a new genus, Pecilurus.®8 A Tropical Zone species, with a very restricted local distribution. It was taken by the writer only in the waste land and weed-grown pas- tures along the Fundacién River below the village of that name, and was not common even there. It is wont to keep close to the ground in the clumps of shrubbery and weeds, seldom coming out into the open. 237. Pecilurus candei venezuelensis (Cory). Synallaxis candei (not of Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny) Sciater, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1859, 194 (Rio Hacha); 1871, 85 (Rio Hacha); 1874, 15 (Rio Hacha).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 170, part (Valencia).— SciaTEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 54 (Valencia) —ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 158 (Salvin and Godman’s reference). Twenty specimens: Rio Hacha, Fonseca, and Valencia. These specimens agree well with a series from Tocuyo, northern Venezuela, which are readily referable to this form, lately discrimin- ated by Mr. Cory (Field Museum Ornithological Series, I, 1913, 292). It differs from typical candei in its generally paler coloration, both above and below; in the cap being more restricted posteriorly; in hav- ing more white on the throat, with a corresponding reduction in size of the black patch; and in the tail being more sharply bicolor. This is one of the forms peculiar to the arid Venezuelan coast strip which reaches the Santa Marta region at its northeastern extremity. Many years ago Sclater recorded it from Rio Hacha, and it is certainly an abundant bird along the river there, favoring the stretches of salt plain and the outer fringes of the mangroves. It is found also in the thorny scrub and cacti in almost equal abundance, and here spends most of its time on the ground, hopping about and scratching a great deal. Simons secured a specimen at Valencia, in the Rio Cesar Valley, and his record has recently been confirmed by the writer. 238. Synallaxis albescens albigularis Sclater. Synallaxis albescens (not of Temminck) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, XII, 1898, 177 (Palomina)—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat, Hist. XIII, 1900, 159 (Bangs’ reference). 83 Unfortunately, through inadvertence, given a masculine instead of a feminine termination. Topp-CarrRIKER: Birps or Santa Marta ReEcion, CoLomBia. 287 Additional records: Chirua, San Miguel, La Concepcién, San An- tonio (Brown). Seven specimens: Fundacién, Pueblo Viejo, and Heights of Chirua. The Fundacién specimens differ from the rest, and from a series from Venezuela, in having the cinnamon rufous area on the cap more restricted and more or less overlaid with brown, while the cinnamon rufous of the wings averages paler and less extensive also. Other material in the Carnegie Museum collection indicates the existence of an imperfectly differentiated littoral form possessing these characters in the lower Magdalena Valley. The case will be discussed more fully on another occasion. The local distribution of this species is rather peculiar. It was found on the north slope of the Sierra Nevada at from 2,000 to 4,000 feet elevation, and in the lowlands only at Fundacion. In the former locality it was taken in the shrubbery and tall grass in the valleys as well as in similar situations on the mountainside. At Fundacion it was encountered in a pasture near the marsh, where tall weeds abounded. 239. Synallaxis albescens perpallida Todd. Synallaxis albescens perpallida Toop, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIX, 1916, 97 (Rio Hacha; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—Apot- INAR Maria, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, IV, 1916, 118 (reprint orig. descr.). Eleven specimens: Rio Hacha. A small, pale local race of S. albescens, known only from the above specimens, and doubtless restricted in its range to the Goajira Penin- sula. It is markedly whiter below than S. albescens albigularis, ap- proaching thus S. albescens hypoleuca of eastern Panama, with the type of which it has been compared. The latter, however, is more rufescent, less grayish on the upper parts, wings, and tail; the cin- namon rufous of the pileum and wing-coverts is deeper and more extensive; and the forehead is brown, like the back, instead of gray. Specimens from Margarita Island differ still more, so that the form seems well worthy of recognition. This bird was fairly common on the salty flats along the lower reaches of the Rio Hacha, where various shrubs and weeds abound. 20 288 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEUM. 240. Synallaxis fuscorufa Sclater. Synallaxis fusco-rufa ScraTer, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1882, 578, pl. 13, fig. 1 (San Sebastian; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.; crit.)— ReIcHENow and Scuatow, Journ. f. Orn., XXXII, 1884, 387 (reprint orig. descr.).—Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 53 (San Sebastian).— Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 177 (San Miguel; crit.) — Bancs, Proc. New England Zodél. Club, I, 1899, 79 (San Sebastian and El Mamon).—ALLen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, rg00, 159 (Sclater’s and Bangs’ references) —Duzors, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 198 (Santa Marta [region], in range; ref. orig. descr.).—BrapouRNE and Cuuzs, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 231 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Additional records: Chirua, Macotama (Brown). Thirty ‘specimens: San Lorenzo, Pueblo Viejo, Cerro de Caracas, Macotama, Paramo de Mamarongo, San Miguel, and Heights of Chirua. In adults of this handsome species the wings and tail are deep cin- namon rufous or hazel, with the pileum and nape paler; the under parts are ochraceous tawny, lightening into clay-color posteriorly; and the back is dark olive gray. Young birds (of which there are several specimens, shot in June and July), on the contrary, have the cinnamon rufous pileum merely indicated, usually by a rufescent posterior mar- gin, while the under parts are tawny olive, palest posteriorly, with faint indications of barring. Both adults and young have the inner webs of the rectrices toward the tips dusky brownish. One albinistic adult has numerous white feathers in the body-plumage. The type of this Synallaxis was taken by Simons at San Sebastian, on the south slope of the Sierra Nevada, where later Mr. Brown se- cured additional specimens, as well as at El Mamon and San Miguel. In the vicinity of this'latter place and Chirua it was probably the most abundant species of its family, according to the experience of the writer. It is restricted to the Santa Marta region, where it is essen- tially a species of the Subtropical Zone, ranging between 2,500 and 9,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada, and from 7,000 feet upwards in the San Lorenzo. It is almost entirely confined to the open, preferring bushes and shrubbery and tangled thickets. It is tame and easily ap- proached. 241. Acrorchilus hellmayri (Bangs). Synallaxis antisiensis (not of Sclater) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 170 (Santa Marta region; crit.). Topp-CarrikER: Birps of Santa Marta REcIon, Cotompia. 289 Siptornis antisiensis Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 59 (“ Santa Marta ”).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 99 (Santa Cruz, Paramo de Macotama, and Paramo de Chiruqua)—ALven, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 158 (Valparaiso). Siptornis hellmayri Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XX, 1907, 55 (Par- amo de Macotama; orig. descr.; type now in Mus, Comp. Zoél.).—Bra- BOURNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 233 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Acrorchilus hellmayri Rrpeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 184, footnote (sp. opt.). Cranioleuca hellmayri Cory, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXXII, 19109, 151, 156 (diag.; range). Twelve specimens: San Lorenzo, Cincinnati, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), Las Vegas, and Cerro de Caracas. A specimen secured by Simons from some point in this region was referred to the species now called Acrorchilus antisiensis both by Sal- vin and Godman and by Sclater, and when additional specimens came to hand as a result of the work of Messrs. Brown and Smith they were referred to the same species. Mr. Hellmayr presently discovered that the Santa Marta bird was really distinct from A. antisiensis, and upon his calling the attention of Mr. Bangs to the matter the latter at once de- scribed the new form, naming it after Mr. Hellmayr. It differs from A. antisiensis at a glance in having the pileum distinctly streaked, not plain, and in other details of coloration. As shown by the present series, the species is subject to considerable variation as regards the amount of rufous on the crown, dependent no doubt on sex and age. One worn specimen has scarcely any of this color visible. Mr. Cory, the latest reviewer of this very difficult group, would re- duce both Acrorchilus and Asthenes to synonyms of Cranioleuca. Tak- ing into consideration the Santa Marta forms alone, we are scarcely prepared to follow him in this, believing that while Acrorchilus may be the same as Cranioleuca (the type of which we have not yet seen), it is certainly distinct from Asthenes, not only in its much shorter tarsus, but also in having a differently shaped wing, with the outer primary conspicuously reduced, and the wing-tip relatively longer and more pointed. We are inclined at least provisionally to regard these differ- ences as generic in character. Although Mr. Brown claims to have taken this species on the Para- mos de Macotama and Chiruqua, the writer has found it to be a Sub- tropical Zone form, ranging from 5,000 up to 9,000 feet. It occurs 290 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM: wherever forest is found between these limits, but does not seem to be abundant in any section visited. Like many other of the smaller species of this family, it is accustomed to hop about among the branches a great deal, instead of merely climbing: It is also fond of feeding among the bromelias which are so common at this elevation. 242. Asthenes wyatti wyatti (Sclater and Salvin). Synallaxis wyatti Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 170 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 10,000~12,800 ft.).—BrRLEPscH and TaczaNnowsk1, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1884, 299 (“Santa Marta”; crit.). , Siptornis wyatti SciaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 71 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 99 (Paramo de Chiruqua).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 158 (Salvin and Godman’s and Bangs’ references). Cranioleuca wyattt Cory, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXXII, 1919, 151, 157 diag.; range). Siptornis wyatti wyatti CHapMaNn, Am. Mus. Nov., No. 18, 1921, 4 (Paramo de Chiruqua; crit.). Twenty-six specimens: Cerro de Caracas, Macotama, Paramo de Mamarongo, and Paramo de Chiruqua. The type of this species came from the Paramo of Pamplona in the Eastern Andes of Colombia, a region from which no other specimens are yet available for comparison. Salvin and Godman ascribe the differ- ence between their Santa Marta skins and the type to variation in age, but Dr. Chapman reports that they are “essentially identical.” Ac- cording to von Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Ecuador specimens are different, and they have recently been given a name. In any case, it is, certainly a mistake to describe the lower parts as “ pale ochraceous,” when they are really pale buffy brown. Considerable variation is shown by this series in the color of the throat, which in some specimens is nearly white, and in others rich orange rufous. No. 45,275, April Io, is in juvenal dress, with short bill and tail; it is like the adult above, but a little more buffy below, the breast with indistinct narrow dusky bars. This is essentially a species peculiar to the Paramo Zone, being found regularly on all the paramos from 10,000 to 15,500 feet, al- though straggling down to 8,000 feet, as proven by one specimen taken in the valley just above the village of Macotama. Simons secured a few specimens at these altitudes, and Mr. Brown took a pair on the Paramo de Chiruqua at 15,000 feet. It is in fact perhaps the com- Topp-CarrIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta Recion, CoLompta. 291 monest bird on the paramos with the exception of Phrygilus unicolor nivarius, being invariably found either among the low bushes and shrubbery or in the great heaps of boulders so abundant in these areas. In its general habits it much resembles the various species of Synal- laxis. ; 243. Leptoxyura cinnamomea fuscifrons (von Madarasz). Synallaxis cinnamomea (not Certhia cinnamomea Gmelin) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 158 (Cienaga). Synallaxis fuscifrons von Maparasz, Orn. Monatsber., XXI, 1913, 22 (Aracataca; orig. descr.; type in coll. Budapest Mus.; crit.). Twenty-seven specimens: Fundacion and Trojas de Cataca. In this species the rectrices are twelve in number, which at once rules it out of Synallaxis, where it has been left by most recent authors. Moreover, the wing is longer than the tail, and much rounded, the secondaries being almost as long as the primaries, so that it can hardly be referred to Acrorchilus. It seems less out of place in Siptornis, but on the whole it seems best to recognize it as belonging to a distinct genus, Leptoxyura Reichenbach. Dr. von Madarasz has very properly separated the form found in Colombia and northern Venezuela from the typical Guiana bird, select- ing as a type a specimen from our region collected by J. Ujhelyi. The new form fuscifrons differs, as its name implies, in having the fore- head brown like the lores, instead of uniform with the crown; the upper parts, too, are more rufescent, less brownish, and the throat- spot is brighter yellow. Young birds, of which there are severai in the present series, may be told by their pale under’ mandible, buffy suf- tusion on the under parts, buffy white superciliaries, and extension of the brown of the forehead over the pileum. An abundant bird in the marshes at Fundacion and in the inundated shrubbery and tall grass along the lower course of the Aracataca River. It frequents the thorny scrub and weeds growing in the marsh, and evidently feeds entirely on various small forms of aquatic life. The nest is characteristic of all the species of this group thus far ob- served by the writer, at least in the shape and mode of its construction, only the material used being different. It is a tunnel-shaped affair from twelve to fifteen inches in length, widening out at the far end to a diameter of about seven or eight inches, where the nest-cavity is placed. The entire structure is built of thorny twigs interwoven in a 292 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE Museum. remarkable manner, so that one end of each twig projects outwards, giving the nest a bristling appearance. There is no lining of any sort, the two or three pure white eggs being deposited on the rough twigs. 244. Premnoplex brunnescens coloratus Bangs. Premnoplex brunnescens (not Margarornis brunnescens ScLATER) Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, XIII, 1899, 100 (San Miguel and Chirua). Margarornis brunnescens Aten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 157 (El Libano, Las Nubes, and Valparaiso). Premnoplex coloratus Bancs, Proc. New England Zoél. Club, III, 1902, 84 (San Miguel; orig. descr.; type now in Mus. Comp. Zo6l.; crit.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 278 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.).— BrapourNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 247 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Premnoplex brunnescens coloratus Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXI, 1908, 159 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; diag.).—Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 181 (diag.; range; references), 182, foot- note (meas.)—HELLMaYR and von SeiLern, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 109 (“ Tagua” [Las Taguas]; descr.; range; crit.; ref. orig. descr.). —Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 417, in text (“ Santa Marta”). Twenty-seven specimens: Las Nubes, El Libano, Cincinnati, San Miguel, Paramo de Mamarongo, Las Taguas, San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), and Heights of Chirua. This race, which in Colombia appears to be virtually confined to the Santa Marta region, is very distinct from the Central American P. brunnescens brunneicauda, being in fact much more closely allied to true brunnescens. It differs from the latter in the color of the upper parts, wings and tail, which are brighter, more rufescent brown, with the dusky edgings of the feathers of the back less prominent, and in the paler color of the throat. A Subtropical Zone species, ranging from 5,000 to 9,000 feet wher- ever heavy forest is found, but rare above 7,000 feet. The more humid the conditions, the better this bird likes it. In its habits and behavior it is wren-like, haunting dark ravines and the bases of trees, keeping near or on the ground. It usually goes in pairs, or in the company of other kinds of similar haunts and habits. Its only note is a weak chirp, often repeated as it hops about in search of food. . 245. Xenops rutilus heterurus Cabanis and Heine. Xenops rutilus (not of Lichtenstein) Aten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 158 (Las Nubes). Topp-CarrIKER: Birps of SANTA Marta Recion, Cotomsra. 293 Xenops rutilus ‘heterurus Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 175 (Las Nubes, in range). Three specimens : Cincinnati and Las Vegas. These agree closely with specimens from Trinidad, Venezuela, etc. Two were taken in the vicinity of Cincinnati in the heavy forest above 5,000 feet elevation, and one at Las Vegas. Mr. Smith secured a single bird at Las Nubes. Apparently it takes the place of X. gent- barbis neglectus in the Subtropical Zone. ‘It is an inconspicuous, quiet bird, easily overlooked where not common, and is usually to be found feeding more among the upper branches of the tall trees than about their trunks. 246. Xenops genibarbis neglectus Todd. Xenops genibarbis (not of Illiger) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 171 (Minca).—Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 111 (Minca).— Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 138 (“Santa Marta ”).— Aten, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 157 (Bonda, Minca, and Cacagualito). Xenops genibarbis mexicanus (not of Sclater) Rripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 172 (Santa Marta region; crit.). Twenty-one specimens: Minca, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Las Vegas, Cincinnati, Fundacién, Don Diego, Dibulla, and Tucurinca. These agree well with specimens from northern Venezuela, upon which X. genibarbis neglectus (Proceedings Biological Society of Washington, XXVI, 1913, 173) was based. It is a pale race, readily distinguishable from typical X. g. mexicanus by being less brownish, more olivaceous in general coloration, with the wings and tail also paler, more cinnamomeous. Costa Rican examples are intermediate be- tween the two forms aforesaid: they have recently been named ridg- wayt by Messrs. Hartert and Goodson (Novitates Zodlogice, XXIV, 1917, 417). As claimed by these authors, neglectus is really much closer to littoralis of western Ecuador and Colombia. The writer has not yet been able to consult a satisfactory series of this latter form, but all Ecuador specimens so far examined appear to be appreciably darker in general coloration than the Venezuelan and Santa Marta skins in comparable plumage, with the wings and tail more rufous, less cin- namomeous. Although not a strongly marked race, neglectus may nevertheless be allowed to stand. A Tropical Zone bird of wide altitudinal distribution, ranging from 294 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. sea-level up to 5,000 feet on the San Lorenzo, but apparently wanting in the central Sierra Nevada, no collector having ever found it there. It has recently been detected, however, at Loma Larga, on the eastern slope. It was most abundant in the forest at Don Diego and Funda- cién, as a rule keepirig high up in the trees, and usually in company with other species. 247. Cinclodes oreobates Scott. Cinclodes fuscus (not. Anthus fuscus Vieillot) Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 23 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta). Cinclodes fuscus albidiveniris (not of Sclater) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 98 (Paramo de Chiruqua; crit.).—Atien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 159 (Bangs’ reference). Cinclodes oreobates Scott, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, X, 1900, 62 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; orig. descr.; type in coll. Brit. Mus.).—SHarpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 50 (range).—Dusois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1073 (ref, orig. descr.; range)—BrasourNnE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am, I, 1912, 225 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Twenty-four specimens: Paramo de Mamarongo and Paramo de Chiruqua. Simons took at least three specimens of a Cinclodes at some point or points in the Sierra Nevada, as duly recorded by Sclater, who, how- ever, “lumped” several very distinct forms under the name C. fuscus. When Mr. Bangs came to identify the two specimens received from Mr. Brown he referred them to C. albidiventris, but apparently with- cut having seen authentic examples of this form, which he considered to be only conspecific with C. fuscus. It remained for the late W. E. D. Scott to differentiate and name the Colombian form, which he did in 1900, his description being based on the Santa Marta specimens in the British Museum received from Simons. The description of the posterior under parts as rufescent is inaccurate; however, for while in some individuals these parts are shaded with buffy, in others they are merely soiled white. C. albidiventris, as represented by specimens from Mt. Pichincha, Ecuador, in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, is. by comparison more rufescent above than C. oreobates; the bill is shorter; the under parts are tinged with buffy, and the spotting on the throat and breast is less decided; the cinnamomeous areas on the wings and tail are darker; and the superciliaries are more decidedly buffy. Although the status and re- lopp-Carriker: Birps of Santa Marta Recion, CotomBia. 295 lationships of the various forms of this genus are still involved in much obscurity, we are inclined on the whole to keep the present form specifically distinct. The series at hand shows considerable variation affecting the amount of spotting on the throat and breast. This most interesting bird belongs to the Paramo Zone, having been found by Mr. Brown on the Paramo de Chiruqua at 15,000 feet, and by the writer in the same general region, from 12,000 to 16,000 feet. It is found only where there is water, as for example along the streams coming down from the lakes and melting snow. It always occurs in pairs, and is not particularly shy. It keeps to the rocks in and along the edge of the water, and evidently feeds entirdly on aquatic insects. 248. Furnarius leucopus agnatus Sclater and Salvin. Furnarius agnatus ScLaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 61, 159 (“Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 197, foot-note, and 1880, 170 (Valle.de Upar).— VON PELZELN, Ibis, 1881, 408, part (Valle de Upar and “Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta’; descr.; references).—ScraTer,. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 14, part (Valle de Upar; descr.)—Banes, Auk, XVI, 1899, 137, in text (“Santa Marta”)—SuHarpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 47, part (range).—Brazourne and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 222, part (ref. orig. descr.; range). : Furnarius leucopus var. agnata Duszots, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 205, part (ref. orig. descr.; range). One specimen: Rio Hacha. Furnarius agnatus was described from two specimens secured by G. Joad in 1870, at Valle de Upar and Santa Marta respectively. In the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum these two examples are designated as.cotypes, but Salvin and Godman distinctly state that the type came from Valle de Upar, and the measurements quoted in the original description, and later by von Pelzeln, apparently bear this out. The question of the type-locality becomes very important in view of the discovery that the birds inhabiting the Goajira Peninsula, and ex- tending eastward into the arid coast region of Venezuela, are subspe- cifically separable from those of the restricted Santa Marta region and Magdalena Valley. Our single Rio Hacha specimen (No. 45,637) is very pale throughout, with the cinnamon rufous shading below much paler and more restricted; the wing is longer also, and the bill notice- ably longer (26 mm.). The measurements correspond well with those given by von Pelzeln for the type, and also in general with those given 296 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE Museum. . by Mr. Cory for his Furnarius agnatus venezuelensis (Field Museum Ornithological Series, I, 1913, 291), which is almost certainly a pure synonym of agnatus. By analogy, the bird of Rio Hacha and Valle de Upar would be the same, leaving the form from west of the Sierra Nevada to be described as new. Both races prove on comparison to be so close to F. leucopus Swainson that they should probably stand as subspecies thereof, unless the circumstance of their isolation from that form should be held to forbid such an arrangement. About the only difference of any moment between the Santa Marta races (considered together) and leucopus is in the color of the cap, which is decidedly grayish in the former, but brownish in the latter. This bird was noted at several points in the valley of the Rio Ran- cheria and Rio Cesar during the season of 1920, namely, Arroya de Arenas, Badillo, Fonseca, and Valencia, but unfortunately no additional specimens were secured. 249. Furnarius leucopus exilis Todd. Furnarius agnatus (not of Sclater and Salvin) von Pertzetn, Ibis, 1881, 408, part (Santa Marta).—Sc.atTEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 14, part (Santa Marta).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 138 (“Santa Marta”)—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 159, excl. syn. part (Bonda and Santa Marta).—Suarpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 47, part (range).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.’ Hist., XXI, 1905, 289 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs).—BrasourNne and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 222, part (range).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 400 (Santa Marta [region]). Furnarius leucopus var. agnata Dusois, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 205, part (range), Furnarius leucopus exilis Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXXII, 1920, 74 (Fundacion; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.). Twenty-seven specimens: Bonda, Cienaga, Mamatoco, Santa Marta, Tierra Nueva, Gaira, Fundacion, and Tucurinca. In accordance with the foregoing considerations, it has become necessary to apply a new name to the Furnarius inhabiting the semi- arid region in the vicinity of Santa Marta, and which is now known to range for some distance westward along the coast, and ‘up the valley of the Magdalena River. Compared with aguatus, it is much more richly colored throughout, and has a constantly shorter wing and bill, the latter member averaging only about 21 mm. in adult males. It has been met with by all the later collectors in this region, but has Topp-CarrikeR: Brraps or SANTA Marta ReEcion, CoLomBia. 297 heretofore been confused with agnatus, mainly because of the lack of topotypical specimens of that form. A Tropical Zone form, confined to the lowlands, but apparently not present in the forested section between Rio Piedras and Dibulla. It is partial to wet places, but only such as are more or less in the open, such as irrigation-ditches, banks of small streams, and puddles of rain- water, and it is seldom seen in the forest. The bird spends most of the time on the ground, hopping about in the mud or shallow water, but when flushed will usually alight in a tree. It has a peculiar low call-note, not often heard. Mr. Smith sent in two nests, each with two eggs, collected at Bonda on May 15 and September 18. ‘“ The nests are of the usual Furnarius style, made of layers of mud and saddled on a branch of a tree, form- ing a rounded, domed structure, with the entrance on one side near the bottom, communicating with an interior nest-chamber, lined with plant- stems, apparently mostly petioles of leaves. The nests are about 8% to 9 inches high, and about the same in diameter. “The eggs are clear white, elongate oval, and measure 24.5 X 17.5, 25 X 17.5, 25.5 X 18, 25 X 18.4.” 250. Sclerurus albigularis propinquus Bangs. Sclerurus albigularis (?) (not of Swainson) Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, XII, 1898, 177 (Palomina; crit.). Sclerurus albigularis propinquus Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 99 (Chirua; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus.. Comp. Zodl.).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 157 (Las Nubes and Valparaiso; crit.)—RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 164 (diag.; range; ref. orig. descr.)—HrLLMAyr and von Sxriern, Arch. f. Naturg.. LXXVIII, 1912, 106, in text (Valparaiso; range; crit.; ref.’ orig. descr.). Sclerurus propinquus SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 72 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—BRABoURNE and Cuusr, Birds S, Am., I, 1912, 246 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Sixteen specimens: Las Nubes, Cincinnati, Las Taguas, Las Vegas, and Pueblo Viejo. Mr.- Bangs remarked on the characters of the first specimen ex- amined by him, and described the form as new upon the receipt of a second example, comparing it with S. canigularis of Costa Rica and S. albigularis of Venezuela. As a matter of fact it is easily distin- guished from either of these, but is so close to S. scansor as to be 298 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE Museum. separable therefrom only with difficulty, despite the gap existing be- tween their respective ranges as at present known. S. scansor (which is certainly specifically distinct from S. umbretta) is a little larger than the present form, however; its throat is whiter; and the color of its upper parts is a shade less rufescent, especially on the crown. No. 44,907, Pueblo Viejo, March 9, is a young bird, resembling the adult, but darker and duller, with the throat dusky grayish. Apparently this Scleruwrus is a rare bird everywhere. Mr. Brown took but two specimens, while Mr. Smith got thirteen. The writer secured only fourteen in all his collecting. It is found only in the very humid parts of the Subtropical Zone forest, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet on the San Lorenzo, and somewhat lower down in the Sierra Nevada, where it was met with only in the damp forest region to the southeast of Pueblo Viejo. It always stays on or very close to the ground, rarely perching on a low shrub or exposed root of a tree. Evidently all its food is secured out of the soft ground and humus, for the bill is invariably found soiled when the bird is shot. The nest is placed at the end of a tunnel-shaped excavation, made by the birds themselves, in a more or less perpendicular bank of earth along some small creek or road through the heavy forest. Three such nests were taken along the road between Cincinnati and Las Taguas at 5,000 feet elevation. The cavity is about fifteen inches in length, the main portion being about two inches in diameter, while the nest cavity is enlarged to about twice that amount. The two ovoid, white eggs are deposited on a scant bed of dead leaves. All the nests were found in May and June. Family FORMICARIIDA. Ant-pirps. 251. Grallaria rufula spatiator Bangs. Grallaria spatiator Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 177 (Macotama; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zodl.; meas.; crit.)—Atien, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 159, 184 (Bangs’ reference)—Dusois, Syn. Avium, I, 1900, 170 (Santa Marta [re- gion], in range; ref. orig. descr.).—SuHarre, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 44 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—BRABouRNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 218 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Three specimens: San Lorenzo and Cerro de Caracas. - The San Lorenzo specimen, shot in July, and in fresh plumage, is Topp-CarRIKER: Birps or SANTA Marta Recion, CoLtomsia. 299 decidedly more rufescent than the other two from the Sierra Nevada, taken in March and April, so that due allowance must be made for seasonal variation in comparing this with other forms. It appears to be so closely allied to G. rufula of the Colombian Andes that its rela- tionship thereto is best expressed by a trinomial. Practically the only constant difference between them is in the color of the abdomen, which is soiled white in spatiator, and decidedly buffy in rufula. Measure- ments of these three specimens are as follows: No. Sex. Locality, Date. Wing. Tail. Bill. Tarsus. 37917. @ San Lorenzo ........ Joly 26, 2900 4 eeees 79 42 19 44 45155 o& Cerro de Caracas ...March 30, 1914 .... 81 41 19 46 45223 Q Cerro de Caracas ...April 4, 1914 ...... oF 40 19 47 This is one of the rarest species of the family in the Santa Marta region, and frequents the most inaccessible cover. The records indi- cate that it is a species which inhabits the lower elevations of the Temperate Zone. The type’ and heretofore the only known specimen was secured by Mr. Brown at Macotama, at 8,o00 feet. The writer took one female on the San Lorenzo at about the same altitude, in the thickest kind of growth of bromelias, ferns, and shrubbery. It was only by accident that this particular bird was secured, since while climbing a steep hillside over a recently cut trail it suddenly darted across the way about fifteen feet ahead, and was brought down with a snap-shot. Three years later two others, male and female, were se- cured near the top of the ridge at the Cerro de Caracas at 9,000 feet under very similar circumstances. The species seems to have no spe- cial call-note so far as known at present, nor will it come to any call, so that it is only by the most’ careful kind of still-hunting that it can be secured at all. ‘ 252. Grallaria regulus carmelite Todd. Grallaria varia carmelite Toop, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVIII, rors, 81 (Pueblo Viejo; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—APOLINAR Marra, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, ITI, 1915, 88 (ref. orig. descr.). Two specimens: Pueblo Viejo. At the time the preliminary diagnosis of this form was published no specimens of Grallaria regulus were available, and Dr. Oberholser, to whom the specimens were sent for comparison, reported that they rep- 300 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. resented an undescribed race of Grallaria varia. With topotypical mate- rial of both these species now before us it is obvious that the form in question is conspecific with G. regulus of Ecuador, instead of with the much larger and paler G. varia of Cayenne. In fact, carmelite is merely a dark race of regulus, differing in the darker, more brownish, less olivaceous color of the upper parts, and in being. darker, more brownish, less ochraceous below, with more dark mottling. The throat and sides of the head are also darker and more uniform. The feet are marked as “ bright leaden blue,” the bill as “ blackish horn, the extreme base below flesh-color.” The male (type) measures: wing, 100; tail, 38; bill, 21.5; tarsus, 45. Female: wing, 103; tail, 35; bill, 21; tarsus, 42. ‘ This fine species was one of the surprises of the trip to the Sierra Nevada. Both birds were taken in a tract of almost: impenetrable forest on the southeast bank of the river below Pueblo Viejo. It is a mass of gigantic boulders, tangled with vines and undergrowth inter- mingled with heavy forest, and traversed by numerous small creeks. The taking of the first specimen was scarcely more than accidental, and then came the search for more. Four half-days were spent in the search, with the result that one more was secured and another was seen which escaped. They seemed to have no special call-note, and could not be “ whistled up.” 253. Grallaria bangsi Allen. (Plate IV.) ' Grallaria bangsi ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 159 (El Libano [type-locality] and San Lorenzo; orig. descr.; type in coll, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.)—SHarre, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 43 (ref. orig. descr.; range).— Dusors, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1068 (Santa Marta [region], in range; ref. orig. descr.).—Bravourne and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 218 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Fourteen specimens: El Libano, San Lorenzo, San Miguel, and Heights of Chirua. _ Mr. Ridgway, in his dismemberment of the genus Grallaria, admit- tedly did not have a good representation of the species before him, and his diagnoses are thus not always satisfactory. Here, for instance, is a species which is exactly intermediate in style of coloration and structural characters between Hypsibemon and Oropezus. To. which should it be assigned? To refer it to either one would necessitate a modification of the diagnosis, while the only other alternatives would Annals Carnegie Museum Vol. XIV, pl. IV Grallaria bangsi Allen (Four-fifths natural size) Topp-CarRIKER: Brrps or SANTA Marra Recion, CoLomsia. 301 be to unite these two groups or merge them both with Grallaria. We prefer to take the latter course. The present series supports the characters assigned to the species, and is fairly uniform, although there is a slight variation in the amount of flammulation below. One specimen (May 25) shows slight rufes- cent edgings and tipping to the wing-coverts—doubtless a sign of im- maturity. This fine species was described from a single pair of birds forwarded by Mr. Smith to the American Museum of Natural History, these, to- gether with another pair received by the Carnegie Museum from the same source (all taken on the slopes of the San Lorenzo), constituting the only examples known to science for some years. The writer was able to secure a series of twelve skins in July, 1911, and March and April, 1914. It is a bird of the Subtropical Zone, occurring on the San Lorenzo in small numbers between 6,000 and 8,000 feet, and in the Sierra Nevada between 4,000 and 6,000 feet. It is confined to the heavy forest, where it prefers dense tangled undergrowth, and is en- tirely terrestrial in its habits. Although very shy, the birds may be “whistled up” like Formicarius analis virescens, but it takes greater care and a quick finger on the trigger to get them. 254. Grallaricula ferrugineipectus (Sclater). Conopophaga sp. Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 159 (Pueblo Viejo; crit.). Conopophaga brownt Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 100 (Chirua; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zo6l.).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 161 (Bangs’ reference).—SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 9 (ref. orig. descr.; range)—Duso1s, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1068 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Grallaricula ferrugineipectus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 159 (Las Nubes).—Suarpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 45 (“Santa Marta,” in range)—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 144 (diag.; range; references).—HeEtiMayr, Nov. Zoél., XX, 1913, 248 (Chirua; syn.; crit.). Eleven specimens: Las Vegas, Cincinnati, and Pueblo Viejo. The first specimens of this bird received by Mr. Bangs were inad- vertently described by him as a new species of Conopophaga, and it was not until 1911 that the mistake was discovered and corrected by Mr. Ridgway, and a little later, independently, by Mr. Hellmayr. There is absolutely no difference between the above specimens and a 302 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. series from Venezuela in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. There is a slight variation in color, however, some individuals being a little more rufescent than others. This handsome little ant-thrush is rather rare and found only at certain favored localities. Mr. Brown took it first at Pueblo Viejo, and later at Chirua. By the writer it was met with first at Las Vegas, where it was not uncommon in the very humid forest between 4,000 and 5,000 feet, the so-called “cloud belt.” Only one was taken at Cincinnati, at the same altitude. At Pueblo Viejo five were taken in the same tract of forest in which Grallaria regulus carmelite was found, at only about 2,000 feet elevation. While essentially a bird of the Subtropical Zone, it extends down into the upper part of the Trop- ical under favorable circumstances. It is found as a rule in the more open parts of the forest, that is, where it is freer of undergrowth, and is usually seen perched in low trees or shrubs. It is not very shy, and when once seen is easy to secure. A nest and two partly incubated eggs of this handsome little ant- thrush were taken on the plantation of the writer at Cincinnati, at an altitude of 5,500 feet, on October 10, 1916. The nest resembles that of Manacus, but is larger, and is saddled on a horizontal fork of a bush, about two feet from the ground, in heavy forest. It is a thin, almost transparent structure, made of rather coarse fibers, with a thin lining of finer material of the same sort. The eggs are pale greenish white, heavily blotched with burnt umber, especially at the larger end; they are strongly ovoid in shape. 255. Formicarius analis virescens Todd. Formicarius moniliger virescens Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVIII, 1915, 80 (Fundacion; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—APOLINAR Maria, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, III, 1915, 87 (ref. orig. descr.). Eight specimens: Fundacion and Tucurinca. Both Mr. Ridgway (Proceedings U. S. National Museum, XVI, 1893, 677) and Dr. Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXXVI, 1917, 390) refer Columbian specimens of this group to F. analis saturatus, a name based on Trinidad specimens. Whatever disposition may eventually be made of birds from other parts of Colombia—and they are certainly very puzzling—it is clear that Santa Marta specimens represent a race distinct from saturatus. In the latter the upper parts are decidedly brownish (raw umber) ; in ' Topp-CarRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotomsia. 303 the new form they are more olivaceous (medal bronze). The under parts in virescens are paler and grayer, less brownish; the upper and under tail-coverts are also slightly paler; the hindneck and sides of the neck are more distinctly cinnamoneous; and the tail is duller, less rufescent, with the dark apical portion averaging more restricted ‘than in the Trinidad form, as represented by a series of thirteen speci- mens. It was at first thought that the tail was longer also, but com- parison of a larger series has dispelled this idea. The type is in rather worn plumage, but specimens in fresh dress support the char- acters assigned to the form, despite the usual range of variation. This ant-thrush was found only in the alluvial plain of the Tropical Zone at Fundacion and Tucurinca, this being the first time that any member of the genus Formicarius has been reported from the Santa Marta region. Very likely it occurs throughout the lower Magdalena basin, wherever there is heavy forest. It keeps to the dark, damp parts of the forest, being rarely seen off the ground, is very shy, and very seldom takes flight. It has the same characteristic call-note as the other members of the genus, and is readily “ whistled up” after a little practice. The female seldom answers to the call, however, and for this reason is not often taken. 256. Myrmeciza longipes panamensis Ridgway. Myrmeciza boucardi (not of von Berlepsch) Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, XII, 1898, 138 (‘Santa Marta”)—ALien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 160 (Bonda and Cacagualito). Myrmeciza boucardi panamensis Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, ‘ig11, 107 (Santa Marta localities and references; meas.). Twenty-four specimens: Bonda, Buritaca,, Don Diego, Fundacién Tucurinca, and Valencia. The choice of the specific name in this case depends on whether the unidentifiable Myrmothera longipes Vieillot is or is not congeneric with the later Drymophila longipes Swainson. Not being in a position at present to express any opinion on this question we follow Mr. Hell- mayr. The acquisition of a series of M. longipes longipes from Venezuela shows that the Santa Marta birds belong to a different form, in which the males have the chest and sides more strongly washed with gray. Females of the two forms, however, are much alike. The series in- cludes several male specimens in transition dress, dated August 17 and 18, September 18, and November 19. 21 304 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEuUM. This species ranges over the whole of the littoral Tropical Zone ex- cept in the Goajira Peninsula, but is more abundant in the humid por- tions. It was fairly common, however, at Loma Larga, at an elevation of not less than 2,500 feet, at the eastern extremity of the Sierra Nevada. While a few were taken at Don Diego, and one at Valencia, it seems to be commoner on the west side of the mountains, around Tucurinca and Fundacion. It is almost entirely terrestrial in its habits, but will often perch on a low shrub when flushed or disturbed. It occurs only in the deep forest or the denser parts of the woodland along streams. Gymnocichla nudiceps sancta-marte Ridgway. Pyriglena nudiceps (not Myiothera nudiceps Cassin) ScuaTEr, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, “ 1854,” 1855, 113, in text (“Santa Marta”). Gymnocichla nudiceps ScLaTER, Proc. Zod]. Soc. London, 1858, 274 (“ Santa Marta ”).—Scxater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 272 (“ Santa Marta”). —Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1892, 223 (“Santa Marta,” in range, ex Sclater). Gymnocichla nudiceps sancta-marte Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXI, 1908, 194 (“Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 99 (diag.; range; ref. orig. descr.). Gymnocichla sancte-marte BrapouRNE and Cuusz, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 208 (ref, orig. descr.; range). Mr. Carriker did not succeed in detecting a Gymnocichla in the Santa Marta region. Its inclusion in the list rests on a specimen in the British Museum (probably one of those previously referred to by Sclater) purporting to come from Santa Marta, and on another in the U. S. National Museum, which has been made the type of a new subspecies by Mr. Ridgway. The characters which he assigned for its separation are not all borne out by an examination of the specimens, clearly referable to this form, in our collection from adja- cent regions of Colombia, the white on the under wing-coverts proving to be a variable character. Males, however, have the concealed white interscapular patch much larger than in Costa Rican birds, and the posterior under parts duller black.. Females of the two forms differ more conspicuously, that of sancta-marte having the upper parts sepia where they are raw umber in the Costa Rican bird. If this species actually occurs in the Santa Marta region -at all, it would probably be in the alluvial forest region of the Cienaga Grande. 257. Cercomacra nigricans Sclater. Cercomacra nigricans ScLater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858, 245 (“ Santa Marta” and “ Bogota ”; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.; crit.).— SciaTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 184 (“ Santa Marta ”).—GrepeL, Thes. Orn., Topp-CarrikER: Brrps or Santa Marta Recion, Cotomsia. 305 I, 1872, 612 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.).—ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom, Av. Neotrop., 1873, 73 (range).—von Brrteprscn, Journ. f. Orn., XXXII, 1884, 308 (“ Santa Marta,” ex Sclater).—SciaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 267 (“ Santa Marta ”’)—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1892, 215 (crit. on type)—Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 91 (“Santa Marta,” in range)—HeEtumayr, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1911, 1166 (ref. orig. descr.; range; crit.).—Brasourne and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 205 (ref. orig. deser.; range).—CHERRIE, Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Sci. Bull., II, 1916, 287 (“Santa Marta”). Formicivora nigricans Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 304 (“ New Grenada”). Twenty-six specimens: Tucurinca and Fundaci6én. Cercomacra nigricans was described by Sclater from a supposed. Santa Marta specimen received from Verreaux, but until the present series was collected no one else had ever succeeded in finding it in this region, although meanwhile it had been traced westward to Panama and eastward to the Orinoco Valley. Sclater’s type was an adult fe- male, and two pages later he described the adult male as a member of a different genus, calling it Pyriglena maculicaudis. The present series includes a goodly number of immature birds, readily distin- guishable by their brown wings (with the middle and greater coverts plain), paler color above, and gray and white squamations below. Several of these show moult of the remiges, rectrices, and body-plum- age going on (September 20-October 19). This Tropical Zone form is evidently confined in this region to the Magdalena basin, extending eastward to the edge of the alluvial plain, but scarcely entering the foothills. It is found in the more tangled parts of the heavy forest, always in pairs, keeping near the ground. 258. Ramphocenus rufiventris sancte-marthe Sclater. Rhamphocenus rufiventris (not Scolopacinus refiventris Bonaparte) ScLaTEr, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1858, 244 (“Santa Marta’); 1859, 383 (‘‘ Santa Marta ’”’).—Sc Later, Ibis, 1883, 95 (“Santa Marta”; crit.)—BERLEPSCH and Taczanowsx1, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, “ 1883,” 1884, 565 (‘ Santa Marta ”).—ScraTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 261 (“ Santa Marta”), Ramphocenus sancte-marthe SctatzR, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, ** 1861,” 1862, 380 (“Santa Marta’’; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.; crit.).— ScLaTerR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 184 (“Santa Marta ”).—Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 307 (“‘ New Grenada ”).—GrEBEL, Thes. Orn., III, 1877, 420 (ref. orig. descr.)2>—SuHarpPe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 28 (“Santa Marta,” in range)—BrazpourNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 204 (ref. orig. descr.; range). 306 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE Museum. Ramphocenus rufiventris sancte-marthe Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 138 (“Santa Marta”).—A.tten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat, Hist., XIII, 1900, 160 (Bonda).—Duszors, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1069. (“ Santa Marta,” in range).—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 86, foot-note (meas.) —CHaPMaN, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., XXXI, 1912, 145, in text (Santa Marta region; crit.). Eighteen specimens: Bonda, La Tigrera, Don Diego, Mamatoco, Fundacién, and Valencia. This form was described by Sclater from Santa Marta specimens, but was later merged by him with true rufiveniris. _Although not a very strongly marked form, it may be recognized by its paler, less rufescent general coloration, the back in particular being more brown- ish, less grayish. Care must be used to compare specimens in the same condition of plumage. This Tropical Zone form is restricted to the lowlands, from Di- bulla on the east around to Fundacion on the west, extending back into the foothills up to about 1,000 feet. It is scarcely more numerous in one place than another, and is in fact rather rare everywhere. The birds keep low down in the forest or open woodland, in tangled under- growth and masses of vines, and are usually seen in pairs. They have the curious wren-like habit of holding their long tail in a perpendicular position, and twitching it up and down when they utter their weak litte chirp. 259. Drymophila caudata hellmayri Todd. Formicivora caudata (not of Sclater) Banecs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 176 (Palomina; crit.) —ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 160 (Minca). Drymophila caudata Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 100 (Chirua, La Concepcion, San Francisco, Santa Cruz, San Antonio, and San Miguel; crit.). Drymophila caudata caudata CHapMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXI, 1912, 145, in text (“ Santa Marta ”; crit.). i Drymophila caudata hellmayri Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVIII, 1915, 80 (Cincinnati; orig. deser.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—APoLiNAR Marta, Bol. Soc, Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, III, 1915, 87 (ref. orig. descr.).— ° Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 378 (“ Santa Marta”; crit.). Twenty-eight specimens: Cincinnati, Las Vegas, Pueblo Viejo, Chirua, and Heights of Chirua. ; Mr. Bangs remarked upon the peculiarities of the first specimens of Topp-CarrikER:, Birps or SANTA Marta Recion, Cotomsia. 307 this species received from the Santa Marta region, but later concluded that Sclater’s description of the Bogota bird must have been a mis- take. Upon the receipt of the present series the discrepancies between Sclater’s déscription (and plate) and the specimens themselves seemed so marked that a skin was forwarded to Mr. Hellmayr, with the re- quest that he compare it with typical examples and report the result. He writes in reply: “The Santa Marta bird is a new form provided that all males from that locality have the middle of the crown plain black, without white streaks. Drymophila caudata striaticeps Chap- man is simply D. c. caudata redescribed. Mr. Chapman was misled by the original description and accompanying figures. Adult males from Bogota (topotypical) and the Western Andes of Colombia (striaticeps) (I have examined a series in the Paris Museum) are per- fectly identical inter se and have the top of the head regularly streaked with white. In breeding time the white edges sometimes become nearly obsolete. It must have been such a specimen that served as type of Sclater’s description. Birds from western Ecuador agree in every respect with the Colombian ones. “The Santa Marta bird is fully like typical D. caudata, but has the middle of the pileum and nape uniform black. By this character it forms the passage to D. caudata klagesi Hellmayr and Seilern from northern Venezuela, which otherwise is, however, very different.” In addition to the character of the head-markings, on which Mr. Hellmayr lays so much stress; attention should be called to the fact that the tail also is different, being olivaceous, becoming rufescent towards the base, instead of deep neutral gray, with the subterminal black band much broader, as in typical caudata. It is with much pleasure that we name this new form in honor of Mr. Hellmayr, in recognition of his work on this genus. A rare bird on the slopes of the San Lorenzo, because the conditions are not so suitable there, but found between 3,000 and 5,000 feet. In the Sierra Nevada it is much more numerous, occurring as low down as 2,000 feet. It avoids the deep forest, but favors rank second-growth, and especially exposed ridges overgrown with brake fern, which oc- curs in dense clusters from three to six feet high. It is an active, noisy bird, always revealing its presence by a constant chirping. In- variably it is met with in pairs or families, and often in company with Synallaxis fuscorufa. : 308 ANNALS OF THE CarNnEGIE Museum. 260. Microrhopias intermedia (Cabanis). Formicivora intermedia Savin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 171 (Santa Marta).— ScLaTER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 250 (Santa Marta and Valle de Upar).—A.ten, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 160 (Bonda).— Banes, Proc. New England Zo6l. Club, III, 1902, 72, in text (“ Santa Marta”; crit.)—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 289 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). Eriodora intermedia Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 138 (“Santa Marta’’), Formicivora cano-fumosus Cuerrie, Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Sci. Bull., I, 1909, 387 (“ Santa Marta’). Microrhopias grisea intermedia HELLMAyR and von SeiLern, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, ro12, 126 (Santa Marta; .crit.)—Hettmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, XIV, 1920, 287 (‘Santa Marta’; crit.). Microrhopias intermedia intermedia CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIII, 1914, 617, in text (Bonda; crit.). Microrhopias cano-fumosa CHapMaN, Bull. Am, Mus. ‘Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 377, in text (Bonda; crit.). _. Twenty-seven specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Dibulla, Rio Hacha, ‘and Santa Marta. ‘ With regard to the proper name of this form Dr. Oberholser and the writer have reached a conclusion differing from that recently pub- lished by Dr. Chapman. The matter may be briefly summarized as follows. In 1847 Cabanis described a bird under the name Formici- vora intermedia, stating that his specimens came from Cartagena, Co- lombia, and the Aragua Valley, Venezuela. In 1914 Dr. Chapman received a number of specimens from the upper Magdalena Valley which were clearly distinct from Santa Marta birds, assumed by him to be typical intermedia, doubtless by reason of their coming from a region so close to Cartagena. The Magdalena Valley form, which Dr. Chapman accordingly described as new under the name Micro- rhopias grisea honda, differs from M. intermedia mainly in the color of the female, which has the under parts plain buffy, unspctted. Males of the two forms are practically indistinguishable. Recently Dr. Chap- man has discovered that the Cartagena form is the same as that in- habiting the upper Magdalena Valley, instead of that from the Santa Marta region, as he had supposed. He has accordingly proposed to reduce honde to a synonym of intermedia, and to call the form with the spotted-breasted female cano-fumosa. It seems to us that these changes are inadvisable and unnecessary. The whole question hinges Topp-CarrRIKER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta ReEcion, Cotomsia. 309 on the determination of the type-locality of Formicivora intermedia. Cabanis had before him specimens from Cartagena and the Aragua Valley in Venezuela, as already said. He supposed that the birds from the respective localities were the same, whereas they are now known to represent two very distinct forms, of which the males happen to resemble each other very closely. His description of the male may apply to either form, but his description of the female can only apply to the Venezuelan bird. Hence, in the absence of any present evidence to the contrary, we are justified in taking Aragua Valley, Venezuela, as the type-locality of intermedia®+ A considerable series from various localities in Venezuela are precisely the same as the Santa Marta specimens. It may be added that in the writer’s judg- ment M. intermedia, M. grisea, M. orenocensis, and M. hond@ are perfectly distinct species, although the latter ought to be called M. alti- cincta honde, as already suggested by Dr. Chapman. At first the young male of the present form closely resembles the adult female, as shown by No. 38,172, Mamatoco, September 2. Later on it goes through a partial moult, and assumes the adult dress for the most part, but retains the brownish wings of the juvenal dress and some buffy whitish feathers below, while the black area of the under parts is more restricted. This plumage is illustrated by No. 38,713, April 19. This bird is confined to the more arid parts of the littoral Tropical Zone. It was not met with on the west or northeast sides of the Sierra Nevada until Dibulla was reached. It is abundant in the Goajira Peninsula as well as in the Rio Rancheria-Rio Cesar Valley, and fairly common in the dry scrub and cacti around Santa Marta outside the irrigated section. It is an active bird, continually uttering its weak little chirp, and is usually seen in pairs, low down in the scrub. Mr. Smith sent in three nests to the American Museum of Natural History, all from Bonda, at dates of April 21, May 15, and September 18. “ These nests are slight, pensile structures, suspended by the rim from the forked twigs of a horizontal branch. They consist of fine wire-like plant fibers, probably grass-stems, loosely woven to form the deep cup-shaped nest, which is fastened to the twigs by looping some of the fibers over them. They are so slight and open that the 34 Since the above was written Mr. Hellmayr has independently reached the same conclusion. 310 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. eggs are plainly visible through the walls and bottom of the nest. They have an outside diameter of about 3 to 314 inches, and a depth (inside) of about 2 inches. “The [two] eggs are grayish white, thickly sonnet with dots and small spots of lilac, with a few specks and blotches of very dark chocolate intermingled, the markings about the larger end almost wholly covering the surface. Measurements, 19 X13 (average of four eggs).” 261. Myrmopagis schisticolor sancta-martz (Allen). Myrmotherula sancte-marte ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 160 (Valparaiso [type-locality], etc.; orig. descr.; type in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.).—Swarpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 23 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Dvusois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1070 (“Santa Marta,” in range; ref. orig, descr.).— BraBouRNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 198 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Hylophilus brunneus (!) ALuLeNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 171 (Las Nubes [type-locality] and Valparaiso; orig. descr.; type in col. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist.).—Duszois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1102. (* Santa Marta,” in range; ref. orig. descr.). Pachysilvia brunnea SHARPE, Hand-List Birds, IV, 1903, 255 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Myrmopagis schisticolor (not Formicivora schisticolor Lawrence) Riweway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 70 (Valparaiso, in range). Myrmotherula schisticolor sancte-marte Hrtumayr, Proc. Zoél. Soc. Lon- don, 1911, 1163, in text (Siérra Nevada de Santa Marta; range; crit.) — HELLMAYR and von SerLern, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 124 (ref. orig. descr.; range; crit.)—Hxrzimayr, Nov. Zodl., XX, 1913, 235 (Las Nubes; crit.; syn.). Myrmopagis schisticolor sancte-marte CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIII, 1914, 615, in text (Santa Marta [region]; range; crit.; syn.). Nine specimens: Valparaiso and Cincinnati. In describing the male of this form Dr. Allen compared it with M. longipennis, but it turns out to be conspecific with M. schisticolor (Lawrence), a species which was long confused with M. menetriesii (D’Orbigny). The female he described independently as Hylophilus brunneus, and while this error of identification was known to the writer and others for some time before, it was not actually corrected in print until 1913, when Mr. Hellmayr published a note on the sub- ject. As pointed out by this author in 1911, the present is a strongly marked form, the male differing conspicuously from that of true > Topp-CarriKER: Birps or Santa Marta Recion, CoLomBia. 311 schisticolor in the restriction of the black throat-patch, and the fe- male being usually less brownish above. Immature males resemble adult females, but the upper parts are decidedly grayish. The species is known to range eastward into Venezuela. A rare bird, detected in this region thus far only on the southwest slopes of the San Lorenzo at an altitude of from 4,000 to 5,000 feet, in the Subtropical Zone. Mr. Smith secured five specimens here, and the writer has taken eight more, all practically in the same place, that is, within a radius of two miles. It is an inhabitant of the heavy forest, keeping down among the smaller trees and undergrowth. 262. Myrmopagis melzna melzna (Sclater). Five specimens: Fundacién and Trojas de Cataca. In the absence of any actual or presumptive evidence of intergrada- tion between Myrmopagis axillaris and M. melena it seems wiser to follow Mr. Ridgway in treating them as distinct species, both sexes of the two forms differing so widely in their characters inter se. But M. melena is divisible into two geographic races, as recently pointed out by Dr. Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXXVI, 1917, 375), and independently ascertained by the present writer, from a comparison of a series from Costa Rica with. another from. Colombia. Costa Rican males average blacker above, while fe- males from that country are duller, less uniformly buffy below, with more dark suffusion on the throat and breast, than Colombian females. The two females from Fundacion are like others from the interior of Colombia in this respect, but above they are noticeably paler. The species having been described from a “ Bogota” skin, the form in- habiting Central America and western Colombia will stand as M. melena albigula (Lawrence). Apparently a rare bird in this region, having been taken so far only in the lowlands at the southwestern end of the mountains. It was found in the forest among the tangled undergrowth and masses of vines, 263. Dysithamnus olivaceus (von Tschudi). One specimen: Loma Larga. Mr. Hellmayr (Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, LXXXV, A, 1920, 85) has shown that von Tschudi’s name olivaceus will have to be used for this form, instead of semicinereus of Sclater, recently employed 312 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE Museum. by the present writer. But we cannot at all follow Mr. Hellmayr in considering it a race of D. mentalis. A pair were encountered on July 22, 1920, in the heavy forest near the eastern extremity of the Sierra Nevada range, at about 4,500 feet, and the male secured. The specimen agrees absolutely with a series from the Eastern Andes of Colombia. This capture is of great inter- est, constituting as it does the first record for this genus in the Santa Marta region, and considerably extending the known range of D. oli- vaceus. It appears to belong to the Subtropical Zone, here as else- where in Colombia. 264. Erionotus punctatus gorgone# (Thayer and Bangs). Thamnophilus nevius (not Lanins nevius Gmelin) Satvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 171 (Minca).—Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 197 (Minca).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 138 (“Santa Marta ”’).—ALLen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 161 (Bonda, Minca, Cacagualito, and Onaca). Thamnophilus nevius atrinucha (not of Salvin and Godman) HeErimayr, Abhand. K. Bayerischen Akad, Wiss., II Kl., XXII, 1906, 659 (“ Santa Marta,” in range). Erionotus punctatus atrinucha Ripgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 49 (Santa Marta localities and references). Erionotus punctatus subcinereus Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVIII, 1915, 80 (Don Diego; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).— APpoLinaR Maria, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, III, 1915, 87 (ref. orig. descr.). Thamnophilus punctatus punctatus (not Lanius punctatus Shaw) CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 366, 367 (Santa Marta region; crit). Twenty-nine specimens: Bonda, Buritaca, Onaca, Don Diego, La Tigrera, Agua Dulce, Las Vegas, Minca, Fundacion, and Loma Larga. The determination of these specimens has involved a study of this entire group of conspecies, the results of which it seems desirable to place on record. The already large series from various regions in the collection of the Carnegie Museum, amplified by specimens kindly loaned by the Biological Survey and the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, has afforded a satisfactory basis for such a study. The type-locality of Erionotus punctatus (Shaw) is Cayenne Birds from that locality agree with those from the Orinoco Valley in Vene- zuela and the Bogota region of Colombia. The form is characterized by its relatively small bill (the culmen averaging about 17.5), and by Topp-CarrIKER: Brrps or Santa Marta Recion, Cotomsia. 313 the purer gray back of the male, with little black showing through. The under parts are neutral gray, with the abdomen appreciably paler. The female is sepia above, the pileum and tail Brussels brown in sharp contrast, and dull buffy whitish below. The Costa Rican and Panama birds, which were distinguished by _Salvin and Godman under the name atrinucha, are readily recogniz- able by their larger bills, the culmen averaging about 19.5, althcugh otherwise the size is the same. The under parts in the male are darker gray, with more or less black spotting or barring on the throat and breast; the upper parts, too, are darker, and the black is decidedly more extensive and prominent, sometimes prevailing over the gray. The fe- male is much more deeply colored throughout than the same sex of “punctatus; the pileum and tail are duller, scarcely in contrast with the back; the under parts are strongly washed with light brownish olive. It would naturally be expected that Santa Marta specimens would be intermediate between these two perfectly distinct races, but such does not prove to be altogether the case. Considering males first, we find that the bill averages as large as in atrinucha, while the general colora- tion is paler gray than in punctatus, the entire under surface being of about the same shade as the abdomen in that form. Only in the amount of black mottling on the back is this form intermediate be- tween punctatus and atrinucha. The series of females vary among themselves to such an extent that it is difficult to say just what should be considered the normal phase of coloration; they are all duller, how- ever, than those of punctatus, but not so dark as a rule as those of atrinucha. It appears, therefore, that the Santa Marta form is worthy of recognition, and it was accordingly provided with a name by the writer in 1915. The description of Thamnophilus gorgone Thayer and Bangs (Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, XLVI, 1905, 95) seemed at the time to preclude the possibility of such being the same form, but actual comparison proves otherwise. Males from Gor- gona Island differ from Santa Marta examples only in having a little more gray feather-tipping on the forehead—a difference of no conse- quence. Females from the same locality are very uniform in being more richly colored, deeper buffy below, and more rufescent above, than ‘the majority of Santa Marta examples of that sex, but they are matched so absolutely by several of our specimens that their separa- tion would not be justified, at least on the basis of present material. 314 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEUM. While this settlement of the case disposes conclusively of the dif- ficulties encountered by Mr. Ridgway in attempting to include Colom- bian specimens under atrinucha, it raises another question in dis- tribution not so readily settled. Dr. Chapman has shown that in western Colombia atrinucha is the form which occurs, ranging over to the Magdalena Valley. If, therefore, the birds from Gorgona Is- land, lying off the west coast of Colombia, and the Santa Marta region are to be considered ‘the same—and there are certainly no sufficient grounds for their separation in the judgment of the writer—we are confronted by a most peculiar case of discontinuous distribution. The only explanation that seems pertinent is that this is a case of parallel development under similar environmental conditions. This ant-shrike is strictly a Tropical Zone form, being found throughout the lowlands and semi-arid foothills up to 3,000 feet, but not regularly above 1,500 feet. It is most abundant in the forest of the lowlands at Don Diego on the north coast and about Fundacion and Tucurinca to the southwest, but has been detected also at Valencia and Loma Larga, on the other side of the mountains. It is partial to dense thickets and masses of vines, is very tame, and is always found in pairs. 265. Thamnophilus nigriceps Sclater. Twenty-seven specimens: Tucurinca, Tierra Nueva, Trojas de Cataca, and Fundacién. This species was described by Sclater in 1869 (Proceedings Zodlog- ical Society of London, “1868,” 1869, 571) from a single unsexed “Bogota” skin. Just about the same time Lawrence described a bird from Turbo, Colombia (Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, “1868,” 1869, 361), under the name Thamnophilus virgatus, which appears to be the same thing, or at least conspecific. There are a number of females in the present series, which correspond fairly well to Sclater’s original description and later figure (Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum, XV, 1899, pl. 12), except that the streaking on the pileum and under parts is much broader. The im- mature male appears to be very similar to the adult female, but the adult male is an entirely different looking bird, being black above and below, the flanks more or less tinged with slaty gray, and the. outer greater under wing-coverts and the inner margins of most of the Topp-CarRIKER: Birps or SANTA Marta Recion, Cotomaia. 315 remiges white or clouded with white. It appears, therefore, that this species was based on a female example of a form which has no very near relatives. Dr. Chapman and the writer, working independently and with different material, have reached the same conclusion up to this point, but specimens in the Carnegie Museum from the interior of Colombia strongly indicate the existence of a different race in that part of the country, which may or may not be typical nigriceps. In the former case the present form would stand as T. nigriceps virgatus. Nos. 42,697, Fundacion, August 9, and 49,502, Tucurinca, September 23, illustrate the transition from the sareonl to the first winter plum- age of the male bird. An abundant bird in the low heavy Tropical Zone forest lying be- tween the edge of the foothills and the Cienaga Grande, at least from Tucurinca on, its range doubtless extending as far north as Rio Frio and out into the Magdalena basin. It frequents the dark cool depths of the forest, where it roams about in pairs or in company with other, kinds, keeping low down in the undergrowth and shrubbery. 266. Thamnophilus radiatus nigricristatus Lawrence. Thamnophilus radiatus (not of Vieillot) SciaTer, Cat. Am, Birds, 1861, 175 (“ Santa Marta ’”’).—SciaTEr and Savin, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1864, 355 (“Santa Marta”), Thamnophilus nigricristatus SCLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 209 “Santa Marta”). Thamnophilus doliatus (not Lanius doliatus Linneus) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 161 (Bonda). / Thamnophilus radiatus nigricristatus? Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 37 (“Santa Marta’’; meas.; references). Seventeen specimens: Mamatoco, Fundacién, Dibulla, Tucurinca, cand Loma Larga. These agree closely with Lawrence’s type in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History. The range of this form in ‘Colombia is strictly confined to the coast region. Farther up the Mag- dalena River, according to Dr. Chapman, it is replaced by T. radiatus albicans, a much -whiter form. Mr. Smith secured two specimens ‘of this species, one from Mama- ‘toco (in the Carnegie Museum Collection), and another (a female) from Bonda, the latter inadvertently identified by Dr. Allen as T. doliatus. The writer has met with it only at Dibulla and Loma Larga (one specimen each), Tucurinca, and Fundacién, In the last two 316 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEuM. localities it was found in the lower edge of the foothills rather than in the alluvial plain, but was not abundant, only fourteen specimens in all being taken in about six weeks’ collecting. Like the other members of the genus it is partial to thick undergrowth and masses of vines, 267. Sakesphorus melanonotus (Sclater). Thamnophilus melanonotus Sciater, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1855, 19, pl. 80 (“Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.).—Sc Later, Edinburgh New Phil. Journ., u. s., I, 1855, 242 (“Santa Marta”; deser.; crit.) —SciaTer, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1858, 216 (‘Santa Marta”; diag.; ref. orig. descr.).—Sciater, Cat. Am, Birds, 1861, 175 (“ Santa Marta”’).—Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 310 (‘New Granada ”).— SciaTER and Satvin, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 70 (range).—GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., II, 1877, 622 (references)—Sciatzer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 205 (“ Santa Marta’; descr.).—Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, XII, 1898, 138 (“Santa Marta”).—ALLen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, rg00, 161 (Bonda); XXI, 1905, 289 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs).—-BRABOURNE and CHusB, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 191 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—HELLMAYR and von SgILern, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 120 (Bonda; crit.; ref, orig. descr.). Additional records: Tucurinca (Carriker). Twenty-two specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Santa Marta, La Ti- grera, and Fundacion. Variation in the males affects the amount of black on the under parts, this color sometimes extending over the breast to include the upper abdomen. Again, the outer web of the outer rectrix, normally with a black subterminal spot, is in one specimen (No. 38,165, Mama- toco) entirely white. Immature males resemble the female at first, but soon begin to acquire the black pileum and back of the adult male. The type of this species was a supposed Santa Marta specimen re- ceived by Sclater from Verreaux. Subsequently the species was traced to Venezuela, but few specimens seem to have been extant up to the time Messrs. Smith and Brown sent in a large number of skins. It is strictly a bird of the littoral part of the Tropical.Zone, and in this re- gion appears to be practically confined to the semi-arid lowlands around Santa Marta, back to the edge of the foothills, where it inhabits the thick scrub. One specimen, however, was secured at Fundacién, and one at Tucurinca. Mr. Smith sent in one nest, taken at Bonda on May 12, and thus Topp-CarrIKER: Birps oF Santa Marta Recion, Coromsia. 317 described by Dr. Allen: “ The nest is similar in position, structure, and materials to the nests of Formicivora [Microrhopias] intermedia, but is of course larger, having a diameter across the rim of about 314 inches and a depth of 23%. It is suspended by the rim to the fork of a small thorny branch, and is rather openly woven of some species of wire-like grass and coarser plant-stems, without lining, but decorated on the outside with scattered tufts of plant down. “The eggs are white, with profuse markings of prune purple at the greater end, which in one egg nearly cover the surface, but are much more sparse on the other egg; the pointed half is without spots in both eggs.” 268. Sakesphorus pulchellus (Cabanis and Heine). Thamnophilus leucauchen (not of Sclater, 1855) SciaTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 174 (“Santa Marta ”)—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 171 (Santa Marta and Valencia). Thamnophilus pulchellus von Brrierscu, Ibis, 1881, 245, in text (“ Santa Marta”; crit.)—SciaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 204 (Santa Marta and Valencia)—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1892, 201 (Santa Marta; descr. male).—Axtten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 161 (Bonda and Cienaga). Hypolophus canadensis pulchellus Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 33 (Santa Marta localities and references). Thamnophilus canadensis pulchellus HeLLMAyYR and von SeiLeRN, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, .119, in text (Santa Marta, in range; crit.)- Hypolophus pulchellus phainoleucus Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVIII, 1915, 80 (Rio Hacha; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).— APpoLinaR Maria, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, III, 1915, 87 (ref. orig. descr.). Thirty-two specimens: Bonda, Cienaga, Gaira, Punto Caiman, Tro- jas de Cataca, Tucurinca, Fundacion, and Rio Hacha. It is a mistake, in the writer’s judgment, to treat this form as a sub- species of S. canadensis, from which it differs in several important particulars. Moreover, as will be shown in another connection, their respective ranges approach very closely, if they do not actually over- lap, with no signs of intergradation. S. pulchellus is a species of the littoral Tropical Zone of Colombia and Venezuela. It was described from Cartagena in the former country, and soon thereafter recorded from the Santa Marta region by Sclater. Specimens from near the type-locality in the collection of the Carnegie Museum agree with 318 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEuUM. those from the vicinity of Santa.Marta, as well as with a series from the Magdalena Valley and Rio Sinu, although there is, to be sure, a great deal of variation. But Rio Hacha specimens, upon which the subspecific name phainoleucus has been based, present certain peculi- arities. In the males the black area of the throat and breast is more testricted, leaving the throat superficially white in most examples; there is more white on the forehead, sides of the pileum, and sides of the head in general, so that these parts, instead of being black, freckled with white, are white, speckled with black; the white external margins of the primaries are more pronounced; the white tips to the rectrices are perhaps a little larger; and the upper parts in general average paler. although there is considerable variation here. Were these characters more constant it would be feasible to distinguish an eastern form, but there are too many exceptions. Thus, a male in fresh plumage from Lorica, Bolivar, Colombia (No. 52,678) is an exact counterpart of the type of phainoleucus, and the examination of the series in the col- lection of the American Museum of Natural History shows that there is a great deal of variation. Females seem to offer better characters for separation, and it may be that eventually it may be possible to maintain phainoleucus on such grounds. All the Rio Hacha females,. together with two from Venezuela, are paler, more buffy, less rufes- cent in general coloration, with the throat and sides of the head nearly white, while the dusky streaking on the breast and lower throat is nearly obsolete. But until a larger series is available we prefer to ignore the supposed form. This ant-thrush is found sparingly over the whole of the semi-arid lowlands from Santa Marta to Fundacién, being commonest along the shores of the Cienaga Grande. It is perhaps more numerous in the Rio Rancheria-Rio Cesar Valley, and at Rio Hacha it was fairly common in the thick scrub. It is always found in open woodland or scrub, never in the heavy forest. The birds are very tame, go about in pairs, and are rather sluggish in their movements, 269. Taraba transandeana granadensis (Cabanis). Two specimens: Tucurinca. This form, which Mr. Ridgway (without, however, having examined specimens) doubtfully includes as a synonym of T. transandeana transandeana, is a well differentiated subspecies, as shown by a direct Topp-CarrIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotomsia. 319 comparison of a series of specimens of both forms. Not only is granadensis smaller, but also the flanks in the male are paler, and there is much more white on the tibiz and crissum. Females of the two respective races differ even more strikingly, those of granadensis being distinguishable at a glance by the decidedly paler color of the rufous parts, both above and below. (Compare, in this connection, Menegeaux and Hellmayr, Bulletin Société Philomathique de Paris (9), VIII, 1906, 25, and Hellmayr, Proceedings Zoélogical Society of Lon- don, IQII, 1157). This handsome large ant-thrush was met with only in the low, swampy forest below Tucurinca, where three individuals were seen . and two secured, both males, It doubtless inhabits the swampy forest contiguous to’ the Cienaga Grande and the Magdalena River. It is partial to tangled undergrowth and masses of vines, although it is often seen higher up in the trees than many others of this family are ac- customed to go, Family PTEROPTOCHID. Tapacutos. 270. Scytalopus sanctz-marte Chapman. Scytalopus sylvestris (not of Taczanowski) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, XIII, 1899, 101 (San Francisco; crit.) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, rg00, 162 (Bangs’ reference). Scytalopus latebricola (not of Bangs) ALLEN, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 162, excl. syn. (Valparaiso). Scytalopus sancte-marte CuapMan, Auk, XXXII, 1915, 418 (Valparaiso [type- locality] and San Francisco; orig. descr.; type in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.;.crit.), 422 (diag.), 423 (meas.).—HELLMayr, Orn. Monatsber., XXX, 1922, 54, in text (Santa Marta localities; crit.). Five specimens: Cincinnati and Pueblo Viejo. A single not fully adult bird taken by Mr. Brown at San Francisco was provisionally referred to S. sylvestris by Mr. Bangs. Dr. Allen recorded two specimens sent in by Mr. Smith from Valparaiso as S. latebricola. Upon the receipt of the above examples, taken at the same locality, it at once became evident that they had nothing to do with the latter species, and further comparison indicated that they could not safely be referred to any other described form. It so hap- pened that Dr. Chapman, after a careful survey of the entire group, had independently arrived at the same conclusion as the writer, and his 22 320 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEUM. paper on the genus, appearing just at this time, became a welcome con- tribution towards a better understanding of this exceptionally difficult group. The relationships of this species, as pointed out by Dr. Chapman, are clearly with S. micropterus micropterus of Ecuador and Colombia, with which it agrees in slaty gray back and breast, white vertical spot, etc. It differs from that species in its generally lighter coloration, paler feet (in the skin), and smaller size. In juvenal dress, illustrated by No. 42,474, Cincinnati, July 10, it is much less rusty below, the throat and breast especially. Two females (probably immature) from Pueblo Viejo are washed with brown above and are much paler gray beneath, thus suggesting S. sylvestris; the vertical spot is reduced to a mere trace, and the tail is brown, not dark slate as in.the male. It is hardly possible that these two specimens would belong to another species, however. Measurements of the four adults are subjoined. No. Sex. Locality. Date. Wing. Tail. Bill. Tarsus. 424731 OG Cincinnati ........ July 10, 1913 ...... 50 gr 13 19 449601 @ Pueblo Viejo ..... March 13, 1914 .... 52 14 20 449671 Q Pueblo Viejo ..... March 14, 1914 .... 51 36 12.5 18.5 630432 Q Pueblo Viejo ..... March 14, 1914 .... 50 35 13 20 Not a rare bird on the slope of the San Lorenzo, but a very difficult one to secure. It is a Subtropical Zone form, ranging from about 4,000 up to 6,000 feet, and is found only in the heavy forest, almost always in some dark, tangled ravine. In the Sierra Nevada it was found to be fairly common in the same tract of woodland at Pueblo Viejo in which Grallaria regulus carmelite was taken. It keeps on the ground, and has a weak little call-note, frequently uttered, by which its presence may easily be detected, but it can slip away in the most astonishing manner. Time after time the writer has been within ten feet of an individual, only to have it slip off as completely as if it had vanished into the air. 271. Scytalopus latebricola Bangs. Scytalopus latebricola Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 101 (Paramo de Chiruqua [type-locality] and Paramo de Macotama; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zodl.).—Suarrz, Hand-List Birds, 1 Collection Carnegie Museum. 2 Collection Academy of- Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Topp-CarrIKER: Brrps oF SaAnta Marta Recion, Cotomsia. 321 III, 1901, 6 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Dusois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1068 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—BrasourNnE and Cuusp, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 182 (ref. orig. descr.; range) —Cuapman, Auk, XXXII, 1915, 416 (Paramo de Chiruqua and Paramo de Macotama; crit.), 422 (diag.), 423 (meas.). Scytalopus latebricola latebricola HrttMayr, Orn. Monatsber., XXX, 1922, 56, in text (Santa Martan localities; crit.). o Sixteen specimens: San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), Cerro de Caracas, Macotama, and Paramo de Mama- rongo, This fine series amply confirms the characters assigned to the species, heretofore known only from the type-series, as given in the original description and later elucidated by Dr. Chapman. It is»very distinct from S. meridanus Hellmayr, as represented by Venezuelan speci- mens (identified by Mr. Hellmayr) in the collection of the Carnegie Museum, differing in larger size, higher, more compressed bill, and darker coloration, with practically no white on the under parts. The series includes two young birds from Cerro de Caracas, March 30, moulting into the adult plumage. In juvenal dress the species is ap- parently brown, each feather black centrally, giving a squamate or barred appearance, as in S. argentifrons. Some of the July adults have the feathers of the breast worn to shreds. This species was discovered by Mr. Brown on the Paramo de Chiru- qua and Paramo de Macotama, at altitudes of from 11,000 to 12,000 feet. The explorations of the writer have shown that it is not strictly confined to the Temperate Zone, however, but is found throughout the Sierra Nevada from this region down to 8,000 feet at least, wherever tangled thickets or woodland occurs. It has been traced westward to the San Lorenzo, where it ranges still lower down, being fairly com- mon above 7,000 feet, in the more open woodland and dense thickets. Like the other members of the genus, it keeps on or near the ground, and is most difficult to secure. Family COTINGID/K. Corineas. As pointed out by Mr. Ridgway, this family is certainly a very heterogeneous assemblage, and its exact limits uncertain. The char- acter of the tarsal envelope, upon which he mainly relies for its discrimination from related groups, appears to vary unduly, and that such has any more taxonomic significance in the present case than has 322 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. ‘the presence of a spurious outer primary in the Vireonide may well be doubted. Dr. Chapman has shown (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXXVI, 1917, 458) that the character in ques- tion is variable even in a single species. It is certainly difficult to determine in many of the smaller species, particularly from dried specimens, and there is no assurance that further studies will not re- sult in the breaking up of other genera which are at present supposed to be fairly homogeneous, if this character is to be made the criterion. Although naturally hesitating to express an opinion at variance with that of such a distinguished authority as Mr. Ridgway, who has more- over given the subject so much careful study, I have received the impression that when the line between the Cotingide and Tyrannide comes to be finally drawn it will not be in such a way as to divide such an obviously natural genus as Elenia, for example, or to relegate Microtriccus and Tyrannulus to the former rather than to the latter group.—W. E.‘C. T. 272. Tityra semifasciata columbiana Ridgway. Tityra personata (not of Jardine and Selby) ScuiaTer, Proc. Zodl. Soc. Lon- don, 1857, 7o (“Santa Marta”); 1860, 295 (‘Santa Marta”).—SaLvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 169 (Minca). Tityra semifasciata (not Pachyrhynchus semifasciatus Spix) ScLatTEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 330 (“Santa Marta” and Minca).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 158 (Pueblo Viejo).—ALueEn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 154 (Mica, Cacagualito, and Valparaiso). Tityra semifasciata columbiana Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIX, 1906, 119 (La Concepcién; orig. descr.; type in coll. U. 5. Nat. Mus.).— .Ripeway, Bull. U. S, Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 868 (diag.; range; ref- erences).—HELLMayr, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1911, 1142 (“ Santa Marta,” in range).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIII, 1914, 321, in text (Santa Marta, Valparaiso, Cacagualito, and Minca; meas.; crit.) ; XXXVI, 1917, 489 (“Santa Marta’; crit.). Additional records: Chirua (Brown); La Tigrera (Carriker). Twenty-one specimens: Minca, Onaca, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Las Vegas, Fundacion, and Pueblo Viejo. In describing this form Mr. Ridgway compared it with true semz- fasciata (type-locality Para, Brazil), to which it appears to be most closely allied. Adult males, indeed, are sometimes very difficult to distinguish, there being no absolutely infallible characters for their separation. But as a rule there is more white on the tail in semifas- Topp-CarrikER: Brrps oF SANTA Marta REGIon, CoLomsBia. 323 ciata than in columbiana, the inner web of the outer rectrix often be-, ing wholly white in the former, while in the latter there is always at least a subterminal spot of black. The black frontal area averages broader, and the bill a trifle stouter, in semifasciata. Females afford much better characters for separation, the upper surface being browner (the pileum especially), less grayish in columbiana than in semifasciata. It would appear that far too much importance has been attached to the color-pattern of the tail in discriminating certain members of this group, and this character must be used with caution. Examination of the present fine series discloses the existence of a great deal of variation in this respect. In some males there is merely a spot of black (not touching the shaft) on the inner web of the outer rectrix toward the tip, and often this spot is asymmetrically developed on the two sides. From this condition there is-every gradation up to birds showing a broad black subterminal band, equally developed on all the rectrices. Such examples correspond in this respect to the de- scription of T. semifasciata esmeralde Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXXIII, 1914, 320), which, were it dependent on this character alone, could scarcely be considered valid. Precisely the same range of variation obtains in the Costa Rican form, T. semifasciata costaricensis, and the only observable difference be- tween males of this latter form and of columbiana is the whiter under surface of the latter, evident on comparison in series. Females of the two forms, however, are very different, as indicated by Mr. Ridgway. One bird sexed as a female (No. 38,114, Minca, August 19, 1911) has the inner web of the two outer rectrices pure white, this being an ex- treme case. Another specimen shot July 21 is in juvenal dress, with short wings and tail. A fairly common bird over the western lowlands, as well as the foot- hills and lower slopes of the north and east sides of the mountains. It is essentially a Tropical Zone species, going up only to about 5,000 feet, and probably wanders about considerably except in the nesting season, breeding in the lower altitudes. It is much addicted to perch- ing on tall dead trees. 273. Erator albitorques (Du Bus). Tityra albitorques Savin and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 169 (Valencia).—ScLatTER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888,-332 (Valencia) —Atien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 155 (Salvin and Godman’s reference). 324 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEUM. Erator albitorques Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 863 (Valencia, in range; references). Four specimens: Tucurinca and Fundacién. There are one adult and one immature male, and two females. The adult male differs from Central American skins (Erator frascri) in being much paler gray above and especially below, where, indeed, it is nearly white. The females are strikingly different from Central American birds of the same sex, the back having scarcely any brown wash, being mostly dull gray, while the rusty white frontlet is much wider, the superciliary region more broadly chestnut, and the scapu- lars, secondaries, and upper tail-coverts are paler, more whitish. Like the male, the under parts in general are decidedly whiter, less grayish, and the tail is sharply bicolor, being white at the base, with a definite black area beyond, and the extreme tip white. These differences im- press one as being of specific value. Mr. Hellmayr (Proceedings Zoélogical Society of London, 1911, 1142) finds that birds from western Colombia are identical with those from northern Brazil and Peru, the latter being typical albitorques. In addition to the above, we have one male from Gamarra, in the Magdalena Valley, and there is a male from Daule, Guayas, Ecuador, in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History, both of which are precisely similar to the Santa Marta birds. The young male (No. 49,728, Fundacion, October 19) has a pale under mandible, and is darker gray above than the adult, while the head is marked like that of the female, with some gray feathers com- ing in. This species is apparently confined to the Tropical Zone on the southern and southwestern side of the Sierra Nevada. It was met with (by the writer) only in the region about Tucurinca and Funda- cién, where four specimens in all were secured. Simons secured a pair at Valencia, as duly recorded by Salvin and Godman. 274. Platypsaris homochrous canescens Chapman. Hadrostomus homochrous (not Pachyrhamphus homochrous Sclater, 1859) Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 334 (“ Santa Marta ”’).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 154 (Cacagualito and Bonda). Platypsaris homochrous Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 859 (Santa Marta localities and references)——Hrtimayr, Proc. Zod]. Soc. London, 1911, 1143 (“ Santa Marta,” in range). , , Topp—CarrikeR: Birps or Santa Marra Recion, Cotomsia. 325 Platypsaris homochrous canescens CHapMan, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1912, 155 (Cacagualito [type-locality] and Bonda; orig. descr.; type in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.); XXXVI, 1917, 490, in text (crit.)——ApoLinaR Maria, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst..La Salle, II, 1914, 245 (ref. orig. descr.). Thirteen specimens: Bonda, Cacagualito, Mamatoco, Fundacién, Don Diego, and Dibulla. This is a light-colored race of P. homochrous. The series includes three immature males in transition plumage, taken at such diverse dates as January 26, April 26, and October 15. A Tropical Zone form, apparently confined to the lowlands and lower edge of the foothills. It is rare in the-drier portion of the low- lands, but is commoner at Don Diego and Fundacién. It is usually seen in the more open parts of the forest and rather high up in the trees. Mr. Smith sent in but four specimens in all, and Sclater re- corded a single example from this region secured by Joad many years ' ago. 275. Pachyrhamphus albogriseus ornatus Cherrie. Pachyrhamphus albo-griseus (not of Sclater) von BERLEPScCH and Taczan- OWSKI, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, “ 1883,” 1884, 559 (“Santa Marta”; crit.). Pachyrhamphus cinereiventris (not of Sclater) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, r900, 154, part (Valparaiso). Pachyrhamphus albo-griseus albo-griseus Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 836 (‘Santa Marta” ?, in range)—HrLLMAyR and von SEILERN, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 91 (“Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta ’”’?). Pachyrhamphus ornatus Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 842 (Valparaiso ; crit.). In the paper above cited Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern have given us.a very clear idea of the characters of the three recognized races of Pachyrhamphus albogriseus. They include the Santa Marta yegion provisionally within the range of the typical form. There is a single female specimen in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History (No. 72,779, Valparaiso, April 1, 1899), inadvert- ently recorded by Dr. Allen under P. cinereiventris, which agrees in general with examples from Costa Rica and Chiriqui, referable of course to ornatus. They all differ conspicuously from females from the northern part of Venezuela in their darker, more greenish, less yellowish under parts, and darker-colored pileum and nape. In fresh plumage the external edgings of the remiges appear to be darker, more rusty. 326 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. P. albogriseus appears to be rare in collections, and its faunal af- finities are not entirely clear. We refer it here to the Piedmont belt of the Tropical Zone, but it is possible that it may belong properly to the Subtropical. ‘ 276. Pachyrhamphus polychropterus cinereiventris Sclater. Pachyrhamphus cinereiventris ScuaterR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 242 (“ Santa Marta”; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.).—SciaTer and SaLvin, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1864, 361 (“ Santa Marta ”).—Sciater and Sat- vin, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 56 (range)—ScLaTER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 344 (Santa Marta; crit.)—Satvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1890, 127 (“Santa Marta.” in range).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 154, part (Bonda and Cienaga; crit.) ; XXI, 1905, 287 (Cacagualito and Bonda;: descr. nest and eggs).—-CHERRIE, Mus, Brooklyn Inst. Sci. Bull., I, No. 8, 1906, 4, in text (Santa Marta [re- gion]; crit.)—Brasourne and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 316 (ref. orig. descr.; range). ’ Tityra cinereiventris Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 369 (“Santa Marta,” in range). Pachyrhamphus niger (not Pachyrhynchus niger Spix) SaLvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 169 (Santa Marta). Pachyrhamphus niger cinereiventris Hzttmayr, Nov. Zodl., XIII, 1906, 27 (“ Santa Marta”; crit.). + Pachyrhamphus polychropterus cinereiventris Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 827, 831 (Santa Marta localities and references; meas.; crit.)—HrtitMayr and von Sertern, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 89 (Santa Marta; crit.)—CHarpman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 492. in text (Bonda; crit.)—Banes and Penarp, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., LXIV, 1921, 390 (Santa Marta localities; crit.). Sixteen specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Tucurinca, Fundacion, and Valencia. ‘i There has been considerable discussion over the status and name of this form, described by Sclater many years ago from an alleged Santa Marta specimen received from Verreaux. Mr. Hellmayr examined Sclater’s type, and found it to agree with a series from Trinidad and Venezuela, to which he accordingly applied the name cinereiventris. Exception was promptly taken to this application of the name by both Mr. Cherrie and Mr. Ridgway, who pointed out that the “common run” of Santa Marta specimens were readily to be distinguished from Venezuelan and Trinidad skins by the much grayer coloration of the males. More recently Mr. Hellmayr has suggested that perhaps Scla- Topp—CarrikER: Brrps or Santa Marta REcion, CoLompia. 327 ter’s type did not actually come from Santa Marta at all, in which case the form in question would require a new name. The series studied in this connection entirely confirms the distinct- ness of the Santa Marta and Venezuelan races respectively. Males from the former region agree with those from Costa Rica in being uniform neutral gray below, but an occasional individual in very high plumage may show some black shading on these parts. Now, it is only necessary to suppose that Sclater’s type happened to be a bird in this high plumage, which is practically indistinguishable from the general run of specimens from Trinidad and Venezuela. It is true that among the birds from the latter region there are some with gray under parts, but almost invariably such light-colored examples show evidences of immaturity. Santa Marta and Costa Rican females are decidedly yellow below as compared with females from Trinidad and Venezuela, which are duller colored. In this view of the case the name cinerei- ventris can be retained for the Santa Marta form. ‘The proper name which the Trinidad and Venezuelan form should bear is uncertain: Messrs. Bangs and Penard, in their recent critical review of the races of this species, provisionally adopt for it the name tristis of Kaup. The series includes two birds in juvenal dress, with short wings and tail, taken at Bonda on October 21, 1899. ~ Simons secured two specimens of this bird in the vicinity of Santa Marta, and no less than twenty-four specimens were sent in by Mr. Smith, all from Bonda and Cienaga. Apparently Mr. Brown did not meet with it at all, and barring a single female shot at Mamatoco on* September 7, 1911, the writer failed to find it until his last trip to the Fundacién region in 1915. First a female was taken at Tucurinca, and afterwards two adult males, a young male, and a female at Funda- cin. The birds frequent the more open forest, where they keep rather high up in the trees. It is of course strictly a species of the Tropical Zone. Dr. Allen describes two nests received from Mr. Smith, collected May 20 and June 1 respectively, as “very massive, placed in a stout upright fork of a shrub or tree, and composed of dry brown grass, plant stems, strips of barks, etc., mixed with much yellowish plant down. They are very deep, open at the top, with the nest cavity ex- tending nearly to the bottom of the nest, which may have a depth (vertical length) of 9 or 10 inches, with the cavity extending to within 328 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEUM. an inch or an inch and a half of the bottom, and without any lining of soft material. One of the nests is much more bulky than the other, having a transverse diameter of 7 inches, instead of only 5, as in the other. “The [three] eggs are grayish white, thickly streaked, blotched and spotted with dark lavender, and with a few overlying streaks and spots of dark chocolate. In one egg the streaks and spots are more sharply defined and darker than in the other two. Size, 19 X 44.” 277. Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus magdalene Chapman. Fifteen specimens: Fundacién and Tucurinca. The peculiarities of these specimens, which are superficially much like females of P. rufus, were noted soon after their receipt, and their resemblance to P. cinnamomeus remarked. Shortly thereafter Dr. Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, XXXIII, 1914, 629) described a bird from Algodonal, Magdalena River, under the name Pachyrhamphus magdalene, which was obviously the same thing, and this identity has since been confirmed by actual comparison. The species belongs to the P. cinnamomeus group, in which the sexes are alike; it is much paler than that form, however, especially below, the abdomen being nearly white in some specimens. Males are of course very different from the same sex of P. rufus, but females are very similar at first glance. They may invariably be distinguished by the pattern of the brown margin of the outer webs of the remiges, »which is not sharply defined from the dusky inner portion, as in P. rufus. They are also a little larger than the same sex of that species. 278. Pachyrhamphus rufus (Boddaert). Pachyrhamphus griseus Sciater, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1857, 18 (‘ Santa Marta ’’). Pachyrhamphus cinereus ScLaTER, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1857, 75 (‘ Santa Marta ”).—SciaTErR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 241 (“ Santa Marta ”).—ScLATER and Satvin, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1864, 361 (“Santa Marta ”).— Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 341 (“Santa Marta ”’).—Ruipc- way, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 838 (“Santa Marta,” in range; references). Twelve specimens: Don Diego, Tucurinca, Fundacién, and Loma Larga. Mr. Hellmayr (Abhand!ungen der Kéniglich Bayerischen Akadenne der Wissenschaften, II Kl., XXII, 1906, 669) has shown that Musci- Topp-CarrIkER: Brrps of SANTA Marta ReEcion, CoLtomsBia. 329 capa rufa of Boddaert, 1783, which has page priority over Pipra cinerea of the same author, pertains to the female of the species which in later literature has passed under the name Pachyrhamphus cinereus, neces- sitating a shift in the nomenclature. Santa Marta birds are prac- tically indistinguishable from typical Cayenne specimens, but there is considerable variation in the extent and intensity of the buffy rufous shading of the under parts in the female. This species was not uncommon at Fundacién and Tucurinca, as birds of this family go, seeming to prefer scattered trees and tall shrubbery to the deeper forest. Only one specimen was taken at Don Diego and one at Loma Larga, and none at all in the vicinity of Santa Marta. 279. Attila parvirostris Allen. Attila parvirostris ALLEN, Bull.: Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 153 (Minca [type-locality] and Valparaiso; orig. descr.; type in coll, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.)—Suarre, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 168 (ref. orig. descr. ; range).—Dusois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1074 (“Santa Marta,” in range; ref. orig. descr.).—Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 803 (diag.; range; ref. orig. descr.).—BRrazouRNE and Cuussz, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 318 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Nine specimens: Minca, Agua Dulce, Don Diego, and Trojas de Cataca. Scarcely any two of this series are alike, but the range of variation in this species, although great, is paralleled in other species of the genus. The type of the species, which has been examined in this connection, has rather more greenish suffusion on the breast and sides than any of the above, but it is certainly a mistake to describe the species as “olivaceous” below. In the majority of the specimens the lower throat and breast are more or less strongly washed with orange citrine, but in one specimen (No. 42,208, Minca, June 16) these parts are flammulated with buffy citrine, dusky, and white. Two other specimens from Minca (June 16 and 21) are apparently young birds, having very little buffy suffusion on the breast, white predominating. They agree with the adults from the same locality, however, in the color of the tail, which is antique brown, while in the Don Diego and Trojas de Cataca skins the color is Brussels brown or raw umber. The latter were taken in October and January, whereas the Minca specimens were all shot in June. Dr. Allen in describing this species 330 ANNALS OF THE CarNneEGIE Museum. remarks on this difference, suggesting that it may be of specific value, but after examining his specimens in connection with ours we think it is mainly seasonal. This is indicated by No. 44,573 (Don Diego, Janu- ary 28), which has rectrices of both colors, the new ones being the darker. The color of the bill seems to vary also with the season, be- ing darker in June specimens. The type-specimen of this Aitila was taken at Minca by Mr. Smith, and two other examples at Valparaiso (now Cincinnati). It was not detected by the writer so high up as the latter place, however, although found on all sides of the Sierra Nevada, from sea-level up to 2,500 feet. It.seemed to be most numerous at Minca, but was a rare bird everywhere. It has a loud, very characteristic call-note, which is easily recognized and would be remarked at.once were the bird pres- ent. It was found only in the forest, usually among the middle branches of the trees, neither very high nor low. 280. Attila rufipectus rufipectus Allen. Attila rufipectus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 153 (Las Nubes; orig. descr.; type in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.).—SHarre, Hand- List Birds, III, 1901, 169 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Dusois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1074 (“Santa Marta,” in range; ref. orig. descr.).—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV,’ 1907, 803 (diag.; range; ref. orig. descr.).—BrazouRNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 319 (ref. orig. descr.; range). The type-specimen of this species was collected by one of Mr. Smith’s party at Las Nubes (altitude 5,000 feet) on December 1, 1898, and so far'remains unique. In the color of the upper surface it is close to some specimens of A. parvirostris, but is more rufescent, with the rump darker; the under parts, however, are very different, being decidedly deeper in color, only the chin and abdomen being paler, and the chin and throat with barely indicated streaks. The wings and tail are about the same. More recently Mr. Cory (Field Museum Ornithological Series, I, 1913, 289) has described an Attila from the State of Zulia, Venezuela, which he considers to be a sub- species of the present form. In view of the proximity of the locality from which this form comes, and of the great degree of individual variation known to obtain in the present group, it would be well to accept this disposition of the Venezuelan bird with caution, pending the receipt of additional material. Topp-CarrIKER: Birps or Santa Marta Recion, Cotompia. 331 The indications are that A. rufipectus rufipectus takes the place of A. parvirostris in the Subtropical Zone of the Santa Marta region. 281. Attila idiotes Todd. Attila idiotes Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIX, 1916, 96 (Fundacion ; orig. deser.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).—Apotinar Marta, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, IV, 1916, 117 (reprint orig. descr.), One specimen: Fundacién. Description—Adult male: pileum and hindneck dark citrine, the . former with narrow dusky shaft-streaks; back and scapulars Dresden brown, passing into yellow ocher on the rump and into primuline yel- low on the upper tail-coverts; tail antique brown, deepening into raw umber terminally; wings dusky, the primaries very narrowly and in- distinctly margined externally with grayish, the secondaries broadly edged externally with dull antique brown, and the lesser wing-coverts, with the tips and outer margins of the median and greater series, also of this color; inner webs of all the remiges margined with pale buffy white towards their bases; sides of the head and neck dark citrine, with an indistinct superciliary stripe of Martius yellow; chin, throat, and malar region pale lemon yellow, flammulated. with dusky warbler green; breast similar but duller, with the streaking broader and less distinct; abdomen white, the sides, and particularly the flanks, washed with yellow ocher ; crissum white, tinged with pale buffy yellow; under wing-coverts buffy yellow; “iris reddish brown; feet plumbeous; bill dark horn-color apically, flesh-color basally.” Wing, 89; tail, 72; bill, 20; tarsus, 22. Unfortunately only a single specimen was secured, but this cannot be referred to any known species, and it has become necessary to de- scribe it as new. It.seems to be most nearly related, however, to A. citreopygus citreopygus, from which it differs in its smaller bill, brighter coloration, with greenish yellow (instead of grayish white) chin and sides of head, paler brown back, and more restricted yellow rump-patch. In none of these characters is it approached by any in- dividuals in the series of citreopygus examined, variable though they are in many respects, and we are therefore apparently justified in con- sidering it to represent a new and distinct species. The single individual secured was taken at Fundacion on October 19, 1915, beside a faint trail leading through the open forest near the 332 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEuM. village. It seemed to be feeding on the fruit of a certain tree there, in company with Platypsaris homochrous canescens and Erator albitor- ques. Although a sharp watch was kept, no others were seen. The species of this genus are usually quite tame and easily approached, being rather sluggish in their habits. Their song is a loud peculiar note, easily recognized, and at once indicates the presence of the bird. 282. Euchlornis aureopectus decora (Bangs). Pipreola aureipectus decora Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 98 (Chirua; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zodl.)—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 155 (Valparaiso and El Libano). —Dusors, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1074 (“Santa Marta,” in range; ref. orig. descr.). Pipreola decora Suarpr, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 173 (ref. orig. descr. ; range). Euchlornis aureipectus decora Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, 1912, 211 (El Libano, Cincinnati, Las Taguas, and Valparaiso [Cincinnati]; meas. ; crit.) —HreLttmayr and von SerLtern, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 94, 95, in text (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; crit.; ref. orig. descr.). Euchlornis decora BrasourNE and Cuuss, Birds S, Am., I, 1912, 322 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Ten specimens: El Libano, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Las Taguas, Las Vegas, San Miguel, and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet). As shown by a comparison of medsurements, this is a small form of E. aureopectus, and may further be readily distinguished by the pres- ence of a post-auricular band of yellow, as pointed out by the original describer. This well-marked race was described from a pair of birds taken by Mr. Brown near Chirua, at an altitude of about 7,000 feet. Mr. Smith secured a series at Valparaiso (Cincinnati) and El Libano. It is a characteristic bird of the Subtropical Zone, inhabiting the heavy forest between 4,500 and 7,000 feet. It is a very quiet bird, and keeping as it does rather high up in the trees, where it is inconspicuous because of its protective coloration, it is readily overlooked by a collector, and is probably more abundant than one would suspect. 283. Heliochera rubrocristata (D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye). Heliochera rubrocristata ScLater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 390 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1899, 98 (Paramo de Chiruqua and Paramo de Macotama).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat, Hist., XIII, 1900, 152 (Sclater’s and Bangs’ references). Topp—Carriker: Birps or Santa Marta Recion, CoLomsBis. 333 Fourteen specimens: Cerro de Caracas, Macotama, Paramo de Ma- marongo, and Paramo de Chiruqua. The sexes are alike in this species, contrary to Sclater’s description. Two immature birds (April 4), however, have the abdomen suffused with pale yellow, and the tertials and greater wing-coverts edged ex- ternally with white. In the younger of the two the crest is merely indicated by a few lengthened brownish feathers; in the other the long crest-feathers are being assumed by moult. In both the emargination of the outer primaries is scarcely evident. This species was originally described from Bolivia, and it is possible that these northern birds may prove to be different. D’Orbigny’s plate represents a brighter-colored bird, but may be inaccurate, as other of his plates are known to be. He gives the tail as being 65 mm. long, but this too is probably an error for 85. The writer found this curious cotinga first on the Cerro de Caracas, from 9,000 to 11,000 feet, where it was not uncommon. Later it was met with in the valley above Macotama, from 9,000 up to about 12,000 feet, but no higher. Mr. Brown claims to have found the species up to 15,000 feet, but this is almost certainly a mistake. It is of course a species of the Temperate Zone, here as elsewhere throughout its ex- tensive Andean range. It is usually found in pairs or small flocks, not in the deep forest, but in scattered trees and shrubbery. It does not seem to be very shy, but for some reason is very hard to kill at the range usual for other birds of the same size. Family PIPRIDZ. Manakiws. 284. Schiffornis amazonus stenorhynchus (Sclater and Salvin). Heteropelma verepacis (not of Sclater and Salvin) Aten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 155 (Bonda and Cacagualito; crit.; plum.). Scotothorus vere-pacis SuHarrr, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 159 (“ Santa Marta,” in range). Scotothorus amagonus stenorhynchus Ripgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 762 (Santa Marta localities and references; plum.). Scotothorus turdinus stenorhynchus HELLMAYR and von SeILern, Arch. f. Naturg., LX XVIII, 1912, 87 (“Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta,” in range). —HE.LiMayr, Wytsman’s Gen. Avium, part 9, 1910, 27 (“ Santa Marta,” in range).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 488 (“Santa Marta”). Twelve specimens:,Bonda, Las Vegas, Don Diego, Pueblo Viejo, and Tucurinca. 334 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEUM. These agree well with practically topotypical specimens from Vene- zuela, and differ from S. amazonus amazonus as said by Mr. Ridgway, whose arrangement of this genus we follow in the absence of other satisfactory material for comparison. A bird of the foothills, rarely straggling down to the littoral zone, and ranging upward to 3,000 feet at least, seeming to prefer the more humid sections. Mr. Smith took it at Bonda, but the writer has never met with it on the north side of the San Lorenzo. It is a bird which keeps on or near the ground in the heavy forest, and is very quiet, shy, and inconspicuous. If it has a call-note this has not been heard. 285. Pipra erythrocephala erythrocephala (Linnzus). Pipra. auricapilla (not of Lichtenstein) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 169 _(Minca)—Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. XIV, 1888, 296 (Minca).— Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 137 (“Santa Marta ’’).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 156 (Bonda, Onaca, Minca, Agua Dulce, Las Nubes, and Valparaiso). Pipra erythrocephala Hetimayr, Ibis, 1906, 20 (“ Santa Marta’; references). Pipra erythrocephala erythrocephala Ripgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 748 (Santa Marta localities and references). Thirty specimens: Onaca, Cincinnati, La Tigrera, Las Vegas, Las Taguas, Minca, and Don Diego. These are indistinguishable from specimens from Wietseuels and Trinidad. A Tropical Zone form, inhabiting the foothills and lower mountain slopes from 1,000 up to 4,500 feet, dropping down to sea-level in the humid forest of the northeast coast. It was particularly abundant at Las Vegas at about 3,500 feet. It is usually met with in small bands, the males often flocking by themselves, presumably while the females are incubating. The birds keep rather high up in the trees, making short rapid flights from branch to branch, with a whirring noise, then sitting perfectly still for a minute or so. 286. Chiroxiphia lanceolata (Wagler). Chiroxiphia lanceolata Savin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 202 (Manaure).— SciaTErR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 309 (Manaure).—Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 137 (“ Santa Marta ”).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 155 (Bonda, Minca, and Cacagualito) ; XXI, 1905, 288 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs).—MuiLter, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Topp—CarRIKER: Brrps oF Santa Marta Recron, Cotompia. 335 Hist., XXIV, 1908, 334 (“Santa Marta”)—HetitmMayr, Wytsman’s Gen. Avium, part 9, 1910, 19 (“ Santa Marta,” in range). Chiroprion lanceolata Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 737 (Santa Marta localities and references; crit.). Additional records: Fundacién (Carriker). Twenty-six specimens: Bonda, Minca, Cacagualito, Mamatoco, and La Tigrera. The series includes three young males in immature (first winter) dress, dated September 15, November 4 and 15. A specimen taken September 7 appears to be moulting into the black and blue plumage. On the other hand, there are two black and blue males dated April 29 which are unquestionably immature, as shown by the general dull- ness of their colors and by the greenish wash on the nape, rump, and under surface; they probably represent the first nuptial plumage. The range of this bird in Colombia is strictly confined to the Trop- ical Zone of the Caribbean coast, the published records for “ Bogota” entirely lacking confirmation. In the Santa Marta region it occurs in the lowlands and lower edge of the foothills up to about 1,000 feet, straggling rarely to 2,000 feet, and with one record (that by Simons) at 2,700 feet. While it is thus found over the whole of the littoral area from Dibulla to Fundacion, as well as in the valley east of the mountains, it seems to be more abundant in the “dry forest” region back of Santa Marta. It keeps to the tangled undergrowth and thick- ets, and is rather noisy, having a peculiar whistling call-note of a bell-like quality. Mr. Smith forwarded three nests with eggs (one and two to a set), taken at Bonda on May 16, 18, and 24. Dr. Allen describes them as follows: “ The nests in a general way resemble the nest of Manacus, ‘already described, from which they differ in being made of finer mate- rials and in being more compactly built, with the bottom less open, and reinforced with an exterior covering of leaves. They are all at- tached by the rim to the twigs of a horizontally forked branchlet, and are composed of circularly woven plant stems (apparently, in large part, long slender petioles), with an outside covering of small dead leaves, sufficient in one nest to entirely cover the nest externally be- low, and nearly so in another. The rim of the nest is in each case bound to the supporting twigs mainly by a whitish mass of spider web held together apparently by the dried glutinous saliva of the bird, as in Manacus. The outside diameter across the rim is 2% to 3 inches, 23 336 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE Museum. the inside diameter about an inch less, and the depth of the cavity less than an inch. “The three sets of eggs, while they have a mutual general resem- blance, differ greatly in details of coloration, as do also the eggs of the same set. In one set the ground-color in one egg is dull pale creamy white, while in the other it is a much deeper shade of the same color; in the other eggs it is of about the same shade as in the paler egg of this set. The markings, generally of a very pale chocolate mixed with lilac shades, in the first set nearly cover the eggs, especially in the darker egg, while in the other set of two eggs they are sparser and coarser; in the single egg of the other set they are nearly all massed in a nearly solid broad ring about the greater end of the egg.” 287. Manacus manacus abditivus Bangs. Chiromacheris manacus (not Pipra manacus Linneus) SALvin and GopMAN, Ibis, 1880, 169 (Minca; habits)—Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 313 (Minca). Manacus manacus Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 137 (‘ Santa Marta”). Manacus manacus abditivus Bancs, Proc. New England Zoél. Club, I, 1899, 35 (“Santa Marta’; orig. deser.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zoél.).— Auten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 155, 184 (Bonda, Minca, Cacagualito, Don Amo, Masinga Vieja, and Jordan) ; XXI, 1905, 287 (Don Diego; descr. nest and eggs).—Ripcway, Bull. U. S.. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 729 (diag.; range; references)—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIII, 1914, 625, 627, 628, in text (Minca, Cacagualito, Don Diego, and Bonda; meas.; crit.). Manacus abditivus Suarre, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 157 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Manacus edwardsi var. abditiva Dusots, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1074 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Chiromacheris manacus abditivus HELLMAYR, Wytsman’s Gen. Avium, part 9, 1910, 23 (“Santa Marta,” in range; ref. orig. descr.)—Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, XXIX, 1912, 64, in text (crit.). Chiromacheris abditivus BRaABouRNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 311 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Additional records: Chirua, San Miguel, La Concepcién (Brown) ; Fundacion (Univ. Mich. Exp.). Twenty-five specimens: Minca, Buritaca, Don Diego, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Agua Dulce, Las Vegas, and Loma Larga. The Santa Marta race of the White-breasted Manakin was discrim- Topp-CarrIKER: Birps or Santa Marta REcion, CoLomBia. 387 inated by Mr. Bangs in 1899, after a comparative study of material from various parts of the South American continent. More recently Dr. Chapman has given us an excellent review of the subject, point- ing out anew the distinctive characters of the present form, which are confirmed by the above series. M. manacus abditivus is most closely related to M. manacus interior of Venezuela and eastern Colombia, but the under parts, particularly the flanks and crissum, are paler gray— a difference which is even more marked as regards the color of the rump and upper tail-coverts—while the throat-plumes are somewhat longer. It is known to range from the Santa Marta region westward along the Caribbean coast of Colombia, and thence into the interior to some extent, almost certainly meeting and intergrading with M. mana~- cus flaveolus. A resident of the foothills in the Tropical Zone, but apparently not common outside of the “dry forest” section. It was once noted on the east side of the Sierra Nevada, at Loma Larga, and it was very rare at Don Diego. It ranges from near sea-level up to 3,000 feet, but is most abundant below 2,000 feet. It keeps to the thickets and tan- gled undergrowth, and is quite shy and difficult to see. It has a most peculiar rattling call-note, given by the male alone, and sounding as if it were made by rapidly snapping the mandibles. Simons likens this note to the sound made by cracking nuts. The single nest sent in by Mr. Smith was collected at Don Diego on May 18, and contained two eggs. “This is a small, shallow, cup-shaped nest, attached by the rim to the forks of a small horizontal twig, the branches of which on two sides are built into the rim. The nest is so thin that the eggs are clearly visible through it from below, and is composed of long wiry grass stems or other plant fiber, neatly woven to form the circular nest. Its attachment to the twigs at the outer edge is effected not merely by weaving the plant fibers about the twig, but by the use of spider web, matted to the plant fibers by use of some glutinous matter, probably secreted by the bird. The transverse diameter of the rim is about 3 inches outside and 2 inches inside, with an inside depth of about I inch. “The egg has the whitish ground-color nearly covered with longi- tudinal streaks of pale yellowish-brown, with, in places, a slight wash of lavender, the markings, except over the small end, occupying nearly the whole surface, with fainter interspaces between the heavier blotches. Size, 20 14.5.” 338 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEuM. Family TYRANNIDA. Tyrant FLycaTcHERs. 288. Muscivora tyrannus (Linnzus). Milvulus tyrannus Satvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1879, 202 (Manaure and San Sebastian).—Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 277 (San Sebas- tian) —Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 137 (“ Santa Marta”), 176 .(Palomina).—Bancs, Proc. New England Zodl. Club, I, 1899, 79 (San Sebastian).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 142 (Bonda, Valparaiso, and Cienaga). Additional records: La Concepcién (Brown). Nine specimens: Buritaca, Mamatoco, Pueblo Viejo, Fundacién, and Chirua. Including two specimens in juvenal dress from Fundacion, August 16, one of which shows a concealed crown-spot of buffy yellow, in imitation of that of the adult, while in both the back is tinged with pale green. This widely distributed species is fairly common at times in the low- lands, but less so in the hills. Mr. Smith took it at Valparaiso, and there are two records also for San Sebastian, at 6,700 feet, but the writer has never met with it so high up. It was very common on the beach at Punto Caiman, as a rule perching on low trees and shrubs. ‘ When flying it usually goes against the wind, on account of its long tail-feathers. 289. Tyrannus curvirostris curvirostris (Hermann). Tyrannus griseus Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 125 (Santa Marta).— Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 271 (Santa Marta). —ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 142 (Bonda); XXI, 1905, 276 (Bonda). / Tyrannus dominicensis dominicensis Rinaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, II, 1907, 706 (Santa Marta and Bonda, in range; references). Eighteen specimens: Bonda, Buritaca, Mamatoco, Punto Caiman, Fundacién, Rio Hacha, Tucurinca, and Trojas de Cataca. For the name here used compare Stresemann, Novitates Zodélogice, XXVII, 1920, 329. Adults taken in the latter part of September show renewal of the rem- iges in progress, while young birds shot in October are still in worn plumage. A male dated May 7 is marked as having the testes swollen. One of the most abundant of the winter visitors, but confined to the lowlands and lower foothills. It is especially abundant on the Topp—Carriker: Birps or Santa Marta Recion, CotomBia. 339 west side of the Sierra Nevada, and was seen in large flocks at Tucur- inca and Fundacién from September 15 to about the middle of Octo- ber. 290. Tyrannus melancholicus chloronotus von Berlepsch. Tyrannus satrapa (not Laphyctes satrapa Cabanis and Heine) Scrater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 235 (“Santa Marta”). Tyrannus melancholicus (not of Vieillot) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 202 (Atanquez).—Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 273 (“ Santa Marta” and Atanquez). Tyrannus melancholicus satrapa Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 137 (“Santa Marta”), 176 (Palomina and Macotama; plumage).— Banos, Proc. New England Zo6l. Club, I, 1899, 79 (San Sebastian).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat, Hist., XIII, 1900, 142 (Bonda, Minca, Onaca, Caca- gualito, and Valparaiso) ; XXI, 1905, 281 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs).— Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 7oo (Santa Marta re- gion; meas.). Tyrannus melancholicus chloronotus BaNncs and Pernarp, Bull. Mus, Comp. “Zool., LXIV, 1921, 380 (Santa Marta; Santa Marta Mountains, Santa Cruz, Palomina, Macotama, San Sebastian, and La Concepcion; crit.). Additional records: Fundacién, Gaira (Carriker). Seventeen specimens: Bonda, Buritaca, Minca, Don Diego, Cincin- nati, and La Tigrera. Compared with a series of equal size from Bolivia and Argentina, presumably representing true melancholicus, described from Paraguay, Santa Marta specimens are a little paler below, the throat and breast in particular. The difference is slight, however, and selected speci- mens are often indistinguishable. In these characters they agree bet- ter with a series from Central America, and we accordingly follow Messrs. Bangs and Penard in adopting for them the name chloronotus of von Berlepsch, based on a specimen from Yucatan. No. 38,106 (Minca, August 19) is a male in juvenal dress, with the wing-coverts and rectrices margined with rusty buff, the back very dull grayish green, and a mere trace of a crown-spot. A common bird everywhere in open country in the Tropical Zone or a little higher, from sea-level up to 5,000 feet, but more abundant in the lowlands and foothills. Its general habits are similar to those of its North American relatives, and like them it is an inveterate fighter of hawks. Mr. Smith forwarded eleven nests with eggs, all taken at Bonda be- 340 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEuM. tween April 12 and May 14. “ Two of the nests have three eggs each, one has one egg, and the other eight nests have each two. “The nests are of moderate size, with the outside diameter 120 to 160 mm.; the inside about 65 mm. Externally the nest is formed of rather coarse vegetable stems, neatly lined with finer material of the same character, the whole forming a neat, compact, substantial struc- ture, deeply cupped, and saddled on a branch, usually at a fork, so that it is very securely supported. “The eggs are quite variable in size, ground color, and markings. In an average set, the ground-color is very pale buffy white, blotched with dark chocolate, sparsely at the ends, but heavily about the middle, the large blotches often extending nearly to the larger end. The ground-color varies in different sets from nearly clear white to deep pinkish buff, and the blotches from chocolate to blackish. The eggs vary in measurements from 22X15 to 24 18.5.” 291. Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnzus). Tyrannus pipiri Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 125 (Santa Marta).— SciaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 267 (Santa Marta). Tyrannus tyrannus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 142 (Sal- vin and Godman’s reference) —ALtEN, ‘Auk, XVII, 1900, 364 (Santa Marta, ex Salvin and Godman). —AttzNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 276 (Bonda and Buritaca; Salvin and Godman’s record). Eight specimens: Bonda, Buritaca, La Tigrera, Trojas de Cataca, and Tierra Nueva. A rare winter visitor in the lowlands. All the specimens on record seem to have been taken in September, October, April, and May, sug- gesting that it may only be a transient during migrations. September 19 (1899) is the earliest date, and May 3 (1913) the latest. No. 43,275 (Tierra Nueva, October 12) is an adult, very much worn, but with no sign of moult, while No. 43,287 (taken a day later), a bird of the year, is still in comparatively fresh plumage. 292. Pitangus lictor (Lichtenstein). Pitangus lictor ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 146 (Caca- gualito).—Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 675 (Caca- gualito, in range). Twelve specimens: Fundacion, Trojas de Cataca, Don Diego, and Arroya de Arenas. These Colombian specimens are constantly a little larger than those Topp—-CarRIKER: Birps or SANTA Marta Recion, Cotompia. 341 from Venezuela and French Guiana, but in the absence of any other characters we cannot see our way clear to recognizing a northern form of the species, as recently proposed by Messrs. Bangs and Penard (Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, LXII, 1918, 78). A species of wide distribution in the Tropical Zone of South Amer- ica. Mr. Smith sent in a single specimen, said to have come from Cacagualito, but according to the writer’s experience it is found only near sea-level, and invariably along the shores of some stream or marsh, often perching over the water. Those met with at Fundacion were all out in the marsh, while at Trojas de Cataca they were out over the river. The usual note is weak and rather melancholy, re- sembling that of the species of Myiozetetes. 293. Pitangus sulphuratus rufipennis (Lafresnaye). Pitangus derbianus (not Saurophagus derbianus Kaup) Satvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1879, 201 (Valle de Upar; crit.). Pitangus derbianus rufipennis SciatTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 175 (Santa Marta and Valle de Upar).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, 1894, 41, in text (‘Santa Marta’’).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, XII, 1898, 137 (‘Santa Marta’’)—Atien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 146 (Bonda and Santa Marta). Megarhynchus pitangus (not Lanius pitangua Linneus) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 283 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). Pitangus sulphuratus rufipennis HettMayr, Nov. Zo6l., XIII, 1906, 24 (Santa Marta, in range) —CuHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIII, 1914, 179, in text (Santa Marta; crit.). Additional records: Fundacién (Univ. Mich. Exp.); Santa Marta (Carriker). Nineteen specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Tucurinca, Gaira, Dibulla, and Rio Hacha. These are not distinguishable in any way from specimens from near the type-locality (Caracas, Venezuela). This large handsome flycatcher occurs throughout the whole of the littoral section, excepting only the more humid part of the northeast coast, and ranges through the valley east of the mountains also. It is an abundant bird in the irrigated lands around Santa Marta and Mamatoco, and very conspicuous too, with its bright colors and loud pugnacious call-note, which resembles closely the French words “qu’est-ce qu’il dit.” According to Mr. Cherrie (Museum of the Brooklyn Institute Sci- 342 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEuM. ence Bulletin, I, 1908, 362, footnote) the description of the nest and eggs given by Dr. Allen under the head of “ Megarhynchus pitangus” in reality applies to the present species instead. “The nests are mas- sive, domed structures, with the entrance on one side near the top. They are globular in general outline, varying in size from about Io to 15 inches (250-380 mm.) in diameter, and are placed in the up- right forks of branches. They are constructed externally of coarse grass stems, long pieces of vine stems, and other coarse vegetable fibers, with a globular inner nest of finer materials, all compactly and firmly woven together. The materials vary considerably in the dif- ferent nests, which also vary in size, those made of the finer mate- rials being smaller than those constructed of coarser materials. Their large size must make them very conspicuous objects, but their thick walls must secure protection from enemies. “The ground-color of the eggs is creamy white, varying somewhat in the depth of tone in different sets of eggs, sprinkled with dots and small blotches of rich chocolate and lavender, mostly about the greater end, but more or less scattered over the whole surface. The mark- ings vary in size and abundance in different specimens, sometimes forming simply a circle of large blotches around the point of the greatest diameter of the egg, with the rest of the surface nearly free from markings; in other cases the whole surface is more or less marked with specks and spots, without forming a very distinct ring near the greater end.” Of the fifteen sets of eggs, thirteen had two eggs each, one had three, and one had four. The dates were from April 7 to May 3. 294. Megarynchus pitangua pitangua (Linnzus). Megarhynchus pitangua Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 201 (Atanquez) ; 1880, 125 (Santa Marta)—Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 189 (Santa Marta and Atanquez).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 137 (“Santa Marta”), 176 (Palomina).—Atten, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, r900, 145 (Bonda and Minca).—Cuerriz, Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Sci. Bull., I, 1908, 362 (“ Santa Marta’). Additional records: Fundacién (Carriker). Eight specimens: Bonda, Minca, Mamatoco, and La Tigrera. We are unable to distinguish these satisfactorily from specimens from Bolivia, Venezuela, etc. It is very doubtful also if M. pitangua mexicanus (Lafresnaye) is really separable. Topp-CarrixeR: Brrps or SanTA Marta REGION, Cotomaia. 343 ' This large flycatcher occurs sparingly in the lowlands contiguous to Santa Marta and in the lower foothills, where it is confined to the woodland along streams and irrigated land. Only a few were noted at Tucurinca and Fundacion, and none at all on the north coast or in the Sierra Nevada, although Mr. Brown got one from Palomina, and Simons secured a specimen at Atanquez, on the south slope of that range, while the writer found it at Valencia. Here, as elsewhere throughout its extensive range, it is a characteristic bird of the Trop- ical Zone. , 295. Myiodynastes chrysocephalus intermedius Chapman. Myiodynastes chrysocephalus (not Scaphorhynchus chrysocephalus Tschudi) Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 158 (Pueblo Viejo), 176 (San Francisco).—ALLen, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 146 (El Libano, Valparaiso, and Las Nubes). Myiodynastes chrysocephalus chrysocephalus Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, 1912, 209, in text (Santa Marta region; crit.). Myiodynastes chrysocephalus intermedius CuapMan, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXI, 1912, 152 (Las Nubes; orig. descr.; type in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.) —Apotinar Maria, Bol. Soc. Cien. Nat. Inst. La Salle, II, 1914, 245 (ref. orig. descr.).—Hrtimayr, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXXV, A, 1920, 57 (ref. orig. descr.; crit.). Additional records: La Concepcién (Brown). Fourteen specimens : Las Nubes, El Libano, Cincinnati, Chirua, and Heights of Chirua. The present writer was the first to call attention to the peculiarities of Santa Marta specimens of Myiodynastes chrysocephalus, suggest- ing that they would eventually prove to be separable from the typical Peruvian birds, and this surmise was verified a few months later by Dr. Chapman upon comparison of suitable material. A little later still in the same year (1912) Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern in- dependently came to the same conclusion as regards birds from north- ern Venezuela (Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, LXXVIII, rgt2, 82). Birds from the tworegions, as shown by a good series in the Carneg'e Museum, are absolutely indistinguishable from each other, and the latter authors’ name venezuelanus will therefore fall as a pure synonym of intermedius, which has a few months’ priority, although it may be well to remark that in case the unique type of M. chrysocephalus cine- rascens should prove to be merely an abnormally colored specimen of the present form that name would naturally have precedence. 344 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE Museum. 4 Nos. 37,776-8, Cincinnati, June 16, are in juvenal plumage, having the streaking on the under parts almost obsolete, the superciliary and malar stripes more buffy, the under mandible dark at the base, and the back brownish olive, with the pileum a little darker and browner, and without a trace of a median crown-spot. February and March adults are more richly colored than those taken in June, with the margins of the remiges and rectrices rufous rather than buffy. On the San Lorenzo this bird is found between 4,000 and 6,000 feet, but in the Sierra Nevada its range drops down to nearly 2,000 feet. In its faunal distribution it may be considered essentially Subtropical, but it is not an abundant bird anywhere. Ordinarily it is a forest- dweller, keeping to the tops of the trees, but occasionally it ventures into the higher parts of the coffee haciendas or plantations. 296. Myiodynastes maculatus maculatus (Miiller). Myiodynastes nobilis Scrater, Proc. Zoél. Soc, London, 1859, 42 (“ Santa Marta’; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit, Mus.; crit.)—SciatTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 223 (‘Santa Marta ”’).—ScLaTer and Savin, Proc. Zodl. ‘Soc. London, 1864, 360 (‘Santa Marta ”)—-GirBeL, Thes. Orn., II, 1875, 669 (ref. orig. descr.).—von Bertepscu, Journ. f. Orn., XXXII, 1884, 303, in text (“Santa Marta”; crit.)—Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 183 (Santa Marta, Minca, Valle de Upar, and Manaure).—Bra- BOURNE and CuHuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 294 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Myiodynastes audax SaLvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 201 (Manaure). Myiodynastes audax nobilis Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 137 (“Santa Marta”), 176 (Palomina)—ALuten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 145 (Bonda, Minca, and Cacagualito) ; XXI, 1905, 283 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). Myiodynastes maculatus nobilis Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 659 (Santa Marta localities and references) CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 463 (“ Santa Marta”). Additional records: Fundacion (Carriker). Twenty-five specimens: Bonda, Buritaca, Cacagualito, Don Diego, Cincinnati, Minca, Mamatoco, and La Tigrera. After examining and comparing a good series of specimens from Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and French Guiana, it is our deliberate judgment that they belong to one and the same form. Individual and seasonal variation in birds from the same region far outweighs the geographical variation alleged to exist. There is cer- tainly no constant difference in the character and extent of the streak- Topp-CarrIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta Recion, CotomBia. 345 ing on the under parts between birds from Costa Rica and Venezuela, while the exact color of the upper parts is also a variable quantity, birds in fresh plumage generally having more buffy suffusion. Under such circumstances it will naturally be impossible to maintain the name nobilis, originally based by Sclater on an example from the Santa Marta region, and applied by later authors to the birds of the entire region from Ecuador to Costa Rica. A characteristic species of the Tropical Zone, occurring in consider- able numbers from sea-level up to 4,500 feet, and apparently as com- mon at one elevation as another within these limits. It frequents open woodland, groves of scattered trees, and cleared land where some trees have been left standing, keeping high up in the tall trees as a rule. It is an active, noisy species, with a loud harsh call-note. 297. Myiarchus tuberculifer tuberculifer (Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny). Myiarchus nigriceps (not of Sclater, 1860) Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 125 (Minca).—Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 258 (Minca).— Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898. 137 (‘Santa Marta”), 158 (Pueblo Viejo), 176 (Palomina and San Miguel; plum.).—AtLten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 143 (Minca, Onaca, Las Nubes, Cacagua- lito, and Valparaiso).—Netson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XVII, 1904, 49 (San Miguel “Island” [error], in range) —TuHayer and Banos, Bull. Mus, Comp. Zoél., XLVI, 1905, 153, in text (San Miguel; correction of Nelson’s reference).—Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 650 (Santa Marta localities and references; meas.). Myiarchus tuberculifer? HrertmMayr, Nov. Zodl., XIII, 1906, 26 (‘ Santa Marta”; crit.). Myiarchus tuberculifer tuberculifer Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 477 (“Santa Marta”; crit.). Additional records: San Francisco, La Concepcion (Brown); Tu- curinca (Carriker). Forty-four specimens: Bonda, Cacagualito, Jordan, Minca, Funda- cién, Don Diego, La Tigrera, Cincinnati, Las Vegas, and Pueblo Viejo. This series agree well with examples from eastern Bolivia, whence came Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny’s type, the pileum averaging merely a trifle duller, and the size a little less. Specimens from the Santa Marta region were at first referred to the M. nigriceps of Sclater, de- scribed from Ecuador, but this is recognizably distinct from the pres- ent form, for which tuberculifer is the earliest name, as definitely 346 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEuM. shown by Mr. Hellmayr (Novitates Zodlogice, XIII, 1906, 323). In juvenal and first winter plumage the remiges and rectrices are prominently edged with ochraceous tawny, which makes the species look very much like some of its allies. Spring birds may even: show traces of this rusty color. In juvenal dress, illustrated by individuals taken on June 6 and July 25, the yellow below is very pale, the under tail-coverts buffy-tinged, and the back dull dusky olive, with the pileum darker, but not so strongly contrasted as in the adult. This is the common Myiarchus of the region stretching from sea- level up to 5,000 feet, which includes all of the Tropical Zone. Its altitudinal range is thus considerably more extensive than that of the other two local species of this group. It is particularly abundant in the coffee haciendas. 298. Myiarchus ferox panamensis Lawrence. Myiarchus tyrannulus (not Muscicapa tyrannulus Miller) Satvin and Gop- MAN, Ibis, 1880, 125 (Santa Marta). Myiarchus ferox (not Muscicapa ferox Gmelin) ScLaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 253 (Santa Marta).—Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 137 (“Santa Marta”)—Atten, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 142 (Bonda). Myiarchus ferox panamensis Newson, Proc, Biol. Soc. Washington, XVII, 1904, 29 (Santa Marta, in range).—Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 640 (Santa Marta and Bonda, in range; méas.; references). Seventeen specimens: Bonda, Cautilito, Don Diego, La Tigrera, Tu- curinca, Fundacién, and Punto Caiman. Compared with a series of typical M. ferox ferox from Cayenne the ‘present form is strikingly distinct. In ferox the upper parts are dark olive, shading into nearly dusky on the pileum, while in pana- mensis these parts are much paler, between citrine drab and deep olive. The wings, tail, and bill are also very much darker, nearly black indeed, in the typical form; the gray of the throat and breast is deeper, and the yellow beneath is duller than in panamensis. In fact the latter is sufficiently different, as distinctions go in this genus, to stand as a full species, as given by von Berlepsch (Ornis, XIV, 1907, 477), were it not for the fact that in all respects the Orinoco form, M. ferox venezuelensis, is exactly intermediate. An example dated October 7 shows the moult of the remiges and rectrices in progress. Another, taken August 13, if referable to this Topp-CarRIKER: Birps or SANTA Marta REcion, CoLomBia. 347 species, is immature, the remiges and rectrices being prominently edged with cinnamon. Simons secured a specimen of this species (erroneously referred at the time to M. tyrannulus) in the immediate vicinity of Santa Marta. It occurs throughout the lowlands around this locality, and perhaps even more commonly on the west side of the Sierra Nevada, but not going above 1,000 feet. We have seen it at Valencia, in the Rio Cesar Valley. Like many others of the genus, it prefers open country, scat- tered trees and shrubbery. 299. Myiarchus tyrannulus tyrannulus (Miller). Myiarchus erythrocercus Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 333 (Santa Marta).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 125 (Santa Marta).—Bancs, Proc.. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, XII, 1898, 137 (“Santa Marta”)—ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat, Hist., XIII, 1900, 143 (Bonda, Santa Marta, and Cacagualito); XXI, 1905, 282 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). Myiarchus tyrannulus ScLaterR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 251 (Santa Marta). Additional records: San Francisco (Brown). Twenty-three spécimens: Bonda, Cautilito, Mamatoco, Rio Hacha, Fundacion, and La Tigrera. A single topotypical Cayenne specimen is matched very closely by certain of the above series, but most of the specimens are a little grayer above. From the material studied in this connection it appears very doubtful if this species can be divided into recognizable geo- graphic races, aside, of course, from the Brazilian form (bahie). At any rate the forms described from Curacao and Matto Grosso are certainly not separable. Two specimens from Mamatoco, September 1 and 2, are in postnup- tial moult, renewing the remiges and rectrices. In another specimen from the same locality, dated April 26, the cinnamon area on the outer rectrix is much reduced in width, and not sharply defined from the dusky part. This species occurs only in the lowlands and lower foothills, scarcely passing the 1,000-foot limit. It is less abundant than M. ferox pana- mensis, although found under about the same conditions. The nest is built in hollow trees, just as in the case of M. crinitus. Of two nests sent in by Mr. Smith, one was “in situ in the hollow hollow stump of a dead stub, about one foot below the top of the 348 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE Museum. stump. So far as can be determined without removal from the stump, it consists of a felted mass of soft materials lining the bottom of the cavity. The other nest, removed from the nesting cavity by the col- lector, consists chiefly of hair, with a few green parrot feathers and bits of snake skin, the latter a usual component of the nests of various species of Myiarchus. “The number of eggs to the set varies from two to four, one set containing four, two sets two each, and three sets three each. They are of the usual Myiarchus style, the ground-color being creamy white, profusely marked with narrow longitudinal streaks of purplish choco- late, most heavily at the larger end. There is a wide range of varia- tion in the amount and color of the markings, in some of the eggs the streaks covering much more than half of the surface, while in others much the greater part of the egg is white.” 300. Myiarchus crinitus (Linnzus). Myiarchus crinitus Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 137, (“ Santa Marta ”).—ALLen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 142 (Bonda).— Aten, Auk, XVII, 1900, 364 (Bonda; “Santa Marta,” ex Bangs).—NEL- son, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XVII, 1904, 29 (“Santa Marta Moun- tains,” winter, in range).—Ripcway, Bull, U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 613 (Bonda and Santa Marta, in range; references). Two specimens: Bonda and Mamatoco. The Crested Flycatcher is a winter resident, coming from the eastern United States, but apparently not common so near the southern limit of its range. Mr. Brown sent in but one specimen, presumably from the vicinity of Bonda, and Mr. Smith only five from the same locality, taken at dates varying from November 1 to February 27. It was met with on but one occasion (April 26, 1912) by the writer, when a single bird was taken at Mamatoco, apparently alone, in open woodland. The late date of capture is remarkable, since the species is known to reach the United States in its northward migration long before this. 301. Sayornis latirostris fumigatus Todd. Sayornis cineracea (not Tyrannula cineracea Lafresnaye) Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 200 (“Santa Marta”).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 201 (San José).—Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 34 (‘Santa Marta,” San José, and Minca).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 135 (“Santa Marta”), 174 (San Miguel).—Banes, Proc. New Eng- land Zoél. Club, I, 1899, 78 (San Sebastian) —ALLen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Topp-CarrrkER: Birps oF Santa Marta Recion, CoromBra. 349 Hist., XIII, 1900, 151 (Cacagualito and Onaca); XXI, 1905, 287 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). : Sayornis latirostris fumigatus Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXXIII. 1920, 72 (Don Diego; orig. deser.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.). Additional records: La Concepcién, Chirua (Brown). Thirteen specimens: Bonda, Minca, Mamatoco, Cincinnati, Las Ve- gas, Don Diego, Pueblo Viejo, and La Tigrera. Messrs. Bangs and Penard (Bulletin. Museum of Comparative Zoél- ogy, LXIII, 1919, 28) have recently shown that the specific name cineracea, heretofore in use for this form, has been misapplied, and really belongs to a species of Myiochanes. They adopt instead the name latirostris of Cabanis and Heine, based on the bird of Bolivia. Specimens from that country in the collection of the Carnegie Museum are obviously separable from the Colombian and Venezuelan birds by their duller, browner general coloration, so that it has become neces- sary to provide the northern birds with a new name. The differences existing between S. latirostris and S. nigricans are such, in the judg- ment of the writer, as to justify specific rank for both. The present series includes several immature birds, in which the wing-coverts are tipped with buffy instead of white. The range of this species lies within the Tropical Zone, extending upward from sea-level to nearly 5,000 feet. It is of local distribution, occurring wherever there are rapid streams. It seldom perches on trees, keeping more to the rocks in the streams, like Serpophaga cinerea cana and Cinclus rivularis. The nest is usually built under an overhanging rock at the edge of a stream, and is of the same type of construction as that of S. phebe of the eastern United States. The eggs, according to Dr. Allen, are clear dull white, unspotted, and (in the single set received) three in. number. A most unusual nesting-site was observed by the writer in May, 1919. In this case the nest was built under the roof of the veranda in front of the main house at the hacienda Cincinnati, the nearest stream being fully two hundred yards away. Later in the season the birds built another nest on the back porch of the same building. The species is thus beginning to imitate the Phcebe-bird of the north in its selection of a nesting-site. 350 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEuM. 302. Empidonax traillii brewsteri Oberholser. Empidonax ridgwayt (not of Sclater) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 144 (Bonda). Empidonax traillii (not Muscicapa traillit Audubon) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 276 (Buritaca, Bonda, and Cautilito; crit.). Empidonasx traillii traillii Ringway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 555 (Santa Marta localities and references). Seven specimens: Bonda, Buritaca, Mamatoco, Tucurinca, and Fun- dacion. A winter visitor from the north, confined to the lowlands during its stay, and rare in most localities. Six specimens received from Mr. Smith, including one taken as early in the season as August 27, were inadvertently referred to E. ridgwayi by Dr. Allen, the mistake being corrected later, upon the receipt of additional specimens, all being identified as E. traillii “ traillii.’” Nearly all of these are in worn breeding dress, some beginning to moult already, as are also the three examples sent in by the junior author. There appears to be no regu- larity in the time of moulting, but this may of course depend upon the age of the bird. Thus, No. 49,506, Tucurinca, September 23, is badly worn and faded, but shows no sign of moult; No. 49,576, Fundacion, October 11, is undergoing moult of the remiges, wing-coverts, and body-plumage; and No. 9,018, Bonda, October 1, has apparently en- tirely completed the moult. The difficulty, if not impossibility, of posi- tively determining the subspecies from winter specimens is such that the name here used must be accepted only as provisional. It must be admitted that it is unusual to find western forms from the North American continent going farther south in winter than eastern ones. For the name here used compare Oberholser, Ohio Journal of Sci- ence, XVIII, 1918, 85-08. 303. Empidonax virescens -(Vieillot). Empidonax virescens Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 137 (“Santa Marta”).—ALten, Bull, Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 143 (Bonda, Onaca, and Valparaiso) —Atiten, Auk, XVII, 1900, 365 (Bonda, Onaca, and Valparaiso; Santa Marta, ex Bangs).—Rtipeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 552 (Santa Marta localities and references). One specimen: Onaca. Another winter resident species, but apparently rare, since it was not detected at all by Mr. Carriker. In addition to the four skins re- Topp-CarrIKER: Birps oF SANTA Marta Recion, Cotomsta. 351 corded by Dr. Allen, as above, Mr. Smith sent’ in another later, taken at Las Nubes, December 21, 1898, and one to the Carnegie Museum from Onaca, December 26 of the same year. At the time these birds were taken they were the only Colombian records, but the species is now known to range in winter through that country, west of the Central Andes, into western Ecuador. 304. Myiophobus fasciatus fasciatus (Miiller). Mytobius nevius Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 158 (Pueblo Viejo), 176 (Palomina; plumage). —Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 145 (Minca). _ Additional records: San Francisco, La Concepcién (Brown). Three specimens: Cincinnati, Pueblo Viejo, and Chirua. These are quite indistinguishable from topotypical Cayenne speci- mens. Two have the crown-spot almost wholly orange rufous, while in the third it is pure lemon yellow. A rare bird in this region. Mr. Brown got a few specimens at cer- tain points in the Sierra Nevada, while Mr. Smith sent in but’ one, collected at Minca. By the writer it has been met with on but three occasions, one having been taken at Cincinnati, in some newly cleared land at about 3,500 feet, another near Pueblo Viejo in some shrubbery beside the trail at about 2,500 feet, and a third at Chirua under the same conditions at about 3,000 feet. It is thus confined to the Pied- mont belt of the Tropical Zone. 305: Empidochanes fuscatus cabanisi (Leotaud). Empidochanes cabanisi ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 144 ({Playa] Concha, Bonda, and Valparaiso). ; Empidochanes fuscatus cabanisi von BrERLEPSCH and, HELLMayR, Journ. f. Orn., LITI, 1905, 21 (“Santa Marta,” in range), Eleven specimens: Bonda, Mamatoco, Dibulla, Fundacién, and Va- lencia. With no specimens of true E. fuscatus available for comparison at the present writing, it is not possible to decide independently as to the proper status of the present form, so that we follow Messrs. von Berlepsch and Hellmayr in keeping it as a subspecies. There is con- siderable seasonal variation evident in the series, October specimens being richer brown above and brighter yellow below than those shot in April. 24 352 ANNALS OF THE CaRNEGIE Museum. A rare bird, whose exact range is uncertain, although it seems con- fined to the Tropical Zone. Mr. Smith forwarded a specimen from Valparaiso (4,500 feet), but the writer has never taken it above the lowlands. The Mamatoco specimens were all shot in the woodland along the Manzanares River, while the individual taken at Dibulla was shot in the shade-trees of a cacao-plantation. 306. Myiochanes brachytarsus subsp. Contopus brachytarsus Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 137 (“Santa Marta”).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 143 (Minca and Cacagualito).—(?) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 282 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). Myiochanes brachytarsus Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 526 (Santa Marta localities and references). Eleven specimens: Don Diego, Minca, Dibulla, and Mamatoco. The subspecific name which these specimens should bear is uncer- tain. They certainly differ from three Costa Rican skins (birds in fresh plumage alone being considered) in being more grayish, less brownish above, but the latter may not represent true brachytarsus (described from Mexico). On the other hand, they agree in color with several specimens from Bolivia and Argentina which Dr. Ober- holser pronounces M. brachytarsus andinus, but their bills average 2 mm. longer. Both Mr. Hellmayr and Dr. Hartert have accepted the name andinus for the South American form of M. brachytarsus, despite certain discrepancies between Taczanowski’s description and speci- mens from that continent, and a re-examination of the type in the Warsaw Museum is desirable, but for obvious reasons is not prac- ticable at present. Mr. Hellmayr further insists that the Platyrhyn- chus cinereus of Spix is conspecific with the present species (Abhand- lungen der Ké6niglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Math.-phys. KI., XX VI, 1912, 120), an opinion with which, after con- sulting the original description and plate, we can scarcely agree. Individual and seasonal variation is considerable in this species, and complicates the. question still further. In most specimens the pileum is distinctly dusky as compared with the back, but in one skin from Don Diego (No. 44,626, February 5) it is scarcely different. A species which does not seem to be common anywhere, although perhaps more numerous in the lowlands. In its haunts and habits it 1s very similar to M. virens, while the nests and eggs described by Dr. Topp-CarrikER: Birps or SANTA Marta Recion, CoLomsia. 353 Allen, and supposed to belong to this species, are also about the same. The nesting dates lie between April 8 and May 20. 307. Myiochanes virens (Linnzus). Contopus virens Savin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 125 (Santa Marta).— Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit: Mus., XIV, 1888, 238 (Santa Marta).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1889, 84 (Santa Marta, in range). —ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 143 (Valparaiso and Cacagualito).—Atten, Auk, XVII, 1900, 365 (Valparaiso and Cacagualito ; Santa Marta, er Salvin and Godman). Myiochanes virens Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 518 (Valparaiso, in range; references). : Eight specimens: Bonda, Cincinnati, Mamatoco, and La Tigrera. A regular and fairly common winter visitor, both in the highlands and in the lowlands, with habits the same here as in its summer home in the north, except that the call-note “ pe-wee” is rarely given. The specimens above listed were all shot at dates ranging from April 11 to 29, and are in fine fresh plumage, more suffused with yellow below than Florida examples taken at about the same time. Mr. Smith sent in one specimen shot at the remarkably late date of May Io. 308. Nuttallornis borealis (Swainson). Contopus borealis Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 125 (Minca).—ScLaTER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 234 (Minca). Nuttallornis borealis Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, XIII, 1899, 98 (La Concepcién).—ALiENn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 143 (San Lorenzo).—ALuLen, Auk, XVII, 1900, 365 (San Lorenzo; Minca, ex Salvin and Godman; La Concepcién, ex Bangs)._-Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 505 (Santa Marta localities and references). Three specimens: Cincinnati and Pueblo Viejo. The Olive-sided Flycatcher is a regular but not common winter visitor in the highlands, not descending below 2,000 feet, nor going above 7,000 feet, so far as known. Simons got one at Minca on March 13, 1879; Mr. Brown took one at La Concepcién March 8, 1899; and Mr. Smith also sent in one from San Lorenzo, taken at the remarkably late date of May 13—a time when the bulk of the species is well on its northward way. Dates for the above specimens are April 11, 1912, March 22, 1913, and March 5, 1914. The March birds show moult of the body-plumage in progress, while in all three the wings and tail are fresh and unworn. ° . 354 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEUM. Invariably it selects a perch high up on a dead tree, as in the north, from which lofty position it darts out at intervals after passing in- sects. In addition to the examples secured several were seen at Las Vegas also. 309. Pyrrhomyias vieillotioides assimilis (Allen). Myiobius vieillotioides (not Tyrannula vieillotioides Lafresnaye) Savin and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 125 (San Sebastian).—ScratTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 202 (San Sebastian).—Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 176 (San Francisco). : ; Myiobius assimilis A tLen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 144 (Valparaiso [type-locality], El Libano, and Las Nubes; orig. deser.; type in coll. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist.)—Duzors, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1077 (“ Santa Marta,” in range; ref. orig. descr.).—BrazourNnE and Cuuss, Birds S, Am., I, 1912, 296 (ref, orig. descr.; range). Myiobius vieillotioides assimilis HELLMAyR and von SEILERN, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 83, in text (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; crit.; ref. orig. descr.). Additional records: La Concepcién, Santa Cruz, San Miguel, Chi- rua, Palomina (Brown). Thirty specimens: Las Nubes, Cincinnati, Las Vegas, Cerro de Caracas, Minca, and San Miguel. After a careful comparison of this fine series with our specimens of true vieillotioides from Venezuela it is evident that assimilis should stand as a subspecies of that form, as claimed by Messrs. Hellmayr and von Seilern. All its characters are merely an exaggeration of those of vieillotioides. It is more strongly rufescent throughout, particularly on the wings and tail, where the dusky areas are reduced in extent. Oddly enough, specimens collected at such various times as June, August, and November are renewing the remiges and rectrices. This form is one of those which are peculiar to the Santa Marta re- gion, the first known specimen having been secured by Simons at San Sebastian in 1879. Mr. Brown took a good series in the Sierra Nevada, but it was not until Mr. Smith sent in his specimens that it was discovered to be distinct from the Venezuelan bird, and duly christened assimilis by Dr. Allen. In the San Lorenzo district it is essentially a bird of the Subtropical Zone, being found between 4,000 and 6,000 feet wherever heavy forest is present. There is a record for Minca, however, which would bring it down to about 2,200 feet. In the Sierra Nevada, on the other hand, it ranges upward into the Temperate Zone, Topp-Carriker: Birps or SANTA Marta Recion, CoLtompia. 355 having been taken up to 10,000 feet on the Cerro de Caracas. This would seem to be unusual, and probably 7,000 feet is the ordinary maximum altitude for the species. It is a very tame bird, and easily approached, always occurring in pairs. It-is partial to the open spots in the forest or along roadsides, where a perch is selected command- ing a bit of open, from which the bird darts out at passing insects in the typical manner of flycatchers. 310. Terenotriccus erythrurus fulvigularis (Salvin and Godman). Myiobius erythrurus (not of Cabanis) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 144 (Jordan). Five specimens: Don Diego and Mamatoco. One specimen was taken in the woodland along Tamocal Creek, be- tween Mamatoco and La Tigrera, while two were secured in the heavy forest at Don Diego. There are also two specimens sent in by Mr. Smith from this latter locality in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. According to the writer’s previous experience with this bird, it is partial to very humid, dense forest, and such conditions not existing here (at least at low altitudes) it is consequently very scarce. 311. Pyrocephalus rubinus saturatus von Berlepsch and Hartert. Pyrocephalus rubineus (not Muscicapa rubinus Boddaert) Satvin and Gop- MAN, Ibis, 1879, 202 (Valle de Upar; crit.); 1880, 125 (Valencia).— ScLaTER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 211 (Valle de Upar and Valen- cia). Pyrocephalus rubinus Aten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 144 (Salvin and Godman’s references). Pyrocephalus rubinus heterurus (not of von Berlepsch and Stolzmann) Rupc- way, Bull. U. S. Nat..Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 473, part (Santa Marta references). Fourteen specimens: Dibulla and Rio Hacha. Mr. Ridgway (without of course seeing specimens) has referred the only previous records for Pyrocephalus for this region to P. rubinus heterurus, but this proves to be a mistake. ‘ The present series agree exactly with birds from the Orinoco, and show no approach to heterurus. This considerably extends the known range of saturatus. The Vermilion Flycatcher is primarily an inhabitant of the open plains or savanna regions, such as abound on the south and east sides of the Sierra Nevada. Both Simons and the writer have found it at Valencia, on the south side, from which it doubtless extends continu- 356 ‘ ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSEUM. ously around to the Goajira Peninsula, and has even worked west along the coastal plain in small numbers as far as Dibulla. It was abundant around Rio Hacha in the more open parts of the scrub growth. 312. Capsiempis flaveola leucophrys von Berlepsch. Four specimens: Fundacion. There is an authentic skin of this form, received from von Ber- lepsch himself, in the collection of the U. S. National Museum, with which the above have been compared, and found to agree very closely, although none of them are quite so white on the chin. The form is sufficiently well characterized, but is clearly conspecific with C. flaveola flaveola, while the Central American bird should stand as C. fiaveola semiflava (Lawrence). Four specimens were taken at Fundacio6n in October, 1915, all in open woodland, rather low down among the shrubbery or in open places in the forest. ‘It is a restless bird, feeding more like a vireo than a flycatcher, 313. Leptopogon amaurocephalus diversus Todd. Leptopogon amaurocephalus (not of Cabanis) Atiten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 149 (Bonda; crit.)—CHapMaNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 450 (“Santa Marta”; crit.). Leptopogon amaurocephalus diversus Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVI, 1913, 171 (Mamatoco; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.). Five specimens: La Tigrera, Mamatoco, Fundacién, and Tucur- inca. With a series of eleven skins now available, it is evident that not all of the characters given in the original diagnosis of this form hold good. The type happens to have an unusually dark cap, nearly all the others having the pileum paler; in fact, this is a character which varies unduly in all the forms of this species, and no dependence can be placed on it. The series averages lighter green above if anything than true amaurocephalus, but the difference here is very slight. The Santa Marta bird is a pale littoral race, distinguishable from both- amaurocephalus and faustus by the lighter and more uniform colora- tion of the under surface. Specimens from the interior of Colombia are decidedly more richly colored, and are clearly referable to a dif- ferent race, which is probably peruvianus of Sclater and Salvin. The Topp—CarRikeR: Brrps oF SantA Marta Recion, CoLtomsBtA. 357 above remarks are based on a comparison of our series with several skins from Brazil and Bolivia, presumably representing true amauro- cephalus, and with the type-series of faustus, kindly loaned by Mr. Bangs. The latter race we consider doubtfully distinct from pileatus. This flycatcher was detected in the lower foothills of the semi-arid section, where it was taken in the fringe of trees along’ the small streams between Mamatoco and La Tigrera. Specimens were secured also at Fundacién and Tucurinca, while Mr. Smith’s collectors took two at Bonda, probably along the Manzanares River. 314. Mionectes olivaceus galbinus Bangs. Mionectes olivaceus (not of Lawrence) Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 158 (Pueblo Viejo).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 149 (Minca, Onaca, Valparaiso, and El Libano). Mionectes olivaceus galbinus Banes, Proc. New England Zodél. Club, III, 1902, 85 (La Concepcion; orig, descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zodl.; crit.) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 278 (ref. orig. descr. ; syn.).—Vvon BERLEPSCH, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 493 (crit.)—-Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 461 (diag.; range; references).—HELLMayr, Proc. Zoédl. Soc. London, 1911, 1131, in text (ref. orig. descr.; crit.).— HELLMAYR and von SEILERN, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 78, in text (crit.; ref. orig. descr.)—CHapMaNn, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIII, 1914, 178, in text (“Santa Marta”; crit.)—Hertimayr, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXXV, A, 1920, 52 (ref. orig. descr.; crit.). Mionectes oleagineus var. galbina Dusois, Syn. Avium, II, 1903, 1075 (ref. orig. descr.). Mionectes galbinus BraBouRNE and Cuuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 284 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Additional records: San Miguel, Palomina (Brown), Twenty-nine specimens: Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Las Taguas, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (6,000 feet), Las Vegas, San Lorenzo, and Don Diego. ; Mionectes olivaceus galbinus is the brightest in color of all the races of the species, the black being yellowish oil green, with the pileum little darker, and the abdomen pale lemon yellow. In juvenal dress, illus- trated by two specimens dated July 8 and 21, the color-pattern is the same, but all the colors are duller, and the streaking below obsolescent. If the present series are correctly sexed, as there is every reason to believe, it is evident that the attenuation of the ninth primary is not 2 sexual character, as has been supposed, since there are numerous ex- 358 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE Museum. amples of both sexes in which this feather is of normal shape and size, while there are several females with the attenuation well de- veloped. The normal range of this bird, at least on the San Lorenzo, seems to be between 4,000 and 6,000 feet, so that it was a cause for surprise to find a few at Don Diego, at sea-level. It was noted also at several points in the Sierra Nevada, although no specimens were taken. It is strictly confined to the heavy forest in its local habitat, keeping low down among the undergrowth and small trees. 315. Pipromorpha oleaginea parca (Bangs). Mionectes oleagineus (not Muscicapa oleaginea Lichtenstein) Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 136 (“Santa Marta ”).—Atien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 149 (Bonda, Minca, and Cacagualito). Pipromorpha oleaginea parca Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 457 (Santa Marta localities and references; meas.; crit.) —CHap- MAN, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 449 (“Santa Marta”; crit.)—Topp, Proc, Biol. Soc. Washington, XXXIV, 1921, 186 (Santa Marta réferences and localities). Twenty-seven specimens: Bonda, Buritaca, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Las Vegas, Minca, and Don Diego. Pipromorpha oleaginea parca may readily be distinguished from the typical form by the decidedly ochraceous buffy wash on the wings and upper tail-coverts. The upper parts in general are paler green; the tail is lighter brown, and the under parts paler ochraceous. Described originally from Panama, its range is now known to include the lower valleys of the Magdalena and Cauca Rivers in Colombia, as well as the Santa Marta region. This species inhabits the humid lowlands and the foothills of the more arid portion back of Santa Marta. It is strietly a Tropical Zone form, and between 2,500 and 3,000 feet is merely a straggler. It was abundant in the heavy forest at Don Diego, on the north coast. It shuns the open woodland, preferring shady ravines near small rivulets, and keeping low down. 316. Myiozetetes similis columbianus Cabanis and Heine. Myiozetetes texensis columbianus Bancs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 136 (“ Santa Marta”), 176 (Palomina)—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 146 (Bonda, Minca, Santa Marta, and Cacagualito) — Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 449 (Santa Marta local- ities and references). Topp-CaRRIKER: Birps oF Santa Marta Recion, CoLomsBia. 359 Myiozetetes similis columbianus A.iEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat, Hist., XXI, 1905, 284 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 460 (Bonda; crit.). Additional records: Chirua (Brown). Fourteen specimens: Minca, Buritaca, Mamatoco, Don Diego, Tu- curinca, and Fundacién. We agree with Dr. Chapman that this form is too close to M. similis to stand otherwise than'as a subspecies of that form. According to the writer’s experience this flycatcher ranges over the whole of the region from sea-level up to about 2,500 feet, although Mr. Brown recorded it at Palomina, which lies at an elevation of 5,000 feet, and at Chirua. It was more abundant around the marshes at Fundacion than at any other point visited. It prefers the edges of marshes or streams, often perching at no great height over the water. It is always seen in pairs or family groups, and is noisy and active, feeding on the wing a great deal, like others of the group. Mr. Smith sent in no less than thirteen nests, all from Bonda, and all but one taken between April 7 and 27. Dr. Allen describes the nest as “a domed structure, large for the size of the bird, placed in the fork of a branch. It is composed of dead grass, usually of a reddish brown color, with numerous conspicuous tufts of white cotton woven into the base and sides. In some cases cotton forms the greater part of the exterior, whife in other nests very little is used, but usually it is a con- spicuous feature of the structure. In one case, the soft downy sub- stance is not cotton, but is of a silky texture. very soft, and more or less yellow, or even reddish, in color, it being the soft down of some other plant than cotton. The inside or lining of the nest is fine vegetable fibers, without any plant down, which is all applied to the outside of the nest instead of being utilized as a soft lining. The opening is large, circular, and occupies the greater part of one side of the nest. The general form of the nest is nearly spherical or globular. The vertical diameter of the nest is about 6 to 8 inches, with a transverse diameter of about 4 to 6 inches, the size varying considerably in dif- ferent nests. “The eggs are ovate to elliptical ovate, with the ground-color nearly clear white, sparingly marked with small spots of brown and lavender, the spots being larger and more crowded about the larger end. They vary considerably in size and form, even in eggs of the same set.” 360 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEUM. 317. Myiozetetes cayanensis hellmayri Hartert and Goodson. Eleven specimens: Trojas de Cataca, Tucurinca, and Fundaci6n. The identification of these specimens has involved a comparative study of the geographical variants of this species, the results of which are briefly presented herewith. The typical form comes from Cay- enne: it is a deeply colored bird, dark olive above, and with very little (sometimes no) hazel on the outer webs of the remiges, while their inner webs are margined with cinnamon or buffy. The rectrices like- wise have little or no cinnamoneous edgings. In the Orinoco regien we find a form which is brighter, purer olive above, and with con- siderably more rufescence on the wings and tail, both externally and internally. For this form the name M. guianensis of Cabanis and Heine (Museum Heineanum, II, 1859, 61) is probably available. It is recognizably distinct from the northern Venezuelan form (M. caya- nensis rufipennis Lawrence), in which its characters are carried to an extreme. In rufipennis the hazel area on both webs of most of the remiges reaches the shafts of the feathers; the wing-coverts, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts are also more rufescent; and the tail extensively so. In Colombian examples (including, besides those above listed, eight specimens from other regions), however, we find a return to the char- acters of typical cayanensis. There is a great reduction in the amount of rufescence on the wings and tail as compared with guianensis, al- though it averages rather more than in cayanensis. The form may readily be distinguished from cayanensis by the much paler, greener color of the upper parts, particularly evident in fresh specimens. It is clearly entitled to the recognition recently accorded by Messrs. Hart- ert and Goodson (Novitates Zoédlogice, XXIV, 1917, 412), whose name is here adopted. A Tropical Zone form, but not noted except in the southwest part of this region. Three birds were taken along the shore of the Cie- naga Grande at Trojas de Cataca, two of them on some poles stuck up in the water near a fisherman’s hut, the third in a tree overhanging the water. Later on a few additional examples were shot at Funda- cion and Tucurinca. Topp—CarrIKER: Birps or SANTA Marta REcIon, CotomsBia. 361 318. Legatus leucophaius (Vieillot). Legatus albicollis Satvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1880, 124 (Minca).—ScLaTER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 155 (Minca).—Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat, Hist., XIII, 1900, 147 (Bonda, Minca, and Jordan). Nine specimens:. Bonda, Minca, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, and Santa Marta. For the specific name here used consult Hellmayr, Verhandlungen der Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern, XIV, 1920, 283. Much of the variation in this species appears to be of a seasonal character, specimens in fresh plumage having the under parts more heavily washed with yellow than those taken at other times. For some reason this flycatcher is not a common bird in this region. It is confined in the main to the foothills section, a few straggling down into the coastal plain. The birds frequent open woodland or cultivated lands, roadsides, and the borders of streams, perching high up in the trees, and in their movements are very sluggish. The call- note is rather mournful in character. 319. Elenia viridicata pallens (Bangs). Myiopagis placens (not Elainea placens Sclater) Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 136 (“Santa Marta”)—Atien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 148 (Bonda and Minca). Myiopagis placens pallens Bancs, Proc. New England Zodl. Club, III, 1902, 85 (“Santa Marta’; orig. descr.; type now in Mus. Comp. Zodl.; crit.). —TuHayerR and Bancs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., XLVI, 1905, 151, in text (“ Santa Marta’; crit.)—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1905, 278 (ref. orig. descr.; syn.).—Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 400 (diag.; range; ref. orig. descr.). Elaenia viridicata placens von BERLEPSCH, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 427 (‘“ Santa Marta” and Bonda, ex Bangs and Allen; crit.; references), Elenia pallens BrazournE and CHuss, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 291 (ref. orig. descr.; range). Myiopagis viridicata pallens CuarpMan, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 457, 459 (Bonda; crit.). Additional records: La Concepcién (Brown). Fifteen specimens: Mamatoco, La Tigrera, and Don Diego. Elenia viridicata, or, as it has been known until recently, Myiopagis placens, is a species which seems to have suffered unduly at the hands of systematic ornithologists, having been split up into a number of barely recognizable races. The propriety of formally recognizing 362 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. these slight variations may be seriously questioned, although their ex- istence may be admitted. Mr. Bangs, in describing the Santa Marta bird under the name pallens, compared it with the Central American form, accola, which is itself barely separable from placens of Mexico. With an ample series of accola from Costa Rica (including several specimens from Mr. Bangs’ collection) available for comparison in the present case, it appears that pallens differs from that form merely in the more uniformly yellowish under parts, there being less grayish shading: on the throat and breast, and less of the streaked appearance. The upper parts also are a trifle purer green, but the alleged dif- ference in the color of the sides of the crown, upon which Dr. Chap- man lays so much stress, we are entirely unable to appreciate. On the other hand, pallens is even closer to true viridicata, as represented in the Carnegie Museum collection by twelve specimens from Bolivia and Argentina, differing therefrom only in the very slightly paler color of the upper parts and the paler, more yellowish, less olivaceous gray shading of the breast. These differences are not well marked, and are bridged over by individual variation, but in deference to the views of other authors they may be held to be of subspecific value, at least provisionally. A Tropical Zone species, confined entirely to the lowlands, and not recorded as yet from the west or south side of the Sierra Nevada, al- though its general range is known to extend up the Magdalena River at least as far as Honda. It is by no means a rare bird in its chosen haunts, which seem to be confined to woodland along the streams. 320. Elenia gaimardii bogotensis von Berlepsch. Myiopagis macilvainii (not Elainea macilvainii Lawrence) Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 136 (“ Santa Marta’’). Myiopagis gaimardi (not Muscicapara gaimardii D’Orbigny) ALven, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 148 (Bonda). Elaenia gaimardi bogotensis von BeErLEerscuH, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 421, 447 (“ Santa Marta” and Bonda).—Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 908 (“ Santa Marta”; ref. orig. descr.). Elainopsis gaimardii gaimardii Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 800, in text (“ Santa Marta’; meas.; crit.). Twenty-six specimens: Bonda, La Tigrera, Don Diego, and Dibulla. This form was described from a “ Bogota” skin in the collection of von Berlepsch, Santa Marta specimens being considered the same. Topp—CarrIKER: Birps or SANTA Marta ReEcion, CotomBia. 363 The present fine series amply confirms its subspecific distinctness as compared with birds from Venezuela and Trinidad, from which it differs in its brighter coloration, both above and below. But there is considerable variation in the color of the crown-spot, which in some specimens is practically pure white, and in others is more or less yel- _ low-tinged, so that it is doubtful if too much reliance should be placed on this character, given by the describer as diagnostic. In no case, however, is the crown-spot lemon yellow, as in E. gaimardti macil- vainii, which (as shown by a comparison in series) is clearly con- specific, replacing the present form along the Caribbean coast to the westward. It is worthy of remark that Dr. Chapman failed to find any member of this group in the region covered by his explorations, but the Carnegie Museum has a few specimens of bogotensis from the interior of Colombia and Venezuela, showing that it is not strictly a littoral form, although doubtless confined to the Tropical Zone. This flycatcher was present in small numbers in the lower foothills back of Santa Marta, but was more abundant in the humid forests of the northeast coast. It is partial to the trees along the creeks and streams, keeping rather high up, and is very active, although quiet. 321. Elenia gaimardii macilvainii Lawrence. Four specimens: Fundacion and Valencia. Upon comparing these examples with a series of macilvainii from near the type-locality they prove referable here rather than to bogo- tensis, having the crown-spot lemon yellow. The occurrence of two different races on the two sides respectively of the Sierra Nevada is most interesting, although in line with what is known of the distribu- tion of certain other species. 322. Elenia pudica pudica Sclater. Elenia browni Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1898, 158 (Pueblo Viejo; orig. descr.; type now in Mus. Comp. Zodél.; meas.), 175 (San Miguel).—Banes, Proc. New England Zodl. Club, I, 1899, 78 (San Sebas- tian, El Mamon, Paramo de Macotama, and La Concepcién; local range).— ALLEN, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 121, 147 (El [San] Lorenzo, El Libano, and Valparaiso; [?] Minca and Bonda; crit.).—SHarrr, Hand- List Birds, III, 1901, 122 (ref. orig. descr.; range).—Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 426 (diag.; references), 897 (crit.). Elenia franteti pudica von BERLEPSCH, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 416, 447 (Santa Marta references and localities; syn.; crit.). 364 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEUM. Elenia pudica pudica CuapmMan, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 457 (“Santa Marta Mountains”; crit.). Additional records: San Francisco, Chirua (Brown). Twenty-two specimens: San Lorenzo, Cincinnati, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (8,000 feet), Las Vegas, San Miguel, and Heights of Chirua. As shown by von Berlepsch, E. browni Bangs, based on specimens from the Santa Marta region, is a synonym of E. pudica Sclater, de- scribed from “ Bogota,” but this author was certainly mistaken in making the latter conspecific with E. frantzii Lawrence of Central America, as has already been pointed out by Mr. Ridgway. Dr. Chap- man, on the other hand, considers that it will eventually prove to be conspecific with E. brachyptera von Berlepsch. Occasional specimens show indications of the white crown-spot so well developed in that form. In juvenal dress, illustrated by No. 38,115, Cincinnati, August 21, the general colors are much duller, the upper surface being wholly dull brown, with no trace of olive, the upper tail-coverts and rectrices tipped with buffy, while the lower parts are dull white, the sides of the breast shaded with olive, and a very faint yellowish median stripe on the breast and abdomen. “The distribution of the two closely related species, E. browni [= pudica] and E. sororia [=