rae Uy ah Neon x doltstatertians i a Wah ROL ada! ony) i NID Roa iy fh AEN as f Bitty malay ak AUN) TUT OUN Naas a Ses erica ER: IN ify . , c ae ‘i et if st ph srk: Bien Se bse - ef fe is Z 2 Np ike tt be aia meets Pea oia be ra Fe i a 2 ee HX Se 7 CORNELL UNIVERSITY THE Hlower Heterinary Library FOUNDED BY’ ’~” ~' ROSWELL P. FLOWER for the use of the N. Y. STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE 1897 This Volume is the Gift of Alice L, Dustan Dr. Henry W, Dunstan '98 577 Ss SF "| Cornell University Library 889.W58 1914 iii 3 1924 021 949 601, * r ANIMAL CASTRATION A Book for the Use of STUDENTS AND PRACTITIONERS 240 Pages with over 200 Halftone Illustrations from Original Photographs BY GEORGE R. WHITE, MLD., D.V.S. Graduate Columbian University (Veterinary Department), and University of Nashville (Medical Department) MEMBER American Veterinary Medical Association Tennessee Veterinary Medical Association American Medical Association Tennessee Medical Association Nashville Academy of Medicine, and Davidson County Medical Society Tennessee Academy of Science, United States Live Stock Sanitary Association, etc. Professor Veterinary Medicine—Knapp School of Country Life TEACHER SURGICAL RESTRAINT AND CASTRATION AND SPAYING Chicago Veterinary College Terre Haute Veterinary College Indiana Veterinary College, and Alabama Polytechnic Institute (Veterinary Department) Author “Restraint of Domestic Animals,” etc. PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR NASHVILLE, TENN. 1914 Copyrighted 1914 by GEORGE R. WHITE 1914 FOSTER & PARKES COMPANY, Nashville, Tenn. DEDICATION TO PROFESSOR CHARLES ALLEN CARY, B.S., D.V.M., As a slight token of personal friendship and esteem, as well as for his successful efforts in undertaking the apparently insurmountable task of es- tablishing and successfully conducting the first accredited Veterinary College in the South THE AUTHOR PREFACE To those entrusted with the onerous task of castrating and spaying domestic animals the scantness of modern literature— especially that printed in English and by American authors— dealing with the subject must have always proved a matter of considerable embarrassment. This universally recognized lack of a well illustrated book on the important subject of unsexing animals has induced the author to write and publish this volume. It is offered with the desire and hope that it will—in a meas- ure at least—close this wide gap in our English speaking lit- erature. Twenty-one years’ actual and active experience in city and rural practice as well as several years as a teacher of this par- ticular subject leads me to believe that a text-book well illustrated, written by an American, based on American methods, will be acceptable to the student and practitioner who really has a de- sire to become proficient in performing the operations of cas- tration and spaying. The illustrations and text are for the most part original. The methods described are those employed in actual every-day practice by the author. In presenting this volume to the indulgence of veterinarians the author’s only regret is that during its preparation he was State Veterinarian of Tennessee, and did not have the time at his disposal to insure the best authorship results. Hence he is constrained to appeal for lenient judgment and criticism on the book prepared under no common stress of duties—administrative, professional, social and political. GEORGE R. WHITE. FOREWORD INSTRUMENTS The first essential to the proper performance of the operations of castration and spaying is instruments of modern and approved design made from material of unquestioned quality. Instruments of the same external appearance—which usually means nothing more nor less than finish, and finish in turn merely means polish and plate—may vary greatly in quality of material and workmanship. Never purchase cheap instruments at any price, as they are not satisfactory or dependable. The best are none too good, as oftentimes an instrument will make or unmake a man’s reputa- tion as an operator. If these operations—castration and spaying—are to be done neatly and with dexterity, antiquated instruments have no place in the operative technique. Nothing conduces quite so much to awkwardness in operating and an all around ‘‘bunglesome job’’ as do instruments of improper construction. There are numerous castrating and spaying instruments of- fered to the public by many commercial firms that are bad and others worse than worthless for the purpose for which they are intended. The one admonition the author would offer above all others is to exercise extreme care and good judgment in selecting eastrating and spaying instruments. Most manufacturers of surgical instruments and their shop mechanics have little or no conception or practical knowledge of the actual requirements of the instruments which they make and sell. Unless the purchaser knows what he wants he is at the mercy of the ignorant manufacturer and is liable to make mistakes in purchasing which will cause embarrassment later when actually engaged in operating. Remember that there are several grades and many designs of castrating and spaying instruments. Always call for ‘‘A grade,”’ and see to it that you get exactly what you call for and select the design best suited for your requirements. It will be observed that numerous instruments are illustrated and described in the following pages. Where only one pattern of an instrument is shown this means that in the author’s opinion this particular instrument has advantages over all others and is the proper one to purchase. Where two or more instruments of the same character are shown it means that the author has no preference and that both instruments are equally satisfactory, and either may be purchased without making a mistake. Each and every instrument illustrated in this volume possesses merit, and no mistake will be made in selecting them or either of them. Our only object in thus illustrating and describing the instruments is that in so doing the amateur may have the advan- tage of the author’s twenty-one years’ experience in selecting and using this class of surgical instruments, and with the hope that the information herein contained may in a measure at least protect the inexperienced prospective castrator from waking up later to the fact that he is in possession of a lot of ‘‘useless Junk”’ which has been sold to him for castrating and spaying instru- ments. METHODS It will be further observed that only one method of operating is illustrated and described, which is quite a revolution in this class of literature. All antiquated methods and operative tech- nique have been purposely eliminated in order to avoid confusion and embarrassment. The methods mentioned are those which most appeal to the author’s fancy, and while he considers them the best, safest, and most satisfactory, still he lays no claim to their being the only good methods, and he is perfectly willing to be charitable to the extent of granting to others the privilege of operating differently if they so desire. RESTRAINT Restraint of domestic animals, in the broadest acceptation of the term, means much to the average busy and active practitioner of veterinary surgery. Each species of our domestic animals is endowed with one or more means of defense. These are oftentimes—in individuals of certain temperament—converted into weapons of offense. The horse will strike, kick and bite; the ox will gore and kick; the dog and hog will bite. It is with these weapons of offense that we are called upon to contend and overcome by restraint. These animals must be rendered harmless by the means of restraint which we have at hand. Of course the particular method em- ployed depends largely upon the animal and the degree of re- straint necessary. While we constantly find it necessary to employ methods of restraint in order to confine the animal, we should always do so in as humane a manner as possible. Humanitarian treatment applies here as well as elsewhere in the practice of veterinary science. We should never take advantage of an animal when confined in order to cause torture or to inflict unnecessary pain of any kind. The surgeon is confronted with problems pertaining to re- straint or some method of subjection almost every hour of each day of his professional career. Not only does the restraint problem confront and concern the surgeon alone, but his client and patient are also directly inter- ested to a well marked degree. The surgeon owes it to his client, his patient and himself to become proficient in properly and se- curely restraining animals for examination and operation. With- out efficient means of restraint the surgeon is in constant dan- ger of great bodily harm; the animal in danger of self-inflicted in- juries as a result of its own efforts at resistance, thereby causing the owner financial loss, which could and should have been avoided by proper methods of procedure. In order to cast and secure an animal properly and success- fully the operator should possess a level head associated with plenty of courage and confidence. He should retain his equili- brium in spite of any untoward accident or emergency which may chance to take place. Self-confidence and good judgment are both valuable assets in performing work of the character which this book undertakes to illustrate and describe. The surgeon should get control and remain in control from the time the twitch is placed on the animal preparatory to applying the hobbles or casting harness until the animal is again on its feet. Experience and dexterity are not to be underrated in the operator who is to undertake the task of securing and properly confining the larger of our domestic animals. Do not allow yourself to become excited or unduly alarmed or aggravated should everything not transpire as smoothly as you expect or desire, for in so doing the surgeon is not in possession of his mental faculties sufficiently to do justice either to himself, his patient or his client. Perfect, or even good, surgery is impossible without perfect re- straint. The surgeon is no better than the restraint method which he uses. It is rare to see a surgeon handle a knife any more skillfully than he handles his restraint technique. Imperfect re- straint means an imperfect operation. The particular methods of restraint necessary for each oper- ation and the details pertaining to same will be specifically de- seribed under the proper headings. G. R. W. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART I. Castration. Chapter I. Castration of the Stallion. Chapter II. Castration of the Colt. Chapter III. Castration of the Mule. Chapter IV. Complications Encountered in Castrating—viz. : Inguinal Hernia, Scrotal Hernia, Cryptorchid, Monorchid, Orchitis, and Hermaphrodite. Chapter V. Sequelae of Castration—viz.: Septic Infection, Tetanus, Prolapse of the Omentum, Injuries from Casting, Peritonitis, Colic, Prolapse of the Intestine, Azoturia, Hemorrhage, Oedema of Sheath, Schirrous Cord, Exuberant Gran- ulations, and Hydrocele. Chapter VI. Castration of the Bull. Chapter VII. Castration of the Boar. Chapter VIIT. Castration of the Ram. Chapter IX. Castration of the Dog. Chapter X. Castration of the Cat. Chapter XI. Caponizing. PART II. Spaying. Chapter I. Mare Spaying. Chapter II. Cow, Heifer and Calf Spaying. Chapter III. Sow Spaying. Chapter IV. Sheep Spaying. Chapter V. Bitch Spaying. Chapter VI. Cat Spaying. Chapter VII. Poulardizing. Chapter VIII. Deodorizing the Skunk. PART I. CASTRATION. Definition—Orchectomy ; excision of one or more testicles. The term castration is also applied to removal of ovaries from the female. However, when the word castration appears in this vol- ume—with exception of title—it has reference to unsexing the male animal. History—Castration is one of the most ancient of surgical op- erations upon animals. It was advocated and practiced as early as seven centuries before the Christian era. Time and tradition have not lessened its application or usefulness. In fact, during recent years the popularity of the operation has rapidly in- creased until now it is considered one of the most useful and valuable in animal surgery. It is practiced without hesitancy upon all domestic and wild animals, and its economic value cannot be overestimated. The earlier modes of operating were as follows: Martelage, Tearing, Scraping, Torsion, Firing, Bistournage, Ligature and Clamps. These ancient methods were extremely painful, and by some considered cruel and inhumane. They have all been super- seded by less painful and more modern ones, the most recent of which are Emasculator, Vasectomy, Bisection, Vaso-Ligation and lastly Vas-oeclusion recently advocated by Dr. Napoleon Berdozzi, of Italy. While the above have been mentioned simply from an historic viewpoint, one of them, viz., Emasculator, stands out prominently as the best, most widely practiced and satisfactory method of operating, and on this account the ‘‘ Hmasculator meth- od’? will be adhered to in all instances where it is applicable in this volume. 14 ANIMAL CASTRATION CHAPTER I. CASTRATION OF THE STALLION. Objects and Indications—While the operation is most often practiced as an economic procedure in order to increase the ani- mal’s monetary value and usefulness to mankind, it is nevertheless valuable as a corrector of many acquired vices, such as masturba- tion, viciousness, ete. It is also indicated in impotency, some dis- eases of penis, scrotum, spermatic cord, and testicle. Its effect is both mental and physical. The operation has a decided tendency to render the animal quiet and docile and to alter the conformation in some material respects such as lessening development of the shoulders, chest, neck and withers, While on the other hand the development of the hind quarters is stimulated. Castrated stallions are known as geldings. Age—Stallions may be safely castrated at any age provided they are in good physical condition. Season—Spring and early fall. Preparation—The intestinal tract should be practically empty at time of castration. This is attained by withholding food for 24 to 30 hours before operating. By heeding the above admonition the danger of rupturing internal viscera during the operation and colic afterwards will be obviated. CASTRATING IN THE RECUMBENT POSTURE. Restraint—When it has been decided to cast the animal, we should, first of all, carefully survey the surroundings and select the most satisfactory location. Of course circumstances and exist- ing conditions play an important role In making our selection. When the weather will permit the operation being performed out of doors, there is no place better adapted than an open field or lawn. It is here that we have ample room to manipulate our re- straint technique without interruption. When we have selected ANIMAL CASTRATION 15 the location, the next problem which confronts us is the ‘‘casting bed.””. The ideal operating mat or mattress is a plot of green grass grown upon smooth ground. Always avoid the manure heap or the *‘rotten straw pile’? whenever possible. They are both hot- beds of all forms of bacterial growth and are directly responsible for many cases of fatal septic infections. If we are forced to cast an animal inside of doors, then we must make the best of our misfortune and get busy in devising means and methods to best overcome that handicap. Select the place—he it hallway, stall Fig. 1—Stallion Cast on Left Side With Conkey Self-Lock Buckle Hobbles. Leg P Drawn from Over Field of Operation by Rope R. 8S. or operating room—where the most room is available. Then a proper bed must be prepared. This may be done by the use of tanbark, soft wood shavings, straw, hay, excelsior, sawdust, ete., or a specially constructed mattress or pad may be used. Lead animal to proper position, put on twitch, apply the Con- key self-lock buckle hobbles and cast him on the left side. (See Fig. 1.) When cast, the off hind leg should be released from hobble 16 ANIMAL CASTRATION strap and with a 15-foot rope looped above ankle (P) and passed over withers (Q) and under neck then back above hock (R) the leg is drawn from over field of operation. In this position the largest stallion can be castrated without difficulty. INSTRUMENTS. 1. AKunife—Of course a properly constructed knife is the first essential instrument required in performing this operation. The Williams all-metal stiff-handle auseptic castrating knife (Fig. 2) is entirely satisfactory for castrating stallions in the recumbent posture. Fig. 2—Williams’ All-Metal Stiff Handle Anseptic Castrating Knife. 2. Emasculator—The only other instrument necessary 1s an emasculator for the purpose of crushing the spermatic cord in such manner as to assist nature in controlling hemorrhage. There are many designs of emasculators on the American mat- ket; however, many of them are inferior and unsatisfactory both in design and workmanship. In order for an emasculator to perform the task for which it is intended it must first of all be constructed with straight cutting and crimping edges. (See D, C, Fig. 3—A Perfectly Made and Well De- Fig. 4—An Imperfectly Made and Badly signed Emasculator. Designed Emasculator. Fig. 3.) This simply means that the lower or female jaw must be on a straight line. When thus constructed the cord is grasped and crushed before it is severed. Any emasculator made with curved cutting and crimping edges (see A, B, Fig. 4), which ANIMAL CASTRATION 17 means that the lower or female jaw is on a curved line, is not dependable in controlling hemorrhage, hence is unsafe and un- satisfactory. Fig. 5 illustrates an emasculator of proper design and good construction. Fig. 5—A Safe and Satisfactory “Single Crimp Emasculator.” The ‘‘triple crimp emasculators”’ (Figs. 6, 7 and 8) are some- what safer in controlling hemorrhage than the ‘‘single crimp’’ instrument, as it crushes the cord in three directions. The author has used a ‘‘triple crimp”’ instrument for several years with good results. Many of the ‘‘triple crimp emasculators’’ now on the market are imperfectly constructed and unsatisfactory in that not enough space has been left between the male (upper) crush- ing plate and the female (lower) plate—when the instrument is closed—to receive the cord of a large stallion. Figs. 6, 7 and 8 illustrate two ‘‘triple crimp’’ emasculators both of which are satisfactory. Fig. 8 is equipped with a self-adjusting auxilliary attachment. The block attached to the male blade and longi- tudinally serrated, is self-adjusting, by which means the com- pressing surfaces maintain a parallel position when operated, thereby preventing the cord and arteries from being mashed, cut or torn at point nearest the hinge of the instrument. The spring device operating the auxiliary attachment permits 2 18 ANIMAL CASTRATION automatic expansion, thereby making the instrument adjustable to large cords, which in many cases cannot be cut by other forms of ‘triple crimp’’ emasculators in which the crushing block is not expansible. i" Fig. 6—‘‘Triple Crimp Emasculator.” (Front View.) Fig. 7—‘‘Triple Crimp Emasculator.” (Back View.) ANIMAL CASTRATION 19 UMM HED Fig. 8—Anseptic Triple Crimp Emasculator With Self-Adjusting Auxiliary Attachment. . Anatomy—A comprehensive knowledge of the anatomy of the inguinal and scrotal regions is imperative if a man is ever to be anything like a thrilling success in performing the various neces- sary operations that are to be described later. However, on ac- count of the limited space at my disposal it will be impossible to go into minute details here. For complete and detailed anatomical description the reader is respectfully referred to Sisson, Chau- reau and Strangeway’s text-books on Veterinary Anatomy. Scrotum—lIs a sac or bag made up externally by a layer of skin which has been continued from the sheath, abdomen and flanks. This skin is smooth, soft and hairless compared with the other integument on the body. The scrotum consists of two cavities divided by a longitudinal raphe (‘‘median line’). Below the skin 20 ANIMAL CASTRATION is the dortos which forms the scrotal tunic proper and consists of thin elastic tissue and muscle. The dortos is a continuation of the abdominal fascia. Under the dortos is the spermatic fascia which is a continuation of the external oblique muscle. This muscle is attached to the external abdominal ring. Inside is the cremasteric fascia, an expansion of the cremaster muscle which passes through the inguinal canal over the cord and surrounds Fig. 9—Internal and External Generative Organs of the Stallion: A, Scrotum; B, Skin; C, Tunica Vaginalis; D, Dortos; E, Cremaster Muscle; F, Left Vas Deferens; G, Bulbons Portion of Vas Deferens; H, Vesicula Seminalis; I, Postate Gland: J, Cow- pers Gland; K, Sheath; L, Meatus Urinarius; M, Retractor Muscle of Penis; N, Acceler- ator Muscle Surrounding Urethra; O, Erector Penis Muscle; P, Glans Penis; Q, Corpus Cavernosum; R, Right Internal Abdominal Ring; S, Left Internal Abdominal Ring; T, Symphysis Pubis; U, Peritoneal Fold Through Which the Spermatic Blood Vessels and Nerves Pass; V, Right Vas Deferens; W, Bladder; X, Rectum. ANIMAL CASTRATION 21 the testicle. Deeper we have the funnel-shaped infundibuliform fascia which originates at the internal abdominal ring. This fascia is simply a sheath over the testicle, the cord and their tunics. Inguinal Canal—This canal is situated obliquely between the crural arch and the internal oblique muscle. The arch forms its posterior and the muscle its anterior wall. It is compressed lat- erally and through it pass the spermatic cord and the pudic artery. Its external orifice is termed the external abdominal ring. This ring is oval in shape and its direction is backwards and upwards. The internal abdominal ring is a small aperture in the abdom- inal wall and is situated at the uppermost part of the inguinal canal, which is about 8 to 10 inches above the external abdom- inal ring. The contents of the inguinal canal pass through the internal abdominal ring in making their exit from the abdominal cavity. Sheath—The sheath is a loose conglomeration of skin extending from the scrotum forward, and contains the free portion of the penis. The anterior loose double fold of sheath is known as the prepuce or foreskin, which is corrugated to accommodate the penis during erection and protrusion. Opening into the sheath are ducts from the glandulae odoriferae which secrete an odorous matter pecuhar to the sheath. The sheath is suspended from the abdominal walls by suspensory ligaments. Spermatic Cord—The testicle is suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cord which migrates through the inguinal canal from the abdominal cavity to the scrotum. The following structures enter into its formation: Spermatic venis, spermatic artery, nerves, vas deferens, lymphatics, cremaster muscle and tunica vaginalis. The vas deferens is situated in the posterior part of the cord and is enclosed in a special fold detached from the inner surface of the tunica vaginalis. 2 ANIMAL CASTRATION Fig. 10—External View of Left Testicle and Spermatic Cord: A, Testes; B, Globus Major; C, Globus Minor; D, Body of Epididymus; E F, Spermatic Cord. Testicle—The testicle is a compound tubular gland, ovoid in form, suspended by the spermatic cord and occupying space in the scrotum, inguinal canal or abdominal cavity. When in the scrotum it is contained in a sac known as the tunica vaginalis. They vary much in size in different subjects and are often of unequal size in the same individual. The epididymus (D, Fig. 10) is an elongated body extending along upper border of the testes (A). It consists of a body (D), a head or globus major (B), and a tail or blobus minor (C). Vas Deferens—The vas deferens is a firm hard tube which, after leaving the globus minor, ascends the back of the spermatic cord through the external abdominal ring, inguinal canal, and internal abdominal ring to the abdominal cavity, where it enters the pelvis, passing to the antero-lateral aspect of the bladder, where it is joined by the duct of the vesicula seminales. This union of ducts takes place in the vicinity of the postate gland. NATURE’S METHODS OF CONTROLLING HEMORRHAGE. It is well to always bear in mind the fact that nature is a great factor in controlling arterial hemorrhage. To understand exactly what nature causes to take place when an artery is severed is knowledge which is never harmful to the surgecn, to say the least of it. The following happens as soon as an artery is severed: ANIMAL CASTRATION 23 (1) Contraction of the mouth of the vessel (see B, Fig. 11) ; (2) retraction of the vessel into its sheath (see C, Fig. 11); (3) clot formation (see D, Fig. 11) ; (4) syncope. Fig. 11—Diagramatic Illustration Showing Three of Nature’s Methods of Con- trolling Arterial Hemorrhage; A, Severed Artery; B, Contraction; C, Retraction; D, Clot Formation. The function of the emasculator is to assist nature in prevent- ing primary and secondary hemorrhage. This is done by crush- ing the cord which crimps or closes the spermatic artery to the extent of making the field more favorable for clot formation. Never place an emasculator on a cord in any position except at right angle to the cord. (See Fig. 12.) If the cord is severed at any other angle (see Fig. 13) fatal hemorrhage is liable to occur. Warning—Before beginning to operate always carefully ex- amine the animal for inguinal and scrotal hernia (“‘rupture’’), abnormalities in development and diseases of the scrotum testicle and cord. It is also well to look out for constitutional diseases which would have a tendency to endanger the life of the animal or interfere with convalescence. Never castrate if the animal is 24 ANIMAL CASTRATION Fig. 12—Correct Position of Emasculator on the Spermatic Cord. Fig. 13—Incorrect Position of Emasculator on the Spermatie Cord, affected with strangles, influenza, pleurisy, pneumonia, bronchitis, catarrhal fever, or purpura haemorrhagica. Be careful in cast- ing and tieing, and above all satisfy yourself that the testicles are actually in the scrotum. Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator’s Hands —If good results are to be expected all instruments should be ster- ilized by boiling for 15 to 20 minutes; after boiling immerse them in a porcelain bowl or granite pan into which has been put one tablespoonful of either Lysol or Cresol Compound U. 8. P. to each quart of water. In the absence of the above, earbolic acid in 2 per cent solution is permissible. 4Where there are several animals to be operated upon it is not practicable nor is it neces- sary or desirable to boil the instruments between each operation. However, they should be washed and placed back in the anti- septic solution. 5,The operator’s hands should be thoroughly washed with soap and warm water—using a scrub or nail brush— before beginning a job of castrating and he should wash them in ANIMAL CASTRATION 25 an antiseptic solution between operations. The cleaner you are with your work the fewer cases of sepsis you will have to follow. Operative Technique—After the animal is cast and tied and the instruments and hands of the operator prepared, the field of opera- tion and the surrounding parts should be thoroughly washed with Lysol or Cresol Compound U.S. P. in the strength of one table- spoonful to each quart of water. I will here take advantage of this opportunity to condemn in the strongest and most emphatic terms possible ‘‘sheath washing’’ at time of castrating. What is here meant by ‘‘sheath washing’’ is washing or undertaking in any manner to cleanse the interior of the sheath. Washing the sheath at or immediately before castration will not only contaminate the field of operation and thereby increase the danger of sepsis, but it invariably encourages the early development of aggravated cases of oedema and oftentimes paraphimosis. The sheath should be washed several days before operating or it should be let alone until after the animal has completely recovered. With the animal, Fig. 14—General External View of Scrotum and Sheath. AA, Incisions %4-inch on each side of Median Line, 4 inches long and parallel to the line. 26 ANIMAL CASTRATION instruments and operator’s hands prepared, the scrotal incision is made by grasping both testicles in the left hand and with two bold strokes of the knife cut through skin of scrotum and testicular coverings without hesitation. Expose both testicles to view. The larger the incision the better the results. They should not be less than 31% to 4 inches long and about 34 to 1 inch on each side of the raphe (‘‘median line’’) and parallel to it (see Fig. 14). The testicles are now exposed. Grasp one of them with the left hand, being careful not to touch the cord above where it is to be severed. Place the emasculator on the cord, being careful to see that the crimping side is next to the scrotum. Now lift the testicle upwards at direct right angles to the animal by making from two to three pounds—depending upon size of horse—tension on the cord, at the same time pushing the emasculator well down against the scrotum and at right angles to the cord, after which close the instrument quickly and firmly until the cord and all its cover- ings are severed as close to the scrotum as possible. (See Fig. 15.) | Fig. 15—Severing Spermatic Cord with the Emasculator. A, Left Testicle; B, Right Testicle; C, Emasculator Applied to Spermatic Cord. ANIMAL CASTRATION 27 As soon as the cord is severed quickly release it and hasten to remove the opposite testicle. It is a useless waste of time and energy to allow the cord to remain in the instrument for several minutes as some operators advocate. The quicker the cord is released the less the pain and the quicker the blood will clot about mouth of artery. By the time the jaws of the emasculator have come together the instrument has done all for the cord that it can possibly do. Why procrastinate in removing it? By reference to Fig. 16 you will observe the correct position of the emasculator on cord; also exactly what structures are severed. Fig. 16—Spermatic Cord and its Coverings Severed with the Emasculator. F Left Hand of Operator; G, Right Hand of Operator; H, Emasculator; i I, Body of Epididymus; J, Tunica Vaginalis; K, Incised Portion of Tunica Vaginalis Retracted on Cord; L, Spermatic Cord. The all too common practice of ‘‘cord dissection” is also an unnecessary and uncalled for waste of the operator’s time and 28 ANIMAL CASTRATION energy to say nothing of the additional pain inflicted upon the patient as a result of prolonged surgical interference. After Care and Treatment.—A small per cent of stallions after castration will become unusually and uncomfortably restless and suffer what appears to be excruciating pain. Sometimes this pain is inter-abdominal and sometimes not. In such cases Fluid Ex- tract Cannabis Indica should be administered in ounce doses at two-hour intervals. The animal should be frequently observed for appearance of secondary hemorrhage and other sequelae which may arise. The diet should be limited, and plenty of exer- cise allowed. Best to run at pasture during recovery and con- valescence. Endeavor to keep them away from stable and barn- vard manure. If the lips of the incisions should adhere together to the extent of stopping free drainage from the scrotum, the parts should be thoroughly washed and reopened by forcing one or more clean fingers through the scrotal incisions. In some in- stances it becomes necessary to ‘‘open up”’ every two days for six or seven days. However, so long as the wounds are draining ‘‘opening up’’ is unnecessary. After castration it is not necessary to protect stallions, colts and mules from flies, as this class of animals prevent ‘‘fly con- tamination’’ of the scrotal wounds by the free and well-directed use of their tails. Even in the midst of ‘‘fly time’’ we never have maggots develop in their scrotums. Contrary to the teachings of some, the author’s experience would indicate that warm showers and even rains on animals after cas- tration are not harmful and are to be greatly preferred over allowing the animals to remain in the barn and barnyard in con- stant danger of wound contamination from manure, dirt, ete. Treatment of the various sequelae of castration will be taken up in subsequent pages. Prognosis—Under parallel conditions and surroundings there appears to be very little or no more danger in castrating aged stallions than colts. However, on the other hand, when we face the fact that a large per cent of stallions are affected with cord, scrotal, testicular and other diseases which must be taken into considera- tion in comparing the danger of castrating stallions with that of colts we are constrained to state the danger to old stallions far exceeds that of younger animals. ANIMAL CASTRATION 29 CASTRATION OF THE STALLION IN STANDING POSTURE. Objects and Indications—See page 14. Agc—Any time after testicle has descended into the scrotum, preferably in aged stallions. Season—NSee page 14. Restraint—A well-made and properly applied twitch in the hands of a fearless and physically strong assistant. Instruments—l. Emasculator. (See Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.) 2. Knife. It is necessary to have a knife with a sharp point and devoid of ‘‘belly”’ in order that it may be easily thrust into the testicle. Robinson’s Castrating Knife (Fig. 17) and Wil- liams’ Castrating Knife (modified) (Fig. 18) are probably the most satisfactory ones for performing this operation. Fig. 17—Robinson’s Knife. Fig. 18—Williams’ Castrating Knife (Modified). The extremely sharp point, short cutting surface and roughened handles of the Robinson knife are its meritorious features. The author’s modification of the Williams castrating knife makes it a desirable instrument for castrating in the standing posture. Tt will be observed by comparing this knife with the original Williams’ (Fig. 2) that the ‘“‘belly’’ has been ground out and the point sharpened in order to facilitate thrusting it into the testicle. Anatomy—See pages 19-21. 30 ANIMAL CASTRATION Warning—Before undertaking to operate take the time and precaution to satisfy yourself on the following points: 1. That the animal is not of a disposition or temperament which would make operating in the standing posture counter- indicated. 2. That the testicle is actually in the scrotum. 3. That no hernia is present. 4. That the animal is not affected with those local diseases of the scrotum, testicle or cord which would counter-indicate the operation. 5. That he is not suffering from any specific constitutional disease which would cause the operation of castration by any method to hazard his life. 6. That you have a dependable—preferably an experienced— assistant in charge of the twitch and be sure the twitch is a good one. Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator’s Hands— See page 24. Preparation of Patient—At first thought it would be considered proper to disinfect the field of operation by some form of wash- ing with one of the many excellent antiseptic preparations. How- ever, experience and close observation lead me to state that the advisability and practicability of undertaking the disinfection of the field of operation at this particular juncture—after the twitch is applied—is, to say the most of it, a debatable question. Au- septic or even antiseptic surgery would suggest it, but the author is willing to chance running the gauntlet of criticism by here going on record as opposing disinfection of the operative field. His only reason for so doing is simply on account of the fact that if a man is to do a satisfactory and successful operation with the animal in the standing posture it is imperative that the opera- tion begin as soon as the twitch is apphed and end at the earlest possible moment, otherwise the twitch as an implement of sub- jection is not a success and, of course, the violent struggles and efforts to escape on part of the animal would make the operation a failure. I realize that in making the above statement I ‘‘run counter’? to some eminent authority, but since I have never vet seen a single successful operator on stallions in the standing pos- ANIMAL CASTRATION 31 ture who procrastinated to the extent of disinfecting the field of operation immediately prior to operating I am ready and will- ing to suffer the consequences. Such procedure is not practicable, neither is it necessary or even desirable. If the operator’s hands are clean and his instruments sterile, there is not near the danger of septic infection from the unwashed scrotum as there is from a bunglesome and imperfect operation on account of struggles on the part of the animal occasioned by delay in beginning and finish- ing the operation. Operative Technique—With the twitch applied and the animal forced into the corner of a box stall or fence the operator ap- proaches from the left side—if he be right-handed—at the same time instructs the assistant, who is holding the twitch, to at all hazards keep the animal forced well back into the corner. The operator stands slightly out of the range of a kick with his head and shoulders firmly pressed into the left flank of the animal. (See Fig. 19.) Fig. 19—Side View Showing Position of Patient and Operator Castrating in the Standing Posture. 32, ANIMAL CASTRATION ¢ Fig. 20—Posterior View of Stallion While Undergoing Castration in Standing Posture. A, Scrotum; B, Knife; C, Left Hand; D, Right Hand. With the left hand firmly grasp the scrotum above both testicles, at the same time do not underestimate the strength of the cremas- ter muscles. Expect to hold on to your scrotal grasp regardless of the ma- neuvers or antics of the animal. Since you have already agreed with your assistant to hold the scrotum as long as he holds the twitch you are honor bound to do so, and by so doing you will come out victorious in nineteen out of twenty attempts. With ANIMAL CASTRATION 33 Fig. 21—Side View with Animal in Standing Posture Showing Positions of Right Hand, Knife, Left Hand and Scrotum Prior to Making Incisions. Observe that the knife is thrust into the testicle well forward on the scrotum. The incision is made by a single sweep of the knife backwards. knife in right hand begin well forward on scrotum and with two quick bold sweeps of the knife make backward slashes which will expose, or a better term would be ‘‘drop,’’ both testicles from the scrotum before you turn loose. These slashes should be parallel to the raphe or median line. Now with the emasculator which is handed you by a second assistant, or better still carried in a specially constructed pocket in your overalls, sever the sper- matic cords as high up in the flank as possible, after which release the animal. If you have been dexterous and have not ‘‘loafed on your job’”’ you have consumed the whole of six to ten seconds’ time. However, if you have been engaged as long as fifteen or twenty seconds you need have no remorse of conscience, as often- times it takes—what otherwise would be considered a fairly good veterinary surgeon—as long as twenty minutes to finally succeed, after much effort and a great fight, in removing as many as two testicles from the scrotum of a stallion in the standing posture, and some of them even after graduation and many years’ ex- 34 ANIMAL CASTRATION perience in practice cannot do it at all. Console yourself with the thought that there are others. Care and Treatment—See page 28. Prognosis—See page 28. Sequelae—See under proper heading in subsequent pages. Advantages of Operating in Standing Posture—(1) Conserva- tion of time and energy on the part of the operator, as it is pos- sible for an experienced and dexterous operator to castrate a stallion in the standing position in six to fifteen seconds’ time, provided the animal behaves well. Whereas in the recumbent posture it requires from six to fifteen minutes to cast, tie and castrate. It is much easier on the operator to castrate in the standing posture as less work and exertion are required. (2) Safety and comfort to the patient, since the danger of casting and tying is obviated and the animal is not exerted or ‘‘heated up’’ near to the extent which he would be were he east, tied and castrated in the recumbent posture. (38) By castrating in the standing posture—provided same is done with dexterity—the sur- geon makes a favorable and lasting impression upon his client, an impression which will ‘‘not wear off.’’ (4) Since the operator is not called upon to handle dirty ropes, ete immediately before operating and the operative field itself is not on or in close prox- imity to the manure and dirt—as is the case in recumbent posi- tion—there is no doubt but what less wound contamination takes place in standing method. Disadvantages—(1) Danger to the operator has been heralded to the four winds of this country as argument against castrating stallions in the standing posture. The author’s twenty years or more experience with operating in both the standing and recum- bent postures leads him to believe, in fact know, that the danger to the operator has been highly colored and over-exaggerated with reference to castrating in the standing posture unless the operat- ing surgeon was an amateur or an extremely awkward and care- less person. Of course it could not reasonably be expected that everyone could, even by time and practice, become an adept at such an undertaking. In order to be a success it is necessary for the operator to possess a level head, a steady nerve, plenty of self- confidence, and more than average courage, together with a re- ANIMAL CASTRATION 35 serve of physical strength and activity. He should retain his equilibrium in spite of any untoward accident or emergency which may chance to take place. Good judgment is never amiss at any stage of the operation. The author has never been kicked or in- jured in any way while castrating stallions in the standing pos- ture. He cannot say as much in relating his experience operating in the recumbent posture, for many is the time when he has re- ceived the kick while applying the hobble straps and a few while releasing the animal. (2) Difficulty of securing the testicles has been urged against the standing operation. Such embarrassment is never encountered if the testicle has descended into the scrotum and the mere fact of the testicle not being in the scrotum is a counter-indication to operating in the standing posture. By all means and at all hazards cast this class of animals and castrate them in the recumbent posture. (3) Prolapse of bowel or mesen- tery from the scrotal incision on account of previously existing scrotal or inguinal hernia. A careful manual examination of the scrotal region prior to operating would obviate such embarrass- ment to the operator and danger to the patient. If you decide to operate in the standing posture make it routine practice to examine the scrotum prior to operation. (4) Impossibility of operating upon many wild and vicious animals. We must admit that every animal cannot be castrated in the standing posture, and foolish indeed would the surgeon be who would undertake such a hazardous and impossible task. If you encounter such an animal, have no hesitancy in casting and operating in the recumbent pos- ture. Do not attempt the dangerous, the impracticable or the impossible. Exercise a little good judgment here as well as else- where in the daily affairs of life. 36 ANIMAL CASTRATION CHAPTER II. CASTRATION OF THE COLT. Definition—What is here meant by castration of colts is un- sexing male animals of the equine species less than twenty months of age. Objects and Indications—Same as stallion. (See page 14.) Age—tThe testicle does not usually descend into the scrotum to a noticeable degree until the colt is at least eight or ten months old. From the standpoint of danger the earlier the operation the safer. From the viewpoint of development and symmetry it is not well to operate too early. Viewing the problem from every angle, the preferable age at which to castrate a colt is ten to twelve months. However, it may be done earlier or even later. Season—Spring and early fall. Preparation—Same as stallion. (See page 14.) Restraint—Since colts should usually be castrated in the re- cumbent posture—primarily on account of the uncertainty of de- scent of testicle into scrotum—it becomes necessary to cast and tie them. Of all the casting harness and hobbles used for this class of operation there is no doubt but what the ‘‘Miles’ Colt Hobbles’’ possess many advantages over all others. Hence the Miles method of casting colts is recommended and will be described. “Farmer” Miles’ Method of Casting a Colt—Fig. 22 represents the Miles’ colt hobbles applied (first position). The hobbles of Miles’ consist of four loop hobbles and a main rope. These are of the loop variety. The material used in making the loops may be either rawhide (plaited), leather, or rope. These hobbles are each from fifteen to eighteen inches long and are applied by looping. The main rope is three-fourths inch cotton, and eighteen feet long. ANIMAL CASTRATION 37 Fig. 22—Miles’ Colt Hobbles Applied—First Position. Upon one end is a two-inch metal ‘‘D.’? This main rope is also used as the master hobble. It will be observed that there is one hobble rope on each hind pastern and two hobble ropes on off fore leg—one around pastern and the other below the knee. The main rope is applied around pastern of near fore leg (F). It is now passed across through hobble ring on off fore pastern (K), then backward to off hind (L), thence across to near hind (M), and back to hobble ring (N) below off knee. The object of this arrangement of the ropes (two hobbles on off fore leg) is that when traction is made on free end of main rope (O) the off fore foot is raised or lifted off the ground. This in itself unbalances an animal and puts it to a decided disadvantage, besides by lift- ing the off fore foot the animal will go down on the shoulder of that side and will in all probability receive an easy fall. The animal is cast as illustrated in Fig. 23 (second position), and secured by taking two or more half hitches with the main rope around uppermost hind pastern. This is done by an assistant. The operator stands opposite the assistant and behind the animal eo CO ANIMAL CASTRATION & Fig. 23—Miles’ Colt Hobbles—Second Position. Fig. 24—Miles’ Colt Hobbles—Third Position. ANIMAL CASTRATION 39 and is handed the main rope (W) by the assistant (after it is fixed about the upper hind pastern). The rope is carried over the loins and under the colt, thence to the lower hind pastern. Now by rolling colt on his back (Fig. 24, third position) and mak- ing downward pressure on the off hind foot with the left hand, at the same time drawing the rope tight by upward pull with the right hand, the hocks are flexed and all four feet brought down close to the abdomen. The Miles’ method affords us a lght, portable, strong, con- venient, safe, and in every respect an efficient and satisfactory means of casting and securing the colt. The colt is held balanced in the dorsal position by an assistant on each side, in which posi- tion the field of operation is accessible and extremely convenient, and so long as the colt is balanced on back he is absolutely helpless. Instruments—(1) Emasculator: same as stallion (see Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8,12 and 13). (2) Knife: The knife recommended for colt castration is ‘‘Farmer’’ Miles’ hook knife (Fig. 25). Many hook Fig. 25—“Farmer” Miles’ All-Metal Stiff Handle Hook Castrating Knife. knives of improper design and inferior construction are on the market; on this account it is well for the reader to know the exact essentials of a properly designed hook knife. The main essential is that the cutting surface of the blade be at an angle of 45 degrees to the handle and that the cutting surface be sharp up to the handle. It is necessary that the blade cut, not tear. With a blade thus constructed good work can be done. The blades with a de- cided hook are never satisfactory. Such knives drag or tear through the tissues instead of cut. Avoid them. To the beginner a hook knife is awkward to handle; however, after some practice he usually finds it to be an indispensable instrument. Anatomy—Same as stallion. (See pages 19-21.) Warning—Same as stallion. (See page 23.) Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator’s Hands— Same as stallion. (See page 24.) 40 ANIMAL CASTRATION Operative Technique—With the colt cast and tied and balanced on his back (Dorsal position) by one or more assistants (see Fig. 25), the scrotum, hands of the operator, ete., disinfected, the ani- mal is now ready for operation. Fig. 26—Castrating the Colt. 9, Left Hand; 10, Scrotum; 11, Beginning of Left Scrotal Incision; 12, End of Left Scrotal Incision; 13, Beginning of Right Scrotal In- cision; 14, End of Right Scrotal Incision; 15, Knife; 16, Right Hand. Proceed as follows: With left hand (9) grasp sheath (10) and with forward and upward traction stretch the scrotum to the extent of making it taut. With knife (15) in right hand (16) begin left incision (11-12) well forward on scrotum (10) and ex- tending backward for 314 to 4 inches. The right incision (13-14) ANIMAL CASTRATION 41 is made likewise. These incisions should be parallel to each other, three-fourths inch on each side of the raphe or ‘‘median line”? and parallel to it. The object of drawing the scrotum upwards is to form a cavity between the skin and subcutaneous connective tissue of scrotum above and the scrotal plesus of veins below. This cavity or space protects the scrotal plexus of veins from being knicked by point of the knife while the incisions are being made. Release hold on sheath and grasp each testicle in turn and with a knick of the knife open the tunica vaginalis and allow the testicles to escape. Fig. 27—Castrating the Colt. 17, Left Hand; 18, Testicle; 19, Spermatic Cord, 20, Tunica Vaginalis; 21, Scrotum; 22, Emasculator; 23, Right Hand. 42 ANIMAL CASTRATION The next step is to grasp the left testicle (18, Fig. 27) with the left hand (17) and draw testicle upwards—at direct right angles to the animal—at the same time producing from one to two pounds traction on the cord. With the right hand (23) apply the emasculator (22) to the cord (19) and force instrument well down against the scrotum (21) in such a manner as to sever the spermatic cord and all of its coverings as close to the skin incision as possible. The right testicle is removed in like manner and the animal released. By reference to Fig. 16, page 24, the reader may observe the exact position ot the emasculator on the cord and what structures are severed in operating. After Care and Treatment—Same as stallion. (See page 28.) Prognosis—(See page 28.) ANIMAL CASTRATION 43 CHAPTER ITI. CASTRATION OF THE MULE. Objects and Indications—Since the mule is a hybrid and value- less for service as a breeding animal it falls to his lot to undergo castration without exception. Without castration—before the age of two years—the mule becomes exceedingly disagreeable and troublesome among other classes of live stock and oftentimes vicious and dangerous to the owner. Apparently the only object in castrating the mule is to cause his sexual desire to permanently subside to the extent of making him a useful farm animal. Age—‘Yearlings,’’ never later unless unavoidable. Season—Preferably spring. Preparation—Same as stallion. (See page 14.) Restraint—Same as colt. (See pages 36-39.) Instruments—Same as colt. (See page 39.) Anatomy—Same as stallion. (See pages 19-21.) Warning—Same as stallion. (See page 23.) Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator’s Hands— Same as stallion. (See page 24.) Operative Techuque—The operative technique in mule castra- tion resembles in most material respects that of colt castration as outlined on pages 56-41. The only material difference being the manner in which the coverings of the spermatic cord are severed and the extent of them removed. With the mule cast, tied and balanced on his back, Dor- sal position (Fig. 27) he is ready for operation. The scrotal region and hands of operator are washed with Lysol or Cresol Compound U. 8. P. in the strength of one tablespoonful to the quart of water. With left hand (M) grasp the sheath (N) and with forward and upward traction stretch the scrotum until it 44 ANIMAL CASTRATION Fig. 28—Castrating the Mule. M, Left Hand; N, Scrotum; O P, Scrotal Incision; Q, Knife; R, Right Hand; S, Raphe or “Median Line.” is taut. With knife (Q) in right hand (R) make the two serotal incisions (O, P) beginning well forward (O) and extending back- ward (P) from 314 to 4 inches. These incisions should be three- fourths inch from and parallel to the raphe or ‘‘median line” (8). Release hold on sheath and grasp each testicle in turn and with a knick of the knife open the tunic vaginalis and allow the testicles to escape. After the testicles are released from the tunica vaginalis one of them is grasped with the left hand (T) (Fig. 29) and drawn up- ward at direct right angles to the body of the animal by making from one to two pounds traction on the cord. With the right hand (Y) apply emasculator (Z) to the cord and force instrument down- ward against the scrotum (X) in such manner as to sever the spermatic cord and all of its coverings as close to the skin incision as possible. See to it that you cut off not less than one inch of the tunica vaginalis in order to avoid that all too frequent sequelae ANIMAL CASTRATION 45 Fig. 29—Castrating the Mule. T, Left Hand; U, Testicle; V, Spermatic Cord; W, Tunica Vaginalis; X, Scrotum; Y, Right Hand; Z, Emasculator. Fig. 30—Proper Position of the Emasculator and Relation of Testicle, Spermatic Cord, Tunica Vaginalis and Scrotum in Mule Castration. 46 ANIMAL CASTRATION of mule castration, viz.: hydrocele (‘‘water bag’’), a condition invariably produced by severing the cord below—with mule in standing posture—the tunica vaginalis. Of course the opposite testicle is removed in like manner and the animal released. Figs. 30 and 31 are worthy of careful study on the part of all who con- template castrating mules. They graphically and plainly illus- trate all the important essentials in handling the emasculator in such a manner as to avoid hydrocele (‘‘water bag’’). Fig. 31—Testicle of Mule After Removal. A, Tunica Vaginalis Covering Spermatic Cord; B B, Incised Portion of Tunica Vaginalis Deflected on Cord. It will be observed that at least one inch of this tunic has been removed. C, Epididymus; D, Testes. After Care and Treatment—Same as stallion. (See page 28.) Prognosis—Same as stallion and colts. (See page 28.) ANIMAL CASTRATION 47 CHAPTER IV. COMPLICATIONS ENCOUNTERED IN CASTRATION. Inguinal and Scrotal Hernia (Rupture). Definition—Inguinal hernia is a condition where a loop of the intestine and sometimes mesentery migrates or protrudes through the internal abdominal ring into the inguinal canal. (See Fig. 32.) Fig. 32—Inguinal Hernia (Rupture). A A, Internal Abdominal Wall; B, Internal Abdominal Ring; C, Spermatic Cord; D D, Intestine; E, Loop of Intestine in the Inguinal Canal; F, Spermatic Cord in the Canal; G, Scrotum. Scerotal hernia is a condition where a loop of the intestine and sometimes mesentery migrates or protrudes through the internal 48 ANIMAL CASTRATION abdominal ring, inguinal canal and external abdominal ring into the scrotum. (See Fig. 33.) Fig. 33—Scrotal Hernia (Rupture). A A, Internal Abdominal Wall; B, Internal Abdominal Ring; C, Spermatic Cord; D D, Intestine; E, Loop of Intestine in the Scrotum; F, Spermatic Cord in Inguinal Canal; G, Scrotum; H, Testicle. Most all scrotal hernias were originally inguinal hernias. Diagnosis—The presence or absence of hernia is determined by carefully feeling the scrotum and close scrutiny of its size and shape. It is oftentimes—in fact most times—impossible to diag- nose inguinal hernia except on post-mortem examination. Indications for Operation—The mere fact that the presence of hernia has been determined is sufficient indication for opera- tion unless there be a good reason for postponing surgical inter- ference until a later date. In all instances the operation necessi- tates sacrifice of the testicle and of course since this be true the ANIMAL CASTRATION 49 ideal time to operate is at time of castration. If the surgeon is aware of the presence of hernia and is prepared for the opera- tion, then the reduction of hernia by surgical interference is a comparatively easy task. However, if the reverse is true—no knowledge of its existence and non-preparedness—then he is up against what is referred to as ‘‘the real thing,’’ an attitude most of us have been caught in to our chagrin and sorrow. So long as hernia does not interfere with the health and usefulness of a stallion in service it may not be advisable to operate. The ideal age to operate is eight to twelve months. Oftentimes scrotal hernias in ‘‘sucklings’’ disappear spontaneously before they are a year old. Restraint—The animal should be cast and tied, and placed in the dorsal position. For colts the ordinary ‘‘Farmer’’ Miles’ method of casting (Figs. 22, 23 and 24, pages 36-39) is ideal. For older animals more secure restraint is necessary, such as Knowles’ Casting Harness, described and illustrated on pages 50-97. Instruments—(1) Emasculator, Figs. 5, 6,7, and 8. (2) Miles’ hook knife, Fig. 25. (8) Curved probe point Bistoury. (4) Me- dium size curved needle. (5) Chromicized catgut (fourteen day ) largest size. (6) Needle holder (Richter’s), Fig. 34. (7) Small trocar and canula. (8) Curved scissors (six-inch), Fig. 35. (9) Haemostatic forceps. Fig. 34.—Richter’s Needle Holder. 50 ANIMAL CASTRATION Fig. 35—Curved Scissors (6-inch). Preparation—Empty the intestinal tract by withholding food for twenty-four to thirty hours. If constipated, oil in sufficient amount to purge several days before operating. r Sterilization of Instruments and Cleansing Operator's Hands— See page 24. Operative Technique—Cleanse and disinfect field of operation by washing with Lysol or Cresol Compound U.S. P. in the strength of one tablespoonful to each quart of water. With Miles’ hook knife cautiously make incision into scrotum, being careful not to open the tunica vaginalis. The scrotal incision should begin well forward and extend backward for five to six inches parallel to the raphe or ‘‘median line’? and one to one and a half inches from it. The sac (tunica vaginas) containing the testicle should now be isolated or detached by blunt dissection and tearing up the inguinal canal to within about two inches of the internal abdom- inal ring. Before proceeding further all blood vessels of sufficient size should be hgated. The sae (tunica vaginalis) should now be opened and the testicle taken charge of and held with one hand while the loop of intestine (J) is gradually replaced through the internal inguinal ring (P) (See Fig. 36) into the abdominal cavity. The testicle itself is now removed with the emasculator in the usual way. The stump of spermatic cord (K) is now placed into the abdominal cavity and the tunica vaginalis (L) ligated with chromicized catgut (fourteen day) largest size (M) as close to the internal abdominal ring as possible. The loose portion of the tunica vaginalis is now removed by severing below the hga- ANIMAL CASTRATION a1 Fig. 36—Diagramatic Sketch of Operation for Inguinal and Scrotal Hernia (Rupture). I, Internal Abdominal Wall; J, Loop of Intestine Replaced Into the Abdominal Cavity; K, Stump of Spermatic Cord from Which the Testicle Has Been Removed; L, Tunica Vaginalis in Close Proximity to the Internal Abdominal Ring; M, Ligature; N, Inguinal Canal; P, Internal Abdominal Ring. ture. Sometimes it becomes necessary to enlarge the internal abdominal ring before the hernia can be reduced. This can be readily done with probe point bistoury passed up the inguinal eanal. If loop of bowel happens to be distended by gas it should be punctured with a small trocar and canula. The scrotum may be packed with sterile gauze if considered advisable. However, scrotum packing is not usually necessary. After Care and Treatment—Same as castration. (See page 28.) Castration of the Cryptorchid and Monorchid (‘Ridgling’’). Definition—A eryptorchid is an animal in which both testicles have failed to descend into the scrotum. A monorchid is an animal in which only one testicle has failed to descend into the scrotum. Classification—Since the degree of descent of the testicle varies in different animals it becomes necessary to classify ‘‘ridglings’’ 52 ANIMAL CASTRATION into at least three groups or classes. They were formerly classi- fied by ‘‘Farmer’’ Miles as— No. 1. Testicles not in scrotum but in inguinal canal. Such testicles can be felt on deep pressure. (‘‘ Low flanker.’’) No. 2. Testicles high up in inguinal canal—too high to be felt even upon deep pressure. (‘‘High flanker.’’) No. 3. Testicles inside abdominal cavity. No. 4. Testes inside abdominal cavity with part of the sper- matic cord and sometimes epydidimus protruded through internal abdominal ring into the inguinal canal. No. 5. Pathological (‘‘diseased’’) testicles. While the above classification by Miles is not what may be termed anatomically and surgically scientific, it was nevertheless valu- able in arriving at the exact status of a ‘‘Ridgling’’ case. While acknowledging the value of the work done by my first teacher— ‘*Harmer’’ Miles—and the usefulness of his classification of ridg- ling horses into Nos. 1, 2,3, 4 and 5, nevertheless such classification was crude and in this day of progress and development would not pass muster from a scientific viewpoint. The anatomical classifi- cation possesses many advantages and will be adhered to in hand- ling this subject. Miles’ No. 1 cannot properly be classed as a cryptorchid (‘‘Ridg- ling’’) in any respect. (a) Supra scrotal is a condition where the testicle with sper- matic cord is in the inguinal canal, however too high to be felt even on deep pressure. (‘‘High flanker.’?) This is the class oftenest encountered in young animals and corresponds with Miles’ No. 2. The testicle is usually firm and fairly well developed. (b) Intra-abdominal is a condition where the testicles are lo- cated inside the abdominal cavity. This is a genuine cryptorchid (‘‘Ridgling’’) in fact as well as in name. In such cases the tes- ticles are usually soft and flabby and not of the characteristic shape met with in stallions. This variety corresponds to Miles’ No. 3. (c) Intra-inguinal is a condition in which the testes is inside abdominal cavity with a portion of the spermatic cord and some- times epididvmus high up in the inguinal canal. (See Fig. 50, ANIMAL CASTRATION 53 page 67.) This corresponds to Miles’ No. 4. Such eases are usually very confusing to the operator; especially is this true if the operator belongs to the amateur fraternity. (d) Anomalous eryptorchids is a condition wherein abnormally developed or ‘‘diseased’’ testicles are encountered, viz.: hyper- trophy, cysts—including dermoid and dentigeous—solid tumors (sarcocelous), atrophy and adhesions of testicle to the parietal peritoneum, etc. Some of the above enumerated anomalies and curiosities encountered in cyptorchid castration complicate the operative technique and have a tendency to cause the operator no little anxiety, annoyance and oftentimes embarrassment. Objects and Indications—All ‘‘Ridgling’’ should be castrated for the principal reason that they are sterile as breeding animals and a public and private nuisance among other classes of live stock. Some of them even acquire viciousness, in which event they are dangerous both to the owner and other animals. The mere fact that the testicle is inside the abdominal cavity, small, undeveloped and sterile does not in any way reduce the sexual desire of its possessor. On the other hand it appears that sexual desire is abnormally stimulated. A horse with undescended tes- ticle is as undesirable as a mare affected with nymphomania. They are useless as service or breeding animals. There is no argu- ment why they should not be castrated and every reason why they should. Diagnosis—By all means secure an accurate history of the sub- ject if possible, as this is a necessary adjunct to operating satis- factorily and successfully. Ascertain the following: 1. If any previous unsuccessful attempt has been made to operate. 9. If either testicle has been successfully removed. If so, on which side was it located and how long since removal ? The information obtained is not always trustworthy, so as an additional precaution the operator is not justified in proceeding with the operation until he has personally carefully examined the animal. 1. Search scrotum carefully for cicatrix (‘‘scar’’) of former operation. If the operation was performed by either the ecraseur 54 ANIMAL CASTRATION or emasculator—some time previously—there may be no distinct scar present. 2. Examine inguinal canal for stump of cord. If the previous operation was performed at an early age the stump of cord may be atrophied to such an extent that its presence in the canal cannot be determined. If after questioning the owner or attendant and examining the patient you are still in doubt as to which testicle is unde- scended, the proper method of procedure would be to invade the left, as four-fifths of all monorchids are leftsided. If you should make a mistake and invade the wrong side, proceed at once to turn the patient over and go in on the other side. The diagnostic value of rectal exploration at any time is doubtful. But such rectal examination immediately before operating is bad practice and not justified. Age—Ordinarily the question of age is not one left to the choice of the operator. He is forced to take them at any age he finds them. It is not well to operate upon a ridgling until he is at least two years old. The ideal age is three years, as at this time the animal is larger and better developed, which, of course, means that there is much more room in the inguinal canal and groin in which to work. Besides, at three years old the abdominal wall is thicker and stronger and there is less hability of rupturing the internal and external oblique abdominal muscles with the operat- ing hand. Ridglings at any age above three years are acceptable for operation. Season—Preferably spring and early fall. Preparation—The main object to be attained in preparing the patient is to have an unirritated and empty alimentary (intestinal) tract at time of operation. This is usually accomplished by with- holding food for thirty hours before castration. No physic should be allowed, as an empty bowel irritated by purgative medication is a predisposing cause of dangerous sequelae such as colic, peri- tonitis, volvulus, ete. An empty alimentary tract is desirable on account of affording greater intra-abdominal room and lessening the possibility of bowel protrusion through the inguinal canal. Restraint—There are many kinds and styles of restraint har- ANIMAL CASTRATION Do ness and ropes with which a ridgling horse may be east and tied satisfactorily. The main object to be constantly borne in mind is the fact that first of all the restraint must be safe and secure. The animal must be tied in such a manner that the latitude for movement is minimized as much as possible. Position must also be considered. One of the simplest and most satisfactory casting harness for castration of ‘‘Ridglings”’ is that of Knowles’. The Knowles’ harness have been used for several years by the author with satisfactory results. Fig. 37—Knowles’ Casting Harness Applied. The casting and securing harness illustrated in Fig. 37 were designed by W. F.. Knowles. These harness are made in large and small sizes. The large size fits horses weighing 900 pounds or more,, and small size harness fits those of from 400 to 900 pounds. This apparatus is light, compact, and convenient to earry. When properly used it affords ample restraint for all ordinary purposes. It consists of a flat webbing collar, two main ropes and two hobbles. The collar (B) is in two sections; each section is connected on each side of the horse by heavy double rings, one of which is of special design to afford easy passage of the two main ropes (D, G). The ropes (D, G) are each five-eighths inch in 56 ANIMAL CASTRATION diameter and thirty feet long. One end is securely fastened into the inner ring of the webbing breast collar. Around each pastern (K, H) is placed a webbing hobble. In each end of this webbing hobble is fixed a specially constructed metal, rounded ‘‘D’’ through which the ropes pass. To apply this harness the breast collar is placed over the head and adjusted to the shoulders. One section fits over the withers and the other section is dropped down below point of shoulders (K). The free end of the ropes (D, G) pass downward to and through each ‘*D’’ of webbing hobble, then up- ward to and through ‘‘D’’ of breast collar. If desired to cast horse on off side, the off fore foot is to be raised and secured by some form of knee strap. The free end of main rope on near side should be carried backward over back and held by two assistants. The free end of main rope (1) on off side should be carried for- ward, well in front of the animal, and there held by two assistants. To cast the aninal traction is made on each rope, and at the same time the animal is forced backward a step by assistant in charge of the head. The head is pulled to the right and the animal is cast on off side. Fig. 58—Animal Cast and Secured with Knowles’ Harness. In order to securely tie the animal after he is cast (see Fig. 38) the main ropes (N, N) are fastened around pasterns by two half ANIMAL CASTRATION 57 hitches. They are then passed behind hocks (P, P) in figure 8 fashion a couple of times, after which fix them about pasterns (O, O) by half hitches. The opposite side is secured likewise after the animal is turned over. See to it that the hocks are completely flexed and that the feet are not extended too far forward. After the hind legs are secured apply knee strap (M) to off fore leg. The Miles’ spreaders (Fig. 39) are now applied, after which the animal is secured for operation. Whlie I do not dispute the possibility of castrating a ‘‘Ridg- ling”’ horse on the operating table, nevertheless its practicability is Seriously doubted. Fig. 39—Miles’ Ridgling Spreaders. Position—Lateral recumbent position with side of undescended testicle uppermost. Hocks completely flexed. Hind feet not too far forward and thigh complete abducted. Instruments and Equipment—(1) Miles’ all-metal hook castrat- ing knife (see Fig. 25). (2) Peritoneum perforator (see Fig. 40). Fig. 40—Peritoneum Perforator. 58 ANIMAL CASTRATION The peritoneum perforator referred to here is a piece of nickel- plated steel wire sixteen inches long with handle on one end and right angle hook on the other. This hook is one inch in length and its perforating surface is slightly dulled. The function of this instrument, as its name indicates, is to make the opening through the thin abdominal wall. (3) Eeraseur. The most satisfactory ecraseur yet offered to the veterinary profession in this country is shown in Fig. 41. This instrument is strong, well constructed and its design ideal. The advantages of this instrument over others consists of an ar- Pe ae PRPEISECNDDIEN ococ scene reacrmeomerses SOOM PULL | Fig. 41—Dunn’s Ecraseur. rangement by which, with the thumb and finger of one hand (the other hand left free) the ecraseur can be held, and the slack of the chain taken up at once without drawing out the screw or lengthening the instrument. The thumb-piece, on the end of which the female thread is cut, works automatically, engaging the screw at all times until re- leased by the pressure of the thumb; this insures perfect safety, as the chain cannot ship from imperfect or careless adjustment, which often occurs in other ecraseurs. It is also thoroughly asep- tic, as it can be taken apart without the aid of a screwdriver in a few seconds’ time by a half turn of the collar near the handle. Made with or without the improved head. Get the one with im- proved head. (4) Surgeon’s needle threaded for purpose of suturing up scrotum after packing. (5) Sterile gauze to use in packing scrotum. (6) Carbolized olive oil for lubricating parts. (7) Antiseptic solution in plentiful amount. As a precaution against some untoward accident or emergency it is well to fortify yourself by having in reserve the following: (1) Vulsellum for- ANIMAL CASTRATION 59 ceps (see Fig. 55); (2) haemostatic forceps; (3) extra ecraseur ; (4) needles containing ligatures and sutures; (5) trocar and canula (ordinary horse size). Anatomy—Same as for stallion castration. (See pages 19-21.) Warning—Before beginning to operate, diagnose the case if possible. Examine inguinal and scrotal regions for hernia (zup- ture), abnormalities in development, diseases of the scrotum, ete. Look out for constitutional diseases which would have a tendency to endanger the life of animal or interfere with convalescense. These diseases are strangles, influenza, pneumonia, pleurisy, bron- chitis, catarrhal fever, purpura hemorrhagica, ete. Don’t thrust your whole hand through the abdominal wall, be- cause your index and second finger will do enough damage to the wall and besides they are ample inside the abdomen. Don’t explore the whole abdominal cavity in an effort to locate the testicle. You wouldn’t recognize it if you found it. Better feel for the spermatic cord—something you can recognize if you feel it—which is within two inches of the abdominal incision, pro- vided you puncture the abdominal wall at the right place. Tet the testicle take care of itself until later. Take your time and do the operation well at all hazards. Be careful in casting and tying and above all else don’t get excited. Remember that it is not you that is being operated upon. It is the horse, and he does not even belong to you. If you should happen to make a failure, remember that you are not the only one whom such a misfortune has befallen. Sterilization of Instruments—Same as for castration of the stal- lion. (See page 24.) Cleansing and Disinfecting the Field of Operation—Of all the operations in the domain of veterinary surgery where cleanliness stands out prominently as being pre-eminently important it is in ‘‘Ridgling”’ castration. With tincture of green soap, warm water and serub brush thoroughly wash—by diligent scrubbing—the in- guinal and scrotal regions, also inner aspect of the thighs. After washing, sponge parts with absolute alcohol. Then paint scrotum with tincture iodine and allow it time to dry before making in- cisions. 60 ANIMAL CASTRATION Operative Technique as Applied in Castrating the Intra-Abdom- inal “* Ridgling”’ (Miles’ No. 3). (a) Scrotal Incision—With rubber glove on left hand (R) and Miles’ hook castrating knife (T) in the right hand ($8), the point of sheath (V) is grasped with the left (R) and traction made upward and forward. (See Fig. 42.) Beginning well forward on scrotum the knife is drawn backward, making incision (U) through skin, subcutaneous connective tissue and dartos only. This incision (U) should be five inches long, parallel to and one oe ae Fig. 42—Making Scrotal Incision. R, Left Hand; 8, Right Hand; T, Knife; U, Scrotal Incision; V, Point of Sheath. inch to the side of raphe or ‘‘median line.’’ (See Figs. 42 and 43.) When the incision or incisions are completed remove rubber glove from previously washed left hand and, if necessary, rewash both hands before proceeding further. (b) Opening and Entering the Inguinal Canal—With the four fingers of each hand, placed back to back, separate, by tearing, the tissues down to the external abdominal ring, which is the entrance to inguinal canal. The next step is to lubricate the scrotal wound ANIMAL CASTRATION 61 and operating hand with carbolized olive oil. Then proceed, by fix- ing fingers in shape of cone (see Fig. 44) and using a limited Fig. 483—Scrotal Incisions. amount of force, to open and enter the inguinal canal until the internal abdominal ring is reached. Remember the direction of the canal is upwards and backwards. This ring is our landmark for site of entering the abdominal cavity. You may expect to find the ring at a distance of six to ten inches above the scrotal incision, depending, of course, on size of animal. Fig. 44—Position of Fingers in Opening and Entering the Inguinal Canal. 62 ANIMAL CASTRATION Fig. 45—Entering the Abdominal Cavity by Perforating the Thin Abdominal Wall. A, Right Hand in the Inguinal Canal; B, Peritoneum Perforator in Action; C, Incision; D, Left Hand Manipulating Perforator. (c) Entering Abdominal Cavity from Inguinal Canal—With the internal abdominal ring as one guide, we select a site one inch above and one inch in front of it, where we proceed with peri- toneum perforator to rupture through the thin abdominal wall, which at this point consists of the transversalis fascia and peri- toneum, as we are now above the upper border of the internal oblique muscle. This affords us access to the abdominal cavity. This perforation should not exceed one inch in length. (d) Locating the Spermatic Cord—With the index and second finger enlarge, by stretching, the abdominal perforation sufficiently 5 Sey 5 to admit both fingers (see Fig. 46). The cord (C) is almost in- variably located within two inches of the abdominal perforation (I). To find the cord, pass the second finger downwards against ANIMAL CASTRATION 63 Fig. 46—A Diagramatic Illustration Showing Important Facts Relative to “Ridgling” Castration. This and the next cut illustrate far better than words could describe some of the covered steps of the operation. A, Rectum; B, Cord of Right Descended Testicle; C, Cord of Left Undescended Testicle; D, Right Internal Abdominal Ring; E, Left In- ternal Abdominal Ring; F, Incision through the Abdominal Wall 1 inch above and 1 inch in front of the Internal Abdominal Ring. Observe index and second finger protruding through incision searching for Spermatic Cord. G G, Internal Abdominal Walls; H, Un- descended Testicle floating loose in Abdominal Cavity attached to end of the Spermatic Cord. internal abdominal wall (G) and the index finger directly forward, slightly upward toward center of abdominal cavity. By bringing these two fingers together (Fig. 47) the cord (C) is caught be- 64 ANIMAL CASTRATION tween them. In order to distinguish it (cord) from other ab- dominal viscera it is rubbed between the fingers and the vas def- erens—a hard, wire-like cord—is plainly felt. Nothing else in- side the abdominal cavity has this wire cord like feel, and when it is felt between the fingers the cord is positively identified. “ii oaggo Fig. 47—A, Rectum; B, Cord of Right Descended Testicle; C, Cord of Left Un- descended Testicle; D, Right Internal Abdominal Ring; E, Left Internal Abdominal Ring; F, Abdominal Perforation through which is protruded index and second finger of the operating hand grasping cord (C) of Undescended Testicle; G G, Internal Ab- dominal Walls; H, Undescended (Left) Testicle. ANIMAL CASTRATION 65 (e) Removing Testicle From the Abdominal Cavity—With the cord (C)—and identified as such—between the two fingers mod- erate traction is made and the unattached end of the cord con- taining the testicle will follow through the abdominal perforation (F) into the inguinal canal and out through scrotal incision. Removing Testicle From Cord—Gyrasp testicle with left hand, with right hand apply chain or ecraseur to cord. With two pounds - traction on cord force the ecraseur chain well up in scrotum—at right angles to the cord—take up slack of chain and proceed to sever cord. Fig. 48—Removing the Testicle from Cord. E, Testicle; F, Ecraseur. (f) Final Step—Wash scrotum and surrounding parts with antiseptic solution, being careful to remove all blood clots, ete., after which pack—scrotum only using one yard sterile gauze, 5 66 ANIMAL CASTRATION and suture skin incision securely with uninterrupted suture. Packing the scrotum cannot do any harm and there is a possi- bility, in fact a probability, of this precaution saving the life of a patient. Especially is this true should colicky pains ensue within Fig. 49—Testicle of a ‘‘Ridgling” Horse, twelve hours after operating, in which event the rolling and tumb- ling of the animal would have a tendency to cause bowel protru- sion. As a precautionary measure I cannot too strongly recom- mend packing the scrotum before the animal is allowed to rise to his feet. Ifa monorchid, your job is completed; if a eryptorchid, turn the animal over and proceed to repeat the operation on the other side without delay. Never attempt to remove both testicles from the one abdominal opening, as in doing so it is necessary to enlarge the opening sufficiently to admit the whole hand; such a large abdominal wall perforation is dangerous and such procedure would be considered bad practice. Intra-Inguinal ** Ridgling.”’ This is the variety in which the testicle (testes) is inside the abdominal cavity while a portion of the spermatic cord and some- times the epydidimus is in upper part of the inguinal canal, of course surrounded by the tunica vaginalis. (See Fig. 50.) This corresponds to Miles’ No. 4. This is the class which is calculated to confuse the inexperienced operator. Objects and indications, age, season, preparation, restraint, posi- tion, instruments, anatomy, washing, sterilization of instruments, cleansing operator’s hands and disinfection of operative field are all the same as are emploved in castrating the intra-abdominal ridgling. ANIMAL CASTRATION 67 Fig. 50—Intra-Inguinal Cryptorchid (Bayer). A, Testes Inside Abdominal Cavity; B B, Internal Abdominal Wall; C, Spermatic Cord Inside Inguinal Canal; D, Tunica Vaginalis; E EH, Dotted lines indicate outlines of Spermatic Cord; F, Internal Abdominal Ring; G, Inguinal Canal. Operative Technique—The incisions are made and the scrotum and inguinal invaded in the same manner as that employed in the intra-abdominal variety. Location of the Testicle—The testicle is located by proceeding carefully up the inguinal canal, at the same time making strict search for the tunica vaginalis containing the spermatic cord and sometimes the epididymus. As soon as tunic is encountered ex- amine it carefully in order that no mistake in diagnosis be made. When satisfied that you are in possession of the tunica vaginalis, pass hook knife up the canal sufficiently high to knick the tunic and allow its contents—be they what they may—to escape into the inguinal canal. You are now in possession of the spermatic cord and are justified in applying a limited amount of traction in an effort to bring the testicle from the abdominal cavity through the internal abdominal ring into the inguinal canal. If successful, 68 ANIMAL CASTRATION then all that remains to be done is to sever the spermatic cord with the ecraseur and allow the animal to rise to his feet. Oftentimes the amount of traction which can safely be applied to the cord will not suffice to bring the testicle out of the abdominal cavity. The proper method of procedure in such a case is to perforate the abdominal wall with the peritoneum perforator (Fig. 40) one inch above and one inch forward of the internal abdominal ring. With the index and second finger in the abdominal cavity return the cord, and such other parts of it or the testicle as are in the inguinal canal, to the abdominal cavity, after which the cord can easily be brought through the abdominal perforation into the in- guinal canal and there is no way for the testicle to fail to follow. In other words, we make an intra-abdominal ‘‘ridgling’’ out of the intra-inguinal ‘‘ridgling’’ and castrate him as described in detail on pages 51-62. Supra Scrotal “‘Ridgling’”’—This is the variety where the testi- ele and spermatic cord are in the inguinal canal, however, too high up to be felt even on deep pressure (‘‘High flanker’’). This class is the usual one encountered in young animals, and corre- sponds to Miles’ No. 2. Not being in possession of knowledge which would indicate to us in advance that the testicle is not actually in the abdominal cavity we are forced to proceed accordingly and prepare patient, sterilize instruments, cast and tie, disinfect field of operation, make scrotal incisions, invade scrotum and inguinal canal, the same as we would for a ‘‘ridgling’’ of the intra-abdominal va- riety. However, encountering the tunica vaginalis containing the testicle high up in the inguinal canal—outside of abdominal cay- ity—we are spared the effort and the animal the danger of per- forating the abdominal wall. All that is necessaryy to be done is to pass the hook knife up the canal, knick the tunica vaginalis, allow the testicle to escape, sever the cord with emasculator, and allow the animal to rise to his feet. Secondary Operation—Oftentimes a previous attempt—by an incompetent operator—has been made to remove an undescended testicle. In such eases the scrotum and groin are filled with sear tissue to the extent of complicating the entrance to inguinal canal and abdominal cavity and otherwise making the operation diffi- eult, unpleasant and unsatisfactory. In such cases the conva- ANIMAL CASTRATION 69 lescence is prolonged besides the mortality is greater than it would have been had this unsuccessful previous attempt not been made. In operating upon this class of cases the scrotum is entered in the usual way, after which cut through and break down scar tissue in the canal until the internal abdominal ring is reached. In doing this it often becomes necessary to control profuse hemor- rhage by ligation. When the internal abdominal ring is reached we use it as a landmark and proceed to finish the operation in the usual manner. Such cases are referred to as ‘‘Repeats.”’ (d) Anomalous “ Ridgling’’—This is the variety in which path- ological (‘‘diseased’’) testicles are encountered, and corresponds to Miles’ No. 5. The diseased conditions most often observed are as follows: Hypertrophy, Cysts—including dermoid, simple se- rous, and dentigeous varieties—Solid Tumors (Sarcocelous), ete. In operating upon ‘‘ridglings’’ belonging to this class the same general principles are employed as apply in castrating intra- abdominal ‘‘ridglings’’ with exception of size of the perforation through the abdominal wall and methods of removing the testi- cle therefrom. Instead of making a perforation only sufficiently large to admit two fingers, it is usually necessary to make one that will admit the whole hand. When cystic testicles are encoun- tered it oftentimes becomes necessary to free them of their fluid contents by use of trocar and canula before they can be withdrawn through abdominal incision. In removing large, solid tumors which are too voluminous to be brought down the inguinal canal then the flank method of operating must be resorted to. The operative tech- nique must be modified step by step as the circumstances and con- dition met justify. The operator must solve the problems as they arise. No fixed modus operandi applicable to such pathological conditions can be intelligently outlined. It is ‘‘up to the individ- ual operator,’’ and my best advice is for you to ‘‘go to it”? and do your best. After Care and Treatment—Place animal in a sanitary, well- bedded box stall immediately after operation is completed. Halter head up in such manner as to prevent him from lying down for 24 hours. If suffering severe pain (colicky) 1 ounce fluid extract Cannabis Indica may be given in capsule at 2-hour intervals. Al- low plenty of water, but no feed during first 12 hours. At the ex- 70 ANIMAL CASTRATION piration of 24 hours remove packing, unhalter animal, and if possible turn him to pasture. Turning to pasture is advocated for two reasons, viz.: first, for exercise, which is a very essential part of the after treatment; second, to get the patient away from the dirt and manure around the barnyard and stable, thus avoiding the greatest danger of wound contamination. Moderate daily exercise is essential even should it become neces- sary to force the patient to take it. Violent exercise is harmful, and is not called for at any stage of the game. Usually as soon as the swelling appears and the soreness develops—the very time they need exercise most—there is a tendency on part of the pa- tient to stand still in one place for hours without moving. Should such happen, the animal must be led in a walk at end of halter rein about a mile morning and night until after the eighth or ninth day. If lips of skin wound adhere together in such man- ner as to interfere with free inguinal and scrotal drainage, then the parts and the operator’s fingers should be thoroughly washed and the scrotum opened, after which irrigate the wound. Keep bowels lax by bran mashes and green food. Sequelae—Septic Infection (see page 74). Tetanus (see page 74). Abscess of Scrotum and Inguinal Canal (see page 74). Colic (see page 77). Prolapse of Intestine (see page 76). In- juries from Casting (see page 76). Peritonitis (see page 77). Primary and Secondary Hemorrhage (see page 79). Oedema of Sheath and Ventral Surface of Abdomen (see page 79). Para- phimosis (see page 81). Azoturia (see page 77). Schirrous Cord (see page 82.) Remarks—lf the foregoing illustrations and description of the “‘ridgling’’ operation are not plain and self-explanatory, then the author must confess that he is incapable of imparting knowledge or information of this character. An extra effort was purposely and honestly made to dispense with much superfluous ‘‘stuff’’ often termed ‘‘information’’ widely used by some in describing the modus operandi of ‘‘ridgling”’ castration. The reader is here assured that the author’s only object was to level the technique down to a plain, solid, practical basis in order that this most nec- essary economic operation could be learned and more generally practiced for the benefit of mankind in general and the American horse raising industry in particular. ANIMAL CASTRATION 71 Orchitis—Both acute and chronic orchitis are not infrequently encountered in castration operation. Definition—Inflammation of the testicle. Symptoms—(a) Ante Orchitis—Swelling of testicle accompa- nied by heat, also pain on pressure.