oe uy RUNCNR ay ie A Done pe ne ret esl ahh Tea ren Se es ae eD Sas nih ni LAN sates is vod vk aby he Hp ahh al wien ire! DE “samen 5 4 i M : 4 i a - i SVS PA 2,00'\ AABRA | Las. Cornell Muiversity Library Digitized by Microsoft® wih il - Sa! il il | —— I a ! 852 DATE DUE This book was digitized by Microsoft Corporation in cooperation with Cornell University Libraries, 2007. You may use and print this copy in limited quantity for your personal purposes, but may not distribute or provide access to it (or modified or partial versions of it) for revenue-generating or other commercial purposes. Digitized by Microsoft® LATIN COMPOSITION AN ELEMENTARY GUIDE TO WRITING IN LaTIN PART I.— CONSTRUCTIONS PART II.— EXERCISES IN TRANSLATION BY J. H. ALLEN anv J. B. GREENOUGH BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY GINN, HEATH, & CO. 1885. & Digitized by Microsoft® Affe 8 34 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by J. H. ALLEN AND J. B. GREENOUGH, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Digitized by Microsoft® PREFACE. Tuis book completes the series of preparatory text-books ‘announced by the present editors. It has been prepared with a view to furnish a sufficient amount of study and practice in Latin composition, during the last year of preparation for col- lege, and the first of a college course. It supposes in the learner a fair acquaintance with the language, gained by the reading of the usual authors and the careful study of gram- mar and notes, with some elementary practice in writing, at least as much as that given in the “ Method,” to which this is intended as a sequel. “Latin Composition,” so called, has often been taught solely by the use of detached sentences illustrating the vari- ous constructions of syntax, translated out of Roman authors, to be re-translated into the original form. We are persuaded that, however serviceable this may be to give a certain mechani- cal familiarity with the formal rules of Grammar, it is not a good preparation for “composition,” in the sense that prop- erly belongs to that word. The best way to learn intelligently the usages of the language is to put real English into real Latin. While we seek, therefore, to cover the entire ground of syntactical constructions, the suggestions given in this book are throughout from the English point of view. The question we have attempted to answer is not “How closely may this or that phrase in Cicero be imitated by the learner?” Digitized by Microsoft® iv Preface. but, “ How may good common English be best represented in Latin forms?” We would thus suggest a comparison not merely of the words or the constructions, but (so to speak) of the genius and spirit of the two tongues, which, we are con- vinced, is the true way of appreciating what is most character- istic and best worth knowing in the ancient authors. With this view, the passages to be rendered into Latin are freely selected from the sources which seemed suitable to our purpose.* It will be observed that we have very early intro- duced continuous paragraphs or narratives ; which, we believe, are not only more interesting in themselves, but will be found easier in practice than detached sentences, besides the advan- tage of exhibiting the rarer constructions zz sztu, and not as mere isolated puzzles. The extracts have been very carefully selected, with a view not to anticipate constructions not already given ; or, where this is inevitable, it is hoped they are suf- ficiently helped by notes and vocabulary, while they are accom- panied in every case by full preliminary instruction. The earlier of these extracts are chiefly anecdotes from Roman history, or other matter within a range already familiar to the pupil. In the later ones we have been obliged to in- troduce, here and there, modern material and ideas. These, it is likely, will tax more severely the pupil’s knowledge and capacity ; but it seems evident that the more intricate con- structions of Latin prose can be best understood when we meet them from our own point of view, and find the need of them to express our own forms of thought. It should be understood that the difficulties they include are ¢hose of the language itself; and it is best to meet them fairly at the start, rather than evade or disguise them. There is no such thing * Of these we may specify Smith’s ‘‘ Smaller History of Rome,’’ and Sargent’s ‘“‘ Easy Passages for Translation into Latin.” { It may be worth while to suggest that the teacher may at his pleasure select single passages or phrases for elementary practice. Digitized by Microsoft® Preface. v as making a Ciceronian period or an indirect discourse in Czesar or Livy an easy thing to boys ; and the student is not fairly master of them until he can to some extent follow and reproduce them in his own work. The difficulties may, how- ever, be lightened to any extent, at the discretion of the teacher, even to the extent of going over in detail the whole ground of each exercise in advance. It will be observed that a Vocabulary has been prepared to Part First only; and that this aims only to give, as a simple mechanical convenience, the Latin terms which may be used in the passages where the English ones actually occur in the book, leaving the mind free to attend wholly to the construction. The learner should be impressed from the start with the need of habitually consulting his Latin Lexicon, to obtain the true meaning and use of the terms he employs. Such explanation as could be given in a partial vocabulary would be at best of very doubtful service. Even if on some grounds desirable, the need of it appears to be removed by White’s excellent “English Latin Dictionary for the use of Junior Students,” which within reasonable limits of size and price furnishes a guide such as every learner should possess, who aims at any thing better than the mere performance of the required task of the day; while the more advanced student will not be content without something at least as complete as the larger work of Smith or Arnold. The design of Part Second obviously excludes the use of any partial or special list of words. For this, we trust that the suggestions of the Introduction, and the frequent assistance given in the notes, — with the faithful consultation of the Lexicon, which must always be supposed, — will prove a sufficient guide. ‘CAMBRIDGE, May Io, 1876. Digitized by Microsoft® THE following works, which have been freely used in the prepa- ration of this manual, will be of service to those who desire to give the subject a more thorough study. Those marked 2, 3, 4, have been used to some extent as text-books in this country. 1. Theorie des lateinischen Stiles, von C.J. Grysar. zded. Kd@ln: J. G. Schmitz. 1843. A very complete and elaborate treatise, the source from which ex- cellent material has been largely drawn by others. 2. Hints towards Latin Prose Composition. By ALEX. W. Ports. gded. London: Macmillan & Co. 1872. A brief but admirable essay on the main points of Latin style and expression (without exercises), with a great number of brief illustra- tions, some of which will be found in the introduction to Part II. of the present manual (pp. 126-129). 3. Parallel Extracts, arranged for translation into English and Latin, with Notes on Idioms. By J. E. Nrxon. Part I. Historical and Epistolary. London: Macmillan & Co. 1874. An excellent working manual, the passages on opposite pages sug- gesting points of comparison between Latin and English style, and with numerous figured references to the introductory Notes. 4. A Manual of Latin Prose Composition for the use of Schools and Colleges. By the Rev. HENRY MusGRAVE WILKINS. 3d ed. London: Parker, Son, & Brown. 1861. Numerous exercises, very fully annotated, a portion being “adapted” (in English) to the Latin idiom. With introductory remarks and a table of idiomatic expressions. A Key is published for the use of teachers. 5. Principia Latina. Part VI. Short Tales and Anecdotes from Ancient History for translation into Latin Prose. By WILLIAM SMITH, D.D. 3ded. London: John Murray. 1870. Digitized by Microsoft® LESSON 1. SO SYANEYD: CONTENTS. Part. I. — Constructions. The Order of Words . Rules of Agreement. — 1. Apposition ” ” 2. The Verb %9 3. Adjectives Adjectives : Spechil Uses . Pronouns. — 1. Personal and Reflenive ‘i <5 2. Demonstrative e 3. Relative . 5 4. Interrogative and Indefinite . Cases. —1. As Objects of Verbs . Il. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 5 2. As Modifying Adjectives . Indirect Relations . é . Cause, Means, and Quality . Separation and Comparison . Special Uses of the Genitive . Use of Two Cases . Time and Place . Prepositions . . Narrative Tenses . The Passive Voice . Infinitive Constructions . . Participial Constructions . Gerundive Constructions 7 . Subjunctive Constructions Relations of Time Purpose and Result Conditional Sentences . Substantive Clauses Intermediate Clauses Indirect Discourse . Certain Special Constructions Digitized by Microsoft® AnPWN BO ON AN SW Part SEcoND. INTRODUCTION: 1. Choice of the Word or Phrase I, Il. III. IV. V. VI. Vil. VIII. IX. XxX. XI. XIi. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXII. XXII. XXITI. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVITI. XXIX. XXX, XXXI. XXXII. XXXITI. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. § 2. Structure of the Sentence 3. Idiomatic Phrases e EXERCISES IN TRANSLATION. Death of Epaminondas The Ring of Gyges Cyrus the Younger Xenophon’s Sacrifice . The Sibylline Books . Hannibal and Antiochus . The Talking Crow ; Hannibal in the Alps. — Aeneid . The Embassy of Philip. — Arnold Hannibal near Rome . Young Scipio Handibal’s Exile The Tale of Atalanta. — Assassination of Casar.— Plutarch . Death of Marcus Antonius . Destruction of Carthage . Xenophon at the Sea . Vercingetorix A Story of Wolves ‘ Death of Socrates. — Plato. Hannibal in the Apennines . The Gauls at Rome Murder of Marcellus . Story of Cincinnatus. — Avsoid Princely Generosity. — Feltham Defeat of Varus. — Creasy Siege of Syracuse.— Arnold . Battle of Metaurus.— Arnold . Inundations of the Tiber.— Gzbbon . First Acting at Rome. — ie The Fire of London : The Earthquake at Lisbon . Character of Trajan. — Gibbon Character of Cato. — Afiddleton Of Studies. — Bacon . Antony in Defeat. — Vorth’s Phutatel : Speech of Antony. — Shakespeare Digitized by Microsoft® PAGE 119 126 130 135 135 136 136 137 138 139 139 140 141 142 143 145 145 147 148 149 150 Ist 152 155 156 157 159 160 161 162 163 165 167 169 171 174 175 176 178 180 COMPOSITION. PART FIRST.— CONSTRUCTIONS. Lesson 1. The Order of Words. Reap carefully the whole of Chapter VI. (pages 258-262). Learn §§ 343, with c,d; and 344. NoTE.— Though the order of words in a Latin sentence seems very arbitrary, yet it will be observed that almost every arrangement produces some effect such as must usually be given in English by emphasis or stress of voice. In the Exercises to follow, the pupil should observe the reason of any change he may make from the normal order, and the effect it has in making prominent some par- ticular word or words. He should also acquire, as early as possible, the habit of regarding his composition as a Latin sentence, and not as an English sentence turned into Latin words. And he will be aided in this by habitually reading over the sentence as Latin after he has written it, to be sure that it has a Latin sound. 1. The normal or regular form of words in a Latin sentence is the following: (a) The Subject, followed by its modifiers; (4) the modifiers of the Predicate, the direct object being usually put last; (c) the Verb, preceded by any word or phrase which directly quali- fies its action. This is the order usually to be followed, where no emphasis is thrown on any particular word, as in simple narrative of fact: thus, Hannibal imperator factus | proximo triennio omnes gents Hispaniae | bello subegit.— Nepos, Hann. 3. Digitized by Microsoft® 2 Latin Composition. REMARK. —In actual practice, the normal order of words is rarely found. It is continually altered, either for the sake of emphasis, —to throw stress on the more important words ; or for the sake of euphony,—to make the sentence more agreeable to the ear. 2. Modifiers of Nouns—as adjectives (not predi- cate), appositives, and oblique cases used as attributes —usually follow the noun; modifiers of Verbs — in- cluding adverbs and adverbial phrases — precede the verb. Genitives may come indifferently before or after the noun which they limit, according to emphasis. 3. In the arrangement of Clauses, the relative clause more often comes first in Latin, and usually contains the antecedent noun; while, in English, the demonstrative clause almost always precedes: as, Quos amisimus cives, eos Martis vis perculit.— Cic. Marc. 6. (“Those citizens whom,” &c. See examples in § 200. 4.) 4. In contrasted phrases or clauses, either (1) the same order of words is repeated (anaphora), or (2) the order is reversed (chzasmus) : as, 1. Bellum genere necessarium magnitudine periculo- sum. —id. Manil. 10. 2. Non terrore belli, sed consilii celeritate. — (id. 11.) 5. Almost universally the MAIN worD of the sen- tence is put first (rarely last). This may be (1) simply the emphatic word, containing the idea most prominent in the writer’s mind (emphaszs); or it may be (2) con- trasted with some other word preceding or following (antitheszs). Compare, for example, the following : — 1. M. Brutus Ciceronis amicus Caesarem interfecit. 2. Amicus Ciceronis M. Brutus Caesarem interfecit. 3. Caesayem interfecit M. Brutus Ciceronis amicus. That is, ‘It was Cesar,” &c. Digitized by Microsoft® Apposition. 3 4. Interfecit Caesarem M. Brutus Ciceronis amicus. Here the emphasis is thrown on the fact of killing: compare — 5. Interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum suspi- tiones C. Gracchus.— Cic. Cat. 1. 2 (see the passage). 6. Romae summum otium est. Here Rome is contrasted with Syria, which Cicero had just spoken of. Lesson 2. Rules of Agreement.— 1. Apposition. Review § 184, 185; Learn a, 4, ¢. Observe that in Latin simple apposition is often used where in English we use as, of, when, or even a separate clause: thus, I come to help you, adjutor tibi venio. . To treat Cicero as a friend, Cicerone amico uti. To regard the gods as immortal, deos aeternos habere. The city of Rome, Roma urbs. I remember seeing when a boy, puer memini videre. Publius and Lucius Scipio, P. et L. Scipiones. Cato used to tell in his old age, Cato senex narrabat. Fabius in his second consulship (when he was second time consul), Fabius consul iterum. N.B. In the following Exercises, words in brackets are to be omitted in the Latin. Proper Names of the first or second declension are not given in the Vocabulary, except where the spelling is different in English. SS OG RGSS Exercise 1. rt. The consul Caius! Flaminius defeated the Insu- brians.2 The next consuls, Scipio and Marcellus, con- 1 Przenomens (as Caius) are always to be abbreviated (see § 80. @). The name must here precede the title. ?/zsubres. Digitized by Microsoft® 4 Latin Composition. tinued the war. Marcellus slew Viridomarus, chief of the Insubrians, and Scipio his colleague took Milan, their chief town. 2. Give this message! to Tar- quinius, your king. 3. O father Tiber, take me [into thy charge] and bear me up. 4. We have sworn to- gether, three hundred noble youths, against Porsena. 5- Bocchus was gained over to the Roman cause by Sulla, the quzstor of Marius. 6. The consul Publius Rupilius brought the Servile War to an end by the capture of Tauromenium and Enna, the two strong- holds of the insurgents. 7. Sempronia, the only sister of Tiberius Gracchus, was married to the younger Scipio Africanus. 8. The next year, Lucius Cor- nelius Scipio, brother of the great Africanus, and Caius Lelius, the intimate-friend of the latter,? were consuls. 9g. The Illyrians were a nation of pirates. 10. The she-wolf acted [as a] mother. 11. The Academy introduced a new [branch of ] knowledge [viz.] to know nothing. 12. Demetrius, an unprin- cipled Greek, surrendered to the Romans the impor- tant island [of] Corcyra. 13. Marius and Cicero were born at Arpinum, a free-town of Latium. * Literally, “ Report these [things].” 2 idem. Lesson 3. Rules of Agreement.— 2. The Verb. 1. Review § 204 (the general rule of agreement). Learn §§ 205, with a, 6; 206. a, b. NOTE. — The correspondence of the verb with its subject (called agreement),is nearly the same in most languages, though obscured in English by the loss of the inflectional endings. The peculiarities Digitized by Microsoft® The Verb. Z of Latin use are given in the sub-sections cited above. The most important of these is the regular omission of the personal pronoun of the first or second person as subject (the pronoun being contained in the verb-ending’), also of the third person whenever it is plain from the context. Hence the rule — 2. The personal pronoun is never to be expressed in Latin, except when required for emphasis or pre- cision. 3. A single idea is very often expressed in Latin by two nouns connected by a conjunction (hendiadys). In this case the singular verb is the usual form: as, There is a continued series of events, est continuatio et series rerum. 4. The following examples show the most frequent Latin usages : — 1. Fannius and Mucius came to their father-in-law, Fannius et Mucius ad socerum venerunt. 2. Neither 4lius nor Coruncanius thought so, nec Aelius nec Coruncanius ita putabat. 3. Balbus and I held up our hands, ego et Balbus sustuli- mus manus. 4. If you and Tullia are well, Cicero and I are well, si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus. 5. Water and earth remained, aqua restabat et terra (more rarely: aqua et terra restabat). 6. I say, aio; they say (people say), aiunt. 7. I strongly approve of Epicurus, for he says, &c, Epicu- rum valde probo, dicit enim, ete. 8. Rational instruction prescribes, ratio et doctrina prae- scribit. N.B. The periphrastic forms of the verb come properly under the treatment of Adjectives, and are included in the next Lesson. ' So sometimes in old English or in poetry: as, Did’st ever see the like ? (Taming of the Shrew, iv. 1). So the phrases, thank you, pray come, &c. Digitized by Microsoft® 6 Latin Composition. Exercise 2. x. Catulus in the Senate, and Cato in the forum, hailed Cicero [as] the father of his country. 2. Cicero calls Athens the inventress of arts. 3. The army of Hannibal lived luxuriously at Capua, a beautiful city of Campania.!. 4. We avoid death as-if a dis- solution of nature. 5. Many ancient peoples wor- shipped the dog and cat [as] gods. 6. The swallow, harbinger of Spring, had now appeared. 7. Marcus Manlius, the preserver of the capitol, came forward [as] the patron of the poor. 8. The censors, Crassus and Meenius, created two new tribes, the Ufentine and Falerian. g. Quintus and I? shall set sail to-morrow ; you and Tiro will wait [for] us in the harbor. 10. Honor and shame from no condition rise. 11. To you, [my] son Marcus, belongs the inheritance of my glory and the imitation of my deeds. 12. Never is danger overcome without danger, as they say. 13. The exigency ? of the occasion® demands severity. 14. The mad-scheme of Saturninus and the discredit of Marius gave-new-strength ‘ to the Senate. ' See § 184. &. 2 In Latin, *‘ I and Quintus.” ® Two words with er. 4 Conjirmo. Lesson 4. Rules of Agreement.—3. Adjectives. 1. Learn § 186 (the general rule of agreement) ; also sub-section d, and § 187, with a, 6. Note. — As adjectives are not inflected at all in English, the beginner is required to pay constant attention to the rule. The only special difficulties likely to arise are when the same adjective belongs to two nouns, especially when these are of different genders. As to these, the principles stated 187, with @ and 4, will in general be a sufficient guide. Digitized by Microsoft® Adjectives. " 2. The participial forms in the compound tenses, as well as other participles, are treated in construction as adjectives: as, 1. Cesar and Bibulus were elected consuls, Caesar et Bibu~ tus consules creati sunt. 2. Tullia is dead (or died), Tullia mortua est. 3. Both consuls were slain, uterque consul occisus est. 4. Virginius and his daughter were left alone before the judg- ment-seat, Virginius et filia ejus soli ante tribunal relicti sunt. 5. The wife and little son of Regulus embraced him as he departed, Regulum discedentem uxor et parvus filius amplexi sunt. Exercise 3. 1. Brutus, the deliverer of his country, and Colla- tinus the husband of Lucretia, were chosen first con- suls at Rome. 2. Disunion and distrust were created among the allies by the Julian law. 3. Herculaneum and Pompeii! have been preserved to our times. 4. The entire Senate and Roman people went out to meet? Cicero on his return from exile. 5. All sensible [people] had become alarmed at the mad-conduct of Saturninus. 6. Valerius commanding the foot, and Brutus being appointed to head the cavalry, went out to meet Tarquinon®the Roman borders. 7. My uncle and myself, having returned to Misenum, passed an anxious and doubtful night. 8. Manlius during-his- absence * had been elected consul a second time. g. Pompey, having marched into Syria, deposed An- tiochus, and made the country a [Roman] province. 10. The conspiracy against Caesar’s life was set-on- foot by Caius Cassius Longinus, an enemy [of] his. 1 Supply #rdes in apposition. 3 Lesson 17, 2. Rem. * Obviam with dative, following egredz. * absens. Digitized by Microsoft® 8 Latin Composttion. 11. Mantua, alas! too near unhappy Cremona.’ 12. You have before your eyes Catiline, the most audacious of men. 13. Aurora opens the purple doors and the courts full of roses. 14. A boar is often held by a small? dog. 15. The wall was common to? both houses, and was cleft by* a narrow chink. 16. Lepidus [was] defeated near the Mulvian bridge by Catulus[and]sailed with the remainder of his forces to Sardinia. ' Dative. 2 non magnus. 3 Genitive. 4 Ablative. Lesson 5. Adjectives: Special Uses. 1. Review §§ 186, 187; learn §§ 188, 189. a, & (adjectives used as nouns), with 190, 191, 193, 203. Under these heads occur many common phrases, in which the Latin usage must be carefully distinguished from the English: as, 1. I saw Scipio in his lifetime, Scipionem vivum vidi. He came against his will, invitus venit. . Every thing was safe, omnia tuta erant. All of us are here, omnes adsumus. He was the first to see (he saw first), primus vidit. . On the top of a tree, in summa arbore. The inner part of the house, interior domus. . The rest of the crowd remained, reliqua multitudo manebat. Note. — The use of adjectives as nouns is most common in the masculine plural, just as in English ¢he wise, the brave, &c. In the singular this use is rare, except with a few words which have become practically nouns, such as familiaris, an intimate friend, sapiens, @ wise man, avarus, a misery, and with neuters as in 4. a. In other cases the noun is generally expressed; and almost always when a feminine or neuter would be used. Hence — SOY AWE YP Digitized by Microsoft® Adjectives: Special Uses. 9 2. When any ambiguity would arise from the use of the adjective alone, a noun must be added: as, 1. Boni, the good; omnia, every thing. 2. All [men] must die, omnibus moriendum est. But — 3. A good man, vir bonus. 4. Power over every thing, potentia omnium rerum. 3. When any other case is used than the nominative or accusative, the noun is more commonly expressed, even when not required for distinctness. 4. An abstract notion is very often expressed in Latin by an adjective in the neuter plural: thus, 1. All men praise bravery, omnes fortia laudant. z. The past at least is secure, praeterita saltem tuta sunt. 3. Choose the better part, elige meliora. 4. Fleeting good, bona caduca. 5. Pleasing ill, mala blanda. 5. Adjectives are often used in Latin where in English we use the possessive, or a noun and preposi- tion: as, 1. The fight at Cannae, pugna Cannensis. 2. Caius Blossius of Cumae, C. Blossius Cumanus. 3. Another man’s house, aliena domus. Nore. — These adjectives most commonly represent the geni- tive, and will be treated in Lesson 15, 4. Exercise 4. 1. Duillius was-the-first 1 of the Romans to 1 conquer in a naval battle; Curius Dentatus first led elephants in a triumph. 2. Right and wrong are by nature opposed to-each-other.” 3. After [his] exile Scipio passed the-rest-of his life at Liternum, a small town of Latium. 4. Demosthenes, the Athenian orator, being banished from his country on® a false charge 1 Simple adjective. 2 Inter se. 8 Ob. Digitized by Microsoft® 10 Latin Composttion. of having received money! from Harpalus, was-in- exile at Megara.?, He [was] afterwards recalled [and] returned [to] Athens in a ship sent for that [purpose]. 5. Octavia and Livia, the one the sister of Augustus, the other [his] wife, had lost [their] sons, the® [famous] young Marcellus and Drusus Germanicus. 6. The aged senators who-had-been-consuls* or censors‘ sat in the Forum on [their] curule chairs, awaiting death. The Gauls found the city deserted; but marching on they came to the Forum, where they beheld the old men sitting immovable like beings ® of ® another § world.® For some time they stood? in-awe-at the strange sight, till one of the Gauls ventured to go up to Marcus Papi- rius and stroke his white beard. The old man smote him on the head with ® [his] ivory staff; then the bar- barian slew him, and all the rest were massacred. ' Lit. “of money received.” 2 Megarae or is. 3 dle. * Adjectives. 5 forma ac natura. & de caelo delapsus. 7 Obstipesco. 8 admirans followed by acc. ® Ablative. Lesson 6. Pronouns.—1. Personal and Reflexive. 1. Review §§ 98 (the Personal and Reflexive Pro- nouns); and 99. a, 6, c (Possessive adjectives), d, e. Observe that the pronouns have almost precisely the same syntax as nouns. 2. The Latin never uses the plural of the second person (vos) for the singular you; but often the plural of the first person (nos) for the singular JZ. 3. Of the double forms in the genitive plural, the form in um is partitive, while thatin i is objective : thus, 1. The elder of us, major nostrum. 2. Mindful of us, memor nostri. Digitized by Microsoft® Pronouns. II 4. The Reflexive pronoun (se), with its correspond- ing Possessive (suus), is used in some part of the predicate, always referring to the subject of the sen- tence or clause (read the whole of 196). Norte. — In such cases we generally (not always) use sé/f, selves, and own. These accordingly are not necessary in Latin, — except when they are emphatic, — being expressed by the reflexive or the personal pronoun (me, te, &c.) :— 1. Virtue knows itself, Virtus se novit. 2. Brutus slew his friend, Brutus amicum (suum) occidit (his own friend, suum amicum). 3. Philosophy has much pleasure in it, Philosophia mul- tum habet in se delectationis. 5. The Possessives (like other adjectives) take the gender, number, and case of the noun they are used with, not of the one they refer to. They are regularly omitted when they are plainly implied (see § 197). Exercise 5. 1. Bulls defend themselves by [their] horns, boars by their tusks,! [and] lions by their teeth and claws. 2. Horatius slew his sister with his own hand. 3. “Young man,” said Sulla, “you have strengthened your rival against yourself.” 4. “Varus, Varus,” cried Augustus, “ give me * back my legions.” 5. Cras- sus, indeed, has defeated the enemy; but I have ex- terminated them root-and-branch. 6. “ Who art thou,” said Brutus, “and for what purpose art-thou-come ?”® *T am thy evil genius,‘ Brutus,” replied the spectre ; “ thou shalt see me to-morrow at Philippi.” 7. Ci- cero was accustomed to write down his orations. 8. Few men know their own faults and vices. 9. How long a letter I have written to you with my own hand! 1 tctus dentium. 2 Dative. 3 Perfect active. ‘ Furda. Digitized by Microsoft® 12 Latin Composition. 10. Ancus Martius instituted the college of Heralds ; he also founded a colony at Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber, and built a fortress on the Janiculum. 11. Very agreeable to me is your remembrance of me (plur.). Lesson 7. Pronouns. — 2. Demonstrative. 1. Review § 100, and learn carefully the sub-sec- tions 102. @ to e (use of the Demonstratives). NoTE.— These Demonstratives are used much like the corre- sponding words in English, ¢hzs, hat, &c. Observe, however, that though they run into one another in meaning, yet regularly hic, ille, iste, are true demonstratives, and actually point to something : while is (the pronoun of reference) only refers without pointing out. Thus a, a man, the man, one (who), &c., are often rendered by is with qui following. 2. The Possessives hzs, hers, tts, theirs, are ex- pressed by the genitive of a demonstrative, and have no difference of gender in the singular. 3. When the word Zaz is used instead of repeating a word before expressed, it is regularly omitted in Latin. But when @ drsténct object is referred to, it may be expressed by ille, hic, or even is; or the noun itself may be repeated. Thus, — 1. I prefer the art of memory to that of forgetfulness, memo- riae artem quam oblivionis malo. 2. Virtue seeks no other reward except this [of which I have just spoken] of glory, nullam virtus aliam mercedem desiderat praeter hance taudis. —Cic. Arch. 11. NoTE.— In such cases, the Latin often prefers some possessive adjective or other construction (see hereafter, Lesson 15): as, The army of Cesar defeated that of Pompey at Pharsalus, Caesaris exercitus Pompeianos ad Pharsatum vicit. Digitized by Microsoft® Pronouns. 13 4. Contrary to the English usage, hie is generally used to refer to a preceding statement or example; ille to a following one: as, That [which I have just mentioned] is a great argument, but this is a greater: [namely] that, etc, hoc magnum est argumen- tum, sed illud majus, quod, ete. 5. Hic often corresponds with our here, the present ; ille to our there; and iste, yonder (by you): as, 1, Caius Czesar here, hic C. Caesar. z. Those benches yonder (by you), iséa subsellia. 3 The present (now living) Mucius Scevola, hic Mucius Scaevola. 6. The demonstrative pronoun regularly agrees in gender and number with a predicate appositive if there is one (§ 195. d): as, This is the toil, this the task, hic labor hoc opus est. 7. The intensive ipse is usually put in the case of the subject, even where the real emphasis appears to be on the object (see § 195. f to Z): as, 1. You praise yourself over much, ipse te nimium laudas. 2. This thing is sufficient in itself, haec res per se ipsa satis est. N.B.— The distinction between the intensive ipse and the reflex- ive se — both rendered in English by “ se/f” — requires to be care- fully observed (see § 102. @, N.). Ipse often expresses even, very, or just: as, 1. This very thing, hoc ipsum. 2. It is just three years, tres anni ipsi sunt. Exercise 6. 1. AMneas carried with him into Italy his son Asca- nius and the sacred Penates of-Troy.! He was kindly received by Latinus, king of the country, and married 1 Adjective. Digitized by Microsoft® 14 Latin Composition. his daughter Lavinia. 2. All philosophers, and among them Epictetus, were banished from Rome by Domi- tian. 3. The ancients regard this [as] true riches, this [as] a good reputation and great renown. 4. While? all arrogance is hateful, at-the-same-time! that of genius and eloquence is by-far the most offensive. 5. Diseases of the mind are more dangerous than those of the body. 6. The self-same Cato, the Cen- sor, thus discourses in that very book of Cicero on Old Age. 7. When I listen-to Cicero, I desire to write down his orations, so greatly they delight me. 8. Romulus killed with his own hand Acron, king of Ceenina, and dedicated his arms to Jupiter. 9. Upon? the death of Numa an interregnum again followed ; but soon after Tullus Hostilius was elected king. His reign was as warlike as that of Numa had been peace- ful. 10. Servius, the sixth king of Rome, gave his two daughters in marriage to the two sons of Tarquinius Priscus, Lucius and Aruns. The former was proud and haughty ; the latter, unambitious and quiet. 11. This was the third and last attempt [on the part] of the Tarquinii; for by this victory®the Latins were com- pletely humbled, and Tarquinius Superbus could apply to no other state for assistance. He had already sur- vived all his family, and he now fled to-Cuma,‘ where he died a wretched and childless old man. 1 cum...tum. * Ablative. ° Dative. ‘¢ Accusative. 5 Use clades (see p. 121, cc). Lesson 8. Pronouns. — 3. Relative. 1. Review § 198 (the rule of agreement), reading the introductory Note; together with §§ 199, 201. e. Digitized by Microsoft® frelatives. 15 Norte. — A relative word used as in English, merely to introduce a descriptive fact, is as simple in construction as a demonstrative, and requires no special rule. Several classes of relative clauses in which the mood of the verb is affected (§§ 317-320) will be treated hereafter. N.B. — Relative words include relative Pronouns, Adjectives, and Adverbs ; with the indefinites quisquis and quicumque, whoever. 2. The relative is never to be omitted in Latin, though it often is in English. Thus, — 1, The book you gave me, liber quem mihi dedisti. 2, Iam the man I always was, is swm qui semper fui. 3. He is in the place I told you of, eo in loco est de quo tibi locutus sum. 3. The relative is often used in Latin where other constructions are used in English; particularly where we should use a participle, appositive, or noun of agency: as, The book entitled Brutus, liber qui dicitur Brutus. The existing laws, leges quae nunc sunt. The men of our day, homines qui nunc sunt. Czesar the conqueror of Gaul, Caesar qui Galliam vicit. True glory the fruit of virtue, justia gloria qui est fructus virtutis. weep x 4. In formal or emphatic discourse, it is often better to place the relative clause first; and in such cases it usually contains the antecedent noun: as, Those evils which we suffer with many seem to us lighter, quae mala cum multis patimur ea nobis leviora videntur. 5. When the antecedent noun is in apposition with the main clause or some word in it, it is to be put in the relative clause: as, Steadfast friends, a class of which there is great lack, firmi amici, cujus generis est magna penuria. Digitized by Microsoft® 16 Latin C omposition. 6. A relative is constantly used in Latin when English uses a demonstrative with and or but: as, 1. And since these things are so, guae cum ita sint. z. But if they hesitate or are unwilling, qui sé dubitabunt ayt gravabuntur. 7. When the word as is used in English as a rela- - tive, it must be rendered in Latin by the relative pro- noun, adjective, or adverb which corresponds to its demonstrative antecedent: as, 1, The same thing as, eadem res quae. z. Such (men) as, et qui. 3. Such a leader as we know Hannibal to have been, talis dux qualem Hannibalem novimus. 4. There were as many opinions as men, guot homines tot erant sententiae. Exercise 7%. 1. Tiberius Gracchus was by birth! and marriage? connected with the noblest families in the Republic: grandson of the conqueror of Hannibal, son-in-law of the chief of the Senate, and brother-in-law of the destroyer® of Carthage. 2. Quintus Silo, a Marsian, and Caius Papius Mutilus, a Samnite, who cherished an hereditary hatred against the Romans, were chosen consuls. 3. Sulla with his army was then besieging Nola, a town which was still held by the Samnites. 4. Rome was now exposed to great danger; for those who had been her most faithful friends now rose against her. 5. A day shall come when‘ sacred Troy shall perish. 6. The terms which the general proposed seemed intolerable to the Carthaginians. 7. Tiberius and Caius Gracchus were the sons of Tiberius Sem- pronius Gracchus, whose measures gave tranquillity 1 Prépinguitas (plur.). 2 Adfinitas (plur.). 3 Lit. ‘of him who destroyed.” ‘ Repeat the noun. Digitized by Microsoft® Lnterrogatives. 17 to Spain for!.so many years. They lost their father at® an early* age. But they were educated with the utmost care by their mother Cornelia, the daughter of Scipio Africanus the elder, who had inherited from [her] father a love* of literature, and united®in her- person © the severe virtue of the Roman matron with a superior knowledge‘ and refinement, which® then prevailed ® in © the higher-classes" at-Rome.'2 She engaged for [her] sons the most eminent Greek teachers; and from the pains she took ® with™ their education they surpassed all the Roman youths of their age. 1 per. ? Ablative. 5 primus. 4 studium. 5 habeo conjunctam. ® se. 1 doctrina. * Neuter plural. ® floreo. ° apud. " nobiles. '2 Adjective. 3“ Take pains,” operam dare. 4 Dative. Lesson 9. Pronouns: Interrogative and Indefinite. REviEw §§ 104, 106, with @ (forms of Interroga- tive Pronoun). These forms, including guzsnam (em- phatic), and wer (see § 83, and a), are used much as in English. Thus, — 1. Who is the man? Quis est homo? 2. What a man he was! Qui homo erat! 3. What do you find fault with? Quid reprehendis ? 4. What plan of his do you find fault with? Quod consil- ium ejus reprehendis ? . Which eye aches? Uter oculus dolet ? Which finger hurts? Qui digitus dolet? . Who is it? (emph.) . Who in the worla } 2¥ (pray who) is it? | Digitized by Microsoft® isnam est? Quis tandem est? (The latter a little stronger.) As Aw 18 Latin Composition. 2. Review § 105. c, d, e, 2 (forms and use of the Indefinites) ; study the whole of § 202. a. The pronouns which correspond to the English a or SOME, ONE, or ANY (indefinite, not emphatic) are quis, quispiam, ali- quis, quidam. Of these quis is the least definite, and quidam the most. When somz is used of objects defined in thought though not named, it is regularly quidam. The expressions nonnullus, nonnemo, nonnihil are somewhat less definite than quidam. Quis is the regular word after si, nisi, ne, num, to signify ¢f any, &c. With these particles aliquis is more definite, like our ¢f some one, &c. A FEW or SEVERAL may be expressed by aliquot, nonnulli, plures; pauci (restrictive) means oly a few. ‘The English any ONE WHO is often best rendered by si quis (See Note, Gr. p. 227). 1. Some one may say, aliquis dicat (dixerit quispiam). 2, Some philosophers think so, aliqwié (or, if definite persons are thought of, quidam) philosophi ita putant. 3. Some poor women live here, habitant hic quaedam mulieres pauperculae. [That is, some women he knows; some women or other would be aliquae or nescio quae.) . Up runs a man, accurrit quidam. . I will call in a few friends, aliquot amicos adhibebo. 6. In the very senate-house there is more than one enemy, in ipsa curia nonnemo hostis est. 7 Banished not on some other charge but this very one, ex- pulsus non alio aliquo sed eo ipso crimine. 8 He neither denies nor asserts a thing, neque negat ali- quid neque ait (any thing whatever would be guidquam). un 6. The pronouns which correspond most nearly with the English ANY (emphatic) are quisquam (substantive), ullus (adjective), quivis, and quilibet. The first two are used chiefly with negatives (but see § 202. 4,¢); the other two are universal (any you like). When only two are spoken of, EITHER is uter (corresponding to quisquam), utervis, uterlibet (corresponding to quivis and qui- libet). For the negatives non quisquam, non ullus, non quid- quam, non uter, use nemo, nullus, nihil, neuter. I. ‘What can happen to any (one) man can happen to any man (whatever), cwivis potest accidere quod cui- quam potest. * Digitized by Microsoft® Lndefinites. 19 2. I never did any thing worse, numquam quidquam feci pejus (better, nihil umquam). 3. Why did’I send to anybody before you? cur cuiqguam mist prius ? 4. I have less strength than either one of you, minus habeo virium quam vestrum utervis. 5. No one thinking of any thing but flight, nemo ullius rei nisi fugae memor. ce. The Distributives EACH, EVERY, are expressed by quisque (uterque, if there are only two). Unusquisque is more emphatic (every single one). Omonis is sometimes used in the singular in nearly the same sense as quisque, but more indefinitely, and is almost equivalent to a plural. 1, Every good book is better the larger it is, bonus liber melior est quisque, quo major. «. Both armies go away every man to his home, ambo ea- ercitus suas quisque abeunt domos. 3. Hach army was in sight of the other, uterque utrique erat exercitus in conspectu. 4. Every system of instruction (= all systems of instruction), omnis ratio et doctrina. Exercise 8. 1. Which do you consider the greatest general, Cesar, Scipio, or Hannibal ? Which the better orator, Cicero or Demosthenes ? 2. “ We here bring you war and peace,” said the Roman ambassadors in the Sen- ate of the Carthaginians; “which pleases you best ?” 3. Pompey obtained the highest dignity in the State — that of the consulship — without any recommendation of ancestors. 4. The vices of Alcibiades were re- deemed by some brilliant qualities. 5. Most men’s vices are redeemed by some better qualities. 6. No! great man was ever without some divine inspiration. 47. Horace did not read his poetry to any one except friends; and then? under compulsion, not everywhere, 1 nemo. ? Lit. “‘ and that.” Digitized by Microsoft® 20 Latin Composition. nor before! everybody [indiscriminately]. 8. Some skill? as an orator’ is necessary to a commander. g. Several of the allies of Sparta were dissatisfied with the peace she had concluded; and soon after some of them determined to* restore the ancient power of Argos. 10. Some slight battles occurred, in which the side® of-the-Syracusans® had the advantage.’ 11. Since Agamemnon, no Grecian king had led an army into Asia. 12. It is contrary-to nature to take § any thing from any other® [person]. Does any one deny this? 13. Whoever had killed a tyrant was praised by the Greeks and Romans. Thus Harmo- dius, who expelled the sons of Pisistratus, was honored at Athens; Timoleon, who consented-to the death of his brother Timophanes, at Corinth; and Brutus, the slayer of Julius Cesar, at Rome. 1 Coram with abl. * Lit. “Something of skill.” * Adjective. “Infinitive. ° ves. §& Adjective. 7 Lit. “was superior.” 8 detraho. . ® Dative. 0 probo. Lesson 10. Cases.—1. As Objects of Verbs. 1. REvIEw §§ 237, with 4, c (Accusative as Direct Object) ; 225, 227, with a, 4, 228 (Dative as Indirect Object) ; 219, 220, 221 (Genitive as the object of verbs of Memory and Feeling) ; and 249 (Ablative of means, with wéor, etc.). 2. All of the above cases are used in Latin with different classes of verbs to represent the English Objective case. Thus :— 1. I see the man, hominem video (Accusative). 2. I help the man, homini subvenio (Dative). 3. I pity the man, hominis misereor (GENITIVE). 4. I treat the man as a friend, homine amico utor (ABLATIVE). Digitized by Microsoft® Object-Cases. 21 Remark. — In all the above examples the verb is transi- tive in English, but not really so in Latin. In deciding on the case to be used as the object of any given verb, the following points are to be observed : — a. The Accusative, as the case of Direct Object, is far more general in its use than either of the others ; and may be assumed to represent the English Objective, except as limited by the special rules which follow. 6. The Dative is to be used, along with the Accusative, wher- ever in English two object-cases follow, with one of which we may use the preposition To or For (except after verbs of Asking and Teaching, which take two accusatives) : as, 1. He gave me the book (=he gave the book to me), mihi librum dedit. 2. I promise you a fig, tibi ficum promitto. But— 3. He asked me for money, pecuniam me rogavit. 4. Plato taught his scholars geometry, Plato discipulos suos geometriam docuit. The Dative is also to be used after the verbs (apparently tran- sitive) given in the lists in §§ 227, 228, 229. These sub-sections, with the accompanying examples and remarks, must be attentively studied; as an accurate knowledge of these classes of verbs is absolutely essential to the correct use of the language in one of the commonest constructions in Latin. ce. Verbs governing the Genitive in Latin are few, and belong to the strictly limited classes given in the sub-sections under § 219, &c. They are chiefly verbs of Memory and Feeling (with egeo, indigeo, zeed). The genitive of Charge and Penalty corresponds with the English use of the preposition OF. d. The only verbs governing the Ablative in Latin, correspond- ing to transitives in English, are the few deponents given above, § 249: either of them may easily be represented in English by a phrase with a preposition: as, 1. I use (make use of) a sword, gladio utor. 2, He eats (feeds on) flesh, carne vescitur. 3. They abuse (take advantage of) my friendship, amicitia mea abutuntur. Digitized by Microsoft® 22 Latin Composition. Exercise 9. 1. In our own calamity, we remember the calamities of others. 2. I shall never forget that day: it re- minds me at-once! of the greatest delight and! greatest peril of? my life. 3. Pity the sorrows of a poor old man. 4. Bocchus, king of Mauretania, had-pity-on the condition of his son-in-law, Jugurtha, king of Nu- midia, and promised him aid; but afterwards, calling- to-mind® the greater power of the Romans, betrayed him to Sulla, the questor of Caius Marius. 5. The Italians loudly demanded the rights which had been promised them by Drusus. 6. Cesar forgave all those who had fought on the side of Pompey in the civil war. 4. Marius commanded a separate army in the neighborhood. 8. If a patrician man married a plebeian wife, or a patrician woman a plebeian husband, the State did not recognize the marriage. g. Dentatus had accompanied the triumphs of nine generals. As tribune of the people, he most bitterly opposed the patricians. 10. The Knights abused the judicial power, as the Senate had done before. 11. He who commands the sea is lord of affairs. 12. After the Mithridatic war, Pompey, [though] only a private-citizen, performed the part of a commander, levied three legions, and having gained‘ a brilliant victory * was received by Sulla with the greatest dis- tinction. 13. Marcus Livius Drusus, like his father, favored the side of the nobles. But he had promised the Latins and allies the Roman franchise, a measure which had always displeased the Roman people, and which they violently resisted. Drusus, therefore, had recourse to sedition and conspiracy. A secret-society ‘cum...tum. *in. *% memor,with gen. * Abl. abs. Passive. Digitized by Microsoft® Cases with Adjectives. 23 was formed, which was bound by oath to obey? his commands. The ferment increased, and threatened the safety? ofthe State; but at last Drusus was assas- sinated in his own house.? 1 Acc. and infin. 2 domi suae. 3 Lit. danger or destruction, with dat. Lesson V1. Cases.— 2. As Modifying Adjectives. 1. Review §§ 218. a, b,c, d (Genitive with Adjec- tives) ; 234. a@ (Dative of Fitness, &c.); 243. d, 244. @, 245. a, 248. C, 253, 254. b. N.B. These rules include many participles, which are used like adjectives. 2. Adjectives in English almost always require phrases with prepositions when their meaning is to be limited or explained. In Latin this is generally done by using after the adjective the Genitive, Dative, or Ablative case without a preposition. Note. — Some particular adjectives — rather than classes — take a preposition, as in English. These will be treated hereafter, in the Lesson on Prepositions (see § 234. 4, c). a. Relative Adjectives — that is, adjectives whose quality natu- rally relates to some object, especially one which corresponds to the object of a transitive verb — regularly take the Genitive. This relation is often expressed in English by the preposition oF: as, 1. Mindful of others, forgetful of himself, memor aliorum oblitus sui. 2. Disdaining letters, fastidiosus literarum. 3. Possessed of reason and judgment, compos rationis et judici. 4. Sharing in the booty, particeps praedae. See also examples under § 218. a, 4, ¢. Digitized by Microsoft® 24 Latin Composition. 6. Where the relation between the adjective and noun would be expressed in English by the preposition To or FoR, it is commonly expressed in Latin by the Dative. The chief exceptions are given in § 234. 6,¢,d,e. (See constructions given in the Dictionary under each word.) 1. A battle very like a flight, pugna simillima fugae. 2. A man hateful to many, homo odiosus multis. 3. Times hostile to virtue, tempora infesta virtuti. 4. Adjoining the Belgians, finitimi Belgis. 5. A law advantageous to the state, lex utilis rei pub- licae. ec. When the modifying phrase denotes that 2m respect to which the meaning of the adjective is taken —where the English uses IN, IN REGARD TO, or the like; sometimes or —the Ablative is generally used in Latin: as, 1. Lame of one foot, claudus altero pede. z. A man distinguished in war, vir bello egregius. 3. Worthy of praise, dignus laude. Note. — In this use the Ablative and Genitive approach each other in meaning ; but the Ablative generally expresses a remoter and the Genitive a closer relation. The same relation is often expressed by the Accusative with ad. Exercise 10. 1. Oil rubbed-upon! the body makes it more capa- ble of enduring heat, cold, or hardship. 2. Numa instituted a college of priests, fourin number. 3. The fifth king of Rome was an Etruscan by birth, but a Greek by descent. 4. The reign of Servius Tullius is almost as barren of military exploits as that of Numa. 5. Wild beasts are not only devoid of reason and speech, but ungovernable? in fury, and impatient of control. 6. A Roman patrician had a-number-of? clients attached to him, to whom he acted as patron. 1 jnunctus, with the dative. * impotens, with genitive. > guidam. Digitized by Microsoft® Cases: Indtrect. 25 7. Mucius, ignorant of the person! of Porsena, killed his secretary instead-of the king himself. 8. Veii was Closely allied with Fidene. g. The Pentri in- habited the Apennines. But, not content with their mountain homes,? they overran the rich lands of Cam- pania. 10. The season of the year was favorable to Hasdrubal, and the Gauls were-friendly-to his cause. 11. The Roman ambassadors, forgetting their sacred character,’ fought in the ranks* of Clusium. 12. At the beginning of the first Punic war, the Romans had no fleet worthy of the name. 13. Porsena, alarmed for his life, offered terms of peace to the Romans. 14. Cneius Pompey was extremely ambitious of power and glory, and jealous of the superior merit and fame of other men. 15. The Romans were like the Spar- tans in ® [their] passion for’ military glory and empire. 16. The poet Archias, a man endowed with genius and virtue, was regarded by Cicero [as] equal to the most learned of the Greeks, and worthy of the high: est praise.® 1 facies. ® sedes. 3 offictum. * actes Clusina (sing.). 5 id nomen. 8 Ablative. 7 Genitive. 8 Plural. Lesson 12. Cases. —3. Indirect Relations. REVIEW §§ 224 to 230; 231, 233, 235 (Dative of Indirect Object, of Possession, of Service, of Refer- ence) ; also § 222 (refert and cnterest). a. The most common use of To or For in English is repre- sented in Latin by the Dative of Indirect Object: as, 1. The province fell by lot to Cicero, provincia Ciceroni obtigit. Digitized by Microsoft® 26 Latin Composition. z. I consult for the safety of the state, civitatis saluti consulo. 3. Medicine is sometimes bad for the health, medicina valetudini nonnumquam nocet. NoTE.—1. These should be distinguished from the cases where the direct effect of an action is spoken of: as, The dust hurts my eye, pulvis oculum meum laedit. 2. The dative of indirect object must also be carefully distin- guished from the cases — apparently the same in English — where TO or FOR expresses the “zit of motion. In Latin all relations of place, where, whence, or whither, are regularly expressed by means of prepositions (see hereafter, Lesson 17). 6. This construction (dative of indirect object) is used in many cases to expresS WITH, OVER, UPON, IN, BEFORE, AGAINST, where in the Latin expression a verb compounded with a preposition is used (see list in § 228: ad, ante, con, &c.) :. 1. A rock hung over his head, saxum capiti impendebat. « I agree with Zeno, Zenoni adsentior. 3. I set myself against all his plans, omnibus ejus consi- liis obstiti. N. B. — Particular attention must be given to the meaning and construction of each of these compounds in the vocabulary, as many of them are transitive and take the accusative (See p. 44): as, He besieged the city of Alesia, wrbem Alesiam ebsidebat. ¢. The English verb TO HAVE is often, by a Latin idiom, ex- pressed by the Dative with esse (compare Rem. under § 231): as, 1. I have a father at home, est mihi pater domi. z. The boy’s name is Marcus, puero nomen est Marcus (or Marco). d. The phrases 2 belongs to, it ts the part of, and the like, are most commonly expressed in Latin by the Genitive with esse: as, It is the part of wisdom (of a wise man), or, it is wise, est sapientis (compare d, with Remark). e. To or For is also expressed by the Dative when the object is stillemore remotely connected with the action, so that the sen- tence is complete without it (dative of reference) : as, Digitized by Microsoft® Cases: Indirect. 247 The good husbandman plants trees for his posterity, poste- ris suis serit arbores bonus agricola (compare the examples in § 235, and a), 7. When For or oF expresses the purpose or end of an action, the Latin idiom has the dative, often with the dative of indirect object also: as, 1. Cesar sent three cohorts for a guard, Caesar tres co- hortes praesidio misit. 2. It was of great service to our men, magno usu nostris fuit. Note. — In English the same relation is often expressed by simple apposition or by the conjunction as. In Latin this con- struction is limited to a few words, which must be learned by practice (see examples and Note 1 under § 233). g- For the cases in which To or For is expressed by the geni- tive with refert and interest, see § 222. u, 4. The phrase for my sake and the republic's is expressed by med et reipublicae causa. Exercise 11. 1. The troops of Sulla did no injury to the towns or fields of the Italians. 2. Tiberius Gracchus relied chiefly on the country-people. 3. Both Quintus Ca- tulus and Hortensius were-opponents-of1! the Gabinian Law. 4. On? the arrival of Pompey, Tigranes was obliged to look-to-the-safety-of? his own power. 5. The great-numbers‘ of the enemy were a hindrance rather than a help to them. 6. Czsar’s death was undoubtedly a loss not only to the Roman people, but to the whole world. 7. To the modern reader the elegies of Propertius are not so attractive as those of Tibullus. 8. The greatest danger Rome had experi- enced since the time of Hannibal was now impending over the State. 9. The consulship fell to Cneius Octavius, who belonged to the aristocratic-party,® and Lucius Cinna, a professed champion of the people. 1 obsisto. * Ablative. * prospicio. * multitudo. ° optimates. Digitized by Microsoft® 28 Latin Composition. To their! election? Sulla made-no-opposition,? for it was his own interest to quit Italy immediately. 10. The Gauls once attacked the camp of * Quintus Cicero, brother of the orator, [as he was] wintering in Gaul ; but Caesar came to his assistance with two legions, and rescued him. 11. A servant of the consul Opimius, pushing against Gracchus, insolently cried out, “ Make way for honest men, you rascals!” 12. “Stand aside young man,” said Cesar to the tribune Metellus, who vainly attempted to defend the treasury ; “it is easier for me to do than say.” 13. Damiophilus, a wealthy man-of-Enna, had treated his slaves with- excessive-barbarity.6 They consulted a Syrian slave, whose name was Ennus, who belonged-to® another master. This Ennus pretended-to’ the gift-of-pro- phecy,® and appeared to breathe flames-of-fire. He not only promised them success, but joined in the enterprise himself. 14. “ Mother,” exclaimed Corio- lanus, “ thine is the victory, a happy victory for thee, but shame and ruin to thy son.” 1 Relative. 2 petitio. 3 non obsistere. 4 Dative. 5 Adverb in superlative. ® servio. ’ sibi adrogare. 8 wis divina. Lesson 13. Cases. —4. Cause, Means, and Quality. ReEvIEw §§ 246, 248 (Ablative of Agent and Means) ; 251 with 215 (ablative and genitive of Quality) ; 252 with @ (Price and Value: compare 215. ¢); 245 (ablative of Cause), with a, 4, c. a. The means, instrument, or agent by which any thing is done we commonly express in English by the preposition BY or WITH. In Latin a distinction is made between the voluntary agent (expressed by the ablative with ab); « person considered as an Digitized by Microsoft® Cases: Cause, &c. 29 instrument or means (expressed by per with the accusative); and the means or instrument (expressed by the ablative alone, or in special cases by per with the accusative). Thus — 1. Cesar was informed by the ambassadors, Caesar certior factus est a legatis. 2, Cesar was informed by ambassadors (i.e. by means of ambassadors), Caesar certior factus est per legatos. 3. Caesar was informed by letter, Caesar certior factus est literis (or per lUiteras if the letters were official documents used expressly as means of information). 6. The English ON ACCOUNT OF, FOR, FROM, FOR THE SAKE OF, THROUGH, denoting cause, occasion, or motive, though oftenest expressed by the ablative alone, are frequently also rendered by prepositions : as, 1. It happened through my fault, mea culpa accidit. z. On account of the pleasure from conversation I delight in entertainments, propter sermonis delectationem conviviis delector. ; 3. We love the good for their virtues, bonos diligimus propter virtutes (so pro meritis). 4. He could not speak for grief, logui prae maerore non potuit. So the phrases: —ex quo, ox which account; ex eo quod, Sor the reason that, per aetatem, dy reason of age; quam ob rem, wherefore. See also Lesson 18. ec. A Quality is very often expressed in English by a noun with the preposition oF: as, @ man of worth, a tale of horror. In Latin an adjective must be used in such cases, except when the noun of quality has an adjective connected with it, when it may be put either in the genitive or ablative: generally the latter when the noun describes a physical trait. Thus — 1. A man of valor, vir fortis (or fortissimus). z. A man of eminent valor, vir egregiae virtutis. 3. A man of bodily strength and beauty, homo validus et pulcher. 4. Achilles was a man of very great strength and remark- able beauty, Achilles vir erat summis viribus et eximia pulchritudine. Digitized by Microsoft® 30 Latin Composition. d. Manner —in English wiTH or IN—isin Latin usually ex- pressed by an Adverb when there is one; otherwise by the ablative, often with cum (see § 248, R.): as, 1. With care, accurate (or, cum cura). z. In silence, tacite (or, silentio). 3. In the most friendly manner, amicissime. 4. With the greatest zeal, summo studio. e. The Price of a thing,— usually given in English with the preposition FOR or AT,—when a! definite sum is stated, is expressed in Latin by the Ablative ; but zxdefinize price or value is expressed by the Genitives of Quantity (tanti, quanti, &c.), given in § 252. a. These Genitives often answer to the use of an adverb in English, such as highly, slightly, not-at-all, used with expressions of value or esteem. Thus — 1. How much does this house sell for? ten thousand ses- terces. Quanti hae aedes veneunt? decies mille nummis. 2. I esteem Plato very highly, but the truth more, Platonem permagni sed veritatem pluris aestimo. Exercise 12. 1. The Veneti had much confidence in their forti- fied positions. Their coasts were fringed with pro- montories and peninsulas, and, relying on their strong ships, fully armed and supplied? with leathern sails, they were not alarmed even by the greatest tempests of the ocean. 2. A liar? hath need of a good memory, but truth is always consistent with itself. 3. I offer myself to thee, O Hercules! because thou art de- scended from the gods, and givest proofs of that descent by thy love of virtue. 4. Great things are achieved by great exertions, and glory was never the reward of sloth. 5. The Sabines, like most other mountaineers, were brave, hardy, and frugal; and even the Romans looked-up * to them [with admiration] on account of their jhonesty and temperance. 6. Remus leaped in 4 | ornatus, 2 Dative, 8 admiror. ‘ per. Digitized by Microsoft® Cases: Cause, dc. 31 scorn over his brother’s wall. 7. Romulus appeared after [his] death to Proculus in more-than-mortal? beauty. 8. Augustus lived with republican simplicity ? in a plain * house on the Palatine [hill], and educated his family with great strictness ‘* and frugality. 9. Vi- tellius was remarkable for his gluttony ° and his coarse ® vices. 10. Demosthenes listened awhile to the bland professions of Archias, the actor, but at length replied, “ Archias, you never won me by your acting, nor will you now by your promises.” 11. Columbus entered the hall surrounded by a brilliant crowd of cavaliers, among whom he was conspicuous for his stately and commanding person.? 12. To the English it was a night of® hope, fear, suspense, [and] anxiety. They had been wasted by disease, broken with fatigue, and weakened by the many privations which are wont to attend ® an army marching through a hostile country. But they were supported by the spirit and confidence of their gallant leader, and by the recollection of victories won by their fathers. 13. The forests have given place to cultivated fields, the morass is dried up, the land has become solid, and is covered with habitations. A countless multitude, living in? peace and abundance upon the fruits of their labors, has succeeded to the tribes of hunters who were always contending with war and famine. What has pro- duced these wonders? What has renovated the sur- face of the earth? The name of this beneficent genius! is Security. 1 divinus. * cultus moderatus (abl.). * minime sumptuosus. 4 Adverbs. ® intemperantia gulae. ®° turpis. 1 habitus corporis. ° plena. ° esse in, ablative. 1 dea. Digitized by Microsoft® 32 Latin Composition. Lesson t4. Cases. —5. Separation and Comparison. LEarRN §§ 243, with a, 4, c, d (ablative of Separa- tion) ; 229 (dative with Compounds); 247, with a, 250 (ablative of Comparison and of the Degree of Difference). a. The relations denoted in English by FRom or OF —in such phrases as fo deprive of, to be free from, in want of, and the like —are in Latin expressed by the ablative: as, 1. He is free from terror, caret formidine. 2. To retire from office, abire magistratu. 3. A city stripped of defence, urbs nuda praesidio, 4. & man without a country, homo qui caret patria. 5. You will relieve me of great fear, magno me metu liberabis. N.B. Motion from a place is regularly expressed by means of prepositions (see Lesson 17). b. When a thing is said to be taken away from a person, the dative is almost always used instead of the ablative: as, 1. He took a ring from the woman, muliert anulum detraxit. 2. You have robbed me of my property, bona mihi abstu- listi. c. The uses of the ablative with the Comparative may be seen in the following : — 1. Nothing is dearer to a man than life, nihil homini vita est carius. Quicker than one would think, opinione celerius. 3. Much more rich than wise, multo divitior quam sapi- entior. 4. The more dangerous the disease the more praised the physician, quo periculosior morbus eo laudatior medicus. 5. The more virtuously one lives, the less he will injure others, quanto quis vivit honestius tanto minus nocebit aliis. 6. Not’ more than two hundred horsemen escaped, haud amplius ducenti equites effugerunt. N Digitized by Microsoft® Cases: Separation and Comparison. 33 Exercise 13. 1. The orator Hortensius was eight years older than Cicero. 2. Licinius liberated the plebeians! from an oppressive bondage. 3. Rome was now de- prived of almost all her allies. 4. The constitution ? of Lucius Cornelius took from the knights the judicial- power ® which they had exercised since the times of the Gracchi. 5. Men are much less in bulk than very many animals. 6. Grief and indignation de- prived Marius of utterance. 4. Antisthenes, the Cynic, was once very sick,® and cried out, “ Who will deliver me from these torments? ”® Then said Dio- genes, who by chance was by, “This knife, if you will.” “I do not say from my life,” he? replied, “ but from my disease.” 8. The archbishop tore the diadem from the head of the statue, and the image, thus despoiled of its honors, was thrown upon the ground. g. The aged Nestor boasts his virtues, nor seems to be too loquacious; for his speech, says Homer, flowed from his tongue sweeter than honey. 10. Hesiod was robbed of a fair share of his heritage by the un- righteous decision of judges who had been bribed by his brother Perses. The latter was afterwards de- prived of his property, and asked relief of® his brother. 11. Alcaeus, for instance, cheered by his songs the nobles who had been driven into-exile.® 12. After the expulsion of the kings,” a new office was created at Rome, called the dictatorship, greater than the consulship. This dignity, however, was dis- continued after the second Punic war. The stronger 1 plebs (sing.). ° imstituta (plur.). * judicium. ‘ vox. ’ graviler aegrotare. & malum. 7 dlle. 8 a. ®¢ patria (abl.). 0 post reges exactos. . Digitized dy Microsoft® 34 Latin Composition. the Republic became, the less it needed this extraor- dinary power. But in! the civil war it was revived by order of the people, and conferred upon Sulla, who afterwards resigned it and became a private citizen. 1 Ablative. Lesson 15. Cases. — 6. Special Uses of the Genitive. LEARN §§ 216, with c, d, e (Partitive genitive) ; and 217 (Objective genitive with nouns). a, When in English one noun is closely connected with another by a preposition, the genitive is commonly used in Latin, no matter what the preposition is in English (objective Genitive: see exam- ples under § 217): as, . Prayer to the gods, precatio deorum. . Escape from danger, fuga periculi. Power over every thing, potestas omnium rerum. Pain in the head, dolor capitis. Confidence in one’s strength, fiducia virium. Departure from life, excessus vitae. . Subject for jests, materia jocorum. . Struggle for office, contentio honorum. . Relief from duty, vacatio muneris. Difference in politics, rei publicae dissensio. . Reputation for valor, opinio virtutis. Union with Cesar, conjunctio Caesaris. Victory in war, victoria belli. . Devotion to us, studium nostri. . Grief for his son, luctus filii. 16. A means of guarding against troubles, cautio incom- modorum. Note. — Nouns which denote /ee/znmg often take the accusative with in, erga, adversus, ad, instead of an objective genitive. Prepositions are also used when the relation is very remote. (See examples under § 217. R.). Digitized by Microsoft® CPI AK SOY m Sats Senge os wEGS = 9 Cases: The Genitive. 35 6. Wherever the relation expressed by a noun with a preposi- tion (especially oF) can be viewed as a quality of the modified noun, the Latin prefers to use an adjective: just as in English we say, the Boston massacre; the Fackson administration; the Socratic philosophy; the touch of the royal hand, &c. (compare examples in Lesson 5). Thus — The shout of the enemy, clamor hostilis. Jealousy of the Senate, invidia senatoria. Confidence in you, fiducia tua (more commonly tet). The Cyrus of Xenophon, Cyrus Xenophonteus. PY ys c. Where a word denoting a whole is used with another denoting a part (English OF, IN, AMONG), it is regularly put in the genitive. (But notice carefully the Remarks on page 116 of the Grammar.) The peculiarities of the construction are seen in the following idiomatic phrases : — 1. Enough money, satis pecuniae. 2. More learning than wisdom, plus doctrinae quam pru- dentiae. One of a thousand, unus de multis. . Alone of all, solus ex omnibus (or omnium). . At that age, id aetatis. Nowhere in the world, nusquam gentium. . Of the two consuls one was killed and the other wounded, duo consules alter est interfectus alter vulneratus. Yau ew Exercise 14. 1. On his way! to prison Phocion suffered some? gross 8 insults from the populace with-meekness * and dignity.5 2. Two wives of the German king, Ariovis- tus, perished; of their daughters, one was slain, another captured. 3. We have not yet discussed ® the principal wages of virtue and the greatest of the prizes that are held out to it. 4. From his boyhood‘ the Roman soldier was schooled to® habitual ® indiffer- ' cum duceretur. 2 guidam. 3 gravis. * submisse. 5 cum (with abl.). ® disserere Ge. 7 @ puero. 8 Ablative. ® perpetuus. Digitized by Microsoft® 36 Latin Composition. ence to [his own] life. 5. During? the holidays in summer? the young men exercise themselves with sports. 6. To what a degree of brutality will excess of misery debase human nature! 4. Cneius Lentu- lus, a military tribune, said to the wounded consul, “Lucius #milius, whom the gods ought to favor as the only [person] free-from* the blame of this day’s disaster, take this horse while you have any remains of strength.’ Do-not® add to the horror of this day? by the death of a consul. Even without that, there is abundant [cause for] tears and mourning.” 8. I will recount the delights and pleasures in this age of eighty-three, which I now take, and on account of which men generally account me happy. 9. Many inventions greatly facilitate success in the chase. The most singular of these is a poison in which they dip their arrows. The slightest wound with these en- venomed shaftsis mortal. ro. Hannibal, after his defeat at Zama, served his country in peace. 11. Many men expose themselves to death for the sake of power; but this king resigned his crown because his love for his dominion, his affection for his subjects, and his re- ; gard for their interests were greater than his desire for power. 12. The conspirators divided into three parties. One was posted near the governor’s house, a second secured the approaches to the market-place, a third hastened to the quarter of the tombs, and awaited the signal for the fight. 13. Not only was Brutus’s life saved at the battle of Pharsalus, but, restored to the state after the death of Pompey, along with many of his friends, he had also great influence with 8 Cesar. ' Ablative. ® Adjective. 8 tn. 4 insons. ° dum aliquid superest virium. 8 ne (perf. subj.). 7 Lit. “make this day one-of-horror” (fwnestus). ® apud. Digitized by Microsoft® Use of Two Cases. 37 Lesson 10. Cases. — 7. Use of Two Cases. 1. Review §§ 225, with sub-sections (Accusative and Dative) ; 239, with a, 6, c, d (two Accusatives). Learn §§ 219, 220, 221, 222 (Verbs of Reminding, Accusing, &c., with the Impersonals mzseret, etc.). 2. A verb in English, besides its object, has often another modifying noun with a preposition. Such nouns are in Latin usually put in the case correspond- ing to the English preposition, though sometimes a preposition is expressed. a. The Accusative and Dative (compare Lesson 1o, 4), in such phrases as — 1. He laid the burden on my shoulders, hwmeris meis onus imposwit. 2. I do not envy Crassus for his wealth (I do not grudge wealth to Crassus), Crasso divitias non invideo. 3. Cesar required ten hostages of the Helvetians, Caesar Heltvetiis decem obsides imperavit (225. c). Note.— In these cases notice the Latin idiom, as it often - differs from the English; and observe carefully the construction of each verb as given in the Vocabulary. 6. Accusative and Genitive, in such phrases as — 1, You remind me of my duty, me mones officii. . He accuses me of theft, arguit me furti. . I repent of my folly, meae me stultitiae paenitet. I am weary of life, me vitae taedet (weary with toil, fessus labore). pw» c. Two Accusatives: 1. One in Apposition (see Lesson 2) ; 2. With verbs of Asking and Teaching : Panetius taught Scipio the Greek philosophy, Panaetius Scipionem Graecam docuit philosophiam. Digitized by Microsoft® 38 Latin Composition. Exercise 15. 1. The men-of-Minturne! repented of their un- grateful conduct towards? a man who had been the safety of Italy. 2. The younger Marius put an end to his own life.2 3. In the proscriptions of Sulla, to many a man who belonged to no party an estate or a house was his destruction. For although the property of the proscribed belonged to the state, yet the friends of Sulla purchased it at-a-nominal-price.* 4. Marius upbraided the nobles® [with] their effeminacy and idleness, and proudly compared his own words and exploits with their indolence and ignorance. His election was a great victory for the common-people, and a great humiliation to the aristocracy. 5. The great numbers of the enemy were a hindrance rather than a help to them. 6. Polybius taught the noble- men of Rome their own municipal law. 7. O Jupiter! give us those things that are-good-for® us! 8. Praise is to an old man an empty sound. I have outlived my friends and my rivals. Nothing is now of much account to me. g. An exile and a menial muttered the last farewell to Pompey, the mighty victor of the East, the powerful lord of the Roman Senate. 10. The Senate distributed provinces and suitable honors among the partisans of Brutus. 11. The noblest of the Romans were ashamed of the victory by which they had avenged the disgrace of the Caudine Forks. 12. Old age is’ most irksome? tothe poor.’ 13. Publius Autronius and Servius Cor- nelius Sulla had been elected consuls, but were con- victed of bribery. Catiline also, who wished to 1 Minturnensis. ° erga. * mortem sbi consciscere. ‘ minimo. * Dative. ° convenire. 7 piget. ® Accusative. Digitized by Microsoft® Cases: Time and Flace. 39 become a candidate, had been impeached ! for oppres- sion in his province by Publius Clodius. 14. Caius Mucius was seized by the guards and brought before the king, who threatened him with cruel tortures. But he said, “See now how little your torments terrify ? me.” Then he plunged his right hand into the fire of an altar that burned near by, and held it in the flames, by which it was wholly consumed. From this act the name Scevola was given him, which signifies He that uses the left hand. 15. The second secession extorted from the patricians again a second® great charter‘ of liberty. The people had become tired of the decemvirs, and were dissatisfied ® with their measures; for which reason they retired from [their] office, and the people elected ten tribunes. The decemvirs were then accused of treason, and some were condemned to death, others committed suicide. Two consuls were elected, and the Valerian and Horatian laws were passed. ‘The plebeians were still, however, debarred from marriage with the patri- cians. 1 yeus fiert. * Subjunctive. * alter. * pignus. ° paenitet. Lesson 17. Cases. — 8. Time and Place. ; Learn §§ 256, with a; 257, 258 (reading Notes), with a, 5, c, d, 7, g, and Remarks. Learn also §§ 259. @ to 2, and 260. a. a. Many expressions have in Latin the construction -of fe when, where in English time is not the main idea: as, 1. In the fight at Canne, pugna Cannensi (or apud Cannas). 2, At the Roman games, ludis Romanis. 3 In all the wars of Gaul, omnibus Gallicis bellis. Digitized by Microsoft® 40 Latin Composition. 6. In many expressions of time the accusative with ad, in, or sub, is used. Such are the following : — 1. A thanksgiving was voted for the lst of January, suppli- catio decreta est in Kalendas Januarias. 2. They assembled at the [appointed] day, convenerunt ad diem. $ Til evening, : baa vesperum. Towards (about) evening, 4. About the same time, sub idem tempus. c. Time either during or within which may be expressed by a noun in the singular, with an ordinal numeral : as, 1. Within (just) four days, quinto die. z. He has reigned going on six years, regnat jam sextum annum. But also— 3. He has already reigned for six years, regnavit jam sex annos. d. Distance of time before or after any thing is variously ex- pressed : as, 1. Three years after, post (or before, ante) tres annos, post tertium annum, tres post annos, tertium post annum, tribus post annis, tertio post anno. z. Three years after his banishment, tribus annis (tertio anno) post exsilium (post quam ejectus est). 3. Within the last three years, his tribus proximis annis. 4. A few years hence, paucis annis. 5. Three years ago, abhinc annos tres (tribus annis); ante hos tres annos. 6. It is three years since, trienniwm est cum (tres anni sunt cum). e. The time of day is only counted by hours, beginning at sunrise (prima, secunda hora) ; the time of night by watches, (vigiliae), of which there were four from sunset to sunrise. f. The names of the Months are adjectives, and agree either with mensis or with the parts into which the month was divided in the complicated Roman system, for which see Grammar, § 376. g. The year is expressed by the names of the consuls in the Ablative Absolute. Modern dates may be expressed by the year after the birth of Christ (ost Christum natum). Digitized by Microsoft® Cases: Time and Flace. 41 h. With names of places (except Towns, &c., see § 258), TO is expressed by in or ad with the accusative ; IN by in or ab, with the ablative; FROM by ab, de, ex, with the ablative. But art, meaning ear (not zz), is expressed with all names of place by ad or apud, with the accusative. REMARK. — Notice that, when several names of place follow a verb of motion, each must be under its own construction. Thus — Within four days after this was done the matter was reported to Chrysogonus in Sulla’s camp at Volaterre, quadriduo quo haec gesta sunt res ad Chryso- gonum in castra L. Sullae Volaterras defertur. Notice also that the meaning of the Latin verb must be con- sidered in relations of place: as, 1. He arrived in Spain, pervenit in Hispaniam. 2. He arrived at Rome, pervenit Romam. 3. They assembled in the Senate-house, convenerunt in curiam. 4. He brought his army together in one place, coegit exer- citum in unum locum. Exercise 16. 1. After the death of Lucretia, Brutus threw off his assumed stupidity, and placed himself at the head? of her friends. They carried the body into the market- place [of ]Collatia.2 There® the people took up arms and renounced the Tarquins. A number-of* young men attended the funeral-procession® to Rome. Bru- tus summoned the people ® [and] related? the deed-of- shame.’ All classes were influenced with the same indignation. By order of the people Tarquin was deposed,” and, along with his family, was banished from the city. Brutus now set out for the army at Ardea... Tarquin in the meantime had hastened to 1 Lit. “added himself as leader.” # Accusative. 3 Relative. 4 plures. 5 exsequiae funeris. ° convocato populo. 1 narrare de. " facinus flagitiosum. ° dolor et indignatio. 10 yegnum abrogari (with dat.). 1 Accusative. Digitized by Microsoft® 42 Latin Composition. Rome, but found the gates closed against him. Brutus was received with joy at Ardea, and the army renounced [their] allegiance} to the tyrant. Tar- quin, with his two sons, Titus and Aruns, took refuge at Cere, in Etruria. Sextus fled to Gabii, where he was shortly after murdered by the friends of those whom he had put to death. Tarquin had reigned twenty-two years when he was driven from Rome. In memory of this event an annual festival was celebrated on the 24th of February, called the Regifugium. 2. Jugurtha was taken prisoner. The? great traitor fell by the treachery of his nearest relatives. Lucius Sulla brought the crafty and restless Numidian in chains,’ along with his children, to the Roman head- quarters; and the war, which had lasted for seven years, was at anend. The glory of this victory was given to Marius. King Jugurtha, in‘ royal robes and in chains, along with his two sons, preceded the tri- umphal chariot of the victor, when-he-entered 5 Rome two years afterwards, on January Ist, B.c. 104. By order of Marius, the son ® of the desert perished a few days afterwards in the subterranean city prison. 1 obedientiam abicio. 2 ile. 3 vinctus catenis. 4 regie vestitus, ® Participle. © alumnus. Lesson 18. Cases. —9. Prepositions. 1. Learn §§ 152, with @, 4, c, comparing 260 (Use ot Prepositions) ; also §§ 237. d, 239. 6 (compounds of circum and trans). 2° In general, the use of prepositions in Latin is the same as in English. They are always followed Digitized by Microsoft® Cases: Prepositions. 43 either by the Accusative or Ablative: those implying motion towards an object for the most part taking the accusative, and those implying rest én, or motion from an object, the ablative. NoTeE. — There are very many idiomatic uses of prepositions, for which see the Examples in § 153, and consult the Lexicon. a. Position is frequently expressed in Latin with ab (rarely ex), properly meaning from - as, In the rear, a tergo. On the side of Pompey, a parte Pompeiana. On the left hand, a sinistra (compare hine, on this side). On the other side, ex altera parte. In a great degree, magna ex parte. b. Inthe choice of prepositions the Latin point of view must be carefully observed, as in many cases it differs from our own (see § 260. 2). Thus— 1. To put clothes into a chest, ponere vestes in arca. . To choose in one's place, in alicujus locum deligere. . To fight on horseback, ex equo pugnare. . It was reported in camp, in castra nuntiatum est. To go on board ship, conscendere in navem (more com- monly without the preposition). 6. To send a man a letter, mittere (dare) literas ad aliquem. But — 7. To give one a letter (to carry), dare literas alicui. ~ woh OS “WP wo c. In many cases where a preposition is used in English, Latin has the preposition compounded with a verb or implied init. In such cases the construction of the Latin verb must be observed (see Dictionary) : as, 1. To go over a river, flumen transire. z To take one’s forces across a river, copias jflumen transducere. 3. To go beyond the boundaries, egredi fines (or out of the city, ex urbe). 4. To fly from the enemy, fugere hostes. 5. To get into one’s favor, inire alicujus gratiam. Digitized by Microsoft® 44 Latin Composition. Note. — When a verb with a Preposition in English is repre- sented in Latin by one of the compounds given in 228 (ad, ante, con, &c.), it is commonly followed by the dative. If, however, the compound represents a verb qualified by an Adverb, it retains its original construction: as, insidet equo, he sits upon a horse ; but, convocat suos, he calls his men together. Exercise 17. 1. Without intelligence and goodness bodily gifts are! of little? worth.! 2. Besides life and sense (which he has in common with® the brutes), there is in man‘ something more exalted, more pure, and that more nearly approaches ® to divinity. 3. It was an arduous [undertaking] to conduct such ® a body of men through hostile nations, across swamps and rivers which had never been passed by any one except roving barbarians. But they penetrated a good way into the mountains. Then, however, a chief appeared, with a numerous body, in a narrow-pass. But men who had surmounted so many obstacles despised the opposition of such feeble enemies.” 4. As I was hurrying through the town a group of boys ran before me, crying out, Agamemnon! Agamem- non! I went on behind them, and they led me to the tomb of the king of kings, a gigantic structure,’ for the most part in-good-preservation,® of a conical form, and covered with turf. The stone over the door is twenty-seven feet long® and seventeen wide; larger than any hewn” stone in the world, except Pompey’s pillar. The royal sepulchre was forsaken and empty ; the shepherd shelters his flock within it; the traveller sits under its shade, and at-that-moment! a goat was 1 valere. * Superlative. ® commune esse [alicud| cum. * Plural. 5 prope abesse. © tantumagmen. 7 moles. % incolumis. ® tn longitudinent. 0 guadratus. ll tum maxime. 1 bay HET Uanh Lise festium. Verbs: Narrative Tenses. 45. dozing! quietly in [one] corner. I turned-away ? [and] left him*in quiet possession. The boys were waiting outside the door, and crying, Mycene! My- cene! led me away from the place. 5. I have at length arrived at Cadiz. I came across the bay yesterday morning, and have estab- lished myself in very pleasant rooms which look out upon the public square of the city. The morning sun awakes me, and the sea-breeze comes in at my window. At night the square is lighted by lamps suspended from the trees, and thronged with a brilliant crowd of the young and gay. Cadiz is beautiful almost beyond-imaginatfon.? ' dormito (imperfect). ® Participle. 3 Relative. 4 supra quam guis animo concipere possit. Lesson 109. Verbs. — 1. Narrative Tenses. 1. LEARN §§ 264. a; 276, with a, d; 277, with a—c, 278, 279, with a—c; 280 (Present and Past Tenses of the Indicative) ; and 275 (Historical Infinitive). Review § 115. 4 (use of Perfect and Imperfect). 2. The narrative tenses in Latin are used nearly as in English. But— a. The Present is used much oftener than in English to express a past action more vividly. b. The ordinary English past tense is represented in Latin sometimes by the Perfect (historical), and sometimes by the Im- perfect. (For the distinction see § 115.4) But the use of the Imperfect depends not so much on the actual duration of the action as upon the way in which the writer wishes to represent it. Thus — Digitized by Microsoft® 46 Latin Composition. 1. Cicero lived sixty-three years, Cicero vixit DXITITI annos. [Here the action, though of long duration, is stated as a simple fact.] z. Bibulus watched the heavens, while Czesar held the elec- tion, Bibulus de caelo servabat, cum Caesar comitia habebat, or habuit. [Here the action, though brief, is represented as continuing.] 3. Homer flourished before the founding of Rome, Homerus fuit ante Romam conditam. 4. Homer was more skilled than Hesiod, Homerus doctior erat Hesiodo. e. In rapid narrative, the English past tense is often rendered by the simple (historical) Infinitive, with its subject in the nomina- tive. This construction also often corresponds with the English “began to.” (For examples, see Grammar, Pp- 194.) d, Customary action is represented in general by the Present, and in past tense by the Imperfect; though soleo, and similar words, are often used (but much less commonly than in English) to give emphasis to the fact of custom. Thus — 1. He was always praising Milo, laudabat semper Mito- nem. 2. He would often play with his children, saepe cum pueris ludebat. 3. It was a habit of Quintus Mucius to tell, Q. Mucius narrare solebat. e. The beginning of an action is often expressed by the Present or Imperfect, especially with jam: as, 1. I begin to feel like dancing, jam lubet saltare. 2. They stood up and began to applaud, stantes plaude- bant. f. The English compound perfect is often expressed in Latin (when the action still continues) by the present, with some word denoting duration of time. The same usage with the imperfect is more rare. 1. We have suffered many years, multos annos patimur. 2. We have long been involved in dangers, jam diu in Dericulis versamur. 3. The forces which they had long been getting ready, copiae quas diu comparabant. Digitized by Microsoft® Verbs: Narrative Tenses. 47 Exercise 18. 1. The Tiber had overflowed its banks far and wide.1. The cradle in which the babes were placed was stranded at the foot of the Palatine, and over- turned on the root of a wild fig-tree. A she-wolf, which had come to drink? of? the stream, came to them from time to time, and suckled them. When?# they wanted other food, the woodpecker, a bird sacred to Mars, brought it to them. At length this marvellous spectacle was seen® by Faustulus the king’s shepherd, who took the children home to his wife Acca La- rentia. They were called Romulus and Remus, and grew up with the sons of their foster-parents® on the Palatine Hill. . 2. Then Nasica rushed out of the Senate-house, followed’ by many of the Senators. The people made® way for them, broke up® the benches, and armed® them- selves with sticks, and rushed® upon Tiberius and his friends. The tribune? fled to the temple of Jupiter; but the door had been barred by the priests, and in his flight he fell over a prostrate body. As! he was rising, he received the first blow from one of his colleagues, and was quickly despatched. 3. Pyrrhus was at first victorious; for his own talents were superior to those of the captains who were opposed to him, and the Romans were not pre- pared for the onset of the elephants of the East, which were then for the first time seen in Italy —as it were moving mountains, with long snakes for hands. But the victories of the Epirots were fiercely disputed, ' Jate. * potum (supine). * ad (acc.). * cus (with indic.). 5 conspicere. § altores. 7 comitatus. § Hist. Inf. ® zlle. 10 cum (with imperf. subj.). Digitized by Microsoft® 48 Latin Composition. dearly purchased, and altogether unprofitable. At length Manius Curius Dentatus, who had in his first consulship won two triumphs, was again placed at the head of the Roman commonwealth, and sent to encounter the invaders. A great battle was fought near Beneventum, in which Pyrrhus was completely defeated. 4. Cato was an unfeeling and cruel master. His conduct towards his slaves was detestable. After dinner he would often severely chastise them, thong in hand, for some trifling act of negligence, and some- times condemned them to death. When they were worn out or useless, he sold them or turned them out of doors. He treated the lower animals no better. His war-horse, which had borne him through his campaign in Spain, he sold in-that-country.! In his old age he sought gain with increasing eagerness, but never attempted to profit by the misuse of his public functions. He accepted no bribes, he reserved no booty to his own use; but he became a speculator, not only in slaves, but in buildings, artificial waters, and pleasure-grounds. In this, as in other points,® he was a representative of the old Romans, who were a money-getting ® and money-loving * people. 1 707. ° ves. 3 guaestuosus. ‘ avarus. Lesson 20. Verbs. — 2. The Passive Voice. 1. Learn §§ 111 (use of the Passive); also 135. a (gerundive of Deponents) ; and 129 (the second Peri- phrastic Conjugation). Review §§ 232, with a, ¢ (dative of Agent); 246 (ablative of Agent). Digitized by Microsoft® Verbs: The Passive Voice. 49 2. The Passive in Latin is often employed where in English we prefer the Active. The principal cases are the following : — a. The Impersonal use of neuter verbs in the passive (compare § 146.¢; and Method, Lesson 20, Obs. 3): as, 1. They live on plunder, ex rapto vivitur. z. They fought fiercely on both sides, acriter utrimque pugnatum est. b. This impersonal use is the regular way of representing the English passive, where the corresponding Latin verb does not govern the accusative (see § 230): as, 1. The commander is relieved (by the appointment of a successor), imperatori succeditur. 2. I am persuaded that this is true, mihi persuasum est hoc esse verum. 3. These things are done more easily than they are resisted, facilius haec fiunt quam his resistitur. 4. This subject was much discussed, de hac re multum disputatum est. 5. Let the influence of friends be employed, and when em- ployed obeyed, amicorum auctoritas adhibeatur et adhibiiae pareatur. ec. The most common way of expressing the English ought, must, and the like, is by some form of esse with the Gerundive, which in this construction is always PASSIVE, no matter which voice is used in English (compare § 296. Note): as, . Nobody is to be blamed, nemo culpandus est. . We must do every thing, omnia nobis sunt facienda. All must die, omnibus moriendum est. We must resist old age (or old age must be resisted), senectuti resistendum est. d. When the Subject of the action is indefinite, the Latin generally prefers the passive construction (compare a, above): as, fey a 1. Men do not gather grapes from thorns, ex sentibus uvae non percipiuntur. 2. We do ill whatever we do from confidence in fortune, male geritur quicquid geritur fortunae fide. Digitized byMicrosoft® 50 Latin Composition. é. Many neuter verbs in English are rendered in Latin by reflexives or by the passive: as, Hens roll in the dirt, gallinae in pulvere volutantur. He rides on the Appian Way, in via Appia vehitur. Codrus is bursting with envy, invidia rumpitur Codrus. He turns to his lieutenant, ad legatum se vertit (or, vertitur). Fwy 3- On the other hand, an active construction is often preferred in Latin, where the passive is used in English. This happens — a. In cases where the emphasis is on the Object of an action, or the action itself, rather than on the Agent ; because the empha- sis can be given in Latin (though not in English) by position. Thus — 1. Socrates was put to death by his fellow-citizens, Socra- tem cives sui interfecerunt. 2. Egypt is watered by the Nile, and Mesopotamia made fertile by the Euphrates, Aegyptum Nilus irrigat, Mesopotamiam fertilem efficit Euphrates. 6. As most deponent verbs have no passive, the active con- struction must frequently be used for the English passive: as, 1. He is most admired who is not influenced by money, quem pecunia non movet eum homines maxime admirantur. z. We should not mourn a death which is succeeded by immortality, non lugenda est mors quam immorta- litas consequatur. c. In a few cases, instead of the regular passive in Latin, a neuter verb of kindred meaning is employed : as, 1. To add, addere; to be added, accedere. 2. To destroy, perdere ; to be destroyed, perire. 3. To sell, vendere; to be sold, venire (veneo). 4. To flog, verberare ; to be flogged, vapulare. 4. When the present passive in English denotes a completed action, it is generally represented by the perfect in Latin; but when it denotes an action in Digitized by Microsoft® Verbs: The Passive Voice. 51 progress, or a general fact, we must use the present. Thus — 1. The enemy are beaten, hostes victi sunt. 2. He is loved by his friends, diligitur ab amicis. 3. Among the Parthians the signal is given by a drum, apud Parthos signum datur tympano. REMARK. — Care must be taken in rendering the confused or disguised forms of the passive in English: as, 1, The house is building, domus aedificatur (but, he is building a house, domum aedificat). 2. While these things are being done, dum haec geruntur. 5. When a verb in the active voice is followed by two cases (with or without a preposition), the accusa- tive of the direct object becomes the subject of the passive, the other case being retained as in the active construction. Thus (compare examples on p. 37) — 1. Crassus is not envied for his wealth, Crasso divitiae non invidentur. z. Verres is charged with extortion, Verres repetundarum reus fit. 3. Cato is asked his opinion, Cato rogatur sententiam. REMARK. — The use of a second accusative in this construc- tion is found chiefly with rogo, posco, and celo. Exercise 19. 1. We must resist old age, my friends, — says Cicero in the book entitled! Cato Major, — and its failings must be made good by pains-taking. We must fight against old age as against disease. Re- gard must be paid to health. Moderate exercise should be employed, a sufficiency of food and drink must be taken.2 Not only the body needs to be bolstered-up, but the mind and soul much more; for these too die out through old age. ‘ See Lesson 8. 3. 2 adhibere. Digitized by Microsoft® 52 Latin Composztion. 2. “Even now,” said Cesar, “we may?! return; if we cross the bridge, arms must decide the contest.” At that moment of suspense® [there] appeared sud- denly the figure of a youth, remarkable for comeliness and stature, playing ona pipe, the emblem of peace and security. The shepherds who were about the spot began to mingle with the soldiers and straggle towards him, captivated by his simple airs; when with a violent movement he snatched a trumpet from one of the military band,’ rushed with it to the bank of the river, and blowing a furious blast of martial music, leaped into the water, and disappeared on the opposite side. “Let us advance,” 4 exclaimed Cesar, “ where é the gods direct, and our enemies invite us. Be the die cast!” 3. Aconspiracy ’ against the life of Cesar had-been- formed’ in-the-beginning-of-the-year.8 Many of the conspirators had fought in the war against Cesar; and had not only been pardoned® by him, but raised to offices of rank and honor. Among others was Marcus Junius Brutus, whom Cesar had pardoned after the battle of Pharsalia, and had since treated almost asa son. He was now persuaded by Cassius to-join ® the conspiracy, and imitate his ancestor Lucius Junius Brutus, the liberator” of Rome from the tyranny of the Tarquins. They now resolved" to assassinate® the Dictator in the Senate-house on the Ides of March. Rumors of the plot got abroad, and Cesar was strongly urged not to attend the session of ' posse, impersonal. ? in ea sollicitudine. 3 unt ex cornicinibus. 4 Present Subjunctive. > gua. § Change the voice, 7 Impersonal. 8 ineunte anno. © #, with imper. subj. 1° Lit. “who,” &c, Impers. passive. Digitized by Microsoft® Verbs: Infinitive Constructions. 53 the Senate. But he disregarded the warnings which had been given him. 4. The ten ambassadors, of whom Cato was chief, offered their arbitration, which was accepted by Masi- nissa, but rejected by the Carthaginians, who had no confidence in Roman justice. This refusal Cato never forgave them. In traversing their country, he had remarked the increasing wealth and _ population. After his return to Rome, he let fall from the fold of his robe some early-ripe Libyan figs; and as! their? beauty was admired,! “Those figs,” quoth he, “ were gathered three days ago at Carthage. So close is our enemy to our walls.” From that time forth, whenever he was called upon for his vote in the Senate, though 3 the subject of debate bore no relation to Carthage, he added these words, “ Carthage must be destroyed.” ' Active (czm, with imperf. subj.). 2? Relative. 8 guamguam, with imperf. Lesson 21. Verbs. — 3. Infinitive Constructions. 1. LEARN §§ 270, 271 (uses of the Infinitive); also 288, with a, 6 (use of the Present and Perfect ixfini- tive). Learn also §§ 272, 330, 336 (Accusative and Infinitive). 2. The English infinitive is rendered by the Latin infinitive in many constructions : — a. When it is equivalent to an abstract noun: as, To err is human, humanum est errare. Note. — An abstract noun is also sometimes equivalent to an infinitive, and is to be rendered in the same way in Latin: as, 1. What is creation? Quid est creare? 2. Writing with a stile is easy, est facile stilo scrivere. Digitized by Microsoft® 54 Latin Composition. b. When a second action of the same subject is indicated: as, I begin to grow old, senescere incipio. Note. — This principle includes many classes of words where the connection is very close between the infinitive and the verb on which it depends; and also many where it is more remote, so that a subjunctive clause might also be used. 3. The English THAT with a verb, when it denotes a statement or thought, is always to be rendered by an Infinitive with an Accusative for tts subject. This construction (called the Indirect Discourse) is a very common one in Latin, and is used after all words of knowing, perceiving, thinking, and telling. In English we often use the infinitive in such sentences as the preceding: as, “I think it to be right; ” “ He is said to be rich;” and so on. a. The English simple infinitive, with expressions of oping, promising, threatening, and the like, is rendered by the same construction, of the infinitive with subject-accusative: as, I hope to come, spero me venturum [esse]. b. The English infinitive may be used after any verb of com- manding or forbidding. In Latin it is regularly used only after jubeo and veto (see hereafter, Lesson 28). c. In using the Indirect Discourse in Latin, observe what tense would be used in the direct discourse, and make the tense of the infinitive correspond to that. Thus — 1. He says that his father is here, dicit patrem adesse. 2. He said that his father was here, dixit patrem adesse. 3. He will say that his father is here, dicet patrem adesse. In all these three cases the same tense is used in Latin, because the same tense would be used in the direct: viz. “ My father is here.” 4. He says his father was here, dicit patrem adfuisse. 5. He said his father had been (or was formerly) here, dixit patren adfuisse. 6. He will say that his father was here, dicet patrem adfuisse. Digitized by Microsoft® Verbs: Infinitive Constructions. 55 These three cases take the perfect infinitive, because the words in direct discourse would be, ‘“ My father was here.” 4. He says that his father will be here, dicit patrem ad- futurum [esse]. 8. He said that his father would be here, dixit patrem adfuturum. 9. He will say that his father will be here, dicet patrem adfuturum. In these cases, the words in direct discourse would be, ‘‘ My father will be here.” (In this tense, the esse is usually omitted.) In like manner, with verbs of promising, expecting, and the like — 10. He hopes to come (direct, “I shall come”), sperat se venturum. 11. He hopes that you are well, sperat te valere. 12. He hopes that you were there, sperat te adfuisse. 13. He threatened to destroy the city, minatus est se urbem deleturum. d. When the verb of knowing, &c., is in the Passive, the impersonal construction is more common in English; but in Latin the personal is regular with the szp/e tenses, the impersonal with the compound (see § 330. @): as, 1. It seems to me that you are wrong, videris mihi errare. 2. It was reported that Czesar’s house had been attacked, oppugnata domus Caesaris nuntiabatur. 3. There is a tradition that Homer was blind, traditum est Homerum caecum fuisse. 4. The subject of the Infinitive is regularly in the Accusative. But if the subject of the infinitive zs zot expressed, then any predicate word will agree with the subject of the main clause if there be a personal subject (see sec. 272, with Remarks): as, 1. It is advantageous to be honest, utile est probum esse. 2. Iam anxious to be merciful, cupio me esse clementem (or cupio esse clemens). N. B. Never translate the infinitive of Purpose by the infinitive in Latin (see hereafter, Lesson 25). Digitized by Microsoft® 56 Latin Composition. The English Infinitive and the clause with THAT are also often to be rendered by other constructions than the above (for which see hereafter, Lesson 28). Exercise 20. 1. “You,” said Scipio Aimilianus, “to whom Italy is not mother, but step-mother, ought to keep silence. Surely you do not think that I shall fear those let® loose whom I sent in chains to the slave-market.” 2. The king of Syria, Antiochus, had nearly con- quered Egypt. Popilius Lana ordered him, in the name of the Senate, to abandon the country. Antio- chus wished to deliberate ; but Popilius, having traced’ a circle! about the king with a staff which he held in his hand, “Before? leaving this circle,” said he, “answer the Senate.” Antiochus promised to obey, and went out of Egypt. Popilius then divided the kingdom between the two brothers Philometor and Physcon. 3. I purpose? to write the history of a memorable revolution which has agitated men deeply, and which divides them even to-day. I do not conceal from my- self the-difficulties-of-the-undertaking ;* for passions which it was thought were stifled.under [the influence of ] a military despotism have just been reawakened. Suddenly men overwhelmed with years and toil have felt revive® in them resentments which seemed to be appeased, and have communicated them to us their children and heirs. But if we have-to-maintain ® the same cause, we-have-not’ to defend their conduct; ' Participle passive, ablative absolute (see next Lesson). 2 ante guam, with pres. indic. * zz animo habere. * Lit. “ how difficult are (subj.) those things which I undertake.” «> Infinitive. ® Part in dus, agreeing with causa. T nthil opus est. § Lit. “those will alarm me.” Digitized by Microsoft® Verbs: Participial Constructions. 57 and we can separate liberty itself from those who have well or ill served it, while! we still have the advantage of-having-heard? and watched these old men, who, filled as-they-are® with their memories still excited by their impressions, teach us to under- stand them. 4. The king entered the ship in a violent storm, which the mariners beholding-with-astonishment,‘ at length with great humility gave him warning of the danger. But he commanded them instantly to put off, and not be afraid, for he had never in his life heard that any king was drowned. 1 cum, with subj. ® guod, with indic. 3 guidem. * admirari. Lesson 22. Verbs. — 4, Participial Constructions. 1. Learn §§ 289 to 292, with Remark on the uses of Participles. Also, §§ 293 anda; with 129 (Peri- phrastic Conjugations) ; 294, with @, 6,c; and 255, with a, 6 (Ablative Absolute). 2. The English participle is often expressed not by a participle in Latin, but by a relative clause, or one with cum or dum (see § 290. ¢): as, 1. In the following winter, ea quae secuta est hieme. z. Ceesar, seeing this, gave the signal for battle, Caesar cum hoc vidisset signum dedit proelii. 3. While humoring the young, I have forgotten that I am old, dum obsequor adulescentibus, me senem esse oblitus sum. 3. On the other hand, almost any simple modifying clause can be rendered in Latin in a participial form. This principle includes, among others, relative clauses, Digitized by Microsoft® 58 Latin Composition. and those introduced by when, if, because, although, together with many adverbial phrases. a. If there is any word in the main clause to which the participle can be attached as a modifier, it usually agrees with it. This corresponds to the English use of participles, except that it is much more common. 1. Any evil is easily crushed at its birth, omne malum nascens facile opprimitur. 2. The enemy slay Valerius while fighting bravely, Valerium hostes acerrime pugnantem occidunt. b. If there is no word to which the participle can be attached, the participle is put in the ablative, with some word in agreement, which serves as a kind of Subject (Ablative Absolute: see exam- ples in “‘ Method,” p. 121). ec. Even what in English seems a separate clause is in Latin often crowded into the main clause in a participial form: as, 1. Our men followed them close—encumbered as_ they were—and cut them down, quos impeditos nostri consecuti occiderunt. 2. It is a wretched thing to fret yourself when it does no good, miserum est nihil proficientem angi. d. The perfect active participle, which is missing in Latin, is supplied either (1) by a change of voice with the Ablative Abso- lute; or (2) by a clause with cum or dum. The difficulty is, however, often avoided by the use of Deponents, whose perfect participle usually has an active signification. Thus — 1. Having delayed a little, and set fire to all the villages, they pushed forward, paulisper morati, omnibus vicis incensis, contenderunt. 2. Having observed this, he sent the third line as a relief to our men who were in difficulty, id cum anim- advertisset, tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio misit. Exercise 21. 1. Veii was not succored by the other Etruscan cities then threatened with an invasion of the Gauls. Besides, the Veians had given themselves a king Digitized by Microsoft® Verbs: Participial Constructions. 59 instead of the annual magistrate, and a king odious to the other cities. This lucumo, irritated at! not having been named chief of the confederation, had stirred up the artisans, and violently interrupted the sacred games of Volsinii. On leaving for the siege of Veii, the Roman knights swore never to return, unless [they were] conquerors. This was also the vow of the Spartans on leaving for Ithome. On® the approach of the Roman army, the Veians left their city, clothed in funeral apparel, and bearing lighted torches. The city was taken by a mine. The besiegers, [who were] concealed in it® near the temple of Juno, overheard the reply of an oracle, which the Etruscans had consulted. “ Victory,” said the priest, “shall be with* him who shall sacrifice this heifer on the altar.” Then the Roman soldiers burst into the temple, seized the axe from the priest’s hand, and struck down the heifer; and the town, thus betrayed by its own gods, fell into the hands of the Romans. 2. The deputation arrived at Epidaurus the pecu- liar seat of Aisculapius, and invited the god to make his abode at Rome. Nor did he refuse; for one of the snakes sacred to A#sculapius crawled from his temple to the city of Epidaurus, and thence proceeded to the sea-shore, and climbed up into the ship of the Roman ambassadors [which was] drawn up on the beach. They now, instructed by the Epidaurians that the god willingly accompanied them, sailed away with the sacred snake to Italy. But when the ship stopped ® at Antium — so goes the story —the snake left® [it and] crawled to the temple of Asculapius 1 Accusative with Infinitive. 2 Ablative. 3 Relative. 4 Dative. ° Lit. “the ship (acc.) stopping.” © Participle. Digitized by Microsoft® 60 Latin Composition. in that city ; where he coiled himself round a tall palm- tree, and remained for three days. The Romans meanwhile anxiously awaited his return to the ship. At last he went! back [and] did not move again till the ship entered the Tiber. Then, when she came? to Rome, he again crawled forth, swam to the island in the middle of the Tiber, and there went on shore and remained quiet. A temple was built, therefore, to the god on the spot which he had himself chosen. ' Participle. ® Pluperf. subj. (impers.). Lesson 23. Verbs. —5. Gerundive Constructions. 1. Learn § 114. @, with §§ 295-301 (uses of the Gerund and Gerundive). 2. The English participial noun, or verbal in -ING, is represented in Latin in several different ways. a, When it is subject or object, by the Infinitive (see Lesson 21), or quod with the Indicative; rarely by a verbal noun: as, I. Your being here is agreeable, quod ades (or te adesse) gratum est. z. I prefer writing to speaking, malo scribere quam loqui. \ 6. In the other cases, most commonly by the Gerund or Gerundive; less commonly by an Adverbial or Substantive Clause (see Lessons 25, 27): as, 1. The labor of writing is irksome, labor scribendi moles- tum est. z. A plan was formed for firing the city, consilium in- flammandae urbis initum est. 3. I dissuaded him from going, ne iret dissuasi. Note. — The Gerund and Gerundive are precisely equivalent in meaning. But the Gerundive, being in its origin a passive con- struction, can be used only of verbs which govern the accusative (excépt utor, &c.). When it can be used, it is generally to be preferred. Digitized by Microsoft® Verbs: Gerundive Constructions. 61 ec. The phrase “ without doing any thing,” or the like, has no corresponding expression in Latin; but must be analyzed and rendered by some other form of words, chiefly a participle or the ablative absolute : as, 1. Without accomplishing his purpose, re infecta. Without being compelled, nom coactus. . He went away without doing this, abiit neque hoc fecit. . You shall not go without doing this, non abibis nisi hoc feceris. 5. I trod on a snake without knowing it, anguem calcavi insciens (or inscienter). PF WwW N d. PuRPOSE is often expressed in Latin by the accusative of the Gerund or Gerundive with ad, or by the Genitive followed by causa or gratia (see hereafter, Lesson 26, and examples, Gram- mar, § 318). Exercise 22. 1. When polished nations have obtained the glory of victory, or have enriched themselves by the addi- tion-of / territory, they may end the war with honor. But savages are not satisfied until they extirpate® the community which is the object of their rage. They fight not to* conquer, but to* destroy. If they engage in hostilities, it is with a resolution never to-see® the face of the enemy in peace, but to prosecute the war with immortal enmity. The desire of vengeance [is] the first and almost the only [principle which] a savage instils into the minds of [his] children. 2. Cato’s opinion prevailed, and the Senate only waited for a favorable opportunity to-destroy ° the city. The Romans had resolved on war;®and when the Carthaginian ambassadors arrived at Rome, to‘ offer to the Senate the.submission of Carthage, the two consuls were already levying troops. The ambassa- ' Gerundive. ° ficet. % Perfect. * ad, with gerund. > Gen. of gerund. § bello decertare statuerant. Digitized by Microsoft® 62 Latin Composition. dors, knowing that resistance was hopeless, sought! to appease the anger of the Senate by unconditional obe- dience. ‘They were ordered to send three hundred of the noblest families to [meet] the consuls at Lilybeeum, and were told that the consuls would inform them of the further orders of the Senate. 3. Sulla, [when] quaestor in the war against-Jugur- tha,? by his zeal and energy soon gained the full approval of [his] commander. He was equally suc- cessful in gaining the affections of the soldiers. He always addressed them with the greatest kindness, seized every opportunity of conferring favors upon them, was ever ready to® take-part-in all the jests of the camp, and [at the same time] never shrank from sharing in all their labors and dangers. It is a curious circumstance that Marius gave to his future enemy and the destroyer of his family and party the ‘first opportunity of distinguishing himself. The ene- mies of Marius claimed for Sulla the glory of the betrayal-of* Jugurtha; and Sulla himself took the credit of it by always wearing a signet ring represent- ing ® the [scene of the] surrender. 1 conor. ? Adjective. 3 ad, with gerundive. * Perf. part. ® Lit. “on which was represented.” Lesson 24. Verbs. —6. Subjunctive Constructions. 1. Learn §§ 265, with a, 4; 266-268 (uses of the Subjunctive) ; and 269, with @ (Imperative Construc- tions). -2, The Subjunctive mood in Latin is used to repre- sent a great variety of constructions in English, most Digitized by Microsoft® Verbs: Subjunctive Constructions. 63 of which are included in the dependent clauses, to be given in future Lessons. The others are the follow- ing :— a, The rare Subjunctive in English is for the most part rendered by the subjunctive in Latin (but compare special con- structions in future Lessons). Thus — 1. Let him that standeth take heed lest he fall, caveat qui stat ne cadat. ‘ z. I care not, so it serve the state, nil mea refert dum- modo rei publicae prosit. 3. What would Cicero say if he were alive? Quid diceret Cicero si viveret? b. The auxiliaries which form the English Potential — may, might, could, would, should —are very loose in their use and meaning, being sometimes pure auxiliaries, and sometimes retain- ing their proper force. In the former case they are generally rendered by the subjunctive in Latin; in the latter, they require some verb of similar meaning. Thus — 1. You may say (it is possible you should say), dicas. . You may say (you are permitted to say), licet dicere. He would go if I should wish it, eat si velim. He would go (now) if I wished it, iret si vellem. You would have it so, sic volwisti. I should like to go, ire velim. . I could wish he were here, vellem adesset. . A soldier should obey his commander, miles imperatori parere debet. 9. Whoever could go went, guicumque ire poterat ivit. 10. What could I do (what was I to do)? Quid facerem? 11. I wish he would come, utinam veniat. 12. Would he were now here! O si nunc adesset! PI AH ew vs ec» The English Imperative — except commands in the second person —is regularly rendered by the Latin subjunctive. Com- mands addressed to a definite person take the imperative in Latin; prohibitions to a definite person, 1. noli, with the infinitive; 2. cave, with the present subjunctive; 3. ne, with the perfect sub- junctive. Thus — x Digitized by Microsoft® 64 Latin Conposition. 1. Let us go, eamus. 2. Well, be it so, fiat sane. 3. Let justice be done though the heavens fall, fiat justitia ruat caelum. 4. Leap down, fellow-soldiers, desilite, commilitones. 5. Do not suppose, nolite putare. 6. Pardon nothing, do nothing by favor, be not moved by compassion, nihil ignoveris, nihil gratiae causa feceris, misericordia commotus ne sis. ad. General precepts, both affirmative and negative, are regularly expressed by the second person of the present subjunctive, less commonly the perfect. e. There are many idiomatic constructions — more especially clauses of Result and clauses in Indirect Discourse — which in Latin require the subjunctive, though they have no modal form in English. (For these constructions, see hereafter, especially Lessons 26 and 28.) Exercise 23. 1. “Let him go then,” they said, “ where he pleases as an exile, and suffer in some other place whatever fate has reserved for him; and let us pray that the gods visit us not with their anger, for rejecting Marius from our city in poverty and rags.” Moved by such considerations, all in a body entered the room where Marius was, and getting round him, began to conduct him to the sea. 2. “Why,” said Rasselas, “ should you envy others so great an advantage? All skill ought to be exerted for universal good. Every man has owed much to others, and ought to repay the kindness that he has received.” 3. Sweet language will multiply friends, and a fair- speaking tongue will increase kind greetings. Be in peace with many ; nevertheless have but one counsellor of a thousand. If thou wouldest! get a friend, prove 1 volo. Digitized by Microsoft® Verbs: Subjunctive Constructions. 65 him first, and! be not! hasty ? to credit him. For some? man is a friend for * his own occasion,‘ and® will not® abide in the day of thy trouble. 4. My lords,® if you must fall may you so fall. But if you stand — and stand I trust you will — together with the fortunes of this ancient monarchy, — together with the ancient laws and liberties of this great and illustrious kingdom, — may you stand as unimpeached in honor as in power. May you stand the refuge of afflicted nations! May you stand a sacred temple for the perpetual residence of an inviolable justice! 5. Believe me, Athenians! if, recovering from this lethargy, you would” assume the ancient spirit and freedom of your fathers, the world might’? once more behold you playing a part worthy of Athenians! May the gods inspire you to determine upon such measures ! 6. Lay hold on this chance of safety, Conscript Fathers! by the immortal gods I conjure you. Give one sign to the Roman people, that even as now they pledge their valor, so you pledge your wisdom to the crisis of the state. Do you not know this Antony? Do you not know his companions? To be slaves to such as he, to such as they, would it not be the fullest measure of misery, joined with the fullest measure of disgrace? If it be so— which heaven forfend ! — that® the supreme hour of the republic has come, let us, the rulers of the world, rather fall with honor than serve with infamy! Born to glory and to liberty, let us hold these bright distinctions fast, or let us greatly die ! 1 neve. 2 Adverb. 8 guispiam. 4 temporis causa. ® nec. © Patres Conscriptit, 7 Pres. subj. * wt, with subj. 5 Digitized by Microsoft® 66 Latin Composition. Lesson 25. Relations of Time. 1. LEARN §§ 322-324; 325, with 4; 326-328 (use of Temporal Particles) ; 283-286, with Remark (Se- quence of Tenses). RemaRK.— Whenever it becomes necessary to use the Subjunctive mood in a subordinate clause —as in this and the following Lessons — careful attention must be paid to the rule for the Sequence of Tenses. The learner must notice carefully whzch zs the main clause, i.e., what is the main Jact to be stated. This is often disguised in English by one or more modifying clauses; especially Relative (wuHo, WHICH), Temporal (WHEN), and Conditional (iF). Upon the time of the main clause will depend the time of the whole. Sometimes, however, an intervening dependent verb may throw the time back so as to require secondary tenses in those which follow, though the leading verb is primary. Thus — 1. Cicero is said to have gone into exile to prevent civil war, Cicero ex patria excessisse dicitur ut bellum civile averteret. z. We seem to have advanced so far that even in fulness of words we are not surpassed by the Greeks, tantum profecisse videmur ut a Graecis ne verborum quidem copia vinceremur. 2. The English particle WHEN and similar expres- sions of time are rendered in Latin by two different constructions : — @. ubi, postquam, and similar parti- cles (see 324) with the Indicative, usually the perfect ; é. cum, generally with the Indicative of the present or perfect, and with the Subjunctive of the imperfect or pluperfect (325 : see examples in Grammar). Digitized by Microsoft® feelations of Time. 67 REMARK. — The distinction between these two constructions is not at first obvious ; but will become clearer by considering the distinction of Absolute and Relative time (see Note on page 234 of the Grammar), and by careful observation of the practice of Latin writers. a. If WHEN is equivalent to WHENEVER, the Indicative is always to be used: as, When midsummer had begun, he used to make his quarters at Syracuse, cwim aestas summa esse jam coeperat, Syracusis stativa faciebat. b. The common English form of narrative, “Such and such things had happened (were happening), WHEN,” &c., is always to be rendered with the Indicative in Latin — usually with cum: as, 1. This he had said when news was brought, dixerat hoc cum nuntiatum est. 2. I was just reading your letters, when one was brought me, legebam tuas epistolas, cum mihi epistola adfertur. ce. If WHEN or WHILE approaches in meaning to SINCE (as it often does in fact), it is expressed by cum with the subjunctive ; sometimes by other constructions (see Lesson 22): as, But if you do not yet quite see—when the thing itself is plain by so many clear proofs and tokens, quod si nondum satis cernitis—cum res ipsa tot tam claris argumentis signisque luceat. Exercise 24. 1. Hamilcar had poured the libation on the victim, which was duly offered on the altar; when on-a-sud- den he desired! all the others to’ step aside to a little distance, [and then] called hisson Hannibal. Hanni- bal, a boy of nine years old, went up to his father, and Hamilcar asked him kindly whether? he would like? to go with him to the war. When the boy eagerly caught at the offer and with a child’s earnest- ness implored his father to® take him, Hamilcar took ' Participle. ? velletne. 3 ut, with subj. Digitized by Microsoft® 68 Latin Composition. him by the hand and led him up to the altar; and bade him, if he wished! to follow his father, to lay his hand on the altar, and swear that he would never be the friend of the Romans. Hannibal swore, and never to his latest hour forgot his vow. 2. When? Archias came to the door of the temple with his satellites, he found Demosthenes seated. He first addressed him in [language of | friendly persuasion, and offered to intercede with Antipater in his behalf. Demosthenes, having listened for-a-time in silence to his bland professions, at length replied, “ Archias, you never won me by your acting, nor will you now by your promises.” When the player found that he was detected, he threw away the mask and threatened in earnest. “Now,”® said Demosthenes, “ you speak from the Macedonian tripod: before you were only acting. Wait a little till I have written ¢ a letter to my friends at home.” And he took a roll as if to write; and, as was his wont when he was engaged in com- position, put the end of the reed to his mouth; and bit it; he then covered his head with his robe and bowed his head. 3. When he had remained some time in this atti- tude, the barbarians, thinking that he was lingering through fear, began to taunt him with cowardice; and Archias, going up, urged® him to rise, and repeated. his offers of mediation. Demosthenes now ® felt the poison in his veins: he uncovered his face, and fixing his eyes on the dissembler said, “It is time for you, Archias, to finish the part of Creon, and cast my body to the dogs. I quit thy sanctuary, Poseidon, still * ‘ s¢ vellet. 2 ube. 3 nunc. 4 Future perfect. * petere ab eo ut. ° jam. Digitized by Microsoft® Purpose and Result. 69 breathing; though! Antipater and the Macedonians have not spared even this from pollution.” So say- ing, he moved with-faltering-step towards the door; but had scarcely passed the altar, when he fell with a groan, and breathed his last. ' cum, with subj. Lesson 26. Purpose and Result. i. Reap carefully the Introductory Note on p. 227. Remark. —a. In general, Relative or other subordinate clauses are used in Latin nearly as in English. But in Latin the Subjunctive mood is used in many such clauses, where English uses the Indicative. It will be seen, therefore, that not every relative or other subordinate clause is to be translated by the Latin subjunctive; nor, on the other hand, is every English indicative in such clauses to be rendered by the indicative. The learner must, accordingly, accustom himself to notice the true (logical) relation between the subordinate and the main clause ; and express the former according to the Latin idiom, which will appear in the subsequent Lessons. é. When a relative clause (including those introduced by relative adverbs and conjunctions) simply states a fact or circumstance which might be put as an independent statement, there is no occasion for the subjunctive in Latin. But in most cases, where there is a logical relation between the two clauses, so that the force of the relative clause would be lost by taking it out of its connection with the former, the subjunc- tive is required in Latin. N.B. Clauses expressing CAUSE — introduced in English by because, since, inasmuch as— take the subjunctive only in special idiomatic uses (see § 321). . Digitized by Microsoft® 70 Latin Composttion. ¢ The most common uses of the subjunctive in clauses of the kind above referred to are to express PURPOSE — iz order that, that, to, in order to, and the like ; or RESULT— so ¢hat, that, so as to. 2. LEARN § 317 with 318 (clauses of Purpose) ; § 319° with a, 6 (clauses of Result) ; 320and a, e, f (clauses of Characteristic). 3. In English, relations of purpose and result are often expressed by the Infinitive, whzch must never be used in this way in Latin. a. The most general way of expressing Purpose is by ut (negatively ne), unless the purpose is closely connected with some one word, in which case the relative is more common. Thus — 1. Arria gave her husband a sword in order that he might kill himself, Arria gladium dedit marito ut se interficeret. 2. Arria gave her husband a sword to kill himself with, Arria gladium dedit marito quo se interficeret. b. The Gerundive constructions of Purpose are usually limited to short concise expressions, where the literal translation of the phrase, though not the English idiom, is nevertheless not harsh or strange. e. The Supine in this construction is used only with verbs of motion and a few idiomatic expressions (see § 302). The Future Participle of Purpose should be avoided. d. Akind of purpose is expressed idiomatically by the Gerun- dive used passively after particular verbs (see § 294. @). e. In the greater number of cases Result is expressed by ut (negatively ut non), the relative being less common (compare examples in § 319). f. The use of the Subjunctive in clauses of Characteristic (see § 320) can only be learned by practice and comparison of examples. But compare what is said above of Relative clauses in general. g Expressions such as “ He is too honest to deceive,” “It is too distant to be seen,” and the like, which are very common in Digitized by Microsoft® Purpose and Result. 71 English, are in Latin to be rendered by a clause of Result with quam ut following a Comparative: as, Cesar was too merciful to punish his adversaries, clemen- tior erat Caesar quam ut inimicos puniret. Exercise 25. 1. On the reedy margin of the lake stood here and there some monuments; tombs, it was said,! of ancient Assyrian kings. As the royal galley, which Alex- ander steered himself, passed near one of them,? a “ of wind carried away his cap into the odged’the light diadem which circled it 2 reeds which grew out of the tomb. One ers immediately swam out to recover it ;? :p it dry, placed it on his own head. Alex- warded him with a talent; but at the same time a him to be flogged for the thoughtlessness with he had assumed? the ensign of royalty. The _aners, it is said, took the matter more seriously, and Advised the king to‘ inflict death on the offender/in order to avert the omen. 2. Socrates recommends to Alcibiades, in order that he might have a model for his devotions, a short prayer which a Greek poet composed for the use of his friend in-the-following-words:®*O Jupiter! give us those things which are good for us, whether they are such things as we pray for or such things as we do not pray for; and remove from us those things which are hurtful, though they are such things as we pray for.” 3. Polybius also learned the Roman tongue, and attained to that knowledge of their laws, their rights, their customs and antiquities, that few of their own ' dicebant. * Relative. 3 Subjunctive. 4 wd, with subj. ° homo. ° ita, 1 demitto. Digitized by Microsoft® 72 Latin Composition. citizens understood them better. So that he taught the noblemen of Rome their own municipal laws; and was accounted more skilful in them than Fabius Pictor, a man of the senatorial order, who wrote the transactions of the Punic wars. He who neglected none of the laws of history was so careful of truth that he made it his whole business to deliver nothing to posterity which might deceive them; and by that diligence and exactness may be known to be studious of truth and a lover of it. . 4. The Pompeians were too much dispirited to make any resistance. Shivered once more at the first onset, they poured in broken masses over hill and plain. But Cesar was not yet satisfied. Allowing a part of his troops only to return to the camp, he led four legions in hot pursuit by a shorter and better road, and drew them up at a distance of six miles from the field of battle. ' gua diligentia ac cura. Lesson 27. Conditional Sentences. READ carefully pages 214-226, including all the sub-sections, and committing to memory the types of conditional expressions on pages 216, 217. a. The learner should notice carefully the precise nature of the condition which he wishes to render into Latin, because the use of the tenses in English is not uniform. Thus, — “If he is alive now” is a present condition, to be expressed in Latin by the Present Indicative; “If he is alive next year ” is a future condi- tion, and would be expressed by the Future Indicative. “If he were here now” is a present condition contrary to fact, and would be expressed by the Imperfect Subjunctive ; “If he were to see me” thus” is a future condition, to be expressed by the Present Subjunctive. Digitized by Microsoft® Conditional Sentences. 73 6. In cases where the Condition is omitted, it must be mentally supplied in order to determine the form of the condition. c. The conditional phrases of Comparison, as 2%, as though, require in Latin the present and perfect subjunctive, not the im- perfect and pluperfect, as in English (see Remark under § 312). d. For the Concessive expressions, although, granting that, even tf, which require idiomatic constructions in Latin, see § 31 3. For Provisos — provided that, only let, &c. — see § 314. Exercise 26. 1. Among the savages, to display undaunted forti- tude in torments is the noblest triumph of a warrior. To avoid the trial by a voluntary death is deemed infamous and cowardly. If any one betrays symptoms of timidity, they often despatch him at once with con- tempt, as unworthy of-being-treated ! like a man. 2. If we see a friend in distress, and give him all the consolation we are able, we perform the duties of friendship, which pays more attention to the disposi- tion of the heart than to the value of the gift. A small present may be the testimony of a great love. There is no good I do not wish you, and this is all I can offer toward it. I wish this little treatise may be of use to you. If it should not answer my hopes, I shall, however, be secure of pardon from your friendship. 3. Iam come to inform? you of a secret you must impart to Pausanias alone.. From remote antiquity, I am of Grecian lineage. I am solicitous for the safety of Greece. Long since, but for the auguries, would Mardonius have given battle. Regarding these no longer, he will attack you early in the morning. Be prepared. If he change his purpose, remain as you are. He has provisions only for a few days more. __! See § 320. f. 2 See § 287. a. “—<“" Digitized by Microsoft® 74 Latin Composition. Should the event of the war prove favorable, you will but deem it fitting to make some effort for the inde- pendence of one who exposes himself to so great peril for the purpose of apprising you of the intentions of the foe. I am Alexander of Macedon. 4. After a short interval, Charles, turning to Philip, who stood awaiting his commands, thus addressed him: “If the vast possessions which are now bestowed on you had come by inheritance, there would be abundant cause for gratitude. How much more, when they come as a free gift in the life-time of your father! But however large the debt,!I shall consider it all repaid if you only discharge your duty to your subjects. So rule over them that men shall commend and not censure me for the part I am now acting.” 5. We are here as in a theatre, where every one has a part allotted to him. The great duty which lies upon a man is to act his part in perfection. We may? indeed say that our part does not suit us, and that we could act another better. But this is not our business. All that we are concerned in is to excel in the’ part which is given us. If it be an improper one, the fault is not in us, but in Him who has cast our several parts, and is the great disposer of the drama. 1 beneficium. 2 possumus. 8 Plural. Lesson 28. Substantive Clauses. . Reap carefully §§ 329, with Note; 330, 331, with a, b, c, d, e, f (substantive clauses of Purpose) ; 332, with a, 4, c, d, g, h (clauses of Result) ; 333, and Digitized by Microsoft® Substantive Clauses. 75 6 (clauses with guod). Compare §§ 2470, 271, and notice the general schedule of substantive clauses on page 239. 2. In English, one action depending upon another is in almost any case expressed indiscriminately by THAT or by the Infinitive. In Latin the form of expression will depend on the meaning of the depen- dent words or clause. This meaning can usually be determined by the following Rules : — a. If the words can be put in an independent form as the words of some person in the Indicative, it is Indirect Discourse, and requires the Accusative with the Infinitive (see examples in § 330). 6. If they can be put in an independent form as a Question, they require the Subjunctive as Indirect Questions (see examples in § 334). e. If they can be put in an independent form as che words of some person in the Imperative, or can be conceived as a Result, they require the Subjunctive. The Infinitive is used in many expressions of this class, either optionally or exclusively (see examples in §§ 331, 332). d. If they could be expressed independently in the Indicative, but as a fact, and not as the words of some other person, they regularly require quod with the Indicative (see examples in § 333)- e. An English noun must often be rendered by a substantive clause, on account of the scarcity of abstract terms in Latin, or the want of a corresponding idiom. Thus — 1. He was accused of treason against his country, accusa- tus est quod patriam prodidisset. z. A value beyond all estimation, pretium majus quam ut aestimetur. f. In English a real substantive clause is often introduced by the common expression FOR with the Infinitive; and is usually rendered in Latin by the Accusative and Infinitive: ut with the subjunctive is more rare. The meaning of the particular ex- pression must be carefully noticed. Thus — Digitized by Microsoft® 76 Latin Composition. 1. For a dying father to bequeath an empire to his son is a deed worthy of gratitude, patrem morientem filio imperium legare factum est gratia dignum. z. The next thing is for me to speak of the war against the pirates, reliquum est ut de bello dicam piratico. Note. — The forms of Indirect Discourse were developed in Latin into a very complex system, which, for the sake of fuller practice, will be exhibited in the two succeeding Lessons. Exercise 27. 1. But before Cesar allowed his tired soldiers to enjoy the fruits of the victory of Pharsalia he required them to complete the conquest. The pursuit was con- tinued during the remainder of the day and on the morrow. But the task was easy... The clemency of the conqueror induced all to submit. When Ceasar entered the camp, and saw the dead bodies of many Romans lying about, he exclaimed, “They would have it so. To have laid down our arms would have sealed our doom.” 2. The soldiers of Viriathus recognized their general simply by his tall figure, and by his striking sallies of wit, and above all by the fact that he surpassed every one of his men in temperance as well as in toil. 3. The sailors were willing to do as he wished. But they were afraid that the vessel could not stand the beating of the waves, and as Marius also was much troubled with sickness, they made for land. They wandered about without any definite object, seeking merely to escape from the present evil as worst of all, and putting their hopes on the chances of fortune. For the land was their enemy, and the sea also; and they feared? to fall in with men, and < ’ Lit. “ not difficult.” * Notice construction of verbs of fearing (§ 331. 7). Digitized by Microsoft® Intermediate Clauses. 17 feared also not to fall in with men, because they were in want of provisions. After some time they met with a few herdsmen, who had nothing to give them in their need. But they recognized Marius, and ad- vised him to get out of the way as quick as he could.! 4. Griselda, it is now time for you to reap the fruit of your long patience; and that they who have re- ported me to be cruel, unjust, and a monster in nature,” should know that what I have done has been all along with a view to teach you how to behave as a wife, and lastly to secure my own ease and quiet as long as we live * together, which I feared might have been endangered by my marriage. Therefore I had a mind‘ to prove you by harsh and injurious treat- ment; and not being aware that you have ever trans- gressed my will, either in word or deed, I now seem to have met with that happiness I desired. I intend then to restore in an hour what I have taken away from you in many; and to make you the sweetest recompense for the many bitter pangs I have caused you to suffer. ' Subjunctive. ? ingento. 3 Subjunctive. * mihi propositum habui. Lesson 29. Intermediate Clauses. Learn §§ 340, 341. @, 6, c, d; 342 (Intermediate clauses). Compare § 336, and 6 (Subordinate clauses in Indirect Discourse). Remark. — Besides the constructions of dependent clauses already mentioned (which for the most part are suggested by some particle or some construction in English), another is found in Latin, which has no English equivalent whatever : namely, that of a clause subordinate to another which is itself Digitized by Microsoft® 78 Latin Composition. subordinate. ‘This is especially to be observed when any one of the Infinitive and Subjunctive expressions which have been treated under the head of substantive clauses — itself the subject or object of some leading verb —has another clause depending on it. In this case, the verb of the latter is almost invariably in the subjunctive. But, in applying the rule, the following conditions must be observed : — a. When a subordinate clause depends on an infinitive or subjunctive, so that ct becomes logically a part of the same expres- szon, its verb must regularly be in the Subjunctive (see examples in § 342). N. B. This rule does not apply to the case of a simple relative clause following a complementary infinitive, which will generally come under the following head. 6. If the subordinate clause is inserted for mere definition or explanation — so that it may be regarded as true independently of the connection in which it stands — its verb will be in the Indica- tive (see examples under § 336. 4). c. When a clause, though not depending on an infinitive or subjunctive, is represented as containing the words or thought of any other person than the writer or speaker, so that it be- comes informal indirect discourse, the verb must be in the Subjunctive (see examples under § 341). Note. — This construction is especially common in clauses expressing a reason or motive, which otherwise do not take the subjunctive. d. A-subordinate clause in a Conditional sentence will have the mood and tense of the principal verb. Exercise 28. 1. Sulla, encouraging his soldiers, who were 35,000 men well armed, led them to Rome. The soldiers fell on the tribunes whom Marius had sent and mur- dered them. Marius also put to death many friends of Sulla in Rome, and proclaimed freedom to the slaves if they would join! him. But it is said that only three slaves accepted the offer. ' See c, above, Digitized by Microsoft® Intermediate Clauses. 79 2. The next day Marius, compelled by hunger, and wishing to make use of his remaining strength before he was! completely exhausted, went along the shore, encouraging his followers, and entreating them not to abandon the last hope, for which he reserved ? himself on the faith of an old prediction. For when he was quite a youth, and living in the country, he caught in his garment an eagle’s nest as it was falling down,® with seven young ones [in it] ; which his parents won- dering at, consulted the soothsayers, who told them that their son would become the most illustrious of men, and that it was [the will of ] fate that he should receive the supreme command and magistracy seven times. 3. His attendants advised him to wait until he had made preparations of men and money. To which he only returned, “They that love me will follow me.” In a few days he drove the enemy from before the city, and took the count prisoner; who, raging at his defeat and calamity, exclaimed, “that this blow was from fortune; but valor could make reprisals, as he should show, if he ever regained his liberty.” 4. When with infinite toil they had climbed up the greater part of that steep ascent, Balboa commanded his men to halt, [and] advanced alone to the summit, that he might be the first who should enjoy a spec- tacle which he had so long desired.* As soon as he beheld the South Sea stretching in endless prospect below him, he fell on his knees, and, lifting up his hands to heaven, returned thanks to God, who had conducted® him to a discovery so beneficial to his country and so honorable to himself. 1 See a, above. 2 See 4, above. 3 ad terram. 2 2 4 See c, above. 5 See 4, above. Digitized by Microsoft® 80 Latin Composztion. Lesson 30. Indirect Discourse. Reap §§ 335-339, throughout (Indirect Discourse), noticing carefully the Remark on page 248. Remark. —1, The Indirect Discourse in Latin corre- sponds to the common reporting of speeches, &c., in the newspapers and elsewhere, in which the pronouns and the tenses of the verb are changed, and the whole quotation is usually introduced by TuHat, following a verb of saying, &c. This form of discourse is much more common and highly developed in Latin than in English, and may often be used in rendering the English direct narrative or quotation. Many difficulties and obscurities are avoided in Latin by the use of the reflexive pronoun, to refer to the speaker, and of the Indicative and Subjunctive moods as given in § 336. The rule defining the employment of these moods is as follows : — a. The main clauses (statements) have their verbs in the Infinitive with the subject in the Accusative, as SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES dependent on the verb of sayzug, &c. b. Dependent clauses, introduced by relatives, relative or con- ditional particles, and the like, have their verbs in the Subjunctive, aS INTERMEDIATE CLAUSES. ce. Imperative forms of speech take the Subjunctive. N. B. For special indirect forms see §§ 337, 338. d. The Subject of the verb must regularly be expressed in indirect discourse, though a pronoun omitted in the direct. Refer- ences to the speaker must be made by the reflexives se and suus. e. Repetitions of some verb of saying, &c., which are common in English for the sake of keeping up the form of indirect dis- course, should be omitted in Latin. f- Particular attention should be given in translating the afo- dosis contrary to fact, which is done by the future participle with fuisse (see examples in § 308. @). Digitized by Microsoft® Indirect Discourse. 81 g. Sequence of Tenses is very often violated in indirect dis- course for the sake of greater vividness, by the use of primary instead of secondary tenses,— but never in a narrative clause with cum. 2. An Indirect Question includes all the cases where an interrogative clause, or one introduced by an interrogative word (who? where? whether, and the like) is made the sub- ject or object of a verb or of some equivalent phrase. As most interrogatives, both in English and Latin, have the same form with the relatives, care must be taken to distin- guish them by noticing whether there is an Antecedent, expressed or implied, which is the distinguishing mark of the Relative. N.B. For other interrogative forms see §§ 210-212. Exercise 29. rt. When I came to the foot of the hill, I met with a very aged man, who asked me what I was and whither bound. I told him that I was a pilgrim going to the celestial city. Then said the old man, “ Thou lookest like an honest fellow. Wilt thou be content to dwell with me for the wages that I shall give thee?” Then I asked him his name, and where he dwelt. He said his name was Adam the first, and that he dwelt in the town of Deceit. I asked him then what was his work, and what the wages that he would give. He told me that his work was many delights, and his wages, that I should be his heir at last. 2. His resolution was immediately formed. He rose and called together the officers of Proxenus, and addressed them. After! having pointed out the mag- nitude of the evils which they had to apprehend, unless some provision were made without delay for their defence, he dexterously turned their attention to " cum. Digitized by¥Microsoft® 82 Latin Composttion. a more animating view of the situation. “Ever since they had concluded the treaty with Tissaphernes, he had observed with envy and regret the rich posses- sions of the barbarians, and had lamented that his comrades had bound themselves to abstain from the good things which they saw within their reach, except! so far as they were able to purchase a taste? of them at an® expense which he had feared would soon exhaust their scanty means.” 3. I fancy, Cephalus, that people do not generally acquiesce in these views of yours, because they think that it is not your character but your great wealth that enables you to bear with old age. For the rich, it is said, have many consolations. “True,” he said, “they will not believe me; and they are partly right, though not so right as they suppose. There is great truth in the reply of Themistocles to the Seriphian, who tauntingly-told-him® that his reputation was due not to himself but to his country. ‘I should not have become famous if I had been a native of Seriphus, neither would you if [you had been] an Athenian.’” 4. I will tell you [a tale of ] what happened once to a brave man, Er, son of Armenius, a native of Pam- phylia. His story was,‘ that when the soul had gone out of him, it travelled in company with many others, till they came to a mysterious place, in which were two gaps adjoining one another in the earth, and exactly opposite them two gaps above in the heaven. Between these gaps sat judges, who, after passing sentence, commanded the just to take the road to the right, upwards through the heaven; while the unjust were ordered to take the road downwards, to the left. = ' praeterquam quae. 2 pauca. 3 tantus. * dico. 5 exprobare. Digitized by Microsoft® Certain Special Constructions. 83 Lesson 31. Certain Special Constructions. 1. Reap carefully §§ 332. c, and 274 (Exclamatory clauses) ; 332. d (¢antum abest ut, etc.) ; 332. e, com- paring 288. f (facere ut); 332. g, and 319. c, d (quin, quominus); 292. c¢ (Perfect Participle with habeo) ; 317. c, with Remark (disguised Purpose) ; 211, with a, 6, d (Double Questions) ; 308. 4, c, d; 307. d@; 311. ¢ (Indicative used in conditions instead of the Subjunctive). 2. Some constructions which belong logically under the preceding heads have special idiomatic uses in Latin. Such are the following : — a. The English exclamations, “The idea that!” “To think that!” “That!” and the like, referring to something which has actually happened, are expressed by the Accusative and Infinitive, usually with the enclitic ne. When referring to something antici- pated or to a mere idea, by ut with the subjunctive, usually also with -ne: as, 1. To think that you should have fallen into such grief for me! te in tantas aerumnas propter me incidisse ! 2. What! I interrupt you? egone ut te interpellem ? 6. English expressions, like ‘“‘ Far from,” or “So far from,” with a following clause, are rendered in Latin by tantum abest, followed by two clauses with ut. The former clause is always the subject of abest, which has not a personal subject, as in English ; the latter clause is always one of Result, not an independent clause, as it often is in English (see examples in Grammar). e. Such phrases as “ To. allow one’s self to,” ‘‘ manage to,” “act in any way in doing a thing,” are expressed in Latin by facere or committere, with an ut-clause as object. So also where verbs want the future infinitive, fore (futurum esse) ut is used. Digitized by Microsoft® 84 Latin Composition. d. Expressions implying Hindrance, usually (but not always) followed in English by FRom with the participial noun, take in Latin a subjunctive clause with quominus (rarely ne). If the hindering is NEGATIVED, quin may be used instead. The same construction is used in Latin with verbs of refusing. Expressions like “ Not to doubt THAT (du¢ chat)” are regularly followed by quin. The accusative with infinitive is to be avoided. ‘To doubt whether,” introduces an Indirect Question, and is so to be treated. “ To hesitate ” is expressed by the same verb (dubito), but with a different construction — the simple Infinitive. é. The English HAVE, with a participle, is sometimes a mere auxiliary, corresponding to the Perfect in Latin. Sometimes, however, it retains a slight notion of possession, and is then to be translated literally, with habeo or teneo. Thus — 1. I have guarded the prisoners, captivos custodii. But — 2. I have the prisoners guarded (under guard), captivos habeo custoditos. f. Parenthetical expressions, like “To be brief,” “To say no more,” “So to speak,” are really expressions of Purpose, and are to be so treated in Latin: as, Not to be tedious, the enemy were beaten and put to flight, ne longus sim, hostes pulsi et fugati sunt. N.B. As this expression is elliptical, the sequence of tenses is disregarded. g. For the treatment of Double or Alternative Questions, con- sult the forms in the Grammar (§ 211). h. In stating the propriety, possibility, and the like, of a future action, or one that has not been performed at all, Latin employs the Indicative, expressing it (as it were) as a general truth, where English uses the Potential, treating it as a particular case. For example — 1. It would be tedious to follow up the matter, longum est rem persequi. 2. It would befit us to mourn (but we do not), nos decebat lugere. 3. How much better would it have been! Quanto melius fuerat ! Digitized by Microsoft® Certain Special Constructions. 85 Exercise 30. 1. I do not doubt that you fully agree with me regarding the motives and the consequences of Ceesar’s murder. I, for my part, cannot avoid feeling both sorrow and indignation, whether! I consider the victim or! the assassins in that great crime. What- ever may have been the ambitions or the vices of his earlier public or private life, they cannot prevent us from regarding his death at this time. as the most serious calamity to the Roman people, or from con- demning and execrating the infamous conspiracy that slew him. Not to speak of the glory and empire won to Rome by his victories, he was the first con- queror in civil war who refused to make it an occasion of massacre and revenge. Far from following the example of violence which the partisans of Pompey had threatened, he had? disciplined and controlled his forces, so as effectually to check the fury of slaughter or the lust of plunder. At least, his mercy to his enemies, after the victory at Pharsalia, should have? forbidden all thoughts of private resentment. [To think] that Marcus Brutus, whom he not only had spared on the field of battle and in the hostile camp, but even called his son, should strike the dead- liest blow against him! that Cicero, who had so lately extolled with fulsome praise* his pardon® of Marcellus, should with yet greater fervor have gloried in the manner of his death! Was it the hope of real liberty, or was it jealousy of his more vigorous genius and more dazzling glory? ' stve. 2 habeo. 3 debuerat. ‘ effusts laudibus efferre. 5 Clause with quod. Digitized by Microsoft® 86 Latin Composition. 2. But the death of Caesar could not cause! true and lasting freedom to exist in a city which had beheld the murder of Gracchus, the massacres of Marius, the proscriptions of Sulla, the profligacy of Catiline, the violence of Clodius! The wicked act? of his enemies did not hinder Rome from becoming subject to the tyranny of a Cesar; it did prevent it from enjoying a firm peace and an enlightened rule under the ancient forms of the commonwealth. It kindled again the fury of civil war. It destroyed the remnant of those ancient families and the authority of the Senate, which had made the glory of Rome. It extinguished the freedom of debate, and all confidence among men. It committed the destiny of the Repub- lic to the hands of Mark Antony and Octavianus. It removed the mighty Julius, to prepare the way for Tiberius, Caligula, and Nero. ' Lit. “ bring it to pass that,” &c. * facinus. Digitized by Microsoft® VOCABULARY. Nortg.— In using this Vocabulary, it should be borne in mind that the Latin terms here given are not in all cases the best or even the ordinary equivalent of the English words, but such as appear to be best suited to the passages where these occur. They need not, therefore, prevent the use of such other terms as may be preferred. In select- ing the right word, where several are given, it will often be necessary to consult the Latin lexicon. For numerals, reference should be had to the Grammar. Where numbers occur, they may be wrz#éex in Roman numerals, but should always be read in full, as Latin words, The small figures mark the conjugations of the verbs. In general, the gender only of the less usual forms of nouns is given, and in verbs only those principal parts which are required. Adjectives in ws, when not otherwise marked, are to be declined like bonus. A. A, an, usually omitted; a cer- tain, guédam (p. 18). abandon, rve/inguo, amitto (lose), abide, maneo,*? mansi. abode, to make, Zadzto.1 [circa. about (here and there), assim; above, supra (acc.), zsuper ; above all, maxime. abroad, to get, emano.' abstain, fempero,' se abstinere, abundance, abundantia, ae. abundant, saéis (with gen.), abuse (v.), abudor,? usus. academy, academia, ae. accept, accipio,’ cept. accompany, comztor.t account (v.), Aabeo,® extstimo.' account, on—of, 0b, propter (acc.) ; it is of — , zzterest (see § 50,4. @). (See p. 29). accuse, accuso.) accustomed, to be, soleo,’ solitus. achieve, vero,’ gessz. acquiesce, consentior,’ sensus. Acron, Acron, onis. across, /razs (acc.). act (n.), factum, facinus, oris. act, ago® gi; —a part, partes agere, tueri; — as, esse pro. acting, actio in scena. actor, actor, oris; histrio. Adam, Adamus, 7. add, addo.8 addition of territory, jimes pro- moti, propagatz. adjoining, conjunctus, proximus. address, adloguor,> appello.' admire, mzror.) advance, progredior,® Lressus. advantage, w7zlitas, atts; [have the — of, me adjuvat quod. advise, hortor,’ moneo. Digitized by Microsoft® 88 affair, res, rez (F.). affection, amor, affections, anzmz. afflicted, adfiictus. afraid, to be, f7e0,? uz. after, Jos’, conj. postguam. afterwards, poste. again, zterum, rursus, postea. against, contra, adversus (acc.). Agamemnon, Agamemnon, Onis, acc. Ona. age, aetas, atts (F.). aged, confectus ( provectus) ae- tate, longaevus. agitate, commoveo,* movi. ago, abhinc. agree, adsentior* (dat.). agreeable, gratus, a, um. aid, auxilinm, 7. air (music), cantus, us. alarm, ferreo,” uz. alarmed, ferritus (abl.), sollzcz- tus; — for, metuens (dat.). alas, vae/ Alcibiades, 4 lcibiades, is. all, ommnzs, e (whole), totus, solus (gen. zs). all in a body, unzversi. allied, conjunctus. allot, ¢vibuo,® uz, utum. allow, fotestatem dare (dat.). ally, soczus, 2. almost, Seve, paene. along, Zraeter. — alone, solus, along with, wxa cum. already, jam. also, guogue. altar, ava, ae. although, guanguam. altogether, ommnino. always, semper. ambassador, /egatus, 7. Latin Composition. ambition, ambitio, onis ; cupid- ttas, atts (F.). ambitious, ambitiosus. among, zzfer (acc.) ; sometimes expressed by dat. ; apud. ancestor, proavis, t%, auctor generis, pl., majores, um. ancient, antiguus, vetus, eris. and, e¢, -gue (enclitic), atgue. anger, zra (visit with, ersequz ).. animal (wild), fera, ae (F.); the lower animals, destiae. animating, /aezus. answer, vrespondeo,’ di, sum. annual, annuus, sollemnis. Antipater, Antipater, tri. antiquities, antzqguztas, atts (F.). anxiety, sollicitudo, ints (F.). anxious, sollicitus. any, “lus, ullo modo, — one, guisguam, gutvis (p. 18); does any ? mum quis ? Apennines, Ajenninus mons), @ (M.). apparel, vestitus, as; in funeral —, sordide vestitus. appear, appareo,? ui; videor# appease, leno,’ placo.) apply (for aid), se conferre, peto. apprehend, metuo.3 apprise, doceo.” ‘ appoint, pracjicio (acc., dat.). appointed (to head), pracfec- tus datus. approach (n.), adventus, us. approval, grazza, ae. arbitration, arb7ztrium, 7. arbitrator, arbiter, tri. archbishop, avchiepiscopus, 7. arduous, arduus. Argos, Argi, orum. (sc. Digitized by Microsoft® Vocabulary. 89 aristocracy, zobilitas, atis. arm (v.), avimo.1 armed, armatus. arms (weapons), arma, orunt. army, exercitus, ts. arrival, advenius, us. arrive, pervento,’ advenio.* arrogance, arrogantia, ae. arrow, sagitta, ae. art, ars, tis (F.). artificial, avtificiosus. artisan, ofifex, icis. Aruns, Avuns, Aruntis. as, uf;(when), cum, pro. as..as, fam quam, aegue ac. as if, as it were, ¢anquam. ascent, ascensus, us. ashamed, to be, pudere (impers. § 50, 4. 0). aside, se- (verb-prefix). ask, rogo,) guaero, peto (ab). assassin, sicarius, 7. assassinate, zzterficio,* occido. assistance, auxilium, 7. assume, suimo,> adrogo. assumed, simulatus. Assyrian, Assyrius. at, with name of town, see p. 41; near (not in), apud, ad, as cause (as “alarmed at”), abl. ; at all, ovenzno ; at once, statim. Athenian, A theniensis, e. Athens, 4 thenae, arum. attached to, conjunclus cum. attack, aggredior,’ oppugno.\ attain, adseguor. attempt (v.), conor. attempt (n.), conatus, as (M.). attend, comitor ;'! to— the ses- sion of the Senate, zz Sena- tum tre. attendant, socius, comes. attention, to pay, sfecto,;' to turn, animum revocare (aa). attitude, status, is. attractive, jucundus. audacious, audax, acis. augury, augurium, Z. authority, auctoritas, atis (F.). avenge, wz/ciscor,? ultus. avert, averto, ti, sum. avoid, fugio,? fugi, evito;' I cannot —, “on possum non. await, exspecto awake, ¢ somno excitare. aware, to be, animadvertere. away, to be, adesse. awhile, aliguamdiu. axe, securis, is (F.). B. babe, zzfans, tis. banish, pello,? pepult, pulsum 5 expello.® bank, vipa, ae. bar (v.), claudo.3 barbarian, darbarus. barbarously, saeve. barren of, to be, careo,? ui (abl.). battle, proelium, 7 (N.); pugna, ae (F.); field of battle, aczes, ez (F.), locus ubi pugnatur. bay, sznus, zis. be, szz (see paradigms of com- pound tense) ; to be so, zfa se habere; —able fosse. beach, “tus, dris (N.). bear, fero, ferre, tuli, latum. bear up, sustinzo,? uz. Digitized by Microsoft® go bear no relation to, #z/d/ at- tinere ad. beard, darba, ae. beast, wild, /eva, ae. beating, vzs, vis (F.). beautiful, Aulcher, a, um. beauty, species, et, forma, ae. because, gua. become, fo, ferd (or passive). before, azte, antehac, ante- quam. begin, zucipzo,3 cepi,; coepi. beginning, zzztzum, 2. behalf, in, Zo (abl.). behave, se gerere. behind, ost; go behind, se- guor3 behold, contucor, video, conspicio. believe, credo * (dat.). belong, esse (with gen. or dat.) ; pertineo, ut (ad). bench, sudbsellium, 7. beneath, subter, sud. beneficent, deneficus (use su- perl.). beneficial, zzz/is, e. besides, racter, praeterea (adv.). besiege, opfpugno.t besiegers, obsidentes. best, optimus, (adv.) optime, maxime ; (of two) magzs. bestow, dono.) betray, prodo,’ ostendo* (show). better, elior, us. between, z7fer (acc.). bid, jubeo,? jussi. bind, obligo.' bird, avis, zs (F.). birth, by, zazz. bitep sz0rdeo,? momordt. bitter, acerbus. Latin Composition. bitterly, vehementer. blame, culpa, ae. bland, dlandus. blast, of music, clangor, oris (M.). blow (a blast of an instrument), edo. blow, zctus, as (M.); plaga, ae (F.), vulanus, eris (N.). boar, afer, apré. boast, glorzor,' praedico} de. bodily gifts, doxa corporis. body, corpus, oris (N.); of men, agmen, ints (N.). bolster-up, sadvenio* (dat.). bondage, servitus, utis (F.). book, /iber, bri (M.). booty, pracda, ae. borders, izes, 2277 (M.). born, zazus , to be —, nascor both, udergue, utrague, utrum- gue, gen. utriusgue; both. . and, ef . . et. bound, obligatus ; to be going anywhere, zendere. bow one’s head, se zzclinare. boy, puer, ert. brave, fortis, e. break, frango,’ fregi, fractum. break up, confringo. breathe, exspiro;' animam efiare, to breathe one’s last. breathing, spzritum ducens. breeze, aura, ae. bribe (v.), corrumpo, rupi, rup- tum. bribes (n.), doa, orum. bribery, ambitus, tis (M.). bridge, pos, Pontis (M.). bright, c/arus ; — distinctions, praeclara. Digitized by Microsoft® t Vocabulary. gl brilliant, clarus, insignis, e, splendidus. bring, adfero, irr., porto,! duco, perduco ;*®—to an end, confi- cio , *— to pass, efficio.9 broken, fractus, turbatus. brother, /razer, tris (M.) ; —in- law, wzxoris frater. brutality, zzmanitas, atis (F.). brute, destza, ae (F.). build, aedifico,; ' military works, roads, &c., #zzn7z0.4 building, aedificium, 7. bulk, magnitudo, inis (F.). bull, saurus, 2. burn (v.), ardeo,? sz. burst, zurumpo. business, zegotium, res ; make it one’s —, operam ponere in. but, sed, autem (§ 43, 3. 0), ¢a- men, but if, sz, guod si» — buy, emo.* [for, 2¢s7¢ (with verb). by (near), ad, (with passives) ab, a (abl.); means, ablative alone (see p. 28); by far, tonge ; be by (near), adesse. Cc. Cadiz, Gades, tum (F.). Ceesar, Caesar, aris ; adj., Caesa- rianus. Caenina (of), Caenznensis, e. calamity, calamitas, atis (F.). call, appello,’ advoco;1 —to mind, commemorare s‘— upon (for opinion), sestentiam ro- gare; — together, convoco. camp, castra, orum (N.); of the camp, milztlaris, e. campaign, del/um, 7. can, possum, posse, potui. candidate, to become (for con- sul), consulacum petere. cap, pileus, z (M.). capitol, capztolium, 2. captain, dux, ducis. captivated, capzus. capture (v.), capzo.3 capture, expugnatio, onis (F.). care, cura, ae. careful of, s¢udiosus (gen.). earry, porto,' fero, deicio3 Carthage, Carthago, inis (F.). Carthaginian, Carthaginiensis. cast, proicio ; ® — the parts of a play, distribuo. cast, jactus (part. of jaciv). cat, felis, zs. catch, excipio , * — at, capto.} Catiline, Catilina, ae. Cato, Caso, onis. Caudine Forks, Furculae Cau- adinae. cause to suffer, aligua re adfi- cere 5 efficere ut. Cause, 7¢5s, rel, causa, ae; res (plur.). cavalier, egues, ztzs. cavalry, egues, ztis, pl. celebrate, celebro.' celestial, cae/lesizs, e. censor, censor, ovis; one who has been — , censorius €p. 10). censure, reprehendo.® chain, vinculum, 7. chair, se/a, ae (F.). [tor champion, defensor, propugna- chance, occasio oblata; casus, us (M.); by chance, forte. change, muto.' Digitized by Microsoft® 92 Latin Composition. character, 7zdoles, mores (pl.). charge, accusatio, crimen. Charles, Carolus, 7. chariot, currus, us (M.). chase, venatzo, onis (F.). chastise, verbero.' check, reprimo.? cheer, recreo,! hortor. cherish hate, odium gerere. chief, dux, cis ; princeps, tpts. chief-town, caput gentis. chiefly, maximé. child, puer, 7; adj. puerilts, e. children, /:ber7; young —, pueri, orum, infantes. childless, orbus. chink, 7z7a, ae. choose, délego,* gi, (of officers) Jfacio,® fect, creo’ (p. 122, dz). Cicero, Czcero, onis. circle, circulus s (v.) circa esse. circumstance, 7¢s, 7é2. citizen, civis, zs. city, urbs, urbis, civitas, atis (F.); of the —, urbanus. civil, czvilis, e. claim, vzidico.1 class, ordo, inis (M.). claw, unguts, 7s (M.). cleft, jissus (part. of indo), clemency, clementia, ae. client, clrens, tis. climb, scando,3 adscendo? close (v.), claudo,® sz, sum. close to, prope (acc.) ; prope ab. closed, clausus. — closely, arte. clothed, vesizzzs. coast, itus, Oris (N.). coil, volvo cold, a/gor, oris (M.). colleague, collega, ae. college, collegium, 7. colony, colonia, ae. come, venio,’ vent; — across, transeo, ire; — forward, ex- sisto 3 —in (of wind), aa- Jlare ; — to, pervenio* ad, ac- cedo* ad. comeliness, forma, ae. command (v.), jubeo,? jussi,y (in office), Pracesse,; be master of, zwepero.2 command (n.), zperatum, t; supreme — , zwperium, zt; by —, jussu. commander, ivzperator, oris. commanding, dx, ducis (gen.) ; as descriptive adj., augustus. commend, Jaudo.1 [committo. commit (an act), faczo, efficio,® common (in common), commu- nts, é. common people, p/edbs, zs (F.). commonwealth, ves publica. communicate, zzpertio.* community, populus, 7. companion, soczus, 7. compare, comparo.' company: in — with, wza cum. complete, ad finem perduco.?® completely, plane. compelled, coactus (cogo). compose, concipio, scribe. compulsion, under, coactus. comrade, comes, itzs. conceal, ce/o ' (two acc.), occulo.§ concerns, it, vefert (§ 40, 4. @). conclude (make), facio. condemn, damno,' reprehendo.* condition, condicio fortunae ; Sortunae, arunt. conduct (v.), duco,® deduco. Digitized by Microsoft® Missing Page Missing Page Vocabulary. 93. conduct (harsh), asperitas. confederation, focdus, eris (N.). confer on, defero ad, confero in. confidence, fiducia, ae, fides. confidence, to have — in, con- fido* (dat: or abl). — [obsecro. conical, coni (gen.). — conjure, connect, conjungo.® connected, conjunctus. conquer, vinco,® vici, victum , devinco. — conquest, victoria. conqueror, victor, oris. consequences, ex7fzs, us (sing.). consider, existimo,' considero.+ consideration, ves, red (F.). consistent, to be, congruo.® consolation, so/atio, consolatio, onts (F.). conspicuous, to be, emzneo.? conspiracy, coujuraiio, onis. conspirator, conjuratus, z. conspire, conjuro.1 consul, consul, élis ; (one who has been), consularis. consulship, coszlatius, ws (M.); in one’s consulship, comsz/, in appos. with name. consult, consulo,? uz (§ 51, 2. a>). consume, consumo.3 contempt (with), fastidiens, tis. contend (as with difficulty), laboro' (abl.). content, contented, contentus (abl.); wilt thou be —, sazzz habes ? continue, perseguor,® secutus ; —jin pursuit, hostes consec- tari. contrary to, contra (acc.). control, zoderatio, onis (F.). controlled, frenatus,~’ convict, conzinea,$ wWamno.2 corner, azgulus, z. counsellor, to have, 22 consili- um adhibere. count (a title of rank), comes, atts. countless, ixnumerabilis, e. country, vegio, onis; terra, ae; (one’s native), patria, ae ;— people, agrestes, tum, rus- tict, orum, in the —, rurz. court, aula, ae.— cover, tego.s covered, tectus (F.) coopertus; (here and there, as with dwell- ings), sparsus. cowardice, /gzavia, ae. cowardly, zgnavus. cradle, arca, alveus. crafty, dolosus, callidus. crawl, serpo.* create, creo ,} facio,? fect; con- stituo.® credit (v.), confido. credit (n.), /aus, dis (F.). Creon, Creon, ontis. crime, scelus, eris (N.). crisis, discrimen, ints (N.). cross, ¢ransire. crowd, comitatus, us, ae. crown, corona,ae;(royal power), . imperium, regnum. eruel, crudelis, e. ery, clamo ;1— out, clamo, ex- clamo, vocifero.' cultivated, cultus. curious, emorabilis, e. curule, curulis, e. custom, 70s, moris (M.). cynic, cynzicus. turba, Digitized by Microsoft® ‘oe * UD Saye x danger, periculum, ¢. dangerous, gravis, é. os, daughter, fila, ae. Gay, dies, diei (M.), (rarely F. in singular). dazzling, clarus. dead (slain), occésus. deadliest, gvavissimus. dearly, cave, carissime. death, ors, tis, condemn to —, damnare capitis (§ 50, 4. 6), morte multare,; put to —, zn- terficere. debar, prohibeo,? ut, ttum. debase, depravo.1 debate, seztentias dicere. debt (kindness), see note, p. 74. deceit, fallacia, ae. deceive, decipio.* decemvir, decemvir, vire. decide the contest, decerto.! decision, judicium, 7. declare, xzntio,' adfirmo.' dedicate, dedico.' deed, factum, 7. deem, puto.) deeply, vehementer. defeat (v.), supero.' defeat (n.), calamitas, clades. defend, defendo, defence, salus. degree (to what —), guo. delay, ora, ae. deliberate, delibero. delight (v.), delecto.' delight (n.), gaudium, 7, delec- tatio, onis (F.); oblectamen- tunt, 2. deliver, Zibero,' trado.8 deliverer, liberator, oris. Latin Composition. demand, Zostulo,' flagito+ Demosthenes, Demosthenes, ts. deny, xego.' depose (a king), rego spolio.' deprive, orbo,' privo,' — of voice, vocem eripexe (dat.). deputation, /egatio, onis (F. -_ descended, genztus (with abl.). descend, descendo3 descent, genus, eris (N.). desert (n.), @eserta, orum. deserted, desertus. desire, cupzo,? cud (with acc. or infin.), jubeo.” desire (n.), cupido, inis (F.). despatch, con/icio,’ interficio.* despise, contemno,’ pst. despoil, sfolzo.' despotism, dominatio, onts (F.). destiny, fortunae, arum. destroy, deleo,? evi, etum. destroyer, ferditor, oris. destruction, exitium, pernictes. detected, detectus. determine, s¢atuo ; 8 — on, ca- pere (p. 65). detestable, nefandus. devoid, exfers, tis (with gen.). devotions (of —), precandt (gen.). dexterously, sollerter. diadem, dadema, atis (N.). dictator, dictator, oris. dictatorship, dctatura, ae. die, orior,’ mortuus. die out, exstinguor? die (n.), alea, ae. dignity, dignitas, honos. difficult, dificilis, e. dinner, cena, ae (F.). dip, tingo,3 tinxi, tinctum. Digitized by Microsoft® Vocabulary. 95 direct, viam monstrare. disappear, evanesco, ut. disaster, clades, zs (F.). discharge, praesto,' fungor. disciplined, coercitus (p. 85). discontinue, abrogo.) discourse (v.), dsputo.} discovery (conduct to —), efi- cere ut inveniret. discredit, zzfaniia, ae (F.). disease, szorbus, ¢ (M.). disgrace, dgzominia, dedecus. display, pracbeo.” dispirited, fractus animo. displease, dspliceo, 27 (dat.). disposer, vector et moderator. disposition, voluntas, atis. disregard, neglego, xi. dissatisfied, 707 contentus. dissembler, sz#zulator, oris. dissolution, so/utio, onzs (F.). distinguish, Jaudibus ornare; with distinction, Aonorifice. distress, ves adversae. distribute, distribuo.® distrust, difidentia, ae. disunion, dssensio, onis (F.). divide, divido, sz, sum. divine, czvinus. diviner, haruspex, icts. divinity, za/ura divina. do, facto,’ fect, factum. dog, canzs, zs (gen. pl. canum). dominion (subjects), czvétas, atts (F.). doom: to seal —, permicies at- gue exitiumt esse. door, fores, tun (F.); porta, ae (F.) ; out of doors, foras. doubtful, dubzzs. downward, deorsuim. drama, fabula, ae. draw up, sudduco,* troops —, copias instruo.4 drink (n.), Aotzo, onis (F.). drive, dello, pepult, pulsum. drowned: to be —, agua fe- rive. dry, siccus. dry (up), exsécco.4 due, to be, deberé. duly, rite. duty, munus, evis,; officium, é. dwell, habito.' B. eagerness, earnestness, studt- um, Zt; eagerly, avide. eagle, aguz/a, ae. earlier, Avior, oris. early, #zane. early-ripe, 7zaturus. earnest: in —, serio. earth, ¢erra, ae; surface of — expressed by omzzs. ease, tranguillitas, atis (F.). Bast, ovzens, tis (M.); of the —, Astaticus. easy, facilis, e. educate, educo,' erudio.* education, dsciplina, ae. effectually, pezztus. effeminacy, 7ollities, ed (F.). effort, to make, zztor.5 Egypt, Aegyptus, z (F.). elder, sajor (natu). elect, creo, 1 facto,’ fect, factus. election (as consul), conszda- tus, ais (M.). elegy, e/egia, ae. Digitized by Microsoft® 96 Latin Composition. elephant, elephantus, 7. eloquence, eloguentia, ae. emblem, sigzuz, 2. eminent, z//ustris, é. empire, zizperium, 2. employ, zZor,3 usus, adhibeo. empty, zzanis, e. enable, facere ut possim. encounter (v.), conjligo® cum. encourage, cohortor.+ end (v.), fizio.4 end, fizzs, (F.orM.); at an—, Jfinitus, bring to an —, conjfi- cio,3 fect ; —of, extremus. endanger, 77 periculum addu- cere. endless, s7zze fine. endowed, pracditus. endure, fero ( perfero), tuli,; ca- pable of enduring, patiens, tis. enemy, Hostis, zs (“ the enemy,” usually plur.) ; a personal —, tnimicus, 2. energy, s/udinm, ¢. engage, adhibeo,® uz, tum. engage in, zzzre. engaged, occupatus. English, Angli, orum. enjoy (fruit), Aercipio.5 enlightened rule, zzperium sa- pienter administratum. enmity, odium, 7z. Enna (man of), Hennensis, zs. enrich, Jocugleto.' ensign, z7signe, zs (N.). enter, 7zztro,1 ineo, tre; —a ship, conscendo.* enterprise, comatus, is (M.). entire, ¢ofizs (gen. zzs). entitlé, zzscribo.3 entreat, obsecra.) envenomed, venenatus. envy, zzvideo ; invidia (noun). Epidaurian, £pidaurius. Epirots, Efirotae, arum. equal, par, paris. equally, zon minus, aeque. establish, ¢ov/oco.1 estate, pracdium, 2. esteem (v.), aestimo.1 Etruscan, E¢ruscus. even, ef7am ; not —, ne . . gui- dem ; —as, ut. ; event, factum, 7; eventus, us (M.). ever, uzguam ; (always), semper. every, everybody, guisgue, guz- libet, omnis, unusguisque (p. 19). everywhere, wbigue, ubivis. evil, malus, (n.),zncommodum, ¢ exactly, plane. exalted, excelsus. example, exemplum, 7. except, practer (acc.), nist. excess, 7227227 — excel, excello. excited, coucitatus. exclaim, clamo.} execrate, exsecror.1 exercise (v.), exerceo,? uz, ttum. exercise (n.), exercitatio, onis (use plur.). exert, exerceo,? 172. exertion, ador, oris (M.). exhaust, conjficio,® exhaurios exigency, secessitas, atts (F.). exile, exsilium,z,; to be in—, exsulo, 1 an—, exsul, ulis. expel, expello,’ puli, pulsum. expense, pretium, 7. experience (v.), obire (acc.). exploit, res gesta : Digitized by Microsoft® Vocabulary. expose, obicio,® ject s offero. exterminate, exstirpo.' extinguish, vestinguo,’ nxi. extirpate, exstirpo.! extort, extorqueo,® tors. extraordinary, extraordinarius. extremely, express by superl. eye, oculus, z (M.). F. face, vultus, ws (M.). facilitate, adjuvo,' juvt. failings, vitia, orum. fair share, jusla pars. fair-speaking, dlandiloguus. faith: on the — of, /retus (with abl.). faithful, fidus. Falerian, Falernius. fall, cado,* pereo; —to the lot of, obtingo, tigd (of office, use rather obtinere, of the man chosen); let-—, dezcio ; —in with, occurro,;* —upon, zn- vadere in ; — down, decido ;? —on one’s knees, 2” genua procumbere. false, falsus. faltering, vacillans, tis. fame, fama, ae. family, familia, ae. famine, fames, zs (F.). famous, clarus. fancy, opinor.' [late. far, by far, Jonge, far and wide, farewell, vale. fate, fatum, 7; Fortuna, ae. father, pater, tris; parens, tis; of the fathers, Aatrizs. 97 fatigue, /abor, oris (M.). fault, culpa, ae. favor (v.), faveo,® favi, fautum. favor (n.), beneficium, 7. favorable, secundus ; prove—, bene succedere. fear (v.), ¢2e0,* metuo,’ vereor? fear (n.), ¢2/mor, oris ; metus, us. feeble, exiguus. feel, sentio,' sensi, adficior (with abl.). fellow, vir, vir. ferment, agitatio, tumultus. fervor, studium, 7. festival, festus dies. few, aliquot, pauct, ae, a. field, ager, gri (M.), arvum, t. fierce,/acer, ferox , fiercely dis- puted victory, acerrimis pug- nis parta victoria. fig, or fig-tree, ficus, z (F.). fight (v.), pugno,; —a battle, committere proclium. fight (n.), pugna, ae. figure, sfecies, ed (F.), statura, fill, compleo, impleo.? find, zxvenio,’ video.” finish, Jerago.® fire, 7gzs, zs (M.). firm, firmus. first, Arius, at—, primo; (be- forehand), azze. fitting, to be, decere. fix, jigo.® flame, flamma, ae (F.), tgnis, is (M.). flee, fugio,* fugi ; confugio. fleet, classis, zs (F.). flight, fuga, ae. flock, Zecus, ovis (N.). Digitized by @Microsoft® 98 flog, fustibus caedere or virgis. flow, fluo, xi, xum. foe, hostis, zs (C.). fold, szus, as (M.). follow, seguor,® tnseqguor, tmitor. follower, comes, ztzs. food, czbus, ¢ (M.). — foot, Zes. foot, of hill, zeus collis ; — (in- fantry), Dedes, z¢zs (pl.). for (prep.), Zvo (abl.); often expressed by dative (§ 51, 7. R.), or by ace. of place. for, am, eniim, etenim (§ 43, 3. @); (instead ot), 2 loco. forbid, veto, 27. forces, copiae, arum. forest, sz/va, ae. forfend: heaven —, di omen avertant. forget, obliviscor,’ oblitus (§ 50, 4. @). forgetting, ob/ztus (gen.). forgive, zgzosco,’ novi. fork, furca, ae. form (v.), facto, capio.8 form (n.), forma, ae, (political) tnstitutum, 2. former (the), z//e, a, ud. forsaken, desertus. forth: to go —, egredi. fortify, szunz0.4 fortitude, fortitudo, inzs (F.). fortress, castellum, z (N.). fortune, fortuna. forum, forunz, 2. forward: to come, exsistere. found, condo, didi ; to — a col- ony at, coloniam deducere (with acc. of name of town). franchise, c/vitas, atts (F.), jus, Juris (N.). Latin Composition. free, liber, eva, um; — (as a gift), gratudtus ; — town, mu- nicipium ; freedom, éibertas, friend, amicus, 7, intimate—, Samiliaris friendly, to Le, faveo,? favi. friendship, amicitia, ae. fringe, practexo, uz. from (out of), ex, (away from), ab; (by reason of), Sropter (see p. 33): frugal, parcus. frugally, frugaliter. fruit, fructus, us. full, d/enus,; —measure, summnius fully, dene, plane. function, sun, erts (N.). furious, /erox, ocis. further (adj.), rediguus. fury, saevitia, ae, furor, oris (M.). future, futurus. G. Gabinian law, Gadinia lex. gain (v.), pario,? pepert, par- tum; stbi conciliare. gain (n.), guaestus, us. gain over, concilio. gallant, forlissimus. galley, zavis, zs (F.). games, /idi, orum. gap, hiatus, ws (M.). garment, vestis, 7s (F.). gate, janua, porta, ae (F.). gather, carpo,3 psi. Gaul (the land), Gallia, ae, (the people), Gali, orum. gay, Jactus. general (n.), zaperator, orés.. Digitized by Microsoft® Vocabulary. generally, fere (see “men”), vulgo. genius (intellect), zzgerzum, 7. German, Germanus. get, adipiscor ; — away, effugio. getting round, ¢c7rcumfusz. gift, donum, 2, munus, eris. gifts, dona, orum. gigantic, zzgens, tis, Zmmanis, é. give, do,! dedi, datum ; tribuo,* adhibeo s ? — back, reddo ;* — up, depono ; — place, cedo,3 cess; — to one’s self, szzz0.3 glory (v.), glorior.' glory (n.), gloria, ae, laus, dis (F.), decus, ovis (N.), faiia, ae. G0, ¢0, tre, vi, ttum, procedo,® tter facio;* — on behind, seguor ,* — out, egredt,> ex- cedo,® exire ; — up to, adire, accedere,; so goes, ita se ha- bet. goat, caper, pri (M.). god, deus, ¢ (§ 10, 4. f). good, bonus ; make —, compen- sare; be — for, convenire (dat.). goodness, virtius, utis (F.). governor, pracfectus, 2. grandson, zefos, otis. gratitude, occasion of, gratum, res grata. great, magnus, timmantis. greatiy, ultum , so —, tantum, magnifice. Grecian, Greek, Graecus. greeting, salutatio, onis (F.). grief, /ctus, as (M.); dolor, oris, (M.). groan, gemitus, as (M.). gIOSS, L7AVIS, é. 99 ground, zerra; on the —, Aummi. group, agizen, iis (N.). grow up, adolesco,) evi; — out, provenio.* guard (n.), custos, odis. gust, flatus, us (M.). H. habitation, domicilium, i. hail, cppello} hall, ala, ae. halt, consisto.§ hand, manus, as (F.); holding in —, tfse manu tenens; (power), Potestas, atis (F.) Hannibal, Hannibal, ales. happen, accido,? evenio, happiness, /elicitas, atis (F.). happy, fe/zx, iczs. harbinger, pracnuniia, ae. harbor, portus, ws (M.). hardship, /abor, oris (M.). hardy, durus. harsh treatment, crudelitas, atis (F.). Hasdrubal, Hasdrubal, élis. hasten, propero.) hastily, zezere. hateful, odiosus. hatred, odium, 7. haughty, avrogans, tis. have, hadbeo,? uz, ztum ; (take to one’s self), adhibeo ? (see p. 84). head (n.), caput, tis (N.). head-quarters, castra ; appoint- ed to—, pracfectus, with gen. health (state of), valetudo, inis (F.). hear, audio.4 Digitized by Microsoft® 100 heart, animus, 2. heat, calor, oris (M.). heaven, cae/um, 2. heifer, juvenca, ae. heir, heres, edis. help, auxilzum, 7. herald, fetialis, zs. herdsman, pastor, orzs. here, Azc ; — and there, Dassim. hereditary, Daternus. heritage, ereditas, atis (F.). Hesiod, Hestodus, 7. high, a/tus, excelsus. highest, summus, maximus. hill, ons, collis (M.). hinder, zfedio.4 hindrance, iwpedimentum, 7 (N.). his (of his), ews; SUUS. history, Azstoria, ae. hold, ¢eneo ; 2 — out, propono. holiday, des festus. home, domus, ts ; domicilium, Zz, at —, domi. Homer, Homerus, 2. honest men, 4022, orum. honesty, Avobitas, atts (F.). honey, 7ze/, mellis (N.). honor (v.), colo,3 uz, cultum. honor (n.), decus, Oris (N.); honor, oris (M.); dignitas, atis (F.); with —, honeste. honorable, honorificits. hope (n.), shes, sped (F.) ; votum, Z. hopeless, z7z7¢z/7s, e. Horace, Horatzis, z. Horatian, Horatius. horn, cor7u, us (N.). horse, @guus, 7; war-horse, eguus militaris. reflexive, Latin Composition. hostile (of the enemy), Aostilis, e; (actively hostile), 2zfensus, hostilities, be//um. hour, fora, ae, in an—, mo- mento temporis. house, domus, us (F.). how, guam ; — much, guantum, quanto, interrog., guomodo. however, /amen, vero, guam- vis; —large, guantum vis. human, Aumanus. humble, Aumilis, demissus. humbled, /ractus. humiliation, olestia, ae. humility, with, demdss¢s verbis. hunger, fames, zs (F.). hunter, venator, oris. hurry (v.), Aropero} hurtful, to be, zoceo,” uz. husband, maritus, 2. L I, ego, I for my part, ego vero (or eguidem). ides, zdu#s, uum (§ 84). idleness, socordia, ae. — if, sz. ignorance, 7z7scitia, ae. ignorant, zevarus. ill, male. illustrious, clarus, praeclarus. Illyrians, //yrii, orum. image, z7ago, ints (F.). imitate, zzfor.) imitation, 7zztatio, onis (F.). immediately, stati, tllico. immortal, sempiternus, tinmor- immovable, z7z2obilis. [talis. impart, communico cum. impatient, zizpatiens, tis. Digitized by Microsoft® Vocabulary. impend, zpendeo.? implore, 070.1 important, Jotens, tis. impression, see memory. improper, minus aptus. in, 77, de (abl.). increase (v. a.), adaugeo,? xi, ctum (in neut. sense, use pas- sive). increasing, #ajor, us. indeed, guidem. independence, /ibertas, atis (F.). indifference to, contemptio, onis (F.) (with gen.). indignation, zra, ae, indignatio, onis (F.). indolence, zgnavia, ae. induce, zzduco.3 infamous, furfis, e, nefandus. infamy, zgnominia, ae. inferior, zzferior, us. infinite, su7zizus. inflict death on, morte multare. influence, to have, gratia valeo.* influenced, adfectus. inform, certiorem facio. inhabit, Aadbito. inherit, acczpzo.5 inheritance, hereditas, atis (F.). injury, zzjuria, ae; do no —, nthil nocere (dat.). insolently, zzsolenter. inspiration, sfzrztus, affiatus. inspire, anzmum dare; may the gods —, di duint. instance, for, guzdem. instantly, stadzi2. instead of, pro (abl.); z loco (with gen.). instil, zs¢¢//o} (acc. and dat.). institute, constituo,? instituo.® IOI instructed, certior factus. insult (n.), contumelza, ae. insurgents, use sedifzo. intelligence, zztelligentia, ae. intend, 7” animo esse (habere). intention, consilium, 7. intercede, deprecor.' interest, to be one’s—, inter esse (gen. § 50, 4. @). interests, w/i/7tates et commoda. interregnum, zzterregnum, t. interrupt, zxterrumpo,’ rupi. interval, tempus, oris (N.). intimate (adj. or noun), famz/z- aris, ts. into, z# (acc.). intolerable, zztolerabilts, e. introduce, zzduco,8 duxi. invade, invado,' si, sum. invaders, hostes inrumpentes. invasion, 77uptto, outs (F.). invent, zzvenio.* invention, zvertta, orum (N.). inventor, zzveitor, toris (M.). inventress, inventrix, tricis (F.). inviolable, zzviolatus. invite, zzvzto,! oro.’ irritated, soleste ferens. island, izsula, ae. Italian, /talzcus. Italy, /talia, ae. ivory, ebur, ris (N.); of ivory. eburneus. a. jealous, zzvidus (gen.). jealousy, zzvidia, ae. jest, jocus, 7, pl. joca. Digitized by Microsoft® 102 join in, accedere ad, jungere se (dat.) ; in a military sense, militare cum aliguo. joined to, conjunctus cum. joy, gaudium, ¢. [érd. judge (n.), judex, rcis, arbiter, judicial power, judiciunz, ¢. Jugurtha, Fucgurtha, ae; (adj.), Fugurthinus. Julian (adj.), Fuléus, a, um. Jupiter, Fuppiter, Fovis. just, justes. just now, nunc maxime. justice, cequitas, tatis, justitia, ae. K. keep, servo;1—silence, tacco.? kill, zuterficto,’ occido.3 kind, coms, e, benevolus. kindle, zzcendo3 kindly, comiter, blande. kindness, deneficium, t, asa quality, comdtas, facilitas, atis (F.), denevolentia, ae. king, rex, regis; (adj.), regius. kingdom, regu, 2. knee, geru, ws (N.). knife, cu/tellus, ¢. knight, egues, ztis. know, scio,4 nosco,) novi; intel- lego ;* (be aware), sentio.4 knowledge, scientia, ae. L. labor, /ador, oris (M.). lake, Yacus, as (M.). lament, moleste ferre, Latin Composition. lamp, /ucerna, ae. land, ferra, ae. language, oratio, onis s verba. large, magnus. lasting, diufurnus. last, duro.) last (adj.), «ltimus ys at—, tan- dem, extremum. lastly, denigue. latest, supremus. lastly, denigue. Latium (of), Latinus, a, um. latter (the), A2c, haec, hoc (see p. 13). law, lex, legis (F.). lay, zvzpono ; ®— hand on, tango. lay hold, ¢eneo,? tango? lay down, deponere. lead (v.), duco,? adduco,? duxi, ductum » — away, abduco8 leader, dux, ducis. leap into, zzszlzo,* uz; — over, transilio, ut. learn, disco,? didicz. learned, doctus.—at least, saltem leathern, ex pellibus factus. leave, relinguo,* ligui , (go from), egredi ; (proceed), proficiscé. left (hand), szzistra, ae. legion, /egio, onis (F.). length, at, candem, nunc demum. less, zfertor, uss minus. let fall, demittere. let loose, /ébero.' lethargy, stupor, oris (M.). letter, cfistola (ula), ae. levy, conscribo.3 liar, mendax, acis. libation, bamentum, 7. liberate, /zbero.} liberator, “berator, tors. Digitized by Microsoft® Vocabulary. liberty, /ibertas, fatis (F.). liberties, juva (N.). Libyan, Zzbycus. lie, jaceo,” uz; — upon, esse (gen.). life, vzta, ae, in the life-time of, lift, follo,* sustuli. [vives (abl.). light (adj.), Zewzs, ¢. ° lighted (illuminated), zzlustra- tus, (kindled), accensus. like (adj.), sdmilis, e (gen. or dat.) ; (adv.), veld, ud. lineage, genus, eris. linger, szoror.} lion, /eo, ois (M.). listen (to), audio.* literature, /i¢/erae, arum. little, Aaulum,; how — (adv.), guam non, distance, aulum. live (v.), vivo,’ vixd; habito.' long, longus, diuturnus; — since, jamdudum ,; as — as, guamdiu ; no longer, zon jam. look out, Drospicio, like, videor. loose (let), Zbero,' emitto.3 loquacious, loguax, acis. lord, dominus, t1; to be —, potior 4 (gen. § 54, 6. @). lose, amitto.3 loss, detrimentum, 2. loudly, vehementer. love (n.), amor, oris (M.); caré- tas, atts (F.); lover, amans. lower, zzferior, us. lust, cupido, inis (F.). luxuriously, /uxuriose. M. Macedonian, (Macedonicus,; a Macedonian, Maceds, dnis. 103 mad scheme or conduct, furor. magnitude, magni(udo. magistrate, magistratus, us. maintain, defendo.? make, /acio,’ conficio; reddo,* — good, compenso;' — way, cedo ; ® — for (seek), peto.3 man, homo, inis, vir, t (M.); men generally, agua pars hominum ; a man who, zs guz. manner, 7705, 7zo0ris (M.). many, multi, plurimi,; so —, tot; very —, plerigue. March, (of), Martius. march (v.), proficiscor,® profec- tus ; progredior,’ gressus y iter facere. march (n.), ter, ztineris (N.). mariner, zaufa.— margin, ora. market-place, forum, 7. marriage, matrimonium, i, — with, conudcum ; to give in —, nuptum dare. marry (of the man), duco,? duxi (Sc. 2% matrimonium, or uxo- vem in appos.) ; of the woman, nubo,* nupsi (with dat.). Mars, JZars, Martis. Marsian, J/arsus. martial, bellicus. marvellous, rus. mask, fersona, ae. mass (of troops), caferva, ae. massacre (v.), ¢rucido.' massacre (n.), caedes, 7s; truct- datio civiunt. master, dominus, 2. matron, zalrona, ae. may, /ce¢t (impers.), ossum. mean-time, 77/erea ; means, opes measure, consilium, ¢(N.). Digitized by Microsoft® 104 mediation, deprecatio, ons (F.). meet, occurro,’ nanciscor,) nac- tus, invenio.* memorable, memorabilis, e. memory, memoria, ae; our memories excited by our im- pressions, amimis memoria plenis recenti earum rerum guas sensibus percepimus. men (soldiers), mzlites, um. menial, servis, z. mercy, clementia, ae. merit, virtus, utis (F.). message, #andatum, 2. midst of, #edius. mighty, magnus ille. might, fosszm (subj.). Milan, J7ediolanum, 7. military, de/licus, militaris, e. mind, ens, tiss animus, z. mine, cuniculi, orum. mingle, 7z7sceor.? misery, seria, ae. misuse, Jravus usus. Mithridatic, Withridaticus. model, exemplum, 7. moderate, szodicus. modern, hodiernus. monarchy, 7perzum, 2. money, fecunia, ae. monstrous, 777man?s, e. monument, monumentum. morass, palus, udis (F). more, plus, amplius, magis. morning, in the —, mane (N.); (adj.), weatudinus. morrow, fosterus dies. mortal, #ortalis, e. most (men), plerigue,; (adv.), mazime. mother, safer. — motive, causa. Latin Compositton. mountain, ons, tis (M.) ; (adj.), montanus. mountaineer, montanus. mourning, /uctus, as (M.). mouth, os, ords (N.); of river, ostium, 2. move, 7oveo,® movi. moved, permotus. movement, motus, us (M.). moving, zucedens, tis. much, #ultum, multo, magni. multiply, #ultiplico.1 multitude, sztiludo, inis (F.). Mulvian, Mulvius. municipal law, jus civile. murder (v.), occido,® trucido.' murder (n.), caedes, is. mutter, summissa voce dicere. my, 72e1S, a, um (VOC. M. mz). myself, ego (zpse). mysterious, secretus. N. name (appoint), cveo.' name, zomen, in the —, verbis. narrow, fenuis, €, angustus, a, um; narrow pass, axgustiae. nation, gens, tis; natio, onis. nature, zatura, ae. naval, zavalts, e. near, vicinus, (prep.), prope, (adv.), juxta, haud procul ; nearest relatives, Aroximd. nearly, paene. [1. @). necessary, ofus (in pred. § 54, need, veguiro ,* to have —, opus esse (dat. and abl.); to be in —, egere. Digitized by Microsoft® Vocabulary. neglect, zeglego. negligence (act of), deléctum, 7. neighbor, vicznus, fintitimus, a, um. neighborhood, vicinia, ae, vé- cinum, t. negligence, xegligentia, ae. nest, 22dus, ¢ (M.). never, zunguam. nevertheless, zzhzlo minus. new, ovus. next (of two), fosterus, of several, proximus. [wocte. night, xox, noctzs (F.); at —, no (adj.), wzllus » (adv.), nzhil. nobility, zobzlitas, atis (F.). noble, zodz/is, e (to emphasize quality, use superlative); no- bles (as a party), zobz¢lztas. noblest, szzmus. not, oz, as question, xuxne; — to, me; if—, sZ minus. nothing, zzhz/, nec guicguam. now, unc, (already), jam, (of past time), fm, (emph.), Azc nunc, (at this age), hoc aetatis. number, nzumerus, Zz, great numbers, mzltitudo. numerous, magnus. Numidian, Vumida, ae. oO. oath, jusjurandune (§ 14, =. Z). obedience, obedientia ; uncou- ditional —, obed. omnium re- rum. obey, pareo,? uz, ztum. object, causa, ae, (definite) con- stlium, t. Digitized by Microsoft® 105 obliged, coactus (part. of cogo). observe, animadverto.* obstacle, dficultas. obtain, adseguor, consequor,3 secutus ; adipiscor,’ adeptus. occasion, occasio, tempus. occur, fio, fieri, factus. ocean, oceanus, ¢ (M.). odious, 7zvisus. of, usually expressed by gen. or possessive (see p. 35). offensive, odiosus. offer (v.), offerre, polliceri, prae- stare, tmponere. offer (n.), condicio, onts (F.). Office, magistratus, us; dignitas officer, pracfectus, z. often, saepe. oil, oleum, z. old, vetus, eris, (of age), xatus old age, senectus, tutis (F.). old man, senex, sents. older, major. omen, oven, ints (N.). on, 7% (abl.); —, de. [sus. once, guondant; — more, rur- one, wnus (gen. zzs); the — the other, aller. . alter. —at once, statin. only (adj.), solus (gen. zus), unicus ; (adv.), modo, solum, tantum. onset, zzpetis, iis (M.). open (v.), vecludo,? sz, sum. opinion, sendentia, ae. opportunity (favorable), occaszo, onis. oppose, vesisto,? stiti. opposed, contrarius ; — in war, adversus aliguem pugnare. opposite, contra, alter, a, um. 106 opposition (p. 44), vés. oppression in one’s province, repetundae. oppressive, g7avis, é. or, aut, vel, (as altern.) an, - xe (§ 71, 2). oracle, oraculum, 7. oration, orvatio, ons (F.). orator, orator, oris , (adj.), ora- torius. order (v.), j2beo,? jussz. order, mandatum, 2; by — of, jussus (rank), ordo, ints. other, alius, a, ud; (of two), alter» the —, ceteri, religui ; some —, aligzzs. ought, debeo,? ofortec (impers. with acc.). our, zoster, tra, trum. out, ex (in compos.). outlive (to have), saSerstes esse. outside (prep.), extra. over, supra, trans (acc.) overcome, szpero.| overflowed, superfusus. overhear, exc7pio.3 overflow, overrun, se efundere per (acc.). overturned, eversus. overwhelmed, confectus. owe, debeo,? uz. own (often omitted), gen. of zpse in appos. with possessive ; proprius. P. painstaking, diligentia, ae. Palatine, Palatinus, 2. palm-tree, pa/uza, ae. Latin Composition. Pamphylia, Pamphylia, ae; (adj.), Pamphylzensés. pang, dolor, oris (M.). pardon (v.), zZgvosco, novi (dat.) pardon (n.), venda, ae. parent, parens, tts. part, Jars, fzs (F.), (meaning duty, &c., use plur.); for the most —, magna ex parte, partisan, fautor, oris. partly, a/igua (magna) ex parte. party, pars, ts (F.) (generally plur.); facto, onis. pass a law, legem ferre; — over, supero,’ practergredi, praeterferri; (time), ago.3 passion (for), cupiditas, atis (F.) (gen.); passions, pertur- bationes anime. patience, patientia, ae. patrician, Jazricius. patron, patronus, ¢. pay, solvo.3 peace, par, pacis, in —, con- cors, dts. peaceful, guzezus. peculiar, Droprius. Penates, Penates, 7umt (M.). penetrate, penetro.' peninsula, Jeninsula, ae. people, Zopulus, Z (M.), Dlebs, ts (F.), homines. perfection, in, ferfecte. perform, ago,* fungor peril, Dericulum, z. perish, Zerco, tre, z2. perpetual, semzpiternus. Perses, Perses, is. persuade, persuadeo? friendly persuasion, verba. (dat ); amica Digitized by Microsoft® Vocabulary. Pharsalus, Pharsalus, zs (ad. ), Pharsalicus. Philip, Phzlippus, z. Philometor, Philometor, Oris, acc. ora. philosopher, Dhzlosophus, z Physcon, Physcon, onts. pilgrim, Jeregrinator, oris. pillar, columna, ae. pipe, ¢ibza, ae. pirate, Draedo, ons. pity (v.), have — on, msereor 2 (gen. person). place (v.), zwpono,® depono , *— at the head, Arachono &® (dat.). place (n.), Jocus, 7; pl. loca, orum. play (on instrument), cazo , 3 — a part, partes agere. player, Aistrio, onis. pleasant, commodus. please, A/aceo,? uz, ztum ; (wish), volo. pleasure, voluptas, atis (F.). pleasure-grounds, horti deli- cate. plebeian, p/ebecus. pledge, polliceor.* plot, conjuratio, onis (F.). plunder, fracda, ae. plunge, z2zcio,° jecz. poet, poeta, ae (M.). poetry, versits, uum (plur. M.). point out, zzdzco.1 poison, venenum, z. polished, excu/ltus. pollution, violare (ger. p. 69): Pompey, Pompeius, i; (adj.), -anus. poor, wiser, era, um, pauper, eris. = 107 populace, vulgus, zt (N.). population, multitudo homi- uum. position, locus, z (p]. loca). possession, Jossessio, onis, ager, grt. — posterity, osteri (pl.) posted, collocatus. pour (neut.), se fundere. poverty, egestas, atis (F.) power, Jotestas, atis (F.); (do- minion), dzwpertum, z (N.); potentia, ae (F.). powerful, Zotens, tis. praise (v.), daudo.1 praise (n.), /aus, dis (F.). pray, precor.1 prayer, carmen precationis. precede, anteco, ire. prediction, va/ccinatio, onts (F.). preparations, to make military —, copias parare. prepare (a way), #unzo.4 prepared, faratus. present (n.), zuzus, evis (N.). present (adj.), Avaesens, tis. preserve, conservo.+ preserver, conservator, oris. prevail, vzzco.5 prevent, zpfedio.* priest, sacerdos, otis, pontifex, icis. principal, maximus. prison, carcer, eris (M.). prisoner, captivus, 7. private (citizen), przvatus, 2. privation, zvopia ommnium re- rum. prize, Aracmiumt, 2. proceed, drogredior.® produce, efficio.® professed, apertus. Digitized by Microsoft® 108 professions (verbal), verba, pro- missa. profit (v.), fructum capere. profligacy, flagitia, orum. promise (v.), promitto, polli- ceor,® itus, edico.® promise (n.), Dromissum, z. promontory, promuntorium, zt. proof, ¢estimonium, i. property, dova, oruim. propose, fero, ferre (of a law). proscribe, proscribo.8 ({(F.). proscription, proscriptio, onis prosecute, perseqguor.* prospect (in), aze oculos. prostrate, Zrostratus. proud, superbus. proudly, superbe. prove (try), experior.‘ province, provincia, ae. provision, to make, provideo.? provisions, commeatus, uum. public, pudblicus. Punic, Punicus. purchase, e70,5 emi, emptum. pure, purus. purple, purpureus. [—, gua re. purpose, consilium, 7; for what pursue, perseqguor ;* celeriter ad consectandum, in hot pursuit. push (against), ¢rudo.8 put, pono, posut, positum ; — an end to, 7izzo , *— to death, interficto ; * — off (shore), so/- vere navem. Q. quaestor, guaestor, oris. quality (good), vivtus, utzs (F.). Latin Composition. quarter (district), vicus, 7 (M.). quickly, celerifer. quiet, guzes, etis (F.). quiet, guidetus, placidus ; remain —, guiesco,’ evt. quietly, gzzete. quit, relinguo,’ religue. quite, adiuodum. quoth, zzguzt (after the first _-word or words of the quota- tion). R. rage, ira. raging, zratus, furens, tts. rags, sgualor, oris (M.). raise, follo,® sustuli, sublatum. rank, ordo, inis (M.). rascal, zmprobus, 7. rather, Dotzus. reach, manus, uum (F.). read (aloud), vecéto.} reader, lector, oris. ready, paratus ad. real, verus. reap (fruit), capere, percipere. reason, ratio, onis (F.), res, red (F.). reawaken, denuo concito.' recall, revoco.' receive, accipio* (excipio), cept, ceptum. recognize, agzosco, novi; (hold valid), ratum (justum) habere. recollection, recordatio. recommend, commendo.' recommendation, commenda- tio, onts (F.). recompense, to make, compen- sare. recount, 7zemoro, commemoro. Digitized by Microsoft® Vocabulary. recourse, to have, se conferre aa, recover, recupero. recovering, experrectus (p. 65). redeem, compenso.4 reed, avrundo, inzs (F.) reedy, avundinibus practextus. refinement, humanitas, atis (F.). refuge, Jerfugium, 7, take —, confugio3 refusal, vecusatzo, onis. refuse, vecuso.! regain, veczpi0.3 regard (think), existimo,;' — for, studium (gen.) ; pay —, rationem habere, respicere; re- regret, dolor, oris. (garding, de. reign (v.), 7eguo.) reign (n.), vegnum, 7. reject, recuso,) eicio,§ ject. relation, to bear, a¢tineo.? relative, propinguus. relief, ofzs (gen.), em (F.). rely on, conjfido* (dat. or abl.). relying, fre¢us (abl.). remain, aneco,® mansi. remainder of, remaining, re- liguus. remark, animadverto. remarkable, zzsigiis, e. remember, vecordor' (§ 50, 4. @, R.). remembrance, recordatio, onis. remind, moneo,? ui, itunt. remnant, religuzae, arum. remote, w/fimus. remove, averto, amoveo.? renounce (allegiance to), ze rium abicere. renovate, vezovo.) renown, lazs, dis (F.). 109 repay (a kindness), referre. repent, paenztet. repeat, zferum with verb. reply, respondeo,* di, sum. reply, responsum, 2. report, zuntio,' dico.8 represented, expressus. representative, exemplum, 7. reprisals, to make, compensare. republic, respudlica (§ 14, 2. @.). reputation, fama, ae. require, postulo.' rescue, servo,! eripio. resentment, siultas, atis (F.), tracundia, ae. reserve, reservo,;* — to one’s own use, 5262 adservare. residence, domicilium, ¢. resign (office), addico ;! (power), deponos resist, resisto,3 siztz. [ger.). resistance, contendere (inf. or resolution, comsilium, z. resolve, constituo.? rest-of, religuus. restless, ‘xqguzetus. restore, renovo,' restituo,® reddo.4 retire, abeo, ire (abl.). return, vevertor, regredior, redeo, respondeo; on his —, rediens, tis; — thanks, agere return (n.), reditus, us. [gratias. revenge, z/tio, onis (F.). revive (neuter), vexascor,* (trans.), vestituo.? revolution, czvz/is motus (M.). reward, praemium, i; to give as —, donare. rich, dives, itts, opimus. riches, divitiae, arum. Digitized by Microsoft® Ito right, rectus, a, um, rights, Jura, um (N.); to think —, recte sentire. right hand, dextra, ae. ring (signet-ring), azwlus, 2. rise, orzor? (infin. ordrz), codrior, ortus » surgo,’ surrext. rival, aemutlus, 2. river, flumen, inzs (N.). road, zfer, itzeris (N.). rob, spolio.4 robe, /oga, ae, vestis, tS (F.). roll (for writing), tabellae, arum. Roman, Romanus. Rome, Roma, ae; (as people), Romani; (as state), czvitas Romana (respublica). room, cubiculum, 2. |radicitus. root, radix, tcis ; — and branch, rose, vosa, ae; full of roses, roseus. — round, circum. roving, vagus. royal, of royalty, vegzzs. ruin, exztins, 7z. rule over, zzpero.' ruler, princeps, ipis. rumor, ror, fama. run, curro,® cucurré. rush, procurro,;* — upon, tnruos s. Sabine, Sadznus. sacred, Sacer, cra, um. sacrifice, acto. safe, ulus. safety, salus, wtis (F.). sail (v:), zavigo.+ sail (n.), velum , sailor, xauta. Latin Composztion. sake: for the — of, causé@, fol- lowing a gen. sallies of wit, facetiae, arum. same, 7dem, eadem, zdem. sanctuary, aedes, zs. satellite, satelles, itis. satisfied, contentus. savage, barbarus. save, servo.) say, aco,3 aio, inguam (Gr. p. 81); absol. /oguor. scarcely, vzx.— scanty, exiguus. schooled, adsuefactus. scorn, /udibrium. sea, 72a7/e, 7s (N.) ; (adj.), marinus. sea-shore, 07a, ae. season, fevipus, orts (N.). seat, sedes, is (F.). seated, sedens, tis. secession, secesszo, onis (F.). second, secundus, alter. second time, zfervz72. secret, res occulta, — society, sodalitas, atts (F.). secretary, scviba, ae (M.). secure (v.), occupo.' secure: to be —, zon dubiam spem habere; to make —, tu- tiorem vedtere. security, securvilas, atis (F.) sedition, seditio, ons (F.). see, video,® vidi, visum. seek, pclo,° cupio,® adpeto.® seem, vidcor,? visus. self-same, zdem, eadem, idem. seize, prehendo,® adi, sum; eripio. sell, vendo,® didz. senate, sexatus, us (M.); — house, cura, ae. senator, sezator, oris s adj. ~2tts Digitized by Microsoft® Vocabulary. send, szzlt0,° mist, missum. sense, sesus, as (M.). sensible, prudens, tis. sentence, to pass, judicium Serre. separate, separvo. separate (his own), proprius. sepulchre, sepulcrum, @. serious, 27avis, é. seriously, 77 serium. Seriphus, Serzphus, z (F.) ; (adj.), Seriphius. servant, servis, z. serve, servio;* — well or ill, bene aut male mereri de. servile. servilzs, é. session, consessus, us (but may be omitted; as, zz Senatum ventre). set, Zono ; * — on foot, zucipzo,3 cepi, ceptum s — out, proficis- cor,® fectus ; — sail, navigo.+ several, p/ures, tum, singult. severe, Severus. severely, saeviter. severity, severzlas, atts (F.). shade, wmbra, ae. shaft, telum, jaculum. shame, /guominia, ae, dedecus, orts (N.). share (v.), Darticipo. share (n.), Jars, dis (F.). she, ea, z//a. she-wolf, /ufa, ae. shelter, ¢ego,8 texi, tectum. shepherd, fastor, ovis. ship, 7avis, ts (F.). shivered, pulsus. shore, (tus, ovis (N.); gO on —, in terram egredi. short, drevis, é. shortly after, paulo post. should, &c., see p. 63. show, demonstro.' shrink, abhorreo.* sick, to be, aegroto.' sickness (sea-sickness), nausea, ae. side (party), Zars, tis (F.); on the —, @ parte (often plural). siege, for the siege of, ad oppug- nanduint. sight, couspectus, ts (M.), Spec- taculum, 2. sign, signal, s7guuzm, 2. signify, s¢guzfico. silence, svlentium, ¢,; in —, silentio, tacite,; to keep —, stlere, tacere. [sacdo. simple, czzconditus,; simply, since, fost (acc.; see p. 40); ever —, jam inde ay; postea, singular, wirus. sister, soror, oris. sit, sedco,? sedi — situation, ves. skilful, Aeritus (gen.). skill, ars, artis (F.). slaughter, caedes, zs (F.). slave, servus, 7; to bea —, servio ;* — market, grex ve- nalium. slay, zuterficio® fect, fectum, caedo,® cecidt, caesus ; — with cruelty, ¢rzcido.' slayer, znterfector, oris. slight, darvus. sloth, zgvzavia, ae. small, Jarvis. smite, percutio,’ cusst. snake, auguis, ts, serpens, tts (M.). snatch, evipzo,5 uz. Digitized by Microsoft® II2 80, 52, ta, —..as, tla. . ut, tam. . quam ,—many, fot; — great, santus ; — that, adeo ut; will have it so, szc velle. soldier, miles, ztzs. solicitous, sollicitus. solid, firmus. some, aliquid, nonnullus (p. 18); — thing, alguid,; — time, aliguamdiu, — times, 7ter- dum, —... others, aliz...aliz. son, filius, ¢; — -in-law, gener, ert. sODg, Carmen, inis (N.). soon, brevi tempore, (present- ly), mox,; — after, pazlo post; as — as, ut primum. soothsayer, haruspex, icis. sorrow, dolor, ovis (M.). soul, animus,t; anima, ae. sound, sazus. south, eridionalis (adj.). Spain, Hispania, ae; (adj.), Lfispanicus. spare, arco,’ peperci, (refrain), tempero.’ Spartan, Spartanus. speak, Joguor,? locutus ; — of, commemoro. spectacle, sfectaculum, zt. spectre, species, e¢ (F.). —[cere. speculator, to bea, guaestum fa- speech, ser7zo, o7ts (M.). spirit, animus, z (M.), (pl.). sport, /usio, onis (F.). spot, Jocus, 7; plur., loca. spring, ver, veris (N.). square (of a city), p/atea, ae. staff, daculunt, Zz. stand, sto;' stetz, statum,; — aside, de via decedere; — (bear), ferre, (be), esse. \ Latin Composition. state, civitas, atis; res publica (F.). stately, Drocerus. statue, statua, ae. stature, s/alura, ae. steep, avrduus. steer, guberio.+ step aside, decedo.' stepmother, zoverca, ae. stick (n.), fustzs, zs (M.). stifle, exstinguo.* still, etzam tum, etiam nunc, adhuc. stir up, excito.! stone, saxum, 7. stop, moror.} storm, violent, magna tempes- tas. story, fabula, ae. straggle, vagor.) stranded, zz terram delatus. strange, zovus. stream, flumert, inzs (N.). strength, vzves, 2um (F.). strengthen, conjfirmo.1 stretching, Jazens, ¢2s. strict, severus, exactus. strictly, severe. strike, Zerciutio » * — down, cae- do ;* —a blow, zzferre. striking (keen), argutus. stroke, 7zz/ceo,? mulsi. strong, validis. stronghold, pracsidium, t. strongly, vechementer. studious, st/udiosus. stupidity, szzl¢itia, ae. subject, to be, servire. subjects, czves, zum. submission, obseguium, #. submit, se dedere. Digitized by Microsoft® Vocabulary. subterranean, sudbferrancus. succeed, succedo,} cesst. success, Prosperus successus, ws (M.). successful, felix, zc7s. succor (help), swbvenire (dat.). suckle, /acto.! such, /a/is, ¢, 75, ca,td, tam. sudden, sudztus. [sadbzto. suddenly (on a sudden), vepente, suffer, fero, tuli; patior.? sufficiency, sa/zs. [consciscere. suicide, to commit, szortem sibt suit, convenio.* suitable, zdoneus. summer, aestas, atis (F.); (adj.), aestivus. summit, swimus mons. summon, couvoco.) sun, so/, solzs (M.). superior, superior, meliors abso- lutely, optimus. support, conjirmo.} suppose, ZzZo.1 supreme, supremus, summus. surely, profecto. surface of earth, omnis terra. surmount, surpass, sufero.} surrender (v.), dedo,3 dedid?. surrender (n.), deditio, onts (F.). surrounded, stipatus. survive, supferesse, (2¢és) esse with dat. suspend, suspendo,> di, sum. suspense, cura, ae. swallow (n.), Airundo, ints (F.). swamp, palus, udis (F.). swear, juro, ' — together, con- jurod sweet, dulcis, é. sweetly, jucunde. eventus, superstes 113 swim, xo, nato, trano.) symptom, z7diciuz, 2. Syracuse, Syracusae, arum (F.). Syracusan, Syvacusanus, a, uit. Syrian, Syrus, a, um. T. take, capio,® cepi, captum, porto, duco;* (enjoy), fruor®?, — away, adimo,® emi, empium s in charge, accipio;* — part in, communzico,*—claim for one’s self, sz adrogare , — prisoner, capere ; — refuge, confugere ; — up arms, arma capere ; — by the hand, manu arripere, (follow), seguz; — seriously, 2” serium vertere. task, opus, eris (N.). talents, zxgenium, z (use sing.). tall, Drocerus. taunt, obicio,® exprobro} teach, doceo,? uz. teacher, doctor, oris. tear away, detraho, xi, ctum. tear (n.), /acrima, ae. tell, xuntio, narro, dico3 temperance, /emperantia, ae, continentia, ae. tempest, /empestas, atts (F.). temple, femplum, z, aedes, ts (F.). terms, condiciones, um (F.). terrify, terreo,? uz, tum. testimony, festz/nonium, 2. than, guam, (or abl.). thanks, grates, gratiae, arum. that, w/, guod (see pp. 54, 75) : — not, ze, but —, guzn. = Digitized by Microsoft® 114 the, often expressed by z//e. theatre, sceza, ae. thence, 77a. then, tum, inde, deinde, igitur. there, 262. — their, corum, suus. therefore, ztague, gua de causa. thing, ves, rez (F.). think, Auto,! reor,? ratus. this, 2c, zste,; often guz. this day's, hodiernus. thong, lorum, 7. though, guamquam, etiam st. thoughtlessness, femeritas, atis (F.). thought, consilium, 7. thousand, mz//e (§ 18, 1. ¢); one of a—, unus de multis. threaten, z2xor, minztor' (dat. of person) ; zmpendeo ? (dat.). thronged, refertus. through, fer, propter, or by abl. throw, jacio,® ject, jactum ; — off, abicio,® ject. thrown (down), dejectus. thus, zfa. Tiber, the river, Z7zderds, zs (M.) ; the river-god, Zzberinus, Zz. till, donec. —timidity, formido. time, femmpus, oris (N.) ; for some —, aliguamdiu , from — to—, interdum ,; from that — forth, jam inde, at the same —, tamen, nihilominus. tired, fessus,; to be —, taedet (§ 50, 4. ¢). (dative. to, ad (acc.); often sign of to-day, hodie, nunc. together, uza. toil, /abor, orts (M.). tomb, sepulcrum, t. (crastinus. to-morrow, cras,; of —, (adj.), tongue, “ugua, ae. Latin Composttion. too, zzmis ; or express by com- parative ; (also), guogue. tooth, dens, tzs (M.) ; grip of —, morsus, tis (M.). torch, fax, facts (F.). torment (n.), formentum, t, cru- ciatus, us. torture (n.), Zormentum, 7. towards, evga (acc.), ad, versus town, municipium, ¢; oppidum, z, (village), vécus, 7 (M ). trace, duco.® traitor, proditor, oris. tranquillity, tranguillitas, atis (F.). transaction, ves, vez (F.). transgress, minus obedtens esse (dat.). travel, zfer facere. traveller, vzator, oris. traverse, framsire. treachery, ferjidia, ae. treason, majestas, atis (§ 50, 4. 9). treasury, aerarium, 7. treat, ¢racto, 1 — as a son, 7 Jilit loco habere. treatise, “ber, bri. treaty, zxdutiae, arum. tree, arbor. — trial, tormenta. tribe, ¢ribus, us; gens, tis (F.). tribune, ¢ribunus, 72. trifling, znzmus. tripod, cortina, ae. [des (F.). triumph, ¢riumphus, i; laus, triumphal, /vzumphalis, e. troops, milites, um. trouble, ves adversae (plur.). troubled, to be, /aborare. Troy, Zroja, ae; of —, JANUS, A, UM. Tro- Digitized by Microsoft® Vocabulary. true, verus, a, um; quidem. trust, confido.® trumpet, ua, ae. truth, veritas, atis (F.). turf, caespites, um (plur.). turn, verto,! ti, sum» — away, avertor ;* — out-of-doors, Soras eicio.® tusk, dens, ¢7s (M.). ; two, duo ; where only —, améo. tyranny, dominatio, onts (F.). tyrant, tyvannus, 2. Uz Ufentine, UVfens, tis. unambitious, minime ambiti- OSUS. uncle, avunculus, z. uncover, detego.* undaunted, zzvictus. under, sud (acc. or abl.). understand, recte aestimo,' teneo.? undertake, adgredior, suscipio. undoubtedly, sine dudbio. unfeeling, durus. ungrateful, zzgratus. unjust, zzjustus. unimpeached, umisque. unhappy, #2ser, era, um. universal, communzis, e. unless, zzsz. — until, donec. unprincipled, zprobus. unprofitable, zzztz/is, e. unrighteous, zziguzs. unworthy, indignus. upbraid, obicio,® jecz. upper classes, zodzles. integer incol- IIs upon (as living —), ex. upward, sursum. urge, suadeo ® (dat.). use (v.), wZor,> usus. use (n.), 25s, ZS (M.). useless, zzutilis, e. utmost (adj.), maximus. utterance (n.), vox. Vv. vast, 2zgens, tis. vainly, frustra, nequicqguam. Valerian, Valerius, a, um. valor, virtus, utis (F.). value, pretium, 7. Veians, Veientes, tum. vein, veda, ae. vengeance, w/cisci; of —, use gerund. — vessel, zavis (F.). venture, audeo,’ ausus. very, fer, in compos. (§ 17, 5. ad); —same, ipse, a, um, gra- viter; often by superl. vice, vitium, t. flagitium, ¢ (N.). victim, hostia, victima, ae (F.). victor, victorious, vzctor, oris (M.) ; victrix, icis (F.). victory, victoria, ae. view, cogitatio, onis (F.); sen- tentia, ae; to be with a—, pertinere ad. vigorous, acer, cris ; nervosus. violence, vs (F.). violent, violentus. violently, vehementer, V2. virtue, virtus, utis (F.). voluntary, voluntarzus. vote, sententia, ae. vow, votum, 7. Digitized by Microsoft® 116 Ww. wages, 72erces, edits (F.). wait, aneo,2 mansi; — for, exspecto.' wall (of house), Jarzes, etis (M.) ; (of city), weurius, moenia. wander, vagor.' want to, opus esse (dat. of per- son and abl. of thing); to be in — of, indigere (gen. of thing). war, bellunt, i (N.). war-horse, eguus militaris. warlike, dellicosus. warrior, vir fortis. warn, #0co,;* warning, mzonitus. wasted, confectus. watch, observo.4 water, agua, ae. wave, fluctus, iS (M.). way, via, ae; a good —, ali- quantum. weaken, debilito.' wealth, copizae, arum. wealthy, locuples, tis. wear, cero,’ gesst, gestum. well, dene. what? guid? — sort? gualis? whatever, gzod, with indic. when, cum, ubi, ut (p. 67). whenever, cuz (with indic.). where, 22, guo, gua (§ 41, 2. a.). [seve. whether, w/rui2 ..an, Sivé.. which, rel., guod, gualis, e; int, while, cum. [guzs, wter (p. 17). white, albus. whither, go. who, gzz, whoever, guisguzs, guicumgue, Siguis. Latin Composttion. who? (interrog.) gwzs (see p. 17). whole, Zofus (gen. zus). wholly, plane, omnino. why, cur, guam ob rem. wide, /atus, (of measure), zz latitudinem. wicked, sceleralus. wife, wxor, ovis. wild, ferus, immanis, e; — beast, fera; —fig, caprificus. will, volo, velle, volut. willing, aratus ad (p. 76). willingly, volens, tis. win, concilio,’ pario;* — tri- umph, ¢riumphum ago.* wind, ventus, z. window, fenestra, ae. winter (v.), Azberno.} wisdom, consilium, ¢. wish, volo, cupio,’ opto.’ with, cum, with me, mecum ; — himself, &c., secum. within, zztra, inter; of time, often expressed by abl. (see p. 40). ° without, szze,; — doing a thing (see p. 60). wolf, pus, 7 (M.) ; lupa, ae (F.). woman, mulier, femina. wonder (n.), szraculum, @. wont, to be, soleo,? solétus. woodpecker, picus, 2. word, verbum, zt. work, ministeriuit, t. world, orbis terrarum,; homi- Nes, uml, worn out (by age), aefate con- Jectus. worship, ¢o/o,3 colud, cultunt. worst, pessimus. Digitized by Microsoft® Vocabulary. worthy, dignus (with abl.). would, &c., see p. 63. wound, vuluus, eris (N.). wounded, vulneratus. wretched, wiser, era, um. write, scribo,? psi, plum, — down, conscribo.? wrong, pravus. Y. year, annus, t. yesterday, keri; of —, hester- nus. [etéam. yet, samen; not —, nondum you (sing.), 7, (plur.), vos. 114 young, juvenis, is; — man, adulescens, tis; juvents, is; — of birds, pudlus, 2. younger, 77o0r, ovis. your (of sing. subject), éazs, a, um; vester (of plur.). yourself, zfse (tu), Ze. yourselves, 257, vos. youth, fuer, ert, juventus, tu- tis (F.)3} young man, adules- cens, tis. Zz. Zama (adj.), Zamensis, e. zeal, alacritas, atis (F.). Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® PART SECOND. INTRODUCTION. Tue Exercises given in Part I. have been chosen chiefly to illustrate the constructions of Latin syntax, and the proper words and phrases have been given in a special Vocabulary. In those which are to follow, the student is expected to make the selection of words and phrases for himself, and must rely on his general knowledge of the language, or on a general Lexicon. An English-Latin lexicon should, however, be used only for the suggestion of words which do not occur to the mind from a knowledge of the language. The real guide should be the Latin Lexicon, in connection with passages cited in it, or else remembered. A few points should be put clearly before the mind at starting. I. CHOICE oF THE WoRD OR PHRASE. Single words, in all languages, commonly express not single ideas, but groups of ideas. They cover, as it were, not points, but surfaces. The surface thus covered by parallel words is very often quite different in different languages. Words do not coincide, but only partly overlap; and hardly any word in one language is exactly equivalent in meaning to the apparently corresponding word in another. Thus the English BoLD and BOLDNESS correspond most nearly to the Latin audax and audacia; but these often have an idea of blame, which is not in the English words: homo Digitized by Microsoft® 120 Latin Composition. audax is a man bad as well as bold. On the other hand, the verb To Liz in English implies a moral offence, while the corresponding Latin mentior conveys no such opprobrium,. though it may be conveyed by the context. The word Law answers most nearly to Zex, which, however, is limited to written or statute law; so that the abstract expression THE Law (including common law) would have to be rendered by jura atgue leges, or some similar phrase. Besides this difference in the original meaning of words, their derived or figurative meanings are often very widely different. Thus the English noun rForRM may mean things so different as shape (figura), manner (modus), vain show (simulatio), ceremony (ritus), a bench at school (scamnum), or a hare’s bed (atibulum). ‘The adjective RIGHT may be aequus (a right decision), aptus (a right selection), or dexter (on the right hand). The verb To RAISE may be éo//o, devo (to lift), augeo (as of wages), struo (of buildings), céeo, moveo (to raise pity, &c.), conscribo (of troops), colo (of grain and fruits). On the other hand, the Latin TOLLO may mean ¢o Ut, exalt, take away, weigh (anchor), destroy ; SIGNUM is a mark or sign, signal, standard, statue, constellation ; GRAVIS is heavy, weighty (dignified or influential), durdensome, offensive, sickly. This difference is especially to be noted in the case of English words derived from Latin. The apparent likeness, in such cases, is one of the commonest sources of error. Usually the corresponding Latin words are much the more energetic and forcible, since they are the growth of roots still living and vigorous in the language. Thus the Latin LABOR is ¢oi/ or hardship ; DEPRIMERE (“depress”), fo sink, as a ship in battle ; OPPRIMERE (“oppress”), Zo overwhelm, or smother ; SUPPRIMERE (“suppress”), 40 trample down. The judicious selection of a Latin term will thus frequently restore to life a dead or fated metaphor ; while a vague or general term — such as is often given in English by a Latin deriva- tive — may require to be rendered in Latin by some qualify- ing phrase. + Hence, in translating into Latin, — Digitized by Microsoft® Part If. Introduction. I2I a. Notice carefully the exact shade of meaning in which the English word is used, and see that the Latin word covers the ground. In securing this, it is often necessary to notice the other words in the sentence. Thus drowz may often be rendered by submergere, because the rest of the sentence shows what is meant; but if not, then the idea of death by drowning must be brought out by some explanatory word or phrase. b. Observe the cases where Latin makes distinctions of meaning not recognized in English. Thus, crry may be either urbs (a collection of streets, houses, &c.), oppidusn (a fortified or garrison town), or czvétas (a political community). An ENEMY may be inimicus (a personal enemy), or Hosts (a public foe). GLory may be either faa (reputation in common talk), decas (outward splen- dor or distinction), /zzs (the approval and praise of men), or glorza (the more general word). c. Ina far greater number of cases, English makes distinctions not recognized in Latin.* For example, society, participation, association, partnership, alliance, and several other words, are represented by the Latin socieTas. If it is not clear from the context which is meant, some descriptive or limiting word must be added: as, societas generis humant, societas et communicatio, societas et foedus, and so on (see é, below). cc. In general, the Latin prefers to make a person subject rather than a ‘hing, a thing rather than an abstraction, so that an idea is often expressed in Latin from a point of view different from our own. Thus, — Caesar stationed the auxiliaries ... so that they might make a display, alarios constituit ... ut ad speciem alariis uteretur. So to serve for any thing may often be rendered by UTI, governing the noun which expresses the English subject (but compare Gr, § 233). d. In many expressions we find an English phrase of two or more words rendered in Latin by a single term; as, @ sense of duty, OFFICIUM; @ feeling of shame, PUDOR ; presence of mind, ANIMUS (alone, but also with praesens or praesentia). * English employs, roughly, about five times as large a vocabulary as Latin, with a far smaller proportion of regular derivatives. Digitized by Microsoft® 122 Latin Composition. dd. As in all languages, there are in Latin many technical or semi-technical expressions, which must be carefully noticed. Such a word or phrase will often be suggested by some word in the English expression from the Latin equivalent of which it is often a regular derivative. e. There are many words in English which have no natural equivalent whatever in Latin. These must be analyzed, and ex- pressed by phrases ; often substituting special and concrete words for general and abstract ones ; and oftener putting the force of an adjective into a verb, or noun, or adverb. Thus, — 1. Accomplice, scelerum (consiliorum) conscius. z. Art, artes fingendi et pingendi. Conscience, conscius animus. Historian, rerum gestarum scriptor. . Inspiration, divinus quidam adflatus. Lawegiver, gui leges ponit. Panic, res trepida. . Patriotism, studiwm rei publicae, and the like. 9. Rhetoric, rhetorum praecepta. CSD) Ga (Stereotyped expressions, however, of this kind, should be avoided.) f. Latin generally prefers to express 7 concrete terms what English gives in abstract (compare #). Thus, strength, vigor, energy, pungency, may be expressed by sanguis, lacertt, nervt, aculet ; expression or sentiment by vox. So, too, the phrases, — 1. I do not fear a bad man’s anger, improbum tiratum non metuo. 2. The assassination of Cesar seemed to many a glorious act, occisus Caesar multis pulcherrimum facinus videbatur. 3. Every evil at its birth seems harmless, omne malum nascens innocuum videtur. 4. The world hates ingratitude, omnes immemorem bene- ficti oderunt. 5. There is a wide difference between learning and ignorance, plurimum interest inter doctuim et rudem. 6. Firmness and dignity are characteristics of true courage, constanten et gravem eum esse volumus quem fortem dicimus. Digitized by Microsoft® Part IT. Introduction. 123 7. He had read no poetry, and knew nothing of oratory, nullum poetam legerat, nullum oratorem noverat. ff. Nouns, especially abstracts, are less common in Latin than in English. Hence abstract qualities, if connected with the sub- ject, must often be rendered by adjectives or participles ; if con- nected with the predicate, by adverbs. Names of actions (verbal abstracts) are expressed by verbs, colored if necessary by adverbs or adverbial phrases. g- Even the few abstract nouns found in Latin are constantly made concrete, especially by using them in the plural : as, _ . The life of all, vitae omnium. The immortality of the soul, aeternitas animorum. . The cold of the winters, frigora hiberna. Some cases of superiority, guaedam excellentiae. . Sharing in misfortune (of several persons), soctetates calamitatum. h. The two languages often differ in their modes of express- ing the Degree of a quality. Thus, as much or equally is often rendered by xo less; and conversely, less by not so much, more by so much as no other, and the like, according to convenience of expression in the particular case. 4. Certain “teral forms of speech are frequent in Latin, present- ing the object as it appears to the eye or comes at first hand before the thought. Thus, — 1. They refresh themselves with food and sleep, corpora cibo somnoque curant. z. To relieve one from superstition or disease, aut religione animos aut corpora morbis levare. . In the face of the world, ante omnium oculos. 4. A musical ear detects very slight discords, musicorum aures vel minima dissona sentiunt. 5. I never lose sight of him, nuwmquam ab eo oculos deicio. So— 7. The tribunes were especially alarmed, praecipuus pavor tribunos invaserat. (Here the personification adds to the vigor of the expression ; So, contemptor animus, tiro exercitus, &c.). w& ii. The same tendency to literalness is seen in the use of a second noun (“hendiadys”’), where English uses an adjective, a phrase, or a compound (compare Part I. p. 5). Thus, — Digitized by Microsoft® 124 Latin Composition. 1. Rational instruction, ratio et doctrina. z An eye-witness, spectator et testis. 3. A shameful disaster, ignominia et calamitas. 4. Art-culture, artificium et expolitio. Jj. English abounds in effete metaphors — rhetorical expressions (noun or verb) — which have lost their force and become mere conventional phrases: these must often be expressed by some simple word, or wholly omitted, and the bare substance of the thought given in Latin (compare l, m, below). Thus, — 1. Homer flourished many years before, Homerus mutltis ante annis fuit (also, florwit). 2. Virtue in solitude could not reach its highest development, virtus solitaria ad ea quae summa sunt non potuit pervenire. Examples may be found in such nouns as object, point, feature, circumstance, instance, capacity, person, expression, elements; in the verbs observe, remark, manage, continue, discuss, avail one’s self, assure, represent, allude, qualify, enhance, convey, embrace, exist, constitute, deliver, succeed in, manage to; and particularly in adverbial and prepositional phrases, such as regarding, concerning, with the view of (UT), in reference to (AD), on account of (0B, PROPTER), 27 spite of all that (TAMEN), &c. k. Latin often prefers an abstract noun to an adjective; thus making the quality the main thing, and (as it were) embodying it. Thus, — 1. Isocrates had many pupils of high rank, Isocrates nobili- tate discipulorum floruit. 2. It takes much water to quench a furious blaze, vis flam- mae aquae multitudine opprimitur. 3. Orators are and always have been few, magna oratorum est semperque fuit paucitas. 4. A gloomy winter was followed by a sickly summer, tristem hiemem pestibus aestas excepit. 5. Weak men were overcome with superstition (i.e. because they were weak), superstitio hominum imbecillitatem occupavit. 6. When the pleasant spring-time is past, then come summer and* autumn, praeterita verni temporis suavitate, aestas venit et auctumnus. Digitized by Microsoft® Fart IT. Introduction. 125 %. The simplicity of Latin requires that force or color shall be given to an expression but once, whether in subject or predicate ; and that neutral or unemphatic phrases shall be used in other parts of the clause (compare f and h). Thus, — 1. Immense indignation prevailed, indignatio ingens erat. 2. But how vast the privilege, for the soul to live! At illud quanti est, animum vivere! 3. In both cases he acted with dignity, wirumque egit graviter. 4. All incidents of life which happen in accordance with nature, omnia quae secundum naturam fiunt. 5. For even these tributes are honorable, haec enim ipsa sunt honorabilia. To the same habit of mind may be referred the frequent use of such colorless words as ars, genus, locus, ratio, res, sententia, studium, vis ; afficio, ago, capio, facio, habeo, possum, suit, versor (see Lexicon under these words). a. An English sentence is often filled out with words not strictly necessary to the sense, but inserted for fulness or rotundity of expression. In general, it is unclassical to express any thing which is obvious from the context, or to repeat what has once been said in other words in the same clause or phrase (compare @). m. English narrative abounds in varied descriptive phrases alluding to an idea or person once expressed: these must be omitted in Latin ; or, if something is necessary to prevent ambigu- ity, a simple pronoun is used. Proper names are repeated, but not so often as in English. Thus, the words ztadic¢zed in the following extract (recounting the death of the elder Pliny) would be omitted in a Latin version of the passage, or else expressed by pronouns : — “As the shades of evening gathered, the brightness of the flames became more striking ; but, to calm the panic of those around him, ¢he philosopher assured them that they arose from cottages on the slope, which. the alarmed natives had abandoned to the descending flakes of fire... . The sea was agitated, and abandoned by every bark. Pizny, wearied and perplexed, refused to stir farther; while his companions, all but two body-slaves, fled in terror. Some, who looked back in their flight, affirmed that he old man rose once with the help of his attendants, but immediately fell again, overpowered, as it seemed, with the deadly vapors.” Digitized by Microsoft® 126 Latin Composition. n. But if the allusive or descriptive word is essential to the idea to be conveyed, it must be given outright in a clause or special expression : as, But the veteran could not be deceived: ille autem —ut qui esset rei bellicae peritissimus—illudi non potuit. 0. The tendency in Latin to a direct form of statement requires that the main idea should be asserted directly in the main clause, and not hidden in a relative clause, participle, or adverb (compare v). The necessary emphasis is to be given by position. For example, — 1. A fresh blow came, that crushed the city, clades nova civitatem adflixit. 2. It is these that delight in flattery, hos delectat adsen- tatio. 3. You are the very man I was looking for, te ipsum quae- rebam. II. STRUCTURE OF THE SENTENCE. TueE best English writers give a connected story or argu- ment in short clear sentences, each distinct from the rest, and saying one thing by itself. In Latin, on the contrary, the story or argument is viewed as a whole; and a logical relation among all its parts is carefully indicated, so that the whole forms a compact group. But gloomy silence and voiceless sorrow had paralyzed the minds of the inhabitants. For very dread they forgot what they were leaving behind, what they were carrying with them. With no fixed idea, and inquiring every man of his neighbor, they were at one mo- ment standing at their thresholds, at another wandering restlessly through their homes to see the end. For example, — Sed silentium triste ac tacita maes- titia ita deflixtt omnium animos, ut, prae metu obliti quid relinquerent guid secum fervent, deficiente con- silio, rogitantesque alii alios, nunc in liminibus starent, nunc errabundi domos suas, ultimum illud visuri, pervagarentur, p.*In particular, so much of a statement as can be so treated, with its attendant circumstances, modifications, &c., is put into a Digitized by Microsoft® Part L1. Introduction. 127 single complex sentence, called a Period (§ 346.a-d; compare s). Thus, — Qui cum, multis circa finitimos populos legationibus terra marigque nequic- quam missis, nisi quod ex Etruria haud ita multum frumenti advectum est, nullum momentum annonae fecisset ; et, revolutus ad dispensationem inopiae, profiteri cogendo frumentum et vendere quod usu menstruo super- essel, fraudandogue parte diurni cibi servitia, criminando inde et obiciendo irae populi frumentarios, acerba inguisitione aperiret magis quam levaret inopiam ; multi ex plebe spe amissa potius quam ut cruciarentur trahendo animam, capitibus obvolutis se in Tiberim praccipitaverunt. Here the principal fact expressed in the main clause is, that many of the people drowned themselves rather than submit to slow starvation ; while the cruel policy that drove them to it is described in subordinate clauses. In English it might be told as follows : — He sent a number of embassies by land and sea to the surrounding nations, but effected no result beyond the importation of an insignificant amount of corn from Etruria, and produced no movement in the market. On applying himself to the administration of the meagre supplies, he compelled people to make a report of the corn they held, and to offer for sale all that exceeded the necessary supply of their wants for a month. He robbed the slaves of part of their daily rations, and pro- ceeded to libel the corn-merchants, and expose, them to the fury of the populace. By this galling inquisitorial policy he revealed rather than relieved the distress. Many of the lower orders, in utter despair, bandaged the eyes and threw themselves into the Tiber, rather than endure the torment of a prolonged existence. q: Even when long periods are not used, still the logical connec- tion is indicated by the use of connecting Relatives (see § 201. ¢) ; or (gq) by Correlative words and Particles, especially cdem, taqgue, autem, enim, vero, quidem. vr, But, in coérdinate clauses, the copulative conjunctions are omitted oftener than in English (asyzdeton) ; the connection being made clear by the Position of words and by Antithesis. s. Of two coérdinate clauses with axzd, the less important is merged in the other by the aid of participles and subordinate phrases. In such cases a change of subject should be avoided. & A change of subject should be miarked by the introduction of a pronoun, if the new subject has been already mentioned in the preceding sentence. But (é¢) the needless use of pronouns may be avoided by change of structure. Digitized by Microsoft® 128 Latin Composition. uw. A noun should be kept in the same case if possible. In illustration of these points, compare the following examples : — 1. Then he called them together, and having briefly addressed them waited a little, and led them out with him. TZzsze convocatos™ cum breviter admonuisset, paulisper moratus secum eduxit. 2. The plan was universally approved, and its execution was intrusted tothe consul. Cvzctis rem approbantibus,* negotium consult datur. 3. This matter was soon accomplished, and the legions returned to winter-quarters. Lo celeriter confecto negotio, in hiberna legiones redierunt. 4. When Midas the Phrygian was a child, and asleep, some ants piled grains of corn upon his lips. A@idue ili Phrygio," cum puer esset, dormienti formicae in os tritict grana congesserunt. 5. They came to the king at Pergamus. He received the ambassadors kindly, and conducted them to Pessinus. Pergamum ad regem venerunt, quit legatos comiter exceptos Pessinuntem deduxit. 6. If I cannot crush the pain, I will hide it. Dolorem™ si non potero Srangere, occultabo. 7. When the barbarians saw that he had escaped the flames, they hurled darts at him from a distance, and killed him. Quem ut barbari incendium effugisse viderunt, telis eminus emissis inter fecerunt. 8. When Zopyrus, who professed to be able to read every one’s character from his outward appearance, had at a party made a large catalogue of moral defects to reproach Socrates with, the rest laughed him to scorn; but Socrates came to his assistance. Cum multa in conventu vitia collegisset in eum Zopyrus, qui se naturam cujusque ex forma perspicere profitebatur, derisus est a ceteris, ab ipso autem Socrate suble- vatus * g. For they believe that these divinities were born in the realm, and that grain was first discovered in their land; and that Libera, whom they also call Proserpine, was carried off from the grove of Enna. It is said that Ceres, in the course of her anxious search for her daughter, kindled her torch at the fires that blaze from Etna’s summit ; and, hold- ing it before her, wandered over the whole world. am et natas esse has in its locis deas, et fruges in ea terra primum repertas esse arbitrantur, et raptam esse Liberam, quam eamdem Proserpinam vocant, ex Hennensium nemore. Quam cum investigare et conguirere Ceres vellet, dicitur inflam- masse taedas tis ignibus qui ex Aetnae vertice erumpunt ; quas sibi cum ipsa pracferret, orbem omnem peragrasse terrarum. v. In turning loose sentences into periods, be sure to get the main idea in the main clause, and keep the other clauses in their proper relations (compare 0). In general, the main subject or Digitized by Microsoft® Part If. Introduction. 129 object must be put in the main clause, not in the subordinate ones. Thus — 1, When Hannibal had reviewed his auxiliary forces, he set out for Gades. Hannibal, cum recensuisset auxilia, Gades profectus est. 2. The augur Tiresias is described by the poets as a philosopher, and is never represented as bewailing his blindness. Augurem Tiresiam, quem saptentem fingunt poetae, numguam inducunt deplorantem caecitatem Suan. 3. The Volscians found that, now they were severed from every other hope, there was but little hope in prolonging the conflict. In addition to other disadvantages, they had engaged on a spot ill adapted for fighting, and worse for flight. Cut to pieces on every side, they abandoned the contest and cried for quarter. After surrendering their commander and delivering up their arms, they passed under the yoke; and with one garment each were sent to their homes, covered with disgrace and defeat. Volsci exiguam spem in armis, alia undique abscissa, cum ten- tassent, praeter cetera adversa, loco quogue iniguo ad pugnam congressi, iniquiore ad fugam, cum ab omni parte caederentur, ad preces a certamine verst, dedito imperatore traditisqgue armis, sub jugum missi, cum singulis vestimentis, ignominiae cladisgue pleni dimittuntur?. Here the main thought is che return of the Volscians: the cir- cumstances of the surrender, &c., are put in the several subordinate clauses. vu. The clauses should be arranged in the natural order of time or logical sequence, — cause before result; purpose, manner, and the like, before the act. (There are, however, many exceptions to this rule, from the tendency to put the more important first or else last.) w. Latin has a great fondness for antithesis and sharp contrasts, setting one word phrase or clause against another. This tendency will often control the order of words, phrases, or clauses. a As to the order of words: let the MAIN worD be seized and put at the beginning (see Part I. p. 2). By this means the drift of the clause or sentence may almost always be indicated in advance. y. A-verb in the active voice is often rendered in Latin by the passive, and conversely, to avoid change of subject, or to secure a personal or concrete subject rather than an impersonal or abstract one (compare ec, with Lesson 20). 9 Digitized by Microsoft® 130 Latin Composition. 2. There are many idiomatic phrases which are to be rendered by Particles in Latin, especially in colloquial expressions, such as: WELL NOW, afgue,; TO BE SURE, BY THE WAY, IN FACT (also WHY !), guidem ; FOR, YOU SEE, élenimt ; AND AFTER ALL, atgue, CONSIDERING, uf; I SAY, igztur. YES may be given by etéam, maxime, vero, with a pronoun, or by repeating the verb; No by immo, non, minime, or, repeating a word with the negative (see Grammar, § 212. @). These can only be learned by practice with the Latin particles. III. IpromMatTic PHRASES. Tue following examples include most of the idiomatic usages which have already been explained, together with some others, brought together here for convenient reference : — 1. I come to help you, adjutor tibi vento (Part I. page 3). 2. I remember when a boy, puer meminz. 3. Fabius in his second consulship, Fadius consul iterum. 4. A continued series of events, continuatio et series rerum (p. 5). 5. Both consuls were slain, u¢tergue consul occisus est (p. 7). 6. He came against his will, zzuztus venit. 7. He was the first to see, Arzmeus vidit (p. 8). 8. The rest of the crowd, religua multitudo. g. All men praise bravery, omnes fortia laudant (p. 9). 1o. The fight at Cann, pugua Cannensis. tr. Another man’s house, a/zena domus. 12. I prefer the art of memory to that of forgetfulness, mesmoriae artem quam oblivionis malo (p. 12). 13. The army of Cesar defeated that of Pompey, Caesards exer- citus Pompetanos vicit. 14. That [just mentioned] is a great argument, but this is a greater, that, &c., hoc magnum est argumentum, tllud autem majus, quod, etc. (p. 13). 15. It is just three years, tres anni ipsi sunt. 16. The book you gave me, liber guem mthi dedisti (p. 15). 17. Cesar the conqueror of Gaul, Caesar gui Galliam vicit. 18. A class, of which there is great lack, cujus generis magna est paucitas. 19. Those evils which we suffer with many seem to us lighter, guae mala cum multis patimur ea nobis leviora videntur. Digitized by Microsoft® 20. 21. 22. 23, 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33: 34- 35: 36. 37: 38. 39: 40. 41. 42. 43- 44. 45. Fart Il. Introduction. 131 There were as many opinions as men, guot homines tot erant sententiae (p. 16). What can happen to any [one] man can happen to any man (whatever], cuzvis potest accidere quod cuiguam potest. Each army was in sight of the other, wergue utrigue erat exercitus in conspectu (p. 19). The boy’s name is Marcus, puero nomen est Marco (p. 26). It is the part of wisdom, est sapientis. In silence, Zacz¢e (or sélentio), p. 30. I esteem Plato very highly, but the truth more, Platonem per- magni sed veritatem plurts aestimo. You have robbed me of my property, dona mth abstulisti. Much more rich than wise, mu/to aivitior guam sapientior. The more virtuously one lives the less he will injure others, guanto quis vivit honestius tanto minus nocebtt alits. A means of guarding against troubles, cautio