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Books of special value and gift books, when the Sheng rns man RM ear Re giver wishes it, are not : allowed to circulate. Readers are asked. to re- port all cases of books marked or mutilated. Do not deface books by marks and writing. Cornell University Library HD 1696.C2A3 Water power: Columbia, includi Wii 3 1924 020 323 212 snows Commission of Conservation Constituted under ‘The Conservation Act,” 8-9 Edward VII, Chap. 27, 1909, and amending Acts 9-10 Edward VII, Chap. 42, 1910, and 3-4 George V, Chap. 12, 1913. Chairman : Sir CLIFFORD SiFTon, K.C.M.G. Members : Dr. Howarp Murray, Dean, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. Dr. Ceci C. Jones, M.A., Ph.D., Chancellor, University of New Bruns- wick, Fredericton, N.B. Mr. Witiiam B. SNowBaLL, Chatham, N.B. Hon. Henri S. B&Lanp, M.D., M.P., St. Joseph-de-Beauce, Que. ; Dr. Frank D. Apams, Dean, Faculty of Applied Science, McGill Uni- versity, Montreal, Que. : Mer. CHaRLEs P. CaHoouettTz, M.A., St. Hyacinthe, Que., Professor, Seminary of St. Hyacinthe, and Member of Faculty, Laval Univer- sity. ; Mr. Epwarp Goutrr, St. Laurent, Que. Mr. W. F. Tye, Past President, Engineering Institute of Canada, Mont- real, Que. ; Dr. James W. Rosertson, C.M.G., Ottawa, Ont. Hon. SENATOR WILLIAM CAMERON Epwarps, Ottawa, Ont. Mr. Cuarves A. McCoo, Pembroke, Ont. Sir Epmunp B. Oster, M.P., Governor, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. Mr. Joun F. MacKay, Toronto, Ont. ' ‘ Dr. B. E. Fernow, Dean, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. Dr. GzorcE Bryce, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man. Dr. Wittiam J. RuTHERFORD, B.S.A., Dean, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask. Dr. Henry M. Tory, M.A., D.Se., President, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. Mr. JouHNn Pease Bascock, Assistant Commissioner of Fisheries, Vic- toria, B.C. Members, ex-officio : Hon. T. A. CRERAR, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa. Hon. ARTHUR MEIGHEN, Minister of Interior, Ottawa. ea BuRRELL, Secretary of State and Minister of Mines, ttawa. Hon. Ausin E. ARSENAULT, Premier, Prince Edward Island. Hon. OrLanpbo T. DANIELS, Attorney-General, Nova Scotia. Hon. E. A. SmitH, Minister of Lands and Mines, New Brunswick. Hon. Jutes ALLArp, Minister of Lands and Forests, Quebec. Hon. G. H. Fercuson, Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines, Ontario. Hon. Tuomas H. Jounson, Attorney-General, Manitoba. How, CHARLES STEWART, Premier, Minister of Railways and Telephones, erta. Hon. T. D. Pattuixo, Minister of Lands, British Columbia. Assistant to Chairman, Deputy Head : Mr. JaAMEs WHITE. Commission of Conservation D Canada : WATER POWERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Including a Review of Water Power Legislation relating thereto and a Discussion of Various Matters respecting the Utilization and Conservation of Inland Waters BY ARTHUR V. WHITE Consulting Engineer, Commission of Conservation Assisted by CHARLES J. VICK OTTAWA, 1919 BPS ES Coy MENS, ny “D. ne Dy X. pa A 454444 Committee on Waters and Water Powers Hon. H. S. Béitanp, Chairman Dr. Frank D. Apams Hon. JuLtes ALLARD Hon. G. H. FErRcuson Dr. B. E. FeRNow Mr. C. A. McCoo. Hon. T. D. PattruLio Hon. E. A. Situ Mr. W. F. Tye And the ex-officio members of the Commission who represent the various provinces CONTENTS Chapter Page I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION............. sites rene mete 4 thea 4 Bia aeees theater i Il.. WATER-POWER DATAs. ¥.saiiddeiniae d5 Gadde den eos dinas iain se dangesdsesvegeces BD III. HistoricaL SuRVEY OF WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA WITH CHRONOLOGICAL KEV. . cciccega ic ateatud ieiade daca siaadaviereicasosa EL IV. CERTIFICATES oF APPROVAL—ORDERS IN CoUNCIL—RULES, REGULATIONS AND BEES: ise eeesies ytd oeinerd Bane SRS bbelesteG Wii es Em RAS cakes og Slotted ore wideca ATS V. ELEcTRICAL INSPECTION BY PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. TABLE OF POWER PEANTS). cee so5c0h8 ia tushy aaviaas sa esoes diated Gegaleacs ¢ tetas cca Guin e eap santana atendtece AO VI. EvectricaL INSPECTION BY DOMINION OF CANADA AND EXPORTATION OF ELECTRICITY............ 5 Quine eas adasintew Gaaws ache ne Hava Hae Sede Rea ware Gea -.. 141 VII. Power DEVELOPMENTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CHIEF DEVELOPED WATER-POWERS FROM THE PHYSICAL STANDPOINT.............-+ 150 SomME Propos—ED POWER DEVELOPMENTS—BRIEF REFERENCE TO A FEW UNDEVELOPED WATER-POWERS WHICH HAVE BEEN SPECIALLY INVESTIGATED... 171 VIII. Surveys anp Mars or BriTIsH COLUMBIA—INCLUDING A REFERENCE TO RANGE OF TIDAL LEVEES ies:5s avin oa es bees Seep eas awS a Rane Tee aer aes oes Ae 177 IX. GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA—WITH PHysioGRAPHIC Map....... 192 X. CoLumsBia RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES— TOPOGRAPHY..... ed ouslauaess MaeceeelemalantS erabales ob aval aes Fedo dalc ah keto busin Sea pith ioes vee. 197 DESCRIPTION OF POWER-SITE TABLES........... sy Fh fidanchac td She tu duastntel Matteteevaase 209 POWER-SITE TABLES........00cecceceeceeees Aah ese aaron se xtarniend jetvea 243, XI. FRASER RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES— TOPOGRAPHY........ bry cid wae aehees 8 AeA With RIMES acai BIRR eR RISE 229 POWER-SITE TABLES..........cee eee ceeee £6 Rig S ete BERN ONES S seis ea igae, 246 XII. Vancouver IsLanp— TOPOGRAPHY...... athena adnate nen nme SSG A vatbiesore MMANehaEoS danaeand aeieeipenente .. 258 POWER=-SITE TABLES vo acoso viaceteis ais Wye es AG od ete 0 Rage Sg Shek el gis tee Si aneneayers BOO XIII. Marnvanp Paciric Coast— TOPOGRAPHY...... ira bbeuee da wMetes eheca airy aieers tes ured acess Bee SOU Shae aa .. 267 POWER-SITE TABLES..........- ‘ eae tans wie Raises hoiavegtts se niatens fete ti sLOL. XIV. MACKENZIE RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES— TOPOGRAPHY..... face tarts fe cess seas aie Danas J sane S Outi aee te woogie 298 POWER-SITE TABLES..... ais eae a nev eatarey eee deee ork sae ducal ss auaceustess iadhawes .. 305 XV. StreAM FLow Data—GAuGING STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA— HisTtorR1cAL REFERENCE TO INAUGURATION OF STREAM FLow STuDY IN PROVINCE........---0--- Sele Aniicuhea dt aeons eens 3 aie Slciuayareee a tanten .... 306 DESCRIPTION OF STREAM FLow DATA INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT..........+. 309 INDEX TO PUBLISHED STREAM FLow DatTa..... Shuctre Vive Ba Geen Bat ae Seiki cets 311 TABLES OF STREAM FLow DatTaA..........--++ iaians Meat ans Sa ocean. eee eeS 318 MISCELLANEOUS DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS..........- sciahedneirlerentos i ee 452 v CONTENT S—Continued Chapter ’ Page XVI. Stream Flow Data—CerTAIN GAUGING STATIONS IN UNITED STATES— REFERENCE TO GATHERING OF STREAM FLow Data IN UNITED STATES....... 464 INDEX TO PuBLISHED STREAM FLow Data ON INTERNATIONAL STREAMS...... 466 ‘TABLES ‘OF STREAM FLOW. DATA; o6:occ acc ov dees ee aes OPeaeea swans Rh 466 XVII. DiaGRaMs SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION, TEMPERATURE AND RuN-oFF IN British COLUMBIA—EXPLANATORY STATEMENT....... weeee 486 PRATESVAS TO. Joecieec sicnusiecs agree abete sii Matsa Atop aasi AEs Susp GLa gs ERIS Sees . 493 XVIII. MereoroLtocica, Data— INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT..........004 Sreleceaeia Mea Rt Weta Gana Blo wand ca: 903 List OF PRECIPITATION STATIONS IN BriTISH COLUMBIA AND SELECTED STATIONS IN ALBERTA AND YUKON........ 000 c cece eee cet e ee eeee .... 516 PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA AND SELECTED STATIONS IN ALBERTA AND YUKON..... 0.00.2 cee cee eee e cence eeeaes . 522 List oF SELECTED PRECIPITATION STATIONS IN UNITED STATES ON INTERNATIONAL WATERSHEDS OR ADJACENT TO BRITISH COLUMBIA...... 570 MontTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN PRECIPITATION AT SELECTED STATIONS IN (GNETED! STATES 25 scinis airs dhe seed eiane weceatiny MaAyoR Lae Rovegi tvs attends egos DIZ TEMPERATURE RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA..... 573 MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE AT SELECTED STATIONS IN UNITED: STATES sence sie 03 4 eS SEROEES OES | LENE ST eee EEs ed ae aes eek 980 APPENDICES I. HypRAULIC CONVERSION TABLES AND CONVENIENT EQUIVALENTS, WITH STATEMENT RESPECTING THE ‘MINER'S INCH’....... 00 ccc cece eeceeeeeceepeeeuneeeees weeees 588 II. List or Certain BENCH-MARKS ON VANCOUVER ISLAND AND PaciFic MAINLAND Coasts 598 BIBLIOGRAPHY. .............0005 “prs as Ast Awe Sa iele SAMS NURSE Aita sews eenevea sy O02 TINDER teisse'sls zeta ei wien d Sop ees a ets antoes so SiG RNAS AD 6 Toeaandna Gubearegeracorl ese beaks Meudial ciara Gelee4re: OLE vi ILLUSTRATIONS Plate 1. PEND-D’OREILLE RIVER—IMPORTANT UNDEVELOPED POWER SITE NEAR CONFLUENCE OF SALMON RIVER........... Bis Giadis Gscarees 3 pudenee Siciatiens Deesativeanspee seis eee ai Frontispiece Facing page 2. FALis AnD FisHway On MeziaDIN RIVER, TRIBUTARY TO Nass RIVER........... pose 16 OBSTRUCTIONS ON SALMON RIVERS—ADULT SOCKEYE OF THE 1913 RUN FORCED, BY A ROCK SLIDE, INTO THE MOUTH OF SpuzzUM CREEK, FRASER RIVER............... 16 3. LoG-JAMs, CAUSED BY SNOW SLIDES OR THE ACCUMULATION or LOGGING REFUSE, MAY BE A SERIOUS MENACE ..... vad seed ease Pitti hs deeedisibce 6 Se e8 see bentinn LE a—SNOw SLIDES, HEADWATERS OF SINCLAIR CREEK, Geaea CotumBiA RIVER, b—TimBER DEBRIS—THE RESULT OF A SNOW SLIDE. c—SNow SLIDE ACROSS SINCLAIR CREEK—A CLOSER VIEW. 4, British CoLtumBia ELectric Raitway Co., CoquitLaM-BuNTzEN DEVELOPMENT— GENERAL VIEW OF COQUITLAM HYDRAULIC-FILL DAM, WITH WATER FLOWING OVER: SRILL WAY. s.4cossnin's osteo Bg W BROS Sen asias se aga Sie ROOM toh wasn Ssaaex 32 British CoLumBia ELEctric Ramtway Co., JoRDAN RIVER DEVELOPMENT, V.I— AMBURSEN-TYPE STORAGE DAM, WITH WATER PASSING OVER SPILLWAY............ 32 5. SIMILKAMEEN RIVER PowER Piant, Daty Repuction Co., HEDLEY, B.C............ 48 WESTERN CANADA PowER Co., STAVE FALLS Drveioruenr, CPR EH eee Le: AB 6. POWELL River Co., PULP AND PAPER Mixs, Power RIVER, B.C................... 64 . Ice RIVER GLACIER, TRIBUTARY TO HOMATLHKO RIVER........... ccc ccecceueeeces 80 REVELSTOKE HyprRo-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT, ILLECILLEWAET RIVER............... 80 8. PorTION OF THE INTERMONTANE VALLEY—SHOWING BORDERING MOUNTAINS IN VALLEY, CRANBROOK TO WINDERMERE.........0--ccecseeeceeee Maveemaoves SAN 96 9. BritisH COLUMBIA COAST TIMBER.........0000ceeeeeeees dp onieie os amas aeeek 104 10. TypicaL View oF THE Dry BELT COUNTRY, VALLEY OF THE THOMPSON RIVER........ 112 11. Portion oF TOBY CREEK...........0000 0000s Pasay wdevenn sees Px kuenee ne sige paloatinary 120 TypPIcaAL VIEW OF COLUMBIA RIVER ABOVE REVELSTOKE.......... shee baad est ht cthoe lace 120 12. Typrs oF SMALL POWER AND IRRIGATION STRUCTURES........ ccc cecesceeeeceeece 128 a—CONCRETE-LINED DITCH. b—WoopEN FLUME SKIRTING MOUNTAIN SIDE. 13. Portion or LOWER KETTLE VALLEY, NEAR GRAND Forks, B.C........ RRA eee ecNe 136 KETTLE RIVER ABOVE GRAND Forks, B.C., SHOWING IRRIGATION FLUME AND RAILWAY 136 14. TyprcaAL POWER STREAMS OF THE INTERIOR RANGES..... Siig ers ipa Bdastush aeeesoaenatorate ea 144 a—AKOLKOLEX RIVER, TRIBUTARY TO COLUMBIA BELOW REVELSTOKE b—ELK River, CaNon Fatts, Exo, B.C. c—CaNon ON INCOMAPPLEUX RIVER NEAR UPPER ARROW LAKE. 15. Koorenay River AT BONNINGTON FALLS—LOWER AND UPPER FALLs, AND PLANTS OF THE West Kootenay LIGHT AND POWER Co. AND OF THE CiTy OF NELSON 152 Kootenay RIVER—TYPICAL VIEW OF RAPIDS IN LOWER PORTION OF RIVER........... 152 vii Plate 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21, 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29, ILLUSTRATION S—Continued | Facing page PEND-D'OREILLE VALLEY—A HEAVILY TIMBERED INTERIOR WATERSHED...........-.- 160 ILLECILLEWAET RIVER AND VALLEY, FROM OBSERVATION POINT, GLACIER......-+-+++ 160 STORAGE OF WINTER PRECIPITATION......... +000 eeeeeeree eect Mime teawansese 108 a—SNow STORAGE IN THE SELKIRKS. b—STORAGE IN GLACIERS. INCIDENTS OF TRAVEL AND INVESTIGATION........--+++ scdisodancece wikia cele aes cane Oe ..-- 176 FRASER River, HELLGATE CANON—TYPICAL STRETCH OF RIVER WITH CHARACTERISTIC TOPOGRAPHY 6 jis secsoce 0 Vine kneels cee Ae Sw SS eeaaravel pind ena ots deuaratevavirdeccteneiem ape LOS UPPER FRASER RIVER, PRINCE GEORGE CANON...... SGD a he essai ON ROR IRT agitlewsig 92 Upper FRASER RIVER, COTTONWOOD CANON......---. 22s eee eee Rtdee sede ewan ... 192 CoLumB1A RIVER, NEAR INTERNATIONAL, BOUNDARY, TRAIL, B.C......... ea wateiadan. LOG FaLis ON MurTLE RIVER, TRIBUTARY TO CLEARWATER RIVER......-.+4++5 Jessa ent 200) a—Dawson FALLs. b—HELMCKEN FALL, NEAR MOUTH. An UNDEVELOPED POWER ON SHUSWAP RIVER—SITE OF PROPOSED DAM FOR COUTEAU POWER Co............. ss touanl B Dus ages eld adnseudl 355 eokewee I BEE AN Tae Cag HUF whiten aa” 200 CHILCOTIN RIVER VALLEY..........22--00 005 bi Siulig tage cel said ana bre tie Re er a 208 a—VIEW FROM POINT TWELVE MILES FROM CHILCOTIN VILLAGE. b—CONFLUENCE OF CHILCOTIN AND CHILKO RIVERS. c—CaNon NEAR MoutTH OF CHILKO RIVER. QuesneL River... wget ese Sica deseetire a tread oe epatae be eyes s(aseyadaiel wera isGuuweeay 216 a—SHOWING TypicaAL CuT BANKS AND Country BELOW Forks. 6—TYPICAL STRETCH OF RIVER BELOW Forks. c—First Rock CaNon AND PoWER SITE, ABOUT TWENTY-ONE MILES FROM MOUTH. QUESNEL RIVER—FALL on NortH Fork, TWO MILES BELOW CARIBOO LAKE..... inne LOE BripGE RIVER—VALLEY ABOVE CANON, LOOKING DOWNSTREAM TOWARDS DAM-SITE... 224 QuESNEL RIVER—DEVELOPMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH GOLD MINING......... cana DO2 a—DaM AT OUTLET OF QUESNEL LAKE, SHOWING SLUICE-GATE. b—Dam AT OUTLET OF QUESNEL LAKE, SHOWING SPILLWAY. c—VIEW ON TWENTY-MILE CREEK, SHOWING TYPICAL HYDRAULIC PLACER MINING. BLACKWATER RIVER... 1... cece eect eee ee eee e nee Sostuihe PS tulnghelamian sGewnasieaestiee 240 a—SECOND CANON NEAR Mout. b—Fa.L_ BELow TsacHAa LAKE. c—CafNton at TELEGRAPH TRAIL CROSSING. d—CASCADES BELOW CHINE LAKE. CaNon ON WILLOw RivEr—A SUGGESTED DEVELOPMENT FOR PRINCE GEORGE HYDRO-ELECTRIC SUPPLY... 12... ee ccc ec ee cece ene aesteetaneens jesse 248 NecHAKO RIVER, GRAND CANON............0. Sa tinh, Saaeiced SIVarUIR Gibs a alere deans ES NeEcHAKO RIVER, TETACHUCK FALLS...............00. Aveta Ree aueastec tats acta 248 ELK Fatt, CAMPBELL RIVER, V.I........ 00.0 cece ecccecccccccune inn Sinemet wee. 256 Lapy Fai on SoutH Fork oF ELK RIvEr, SrpATHCONK PARE, Vise ie ss cee 256 Bic FALL, UPPER NimpPKIsH RIVER, V.I................ cau arene We we Kee .... 256 TYPICAL VIEWS OF THE Coast LINE BorDERING THE INLETS... a—ButTE INLET, Mount SuPERB. b—GARDNER CANAL, SHOWING STREAM OF INTERMITTENT TYPE DESCENDING FROM GLACIER ABOVE. Bahia ices aig vandsel oncetee? LO vili ILLUSTRATION S—Continued Plate Facing page 30. CHARACTERISTIC VIEW OF INLET ON CoasT—EAsT ARM OF MATHESON CHANNEL..... 272 TypicaL DeLta Lanp, Mouts or KEMANO RIVER, GARDNER CANAL.... duel a laru Reps STD. HomaTtHko RIVER—TYPICAL VIEW, SHOWING RIVER FLOWING IN U-sHAPED VALLEY, HAVING CHANNEL DIVIDED BY NUMEROUS ISLETS........ 0. cc ececesececcecsecese 212 31. KLINAKLINI RIveR, GRAND CANoN—COAST RANGE RIVERS OFTEN FLOW THROUGH GREAT (CANONS is :6):c: 5056S eee tee seta water een 9 wea chew rc SitineeA ewan OO Princess Roya IsLanD—STREAM DESCENDING STEEPLY FROM LAKE IN HANGING VALLEY, AS FREQUENTLY FOUND ON COAST...... 0... ccc cee eee e eee eeeeeetecesees 280 RApips ON THOMLINSON CREEK, TOBA RIVER........ccceccecceeceetencees seeeeee 280 32. TypicaL SMALL MounTAIN LAKES—ANNE AND JOSEPH LAKES, INDIAN RIVER....... . 288 STREAM DESCENDING FRoM HANGING VALLEY; 800 FEET FALL IN SIGHT—MACKENZIE Fai, HazEL CREEK, TOBA VALLEY.......... Saas Saban oe ts ite te ae ede dara, . 288 TYPICAL VIEW ON COAST STREAM, Ravine " PowER PosstniLimigs—CANon Snes TRIBUTARY ‘TO; TOBA: RIVERS v5 ccke 2s ded seh ead na wee OSs Gees cae Seine 288 33. SKEENA RIVER—HEapD oF KITSALAS CANON........... Seas BORG Seales sewaxcan Send es ... 296 BuLKLEY RIVER—HAGWILGET CANON, NEAR HAZELTON............005 dicbcvere soAectgus . 296 34. FinvaAy RIVER FALLs, 4 MILES BELOW OUTLET OF THUTADE LAKE,................+.- 304 INGENIKA RIVER FALLS, 2 MILES BELOW MCCONNELL CREEK..........00ee ee eeee ees JOE 35. STANDARD RAIN GAUGE OF THE CANADIAN METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE...........-+++ 506 36. THERMOMETER SHED, METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY, TORONTO...........-.000++6+ 512 SHIELDED SNOW GAUGE......... cee ee eee eee eens ER icbiats, Be sala Ace TRS OLS DIAGRAMS Plates A to J are bound together at end of Chapter X VII PLatE A—MOonTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION... ....-.00ceeeeeee cere sees ee Page 493 PLATE B—MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION........0-¢0ee eee eee weeeee. Page 494 PLATE C—Monts_y DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION..........++6+- Rete .....-Page 495 PLatTE D—ANNUAL PRECIPITATION........ diana tue tak dein a MRE Site dng Aas Ose ow Oe 496 PLate E—MontTs_y DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE........... sino vitganwavaeuk age 497 PLatE F—MOontTHiy DIsTRIBUTION OF RUN-OFF......-...000e eee Ail misg tea weed age 498 PLatE G—MonrTHLiy DISTRIBUTION OF RUN-OFF.......... ales a Cotaacestadsens sescccceees Page 499 PLATE H—Montay DIsTRiBuTIon OF RUN-OFF........000eeee eee ee cree erence ee Page 500 PratzE I—MonrTHry DISTRIBUTION OF RUN-OFF........ eesti etaansivad da huidiwusnnnt age O01 PLatE J—HyproGraPHic CHARTS OF THE SHUSWAP RIVER.........+00eeeee: we... Page 502 MAPS ; PHYSIOGRAPHIC Map, SHOWING GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. . Facing page 196 Map—PRECIPITATION STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.......----020005 areas net ....In pocket Mar—WATER-POWERS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.........- SiMber ie salsa nars ges ees In pocket Foreword This Report is a compendium of data relating to the water-power re- sources of British Columbia. ‘The opening chapters comprise a statement of the guiding principles which should govern in the conservation and utiliza- tion of inland waters ; and a description of certain important features which should characterize reliable water-power data. There follows a comprehensive, historical survey of Water Legislation in the Province, together with discussions of subjects cognate thereto. In the portion of the Report which relates more particularly to physical data, will be found tabular lists of the estimated possibilities of water-power sites throughout the Province, which lists are based chiefly upon results ob- tained from the special field investigations conducted by the Commission of Conservation. There then follow digests of stream-flow, meteorological and other hydrometric records. The Commission of Conservation heartily appreciates the assistance rendered by governmental, corporate and private agencies in supplying desired data. Detailed acknowledgments for these data will be found in Chapter I, and elsewhere at appropriate places throughout the Report. In conclusion, it is not amiss to mention that, owing to circumstances created by the Great War, the publication of this Report has been much de- layed. JOA UOWIES JO GOUGN|JUOD EY} ABOU O}1S Jemod pedojeaepun jur}s0dw| Y3AIY 31119Y40.0 GNAd b Qld WATER-POWERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA CHAPTER I General Introduction N January, 1910, the Commission of Conservation commenced the investi- gation of the character and extent of the various natural resources of Canada. Early in 1909, the Canadian delegation to the North American Conference at Washington had compiled a general statement respecting the available water-power data. This compilation served to demonstrate the inadequacy of our information respecting this valuable natural resource. The Commission, therefore, decided to prepare an inventory of the water-power resources of the country, and, in so doing, avoided duplication of effort by utilizing all available information from governmental and other sources. The Commission commenced its own reconnaissance field work in the eastern provinces and, in 1911, published Water-Powers of Canada, which presents, in summary form, the information then available for the provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario. Owing to the paucity of information available, it was not then possible to do- more than describe briefly the water-power resources of the provinces of Mani- toba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. In 1916, the report on the Water-Powers of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta was issued. The present volume on Water-Powers of British Columbia completes the series of water-power reports which the Commission, in 1910, undertook to publish. The paucity of information concerning British Columbia water-powers existing when the Commission undertook its work, is well expressed in the British Columbia Year Book, for 1911, which states : “Speaking generally, there is no subject of economic interest in connec- tion with the exploitation of the provincial resources concerning which there is less known than the extent to which water-powers may be rendered available.” The Provincial Government desired, as soon as satisfactory arrangements could be made, to proceed with a more detailed investigation of its water- powers. Before doing this, however, it was deemed necessary to deal with a complex problem which had gradually developed, as a result of the methods formerly employed in the granting of ‘rights’ for the use of waters. In the early ‘fifties’ the taking up of water rights and privileges for mining operations commenced, and, subsequently, others were granted for irrigation of large agricultural areas, until upwards of 6,000 water records had been issued, under various terms and conditions. In addition, other records and privileges were granted for the use of water for power. The result was 2 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION that many of the rights conferred overlapped and caused conflict of interests and hindrance to the most beneficial use of the waters of some of the provincial streams. The earlier water-power developments were used, chiefly, in connec- tion with the mining industry, and it is only since the advent of high tension transmission, coupled with the great advancement in the industrial arts, that the importance of the development of water-power resources has claimed fuller attention. The British Columbia Government, when interviewed by the represen- tatives of the Commission of Conservation, prior to the commencement of their field operations in 1911, explained its water problems as above outlined, and expressed its desire that the Commission proceed with its proposed investiga- tion. Recognizing that this research could not be made without very special ' effort and at considerable expense, the former Premier, Sir Richard McBride, and Minister of Lands, Hon. W. R. Ross, agreed that the province would render every possible assistance. Subsequently, through the Minister of Lands, funds were provided by the province supplementing the appropriation made by the Commission. This enabled the placing of larger parties in the field, and thus expedited the work. Conditions in The season available for such reconnaissance water-power British Columbia investigations as were made in British Columbia is compara- see Expeptonal tively short. One of the chief difficulties encountered is, that it is almost impossible for observers to avoid over-recording in their notes the power possibilities of streams observed during high stages. Young engineers are impressed by the quantity of water coming down the rivers, and have not the advantage of having observed the same streams at their low winter stages, nor have they always the knowledge of measurements of the flow of similar streams with which to temper their judgment. Engineers in charge of similar work in the United States have experienced like difficulty, and have, therefore, endeavoured, as much as possible, to have the work performed when the streams are neither approaching nor at their flood stages. This fact indicates why the time, during which these special investigations may profitably be pursued, is so limited. The conditions affecting powers in the province are unique, and do not closely correspond to those existent, in other portions of Canada. This is especially true of the mainland Pacific coast. One cannot but be impressed with the fact that coastal water-powers in British Columbia, which to the casual observer appear to be of comparatively small amount, nevertheless, may, when economically and fully developed, yield several-fold the estimate of power if appraised upon the same basis as similar streams in Eastern Canada. Glaciers, snow-fields, and heavy rainfall abound, and, with many storage possibilities, constitute unique factors which contribute to enhance the values of powers. These conditions, on the other hand, emphasize the necessity of special and very careful engineering investigation and expert handling. Field parties necessarily experienced considerable physical hardship in the prcsecution of the workin such rugged country. The following statements, GENERAL INTRODUCTION , 3 taken from the reports of field parties, convey some idea of the more serious difficulties encountered, in the course of the work. One report says : _ ‘Considerable risk was encountered in ascending the Klinaklini river, as it was in flood, with the current most of the way averaging four or five miles per hour, and in places six to ten miles. Sometimes the canoe had to be dragged along by means of the overhanging branches of bordering trees, the water being too swift for oars or paddles and too deep for poling. At some places it was necessary to wade for several hours in water at a temperature little above freezing. In places, quicksands were met with. When poling, sometimes the pole would sink six or eight feet in quicksand before finding firm bottom. After seven days’ hard work we reached the main forks of the river. One fork comes from a glacier obstructing the valley, while the other fork consists of a long cafion up which it was impossible to proceed by canoe. This cafion was examined for fifteen miles. On the return trip we were unfor- tunate enough to be wrecked on a snag while rounding a sharp bend, and lost our canoe and equipment. Two other parties, on other work, who had made similar attempts the previous year, were also wrecked, but these had failed to reach the forks. After the accident we had to walk two days, without food or blankets, to the mouth of the river, swimming two small branches en route, and we were pleased indeed to see the Lizette again.’’* In another report, the engineer states : “The trails of the Kispiox watershed were not much travelled and con- sequently not well marked and required clearing, so that progress was neces- sarily slow ; also such bridges as existed were rotted and unfit for traffic. “The trails of the Skeena valley were very badly cut up and full of mud holes, and, where they followed the side hills, very slippery and dangerous, so that horses slipped and fell frequently, being thus cut and bruised and otherwise injured. One horse fell off a bridge, breaking two of its ribs and being other- wise injured so as to be no longer fit for use. The main trail up the Skeena river passes over a series of hills and deep-cut gulches, which are practically bare, with comparatively few spots where sufficient feed for working animals can be obtained. The season of 1913 being exceedingly wet and cold in the northern interior, the grasses did not ripen, making, in consequence, very poor feed. This, added to the rough condition of the trails, made the horses very weak and entirely unfit for a long season’s work.” Throughout the whoie of the investigation, the Provincial, as well as the Federai and other authorities, have rendered hearty and valuable assistance. United States officials have unfailingly furnished data wherever possible, Acknowledgments for the various data received from the British Columbia Hydrometric Survey of the Water Power Branch, Dept. of Interior, Ottawa : from the Provincial Water Rights Branch, Victoria ; from the Meteorological Service, Toronto ; from the United States Geological Survey, Washington ; from the United States Weather Bureau, and from other governmental and private sources, are specifically referred to elsewhere in the report. For all the assistance received, the Commission of Conservation is deeply appreciative and desires to express its gratitude. Those upon the Commission of Conservation staff of field engineers, who chiefly assisted in connection with the various field investigations, and to whom credit is due for their good efforts, are: G. H. Ferguson, C. J. Vick, D.C. Jennings, C. C. Lyall, A. W. Campbell, L. G. Mills, T. G. Bird, R. Westover, *The Lizette was the forty-foot gasolene launch used by the Commission for the coast work. 4 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION W. A. Wand, F. R. Macdonald, B. Corbould, B. N. Simpson, C. C. Cowan, and also to A. J. McPherson, who was attached to one of the field parties in 1913 as representative of the Provincial Water Rights Branch. Special in- vestigation was made on some streams by provincial engineers as follows : On Vancouver island, by F. W. Knewstubb ; in Nelson district, by W. J. E. Biker; in Kettle Valley district, by C. Varcoe; in Cranbrook district, by H. B. Hicks, and in the Okanagan district, by J. C. Dufresne.. Able assistance was also rendered in connection with special office researches by C. A. Pope, E. Davis, J. Monctcn Case, Andrew Paton, H. A. Wildy, R.S. W. Baird and Miss E. I. Gilby. TotaL EstIMATED HorsE-POWER Grand totals purporting to represent horse-power possibilities for large sections of a country are apt to be very misleading. They are especially mis- leading when used to make comparisons with other totals when, as a matter of fact, no real basis for comparison has been established. The unique charac- ter of many of the water-power possibilities of British Columbia, with its exceptional physical features, such as mountain systems, glaciers, snow-fields, and widely variant precipitation, necessarily makes it difficult to effect com- parisons between the total water-power possibilities of this province and those of other areas differing markedly in physical characteristics. However, it will be interesting to present in round numbers certain totals of horse-power derivable from the various estimates* presented in our tables. Conventionally, the province has been divided into districts, as follows : 24-hour I. Columbia River and Tributaries : : horse-power (North of the international boundary): This comprises the portion of the province lying between its eastern boundary and the watershed of the Fraser river....................-0005. 610,000 II. Fraser River and Tributaries : This includes practically the entire area of the great Interior PIATEAU ea :catsn soon Acres a see eateindei ounce ice sae Gales What a 740,000 JII. Vancouver Island .... 0.0.0.0. 0 ccc cece c eee enes 270,000 IV. Mainland Pacific Coast and Adjacent Islands : ; (except Vancouver Island): This includes all the rivers north of the Fraser which drain into the Pacific................... 630,000 V. Mackenzie River Tributaries : (A rough estimate made for inclusion in this summary)...... 250,000 Grand: total. eek been bade k beet eee eaeeeacewan 2,500,000 The above totals include about 250,000 horse-powert for plants already in opcration, but they do not include about 400,000 horse-powerf{ given in the *For characteristics and limitations applicable to the estimates, consult ‘Description of Power Tables,’ also notes accompanying the power tables. fIt should be borne in mind that the estimates presuppose continuous 24-hour power, and hence, in deriving this 250,00U h.p., totals representing installed capacities of individual plants were sometimes not the quantities used. fA proper estimate of this power is somewhat problematical and this figure might, perhaps be increased. However, the various factors represented by this total may be determined by teference to the power tables. ; GENERAL INTRODUCTION 5 tables for power possibilities on streams like the Fraser, Thompson, Skeena and Nass rivers, on which, because of the proximity of railways, or possible interference with the salmon industry, economical development cannot be con- sidered under present conditions. Also, as elsewhere explained, there is still ' considerable territory, especially in the more northerly portion of the province, which it has not been possible to investigate fully. These areas may yet disclose a considerable amount. of power. One fact to be borne in mind in connection with these totals is that, when powers are developed and the avail- able waters are intelligently conserved, more power will be obtained than the quantities estimated upon the basis of available data would, at present, indicate. In round figures, the total estimated 24-hour power, including an allowance for all of the entities above mentioned, may be placed at about 3,000,000 horse- power. euitans Water-power development is but one of the important uses to Natural Resource Which many of our inland waters may be applied. Too fre- quently, in reports on water-power resources, it has been the tendency to deal with power development exclusively, without adequately considering such related subjects as domestic and municipal supply, agricul- ture and irrigation, navigation, fisheries, and riparian rights. There has been a tendency on the part of many persons interested in the conservation of natural resources to emphasize that this or that particular resource is the most important. Some have contended that the forests are the most important asset, others coal, others maintain that the soil, with its fertility, is the most important, and, of late years, great stress has been laid upon the statement that water is the chief asset—the prediction being made that the nation which has the most and cheapest water-power available is destined to take precedence in the world of commerce. As a matter of fact, however, all these various interests are interdependent. If any one feature of our natural resources is to be placed before others, probably it could be most reasonably urged that a fertile condition of the soil is the most important natural asset to be safeguarded ; because, for his sustenance on the earth, man requires food, raiment, and shelter, and these essentials are supplied him, in one form or another, either directly or indirectly, from the soil. It must be manifest, therefore, that the factors which make for the permanence of the soil’s productivity are of paramount importance; and hence the subject of the conservation and use of waters as a natural asset must, among other things, be considered in its prime relationship to the subject of the productivity of the soil. It should be borne in mind that the greatest danger which besets the natural resources of not only this country, but of the world, is the undue dis- turbance of the balance which Nature seeks to maintain. Hence, in pre- senting the data which follow, no special effort has been made to attach an importance to water-power, per se, to which it is not entitled. Precipitation, in the form of rain or snow, virtually constitutes the only source of inland water supply. Its distribution and efficient use are largely determined by the natural, or cultivated, properties of the ground on which it falls. Of the total precipitation on the earth, speaking very generally, about 6 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION one-half is evaporated; about one-third is ‘run-off’, that is, it runs off over or through the ground, and, by means of the various watercourses, eventually -reaches the sea ; and about one-sixth is taken up into plant structure or other- wise absorbed in process incident to growth. What is known as the ° ground- water’ serves as a balancing reservoir, being drawn upon during periods of rapid plant growth or of deficient precipitation, and being replenished during seasons of plentiful supply. The proportion of the precipitation which runs off is that. which provides the water for power development, but it must be recognized this same water may also be required to furnish a supply for domestic and municipal purposes, for irrigation, for industrial and manufacturing purposes, or for navigation and fisheries. Many interdependent and interrelated interests are primarily dependent upon water, and, consequently, keen discrimination is necessary in deter- mining what importance shall be attached to the development of any particular water-power. The subject of power development must be treated with due consideration for the other uses for which water may be required ; therefore, in the following paragraphs water, viewed broadly as a natural resource, and the claims of other interests upon this resource, are discussed. Much has been written respecting the influences of forest cover upon precipitation and run-off. Some of the views expressed differ greatly, due chiefly to the fact that the authors have occupied almost entirely different viewpoints, and these they have not sufficiently defined. We shall here refer to only-one or two aspects of the subject. It has been maintained that the presence or absence of forests actually influences precipitation. For example, referring to special investigations made in North China, President Roosevelt, in a message to Congress, stated that as a result of deforestation : “|. the Mongol desert is practically extending eastward over northern China. The climate has changed. and is still changing. It has changed even within the last half century, as the work of tree destruction has been consummated. The great masses of arboreal vegetation on the mountains formerly absorbed the heat of the sun and sent up currents of cool air which brought the moisture- laden clouds lower and forced them to precipitate in rain a part of their burden of water. Now that there is no vegetation, the barren mountains, scorched by the sun, send up currents of heated air which drive away instead of attracting the rain clouds, and cause their moisture to be disseminated. In consequence, instead of the regular and plentiful rains which existed in these regions of China when the forests were still in evidence, the unfortunate inhabitants of the deforested lands now see their crops wither for lack of rainfall, while the seasons grow more and more irregular ; and, as the air becomes dryer, certain crops refuse longer to grow at all.’’* Irrespective of whatever opinion may be held as to the effect of forests in influencing the amount of precipitation, it is conceded that no topographic feature, generally speaking, ministers more efficiently to gradual and econo- Run-off and ‘Forests ac *eguauls Message of the President of the United States, 2nd Session, 60th Congress, Washington, why, ° 4 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 7 mical run-off than do areas covered by vegetal growth, whether it be forest or such other growth as will correspondingly regulate or temper the run-off. Thus it is that failure to intelligently conserve forest areas has caused great destruction of forest floors and agricultural lands. The damage occasioned by repeated forest fires, especially if the ground is rocky and the soil cover scanty, is exceedingly bad, and contributes greatly to excessive flood run-off. The annual destruction of property by floods appears to increase rather than diminish.* Serious floods frequently occur as a result of a heavy snowfall upon ground which has been frozen after having first been saturated with water. When this snow melts it is very apt to augment, materially, the surface run-off, because the already frozen ground precludes the usual absorption. Occasionally, forests may even accentuate floods. When, for example, the winter’s snow is retained by a forested area until late in the spring, and then a marked rise in temperature or warm rain occurs, the real net effect of the forest cover would be to accentuate flood stages. Of course, such factors as the character of the forest floor, its porosity and depth, the nature and permeability of the sub-soil, and others,} all exert their influence. In the case of water-power development, therefore, it is necessary to determine whether the advantages accruing from the industries which propose to use the water-powers will be more than counter-balanced by the disadvantages resulting therefrom. Thus, for example, wood-pulp mills, if their operation might result in practically denuding the land of forest growth, had better not be established at all; or, if established, they then should: be *Respecting the extent of damage caused by floods, consult Papers on the Conservation of Water Resources, being U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper No. 234; also Descriptive Floods in the United States in 1905, with a Discussion on Flood Discharge and Frequency, and an Index to Flood Literature, by E. C. Murphy and others, 1906, Paper No. 162. : For special discussion relating to flood prevention, etc., see Report of Flood Commission of Pittsburg, Penna., which contains the results of surveys, investigations and studies made by the Commission for the purpose of determining the causes of, damage by and methods of relief from floods in the Alleghany, Monongahela and Ohio rivers at Pittsburg, Penna., together with the bene fits to navigation, sanitation, water supply and water-power to be obtained by river regulation. This report contains an extensive ‘Bibliography of Flood Literature,’ giving bibliographies and indexes and discussions upon flood prediction, forest influence, ice and its effect, levees, reservoirs, sanitation, American rivers, foreign rivers, Pittsburg, 1912 ; see also, Hearing on Floods at Pitts- burg, Pa., before the Committee on Flood Control, House of Representatives, 64th Cong., Ist Sess., March 27, 1916, Washington, 1916 ; also The Rivers and Floods of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Watersheds, being U.S. Weather Bulletin No. 43, Washington, 1913. For various views recently expressed respecting flood conditions and their control, consult Statement prepared and presented by the Mississippi River Levee Association, being a mono- graph by John A. Fox, entitled, A National Duty, Mississippi River Flood Problem, How the Floods, Can Be Prevented, Washington, 1914; also Hearings re Prevention of Floods on the Mississippt River, before Sub-Committee of the Committee on Commerce, U.S. Senate, 63rd Cong., 2nd Sess., Washington, 1914, also Supplemental Report re Floods and Levees of the Mississippi River, sub- mitted by Mr. Humphreys of Mississippi, being House Report 300, Part II, 63rd Cong., 2nd Sess., Washington, 1914; also Floods and Levees of the Mississippi River, by Benjamin G. Humphreys —Member of Congress for Mississippi—Washington, D.C., 1914; also Hearings on Floods of the Lower Mississippi River before the Committee on Flood Control, House of Representatives, 64th Cong., ist Sess., March, 1916, Washington, 1916; Consult also, Report of Consulting Engineers to the International Joint Commission Relating to Official Reference re Lake of the Woods Levels, which report deals with the flood conditions prevailing in 1916 on the Lake of the Woods Watershed. : {Those who desire to study the effects of the various meteorological influences which modify run-off—the chief of which is evaporation—may do so by referring to works dealing specifically with hydrological phenomena. 8 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION operated under the strictest regulation and supervision, designed to perpetuate the forest growth. A deforested, eroded and scoured territory, which has lost the humus of its soil, cannot hold the beneficent rains which, instead of being retained in the ground and transmuted into plants by the various pro- cesses of growth, carry destruction in the pathways of their torrential run-off. The water is necessary to the soil, and the soil, with its plant growth, is neces- sary to an economical disposition of the water. Consider, next, a little more in detail, the possible effects which ene the depletion of underground water by diversions for power or other purposes may have upon agriculture. Underground waters are by no means inexhaustible. Underneath the surface of the earth is a vast body of water which may be likened to an underground lake, called the ground-water. It has been esti- mated,—again speaking generally,—that the moisture in the upper 100 feet of the ground is equivalent to a lake of water some 17 feet deep, 7.¢., the equivalent of about seven years’ rainfall. It is into the upper surface, termed the water- table, of this ground-water that wells are sunk for domestic and other water supply. During periods of plant growth this ground-water yields, chiefly by capillary action, part of its moisture to the plants ; and then during seasons of excessive rainfall, is again replenished. Under normal conditions, the annual fluctuation in level of the water-table is but a few inches. Such states as Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Southern Michigan, and the Dakotas, have, it is stated, already experienced alarming and permanent recedence in the levels of their ground-waters, and a consequent diminution in crop production. Large sums of money have been expended by the federal and state govern- ments in the United States, on the investigation of the occurrence and flow of underground water, and it is now being more and more recognized that pro- posed disposition of the run-off, and underground waters, should be considered together, because of a natural balance that exists between them.* *Students of sub-soil water conditions will be greatly aided by the valuable publications of the United States Geological Survey. The subject may well be opened up by referring to the follow- ing Water Supply and Irrigation Papers issued by the Survey :— Underground Waters of Eastern United States, 1905, No. 114; Bibliographic Review and Index of Papers Relating to Underground Waters, 1879-1904 ; 1905, No. 120 ; Relation of the Law to Underground Waters, 1905, No. 122; Field Measurements of the Rate of Movement of Underground Waters, 1905, No. 140 ; Underground Water Papers, 1906, No. 160; Bibliographic Review and Index of Underground Water Litera- ture published in United States in 1905, No. 163; Underground Waters for Farm Use, 1910, No. 255; Well-Drilling Methods, 1911, No. 257; Underground Water Papers, 1910, No. 258 (This paper contains a number of valuable monographs dealing with special features relating to underground waters.) The U.S. Geological Survey has in course of preparation an extensive bibliography and index of publications relating to sub-soil waters which it is anticipated will be ready for publication in 1918, as Water Supply Paper No. 427. For studies on the movement of ground water consult Water Supply Paper No. 67, The Movements of Underground Waters, by C.S. Slichter ; also by same author, ‘Theoretical Investi- gation of Motion of Ground Waters,’ pp. 295-384in roth Annual Report of U.S. Geological Survey ; also ‘Observations and Experiments on the Fluctuations in the Level and Rate of Movement of Ground Water on the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station Farm,’ etc., by F. H. King, U.S. Weather Bureau Bulletin, No. 5, Washington, 1892 ; also by same author, ‘Principles and Conditions of the Movements of Ground Water,’ pp. 59-294, in roth Annual Report of U.S. Geolo- gical Survey; see also, ‘Studies on the Movement of Soil Moisture,’ by E. Buckingham, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils, Bulletin No. 38, Washington, 1907; and Bulletin No. 64 of the Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arizona, being ‘Ground Water Supply for Irrigation in the Rillito Valley,’ by G. E. P. Smith, Tucson, Arizona, 1910. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 9 It is easily possible to so divert some channels or water-courses as to allow much of the ground-water to be lost, and consequently cause permanent damage toa large expanse of territory. Great waste and carelessness have been mani- fested in many localities by the users of the underground waters. In the smaller towns, more especially in the east, where the domestic wells furnish so much of the water supply, it has frequently been observed that when some deep trench, as, for example, a cut for a new sewer or a mine shaft, has been excavated, the underground waters have drained away, thus ‘bleeding’ the adjacent territory and causing the wells of the neighbourhood to go dry. The lessons that may be drawn from such illustrations should not be forgotten in considering our valuable underground waters, when viewed locally or with respect to their provincial or larger areas. Discussing the underground waters of Southern California, F. C. Finkle said : “Much investigation has been carried on to determine the extent of the underground water supplies in Southern California. All investigators have reached about the same conclusion, that the supply produced by nature, annually, for the replenishment of these reservoirs, is limited. While it is considerable in years of abundant rainfall, it becomes almost nothing in years of minimum precipitation, and a mean must be drawn so that the reserve supply is not withdrawn to such an extent as to imperil this resource. Up to the present time this has been much neglected, and the haphazard and reckless way in which promoters have attacked the underground water supply of Southern California has demonstrated the necessity of future retrenchment. A great number of cases may be cited where one company has obtained a supply of water by underground development, soon to find that someone else would follow them and either take away a portion or all of their supply. Cases of this kind became so numerous that the matter had to be brought to the atten- tion of the courts and much expensive litigation has been the result.’”* Of this ground-water, the late Dr. W. J. McGee, secretary of the United States Inland Waterways Commission, and expert in charge of soil water investigations of the United States Department of Agriculture, states : “It is the essential basis of agriculture and most other industries, and the chief natural resource of the country ; it sustains forests and all other crops, and supplies the perennial streams and springs and wells used by four-fifths of our population and nearly all of our domestic animals. Its quantity is ‘diminished by the increased run-off due to deforestation and injudicious farming. Throughout the upland portions of the eastern United States, the average water-table has been lowered 10 to 40 feet, so that fully three-fourths of the springs and shallower wells have failed, and many brooks have run dry, while the risk of crop loss by drought has proportionately increased, and the waste through the Mississippi has increased over 15 per cent.’’f In connection with his work for the Department of Agriculture, Dr. McGee assembled the records of some 35,000 wells scattered throughout *Newell, F. H., Proceedings of Second Conference of Engineers of the Reclamation Service, Washington, 1905 ; p. 59 (W.S. & Irr. Paper No. 146.) +McGee, W. J., ‘Water as a Resource,’ in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, May, 1909 ; p. 46-47. 10 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION the United States, andasa result of his research has made the following state- ment :* ‘Second in order, but first in significance, among the results of the inquiry is a clear quantitative indication that the subsoil-water level is, and has been since the settlement of the country, lowering at a considerable rate. The rate of change varies from region to region and state to state, ranging from a slight rise in irrigated districts to a lowering of about 3-5 feet per decade. In the 31 states forming the half of the country best adapted by natural conditions to feeding and clothing a great: people, the average lowering since settlement would appear to be no less than 9 feet, z.e., from well within, to about the limit of capillary reach from the surface. The data, indeed, indicate that lowering generally was more rapid within the first generation after settlement than later, yet the figures used in the estimates are derived from the reduced rate of the last two decades rather than the more rapid lowering of earlier decades. It would appear also that the actual loss of water attending the lowering is 10 per cent of the aggregate volume within the first hundred feet from the surface—a national loss of substance comparable with the destruction of forests and the uses and wastes of petroleum and natural gas, and far exceeding the consumption and waste of coal and metal. In the light of the relation of subsoil water to productivity, its rate of lowering can only be re- garded as a measure of advancing national impoverishment.” The chief causes for the lowering of subsoil water are discussed and remedies suggested. Respecting the remedies, it is interesting to note the closing paragraph of Dr. McGee’s report. He states: ‘“‘Naturally, the remedial methods can neither be adopted nor made effective in a day ; time will be required for the advance of knowledge, for the growth of sentiment, and for the development of those regulations required for successful community action. In some cases townships, in others counties, and in still others states, will necessarily act in respect to regulations suggested by local or general needs and conditions ; in some instances the regulations may relate chiefly to the control of water, in which useful lessons may be borrowed from the arid region in which water is recognized as the real source and measure of life ; and doubtless in some instances it will be found expedient to treat as a public nuisance silt-bearing water permitted to flow from an ill- wrought farm over neighbouring property—yet all such needful regulations should be foreseen, since they are bound to be made in time, else the natural value on which the productivity and habitability of the country depends will be frittered away and the new fertile acres be made desert.” In the face of such facts the claims which the ground-water supply has upon its proportion of the rainfall cannot be ignored. Certainly, watercourses and the sources of their supply should not be so disturbed as to cause a serious permanent depletion, or pollution, of the underground waters. Upon this point, therefore, it is necessary that the amounts, movements, and functions of *For instructive discussions re well surveys consult the following by W. J. McGee :—'The Agricultural Duty of Water,’ in the Year Book of the Department of Agriculture for 1910, pp. 169- 176 ; ‘Principles of Water Power Development,’ in Science (New Series), vol. 34, No. 885, pp. 813-825, December 15, 1911, especially footnote on p. 5 ; ‘Soil-Erosion,’ Bureau of Soils Bulletin, No. 71, 1911 (see footnote, [bid. p. 27); ‘Wells and Subsoil Water,’ Bureau of Soils Bulletin No. g2, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, 1913, including ‘Review of the Well Census,’ pp. 178-185. Consult, also, ‘Summary of the Controlling Factors of Artesian Flows,’ by Myron L. Fuller, Bulletin No. 319, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, 1908 ; also, for method of record- ing wells, see, for example, ‘Record of Deep Well Drilling for 1904,’ being U.S. Geological Survey eee No. 264, Washington, 1904. Consult also, citations in footnote, supra, re ‘Underground aters.’ GENERAL INTRODUCTION 11 the ground-water in any district be studied in connection with any general scheme devised for the utilization of waterin that particular territory. It must be evident, therefore, that efforts to have the underground waters properly and efficiently used, deserve the fullest support. é ‘The underground waters of Canada, in some places, are now being tapped, and, not infrequently, wasted. In the United States, many states have enacted laws designed to conserve such waters. A main feature of such laws has been the regulation of the flow by actually limiting the size of the pipe through which ordinary domestic and farm water supply may be taken. Sometimes the law states that the supply shall be taken through a half-inch pipe, which shall be furnished with a stop valve. In some states the penalties for violation of the law relating to underground waters are severe ; for example, in South Dakota : “If any person complains that the proprietor of an artesian well, or the party controlling such well, isin the habit of letting the waters go to waste, the township supervisor, county commissioner, road overseer, alderman, or other city officers, may enter upon the premises where the well is located in order to determine whether the complaint is justified, and may institute criminal prosecution in case violation of the law is ascertained. If the well is without valves to regulate the flow and prevent waste, the person owning the well may be fined up to one hundred dollars, or be imprisoned not more than three months in jail, or both.’’* Laws regulating the use of underground waters are needed in Canada. At present, farmers and others are tapping these underground waters and, in some cases where ‘gushers’ have been struck, the valuable waters are permitted to run to waste continuously. This should not be allowed. The British Columbia authorities are seized of the importance of this subject and the need for effective legislation and control. In 1914, an investi- gation was made of artesian wells, more particularly in the Fraser River flats. Referring to this investigation, Mr. William Young, Comptroller of Water Rights, says : “Furthermore, the investigation has shown that this class of investment, practically new to this province, in well-drilling for underground water supplies and development, has, in a few years, quietly grown into a large and important enterprise, in which considerable capital has been invested and risked and important interests created mostly by individual farmers. Further, that this position has been reached without legislation or departmental control. It has been brought to the notice of the Department that several of these interests had been encroached upon, in some cases entirely destroying their value ; so that those wells which formerly gave a good supply are now going dry. It is therefore implied that this state of affairs is due to the fact that there is no control of wells nor the water flowing from them, as those which have been drilled lower down the slope are flowing and being permitted to flow, thus causing the wells above them to go dry owing to what is clearly a waste of water. From all the information gathered, this waste is due to a misappre- chension in capping and controlling the flow of these wells.’’t *Johnson, D. W., Relation of the Law to Underground Waters, Washington, 1905; p. 47. (W.S. & Irr. Paper No. 122.) +Report of the Water Rights Branch, Victoria, B.C., for 1914, page H 8; see also Ibid. pp. 18-20; also report for 1915, pp. F 32-37. 12 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Referring to the actual waste of water in certain districts, the Comptroller states : “Tt should be pointed out that 101 wells in Cloverdale and Langley dis- tricts discharge a total of some 450,492 gallons per day, whilst the total require- ments of the 74 interests dependent on this water amount approximately to 50,000 gallons per day. As these wells are all running uncontrolled, it can be seen that some 400,000 gallons per day are running to waste. . . . The flow : many of the wells is decreasing and nothing has been done to try and improve them.”’ Sufficient has now been said clearly to demonstrate the vital importance of these sub-soil waters. The Government should require all flowing wells to be registered, along with an adequate description of each ; and it should require that all such wells be securely capped and the flow released, as required, by means of proper sized pipe and valve. Government inspection should also be provided. Whether it be federal or provincial action, it is imperative that legislative measures be enacted and the means for the enforcement of same be provided without delay. Agricultural pursuits in many parts of British Columbia cannot Daieiese successfully be carried on without having water available for purposes of irrigation. In this report it is quite impossible to canvass this very broad subject. Attention has already been drawn to the difficult problem respecting con- flicting water rights with which the provincial authorities have had to deal. Between the passage of the Water Act of 1909 and the end of 1915, out of a total of over 7,000 water rights, about 3,800 rights were confirmed and 1,900 can- celled ; on Dec. 31, 1915, about 400 were pending for further consideration, 360 in favour of Indians were held over for subsequent adjudication, and about 600 had not yet been dealt with. A very large proportion of these 7,000 rights were for irrigation. In adjudicating upon them the Provincial Board of Investigation has made special effort to avoid the perpetuating of rights for water, where power interests would unduly conflict with irrigation interests, or vice versa. ‘ The provincial authorities have been alive to the great advantages result- ing to British Columbia through agricultural development, following the extension of irrigation. Hon. W. R. Ross, former Minister of Lands, ren- dered signal service by the efforts put forth through his department in con- nection with the fuller conservation, and application for beneficial use, of the inland waters. In 1912, the Minister requested Dr. Samuel Fortier, Chief of Irrigation Investigations of the United States, assisted by Mr. H. W. Grunsky, to examine into and report upon the general status of the water problems with which British Columbia had to deal.* To show the importance of the use of water for irrigation, sometimes in preference to its use for power in certain parts of the province, we cannot do better than quote the authoritative statements *See Report of the Water Rights Branch for 1912, article by Samuel Fortier, ‘Irrigation’s Part in the Future Upbuilding of British Columbia,’ pp. 10-14. y Speco GENERAL INTRODUCTION 13 ‘of Dr. Fortier. Respecting the importance of irrigation to certain portions of the United States, he says : “Those who have watched the rise and progress of western common- wealths must have observed how large a part of their total revenue is derived from irrigated products. Irrigated agriculture lies at the foundation of much of the material prosperity of the West. Through the agency of water wisely used, deserts are converted into productive fields and orchards, and flocks and herds and prosperous communities take the place of wild animals and an uncivilized race. It also furnishes food and clothing for the dwellers in cities, raw material for the manufacturer and traffic fom the transportation company. If it were possible to remove from the arid region the comparatively small area which has been rendered highly productive by means of irrigation, it .would go far to undo the labour of half a century in building up the western half of the Union.’’* In referring to his examination of conditions in British Columbia, Dr. Fortier draws specific attention to the great importance of irrigation in some of the Western States. He refers more particularly to Montana, Colorado and California, and, in each instance, shows that the increasingly great annual value of the agricultural products of these states is the result, largely, of the more extended employment of irrigation. For example, he says, respecting Colorado : “T am pointing out some of the achievements of Colorado for the purpose of calling attention to the agricultural possibilities of southern British Columbia. All the crops that are now grown in Colorado can be produced in British Columbia. Its nearness to the Pacific ocean, the presence of large bodies of inland waters, and the low altitude render it particularly well adapted to deciduous-fruit raising. The time is not far distant, I believe, when the output from the orchards of this part of the province will exceed that from all the mines. It is more than likely, however, that horticulture will be developed - at the expense of other equally important branches of agriculture. The orchards of Colorado produce less than $5,000,000 annually, but the farmers receive $6,000,000 a year for sugar beets, $15,000,000 for cereals and $17,000,000 a year for alfalfa and other forage crops. Inasmuch as the climate and soil of southern British Columbia are favourable to fruit raising, no good reason can be advanced why it should not be a leading industry. At the same time, the growing of the leguminous and cereal crops should not be neglected. It will not pay, for example, to.export fruit and import dairy and meat products. Such a policy would tend to enrich the railroads at the expense of both the producer and the consumer.” It is pointed out that until recently, Colorado was regarded chiefly asa © mining state. It is still rich in minerals, but the wealth derived from crops and live stock now far exceeds that from the mines. The total mineral pro- duction in 1889 was a little over $33,000,000. Twenty years later the output of gold and silver had not materially increased, but the larger output from the coal-fields had raised the aggregate value to $40,000,000. No accurate statis- tics are available for the value of farm crops in 1889, but in the decade from 1899 to 1909 there was an increase in the value of farm crops of over $34,000,000. In British Columbia, south of the 52nd parallel, there is a larger area than the entire state of Colorado. While this southern belt represents less than -* Use of Water in Irrigation, by Samuel Fortier, New York, 1915, page 1. 14 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION one-third of the area of the province, it is by far the most valuable from an agricultural point of view, and comprises the bulk of the land susceptible to irrigation and where the most valuable crops will be raised in the future. There is an increasing tendency to employ some irrigation even in districts where the precipitation usually has been considered sufficient. Dr. Fortier gives his opinion that ‘‘ As time goes on, and a larger area is intensively farmed, I believe the need of supplementing the annual rainfall by irrigation in all these districts will be more keenly felt. In other words, many of the districts which are now thought to possess sufficient rainfall will be, in part, irrigated. At least, this has been true of localities to the south.” Referring to Montana, Colorado and California, he continues, ‘‘These, and many other cases which might be cited, show that the practice of irrigation is spreading rapidly in the United States, and that the localities in which the annual rainfall was considered ample ten or fifteen years ago are now largely dependent on irrigation for their supply of soil-moisture.”’ In certain districts, the inadequacy of the water supply itself, limits the extent to which suitable land may be brought under irrigation. Respecting this aspect of the subject, Dr. Fortier has stated : “The amount of the available water-supply is the standard by which we measure the ultimate production of arid and semi-arid lands. Even now we can look forward to the time when California, with its abundant natural resources, will be greatly handicapped by reason of the lack of water. Out of something like 21,000,000 acres susceptible of irrigation, there is only water enough for 10,000,000 acres. Colorado is credited with a larger area of arable land, but it is doubtful if more than 6,000,000 acres can ever be irrigated. The extent of arable land in Montana is quite as large, but all the available water- supply is likely to be exhausted when 5,000,000 acres are watered. Water in the west needs to be conserved perhaps more than any other natural resource.”’ A thorough appreciation of the dependence of water-power and agricul- ture upon the water supply, as above outlined, will permit a better under- standing of certain rulings that may be made by the provincial authorities in their efforts to make the best possible apportionment of the available water supply. In some instances it may be possible more nearly to approach ideal con- ditions in the conserving of the water supply so that it may serve a number of interests. This may even be accomplished in the case of watersheds, the hydrological conditions of which may, upon casual inspection, appear rather ‘unpromising. For example, the Santa Ana, an important stream traversing Southern California, has a total drainage area of between 1,800 and 1,900 square miles, of which about two-thirds is in the valley, and only a few hundred square miles yield much run-off. It rises in the heart of the San Bernardino mountains and flows westward for about 25 miles to the mouth of its upper cafion, thence southwestward, across the San Bernardino valley, through the lower cafion to the Santa Ana mountains, and across the Coastal plain, to the Pacific. Irrigation in the valleys of the Santa Ana basin has attained a very high state of development, and the Santa Ana waters have been made to serve GENERAL INTRODUCTION 15 greater and more varied uses than probably any other stream of its size in the United States. The authors of the comprehensive report upon the Water Resources of California state, respecting the use of the Santa Ana waters :* ‘To begin with, a portion of the flow is regulated by artificial storage in the upper part of the basin, and the water passes successively through three hydro-electric plants before reaching the mouth of the cajion. vd ‘On leaving the lower plant, it is turned into high-level canals and use for municipal supply and irrigation about Redlands and Highland. “The irrigation water that escapes through seepage to the body of ground water is recovered from springs and flowing wells, and from pumped wells, and is used for irrigation around San Bernardino and Riverside, the power for pumping being generated on the upper reaches of the stream. ‘Bedrock obstructions at Riverside Narrows, below the city of Riverside, ‘force to the surface a part of the water in the gravel bed of the stream above this point, and this water, after being diverted for power development, is returned to the river above Corona. “Only a few miles below, it is again diverted and used for irrigation on the Coastal plain in the vicinity of Santa Ana and Anaheim. “The seepage water from irrigation is once more recovered by numerous pumping plants and flowing wells on the lower Coastal plain west of Santa Ana.” In passing from mountain to sea, a distance of not more than 100 miles, the same water is used at least eight times for power and irrigation. In like manner the water in many of the tributaries is used several times before reach- ing the main stream. It is along somewhat similar lines that British Columbia must seek, where- ever possible, to obtain the maximum benefit from her mountain streams. Any- one who knows what has already been accomplished through the agency of irrigation in the Okanagan and Kootenay districts, as well as in other portions of the province, does not require further demonstration of the excellent results which follow the intelligent application of water to the fertile soil of the arid and semi-arid agricultural regions of British Columbia.t The Premier of British Columbia has stated that it is the policy of his province to secure the greatest efficiency from the use of its waters. He said : “Tf it be for the purpose of irrigation, let every inch of water do its duty, and, if it be for the purpose of power, let us see that the works arc so carried out as to get from the investment and from the water conservation, the very best and most profitable results.’’ t Power for pumping water for irrigation may be furnished by many of the provincial streams. Lying alongside some of the main rivers, there are con- siderable areas of bench lands to which water cannot economically be conveyed by gravity. In some cases, the employment of high tension transmission may enable hydro-electric power to be supplied, even from distant sources, at suffi- *For facts here stated and for descriptions of what has been accomplished in the use of water in California, consult Water Resources of California, by H. D. McGlashan and H. J. Dean, being U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper No. 300 ; also Papers Nos. 298 and 299. +See Annual Reports of Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C., especially the reports of the Water Rights Branch ; also consult Irrigation in British Columbia, by B. A. Etcheverry, being Bulletin No. 44, Department of Agriculture, British Columbia, Victoria, 1912. {See Report of Select Standing Committee on Forests, Waterways and Water-powers, Ottawa, 14, (16 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION ciently low rates to be used for electric pumping. Some of the water derived from many snow- and glacier-covered areas may thus, indirectly, be utilized to irrigate land and thereby bring into beneficial use both water and land that might otherwise remain unproductive. Irrigation tends to the permanent settlement of the country. Conse- quently, in the majority of cases, the use of water for irrigation will result in more widespread benefit than if otherwise used. Special care should, therefore, be taken to. ensure that in granting ‘water records,’ water is not diverted for power which might more advantageously be used for irrigation—a use which may further the settlement and development of larger sections of the country. From the earliest times, inland waterways have constituted the most important means of communication to the interior. In a mountainous country, such as British Columbia, the inland water-ways are more frequently interrupted by rapids, cafions and falls, which prevent continuous navigation ; but, on the other hand, the great difliculty and expense of constructing roads and railways through such rugged territory considerably enhance the value of the navigable portions. These, when used in conjunction with short connecting railways, may sometimes provide access to large areas.* The importance which some authorities attach to the conservation of water, to the end that it may serve the interests of navigation prior to those of power, is well illustrated by the following statement, made in connection with the policy announced by the International Waterways Commission : “The Joint Commission had agreed, as one of the principles which should govern the use of boundary waters, that, where there could be temporary diversions, without injury to the interests of navigation, for the purpose of developing power, they should be allowed. ... The paramount right to use the great water system, starting with lake Superior, and finding its way by the St. Lawrence to the sea, is for navigation purposes... ’’f Again, referring to the water rights of the St. Mary river, the international waterway bordering Michigan, the United States Federal Act of March 3rd, 1909 (Public Acts, No. 317), states that these waters “‘shall be forever conserved for the benefit of the Government of the United States, primarily for the purposes of navigation and incidentally for the purpose of having the water-power developed, either for the direct use of the United States, or by lease or other agreement through the Secretary of War. . ._ Provided, that a just and reasonable compensation shall be paid for the use of all waters or water-power now or hereafter owned....’’t The International Boundary Waters Treaty between Great Britain and the United States, ratified in 1910, provides rules and principles which govern the International Joint Commission in determining the order of precedence which shall be observed in the disposition of water privileges. Article VIII states that ~ Water-power and Navigation “Respecting the early use of the rivers of British Columbia by explorers and others, consult exerlag relating to exploration, travel and history mentioned in the Bibliography. See ppendix. {International Waterways Commission, Supplementary Report, 1907 (Ottawa, 1908), p. 12. See also Chairman's remarks. , fSee Ibid., p. 21. Plate 2 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION FALLS AND RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED FISHWAY ON MEZIADIN RIVER Entrance to the fishway is at foot of main falls. It has a width of not less than 25 feet and a depth of 6 feet at low water. Up- stream end of fishway is 20 feet wide and 3 feet deep at low water. A wing-dam of logs and rock, built at an angle of 45 degrees to the bank, prevents drift entering the fishway. The Meziadin is a tributary of the Nass. ‘opyright, Courtesy Mr. John P. Babcock. rn - OBSTRUCTIONS ON SALMON RIVERS ae i ing i i he 1913 run forced—by be a very serious menace to fishing interests. _IIlustration shows adult Sockeye of t a may slide caused by railway construction along the Fraser cafion in 1912—into the mouth of Spuzzum creek, a tributary to the Fraser below the obstruction These m GENERAL INTRODUCTION 17 “The following order of precedence shall be observed among the various uses enumerated hereinafter for these waters, and no use shall be permitted which tends materially to conflict with or restrain any other use which is given preference over it in this order of precedence : (1) Uses for domestic and sanitary purposes (2) Uses for navigation, including the service of canals for the purposes of navigation “(3) Uses for power and for irrigation purposes.” From the foregoing, it is evident that power possibilities, under certain circumstances, have been regarded as of less, or as of only incidental, value when compared with the interests of navigation. Continued deforestation and devastation wrought by forest fires are factors which materially reduce the uniformity of the annual run-off, so that low-water conditions as affecting navigation may become more and more serious, and, in turn, demand an increased utilization of storage for navigation. Navigable In British Columbia there are numerous lakes* and many Inland Waters = stretches of river which are navigable. By a navigable stream ok Braet is here meant one which can be navigated by the ordinary flat- bottomed river boat, generally a stern-wheeler. On many of the lakes, steamers of larger size can be used, whilst some swift-flowing rivers, not navigable by stern-wheelers, may be ascended by fast motor craft of shallow draught. There are stretches, not at present navigable, which may be made so by the construction of suitable works. The erection of dams and other works for power development will, at a number of places, improve the rivers for navigation, both by drowning out rapids and by increasing the depth at shallow places. Lockage provisions in all dams should, of course, be fully safeguarded. The following is a brief summary of the principal navigable portions of the inland waters of British Columbia. There are, of course, in addition, numerous inland lakes which afford certain navigation facilities. CotumBia RIVER WaTERSHED—Columbia river is navigable from North- port, ten miles south of the international boundary, through the Arrow lakes to Laporte, above Revelstoke, a total distance of about 210 miles. The season extends from May to September, but the Arrow lakes are navigable all the year. Ice forms in the narrows between the lakes, but the channel, which at low water is shallow and somewhat crooked, is kept open by an ice-breaker. The Cana- dian Pacific steamers operate between Arrowhead and West Robson, about 120 miles. Some difficulty is experienced in the cafion above Revelstoke. In the past, small craft were frequently worked upstream as far as ‘Boat Encamp- ment,’ at the mouth of Wood river. The upper Columbia is navigated from Golden to Columbia lake, 90 miles, from May to October. Okanagan lake is navigable for the length of the lake, 67 miles. On the Kootenay River system, Kootenay lake, 66 miles, and its west arm, 20 miles, are navigable all year. At the ‘narrows,’ near Proctor, the depth at low water is only about eight feet. Kootenay river, from Kootenay lake to the international boundary, 22 miles, and thence south to Bonners Ferry, Idaho, is navigable from May to September. It is also navigable from Canal flat, at the source of the Columbia, to Jennings, *For reference to lakes of the province and list, see pp. 40 to 45. 18 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Montana. Before the construction of the Crowsnest Ry., steamers plied from Fort Steele, East Kootenay, to Jennings, about 60 miles. Slocan lake is navigable for 25 miles ; it is very deep, has warm springs and never freezes over. FRASER RivER WATERSHED—-Fraser river is navigable all the year from its mouth to Chilliwack, 60 miles, and fron. May to November is navigable from Chilliwack to Yale, 40 miles. The Fraser is also navigable from Soda Creek to Téte Jaune, about 330 miles, from May to September. A regular steamer service is maintained during the open season from Soda Creek to Prince George, 130 miles. The chief difficulties to navigation in this stretch are Cottonwood and Fort George cafions, both of which have been improved. Above Prince George the river is difficult, especially at the Grand rapids, and navigation is only possible during high water. Traffic on this portion of the river reached its zenith during the construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific Ry., but, on its completion, this river transport became unprofitable, as the current is fre- quently fast, and the channel tortuous. South Thompson River system is navigable during May to October from Kamloops lake to Enderby, on the Shuswap river. The various navigable lengths, including the lakes, aggregate some 175 miles. Adams river is navigable for the length of the lake, 40 miles. North Thompson river is navigable from Kamloops to Mad river, 80 miles, during May to August, and navigable, also, in certain stretches above. Nechako river is navigable during June, July and August from Prince George to head of Fraser lake, about 110 miles. There are several bad rapids and shallows on the lower Nechako and the discharge of Fraser lake carries very little water at low stages. The Nechako watershed contains several lakes which, with short connecting railways, might provide communication to certain sections of the interior. Smalllaunches ply on Francois lake. Stuart river, from its confluence with the Nechako to Stuart lake, including the lake, affords, at high stages only, usually June and part of July, about 100 miles of navigation.* VANCOUVER IsLanpD—The navigable portions of the inland waters of Vancouver island are practically confined to the various lakes. The west coast, however, is broken by a number of inlets, which constitute good harbours and afford access to large areas. MAINLAND Paciric Coast—Along the Pacific coast, only a few of the largest rivers are navigable by stern-wheelers, although several other streams may be ascended, at some risk, by small motor craft. Between the Fraser and the Skeena, there are no streams navigable by stern-wheelers for more than a mile or two above tidal influence, which, as a rule, does not extend very far from the mouth. Skeena river is navigable from May to October from its mouth to Kispiox, a distance of 150 miles. The river generally opens the last week in April or the first week in May. Ice begins to run early in November, and the river usually does not freeze over until the end of December. *Jt has been stated that the Stuart River system might be improved so as to provide a navi- gable waterway to the head of Tacla river, a distance of 180 miles from its confluence with the Nechako. There is beached on Tremblay lake, part of the hull and machinery of a stern-wheeler, about 70 feet long. This boat, appropriately named ‘The Enterprise,’ made a trip from Soda creek to Tacla lake, about 1871, during the Omineca gold rush. See Report of the Minister of Lands, British Columbia, 1912, page 334. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 19 The chief obstacle to Skeena navigation is the Kitsalas cafion. The paralleling of the river by the Grand Trunk Pacific Ry. rendered water transportation on the Skeena unprofitable. Babine lake is navigable for 100 miles. Nass river is navigable from its mouth to the cafion, about 30 miles. Stikine river is navigable for about 100 miles, from the mouth to Telegraph creek, from May to September. The river generally opens for navigation between April 20 and May 1. Ice or ‘sludge’ usually begins to run about November 1, and at Telegraph creek the river generally freezes over about the end of November. The chief obstacles in its navigation are Little cafion and Grand rapid. Between Telegraph creek and Glenora, 12 miles, navigation is also difficult. MacKEnzigE RIVER WATERSHED—Peace river is navigable during the open season from the interprovincial boundary to Hudsons Hope, at the foot of Rocky Mountain cafion, 80 miles. Above the cafion, it is navigable to the confluence of the Parsnip and Finlay rivers, 75 miles. There are, however, in this stretch some bad rapids. Finlay river is navigable during the open season in that portion which lies in the Intermontane valley, a distance of about 140 miles, the only serious obstacle being Deserter cafion, about 90 miles from the mouth. Liard river is navigable from the interprovincial boundary to Hellgate, about 85 miles, during the open season, and its tributary, the Fort Nelson river, is navigable during the open season from its mouth to Fort Nelson, about 100 miles, also, possibly, for,some distance above.* The principal inland waters of British Columbia consist of but a few great river systems. Any works of construction or improvement relating to these rivers may readily be considered, and should be considered, in connection with their possible effects upon the rivers as a whole. In France and Germany, where efficient systems of waterways are in successful commercial operation, before the improvement of a river or harbour is undertaken, a careful study is made of the proposed work, its cost, the time necessary for completion, the probable traffic, and of other cognate factors. When the investigation is completed and the project approved and adopted, provision is then made for the entire expenditure. In British Columbia, and, indeed, throughout Canada, the same caution should be exercised. While much water-borne traffic has been absorbed by the railways, water traffic still has its important place. In connection with the construction of power dams or other structures in streams, care should be exercised that navigation be not impaired; also, that expenditures for so- called navigation are not incurred when, in reality, the improvements are only sought for the resultant water-power. Senator Theodore E. Burton, formerly Chairman of the U.S. National Waterways Commission, and who has given special attention to waterway problems in the United States, has drawn attention to many very serious losses which the United States people have incurred through injudicious *For a discussion of the navigable stretches of the Mackenzie river and its tributaries in Northern Alberta and the Northwest Territories see The Unexploited West, by Ernest J. Chambers, Dept. of Interior, Ottawa, 1914. Consult, Mackenzie River (Senate Report). See Bibliography. Consult also Port Directory of Principal Canadian Ports and Harbours, Dept. of Marine and Fisheries, Ottawa, 1913-1914. 20 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION expenditures of money in so-called river improvements. He cautions against yielding to the importunities of those who would exploit inland water resources according to their own desires. He recently stated : “Certainly among the most captivating, plausible and convincing groups of citizens who ever come to Washington are the ‘booster clubs,’ and ‘boomers,’ who go there with rivers to improve, and locks and dams to build, at government expense. Zest, importunity and ability to accomplish an end in view are nowhere better illustrated in this land than in the success of a waterway association seeking a Congressional appropriation.” Serious consequences to the fishing resources result from obstructions which prevent the free passage of salmon and other fish.* This subject is vital in its bearing upon power development, and yet it is frequently passed over. Practically all of the Pacific Coast streams of British Columbia and their tributaries are annually frequented by vast numbers of Pacific salmon, con- sequently the salmon fishing industry is one of the most important interests to be safeguarded in the carrying out of works which will materially affect the inland waterways. There are two main features to the problem of safeguarding the fishing interests in connection with power development : First, to permit a sufficient number of adult salmon satisfactorily to pass all obstructions in order to reach and deposit their ova upon the spawning beds of the streams ; and second, to ensure that the young salmon are afforded a satisfactory passageway out to the sea. In 1895, the province granted to a mining company the right to construct a dam at the outlet of Quesnel lake,} but no provision was made for the passage . of the salmon through the dam. The result was that, following the com- pletion of the dam in 1898, the salmon were denied access to the spawning grounds of Quesnel lake and, without having spawned, perished in countless thousands in the river below. Sufficient gold was not found to warrant a continuance of mining operations, and hence the gates, which had been closed for a part of two seasons, were opened. This provided sufficient water to permit the salmon to reach the head of the river but, owing to the strong currents at the sluiceways, did not permit ingress of salmon to the lake, and hence for five years the fish continued to mass and die below the dam, while the spawning beds of Quesnel lake remained barren of sockeye salmon. In the ‘big year’ of 1901, the run to the Quesnel river was very large, but, owing to the failure to provide a fishway, the spawning grounds of the lake remained unseeded that year. The pack of 1905 was 500,000 cases less than in 1901, and has commonly been attributed to the failure to seed the beds of the Quesnel in 1901. In 1903, the Provincial Government constructed a fishway, and, in 1905, several million sockeye undoubtedly entered Quesnel lake, and the large spawning area apparently was well seeded. The run of sockeye in 1909 was Water-power and Fisheries *See Fishways in the Inland Waters of British Columbia, by Arthur V. White, published by Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1918. {See Plate 25. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 21 believed to have exceeded that of any former year, and it has been estimated that 4,000,000 adult sockeye salmon entered Quesnel lake through this fishway.* During the construction of the Canadian Northern Ry., a very serious blocking of the Fraser river occurred in 1913 and 1914, due to a rock slide in the cafion above Yale. The slide produced currents and eddies of such charac- ter as resulted in the holding back of millions of salmon. This obstruction was more serious than that at Quesnel lake, as it affected a larger area. Reports from the various spawning grounds showed that the run reaching the grounds in 1913 was much below that of former big years. At Quesnel lake, where facilities existed for making an accurate estimate, only about 550,000 salmon passed through the fishway, as compared with 4,000,000 in 1909. The massing of the salmon below the obstruction in the Fraser is well illustrated on Plate 2. In Canada both federal and provincial legislation has been enacted to safe- guard the inland fisheries and to provide for the construction of fishways. The chief difficulty, however, as far as fishways are concerned, is that too frequently proper fishways are not provided, and that such as are provided are allowed to fall into disuse. The Dominion Fisheries Act} explicitly provides that fishways shall be built wherever the Minister of Marine and Fisheries determines they are necessary. The British Columbia Water Act, 1914, sec. 35, provides that: ‘‘ Proper provision shall be made by every licensee to the satisfaction of the Comp- troller... For the erection and maintenance by the licensee of a durable and efficient fishway in the stream or other waterway affected by the works.’’} Water-power development may also conflict with fishing interests by the destruction of spawning grounds through the manipulation of the levels of lakes used as storage reservoirs. When lake levels are raised the margin of the lake, up to the proposed flowage line, should be stripped of tree growth and underbrush, to facilitate the formation of new beaches and maintain the healthy condition of the water. Here, again, the question of clearing becomes one of weighing advantages and disadvantages, but it is doubtful if any of the supposed advantages derivable from power development will offset the destruc- tion of the source of one of our important supplies of food. Certainly, with intelligent regulation and forceful administration, the streams of the province should not only continue to produce vast numbers of salmon, but the supply may be greatly increased. In fact, our supplies must be increased. Recording their conclusions, some of the members of the special committee appointed to investigate the fishing industry of the State of Washington report : “We find that civilization and all of the activities of civilization have a very serious effect in diminishing the natural propagation of fish. We find that young fish that are hatched in rivers, tributary to irrigation ditches, in their journey to the sea, are led, to a large extent, into irrigation canals and are thus destroyed. We find also that the sawdust from the mills, both in salt and fresh waters, is destructive of the young salmon and to the salmon eggs, *See Annual Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries, British Columbia, 1909, pp. 1-13. {The Fisheries Act, 1914, R.S., c. 45, s. 1. {The British Columbia Water Act, 1914, section 35. 22 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION and that various other agencies of modern civilization tend to the destruction of the young fish before they reach their maturity.’”* In view of the facts above presented, it is evident that no development for power or irrigation should be permitted on any of the salmon streams without fully safeguarding the fishing industry. The British Columbia laws relating to water clearly reflect the marked influence which the mining industry has exerted upon the use. of water in the province. Mining, in point of value of annual production, has long been British Columbia’s most important industry, although, during recent years, its forest products have sometimes exceeded its mineral production. The gold discoveries of the ‘fifties’ necessitated the use of water for placer mining. From 1858 to about 1880, this form of mining constituted the chief branch of the mining industry. Between 1860 and 1868 the average annual value of gold exceeded $3,000,000, reaching its maximum, nearly $4,000,000, in 1863. During the decade 1906-15, the production of placer gold averaged only about $600,000 annually, but there are good prospects of the industry reviving. The total value of placer gold produced to 1915 was about $74,000,- 000. About 1893, lode mining for gold commenced, and, from 1908 to 1915, it averaged over $5,000,000 annually, with a total production to 1915 aggre- gating nearly $87,000,000.f Since 1895, there has been a remarkable growth in the production of various minerals. The production of gold, silver, lead, copper and zinc in 1895 was valued at less than $2,500,000, but, in 1915, it had increased to almost $20,000,000. The total value of the mineral products of the province for 1915 was about $29,500,000, and during the previous decade averaged nearly $27,000,000 annually.t These figures demonstrate the magnitude and great importance of the mining industry of British Columbia. Water and water-power have played a most important part in mining development. Without such power as is supplied by the West Kootenay Power and Light Co. the great mining development which has taken place in the southern portion of the province would have been impossible. Large plants have also been established on the Pacific coast, such as those of the Britannia Mining and Smelting Co., at Howe sound, and of the Granby Con- solidated Smelting and Power Co., at Observatory inlet. There are also other, though smaller, hydro-electric plants situated at various mining centres throughout the province, such as those of the Hedley Gold Mining Co., on the Similkameen river, which are contributing materially to the advancement of mining operations. It is interesting to note that the hydro-electric plant of the Canadian Collieries, on the Puntledge river, V.I., has been erected practi- Inland Waters and Mining *Twenty-second and Twenty-third Annual Reports of the State Fish Commissioner, State of Washington, Department of Fisheries and Game, 1911-1912, p. 36. {The increase in gold from lode mines is due, in part, to the increased output of copper. About 75 per cent of the gold production of the province is obtained from the smelting of copper- bearing ores. The production of copper in 1915 was about 57,000,000 pounds, having a value of over $9,800,000. tIn 1916, it reached $42,290,462, due largely to the tremendous demand for munition metals and the high prices secured, For statistics respecting the mining industry of the province consult Annual Reports of the Minister of Mines, British Columbia, also Lands, Fisheries and Minerals, Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1911. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 23 cally at the pit mouth of one of British Columbia’s largest coal mines, thus indicating that hydro-electric power has here successfully competed with cheap fuel. In the future, doubtless, the greatest advances in mining in British Columbia will be dependent upon there being available ample water-power or hydro-electric energy, and probably, many of the smaller and less accessible undeveloped water-powers will be most profitably utilized in connection with mining operations. In Eastern Canada, as well as in Eastern United States, industries depen- dent upon electric energy for refining metals are realizing that, before long, they may require to remove to localities where cheap power is available. In the more settled portions of the country, power is no longer obtainable at low rates, inasmuch as it is now required for municipal, domestic and light manu- facturing purposes, which yield a much larger return. Sufficient has been said to indicate the dependence of the mining industry, both for placer and lode mining, upon the inland waters of the province ; indeed, experience has demonstrated the fact that the gold output from hydraulic mining is practically proportioned to the number of days upon which water is available. With respect to the disposal of tailings and waste, every reasonable pre- caution should be taken to ensure against the serious blocking of channels by deposits. Accumulations of tailings are frequently washed out by freshets and ruin valuable agricultural lands. To a lesser extent, these comments apply to the ordinary dumps from lode mines. The sites for dumps should be carefully selected, with reference to the preservation of the purity of the streams. Also, streams should not be polluted by chemical or other waste products in such manner as to render the water unfit for other profitable uses. ; The pollution of New York harbour, Toronto harbour, the ee Great lakes and the Ottawa river, and the pollution, by . summer travel, of inland waters, like those of the Muskoka district, demonstrate the need to safeguard British Columbia’s inland waters against similar pollution. No effort should be spared to prevent the pollution of waters by domestic sewage and industrial wastes. Those upon whom it devolves to provide domestic and municipal water supplies should have their hands strengthened in every reasonable endeavour to safeguard waters which are present or potential sources of supply for the growing cities, towns and villages of the province. The great and increasing pollution of waters, rendering them unfit for necessary uses, will, in the future, demand more serious attention than has hitherto been given it.* The effects of sewage upon waters into which it has been turned may be studied through many valuable publications and reports. Conclusions based *In 1913, a Committee of the Senate considered the subject of pollution of inland waters. For their deliberations and conclusions consult : Proceedings and Evidence of the Select Special Committee on the Pollution of Navigable Waters (revised edition), Ottawa, 1913 ; see also, ‘Draft Bill of Dominion Pollution Health Conference re Pollution of Waterways,’ p. 167 of Second Annual Report of the Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1911; see also Reports upon the Pollution of International Waters, issued by the International Joint Commission. For titles of same see page 7 of Last of Decisions, Reports, etc., of the International Joint Commission, Washington, 1916. 24 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION upon the testimony of the consulting sanitary experts in the matter of the pollution of boundary waters between the United States and Canada are below summarised. Many of them are pertinent to waters other than so-called boundary Waters. The résumé of the sanitary experts is signed by George W. Fuller, Earle B. Phelps, George C. Whipple, W. S. Lee and J. T. Lareniére. F. A. Dallyn submitted a minority, résumé.* “1, Speaking generally, water supplies taken from streams and lakes which receive the drainage of agricultural and grazing lands, rural communities, and unsewered towns are unsafe for use without purification, but are safe for use if purified. ““2. Water supplies taken from streams and lakes into which the sewage of cities and towns is directly discharged are safe for use after purification, pro- vided that the load upon the purifying mechanism is not too great and that a sufficient factor of safety is maintained, and, further, provided that the plant is properly operated. ‘3. As, in general, the boundary waters in their natural state are relatively clear and contain but little organic matter, the best index of pollution now available for the purpose of ascertaining whether a water-purification plant is overloaded is the number of B. coli per 100 cubic centimeters of water expressed as an annual average and determined from a considerable number of con- firmatory tests regularly made throughout the year. ‘4, While present information does not permit a definite limit of safe loading of a water-purification plant to be established, it is our judgment that this limit is exceeded if the annual average number of B. coli in the water delivered to the plant is higher than about 500 per 100 cubic centimeters, or, if in 0.1 cubic centimeter samples of the water, B. coli is found 50 per cent of the time. With such a limit the number of B. coli would be less than the figure given during a part of the year and would be exceeded during some periods. “5. In waterways where some pollution is inevitable and where the ratio of the volume of water to the volume of sewage is so large that no local nuisance can result, it is our judgment that the method of sewage disposal by dilution represents a natural resource and that the utilization of this resource is justifis able for economic reasons, provided that an unreasonable burden or respon- sibility is not placed upon any water-purification plant and that no menace to the public health is occasioned thereby. i “6. While realizing that in certain cases the discharge of crude sewage into the boundary waters may be without danger, it is our judgment that effective sanitary administration requires the adoption of the general policy that no untreated sewage from cities or towns shall be discharged into the boundary waters. “7. The nature of the sewage treatment required should vary according to the local conditions, each community being permitted to take advantage *Concerning Mr. Dallyn’s minority résumé, the Chief Sanitary Expert, Dr. A. J. McLaughlin, states: ‘‘Mr. Dallyn’s revision of the résumé report is not essentially different from the original. He insisted on the elimination of paragraphs 5, 7 and 11, which he considered to be an expression of self-evident facts and substituted monthly for yearly averages in determining the number of B. colt per 100 cubic centimeters of water.” Paragraph 8 of Mr. Dallyn’s résumé reads : “‘ Disinfection or sterilization of the sewage of a community should be required wherever there is danger of the boundary waters being so polluted that bathing beaches, summer resort waters, and the load on any water purification plant becomes greater than is in the interests of public health.” ‘ To compare differences in the two résumés, consult Réswmé of Testimony of Consulting Engin- eers in the matter of the Pollution of Boundary Waters. Conference held in New York City,jMay 26-27, 1914. Washington, 1914. SOVNAW SNOIYSS V 3d AVW 3SN4S3Y ONIDDOT 34O NOILWINWNDOV SHL Ag YO S3dI1S MONS Ag GaSsNVvO SWYr DOT “Aayen eiquinjog “MBIA JBSO|D B—HOOII INB|QUIG SSOJZB APljS MOUS “@P!|S MOUS B JO })NSE1 aYy}—sIAGap JequIL zaddp) “49919 s!ej9UIS JO Sio}eMpeeY OY} Ye SapI|s MOUS NOILVAUISNOI 40 NOISSINNOT OTTER Mee ee La £ aye ld GENERAL INTRODUCTION 25 of its situation with respect to local conditions and its remoteness from other communities, with the intent that the cost of sewage treatment may be kept reasonably low. “8. In general, the simplest allowable method of sewage treatment, such as would be suitable for small communities remote from other communities, should be the removal of the larger suspended solids by screening through a one-fourth-inch mesh or by sedimentation. “9. In general, no more elaborate method of sewage treatment should be required than the removal of the suspended solids by fine screening or by sedimentation, or both, followed by chemical disinfection or sterilization of the clarified sewage. Except in the case of some of'the smaller streams on the boundary, it is our judgment that such ozidizing processes as intermittent sand filtration, and treatment by sprinkling filters, contact beds, and the like, are unnecessary, inasmuch as ample dilution in the lakes and large streams will provide sufficient oxygen for the ultimate destruction of the organic matter. “10. Disinfection or sterilization of the sewage of a community should be required wh.rever there is danger of the boundary waters being so polluted that the load on any water-purification plant becomes greater than the limit above mentioned. “11. It is our opinion that, in general, protection of public water supplies is more economically secured by water purification at the intake than by sewage purification at the sewer outlet, ‘but that under some conditions both water purification and sewage treatment may be necessary. “12. The bacteriological tests which have been made in large numbers under the direction of the International Joint Commission indicate that in most places the pollution of the boundary waters is such as to be a general menace to the public health should the water be used without purification as sources of public water supply or should they be used for drinking purposes by persons travelling in boats. : “13. It is our judgment that the drinking water used on vessels traversing boundary waters should not be taken indiscriminately from the waters traversed, unless subjected to.adequate purification, but should be obtained preferably from safe sources of supply at the terminals. “44, While recognizing that the direct discharge of fecal matter from boats into the boundary waters may often be without danger, yet in the interest of effective sanitary administration it is our judgment that the indiscriminate discharge of unsterilized fecal matter from vessels into the boundary waters should not be permitted.” It is also of the utmost importance that the percolating and underground waters be conserved against pollution. Careful investigation has shown that the pollution of the local sources of water supply for factories and farms is more widespread than is usually assumed. Dr. W. T. Connell, Professor of Bacteriology, Queen’s University, has drawn attention to the serious condition of many of such sources of water supply. His statements well illustrate con- ditions which exist scattered through the whole country. Dr. Connell said : “Another subject to which considerable attention has again been given, is that of water supplies at factories and at farms. During the past year over two-thirds of such samples submitted have proven to be infected with dangerous forms of bacteria. I class as dangerous, forms which can be traced as originat- ing from the intestinal discharges of animals or man, or, in the case of factories, as coming from factory drainage. Of course, it must be remembered that I am only sent samples which have fallen under suspicion, so that my figures do not represent the average condition of the farm and factory wells in 26 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Eastern Ontario. Still I think I can state that quite one-third of the wells at farms and factories are so situated as to be open to pollution from surface drainage or from seepage from manure piles, stables, or pig-pens, or from house-wastes.”’ What is true of pollution in local conditions may become correspondingly true over larger areas if proper regulation is not exercised respecting the dis- posal of waste where it is dealt with on a larger scale. , Pollution by Special precautions must be exercised to insure that indus- Factory and trial wastes are not permitted to foul inland waters and Industrial Wastes 14 rhours. Very serious results may follow pollution by waste products emitted from industries utilizing power from these waters. Industrial waste products which destroy life in the waters into which they are turned must be regarded seriously in their probable influences upon human life-* The deposit of sawdust, mill refuse and crusher sand in the harbours and inland waters of British Columbia may become a fruitful source of pollution. Apart from its effects upon navigation, it smothers the foods for various kinds of fish, and other forms of aquatic life. It is, indeed, anomalous to find mill operators casting saw-dust or other refuse from their mills into a river, or harbour, while, at the same time, public money is being expended upon dredging operations to remove such deposits, and thereby afford an entrance for shipping. British Columbia harbours and inland waters require protection against such abuses. Quite apart from questions respecting the specific effects of Inland Waters = Geforestation upon precipitation and run-off, every pre- and Lumbering ’ caution should be taken to prevent the accumulation in streams of logging waste and other wood debris. Such material causes serious log jams, some of which have resisted all efforts to dislodge them by heavy blasting. Such debris is a serious menace to bridges and public high- ways, to water-power developments and to log driving. It gets into stop-log and other sluices, lodges about the intakes of water flumes, and jams against booms and the crests of dams. For views showing the character of some of these log jams, see Plate 3. Considering its extensive area of about 360,000 square miles, British Columbia is but sparsely settled, and, consequently, there has not yet been much manifestation of some conditions met with in the older and more densely settled portions of the country. The province will do well to profit from some of these special conditions experienced in connection with lumbering operations in Nova Scotia. Referring to the effects of deforestation, Hiram Donkin, Road Commissioner of that province, states, in his report for 1909. that : “Tt is of the utmost importance in the construction of small bridges that, in future, ample allowance be made in the span of the structures, to provide against conditions arising from the fact that, as the country becomes cleared up, or denuded of timber, the rainfall must of necessity flow to the streams more quickly and the freshets become more severe.” *Citations of publications which set forth the effects of pollution by certain chemical and industrial waste products will be found on page 9 of Water-Powers of Canada, Commission of Con- servation, Ottawa, 1911. Consult also, B.C. ‘‘ Water Act, 1914,” section 47 (3). GENERAL INTRODUCTION 27 In the same report, Assistant Commissioner James W. Mackenzie, writes that: “It seems to have been the custom for years, as wood became scarce, to narrow up and confine the streams in smaller vents. If it is a fact that the clearing up of the country is the cause of the water running off suddenly in case of heavy downfalls, our bridges must be enlarged to carry the increased streams, and this has been my experience during the last twenty years.... The most destructive summer freshet experienced in the counties of Antigonish and Pictou for the last twenty years, was the freshet of August 2nd, 1908. Some forty-six bridges in Antigonish county and fifty-six in Pictou were carried out, and in some sections every structure in wood was cleaned away. I took particular notice that, where the lumber trimmings had been thrown into the stream, the destruction was the greatest.” In a letter dealing with these matters, Mr. Mackenzie states that: ‘“Wherever the streams passed through cultivated lands, the bridges escaped destruction, but where they passed through wooded lands, culled over by lumbermen, boughs, trimmings of trees, brush and sticks of every descrip- tion, logs, etc., were carried down, forming jams at every turn, and carrying away all the bridges.” From the foregoing it will be appreciated that British Columbia, with its extensive commercial timber resources, will do well to devise means by which such losses as those just outlined may be avoided. ienwasiug The beds of many rivers are strewn with large boulders, and, and Boulders in log-driving seasons, it becomes necessary to flood these boulders so that the logs may float over them. To flood these river bottoms often entails great loss of water, which might otherwise be stored and made available for use for power and other purposes during the low-water seasons. In some instances it may be possible for logging, water- power and other interests to co-operate in sharing the expenses incident to the improvement of those portions of the river beds which detrimentally affect log driving. Hie The value of the inland waters of British Columbia as an attrac- Attract Tourists tion for tourists is well known. Care should be exercised to conserve their scenic and sporting attractions. If water is to be stored in lakes and rivers for the purpose of augmenting the water supply for power, log driving, or other purposes, the possible future effect upon the tourist traffic should be ascertained. For example, if the surface of a lake is to be held for extended periods at, say, five to ten feet above its accustomed level, the water will destroy the shore-line vegetation, including such stand- ing timber as is submerged at the higher stages. Pleasure seekers are not attracted by a lake or river fringed with five or ten feet of dead and whitened trees and shrubbery. In some instances, governments have intervened to prevent private interests from so raising the levels of certain lakes as to impair their scenic beauty. Wherever possible, the designers of power plants should strive to have their structures harmonize with the natural surroundings. The Queen Vic- toria Niagara Falls Park Commissioners, for example, demanded that the power plants constructed at Niagara Falls should be of approved design and 28 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION harmonize with the scenic grandeur of the Park. Great care was exercised to ensure that works erected did not prove an offence to natural beauty and esthetic taste. Again, anyone familiar with the great natural beauty and very attractive design of the irrigation and power plant at the Roosevelt dam in Salt river, Arizona, cannot fail to be impressed with the attractiveness to tourists of such an installation. _ Not only should the design of structures harmonize with the natural beauty of their surroundings, but, after plants are erected, care should be exercised to ensure that worthy efforts in design are not nullified by failure to ‘clean up.’ At small expense, discarded equipment, unsightly dumps of rock and timber refuse may be cleared away, dead or unsightly trees removed, roads and trails cleared up, a few trees planted to hide the unsightly dump heaps—in fact, the whole development, with but little effort, may be made to harmonize with the landscape, rather than constitute an eyesore. As British Columbia has a number of streams which cross the boundary, questions may arise in connection with the utiliza- tion of these waters, which require consideration by the Inter- national Joint Commission. Under the Boundary Waters’ Treaty of 1910,* between Great Britain and the United States, provision is made that waters flowing across the boundary shall not be polluted on either side to the injury of health or property on the other. The treaty contains provisions governing the erection of obstructions for the making of diversions, whether temporary or permanent, of boundary waters, on either side of the line, affecting the natural level or flow of boundary waters on the other side of the line ; and it also provides that where there has been any interference with or diversion from their natural channel of waters on either side of the boundary resulting in any injury on the other side of the boundary, the injured parties shall have the same rights and be entitled to the same legal remedies as if such injury took place in the country where such diversion or interference occurs. Thus, by way of illustration, the Courts of British Columbia are open to the citizens of the State of Washington, and vice versa. Some of the streams which cross the international boundary require careful consideration in their possible economic relations. On the United States side there are some power-sites which, if fully developed, might have important economic bearing upon possible developments in British Columbia, either by attracting industries or competitively affecting rates. For example, there is the possible development at Kettle falls, on the Columbia river, and also on the same river the proposed development at the Dalles. At the latter site it has been estimated that a minimum of 300,000 24-hour horse-power, at International Boundary Waters *The Rules of Procedure before the International Joint Commission will be found in Rules of Procedure of the International Joint Commission, and may be obtained from the Secretary, Ottawa, Canada, and also Washington, D.C. The Boundary Waters Treaty will be found as Appendix No. 1, in Water-Powers of Conatte, Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1911. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 29 a cost of $6.89 per horse-power per year, may be produced.* Again, there is the permitt granted, in 1913, by the United States Government, involving the development of power on the Pend d’Oreille river (or Clark fork), in Tps. 39 and 40 north, range 43 east. It calls for an installation within three years from 1913 of 50,000 horse-power. This power-site, for the purposes of the permit, is deemed to be 112,000 horse-power. Again, power, irrigation and other problems may arise in connection with such rivers as the Kootenay, Okanagan, Kettle, Similkameen, or Skagit. British Columbia is especially interested in the power and other poten- tialities of its boundary waters with respect to treaty obligations as well as to economic and other factors. Investigation of these waters is not being overlooked, and the Provincial Comptroller of Water Rights has been gathering hydrometric and other physical data. R£tsumM& AND SUMMARY In concluding this introductory survey it will be profitable, briefly, to summarize some of the salient features touched upon in the foregoing. First, we have observed that precipitation is the prime source of inland water supply, and that not only water-power, but such other interests as domestic and municipal water supply, agriculture, irrigation, navigation, fisheries, mining and riparian rights, are all dependent upon the same source. ‘Consequently, water should not be allotted for power development without due recognition to the just demands of other interests having claims upon our inland waters viewed broadly as a natural resource. SEconD, run-off, manifested in the form of stream flow, is intimately associated with the character of the ground upon which precipitation falls, and consequently, care should be taken to conserve vegetal cover; more especially is this necessary for rocky areas which have but scanty soil covering. Tuirp, sub-soil waters are by no means inexhaustible. Plant growth is dependent upon having available an adequate amount of soil moisture. Nothing should be done to deplete, unduly, the ground-water storage. Effective legis- lation and administration should be provided ‘governing the tapping of under- ground water supplies. Fourtu, the use of water for irrigation tends materially to increase the permanent settlement of the country. Consequently, in most instances, when irrigation requirements and power requirements conflict, the former are entitled to precedence. Hydro-electric power developed on somewhat distant streams "_ *Respecting proposed developments on the Columbia river, consult The Columbia River Power Project near the Dalles, Oregon, by John H. Lewis, State Engineer, with detailed technical report by L. F. Harza and V. H. Reineking, Bulletin No. 3, Office of the State Engineer, Salem, Oregon, 1912; also Oregon's Opportunity in National Preparedness, Bulletin No. 5, Office of the State Engineer, Salem, Oregon, 1916. This report contains summaries descriptive of possible power developments on the Columbia river. See especially pp. 37 et seq. ; : tRespecting the proposed power development on the Pend d’Oreille, see Permit granting the International Power & Manufacturing Co., of Spokane, Washington, the right to construct a dam across Clark-fork, or Pend d’Oreille river, for the development of power, being U.S. Senate Document No. 147, 63rd Cong. 1st Sess., Washington, 1913; also consult, Water Rights and Power Sites in Idaho, being letter from the Secretary of the Interior transmitting information relative to Water Rights, Power Sites, etc., acquired on the public lands in Idaho, being U-S. Senate Document No. 370, 61st Cong., 2nd. Sess. 30 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION may, by means of high tension transmission, be used for pumping water supplies where such are not available by gravity, and may thus facilitate irrigation development. Firtu, not infrequently navigation interests are regarded as of much greater importance than power development. Any works contemplated for the improvement of navigation should be considered in their relationship to river systems as a whole. Expenditures should be carefully watched and pre- cautions taken to ensure that improvements, so called, are not undertaken ostensibly for navigation, when in reality they are sought for the sake of such water-power benefits as may incidentally be developed thereby. Sixtu, the fishing industry in British Columbia is one which demands that the best possible methods be used for its conservation. Provision requires to be made for the upward migration of adult salmon for spawning. purposes, and the downward passage of the young fish to the sea. Obstructions, such as dams, rock slides, log jams, etc., may have a disastrous effect upon this industry. Fishways should be provided. The whole question of fishways requires thorough investigation. Other fish besides salmon require conservation. It is not established that satisfactory means have been devised by which fish may successfully ascend over high dams—even over dams which do not exceed twenty to thirty feet in height.* SEVENTH, the development of the mining industry during recent years has resulted largely through electrical energy being available through the development of provincial water-powers, and the future offers bright prospects for the further application of hydro-electric power to the various branches of this industry. EicutTu, the pollution of inland waters must be most jealously guarded against. Mining, factory and industrial wastes and sewage must not be per- mitted to foul inland waters. Debris and other waste resulting from logging operations are apt to cause serious log jams, which are a menace to public highways, bridges and also to power development. NintH, the tourist traffic is a valuable provincial asset, not only because of the money actually spent by travellers, but because of the opportunity afforded of drawing attention to the various natural resources of the province. Consequently, every reasonable care should be taken to guard against the spoiling of shorelands through submergence ; and further, care should be exercised i in the design and construction of power works, making them, where possible, harmonize with the general natural features of their surroundings. TENTH, in connection with the use of boundary waters, problems, from time to time, may arise necessitating consideration by the International Joint Commission. In this connection, therefore, it is especially desirable that physical data appertaining to such waters should be so collected as to be available for use in connection with such problems as may arise respecting waters which ‘are classed in the Boundary Waters Treaty as ‘boundary waters.’ *Not discussed in detail in this chapter as subject is covered in Fishways in the Inland Waters of British Columbia., by Arthur V. White, published by Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1918. CHAPTER II Water-power Data N this chapter it is proposed to set forth, briefly, some broad guiding prin- - ciples which should be fully comprehended by those who have occasion to consider the factors basic to estimates respecting the physical magnitude and economic importance of water-power projects. The United States has devoted much attention to the acquiring of infor- mation respecting its inland water resources, and, since 1895, has been con- ducting a systematic investigation to determine its water resources. This work has involved the making of surveys, the gauging of streams, the investi- gation of underground waters and artesian supply, the preparation of reports upon the best methods of utilizing and conserving the water resources, as well as research along many other lines. During 1895 to 1915, inclusive, the United States appropriated nearly $2,500,000 for this work, and, in addition, individual states expended large sums for similar investigations. In Canada, especially since 1910, great advances in the gathering of stream flow and other hydrometric data have also been made by both federal and provincial authorities, and large sums of money have been appropriated for such work. One of the chief objects in securing and publishing data respecting water- powers is to enable the owners of rights to determine the possibilities and limitations of their powers, and thus arrive at sound judgment respecting their possible uses and value. Another object is to enable prospective promoters to learn the general possibilities of various powers, without the necessity of making costly independent preliminary surveys. Certainly if the Crown «be the owner of water-powers, it is of the utmost importance that it be informed beforehand upon essential facts connected with its water resources. Broad Although the amount of water-power is essentially determined Classification of by two basic factors ; one, the hydrostatic head, or the ver- Maree OMENS tical distance through which the water may fall ; the other, the amount of water which may be made to operate upon the water-wheels, yet there are many characteristic features associated with water-powers which differentiate one power from another and which, respectively, determine their commercial and economic values. These features should be well under- stood. Water-powers, from one viewpoint, may be considered on the basis of their probable uses. Those capable of being employed for supplying electrical energy for municipal and community purposes, such as lighting, heating, pumping, and certain kinds of manufacturing, should be regarded as having greater economic value than those situated where power is only usable in large manufacturing plants, the supplying of the raw material for which virtually 32 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION means the destruction of Nature’s balance in the territory where the plants operate. Again, the uniformity of the available flow in streams varies greatly. _ The St. Lawrence river, owing to the vast natural storage capacity of the Great lakes, has the most uniform flow of any large river in North America, or probably in the world. The proportion of its flood to minimum flow is about 2 to 1. On the Winnipeg river, above English river, the ratio is 6 to 1; on the Ottawa river it exceeds 15 to 1; on the Columbia river, at the Dalles, Oregon, it is 28 to 1; on the Delaware river at Port Jervis, N.J., it is 375 to 1; in British Columbia, on the Pend d’Oreille river, it is 16 to 1; on the Kootenay river at Bonnington falls, it is 25 to 1; on the Fraser river at Lytton, it is 38 to 1; on the Campbell river, Vancouver island, it is 43 to 1. On smaller watersheds the ratio is usually greater and on some streams draining even areas of considerable size the minimum flow is zero.* Other conditions being equal, water-power developments on a river like the St. Lawrence would be of very much greater value than developments on a river subject to such great variations of flow as, for example, the Mississippi. Another feature is the possibility of being able to make a partial develop- ment of a power-site, or portion of a stream, more cheaply than the same sized development could be made if constructed as part of a comprehensive scheme designed eventually to utilize all the available power. Thus, not infrequently a partial development unwisely planned, has precluded subsequent full develop- ment, save at almost prohibitive cost. For example, suppose a certain power- site is capable of yielding 10,000 h.p. If development rights are let to A for 2,000 h.p., to B for 1,000 h.p. and to C for 1,000 h.p., and A, B, and C are allowed to design’ and construct their individual works irrespective of each other, or of the possible development of the remaining 6,000 h.p., then, it will probably become quite impracticable to get anything like the remaining 6,000 h.p., because of the damage that would be caused to the plants of A, B and C. On the other hand, if preliminary works are constructed with a view to utilizing, as occasion demands, any amount of power up to the full 10,000 h.p., no such contingency as has been supposed could well arise. Con- sequently, regulations respecting power-sites should be so framed as to require that preliminary installation of dams and other main works necessary for the control of the waters he made having regard to the possible future development of the full water-power that may be made available. It is as unreasonable not to differentiate between water-powers as it would: be not to differentiate between timber tracts, mineral lands, fisheries, or any other natural resource varying in quantity, quality and situation. It should not be forgotten, when making representations respecting the amount of power that may be available for any particular site, that it is neces- sary to know the conditions of the river at which the stated amount of power may be produced. The minimum, or primary power, as it is frequently termed, * The figures for the rivers in British Columbia are based on relatively short records of from 3 to 8 years. It is interesting in this connection to note that the ratio of flood to minimum flow for the Columbia River at the Dalles for the five year period ending 1915, was 15 to 1, ora little more than half the ratio given above for the long period record of 37 years. o Plate 4 BRITISH COLUMBIA ELECTRIC RAILWAY CO. Coquitlam-Buntzen development. General view of Coquitlam hydraulic-fill dam with water flowing over spillway. BRITISH COLUMBIA ELECTRIC RAILWAY CO. Ambursen type of dam on Jordan river, Vancouver Island, with water passing over spillway. WATER-POWER DATA 33 is the amount of power that may be developed during the period of lowest flow. It has been defined as the amount of power which is available for every hour of every day of every year. What is frequently termed secondary power is usually many times the primary power. As very low-water conditions generally last for but a comparatively short portion of the year, it is usually possible to develop during the greater portion of the year a considerably larger amount than the primary power. Frequently, this larger amount can be effectively utilized for industries not requiring continuous plant operation. The pre-determination of the probable amount of power which any par- ticular water-power site may be made to yield, is a problem that calls for more extensive hydrometric data than is furnished by scattered and non- consecutive measurements of stream flow, precipitation, etc. Also, it is very important that such cognate data be available as will enable a sound opinion to be formed respecting the relationship which any proposed power develop- ment may bear to any other water interest or interests that may be involved. If some important relationship is overlooked, sooner or later its importance will demand recognition by those who proceeded in defiance of its just claims. In estimating the amount of power that may be developed, hydrometric records of precipitation, temperature, run-off, etc., extending, if possible, over a period of fifteen, or more, years should be available satisfactorily to appraise the probable regimen of the waters involved. Financial Interests |Wenty years or so ago, when water-powers began to be Should Exercise developed much more extensively owing to the advancement Santon in the art of electrical transmission, there was not available anything like the body of stream flow and other hydrometric data that exists to-day. There was then more excuse than now for errors in engineering and other estimates respecting the performance of water-power installations. Many large plants have proved financial failures on account of such errors. With all the data now available relating to hydrological conditions, cost of construction, market possibilities, etc., it is clearly incumbent upon those interested from the financial side of proposed developments, to exercise the same kind of common judgment they would display in collecting and appraising facts relating to any other set of circumstances. A financial agent could readily look over past statements of a concern and learn its lowest or highest yearly or monthly revenues, profits, etc. If he should find periods when the profits dropped to, say, 2 per cent, he need never be misled by the assurances of some enthusiastic promoter that profits in the concern ‘‘might be 20 per cent and had never fallen below 5 per cent.’ Similarly, anyone interested in possible power development may now readily place himself in possession of data which will, at least, give some independent check upon representations that may be made respecting the physical magnitude and approximate cost of development of water-power in which he may be interested. Thus, by way of simple illustration; if a low flow of a stream has been recorded, this quantity in cubic feet per second multiplied by the total available head in feet and then divided by 11, gives the low-water horse-power of the stream on the basis of 80 per cent efficiency. Such a figure, then, consti- 34 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION tutes a check upon any representations. Similarly, in connection with storage benefits, no reliance should be placed upon vague statements to the effect that ‘ample storage is available.’ The flow corresponding to certain effective water storage may readily be checked. A depth of one foot on an area of one square mile is equivalent to a continuous flow of approximately 0.88 cubic feet per second for one year. Thus, a depth of 10 feet of effective storage on a lake 10 square miles in area would maintain a continuous flow of 88 second- feet for a year, or 176 second-feet for 6 months, or 352 second-feet for 3 months. The extent to which such storage could be employed to equalize flow would, of course, depend upon how it could be co-ordinated to the run-off as distri- buted over any selected period. Topographic In addition to such hydrometric data as have just been in- Bape dicated, a knowledge is required of the topography and other ecessary physical characteristics of watersheds. The basis for consider- ing this class of information is a reliable map, giving the results of an adequate topographic survey and showing the contours of the country. It is, therefore, important that maps be available showing the areas of the drainage basins, the locations of possible reservoir sites, and their situations with respect to public necessities, irrigable lands, water-powers and navigation resources. The maps of the lesser known portions of Canada have been constructed largely from data collected by survey and exploration parties, carrying on reconnaissance surveys to determine the general geological structure, the outstanding topographic features and the extent and general character of the forest, agricultural, arid, swamp and other sections of the country. Since the lakes, rivers and streams usually constitute the natural highways of ex- plorers, they have frequently indicated on their maps such obstructions to navigation as falls and rapids. While the limitations of the information regarding the water-powers incidentally collected and published in reports are recognized, it has, nevertheless, been deemed profitable to refer to the principal statements found in such reports. Throughout our investigation the descriptions of topography given in the reports of the Geological Survey of Canada have been of very great value, and have been freely used. In connection with exploratory work, where.it can consistently be done, it should be part of the standing instructions to all surveyors and explorers in the em- ploy of governments in Canada, to embody in their reports the most accurate information procurable respecting water supply, water-powers and reservoir sites in the territory traversed.* Caution Great caution must be displayed respecting the uses made of nese information in reports, the character of which is not fully Information defined. Little confidence can be placed in any reports of water-powers not based upon actual measurements, for, without proper measure- ments, the best judgment of explorers, and even of engineers, as to the heights *Consult, Instructions Relating to the Gathering of Certain Preliminary Information Respect- ing Water-Powers, by Arthur V. White, Pamphlet, Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1912. WATER-POWER DATA 35 of falls, and the amounts of water discharging over them, is frequently very wide of the results disclosed by actual measurements. This is well illustrated by an experience related by an engineer of the Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission. Prospectors told him that the falls on the Kawashkagama river were capable of developing 30,000 h.p. at low water; and a surveyor assured him that the Kawashkagama could yield as much power as the Kaministikwia. After a hard journey, the engineer arrived at the falls, and found 317 h.p. instead of the 30,000 h.p. reported. An interesting illustration of how one might be misled by casual state- ments relating to water-powers published in reports, is found in one of the annual reports of the Minister of Lands for British Columbia, where two refer- ences are made to Long river, tributary to McLeod lake. In a report on exploratory surveys in the Peace, Parsnip and Finlay River valleys, incor- porated therein, it is stated : “About fifteen miles farther the trail reaches Carp lake, a considerable body of water, with numerous islands. From this lake Long river, a large stream, runs through Long lake to McLeod lake. This river carries nearly half of the water which leaves McLeod lake as the Pack river. About a mile below the outlet from Long lake there is a series of falls on Long river, from which an enormous amount of power could be obtained.’’* The second reference occurs in a report from another surveyor dealing more particularly with exploratory surveys of a route from Bellakula to McLeod lake. This surveyor states: “Carp lake flows into Long lake, a small sheet of water some two miles in length, with banks rising steeply to about 100 feet to join the plateau-level. Out of Long lake flows Long Lake river, a small stream some 60 feet wide and 18inches deep. About a quarter of a mile below the outlet of the lake the stream becomes swift, and just beyond is a series of rapids and falls, the water descending in three long leaps of about 40 feet each. There is not sufficient water to use this for power purposes, but it could be used to advantage in irrigating the level jack-pine terraces, which descend gradually from here to McLeod lake.’’f Thus, when referring to the same stream, one explorer characterizes it as ‘‘a large stream,” with ‘‘an enormous amount of power,” while the other explorer states that it is ‘‘a small stream” and that ‘‘there is not sufficient water to use this for power purposes.” There is no excuse for persons making serious mistakes through giving to such information a credence not warranted by its general character. Serious financial losses in power developments usually result from failure correctly to interpret the significance of data of a more or less precise character and which may be available ; or from leaving out of consideration factors, the necessity for weighing which would have been foreseen by those of sufficient experience. * Report of Minister of Lands, British Columbia, 1912, p. D325. ft Ibid, p. D347. 36 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Serious In the ten or, twelve years preceding 1915, eighteen large Failures : i : : of some hydro-electric plants in the United States, totalling over Developments 600,000 developed horse-power, and involving investment in the vicinity of $125,000,000, proved financially unprofitable. These are as follows :* PARTIAL LIST OF MORE RECENT WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES WHICH HAVE EITHER BEEN THROUGH RECEIVER- SHIPS OR PROVED BAD INVESTMENTS Plant Horse-power Hudson River, Spice Falls, N.Y., Mechanicsville, N.Y. . 0.00.00... 0000 cece eens - 52,000 Michigan Lake Superior Power Co., Sault Ste. Marie, Mich ................ Se Ans 23,000 Great Shoshone & Twin Falls Water Power Co., Pocatello, Idaho............... 10,000 Animas Power & Lighting Co., Durango, Colo... 2.0.0.0... 0.00 c cee cence es 4,500 Central Colorado Power Co., Denver, Colo. ......... 000s ccc cece eee eee ees 40,000 Wisconsin Railway, Lighting & Power Co., Hatfield, Wis .................00005 8,000 McCall Ferry Power Co., McCall Ferry, Pa. 2.0.0... 0c es 80,000 Hanford Irrigation & Power Co., Priest Rapids, Wash ................00 0000 eee 4,000 Yadkin River Power Co., Rockingham, N. € SA Nia ventas eae ha nates eee oe va ce 25,000 Hauser Lake (Mont.) Power Co. ........ 2. ccc cece cence tect n een n tenes 15,000 Chattanooga & Tennessee River Power Co., Chattanooga, Tenn ................ 40,000 St. Lawrence River Power Co., Massena, N.Y. .0. 0.000... occ ee ees 60,000 HArasbira Dany. TOK 535 o ob voc sce 005. dave: 3 sata cacaca coastline tin teach an aetb teh det andassnecheasus 25,000 Stanislaus Electric Power Co., San Francisco ............00 0000 cece ee eee eee 50,000 Whitney plant, on Yadkin River ....... 0.000 ccc cece eens 20,000 Miscellaneous small water powers ......00 00.0. c cece eee eee ete tee eens 50,000 Alabama: Power Co «2:3 eusz oi aed ba coeds Oden nes enn eee bewld re wawhae Abed eH 70,000 Appalachian: Power Cow. o4.< saci see gilesguae seesdeenaeee cca nie ea eugue se iee 40,000 Rotall secre en syesvens ts atk Gave AeReee as Gad ee ete? 616,500 It is claimed that much of the failure in connection with such projects, has resulted from the mistakes of engineers. These have been described as *‘honest mistakes in most of the cases’? and were due to mis-estimates of the quantity of water available, running all the way from 30 to 200 per cent. There were, also, other serious mis-estimates respecting the costs of the enter- prises which resulted, not infrequently, in the projects costing nearly double the estimates. Financial interests contemplating investment in water-power develop- ment cannot afford to proceed without reckoning with power from coal.f *For statements here made consult, ‘Testimony of Mr. H. L. Cooper before the United States Senate Committee on Public Lands’ in Hearings re An Act to Provide for the Development of Water Power and the Use of Public Lands in Relation Thereto, and for Other Purposes, pp. 292 et seg.,Wash- ington, D.C., 1915. Many such plants are eventually placed upon a better financial basis for those who acquire them under ‘reorganization.’ The initial losses, however, remain. { During recent years, in the art of developing power from steam, great improvements have been made in many mechanical devices designed to economize in labour, fuel, steam, lubrication, etc. The net advantage of these savings however is, to some extent, being offset by the steady rise in the cost of coal. This rise in cost and the possibility of interruption of supply, requires special consideration by those in Canada who are dependent upon coal supplied from the United States. In this connection consult : Articles by Arthur V. White in University Magazine re ‘‘Ex- portation of Electricity,’’ October 1910, p.p 460 e¢ seg.; and “‘Exportation of Electricity—Relation of a Possible Coal Embargo by United States to a Curtailment or Stoppage of Canada’s Electric Power,” in Monetary Times, January Sth., 1917, pp. 21. et seq.; see also Sixth Annual Report of the Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1915, pp. 136-151 ; also Seventh Annual Report, 1916, pp. 176-184, also Eighth Annual Report, 1917, pp. 227-242; and WATER-POWER DATA _ 37 Such reckoning must be made chiefly from two standpoints ; one regarding steam power as a straight competitor ; the other’ considering steam power to be used as-an auxiliary source to augment the supply of hydraulic power during periods of low water. During recent years great advances have been made in the art of developing power from coal and the cost of power from this source has been very materially cheapened. These. subjects, however, do not fall within the scope of the present report, but attention is drawn to them, because, in the future, the co-ordination of steam power to hydraulic power will have to be given much greater economic weight than in the past. , In a word, too much emphasis cannot be placed upon the necessity for giving the fullest possible consideration to all essential factors connected with proposed water-power installations before proceeding with actual develop- ment. : ened There are in Canada an exceptionally great number of lakes, ciinente : many of large size, and it has sometimes been suggested that TiUcze where there are such extensive water areas there probably is associated therewith a large amount of water-power. But water is not necessarily water-power, and comparisons of water areas in different territories, while interesting and valuable for some purposes, are apt to be misleading, especially if used—as they have been used—to suggest that the total amount of water-power is great owing to the existence of numerous and extensive water areas. The impossibility of basing estimates upon such considerations may readily be perceived. Take, for example, the Nechako River watershed in British Columbia, with an area of some 17,900 square miles. The total known water area of the province is estimated at about 4,000 square miles. Of this, about 1,000 square miles, or 25 per cent, is in the Nechako River water- shed, and, although there are several valuable water-powers in this drainage basin, yet its waters would only yield about two per cent of the estimated water-power of the province. What is true of generalizations respecting water areas is also corresponding- ly true of watershed areas. The area drained by the Columbia river in the United States, is about 220,300 square miles,* or 7°3 per cent of the total area of the United States, excluding Alaska, and yet it has been estimated that the Columbia river and its tributaries afford at least one-third of the available water-power in the entire United States. Thus, over 30 per cent of the total water-power of the United States is associated with less than 7°5 per cent of the total area. Again, it is unsafe to predicate power resources upon the total descents of rivers. This is well illustrated by a comparison between the water-power *In addition there is an area of this watershed in Canada of 38,700 square miles. 38 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION possibilities of two of the larger streams of Vancouver island, Campbell river and Nimpkish river. ‘These rivers drain adjacent territories of approximately equal areas and with total descents in the main portions ofthe river of similar amounts. The power possibilities of the Campbell river, however, with its concentrated possible developments, may be estimated at about 100,000 horse-power as contrasted with some 15,000 horse-power for the Nimpkish. Therefore, neither water area, nor watershed area, nor average differences of elevation over considerable distances have, necessarily, any specially sig- nificant bearing upon estimates of the amount of available water-power, and, hence, general statements based upon such considerations must be regarded as but indefinite generalities. One of the chief dangers in giving undue significance to such generalities, is to create or foster in the mind, and especially in the popular mind, a feeling of unwarranted assurance that, even though desirable water-power rights are being granted by a government, yet there is so much left that no apprehension need be entertained respecting the amount of power rights being parted with. One is apt to forget that the dissemination of such generalities is too often. part of a plan to make easy the acquisition, by interested parties, of the most coveted privileges. For years it was the practice of various interests to issue, through the daily press and otherwise, for public consumption, statements drawing attention to enormous amounts of ‘potential’ water-power. Estimates in the United States have ranged all the way from 20,000,000 to 200,000,000 horse-power, the larger figures being based upon theoretical estimates of utilizeable storage. No data existed in Canada warranting anything more than a very rough esti- mate, leaving storage out of consideration. Biase caters While such generalities were being disseminated, large power Control of interests were acquiring the rights for the more desirable Wiateb pomer properties. A survey, in both Canada and the United States, of power sites most suitable for economic development, shows that most of the best sites either have already been developed or are held by various interests for future development. Concentration of control, however, has been much more extensive in the United States than in Canada. Some idea of the extent to which concentration of ownership and control by interests has proceeded in the United States, is found in the fact that, in 1911, of the total ‘commer- cial’ water-power of 2,962,000 h.p. developed and under construction in the United States, over 1,800,000 h.p. was controlled to a greater or lesser extent by ten groups of interests. These are as follows :* * See Report of Herbert Knox Smith, U.S. Commissioner of Corporations, on Water Power Development in the United States, March 14, 1912, Washington, D.C., page 15 ; for significance of ‘commercial,’ see ibid page 5. WATER-POWER DATA 39 COMMERCIAL WATER-POWER CONTROLLED BY OR UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF COMPANIES OR GROUPS OF INTERESTS EACH HAVING 50,000 h.p. OR MORE ACTUALLY DEVELOPED OR UNDER CONSTRUCTION.* Developed Total : : and under | Undeveloped Companies or groups of interests construction | horse-power horse- horse-power power General Electric interests : (a) Powercompletely controlled................ 82,860 5,500 88,360 ‘(b) Power coming under General Electric influence where there occurs both minority ownership of securities and common directors......... 419,060 522,600 941,660 (c) Power coming under sphere of General Electric influence through common directorships only 437,195 113,500 550,695 Total, General Electric group................ 939,115! 641,600? | 1,580,715 Stone & Webster interests... 0.0.0.0... 0c cece eee eee 278,067 372,350 650,417 Hydraulic Power Co. of Niagara Falls................- 144,000 20,000 164,000 Pacific Gas & Electric Co... 0... ce eens 118,343 100,000 218,343 Clark-Foote-Hodenpyl-Walbridge interests............ 104,300 158,000 262,300 Southern Power (Coes wig ss cuss oe aac eee eae Sele wae 101,680 104,000 205,680 S. Morgan Smith interests............ 00. eee eee eee 76,550 96,000 172,550 Brady: interests). wicrac.2 a's gin acer it bre astore Veg ara sa Re 70,600 16,200 86,800 United Missouri River Power Co..............0000 ae 65,000 | ........ 65,000 Telluride’Power Cos se: 4 yaee deeb es ee ENS Heme s CS ER 56,3503 21,300 77,6503 Grand Potal ces ossieudawcde ta ealevakeews veer 1,821,3054 1,449,4504 | 3,270,7554 1 Includes 84,700 h.p. also included with Stone & Webster interests and 48,000 h.p. included with Clark-Foote-Hodenpyl-Walbridge interests. 2 Includes 5,000 h.p. also included with Stone & Webster interests and 75,000 h.p. included with Clark-Foote-Hodenpyl-Walbridge interests. 3 Including 4,500 h.p. belonging tothe Beaver River Power Co. 4 Does not include power duplicated in General Electric, Stone & Webster, and Clark-Foote- Hodenpyl-Walbridge interests. 5 Owing to the interlocking of interests, these totals do: not, as they stand, arithmetically give the total of the separate figures in the columns. This concentration has been proceeding wherever possible. On December 16, 1914, at the hearings at Washington on the proposed new Water-power Bill, designed to provide for the Federal administration of the water-powers of the United States, Mr. Gifford Pinchot, when appearing before the Committee dealing with the bill, made the striking statement that : “during the last two years the large group of water-power interests increased their control of undeveloped water-power in the Uhited States by 2,050,000 horse-power.” He further stated that : “Tn 1911, the ten greatest groups had, developed and under construction, 1,821,000 h.p.; and in 1913 they had 2,711,000—an increase of 890,000 h.p. In 1911, the ten greatest interests held undeveloped 1,450,000 h.p., which had risen to 3,500,000 in 1913—an increase of 2,050,000 h.p. in two years. ‘These figures show that, in the last two years, the great power interests have increased their control of power held undeveloped more than twice as fast as they have increased their control of developed power. *The degree of control varies greatly, as set forth by the Commissioners’ report. 40 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION “The same preference of the water-power interests for concentrated control, rather than for development, may be shown in another way. . “In 1908, the total developed water-power in the United States was, in round numbers, 5,400,000 h.p., and in 1913, it was 7,000,000, an increase of about 33 per cent for the five-year period. In 1908, the thirteen greatest groups of interests controlled a total of 1,800,000 h.p. developed and un- developed, while, in 1913, a smaller number—ten—of the greatest groups controlled a total of 6,300,000 h.p. developed and undeveloped, an increase of 240 per cent. Thus, concentration in ownership of water-power in the United States has increased in the last five years about seven times faster than power development. “These figures show that, instead of spending their money to develop’ the power sites they had, the great water-power interests have been spending the money to acquire and to hold power sites undeveloped, to meet not a present, but a future demand. The concentrated control of the undeveloped power sites of the country appears to have been their object. The very men whose control of undeveloped water-power increased by 2,050,000 h.p. in two years are now complaining without a shred of justification, except what they themselves produced, against the hampering of water-power development.”* The United States Commissioner of Corporations, as a result of his inves- tigation into the water-power situation in the United States, drew special attention to the maze of inter-relationships ranging from practically joint control down to personal association in common directorates, as clearly in- dicating a drift on the part of water-power and public utility corporations to pass under the control of a few very powerful interests. The Commissioner reported : ; ‘These connections, some stronger and some weaker, suggest a favourable condition for a very small number of men to consolidate very large interests whenever they may decide it to their advantage to do so. This interlocking of interests through directors, while not necessarily indicating a purpose of monopoly, certainly affords an incentive and a means of combination.” Legislation, both federal and provincial, makes it difficult to effect such extensive concentrations in Canada, but, nevertheless, the corresponding menace exists also in this country, and calls for constant watchfulness and action against its aggressiveness. Storage and Although the presence of numerous lakes does not necessarily Governing imply the existence of considerable water-power, there is, actors nevertheless, one very valuable feature likely to be associated with extensive water areas, namely, the existence of natural reservoirs where waters may be impounded for discharge under control. Obviously, water- powers directly benefited by such storage reservoirs may be of much greater value than other powers not so favoured. This should be taken into special consideration when water-powers are being classified according to their econ- omic values. ‘ In British Columbia there are a large number of lakes. Of the known lakes, 100 are above 10 square miles in area. Many of these lie in long, narrow valleys, and may rather be regarded as river expansions, as, for example, the Arrow lakes, where, at high-water, there is a perceptible current in the shallow- *See Hearing re Water-Power Bill, pp. 232-3. See note supra. WATER-POWER DATA 41 est parts. A large proportion of the lake area is situated in what has been termed the Lake district, which, with the exception of Babine lake and some lakes at the head-waters of the Morice river, is nearly all tributary to the Nechako river. Although there are but few large lakes along the coast, yet a number of good reservoir sites are known and many others may yet be found. In some of the dryer areas of the province, reservoirs have been created to im- pound the whole winter run-off and spring flood flow for the use of irrigation, but, not infrequently, difficulty is experienced in procuring sufficient water. On the coast, however, corresponding difficulty in replenishing the draft upon storage would not be experienced, because, in addition to the heavy flow in spring and summer, similar to that experienced in the interior, due to the melting of snowfields and glaciers, there is a large flow in the autumn and winter seasons resulting from heavier precipitation, especially noticeable at the time of the autumn rains. It may be emphasized that the physical possibilities for creating storage in British Columbia, are undoubtedly greater than will be disclosed, except by special and careful investigation. Along the coast especially, the nature of the rock and the formation of many of the valleys lend themselves to the construction of satisfactory reservoirs by the erection of high dams below small lakes or extensive stretches of low grade valleys.* When the subject of storage reservoirs is under consideration it should not be forgotten that Nature also stores her waters otherwise than in lakes and rivers. Forest floors, extensive areas covered with plant growth and the great swamps of the country, also glaciers and snowfields, each and all con- stitute valuable water reservoirs. In such reservoirs there is a widespread and satisfactory distribution of waters which enables Nature to yield her sup- plies gradually and as required. A discreet conservation and utilization of such reservoirs will generally be found much more desirable than are some of the artificially constructed reservoirs, where the liability to accidental destruction of dams or other works is always more or less of a menace. When utilizing a lake for storage, if the stages which would prevail in a state of nature are to be changed, and if the lake is to be maintained for ex- tended periods at substantially higher stages, it should be borne in mind that it is impossible, with discharge channels as in a state of nature, thus to regulate the level of a lake without infringing the rights of riparian owners. For example, if a lake is, so far as possible, maintained at, say, the mean or average stage existent in astate of nature, and high flood discharge is to be stored in the lake, a time will inevitably come when the lake will rise higher than the extreme high-water mark in a state of nature. Again, if the stage of a lake is raised, say, to its mean water level in a state of nature, and, by having avail- *The United States Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations, has issued two valuable publications by Samuel Fortier and F. L. Bixby, relating to the storage of water for irrigation purposes, in which will be found descriptions and illustrations, showing methods of construction, etc., of various types of dams. The publications are: Earth-fll Dams and Hydrau- lic-fill Dams, Washington, D.C., 1912 ; also Timber Dams and Rock-fill Dams, Washington, D.C., 1912 ;—being Parts I and II of Bulletin, No. 249. t 42 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION able enlarged outlets, is controlled at such stage, then the surplus waters discharged must, at times, cause the extreme high-water stage in a state of nature to be exceeded in the water courses into which the lake discharges. Without increased capacity of outflow channels, any control of outflow, what- soever, must inevitably result in creating higher levels than the highest which would have occurred in a state of nature during the given period. Ina word, attempts to substantially alter the regimen of waters from their natural con- ditions, may result in a serious invasion of riparian rights around storage lakes or the water courses below same, or both.* In anticipation of the probable need for providing storage in lakes or for the raising of the high-water stages of lakes or rivers, it is very desirable that governments, when granting riparian rights on the shores of lakes and rivers, should reserve an easement for flowage, extending, say, to a contour at an ele- vation at least five or ten feet above extreme high-water mark. High-water years usually recur in cycles, and, not infrequently, certain cycles recur in periods of fifteen to twenty or twenty-five years. Settlers may come into a country and take up land along the shores of inland waters, and frequently, through inability to interpret the physical indications along the shores indi- cating former stages of high-water, construct buildings and make improve- ments upon low-lying areas which are sure to suffer damage upon the recur- rence of the next extreme high-water conditions. This is the common exper- ience. In 1904, the water reached a stage on Kootenay lake several feet above the tops of the railway trains as they now stand at the station. What will be the effect of the recurrence of such flood conditions ? Extreme flood conditions doubtless will again recur in British Columbia, and those who have settled in the lower portions of valleys, or on bench lands that have been flooded in earlier years, must expect to suffer serious loss. When times of extreme flood conditions do arrive the amount of water retained by such reservoirs as are available in British Columbia, will be relatively insignificant. The protection against damage must be made by refraining from making perishable improvements, such as erecting buildings on lands that are apt to be over- flowed, and this is especially true for those lands where physical evidences of former high-water stages have been recorded on the shores. With respect to flood conditions it may aptly be said, ‘‘ The thing that hath been, it is that which shall be... and there is no new thing under the sun.” Lakes of The following table gives a list of the larger lakes in British ae Columbia. Many of the lakes have not been instrumentally olumbia surveyed, but have been drawn on maps from sketches and other information furnished by those who have visited them. There is con- *Discussion upon this subject, along with reference to other results consequent upon the creation of artificial storage, will be found in the report to be issued by the Consulting Engineers to the International Joint Commission relating to an investigation which involves the storage dnd regulation of the waters of the Lake of the Woods watershed. In that investigation such interests as those of navigation, riparian owners, water-powers, fishing, logging and summer tourists, desired different levels for the lake. It was impossible to decide upon specific levels or ranges of levels which would be equally satisfactory to all parties concerned. It was therefore necessary to weigh the advantages and disadvantages for the several interests and endeavour to reach a compromise reasonably satisfactory to all concerned. See footnote page 7. WATER-POWER DATA 43 siderable difference between the configuration of lake area as shown on maps of different periods. These differences in many cases amount to a large per- centage of the area, and result in corresponding differences in estimates pre- sented in various reports. The areas of the lakes have been measured chiefly. from maps of Cariboo and adjacent districts, being Map No. 1G, scale 7.89 miles=one inch, 1916; Kootenay, Osoyoos and Similkameen districts, being Map No. 1E, scale 7.89 miles=1 inch, 1915; Southerly portion of Vancouver Island, being Map. No. 46, scale four miles=one inch, 1913; the map of British Columbia (in four sections), scale 17.75 miles=one inch, 1912, and several others. LAKES OF BRITISH COLUMBIA OF NET AREA OF 10 SQUARE MILES OR OVER Situation of Dis- outlet Elevationf | Length*| Width* | Area trict * Lake 3 Lat. N. |Long. W. os So feet miles miles | sq. m. We: WAGEINS tases ase: oases aces y 50 56 | 119 39 1,357a 39 2% 54 F. |Alexander (tr. Stuart) ....... 55 02 | 125 00 7 2 11 Bi. lAndersotiess winds sais seas yes 50 32 | 122 19 846 13 14 10 V VAthinievecs cigs vena es gir sans 59 37 | 133 43 2,200 650 8b 400 T. |Azure (tr. Clearwater)....... 52 26 | 120 12 2,500 15 1% 11 P.C. |Babine (tr. Skeena).......... 55 21 | 126 41 2,222 100c 7 260c Ti, ‘IBOMAPATLE: . aieic.4 oe ete 51 17 | 120 40 3,834 11 14% 13 VAT. |BUttle.. ceases nantes Gare é 49 48 | 125 40 728 18 1% 11 T. |Canim (tr. Clearwater)....... 51 52 | 120 36 2,557 16 2% 23 M. |Charlie (tr. Peace)........... 56 17 | 120 56 2,289 11 24% 15 F, |Cheslatta (tr. Nechako)...... 53 41 | 125 04 2,800 24 1 15 By |Chilkoy . eu tns esac ea ainsas 51 39 | 124 06 3,880 48 4 97 C. {Christina (tr. Kettle)........ 49 02 | 118 13 1,531 11 1% 10 M. |Chuchi (tr. Parsnip)......... 55 11 | 124 23 2413 18 1% 17 T. |Clearwater................. 52 13 | 120 08 2,480 14 134 16 F. |Cluculz (tr. Nechako)........ 53 54 | 123 35 , 2,500 10 2 13 C. |Columbia.cscie cca cea eeees 50 18 | 115 Si 2,652 10 1% 11 WAT. |Cowichaitiecn. 5 ccgcad dan os 48 50 | 124 03 533 20 2 24 F. |Cunningham (tr. Stuart)..... 54 34 | 125 09 12 1% 12 M. |Dease (tr. Liard)............ 58 49 | 130 07 2,660 25 2 25 K. {Duncan (tr. Kootenay).......| 50 17 | 116 57 1,835 10 1% 10 P.C. |Eahlueh (tr. Iskut).......... 57 42 | 129 46 25 2 40 F. |Emerald (tr. Nechako)....... 53 43 | 127 O1 2,725 21 2 38 * The letters in the first column indicate to which main watershed or district each lake belongs as follows: C.—Columbia River watershed (except Kootenay river) ; K.—Kootenay River watershed ; F.—Fraser River watershed (except Thompson river) ; T.—Thompson River water- shed ; V.I.—Vancouver Island ; P.C.—Mainland Pacific Coast district ; M.—Mackenzie River watershed ; Y.—Yukon River watershed. The second column gives, in addition to the names of the lakes, the names of the larger streams to which the lakes are tributary. The situation of the outlet is given by latitude and longitude. The elevations have been taken from various sources, chiefly from the Dictionary of Altitudes of Canada, and fromcertainmaps. The length given usually is the maximum along the centre of the lake. The width is the average width of the widest part ; in some instances, notably Harrison, Powell and Atlin lakes, the centre of the widest part of the lake is occupied by a large island ; in these few cases, the width given is that of the widest part of the water surface. t When elevations of high and low water are available, the low water elevation only is given. For other levels consult Aliztudes in Canada, also latest maps. a. Controlled by lumber dam at outlet. b. Includes about 1 m. of length and 2 sq. m. of area in Yukon, large island at widest part, maximum width of lake 12 m. c. Longest and largest lake in British Columbia ; tributary watershed not extensive. 44 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Situation of . Dis-| ' outlet Elevation | Length | Width | Area trict Lake Lat. N. |Long. W. : PE [eet Rea ce feet miles miles | sq. m. F. |Euchu (tr. Nechako)......... 53 25 | 125 14 2,654 14 1% 13 F. |Eutsuk (tr. Nechako)........ 53 20 | 126 07 2,790 45 sd 180 F.. |Francois (tr. Nechako)....... 54 01 | 125 00 2,375 60 2% 100 F. |Fraser (tr. Nechako)......... 54 05 | 124 36 2,192 12 2 20 Y. |Gladys (tr. Teslin)........... 59 54 | 132 53 2,915 20 2 30 _F. |Great Beaver (tr. Salmon)....| 54 28 | 123 42 18 14 14 V.I. |Great Central............... 49 20 | 125 01 260 22 1% 20 T. |Green (tr. Bonaparte)........ 51 36 | 121 05 3,428 il 1% 12 F. |Harrison...............244- 49 18 | 121 48 28 36 3 we 84 T. |Hobson (Upper Clearwater)...] 52 29 | 120 16 19 1 15 F. |Horsefly (tr. Quesnel) ....... 52 22 | 121 18 26 14% 21 F. {Inzana (tr. Stuart)..........] 54 59 | 124 47 2,260 16 1% 15 F. {Isaac (tr. Quesnel)........... 53 08 | 120 55 3,180 19 144 24 PCs lIskutieicoae os taeanss sete s (See Kinlaskan) Te (Kamlocpsiscass4 nots cs neat 50 45 | 120 53 1,009 18 134 44 Vil. [Rennedy< 2.5 feeds ems oes 49 06 | 125 36 12f 2% 24 P.C. |Kinaskan (tr. Iskut)......... 57 35 | 130 12 2,800 11 2 15 P.C. |Kitlope (Gardner canal)...... $3 20 | 127 27 30 8 2 12 K. |Kootenay...............005 49 29 | 117 20 1,749 66g 3 170 M. |Kotcho (tr. Hay)............ 59 01 | 121 07 15 7 90 F. {Lillooet (tr.jHarrison lake)....} 50 03 | 122 31 680 22 144 17 P.C. |Link (Ocean Falls).......... 52 22 | 127 48 120k 12 2 10 C. |Long (tr. Okanagan)......... 50 14 | 119 16 1,275 13 134 13 P.C. |Loring (tr. Bulkley).......... 54 01 | 127 14 2,600 27 4 65 C. |Lower Arrow.............00- 49 20 | 117 52 1,382 53 134 60 T. |Mabel (tr. Shuswap)......... 50 36 | 118 45 1,270 22 1% 24 T. |Mahood (tr. Clearwater)...... 51 55 | 120 15 2,081 11 134 15 P.C. |McAuley (tr. Bulkley)........ 53 46 | 127 17 16 2 30 M. |McLeod (tr. Parsnip).........} 54 59°} 123 06 2,250 13 1% 11 P.C. |Mesiadin (tr. Nass)..........| 56 03 | 129 23 9 1% 10 M. |Moberly (tr. Peace).......... 55 52 | 121 37 2,050 11 2 20 T. |Murtle (tr. Clearwater)....... §2 05 | 119 49 3,650 12 2% 21 F. |Natalkuz (tr. Nechako)....... 53 25 | 125 06 2,647 13 134 17 V.I. |Nimpkish........... nie Seagate 50 31 | 127 02 35 12 1% 12 Vali (NGtnat re tewics oi sheen ee aeaue oe 48 40 | 124 51 13 1 10 C. |Okanagan ess. ceed ences 49 30 | 119 36 1,125 67 3 141 F. |Ootsa (tr. Nechako).......... 53 38 | 125 42 2,670 38 2% 56 P.C. |Owikano (Rivers,Inlet)....... 51 41 | 127 14 10 30 2 37 F. |Pinchi (tr. Stuart)........... 54 37 | 124 29 2,300 14 2% 22 Be | Bittsccnis dng oucsad fa ganne soon 49 21 | 122 37 Tidal 17 2% 21 P.C. |Powell. 0.0.0.0... cece ee eee 49 52 | 124 36 160 40 2 45 By | lQuesnelic cp easovr tan deomen 52 36 | 121 37 2,200j 687 2% 133 Bio Seton. oceans ses ies aw ners 50 30 | 121 59 777 14 1 10 "Ts ||\Shuswape ss. s0v os vate sais 50 52 | 119 34 1,133 85k 2% 123 P.C. |Sigutlat (tr. Dean)........... 52 54 | 126 12 8 2 10 KG. | SYGCAI i esc cevevie aus hcg vese Bape 49 45 | 117 28 1,762 25 1% 24 ViLs (Sproat i. alte sae. 3 os ain 49 18 | 124 56 70 14 1% 19 F. Stave (ogee level*........] 49 18 | 122 18. 231 9 134 10 : ultimate level........ 49 14 | 122 21 269 18 134 24 Surface broken by large islands. Maximum width of lake about 12 m. Large island at widest part, maximum width of lake about 5 m. Length does not include Clayoquot arm, 8 m. long by 1 m. wide. Length does not include West arm, 21 m. long by 1 m. wide. Controlled for storage. Controlled for storage, large island in centre, maximum width of lake 8 m. . Controlled to some extent by a dam at outlet. Length does not include North arm, 19 m. long by 114 m. wide. k. Length includes length of various arms. *Stave lake: Extreme low level, state of nature, 226-5; extreme high level, state of nature, 243-5; normal level, state of nature (with river discharge equal to mean flow), 230-7; estimated flow line for maximum economic height of dam, 264, datum is mean sea level. Ses Sh WATER-POWER DATA 45 Situation of Dis- : outlet Elevation | Length | Width | Area trict Lake SEE Lat. N. |Long. W. oe as feet miles miles | sq.m. F. |Stuart (tr. Nechako)......... 54 26 | 124 16 2,200 46 6 152 Fe |SUmasingace Hi-ceciine eke ead 49 06 | 122 06 9 6 4 14 Y. |Tagish (tr, Lewes) ........... 60 15 | 134 15 2,161 651 2 116] F. |Tahtsa (tr. Nechako)........} 53 36 | 126 44 2,650 25 3 50 P.C. |Taltapin (tr. Babine)........ 54 23 | 125 28 16 13% 23 F. |Takla (tr. Stuart) ........... 55 04 | 125 30 2,270 60m 3 150 F, |Taseko (tr. Chilcotin)........ 51 29 | 123 41 4,200 16 14 15 F. |Tatla (tr. Chilcotin)......... 52 05 | 124 10 3,018 21 34 12 P.C. |Tatlayako (tr. Homathko)....] 51 26 | 124 27 2,723 14 1% 13 F. |Tatuk (tr. Chilako).......... 53 30 | 124 08 11 1% 13 M. |Tchentlo (tr. Parsnip)........ 55 12 | 124 47 2,415 22 1% 27 F. |Tchesinkut (tr. Nechako)....| 54 04 | 125 26 2,391 11 134 14 Me NVeshit eects Meiners teniea senders 60 29 | 133 17 2,600 83n 3% 156” F. |Tetachuck (tr. Nechako)..... 53 22 | 125 38 2,770 18 144 25 F. |Tezzeron (tr. Stuart)......... 54 47 | 124 35 2,255 14 3 35 M. |Thutage (tr. Findlay)........ 56 59 | 127 05 15 1 14 F, |Trembleur (tr. Stuart)....... 54 49 |) 124 57 2,245 20 3 45 K. |Trout (tr. Kootenay)........ 50 31 | 117 17 2,347 14 1% 12 M. |Tsayta (tr. Parsnip)......... 55 26 | 125 22 12 1 10 C. |Upper Arrow............ '..., 50 08 | 117 49 1,383 47 234 8& T. |Upper Clearwater........... See Hobson i. Area of lake in B.C. 66 sq. m., in Yukon 50 sq.m. Length in B.C. 45 m. m. Additional length of Northwest arm, 22 m. n. Area in B.C. 54 sq. m.; in Yukon 102 sq. m. Length in B.C. 37 m. Résumé In this chapter we have now considered some of the broad and principles which should guide in connection with decisions Summary respecting the proposed development of water-powers; let us briefly review these : First—Governments have been bestowing increasing attention upon the investigation of inland water resources and, during recent years, Canada has made great advancement in this work. Such work is essential in order to acquaint interested parties with the possibilities of the powers with which they may be dealing. Second—A number of factors, such as character of use, uniformity of flow, the making of but partial development in a manner prejudicial to future complete utilization, failure rightly to differentiate between primary power and secondary power, etc., have been noted and attention drawn to the neces- sity for reckoning with such factors. Third—Hydrometric data extending over a sufficient period of time should be available, and conclusions involving important procedure should not be predicated upon scattered and insufficient records. Topographic maps should also be available. Fourth—Those interested from the standpoint of the investor may, by the expenditure of ordinary effort, place themselves in a position, independ- ently, to check and form a judgment respecting some of the basic engineering factors involved in any power project under consideration. 46 . COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Fifth—Failure rightly to assemble or interpret essential physical data, has been responsible for many serious failures, and has resulted in great finan- cial loss. Sixth—No reliance should be placed upon general statements setting forth the existence of vast undeveloped water-powers. The total amount of water- power capable of economic development is much less than popularly assumed and most of the valuable sites are already under development or control by various interests. Attention has been directed to the concentration of control of water-powers as proceeding rapidly in the United States, and the need has been pointed out that those. interested in the conservation of our water- powers should be alert to see that the same menace to public welfare does not operate in Canada. Much of this concentration of control has taken place during a time when general statements representing the existence of large reserves of potential water-power were being presented to the attention of the public and were receiving general acceptance. Seventh—The importance of storage has been pointed out, and the pos- sibilities of storage causing damage to riparian owners has been emphasized. Government provision for a flowage easement along the shores of lakes and rivers, would to some extent protect settlers against loss, and would protect the government itself against claims for damage by overflow. Many of the features touched upon have been safeguarded in the com- prehensive water legislation of the Province of British Columbia—a subject dealt with in the following chapter. CHAPTER III Historical Survey of Water Legislation in British Columbia N British Columbia the situation relating to the use of inland waters is 2 complex one. Indeed, no province of the Dominion presents so many difficulties in connection with the uses and administration of its waters. Adequate understanding of the various rights and privileges which apper- tain to the use of the inland waters of British Columbia is impossible unless the laws and regulations proclaimed to deal with the early mining conditions as they arose and developed in the province in the later ‘fifties’ of last century are taken into consideration. Since the granting of the first water privileges in the late ‘fifties,’ followed as they were by rights conferred for agricultural and other purposes, the various records and licenses for water have increased, until now, in one form or another, upwards of 7,000 records have been issued. It is obvious, there- fore, how complex must be the situation which has resulted from the conferring of so many rights and privileges, the provisions of which, with respect to terms and other conditions, are so diverse. In addition to the Ordinances and Regulations which were early issued applicable to the use of water, more especially for mining, certain Proclama- tions for the alienation and possession of Crown lands contained provisions governing the use of water. Many provisions of these earlier enactments are still of force, and require to be reckoned with wherever power, irrigation, or other projects involving the use of the waters or the lands to which the earlier enactments apply, are being developed. It is important, therefore, that the early Proclamations, Statutes, Rules and Regulations be clearly understood. As needs for water multiplied, provisions governing its usage, chiefly for mining and agricultural pursuits, were placed in the Mineral Act, the Placer Act and in the Land Act. ‘Besides these main enactments, others, as for example, the Water Viewers Act, and the Streams and Water Courses Act, were passed, containing provisions applying to special water matters. Sub- sequently, with the extension of the various fields to which these Acts applied, it was found necessary to amend and consolidate all the various Acts containing provisions relating to water. This was first comprehensively done in the Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897. The present Water Act of British Columbia is a voluminous document of some 300 sections. It is a noteworthy measure and vests in the Government, by statutory laws, the absolute control of the inland waters of the province. A well known author, in the last edition of his Law of Irrigation and Water Rights, after reviewing the status of water legislation in other countries and 48 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION having devoted considerable space to the Water Act of British Columbia, | respecting this statute, says : “The Water Law is drastic and covers the subject of the title to and the use of waters in its most minute details. In fact, we consider it one of the most effective statutory laws upon the subject in existence, and undoubtedly it will stand the test of both time and all the litigation, under the Canadian form of government, that may be brought against it.””* Now, it is not possible to possess a comprehensive, nor even an adequate, understanding of the water laws of British Columbia, as they to-day exist, without a knowledge of the various individual parts of separate Acts which | constitute component parts of the consolidated laws. In this chapter the various governmental water measures are reviewed, briefly, and, as far as possible, in chronological order. In making this survey, only the salient features of the more important legislation are quoted. Appended to this chapter will be found a fuller list of the Proclamations, Rules and Regulations and various Acts, as well as the numbers of the sections in these measures which contain special reference to water. This table will facilitate more de- tailed reference and study. Early British On May 30, 1838, a royal license of exclusive trade was issued Columbia Laws +5 the Hudson’s Bay Company, for the sole and exclusive Hudson’s Bay Co. privilege of trading with the Indians in such parts of North America to the northward and to westward of the lands and territories be- longing to the United States of America, ‘‘as should not form any part of the Crown provinces then existent in North America, or of any lands or territories belonging to the United States, or to any European Government, State or Power.” August 2, 1858, the Imperial Government passed an Act,{ 21-22 Victoria, Chap. 99, providing for the government of the colony of British Columbia. The Act recited that, as divers of Her Majesty’s subjects had, by license and consent of Her Majesty, resorted to and settled on certain wild and unoccupied territories on the northwest coast of North America, commonly known by the new designation of New Caledonia, and from and after the passing of the Act to be named British Columbia, and the islands adjacent, for mining and other purposes, it was desirable to make some temporary provision for the civil government of such territories until permanent settlement was established, and the number of colonists increased. The Act provided that the boundaries of British Columbia should, for the purposes of the Act, * Treatise on the Law of Irrigation and Water Rights, by Cleeson S. Kinney, 2nd Edition, 4 vols., San Francisco, 1912, Vol. I., p. 384. + See also Proclamation, British Columbia, November 19, 1858. Author's Note—Copies of the early Proclamations, Ordinances, Rules and Regulations, and Statutes of British Columbia are quite rare. In a few instances, in preparing this historical survey, it was considered advisable to quote some of the sections in full, partly because of the difficulty that would be experienced in consulting some of the Acts, owing to their scarcity. The numbers given in the schedule which follows are those contained in the bound copy of the early Proclamations on file in the vault of the Attorney-General of British Columbia. A copy is also to be found in the Library of Parliament, Ottawa. ; ; i SIMILKAMEEN RIVER POWER PLANT OF THE DALY REDUCTION CO. Showing forebay, steel penstock and power house. Head developed, 67 feet. Hedley, B. Cc. WESTERN CANADA POWER CO. STAVE FALLS DEVELOPMENT WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 49 “Be held to comprise all such Territories within the Dominions of Her Majesty as are bounded to the South by the Frontier of the United States of America, to the East by the main Chain of the Rocky Mountains, to the North by Simpson’s River, and the Finlay Branch of the Peace River, and to the West by the Pacific Ocean, and shall include Queen Charlotte’s Island, and all other Islands adjacent to the said Territories except as hereinafter excepted.’’ T us Act provided, also, for the appointment of a Governor empowered to make provision for the administration of justice, and generally to make, ordain and establish all such laws, institutions and ordinances as may be necessary for the peace, order and good government of Her Majesty’s subjects in the co ony. On September 2, 1858, the Crown, in so far as the said grant embraced or extended to the territories comprised within the colony of British Columbia, re oked the license of May 30, 1838, to the Hudson’s Bay Company. The revocation stated that : ‘‘Whereas, it has appeared to Us expedient that the right of exclusive trade with the Indians given by Us, in manner aforesaid, to the Governor and Company of Adventurers trading to Hudson’s Bay, and their successors, within the territories in the said instrument described, should no longer be exercised by them within so much of those territories as is comprised within the said Colony of British Columbia ““Now, know ye, that We do hereby revoke Our said Grant contained in the hereinbefore recited Instrument of the thirtieth day of May, One thousand, eight hundred and thirty-eight, in so far as the same embraces or extends to the territories comprised within the said Colony of British Columbia ; “And We do hereby declare that this present revocation of Our said Grant shall take effect within the said Colony as soon as it shall have been proclaimed there by the Officer administering the Government thereof.” The Proclamation for the revocation of the license to the Hudson’s Bay Company was issued by the first Governor, James Douglas, on November 3, 1858. November 19, 1858, the Governor issued a Proclamation stating that he enacted and proclaimed that each act, matter, or thing bona fide done and performed for any of the purposes necessary for the establishment and main- tenance of peace, order, and good government, and for the protection of the rights of revenue from lands belonging to Her Majesty, prior to the Pro- clamation, by the said James Douglas, or any other person, or persons, acting under his authority or direction, shall be deemed to be, and to have been, valid in law. The Act of August 2, 1858, specifically declares that no part of the colony of Vancouver’s Island, ‘‘as at present established,’’ shall be comprised within British Columbia for the purpose of the Act. The Act, however, contemplated and provided for the possibility of the subsequent incorporation of Vancouver Island with British Columbia. Until the union of Vancouver: Island and British Columbia, on November 19, 1866, two separate and distinct sets of Proclamations were issued. 50 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION eae February 14, 1859, a proclamation was issued relating to the Feb. 14,1859 @lienation and possession of lands in British Columbia. It declared that ‘‘all the lands in British Columbia, and all the mines and minerals therein, belong to the Crown in fee.’’* And it was further declared by section 6,} regarding the leading of water, that : “Unless otherwise specially notified at the time of sale, all such sales of Crown land shall be subject to such public rights-of-way as may at any time after such sale, and to such private rights-of-way, and of leading or using water for animals, and for mining and engineering purposes, as may at the time of such sale be specified by the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works.” And section 9 provides that : “Until further notice gold claims and mines shall continue to be worked subject to the existing regulations.” Q August 31, 1859, a Proclamation, the Gold Fields Act, 1859, ea, ees was issued. Section VIII, respecting priority of title, pro- vides, subject to certain limitations, that: “In case of any dispute, the title to claims, leases of auriferous earth or rock, ditches and water privileges, will be recognized according to the priority of registration subject only to any question which may be raised as to the validity of any particular act of registration.” Section XI, in providing for mining leases involving the use of water, states that : ‘Leases of any portion of the waste lands of the Crown may be granted for mining purposes, for such term of years, and upon such conditions as to rent, and the mode of working, and as to any water privileges connected therewith, and otherwise in each case, as shall be deemed expedient by His Excellency the Governor.” Section XII, providing for the making of rules and regulations relating to water privileges, states that : ‘In respect to any place or district wherein there shall for the time being be no Mining Board as hereinafter described, or any separate mine within such place or district, it shall be lawful for His Excellency the Governor, by writing under his hand and the Public Seal of the Colony, from time to time to make rules and regulations in the nature of by-laws, concerning all matters relating to claims and ditch and water privileges, and leases of the auriferous lands in the Colony in larger quantities than the claims herein mentioned or referred to, and for the registration thereof so far as such matters are not herein defined and set forth.” Section XVI, respecting disputes, further provides that: “All disputes relating to the title to any mine or claim, or to any part of the proceeds thereof, or relating to any ditch or water privilege, or to any contract for labour to be done in respect of a ditch or water privilege, mine, or claim, or relating to the mode of carrying on the same, or any of them, * For interesting reference to early mining activities in British Columbia, see Begg, History of British Columbia, chap. XIV. } Editor's Note.—The terms ‘section’ and ‘clause’ and Roman numerals or Arabic figures are printed as they appear in the original copies. : WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 51 and all disputes concerning partnerships in any mine or claim, may be investi- gated, in the first instance, before the Gold Commissioner, having jurisdiction as aforesaid, without any limit to the value of the property or subject matter involved in such dispute.” Rules and Pursuant to the passage of the Gold Fields Act, 1859, Rules Regulations and Regulations for the Working of Gold Mines were issued September 7, 1859 co ntember 7, 1859. The provisions of these early regulations are the first which apply more specifically to the use of waters in British Col- umbia, and these may be said to constitute the basis of the present water laws of the province. A perusal of sections VII to XI, and XVIII and XIX, of the Rules and Regulations clearly shows the scope of this early provincial law, as it relates to waters. Section VII declares that, in making application for water privileges: “Any person desiring any exclusive ditch or water privilege, shall make application to the Gold Commissioner having jurisdiction for the place where the same shall be situated, stating for the guidance of the Commissioner in estimating the character of the application, the name of every applicant, the proposed ditch head, and quantity of water, the proposed locality of dis- tribution, and if such water shall be for sale, the price at which it is proposed to sell the same, the general nature of the work to be done, and the time within which such work shall be complete ; and the Gold Commissioner shall enter a note of all such matters as of record.” Section VIII, respecting rental, provides that: “Unless otherwise specially arranged, the rent to be paid for any water privilege shall be in each month one average day’s receipts, from the sale thereof, ‘to be estimated by the Gold Commissioner with the assistance, if he shall so think fit, of a jury.”’ Section IX, requiring that water applied for must actually be used, states that: “If any person shall refuse or neglect to take within the time mentioned in his application, or within such further time (if any) as the Gold Commissioner may, in his discretion, think fit to grant for the completion of the ditch the whole of the water applied for, he shall, at the end of the time mentioned in his application, be deemed entitled only to the quantity actually taken by him, and the Gold Commissioner shall make such entry in the register as shall be proper to mark such alteration in the quantity, and may grant the surplus to any other person according to the rules herein laid down for the granting of water privileges.” Section X provides against unreasonable use, or wilful waste, by requiring that: “Every owner of a ditch or water privilege shall be bound to take all reasonable means for utilizing the water granted to and taken by him. And if any such owner shall wilfully take and waste any unreasonable quantity of water, he shall be charged with the full rent as if he had sold the same at a full price. And it shall be lawful for the Gold Commissioner, if such offence be persisted in, to declare all rights to the water forfeited.” Section XI provides for an equabe sale and distribution of water by stating that: “Tt shall be lawful for the owner of any ditch or water privilege to sell and distribute the water conveyed by him to such persons, and on such terms as they may deem advisable, within the limits mentioned in their application. , 52 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Provided, always, that the owner of any ditch or water privilege shall be bound to supply water to all applicants, being free miners, in a fair proportion, and shall not demand more from one person than from another, except when the difficulty of supply is enhanced. Provided, further, that no person, not Deine a free miner, shall be entitled to demand to be supplied with water at all. Section XVIII respects the rights of other water users by stating that: “Any person desiring to acquire any water privilege shall be bound to respect the rights of parties using the same water, at a point below the place where the person desiring such new privilege intends to use it.” Section XIX further provides for rights of priority by requiring that: ‘‘Any person desiring to bridge across any stream or claim or other place for any purpose or to mine under or through any ditch or flume, or to carry water through or over any land already occupied by any other person may be enabled to do so in proper cases, with the sanction of the Gold Commissioner. In all such cases the right of the party first in possession whether of the mine or of the water privilege is to prevail, so as to entitle him to full compensation and indemnity. But wherever due compensation by indemnity can be given, and is required, the Gold Commissioner may sanction the execution of such new work on such terms as he shall think reasonable. ’ It will be seen that these early enactments embrace a principle basic to the provisions of the Water Act in the form in which it is now of force in British Columbia. That is, what may be termed the principle or doctrine, of beneficial use. It will also be observed that no one party was permitted to usurp rights to the unjust exclusion of the rights of others. Note, for example, the state- ment in section IX, that, if any person failed to use the water covered by his application, the Gold Commissioner could restrict him to the quantity actu- ally taken. Every owner of a ditch or water privilege was bound to take all reasonable means for utilizing the water granted to him. In fact, the wise principle that’ the water must not only be used, but economically and bene- ficially used, is clearly present in these early regulations ; and this doctrine has carefully been retained in the later water acts. : January 4, 1860, a Proclamation relating to the acquirement Fay 4 160 of land in British Columbia was issued. Section 16, relating to the carrying of water upon, under or over land, enacts that : “Water privileges, and the right of carrying water for mining purposes, may, notwithstanding any claim recorded, purchase or conveyance aforesaid, be claimed and taken, upon, under or over the said land, so pre-empted or purchased as aforesaid, by free miners requiring the same, and obtaining a grant or license from the Gold Commissioner, and paying a compensation for waste or damage to the person whose land may be wasted or damaged by such water privilege, or carriage of water, to be ascertained, in case of dispute, in manner aforesaid.” Rules and January 6, 1860, Rules and Regulations for the Working of Regulations, Gold Mines, were issued supplementary to those of September January 6, 1860 7 4859. Section VI, respecting the measurement of water,. provided that : WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 53 “In order to ascertain the quantity of water in any ditch or sluice, the following rules shall be observed, vz., “The water taken into a ditch shall be measured at the ditch head. No water shall be taken into a ditch except in a trough whose top and floor shall be horizontal planes, and sides parallel vertical planes : such trough to be continued for six times its breadth in a horizontal direction from the point at which the water enters the trough. The top of the trough to be not more than 7 inches, and the bottom of the trough not more than 17 inches below the surface of the water in the reservoir, all measurements being taken inside the trough and in the low water or dry season. The area of a vertical transverse section of the trough shall be considered as the measure of the quantity of water taken by the ditch. ‘The same mode of measurement shall be applied to ascertain the quantity of water running in a trough or out of any ditch.” Vancouver Island Section XVIII of a Proclamation for the colony of Vancouver Proclamation, Island, issued February 19, 1861, provides for the saving of February 19, 1861 1s ae water privileges for mining purposes. It states that : “Water privileges, and the right of carrying water for mining purposes, may, notwithstanding any claim recorded, certificate of improvement, or conveyance aforesaid, be claimed and taken upon, under, or over the land, so pre-empted by miners requiring the same, and obtaining a grant or license from the Surveyor-General in that behalf, and paying a compensation for waste or damage to the person whose land may be wasted or damaged by such water privilege or carrying of water, to be ascertained in case of dispute by a jury of six men in manner aforesaid.” Pre-emption In a Proclamation, the Pre-emption Consolidation Act, 1861, Consolidation issued August 27, 1861, sec. XX VII was essentially the same as Het fool sec. 16 of the Proclamation of January 4, 1860, already quoted. Rules and September 29, 1862, the Rules and Regulations under the Gold Betnibes Fields Act, 1859, were supplemented by further sections pro- 1862 viding for cases in which roads or works come into conflict with ditches, or other mining rights. The new sections, having relationship to the exercise of water privileges, are comprised in sections VIII to XII inclusive, and are as follows : Respecting the disposal of surplus water, section VIII provides that : ‘The owners of every ditch, water privilege, or mining right, shall at their own expense construct, secure, and maintain all culverts necessary for the passage of waste and superfluous water flowing through or over any suc. ditch, water privilege, or right, except in cases where a natural stream or river applic- able or sufficient for the purpose exists in the immediate vicinity.” Section IX, respecting safety of ditch constructions, requires that : ‘The owners for the time being, not being the Government, of any ditch» or water privilege, shall construct and secure the same in a proper.and sub- stantial manner, and maintain the same in good repair, to the satisfaction of the Gold Commissioner, and so that no damage shall occur during their ownership thereof to any road or work in its vicinity from any part of the works of such ditch, water privilege, or right giving way by reason of not being so, as aforesaid, constructed, secured, or maintained.” 54 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Section X states that : “The owners of any ditch, water privilege, or right, shall be liable, and shall make good, in such manner as the said Gold Commissioner shall determine, all damages which may be occasioned by or through any parts of the works of such ditch, water privilege, or right giving way as aforesaid, and the same may be recovered before a Magistrate in a summary manner.” Section XI, respecting the publication of notice, states that : “The publication of any written notice to the party intended to be affected thereby in two consecutive issues of the Government Gazette, or any newspaper circulating in the Colony, or by affixing the same for seven days on some conspicuous part of any premises referred to in any such notice, shall be deemed good and sufficient notice for all purposes under the said Gold Fields’ Act, 1859, and any Rules and Regulations made in pursuance thereof.” And section XII provides for public right-of-way by requiring that : “Nothing herein contained shall be construed to limit the right of the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works to lay out from time to time the public roads and ways of the Colony across, through, along, or under any ditch, water privilege or mining right, in any unsurveyed Crown land, without compensation, doing as little damage as conveniently may be in laying out the same.” Rulecaud February 24, 1863, the Rules and Regulations issued in con- Regulations, formity with the Gold Fields Act, 1859, were further amended February 24, 1863 . 14 supplemented. Section IV, requiring that water shall be available, states : “In addition to the above rights, every registered free miner shall be entitled to the use of so much of the water flowing naturally through or past his claim as shall in the opinion of the Gold Commissioner be necessary for the due working thereof.” Section V, respecting exclusive water privileges, requires that : ‘Where application is intended to be made for the exclusive grant of any surplus water to be taken from any creek or other locality, every such applicant shall in addition to the existing requirements affix a written notice of all the particulars of his application upon some conspicuous part of the premises to be affected by the proposed grant, for not less than 5 days before recording the same. “The Gold Commissioner, upon protest being entered or for reasonable cause, shall have power to refuse or modify such application or grant either partially or entirely, as to him shall seem just and reasonable. “Every exclusive grant of a ditch or a water privilege in occupied or unoccupied creeks, shall be subject to the rights of such registered free miners as shall then be working, or shall thereafter work. in the locality from which it is proposed to take such water.”’ March 25, 1 i Gold Fields Act, as , 1863, the Gold Fields Act, 1859, was amended. 1863 Sections IV and V, above quoted, appeared in the same form, but separated and numbered as sections 3, 4, 5 and 6. ; The Mining Drains Act, 1864, of February 1, was an ordinance Mining Drains : : : : Act, 1864 to promote the drainage of mines. It provides, under section IX, ‘ that “no such grant, or license, or agreement therefor, shall be WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 55 valid unless the same shall contain a reservation of the public rights-of-way and water, in such manner, direction, and extent as the Gold Commissioner shall from time to time direct,” and it was declared to be lawful for the Gold Commissioner of any district in the Colony, upon proper application, to grant full license and authority to any free miner or miners, company, or companies of free miners, to enter into and upon any lands in British Columbia, for the purpose of constructing a drain or drains for the drainage of mining ground. : The Gold Fields Act, 1864, assented to February 26, further Cu amends the Gold Fields Act of 1859. This new ordinance devotes considerable attention to who shall constitute a ‘bed- rock flume company,’ and to the rights and privileges, limitations and restric- tions under which such a company may operate. Section 10 defines a ‘bed- rock flume company,’ as follows : ‘‘Three or more free miners may constitute themselves into a bed-rock flume company within the meaning of this Act, and when duly authorized, as lastly hereinbefore mentioned, may enter upon any river, creek, gulch, ravine, or other water course in the Colony, for the purpose of constructing and laying a bed-rock flume therein, and when not otherwise expressed in such authority as aforesaid, with the rights and privileges and under the limitations and restrictions hereinafter specified.” Section 16, relating to rivers, creeks, etc., which are not deemed to be abandoned, states that : “Any portion or part of any river, creek, gulch ravine, or other water course having four or more free miners per mile legally holding and bona fide not colourably working claims, on such stream, gulch, ravine, or water course, shall not be deemed ‘abandoned’ within the meaning o? this Act, but in such case any bed-rock flume company desiring to run a flume through such portion or part of such stream, gulch, ravine, or water course, shall be governed by the following clauses of this Act.” _.. The Inland Navigation Ordinance, 1864, assented to May 4, Caine eer relates to the navigation of inland waters. In sections XVI and XVII, provision is made for the description and pro- visional definition of what may constitute ‘inland waters’ within the purview of the ordinance. The sections are as follows : Section XVI provides that : “In case of any doubt hereafter arising as to what shall be deemed to be inland waters within the meaning of this Ordinance, and for the purposes thereof, it shall be lawful for the Governor, or other Officer aforesaid, by any order to be published in the Government Gazette, more particularly to define the same.” Section XVII provides that : “In the absence of any such order, all harbours, rivers, lakes, inlets, and other navigable waters within the ordinary coast line of the colony, from headland to headland, disregarding irregularities shall be deemed to be inland waters for the purposes of this Ordinance.” 56 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Gold Mining March 28, 1865, an Ordinance was passed to amend and con- Ordinance, 1865 SOlidate the Gold Mining Laws. This consolidation represents a marked advance in the evolution of the provincial law re- lating both to mining and to the use of water. © The Act, itself, as does the present Water Act, declares that it is to be divided into certain parts. These are as follows: The first part relates to the appointment of Gold Commissioners and their jurisdiction ; the second to free miners and their privileges ; the third to the registration of claims and free miners’ general rights ; the fourth to the nature and size of claims ; the fifth to bed-rock flumes ; the sixth to the drainage of mines ; the seventh to mining partnerships and limited liability ; the eighth to administration ; the ninth to leases ; the tenth to ditches ; the eleventh to mining boards and their constitution ; and the twelfth to the penal and saving clauses. Under the tenth heading of ‘Ditches’ we find assembled in twenty-seven clauses the chief provisions relating to the application for and use of water. This Ordinance, while bestowing the maximum amount of latitude to bona fide applicants for, and to users of, water, nevertheless most definitely maintains the doctrine of beneficial use. The right of the Government, from time to time, to lay out the public roads of the colony across, through, along, or under any ditch, water privilege, or mining right in any unsurveyed Crown land, without compensation, is expressly reserved. Every owner of a ditch, or water privilege, is required to construct his works in a proper and secure manner, and is made liable for any damage resulting from failure in this respect. The priority of water privileges in any way being lawfully enjoyed by any person, is to be fully respected, but provision is made whereby persons in need of water must receive same on fair terms, if available for purchase from the owner of any water privilege. Some of these matters, so characteristic of provisions in the present Water Act, may best be understood by quoting from a few sections of this important Ordinance. Section 29, respecting the use of surplus water, provides that : “‘Every registered free miner shall be entitled to the use of so much of the water naturally flowing through or past his claim, and not already lawfully appropriated, as shall, in the opinion of the Gold Commissioner, be necessary for the due working thereof.” Subject to certain requirements with respect to an application, such as, that it shall be in writing ; a deposit accompany it ; and that sufficient public notice be given, section 99 provides that : “Tt shall be lawful for the Gold Commissioner, upon the application hereinafter mentioned, to grant to any person for any term not exceeding five years, the right to divert and use the water from any creek, stream, or lake, at any particular part thereof, and the rights-of-way through and entry upon any mining ground in his district, for the purpose of constructing ditches and flumes to convey such water.” With respect to the rights of priority, section 104 provides that : “Every grant of a ditch, or water privilege in occupied creeks, shall be subject to the right of such registered free miners as shall at the time of such grant be working on the streams above or below the ditch head, and of any WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 57 other person or persons whatsoever who are then in any way lawfully using such water, for any purpose whatsoever.” That the water shall not only be used beneficially, but also that it shall not be wilfully nor unreasonably wasted, is provided for by section 108, which states : “Every owner of a ditch or water privilege shall be bound to take all reasonable means for utilizing the water granted and taken by him. And if any such owner shall wilfully take and waste any unreasonable quantity of water he shall be charged with the full rent as if he had sold the same at a full price. And it shall be lawful for the Gold Commissioner, if such offense be persisted in, to declare all rights to the water forfeited.” Section 109 provides for a fair distribution of water to other free miners : “Tt shall be lawful for the owner of any ditch or water privilege to dis- tribute for use the water conveyed by him to such persons, and on such terms as he may deem advisable, within the limits mentioned in their application. Provided, always, that the owner of any ditch or water privilege shall be bound to supply water to all applicants being free miners, in a fair proportion, and shall not demand more from one person than another, except where the difficulty of supply is enhanced.” With respect to the measurement of water, section 112 states : “In measuring water in any ditch or sluice, the following rules shall be observed :—The water taken into a ditch shall be measured at the ditch head with a pressure of seven inches. No water shall be taken into a ditch except in a trough placed horizontally at the place at which the water enters it. The aperture through which the water passes shall not be more than ten inches high. The same mode of measurement shall be applied to ascertain the quantity of water running out of any ditch into any other ditch or flume.” The quotations just given demonstrate the direct influence these early provisions have had upon those which, to-day, are included in the present Water Act. : April 11, 1865, the Land Ordinance, 1865, was enacted. It es Ordinaries repealed the Mining District Act, 1863, and the Pre-emption Consolidation Act, 1861. This new Ordinance, which, it will be noted, is respecting ‘land,’ sets forth some very important provisions re- lating to waters. First, section 8, relating to the preservation of rights-of-way, provides that :. “Unless otherwise special y notified at the time of sale, all Crown lands sold shall be subject to such public rights-of-way as may at any time after such sale be specified by the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Surveyor General, and to such private rights-of-way, and of leading or using water for animals, and for mining and engineering purposes, as may at the time of such sale be existing.”’ Section 24, with respect to the possible use of water courses, or such other natural objects as boundaries, provides that : “Where the land sought to be acquired is in whole or in part bounded by mountains, rocks, lakes, swamps, or the margin of a river, or by other natural boundaries, then such natural boundaries may be adopted as the boundaries of the land sought to be acquired, and in such case it shall be 58 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION sufficient for the claimant to show to the satisfaction of the Stipendiary Magistrate of the district, that the said form conforms as nearly as circum- stances permit to the provisions of this Ordinance.” Regarding the saving of miners’ rights, section 40 provides that : “Nothing herein contained shall be construed as giving a right to any claimant to exclude free miners from searching for any of the precious minerals, or working the same ; but in case of any entry being made upon lands held as aforesaid, full compensation shall be made, or adequate security therefor be given, to the satisfaction of the Stipendiary Magistrate of the district, prior to such entry, to the occupant for any loss or damage he may sustain by reason of any such entry ; such compensation to be determined by the Stipen- diary Magistrate or Gold Commissioner of the district, with or without a jury of not less than five, in the discretion of such Magistrate or Commissioner.” And more particularly, under the heading of ‘Water,’ it makes provisions which are so important that sections 44 to 50, inclusive, are here quoted in full. Section 44, providing for the diversion of water, states that : “Every person lawfully occupying and bona fide cultivating lands may divert any unoccupied water from the natural channel of any stream, lake, or river adjacent to or passing through such land, for agricultural and other purposes, upon obtaining the written authority of the Stipendiary Magistrate of the district for the purpose, and recording the same with him, after due notice as hereinafter mentioned, specifying the name of the applicant, the quantity sought to be diverted, the place of diversion, the object thereof, and all such other particulars as such Magistrate may require.”’ Section 45 provides for the giving of notice by requiring that : ‘Previous to such authority being given, the applicant shall post up in a conspictious place on each person’s land through which it is proposed that the water should pass, and on the district court house, notices in writing, stating his intentions to enter such land, and through and over the same to take and catry such water, specifying all particulars relating thereto, including direction, quantity, purpose, and term.” Section 46, respecting priority of right, states that : “ Priority of right to any such water privilege, in case of dispute, shall depend on priority of record.”’ Section 47 provides for the carrying of water by requiring that : “The right of entry on and through the lands of others for carrying water for any lawful purpose, upon, over, or under the said land, may be claimed and taken by any person lawfully occupying and bona fide cultivating as aforesaid, and (previous to entry) upon paying or securing payment of com- pensation as aforesaid, for the waste or damage so occasioned, to the person whose land may be wasted or damaged by such entry or carrying of water.” Sections 48 and 49 provide for the settlement of disputes. It is stated that : “Tn case of dispute, such compensation or any other question connected with such water privilege, entry, or carrying, may be ascertained by the Stipen- diary Magistrate of the district in a summary manner, at the option of either of the contending parties, either with or without a jury of five men, to be summoned as in ordinary cases. WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 59 “It shall be lawful for such Magistrate, by an order under his hand, directed to the Sheriff or Deputy Sheriff, to summon a jury for such purpose, and in the event of non-attendance of any persons so summoned, he shall have power to impose a fine not exceeding five pounds.” Section 50 provides for the exercise of water privileges by stating that : “Water privileges for mining or other purposes, not otherwise lawfully appropriated, may be claimed, and the said water may be taken upon, under, or over any land so pre-empted or purchased as aforesaid, by obtaining a grant or license from the Stipendiary Magistrate of the district, and previous to taking the same, paying reasonable compensation for waste or damage to the person whose land may be wasted or damaged by such water privilege or carriage of water.” eevee A private act, The Williams Creek Flume Ordinance, 1866, Flume Ordinance Was passed March 16, 1866. It granted certain exclusive rights relating to water, right-of-way, and land, and, although it has had an important bearing on certain cases in the law courts, yet it is not neces- sary, here, to do more than direct attention to it. Sian ies As a result of the division into two colonies, with separate Colonies governments, 12,000 or 13,000 white inhabitants were taxed nearly $95.00 per capita per annum. Loans for British Col- umbia were only negotiable at excessive rates of interest. The Imperial Government, therefore, decided to unite them. By the British Columbia Act, November 19, 1866, the Crown colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia were united. The Union Act provided that existing ordinances were to remain in force until otherwise determined by law, with certain specified exceptions respecting customs revenues and appointments. 4s The Gold Mining Ordinance, 1867, being Proclamation No. 34, Grain aren ia? passed April 2, 1867, need not, here, be specially reviewed, because, respecting water, its provisions correspond in text to the Gold Mining Ordinance of 1865 above referred to. ; In the Land Ordinance, 1870, June 1, various Acts relating to ae DENCY ae disposal and regulation of Crown land in British Columbia were amended and consolidated. The following ordinances and proclamations, relating to the disposal and regulation of Crown lands, were repealed : Act dated February 14, 1859; Act dated January 4, 1860 ; Act dated January 20, 1860; Pre-emption Amendment Act, 1861; the Country Land Act, 1861; Pre-emption Purchase Act, 1861 ; Pre-emption Consolidation Act, 1861 ; Mining District Act, 1863 ; Land Ordinance, 1865 ; Pre-emption Ordinance, 1866 ; Pre-emption Payment Ordinance, 1869 ; and the Vancouver Island Land Proclamation, 1862. But such repeal was not to prejudice or affect any rights acquired, or payments due, or forfeitures or penalties incurred prior to the passing of this ordinance in respect of any land in the colony. In the Land Ordinance of 1870, sections XXX to XXXVII, inclusive, relate particularly to water. Sections XXX to XXXV, inclusive, are prac- 60 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION tically identical with, and correspond in numeral sequence to, sections 44 to 50 of the Land Ordinance, 1865, and which have been above quoted. Section XXXVI, of the Ordinance of 1870, in effect declares recorded water privileges to be appurtenant to land acquired by pre-emption right. The section states : “All assignments, transfers, or conveyances of any pre-emption right. heretofore or hereafter acquired, shall be construed to have conveyed and transferred, and to convey and transfer, any and all recorded water privileges in any manner attached to or used in the working of the land pre-empt:2d.” Section XXXVII empowers the Commissioner to forfeit water rights if the owner of such is wilfully taking and wasting an unreasonable quantity of water. Revised Laws, In the Revised Laws of British Columbia, 1871, No. 90,* British Columbia, sections 106 to 132, inclusive, practically consolidate the ign law of water, relating to ‘mining’; and No. 144,f sections 30 to 37 are a corresponding consolidation for the law of water relating to ‘land.’ Land Ordinance April 11, 1872, the Land Ordinance of 1870 was amended by Amendment Act the Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1872. The provisions si of the Amending Act are important. The doctrine of bene- ficial use is enlarged upon and is clearly set forth in sections 2, 3 and 4. Section 2 provides for the obtaining of written authority to divert water for necessary uses. It requires that : “Every person lawfully entitled to hold a pre-emption under the said ordinance, and lawfully occupying and bona fide cultivating lands, may divert so much and no more, of any unrecorded and unappropriated water from the natural channel of any stream, lake, or river adjacent to or passing through such land, for agricultural or other purposes, as may be reasonably necessary for such purposes, upon obtaining the written authority of the Commissioner of the district to that effect, and a record of the same shall be made with him, after due notice as in the said ordinance mentioned, specifying the name of the applicant, the quantity sought to be diverted, the place of diversion, the object thereof, and all such other particulars as such Commissioner may require ; for every such record the Commissioner shall charge a fee of two dollars ; and no person shall have any exclusive right to the use of such water, whether the same flow naturally through or over his land, except such record shall have been made.” No exclusive rights may be acquired except as provided by section 3, which states : ‘‘The owner of any water privilege or right acquired by record, shall have no exclusive right to the water privilege so recorded, until he shall have con- structed a ditch for conveying the water to the place where it is intended to be used. And in case any such ditch shall not be of sufficient capacity to carry the quantity of water recorded by the owner of such ditch, then the exclusive right of such owner shall be limited to the quantity which such ditch may be *No. 90, 1871, is essentially the Gold Mining Ordinance, 1867. + No. 144, 1871, is essentially the Land Ordinance, 1870. WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 61 capable of carrying, notwithstanding such record, until such ditch shall be enlarged so as to be capable of carrying the quantity of water recorded by such person.” Wilful waste of any quantity of water is declared to be a misdemeanor. ‘Thus, section 4 states that : “Any owner of any ditch or water privilege who shall wilfully waste any quantity of water, by diverting any more of it from its natural course, through any ditch or otherwise, than the quantity actually required by him for irrigation or any other purpose, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars for each such offence, to be recovered before a Justice of the Peace, Stipendiary Magistrate, or Com- missioner, in a summary manner, and in default of payment by distress ; and no owner of any first record to any ditch or water right shall have any right to interfere with or prevent the construction of any dams, breakwaters, or other improvements made or hereafter to be made for the purpose of saving or economising the water of any creek, lake, or water-course of any kind ; provided that the construction or use of such dam or breakwater does not nor will divert such water from its proper channel, at the point or place where such owner takes the water used by him into his ditch or channel. Provided also that the construction and use of such dam or breakwater shall not injure the source from which such water is taken, or the property of any party or parties, by backing water, flooding, or otherwise. Provided also that all disputes arising upon any matter or thing in this clause contained, shall be decided in a summary manner before any Justice of the Peace, Stipendiary Magistrate, or Com- missioner, who shall have full power to make such decision as shall seem to him to be just and equitable.”’ Land Ordinance The Land Ordinance of 1870 was further amended February Amendment Act, 21, 1873. In section 7, the amending Act refers to the oe posting of notice respecting water record, and, in section 19, to dyking, draining and irrigation. Regarding the posting of notice, section XXXI, of the Act of 1870, was tepealed, and in lieu thereof, section 7 of the amending Act of 1873 states that : “Previous to such authority being given, the applicant shall post up in a conspicuous place on each person’s land to be affected by the proposed diversion of any stream, lake, or river, and on the district court house, notices in writing stating his intention to enter such land and through and over the same to take and convey and divert such water (as the case may be), specifying all particulars relating thereto, including direction, quantity, purpose, and term.” Section 19, relating to the sale of vacant Crown land, states that : “Tt shall be lawful for the Lieutenant-Governor in Council to sell any vacant lands of the Crown, or make free grants thereof, to any person or company, for the purpose of dyking, draining, or irrigating the same, subject to such regulations as the Lieutenant-Governor in Council shall see fit.”’ Drainage, Dyking February 21, 1873, the Drainage, Dyking and Irrigation Act, and Irrigation 1873, was passed to provide for the dyking and draining of HES 1878 marsh, swamp or meadow lands. Provision was made by which proprietors of such lands might. appoint commissioners, who, under the Act, were empowered to carry on work for reclaiming such lands. Provision 62 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION was also made for assessing the owners, or occupiers, of such lands for any expenses incurred by the commissioners for dykes, weirs, drains, ditches, flumes, flood-gates or breakwaters. While this Act is not directly associated with the present Water Act, and hence not strictly within the purview of this historical survey, nevertheless, on account of the character of the Act itself, it is expedient just to direct attention to it. : The Public Works Act, 1872, April 11, subject to certain re- iio strictions, provides that the Lieuwtenant-Governor in Council may acquire and take possession ‘‘of any land, or real estate, streams, waters, water-courses ... in his judgment necessary for the use, construction, or maintenance of any public work or building, or for the en- largement or improvement of any public work, or for obtaining better access thereto.’’ (See sections 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6.) By the Public Works Extension Act, 1873, chap.9, February 21, the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works is declared to have control over provincial waters not under the control of the Dominion Government. Subject to com- pensation (see section 19), or arbitration (see section 20), the Chief Commis- sioner may acquire, if neccessary by expropriation, possession of streams, waters, or water-courses. Section 6 of the Act states that : ‘‘All land, streams, water-courses, and property, real or personal, heretofore or hereafter acquired for the use of public works ; all locks, dams, hydraulic and other works for improving the navigation of any water; all hydraulic powers created by the construction of any public works ; all roads and bridges ; all public buildings ; all drains, drainage and irrigation works, and all property heretofore or hereafter acquired, constructed, repaired, maintained or improved at the expense of the Province, and not under the control of the Dominion Government, shall be and remain vested in Her Majesty and under the control of the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works.” March 2, 1874, by chap. 2, the Land Act, 1874, the land laws were amended and consolidated; The Land Ordinance, 1870, and all Proclamations, Statutes, Ordinances, and Acts, thereby repealed; the Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1872; and the Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1873; were repealed. Land Act, 1874, Chap. 2 Section 48, relating to who may divert waters, provides that : “Every person lawfully entitled to hold land under this Act, or under any former Act, Ordinance, or Proclamation, and lawfully occupying and bona fide cultivating lands, may divert so much and no more of any unrecorded and unappropriated water from the natural channel of any stream, lake, or river adjacent to or passing through such land, for agricultural or other purposes, as may be reasonably necessary for such purposes, upon obtain- ing the written authority of the Commissioner of the district to that effect, and a record of the. same shall be made with him, after due notice, as. herein mentioned, specifying the name of the applicant, the quantity sought to be diverted, the place of diversion, the object thereof, and all such other particulars as such Commissioner may require; for every such record the Commissioner shall charge a fee of two dollars ; and no such person shall have any exclusive right to the use of such water, whether the same flow naturally through or over his land, except such record shall have been made.” WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 63 Section 49, respecting the giving of notice, provides that : “One month previous to such authority being given, the applicant shall. post up in a conspicuous place, on each person’s land to be affected by the proposed diversion of any stream, lake, or river, and on the District Court House, notices in writing, stating his intention to take, and conyey, and divert such water (as the case may be), specifying all particulars relating thereto, including direction, quantity, purpose, and term.” Section 50, relating to the acquirement of exclusive privilege, requires that : “The owner of any water privilege or right acquired by record, shall have no exclusive right to the water privilege so recorded, until he shall have constructed a ditch for conveying the water to the place where it is intended to be used. And in case any such ditch shall not be of sufficient capacity to carry the quantity of water recorded by the owner of su h ditch, then the exclusive right of such owner shall be limited to the quantity which such ditch may be capable of carrying, notwithstanding such record, until such ditch shall be enlarged so as to be capable of carrying the quantity of water recorded by such person.” Section 51 is the same as section 46 of the Land Ordinance, 1865 ; section 52 the same as section 47 ; section 53 corresponds closely to section 48 ; as also does section 54 to section 50. Section 55 provides against wilful waste or uneconomical use of water, and encourages conservation. The section stipulates that : ‘““Any owner of any ditch or water privilege who shall wilfully waste any quantit , of water heretofore or hereafter acquired by record or otherwise, by diverting any more of it from its natural course, through any ditch or otherwise, than the quantity actually required by him for irrigation or any other purpose, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars for each such offence, to be recovered before a Justice of the Peace, Stipendiary Magistrate, or Commissioner, in a summary manner, and in default of payment by distress, or by imprisonment for any period not exceeding six months ; and no owner of any first record to any ditch or water right shall have any right to interfere with or prevent the construction of any dams, breakwaters, or other improve- ments made or hereafter to be made for the purpose of saving or economizing the water of any creek, lake, or water-course of any kind: Providing, that the construction or use of such dam or breakwater does not nor will divert such water from its proper channel, at the point or place where such owner takes the water used by him into his ditch or channel: Provided, also, that the construction and use of such dam or breakwater shall not injure the source from which such water is taken, or the property of any party or parties, by backing water, flooding, or otherwise: Provided, also, that all disputes arising upon any matter or thing in this clause contained, shall be decided in a summary manner before any Justice of the Peace, Stipendiary Magistrate, or Com- missioner, who shall have full power to make such decision as shall seem to him just and equitable.”’ Section 74 provides for the sale of Crown lands, as follows : “Tt shall be lawful for the Lieutenant-Governor in Council to sell any vacant lands of the Crown, or make free grants thereof, to any person or company, for the purpose of dyking, draining, or irrigating the same, subject to such regulations as the Lieutenant-Governor in Council shall see fit.” 64 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION And section 81 preserves the rights of miners by stating that “Nothing in this Act contained shall be construed so as to interfere pre- judicially with the rights granted to free miners under the Gold Mining Ordinance, 1867, or any subsequent Acts or Ordinances relating to gold mining.” It will be observed, as certain sections of some of these acts are quoted, that some sections are quite similar to corresponding sections in acts previously referred to. It is necessary, however, thus to quote and requote in order that the introduction of new phrases may be seen, and the force of such be clearly understood, because it was by just such deletions, modifications, and additions that the present ‘Water Act’ of British Columbia was evolved. ‘ April 22, 1875, the laws affecting Crown lands in British yang a Columbia were further amended and consolidated. The fol- lowing were repealed: the Land Ordinance, 1870, and all Pro- clamations, Statutes; Ordinances and Acts thereby repealed; the Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1873, and the Land Act, 1874. But such repeal did not, in respect of any of the land in the Province, prejudice or affect any rights acquired, or payments due, or penalties incurred, prior to the passing of this Act of 1875. Line Fencesand May 19, 1876, the British Columbia Line Fences and Water ee Courses Act, 1876, was passed. This measure has little, if any, Chap. 14 relationship to the present Water Act, but, on account of its title, it is advisable just to state, that it provided the means by which interested parties might open a ditch, or water course, for the purpose of letting off surplus water from swamps or low-lying lands, in order to allow the owners or occupiers to cultivate or improve same. Ditches which were opened by owners of ad- joining lands frequently partook, so to speak, of the character of a boundary fence. In consequence of this fact, the Act, here referred to, may be con- sidered more in its aspect of relating to boundary fences than to water courses, as the latter term is understood in its relationship to the present Water Act. . In the Consolidated Statutes of British Columbia, 1877, chap. Steenees, 1807 98, respecting water, corresponds to Land Act, 1875, and has for short title Land Act, 1875; and chap. 123 of 1877 corresponds to the Gold Mining Ordinance, 1867, and has for short title Gold Mining Ordinance, 1867. Land Amendment April 21, 1882, the Land Amendment Act, 1882, which was to Act, 1882, be read and construed with the Land Act, 1875, and the Land ae Amendment Act, 1879, provided in section 3 for the disposal of surplus water by requiring that: “The proprietors or occupiers of any lands subject to irrigation may, with the consent in writing of the Commissioner, by means of flumes, ditches, or drains through the adjacent lands, run their surplus and waste water into any creek, gulch or channel. The Commissioner herein referred to shall mean the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works or Assistant Commissioner: Provided further, that when such power s exercised by either of the above officers any Commissioners acting under the Drainage, Dyking and Irrigation 1331 NO SANI1ad!d SLON (0°98 ‘HSAIY TIAMOd STTIW YadWVd GNV di1Nd ‘OO YAAIY 11AMOd 9 88d WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, 65 Acts for the time being in force, shall not be at liberty to interfere with the power so exercised. The provisions of this clause shall be subject to the provisions of the law for the time being in force respecting compensation for entry upon occupied lands for carrying water through or over them.” Section 4 defines the unit by which water in the province shall be measured, as follows : “In measuring water in any ditch or sluice, the following rules shall be observed :—The water taken into a ditch or sluice shall be measured at the ditch or sluice head. No water shall be taken into a ditch or sluice except in a trough placed horizontally at the place at which the water enters it. One inch of water shall mean half the quantity that will pass through an orifice two inches high by one inch wide, with a constant head of seven inches above the upper side of the orifice.”’ The Land Act, 1884, well consolidates water legislation as con- Land Act, 1884, tained in previous land laws. It i to re-revi Chap. 16 previous land laws is unnecessary to re-review them, as it will suffice to record that in the Land Act, 1884, chap. 16, under the heading ‘Water,’ consisting of sections 43 to 52, section 43 corresponds to section 2 of the Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1872, No. 31; section 44 corresponds to section 45 of the Land Ordinance, 1865; section 45 to section 3 of Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1872; sections 46, 47, 48 and 49, respectively, to sections 46, 47, 48 and 50 of Land Ordinance, 1865; section 50 to section 4 of Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1872; sections 51 and 52 to sections 3 and.4 of the Land Amendment Act, 1882. In the foregoing text of this survey will be found all the sections to which references have just been made for the Land Act of 1884. Respecting the Mineral Act of 1882, chap. 8, and the Mineral Act of 1884, chap. 10, it will not be necessary to discuss these measures. So far as water is concerned, the Act of 1884 is practically identical with the Act of 1882 ; and the Act of 1882 closely corresponds in text to the Gold Mining Ordinance of 1867, which, respecting water, corresponds to the Gold Mining Ordinance of 1865 (Proclamation No. 14). This has already been discussed at some length. This portion of the survey is more concerned in following the course of water legislation as it developed through the various Land Acts, because, in connection with the Land Acts are found set forth those changes in legislation which were projected into the present Water Act ; whereas the provisions of the Mining Acts experienced less change from the early Proclamation of 1865, and, moreover, the provisions of the Mining Acts subsequently were incorpo- rated, practically as a whole, into the Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, April 6, 1886, an Act to amend the Land Act, 1884, was passed. ie a It deals with matters relating to the conveyance of water rights and privileges ; with court decisions ; with water rights imperfectly recorded ; and with rules for the measurement of water. These amendments are important, as water is declared to be appurtenant to the land, and all conveyances of lands are to carry with them the recorded water rights. Thus, section 1 declares that : 66 a COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION “All assignments, transfers, or conveyances of any pre-emption right, where the same are or were permitted by law, and all conveyances of land in fee, whether such assignments, transfers or conveyances were or shall be made before or after the passing of this Act, shall be construed to have conveyed and transferred, and to convey and transfer, any and all recorded water privileges in any manner attached to or used in the working of the land pre-empted or conveyed ; and any person entitled by devise or descent to any pre-emption right or land to which any recorded water privilege was attached or enjoyed by the person or persons last possessed or seized, shall also be entitled tosuch water privileges in connection with the land.” Section 2 states that : “‘Section 29 of the Land Act, 1884, is hereby amended by adding at the end of the section the following words :— “‘Any person dissatisfied with the decision of a Judge of the Supreme Court may appeal to the full court at Victoria, provided that notice of the appeal be given to the opposite party within thirty days from such decision, and provided, also, that the appellant give, within such period such security for costs as the Judge whose decision is appealed from may approve, and such appeal shall be dealt with as near as may be as in the case of an ordinary appeal to the full court from the decision of an action in the Supreme Court.’”’ Respecting the making valid of water rights imperfectly, but bona fide, recorded, section 3 declares that : ‘‘And whereas, many records of water rights and privileges have in past times been honestly, but imperfectly made, and it is desirable that such records should have legal recognition: Therefore, it is declared and enacted that in all cases where the validity of any water record heretofore made may be called in question, and the Court or Judge before whom the case is pending shall be of opinion that such record was bona fide made, the same'shall be held to be good and valid so far as the making and entry thereof is concerned, and effect shall be given thereto according to the intent thereof.’ Relating to the measurement of water, section 4 requires that : ‘In measuring water in any ditch or sluice, the following rules shall be observed :—The water taken into a ditch or sluice shall be measured at the ditch or sluice head. No water shall be taken into a ditch or sluice except in a trough placed horizontally at the place at which the water enters it, and which trough shall be extended two feet beyond the orifice for the discharge of the water. One inch of water shall mean the quantity that will pass through an orifice two inches high by half an inch wide, with a constant head of seven inches above the upper side of the orifice, and every additional inch of water shall mean so much as will pass through the said orifice extended horizontally half an inch.” Section 5, respecting pending litigation, states that : “Nothing in this Act contained shall affect any pending litigation, nor the force or operation of any judgments heretofore rendered, but otherwise this Act shall be construed with and as part of the Land Act, 1884, but not so as to validate any record for any purpose not authorized by law.” Sales Viewers Provision had been made under the Land Act, 1884, for the Act, 1886, establishment of districts to be known as ‘Water Districts.’ Cian 24 April 6, 1886, an Act was passed providing for the election and defining of the duties of water ‘viewers.’ In any water district, a water viewer WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 67 might be elected under certain conditions specified in the Act, by owners or occupiers of land in the district. Each water viewer was empowered to hear, determine and adjust all water disputes and declare matters arising within his district, upon persons who had recorded water for irrigation purposes. The power to adjudicate upon the validity of any records or claims for damages was excluded. This Act was a move along good lines, but it was not much used, probably because of the lack of a necessary collateral governmental agency by which to make the operation of its provisions effective. Amending Land April 28, 1888, An Act to Amend the Land Act, 1884, was Act, 1888, passed. The requirements of this Act (chap. 16), relating to ap. the proceedings by which water might be recorded, and to certain powers conferred upon the Commissioner of the district, are set forth in section 1, which is as follows : ‘“The Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works, with the approval of the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, may, upon such terms and conditions as to compensation to persons affected as the Chief Commissioner may think proper to impose, authorize the diversion, for the benefit of all or any of the Indians located on any Indian reserve, of so much and no more of any unrecorded and unappropriated water from the natural channel of any stream, lake, or river, adjacent to or passing through such reserve, for agricultural purposes, as may be reasonably necessary for such purposes. ‘“‘(2) No water shall be recorded under this section unless and until— ‘‘(a) The provisions of the Land Act, 1884, relating to notice of application to divert and record water have been satisfied : “(b) The Commissioner of the district has served or forwarded by regis- tered letter to each person whose land may be affected by the proposed diversion a copy of the notice mentioned in section 44 of the Land Act : ““(c) The notice required by the provisions of the Land Act, 1884, relating to notice of application to divert and record water has been published for one month in the British Columbia Gazette, and in a newspaper (if any) published in the district, and if there be no newspaper published in the district, then for one month in some newspaper published in the rovince : ‘“‘(d) The Commissioner of the district has reported thereon in writing to the Chief Commissioner as to the volume of water in the creek, stream, or lake from which the water is proposed to be taken the damage or benefit likely to accrue from such diversion to the land owners or other persons having water rights on such stream, creek, or lake from which it is proposed to divert the water; that the amount of water asked for is necessary and reasonable, and for such other particulars as the Chief Commissioner may from time to time require. (3) The Chief Commissioner may with the approval of the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, alter, vary, or cancel, any record made under this section, upon such terms and conditions as he may deem proper. (4) No authority for the diversion of water under this section shall be granted unless and until the Chief Commissioner has been satisfied that the terms and conditions as to notice have been satisfied and com- pensation (if ordered) has been paid. 68 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION ““(5) All questions connected with the diversion of water under this section, compensation for damages, or quantity of water required, shall be decided in a summary manner by the Chef Commissioner, and the Chief Commissioner may, in writing, direct any Assistant Commissioner or Justice of the Peace to take on oath the evidence of any person who can give evidence on or whose evidence is material to the decision of the matters in question, and such Assistant Commissioner or Justice of the Peace shall have full power and authority to take such evidence and to summon before him such persons.”’ Consolidated The Consolidated Laws of British Columbia for 1888, contain, Ey edbe eae in chapter 66, the consolidation of the laws affecting Crown Chap. 66 lands. The basis for the consolidation is the Land Act, 1884. In the portion of the Act relating to water, sections 39 to 47, inclusive, cor- respond to 43 to 51 in chap. 16 of 1884. Sections 48, 49, 50 and 51 correspond, respectively, to sections 4, 1, 3 and 5 of chap. 10 of the Acts of 1886 ; section 52 is derived from chap. 16 of the Act of 1888. The consolidation of the Mineral Act, chap. 82, embodies, respecting water, chap. 10 of the Act of 1884. Rivers and April 26, 1890, a comprehensive Act was passed, to regulate oO oH the clearing of rivers and streams. This Act, intituled Rivers Chap. 43 and Streams Act, 1890, chap. 43, states in section 1 that : “Tt shall be lawful for the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, wpon receipt of a proposal from any person (in this Act referred to as ‘the promoter’) desirous of clearing and removing obstructions from any lake, river, creek or stream, and for making the same fit for rafting and driving thereon logs, timber, lumber, containing the terms and conditions upon which he is willing to undertake the same, to accept such proposal provisionally, but subject to any such modifica- tions and alterations of the terms thereof as the Lieutenant-Governor in Council shall think fit.” The promoter of the proposed undertaking is given ample powers to en- able him to undertake such works, subject to the making of surveys; the providing for compensation to owners for damages ; the giving of security ; the fyling of plans, book of reference, etc., with the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works ; the publication of specified notice; the preservation of the privileges of irrigation or milling ; the provision for persons to take advan- tage, on the payment of reasonable tolls, of the promoter’s improvements, etc. April 20, 1891, the Placer Mining Act, chap. 26, was passed. en 1891, The provisions which this Act contains, respecting water, con- sist for the most part of a combination of provisions derived from the Mineral Act and the Land Act. It provides ‘that every free miner shall be entitled to the use of so much of the water actually flowing through or past his placer claim, and not already lawfully appropriated, as shall, in the opinion of the Gold Commissioner, be necessary for the due working thereof. Provision is made by which a free miner may obtain a grant to a water right in any unappropriated water for any placer mining purpose upon certain specific conditions. The free miner must properly post a notice in writing ; a record of the grant must be made with the Mining Recorder ; the rights of other free miners are very fully protected ; the water must actually be used beneficially and not wasted; wilful waste may entail forfeiture of grant ; WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 69 proper and substantial ditch construction is demanded ; and wide discretionary powers are vested in the Gold Commissioner. In cases of dispute respecting priority sections 62 and 63 provide that : “On any dispute between applicants for a grant prior to such grant being made, priority of notice shall constitute priority of right, if any.” And “A grant duly recorded shall speak from the date of the grant, and not from the date of the record.” The Act provides that, although a grant of a water right made in respect of any placer claim, or placer mine held as real estate, shall be deemed appur- tenant to such claim or mine, nevertheless, whenever such claim or mine is worked out, abandoned or forfeited, or whenever the occasion for the use of the water upon the claim or mine shall have permanently ceased, the grant shall be at an end and determined. The Placer Mining Act, 1891, was repealed by the Water Act, 1897, but in the last named Act will be found the essence of the provisions which we have just referred to, as applicable to free miners. Water Privileges ‘An Act to confirm to the Crown, all unrecorded and unappro- a 1892, priated water, and water-power in the province, and cited as Map 47 the Water Privileges Act, 1892, was passed April 23, 1892, The preamble of the Act recites that : ““Whereas, by sections 39 to 52, inclusive, of the Land Act, provision is made for the diversion and use of water from natural water-courses, and the acquisition of a right to the use of water and the conditions of such diversion and acquisition ate prescribed : ‘“‘And whereas it is expedient to define and regulate the powers of com- panies incorporated under special Act or otherwise for the constructing and maintaining water works and electrical works, and having the power to divert, appropriate, and use streams of water for motive purposes ; and to place certain restrictions upon the acquisition of water privileges : “Therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legis- lative Assembly of the Province of British Columbia, enacts as follows:. .. ”’ The Act explicitly declares that certain water rights are vested in the Crown in the right of the Province. Thus, section 2 states that : “The right to the use of all water at any time in any river, water-course, lake, or stream not being a navigable river or otherwise under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Parliament of Canada, is hereby declared to be vested in the Crown in the right of the Province, and, save in the exercise of any legal tight existing at the time of such diversion or appropriation, no person shall divert or appropriate any water from any river, water-course, lake, or stream, excepting under the provisions of this Act, or of some other Act already or hereafter to be passed, or except in the exercise of the general right of all persons to use water for domestic and stock supply from any river, water-course, lake, or stream vested in the Crown, and to which there is access by a public road or reserve.”’ With respect to the obtaining of the exclusive right to the use of any water, the Act provides that such right shall not be acquired, or conferred, except by parliamentary enactment. Section 3 states : 70 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION “ After the passing of this Act, no right to the permanent diversion or to the exclusive use of the water in any river, water-course, lake, or stream shall be acquired by any riparian owner, or by any other person, by length of use or otherwise than as the same may be acquired or conferred under the provisions of this Act, or of some existing or future Act of Parliament.” With respect to the powers and privileges that may be enjoyed by any Company, the Act, under section 4, states that : “The powers mentioned in this section may also equally be granted to any person desiring to use or improve any water privilege of which he holds the record or to which he is entitled under any special Act of the Province.” Provision is also made for the publication of notice of application for water in the British Columbia Gazette. The remaining portion deals more particularly with the rules and pro- cedure of the Courts in connection with questions arising under the Act. In 1897, an important measure, chapter 115, was re-enacted, reg ete declaring that the Civil Laws of England, as the same existed on the nineteenth day of November, 1858, and in so far as the same were not, from local circumstances, inapplicable, should be enforced in all parts of British Columbia : provided, however, that the said laws should be held to be modified and altered by all legislation that still had the force of law of the Province of British Columbia, or of any former colony comprised within the geographic limits thereof.* Water Clauses Lhe Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, is a highly com- Consolidation mendable conservation enactment, and marks the greatest eae advance up to that time made in the water laws of the Province. The Act may be more fully described as one to confirm to the Crown all un- recorded and unappropriated water and water-power in the Province, and to consolidate and amend the laws relating to the acquiring of water rights and privileges for ordinary domestic, mining and agricultural purposes, and for making adequate provision for municipal water supply, and for the application of water-power to industrial and mechanical purposes. The Act also provides for the procedure by which the exercise of the provisions and powers set forth in the Act may be secured. *Under English Law the riparian owner has the right to the undiminished flow ofastream. Sec- tion 4 of the Water Act, 1914, relates to riparian rights. Since 1892, with practically no change, it has been preserved in the water legislation of the Province. The Water Act, 1914, section 6, provides for the clearing up of the situation in British Columbia with respect to riparian rights. It definitely states that, after June 1, 1916, riparian ownership, per se, confers no right to the use of water. The question respecting whether a riparian owner under existing legislation in British Col- umbia, has any rights superior to, or over-riding, the rights granted by a provincial water record, was raised in the case of David Cook vs. City of Vancouver. Cook, a riparian owner, under a Crown land grant made 9th December, 1892, subsequent to the coming into force of Water Privileges Act, 1892, contended that he was being deprived of his riparian rights by the diversion of water by the City of Vancouver under a water record granted December 12th, 1905, by virtue of the Water Act of 1897. The Judgment of March 6, 1912, of the Supreme Court of British Columbia, and affirmed by the Court of Appeal of that Province, was that these riparian rights could not be upheld. (Consult British Columbia Reports, Vol. XVII, pp. 477 et seq.) The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, on June 23, 1914, confirmed the decisions of the lower Courts. (See Law Reports, Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 1914, pp. 1077, et seg.) The defendant’s rights were of record, those of the riparian owner were not. Thus, since April 23, 1892, the riparian owner in British Columbia, has, in the opinion of the Court, not possessed the rights which riparian owners commonly enjoy under the law of England. : WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 71 The preamble of the Act is an admirable recital of its general scope. It states that : “Whereas, by the Water Privileges Act, 1892, all water and water-power in the Province, not under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Parliament of Canada, remaining unrecorded and unappropriated on the 23rd day of April, 1892, were declared to be vested in the Crown in right of the Province, and . it was by the said Act enacted that no right to the permanent diversion or exclusive use of any water or water-power so vested in the Crown should after the said date be acquired or conferred save under privilege or power in that behalf granted or conferred by Act of the Legislative Assembly theretofore passed, or thereafter to be passed : “And whereas the Land Act, the Placer Mining Act, 1891, and the Mineral Act, 1896, contain provisions authorizing the diversion and use of water from natural water-courses and the acquisition of rights to the use of water upon the conditions as to such acquisition and diversion in the said Acts contained : ‘““And whereas it is necessary and expedient at the present session, to provide for the due conservation of all water and water-power so vested in the Crown as aforesaid, and to provide means whereby such water and water-power may be made available to the fullest possible extent in aid of the industrial development, and of the agricultural and mineral resources of the Province : “And whereas for the furtherance of the purposes aforesaid, it is expedient to enact an exclusive and comprehensive law governing the granting of water- rights and privileges, and to provide and regulate the mode of acquisition and enjoyment of such privileges, and the royalties payable to the Crown in respect thereof : “Therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of British Columbia, enacts as follows . .”’ Clauses relating to water and of force in prior Acts, viz.,in the Mineral Act, 1896, chapter 34 ; the Placer Mining Act, 1891, chapter 26 ; The Placer Mining Amendment Act, 1894, chapter 33; the Land Act, 1888, chapter 66; the Land Act Amendment Act, 1891, chapter 15; the Water Viewers Act, 1888, chapter 117 ; and the Water Privileges Act, 1882, chapter 47, were repealed. The Act, as printed in the Consolidated Statutes of 1897, consists of 154 sections. While it is impossible to review this important act in detail, atten- tion must be directed to some of the new and important features which have been transmitted to the present Act. It provides that : “Unrecorded water shall mean all water which, for the time being, is not held under and used in accordance with a record under this Act, or under the Acts repealed hereby, or under special grant by Public or Private Act, and shall include all water for the time being unappropriated or unoccupied, or not used for a beneficial purpose.” The rights of the Crown to all unrecorded water are most definitely affirmed, as may be seen from sections 4, 5, and 6, which state that : “4. The right to the use of the unrecorded water at any time in any river, lake, or stream, is hereby declared to be vested in the Crown in the right of the Province, and, save in the exercise of any legal right existing at the time of such diversion or appropriation, no person shall divert or appropriate any water from any river, water-course, lake, or stream, excepting under the provisions of this Act, or of some other Act already or hereafter to be passed, or except in the exercise of the general right of all persons to use water for 72 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION domestic and stock supply from any river, lake, or stream vested in the Crown, and to which there is access by a public road or reserve. “5. No right to the permanent diversion or to the exclusive use of the water in any river, lake or stream shall be acquired by any riparian owner, or by any other person, by length of use or otherwise, than as the same may be acquired or conferred under the provisions of this Act, or of some existing or future Act. “6. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may from time to time impose and reserve to the Crown, in right of the Province, such rents, royalties, tolls and charges in respect of the waters, or of the lands of the Crown and of the powers, rights and privileges, which may be acquired in pursuance of this Act, as by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council shall be deemed to be just and proper, and may likewise make and pass such regulations and rules as may be deemed necessary and advisable for the collection and enforcement of such rents, royalties, tolls and charges, or any of them : “‘(a) Provided, that where by Order-in-Council such rents, royalties, tolls and charges are fixed in respect of any power, right or privilege, the same shall be permanent for the space of three years next succeeding the passing of such Order-in-Council fixing the same, and thereafter shall be subject to triennial adjustment, increase or decrease.” All considerations respecting the actual and beneficial use of water are again safeguarded. For example, section 7 states that : “Every right, power, and privilege conferred by and acquired under this Act shall be subject to and conditional upon the reasonable use for the purposes for which such right, power, or privilege is conferred and acquired.” Every owner of land, irrespective of whether he be a riparian owner or otherwise, is given the right to secure a record and divert water for various purposes specified in the Act. Section 8 states : “Every owner of land may secure the right to divert unrecorded water from any stream or lake for agricultural, domestic, or for mechanical or indus- trial purposes, and purposes incidental thereto, to an amount reasonably necessary therefore, upon obtaining a record thereof in manner hereinafter appointed.” This extension of right to ‘every owner of land,’ to secure a water record; naturally resulted in a large increase of records. The Act had provided that, unless construction work were started and diligently prosecuted to completion, the Commissioner might cancel the record. Thus, section 23 states : “Within sixty days after the record is made, or within such further time as the Commissioner, or Gold Commissioner, may in his discretion, upon proof to his satisfaction of special circumstances rendering further time necessary, by writing duly recorded in the book of the record of water grants, the holder shall commence the excavation and construction of the ditch, flumes, and works in or by means of which he intends to divert, convey or utilize the water, and shall prosecute the work diligently and uninterruptedly to completion : Provided, always, that the Commissioner, or Gold Commissioner, may, in his discretion, allow such work to cease for any necessary or reasonable time, upon cause being shown. Upon the non-fulfilment of any of the conditions of this section, the Commissioner, or Gold Commissioner, may, upon notice, cancel the record.” The Commissioner, as in former acts, might also cancel a record for un- reasonable use or wilful waste of water. The Commissioners, however, appear WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 73 seldom to have exercised this right, so that the records continued to accumu- late, no matter how unreasonable may have been the circumstances under which some of them were held. The Act of 1897 provided for the issuance, by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, of a ‘certificate of approval’ of any proposed undertaking of a power company. The certificate was to fix the amount of the capital to be sub- scribed. It was to be certified under the hand of the Clerk of the Executive Council, and filed in the office of the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies. A copy of such certificate was to form part of the memorandum and articles of the association of the company. The certificate was to be published in the British Columbia Gazette and a copy filed in the office of the Commissioner. With respect to the carrying out of works of construction, it is specified in section 87, subsection 3, that / “Such certificate shall also fix the time within which the portion of the capital is to be subscribed in respect of the specified portion of such undertaking and works in such certificate dealt with, and the time within which such portion is to be commenced, and also the time within which such works shall be in operation: Provided that the aggregate of the times fixed for the sub- scribing of such amount of capital in respect of, and the commencing of, the first specified portion of the undertaking and works in such certificate dealt with shall not exceed twelve months ; and in respect of the remaining portions ‘ of the undertaking and works shall not exceed such timés as shall be prescribed by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council in that behalf.”’ And subsection 2 of section 90, respecting the first period of twelve months, states : “The first aggregate period of twelve months hereinbefore provided in respect of the first specified portion of the undertaking and works shall not be extended under any circumstances, and no period of time fixed by any certificate granted to the power company shall be extended upon application made after such time has elapsed, except on condition that such extension shall be subject to any intervening record acquired, or any record thereafter acquired upon an application, notice whereof was given after the expiry of such time and before such extension.”’ The Act was not without its weaknesses. As was pointed out above, the failure to cancel records for adequate cause permitted troublesome docu- ments to accumulate. If the proper executive agencies had been created, under this Act, so that the details of the new legislation would have been satisfactorily enforced, much that subsequently contributed to the com- plication of the water situation in British Columbia would have been avoided. Unfortunately, it was left for later legislation to create special boards of in- vestigation and adjudication to deal radically with both old and new water records. Notwithstanding such weaknesses, the Water Act of 1897 was a measure of exceptional merit, and marked a great advance in water legislation. February 27, 1899, an Act to Amend the Water Clauses Con- solidation Act, 1897, chap. 27, was passed, providing for alter- ation of the rates chargeable for rents, royalties, tolls and other charges in respect of the waters or of the land of the Crown ; and of the powers, rights and privileges which may be acquired under said Act, by Chapter 77, 1899 74 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION the Lieutenant-Governor in Council. A special provision was also made for the purpose of declaring the rights of the West Kootenay Light & Power Co., Ltd., under part IV of the Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897. Water Clauses August 31, 1900, an Act to Amend the Water Clauses Con- Consolidation . : : Amendment Act, SOlidation Act, 1897, chap. 44, was passed. It provided for Chap. 44,1900 the acquisition of water for certain purposes by municipal Corporations, and was inserted after part IV of the Water Clauses Consolida- tion Act, 1897. : In general, chapter 44 provides that any municipal corporation may ac- quire the right to render water and water-power available for use, application, and distribution, by erecting dams, increasing the head of water in any existing body of water, or extending the area thereof, diverting the waters of any stream, pool, pond, or lake into any other channel or channels, laying or erect- ing any line of flume, pipes, or wire, constructing any raceway, reservoir, aqueduct, weir, wall, building, or other erection of work which may be ac- quired in connection with the improvement, and the use of said water and water-power, or by altering, renewing, extending, improving, repairing or maintaining any such works, or any parts thereof. A Municipality may, subject to the conditions of the Act, also acquire or use the water or water-power for producing any form of power, or for producing and generating electricity for the purposes of any undertaking for which a by-law has been passed as aforesaid. The Act requires that the municipality shall file, with the Clerk of the ‘Executive Council, a complete statement of all facts and matters necessary to fully inform the Lieutenant-Governor in Council respecting the purposes and undertaking of the municipality, and all matters and things affected by, or relating thereto. The statement shall be accompanied by documents such as the special by-laws of the municipality which relate to the project, a certified statement from the Commissioner, respecting the existent records covering . the waters to be used, a statement setting forth the character of the proposed works and undertaking, and an estimate of their cost. The Act makes provision for the issuance, by the Lieutenant-Governor. in Council to the municipality, of a ‘certificate’ approving the proposed under- taking and permitting the municipality to acquire, hold and exercise all the rights, powers, privileges and priorities mentioned and referred to in the certi- ficate. Wide powers are vested with the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, relating to the issuance of further certificates, the modifications of the terms of any certificates already issued, and for the imposing upon the municipality of such conditions as will protect the interests of persons whose lands or rights are affected by the undertaking of the works of the municipality. Power Companies The Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, required that Relief Act, 1902, companies desiring to acquire and utilize water records would Chaps90 have to be incorporated under the provisions of such Act. This provision obviously necessitated the re-incorporation of many companies. To meet this difficulty, an Act to Enable Power Companies to Exercise the WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 75 Powers set out in Part IV of the Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, Without Becoming Specially Incorporated (chap. 56) was passed on June 21, 1902. After reciting that it would be cumbersome to companies, already incorporated or licensed, to be compelled to reincorporate and maintain separate and distinct organizations, merely for the purpose of acquiring and maintain- ing water rights theretofore acquired, it states that : “Any company heretofore or hereafter duly incorporated or licensed to carry on business in the Province of British Columbia, which company by its memorandum or Act of incorporation, is authorized to acquire, operate or carry on the business of a power company, may, notwithstanding the provisions of the Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, relating to the incorporation of companies thereunder, acquire, hold, utilize and obtain the benefit of any water records lawfully acquired by the company by record, purchase or otherwise in the same manner, to the same extent, and with the same benefits and advan- tages to all intents and purposes as if the said company had been duly incor- porated for any or all of such purposes under the provisions of the Water Clauses Consolidation Act 1897, and amending Acts. Provided, always, that any such company so incorporated, or licensed, shall in all other respects observe and perform the terms and conditions of the Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, so far as applicable as fully and effectually as required by said Act. “Before any company may obtain the benefit of the provisions of this Act, it shall pay to the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies the fees that must be paid by a company for special incorporation to exercise the powers set out in Part IV of the said Act, and the charges for publishing the certificate men- tioned in this and the following section, and must obtain from said Registrar a certificate that the company has complied with the provisions of this Act, and is in the same position as if it had been specially incorporated as required by Part IV of the Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897. “A copy of the certificate mentioned in the preceding section must be inserted in four successive issues of the British Columbia Gazette.” Chapter 72 of Acts of 1902, assented to June 21, 1902, is unimportant in the present survey, as it only refers to the amending of a single phrase relating to the acquisition by municipalities of water-works constructed by incorpor- ated companies. Water-courses May 4, 1903, an Act, chapter 28, intituled the Water-courses a Obstruction Act, 1903, was passed to prevent the obstruction Chap. 28 of lakes and water-courses. It exempted any lawful works, such as dams, bridges, or the necessary felling of a tree to constitute a bridge from one side of a stream to another. Section 2 defines what are deemed to be unlawful obstructions. It states that : “Subject to any jurisdiction of the Dominion of Canada in this behalf, and to any Acts passed in the exercise of such jurisdiction, in case a person throws, or in case an owner or occupier of a mill suffers or permits to be thrown, into any lake, river, stream, rivulet or water-course, slabs, bark, saw-dust, waste stuff or other refuse of any saw-mill, or stumps, roots, shrubs, tan-bark, driftwood or waste wood, or leached ashes, or in case a person fells, or causes to be felled, in or across such lake, river, stream, rivulet or water-course, timber or growing or standing trees, and allows the same to remain 1n or across such lake, river, stream, rivulet or water-course, he shall incur a penalty not exceeding ten dollars and not less than one dollar for each day during which the contra- vention of this Act continues, over and above all damages arising therefrom.’’ 76 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION This Act was subsequently repealed incident to its provisions being in- corporated in the Water Act. February 10, 1904, 3 and 4 Ed. 7., Chapter 56, an Act to Amend the Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, was passed. This measure is of little im- portance in connection with this survey. It relates to the diversion, for mining purposes, of certain specified quantities of water, having regard to records that may exist with respect to any particular stream. Water Clauses Chapter 55, Water Clauses Consolidation Act Amendment Consolidation Act 4 ot 1905, assented to April 8, makes provision for the cor- Amendment Act , , Pp ’ P 1905, Chap.55 recting of water records. The applicant for a correction is required to give sixty days’ notice in the British Columbia Gaztite, and in a newspaper circulatirig in the District, and also ten days’ notice to all record- holders and applicants for records for water upon the same stream or lake. Provision is also made for a hearing from objectors. The object of this Act is set forth in section 2, as follows : ‘“‘Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, is hereby amended by adding thereto the following section :— “Whenever a water record has been issued in the name of the wrong person, or contains any clerical error or wrong description of the water granted, or which the original applicant sought to have granted, of its point of diversion, place of user, or of the direction in which it is to be taken from point of diversion to point of user, the Commissioner of the district may, upon the application of the holder of such defective record, amend the said record, or may cancel the same and may grant a new one in its stead, which corrected record shall date back to the date of the one so amended or cancelled, and shall operate as if issued at the date of such cancelled record. ‘*The person intending to apply to have a water record corrected, under the provisions of this section, shall give sixty days’ notice of his intention in the British Columbia Gazette and in a newspaper circulating in the district in which the record was granted, and shall give ten days’ notice to all record- holders and applicants for records of water upon the same stream or lake, such notice to be personal, or where personal service cannot be made, then in manner directed by the Gold Commissioner. ‘““The Commissioner of the district shall hear all persons who object to the correction of the record, and from his decision, either for or against the applicant, there shall be an appeal. “Sections 36 to 39, both inclusive, of this Act shall apply to such appeals.” Chapter 47 of 1906, assented to March 12, 1906, amends section 41 of the Water Act, 1897, relating to the expropriation of recorded water by munici- palities, by substituting for ‘‘to the extent deemed necessary by the munici- pality”’ the words ‘to the extent proved by the municipality to the satisfaction of the Lieutenant-Governor in Council to be necessary.” Water Clauses April 25, 1907, by Chapter 47, Water Clauses Consolidation (oay acne Act, 1897, Amendment Act, 1907, provision was made whereby Act, 1907, an incorporated company, which had heretofore constructed Chapter 47 and put in operation a system of water-works without ob- taining the necessary certificate, as provided for by the Water Clauses Con- solidation Act, 1897, might receive same. A judge of the Supreme Court was WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 77 empowered, upon its appearing to his satisfaction that the company had complied with certain specified provisions of the Act, to grant the company a certificate in such form as he may deem proper. Provision was made, also, for the holding of hearings, and the judge was empowered, if he deemed it neces- sary in the public interest, to insert in the certificate such conditions and re- strictions, including restrictions applicable to the maximum rates to be charged by the company, according to his discretion. Prior to 1909, a commission was appointed to enquire into all matters re- lating to the use of waters in the province. This commission subsequently published a report which largely prompted the preparation and enactment of the Water Act, 1909. ° Water Clauses The Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, was again amended Consolidation ee March 7, 1908, by chapter 56, 1908. This amendment alters Act, 1908, the procedure by an applicant for a water record. It specifies Chap. 56 in greater detail where notices of application for a record are to be exhibited, and also, as in the Act of 1897, sets forth the particulars which the notice must contain. Further provisions are made with respect to the storage of water, and for the expropriation of lands required for same. This amending act, with respect to power companies, provides in section 8, that : “The power company shall, before proceeding with the construction of its works, apply to the Lieutenant-Governor in Council for approval and shall obtain a certificate of approval of its undertaking, and shall give notice of stich intention by a notice inserted at the expense of the power company in the British Columbia Gazette and in any newspaper published and circulating in the district in which the works are to be constructed.” The various documents which the power company was required to file with the Clerk of the Executive Council, are the same as enumerated in the 1897 Act. Special attention has already been drawn to the great advance Mater met in water legislation represented in the Water Clauses Con- solidation Act of 1897. We come now to the Water Act of 1909, which constitutes the next great effort to consolidate the experience gained in the operation of prior enactments. In the administration of the very commendable Act of 1897, a number of difficulties were encountered which showed the necessity for modifying por- tions of it and for enlarging its scope. The framing of the new Act was en- trusted to the Provincial Commissioner of Lands, Hon. F. J. Fulton. He personally, with expert assistants, made an investigation of conditions through- out British Columbia, as well as in the United States. Mr. Fulton states that Mr. Charles Wilson, K.C., draughted the Act and spent considerable time in weighing it section by section with various experts.* The Act is divided into * Respecting parliamentary discussion of the Water Act of 1909, see the Colonist, Victoria, B.C., February 16th, 1909; for debate on second reading, by Mr. Fulton, see issue of February 16th, 1909, and re action by Committee of the Whole, see issues of March 2nd to March 12th, 1909 ; consult, also, Index to the Journals of the Legislature. Also, statement by Mr. Fulton before Western Canada Irrigation Association, published in Report of the Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Convention, held at Kamloops, B.C., August 3-5, 1910, pp. 25 et seq, Ottawa, 1911. 78 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 17 parts, each dealing comprehensively with a specific subject. As the Premier of British Columbia, when referring to this Act, with its 333 sections, stated, “It is not an Act that can be taken up and read and understood at first glance.”’ It is, however, essential to our purpose that the bearing of some of the features introduced into this new measure be thoroughly appreciated. The preamble to the Act well sets forth its general object when it recites that : ““Whereas, all water in the Province, not under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Parliament of Canada remaining unrecorded and unappropriated on the 23rd day of April, 1892, has already been declared by the Legislature of the Province of British Columbia to be vested in the Crown in the right of the Province ; “And, whereas, in the past, records of the right to divert and use water have been honestly but imperfectly made, resulting in confusion and litigation ; “‘And, whereas, it is desirable that the rights of existing users under former records should:be properly declared ; “And, whereas, it is desirable and expedient that the law relating to the . acquisition and use of water for all purposes should be amended and con- solidated, and the right to acquire and use water be brought under one uniform system. Therefore, His Majesty, etc.” The Act devotes special attention to the interpretation of terms ‘bearing special significance, such, for example, as ‘water,’ ‘unrecorded water,’ ‘duty of water,’ ‘acre-foot,’ ‘record,’ ‘license,’ etc. The Act’ states that ‘record’ shall mean an entry in some official book kept for that purpose, or any certi- ficate of the record of water issued under the provisions of any Act of this Province ; and ‘license’ shall mean a license to use water, or take and use water. No license could be issued for more than one purpose. The definition of ‘unrecorded water’ in section 2, being the Interpretation Section, is ‘important. It states: ““Unrecorded water’ shall mean all water which, for the time being, is not held under and used in accordance with a license under this Act, or a record under any former Act, or under special grant by public or private Act, and shall include all water for the time being unappropriated or unoccupied and not used for a beneficial purpose.”’ The Act strongly reaffirms the rights of the Crown in all unrecorded and all unappropriated water and water-power in the Province. There is some change in wording, as may be seen by comparing the new sections, 4 and 5, with those above quoted from the earlier legislation. Section 4 states : “Saving the right of every riparian proprietor to the use of water for domestic purposes, the right to the use of the unrecorded water in any stream is hereby declared to be vested in the Crown in the right of the Province, and save in the exercise of any legal right existing at the time of such diversion or appropriation, no person shall divert or appropriate any water except under the provisions of this or some former Act, or except in the exercise of the general right of all persons to use for domestic purposes water to which there is lawful public or private access.” Section 5 states that : “No right to the permanent diversion or to the exclusive use of any water shall be acquired by any riparian owner or by any other person by length of use or otherwise than as the same may have been acquired or conferred under this or some former Act.” WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 79 A definite unit of measurement of water is introduced in section 6, which states that ‘‘The discharge of one cubic foot of water per second shall be the unit of measurement of flowing water, and the acre foot the unit of measure- ment of quantity.” The Chief Commissioner is authorized to divide the province, or such parts thereof as may be convenient, into districts, to be called ‘Water Dis- tricts,’ and to define the boundaries thereof.* We have previously drawn attention to the fact that on many streams throughout the province the available water supply had been very much over- recorded. Frequently, there was only about one-fifth or one-tenth of the amount of water in a stream that would be required to supply the aggregate amount covered by the records, and, in some cases, the stream was over- recorded nearly twenty times. This condition of affairs was unendurable, and a Board of Investigation was appointed to deal with the problem in a manner in which it could not be dealt with under the Consolidated Act of 1897. Homaut The Board of Investigation consists of the Chief Commissioner Investigation, and two or more persons. According to section 9 of the Act, this tribunal is . . . for the purpose of hearing the claims of all persons holding or claiming to hold records of water, or other water rights under any former public Act or Ordinance, of determining the priorities of the respective claimants, of pre- scribing the terms (not inconsistent with this Act) upon which new licenses to take and use water pursuant to this Act will be granted, and generally of determining all other matters and things in this part referred to the Board for determination, and discharging such duties with respect to existing rights and claims as may be imposed upon the Board, and with such powers and authorities for that purpose as are in this part conferred.” The Board was given wide powers to examine into the old records, make physical measurements of the flow of water, areas and respective character of lands involved, hold meetings, hear testimony, and, in fact, acquaint itself with all data essential to reaching the best possible decision in respect to clearing up the old records. It is obvious that, having all essential data before it, including information respecting the amount of water available from the stream or lake in question, knowledge of the quantity of land that can be brought under irrigation, information respecting previous records applicable to the source of supply in question, and, having also called before it all inter- ested persons who wish to be heard, the Board would be in a satisfactory position to deal with and adjudicate upon the outstanding claims. Old records were to be reinstated according to their order of priority for such amount of water to each record holder as, in the opinion of the Board, he was entitled to. By this procedure the old records were fairly dealt with, and superseded by granting to interested parties licenses authorizing the use of the water in question. Section 4 of the Act provides that every license shall have respect * Respecting the establishing of Water Districts—see British Columbia Gazette, 1909, p. 1,062. Compare section 52, chapter 81, Water Act, 1914. On 24th July, 1913, by Order-in-Council, No. 1,031, the Water District boundaries formerly existing, which conformed to the boundaries of the Land Districts, were cancelled as from September, 1913, and were re-defined so as to con- form to the confines of natural watersheds (see B.C. Gazette, July 31, 1913, p. 6,476). 80 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION to the requirements of riparian proprietors for domestic use, and section 49 defines the priority of purpose and of right in the acquisition of water, stating) the various uses as follows : : “‘First—Domestic purposes ; ““Second—Municipal purposes; which shall mean and include the supply of water by any company to city, town, village, or unincorporated locality for domestic purposes ; “Third—lIrrigation of land for agricultural or horticultural purposes ; ‘‘Fourth—Steam, which shall mean and include water required for the production of steam for working railways, steam factories, and all other purposes save the production of electricity ; “Fifth—Power, which shall include the use of water for any other pur- pose excepting mining ; “Sixth—Mining, which shall include the use of water for any purpose in connection with mining ; ‘‘Seventh—Clearing streams for driving logs.”’ The Water Act of 1897, sec. 18, made a distinction between records ob- tained under that Act and any subsequent Act, and records under any Act ‘heretofore passed,’ that is to say, passed prior to May 8, 1897. The subject of validity of early records in the case of non-users, under the 1909 Act, is open to the same kind of questioning that exists in the case of the 1897 Act, under section 4, construed in conjunction with the definition of ‘unrecorded water’ in the Interpretation Section. The framers of the 1909 Act deemed it expedient to leave decisions respecting the subject of validity in abeyance until such time as additional light could be thrown upon it by experience gained in the practical adjudication of the new Act or subsequent measures. Extensive provisions, however, are made under the 1909 Act for clearing up the early records. Under the Act of 1897, if a water record had been abandoned, or was not in user, the Commissioner, upon the application of an owner of land who would be entitled to apply for a record of unrecorded water, could grant an interim record. But, the owner of the existing prior record, upon giving not less than three months’ notice of his intention so to do, could exert the rights of his original record and thus nullify those of the interim record or at least such part thereof as he might reasonably require. The old records could not be cleared up by the Commissioner under the Act of 1897, and, unless invalid, such records might, as just intimated, lie dormant for many years and subsequently be brought to life by the original holder again exerting his prerogatives. This was due to the fact that the Act of 1897 made no provision whereby old records could be cleared up, the various issues at stake being left to arrangement be- tween the parties involved or to decisions of the court. The Water Act of 1909 takes into consideration the fact that the Board of Investigation might not consider that records granted prior to May 8, 1897, were invalid under section 4, and the definition of ‘unrecorded water’ in the Interpretation Sec- tion of the 1897 Act, by reason of non-user. It permits the issuance of a license to the original holder of the record, provided he puts in his ditch and works, and makes beneficial use of the water within one year. (See section Plate 7 ICE RIVER GLACIER, TRIBUTARY TO HOMATHKO RIVER The foot of this glacier is only between 300 and 400 feet above sea. ‘ f & gw REVELSTOKE HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT, ILLECILLEWAET RIVER Showing in-take dam and wood stave pipelines. Canadian Pacific Ry. grade may be seen above. WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 81 43.) Also, in the 1909 Act, provision is made (see section 253) that if the powers granted by any license—and this includes licenses replacing old records —be not exercised for three successive years, then such license automatically lapses. The Commissioner, however, has power to reinstate the license, and even to give it its original priority, if the representations made to him in the premises appear just and reasonable. Part V of the Act sets forth the procedure necessary to obtain water licenses and defines the general rights acquired by licensees. It also specifies the jurisdiction that will be exercised by individual Water Commissioners. Respecting the subject of water storage, the legislation first introduced in 1908 has been modified and amplified. The Water Act of 1909 enters more fully into this subject and makes provision for the storing of water whereby the holder of a license. to store—subject to limitations imposed by the Act —receives right and property in the water so stored. Section 250 of the Act requires of every licensee that : ““Every license issued under this Act shall be for the beneficial use of the quantity of water permitted to be taken and used, and notwithstanding the quantity of water granted by any license, no licensee shall, to the prejudice of others, divert more water from any stream than can for the time being be by him beneficially used, and the exclusive right shall be limited to the quantity of water his works will carry.” As previously pointed out, under section 253, if a licensee does not carry out his obligations in good faith, then “Tf the powers granted by any license shall not be exercised (in good faith and not colourably) for three successive years, they shall, 7pso facto become null and void. The Water Commissioner may, however, upon application to him and upon notice to all persons likely to be affected by such renewal, reduce the quantity of water granted or grant the quantity originally permitted and renew the license, giving it the original or any priority he may deem just.” The powers of the Water Commissioners are defined in section 287. It is not necessary to go into further details respecting this Act, because our chief object is to set forth the salient features of legislation as, from time to time, they appear in the various enactments—all to the end of assisting in the inter- pretation of the latest form of the provinéial Water Legislation, and which has aimed at incorporating all that was desirable from previous legislation and experience. The foregoing indicates some of the defects of the earlier Consolidated Act of 1897, and shows the pressing need of providing legislation and executive machinery by which the old records could be cleaned up. It has been indicated how, by the Act of 1909, a Board of Investigation was appointed for this pur- pose, and the character of its duties has been noted, as well as some other special feattires which it is unnecessary to recapitulate. On March 10, 1910, Chapter 52, the Water Act, 1909, Amendment Act, 1910, was passed, providing for certain verbal and other modifications affecting executive procedure. On March 1, 1911, by chapter 59, further amendments relating to various procedure on the part of the Water Commissioners, to advertisements, to ex- 82 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION tension of time with respect to surveys, and of works, etc., were made. These are largely of a detailed character and do not involve any change in principle. : The Water Act of 1909, together with amendments, was con- Revised Statutes : : ‘i geet Chap. 239 1911 SOlidated in Chapter 239 of the Revised Statutes of British Columbia, 1911. In the administration of the Water Act of 1909, licenses issued by some of the district Water Commissioners created difficulties of the very kind which the Board of Investigation was appointed to remove. It became clear, therefore, that uniformity in the issuance of licenses could only be secured by issuing them froma central office. Mr. J. F. Armstrong, whose long experience with the water legislation of the province has been so valuable in assisting to bring the administration of the provincial water resources to its present efficiency, has well summarized the chief of the necessary amendments to the Water Act of 1909. He states that it was found necessary to : 1. Simplify the notices which were to be posted and published ; 2. Give the applicant a short delay in which to file the information to which the public was entitled, and a longer delay in which to pay the fees and prove to the Department that the water could be beneficially used for the purpose stated ; 3. Set a fixed time within which plans of the works for the diversion, carriage, and storage of the water should be submitted to the public and to the Department, and a fixed time for the commencement and the completion of these works ; 4. Entrust to one official the issue of licenses and permits and the granting of the other water privileges ;. 5. Enable the Executive to grant a certificate of the approval of its undertaking to a company or municipality before the plans of works had been completed ; 6. Entrust to the Comptroller of Water Rights the approval of the plans of the works to be constructed ; 7. Provide a summary pracedure on seensivanes for illegal diversion of water and other offences by a licensee ; 8. Provide for the inspection of dams and other structures which are alleged to be dangerous. wie ae Amendments covering the features just enumerated, as well fe wo. as other details, were enacted on February 27, by the Water Chap. 49 Act Amendment Act, 1912, being chapter 49. It is virtually an amendment to the Water Act, 1909, and amendments, as consolidated by chap. 239 of the Revised Statutes, 1911. The words ‘Comptroller of Water Rights’ were substituted for ‘Chief Water Commissioner.” The Comptroller of Water Rights was empowered to issue the licenses to replace the former records as directed by the Board of Investigation. Certain functions specified in the Act were to be discharged by an official known as the Water Recorder. The amendments are quite exten- sive, and practically involve the recasting of Part V, dealing with Procedure to obtain Water Licenses, and the general rights acquired by licensees, and also WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 83 of Part VI, dealing with the Approval of the Undertaking of Municipalities and Companies. Water Bet The Board of Investigation found that various matters could Act, 1913, not satisfactorily be disposed of without further legislation, ‘Chap. 82 consequently, on March 1, 1913, the Water Act Amendment Act, 1913, chap. 82, was passed. Ignoring details, this measure, broadly speaking, provides for greater directness and latitude with respect to certain _ procedure. Certain powers, formerly exercised by the Lieutenant-Governor-in- Council, were transferred to the Minister of Lands. This change permitted matters of a purely departmental character to be dealt with by the Minister, thus relieving the Executive Council. The Minister of Lands, for example, was empowered to grant approval of an ‘undertaking,’* although appeal from the decision of the Minister could be made to the Lieutenant-Governor in Council. Under former legislation, the Comptroller of Water Rights presided at all meetings of the Board. By the 1913 Amendment, the Lieutenant-Governor in Council might appoint some person other than the Comptroller to act as Chairman. Subsequently, the Comptroller was constituted, by statute, an ex-officio member of the Board. Functions formerly performed by the Water Recorder were transferred to the Engineer of the Water District, a qualified technical officer to be ap- pointed by the Minister of Lands. The Government Agent usually acted as local Water Recorder and often was not qualified to gather such information as was required for the purposes of the Board. By gathering in a satisfactory manner, physical and other data relating to the water matters under con- sideration, district engineers greatly facilitated the work of the Comptroller of Water Rights and of the Board of Investigation. With respect to the procedure of the Board, a number of detailed amend- ments were made, whereby its jurisdiction was enlarged, and means provided for more effectual adjudication. A number of special matters are provided for, such as those relating to the cancellation of records ; the filing of docu- ments with the Board ; the question of prescriptive rights ; the readjustment of licenses, which may, inadvertently, have been issued in an incomplete, im- perfect or irregular manner ; also questions relating to the forfeiture of records or licenses ; questions affecting priority and precedence ; storage ; publication of notices ; the hearing of objections ; advertising by applicants ; the carriage of waters in works already constructed ; the issuance of conditional licenses ; the imposing of rents, royalties, tolls and other charges ; and other details relating to administration. Respecting the posting of notices, it had been found that a large amount of detailed information demanded under the Act from applicants, in the initial stages of the consideration of their application, was not really required until a later period ; consequently, the necessity for providing certain data was sus- pended, also requirements, with respect to publication of notices, were made * Respecting ‘undertaking,’ see Chapter 49 of Acts of 1912, especially Sec. 3. 84 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION less onerous. When the application is for domestic purposes, for 500 gallons per day, or less ; or for mining purposes, for 8 cubic feet per second, or less, the Local Water Recorder, if satisfied that all parties interested have been | notified, may authorize the applicant to dispense with the advertising. To remove ambiguity regarding the relative priority to be given to ap- plications and licenses, it stipulates that all applications for water “|, . shall have precedence according to the time of the filing in the office of the Water Recorder for the district of a copy of the notices posted on the ground, and the licenses and the privileges thereby granted shall have pre- cedence and priority according to the data of the said filing of the said notice, unless the contrary is stated in the license.”’ = In a province like British Columbia, where some lands are ae much more advantageously situated than others, settlers in possession of land requiring irrigation sometimes find it difficult and expensive to obtain water from available sources. In such instances, the settler may find it quite impossible to provide the necessary works for con- veying and distributing the water. Many a proposition too difficult for the individual settler proves comparatively easy when handled co-operatively. The Water Act of 1909, by sec. 63, provided that licensees might combine for the construction of such works, and, in 1911, amendments were passed author- izing the mingling of the waters so carried. The Hon. William R. Ross, Minister of Lands, appointed Mr. J. F. Armstrong, Chairman of the Board of Investigation; Mr. H. W. Grunsky and Mr. A. P. Luxton, K.C., to draft legislation dealing with ‘Irrigation Communities.” Meantime, however, a new section, Part XA, which deals with this subject, was incorporated in the Water Act Amendment Act, 1913. This section consolidates the legislation of 1909 and 1911, and also includes additional provisions. Mr. J. F. Arm- strong, who was largely responsible for the amendments, states : “‘These amendments enable parties using a system of works to form a partnership—called an ‘irrigation community’—to maintain and, if necessary, to construct the main works, to appoint a manager, and to levy assessments for the expense incurred. This method of organization entails but little expense and is sufficient when all interested join in the partnership. Similar provisions for mining purposes have been in the Statutes of the Province for many years.” (See Part VII, of the Gold Mining Ordinance, 1867). Having further legislation in mind, he adds : “It has been suggested that, where the majority of the water-users under an unorganized system are in favour of forming an irrigation community they should be allowed to levy assessments on all who use the joint works, even if such users have not joined the partnership. It is claimed that these recal- citrants are enjoying the fruit of their neighbours’ labours without contributing to the cost. It is also suggested that the liability of each partner should be limited to an amount proportioned to his interest in the partnership. It has also been asked that licensees who divert water for domestic purposes be authorized to form a waterworks community. These different suggestions are worthy of consideration.”’ In discussing the new legislation relating to irrigation communities, Mr. Grunsky points out, that there are two main ways by which irrigation companies may carry out the principle that a water right be made appurtenant to the WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 85 land for which the license is issued, and upon which the water is used. One way is by the formation of companies, which are strictly carrying concerns, having existence separate and apart from the land companies, the carrying companies to be subjected to public regulation. The other course is, by the organization of companies that will, along with each parcel of land sold, dispose of a share in the property right of their distribution system—provision being made for payment in instalments extending over a term of years and at rates which will permit of a sufficiently liberal profit to the irrigation companies to furnish an inducement to them to enter this field of activity. Under this latter plan the purchasers of land eventually own and operate the irrigation system. The organization recommended by the Water Rights Branch, namely, one which would sell the land and water system together to the settlers on fairly long term payments, was adopted and the new part, entitled ‘Irrigation Companies,’ was incorporated in the Water Act Amendment Act of 1913. Commenting upon the object of this legislation, Mr. Grunsky succinctly states that the aim ‘‘is to provide for the creation of one type of irrigation company, at least, that will be approved by the Government, that will be in harmony with the principles of existing legislation, and under which an opportunity may be afforded to capital to receive ample profits from its investment in this field of enterprise.” Irrespective of this new part, however, provisions are maintained in the Act defining the powers, privileges and obligations of existing irrigation com- panies, and for regulating agreements made and tolls charged by them. Subsequently, largely as a result of more extended research by Mr. Grun- sky, comprehensive legislation relating to irrigation communities was intro- duced in the Public Irrigation Corporation Bill. This is comprehensively set forth and discussed in Mr. Grunsky’s Report on the Public Irrigation Cor- poration Bill. He states : “The Bill, in brief makes possible the joint ownership and corporate control of irrigation enterprises by the landowners of any locality in the province where the lands can be irrigated advantageously from a common source or sources of supply and through a common system of works. This is accom- plished through the medium of publicly owned corporations known as ‘public irrigation corporations.’ ‘“‘The organization of these corporations resembles very closely that of city and district municipalities. They are in reality municipalities dealing only with matters relating to water, including its supply, its carriage and distribution, and its conservation. “Through their instrumentality, money may be borrowed upon debentures or otherwise and taxes may be imposed which become a first lien upon the lands within the corporate limits. It is contemplated that, by means of these institutions, water-users will be enabled to co-operate effectively and on a large scale in the solution of their water problems.” Had it not been for the European war, this public spirited measure would doubtless have been more adequately subjected to a test of practical experience. No doubt this opportunity will come in the future. 86 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Rules, The Water Rights Branch commenced an investigation re- Posulavons specting the waters of the Province with the object of having an ees sufficient data available respecting the special and natural advantages appurtenant to each stream, so that the fees payable for the exer- cise of rights relating to the use of waters would, so far as possible, be in accord- ance with their respective advantages. This was a basic doctrine specially _urged by the Commission of Conservation in its first report upon the Water Powers of Canada, where it states that : “Knowledge of the physical circumstances intimately associated with water-powers is essential to an intelligent classification of them. It is as un- reasonable not to differentiate between water-powers as it would be not to differentiate between timber tracts, mineral lands, or the items of any other natural resource varying in quantity, quality and situation.” As a result of research by Mr. William Young, Comptroller of Water Rights, made under the direction of Mr. H. W. Grunsky, assisted by Messrs. E. Davis, C. A. Pope, and other members of the staff of the Water Rights Branch, the Dept. of Lands of British Columbia, by its Proclamation, dated Sep- tember 3, 1913, promulgated the Rules and Regulations and Schedule of fees.* But here, again, owing to the European war, it was not possible to undertake the extra work necessary to the adequate carrying out of the pro- visions of these new Rules. They contain a number of special fegtures con- ceived along broad lines and are well worthy of being tried out. British CoLuMBIA WATER Act, 1914 As the reasons for the creation of the prominent statutory features of the Water Act, Chap. 81, March 4, 1914, have been traced step by step, it is not necessary to make an analysis of the various provisions. It co-ordin- ates and brings into one complete code all prior Acts governing the use of water in British Columbia—whether they relate to mining, irrigation, power, the clearing of streams for logging or other purposes, the carriage or storage of water, or to other uses. Furthermore, the foregoing review sets forth the radical means adopted to prevent speculation in water titles ; to secure the actual beneficial use of water, the building of proper and substantial structures, the clearing up of old records and the granting of licenses to those entitled to receive them ; to make provision for reasonable extension of time to those who failed to construct works ; to facilitate the combination of water users to make supplies of water available for use by means not within the reach of an individual user ; in fact, it sets forth how the Government has sought, by numerous and diverse means, to conserve and make available, for beneficial use and in the public interest, the extensive water resources of British Columbia. The Water Act of 1914 is an extensive measure of 172 pages and consists of 302 main sections. It presents in an orderly manner a comprehensive code dealing with the ownership and beneficial use of water. *See British Columbia Gazette, February 12, 1914, p. 1,037, et seg.; also, see, infra, in this report where the rules are discussed, more particularly in their bearing upon the subject of fees and rentals respecting water-power. In the British Columbia Gazette, the rules are headed by the date ‘September 3, 1913,’ but this date has no significance, especially in view of the date 13th January, 1914, being specified in section 68 of the Water Act. WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 87 Any person who has intelligently perused the historical survey here pre- sented cannot fail to possess a good understanding of this new Water Act, because essentially it is a consolidation of the previous Acts. There are certain revisions and additions, but these involve no departure from principle. The most extensive addition is Part VII, which relates to the creation and operation of companies or associations for the storage or distribution of water, and is an elaboration of the legislation to which special reference has already been made in the discussion relating to mutual water communities. The subject of procedure has been more specifically set forth. The water rights of riparian owners have been dealt with by placing a time limit, within which all claimants to the use of water, by virtue of riparian ownership, must file their claims with the Board of Investigation. When the time limit expires, no further claims, based solely upon the ground of riparian ownership, will be recognized. (See sections 5 and 6.) Special provisions are inserted to safeguard the granting of the more important and valuable water privileges, particularly those which involve the sale, barter, or exchange of water, or water-power. Referring to some of these features of the Act of 1914, the Hon. W. R. Ross, Minister of Lands, stated : “Applicants for this class of privileges must not only obtain a water license from the Comptroller, but must have their undertakings approved by the ministry ; in fact this approval is one of the very first steps required of such applicants. In order to relieve the Minister of much detail work in this connection, the petition for the approval of the undertaking is, in the first instance, referred to the Board of Investigation, which makes its report to the Minister. The Board goes carefully into such questions as whether the financial position of the applicant gives promise of his carrying out the undertaking successfully, and as to whether the general scheme proposed is in the public interest. Applicants are not authorized to undertake surveys and the pre- paration of detail plans until they have obtained this approval of the under- taking as a preliminary step. In this way the plea that a particular applicant is entitled to consideration on the ground of having expended large sums of money is avoided.” Respecting the aims of certain measures for conserving the valuable water resources of the province, he added : “Licenses issued to companies for water-works and power purposes are now being limited to a term of years, the maximum life of any such license being fifty years. In other words, such privileges are leased rather than given in perpetuity. A bond is required of applicants for these privileges to insure construction of works without undue delay. A rental fee is also charged during the survey-construction period, which is sufficiently onerous to discourage the mere holding of sites for speculative purposes. In order not to work an injustice on applicants who proceed with the construction of their works in good faith, all amounts paid for rental during the survey-construction period are, however, credited on account of rentals during operation period. This idea had been taken from the regulations of the United States Department of the Interior, and has the wholesome effect of making the applicant toe the mark in the survey-construction period, but lightening his burden in the early years of the operation period.’’* *See paper by Hon. W. R. Ross, ‘‘ British Columbia Irrigation Policies,” in Proceedings of the Twenty-first International Irrigation Congress, held at Calgary, Alta, Oct. 5-9, 1914, Ottawa, 1915. 88 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Under this system of limiting water privileges to a term of years, these assets will, automatically, lapse again into the hands. of the province,—thus affording the opportunity for reconsidering terms in the light of conditions then existing. (See section 10.) Authority is conferred to create reserves of unrecorded water or to cancel same by Order-in-Council. Cancellation of a reserve, however, cannot become effective until the notice shall have been published for three months in the British Columbia Gazette, and in a newspaper. (See section 59.) Under section 60, the Minister ‘‘may cause to be prepared in and for each water district, or any portion or portions thereof, a water-rights map, which shall show the location, points of diversion, conduits, places of user, and such works, references to records or licenses, and other particulars relating to the water in such district or portion of a district as the Minister may deem advisable.’’ Also, ‘‘the Comptroller, as soon as a water-rights map in any locality is prepared, shall give every stream therein described, whether named or not and whether known by one or more names, an official name, having regard to the name of such stream on any existing official map ; and shall promptly report such name to the Chief Geographer of the Surveyor-General’s Department, and such stream shall thereafter be known by such official name and no other, and shall be so de- scribed and known in all official maps, plans and documents.” With its 172 pages, the Water Act of 1914 is rather a formidable docu- ment. Technicalities need not be discussed, inasmuch as the average indi- vidual, whose interests fall within its jurisdiction, is not so much concerned with its more technical and legal aspects, as with those practical issues which govern his procedure in obtaining a license and which require him to use the waters beneficially, to construct works, and also to avoid such action, or non- action, as involve penalties. Hence, a condensed summary of such portions of the Act' will be of great practical instruction and assistance to the average individual. Citation is given to the respective sections where the matters referred to are to be found, but the Act itself should be consulted in all matters of issue. Copies of the Act may be had on application to the Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Water Reserves Water-Rights Maps The Water Act, 1914, is divided into nine main parts as follows : Part Division of Act Section I.— Definitions and Interpretation of Terms................... 3 II.—Ownership of Water and Water Privileges.................. 4-20 III.—Rights and Obligations of Licensees........... 0.000.000 005 21-51 IV.— Organization and Administration.............. te sontatetetasten: 52-68 V.—Procedure to Acquire a Water License..................05. 69-118 VI—Special Rights and Obligations of Particular Classes of ‘ TACCHSCES iis goalie eres wa AA NR GOR Aces apa ee Kee tee ee 119-159 Division 1.—Storage... 0.0... cee cee eee 119-124 Division 2.—Irrigation.. 0.0.00... cece cece eee 125-128 Division :3:—Mining so. sacs se ceurt gt ba ba vanes bie we Sem eane 129-130 Division 4.—Water-works.......0 00. ccc cece eee ees 131-132 WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 89 Division. 5;"Class C’ (*) Powetianeicisan ios caddededs 133-136 Division 6.—Municipalities...........0.00.00. veces aces 137-140 Division 7.—Clearing Streams..................000ese0e 141-148 Division 8.—'‘Class C’ Licensees..............0cceeeeeee 149-159 VII.—Companies and Associations for the Storage or Distribution OE Wia tet codes it sedate wmteayihs mance sent ncaa dun 160-287 Division 1.—Water-users’ Community................... 160 Division 2— Mutual Water Company................... 161-164 Division 3—Land and Water Company................. 165-171 Division 4—Public Irrigation Corporations.............. 172-287 VIII.—The Board of Investigation, its Functions and Procedure... .. 288-299 IX.—Miscellaneous........ sea xa'giy BOR EA Wad es deh cr he wkeues ab 300-302 One part of the Act outlines rights, obligations and procedure which are common to all water users. Then follow special divisions, setting forth speci- fically the rights and obligations of particular classes of licensees. acer The Act devotes great attention to the subject of organization Adeainistration and administration. The Minister is empowered to divide the Province, or portions thereof, into districts, to be called * ‘Class A,’ in reference to any application or license, means any application or license for ‘domestic,’ ‘mineral-trading,’ or ‘steam-purpose’; or for ‘mining’ or ‘miscellaneous purpose,’ where the water is to be used in quantities not exceeding 100,000 gallons per day ; or for ‘irriga- tion purpose,’ where the acreage to be irrigated does not exceed 640 acres ; or for ‘power pur- pose,’ where the power to be developed does not exceed 100 horse-power and is to be used by the applicant only : Provided, that, if in the opinion of the Comptroller, the nature of the works intended is such as to require the submission of detail plans, he may place any application which might come within the foregoing classification into ‘Class B,’ notwithstanding the foregoing limitations. (Water Act, 1914, section 3.) ‘Class B,’ in reference to any application or license, means any application or license for ‘mining’ or ‘miscellaneous purpose,’ where the water is to be used in quantities exceeding 100,000 gallons per day ; for ‘irrigation purpose,’ where the acreage to be irrigated exceeds 640 acres ; or for ‘storage,’ or ‘hydraulicking’ or ‘fluming purpose,’ where the water is to be used by the applicant only ; or for ‘power purpose,’ where the power to be developed exceeds 100 horse- power and is to be used by the applicant only ; or for ‘lowering-water purpose’: Provided, that if, in the opinion of the Comptroller, the nature of the works is such as not to require the submission of detail plans, he may place any application or license which might come within the above classification into ‘Class A,’ notwithstanding the foregoing limitations. (Water Act, 1914, section 3.) ‘Class C,’ in reference to any application or license, means a license by virtue of which water is held in gross, whether by special statute or otherwise ; or an application or license for ‘power,’ ‘hydraulicking,’ ‘clearing-streams,’ or ‘fluming purposes,’ where tolls are to be charged ; or for ‘water-works’ or ‘conveying purpose.’ (Water Act, 1914, Amendment Act, 1917.) For convenience these definitions may be epitomized as follows : Class A— Domestic—all Mineral trading—all Steam—all Mining or Miscellaneous—if not over 100,000 gallons per day Irrigatton—if not over 640 acres : 6 Power—if not over 100 h.p. development, and for use of applicant only. lass B— Mining or Miscellaneous—if over 100,000 gallons per day Irrigation—if over 640 acres ; Power—if over 100 h.p. development and for use of applicant only Storage, Hydraulicking, or Fluming—if for use by applicant only Lowering-water—all. Class C— Water held in gross—all i : Power, Hydraulicking, Clearing-streams, or Fluming—if tolls are to be collected Waterworks—all Conveying—all. 90 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION ‘Water Districts,’ and to define the boundaries thereof (section 52).* The. Lieutenant-Governor in Council may appoint a Comptroller of Water Rights, the members of the Board of Investigation, Engineers and Water Recorders,” for the various Water Districts, and such other officers and persons as may be necessary, who shall, respectively, have the powers and perform the duties given to them by the Water Act, or by the ‘Rules.’ The Minister of Lands shall authorize some member of the Board to act as Chairman. The Comp- troller, in addition to the power specially given him, has all the powers and authority given Water Recorders and Engineers, and is also an ex-officio mem- ber of the Board, possessing the powers of a member thereof for all purposes, except in the determination of records and licenses made or issued under former Acts. (Section 53.) The Engineer of a Water District is given extensive authority in ieeniee with the direction and control of the diversion, storage and distribution of water, and is vested with wide powers of inspection and other duties under the Act and the ‘Rules.’ For example, when receiving complaints, summon- ing witnesses and hearing objections, the Engineer exercises the powers of a justice of the peace under the Summary Convictions Act. He may also, not- withstanding the construction of works, in accordance with approved plans, order any repairs, alterations and improvements in such works which may be necessary to prevent any extraordinary seepage loss. He is empowered to compel water users to construct substantial head-gates and to compel proper rotation in the use of water by irrigation licensees. Where licensees cannot agree respecting the distribution of water from any stream, as a last resort, a Water Bailiff may be appointed to act under the direct supervision and in accordance with the instructions of the Engineer. (Respecting powers and duties of Engineers, see sections 33, 34, 53 to 55, 57, 61 to 65; also 119 to 128, 143 and 292.) The ‘Rules’ referred to are, until amended or repealed, the rules under the Water Act as passed by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council on January 13, 1914. Procedure on the part of Engineers and other officers is clearly set forth, great pains being taken with the details of procedure in order to insure just and uniform dealing with the intricate matters comprised within the scope of the Act. Necessity for The necessity for acquiring a record or license is most definitely Record or affirmed. The Act, by section 5, states that ‘‘no right to the Acense permanent diversion or to the exclusive use of any water shall be acquired by any riparian owner or by any other person by length of use or otherwise than as the same may have been acquired or conferred under some former Act, or by license under this Act.” ; With respect to the subject of beneficial use, it is unnecessary peeece again to discuss this basic doctrine. It may be said to per- meate the whole Act. It is most clearly maintained that every license issued under the Water Act shall be for the actual beneficial use of the quantity of water permitted to be taken and used. If the water is not used * Compare sec. 7, chap. 48, Water Act, 1909. ii WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 91 or is wasted, every licensee thus transgressing shall be subject to cancellation of his license, and, further, notwithstanding the quantity of water granted by his license, no licensee shall, to the prejudice of others, divert more water from any stream than can for the time being be, by him, beneficially used. Measuring devices must be installed : . “ Every ‘Class C’ applicant or licensee, from and after the time of receiving its authorization to make surveys, shall install and maintain in good operating condition, at such places and in such manner as shall be approved by the Comptroller, accurate meters, measuring-weirs, gauges, or other devices approved by the Comptroller and adequate for the determination of the amount of water used or electric energy generated (if- any) in the operation of the works, and of the flow of the stream or streams from which the water is diverted or is to be diverted, and of the amounts of water held in and drawn from storage ; to keep accurate and sufficient records of the foregoing deter- minations to the satisfaction of the Comptroller ; and to make a return prior to the first day of March of each year, under oath, of such of the records of measurements for the year ending on December thirty-first preceding made by or in the possession of such person or licensee as may be required by the Comptroller.” (See section 157.) Procedure to The Act specifically describes the procedure by an applicant Acquire — for a water license. The various steps are briefly summarized Water License : ‘ in the following table : Section 1. An applicant for a license to take and use water, shall first advertise his intention by posting notices of same, giving particulars specified TORE AC ea ovaconen via dse wy daalaosew heeded es ee Goes 70 2. Copies of notices are to be filed in the Water Recorder’s office and also served upon each owner whose land will be in any way affected Dy the Proposed: WOrkG ress pied save staencdeechaGaecs paxabencan 71 3. Advertisement must be made giving same particulars as are required for the notices of item 1, above. Advertisement is to be inserted : Once a week for four weeks in a local newspaper ; also in case of ‘Class C’ application, published for two weeks in the Brisk Coldmbia. GGgtHe 6.43 Wa vos bas caches enoa ees eosea eed 72 4, The applicant shall next file with the Water Recorder, his notice of application and sketch pursuant to his posted notice.......... 73 5. The applicant must next submit to the Comptroller of Water Rights, full information as specified in the Act respecting the proposed: undertaking. 5.0) sulkec sie meoles aa gp ne eG on ad ae Pa eee 75 6. Payment of application fees must be made to the Comptroller. (Objections are here dealt with, if any are submitted, also, in the case of ‘Class C’ applications, the necessary steps are taken to secure the ‘certificate of approval’ from the Minister)............ 76-86 7. Provision is made whereby ‘Class B’ and ‘Class C’ applicants only must file plans and specifications of surveys relating to the pro- posed works and make further publication respecting filing of the plans, etc., after which the Comptroller may issue the conditional LACONS C ocasa c-cteyccatacy caver Siaen eugibehusod Deeded cb Soe! debian ad ines ete ont ae Maer RAS 87-91 8. The next procedure is with respect to the taking and use of Crown or private lands for the carrying out of the proposed undertaking.. 92-116 ¢ 92 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 9. The applicant next submits proof of the completion of the works and of the putting of the water to beneficial use, after which the final license issues for such part of the water applied for as has actually been put to beneficial use...... 02... ee eee ees 117-118 The question of priorities is also dealt with in section 7, as follows : “ After the twelfth day of March, 1909, all applications for water shall be subject to the claims and rights as finally settled, and to the licenses issued by order of the Board under this Act ; and the said applications, and the licenses and privileges granted in pursuance thereof, shall, save as hereinafter specified, have relative precedence according to the time of filing in the office of the Water Recorder, as hereinafter provided, a copy of the notices posted on the ground. ‘As between two or more pending and conflicting applications for the use of water from the same source, the Comptroller may take into consideration the various purposes for which the water is to be used under the respective applications, and may issue licenses with due regard to the particular purpose applied for, weighing one proposed use against the other ; and, if in his opinion the use proposed under an application of the later rank is of a higher standard and more in the public interest than the use proposed under an application of an earlier rank, he may issue licenses on the said applications and establish the rank of the said licenses irrespective of the rank of the applications. The following order and priority for the said purposes, with the definition of each thereof given in section 3, while not intended to interfere with the discretion given him under this proviso, is, in general, recommended for his consideration : Priorities “‘First—Domestic purpose ‘“Second— Waterworks purpose ‘“Third—Mineral-trading purpose ‘““Fourth—Irrigation purpose “Fifth—Mining purpose “‘Sixth—Steam purpose “Seventh—Fluming purpose “Fighth—Hydraulicking purpose ‘‘Ninth—Miscellaneous purpose “Tenth—Power purpose ‘‘Eleventh—Clearing-streams purpose “Twelfth—Storage purpose “Thirteenth—Conveying purpose ““Fourteenth—Lowering-water purpose.”’ : The Water Act makes extensive provision for the taking and ceeine of use of either Crown or private lands which may be required for bona fide purposes by any applicant for a license. Such applicant, however, entering upon these lands shall first secure from the Minister of Lands, a permit to enter upon any lands of the Province, and shall also apply to the Minister of the Interior of Canada for the necessary per- mission where the lands are held in the right of the Dominion. In the case of private lands or occupied Crown lands, entry shall not be made upon such without first obtaining the consent of the owners. Procedure respecting absenteeism of owners, compensation, arbitration, action of the court, etc., is provided for. Every licensee is enjoined to do as little damage as possible WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 93 and full compensation must be paid to all owners for any loss, damage or injury incurred. (See sections 92-116.) Wilful violation of any of the provisions of the Act may, in addition to penalties, involve the cancellation of the licensee’s certificate or license ; and the diversion, wilfully, or without authority, of any water from any stream or works, or the diverting of a greater quantity of water than a person is entitled to, or the unlawful interference with the works of any licensee, and like action, are dealt with as serious offences. (See sections 18, 47, 48 and 62.) RESPECTING THE TERMINATION OF WATER-POWER LEASES Water rights in British Columbia were, for the most part, taken out in ‘connection with mining and agricultural development. It is, therefore, under- ‘standable how such rights were regarded as appurtenant to the hereditaments upon which the water was used. Thus, in effect, such rights were held as in perpetuity and, under the consolidating Act of 1911, chap. 239, forfeiture of tights could only result from non-use, abandonment or by cancellation for ‘wasteful use or other default. Now, although the 1914 Act, under sec. 10, requires in certain cases the ' stipulation of a definite license term, which in the case of licenses for water- power, municipal water supply or for the development of mineral springs, ‘shall be limited to a period not exceeding 50 years, yet there is but little— either in the Act or in existing Regulations—to serve as a basis upon which, specifically, to re-consider at expiration, the terms of the original lease. Neither is there any definite setting forth of the measure of the authority which the Crown shall at that time exercise with respect to the existing works or other assets of those who, under license, have made the development in question. Other water legislation, less comprehensive, and where the doctrine of the right of the Crown is much less definite, has dealt more adequately with the subject of water-power leases. Such questions, for example, as whether compensation shall be paid, and, if paid, for what classes of development ; what principles shall guide in the appraisement of values and what shall govern in arbitration proceedings or when arbitrators fail to agree ; how compensation shall be paid ; what con- ‘ditions shall govern if works have to be taken over ; or shall lands with certain works thereupon revert to the Government without compensation. These and like problems require to be dealt with according to sound principles. Doubtless, since the Province has seen fit to provide for such strict regu- lation respecting licenses granted to agriculturists and others whose develop- ment works are, individually, much smaller in extent and value than works necessary under ‘‘Class C,” the authorities will not overlook the larger pro- position to which reference is here made. Provided the Board of Investigation, the Minister of Lands ‘Safeguard in f : ‘ ‘Order of and the Comptroller, all act with foresight, good wisdom and ERpGed BEE accord, the interest of the Crown in connection with the grant- ing of water-power or other important water rights, may in a measure be safe- 94 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION guarded—that is, to the extent of not permitting development except under conditions which will not prove a menace to the public welfare. The safe- guard lies in the fact that, when an applicant for a water privilege to be used in connection with a public utility, makes hie application for license, he must, concurrently, petition for a certificate approving the undertaking. The whole procedure must be well advertised and, before the application is granted, a. public hearing, which is also well advertised, must be held (see secs. 71, 72 (2),. 79). This hearing must be before the Board of Investigation (see sec. 80). The application goes to the Comptroller (see sec. 74). In the case of a ‘Class. C’ license, the Comptroller must defer the issue of authorization to make sur- veys until a copy of the certificate of approval of the undertaking has been filed with him (see sec. 78). The petition goes before the Board of Investiga- tion, which arranges for a public hearing and, afterwards, reports its recom- mendations thereon to the Minister (see sec. 80). The Minister may make an order in accordance with the recommendations of the Board, but it is. reasonable to expect that, if the recommendations are wise and based upon. proper evidence, his action will accord therewith. In a word, the safeguard in this general procedure is due to the fact that the application for the approval of the undertaking must be discussed in public and that the minister’s approval must be obtained before the Comptroller can issue any authorization for the applicant to proceed with the next step to the obtaining of a license, namely, the making of detailed surveys (see secs. 78 (¢) and 86). Although these safeguards exist and, in a measure, tend to prevent the creating of troublesome developments, nevertheless, they do not provide the safeguards that would exist in the establishment by law of definite, broad and fair bases upon which re-consideration of relationships respecting terms, rentals, etc., between the Crown and lessee could be made at the termination of leases. Capitalization of Referring especially to the subject of the possibility of water Perpetual licenses becoming perpetual franchises and thereby permitting Hpaachises capitalization of same to be made upon such premises, greatly to the disadvantage of the public, Mr. O. C. Merrill, states : “I believe that one of the most important features of a proper adminis- tration of water-power grants is the prevention of the capitalization of such grants. This can ordinarily be done only by limiting the duration of the franchise or grant. If, for example, a franchise is granted for forty years with the provision that, at the end of every ten years or every five years, the Province or its municipalities may purchase the property and works at an appraised valuation, the franchise, as such, ceases to have any value at the expiration of such periods, and the Province or its municipalities would pay for the property only, without any franchise value attached ; or, if the license is made indeterminate, as under the Wisconsin law—that is, if it runs indefinitely (not perpetually)—so long as the law and the conditions of the license are complied with and until the Province or some municipality elects to take over the property at an appraised valuation, the franchise value again automatically disappears with an offer on the part of the public to purchase, and the public we WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 95 is not required to buy back from the company something which the same public originally gave to the company gratis.’’* Water Act, 1914, May 19, 1917, the Legislature of British Columbia assented to pene eat the Water Act, 1914, Amendment Act, 1917. It provides for , a few modifications relating to procedure and other matters, but it chiefly sets forth in detail the functions to be exercised, and the pro- cedure to be followed by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, respecting a company authorized by memorandum of association, or by Act of the Legis- lature, to carry or supply, in the public interest, water for irrigation purposes. Wide powers are vested in the Lieutenant-Governor, amongst which is the power to: “Declare, upon giving such notice as the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may see fit, that all reservoirs, dams, ditches, flumes, water systems, pipe-lines, works and all other structures of whatsoever kind used for storing or conveying water for the purpose of irrigating lands to which the water licenses in connection with which such works have been constructed are appurtenant, are and have been since the construction of the same, appurtenances of said lands, or, in the event of the company not having provided adequate means for conserving a sufficient water-supply to the whole of said lands, are and have been since the construction of the same, appurtenances of the lands of the individual owners as distinguished from the lands of the company.”’ { The section in the Water Act of 1914, which defines ‘Class C’ of water users, is amended and now reads as follows : “Class C,’ in reference to any application or license, means a license by virtue of which water is held in gross, whether by special statute or otherwise ; or an application or license for ‘power,’ ‘hydraulicking,’ ‘clearing-streams,’ or ‘flaming purposes’ where tolls are to be charged; or for ‘water-works’ or “conveying purpose.’’’ t The foregoing review of the water legislation enacted by the Province of British Columbia, itself, permits a better understanding of the concluding portion of this historical survey, which consists of a brief reference to the legislation of the Dominion of Canada. affecting the waters of that portion of British Columbia—the Railway Belt—which is under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government. Water LEGISLATION RESPECTING THE RatLway BELT July 20, 1871, British Columbia entered Confederation. The terms of Union are incorporated in the Schedule to the Imperial Order-in-Council of May 18, 1871, and are also included in addresses presented to Her Majesty the Queen from the Parliament of Canada, and from the Legislative Council * of O. C. Merrill, Chief Engineer, United States Forest Service, ‘‘Shall Water ian ?” published in the Reporl of the Minister of Lands for British Columbia for 1912, pp. 125-126. + Section 8, subsection (a), re-enacting Section 171 of Water Act, 1914. ; ¢ Compare Water Act, 1914, sec. 3. It may be explained that the phrase ‘in gross’ has been used in British Columbia to mean that the right to so much water could be acquired by a person or a corporation and treated as a personal right, without reference to the land upon which the water must be used or to the particular use to be made of the water. 96 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION of British Columbia, praying for the admission of British Columbia into the Dominion of Canada.* Under article XI of the terms, Canada undertook to secure the construction. of a railway extending from the Pacific seaboard through British Columbia, to connect with the railway system of Canada. In consideration of this, British Columbia agreed to “convey to the Dominion Government, in trust, to be appropriated in such manner as the Dominion Government may deem advisable in furtherance of the construction of the said railway, a similar extent of public lands along the line of railway throughout its entire length in British Columbia (not to exceed, however, twenty (20) miles on each side of said line), as may be appropriated for the same purpose by the Dominion Government from the public lands in the North-west Territories and the Province of Manitoba.” Railway Belt Pursuant to this undertaking there was set aside what is known and Peace River as the ‘Railway Belt’ of British Columbia—a strip of terri- ENE Peer tory forty miles wide and extending from the easterly boundary of the province at the summit of the Rocky mountains to a westerly limit bounded by the Meslilloet river, the North arm of Burrard inlet, and the western boundaries of townships 39, 38, 2 and 1, west of the Coast meridian. The Provincial Government, by 43 Victoria, chap. 11, May 8, 1880, pro- vided for the grant of the territory involved, but the actual conveyance was. not made until the passing, by the Provincial Legislature, of an amending Act intituled An Act Relating to the Island Railway, the Graving Dock, and Railway Lands of the Province, being 47 Victoria, chap. 14, December 19, 1883.f In addition to the land grant provided for and situate 20 miles either side of the railway line, there was, by the Act of the British Columbia Legislature of December 19, 1883, an additional grant made to the Dominion Government of ‘‘three and a half million acres of land in that portion of the Peace River district of British Columbia lying east of the Rocky mountains and adjoining the North-West Territory of Canada, to be located by the Dominion in one rectangular block.’”” This is the tract known as the Peace River Block. * Consult provisions of section 146 of British North America Act, 1867 ; also, Pope, Joseph, ~ Confederation ; Being a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Documents bearing on the British North. America Act, Toronto, 1895 ;—respecting British Columbia, consult Index Ibid ; for copy of Order-in-Council, Schedule including Addresses, see Revised Statutes of Canada, 1906, Vol. IV, pp. 76-85. Consult, also, Revised Statutes of British Columbia, 1911, Vol. I, pp. XLIX, et seq. The Statute or Ordinance making change to constitution similar to that of Ontario is No. 147, in Revised Laws of British Columbia, 1871. For the present Constitution of British Columbia, see Chapter 44 of the Consolidated Acts, 1911. Consult Documents Illustrative of the Canadian. Constitution, by William Houston, Toronto, 1891, see Note No. 30, pp. 233-34. { This Act appears in the British Columbia Statutes for 1884, as chap. 14, December 19, 1883. It is usually cited as chap. 14 of 47 Victoria, 1884. As a matter of fact, however, it was. passed in 46 Victoria, 1883. The Act, chap. 14 of 1883, assented to May 12, did not become operative and may here be neglected. : } This additional grant was made in lieu of such lands as had been alienated by? British Columbia within the Railway Belt, prior to the passing of the Act of December 19, 1883, and was. “to be taken by the Province in full of all claims up to this, the latter date aforementioned by the Province against the Dominion, in respect of delays in the commencement and construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway and in respect to the non-construction of the Esquimalt and Nanaimo railway, and shall be taken by the Dominion Government in satisfaction of all claims for additional lands under the terms of union.” SYaWHYSGNIM OL MOOYENVHO ‘SNIVLNNOW DNIYAGHOS DNIMOHS ‘ASTIVA ANVLNOWYALNI SHL SO NOILYOd ROE 8 8}RId WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 97 The Railway Belt land was conveyed by the Province to the Settlement and toe ae , z : = Jurisdiction Dominion, ‘in trust’ clearly with a view to its settlement at an early date.* Thus, section 11 of the Dominion Act, April 19, 1884, chap. 6, provides that : “The lands granted to Her Majesty, represented by the Government of Canada, in pursuance of the eleventh section of the Terms of Union, by the Act of the Legislature of the Province of British Columbia, number eleven of one thousand eight hundred and eighty, intituled ‘An Act to authorize the grant of certain public lands on the mainland of British Columbia to the Government of the Dominion of Canada for Canadian Pacific Railway purposes,’ aS amended by the Act of the said Legislature, assented to on the nineteenth day of December, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three, intituled, ‘An Act relating to the Island Railway, the Graving Dock and Railway Lands of the Province,’ shall be placed upon the market at the earliest date possible, and shall be offered for sale on liberal terms to actual settlers.”’ Under section (h) of the recital of this Act the Dominion agreed that : “The Government of Canada shall, with all convenient speed, offer for sale the lands within the Railway Belt upon the mainland, on liberal terms for actual settlers.” According to Court decision, the date of the transfer of the administration of the Railway Belt lands to, and the consequent assumption of jurisdiction by, the Dominion, was April 19, 1884, this being the date of ratification of the agreement by the Parliament of Canada.t Province. The Government of British Columbia contended that it had Contends for transferred only the land in the Railway Belt to the Dominion aos Government in trust for purposes incident to the construction of the railway, and that, in so doing, it had not relinquished its right to ad- minister the waters of the Railway Belt. Accordingly, the Province continued to administer water and water rights within the Railway Belt just as it did those outside. The settlers of British Columbia were accustomed to the operation of strict provincial water laws, and did not—unless in isolated instances—question this exercise of jurisdiction. In fact, the Railway Belt inhabitants continued to apply to the provincial agents for water rights. Only in exceptional cases, where parties had large interests and were more familiar with means of pro- tecting such, were applications made to the Dominion authorities for grants confirmatory of those secured through provincial agency. In accordance with * Respecting the purpose and status of the Railway Belt lands, consult Debate on the. Subject of Confederation with Canada, being Reprint from the Government Gazetie Extraordinary of March, 1870, 165 pp., Victoria, B.C., 1912. Also, with respect to railway lands in British Columbia, including Order-in-Council of 16th May, 1871, and copies of many documents relating thereto, consult Papers in Connection with the Construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, between the Dominion, Imperial and Provincial Governments, Victoria, 1880, pp. 139-310. t Thus, Chief Justice Ritchie, in Queen vs. Farwell, Vol. 14, Supreme Court of Canada Reports, pp. 392 et seq (1887), has stated : ‘‘Therefore, so soon as the Act of the Dominion [47 Vict., chaptes 6, 19th April, 1884], adopting and confirming the legislation of the Province [British Columbia Statutes, 1883, chapter 14, December 19, 1883] was passed, the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway thus selected by the Dominion Government and adopted by British Columbia, passed out of the control of the executive government of British Columbia, and was held by the Crown as represented by the Governor-General of Canada” (pp. 420-21). For confirmatory view, compare George vs. Mitchell, in British Columbia Report, Vol. 17, pp. 533 et seg (see p. 534). 98 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION the policy above mentioned, the Province, between 1884 and 1912, granted hundreds of water records in the Railway Belt, both with respect to Crown lands and private lands. The provincial authorities felt strengthened in their contention by the following circumstances : The Dominion Government had not put into force special laws or regulations for the administration of the waters of the Railway Belt ; it had not attempted to exercise the jurisdiction which the Province felt was demanded by the circumstances ; they relied upon a decision given in what is commonly known as the Precious Metals case and to which passing reference must here be made. : After 1884, specific questions arose, from time to time, respect- lets Chee ing the extent to which the transference of the land to the Dominion carried with it the rights to minerals, waters, etc., and also respecting the jurisdiction of such natural assets. On April 3, 1889, the case of the Attorney-General of British Columbia vs. Attorney-General of Canada—commonly known as the Precious Metals Case—was decided by the Judicial Committee of the Imperial Privy Council in favour of the Province.* In the course of his judgment, Lord Watson stated : ‘‘Leaving the precious metals out of view for the present, it seems clear that the only ‘conveyance’ contemplated was a transfer to the Dominion of the provincial right to manage and settle the lands, and to appropriate the revenues. It was neither intended that the lands shall be taken out of the Province, nor that the Dominion Government should occupy the position of a freeholder within the Province. The object of the Dominion Government was to recoup the cost of constructing the railway by selling the land to the settlers. Whenever the land is so disposed of, the interest of the Dominion comes to an end. The land then ceases to be public land, and reverts to the same position as if it had been settled by the Provincial Government in the ordinary course of its administration. That was apparently the consideration which led to the insertion, in the Agreement of 1883, of the condition that the Government of Canada should offer the land for sale, on liberal terms, with all convenient speed.”’t It is manifest that this judgment, which seemed to uphold the contention of British Columbia, was, naturally, construed by the provincial authorities - as confirmatory of the position they had taken with respect to waters in the Railway Belt. The Dominion authorities, however, questioned, from time to time, the course which the Provincial authorities were pursuing with respect to Railway Belt waters and water rights. Eventually the vexed question of water jurisdiction came into the courts. On April 7, 1906, the Provincial Water Com- missioners for the District of New Westminster, purporting to act under the Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, granted to the Bur- rard Power Company, at an annual rental of $566, a record for 25,000 inches of water out of Lillooet river and its tributaries. Lillooet river { and Burrard Power Case * Consult, Appeal Cases, Judicial Committee of Privy Council, Vol. 14, pp. 295, et seg. { Ibid, pp. 301-2. t Now known as the Alouette river, see Fifteenth Report of Geographic Board of Canada. WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 99 Lillooet lakes lie within the limits of the Railway Belt. The water was to be diverted for power development and for industrial purposes, and, after use, was to be discharged into Kanaka creek, thus discharging by another route into the Fraser river. Certain interests holding, from the Dominion Government, timber con- cessions on Lillooet lake, protested to the Department of the Interior that their rights would be injuriously affected by the proposed diversion. December 26, 1906, the Attorney-General of Canada fyled an information in the Ex- chequer Court of Canada. Subsequently, in the interest of the Province, the Attorney-General of British Columbia was made a party to this case, known as Burrard Power Company vs. King. The plaintiff contended that, as the provincial grant of water to the power company was invalid and conveyed no interest to the company, the grant should be cancelled. Decision ré May 10, 1909, the Exchequer Court of Canada gave decision aided in favour of the Dominion.* February 15, 1910, an appeal ower Case from this judgment was dismissed by the Supreme Court of Canada.t On appeal to the Privy Council, the Judicial Committee gave judgment, November 18, 1910, upholding the decision rendered in favour of the Dominion.t In delivering judgment for the Judicial Committee, Lord Mersey referred to the above quoted statement of Lord Watson with respect to the Precious Metals case. He pointed out that one of the objects of Article 11, of the Terms of Union, was to afford the Dominion a means of partially recouping itself for expenditures in connection with the construction of the Railway by sales to settlers of the land transferred. The Judicial Committee held that, ‘if the Province could, by legislation, take away the water from the land, it could also, by legislation, resume possession of the land itself, and thereby so derogate from its own grant as to utterly destroy it. Lord Watson’s reference in the Precious Metals case, to the 11th Article, so far from supporting the appellants’ contention, is against it. Hesays : ‘The conveyance contemplated was a transfer to the Dominion of the provincial right to manage and settle the lands and to appropriate the revenues.’ ” The Judgment of the Judicial Committee states : “The grant of the water record in the case now under consideration is an attempt on the part of the Province to appropriate the revenues to itself, and would, if carried into effect, violate the terms of the contract as interpreted by Lord Watson. It is true that Lord Watson adds that the land is not by the transfer taken out of the Province, and that once it is ‘settled’ by the Dominion it ceases to be public land, and ‘reverts to the same position as if it had been settled by the Provincial Government in the ordinary course of its adminis- tration.’ But this also is against the appellants’ contention, for it implies that, until settled by the Dominion, it remains public land under the Dominion’s control. * Consult, Burrard Power Company vs. King, in Exchequer Court Reports, Vol. 12, pp. 295, et seq. + Consult, Supreme Court of Canada Reports, Vol. 43, pp. 27 et seq. : t Consult, Appeal Cases Before Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 1911, pp. 87 et seq. See also, Canadian Digest, Toronto, 1911, Vol. II, p. 4,097. 100 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION “Their Lordships are of opinion that the lands in question, so long as they remain unsettled, are ‘public property’ within the meaning of section 91 of the British North America Act, 1867, and, as such, are under the exclusive legislative authority of the Parliament of Canada by virtue of the Act of Parlia- ment. Before the transfer they were public lands, the proprietary rights in which were held by the Crown in right of the Province. After the transfer they were still public lands, but the proprietary rights were held by the Crown in right of the Dominion, and for a public purpose, namely, the construction of the railway. This being so no Act of the Provincial Legislature could affect the waters upon the lands. Nor, in their Lordships’ opinion, does the Water Clauses Act of 1897 purport or intend to affect them ; for, by clause 2, the Act expressly excludes from its operation waters under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Dominion Parliament.’’* This judgment makes it clear that water records granted by the Province within the Railway Belt subsequent to the transference of the Railway Belt, really conferred no rights. On the contrary, the lands within the Railway Belt and all unalienated rights, including riparian and water rights connected therein, were subject to the jurisdiction of the Parliament of Canada. Dominion Legis- In anticipation of a favourable judgment, the Hon. Frank lation following Oliver, Minister, Dept. of Interior, introduced during the Burrard Decision accion of 1909-10, Bill No. 187, being ‘‘An Act to Confirm and Declare the Right of the Crown for the Dominion, with Respect to Water and Water Power, and Relating to the Diversion, Acquisition and Use of Water in the Railway Belt, British Columbia.” After receiving its first read- ing, March 23, 1910, the Bill was withdrawn. Later, subsequent to the Privy Council decision in the Burrard Power Case, Bill No. 124, being the Railway Belt Water Act, was introduced during the session of 1910-11. It provided means for adjusting conflicting claims and rights respecting the waters of the Railway Belt and for a system under which new rights should be granted. It received its first reading February 23, 1911, but never became law.t In 1911 the subject was again taken up. Meantime matters connected with water rights within the Railway Belt were in a very unsettled state. The Provincial Water Act of 1909 was in- tended to apply to the waters of the whole Province, including those of the Railway Belt. This Act of 1909, with minor changes, was re-enacted in 1911. Thus, within the Province, as a whole, the Consolidated Water Act of 1911 was in force. Railway Belt April 1, 1912 the Dominion Parliament assented to the Rail- Water Act, 1912 way Belt Water Act, 2 George V, chap. 47.** Sec. 5 states : “The water so vested in and reserved to the Crown as aforesaid shall, during the pleasure of the Governor in Council, be administered under and in *See Appeal Cases, Ibid, p. 95. { This Bill is reprinted in Water Powers of Canada, 1911, pp. 314-16. { For good résumé of Railway Belt Legislation, consult ‘‘ Water Rights in the British Columbia Railway Belt,” by H. W. Grunsky, being Part No. 12, included in Annual Report of the Dominion Water Power Branch, for year ending March 31, 1916, pp. 175-188, Ottawa, 1917 ; also, for cor- responding material and for comprehensive description of the inauguration of the Railway Belt Hydrographic Survey, consult statement by P. A. Carson in Railway Belt Hydrographic Survey for 1911-12, being Dominion Water Power Branch, Water Resources Paper No. 1, pp. 17 et seq. ** This Act is reprinted in Water Resources, Paper No. 1, pp. 24-26. ‘WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 101 accordance with’ the provisions of the ‘Water Act, 1909,’ of British Columbia, as if the said Act was enacted by the Parliament of Canada, and the officers and authorities having powers and duties to exercise and perform under the provisions of the said Act shall have the like power and authority with respect to or in connection with the administration of the said water.”’ Evidently, the Dominion, by this Act of 1912, intended to transfer to British Columbia the administration of the waters in the Railway Belt. Un- fortunately, it specified the Water Act of 1909, which had already been super- seded by the Provincial legislation of 1911. The Province, therefore, was placed in the position of having to apply one Act to the Railway Belt and another Act to the rest of the Province. Obviously, such anomalous adminis- tration was most unsatisfactory. Means were, therefore, sought by which to deal with the existing situation. Representations were made by the Minister of Lands of British Columbia, the Hon. W. R. Ross, demonstrating that, from the provincial standpoint, the existing legislation would prove ineffective and unsatisfactory. He requested that the Provincial authorities be fully em- powered to deal with the many conflicting claims and interests which had arisen, due to conditions prevailing in the Railway Belt. Referring to the existing dual administration, Hon. W. R. Ross stated : “Think of what it would have meant to have a dual administration in the Belt. Innumerable streams in that section, whose waters are much in demand, flow, now on Provincial and now on Dominion lands. The situation is further complicated by the fact that, as fast as the Dominion Government issues patents to private lands, the lands so patented come under provincial juris- diction. The boundary of the Belt, therefore, has been a constantly changing one as far as water adminstration is concerned, and many cases have arisen where the act of either the one Government or the other in granting certain rights in the waters has been called into question.’’* Consequent upon the representations of the provincial authorities, the Minister of the Interior, Hon. W. J. Roche, introduced the Railway Belt Water Act, 1913. This Act, chap. 45, was assented to June 6,1913. By section 5, amending secs. 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the 1912 Act, it specifically recognizes that: “All records, grants, licenses, orders in council, claims or contracts of, for affecting the use of water within the Railway Belt, heretofore granted or pur- porting or bona fide claimed to have been granted by any provincial or local authority and all applications to such authority for records, grants, licenses, orders in council, claims or contracts of, for or affecting the use of water within the Railway Belt heretofore made and now pending shall be deemed to be valid and effective to the same extent for the like purposes, and subject in the like manner to the jurisdiction of the Board, (and shall be subject to all the obli- gations and limitations imposed by the Water Acts), as if made, issued, authorized, claimed or pending with respect to water in British Columbia not within the Railway Belt.’’t Provincial Thus, by this Act, the hundreds of invalid water records granted Administration by the provincial authorities in the Railway Belt in the years panepmamated 1884-1912, were validated, subject, however, to the preserva- tion of the integrity of the grants made, in the same period, by the Dominion *See Daily Colonist, Victoria, V.I., June 15, 1913. + This Act is reprinted in Water Resources, Paper No. 1, pp. 26-28. 102 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Government ; and the Water Acts of British Columbia existing on June 6, 1913, namely, the Consolidated Act of 1911, and the amendments of 1912 and 1913, were expressly made applicable to the administration of the Provincial authorities within the Railway Belt.* By an alteration in the definition of the term ‘‘Railway Belt,’’ an excep- tion was made in the case of waters in all reserves or areas that were then, or in the future might be, set apart and designated as Dominion Parks. The waters in these reserves are now administered by the Dominion authorities under the Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act, and under water-power regulations of the Dominion Government applicable to Dominion lands in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest Territories.t} The Dominion Railway Belt Water Act, as amended in 1913, had pro- vided for making the provincial Water Act of March 4, 1914—which consoli- dated and revised the water legislation of the Province—effective within the Railway Belt. Thus, the Dominion measure states : “The Governor in Council may direct that any Act, or portion thereof, passed by the Legislature of the Province of British Columbia after the third day of March, nineteen hundred and thirteen, relating to water in the province not within the Railway Belt, shall apply to the water in the Railway Belt as if such Act were enacted by the Parliament of Canada. “Every Order in Council passed under the authority of this section shall have force and effect only after it has been published for four consecutive weeks in The Canada Gazette. Every such Order in Council shall be laid before both Houses of Parliament within the first fifteen days of the session next after the date thereof, and such Order in Council shall remain in force until the day immediately succeeding the prorogation of that session of Parliament, and no longer, unless during that session it is approved by resolution of both Houses of Parliament.” February 27, 1915, the Dominion Government, by order in council,t made the provincial Water Act of 1914 effective—with the exception respecting Parks just explained—for administering Dominion waters within the Railway Belt. * With regard to the views of the provincial authorities respecting the advantages accruing from the Dominion’s action in vesting jurisdiction in the Province, consult comprehensive state- ment by Hon. W. R. Ross on ‘Water Rights’ in the Daily Colonist, Victoria, June 15, 1913. Also, for a statement made, following a conference subsequently held between officials from the Dept. of Interior and the Province, respecting the transference of executive papers relating to Dominion and Provincial administration of waters, the conducting of hydrographic surveys, etc., see ‘Water Rights Now on Workable Basis,’ in the Daily Colonist, Victoria, August 21, 1913. { Water-powers in these provinces and territories are administered under section 35 of the Dominion Lands Act, 7-8 Edward VII, chapter 20, as amended by section 6, chapter 27, of 4-5 George V, and Regulations established and approved thereunder (in virtue of the provisions of subsection (b) of section 17 of the Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act, 1-2 George V, chapter 10). Orders-in-Council respecting the Regulations are dated June 2, 1909, June 8, 1909, April 20, 1910, January 24, 1911, June 6, 1911, August 12, 1911, August 2, 1913, February 9, 1915, and August 6, 1917. The Order-in-Council of June 6, 1911, made the Regulations applicable to all forest reserves and parks ; the Order-in-Council of February 9, 1913, makes them applicable to all school lands ; the Order-in-Council of August 2, 1913, facilitates the granting of leases and licenses in the case of small water-powers of less capacity than 200 horse-power, and the Order- in-Council of August 6, 1917, provides for the protection of lands necessary to water-power de- velopment, by stipulating that such lands shall only be conveyed to homesteaders as a leasehold tenancy from year to year. For copy of section 35 of Dominion Lands Act; also for copy of Water-Power Regulations, see Water Powers of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, by L. G. Denis and J. B. Challies, pp. 302 e¢ seg., Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1916 ; also, Water Powers of Manitoba, ay D. L. McLean, S. 5. Scovil and J. T. Johnston, being Water Resources Paper No. 7, Chapter IX, pp. 209 et seg., Dominion Water Power Branch, Ottawa, 1914. tSee Canada Gazette, March 6, 13, 20 or 27, 1915. WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 103 Dominion Re- Although the various difficulties relating to water adminis- tains Certain tration have now been satisfactorily adjusted between the Control Dominion and Provincial authorities, and co-operative ar- rangements are now carried on with respect to surveys and other matters, yet the Dominion Government has not surrendered its basic jurisdiction over the waters in the Railway Belt. Instead, it has virtually made the provincial authorities trustees for the interests of the Dominion Govermnent in those waters and, under the existing legislation, retains the power to withdraw at any time the administration granted to the Province. The Dominion Government, under the Railway Belt Act (chap. 59, R.S.C., 1906), and under such regulations as have been established by the Governor in Council in conformity with this Act ; also under section 9 of the Railway Belt Water Act as amended in 1913, specifically reserves all control over, and administration of, Dominion lands within the Railway Belt. This con- trol constitutes an important check upon the provincial authorities, inasmuch as no important development of Railway Belt waters is possible without control or ownership of lands adjacent to the waters, and release of such lands would have to be obtained under conditions imposed, or approved, by the Federal authorities.* Thus the Act provides that “The Governor in Council may, from time to time, regulate the manner in which and the terms and conditions on which the said lands shall be surveyed, laid out, administered, dealt with and disposed of.” In accordance with arrangements made between the Federal and Provincial authorities, the following clauses are to be inserted, respectively, in every authorization and license issued, involving entry upon Crown lands that lie within the Railway Belt.t Each authorization involving entry upon Crown lands states : “This authorization shall not be valid or effective to authorize the use or occupation of any lands belonging to the Crown in the right of Canada + nless and until approved by the Minister of the Interior of Canada, and shall be subject to such terms and conditions as the said Minister may prescribe respect- ing such use or occupation.’’ Each license involving entry upon Crown lands states : “This license shall not be valid or effective to authorize the construction or maintenance of any works upon or the use or occupation of any lands belong- ing to the Crown in the right of Canada unless and until approved by the Minister of the Interior of Canada, and shall be subject to such terms and * Author’s Note.—While this Report was in the press the Federal authorities of Canada promulgated ‘‘ Water-Lands Regulations,’’ which contain special provisions for the disposal and administration of lands in the Railway Belt of British Columbia required for the development of water-powers and other water privileges. These regulations are intended to harmonize with the administration of waters by the provincial authorities. The Regulations were published in the Canada Gazette, July 20, 1918, pages 249 to 252: also in issues of July 27, Aug. 3 and Aug. 10. Application, of course, may be made either to the Dominion or the Provincial authorities for copies of these Regulations. t See sub-section 4 of section 11. t Where Indian Reserve lands are involved, there would be substituted the proper termin- elosy applicable to such lands as administered by the officers of the Department of Indian Affairs, nada. 104 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION conditions as the said Minister may prescribe respecting such construction, maintenance, use or occupation ”’ Problems, both Provincial and Dominion, respecting the use of the inland waters of British Columbia, have now been reduced to a satisfactory working basis. The foregoing historical survey, commencing with early colonial days, indicates how the present provincial water legislation has been evolved ; and it shows that there was little, either in the common law of England, or in the statutes of older commonwealths, which could adequately serve as a precedent for the solution of many of the problems peculiarly associated with the use of waters in British Columbia. The Province has seriously and diligently wrestled with its own water problems and has, step by step, developed its present comprehensive water code—a code which, under wise administration, cannot fail to promote the welfare of the citizens of British Columbia, and a code which will, under the Canadian form of government, undoubtedly stand the test, alike of time and of all litigation that may be brought against it. Chronological Key to Water Legislation in British Columbia The early Proclamations and Acts of Vancouver Island and British Col- umbia which embody clauses relating to water rights, contain, in addition, much matter which sometimes renders it difficult readily to detect those por- tions of legislation which bear specifically upon the use of water in the Province. The following chronological list of enactments constitutes a guide to the various Proclamations and Acts and also to the particular places in such where references to water will be foynd. The numbers of early Proclamations are those found in the copies of the early Proclamations and Acts as bound, indexed and filed in the office of the Attorney-General of British’ Columbia.* Wherever available, the short titles have been given. Such of the Statutes and earlier Proclamations, as are reproduced in Martin’s Mining Cases,t have been indicated in the following list by the letter M. PROCLAMATIONS, REGULATIONS AND ACTS 1858—Sept. 2, Revocation of License of May 30, 1838, to Hudson’s Bay Company. 1858—Nov. 19, Imperial Act, 21-22 Vict., chap. 99, Aug. 2, 1858; An Act to Provide for the Government of British Columbia ; consult preamble, also section I, defining Boundaries, and section VI, which excludes Vancouver Island. 1859—Feb. 14, British Columbia Land Proclamation ; see sections 1, 3, 6, 8 and 9. 1859—Aug. 31, Gold Fields Act, 1859 ; consult 2nd paragraph, also sections VI, VIII, XI, XII and XVI—(M). * See Author's Note, page 48. t See Reports of Mining Cases, Decided by the Courts of British Columbia, and the Courts of Appeal Therefrom, etc., by Hon. Archer | Martin, 2 vols., Toronto, Vol. I, 1903; Vol. II, Part 1, 1905; Part 2, 1908; Part 3, (in preparation); see especially in Vol. I, pp. 531 et seg. Jaquiiy Aaeay JO Y}MOH asuEp eB U}IM PesaAC9 AjjeNsn gue sULe}UNOW }SeOD tj} JO OPIS U1O}SEM aU} JO pue ‘abUes PUe|s| JeANDOUA OY} JO SAa||eA pu sedo|s JeMo| BY) YSEWIL LSVOO VIGWN100 HSILIY¢d "yso104 414 *yso104 1epeg, % a 6 eyed WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 105 1859—Sept. 7, Rules and Regulations for the Working of Gold Mines, see sections I, VII to XI, XIII, XVIII and XIX—(M). 1860—Jan. 4, British Columbia Land Proclamation, see sections 1 and 16. 1860—Jan. 6, Rules and Regulations for the Working of Gold Mines ; consult preamble, also, section VI. . 1861—Feb. 19, Proclamation No. XXVII, Vancouver Island Land Proclamation, 1861; see section XVIII, which relates to the saving of water privileges for mining purposes. 1861—Aug. 27, No. 9, British Columbia Pre-emption Consolidation Act, 1861; see section X XVII. 1862—Sept. 6, No. LIX, Vancouver Island Land Proclamation, 1862 ;** consult preamble, also, sections I and XXXIV. 1862—Sept. 29, No. 9, Rules and Regulations (Ditches) Under The Gold Fields Act, 1859; consult especially preamble, also, sections I and VIII to XII. 1863—Feb. 24, Rules and Regulations issued in conformity with Gold Fields Act, 1859; consult preamble, also sections IV, V and VIII. 1863—Mar. 25, No. 4, Gold Fields Act, 1863; consult preamble, also sections 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10. 1864—Feb. 1, No. 1, The Mining Drains Act, 1864; see sections I and IX. 1864—Feb. 26, No. 4, Gold Fields Act, 1864; consult sections 9 to 26 relating to Bed-rock Flumes, also sections 37 and 56. 1864—May 4, No. 13, The Inland Navigation Ordinance, 1864; consult sections XVI and XVII, which define inland waters. 1865—Mar. 28, No. 14, Gold Mining Ordinance, 1865; consult section 29, also Part V re Bed-rock Flumes, being sections 52-55 ; Part VI re Drainage, being sections 56 to 65 and Part X re Ditches, being sections 99-125. 1865—Apr. 11, No. 27, Land Ordinance, 1865; consult preamble, also sections 1, 2, 3, 8, and 24, and under ‘Water,’ sections 44 to 50. 1866—Mar. 29, No. 10, The Williams Creek Flume Ordinance, 1866; see preamble, also clauses (e) and (f) of section I. era 19, Union of two Colonies of British Columbia and Vancouver Island. 1867—Mar. 6, The English Law Ordinance, 1867, An Ordinance to Assimilate the General Application of English Law; see section 2. 1867—Apr. 2, No. 34, Gold Mining Ordinance, 1867 (see section 36), also Part V. re Bed-rock Flumes, being sections 59-68 ; Part VI., re Drainage of Mines, being sections 69-77 and Part X, re Ditches, being sections 106-132—-(M). 1870—June 1, No. 18, Land Ordinance, 1870; consult preamble, also section II and, under heading ‘Water,’ sections XXX to XXXVII. 1871—Revised Laws of British Columbia, 1871; No. 90 is the Gold Mining Ordinance 1867 ; No. 144 is the Land Ordinance, 1870 (see above). 1872—-Apr. 11, No. 14, An Act to Amend The Gold Mining Ordinance, 1867; see section 10, which relates to periods of water scarcity. 1872—Apr. 11, No. 28, Public Works Act, 1872; (see sections 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6). 1872—Apr. 11, No. 31, Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1872; consists of sections 1, 2, 3,4, and deals with beneficial use of water respecting lands. * The water clause in the Vancouver Island Proclamation, No. LIX of 1862, follows very closely that of Proclamation No. XXVII of 1861. 106 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION gee ees 21, No. 1, The Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1873; see sections and 19. 1873—Feb. 21, No. 9, Public Works Extension Act, 1873; see sections 6, 17, 19 and 20. 1873—Feb. 21, No. 10, The Drainage, Dyking and Irrigation Act, 1873.* 1873—Feb. 21, No. 4, The Gold Mining Amendment Act, 1873; see section 13 which relates to tunnels for draining purposes. 1874—Mar. 2, No. 2, Land Act, 1874; this is a consolidation of land laws, consult sections 1, 48 to 55, 74 and 81. 1874—-Mar. 2, No. 24, Real Property Conveyance Act, 1874, being an Act to facilitate the conveyance of Real Property; see section 2. 1874—Mar. 2, No. 25, Leaseholds Act, 1874, being an Act to facilitate the granting of certain leases; see section 2. 1875—Apr. 22, No. 5, Land Act, 1875; consult section 1, 48 to 55, 74 and 81, Hie correspond in numbering and text to sections in the Land Act, 1874, 1876—May 19, No. 14, British Columbia Line Fences and Water Courses Act, 1876; see sections 3 and 6, which are typical. 1877—Consolidated Statutes of British Columbia, 1877; chapter 123 is the Gold Mining Ordinance, 1867 (consolidated with chapters 14 of 1872; 4 and 14 of 1873; 3 of 1874, and 26 of 1876); chapter 98 is the Land Act, 1875 ; chapter 75 is the Line Fences and Water-courses Act, 1876. 1882—Apr. 21, chap. 6, Land Amendment Act, 1882; see sections 3 and 4. 1882—Apr. 21, chap. 8, Mineral Act, 1882; consult sections 1, 2, 13, 49, also Part V, re Bed-rock Flumes, being sections 80-89; Part VI, re Drainage of Mines, being sections 90-99 ; and Part X, re Ditches, being sections 128-153. 1884—Feb. 18, chap. 10, The Mineral Act, 1884; consult sections 6 and 41, also Part V, re Bed-rock Flumes, being sections 75-84; Part VI, re Drainage of Mines, being 85-94 ; and Part X, re Ditches, being sections 123-149—(M). 1884—Feb. 18, chap. 16, Land Act, 1884; see sections 43 to 53 and 65. 1886—Apr. 6, chap. 10, An Act to Amend the Land Act, 1884; see sections 1, 2, 3,4 and 5. 1886—Apr. 6, chap. 24, An Act Providing for the Election and Defining the Duties of Water Viewers. 1888—Apr. 28, chap. 16, An Act to Amend the Land Act, 1884; see section 1, which relates to the diversion of water to Indian Reserves. 1888—Consolidated Statutes of British Columbia, 1888; chapter 82 is the Mineral Act and re water embodies chapter 10 of 1884; chapter 66 is the Land Act, and re water (sections 39 to 52) comprises chapter 16, 1884, chapter 10, 1886, and chapter 16, 1888 ; chapter 117 is the Water Viewers Act, being chapter 24, 1886; chapter 36 is the Drainage, Dyking and Irrigation Act, 1873, as amended by chap. 9, 1881, and chap. 4, 1882. aan is chap. 39, British Columbia Railway Act; see sections 9(3) and 9(5). 1890—Apr. 26} chap. 43, Rivers and Streams Act, 1890; an act to regulate the clearing of rivers and streams ; contains 17 sections. * For further and later legislation respecting drainage and dyking, consult the Statutes of British Columbia. See, for example, chapter 69 of the Revised Statutes of 1911. WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 107 1891—Apr. 20, chap. 25, Mineral Act, 1891; consult section 2, also in Part II, under ‘Water Rights,’ sections 60 to 80, and in Part V. under ‘Water,’ sections 130 to 136—(M). 1891—Apr. 20, chap. 26, Placer Mining Act, 1891; consult section 2; also Part IV re ‘Water Rights,’ being sections 54 to 78; Part VI re Bed-rock ND being sections 100 to 111 ; and sections 151(k) (1) (m) and 170 1892—-Apr. 23, chap. 47, Water Privileges Act, 1892; defines and regulates powers of companies to divert water for power purposes; consult more especially, preamble and sections 2 to 6. 1894—Apr. 11, chap. 33, Placer Mining Amendment Act, 1894; see sections 2, 8, 9, and 10—(M). 1894—-Apr. 11, chap. 12, Drainage, Dyking and Irrigation Act, 1894; consult sections 2, 10, 12, 16 and 64. 1895—Feb. 21, chap. 34, Line Fences and Water-courses Amendment Act, 1895 ; see sections 2 and 3. Fae My. chap. 39, Mineral Act, Amendment Act, 1895; see sect.on 1895—Feb. 21, chap. 40, Placer Mining Act, 1891, Amendment Act, 1895; see section 2—(M). 1896—Apr. 17, chap. 34, Mineral Act, 1896; consult section 2; also in Part II, under ‘Water Rights,’ being sections 59 to 79; in part V, under ‘Water,’ being sections 128 to 134; and section 157—(M). 1896—Apr. 17, chap: 35, Placer Mining Act Amendment Act, 1896 ; see sec- tions 2, 14, 15 and 16 —(M). 1897—May 8, chap. 29, Placer Mining Act (1891) Amendment Act, 1897 ; see section 3—(M). 1897—May 8, chap. 45, Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897. 1897—Revised Statutes of British Columbia, 1897 ; chapter 190 is the Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897 (chap. 45, 1897) ; chapter 64 is the Drainage, Dyking and Irrigation Act, 1894 (being chap. 12, 1894, as amended in 1895 and 1896) ; chapter 76 is the Line Fences and Water- courses Act (Cons. Acts, 1888, chap. 45, as amended in 1894, 1895 and 1896) ; chapter 113 is the Land Act (Cons. Acts, 1888, chap. 66, as amended in 1890-1-2-3-4-5-6 and 7) ; chapter 135 is the Mineral Act, 1896 (chapter 34, 1896) ; chapter 136 is the Placer Mining Act, 1891 (being chap. 26, 1891, as amended in 1895, 1896 and 1897) ; chapter 168 is the Rivers and Streams Act, 1890 (chap. 43, 1890) ; chapter 115 is the English Law Act (Cons. Acts, 1888, chap. 69). 1899—Feb. 27, chap. 37, Department of Lands and Works Act, 1899; see sections 10 and 11. 1899—Feb. 27, chap. 77, An Act to Amend the Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897 ; see sections 1 and 2. 1900—Aug. 31, chap. 44, An Act to Amend the Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897. 1901—May 11, chap. 25, British Columbia Fisheries Act, 1901; see sections 26 and 54. 1901—May 11, chap 38, Placer Mining Act Amendment Act, 1901; see section 4. 1901—May 11, chap. 64, Wood Pulp Act, 1901; this Act provides against summary cancellation of water rights (see section 2). 108 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 1902—June 21, chap. 56, Power Companies Relief Act, 1902. 1902—June 21, chap. 72, Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, Amendment Act, 1902. 1903—May 4, chap. 28, Water-courses Obstruction Act, 1903. 1904—Feb. 10, chap. 56, Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, Amendment Act, 1904. 1905—Apr. 8, chap. 34, Land Act Further Amendment Act, 1905 ; see section 2. 1905—Apr. 8, chap. 55, Water Clauses Consolidation Act, Amendment Act, 1905. 1906—Mar. 12, chap. 47, Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, Amendment Act, 1906. 1907—Apr. 25, chap. 14, Ditches and Water-courses Act, 1907. 1907—Apr. 25, chap. 18, Line Fences Act, Amendment Act, 1907. 1907—Apr. 25, chap. 47, Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, Amendment Act, 1907. 1907—-Apr. 25, chap. 33, Rivers and Streams Act, Amendment Act, 1907. 1908—Mar. 7, chap. 56, Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, Amendment jpiso Act, 1908. a 1909—Mar. 12, chap. 48, Water Act, 1909. 1910—Mar. 10, chap. 52, Water Act, 1909, Amendment Act, 1910. 1911—Mar. 1, chap. 59, Water Act, 1909, Amendment Act, 1911. 1911—Revised Statutes of British Columbia, 1911; chapter 239 is the Water Act, 1909 (chap. 48, 1909, as amended) ; chapter 69 is the Drainage, Dyking and Irrigation Act (R.S. 1897, chap. 64, as amended by chap. 19, 1901) ; chapter 84 is the Line Fences Act (R.S. 1897, chap. 76, as amended by chap. 19, 1903-4) ; chapter 129 is the Land Act, 1908 (chap. 30, 1908) ; chapter 157 is the Mineral Act (R.S. 1897, chap. 135, with later amendments); chapter 165 is the Placer Mining Act (R.S. 1897, chap. 136, as amended). 1912—Feb. 27, ‘chap. 49, Water Act Amendment Act, 1912. 1913—Mar. 1, chap. 82, Water Act Amendment Act, 1913. 1914—-Mar. 4, chap. 81, Water Act, 1914. 1915—Mar. 6, chap. 65, Pulp and Paper Companies’ Water Agreement Act. 1917—May 19, chap. 75, Water Act, 1914, Amendment Act, 1917. BRIEF MEMORANDUM, RESPECTING PROCEDURE TO OBTAIN A WATER LICENSE The following outline of procedure will assist an applicant for a water license for power purposes to understand clearly the procedure demanded by the British Columbia Water Act. The applicant should, however, early establish communication with the Provincial Water Rights Branch and be in touch also with the Engineer and Water Recorder of the Water District. The Water Rights Branch will furnish all essential information and gladly co- operate to guide the applicant. In successively passing the various essential stages of obtaining his Certi- ficate of Approval, when necessary ; the Permit to make surveys, if required ; the conditional water license; and eventually the final water license. ; WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 109 the applicant is greatly assisted by the various forms provided by the pro- vincial authorities—although in some cases the use of the forms is optional. In dealing with the successive steps, these forms are herein referred to by the respective numbers. From time to time it may be found necessary to modify somewhat present procedure, or even to change some of the forms now in use; such changes, however, will not affect the general usefulness of this outline of procedure, because the forms now in use and the procedure followed are in accord with the general principles embodied in the Water Act—principles, indeed, which are basic to the whole water legislation of the province. First STEP Posting Notice—Notice must be posted in certain conspicuous places. Providing the information required is given, no special forms are demanded. Forms are however provided : No. 101, suitable for an application to take and use water ; No. 102, suitable for an application to store or pen back water ; and No. 103, combining, in a single form, the features of Nos. 101 and 102. (See Sec. 70 of Water Act.) SECOND STEP Filing and Serving Copies of Notice—After posting notice in Step One, notice to the same effect must be filed in the office of the Water Recorder for the district and served upon each owner whose land will in any way be affected. No particular form is specified, and same form as is used in Step One may be employed. Proof of this step having been taken is later required. (See Sec. 71.) THIRD STEP Advertisement—Published notice, similar to posted notice, but containing, in addition, the date of the first appearance of such notice in a local news- paper, and a statement that objections may be filed with the Comptroller or with the Water Recorder within thirty* days, is to be inserted once a week for four weeks in a local newspaper, in every water district affected, and, in the case of Class C licenses—a class which includes licenses for power to be sold}—the notice must also be published for two weeks in the British Columbia Gazette and must state, in addition, that the petition for approval of the under- taking will be heard in the office of the Board of Investigation at a date to be fixed by the Comptroller, and that any interested person may file objection. (See Sec. 72.) FouRTH STEP The Application—Within ten days after the first appearance of the notice in the local newspaper, the applicant must file with the same Water Recorder an application and sketch. The application must be in duplicate on Form * The period of 30 days specified in Sec. 72 is stated to be an error, and should be the same as the period of 50 days mentioned in Sec. 77. Doubtless, in administering the Act, the full 50 days would be allowed for objections to be entered, even though the advertisement in the news- paper notifies the intending objector that he has only 30 days for this purpose. ft See p. 89 for definition. 110 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 104. -It is recognized that at this stage the information in possession of the ‘applicant may be somewhat meagre. Pending accurate surveys, information respecting the head obtainable, the extent to which storage may be rendered available and the regimen of the stream involved, may all be uncertain. Nevertheless, the applicant should give all available information, and the sketch, although it need not be drawn to scale, must show (a) the course of the stream; (b) the proposed point of diversion; (c) the situation of all principal works, such as ditches, dams, reservoirs, etc.; (d) the boundaries and lot numbers of the land on which water is to be used ; (e) the particular place of use ; (f) the boundaries, lot numbers and names of owners of lands in any wise affected. At this step the Water Recorder, having first endorsed on the duplicate application the date of its filing, forwards it to the Comptroller, together with copy of posted notice previously filed. Communication is made by means of Form 105. FirtH STEP Additional Information Required—Upon receiving the application, the Comptroller sends forms and a printed letter, on Form 107, requesting addi- tional information and asking that certain fees be paid before a certain date ; which date is to be within 50 days of first appearance of notice in local news- paper. SIXTH STEP Payment of Fees—The payment of fees constitutes the sixth step. Al- though so called in the Act, this sixth step is not so much an isolated step following Step Five, as it is a step closely associated with the procedure of Step Five. It is counselled that the fees, in any event, be promptly remitted, because, if this is done and unavoidable delays should chance to occur in re- turning the forms connected with Step Five, an extension of time may be obtained. FirtH Step—(Continued) The forms sent by the Comptroller are Form 108, Applicant’s Letter, and Form 106, Proof of Posting, Serving and Publishing Notice. The information called for at this stage of the procedure varies with the different classes of licenses, and will be clearly indicated to the applicant by the forms themselves. Thus, in the case of a Class C application, it is necessary to supply the in- formation specified in Secs. 75 (1) (k) and 75 (1) (m) of the Act. CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL—The obtaining of a Certificate of Approval of the undertaking isa very important part of the procedure leading to the grant- ing of a Class C license. The applicant should carefully study and conform to the requirements set forth in Secs. 77 to 84 of the Water Act, 1914. These sections describe the information which the applicant must specifically furnish, to whom, and what notices shall be sent, the procedures respecting the hearing of petition, and the issuance and publication of the certificate. (Consult, also, Chap. IV herein.) WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 111 SEVENTH STEP Surveys and Further Publication—After the certificate of approval has been granted, the applicant may obtain a permit to make surveys, and, after giving security for the payment of compensation for damages, etc., may proceed with the necessary surveys.* The authorization to make surveys is on Form 1,001, and specifies the time within which the plans, specifications and detailed estimates of cost of works involved must be completed and filed, in duplicate, with the Comptroller. It is very important that all applicants for water license should under- stand the class and scope of information which must be furnished by the plans and specifications required to be submitted prior to the granting of a condi- tional license. These requirements are set forth on Form 1,000, which should be carefully studied. When the applicant has prepared the information and plans, they are forwarded to the Comptroller, with an Application for the Approval of Plans on Form 150, which gives the estimated cost of the entire works and the time required for their completion. Having filed the plans, the applicant—as soon as he is advised by the Comptroller that same are in order and copies have been filed with local Water Recorder—publishes a notice once a week for four consecutive weeks in a local newspaper and in two consecutive issues of the British Columbia Gazette, that the plans have been filed and are open to inspection in the office of the local Water Recorder. The applicant must also serve a copy of the notice on every party whose land is affected. The notice is prepared on Form 151. (See Sec. 80 (5) and (6).) ConpbiTIONAL LIcENSE—The Comptroller takes into consideration all mat- ters relating to the application, including the date of the application itself, all subsequent proceedings, the objections filed, the Certificate of Approval, etc., and, after approving the plans, he may issue a Conditional License. As issued to a power company, the form used is No. 1,003.t (See Sec. 91.) Accompanying and forming an essential part of the Conditional License are two exhibits—‘A’ and ‘B.’ Exhibit ‘A’ includes a plan showing the point of diversion from the stream and furnishes, in addition, a description of the lands upon which the power is to be generated, and of the territory * The Board of Investigation is authorized to secure such information by means of surveys and special investigations as may be necessary for its deliberations, and if such surveys are re- quired before the granting of the Certificate of Approval (see Secs. 86 and 87), the Board may order the obtaining of such information, either through its field officers, or by such other means as the Board may order. (See Secs. 79, 80 and 81.) RAL Ye {Conditional license for domestic, mining, miscellaneous, Form 1,002 ; for irrigation, Form 1,004 ; for storage, Form 1,008; and for clearing streams, Form 1,009. In any development involving storage, it is required by the Act, Sec. 11 (3), that separate licenses be issued for diver- sion and for storage. The procedure for obtaining the two licenses may be combined in the Posting of notices and in all subsequent steps. The Comptroller may consider such applications concurrently, but he must, nevertheless, issue the licenses separately. An independent applica- tion for a license for storage could, of course, be made by a holder of a license for diversion. The Storage License, in every case, is subservient to the ‘‘diversion” license. This is clearly seen from the preamble and other statements in the Forms (No. 1,008 and No. 1,024) for conditional. and final water licenses for storage. 112 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION within which such power may be disposed of. Exhibit ‘B’ describes and ap- proves the plans and specifications, and is on Form 1,005. The Conditional License also embodies the Certificate of Approval and, with exhibits A and B, defines fully and specifically the powers and privileges conferred under the Act upon the licensee. EIGHTH STEP Taking of Lands and Construction of Works—Having secured a Conditional License, the applicant may proceed with his works. If it is necessary to enter upon Crown lands, the applicant must obtain a permit from the Minister, and to this end must forward a petition, accompanied by a satisfactory plan or section showing his requirements in this matter. (See Secs. 92, 93, 94 and 95.) Such subjects as the procedure of applicant with respect to his entry or construction of works on private lands, the compensation to be paid, also the arbitration and various procedure to be followed, are dealt with in Secs. 96 to 116, of the Water Act. NintH STEP Filing Proof of Completion—On completion of his works the applicant must file proof of completion, making use of Form 153. This states that the works are completed and the water put to beneficial use (in whole or in part). This proof must be furnished within 60 days of the date for completion fixed in the Conditional License. Finat License—Upon the filing of satisfactory proof (Sec. 117), or upon an inspection by provincial authorities, which demonstrates, to the satisfac- tion of the Comptroller, that the terms of the Conditional License have been complied with, a Final License is issued for such portion of the water recorded as has been put to beneficial use. The Final License for ‘Class C’ is issued on Form 1,022; for domestic, mining and miscellaneous, on Form 1,021 ; irrigation, on Form 1,023; storage, on Form 1,024; and clearing streams, on Form 1,025. WOs 84} JO GoURIeOdde Ap os]e ‘S||!4 BY} JO Sz/WULUNS JEU 4BACD 194914} PUe sado|s BY} UO JeqUII, po1a}}e0S 8}ON “4OALs UOSdWOY] OY} Jo AoyEA, AYLNNOOD 1149 AYG JHL JO M3IA WOIdAL CELE EST bie SIT TE OL 9}8Id ' CHAPTER IV Certificates of Approval—Orders in Council—Fees NDER the water legislation of British Columbia a ‘Final License’ is essential, as representing a grant of water-power rights and privileges. Of this final license, a ‘Certificate of Approval of Undertaking’ forms an integral part.* The certificate sets forth, specifically, the chief physical features of the undertaking. It must be published in the British Columbia Gazette, but publication of the final license is not required. The Gazette, therefore, usually constitutes the readiest source from which to obtain information re- specting individual grants of water-power rights and privileges. A list of certificates of approval and orders in council relating chiefly to water-power companies, with page references to the Gazette, is contained in this chapter. With respect to the history of these certificates of approval, and the sig- nificance of certain dates relating thereto, it may be pointed out that under the ‘Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897,’ ‘a power company,’ as defined in secs. 78-83 of said Act, could, subsequent to and consequent upon the filing of certain documents specified in sec. 85, obtain the approval of the Lieut.- Governor in council (sec. 86), who, by sec. 87, was empowered to issue a certi- ficate of approval of the undertaking. This certificate was deemed to form part of the memorandum and articles of association of the company (sec. 88). It specified the amount of capital to be subscribed and the time within which any portion of the capital was to be available in respect of any specified portion of the undertaking and works ; it also fixed the time for the commencing and completion of the works or portions thereof. A copy of the certificate was to be published for one month in the British Columbia Gazette, and in a newspaper published or circulated within the area in which the undertaking and works were to be carried on. A certified copy was also to be filed in the office of the Commissioner and Gold Commissioner having territorial jurisdiction in said district (sec. 87). As the Lieut.-Governor in council could vary the terms and conditions of the first certificate issued, from time to time orders in council were passed, granting extension of time or other modifications with respect to the under- taking. * Where such is required. See Chapter III, pp. 73, 74, 76, 77, 87, 91. + NoteE—Re consulting the Index to the British Columbia Gazette, with reference to matters relating to water, note that previous to 1909, ‘Certificates of Approval are usually indexed under Provincial Secretary's Department; ‘Reserves on Water’ and ‘Cancellations of Reserves’ under Lands and Works—sub-heading Reserves. Other references may be found under Orders in Council and Proclamations, both Dominion and Provincial, and, also, occasionally, under the heading Miscellaneous. Subsequent to the year 1909, such matters are generally segregated in the index under Water Notices and subsequent to the establishment of the Water Rights Branch, under the two headings Water Rights Branch and Water Notices; also, consult under other headings mentioned above. 114 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION A change in the wording of sec. 85 of the ‘Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, Amendment Act, 1908,’ made it clear that a power company, ‘‘before proceeding with the construction of its works,” shall apply to the Lieut.- Governor in council for the approval and ‘‘shall obtain a certificate of approval of its undertaking,’ and shall also give notice of such intention by a notice inserted in the British Columbia Gazette and in any newspaper published and circulated in the district in which the works are to be constructed. It should be noted, however, that, prior to the passing of the ‘Water Act, 1909, Amend- ment Act, 1912,’ the license might be obtained before the certificate of approval. By the ‘Water Act, 1909,’ any municipality or company that had obtained a license for more than four cubic feet of water per second was required (sec. 83) to obtain approval of the proposed undertaking and works by the Lieut.- Governor in council, who was empowered (sec. 89) to issue a certificate, signed by the clerk of the Executive Council, approving the proposed undertaking and works. This certificate was deemed to be conclusive evidence in any court of law.* The ‘matters and things’ to be set forth by the certificate were as follows :t “‘(a) The amount of the capital of the company which shall be subscribed and the amount actually paid up, before the company shall begin the con- struction of the works ; or, “(b) If the work has been divided into parts, then the amount of capital to be subscribed and actually paid up in respect of each part, before beginning the works on each particular part ; “(c) The time within which the works shall be begun and, if divided, then the time within which each part shall be begun ; ‘“(d) The time within which the works shall be completed and in actual operation ; *(e) The area within which the company may exercise its powers.’ The ‘Water Act Amendment Act, 1912,’ repealed the provisions of parts V and VI of the ‘Water Act, 1909,’ relating, respectively, to procedure in general and to the approval of undertakings and, also, stipulated that licenses for the taking and using of water, for municipal or power purposes, could only be obtained by a municipality or company after the approval of the under- taking by the Lieut.-Governor in council. (See ‘75’ under sec. 27.) Under the ‘Water Act Amendment Act, 1913,’ instead of the certificate of approval being granted by the Lieut.-Governor in council and signed by the clerk of the Executive Council, it was granted by, and under the hand of, the Minister of Lands. The various sections as amended, dealing with the issuance of a certificate of approval, have been embodied in the ‘Water Act, 1914.’ Under it, the Minister of Lands (sec. 81) may issue a certificate of approval setting forth that the proposed undertaking has been approved, subject to such alterations, limitations, restrictions and con- ditions as, in the public interest, he may deem just. Water Act, 1914 *See sec. 318, ‘Water Act, 1909’ ; also sec. 323 of the Revised Statutes of rg1z; also see ‘Water Act Amendment Act, 1912,’ sec. 66, and compare sec. 93 of the ‘Water Act qenendnien Act, 1913,’ and secs. 27 and 91 (3) of the “Water Act, 1914.’ r ae ee 90. These ‘matters and things’ are similar to those called for by sec. ‘87 of the ct of 1897. CERTIFICATES, ORDERS IN COUNCIL, FEES 115 Certificates of approval under the present Water Act are required only in the case of ‘Class C’ applications (see sec. 79-86) ; and, further, no author- ization to make surveys and no water license shall issue to ‘Class C’ applicants without the express approval of the Minister (see sec. 11-(4) (5):) In granting new licenses, the provincial authorities aim to issue an in- strument which shall clearly set forth, with adequate detail, the rights and obligations of the licensee, as well as a comprehensive description of the chief physical features relating to the use of the water in question. Under the present Water Act, the certificate of approval is issued before either a conditional or a final license, and, in each case, forms part thereof. It has no further force or effect should the license, for any reason, become void. The ‘matters and things’ required by sec. 82 to be set out in the certi- ficate of approval deviate but little from the corresponding clauses of the earlier acts. This section requires a statement of ‘“‘the amount of the bond (if any) which will be required as security for the payment by the applicant of all costs in connection with the investigation by the Department of his application.” As heretofore, the certificate may be amended, varied and altered, or further certificates may be issued (sec. 83), while sec. 84 states : ‘‘A copy of every certificate issued or amended under the last three pre- ceding sections, certified under the hand of the Minister, shall be filed with the Comptroller, the Water Recorder of ‘every district affected,’ and such other person as the ‘rules’ may require, and, in the case of companies, with the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies, and shall be published at the expense of the applicant, once in the Gazette and once in a local newspaper in each district included in the territorial limit of the undertaking.” 116 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION CERTIFICATES OF APPROVAL AND CERTAIN OTHER ORDERS IN COUNCIL RELATING TO THE DIVERSION OF WATER CHIEFLY FOR POWER PURPOSES Date of Published in Certificate | British Co!umbia Grantee _ Streams affected | of Approval Gazette Remarks or Order in Council Date Page| Adams River Lumber Co....|Bear creek, lower|Apr. 18,1914|May 7, 1914] 2720|Approves undertaking. | Relates do Alberni Water Works Co. [Inc. July 2, 1908]. Armstrong Power and Light Co. [Inc. Aug. 20, 1906]. Ashcroft Water, Power & igh Co. [Inc. Feb. 25, Belgo-Canadian Fruit Lands. do Bella Coola Pulp & Paper Co. Bella Coola Telephone, Light & Power Co. [Inc. May 13, 1908] 4 ° Britannia Power Co. Oct. 28, 1903]. o rittingham and Young Co.. [Ine. do. do. British-American 0. do. do. Dredging British Columbia Electric Railway Co. | British Columbia Power and Electric Co. Campbell River Power Co. (Inc, Apr. 17, 1909]. Canadian Collieries, Ltd..... Canadian Industrial Co. es Pacific et Power Co.). as do. 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-* 3 0 581 |Johnstone and Broughton straits and Queen Charlotte sound with Knight inlet and adjacent channels.................+-00. 2m.“ 40 2870 |Toba, Bute and Loughborough inlets and adjacent channels..... 2m.“ “ 3 0 580 |Strait of Georgia—Sheet 2: Northeast point of Texada island to Johnstone straits nigra tained ernaigt sb itence 8 patie haere a-ak 2m.‘ “* 3 0 579 |Strait of Georgia—Sheet 1: Fraser river to northeast point of Texada island, including Howe sound and Jervis inlet..... 2. 40 2689 |Juan de Fuca strait to strait of Georgia...................006. 2m. 3 0 1922 |Fraser river and Burrard inlet. .......... 00sec cece eee eee ‘Jim: “tf 4 0 3618 |Moresby passage to Gabriola pass—northern sheet............. 0-56m. “ “ 3 0 3619 |Moresby passage to Gabriola pass—southern sheet............. 0:56m. “* “ 3 0 2840: |Haroand ROSATO "StLaits v3. « suececersce:tassneedievacensr aca le aged aha ezinsen) Soesncare def i. 4 0 584 |Sydney inlet to Nitinat, including Clayoquot and Barkley sounds| 2m.‘ “ 3 0 569 |Esperanza to Clayoquot, including Nootka sound.............. 2m, “! 3.0 583 |Quatsino to Esperanza, including Kyuquot sound.............. gmt 6 3 0 2458 |Port Simpson to Port McArthur, including inner channels, and Prince:.of Walestisland):::...s 5 .iute es ales Camus see «mene Omiya oe 40 2431 |Port Simpson to Cross sound, including the Koloschensk archi- PCLA SOK, see css tiede Sdois aust aul ease Sala aia ee ane head Sm Scien obama acted 10m. “ “ 4 0 TIDES ON PaciFIc Coast In designing water-power installations for situations within the range of tidal influence, a knowledge of the fluctuation of sea-level at the site will, at times, be necessary. * A full list of the various Admiralty charts of British Columbia waters will be found in Catalogue of Admiralty Publications (see section XIII), issued by Potter, Minories, London, Eng., or a copy may be consulted at their agencies in Vancouver and Victoria. An Index Map to these charts is published in the British Columbia Pilot. Charts of British Columbia waters are also published by the Hydrographic Office of the United States Navy. A list of these charts, the majority of which are based on British surveys, is given in Section IV of the General Catalogue of Mariners’ Charts and Books (revised periodically), Washington, D.C. t Most of the charts have detail plans to a larger scale of the more important harbours, anchorages, bays, inlets and narrows. \ t The scale is given in geographical or nautical miles to 1 inch. Note: As corrections and additions are frequently made to the charts, those applying for them should request copies em- bodying the latest corrections..:.. -. - ; SURVEYS AND MAPS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 179 The Tidal and Current Survey Branch of the Naval Service, under the direction of Dr. W. Bell Dawson, has, especially since 1905, been conducting investigations respecting the regimen of the tides along the Pacific coast of British Columbia. The Tidal Survey has established automatic recording tide gauges at a number of stations along the coast.* The table of tidal ranges (p. 180) and the list of bench marks in Appendix II will be of special assistance to persons in- terested in developments at or near tide-water. Where, however, matters*of special issue are involved, interested parties are recommended to communicate directly with Dr. W. Bell Dawson. When writing, the applicant should supply, in a clear and concise form, all available information. For instance, for a por- tion of the coast for which data are required and where no permanent station is maintained, tidal readings for only a few days, tf accurately recorded with respect to time, may enable the Tidal Survey, with the aid of their records for other stations, to set forth the specific characteristics of the tide observed, including its probable extreme ranges at the place of observation. Wherever possible, the observations should be made with reference to a permanent bench mark. High and low water may be approximated as follows : High-water mark may usually be determined, with fair approximation, from markings upon the shores. With respect to low water, the small publication, Tide Levels and Datum Planes on the Pacific Coast of Canada,f contains a list and description of about 35 bench marks employed by the Admiralty in connection with their hydrographic surveys to fix the low-water datum to which chart soundings are reduced. From these data average low water may be deduced. On the open Pacific coast, the tide curve is fairly regular, though showing a strongly marked diurnal inequality, especially northward, and the springs and neaps can be distinguished with little difficulty. In the region of the strait of Fuca and the strait of Georgia, however, the tides are of quite a different character, and here it is difficult to distinguish the springs and neaps.f Mean sea-level, as used by the Tidal Survey, is the mean ordinate found by the integration of the tidal curve referred to any selected invariable base line or datum. When so defined, mean sea-level should clearly be differentiated from half-tide level ; that is to say, half way between extreme high tide and extreme low tide does not necessarily coincide with mean sea-level as above defined. On the Pacific coast, in the case of a tide whose extreme range is * A list of stations and observations upon which the tidal information is based, will be found at pp. 57-59 of the Tide Tables for the Pacific Coast of Canada, for the year rrr, Ottawa, 1910. ‘As the accuracy of the tide tables is represented by the length of the tidal observations on which they are based, those for Clayoquot, Victoria, Sand Heads, Vancouver and Port Simpson are now superior to the tide tables for any port on the Pacific ocean, in America, Asia or Australia. The tide tables for Prince Rupert are now equal to those for San Francisco, which are based on the longest record of any that are published for the Pacific coast, by the United States Coast Survey.” See Tide Tables (Introduction). + Pp. 16-21 ; (Dominion Sessional Papers No. 21c., 1906). t For discussion of these special tidal manifestations, see p. 63 of Fide Tables for the Pacific Coast of Canada for the Year 1918, Ottawa, 1917. 180 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION only 13 feet, the half-tide level may differ by as much as a foot from true mean sea-level. In Juan de Fuca strait and the strait of Georgia, the mean sea- level is at greater elevation than the half-tide level. This is explained by the fact that, during the greater part of the day, the ‘high waters’ prevail at about the same general level—there are only relatively slight fluctuations near the high water level, but, once a day, there is a sharp and short drop to the lower water level. This stronger characteristic of the tides obscures the usual feature of spring and neap tides, and hence, for the region of Juan de Fuca strait and the strait of Georgia, the table presented in the Tide Tables gives only the mean rise. This mean rise in certain localities is as follows :* TABLE OF MEAN TIDAL RANGE Mean rise Juande Fuca Straitic. scsi epee eeeeieiacss 8:3 to 9-3 feet Gulf islands, off strait of Georgia............. 9-3 to 12-6 feet Strait of. Georgia: cscs cca eee eee oe SESS 11-5 to 14-1 feet Channels northeast of Vancouver island...... 10-2 to 13-9 feet On the open Pacific coast representative ranges of tidal levels are as follows: TIDAL RANGE ON OPEN PACIFIC Rise of tide Locality _ Springs Neaps Feet Feet Vancouver Island West Coast— Port Renfrew—San Juan bay........... cee ccc cece cette eee eees 9 7 Carmanahy poititiaannies cea aacsiern ste aes a patted 4a ayateites wunrewents a 10 1% Port Alberniincatecccdenss sean aaeke, wet em nee Sagas hata aie ces She 10% 8 Clayoquotss susie tases ses Sa ees Hed Sasa ee eae comes 11 8 Nootka: sound's 0 o.- cases saree 24 ue 24 Pu SERS TE den oc kG De SORE 12: 9 OUATSINO SOUR sheet c cia cot fier treie eased saMhotaeree wd ee tiavonann be aceuandyomdnud ee 11 8 Northern Coast of British Columbia— Ravers anlets, iscat4 wiewe hha a taba Oe athe teanetiecdacents a4 et eeune gH 14 11 Bellakula, head of Burke channel................... cee euaes 16 1334 Ocean — Rup Pe, che: : 3 I. 3 \ CHARLOTTE ‘ ISLANDS ~ wn * a %, NS focise 1 More Shy I. PI yen I. AG Bamaby 1, Kunghit r, | gerade Commission of Conservation Canada PHYSIOGRAPHIC MAP OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Accompanying report on"Water-powers in British Columbia" by A.V.White ee i : Scale of Miles ; : ° 2 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 134 132 130 128 126 a fa Bn Moin, Mis : i 2X iti Le 8 1 \eep, is ORE Ae be. \ VE \ \ 1 e River | ending =/1.B.Co- ny 120 us Ss esse? Pm 390 é oe : | cab a2) > at 374 abaska : S ~E aE sf ; seks $ ar ‘AL . \. S. Y Dar ea % te of, eKesiniboine River. G50" f 54 Base map trom plate of Map of Dominion of Canada, Dept. ot interior ; CHAPTER X Columbia River and Tributaries—Topography and Power Site Tables HE Columbia river, one of the larger streams of North America, rises in Columbia lake, in East Kootenay district, B.C. It flows northwesterly through the Intermontane valley to the fifty-second parallel ; thence, it makes what is known as the ‘ Big bend,’ thence, it flows southward, passes through the Arrow lakes and enters the state of Washington just below the confluence of the Pend-d’Oreille river. After traversing Washington in a southerly direction it turns westward and discharges into the Pacific at the forty-sixth parallel. Its total length is about 1,150 miles, of which about 465 miles are in British Columbia. The total drainage area of the Columbia, as estimated from the best available maps, is 259,000 square miles, broadly apportioned as follows : * APPROXIMATE AREAS OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN ‘ : Percentage of Province or state Area, sq. miles total area Bora bi sly Cola taal ve pcos coats Sana weeatcae cw oases ot ahacte eines pseeates 38,700 15-0 OPEB Oi noo hereytarleonnsias sa statins aura a eucteie euUMLaMMEADA ennaNNeee 55,370 21.4 Washing tons snicsnonamawanma desu sete sate ess GeNhewe dene ys 48,000 18.5 Nah onicasccvueniuin 28 Gea yous ae Awe eos daa ect 81,380 31.4 IMG OTA DLA a acc cenit x nyhiais ensseetieney Fears SEM a ontudaiyts Koel PA Seas a 25,000 9.7 Nevada aces cencacticrcartlsss tau etn chan 6 centpete a tat cts reel cain winch inl 8s 5,280 2.0 Wi GHING crap vin caaiat on caresot nie AURA Ee hoes Mar omectiiiawens 5,270 2.0 Tia United States oi ceaseschia:s' ancwenay veuendeaitn ounce site aauanee 3 220,300 85-0 In, British: Columb iaiccansn wand eauabsouneguvaneardactancetenalss 38,700 15.0 Tota lite miccrie vad aued weet ae eee cadens Bas 259,000 100-0 The chief tributaries of the Columbia and the area of their respective watersheds are as follows : CHIEF TRIBUTARIES OF COLUMBIA RIVER Approximate Watershed area, square miles distance of confluence from Name of stream In United | In British mouth, in miles Total States | Columbia 57 Cowlitz Tver. 4. cwuascaduenmaneniees 2,460 2,460 90 Willamette: fiver ccgsis sedges a scediage Suererees 11,150 11,150 185 Deschutes Livers ssscias cades beeen ssemapne 9,180 9,180 200 John Day river’; saueeue aa sama’ arene 7,800 7,800 300 Snake wiveres deco tnnuns aee ona cereays 108,600 108,600 311 Walkitna Tver nn. 204.04 te maserutuse oreo: 5,270 5,270 500 Okanagan TVET cos cree sainaree oeuetoe ¥ dares 8,350 2,350 6,000 600 Spokaile VER o54 cnc cdaweniesaumrne asses 5,880 5,880 660 Fe EE vith spss canst maevonmeend 4.260 1,100 3,160 700 Pend-d’Oreille river (Clark fork)......... 25,820 24,630 1,190 725 KOStenayTIver js i ieiwasicg anise seed onesies 19,450 4,900 14,550 *See Water Supply Papers, No. 292, p. 55, and No. 370, p. 13, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 198 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION The Columbia River drainage basin has great diversity of topography and climate. The variations are similar to those found generally in British Columbia, although, owing to its more southerly latitude, the mean annual temperature for places of similar elevation is somewhat higher. In general, the topographic and climatic characteristics of British Columbia continue south of the international boundary, following the trend of the principal mountain ranges. Some of the outstanding topographic features have a counterpart in the adjoining portion of the United States. Thus, in Washing- ton and Oregon the Coast range may be regarded as a counterpart of the Van- couver mountains, and the Cascade range the counterpart of the Coast moun- tains in British Columbia. These similarities of topography are reflected in the climatic conditions ; thus, between the Coast and Cascade ranges of Washing- ton is a region of lesser precipitation, similar to that found in British Columbia in the vicinity of the strait of Georgia between the Vancouver and Coast mountains. East of the Cascade range of Washington and Oregon the central basin of the Columbia river constitutes a continuation of the dry belt found east of the Coast mountains of British Columbia. With regard to agriculture, the character of the country ranges from the extremely arid region, where irrigation is essential for the growing of crops, through the semi-arid country, where dry-farming and irrigation are practised side by side, to the well-watered country of the Coast district, though, as more than eighty per cent of the annual precipitation falls between October 15th and May 15th, the last-named may be considered semi-arid in the summer months. Although in the Coast district precipitation is usually sufficient for agricultural purposes, yet the fullest development will not be realized in some of the valleys until irrigation is widely practised. From the Pacific coast of the United States eastward to the summit of the Coast range the precipitation varies from 100 to 150 inches. In the basin between the Coast and Cascade ranges it drops to about 40 inches, increasing again to about 100 at the summit of the Cascades. Eastward of the summit of the Cascades it decreases very rapidly, until, at the foot of the ranges, it is but 14 inches. At the mouth of Snake river the precipitation is about 9 inches per annum, but such very low precipitation obtains only at the lower altitudes. The average precipitation in the valleys of Idaho is about 20 inches, with from 40 to 60 inches on the mountains of the eastern ranges. Lumbering has been and will long continue to be one of the chief industries of the Columbia River valley.* It has been stated that at least forty-five per cent, or 116,000 square miles, of the drainage area of the Columbia is forested, and, of this amount, probably about one-half is covered with merchantable timber. Although much of the territory has been settled for upwards of sixty-five years, and large areas cleared, yet the ratio of forested area to the total area has not been very materially reduced. The Columbia river and its tributaries contain about one-third of the available water-powers of the entire United States. It is worthy of note also * See Water Supply Papers Nos. 292 and 370, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. COLUMBIA RIVER—TOPOGRAPHY 199 that some of the largest water-power possibilities in British Columbia are on the Columbia River watershed. Of those on the ‘Big bend’ of the Columbia, and on its tributaries, the Pend-d’Oreille and Kootenay rivers, the last men- tioned only has been partially developed. Of the area drained by the Columbia, some 38,700 square miles, or 15 per cent, is included in British Columbia. In considering the Canadian portion of the watershed it is convenient to regard it as divided into three main areas —the upper Columbia, the ‘Big Bend’ district, and that from Revelstoke to the boundary. Monee: Columbia The upper Columbia river and its tributaries drain a portion River of the Intermontane.valley. It rises in Columbia lake, and it is interesting to note that at Canalflat, its headwaters are less: than a mile from the Kootenay river. From Windermere lake to Golden it meanders through the valley in a tortuous channel with many side channels, but is navigable by shallow-draught steamboats. During the latter part of the open season sandbars and shallow places render navigation difficult. It has an average gradient of about one foot per mile. During early summer, when the glaciers and snowfields are rapidly melting, the tributaries are raging torrents, and the main stream floods much bottom land along the valley. It has been proposed to reclaim these overflowed lands by straightening, dredging and dyking the river, and, in addition, by controlling flood waters on the tributaries. The main valley lies at a general elevation of about 2,600 feet, and ranges in width from eight to twelve miles. As a rule, the ground rises rapidly from the bottom lands near the river to a height of 200 or 300 feet, and then extends back to the mountains in a series of gently sloping benches, broken by ridges or knolls, or by stream gulches, and constituting, if irrigated, good agricultural land. The maximum elevation of agricultural land is about 3,400 feet. Owing to its situation between the Selkirk range and the Rockies, precipitation is deficient, and irrigation is necessary to secure adequate agricul- tural returns. Several large tracts of land are being developed by irrigation companies. The valley is fairly well timbered, Douglas fir predominating, especially on the lower benches. Nearer the mountains, jackpine, spruce and tamarac are found, with cottonwood and willows on the wetter soils. There are also stretches of sage-bush, chiefly on the upper benches of the eastern side. Natural grasses grow somewhat sparsely on the lower benches, owing to the dry soil. Good range feed is found on the higher lands. The winter climate is tempered by Chinook winds and extreme cold dips are rare and of short duration. The Brisco range forms the watershed between the upper Columbia and the Kootenay. The streams which rise on this range have small watersheds, and, with one or two exceptions, do not afford sufficient water with which to irrigate the land available for agricultural purposes. West of the upper Colum- bia there are several important streams whose valleys deeply penetrate the long eastern slopes of the Purcell and Selkirk ranges. The beds of these streams are, however, eroded to depths far below the surrounding agricultural lands 200 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION and, to utilize their waters for irrigation, recourse must be had either to long and expensive ditches, flumes, etc., or to some form of pumping. (See Plate 11.) The streams on the western side have many power possibilities. For comments respecting these consult the tables. The ‘Big Bend’ The name ‘Big Bend’ district applies to the Columbia River District basin north of the Railway Belt. Like several other districts of British Columbia, it first came into prominence upon the discovery of gold on its tributaries. The great ‘rush’ to this district occurred in 1865. Following the river, the distance from Golden to Revelstoke is about 185 miles. The length of the Canadian Pacific railway between the same points is 95 miles. (See Plate 16 for view of Illecillewaet valley.) From Golden the Columbia flows northwesterly, in the great Intermontane valley, for 95 miles, to Canoe river. At the mouth of Canoe river it swings to the west and then southward around the end of the Selkirk range. The valley of the ‘Big Bend’ is, in general, narrow and lies between mountain slopes. As there are many glacier-fed tributaries, which carry large quantities of silt, the river is generally turbid, and, in warm weather, is liable to sudden floods. The range between high and low stages on the Colum- bia river gradually increases going downstream. It is said to average about eight feet throughout the upper reaches and increases to about sixteen feet at Revelstoke. The river has frozen over as early as the first week in November, and the ice in Kinbasket lake, 69 miles from Golden, may remain as late as the end of April. Over a narrow belt in the upper portion of the valley the precipita- tion is small. The western flanks of both the Rockies and Selkirks, however, enjoy a much higher precipitation, which is reflected in a heavy forest cover with dense undergrowth ; this is especially noticeable on the Selkirk range. Until superseded by the Cape Horn and Panama routes, the canoe-route of the North West and Hudson’s Bay companies followed the Columbia from the mouth to Wood river, a few miles from the confluence of the Canoe; thence, the voyageurs packed the furs and goods up Wood river to the Athabasca pass. Their old camp ground at the mouth of Wood river— ‘Boat Encampment’—is still recognizable. During part of the summer a steamer runs from Revelstoke to Boyd’s ranch, a distance of some 30 miles. (See Plate 11 for view of Columbia river above Revelstoke.) Travel by boat round the ‘Bend’ is both difficult and hazardous, and fatalities in the numerous rapids have been of frequent occurrence. The total fall in the Columbia from Donald to Revelstoke is about 1,090 feet. In the power lists the principal rapids are tabulated. Eventually the river may yield a large amount of power, but developments will probably be expensive and will not be undertaken until the more easily developed sources of power on some of the tributary streams have been exploited. At certain stages it is navigable from Revelstoke to Canoe river, and any dams built in the river should safeguard navigation. Canoe river is a rapid stream and, below Goat creek, is navigable only by expert canoemen. Itis reported that there are no good power sites, although Plate 21 wasting MTT MOL Dawson falls, above Helmcken fall. Helmcken fall, near mouth. Sheer fall of 450 feet. FALLS ON MURTLE RIVER; TRIBUTARY OF CLEARWATER RIVER UNDEVELOPED POWER ON SHUSWAP RIVER Site of proposed dam for Coteau Power Co. Looking upstream from old bridge, at peak of flood, June 10, 1913. COLUMBIA RIVER—TOPOGRAPHY 201 the river has not been adequately examined. There are numerous tributaries, mostly glacial streams, which might be developed to supply power for local requirements, The “Big Bend” district has not been examined in detail from a water- power situation standpoint, but a large number of the tributary streams are known to have power possibilities. The meagre information available is summarized in the tables. Revdstokke to The Columbia from Revelstoke to the boundary occupies a Boundary long, deep valley. From Revelstoke to the Upper Arrow lake is about 30 miles by the river. The fall in this portion of the river, at low water, is about 40 feet, and it is navigable by boats drawing three feet. The lower nine miles is relatively slack, the upper portion being rather more rapid and characterized by numerous islands with side channels or ‘sloughs.’ Upper Arrow lake is about 36 miles long and has a nearly uniform width of about two miles. To this must be added the Northeast arm, about ten miles Jong and one mile wide. The maximum depth exceeds 700 feet. The river connecting the Upper and Lower Arrow lakes is 18 miles in length. It is a wide, tranquil stream, easily navigable by steamers, though there are two unimportant rapids, one, two miles from Lower Arrow and the other, eight miles from the Upper lake; the latter appears only at low water. Lower Arrow lake is 51 miles in length. It is shaped like a bow, seldom exceeds a mile and a half in width and tapers towards each end ; it is not so deep as Upper Arrow and, at high water, a current is perceptible at several points. The Canadian Pacific steamers run from Arrowhead to West Robson. The river is navigable by stern-wheelers from West Robson to the international boundary—about 30 miles—and to the Little Dalles, 19 miles south of the boundary. (See Plate 20, which well illustrates the Columbia river as it approaches the international boundary.) In the main valley there is a considerable area of fruit-growing land but, for the most part, it is confined to comparatively narrow benches of varying extent and altitude, sometimes on one side only and sometimes on both sides of the waterway. In many places along the lakes the mountain slopes ascend steeply from the water, while at other points rise steep bluffs. As a rule, the belt of cultivated land does not extend above 2,000 feet, sea level elevation, 600 feet above the Columbia. At one time the whole watershed was heavily timbered, but fire has deforested large areas and much of the country is covered with a smaller second growth. The precipitation in the valley is heaviest at the north end, averaging over 40 inches at Revelstoke, and gradually decreases towards the south to less than 30 inches near the boundary. These figures, however, apply only to the immediate valley of the river. Each of the more important and higher mountain masses becomes a separate centre of precipitation and, at the head- s of the Illecillewaet, which falls into the Columbia near Revelstoke, the on approaches, if in fact it does not exceed, 100 inches. Generally the precipitation during the growing period is sufficient to ensure water j precipitati speaking, 202.—« COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION crops, but, at a few points, where water is within easy reach, emergency irrigation systems have been installed for use in times of drought. (See plate 17.) As the Arrow Lakes watershed is narrow, the tributaries are, with a few exceptions, small. Many of them, however, contain good power possibilities for local uses, and the valley is well supplied with undeveloped water-power. Particulars of some powers will be found in the tables, but the list is not exhaus- tive. In the vicinity of Revelstoke there are several undeveloped water- powers in addition to that on the Illecillewaet river utilized by the city. In ascending the Columbia, the Okanagan river is the first Okanagan River tributary encountered which drains a portion of British Colum- bia. The total area of the Okanagan watershed is about 8,350 square miles, of which 6,000 square miles, or 72 per cent, lies north of the inter- national boundary. Osoyoos lake, on the boundary, at an elevation of 913 feet, is the lowest point of the Columbia watershed in British Columbia. Okanagan lake is 69 miles long and has an average width of nearly 2 miles. Its high water elevation is 1,130 feet and low water, 1,125. Portions of the shores of the lake rise steeply from the water’s edge to mountains of considerable height. There are, however, many stretches of flat land bordering the lake and about the north end is an extensive region characterized by broad, open valleys, separated by lower ranges of hills, and, agriculturally, Okanagan Lake district is the most highly developed area in the interior. It contains the most exten- sive fruit-growing area in the province. The watershed of the Okanagan river lies in the dry belt. The timber is mostly of moderate size and scattered, with large areas of open bunch-grass coun- ‘try. In some of the more arid portions there is practically no vegetation, but, near the headwaters of the tributary streams, the timber is fairly heavy. Irrigation requirements in this district are of primary importance, and many companies have been formed. Extensive systems have been installed and others are projected. (For types of irrigation structures see Plate 12.) The mountains in the watershed rise from 4,000 to 7,000 feet above sea- level, and in places there is a fairly heavy fall of snow. Asaresult, some of the streams draining the more elevated areas have a relatively large flow till summer is well advanced. Generally speaking, however, the runoff is rapid, and extensive storage will be necessary to ensure the best agricultural development. The use of a stream for irrigation does not, necessarily, prevent its use for power, but it may modify the conditions under which it is so used. In most cases, power development would be subservient to irrigation requirements. Owing to topographic features, irrigation reservoirs have frequently to be con- structed at a considerable elevation, and the head available between the outlet and the point of use may in some cases be utilized to develop small powers. On Okanagan river a small low-head development is possible at the falls below Dog lake.* Many of the tributaries have steep grades and high heads, but the small flow and the increasing demand for water for irrigation will limit power development. * For illustration of Okanagan falls, see Sixth Annual Report, Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1915, p. 8. COLUMBIA RIVER—TOPOGRAPHY 203 Sinilicameen The Similkameen river is the chief tributary of the Okanagan. BOE Its watershed area is about 3,750 square miles, of which 2,950 square miles are in British Columbia. The Similkameen rises in the mountainous district east and southeast of Hope. It flows north to Princeton : thence, southeast to Keremeos ; thence southward and eastward, falling into the Okanagan at Oroville, a few miles south of the boundary. The whole district is a mountainous one, the streams flowing, for the most part, in narrow V-shaped valleys. The western portion of the watershed is fairly well timbered. The southern slopes of the hills are open and grassy, with scattered timber ; the northern slopes are more thickly wooded. In the vicinity of Keremeos, sage-bush grows on the benches, while bunch-grass is found throughout the district. The climate of the watershed varies considerably, but is generally of the dry- belt type, and the land requires irrigation. The agricultural land is confined to the bottom of the valleys. The chief area is between the international boundary and a point two miles west of Keremeos ; here the valley has an average width of one and one-half miles. The bottom land adjacent to the Tiver requires little or no irrigation, but the bench lands on either side afford opportunity for extensive irrigation projects. South of Susap creek the benches on either side of the river narrow down and are more or less broken. From a point two miles above Keremeos to about three miles below Princeton—approximately 38 miles—the Similkameen valley is narrow, varying ein width from 300 feet to three-quarters of a mile, its average width being about one-quarter mile. The river is tortuous and generally margined by narrow, arable benches 75 to 100 feet above the river, above which the moun- tains rise steeply to an elevation of 4,000 to 6,000 feet above sea-level. Three miles below Princeton the valley opens out in a plateau-like basin, which also extends northward from Princeton for six or eight miles. Five or six miles south of Princeton the valley again narrows. From the boundary to Keremeos the grade of the Similkameen is small and the flow sluggish. In the cafion-like valley between Keremeos and Princeton the grade averages about 19 feet per mile. From Princeton, where the elevation of the river is 2,090 feet, to Whip- saw creek, the average grade is about 30 feet to the mile. Above Whipsaw creek, to the confluence of the Pasayten, the fall is about 75 feet per mile. About one and one-half miles below the mouth of the Pasayten are falls and rapids in a cafion, with total reported fall of nearly 80 feet in a distance of 200 feet. There is relatively little storage possible in the Similkameen watershed, and the flow of the river fluctuates considerably. Measurements by the Daly Reduction Co., above the confluence of Twenty-mile creek, show a discharge in the winter as low as 270 second-feet. The principal use made of the tributary streams in the Similkameen watershed is for irrigation. The large extent of irrigable land in the vicinity of Keremeos, and the favourable climatic conditions, have so encouraged the cultivation of land that the normal minimum flow of Keremeos creek is nearly all utilized. Water is also brought eight miles from the Ashnola river. 204 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION The Daly Reduction Co’s plant, near Hedley, is the chief power develop- ment on the Similkameen. By means of a dam and flume three miles long a head of 67 feet has been developed for a plant of 2,000 horse-power. A note- worthy point about this development is that, to secure a head of 67 feet, three miles of flume were necessary. (See Plate 5.) It supersedes a plant on Twenty-mile creek, which developed 800 horse-power under a head of 420 feet, but, owing to the uncertain flow, a steam auxiliary was necessary. The chief tributaries of the Similkameen are the Ashnola and Tulameen rivers. Itis proposed to develop power on theformer. South of the boundary, at Similkameen falls, there is a hydro-electric plant which has recently been acquired by the Okanagan Valley Electric and Power Co., in connection with plans for an electric railway between Oroville and Penticton. It is stated, the company proposes to develop these falls to their fullest extent. The Kettle river drains an area consisting chiefly of minor Kettle River mountain ranges lying between the Okanagan and Lower Arrow lakes. The total drainage area is about 4,260 square miles, ‘of which about 3,160 square miles, or 74 per cent, lies in British Columbia. The total length of the river is about 170 miles. In the vicinity of the inter- national boundary it crosses the boundary line three times, then flows south, falling into the Columbia near Marcus, Wash. Much of the country in the upper part of its watershed is very rough and broken, with deep gorges and rocky bluffs. The rivers flow in valleys of varying widths ; generally speaking the bottom lands are from about one-half mile to‘ two and one-half miles wide. In addition to the bottom lands, there is a con- siderable area of good bench lands suitable for agriculture. The character of the forest cover in the Kettle River basin varies. Near the international boundary the quantity of timber is comparatively small, the growth open, and, in many places, the hills are almost bare. The northern portion of the water- shed is heavily timbered and lumbering is an important industry—the total drive in 1913 on the Kettle and its tributaries having exceeded 20,000,000 feet. Forest fires have done considerable damage to many areas. Owing to the very irregular formation of the country, precipitation varies between wide limits. Sufficient data are not available to give an adequate estimate of the precipitation, but, approximately, the annual fall in the valleys to the south is 15 to 18 inches, in the higher valleys from 18 to 22 inches, and on the hills and plateaux from 22 to 30 inches or even more. At the higher elevations a larger proportion falls as snow and, at some points, nearly 20 feet of snowfall is reported. All the snow, however, on these minor ranges melts during the summer, and by late autumn the waters of the creeks are low. In the larger valleys, especially to the south, in what is known as the ‘Boundary district,’ irrigation is necessary and is extensively employed. In other parts the precipitation in normal years is sufficient for agricultural purposes. Grand Forks is the centre of a splendid fruit growing industry and, in the vicinity of Cascade, there is a considerable area of agricultural land. (See Plate 13.) Although merchantable timber is not met with in large quantities in the south, there is frequently a dense growth of smaller trees on the potentially better COLUMBIA RIVER—TOPOGRAPHY 205 agricultural land. The cost of clearing such land, and the need of investment for irrigation, retard its development. From an irrigation point of view the locality has a good water supply ; but the construction of expensive irrigation works is justifiable only where considerable areas can be brought under cultivation.* An interesting develop- ment in this connection is the installation along the main river of small pumping plants for irrigation. Some of these plants are driven by gasolene engines, and others by electric power, which is available at about three cents per kilowatt hour. Many parts of British Columbia offer a wide field for the application of power for pumping for irrigation. Mining is of great importance in the Kettle River district, and the streams are extensively used in connection with this industry. Kettle river is developed to some extent for power. Plants are installed at Cascade, Grand Forks and Boundary Falls. Its upper waters and its tributaries no doubt afford numerous possibilities for small developments to meet local requirements. There are no large lakes, and no known extensive storage possibilities. The flow varies between wide limits and the low-water flow is small. Pp ee The Pend-d’Oreille river—or, as known in the United States, end-d’Oreille z é River Watershed Clark fork—is the second largest tributary of the Columbia. It drains a watershed of approximately 25,820 square miles —24,630 square miles in the United States and 1,190 square miles in British Columbia. The watershed of the Pend-d’Oreille is a region of great mountain ranges and extensive valleys, largely forested, and, south of the boundary, lumbering is an important industry. (See Plate 16, showing forested valley.) The climate varies widely, ranging from the arid and semi-arid areas in the Bitterroot and Flathead valleys to the regions of copious precipitation, greatest on the higher western slopes of the more massive mountain ranges. Altitudes within the basin range from about 1,350 feet at the mouth to over 8,000 feet on the continental divide. Scarcely a dozen of its 150 tributaries are entitled to be called rivers. In British Columbia the only important tributary is the Salmon, which drains an area of 480 square miles. The total length of the Pend-d’Oreille is about 420 miles, but only the last 16 miles of its course are in British Columbia. Profile surveys of the river have been made in Washington, Idaho, and Montana.{ The fall in British Columbia between the boundary and its mouth—sixteen miles of narrow cafion- like valley—is 400 feet. (For view of Pend-d’Oreille river, in vicinity of Salmon river, see Frontispiece.) The flow of the Pend-d’Oreille and of some of its tributaries has been the subject of special study by the Water Resources Branch of the U.S. Geological Survey. Recently the Water Resources Branch and the British Columbia Hydrometric Survey have co-operated in establishing a station near its mouth. *A proposal has been under consideration to utilize water from the Kettle river by a gravity scheme which would involve making the diversion at a point situated in the United States about 10 miles upstream from Carson Bridge. ; +See Water Supply Paper No. 346, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 206 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION The Pend-d’Oreille has a more uniform flow than either the Columbia above the confluence of the Kootenay, or the Kootenay itself. This is doubtless due in part to the regulating control exercised by the three large lakes and the numerous smaller ones on its watershed. Flathead lake, in Montana, is about 20 miles long and 15 miles in maximum width, with an area of 175 square miles. It is 2,916 feet above sea level. Pend-d’Oreille lake, in Idaho, is on the main stream ; its area is 125 square miles and its elevation is 2,051 feet. Priest lake, on Priest river, is 19 miles long, with an area of 35 square miles,* and its elevation is 2,439 feet. In British Columbia the Pend-d’Oreille, with its total fall of 400 feet in less than 16 miles, affords exceptional opportunity for extensive power develop- ment. As there are, however, no distinctive falls greater than about 10 feet in height, the available fall would need to be concentrated by means of dams. There are four or five chief suitable sites. Under natural conditions the river, in places, has a range between high and low water of over 20 feet. Special provisions would be necessary for handling the flood water, which, in the high- water year of 1913, attained a maximum discharge flow of 129,000 second-feet, or about 16 times the ordinary minimum flow. With ordinary low-water flow there is, in the portion of the river in British Columbia, theoretically available, at 80 per cent efficiency, about 300,000 horse-power. In the state of Washington, between two and three miles south of the boundary, the Pend-d’Oreille falls 60 feet in a distance of a mile ; at Metaline falls, 11 miles south, there is a fall of 20 feet in a short distance and the total descent between the crest of Metaline falls and the boundary is 225 feet. Kootenay Ri The Kootenay river is the third largest tributary to the Colum- y River ‘ 5 i : : Watershed bia and, in British Columbia, the most important. Its total drainage is somewhat smaller than that of the Pend-d’Oreille, being 19,450 square miles, of which 14,550 square miles are in British Columbia, and 4,900 square miles in the United States. Like the Pend-d’Oreille, it drains a watershed of very diversified character, varying from the arid, or semi-arid, district near the Tobacco plains, at the southern end of the Intermontane valley, to the region of heavy precipitation, with correspondingly dense forest cover, found on the western flanks of the Selkirk mountains, and including, at higher elevations, extensive snowfields and glaciers. For descriptive purposes it is convenient to divide the watershed of the Kootenay river in British Columbia into three portions ; first, that north of the international boundary and between the Rocky mountains and the Selkirks; second, the area tributary to Kootenay lake ; third, the portion occupying the transverse valley between Kootenay lake and the Columbia. The first portion is in the district known as East Kootenay, and occupies the southern portion, in Canada, of the great Intermontane valley. A little north of Cranbrook the valley attains its greatest width. It is here about 20 miles, and the greater portion of it has an elevation of about 300 feet above the river. The low bottom land rarely exceeds a mile in width. The main valley is bounded on the east, at a distance of from two to four miles, by the * General Land Office Map of Idaho, 1913. Scale, 12 miles to 1 inch. COLUMBIA RIVER—TOPOGRAPHY 207 Rocky mountains, which rise abruptly, and, on the west, by the Selkirks, which ascend more gradually. On both sides the mountain systems are deeply penetrated by lateral valleys drained by important tributaries of the Kootenay. These tributaries occupy deep, narrow valleys and follow a winding course among the ranges of the Rockies and Selkirks. The Kootenay river itself, above Canalflat, occupies one of these valleys. With the exception of the areas that have been cleared for ranches, and two or three areas of prairie— for example, the St. Mary prairie on St. Mary river—the whole of the Kootenay valley is here covered with an open park-like growth of large trees. The moun- tain slopes, except where too precipitous, and the watersheds of the tributaries are, as a’rule, more thickly timbered. Irrigation, except in years of exceptionally heavy precipitation, is neces- sary and is extensively practised. There is a large area of agricultural land in the district and stock-raising and mining are important industries. There are no power sites on the main stream below Canalflat, but the district is otherwise well supplied with potential water-powers, some of which have been developed in connection with mining operations. The two largest undeveloped sites are those on Elk river and Bull river, particulars of which are given in the tables. (For typical views on these and other streams see Plate 14.) , The second great valley drained by the Kootenay river contains Kootenay lake and its tributaries. Kootenay lake is 66 miles long, about two miles wide in the northern part and three miles wide in the southern ; it has an area of 170 square miles and is one of the larger lakes of the province. The West arm is 18 miles long and from a half-mile to a mile wide. The northern portion of the lake and most of the southern is closely bordered by mountains, rising more or less steeply from the lake shore to 6,000 feet above the lake. There 1s comparatively little low-lying bench land. Many of the mountains are some- what rugged:in outline, showing much bare rock, and abrupt rocky bluffs and cliffs frequently margin the lake. There are many sandy or gravelly beaches of limited extent at the mouth of tributary streams. At the north end of the lake an area of flat land, two miles wide, extends northward about five miles, to the bifurcation of the main valley. Lardeau river drains the western branch and Duncan river drains the eastern. Kootenay lake has a great variation in level between high and low water. The average difference of level is about 19 feet, but in 1894 it rose some 32 feet. The Kootenay river enters the lake at its southern extremity. In this vicinity there are extensive areas of flat land, extending on both sides of the international boundary, which are subject to overflow. In order to make these areas available for agriculture, proposals have been made to straighten and dyke the river at this point, and also to reduce the fluctuations of the lake level by enlarging the outlet. There are numerous mountain streams, tributary to the lake and to the Duncan and Lardeau rivers. Some of them are utilized to a limited extent for irrigation and on most of them there are power possibilities. There is a marked increase in precipitation towards the northern end of the valley. 208 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION The third portion of the Kootenay watershed, and, from a power point of view, the most important, is the transverse valley between Kootenay lake and the Columbia river. This valley is much narrower than the north and south valleys which it connects. Throughout its length it maintains a uniform trough-like character and is bordered by steep, wooded or rocky, mountain slopes. The rocky bed of the valley is little below the present level of erosion ; this is particularly apparent on the lower portion of the river, about Bonnington falls, and near the outlet of the lake, where the banks are frequently of solid rock. Theupper portion of this valley is occupied by the West arm of Kootenay lake, near the western extremity of which is the important city of Nelson. From the first rapids below Nelson to its mouth the river is a succession of rapids and falls. (For view showing falls and stretch of lower rapids on Koote- nay river, see Plate 15.) The flat land, also the bench land along the Koote- nay river below Nelson, has been extensively developed for fruit-growing, for which it is exceptionally well adapted. The Doukhobors have large holdings in this locality, also in the vicinity of Grand Forks, B.C. The Slocan river is the only large tributary to the Kootenay below Koo- tenay lake. It rises in Slocan lake and is 30 miles long. It is a rapid stream, and, with the exception of one stretch of eight miles, and another of four miles immediately below the lake, can be ascended in a canoe only by poling. Slocan lake is 25 miles long and has an area of 24 square miles. In this district the general elevation of the mountain summits is 6,000 to 7,000 feet, but there are numerous rugged peaks, notably between Slocan and Kootenay lakes, which exceed 9,000 feet. The slopes of the mountains are, in general, densely wooded, but considerable damage has been done by forest fires. Above 5,000 feet the forest becomes more open and of smaller growth, although trees are still found up to about 7,500 feet, which elevation may be considered the timber line in this district.* The portion of the Kootenay river between the lake and the Columbia valley is one of the chief water-power streams of the province. In this distance of 20 miles the river descends about 330 feet. The chief descents occur at Upper Bonnington and Lower Bonnington falls, which have been partially developed. (See Plate 15.) These developments, however, divert but a portion of the flow by wing-dams, and no attempt is made to utilize the storage possibilities of Kootenay lake. The chief value of any control over the lake level would be in equalizing daily or short period fluctuations in de- mand for power and, for this purpose, a comparatively small difference of level would suffice. The present developments on the Kootenay river are described on pages 163 and 170, and also in the tabulation of power sites. * See “Report ona portion of the West Kootenay District,” by G. M. Dawson, in Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1888-1889 (Vol. IV) pp. 20, 21B. Plate 22 LONSER| i, AT ad CHILCOTIN RIVER A—View looking up valley from point twelve miles from Chilcotin post office. B—Confluence of Chilcotin river and its chief tributary, the Chilko. C.—Carion near mouth of Chilko river. A possible power site. DESCRIPTION OF POWER SITE TABLES 209 d Description of Power Site Tables Until tecently comparatively little information respecting the water-power possibilities in British Columbia was available. As late as 1911, the official Year Book of British: Columbia stated that : ‘Speaking generally, there is no subject of economic interest, in connection with the exploitation of the pro- vincial resources, concerning which there is less known than the extent to which water-powers may be rendered available.” Owing to the topography of British Columbia and the relatively small extent of territory covered by detailed topographic and hydrometric surveys, it is practically impossible to make anything like a close estimate of many of its water-power possibilities. Both the confines of the watersheds of many of the smaller streams and their run-off are unknown. In such cases, any figure purporting to give the available amount of power is, at best, only an estimate indicating possibilities. The ‘‘power tables’’ contain summarized statistical data regarding the water-powers. It is not practicable to indicate all details of information upon which the tabular estimates are based, but all available data have been used. Effort has been made to keep on the conservative side, and totals for the province, based on the tabulated estimates, can only fairly be compared with estimates for other large territories by taking into account the conservative character of the deductions. The power sites are arranged in five groups : I. The Columbia River and Tributaries, north of the international boun- dary : This comprises the portion of the province lying between its eastern boundary and the watershed of the Fraser. For convenience, the Skagit river and its tributaries are also here included.* II. The Fraser River and Tributaries: This includes practically the entire area of the great Interior plateau.* III. Vancouver Island. IV. The Mainland Pacific Coast and Adjacent Islands (except Van- couver island): This includes all the rivers north of the Fraser which drain into the Pacific. They are dealt with from south to north. V. The Mackenzie River Tributaries. The power sites are listed in order of ascending the streams, and each main stream is disposed of before its tributaries are dealt with. The power sites in the Railway Belt are under the jurisdiction of the Dept. of the Interior, but are now administered by British Columbia Dept. of Lands. Names of certain rivers and creeks vary on different maps. Where deci- sions of the Geographic Board were not available, the form given on the latest published map was adopted. The tables indicate situation, approximate watershed area, possible head, and estimated magnitude of the respective powers. The column of ‘Remarks’f _ *In the Tables of Power Sites in Chapters X and XI, sites on streams in the Railway Belt have been indicated by a “t’’ attached to the number. | : + In the tables it will be noticed that certain descriptive memoranda have been supplied, even where no estimates of power have been given. Although available data did not, in all cases, warrant making estimates, such data, by indicating certain characteristics of these streams or i e useful. Consequently, such fragmentary data have been recorded, even though oe ane eon owes the tables the appearance of incompleteness. : 210 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION supplies supplementary information respecting head, rapids, character of banks, ownership, etc., etc. In the first column is given the name of the stream and the Situation situation of the power site. An index number, corresponding to numbers upon the accompanying map, precedes each power or group of powers. In the second column, headed ‘Watershed,’ is given the Watershed approximate drainage area in square miles. Unless otherwise indicated, the figure represents the drainage area above the proposed intake of the power site. In other cases, a small ‘x’ indicates that the area given is the total watershed area above mouth of stream. A small ‘y’ indicates that the area given is the watershed area above the outlet of the lake. The accuracy of these watershed areas varies greatly, but they have been obtained from the best available maps, supplemented by information from other sources. The maps published by the Geographic Branch of the Dept. of Lands, Victoria, B.C., are a great advance upon those published prior to its organiza- tion. A comparison with those published but a few years ago discloses many changes, due to new discoveries or to more accurate surveys. Other maps are in preparation and these will permit of more exact measurements of drainage areas. (For list of maps see Chapter VIII.) In the southern portion of the interior, and in southern Vancouver island, the topography has been well ascertained. A new map of Cariboo and adjacent districts, recently published, covers a large portion of the Interior plateau and the Fraser River watershed. In the mountainous districts of the interior, the densely timbered portions of northern Vancouver island and of the Pacific coast, and in the largely unexplored territory of the north, the figures given for areas, except in a few cases where special surveys have been made, must especially be considered as approximations. In general, the percentage of error is less in the larger than in the smaller areas. The column ‘Approximate head in feet’ may give the natural Head head, the possible head, or the developed head. The state- ments made under the column of ‘Remarks’ must be con- sidered in connection with the figure relating to ‘Head.’ Heights of banks and distance between them were usually estimated. Distances along the streams were generally estimated by pacing or by time. The amount of head available is, in many instances, optional, but, for the purposes of estimating, it was necessary to select a specific head, and such selections are tabulated. Wherever possible, the heads were measured by instrumental levelling, or by hand levelling, or with a tape line. In most instances, however, especially on rivers with steep gradient, or on those coursing through deep cajions where it is impracticable to proceed along the river bed, the aneroid barometer* was used. * Where the aneroid barometer was used by field parties in securing reconnaissance data, a 5-inch instrument, reading on the vernier to single feet, was employed. Along the coast, it was customary to leave one aneroid at sea level on the survey boat, having it read every hour during the absence of field parties. These readings were then plotted to show the variation at sea level and, on the same sheets, for comparison, the river elevations were also plotted,—the times being carefully noted. Wherever possible, two readings were taken at the same place, either by two aneroids, or else by a second reading on the return trip. Consult also How to Use the Aneroid Barometer, by Edward Whymper, London, 1891. DESCRIPTION OF POWER SITE TABLES 211 In many instances data were supplied in answer to enquiry sent by mail. In such cases also allowance must be made for the ‘personal factor.’ Though all available data have been carefully sifted, the heads given must be regarded as approximations and, frequently, as optional. Betieied In the column headed ‘Estimated horse-power’ the quantities Horse-power given represent, generally speaking, the horse-power that could be developed at the respective sites, under the given head, and when utilizing the mean flow estimated to be available during average low- water months. Numerically considered, and if developed, a large proportion of the British Columbia water-power sites, especially those on the smaller streams east of the Coast range or at high elevations, would, on account of low water or ice con- ditions, be practically inoperative for one, two, three or more months of the year. It is not possible, here, to take into account curtailment of operation such as might occur due to winter conditions. As each power site comes into a posi- tion of real economic importance, means of coping with such difficulties as ice will, no doubt, be devised. The Revelstoke plant, on the Illecillewaet river, for example, has been in successful operation for several years. Though, at times difficult ice conditions have been met, these have been overcome, and each winter the experience gained results in lessened damage and interruption. With respect to the smaller individual powers, there is not sufficient information to permit discrimination but, in dealing with the situation as a whole, it has been concluded that, from the standpoint of service, the power possibilities of the smaller streams may be regarded, in a preliminary survey at least, as on a seven to nine, rather than on a twelve, months’ basis. For example, in the case of the city of Nanaimo’s plant, on the Millstone river, for six months of the year the water-power is supplemented by steam. The utilization of steam, gas, oil and other auxiliary power is a subject which is deservedly receiving more and more attention. For the smaller streams, therefore, the column giving the estimated horse- power must be regarded as indicating, usually, the power for periods less than a year. Of course, where storage is available, each power affected thereby would have to be specially considered on its own merits. In many instances, especially in the cases of the smaller streams, the estimated power could not be obtained during part of the year without the utilization of some storage. On the other hand, at certain seasons, much more power than is indicated might be developed. If, in addition to such general storage facilities as each individual case demands, additional means exist for locally storing the flow for perhaps half a day, practically double the listed horse-power would be available for the remainder of each day. In some of the estimates in the tables, weight has been given to known storage possibilities. Such allowances, however, do not neces- sarily represent the increased power that might be obtained by a complete development of possible reservoir sites. 212 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Estimated quantities are on the basis of 24-hour power, 80 per cent effi- ciency. If comparison is made with other estimates of horse-power giving theoretical quantities, then our estimates should be increased 25 per cent. Hydro-electric developments in British Columbia, such as those at lake Buntzen, Jordan river and Stave falls, would not have attained their present commercial serviceability without the employment of storage facilities. With- out the knowledge of such storage, which was only obtained after extensive, surveys and research, any estimates on the same basis as our tables would have been lower than the power actually produced under development. This fact is mentioned to show that, if the powers are to be dealt with individually and for special purposes, then physical data of a more precise and special nature than those resulting from reconnaissance investigations are demanded. Such factors as glaciers, snowfields, precipitation of exceptional character and amount, and storage possibilities emphasize the necessity for submitting to very careful engineering investigation any contemplated power development in British Columbia. COLUMBIA RIVER—POWER SITE TABLES 213 Columbia River and Tributaries—District No. I Area of (Select 4 Name oF STREAM water-| ed | Esti- AND shed in| head) mated Remarks SirvaTIon oF Power SiTn square| in | horse miles* | feet* | power* Columbia river—' Big Bend’ : tl Revelstoke cafion........... 10,400 |25-30 | 12,000 |Cafion and gorge 5m. long. Dam-site at lower end. . 4 Head optional. Possible back flooding. 2 Twelve-mile, Death and Priest} TADIGS'. oss0:cc) 3h exe 23592 crease e008 9,520 40 | 15,000 |Total drop 40 ft. in about 23m. River narrow between steep mountains. Banks alternate steep blufis and rock slides. 3 Rapids below Canoe river.....| 8,370 20 6,000 |Fall of 29 ft. in 8m. _ Part of this might possibly be de- veloped by a dam in gorge 8m. below mouth of Canoe riyer. 4 Long rapids§..... iors buantpaid atoee 6,020 | 150]! 30,000 |Descent, 256 ft. in 16m. River is generally less than 300 (Below outlet of Kinbasket ft. wide; many patches of sliding bank and bluffs; lake) rapids usually over heavy boulders and rocks. Reef rock in bed above Cummings creek, near Yellow creek, in Red cafion, and probably at other places. Some pos- sible power sites reported ; heads would depend,on height of dam. +5 Surprise rapids.............. 5,425 | 100 17,000 |1st drop, 21 ft., in 750 ft. ; 2nd., 14 ft. in 1,200 ft. ; 3rd., (Below mouth of Bush river) 25 ft. in 5,000 ft. Total fall, 95 ft. in 3.3m. Rocky bluffs and gravel benches with reef rock at places_in stream. +6 Kitchin rapids......,....... 4,170 20 2,500 9.5 ft. fall in 1,000 ft.; totul fall, 24 ft. in 9,250 ft. ; (near Beavermouth) heavy boulders in bed ; reef rock shows in upper part of bed and in bank. +7 Donald cafion............... 4,000 20 2,500 |15 ft. fall in 8,000 ft. At cafion, banks largely bluff and (near Donald) almost wholly reef rock ; width at upper end about OKANAGAN RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES Okanagan river :1 ‘ ' a, 8 Okanagan falls............... 2,545 16 750 |Direct fall 8 ft. and 8 ft. head in 150 ft. rapids. Limited storage, probably up to high-water mark only in Dog lake, aiid possibly: some storage on Okanagan lake. Similkameen river : : ‘ 9 Rapids 3m. above Keremeos...| 2,960 | 25 ft. 1,000 |Series of small rapids, 25 ft. per m. ; difficult to develop. per m. Rapids 10m. west of Hedley. .. 75 2,000 |Proposed development by Ashawata Power Co., 70ft. dam. 10 ; Development by Daly Reduc- TOs es pales nek eee 2,040 67 1,800 |Head of 67 ft. developed by dam and 3m. wooden flume. Supplies power for mines and lights town of Hedley. Hedley Creek plant used as auxiliary. (See below.) Princeton to Whipsaw creek...) .... | ... | .e.ee Grade 30 ft. perm. Valley wide in places ; high benches to west. Whipsaw creek to Pasayten| TAVGRotss b.chi ceed iisesie were oe .. |Grade 75 ft. per m. in narrow, rocky valley ; box cafion in places. 11 Rapids and falls 14m. below i Pasayten river mouth...... 4802 80 1,750 |80 ft. fall in 200 ft. Heavy rapids above and below falls sAbove junction with Pasayten ks TIVGR: cccixceastareg esabau ators VGOX) ca.ceg |) verses Grade of 75 ft. per m.; reported no good power sites. Rises 900 ft.in 12m. (G.N.Ry. survey.) *See Description of Power Tables. tThe particulars of the various rapids around the ‘Big Bend’ Dept. of Public Works, Canada, re Columbia River surveys, 1912. of navigation and the report does not specify the best locations for dams. Geography and Geology of the Big Bend of the Col of the Royal Society of Canada, Vol. VII (1839), Sec tPower sites on streams within the confines of Railway lumbia’’ by A. P. Coleman, “ t. iv Pt. VIII, pp. 97-108—especially 99-102. Belt. were taken from a report by W. F. Richardson to the The survey had reference to improvement Consult, also, ‘‘ Notes on the in Proceedings and Transactions §Below Kinbasket lake, the water surface profile is as follows : From 0 to 1} miles, descends 37.8 feet. From 9 to 10 miles, descends 13.6 feet. ae 3 to 3 a“ “a 26. “a ae 0 to 11 ae ae 8.7 iG “3 to4 be S oe “ 11lto1l2 “ ef 20.2 “ “4 to5 oe as Tis5 * 12t013 “* a 9.2 “5 to6 ee * 13.5 “ “13 tol4 “ Me 99 * “6 to7 a “ 13.2 ‘ i 14to1l5 “ e 8.1 “ “7 to8 re ee 12.5 ‘“ cn 15to16 “ ee 16.2 " “8 to9 8 = 25.2 “ [Assumed for purposes of estimate, see under column Rema iWith reference to the possible water-pow! ers in the Okanagan rks. De ictlet River watershed it must be remembered that irrigation interests are of primary importance. The use of a creek for irrigation does not necessarily prevent its development for power, but may modify the conditions under which it is useable. 3In Washington about 260 sq. m., in British Columbia about 220 sq. m. 'This portion of Similkameen also called Roche river. x Drainage area above mouth. Watershed area above Placer creek. 214 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES—DISTRICT No. I—Continued Water- a] H STREAM AND SITE shed in| Hea Onee= REMARKS sq.miles| in feet] power Suchumption (Nehumpshon) * * # creek : : 12 Rapids and falls at foothills... 43 | 1,000 250 /30 ft. direct fall, 820 ft. in 6,200 ft. rapids. Head optional. Proposed development by Southern Okanagan Power Co. River below power site used by Indians for irrigation. Susap creek : ‘ " 13 Rapids and falls at foothills... 20] 880 110 |20 ft. direct fall ; 880 ft. in 6,400 ft. rapids below forks, Keremeos creek : 7 ; 14 Falls above White Lake road. 900 150 {900 ft. fall in 4.3m. above road bridge. Below bridge the water is required for irrigation. Ashnola creek : 4 x { Lower cafion................ 420 | 125 600 |125 ft. fallin 1m. rapids ; steep, rocky cafion. 15 (1m. from mouth) 5 = Upper Cafion...... pea nans ats 380 | 260 1,300 |260 ft. fallin 1tm. Rugged cajion, steep cut banks, in- {| (6m. from mouth) stallation probably difficult. Above forks, main branch and South fork flow in narrow, rocky valleys with fall of about 75 ft. per mile. Winters (Sixteen-mile) creek : ; [ ‘ 16 Rapids above foothills........ 10 | 900 40 |900 ft. fall in 2m. above foothills; narrow, rocky valley, steep side hills. Below foothills water is used for F irrigation. Hedley (Twenty-mile) creek : : z 17 Dam, 4m. from mouth. ...... 110 | 412 225 |424 ft. head in 3m. ; developed by Daly Reduction Co. ; . 800 h.p. installed for mining and milling. Power in- termittent, creek sometimes dry in winter; steam auxiliary. Supplements Similkameen_River plant. (See above.) Storage possible in Stray Horse lake. Stirling creek : 18 Rapids below forks.......... 30 | 600 245 |Grade below forks about 200 ft. per m. ; above, 300-400 ft. per m. ; narrow rocky valley. Head optional. Smith creek : 19 Rapids below swamp........ Small 450 40 |450 ft. in 1st m. below swamp, then uniform grade of about 200 ft. perm. to mouth. Head optional. Wulf creek.................... .:. |Reported no power sites ; fall of 800 ft. in 12m. Coldwater creek (trib. Wulf) : 20 Power site just above mouth. . 45 | 450 250 |Dam 100 ft. high would back up water 2m. giving good (Dam site, 3m. from mouth) storage. Below dam-site, 350 ft. fall in 3m. Hayes (Five-mile) creek : 21 Cafion near mouth.......... 300 | 300 400 |Falls 100 ft. per m. for 3m. below Red creek. Storage in lakes on Osprey creek. Red creek (trib. Hayes) : ‘ 22 Falls and rapids near mouth. . 75 | 1,490 500 |1,490 ft. fallin 2im. Proposed development by Similka- meen Power Co. Some storage possible above cafion. One-mile creek................ 140x} .... .+. |Reported no good power possibilities ; grade 70 ft. per m. for first two miles. Summers creek (trib. One-mile) : 23 Rapids above mouth......... 56‘| 200 50 |200 ft. head in 1,000 ft. ; a small power possibility. Tulameen river : : 24 Dead Horse falls............ 175 60 500 |60 ft. fallin $m. (9m. above Tulameen) 25 Tulameen falls.............. 30 | 230 320 /130 ft. direct fall; possible total, 230 ft. (18m. above Tulameen) Granite creek (trib. Tulameen) : ZG" JRA DIAS ssc e eon anaes hacker Gos (OR seg Narrow rocky valley. No special sites, but small powers might be developed. Otter creek (trib. Tulameen) : 27 South fork of West fork near MOU sins.ceeay nana Vaeeh ti Small A small development proposed on this stream. Whipsaw creek : 28 Rapids above mouth......... 90 | 420 1,500 420 ft. fall in Im. above mouth; 100 ft. per m. above. . 3 Hydraulic sluicing plant installed. Lamont (Nine-mile) creek : (trib. Whipsaw) 29 Rapids near mouth.......... 16] 250 75 |250 ft. fallin 1m. Copper creek.................. 40x] .... Grade of 100 ft. per m. but no good power sites. Pasayten river................. 310x] .... Grade of 75 ft. per m. for 10m. but no special power sites. Incaneep creek : 80 Rapid i anes cankedaswe sen 110 | 300 300 [Creek has low grade for 2m. above mouth, then rises 300 per m,| ft. per m. for several miles. Head optional. *See Description of Power Tables. x Drainage area above mouth. COLUMBIA RIVER—POWER SITE TABLES 215 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES—DISTRICI No. I—Continued Water- STREAM AND SITE shed in| Head | Horse- REMARKS sq.miles| in feet} power * * * ‘ Reed creek.................... Small |Water all recorded for irrigation interests and by Stem- winder Mining Co. Meyers creek.................. 74x Water all recorded for irrigation. McIntyre creek : 31 Proposed development....... 33 | 300 90 |Southern Okanagan Power Co.'s power site; between per m. Sheep creek and S. fork ; fall of 300 ft. perm. Head optional. Near mouth, water is all recorded for irri- gation. Shuttleworth (Keogan) creek... 27 ‘Water required for irrigation. Has small storage at head- waters; 1,200 ft. fallin 4m. McLean creek : 32 Fallin box cafion........... 65 | 400 225 /15 ft. fall ; 350 ft. per m. in box cafion ; water below falls (4m. from mouth) required for irrigation. Ellis creek : Boose 33 (Bae Fork diversion........ 38 | 1,600 85 |Proposed development ; 1,600 ft. fall in 5 miles. Ellis Creek diversion......... ... | 1,800 350 |1,300 ft. head in 5m. Diversion at rapids just above E. boundary of lot 3,639. Water below power site used for irrigation. Penticton creek : 34 Diversion 9m.from mouth....|, 80 | 2,100 500 [2,100 ft. fallin 7m. Town of Penticton commenced de- (Power house, 2m. from velopment but abandoned it as too expensive. Irriga- mouth) tion storage reservoir, 18m. up. Shingle (Beaver) creek......... 100 ft. fall per m. for 10m. ; 200 ft. perm. for4m. Water r diverted 11m. up and carried over a divide into Marron lake for irrigation. Four-mile creek... .6. cc 55 eines Small Used for irrigation. (trib. Okanagan lake) : Naramata creek............... Small 1,140 ft. fall in 2m., but water all used for irrigation. Mill Cree les, ciccee eo cesee a tomvnia sent Small 1,000 ft. fallin 1m. and 600 ft.in 1m. Used for irrigation. Lequille (Wildhorse or Chute) creek : d : 35 Rapids and falls............. 2,600 1,000 ft. fallin lm.; 400 ft.in 1m.; 300 ft. per mile for 4m. Chute lake, elevation 3,900 ft., area 80 acres, affords storage. Water rights held for irrigation. Trout creek : “elk 36 Cafion creek tributary....... [Proposed small development by Summerland municipal- ity. Peachland (Deep) creek........ 80x Small creek used for irrigation. Trepanege river : - 37 Peachland Municipal plant. . . 70 184 60 [Small lighting plant ; 184 ft. head developed by 6 ft. dam. (1m. from mouth) All water used at low stage. Proposed to construct 50 ft. dam to give limited storage. Total possible head about 290 ft. Power creek................... ' 700 ft. fallin 5m. All water used for irrigation. Mission creek : ° : 38 Proposed development....... 175 450 700 |450 ft. head in 2m. rapids; dam 10m. from mouth ; (By Belgo-Canadian Fruit power-house 12m. from Kelowna ; initial development Lands Co.) 1,000 h.p. ; ultimate vena 2,000 h.p. Power for pumping for irrigation, also lighting of Kelowna. Lumby (Bear) creek : é A 39 Fall 4m. from mouth........ 115 960 500 |Direct fall 35 ft. ; 960 ft. head in 5m. — Proposed to de- velop power here. Water mostly required for irrigation. KETTLE RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES roe ads : 40 est ti P & Light r é . Co.’s ina Ne. 3. de = .| 3,6003} 156 4,000 |Natural head of 120 ft. in 3m. ; series of rapids and falls in (Formerly Cascade Water gorge ; dam 36 ft. at head, 700 ft. rock cut and 400 ft. Power and’ Light Co.) Plant tunnel to 7 ft.diam. steel pipe; 3 turbines of 1,300h.p. in gorge 12m. below Grand| eaca; auxiliary to Bonnington Falls plant. Power used orks. at Grand Forks, Phenix and Greenwood. 41 Cafi 5 h of City. = % =“ ee oe é Sener 260 30 175 |Direct fall 10°5 ft. Possible total head, by dam and 1,500 ft. flume, 30 ft.§ *See Description of Power Tables. {In Canada about 2,870 sq. m., in United States about 730 sq. m. §Report of Minister of Lands, British Columbia, 1913, p. D166. x Drainage area above mouth. 216 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES—DISTRICT No. I—Continued STREAM AND SiTE that Head | Horse- REMARKS sq miles! in feet} power Puecenaa nee e ‘ * * = trib. Christin 3 42 Rapids and falls nak mouth... 30 | 850 350 [Small rapid mountain stream, 850 ft. fall in 24m. Granby (North fork Kettle) river: 2 43 Development at Ge 950 30 700 |About 700 h.p. generated for power and light at Granby (Granby Mining, Smelting & smelter. § Power Co.) Boundary creek : . : 44 Greenwood City development. 150} 130 180 |Dam 24 ft. high, 30 ft. long ; 250 h.p. generated for light- (Boundary falls 5m. from ing Greenwood. 2 Doble wheels. mouth) : Westkettle river : {Cafion north of Wilkinson! ; ; 6:3" Jereeky ic yaa uarbasiimainn’s 165 40 120 |Possible 40-50 ft. dam in deep, narrow, rocky cafion. {rail 3m. above Lot 1,235 (8S). sis 50 150 |Direct fall 25 ft., in deep, rocky cafion, 20 ft. wide at falls.§ PEND-D’OREILLE RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES Pend-d’Oreille river :|| 46 Waneta Power site (near mouth) 47 Nine-mile falls. . 48 Site at Fifteen-mile creek 49 Dam site near mouth Salmon Salmon river :3 (trib. to Pend-d’Oreille) Cafion just above mouth..... ‘(Rapids and cafion for 3m. above mouth........ 51 Rapid 1}m. south of Hall Rapid 1m. north of Hall. . Sheep creek and Wulf creek : 52 Development by Queen mines Sheep creek Wulf creek. . Sheep creek : 52 Development by Kootenay Belle gold mines (Rogers Syndicate) Upper Sheep creek : 52 Development by Mother Lode Sheep Creek Mining Co Fawn creek : (trib. to Sheep creek) 53 Nugget Gold Mines Erie creek (North fork Salmon river) : Rapids 1m. above Erie....... 54 {Rapids 2}m. above Erie...... Rapids 33m. above Erie...... Total: ineS ae Misiss dates saseiars 'e0 Mining development Beaver creek (near Ymir) : Mining development......... 25,820! 25,810 25,810 25,290 475 "57 27 10 10 "66 100 44 47 742 260 450 130 660 1,300 73,000 32,000 34,000 50,000 375 2,000 4 20 75 125 300 150 “"500 250 200 100 ft. might be developed by 60 ft. dam in rocky cafion ; balance of head in jm. of rapids below. Head optional. 30 ft. rapids in about 1,000 ft.; rocky box-like cafion 40- 50 ft. deep. (Proposed diversion on lot 9,282. This site includes a. 0 |30 ft. rapid in about }m.; rocky banks 25 ft. high. 30 ft. rapids in about }m.; rocky banks. Creeks combined for power; 260 ft. head from Shep creek by 6,000 ft. flume and 450 ft. head from W creek by 5,000 ft. flume. Six Peltons installed. Water rights recorded for 400 inches from both creeks. 130 ft. head in about 4m. 4,500 ft. wood pipe up one fork ; 2,100 ft. wood pipe up ether fork, and 7,000 ft. steel pipe. Pelton wheels, two ams. 1,300 ft. fall in 4,500 ft. rapids, head of rapids 1m. from mouth. 30 ft. head in 4m. above Erie; balance in im. rapids ; rocky banks. 170 ft. in 14m. rapids ; rock banks 20 ft. high. 90 ft. in lm. rapids ; rock and gravel banks. la, b and c combined give head of 340 ft. in 3}m. 250 h.p. developed at certain seasons for Second Relief Mill mine ; flume 2m. long. 4 200 h.p. developed at certain seasons for Dundee mine. 4 *See Description of Power Tables. }Report of Water Rights Branch, British Columbia, 1914, p. H18. §Report of Minister of Lands, British Columbia, 1913, p. D412. of about 400 ft. in the 16m. in B.C., or 25 ft. per mile, most of ||River runs in narrow rocky valley with a total fall which is reported developable by dams. ft. There are not any distinct falls of over The most favourable power sites are above indicated. between high and low water being in places over 20 ft. \Watershed : Area in the United States 24,630 sq. m. In first seven miles above mouth it rises 34 ft. per mile ; total rise 235 10 ft. in height, but, in several places, lesser falls occur in close proximity. The head varies with the stage of the river, the difference (See page 205.) In British Columbia 1,190 sq. m. 2This head would affect the level of the water at the international boundary. ‘For profile see Annual Report of the Minister of Lands, British Columbia, for 1912, p. D139. 4 Water Resources Paper No. 8, pp. 44 and 45. Plate 23 a 1 MISSION OF LONSERVATIO: aH Paw RSERVATION QUESNEL RIVER A.—Showing typical ‘cut banks’ and country below Forks. B.—Typical stretch of river below Forks. Note recent slide. C.—First rock cafion and power site. About twenty-one miles from mouth. COLUMBIA RIVER—POWER SITE TABLES 217 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES—DISTRICT No. I—Continued Water-| STREAM AND SITE shed in| Head | Horse- REMARKS lsq.miles| in feet] power 4 * * * Ymir (Wild Horse) creek : (trib. Salmon) | 55 Fall and rapids near mouth... 39 | 340 300 |Fall of 30 ft. ; head of 340 ft.in 23m. above mouth. Rock Ee and gravel banks at head of rapids. Head optional. Mining plant............... 150 |150 h.p. developed at certain seasons for Yankee Girl mine. Beaver creek (trib. to Columbia . near Sayward) First rapids.............-.4- 90 30a 50 |30 ft. rapids in 3m. ; rock banks 15-20 ft. high. Second rapids............... mA 130d 250 |130-140 ft. rapids in about 1}m. Low gravel banks ; 2 ft. 56 ; . irrigation dam here. Third rapids..........0.005: 90c 175 |90 ft. rapid in about $m. ; rock banks. Beaver Creek falls........... Escceek 64d 125 |Falls at G.N.Ry. bridge ; high rock banks and cafion. Total head available in 3m... 85 | 300 600 |a, b, cand d might be combined to give 300 ft. head in 3m. Violin creek (near Trail) : Small | 100 57 Proposed development....... eee tp. 8; 100 ft. head possible ; storage in Violin ake. KOOTENAY RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES, INCLUDING TRIBUTARIES TO KOOTENAY LAKE Kootenay river : 58 Rapids near mouth.......... 59 Sand Cut rapids............ Stones Byres....... whic eOe si (Slocan Junction Upper & Low-| er Cafion falls and rapids) Lower Bonnington falls...... ||604 Rapids between falls......... Upper Bonnington falls Upper Bonnington falls. (Nelson Municipal Plant) (Cora Lynn falls............. Beasley rapids.............. Taghum rapids............. Granite rapids.............. 62 Dam site, 3m. below mouth of Hite Tiver’s-cicse sosiecer eaves 61 63 Dam site about 37m. above Canalflat...ci. 3 secs eee Slocan river : Hirst-rapidis avicinies saicen oasis (1m. above mouth) Logging dam............... (3m. from mouth) Winlaw dam site..........+. (im. south of Winlaw) Little Slocan river : First rapids and falls......... (Lower cafion) Rapids between cafions. 66 )Upper Cafion falls..... Total in 24m.........2.--65- 64 65 First East fork : : 67 First rapids and logging dam. (4m. above mouth) *See Description of Power Tables. 19,450§ 30 19,400 17 80 34 phe 10 18,000 70 52 7-10 s+. | 7-10 17,950 | 17 1,900 25 1,050 15 1,300 25 1,300 6 900 6 100a, 120b 95c 160} 315 100 25 20,000 10,000 50,000 22,000 6,500 45,000 6,000 6,000 10,000 1,500 450 850 200 150 1,200 75 {Water Resources Paper No. 8, pp. 44 and 45. §Area of watershed in British Columbia = 14,550 sq. m. in Montane 3722 } In United States = 4,900 In Idaho I; Total area above mouth Note—The various heads available a head that could be developed woul Junction, a distance of about 2m. =19,450 t or near Bonnington falls might be combined in different ways. d be about 200-220 ft. from above upper Bonnington falls to the pool at Slocan (For profile see Annual Report of Minister of Lands, B.C. for 1912, page D137.) “ 29 ft. in Ist m. rapids; 14 ft. in 2nd m.; head in 2m. 43-48 ft. Banks, low, rocky and narrow. Proximity of C.P.Ry. tracks might limit development. 17 ft. fallin 4 to {m. ; sand and gravel banks wide apart ; probably difficult to develop. Direct falls of 25 ft. and 11 ft., total head 80 ft. in ae from bottom of Lower Bonnington falls to pool at Slo- can Junction. 34 ft. working head at plant No. 1, West Kootenay Power and Light Co. 10 ft. in $m. rapids ; rock banks. Partially developed by Nelson municipality and also by W. Kootenay Power and Light Co. Wing dams. (See pages 170 and 208.) 7 ‘Head varies from 40-65 ft., average about 52 ft. De- veloped by wing dam. (See page 163.) 7 ft. fall in short distance ; rock banks. 6 ft. fallin 600 ft. ; narrow rock channel. 5 ft. fall in about 300 ft. rapids ; gravel banks. 11 ft. fall in 300 ft. ; head of 17 ft. might be developed. Rock cafion about 600 ft. wide ; banks about 200 ft. high ; head optional. River 150 ft. wide ; east bank 170 ft. high ; west bank 35 ft. high. Head depends on height of any proposed dam. 20 ft. head in 2,000 ft. rapid ; high rocky banks on west side : rock and gravel on east ; possible dam site. British Canadian Lumber Co. ; 6 ft. dam has at times been washed out. Light gravel and sand banks. Rocky banks receding gently. Proximity of C.P.Ry. tracks might limit development. Fall 21 ft. ; 73 ft. rapids, all in 800 ft. ; high rocky banks; fall at head of cafion. 120 ft. in 1}m. ; banks, gravel and sand. . Two falls ; 63 ft. in 150 ft. and 32 ft. direct fall ; dam-site at head of upper falls ; rocky banks gently receding. la, b and c might be combined to give total head of 315 ft. Intake about 24m. above First East fork. Low gravel banks ; dam 8 ft.; 20 ft. head in 3,000 ft. rapids. The greatest 218 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES—DISTRICT No. I—Continued Water- STREAM AND SITE shed in| Head | Horse- REMARKS sq.miles| 12 feet] power | — * Lemon creek : iy % : First rapids................. reson 120a| .... {120 ft. in lm. rapid; low gravel banks. (1im. above mouth) : P Second rapids............... cei 115d] .... |115 ft.in Im.; rocky banks ; low dam possible. 68 ; (24m. above mouth) . , . Rapids in cafion............ Sues 230c| .... [230 ft. in 14m.; rocky banks ; dam might be placed at |(5m. above mouth) head of cafion. : . : (Total in 4ym............... 58 | 465 600 Ia, ne c might be combined to give head of 465 ft. in 44m. Gwillim creek : . : 69 Cascades }m. from mouth.... 30 110 75 |110 ft. in 500 ft. rapid ; rocky banks. Springer creek : : | First rapids........-........ el 100a} .... {100 ft. fallin 3,000 ft. rapids ; rocky banks at upper end. (1m. above mouth) Z i Maret f Gl lice wipro /acres @cuoted Sane deagins 35b| .... |Direct fall, high rocky banks. (Springer creek cafion) i 70 ;Second rapids............... aus 28c]} .... |28 ft. in 600 ft., rocky banks. Second fall................. pie ee 19d| .... |Direct fall, rocky banks. bird Tapia ices :e505.%6 a isens. 4 ceees nen 10e| .... {10 ft. in 600 ft. Thitd fall. ss csaie vanes eens agit 13f| .... |Cascades in 50 ft. ; Total in Lm i434. 6 ces sae 15 205 75 \Dam might be placed at head of cafion to control head (including a to f) of 205 ft. in 14m. Enterprise (Ten-mile) creek : . ‘ 5 71 Mining development......... shoicpeedll| Mohn 150 |150 h.p. developed at certain seasons for Enterprise mine.{ Four-mile creek§ (near Silverton): . 72 Mining development......... 45 160 1,000 |160 ft. head developed by short tunnel and jm. ditch and (intake 2m. above mouth) flume ; 20-in. C.I. pipe ; 5-ft. Pelton wheels. Supplies power to Standard and Hewitt mine. About 1,000 h.p. developed at certain seasons. Granite creek : (trib. Four-mile creek) 73 Mining development......... dgaitues Mh vanes 500 |24 x 24-in. flume, 3,900 ft. long ; steel penstock 1,500 ft. : Several Pelton wheels. Van Roi mine obtains about 500 ~ h.p. from this creek at certain seasons.{ Carpenter creek : New Denver lighting plant... 60 84a 80|||Timber dam 16 ft. high, developing head of 84 ft. 74 4 (intake 2m. above mouth) DPotal Ane seer seeacv nani LAM 60 350 500 |350 ft. head (including a) can be obtained in 2 miles. South fork Carpenter creek: 75 Mining development......... Seat: It aia 700 |About 700 h.p. is obtained at certain seasons for the Ruth, Noble Five and Ivanhoe mines. { Sandon creek : White creek : Miller creek : Tributary creek : 75 Mining developments........ septdges ll hegre: 200 |Over 200 h.p. is developed at certain seasons for the Won- : derful and Slocan Star mines. Payne and Reciprocity creeks : 75 Mining development......... recs IP 5 aa 300 |300 h.p. developed at certain seasons for Payne mine.{ Last Chance Slide creek : ‘ 75 Mining development......... tna, Wt Soatece 50 |50 h.p. developed at certain seasons for Last Chance mine.t Weesandy (Sawmill) creek : 76 Falls 500 ft. from mouth..... 25 20 15 |Fall 20 ft. ; operates small saw-mill. j Wilson creek : P (First rapid........... Gee ee 260 80 570 |80 ft. in 14m. rapid. Dam possible at head of rapid ; 77 |(14m. above C.P.Ry. bridge) rocky banks. Second rapid............... 230 100 625 |95 ft. in 14m. rapid ; rocky banks ; dam-site at head of (54m. above mouth) rapid. 78 Wilson creek falls........... 2 oe 100 450 |100 ft. in 500 ft. of falls and rapids ; dam site 200 ft. above (im. above Ist West fork) falls ; high rocky banks ; further head of 80-100 ft. in : ; 1m. rapids below. East fork Wilson creek : 7 Mining development......... 6 Sasudp'all ReaD 150 |150 h.p. developed at certain seasons for Monitor-Ajax Second East fork : meee 79 Rapids }m. above mouth..... ane 130 75 |130 ft. in 4m. rapid ; 10 ft. dam possible. Fitzstubbs creek (First West fork) 80 Rapids 2}m. above mouth.... 120 70 200 170 ft. ead in }m. ; falls and rapids in cafion ; 10 ft. dam possible. *See Description of Power Tables. tWater Resources Paper No. 8, pp. 44 and 45. §See Annual Report of the Minister of Mines, British Columbia, 1911, p. 147. ||H.p. of one unit installed. Operates about 12 hours per day. COLUMBIA RIVER—POWER SITE TABLES 219 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES—DISTRICT No. I—Continued s s ae Head | Horse- JTREAM AND SITE 3 ec 1 in| fu tool semen REMARKS Second weer fork : i * ‘ * Rapids 1m. above mouth..... ais 65 |60 ft. head in 3m. ; rocky banks; 10 ft. dam possible. 81 (Rapids 34m. above mouth.... 45 35 40 |36 ft. head in 900 ft. rapid in cafion, possible 10-15 ft.dam at head of cafion. Cottonwood creek (near Nelson) : 82 Fall and rapid in cafion...... 16 | 190, 100 |Old dam with pipeline, at head of rapids. Drop in box i cafion 186 ft. in 550 ft. from top of old dam ; also 47 ft. Give-out creek : in 2,100 ft. rapid below cafion. (trib. to Cottonwood) 82 Mining plant...........+-+- 20 |Formerly used to operate 10-stamp mill. TRIBUTARIES TO KOOTENAY LAKE Kokanie creek (trib. West arm) : 83 Mining development......... 200 |200 He peur at certain seasons for Molly Gibson mine. Coffee creek (near Ainsworth) : 84 Mining plant............... 39x| 107 150 |Plant operates air compressor. 580 h.p. developed at cer- i tain seasons. Cedar creek (near Ainsworth) : 85 Mining plant............... 500 |500 h.p. developed at certain seasons for No. 1, Highland, : Maestro and Silver Hoard mines. t Indian creek (near Riondel) : 86 Mining plant............... 750 250 |250 h.p. developed at certain seasons for Bluebell mines. t Fletcher (Bjerkness) creek : (trib. to Kootenay lake) ‘ 87 Mirror Lake Elec. Light Co... 4 150 25 |150 ft. in 1,300 ft. rapids. Small development for supply- ing light, etc., to fruit-growing settlement; 100 miner’s inches applied for ; 36 in. Pelton and 35 k.w. generator installed. Kaslo creek : : 3 88 Kaslo power plant........... 165 42 250 |42 ft. fall in 1,400 ft. rapids. Concrete dam 10 ft. high 3 (intake 14m. above mouth) 42 in. wood-stave flume. Record for 2,000 miner’s inches. 250 h.p. installed. Twelve-mile creek (trib. Kaslo) : ‘ : . 89 Mining plant..............- 200 |200 h.p. developed at certain seasons for Utica mine. Whitewater creek (trib. Kaslo) : : di 89 Mining plant............... 200 |200 uP developed at certain seasons for Whitewater . mine. Campbell creek : 5 : ai 90 Rapids in rock cafion........ 46 110 230 |114 ft. in 1}m. cafion, 30 ft. wide, precipitous walls 50 ft. (14m. above mouth) high. Fry river : p q First rapid (im. from lake)... 70a 70 ft. in }m. rapid ; rocky banks. First fall (4m. from lake)..... 11d Fall 10 ft. ; rocky banks and lower end of cafion. Second rapid (above First fall). 37 37 ft. fall in 500 ft., rocky cafion. Second fall (above Second ra- = DIG) oie a.4crucniened unser ane 25d| .... |Fallin rocky cafion. Third rapid (}m. from lake)...} .... 69e| _... |70 ft. in 800 ft. rapid ; end of rocky cafion. Totaliin' 4m secack ewes cae 180 212k| 1,750 |Dam could be placed at head of cafion to secure total head 91 of 212 ft. (including a to e) in about 4m. Rapids, head Im. from lake... 74s 74 ft. in }m. rapids ; rocky banks. Rapids, 2m. from lake....... 250g 250 ft. in about lm. ; rocky banks. Rapids, 3m. from lake....... 150h 150 ft. in about 1m.; high gravel and clay banks on north, sand and gravel on south. . Rapids, 3}m. from lake...... 1207 120 i ag rapids ; loose rock and gravel banks ; big mud slide. Total head in 3im........... 175 | 800 6,500 |Total possible head in 37m. (including &) about 800 ft. Davis creek : . 2 92 Fallsin rock cafion.......... 15 | 175 100 |20 ft. direct fall, with }m. rapids, gives 175 ft. head from (im. above mouth) He OF falls to creek mouth. Rocky cafion, precipitous walls. Hamill creek : ‘ be . 93 Rapids in rock cafion........ 90 |250— 125 |310 ft. in 23m. rapids; cafion walls of limestone, 40 fits (53m. above mouth) 300) wide and 60 ft. sheer. Cooper creek : 8 Old dam at foot of cafion..... 115 13 50 |Old dam, formerly used for placer mining. 1m. ab 5 : 94 Fall ba st elas Se re 110 85 350 |Box rock cafion, 40-80 ft. deep, fall 15 ft. with possible (14m. above mouth) head of 85 ft.in }m. Glacial stream. Lardeau river : 95 Dam Stee eT Tree 585 Small head might be created by dam, probably flood land (1}m. south of Poplar) and C.P.Ry. track. *See Description of Power Tables. {Water Resources Paper No. 8, pp. 44 and 45. x Drainage area above mouth. 220 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES—DISTRICT No. I—Continued Water- STREAM aNnp Site shed in geet Horse- REMARKS sq.miles| #2 eet| power Tenderfoot creek : . " y : . 96 Cafion jm. above mouth..... 20 20 15 |20 ft. fall in about 600 ft. rapid ; rocky cafion. Abramson creek : 97 Rapid 2m. above mouth...... 13 60 30 |60 ft. fall in 1,000 ft. rapid ; rocky banks; 10 ft. dam possible. oe creek : trib. to Trout lak : McPherson chad Seite Gaerne 15 | 325 100 |325 ft. head in 2,700 ft. flume. Timber dam of 4 ft. ; used (about Im. from Trout Lake for lighting Trout Lake City, and running small shingle 98 city) mill; 50 h.p. installed, record for 1 sec.-ft. Power plant near mouth. Possible total head.......... 1,000 250 Lardeau creek : . 6 First rapids................. 140a 140 ft. head in Im. rapid; dam about 15 ft. high at (1m. above mouth) head ; high rocky banks. Second rapids............... 70b 70 ft. head in $m. ; high rocky banks. (14m. above mouth) ‘ . . 99 {Third rapids................ 110c 110 ft. in 3m. rapids ; high rocky banks. (24m. above mouth) e Fourth rapids..............- 200d . [200 ft. in 13m. ; rocky banks. (Head at Ferguson) , so P 7 Total head in 4}m........... 110 | 520 2,000 Combine a to da total head of 520 ft. in 44m. might be obtained. South Fork rapids 160 350 |160 ft. fallin 13m. rapid ; rocky and gravel banks. 100 (Ferguson to Five-mile mine) ‘ . . Five-mile plant on South fork. 60 130 275 |180 ft. in 3,800 ft. flume ; timber dam 4 ft. high ; record (about 2m. from forks) 1,200 miner’s inches ; 120 k.w. generator.t ‘ 2 101 Ten-mile plant on South fork. 40 98 150 |30 ft. fall; total head 94 ft. in 4,000 ft. flume. Timber (at Ten-mile) dam 4 ft. at head of fall; 2 Pelton wheels driving air compressor. Ferguson creek (North fork) : : J 102 Cafion 1m. from confluence... 46 60 100 |60 ft. in 800 ft. rapid ; high rocky banks. Trout creek : (trib. to Trout lake) 103 Falls about 34m. from mouth. 20 40 30 |Undeveloped creek ; flat and marshy up to falls of 40 ft. Lower Duncan river........... 1,845§ Said to have no power sites. Duncan river................0- 765 Said to have no power sites in lower reaches. Glacier creek : (trib. to Duncan river) 3 ‘ 104 Fall and rapid.............. 80 450 1,700 |110 ft. fall in 500 ft. rapid ; total 450 ft. in 2m. cafion. (between bridge and 3m. up First mile through bottom land ; above cafion, valley stream) wider with easier grade. Glacial stream. Howser creek : i 105 Rapids in first 14m. of cafion.. 180 | 290 2,350 |290 ft. in 14m. rapids ; above cafion creek widens. Glacial stream. Reno creek (or East river) : c 1064Rapids in cafion, 4m. long.... 25 200 220 |Cafion }m. from mouth ; descent about 200 ft. per mile. erm. Hall creek : M 107 Rapids in cafion below bridge. 15 500 275 |150 ft. fallin 3m. ; fall 500 ft. in 14m. Stream on bed rock. Glacial stream, more head higher up. Midge creek : 108 Rapids 1m. above mouth..... 100 50 180 |50 ft. head in 700 ft. rapids and 3 small falls ; rocky banks, dam-site at head of falls. More head in next mile upstream. Cultus creek : 109 Cultus Creek falls.......... 65 135 320 |Fall of (34m. from mouth) bank 35 ft.; 100 ft. in 4m. rapid below. Steep granite 3. ? TRIBUTARIES TO KOOTENAY RIVER ABOVE KOOTENAY LAKE Goat river : 110 Cajion near Erickson....... ae about 2m. below Cam- eron creek..........0.05 111 {Cafion about jm. below Cam- eron creek Rapids 4m. above Cameron creek 420 100 15a 15 100 1,150 60 60 200 Cafion said to afford good power site ; head optional. || a and b might be combined by 1}m. of flume, and ad- ditional head obtained. Succession of small rapids; 100 ft. head might be ob- tained by dam and pipe line ; bed rises rapidly, giving succession of small powers for distance of 2 miles. *See Description of Power Tables. tSee Report of Geological Survey of Canada, Vol. 15, p. AA68. lake. two Re area north of Kootenay I Water Resources Paper No. 14, p. 386. COLUMBIA RIVER—POWER SITE TABLES 221 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES—DISTRICT No. I—Continued REMARKS Water- STREAM AND SITE shed in| Head | Horse- sciniles) a feet! power Moyie river : = © * Logging dam near Ryan..... 380 8 50 112 {Logging dam.............. 360 8 50 be (near Irishman creek) 113 Logging dam.............. 280 8 40 (1}m. below Aldridge) {Suggested development..... 280 100 i (near Nigger Creek flat) 11 Suggested development..... (near Old China Bar) Phillipps creek : 115 Cascade r a 20 | 400 100 (1}m. east of Roosville). .. Linklater creek............+4-- 60x Gold creek : 116 Dam site 3m. above mouth.. 345 35 100 Elk river : 117 Phillipps Bridge dam-site....| 1,800 50 3,500 (6m. south of Elko Dam-site south end of cafion.| 1,480 80 4,000 (3m. south of Elko) Ex1x River cANON— Best fall sp anise woetient eats 24a}... APS t TAP es isso: s..ctane secs stats: dak 73d)... 118 \ Second fall... ......e0ee ees 13c] 1... Second rapid............-- DAL essere Power slteisaccssscas rake 1,480 170 | 10,000 (upper pool to lower pool) 119 Dam-site at highway bridge. 920 10-15 500 (1m. above Michel creek) 120 Dam-site below Bingay creek. 360 |15-20 250 ‘oH oe at First Elk lake, .. 10 Dam-site at Second Elk lake. 40-50 Wigwam river : (Dam-site 1m. from mouth... 310 65 350 122 Rapids about 4m. from mouth 300 100 600 Lodgepole creek : 123 Rapids 2m. above mouth.... 55 |50-100) 80-100 Lizard creek : 124 Rapids 1m. from mouth..... 20 80 | 30-50 Fairy creek : 125 Fernie water supply........ 250 50-75 Michel creek : Dam-site 1}m. above Michel. 220 80 650 126 {South branch.............. 150x|30-50 2501 East fork 2m. west of Crows- OSGi pisiisnseietedetaes ccattans Se 58 80 {150-200 Cummings (Wilson) creek : 127 Dam-site 1m. from mouth.... 62 60 {100-150 Fording river : Josephine falls............- 30a 19g { (8m. from mouth) afion above falls.........- are 50b} .... Total head in }m........... 175 100 600 Big (Porcupine) creek : 129 Falls 6m. above mouth...... 60 60 {100-150 *See Description of Power Tables. tSeveral sites where 100-250 h.p. migh x Drainage area above mouth. t be developed. East Kootenay Lumber Co., 8 ft. dam ; low banks. East Kootenay Lumber Co., 8 ft. dam ; low banks. East Kootenay Lumber Co., 8 ft. dam ; low banks. Held by Upper Moyie Electric Co. High rocky banks ; possible dam 30 ft., might be raised to 70 ft. ; pipe line about 1m. would give head of 280 ft. Old China Bar possibility included in Nigger Creek site. Drop of 325 ft. in cascade; 55 ft. fail in 4m. rapids. Possible 20 ft. dam at head in rock cafion. Said to have no power possibilities , used for irrigation. Rocky banks 40-50 ft. apart, 200 ft. high; possible dam- site, also small reservoir possibility. Rock cajion, banks over 100 ft. high ; head of 30 ft. in 3,000 ft. of rapids and by possible dam 25-35 ft. Fall of about 60 ft. in 3m. rapid ; head might be increased 20-40 ft. by a dam. Direct fall ; rock cafion for }m. above ; banks 100 ft. high. Rock cafion 70 ft. in about 1,500 ft. rapids between falls. Irregular falls divided by rock island. Cajfion ends at head of rapid; 19 ft. fall in about 800 ft. rapids. This 170 ft. takes in whole cafion including a, b, c and d. Rocky banks 20-30 ft. high. Information indefinite. High gravel banks on west ; banks on east 15-25 ft. high ; fall of about 20 ft. in 3m. Head might be created by dam at outlet of lake ; rocky banks in places, gently receding. Fall of about 50 ft. from 2nd lake to Ist lake ; 20 ft. dam possible at outlet of lake. Lake reported 2 sq. m. area ; glacier at west end. 60 ft. fallin Im.; high rock and gravel banks on south and rock banks 60 ft. high on north. Possible 20 ft. dam. 100 ft. fallin about 14m. Gravel and rock banks, high and sheer on south side. Irrigation dam proposed here. Good banks ; fall of about 100 ft. in 1m. 80 ft. fallin Im. ; rocky banks 150 ft. apart, 40 ft. high. Town of West Fernie claims 900 miner’s inches. Concrete dam 8 ft. high. Head from crest of dam to river mouth 250 ft. Low dam possible ; high rocky banks on south side ; low gravel banks on north side ; 80 ft. rapids in about 1}m. she are dam-sites on this fork ; fall about 50-60 ft. per mile. 70 ft. fall in Im. might be increased 20-30 ft. by dam ; narrow rocky valley, high cliffs. Several dam-sites be- tween here and South fork below. Care not to flood railway tracks. Low dam might be erected; fall about 65 ft. per m.; other sites further upstream. Falls of 30 ft. in several breaks ; shale banks about 60 ft. high. : x Rocky cafion and high banks ; 50 ft. fallin $m. rapids. With dam,and combining a and b, head of 100 ft. possible. small rapid below ; Rocky cafion below falls ; dam might be built above falls and more head obtained in rapids in cafion. 222 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES—DISTRICT No. I—Continued Water- Head | H. STREAM AND SITE shed in| 4€2 ors. REMARKS sq.miles| 18 feet] power Aldridge creek : * e * , ? ‘ 130 Rapid 1m. above mouth..... 20 70 | 50-100 |Head of 60 ft. in tm.; rocky banks 35 ft. high; rapid stream ; other sites reported above. Bleasdell creek : * e 131 Rapid Im. above mouth..... 45 75 |150-200 |Said to be several sites for small developments. Total per m. head indefinite, estimated over 75 ft. per m. Pee ged hone a am 2m. above C.P.Ry. | Does scene on ae ee oases * 49 25 | 25-50 |Abandoned dam of concrete and timber 21 ft. high. From dam to bridge fall of about 100 ft.in 2m. Falls in rock cafion.........- 47 110 |100-150 |About 85 ft. head in series of falls in rock cafion in 600 ft. ; 132 { (4m. above C.P.Ry bridge) 50 ft. head in 4m. of rapids above. Below caiion stream falls 70-90 ft. per m. ; dam might be built above falls, head optional. Old dam 6m. above C.P.Ry. 7 : Dri 6 ¥ egos: cries davies mers 43 10 Old log dam in bad repair. Bull river. : , A Falls in cafion............. 273a| 6,100 |Fall of 90 ft. ; head created by dam in cafion. diverts (3m. above mouth) water into flume 9,200 ft. long ;_ gives 273 ft. head. 133 {Rapids in cafion............ 40b 900 |a and b might be combined to give head of 310 ft. Banks, (4m. above mouth) slate rock. . . Rapids 5}m. above mouth... 625 150 3,500 |Dam and flume would give ‘head of about 150 ft. in 13m. Iron creek : 134 Dam site im. below South . ” forks: cond Rota Senet hiss 20 100 | 30-50 |Dam-site for head 20-25 ft. Portion of creek falls 70 ft. per mile, Dibble creek : 3 135 Rapid 2m above mouth..... 20 10 |Fall of 8 ft. in 200 ft. rapid ; proposed dam 20 ft. high ; rocky banks. Van creek : 136 Rapid and cafion }m. from : : MOUTH: 56 as eee 20 10-15 |10 ft fall in 1,500 ft. rapid ; possible dam 10 ft. high ; cafion walls of slate-shale. Little Bull river : 137 Fall and rapid 2m. above MOLD e5 Kei sewed dace 15 90 10-15 |Fall of 26 ft. ; 11 ft. in 250 ft. rapid below, and 55 ft. in 900 ft. rapid above. Small reservoir possible; earth banks with rock outcrop in places. Wild Horse creek : 138 Rapids 4m. from Fort Steele. 65 100 15-20 |Creek a succession of rapids ; fall about 100 ft. per mile. St. Mary river : 139 Dam site 2m. above Mission. 850 20 600 |Rocky banks 25 ft. high ; possible dam 10-15 ft. high. 140 Wycliffe dam-site.......... 825 30 900 |Rocky banks 50-60 ft. high ; narrow gorge 600 ft. above (1m. above Wycliffe) bridge. 141 Marysville dam-site........ 655 50 1,200 |High banks, boulders, sand, gravel, and clay ; proposed (13m. above Marysville) dam of 12 ft. ; balance of head in rapid. 142 St. Mary Lake dam-site..... 500 20 400 |20 ft. head in }m. rapid ; gravel and rock banks 30 ft. (4m. east of lake) high. Perry creek : Lower cafion 3m. from mouth 78 10 20 |Low rocky cafion. At brickyard.............. 67 15 25 |15 ft. fallin 1,200 ft. ; rock bluff 35 ft. wide. Developed , (5m. from mouth) by overshot waterwheel 12 ft. diam. by 6 ft. face. 143 {Dam site in narrow ravine... 62 40 55 |Head could be developed by dam in ravine. (1}m. above brickyard) Perry Creek falls. .......... 56 140 180 |Heavy rock ; in three pitches ; possible small reservoir a [(23m. above brickyard) little above falls. Mark creek : First MAOIs: Sel or na nt sepiidnt ot aria 22 54 98a 98 ft. fallin about }m. rapid. First fall and rapid above.... er 80b 40 ft. fall, also 40 ft. head in 500-1,000 ft. rapid above. (Fort Steele Mining and Developed by Fort Steele Mining and Smelting Co. Smelting Co.) 144 Combining above.......... 54 180 250 |a and b might be combined for head of 180-200 ft. Kimberly power plant...... es 180 |150-2001|Head of 180 ft. in 4,000 ft. pipe line ; power developed by (Consolidated Mining and three 6 ft. Pelton wheels. Smelting Co.) Fall 8m. above Kimberly... . 27 75 50 |Direct fall of 75 ft. Matthew creek : : 145 Rapid near mouth.......... 40 90 | 80-100 |90 ft. head in 3m. rapid ; gravel banks ; low dam might be placed about ?m. above mouth. Meacham (Whitefish) creek : 146 Fall, 1m. from mouth....... 47 240 350 |Direct fall 50 ft. ; total descent from 1m. above fall to foot of rapids below, 240 ft. Said to be other sites further up creek. Lewis creek : ‘ 147 Hansen dam.............-, 160 50 |100 ft. developed for electric light plant and sawmill ; 36 in. Pelton wheel. *See Description of Power Tables. tConsiderably more power is actually developed at certain seasons. COLUMBIA RIVER—POWER SITE TABLES 223 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES—DISTRICT No. I—Continued Water-| STREAM AND Site shed in| Head | Horse- REMARKS sa.miles| in feet! power oF * * Sheep creek : ‘ 148 Rapids 19m. above mouth... 130 10 30 |Bed of stream and banks gravelly. Diorite creek (trib. Sheep creek) : Said to have no power possibilities. Skookumchuck river: _ am site near road bridge. .. 350 25 200 |Banks, rocky formation, about 40 ft. high ; fall about 149 | (below Sandown creek) 40 ft. to mile. ne rapid....... Be witati hibey 350 50 400 |Direct fall 15 ft.; about 50-60 ft. obtainable in 4m., (3m. above road bridge) banks in places high and rocky. Findlay creek : . First fall and rapids below... 330 | 300 2,500 jFall 10 ft.; 300 ft. fall in 3m. rapids below; at fall (6m. above mouth) rocky banks 20-40 ft. high. Drainage area includes 150 . large group of glaciers.t Second fall and cafion rapid. . 315} 100 850 |Fall 20 ft. in 400 ft. rapids ; rock cafion 30-50 ft. wide, 40 (10m. above mouth) to 50 ft. high. Dam above cafion, with 4m. pipe-line fees might develop 100 ft. head. 151 Rapid just above mouth of Southfork oonc.oeed gens a 265 25 180 |Continuation of rapids about 50 ft. per m. ; banks some- . times high and rocky. White river : 152 Rapid in cafion............ 400 30 350 |Head in rapids 30 ft. per m. ; said to be no falls for 45m. (1m. above mouth) above mouth. Palliser civer : Cafion {m. above mouth.... 270 40 350 Parone pe built here ; banks shaly limestone ; cafion t. wide. 153 {Rapids and falls 3m. above MOUEN Ss wane died athe we eh 180 1,500 |46 ft. in falls ; total fall 175 ft. in 4,500 ft. ; deep cafion : below falls. 154 Devils Hole falls........... 215 75 500 /30 ft. fall; total fall, 75 ft. in tm. (8m. above mouth) Z 155 Cafion 19m. above mouth... 100 105 300 |52 ft. falls ; total descent 104 ft. in 2,000 ft.; narrow eafion with perpendicular rock walls 20 ft. apart, for 1,500 ft. below falls. ‘Crogsiriver’, s..00s easiest eee sedate 300x| Said to have no power sites in lower reaches. TRIBUTARIES TO THE ARROW LAKES Eagle creek (near Edgewood) : Rapids about 2m. from mouth Rapids about 2{m. from 156 /_, Mouth.................. Inonoaklin creek : Rapid below fall........... Inonoaklin fall (near mouth) . Second rapid, above fall..... Second fall (at head of cafion) Total head in 1}m 157 Arrowpark (Mosquito) creek : 158 Rapids in 1}m. above mouth Kuskanax creek : 159 Cajfion Im. from mouth {Falls 8m. above mouth...... (800 ft. below Nakusp Hot Springs) Rapids at Hot Springs 160 Fosthall creek : Pirst falls csioianeataamns Bauer Second fall Third fall “"40 150 120 120 105 105 100 20 40 35a 305] 70a 250) 80c 135d 480 "450 50 130 100 85 1,300 260 ft. in about 2m. rapids ; rocky banks. 110 ft. in about jm. ; rocky cafion, 175 ft. wide. 125 ft. in Im. ; rocky cafion 200 ft. wide. | Total head, about 500 ft. in less than 4m. ; includes a, b and c. 40 ft. in lm. rocky cafion at upper end. Direct fall in rocky cafion. 8 ft. in 200 ft., rocky cafion. . Deer fall; low rock banks ; old logging dam formerly ere. Total head 90-100 ft. in about 1}m. above mouth, in- cludes a, b, c and d. 20 ft. fall in 14m. higher up. Cafion 100 ft. long, 30 ft. wide, 40-50 ft. deep.§ 25-30 ft. fall ; natural dam of solid rock ; rocky banks. Clay and sand banks here, gravel 20 ft. in 300 ft. rapid ; rock banks and bottom. For ad- ditional head, a and b might be combined. Short cafion, walls 50ft. high, solid rock. For 2nd, 3rd, and 4th falls, walls of cafion are 25-50 ft. high at head and 60-125 ft. high at foot, rising in series of benches. Above 4th fall banks are 15-20 ft. high, gravel with bed rock in places. Old dam at head of 4th fall and log chute to foot. ; Total fall, including, a, b, c and d, 480 ft. in }m. from crest of dam to below falls. *See Description of Power Tables. 4See Annual Report, Minister of Lands, British Columbia, for 1913, p. D181. §See Water Resources Paper No. 14, p. 392. x Drainage area above mouth. 224 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES—DISTRICT No. I—Continued Water- STREAM AND SITE shed in |, Head | Horse- REMARKS isq.miles|iD feet) power Pingston creek : » ; is First rapids. ivan pe ley ctl nivel 72a) 75 ft. head in 1,800 ft. rapids ; crest of dam to mouth of (Gibbons saw mill, }m. from creek 115 ft. Saw-mill working head 72 ft., by flume mouth to dam) and 2 pipes 410 ft. long. Two turbines of 250 and 90 h.p. 3 : 162 {Second rapids.............. 60D) 60 ft. in 500 ft.; creek bottom 20-25 ft. wide, high, per- eee eer ay ee gets ‘ad - Third LOS zh ssanasai crouse chars 70. 70 ft. in 250 ft. rapids ; above, creek flows in deep cafion ponent ter fl for 4m. to forks and additional head may be obtained. Total in 1m. above mouth... 105 350 1,000 |Head in 1m. from mouth 350ft. Includes a, b and c. Leon creek : ‘ Hirstifallgacccosncs saecaeses 100a) 100 ft. fallin 400 ft.; possible dam-site 250 ft. above Ist fm. ab th falls. 3 163 aa ee » Reaubegh sates 40b 40 ft. fallin 20ft.; possible dam-site at head of 2nd falls. (1im. above mouth) ’ 4 r “ Total headin lim. ......... 95 | 450 1,200 |450 ft. head obtained in 14m.; includes a and b. Beaton (Salmon) creek : (Northeast arm Arrow lake) : . - : 164 Rapid near mouth.......... 40 | 1,100 1,120 |1,000 ft. in about 3m.; series af rapids. Storage in Arm- strong and Staubert lakes. Incomappleux (Fish) river : " 165 Rapid 2}m. from mouth..... 455 | 150] 2,500 |100 ft. fall in cafion 3,000 ft. long ; width 60-100 ft. at bottom ; walls broken rock. Dam site here. Pool creek : 7 5 (Eva Gold Mine dam........ 28 | 400 175 |Operating stamp mill; 325 h.p. installed ; record 700 4 inches ; greater head possible. : (Great Northern Mines Co.... 250- 230 [Intake nearer mouth than Eva Mines intake, 200 hp. 300 é full capacity. Menhinick creek : 167 Goldfinch Mining Co........ 100 20 |Plant near mouth. TRIBUTARIES TO COLUMBIA—RAILWAY BELT WEST Akolkolex river (Isaac creek) : +168 Cafion and falls 2m. from INOUE Hy oy scar cnstaus easeeuetenv ee 100 400 5,000{|Falls 335 ft. in 150 ft.; possible total 400 ft. in 450 ft. Box cafion 35 ft. wide, 450 ft. long, banks 30-40 ft. high. Other sites on upper reaches. Illecillewaet river : +169 Revelstoke power plant 1}m. 2 Gast Of Clty: s sees cone carats 475 72 2,300 |72 ft. head developed by concrete dam 56 ft. high and two 6 ft. diameter wood-stave pipes. Dam forms pondage 7 of 10 acres. One 900 h.p. and one 1,400 h.p. unit +170 Cafion just below confluence installed. Standby gas engine. at of North Fork............ 250 50 600 |30 ft. fall in 600 ft. rapids in cafion ; walls rock, some- what broken, 20-40 ft. high, width 30 ft. 7 $171 Albert Cafion gorge......... 130 | 275 1,600 |275 ft. in 2im.; rapids in box: cafion, width 20-50 ft. height 100-300 ft. Fluming here would be difficult . and costly. 5 $172 Glacier House power plant .. 60 200 |60 ft. in 800 ft. rapid and fall; 12 hour power May to October. Concrete dam 15 ft. high, 10 ft. long; pipe 7 : line, 800 ft. of 18 in. C.I.; two 25 k.w. generators. Jordan river (trib. to Columbia at Revelstoke): Lower cafion............04. 550 55 ft. in 2,000 ft. rapids ; head of cafion 1,500 ft. below falls ; rocky cafion, walls about 100 ft. high. 4173 Jordan! falls). rssicsarcnrasvarecin’ 220) Direct fall 22 ft. Upper cafion..............- 80c Boge 1,500 ft. rapids ; rocky cafion ; banks 40-50 ft. igh. Total in about lm.......... 95 | 155 400 |Head of about 155 ft. possible, combining a, b and c. Eight-mile creek (trib. to Colum-| bia, 8m. above Revelstoke): ' +174 Falls and rapids............ 12 | 200 75 |80 ft. direct falls, and 110 ft. in 1,500 ft. rapids ; head can be increased, TRIBUTARIES TO COLUMBIA, NORTH OF RAILWAY BELT Carnes creek :§ 175 Cafion lm. from mouth...... 80 Salmon creek : 176 Falls }m. from mouth....... Small Seymour creek : 4 177 Rapids and falls near mouth. * See Description of Power Tables. Cafion 24m. long ; no direct fall. Small lake, 10m. up. Cartes creek is in Railway Belt except 1st mile from mouth. Has good fall near mouth, then low grade into Ry. Belt. Good fall in rapids near mouth; storage in lake 3m. above falls. +Power sites on streams within the confines of Railway Belt. tSee records of stream flow. §Most of watershed lies within confines of Railway Belt. Plate 24 QUESNEL RIVER—FALL ON NORTH FORK About two miles below Cariboo lake. Attempt to construct fish ladder seen on left. BRIDGE RIVER—VALLEY ABOVE CANON Looking downstream towards site of proposed dam, as indicated by white line. COLUMBIA RIVER—POWER SITE TABLES 225 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES—DISTRICT No. I—Continued Water- STREAM AND Sits shed in| Head | Horse- REMARKS sa.miles| in teet power Downie creek : * » * 178 Box cafions on forks........ 275x Low grade for 13m. to forks; on both branches, box cafions with falls ; above cafion, main stream has low Forty-nine creek : grade for 10-12m.; glacial fed. W290 Falls sist cacctie sane a hanes Small fall at mouth, then low grade for 2 or 3m., then 150 ft. falls, Fissure creek: 180 Cafion Dear mouth.......... Short ae meat atonth ; grade above reported gentle for Gaffney (Smith) creek : most: Ob: eng tas Rapids near mouth......... 480 650 |480 ft. fall in 24m.; banks sloping ; above rapids, low grade and swampy; good site for storage dam at | 181 head of rapids ; partially developed for gold-washing by Smith Creek Mining and Development Co. Fall oo... eee cece senescence] oe 150 150 |Said to be direct fall of 150 ft. in upper waters. One-mile creek : 182 Rapids near mouth. ........ Small .... |Rapid fall near mouth, then lower grade above. Gold stream : : 183 Rapid and falls ............ 380 | 280 4,000 |Cafion for 2m. from mouth ; direct falls of 30 and 60 ft. (in cafion near mouth) and 190 ft. descent in 9,200 ft. rapids ; banks chiefly softlimestone ; high rock bluffs at falls. Above cafion, low grade for several miles. Falls reported on upper waters. Sibley (Soda) creek............. Small Said to have low grade with numerous beaver swamps. Davie creek : 184) RADIAS Ss. sieys.crcbiiene vx csvarnce eine Small Small, rapid, mountain stream. , Gordon (Holden) creek......... Small No power sites for 7m. above mouth ; gentle slope, about 50 ft. per mile. Horne icreéls cies cna cn Cafion near mouth, but very low grade and small power possibilities. Scrip (Flat) creek.............. Low grade and many beaver swamps ; small power pos- sibilities, if any. Bigmouth creek : 185 Cafions and falls on forks.... Reported low grade for 8 or 9m. to forks. Some’small _ falls on North fork and some lakes. On main stream Maloney creek : cafions and falls above forks. 186 Falls, 2 and 5m. above mouth Series of small falls about 2m. from mouth, then low grade for 2 to 3m., then more falls. Mica creek : 187 Falls on forks............. Very little cafion or falls below forks. Some falls on forks, but streams small. Soard creek : i ‘ 188 Falls and rapids in deep cafion 195 250{|Direct fall 45 ft. and 150 ft. descent in 3,280 ft. rapids ; deep box cafion, walls several hundred feet high. Nagle creek : 189 Rapid in cafion............ 40 751/35-40 ft. in short cafion near mouth ; low grade above. Canoe Liver sa iscsi Sains came be 1,500x Said tf have no economical power possibilities on lower reaches. Harvey creek (trib. Canoe river): ‘ ce 190 Rapids near mouth......... 350 1,000 |360 ft. fall in 7,560 ft. above mouth; grade’flatter above; head optional ; banks steep and rocky ; heavily tim- bered, cafion in places. Boulder creek(trib. Canoe river) : 7 , 191 Rapids near mouth......... 340 1,500 |340 ft. fall in 5,600 ft. above mouth ; head optional ; banks steep and rocky, heavily timbered. Cache creek (trib. Canoe river) : 192 Cafion, }m. above Golder : 2h) trail crossing...!.......- 80 150 |60-80 ft. head in 300 ft. rapids in cafion.§ Molson creek...............+-- No power sites known ; extensive swamps in lower reaches. Wood river : i F 193 Rapid in cafion............ 420 275 3,000 |Cafion 14m. long ; 275 ft. fall in 1}m. rapids. Storage (4m. above mouth) ossible on extensive flat above cafion; dam-site at ead. Cajion reported 7 or 8m. further up stream. Yellow creek : “ 194 Polls, Ga, above mouth..... Small | 1,000 500 | Direct fall of 730 ft. ; fall 500 ft. per mile for 4m. below ; small stream ; head optional. Kk: p 5 ee alae cats near mouth. .| Small 800 300 144 ft. direct fall ; 255 ft. fall in 3,850 ft. Sloping banks, cafions in places, heavy timber, head optional ; about 1,000 ft. obtainable in 2m. *See Description of Power Tables. Insufficient data for estimate. Report of Minister of Lands, British Columbia, 1913, page D444. x Drainage area above mouth. 226 ‘ COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES—DISTRICT No. I—Continued Water-| +n| Head | Horse- REMARKS SrreaM AND SitE jehed.ta infeet|. power c i k * * * WS Rape mouth ra i taak ton ed 140 420 1,500 /420 ft. fallin 2tm. rapids ; possible storage in extensive ‘ beaver swamp higher up. S ir me aden Sema rises i Low grade for 1m. above mouth ; then cafion with falls; (1m. from mouth) above cafion, large gravel flat. Glacier creek.................. Small Small glacial stream 3m. long; steep grade. (trib. Kinbasket lake) onan Liatlad : 5 oo eee ae Sen auth aH Reported low grade for 4m. ; then cafion and falls for 2 or 3m.; gravel flats above. Windy river................... Short stream with considerable fall. TRIBUTARIES OF COLUMBIA—RAILWAY BELT, EAST Gold river (East) : x 7199 Rone a above mouth... 235x| is Said to have low grade for 7m. from mouth ; then rises rapidly to source in glaciers. Bush river : 200 Cafions at headwaters....... 640x Nearly level for 10m. from mouth and very low grade for further 8-10m. ; cafions above. Beaver river : . é ' : $201 Natural Arch rapids........ 440 80 1,600 |80 ft. fall in 3,000 ft. rapids ; rapid, mountain stream ; (1}m. from Beavermouth) rocky banks 20-50 ft. high. Development limited by proximity of C.P.Ry. Blaeberry river :t : . $202 Blaeberry fall and rapids... . 300; 170 2,000 |Falls at head of cafion, 20 ft.; 135 ft. in 2m. rapids; (8m. above mouth) ossible small pondage i. steep rocky banks 30-50 ft. igh ; river 15-50 ft. wide; head optional. Kicking Horse river : ; i : $203 Cafion near mouth......... 700 | 300§} 5,000 |River flows in deep caiion with grade of about 60 to 70 ft. per m. for 10 miles. 4 2 $204 Wapta falls..... Pio eiNen 600; 100 2,200 /84 ft. fall ; banks 100-200 ft. high ; rocky bed ; dam-site (3m. from Leanchoil) above falls with tunnel 600 ft. long. Power site in valley of small creek below falls. Anchor ice to be contended with. $205 Kicking Horse cafion........ 135 80 500 |70 ft. in 600 ft. cascades ; box cafion 600 ft. long, width (24m. west of Field) 30 ft. at water level, banks 30-100 ft. high. Small storage in Sherbrooke and Wapta lakes. Scenic beauty % of Natural bridge must be preserved. . . $206 Yoho river to Wapta lake... 30y} 1,000 1,300 |1,000 ft. fall in 3m. of which 350 ft. occurs in 1m. rapids ; 400 ft. in {m.; 100 ft. in }m.; steep rocky banks. Storage in Wapta lake limited by C.P.Ry. tracks. Possible pipe line on old C.P.Ry. grade. Ottertail river : $207 Rapids.................... 952} 250 900 |300 ft. fallin 4m.: no particular fall cr rapids, stream falls 80-100 ft. per m. ; rocky banks, heavily timbered. Cathedral (Thompson) creek : (2m. east of Field) $208 Monarch mine. .. ass haeoasss.teas 52| 280 50 |Falls 280 ft. in 1,700 ft. rapids. Small development giv- (Mount Stephen Mining Syn- ing 100 h.p. for 4 months in summer. Flow very small dicate) in winter. 4 ft. Pelton wheel ; steam auxiliary. Yoho river : Rapids at mouth........... 60} 100 250 |Falls 80 ft. in 900 ft. ; dam-site 300 yards from mouth ; above dam-site flat open country for 2m. Very little +209 Siprane: More head by fluming down Kicking Horse valley. Cajion 2}m. from mouth.... 56 | 400 900 /410 ft. rapids in 5m. Power site on east bank at foot of (5m. long) cafion, dam-site at head ; rock cafion 300 ft. deep, 50 ft. wide at bottom. Sherbrooke creek : (jm. below Wapta lake) $210 Falls and rapids in cafion.... 16x} 450 350 450 ft. fall in 4m. rapids; series of falls and rapids in t Takalkaw falle. sso. copeies (trib. to Yoho river) Twin falls cafion of broken rock; storage in Sherbrooke lake. Small power possible at little expense. Direct falls of 1,250 ft. Scenic beauty forbids power development. *See Description of Power Tables. {Winter conditions said to be severe ; river usuall. }Power sites on streams within th jee es for purposes of estimate. Below Palliser the valley narrows and, cafion, falling from ledge to ledge as grade is steeper. James White, 1915 ed., p. 15,_ a wild torrent. See Report of Geological Survey of before reaching the Columbia valley, The fall for 10m. is about 70 ft. per m., but, in the cafion, the Canada, Vol. I, Part B, p. 141; also Altitudes in Canada, by ly frozen over from December to March, inclusive ; glacial fed. e confines of Railway Belt. the river flows for several miles in a deep x Drainage area above mouth ; y—drainage area above lake outlet. COLUMBIA RIVER—POWER SITE TABLES 227 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES—DISTRICT No. I—Continued Srr s vee Head | Horse M E f ez EAM AND SIT: ie es vig iafeatl power REMARKS Canon creek: i * . (5m. south of Golden) 211 Cafion No. 1, 4m. long...... 50 | 800 1,500 |850 ft. fall in 4m. rapids ; rocky cafion, precipitous walls; (foot of cafion 1m. above Columbia River Lumber Co. a small dam near foot of mouth) cafion. More rapids and cafions further up. TRIBUTARIES T ‘O COLUMBIA RIVER—SOUTH OF RAILWAY BELT, EAST Spillimacheen river : 212 Rapids in cafion (3m. from mouth) Bugaboo creek :t 213 Falls and rapids in cafion... (2m. from mouth) Falls and cafion (near trail crossing 8m. from mouth) 214 {Falls 16m. above mouth Falls and rapids, 17m. above| mouth South fork Bugaboo creek :{ Rapids, }m. above mouth. . Templeton creek : 215 Rapids in cafion (6m. above mouth) Dunbar (South Salmon) creek : (trib. Templeton) 216 Rapids in cafion (3m. from mouth) Sinclair creek : 217 Falls in rock cafion (2m. above mouth) Forster (No. 2) creek : 218 Forster falls.............. (3m. above mouth) Rapids 6m. above mouth... 219 Fall in cafion 11m. above mouth Frances (No. 3) creek : Fall 21m. above mouth Horsethief creek : 220 falls at head 221 Fall in cafion, 18m. above mouth 222 Falls, 37m. above mouth.... North fork Horsethief creek. . Boulder creek... . (trib. to Horsethief creek) Toby creek : Cajion 14m. above mouth ... Rapids 3}m. above mouth... 223 Cafion 11m. above mouth... pids in Six-mile cafion and| 2 605 ‘ 100 | 95 i 25 : 110 255 s 190 30 230 250: 200 220 60 40 120 160 350 120 230 30 25 20 200 40 150 230 2005| 100 4,400 800 200 100 300 300 2,000 55 700 90 75 50 2,000 275 150 100 500 1,600 750 Cafion, broken rocky walls 40-80 ft. high ; 180 ft. fall in 1m. ; possible dam-site. No natural storage ; severe winter conditions. Two falls }m. apart; one at head of cafion is 60 ft. ; balance of head in steep rapids, grade 90 ft. per m., above and below; steep rocky banks 40 ft. high. Further investigation necessary to determine most economical head. 50 ft. fallin 400 ft. ; series of small falls; deep, narrow rock cafion, walls 70 ft. high below falls. Falls of 37 ft. ; banks, gentle slopes between falls, suitable for fluming. 12 ft. fall and 115 ft. in 1m. rapids. Falls 160 ft. in 3,000 ft.; series of steep rapids. Has about one-third flow of main stream below confluence. 230 ft. fall in 1,200 ft. and 100 ft. in 600 ft. rapids in deep, rock cafion ; head optional. 24m. of cafion, 100 ft. fall in 500 ft.; total of 600 ft. in 2m. of cafion ; head optional. 900 ft. is available in 3m. Fall of 63 ft. ; rapid below, 57 ft. in }m. in narrow eafiom 10 ft. wide; above falls, perpendicular cafion walls, 100 ft. high. Might be developed for small power and then used for irrigation. Direct fall 83 ft. ; rapids above fall, 97 ft. in 1,500 ft. ; rapids below, 50 ft. in $m. Banks of slate and con- glomerate, below falls 180 ft. high. Development attempted by tunnel (section 4 sq. ft.) ; timber dam, 70 ft. high, failed. Rapids 30 ft. in }m. ; high boulder and gravel banks ; 36 ft. head possible by low dam, flume, pipe line, ete. More rapids above. Said to be 25 ft. fallin cafion. Direct fall of 20 ft. reported. Falls 180 ft. in 2}m. ; in 6m. falls 765 ft.; head optional. ‘At head of cafion a series of falls gives head of 32 ft. Above falls, drains flat country sparsely timbered. Winters severe and frazil ice to be contended with. Fall of 15 ft. ; high ; moest re dam of 25 ft.; obtained by flume. Falls 150-200 ft. ; rocky banks. Falls 230 ft. in 1,250 ft. (Columbia Valley Irrigation and Fruit Lands Co. take 68 sec.-ft. for irrigation. rock cafion, perpendicular walls 100 ft. more head might be Flow about } of main stream. 60 ft. head possible by dam near cafion mouth ; rock out- crops; bed, gravel and boulders underlaid by rock. 260 ft. in 2}m. rapids. By dam and flume, head 200 ft. obtainable ; b includes a. Banks covered with loose material with rock below. ae 100 ft. fall in 1,200 ft. rapids ; low dam possible above cafion ; stream 50 ft. wide; steep, rocky banks *See Description of Power Tables. +Power sites on streams within the c' tHave been partially investigated by Pr onfines of Railway Belt. ovincial Water Rights Branch, British Columbia. See Report for 1914, p. H18. 228 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES—DISTRICT No. I—Continued Water- Bumber Co sss. gse5 «cat's Un- 132 38,000 |132 ft. head developed by wood-stave pipe. 535 known . Possible total head......... Bans 342 8,000 |342 ft. possible head from lake to sea level. Intake dam and measr~ing weir at head of pipeline. Lake about 7m. long by 1m. wide, small control dam at outlet. Dome river (centre stream at head of Aaltanhash inlet) : J e 536 Falls below lake............ 30t 180 2,000 |90 ft. in 4m. below lake, 90 ft. in rapids below. Good (14m. from mouth) storage in lake 14m. long, }m. wide. At outlet, river flows through box rock cafion ; dam would raise lake to any height desired. - Aaltanhash river : . (head of inlet) R First fall, 2m. from mouth... 120t 60 1,600 |60 i o i 1,000 ft. falls and rapids. Good dam-site above falls. Second fall, 3m. from mouth 75 2,000 |75 ft. fall in 1,500 ft. similar falls and rapids. Good dam-site above falls. 537 {Third fall about 4m. from ss MOOUGD ss: ct... Sesicoeaceetdvarene 2 82 2,200 |82 ft. fall in short distance. The above falls might be developed separately or possibly combined. Smooth water between the various falls. Said to be storage possibilities further up stream. ' GARDNER CANAL$ Triumph river : (head of Triumph bay) Daltohuck falls os cccs avawse Un- 90 2,000 |85 ft. head in series of falls over boulders in 450 ft. Good known dam-site at rock islet above falls. Extensive swamp and lake above falls, would give good storage. Easily developed. 538 ;Lake falls................. 110 2,500 /110 ft. in about 4m. below lake over big rock slide in cafion. Good storage in lake 2}m. long by 3m. wide. Lake level might be raised a few feet only.. Easily developed. Above lake there are more rapids and i : falls, but stream divides. Kiltuish river : (head of Kiltuish inlet) 7 First falls, 34m. from mouth. 50a} .... {Direct fall of 15 ft., balance in im. steep rapids, Second falls. . 50b] .... penons ale about 300 ft. above first. Good dam-site at head. Ota saci sen Un- 100 2,500 |(a) and (6) might be combined to give total head of about known 100 ft. ; good dam-site at head of second falls. Kowesas river : ; 640 Tributaries: : ciscescasscavel . Une oe +++. |Has no power sites in lower reaches of main stream, but known high heads are available on several small tributaries. *See Description of Power Tables. fRough estimates. §The winter conditions about the head of Gardner canal may besevere. The canal sometimes freezes over for 25 miles from its head. x Drainage area above mouth. MAINLAND PACIFIC COAST—POWER SITE TABLES 291 MAINLAND PACIFIC COAST—DISTRICT No. IV—Continued s s aoe Head | Horse- TREAM AND SITE shed in|’ ae oniles in feet] power REMARKS Price river (at Price cove) : * * * 541 Falls at mouth............. Un- 100 500 |Fall of 100 ft. in 150 ft. series of falls at mouth. Easily known developed. Above falls in deep, box rock cafion with steep side hills. 400 ft. fall in first 1}m., includes falls i at mouth. Narrow V-shaped valley. Kitlope river................... 300x| ‘Tide backs water up some 6m. ; main river has no power sites below Kitlope lake. Good power might be ob- tained by developing high heads on many small tributaries. Valley 1 to 4m. wide. EKemanoriver.................. 320x| (Main stream flows through low wide valley and there are no power sites below headwaters where stream is small. Wachwas creek: (trib. Kemano, 5m. from mouth) 542 Rapids in box cafion }m. from MAOUID 4 cc wae Sudan acne Small | 265 900 |265 ft. fall in 2m. Series of falls and rapids in cafion. Flow unreliable in winter. Seekwyakin river: (trib. Kemano, 8m. from mouth) 543 Dam-site in box cafion Im. from mouths ss a eacn ess Un- 60 600 |Head obtainable depends upon height of dam. Low known grade in cafion. Tachastes creek : (trib. Kemano, 10m. from mouth) 544 Cascades in box cafion...... Un- 200 1,600 |145 ft. cascades in box cafion and 55 ft. in rapids below. known Said to have good flow in winter. Storage in small lake at head. Brim river : 545 Rapids 13m. from mouth.... 90 20 400 |20ft. head in}m. Rapids might be developed by diverting dam and flume. More falls in rapids below and nearer mouth but difficult to develop and proximity of power on tributary ‘'A’’ would make it unnecessary. Banks low and rocky in places. Side hills steep and rocky. Tributary ‘‘A’’ (east side Brim Tiver $m. from mouth) : 546 Falls 200 yds. from mouth...| Un- 300 1,000 |Direct fall of about 300 ft.; probably more fall above; known not closely examined. Inlet creek (near Brim river) : 547 Ist falls at mouth,......... Un- 220 800 |220 ft. head in }m. Excellent dam-site at head of falls, known bed rock of diorite on both sides and rock islet in centre. Grade flattens out above, and river flows in narrow valley. Power house might be placed at foot of falls or at mouth of Brim river. GRENVILLE CHANNEL AND SKEENA ESTUARY Kumeolon creek : Suggested development...... Stated that 2,500 h.p. is available at certain seasons. Browns river (trib. Eestall) : ‘ i 548 Falls and rapids............ 40t| 380 7,000 |378 ft. fall in 1,500 ft. ; dam-site solid granite ; storage ; in Browns lake. McKnight creek : 549 Dam-site at outlet lake...... 3,000 |70 ft. dam proposed. Madeline creek : 550 Falls 1m. from mouth.,...... 30t} 860 8,000 |860 ft. fall in 8,500 ft. Storage in small lake. Falls river :§ (trib. Ecstall, 18m. from mouth) i 551 Falls near mouth........... 90|l| 245 | 15,000 !Cascade 185 ft. fall in 400 ft., 25 ft. fall only in 4m. above. Ample storage may be developed by dam. Dam-site solid granite. Watershed contains many snowfields and glaciers. Khatada river : 2 : 552 Proposed development. ..... 60]; 350 9,500 3/280 ft. fall in 1}m. rapids and falls below lake Brutinel, which may be raised to give working head of about 350 ft. and storage to conserve total run-off. SKEENA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES Skeena river : 553 Kitsalas cafion.. 15,520 20 15,000 6:4 ft. fallin jm. rapid water. Channel 200 ft. wide lower end, to 80 ft. at upper end. West bank 80-100 ft. high ; east bank 30-50 ft. Would be difficult to develop owing to natural conditions and proximity of G.T.P. Ry. tracks. *See Description of Power Tables. ‘Estimated. See page 175. Surveys by Ritchie, Agnew & Co. 1Suggested development contemplates installation of 24,000 h.p. See page 176. ‘Suggested development contemplates installation of 18,000 h.p. x Drainage area above mouth. 292 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MAINLAND PACIFIC COAST—DISTRICT No. IV—Continued Water- Head SrreaM AND Sits shed in| Head | Horse- REMARKS sq-miles| iD feet] power * * * Skeenariver (continued) : . 554 Cajfion at Four-mile bridge...| 9,200 27 9,000 |4 ft. direct fall, making total of 7-5 ft. in 1,000 ft. rapids. (just north of Hazelton) Possible 20 ft. dam at head. Would create good pondage. Walls of hard rock rise 50 ft. sheer. . 555 Old Kuldo cafion........... 4,000 40 5,000 |2 ft. direct fall, making total of 10 ft. in 1,300 ft. rapids. (20m. above Babine river) Rock walls 40 ft. sheer, 75 ft. apart. Possible head of 40 ft. includes proposed 30 ft. dam. 556 ‘Big Slide cafion............ 3,700 35 4,000 |5 ft. fall in 1,000 ft. rapid. West wall 40-65 ft. sheer, var of 3rd Telegraph east wall rises at angle of 65°. Possible 30-40 ft. dam. cabin. 557 Fourth cafion.............. 3,140 50 5,000 |3 ft. direct fall and 8-6 ft. in }m. rapids. Total head (9m. above 4th Telegraph about 50 ft. with possible dam of 40 ft. Dam would cabin) create good pondage. Narrow cafion 60-75 ft. wide, hard rock walls 20-40 ft. high, steep slopes above. Williams creek : (trib, Lakelse lake) 558 Site 5m. above Lakelse lake..| Small Proposed utilization by Lakelse Development Co. Kitsumgallum river : } (trib. Skeena) ; ‘ 559 Cajfion 5-11m. above mouth..}| 400 {50-60 6,500 |Rock cafion about 6m. long. Average width about 60 ft., minimum 25 ft., perpendicular rock walls 60-90 ft. high, river bed much broken up by rock ledges forming rapids. Head optional, depending on height f of dam. Several dam-sites, storage in 3 lakes. Zymoetz river (trib. Skeena) : 560 Cafion 4-6m. above mouth...| 1,100 50 7,500 |Cafion average width 85 ft., minimum 67 ft., precipitous rock walls 70 ft. high. Head optional, depending on height of dam. Granite creek : (trib. Zymoetz river) 561 Falls near mouth........... Un- 200 200 |Two direct falls affording 200 ft. head. Small creek, known precipitous granite walls over 100 ft. in height. Stor- age in small lake. Kleanza (Gold) creek : (trib. Skeena) 562 Rapids in cafion 2}m. abov TMOUCD:. ssatuhscenrsies-ae peed « es 90 50 600 |6 ft. direct fall at head and 14 ft. fall in rapids, in box cafion 500 ft. long, rock walls 70-100 ft. high. Good dam-site in cafion. Head optional, depending on Lorne creek: height of dam. Good pondage might be created above (129 m. above mouth of Skeena) dam. 563 Dry Hill Hydraulic Mining! Co. development......... ‘i Small hydraulic mining plant. 2}m. flume and 6-inch : monitor; 1,000 miner’s inches. Juniper creek (trib. Kitseguekla) : 564 Montana Continental Devel- opment Co., power develop- ment (4m. from mouth)... 40 180 250 |212 ft. static head. 180 ft. effective head developed by 3,780 ft. wood-stave pipe 18-24 in. dia.; 54 in. dia. Pelton wheel belted to 187-k.v.a. alternator ; no stor- age. Timber crib diverting dam 6 ft. high, 40 ft. long. Bulkley river : 565 Hagwilget cafion .......... 4,520 | 120- | 20,000 |This head would involve 80 ft. dam near old Indian bridge 4 135 and include 59 ft. fall in 3m. rapids below. Cafion 10m. long with precipitous rock walls 180 ft. high. Head optional, depending on height of dam. 80 ft. dam would cause no trouble by back-flooding, as cafion extends 6m. above dam-site. 566 Beament cafion............ 3,920 |60-70 7,500 |60 ft. fallin 4m. rapids in cafion. Dam-site at upper end of cafion 40-50 ft. wide. Rock walls 12-15 ft. high. 567 Moricetown falls........... 3,740 [30-95 9,500 |13 ft. direct fall at head of cafion, 21 ft. in }m. rapids above, 43 ft. in 1}m. rapids below. Cajion 25-53 ft. wide. Perpendicular rock walls 125-150 ft. high below fall. If natural head were increased more than 15-20 ft. would flood valuable land. 568 Cafion (37m. above Hazelton)} 3,600 75 8,500 |48 ft. fallin }m. rapids in rock cafion. Suggested 30 ft., Boeibly bigher, dam at head of cafion. Walls about - . high. 569 {Suggested development at " dam-site jm. below Drift- wood creek.............. 3,550 20 2,200 |Dam-site at island 400 ft. above sec. 25, tp. la, R. V. i . Two dams, each about 125 ft. long, required. 570 Rapid at Telkwa.........../ 3,480 |20-23 | 2,200 |13 ft. fallin 4m. rapids. Total head, with 10 ft. dam, 20-23 ft.; low banks with rock outcrop in places. ‘ az cosrnly of zeleay ape ht make development difficult. iver abou i 4 Two-mile creek (trib. Bulkley) : ENO rer eerean ae 571 Cascades near mouth....... 10 280 125 |Small creek ; 280 ft. fallin 4,000 ft. More head above 1 rocky bed ; glacier fed. *£ee ):5:ription of Power Tables. MAINLAND PACIFIC COAST—POWER SITE TABLES 293 MAINLAND PACIFIC COAST—DISTRICT No. IV—Continued Water- STREAM AND SITE shed in| Head | Horse- Remarxs sq.miles| in feet! power Suskwa river (trib. Bulkley) : * * * 572 Black cafion, 10m. up East POP sins esse aacenere sslotnaoieteneay Un- 100 300 |40 ft. fall in two falls, one at upper and one at lower end known of cafion. Cafion about 400 ft. long, 20-40 ft. wide, walls re solid rock 100-200 ft. high. Dam might be Mud creek (trib. Bulkley, 11m. erected to increase head to 100 ft. or more. above Hazelton) : 573 Rapids near mouth......... 15 | 220 300 |220 ft. fallin lm. ; more head higher up Porphyry creek (trib. Bulkley, 17m. above Hazelton) : 574 Rapids above mouth........ 20 150 300 |150 ft. fall in 3m. rapids; more head higherup. Boulder- Boulder creek (trib. Bulkley, 21m. scien above Hazelton) : 575 Rapids near mouth......... ea 250 500 matt fall a 1m. rapids between waggon road and mouth. nown DEP. . Cros t cafion $m. s Reiseter (Two Bridge) creek (trib. encase oti Bulkley at 37m. cafion) : 576 Cascades near highway bridge|_ Un- 130 100 |110 ft. fall in 1,400 ft. rapids. Deep rock cafion with known pe granite walls 95 ft. high; dam-site at we ead ; width at water surface 60 ft. Driftwood creek (trib. Bulkley, 46m. above Hazelton) : 577 Cascades near mouth.......| Un- 150 150 |130 ft. fall in Im. cascades. Dam-site near highway known bridge ; dam 20 ft. high, would form small pondage. canon of ee? rock vet steep sides 32 ft. high, width at bottom t., to t. Carr (Cafion) creek (trib. Bulkley, » 50m. above Hazelton) : 578 Rapids near mouth......... Un- 300 100 |About 300 ft. drop in 3m. rapids below. Dam-site at known head of box rock cafion, 100 yds. below highway bridge. 2 Dam 50 ft. high might be built. Telkwa river (trib. Bulkley) : 490x 579 Dam-site 5m. from mouth... 475 15 200 |Dam-site with rock outcrop on each side of river rising to height of 15 ft. Side hills slope back to height of 100 ft. Pondage created by dam would be confined to river channel. 580 Cafion im. below Pine creek. 390 |35-40 500 |20 ft. fall in 700 ft. rapid. Cafion walls precipitous vol- canic rock, west wall 200 ft. sheer, east wall 180 ft. high slopes angle 65°. Cafion 400 ft. wide at bottom. . Gravel flats at head of cafion would give good pondage. Goat creek (trib. Telkwa, 5m. above mouth) : 581 Rapids near mouth......... 50} 75 120 175 ft. fall in 3m. between highway bridge and mouth. ? Gravel bed and banks. More head further up. Pine creek (trib. Telkwa) : 582 Cafion im. from mouth..... 50 50 100 |Cafion 300 ft. long, rock walls 130 ft. high at upper end. Good dam-site. Dam might be raised to 100 ft., giving good pondage. 30 ft. fallin jm. between dam- site and mouth of creek. Howson creek (trib. Telkwa) : 583 Falls at mouth............. 28 100 100 |Two falls 26 and 6 ft. Dam-site 50 ft. above main falls ; dam 75 ft. high would give about 23 acres storage and drown out upper fall. Cafion at dam-site 15 ft. wide at bottom and about 105 ft. wide at 75 ft. elevation. Maclure (Aldermere) lake : 584: Outletiesiciin cscs oy sicacd wows l4y 75 69 ft. fallin 3m. Lake 2}m. long and 1jm. wide. Low dam might be built at outlet, discharge very small, but (eee be need for water supply to Telkwa or ighti: ant. Morice river : SL REUREE 585 Cafion, 21m. from mouth....| 1,500 40 5,000§]Cafion 600 ft. long, precipitous rock walls rising from zero at head of cafion to 50 ft. on east and 30 ft. on west banks where width is about 80 ft. Dam might be built 35 ft. high to give good pondage, 5 ft. fall in 500 ft. rapids below dam-site. Kispiox river : 586 First cafion, 31m. from mouth| Un- 20 150 |About 6 ft. fall in 400 ft. Good dam-site in cafion. known Rock walls 20 ft. on south side, 30-40 ft. high on north side. Cafion 50 ft. wide with rock islet in centre, re- ducing channel to 30 ft. wide. Dam 12-15 ft. would form good pondage. Above and below cafion river widens out with considerable flat land. 587 Second cafion, 40m. from LOUIE sanioxs-Sjfaysns eat vysastare Grade Un- |20-26 150 |6 ft. fall in 1,500 ft. rapids with two small falls. Dam known 20 ft. high would form good pondage, banks of shale with rock islet in centre. Good dam-site. *, ae {bee Description of Power Tables. +Above mouth of Tenas creek. §Assumes the provision of some storage on lakes above x_ Drainage area above mouth. y Drainage area above lake outlet. 294: COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MAINLAND PACIFIC COAST—DISTRICT No. 1V—Continued Water- in| Head | Horse- REMARKS STREAM AND SITE pence ie i tectl power Peavine creek (trib. Kispiox) : * + * Li Danese eae Un- 140 50 |Two direct falls of 33 and 31 ft. and cascade of 66 ft. eee al ae known Soft shale banks 20-70 ft. high. Reported lake at source. aoe Horse crook ey Skeena, 24m. south of 2nd cabin) : ; i 5 lis near mouth........... Un- 125 50 |Direct fall of 75 ft. and cascade 35 ft. in 300 ft. Dam- eras known site 4m. from Skeena. Banks of soft shale 15-80 ft. high. Res eek poedaiens trib. Skeena at 2nd cabin a - 500 Cafion near mouth.......... Un- [25-30 150 |3 ft. fall in 700 ft Good dam-site in cafion 30 ft. wide. known Walls of rock up to 20 ft. high. epee eas een Skeena 6m. above ‘uldo) : ‘ 591 Fall and sures near mouth..| Un- 170 450 |Direct fall 25 ft., cascade 125 ft. fall in 4m. Rocky known banks 20-50 ft. high. Dam-site near Telegraph trail. Big ous cree ard eabin) trib. Skeena near 3rd cabin ‘ 502 Falls near mouth........ «ee Une 200 300 |Four falls totalling about 70 ft. and 120 ft. fall in 2,000 ft. known rapid. Narrow rock cafion, banks 75-100 ft. high, more head above. Cafion creek (trib. Skeena 4m. south of 4th cabin) : 593 Falls and rapids in cafion near Be ys eae TOWED. 2.55 9 s-seresorersresereraterete Un- 100 500 |12 ft. direct fall and 58 ft. in 2,100 ft. rapids in narrow, -known rocky cafion, walls 200 ft. high. Galanskeast creek (trib. Skeena) : , 7 . 594 Cajion near mouth.......... Un- 25 250 |Fall of 12 ft. in rapids and small fall in rock cafion 600 ft. known long and 75 to 90 ft. wide. Good dam-site. Valley widens above cafion. Kastberg creek (trib. Bear lake) : : J a 595 Falls, 15m. from mouth..... Un- 40 50 |Direct fall of 20 ft., 15 ft. fall in 1m. rapid above and ’ known similar fall below. Rocky banks 30 ft. high above , crest of falls. River 25 ft. wide at cafion. NORTH OF SKEENA ESTUARY Wolf creek (between Porpoise lake and harbour) : 596 Prince Rupert Hydro-Electric . Co. development......... Small 250 254 ft. fallin lm. Storage by 30 ft. dam on small lake on Lot 691. Woodworth river : 597 Prince Rupert development. . 9.56] 300 1,650t/Developed in connection with domestic water supply_for Prince Rupert. Thulme river : 698 Falls and proposed develop- ; J MODbeeiiatiae tasters eos 315 | 10,000§/285 ft. direct fall, 315 ft. total in 800 ft. Proposed 30_ft. dam to give 6,000 acre-feet storage. Union creek : 599 Falls and rapids............ Small | 400 40 ft. dam proposed by Pacific Pulp and Power Co. Storage in Union lake. OBSERVATORY INLET Stream, at Mill bay: 600 Development by Kincolith Packing Co.............. Small | 330 180 |Small dace for operation of canning plant. Three small lakes provide storage, an 18 ft. dam at outlet of one lake and 10 ft. dam at outlet of lowest lake. 2,000 ft. pipe-line to cannery. Three 30 h.p. and one 90 h.p. Pelton wheels installed. Nass river : || 601 Falls on main river 3m. below Cranberry river.......... 7,200 100 | 20,000 |Direct fall of 60 ft.; possible total of 100 ft. in 1m. Head estimated. 602 Falls, 12m. above Cranberry TLV OD ats 6. ceases the sioyectraseeeye «..| 6,250 40 6,500 |18 ft. direct fall; possible total 40 ft. ; falls occur in narrow box cafion with walls of sedimentary rock about 100 ft. high. At high stages river rises considerably. Drift logs were noticed 75 ft. above low water level. Would be difficult to develop. *See Description of Power Tables. tHorsepower of unit installed. §Proposed future development for Prince Rupert. tinuous power available of 10,000 h.p. |The greater part of the Upper Nass river flows through box cafions, where there are several quiet stretches, especially at low stages. one. It has been stated that 25,000 h.p. plant may be installed with con- By placing several dams in these cafions it would probably be possible to utilize the entire fall between the Blackwater and the village of Ayansh ; this is estimated at about 800 ft. in elevation between high and low water in the cafion, the The table indicates the most favourable points, but t! ) Owing to the great difference plobien of developing this river would be a difficult e heads given are suggestive rather than definite. MAINLAND PACIFIC COAST—POWER SITE TABLES 295 MAINLAND PACIFIC COAST—DISTRICT No. IV—Continued Water- Ss in| Head | Horse- : TREAM AND SITE shed in inv feat" power REMARKS * * * Nass river (continued) : Rapids and falls 22m. below| 5,400 35 5,000 |Direct fall 15 ft., 20 ft. fall in }m. rapids. Dam about White river.............. 35 ft. high possible at falls. Good rock walls. Power- house site would have to be blasted out. Rapids and falls 2m. below 125 | 20,000 |10 ft. direct fall and 115 ft. in 2m. rapids. High rock 603 White river.............. banks. Dam could be raised 40 ft. at falls, giving 50 ft. head ; or 30 ft. at head of rapids, giving 145 or 3 150 ft. head. Power site would have to be blasted out of solid rock. Any development here would have to be considered in connection with previous site. 604 Rapids, 8m. above Meziadin} 4,700 40 5,000 |40 ft. fallin 3m. rapids. High banks of soft rock. Dam TT eek da ale pes might be raised 60 ft. without damage by back flooding. Power-site short distance below rapids. 605 Upper rapids, about 10m.| 4,700 40 5,000 |40 ft. fallin 4m. rapids. High banks of soft sedimentary above Meziadin river........ rock. Dam might be raised 60 ft. without back- flooding. Tseaxe river (trib. Nass river) : ? a 606 Falls 5m. above mouth ..... 120 30 100 |15 ft. fall in steep cascade, 10 ft. in 200 ft. rapids below. Stream for 12m. above mouth confined to shallow channel by lava flow. Probably greater head could be obtained. Seaskinnish creek : t Fall 4m. above mouth....... 12 Direct fall of about 12 ft. Quinamuk creek : ¢ é Several falls near mouth..... 5 Impassable by salmon. Lake above, about 14m. dia. Quinetawl creek : ¢ : Cafions and rapids..... rniiaetet . |Turbulent stream flowing between narrow rocky walls ; impassable by salmon. Clearwater creek : ¢ ‘ Falls and rapids near mouth. . Said to be falls and rapids near mouth which ‘hold back the salmon. Taschitin creek : ¢ i AfiODS......4 écepalesierars placate Swift-running stream flowing through rocky cafions. pooch river : ‘all at head of cafion 1m. from mouth....... ee a ie 250 60 400 |Direct fall about 60 ft. Slate rock cafion, about tm. long, below, 70 ft. deep, 60 ft. wide at head. ee eae, gos (en. Nass) : ‘alls on th fork 7m. orks... ee ay se f ie bene 400 25 200 |15 ft. direct fall, 10 ft. in rapids below; low banks above falls. Perpendicular rock below for 300 ft. ae ae ae . rib. Nass, 50m. above mouth : P 609 Falls Im. above mouth: 4 240 30 200 |Direct fall of 20 ft., 10 ft. in 650 ft. rapids below ; per- pendicular rock walls 20 ft. high. Meziadin river : 610 Fall is 5 20 500 |Cascades with head of 20 ft., Storage by 12 ft. dam at alls about Im. from-mouth § aoe Mesindin lake (Canadian North Eastern Power Co.). Vile creek (trib. Nass, 60m. above etl ia i 3 Tene oe baie Un- 50 50 |Estimated fall of 50 ft.in 2}m. Creek 30 ft. wide, flows known in box cafion 150 ft. deep. Ar ene eee : TO} distri Rapids eal a ss ceulenansathaeies Un- Small creek 6m. long, falls 1,600 ft. known Falls creek (Granby bay) : 612 elon neat ae spe Gran- - by onsolidated Mining, : Gia i 7,000|||375 ft. head developed by rock fill dam 115 ft. high in Smelting and Power Co.... 40 | 375 I Gapenckication ae bend, about 1}m. from mouth, and about 5,800 ft. of wood-stave and 120 ft. of steel pipe- line. Ten Pelton-Doble wheels from 3-24 ft. dia. drive generators, blowers, compressors, hauling machinery, etc., and supply light and power for all mining require- ments and to town of Anyox. Further storage dams are contemplated higher upstream. See page 160. *See Description of Power Tables. tSee Annual Report of the Commissioner of §A good fishway has been constructed round these falls, see Annual Report of the Columbia, for year 1913, p. R51. ||Horse power of plant installed. Fisheries, British Columbia, for 1014, p See also Plate 2. . N43 and 44, dete Commissioner of Fisheries, British 296 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MAINLAND PACIFIC COAST—DISTRICT No. IV—Continued Water- Stream AND STE shed in| Head | Horse- REMARKS sq.miles| in feet] power PORTLAND CANAL Glacier creek : * * * ai (ene. ae of Sbewatt) Betiaad evelopmen’ y Portlan = ini Y ‘ _... {100 ft. head developed for mining purposes by 1,100 ft. Se ere eae ha ue flume 3 ft. by 4 Tt Two 6 ft. and one 3 ft. Peltons, American creek (trib. Bear river, also electric generator. head of Portland canal) : . « % ie ar 614 Suggested development......] .... | ...- re ae development in connection with mining activi- es. Cascade creek (trib. Salmon river, wes of ee conal : 6 uggested development above ks 5 Tateroational Lowndes soillt aprevevs, | ceapeee .... |Stated that over 1,000 h.p. might be developed at certain seasons. BEHM CANAL Unuk river :§ ‘ 616 Reported power sites........] Un- | .... .... |Said to be ample water-power on this stream for local known mining or electric railway requirements. Pr ne river : |] Little cafion.............-. 15,400 | .... .... |Narrow, deep, rocky gorge, 34m. long, in places not more p than 150 ft. wide, massive granite cliffs 200-300 ft. high. 618 Klootchman cafion, 8m. above Little cafion............- 14,800 | . Similar to Little cafion, but offers no impediment to navigation ; 300 ft. wide. . ‘ 619 Grand rapid............... 14,500 | .... .... 4m. above Klootchman cafion ; river wide and shallow. 620 Great cafion (above Tele- 4 6 graph Creek)............ 11,700 | .... .... [Extends for many miles, banks often 300 ft. high. First South fork : : , 621 Rapids in gorge............ 650x| .... .... {Flows in narrow gorge for several miles from mouth. Tahltan river (trib. Stikine) : 7 O22 snecarvea ree uh cares 400x| .... .... |Large rapid stream. Valley is narrow and almost cafion- like where it reaches the Stikine. Tuya river (trib. Stikine) : ‘ : 623 Steep rapids in deep gorge...] 1,360x| .... .... {At trail crossing near mouth, river is a wild torrent, almost a series of cascades, in a deep gorge 600 ft. deep cut out of the terrace deposits. ATLIN DISTRICT............. siowleost Wt Aen .... |Several streams with steep grade are said to afford power possibilities in all parts of the Atlin district. Most of the streams are fed from permanent ice and snow fields. Plants are projected at several points. ! Pine creek (near Atlin).......... ee oe -... |Said that falls and rapids on Pine creek would afford ample power for mining requirements in district. PRINCESS ROYAL ISLAND ? Wark lake: 624 Wark Island falls......... .-| Un- 300 3,000 |290 ft. head in about 3m. from lake to salt water. Stor- known age might be created by 8-10 ft. dam at outlet of lake. 8-10 sq. m. area. Steepest part of falls at salt. water. Partially developed by Butedale cannery by pipe-line 1,200 ft. long, and small Pelton wheels. Proposed to develop more power for cold storage purposes. Very easily developed. *See Description of Power Tables. jSee Annual Report, Minister of Mines, British Columbia, for 1910, p. 75. ine Annual Report, Minister of Mines, British Columbia, for 1911, p. 67. |For description, etc., see Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, Volume III, Section B, p. 46, etc. The river is navigable by stern-wheelers from its mouth to Telegraph Creek. Several glaciers occupy side valleys coming right down to the river flats. Above Telegraph Creek the Great cafion commences and the river becomes rough and rapid, but there are said to be no true falls. See Annual Report Minister of Mines, British Columbia, for 1900, p. 777, and 1904, pp. 74, 76, 91. 2Princess Royal island is very mountainous and has a number of good small power possibilities. In the northern portion of the island there is a long lake discharging toward the west, but its eastern extremity is said to be only a few hundred yards from salt water and it is only kept from discharging eastwards by a narrow ridge which could easily be tunneled and power developed on the eastern side of the island. Further south Butedale cannery has a pipe line from the top of Wark Island falls and develops a small power under a head of about 300 ft. Storage might easily be provided by damming the lake at the head of the falls. A little north of Swanson bay, but on Princess Royal island, there is a fall which drops in a series of cascades about 2,000 ft. from a small lake above. The storage and discharge would be small but the high head would give a good small power. There are several other small powers on this island. Drainage area above mouth. Plate 33 bind cout SKEENA RIVER—HEAD OF KITSALAS CANON On main stream above confluence of Zyometz river. 4 BR BULKLEY RIVER—HAGWILGET CANON Near Hazelton. A possible power site. MAINLAND PACIFIC COAST—POWER SITE TABLES 297 MAINLAND PACIFIC COAST—DISTRICT No. IV—Continued Water- STREAM AND SitE shed in Head | Horse- REMARKS sq.miles| in feet) power * * * Surf inlet (on west side island) : 625 Falls at outlet of Cougar lake at head of inlett......... 16§| 73 2,000 |30 ft. falls at outlet of Cougar lake, one of a chain of (Development by Surf Inlet! Power Co.) lakes which, with short portages, gives easy access to a large section of the interior. 73 ft. head developed by hollow-type reinforced concrete dam 430 ft. long, a ft. high, 450 ft. from power house. 2 Peltons, 630 .p. each. QUEEN CHARL OTTE ISLANDS Hancock (Kawon) river : (Masset harbour) 626 Suggested development...... Ain river (trib. Masset inlet) : 627 Rapids between Ain lake and MOWED a sisrensyscene acaionayeowsgsea Mountain river : (trib. Rennell sound) 628 Falls and rapids 14m. from TMOUEN cise sneceesre Biaverase’sssac5, cre Raney river (trib. Rennel!l sound): 628 Falls and rapids jm. from| mouth ae Twin river (trib. Rennell sound) : 628 Falls and rapids }m. from| mouth 85 Sma!l Small Small 150 1,000 450 500 3,500 950 450 300 |A development has been proposed on this stream; said that 650 h.p. is available at certain seasons. 150 ft. fallin 2m. rapids below Ain lake. Power-site $m from mouth. Storagé in Ain lake, area about 8 sq. m. Small creek, proposed development by Rennell Sound Development Co. Small creek, proposed development by Rennell Sound Development Co. Small Creek, proposed development by Rennell Sound Development Co. *See Description of Power Tables. jSee Annual Report Minister of Mines, British Columbia, for 1912, p. 100. §Estimated by company. CHAPTER XIV Mackenzie River and Tributaries—Topography and Power Site Tables T= great Mackenzie river, named after the intrepid explorer, Sir Alex- ander Mackenzie, ranks among the first dozen rivers of the world, and, on the North American continent, is second only to the Mississippi. The Mackenzie river drains a watershed of about 680,000 square miles. Two of its chief tributaries, the Liard and the Peace, draina large portion of northern British Columbia, and, together with the upper waters of the Hay river, constitute, for the purposes of this report, District No. V. The area of British Columbia which contributes waters to the Arctic ocean is about 106,800 square miles. The Liard drains about 98,000 square miles, of which some 53,000 square miles is in British Columbia. The Peace drains about 110,000 square miles, of which 43,900 square miles lie west of the inter-provincial boundary. This district may be discussed under two main sub-divisions, one, the area east of the Rocky mountains, which includes the well-known Peace River dis- trict ; the other, that lying west of the Rocky mountains, which includes the valleys of the Parsnip and Finlay and their southerly tributaries, also the Liard and its tributaries farther north. The part east of the Rocky mountains is an almost level plateau with a slight dip to the valleys of the Peace and Smoky rivers. Owing to the depths of the valleys below the general level of the plain the conditions for drainage are excellent. The country is largely prairie and poplar copse, and the soil is good. The Peace River district prob- ably comprises the largest consolidated area of agricultural land in British Columbia. The climate is favourable and resembles that of Alberta west of Edmonton. In summer the longer day compensates for the high latitude. The winters are more severe than farther south. For detailed description of this district, the reader is referred to the various Geological reports and accounts of travels in this district. (See Bibliography.) In a country so comparatively level, water-powers are naturally not abundant. The only large power known is that on the Peace river, commonly referred to as the Peace River cafion. The difference in elevation between the upper and lower ends of the cafion has not been ascertained by levelling, but a careful measurement by Mr. Leo G. Denis, of the Commission of Conservation, with an aneroid, indicates a difference in level of 225 feet in a distance of 184% miles. The cafion is in the form of a horseshoe bend, the portage across being about 11 miles. Mr. Denis states that : “The descent of the water in the.cafion is fairly uniform, except near the head, where there is a fall of approximately 25 feet in one-half mile. This latter descent is concentrated at two chutes over ledges; one is situated at the head of the cafion and the other one-half mile below, with rapids intervening. MACKENZIE RIVER—TOPOGRAPHY 239 The narrowest point in the cafion occurs at its head, where the distance from bank to bank is only 200 feet.’’* The cafion constitutes a power possibility of considerable magnitude and may some day supply the light and power needs of a large portion of the Peace River district. No particulars are as yet ascertainable of any other large water-powers in British Columbia east of the Rockies. No doubt there are several streams rising on the eastern slopes which may yield powers, but, at present, much of this country remains unexplored.t The precipitation on the eastern flanks of the mountains in this district, though sufficient for agriculture, is not heavy. The district west of the Rocky mountains, for the most part, is very mountainous. The Parsnip, Finlay and Kachika rivers occupy here the con- tinuation of the Intermontane valley, the Parsnip and Finlay at their junction forming the Peace river. The continuity of the west wall of the great valley is broken near the Parsnip, while, to the north, the range re-forms and is known as the Cassiar mountains. The following are the chief streams of this district and, a brief description of their characteristics, so far as known. The Parsnip rises near the headwaters of Bad river, a tribu- Parsnip River tary of the McGregor river. This stream was first ascended by Sir Alexander Mackenzie in 1793. He missed the other branch of the Parsnip, Pack river, which, by way of Giscome portage, forms a much travelled route and offers a very much easier passage to the Fraser river. From Mackenzie’s description the Parsnip probably rises in true glaciers among high mountains. Below its junction with the Pack river, however, it flows smoothly between low banks through generally level country. In places the banks rise to a height of 80 to 100 feet, showing steep slopes, composed of sand, clay and gravel. For some 10 or 15 miles, midway between the mouth of the Pack and the Nation, the channel is much cut up by islands and sloughs. Most of these are dry at low water and large timber jams generally occur where they branch off from the main stream. Reports respecting its agricultural possibilities differ considerably, yet the country bordering the upper Parsnip is not considered of great agricultural value, as it consists largely of gravel terraces covered with small growth. *Water Powers of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, by Leo G. Denis and J. B. Challies, Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1916, p. 239. See, also, Report of Geological Survey of Canada for 1875-76, p. 47 ; estimate of fall from the upper to the lower end of cafion given as 270 feet based on several barometric (aneroid) observations. Also, Canada on the Pacific, by Charles Horetzky, Montreal, 1874, pp. 61 and 239 ; difference between head and foot of cafion, result of careful aneroid measurement, given as 240 feet. For other descriptions of cafion, see Voyages from Montreal through the Continent of North America, by Alexander Mackenzie, London, 1801, pp. 167-180 ; referring to this portage, Sir Alexander Mackenzie, on page 392, says : We soon after came to the carrying place called the Portage de la Montagne de Roche _. .”" Consult also, Peace River, a Canoe Voyage from Hudson’s Bay to the Pacific, by the late Sir George Simp- son in 1828; Journal of the late Chief Factor, Archibald McDonald; Edited with notes by Malcolm McLeod, Ottawa, 1872; See pp. 19 and 88; Also, see Wild North Land, Captain Butler, Chapter xxi, p. 249, and New Rivers of the North, Hulbert Footner, New York, 1912, pp. 123 et seg. ; +See ‘Exploration Survey in Peace River District and North of the Peace River Block,” in Annual Report of Minister of Lands, British Columbia, for 1914, pp. D90-D95 ; also for 1915, pp. B117 et seg. 300 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION The Parsnip river, besides Pack river, has two other important tributaries —the Nation and Misinichinka. The last named leads to Pine River pass. The lower portion of the Misinichinka is tortuous and not very rapid, with swampy flats covered with black spruce and other lowland growths on the inner sides of its bends. The opposite side is usually formed of the scarped edge of a gravelly terrace, these terraces being covered with western scrub pine of small size. There is no water-power on the river below the point at which the trail leaves the river to follow up the Atunatche. Above the Atunatche the Misin- ichinka is a mountain stream. The main valley of the Nation extends east and west for about Nation River 60 miles. With its numerous tributaries, it drains a very ex- tensive area, much of which is available for agriculture and can be cleared at relatively low cost. The width of the valley varies con- siderably. Indications are that, until comparatively recently, the district was heavily timbered. Large areas have been reforested, leaving strips of the original coniferous growth, principally along the shores of the lakes and in patches on the surrounding mountains and hills. Spruce predominates, with a generous proportion of lodgepole pine and some balsam. The general eleva- tion of the plateau is about 2,500 feet, or about 100 feet above the Nation lakes. Excellent and well distributed water supplies exist, but, as a rule, the creeks are not adapted for the economical development of water-power. The main stream, from its mouth to the lakes, has not been examined for water- powers. There are said to be some rapids and a cafion, but it is not known whether either is suitable for development. Between latitude 56° and 58° N., the great Intermontane Finlay River valley is traversed by the Finlay river. The valley is six to eight miles in breadth and contains much good land, which is flat- like up to the mountain ranges, paralleling the valley. Originally, it was heavily timbered, spruce predominating. Large areas have, however, been burnt and reforested with lodgepole pine, poplar, willows and some birch. The region of the Finlay and its branches is characterized throughout by its mountainous character, and, with the exception of the narrow flats border- ing the main stream, no plains of any magnitude are known. The eastern tributaries drain the western slope of the Rocky mountains proper. The western branches head in a confused medley of mountain ranges with a fairly uniform height of about 4,000 feet above the valleys, and lying to the east of the Tatla lake and its feeders. They may be regarded as the southern exten- sion of the Cassiar range. Commenting on the mountainous character of this. part of the province, Mr. R. G. McConnell says: ‘‘The most notable feature of the country in the latitude of the Omineca and Finlay rivers, or from latitude 55° 30’ to latitude 57° or beyond, is its universal mountainous char- acter. In this latitude, the whole country, from the eastern edge of the Rocky mountains westward to the Pacific ocean, is destitute of plains of any con- siderable extent and, with the exceptions of the breaks where the region is. crossed by the valleys mentioned above, is covered with a succession of moun- tains and mountain ranges varying in height from 3,000 to 5,000 feet above MACKENZIE RIVER—TOPOGRAPHY 301 the valleys. Inno other part of British Columbia is the country so persistently mountainous across the whole Cordilleran belt.’’* The Finlay river, named after John Finlay, who ascended it in 1824 in the interests of the North West Company, is much larger than the Parsnip, and may be regarded as the upper portion of the Peace. It is 310 miles long and, in the navigable portion, averages 250 yards in width. Except in passing through Deserter cafion, the river is easily navigable for 140 miles above its mouth. It is continually changing its channel—in many cases there are several channels and long sloughs which extend for miles. Large piles of driftwood are a characteristic feature. For 15 miles above the mouth of the Ospika the current is slack, elsewhere it would average, say, three miles per hour, and seldom exceeds five miles an hour. From the mouth to Deserter cafion, 90 miles, there are no rapids, and navigation by light-draught steamers would be comparatively easy at all stages of the water. Farther up, it is interrupted by a long succession of cafions and rapids. Its branches interlock with tributaries of the Skeena, the Stikine and the Liard, and low passes through the mountains from one basin to another are not uncommon. Deserter cafion is about one-half mile long, through hard conglomerate and sandstone, and, at its narrowest part, scarcely exceeds 150 feet in width. The walls are not very high, except at the lower end, where there is a steep cliff. The channel is crooked and interrupted by several bad rips. At certain stages the cafion can be run, but its navigation is dangerous. A good portage track has been cut out on its west bank. For nearly 50 miles above Deserter cafion the main stream continues to occupy the great Intermontane valley, but above its junction with the Tochieca it breaks through the range bordering the west side of the valley. Twelve miles above this gap its navigation, except at very low water, is stopped by the Long cafion. For five miles the river is a suc- cession of cafions, rips and rapids and frequently narrows to less than 100 feet. The Finlay rises in Thutade lake. For the first four miles after leaving Thutade lake it flows in a cafion, which ends in a fall with a drop of 50 to 60 feet with swift water above and below. (See Plate 34.) Omineca river came into prominence in 1868 by the discovery Omineca River of gold on one of its tributaries. Miners flocked into the country, and for some time the population was estimated at 1,200 to 1,500. It reached its zenith about 1879, but as the yield of the creeks became exhausted the enterprise has gradually declined. The Omineca joins the Finlay from the west about 15 miles above its mouth, and is by far its largest tributary, apparently carrying about one-fifth of the water of the main stream. From its mouth to the Black cafion, a distance of about five miles, the current is extremely swift and the river shallow, the slope of the stream exceeding 10 feet per mile. Numerous gravel bars and islands, covered in places by huge drift piles, obstruct the course of the stream, dividing it into several channels. *“Report on an Exploration of the Finlay and Omineca Rivers,” by R. G. McConnell, B.A., Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1894—Vol. VII, p. 13 c. 302 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION The Black cafion is about one-half mile in length and varies in width from 100 to 200 feet. Its walls are usually vertical and in places exceed 150 feet in height: This cafion is said to be easily navigable by canoe at low water but impossible to navigate at flood. From the Black cafion to a point nine miles above the Little cafion, a distance of about 30 miles, the river has a grade of about 12 feet per mile, the difference in elevation being about 370 feet. From the head of the rapid water to Germansen landing, a distance of 12 miles, with the exception of a few small ripples the current is easy, from two to three miles’ an hour. Slack current continues nearly to New Hogem, a distance, measured along the valley, of about 23 miles. The river by its tortuous channel is con- siderably more. Above New Hogem the river enters a granite area and a rapid current is again encountered. The character of the country through which the Omineca flows, with the exception of a few miles at its mouth, is everywhere mountainous. The valleys and the lower slopes of the ranges are, as a rule, densely timbered with ever- greens so prevalent in the north. The timber line in this region seldom ascends beyond an elevation of 5,200 feet. The Omineca has one large tributary, the Mesilinka, a swift river with many rapids, and one cafion—Dog cafion—a mile from the mouth. Tributary to this is Tutizeka river, on which a water-power possibility is reported below Tutizeka lake. Another large tributary of the Finlay river is the Ingenika river, but recently investigated. This river rises near the headwaters of the Finlay, its source being within a mile of a small creek which flows into Thutade lake, which is the source of the main Finlay river. The Ingenika river has a length of over 150 miles and several tributaries, of which the most important is the McConnell creek. The main stream has been ascended from its mouth, which is 80 miles above the junction of the Parsnip and Peace rivers, for about 100 miles ; above that point the bed of the stream becomes too rough even for canoes. (See Plate 34.) The water-power possibilities of the country drained by the tributaries of the Mackenzie river may be said to be practically unknown. The sparse information available has been culled from reports by various explorers and surveyors, the best being the accounts contained in the reports of the Geological Survey of Canada. The character of the main streams is fairly well known, though, where a cafion occurs, it is seldom possible to determine from the reports whether it would form a suitable dam-site. The available possible heads have not been measured. There is little doubt, however, that in a country with the above described characteristics, there must be a large number of streams on which water-powers might be developed. Some of these have already been utilized for mining purposes, and no doubt, with greater trans- portation facilities and consequent settlement, others will be brought into beneficial use. At present much of this country, especially in-so-far as its water-power possibilities are concerned, is unexplored. The Liard river rises in the Yukon district and flows south into British Columbia just above its confluence with the Dease. It then flows through the province for a distance of 270 miles, and, after passing through the Rocky mountains, turns northward again Liard River MACKENZIE RIVER—TOPOGRAPHY 303 to join the Mackenzie river, of which it is one of the chief tributaries Rising in the elevated country to the west of the Rocky mountains, the Liard river falls rapidly toward the east, the difference in elevation between the mouth of the Dease river and the Mackenzie being no less than 1,650 feet, of which over 1,000 feet occurs in 200 miles of the river in British Columbia. It is characterized nearly everywhere by impetuous currents, by dangerous rapids and by narrow whirlpool-filled cafions. The descent of the river is greatest and its rapids most numerous while passing through, and for some distance on each side of, the Rocky mountains.. The Liard river was used for a number of years as a trading route to the Yukon, but, owing both to the expense incurred in overcoming the great length of difficult navigation and to the number of lives lost, the trade was found un- profitable and most of the posts were abandoned. The Liard has also been used to some extent by prospectors and miners, The discoverers of the Cassiar gold fields, Messrs. McCullough and Thibert, ascended it from Fort Simpson to the mouth of the Dease in 1871-72. The best description of the Lower Liard is given in the Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, Vol. IV., 1888-89, pages 33-50D. From the standpoint of navigation, the bad portion of the river starts just above the Little cafion, which is about 24 miles below the mouth of the Dease and 12 miles below the bend, and is a succession of rapids, whirlpools and narrow cafions with occasional stretches of quiet water, until the river narrows at Hellgate. Starting at the Little cafion and proceeding downstream, the following are the chief rapids and cafions—how far they would lend themselves to power development is not known, but probably diversion or other dams could be built at a number of points should mining or .other developments create sufficient demand for power. Little canon, 24 miles below Dease river, half a mile long, narrowest spot 200 feet wide ; banks of dark shales. Second narrows and whirlpools, three miles below Little cafion; banks of shales and sandstones, contracting to 100 feet. Short canon, about 30 miles below Little cafion, 100 yards long, precipitous lime- stone cliffs 150 feet apart ; navigable. Cranberry rapids, about six miles below Short cafion, one and one-half miles rough water; bed of stream filled with huge angular masses of rock ; rapid in two sections with comparatively quiet water between; rocks of shales, sandstones and conglomerate, similar to Little cafion. Mountain Portage rapids, about eight miles below Cranberry rapids, one of the worst rapids ; river falls over band of shales. Three contractions and rapids between Mountain Portage rapids and Whirlpool canon, four miles below Mountain Portage rapids. Rapids at Portage Brilé, five miles below Whirlpool cafion ; portage two miles long, at lower end, river is narrowly con- fined between high vertical limestone cliffs. Devil portage, about 100 miles below Little cafion. The river at this point makes a great bend to northeast, along which is a succession of rapids and cafions. At the elbow of the bend a large fall is reported ; at the lower end of the bend the river is reduced to scarcely 150 feet wide. Immediately below the contracted part is a large eddy and the river expands at once to over one-half mile in width. The portage across is four miles and climbs over a ridge fully 1,000 feet high. Grand canon 304 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION of the Liard, 30 or 40 miles long, is really a succession of short cafions, with expanded basins between, filled with eddying currents. It can be run at low water but is very dangerous at flood stages, necessitating several portages. Rapids of the Drowned, forming part of Grand cafion. Canon below Hell- gate, one mile long, 150 yards wide ; river flows easily between vertical banks 300 feet high. This is the last cafion on the river. The most important tributaries of the Liard river are: Dease river, a navigable stream and a well-known route of travel from the headwaters of the Stikine to the interior ; the Kachika, which is the most northerly of the British Columbia rivers occupying the Intermontane valley, and draining, besides, a large area of country, much of which is undeveloped ; and the Fort Nelson river, a sluggish stream, about which practically nothing has been published. At Fort Nelson, 100 miles above its mouth, some farming is done, and potatoes and other vegetables are grown without difficulty. The country has con- siderable timber. There is no information available respecting any water- powers on the main stream. Its tributary, the Sikanni river, has a series of tapids and falls about 40 miles above its mouth ; higher up, the valley re- sembles a deep cafion with sides rising precipitously 1,200 to 1,400 feet and terminating in sandstone cliffs. Plate 34 Photo. Courtesy Mr. W. F. Robertson INGENIKA RIVER FALLS, TWO MILES BELOW McCONNELL CREEK Tributary to Finlay river. ees ke De UM ga FINLAY RIVER FALLS, FOUR MILES BELOW OUTLET OF THUTADE LAKE MACKENZIE RIVER—POWER SITE TABLE 305 Tributaries to the Mackenzie River—District No. V Area of | S | . Name or STREAM water- ae Esti- AND shed in| head | mated REMARKS Sirvation or Power Sits square in horse- miles* | feet* | Power Liard rivert...........0........ 98,000x 629 Rapids, falls and cafions..... 34,000§] .... .... |The Liard river runs for many miles in cafion with numer- ous rapids and small falls. Several portages are neces- sary ; one, ‘Devil portage,’ ata anaes bend, is 4m. long. DOGS0 TIVOE coke eddie Sees ++.{ 6,000x .... [Is navigable from Dease lake to Liard river. Descends 4-5 ft. per mile with several small rapids. Peace river : 630 Peace River cafion:......... 28,500 | .... .... |Caiion about 18m. long; total fall about 225 ft.|| Pine river : 631 Cajion 4m. above lower forks} Un- ete .... |Cafion 3m. long; banks are steep slopes or cliffs of sand known! Stone and shale, rising about 100 ft. above river. 632 Rapids near summit........ Mes .... |River said to fall 200 ft. in 53m. nown Nation river (trib. to Parsnip) : 633 Cafion 15m. above mouth...| 2,250 | .... | .... |Caiion reported 15m. above mouth ; above cajion, rive is navigable to Nation lakes. 2 McLeod river : 634 Falls 13m. below War (Long) . - Wake sig aaceose deadline 150 120 .... |Series of falls, totalling 120 ft. over ledge of diorite rock. Storage in Carp and War (Long) lakes. Finlay river : : 635 Desertercafion............- 17,000x| .... .... {Only considerable obstacle to navigation in 175m. above 67,00 mouth. Cajion is about 1m. long, through conglomer- ate ; walls, 160 ft. wide at head, vary in height up to 130 ft. at lower end. Navigable with difficulty at low water by canoe and at high stages by stern-wheelers. 3 - 636 Long cafion (about 15m. : . above Kwadacha river)....| 2,900 | .... .... |Caiion 5m. long through schist ; numerous rapids, grade increases towards upper end and river is unnavigable. Above cajion, for 5 miles is a swift, shallow stream averaging 150 yards in width. 3 637 Cascade cafion............. 2,700 | .... .... |Cafion with shallow rocky rapids ; at one point, a 25 ft. fall in short distance in cascades ; several other bad , rapids. Cafion at head 100 ft. wide. Total length of gorge 53m., maximum depth 700 ft.3 638 . Reef cafion (below Fishing ‘ rf ( TOE ne 6 Lacan xeabasonne BOG | antes .... |Cafion 2$m. long; vertical cliffs 60 to 80 ft. high ; minimum width 130 ft., series of diagonal reefs extend nearly across river. 3 639 Cafion and falls below Thu- 4 a3 _ tade lake ...........20-- 500] .... .... |Below lake, river is in cafion for 4m.; at lower end, fall of 50 to 60 ft. with swift water above and below; numerous rapids further down stream. 4 Omineca river : &...1 5,000 |] .... .... |Cafion $m. long, 100 to 200 ft. wide ; walls nearly ver- bast Blaviscaion nanos tical, maximum height over 150 ft. Fall from head of swift portion to mouth is about 425 ft. in about 35m. Mesilinka river : , z 641 Cafion lm.from mouth...... 1,600x] .... .... |Reported to have several rapids, but only one cafion 1m. from confluence with Omineca. Tutizi 7 sb. ae ; ; a Gis felis ise baler Duties Ee Un- 40 .... |Direct fall of 15 ft., 10 ft. in 2,000 ft. rapids above, 15 ft. 1 known in lm. rapids to small lake below. Rocky banks 30 ft. high above head of cafion. River 70 ft. wide at cafion. Storage in Tutizica lake. Bor Caters aioe aeithice: okesor- I] Bie .... |Cafion 300 ft. long ; at lower end fall of 15 ft. in chute, 7 through gap 25 ft. wide below cafion; grade of river is high for some miles below. 3 * ipti Tables £ z sae dee aoearn ‘Liard river will be found in Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, Vol. IV, Part D, pp. 33- 50. The river is navigable from near its mouth for about 300 miles to Hellgate, the entrance to the bad part of the river. Above this are numerous cafions and rapids. The most noteworthy, in the order in which they occur, are: Rapids of the Drowned ; Grand cafion, really a series of short cafions; Devil portage, a 4m. portag e over a dg 1,000 ft. high, the river flowing in a narrow cafion round the bend; Portage Brule ; Whirlpool eager Mountain Portage rapids; Cranberry Portage rapids; Little cafion. §Drainage ‘area above confluence of Coal river, including Kachika river. . |For description see Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1875-76, p. 46, also Wild North Land, Capt. Butler, p. 249, als Vou ages from Montreal through the Continent of North America, by Alexander Mackenzie. London, 1801, pp. 167-180 and 392: also, Canada on the Pacific, by Charles Horetzky. Montreal, 1874, pp. 61 and 239. 1 sq. miles. re b cat eee of Lands, British Columbia, for 1914, p. D72. See Annual Report of Minister of Lands, British Columbia, for 1914, p. D84 et seq. . . ‘See Annual Report of ‘Minister of Mines, British Columbia, for 1908, p. 74. Another report gives height of fall as 180 ft. 5 ae. “ . . d Omineca Rivers,’’ Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, Vol. VII. 1894, Sec. C, “ee es Oe an Lane, Captain Butler, chapter XXIII, p. 279. xApproximate drainage area above mouth. CHAPTER XV Stream Flow Data LTHOUGH, in connection with early mining activities, the province of British Columbia was concerned with the apportionment of the waters of some of the provincial streams, no systematic study of stream flow was prosecuted by government agencies prior to 1911. The Commission of Conservation, having, in 1910, completed its general investigation respecting the water-powers of eastern Canada, decided to com- mence, in the following year, a special investigation of the water-power re- sources of British Columbia and of the Prairie Provinces. In May, 1911, the Department of the Interior inaugurated the Railway Belt Hydrographic Survey, with headquarters for field work at Kamloops, B.C. In August, 1911, the Commission of Conservation commenced its field investigation in British Columbia. The Premier and the Minister of Lands expressed themselves as desirous of furthering the work, and gave assurance that every possible assistance would be given. Subsequently, the Province appropriated funds to assist in the field work. In connection with irrigation, especially in the ‘dry belt’, many problems and disputes connected with the use and apportionment of the waters of various streams had arisen. It became necessary, therefore, for the officers of the newly constituted Railway Belt Hydrographic Survey to devote their efforts first to the clearing up of this complex situation. They, therefore, for a time, confined their attention to these irrigation problems. In inaugurating the Railway Belt Survey, the hydrographic methods in use by the Water Resources Branch of the United States Geological Survey were adopted, and one of their expert hydrographers, Mr. C. R. Adams, was engaged for a period of three months to direct the initiation of the work. Mr. P. A. Carson, formerly Chief Engineer of the Railway Belt Survey, and his staff of engineers deserve great credit for their good prosecution of the work, as well as for the zeal displayed in coping with the many difficulties inherent to territory such as they had to canvass. Mr. R. G. Swan is at present Chief Engineer of the Survey, with headquarters at Vancouver, and to him and his able staff the Commission of Conservation is indebted for the collection of much of the stream flow data published in this report, and also for special assistance rendered in connection therewith. feneuantowe® The work of the Kamloops office was diligently prosecuted Water Assete during 1912. Meantime the British Columbia Government, largely through the efforts of Hon. W. R. Ross, the former Minister of Lands, had commenced an investigation of the water assets of the province, including their administration, and also of the status of the STREAM FLOW DATA~—INTRODUCTION 307 thousands of licenses and grants which had been made for the use of water. This latter, in itself, was a very heavy undertaking. In connection with its investigations, the Provincial Government, in 1912, also commenced gather- ing stream flow data. As there was then no co-operation between the Domin- ion and Provincial officials, some overlapping of effort resulted. In 1913, as an outcome of the transfer of the administration of the waters of the Rail- way Belt to the province, the stream-flow measurement work of the Rail- way Belt Hydrographic Survey and that of the Provincial Water Rights Branch were merged, being undertaken by the former organization, under the new title of the British Columbia Hydrographic Survey. Its headquarters were moved to Vancouver, and subsequently branches were established through- out the province. This merging of activities placed systematic and con- tinuous stream gauging on a firm basis and, to a great extent, relieved the engineers of the Provincial’ Branch from hydrographic work on the main streams, leaving them free to devote their energies to other investigation and administrative work. Recently, the title of the British Columbia Hydro- graphic Survey was changed to The British Columbia Hydrometric Survey. An historical survey, covering the steps through which the stream flow in- vestigations of the province have reached their present status, is presented in the Dominion Water Power Branch Water Resources Papers, and also in the Annual Reports of the Provincial Water Rights Branch.* The Dominion Water Power Branch, under the superintendence of Mr. J..B. Challies, now conducts, through the British Columbia Hydrometric Survey, the stream-flow investigations in British Columbia, and furnishes copies of its records to the Provincial Government. Inasmuch as the Commission of Conservation had first commenced the general collection of water-power data in British Columbia, and as the newly- established office at Kamloops had its hands more than full with gathering the needed data respecting irrigation conditions, it was arranged, through the courtesy of the late Mr. R. E. Young and Mr. J. B. Challies, that the Com- mission would be furnished with such hydrographic data as would be service- able in connection with water-power studies ; also, with any information re- lating to water-power sites gathered in the course of the Survey’s work. These data have been supplied, and are included in this report. The various courtesies extended in connection with the supplying of this valuable material is highly appreciated by the Commission. The Hydrometric Survey hopes, later, to include the streams in the more northerly parts of the province, but up to the present, with the exception of certain special studies, they have had to confine their attention to the more southerly part, and more particularly to the ‘dry belt,’ where the demands re- specting irrigation have been so urgent. The Provincial Water Rights Branch has, itself, also undertaken certain stream flow investigation work. The results of its operations are published in the Annual Reports of the Minister of Lands, British Columbia, and in special *Consult Water Resources Paper No. 1, pp. 17 to 37; also Annual Report of the Water Rights Branch of the Department of Lands, British Columbia, for 1913, p. 5. 308 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION publications issued by the branch itself. For list of publications, consult the Bibliography. In addition to the hydrological data already referred to, a number of valuable records have been obtained by private and other effort ; where avail- able, summaries of these data are presented in this report. These records are as follows : Gauge heights of the Fraser river, recorded by officers of the Department of Public Works, Canada, at Chilliwack, Mission and Sumas. The record at Chilliwack commences in 1906 and, except at low stages when the water drops below the point where the gauge can be read, is continuous. Unfor- tunately, there is a deposit of silt around the foot of the gauge, which becomes dry below certain stages. There appears to be a certain relationship mani- fested between the gauge heights at Chilliwack and those recorded at Hope in the year 1912-1915. If relationship can be established it would be possible to make an approximate estimate of the flow of the Fraser river for the period covered by the Chilliwack records. Hydrographic studies have been made by various private companies, such as by the British Columbia Electric Railway Co., or subsidiary companies, at lakes Buntzen and Coquitlam, and at Jordan river, V.I.; by the Western Canada Power Company, on Stave river; by the West Kootenay Power and Light Co., at Bonnington falls, on Kootenay river—for gauge heights see Water Resources Paper No. 14—(a summary of revised data is given in this report); and by the Powell River Co., which possesses a record of the height of Powell lake since the year 1912, and of the waste water flowing over thedam. There are also hydro- logical studies made by certain irrigation companies. -Hydrological research has also been prosecuted by engineers and power companies in connection with various projects for municipal water supply, or proposed power developments, some of which have already been carried out. There are, for example, the Couteau Power Company’s records of runoff, tem- perature and precipitation on Shuswap river at Couteau falls. These data have been made available through the courtesy of the company’s consulting engineer, Mr. A. R. Mackenzie, and are published in the tables of stream flow data (No. 99). See also Plate J. Messrs. DuCane, Dutcher & Co., consult- ing engineers, secured data in connection with the development on the Barriére river for the city of Kamloops; and Messrs. Anderson & Warden, consulting engineers, Vancouver, have taken records at Jones lake for the British Colum- bia Electric Railway Co. The Campbell River Power Co. has records from several gauges on Campbell river, V.I. These gauges have since been rated by the B. C. Hydrometric Survey, and revised data will be found in the tables of stream flow. The Quesnel Hydraulic Gold Mining Co. has made certain studies of runoff incident to the construction of its placer mining plant in the Cariboo district ; Messrs. Ritchie, Agnew & Co., consulting engineers, have made some valuable runoff studies in connection with suggested power develop- ments on the Falls and Khatada rivers, in the vicinity of Prince Rupert. There are also certain records of lake levels taken by the Canadian Pacific Railway STREAM FLOW DATA—INTRODUCTION 309 Lake and River Service. Some of these, made available through the courtesy of Superintendent Captain Gore, are published in this report. Description of Stream Flow Data Within the space allotted to stream flow data is included a concise sum- mary of all the more important reliable records available. From the various data it was necessary to make a selection, and hence those most useful for water-power considerations are presented, while those of the smaller ‘irrigation’ streams, together with those which, for cause, were considered unreliable, have been omitted. The data which follow include records from about 130 stations in British Columbia, and from 10 in the adjacent states of Washington, Idaho and Montana. When not otherwise indicated, the stream flow records for the British Columbia stations have been summarized from data supplied by the British Columbia Hydrometric Survey of the Dominion Water Power Branch. The data for the stations in the United States have been supplied by the Water Resources Branch of the United States Geological Survey. Arrangement of Tables—The tables of stream flow data are arranged alpha- betically, and also numbered to correspond with a reference number given in ‘List of streams in British Columbia for which stream flow data are avail- able.” This list also indicates the district in which the stream is situated. This permits ready reference to the data for any particular district. The summarized data for each station consist of a description of gauging station, discharge measurements and monthly summaries.* The drainage area in square miles appears at the top of each record. Description of Gauging Station—These descriptions are based on those supplied by the British Columbia Hydrometric Survey, but have been con- densed and adapted to meet the essential requirements of the data in the form here presented. An effort has been made to have the descriptions, as supplied for individual years, so combined as to be applicable to the record as a whole. The accuracy of the results is sometimes indicated by the use of the letters ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, and ‘D.’ These letters have the same significance as when used by the B. C. Hydrometric Survey in their Water Resources Papers, and by the United States Geological Survey ia their Water Supply Papers, namely. ‘A’ indicates that the mean monthly flow in probably accurate within 5 per cent ; ‘B’, within 10 per cent ; ‘C’, within 15 per cent ; and ‘D’, within 25 per cent. It should be clearly understood that all such references to accuracy refer only to the mean monthly discharges, not to the maximum or minimum, nor to that for any one day. Note In the description of gauging station, under the sub-heading ‘Accuracy,’ ‘there frequently appears a note stating that the monthly summaries, as printed below for certain years, embody revisions based on later measurements. * For additional data, such as, widths of the various metered sections, daily gauge heights, names of hydrographers, etc., refer to the Water Resources Papers, for which, as just stated, there is here given an index to stations. 310 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Estimates of daily discharge are based on the daily gauge heights and are derived from a rating curve based on the available discharge measurements. Obviously, the greater the number of satisfactory measurements, the better defined the rating curve will be ; but, since it is not always possible to obtain in one season sufficient discharge measurements to define satisfactorily the rating curve, subsequent revisions may be entailed. Occasionally, later measurements reveal the fact that, owing to backwater, ice formation, poor metering section or other causes, it is impossible to obtain a satisfactory rating curve at the selected station. As data and deductions of the B.C. Hydrometric Survey are published annually, it not infrequently happens that estimates based on earlier data have to be revised in the light of additional discharge measurements. Through the courtesy of the B. C. Hydrometric Survey, we have been enabled to include most of such revisions up to the end of 1916. See also remarks under ‘Drainage Area’ and ‘Discharge Measure- ments’ below. Drainage Area—The drainage area at the head of the description of each station has been used in computing the ‘Discharge in second-feet per square mile’, and the resultant ‘Run-off depth in inches on drainage area’, and is the area estimated to lie above the gauging station. These areas have been checked from the most recent maps. Where these check measurements did not materially differ from the estimate of drainage areas made by the B.C, Hydrometric Survey, or by other authorities supplying data, or where the maps and other information available allowed considerable latitude in deter- mining the ‘height of land’ dividing watersheds, the estimates as supplied have been published. Where, however, it seemed advisable, revisions have been made in drainage areas, and such have been indicated by a note to that effect. Such revisions have necessitated the recomputation of the ‘discharge in second-feet per square mile’ and ‘run-off depth in inches on drainage area’: also of certain totals and means. Discharge Measurements—The discharge measurements made at the gaug- ing station are here presented. Inasmuch as these constitute the basic data for the rating curve and resultant rating table, an appraisement, if so desired, may be made respecting the probable accuracy of the rating curve and, infer- entially, to some extent, of the accuracy of the monthly summaries derived therefrom. An inspection of the discharge measurements reveals their number and distribution ; while the maximum and minimum discharges given in the summaries which follow show the extent to which the rating curve has been projected above or below the points for which actual discharge measurements define its position. Monthly Summaries—The column headed ‘Max.’ contains the discharge corresponding to the maximum gauge height recorded during the month ; similarly the column headed ‘Min.’ contains the discharge corresponding to the minimum gauge height recorded during the month. The column headed ‘Mean’ gives the mean of the daily discharges for the month. The column headed ‘Discharge per square mile’ is computed by dividing the mean monthly discharge by the estimated drainage area in square miles. The column headed ‘Run-off depth in inches on drainage area’ is computed by multiplying the run-off per square mile by a factor depending upon the number of days in STREAM FLOW DATA—INTRODUCTION 311 the month. (See ‘Table of Equivalents’, Appendix I.) The figures given in the last two columns are based on the watershed area. (See remarks under ‘Drainage Area’.) * Index to Published Stream Flow Data _ It has been deemed desirable to furnish an ‘Index’ to publications where detailed data respecting gauge heights and daily discharges may be found. In referring to these publications it must be remembered, however, that, since the earlier reports were issued, later data have become available and have enabled some revisions to be made in the summaries here published. (See Note, page 309.) Those desiring to make detailed study of any particular stream should apply for the latest data to the British Columbia Hydrometric Survey (Domin-. ion Water Power Branch), at Vancouver, B.C., and to the Provincial Water Rights Branch, at Victoria, B.C. The publications indexed are the Water Resources Papers,t published by the Dominion Water Power Branch, Department of the Interior, Ottawa. The volumes containing data relating to the streams of British Columbia are as follows :t Water Resources Paper No. 1**—Report of the ‘Railway Belt Hydro- graphic Survey for 1911-12,’ by P. A. Carson, Ottawa, 1914. Water Resources Paper No. 8—Report of the ‘British Columbia. Hydrographic Survey for 1913,’ by R. G. Swan, Ottawa, 1915. Water Resources Paper No. 14—-‘Report of the British Columbia Hydrographic Survey for 1914,’ by R. G. Swan, Ottawa, 1915. Water Resources Paper No. 18—‘Report of the British Columbia Hydrometric Survey for 1915,’ R. G. Swan, Ottawa, 1917. Water Resources Paper No. 21—‘Report of the British Columbia. Hydrometric Survey for 1916,’ R. G. Swan, Ottawa, 1918. The following explanation will make the Index clear : No.—The numbers in the first column refer, respectively, to the summaries. of stream flow records published in this report. * For records of complete years and for periods of months which are reasonably comparable,. certain totals and averages are here presented. In certain other instances, it was not deemed expedient to record these deductions. ft The references to Water Resources Papers do not include Miscellaneous Discharge Measure- ments. These will be found grouped together as follows : Water Resources Paper No. 1, pp. 491 to 494; No. 8, p. 291; No. 14, pp. 204, 363 and 530; No. 18, pp. 176, 307, 421 and 438 ; also No. 21, pp. 132, 282, 351, and 356. Some of these so-called miscellaneous measurements have: actually been made at regular discharge stations and used in connection with the preparation of tating curves. Sometimes, however, gauge heights and derived data of discharge, etc., are not published until a year or so later; hence Water Resources Papers subsequently issued should be consulted. tSome stream flow data were published in the Annual Reports of the Minister of Lands, British Columbia, for 1912 and 1913. The 1913 report includes the data published in the 1912 report. Most of these data will be found in greater detail in the Water Resources Papers Nos. rt ae 8. For other important stations, a revised summary for 1912 and 1913 will be found in this. eport. **Water Resources Paper No. 1 contains, on pages 495 to 537, a useful Hydrographic Gazetteer of lakes, rivers, creeks and other sources of water supply in, and adjacent to the Railway Belt of British Columbia. 312 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION District—The letters indicate to which main watershed or district the streams belong, thus : C-—Columbia river and tributaries (except Kootenay river) ; K—Kootenay river and tributaries ; F—Fraser river and tribu- taries (except Thompson river) ; T—Thompson river and tributaries ; V.I.—streams on Vancouver island; P.C—streams on Mainland Pacific coast (except Fraser river). This column, used in connection with the two following, will assist in finding on a map the situation of each stream and gauging station. Stream—The streams are tabulated in alphabetical order. Location of Gauging Station—On the smaller tributary streams it will be noticed that, where there is only one gauging station, as.a rule it is situated near the mouth. Drainage Area—The drainage areas are those above the respective gauging stations. See remarks relating to drainage areas under ‘Description of Stream Flow Data’. Records Available—In this column are given, for the period ending December 1916,* the years, and first and last months, for which reliable records are available. Sometimes, records have only been taken during the irrigation season, or during the open period. See under column ‘Remarks’. *The last year for which records had been completed at the time this portion of the report went to press. STREAM FLOW DATA~—INDEX 313 LIST OF STREAMS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA FOR WHICH STREAM FLOW DATA ARE AVAILABLE WITH INDEX TO WATER RESOURCES PAPERS (This fist does not include some of the smaller streams whose flow has been studied in connection with irrigation requirements.) Dis- Location of Drain-| Records available eae No. | trict Stream gauging station age Limiting dates ——————_ Remarks area, (see remarks) 1] 8 | 14]18]21 sq. miles Pg .\pg .|pa.|Pg .\pg. 1 T \Adamsriver....... Below lake....... 1,160t|July 1911-Dec. 1916] 77/163]270|226|201 2| C |Akolkolex river..... Bere near 105 |May 1913-Dec. 1916]. . .|295/431)351/311 mouth. 3) F Alouette (5S.Lillooet) 8m. from mouth... 100 |Oct. 1911—-Deec. 1915/322]135/108]103}. . river. do. At lake outlet..... 100 |Jan. to Dec., 1916. necator al oes rgl| stencil OM 4/ F | do. North branch|5m. from mouth... 20 |Oct. 1911-Dec. 1913/317|110].. . Sc -+..| F |Anderson river..... Near mouth...... 200 |April 9 to Sent. 30, '12| 83]...]...}..-]... C |Ashnola river, trib. |Near Ashnola..... 480 |June 1914-Dec. 1916]. -- 275]. . .}203) Similkameen. 2 S T |Barnes creek, near|Above Barnes lake. 38 |April 1912-Oct. 1916] 86)166/327/274|244|Irrig. stream. Ashcroft. 5 | T |Barriére river...... Below power plant. 350{|Mar 1915-Dec. 1916|--- 6| C |Beaverriver....... 4m. from mouth... 400 |May 1913-Nec. 1914|- ...],.../Open seasons. .-|_C_ |Beaver creek....._.|3m.from mouth...| 83 |June 1915-Nov. 1916|..-|...|...]275|246|Small stream. -.-| P.C. |Belknap creek See Mesliloet river| tributalries. 7 | V.I. |Big Qualicum river.|Near mouth...... 62 |Mar. 1913-Dec. 1916|-.-]...{117]142] 97), 8) K |Rig Sand creek... .. 8m. from mouth... 40 |May 1914-Oct. 1916]-.-|...|523/416/332|Irrig. seasons. 9 | C |Blaeberry river... .. Near Moberly..... 325 | April 1912-Nov. 1915| 88]/303/437|353]. . .|Open seasons. -| T |Bolean creek, Near Falkland. . 80 |May 1911-Sept. 1916] 92]169/207/179]143 trib. Salmon. 10 | T |Bonaparte river... .{5m. from mouth...| 2,000 |June 1911-Dec. 1916/100/172/330)277/250| -++-| T |Botanie creek, 5m. below lake ... 20t|Sept. 1911-Sept. 1912106). .]...)...|.-.|Irrig. stream. near Lytton. 11 | F |Boulder creek, SEGUE cave kechawe teew April 1913—Dec. 1916 58] 61) 65) 31 near Jones lake. 12 | _C |Boundary creek... ,|Greenwood.......] | 125 aa 1913-Dec. 1916 278]228/207 ...| P.C. |Brandt creek... ‘|See Mesliloet river] tributalrie; ..-| P.C. Brandywine river, |Nearmouth......]....... oe 1915-Sept. 1916 112) 69 trib. S ish. | T Brash eee Above intake... .. 10 Oct, 1915-Dee. 1916 230|209|Small creek. trib. Shuswap. 13) F |p : Above cafion...... 1,900 |Tune 1913-Dec. 1916]. - .|148/168)114) 72 14] c |[Bridaeriver....-. ‘lim. from mouth. ..} "190 |June 1912-Dec. 1916 109]305|440|355|/314|Open seasons. 15 | K ‘|Near mouth...... 625tl May 1914-Dec. 1915]. --|.. . |494|397).. .|Open seasons. 16 | P.C. Hazelton, near 4,5001| July to Dec., 1915...|---|...].--|427]--- mout: 17 | P.C. do. 3m. above conflu-| 2,500t/July to Dec., 1915. ..|--- (427)... 1s |P.c iy ened Telkwa. . -C. |Buntzen lake... ... toutlet......... 1906-Dec. 1913]... cee 5 si] D IGache creck, Above diversions. .| 35 |June 1911-Aug. 1912]1i1 :|Irrig. seasons. trib. B e ! oadierallt ay bs pnaparte Below diversion to 35 |May 1915-Oct., 1916]..-}...].. .|279/252 Irrig. seasons. Eight-mile ck.} ‘| T |Cahilty creek, 1m. from mouth... 20 |Aug. 1911-Oct. 1912115 .|Open seasons. trib. Louis. i T Campbell creek. ...|Barnhart Vale, 200 |May 1911-Sept. 1915]120]177|210)181). . . /Irrig. stream. Todds Corners. T do. Above Campbell 200 |May 1911-Sept. 1912/124 Estate diversions 19 | V.I. |Campbell river ,., ./Outlet, Lower 600t|/May 1910-Dec. 1916]...]...|120/144) 99 Campbell lake. ‘ T |Canoe creek, Near Salmon Arm. 30 |June 1911-Sept. 1912]126 trib. Sh lak T |Cafion aa ae _|Above Heffley lake. 7 |June to Aug., 1914...}.-- 213 ‘ vey ae C |Cafion creek, $m. from mouth... 50 fie te to Dec. 30,|---|...|442 6m. f: Golden. s 20 |P.C.|Capilano creck. [Above Vancouver| 64 |Jan. 1914-Dec. 1916]. -|150] 69] 69} 35 intake, 6m. from mouth. 3 C |Caribou creek, 4m. from mouth... 225 |Aug. to Dec., 1914...|---|...[867]-.-]--- near Burton. ‘ K |Carpenter creck. ...|Near New Denver.| 65 [April 20 to Dec., 1914) +). [868155 Lg do. South Fork. fens near San- 12 |April 1914-Dec. 1916 .|372|315]291 on. 21) F |Ca NG sinner Near Lillooet. .... 350 |April 1914-Dec. 1916]...|...|171}116) 78 svos| TE |Galieta orecke, Nearanbithi soe 140t|Feb. 1914-Dec. 1916|...|...|281|.. .]211 Sh lak 2 ee Chace Gras, v4 Near Chase station 100 |June 1911—Oct. 1916?/134]. 231|215/Open seasons 22°] P.C. |Gheakamus river... |1m. from mouth...| 250 |Mar. 1914—Dec. 1915]. . .|151/174/118].... 23 | F |Chehalis river...... 1im. from mouth..| 200 |Nov. 1911-June 1915/140) 68] 72] 71)... 24 | V.I. |Chemainus river....|Near mouth...... 120 |May 1914-Dec. 1916]...].. .|123]146/101 + Revised value based on recent measurements. 1 Diversion also measured during 1915. 2No records for 1913 and 1914. 314 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Dis- Location of Drain-| Records available Was _Eptounees No. | trict Stream gauging station age Limiting dates Remarks area, (see remarks) 1] 8 114/18] 21 sq miles. pg .\pg.\pg.\pg.|pg-}_ T {Cherry creek, Cornwall’s ranch. . 30 |June 1911-Oct. 1916]146]179]223/182]145]Irrig. stream. trib. Kamloops lake. ‘ K_ |Cherry creek, Near Wasa....... See Mal|ther creek. ~ South-east Koo- , tenay. 25 F |Chilliwack river....]5m. above Sumas' 450 |Nov. 1911—Dec. 19161]149] 72] 75) 73] 37 ake. 26 | T |Clearwater river....]Near mouth...... 4,100t| Mar. 1914—Dec. 1916]...].. .]216)184]147 ...| T. |Coldwater river....|Merritt?......... 360 |April 1913-Dec. 1916]. . .|183/336]282)255 27 | C |Columbia river...../Trail............- 34,000 |April 1913-—Dec. 1916]. . .|317/446/319) 293 28 Cc dO; wey Castlegar......... 15,000 |Deec. 1912—Dec. 1915]. . .]814)373/317]... 29) C do; ages Near Revelstoke...) 9,000 |Mar. 1912-Dec. 1916]181/311|377|360/316|Open seasons, 30; C dow xen Gold ice ssa acess 5-2-8 2,500 | April 1903-Oct. 1915]157/308/443/358] . . .|Open seasons, ‘op Go: \aavaee Spillimacheen..... 1,700 |June to Oct., 1912...]185]...}...]...]... Gear hgts. only. weve|| “CS Ox. a. wads Athalmer......... 540 |June to Sept., 1912. .}184]...]...)...)... do. 31 F |Coquihalla river. .|Near Hope....... 360 |Nov. 1911—Dec. 1916]187] 76] 78} 75] 39 , 32a] F |Coquitlam river....|Below lake....... 105 | Years 1906 to 1913. .|...] 79]...|...]... | 32b) F do. ....|lm, above mouth. . 115 |Jan. 1915-Dec. 1916]...]}...]...] 77] 41 33 | V.I. |Cowichan river..... Near lake outlet... 235 |Mar. 1913-Dec. 1916]...]...]126}148)103 34) T |Crazy creek........ Near Taft. ....... 45 |Mar. 1914-Noyv. 1916]. ..]. . .{284/233/217}Open seasons. 35 | T |Crisscreek........ Trib. Deadman 150 jJune 1912-Oct. 1916/195)185|333]284|257|Irrig. seasons. river. ...| TL |Davis creek........ See Fortune creek. : 36 | T |Deadman river .|Above Criss creek. 300 |April 1913-Oct. 1916}. . ./188)339/286/259|Irrig seasons. seve) “OE Go, | Asa 3m. from mouth... 560 |July 1911-Sept. 1911/203]...]...]...]... do. ‘ T do. wae A Walhachin 450 |July 1911—-Sept. 1912/200]...)...]...]... do. intake. T do. siege Trim ca). daveece fen ears July 1912-Aug. 1913/204]192]...)...]... do. F . |Doré river, near Mc-/}m. above mouth. . 190 |July to Nov., 1915...}...]...].../429)... ride : K |Dunean river, to}|Near Howser, 10m. 830 |Dec. 1914-Dec. 1916]...]...]...|322]297 Kootenay lake. above mouth. aie C |Dutch creek, near|4m. from mouth... 250 |April to Aug., 1914..]...].../449]...]... Fairmont Springs. 37 7 Boe river 350t|May 1913-Dec. 1916]. . .}194/287/235/219 seeansilp eee é : 460 |Aug. 1911—-Dec. 1912/206]...]...]...]... T aya cree .|3m. from mouth. 15 |June 1911-Oct. 1916%/210}...]...|186)149]}Irrig. stream. efferly. 38 K {Elk river... os yonacsiro Near Elko. . 1,450t|April 1914—Dec. 1916]. ..]...]503}401/335]Open seasons, 39 | V.I. |Bnglishman river. ..}4m. from mouth. 111 |Feb. 1918-Dec. 1916]...].. .]129}150/105 z T |Essell creek, trib.| Near Grand Prairie 6 |May 1911-Nov. 19164/214/197|226]...]152|Very small Salmon river. stream. 40 |P.C.|Falls creek, trib.|Near mouth...... 89 )Mar. 1912-Feb. 1913)...}...].. Ecstall ; Skeena. 41 K |Findlay creek......|15m. from mouth.. 320 |April 1914-Dec. 1915]. ..].. .|454/368]. . .]Open seasons. sa kell ornate Flume creek, Indian/At mouth......../....... May 1915-Dec. 1916]...]...]...] 79] 43]Small stream. river. i C |Forsters (No. 2) cr..}1}m. from mouth... 120 |May 1912-Oct. 1915/382)/343/478/385] . ..|Open seasons. 3 F |fountain creek, 14m. from mouth.. 20 |June 1914—-Oct. 1915]...|...]177]122|...|Small, Irrig. 10m. from Lillooet a T |fortune creek, near|im. below city in- 20 jAug. 1911-Dec. 1912/217]...]...]...]... Armstrong. take. ....{ K |Pourmile creek..... See Silverton creek. 42 | F |Fraserriver........ Chilliwack........ 88,300t|/Feb. 1906-Dec. 1915]...]...]...]...]... ar heights only. 43 F do: - aves ROD Ge ie ves eeor avery 84,5001| Mar. 1912—Dec. 1916]225) 81) 81] 82] 45 44a} F Go ®rst Loy ClO Sees are a9. 61,100{|Feb. 1912—Dec. 1914]228]199]342|...]...)/Backwater at high stages. 44b] F Ger. - epaiente Lillooet.......... 60,600t| May to Dec., 1915...)...]...|...]124)... ....) K |Fry creek........ ..{im. above mouth.. 180 |Dec. 1914—Dec. 1915]...]...).../324}... . F |Gilley creek, to Pitt}Above power in- 85)Nov. 1911—Dec. 1912/232]...)...]...]... river. take. ....| K_ |Glacier creek....... Near Howser..... 170 |June to Nov., 1915. .|...]...]...)326]... 45] K |Goatriver......... pas 5m. from 430t|May 1914-Nov. 1915]...]...|386/328]... mouth, 2 F {Gold creek, to Co-|}m. from mouth...]....... July 1910-Nov. 1913/236| 90)...]... quitlam river 46 | K |Goldereek......... 7m. north of New- 350t/May 1914-Oct. 1916]. ..]...|506]403/339}Irrig. stream. gate. 47 C |Granby (Kettle R.,)]Grand Forks...... 950t|June 1914-Dec. 1915]...|...]292/239]... N. fork) river. — 4 Cc Granite creek, trib.]Near Coalmont.. .. 70t|June 1914-Sept. 1915]. ..|. . .]290]/237|. ..}Open seasons. ‘ulameen. 48 F |Green river........ Nairn Falls....... 180 |Nov. 1913—Dec. 1916). . .]152}179]126] 82 saat) Oi. aise zene Green Lake.. a 24 |Nov. 1913-Dec. 1914}. . .|153/183)...)... T |Greenstone creek, |}m. from mouth. | 20 |Sept.1911-Sept. 1916 °|238/203]...|.. .)158|Irrig. stream. trib. Nicola river. + Revised value based on recent measurements. 1Records for 1916, as published in Water Resources Paper No. 21, are stated to be incorrect. 2In June, 1916, new station at 3m. above Merritt. 3 No data published for 1913 and 1914. 6 Estimate possibly too high, area may not exceed 5 square miles. 4 No records for 1915. 5 No record for 1914. STREAM FLOW DATA—INDEX 315 | Dis- Location of Drain-| Records available ee No. | trict Stream gauging station age Limiting dates Remarks area (see remarks) 1 {8 | 14]18] 21 : sq. miles pg .|pg9.|p9 .|pa .|pg. T |Guichon creek..... Near mouth...... 475 |June 1911-Sept. 1912/246]...]...]...|...|Irrig. stream. . T do. ...,.|Above Mamit lake. 315 |June 1911-Oct. 1916]250/205/229)188)161 V.I. aes. creek, trib./2m. above mouth.. 38t|May 1914-July 1915}...}...|131/152)... anaimo, T |Hatcreek......... Several stations...|....... 1911 to 1916........ 256|207|344|288|261|Irrig. stream. C |Hedley (Twenty- |Above diversions. . 120 |April to Sept., 1915..]...]...]...]272]..- = a ane seek. 4 i seep efferly creek.. .|Several stations...]....... 1911 to 1916...,.... 268]215|232/190]163| Irrig. st: ‘ .| P.C. |Hixon creek.......|See Mesliloet river |tributarlies. Bvslrcem .| C |Horsethief creek... . 1m. from mouth... 250 |May 1912-July 1914]278|320)457]...|...|Open seasons. C |Hospital creek, near|At dam above 18 |Oct. 1914—Dec. 1916}...].. .]458]370/318 Golden. flume. 49 | C |[Mlecillewaet river...|Near Revelstoke...} 480 /Oct. 1911—Dec. 1916|281)/322]}462/373}320)/Open seasons. Fave (© lO. : MACIER. an cavaacasaves |ealnsaec May 1913-Dec. 1914]...|325/460]...]...|]Open seasons. 50 | C_ |Incomappleux river. |Near Peston Ar- 460 |May 1914—Dec. 1915]...|360/466/375) . . .}Open seasons. row lake. . .| P.C, |Indian river... .. .-|See Mesliloet river. T |Ingram creek, trib.)Near Grand Prairie 25 |May 1911-Oct. 1916]288/222|238)/194/167|Irrig. stream. , almon river. C |Inonoaklin creek, to]2m. from mouth... 150 |June 1915-Dec. 1916 .|830]299 Lower Arrow lake. : a T |Jamieson creek,18m./Two stations......}....... 1911 to 1916........ 295/226/241/196/169]Irrig. stream. north of Kam- * loops. 51 | F |Jones creek........ At lake outlet... .. 25 |April 1910-Dec. 1916]305| 98] 88] 86] 49 52 | V.I. |\Jordan river....... $m. above mouth.. 60 |Jan. 1908-Dec. 1911]...}...)...]...]... 53 K ae oe to Koo-|Kaslo, near mouth. 170 |June 1914-Dec. 1916 .|889]3321301 enay lake. 54 © |Kettle river... ....+|COT8OMs. secs e wees 2,3901|Sept. 1913-Dec. 1916 .. -{801/245/221 55} C dos © twesanee Ne ee 1,620}| Mar. 1914-Nov. 1916) -|298| 243/225 ridge. wea Cc do. North fork..|See Granby river. aparere'| < {s do. West fork.,.|See Westkettle riv. 56 | P.C. |Khatada river...... Trib. Skeena..x... 60 |Dec. 1911-Dec. 1912]...]...]...]..-]..- ; 57 C |Kicking Horse river.|Golden, near mouth 700 |April 1912—Dec. 1916}307]329|468]378/323|Open seasons. 581 C oO. Wiel dixsic casiys access 130 |June 1912—Dec. 1916]312/3321472|380/325|Open seasons. 59} C do. No. 2 Tunnel..... 50 |July 1912-Dec. 1916]315|/336]474|383|327 60 | V.I. |Koksilah river, ....}2m. south of Dun- 124 |May 1914-Dec. 1916]...|.. .[184]154]107 can. 61] C |Kuskanax creek... .|1m. from Nakusp.. 125 |Mar. 1914—Dec. 1915]...|.. .|392/334]... 62 K_ |Kootenay river..... At Glade......... 19,100 |May 1913-Dec. 1916}. . .|339]417/338|303 eect KK do; ae rex Bonnington Pool. .| 17,800 |June to Dec., 1914...)...]...|411]...]..- 63| K Oy ieee, ge Bonnington] 17,800 |Oct. 1907-Dec. 1915 . (895/336)... ‘alls. 64) K GO. "teens Nelsons. sss ccs 17,700 |Jan. 1913-Dec. . . [4121340]... 65 | K doy, easy Wardner......... 5,200 |Jan. 1914-Dec. . .|508/405]341 ....| F |Laluwissin creek, |Above irrigation 20 |June 1914—Dec. .}185]128] 85/Irrig. stream. above Lytton. ditches. 66 F |Lillooet river, trib.J/Agerton, 6m. above 800 |Nov. 1913-Dec. 187}130] 87 Harrison lake. Lillooet lake. 1 a K Linklater creek, near|Near Smiths ranch. 42 |May 1914-Sept. 1915 .{512|407|...|Small irriga- Newgate. tion stream ae T |Little Clearwater |5m. above mouth.. 84 |June 1914-Oct. 1916) .|220}198]170 tiver. 67 | V.I. Little Qualicum At Cameron lake 60t/Feb. 1913-Dec. 1916 .|137]156|109 river. outlet. ‘ * K |Little Sand creek,|Near Jaffray...... 33 |April 1914—-Oct. 1916 .|5241418]343}Irrig. stream. trib. Big Sand ck. 68 | T |Louis creek........ 12m. from mouth. . 100 |July 1911—-Nov. 1916]328/229]244|200]172)Open seasons. 69 | P.C. |Lynn creek........ Below north Van- 14 |June 1914—Dec. 1916]. ../156] 91] 88) 51 couver intake. 70 | K |Mark creek........ Near Marysville, at 54{|May 1914—Dec. 1916 .|513/4091345| Open seasons. mouth. 71 | K |Mather (Cherry) |1m. above mouth, 80 |May 1913-Oct. 1916 . |497/399|334| [rrig. seasons. creek, south-east} near Wasa. Kootenay. : : ....| T |Manson creek, trib./1m. from mouth... 24 |April to Sept., 1915,.|...]...|...|247|.../Small creek. Shuswap lake. 72 | P.C. |Mesliloet river. .... Below cafion, 8m. 65 |Oct. 1912-Dec. 1916]337/105) 94] 90) 53 from mouth. Mesliloet tributaries 72a|P.C.| Belknap creek.,..|Belknap lake......|..-.... Oct. 1912-Dec. 1916/338| 53] 55} 61} 27 72b) P.C. do. ....|Below Ann lake June 1914—Dec. 1916]. ..|147] 58] 63] 29 72c| P.C. Brandt creek..... At mouth........ Oct. 1912-Sept. 1914/3838} 60} 64]...)... 72d) P.C. do. .|Above Young June 1913-Dec. 1916]...} 65) 66] 67] 33 ereek. 72e| P.C.| Hixon creek..... 4m. from mouth...|.. .Oct, 1912-July 1914]338) 93] 84)...]... 72f) P.C. do. .|Above Belknap , .|April 1914—-Dec. 1916]. ..|154| 86) 84] 47 creek. 729| P.C.| Norton creek...../At lake outlet.....].....-. Oct. 1912-Dec. 1916}338]113} 99] 94] 57 72h! P.C.| Young creek..... Near mouth......|..--.-- Oct. 1912—-Dec. 1916]338]143]115|109] 67) ....{.T {Monte creek, trib./Several stations...|....... 1911 to 1916........ 342]233/247/202|174|Irrig. stream S. Thompson at Ducks. “f Revised value based on recent measurements. 316 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION i “i esources Dis- Location of Drain-| Records available Ne No. No. | trict Stream gauging station age Limiting dates Remarks area (see remarks) 1{ 8 | 14/18] 21 sq. miles| Pg .|Pg.|Pg.|Pg.|pg. 73 K |Moyie river........ International 590 |July 1914-Dec. 1916]...]...|.../411/347 boundary. K a creek, near|Near mouth...... 7 |May to Sept., 1914..]...]...]516}...|...|Irrig. stream, Elko. T |Murray creek, near|Above diversions. . 36 |Sept. 1911-Dec. 1912/354]...]...]...]...]Irrig. stream, Spence Bridge. 74 | T |Murtle river, trib.j15m. below Murtle 400{/Sept. 1914-Sept. 1916]...].. .|256]206]/181 Clearwater. lake. 75 | F |Nahatlatch river. ..|Lower satay near 400 |Mar. 1912-Dec. 1916/358]/239/350/290/263 mout! 76| F do. seus | Ui Per ptetiod, be- 300 |Mar. 1912-Dec. 1916]/358)/243/347]...|265 ow lakes. 77 ‘| V.I. |Nanaimo river..... 6m. from mouth... 250 |Feb. 1913-Dec. 1916]...|...|140/158)111 -...| C {Nakusp creek...... 2m. from Nakusp. . 40 |Mar. to Dec., 1914.../...]...]419]...]... 78 | EF |Nechako river...... Vanderhoof....... 9,500 |July to Nov., 1915...]...]...].../434]... 79| F i caedi Fort Fraser....... 6,150 |June to Dec., 1915...|..-]...|...|432]... 80 | T |Nicola river........ Near mouth...... 2,650 |Aug. 1911—Dec. 1916/367/249|355| 292] 269] Open seasons. 81 T Gor: asa Merritt.......... 1,500 |June 1911-Sept. 1915)/373]246/352/295)... 82 T Go: seeeeux ING Cola e645. icsesscis- ase 1,300 |April 1913-Dec. 1916]...]...]...]297]271 Ng peared T GOx wept 6m. above Nicola 540 |May 1915-Sept. 1916]... .|300/273 ake. 3 F |Nicolum river, trib./4m. from mouth... 30 |July 1914-Dec. 1916]...]...| 97] 92) 55|Irregular Coquihalla. readings. T |Niskonlith creek, |Near mouth....... 50 }Aug. 1911-Sept. 1915/378/253/306| 248) . . .|Irrig. seasons. trib. S. Thompson «...]| F {North Lillooet river/See Alouette river. 83 | T |North Thompson |Black Pines....... 7,500T| April 1912-Dec. 1913] .../282]...]...|...}Open seasons. 84] T do. Above Barriére 1000 |June 1915-Dec. 1916]...]...].../209/183 river. Cc ee Near Edgewater... 20 |April 1915-Sept. 1915]...|...|488/392]...|/Irrig. stream. creek. -...| P.C. |Norton creek.......|See Mesliloet river] tributalries. ++..{| C |No. 2 creek... See Forster creek. 85 CG Ohsnnaes rive Fairview. . 3,000 |April to Dec., 1914...]...].../308]...]... sesal .|Okanagan Falis. 2,750 |Mar. 1915-Dec. 1916]...]...]...}250]229 86] C Ottertail river... ... Neer mouth 54m. 90 |June 1912-Oct. 1913/387/346]...]...}.../Open seasons. of Fie’ 87 | V.I. |Oyster river........ Near mouth...... 70 |June 1914-Dec. 1916]...]...}143]160)113 -+--| T {Paul creek......... Several stations.../....... 1911 to 1916........ 389)255]258|211|185| Chiefly irrig. -| F |Pavilion creek...... Above irrigation 82 |June 1915—Oct., 1916]...]...].../132] 93 tches, 88 | C |Pend-d'Oreille!, ..|Near Waneta.....|25,800t/May 1913-Sept. 1915]... .|349/422/343]... 89 | K _ |Phillips creek... ...|/Near Roosville.... 23 |May 1914-Sept. 1915|...].../518/413)...|Irrig. stream. 90 | P.C. |Powell river....... Below lake....... 600 2 sare Satis leant 91 | V.I. |Puntledge river. 1m. from mouth... 275t|May 1914-Dec. 1916]...|...]146]162]115 92 | V.I. do. .|At diversion dam. . 250{|June 1913-Dec. 1916]...|...|149/164/119 --..| T {Raft river 4m. from mouth... 300 |June 1914—Nov. 1916]. ..|. . .|260/213]187|Open seasons. Siecn|) Bunbow ck, trib.|Near mouth...... 20 |Nov. 1911—Nov. 1913/404/118]...}...4... itt lake F |Raven creek....... See Rushton creek. s K {Rock creek, nearj/Above mouth Mud 15 |May 1914-Sept. 1915]...}...|521/415]...]Used for irri- 0. creek. gation. T |Ross creek, to Shus-|2m. from mouth... 56 |April to Dec., 1915. .]... [253]... wap lake. F {Rushton (Raven) |Below fall, 4m. 10 |Nov. 1912—Nov. 1913/409]122]...)...)... creek to Pitt lake.| above mouth. ‘ F |Rutherford (Six- 1m. from mouth... 30 |June 1914—April 1915]...].../197]136]... mile) creek, trib. Green river. 93 | K |St. Maryriver..... Near Wycliffe. .... 825t|June 1913-Sept. 1916]. ..|.. .|526/419]349]Open seasons. -+..| TT) {Salmon river, to/Several stations....|....... 1911 and 1912...... 409/...]...]...]...]/Used for irri- Shuswap lake. gation. tl detest do. Falkland......... 350 |May 1911-Oct. 19163]...]...].../215]189 K_ /Sand creek (Big). : .|See Big Sand creek. K_ |Sand creek (Little). .|See Little Sand ck. K {Sawmill creek...... See Wee Sandy ck. 28 Septal or aek to Shus-/3m. from mouth.. . 245 |April to Dec. 1915...|...]...].../255]... wap lake. T |Scottie creek, trib.|Near mouth, above 73 |June 1911-Oct. 19161/423/264]...|.../275)Irrig. stream. Bonaparte river. diversions. 94 F |Seton creek........ Below lake, 3m. 460 |April 1914-Dec. 1916]...]...|192/134] 95 from Lillooet. 95 | P.C. |Seymour creek..... Above Vancouver 69t|Nov. 1913-Dec. 1916]...|157|102| 96] 59 waterworks in- take. ¥ 96 | T |Seymour river...... Shuswap lake..... 250 jAug. 1914—-Dec. 1916]...]...|...257/231 97 | V.I. Shawnigan creek. . .|Below lake. 22 |May 1914-Dec. 1916]...].../152}166]121 98 Shuswap river...... Near Enderby.. 1,900t|Aug. 1911—Dec. 1916]426/259]314/260]233 o {total run-off is available. t Revised value based on recent measurements. 1 See also records for Clark Fork in next chapter. 2? Records of lake levels and waste water over dam since 1912, have been ke: 3No records 1913 and 1914. «No records 1914 an ant by Powell River Co, 1915. No record STREAM FLOW DATA—INDEX 317 Dis- Location of Drain-| Records available Was Se No. | trict Stream gauging station age Limiting dates 2 - Remarks area (see remarks) 8 | 14] 18) 21 P sq. miles lpg -\pg .|pg9.|pg. 99) T Shus wap river..... Couteau falls...... 760 |Jan. 1912-Dec. 1914 ne 563 ae an ee ....| EF {Silver Hope creek./4m. from mouth... 80 |Nov. 1911-Dec. 1913/430]127]...]...]... near Hope. ....| F |Silver Pitt creek.... See Widgeon creek. 100 | K Siixeston (Fourmile)|Below Hewitt mill. 41 |May 1914—Dec. 1915]...]...]380/345]... creek. 101 | K_ Silverton creek.....J|Above Hewitt in- 30 |May 1914-Dec. 1915)...]...|883/347]... ake. 102 | C |Similkameen river. .|Below oe 2,900t|April 1914—Dec. 1916]. ..}.. ./311]262/235 creek. C {Sinclair creek, nearjlm. from mouth... 30 |July to Dec., 1914...]...].../481 |, Windermere lake. | _. , e T |Siwash creek, to/Cippoletti weir ... 7 |June 1914-Oct. 1916]...|...}263/217/191)Very small Heffley lake. stream. ....{ F |Sixmile creek......|See Rutherford ck. 103 | C |Skagitriver........ Above Internation-| 356 /March to Dec., 1915.].../...]...|100)... al boundary. 104 | P.C. |Skeena river....... Old Hazelton. ....) 9,200 |July to Dec., 1915.. |...]...].../436]... 105 kK |Slocan river. 1m. from mouth...| 1,300¢)/Dec. 1912-Dec. 1915 352/427 1050) K |. do. iw en 5 (OCB CY mee aya 710 |April to Dec., 1916. . save leaks ....{ F |Slollicum creek, to}Near mouth......)....... Discharge _meusure-|, . .|159}108]...}... Harrison lake. ments only. F |Sooriver, trib. Green Near mouth...... 75 |Mar. 1914—April19151|...|. ..|200)/138]... river. 106 | C |South Similkameen|Princeton......... 750t|/May 1914-Nov. 1916],..|...|316/264/237|Open seasons. river. ....| EF |South Lillooet river. |See Alouette river. 107 T |South Thompson DASE cies acnerees 7,000 |April 1911-Dec. 1916]466]285/324|267/239 river C |South Vermilion 34m. above mouth.. 10 |April 1914—-Sept. 1915]. ..]...|490/394!...|Irrig. stream. creek, near Edge- water. 108 C |Spillimacheen river,|1m. from mouth... 580 |June 1912-Dec. 1916/434/353/482/388/329| Open seasons. trib. upper Col- umbia river. 109 T {Spius creek........ 2m. from mouth... 300t|Aug. 1911-Sept. 1915]437]267/358/302] . . .|Open seasons. 110 | V.I. |Sproat river....... Below Sproat lake. 128 |Mar. 1913-Dec. 1916]...|...|155]168)123 411 | V.L. |Stamp river......../Stamp falls....... 336 |Mar. 1913-Dec. 1916]...|...}162/172|127 112 | V.I OF sdiatetder ee Cen- 177 |Feb. 1913-Dec. 1916]...|.. .}159)170]125 ral lake. 113 F |Staveriver........ Stave falls........ 450 {1901 and 1905 to 1913]. . .|138]...]...]..- ....| F |Stein creek, near|$m. from mouth... 130 |Sept. 1911-Aug. 1913/441]271]...]...]...]Used for irri- Lytton. gation. 114 | C |Sumallow river..... 1m. from mouth... 70 |July 1914-Nov. 1916]...]...}111]105) 63 115 Cc On~ | uachadaeeds 8m. from mouth... 17 |July 1914—Nov. 1916]...]...]114]107) 65 ....| F. |Sweltzer creek, trib.|i{m. from mouth... 30 |Nov. 1911—-Nov. 1912/448]...]...])...]..- Chilliwack. 116 F |Texas creek, 14m.|]Near mouth...... 80+|April 1914-Sept. 1915}. ..|. . .}201/140].. .|Irrig. seasons. from Lillooet. 117 | T |Thompson river... ./Spence bridge... .. 21,000 jOct. 1911-Dec. 1916)460|273|361/304/278 118 | T do. ....|Samloops.......- 14,5001/April 1911—Dec. 1914]452|279|264/306/281 Hess not reliable. T |Threemile (Durand)|Near Savona...... 55 |June 1915-Oct. 1916/470)...].. .]219]194|Irrig. stream. eae Kamloops lake. 119 | C |Toby creek........|Near Athalmer, 250t|June 1912—Novy. 1915]/470/356/486|390] . . .|Open seasons. 1m. from mouth. 120 | T |Tranquille river....|Near mouth...... 230 |July 1911-July 1916/473]288]267/220]197|Irrig. seasons. 121 | V.[. |Tsolum river....... 2m. from Sandwick 150 |May 1914-Dec. 1916]...|...]165]174/129 122 | C |Tulameen river...../Coalmont........ 650 |May 1914-Dec. 1916 320]270|242]Open seasons. ....| © |Twentymile creek.,.|See Hedley creek. C_ |Vermilion creek See North Vermilio|n creek. (North). : C |Vermilion creek See South Vermilio/n creek. (South). , 5 2 C |Washout creek. .... Near Caleta. .224)s toons) April to Sept., 1915..|...]...]...}895)... Small creek. 2 K |Wee Sandy (Saw-|At bridge at mouth. 25+|April to Dec., 1914. .P...|...|425)...]..- mill) creek, to Slocan lake. 123 C |West Kettle river... estates near 690 |Feb. 1914-Dec. 1916]...].. .|295/241]227 mouth. T |Whitewood creek, to]2m. from mouth... 25 |Sept. 1914-Oct. 1916]...]...]...]222/199/Small stream. N. Thompson. 124 F |Widgeon (Silver 2m. from mouth... 30t|Aug. 1912-Dec. 1915/434/131/105} 98]... Pitt) creek. ° “ Sc Witieence creek,|5m. from mouth... 15 |April to Sept., 1914..|...]...|492]...]..-|Irrig. stream . 7m. from Winder- mere. ..| © |Yoho river......... At mouth........ , 60f/1912 and 1913?..... 487/358]...)...)-.- .| P.C. | Young creek....... See Mesliloet river] tributa|ries. + Revised value based on recent measurements. 1 Regular gauge readings started Dec. 5, 1914. 2 No regular gauging station ; and near Field. discharges are deduced from discharges of Kicking Horse river near No. 2 Tunne ] 318 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION ‘Tables of Stream Flow Data for Selected Gauging Stations in British Columbia 1—ADAMS RIVER—below Adams lake Drainage area, 1,160 square miles * DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—Sec. 6, tp. 23, rge. 12, W. 6th mer. Records available—July and Dec., 1911; Jan. 1, 1912. to Dec. 31, 1916, except Aug. and Sept., 1914. Drainage area—1,215 sq. miles above mouth; 1,160 above auging station.* Gauge—Up to Oct. 17, 1914, Standard vertical staff gauge, 75 yards below dam. ‘Oct. 17, 1914, a Gurley Automatic Water Stage Recorder No. 630 was put into operation, at a point 50 feet below the old staff gauge. A series of readings on both gauges at the same instant gives. a definite relationship between old and new gauge readings as follows :—Between gauge heights 0-0 and 2-0 on staff gauge, add 0-6 to give corresponding reading of automatic gauge; above gauge height 2-0 add 0-7. qe Channel—Above dam, where meterings are mace, 300 to 500 feet wide. Velocities are uniform. Discharge measurements—Are made above the dam except in very low water when they are made by wading below dam. . Winter flow—Partial ice conditions exist during winter months, but river is seldom frozen over at the gauge sufficiently to have material effect on the accuracy of returns. Accuracy—Discharge is artificially controlled by Adams River Lumber Co.’s dam. Maximum discharge obtains with all six gates open and the lake at its highest level. It is not neces- sarily the true maximum discharge of the river. The minimum discharge obtains with all six gates of the dam closed and the fishway only open. It is not necessarily the true mini- mum. Prior to installation of automatic gauge (Oct. 17, 1914) there was a possibility of error due to the fact that sudden changes in flow, caused by the opening and closing of the Lumber Co.’s dam, may have escaped the observer's notice. Accuracy, on the whole, is fairly good. Some slight revision may be necessary, however, more particularly at high stages. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge ‘ Area of Mean Gauge i Date section | velocity height ] Discharge Date section | velocity height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1911 j Aug. 19 2,087 1-5 4-40 3,280 July 7 2,780 2-1 4-4 * 5,900! “19 2,096 ‘0 3-60 2,220 Nov. 8 1,770 0-3 0: 57* 4841 1914 i 9 1,700 0-4 0.9 * 6021 || July 3 2,355 2-4 5°40 5,650 a 9 1,720 1:2 2-6 * 1,960! 1915 “10 1,700 1-9 3-4 * 3,160! |) Feb. 25 871 0:3 0:74 272 eee 1,670 0-7 1-7 * 1,180! || July 3 2,026 2°5 5:25 5,140 Dec. 12 96 1-4 —0-3 * 1302 1916 1913 July 15 2,218 3+1 6-37 6,793 Aug. 19 2,078 2-4 5:40 5,009 Oct. 25 230 1-9 1:26 4368 oe 9) 2,081 1:7 4:35 3,300 ee 2, 1,720 D1 4:13 3,630 * Staff gauge. ! Made from boat above dam. ? Made by wading below dam. 3 Different section. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet sone Discharge in second-feet ee Month : Per |inches on || Month Per | inches on Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage mile area ile area 1911 1912 Z z ‘ Jan..3 3+ 2,870 127 774 0-67 0-77 Feb.... 1,580 127 578 0-50 0-54 Mar... 1,380 110 839 0-72 0-83 April... 2,070 85 801 0-69 0:77 May...| 10,500 85 5,627 4°85 5-58 June... 7,800 195 5,029 4°34 4:84 July... 9,700 1,210 5,446 4-69 5-39 Aug....| 10,500 265 5,718 4:92 5-66 sales. sete: Sept... 6,200 1,810 3,288 2-84 3°16 aerate |i Rae soll! “aedess Oct....} 1,810 195 995 | 0-86 0-99 pie bee «|| eaten | sate es Nov... . 755 165 358 0-31 0:35 134 | 0-11 0-13 Dec....| 2,510 165 1,283 1-11 1-28 Periodical ewes: las sacar dl ween oa Mest. | atone Year...| 10,500 85 | 2,561 | 2.21 | 30-16 1 Gauge was washed out early in August and was not replaced till November. ?Summary is for a ten-month period, omitting August and September, for which time it was not possible to procure a gauge reader. *Revised value based on recent measurements. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 319 MONTHLY SUMMARIES—Continued Discharge in second-feet Run-off Discharge in second-feet Run-off depth in a ee ent hain: Month 2 Per {inches on |} Month Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1913 1914 Jan..... 175 160 160 0-14 0-16 Jan.... 1,704 999 1,307 1:13 1:30 Feb..... 160 160 160 0-14 0-14 Feb.... 1,368 1,207 1,287 1-11 1-15 Mar 2,290 160 658 0:57 0-66 Mar... 1,368 105 690 0:59 0-68 April 2,400 160 1,521 1°31 1°45 April... 3,810 786 2,736 2°36 2°64 ay 8,300 2,290 3,484 3-01 3-46 May... 6,030 3,175 4,403 3-80 4:37 June.. 13,800 4,400 9,710 8°37 9-35 June... 6,330 5,139 5,900 5:08 5:67 July 1900 1,050 5,039 4°34 5:00 July... 6,330 2,116 4,197 3-62 4:17 Aug... 10,300 1,050 3,406 2-94 3-38 AUB ali! aie ies tl! wane wrcasues ll Seceuiarene. [ assaaeae ieee Sept 4,400 910 3,309 2°85 3°17 Septrcsral| oceans ‘Il ase nayanee Hl. sneer lll xpiecaac || esecrcce Oct 1,270 885 1,009 0-87 1:00 Oct. ... 3,810 570 2,182 1:88 2-16 Nov 2,870 1,350 1,932 1-66 1°85 Nov.... 3,834 1,215 2,077 1:79 1-98 Dec! 1,970 824 0-71 0-82 Dec.... 1,408 976 1,213 1-04 1-20 Year 13,800 160 2,601 2:24 30-44 Period 2 6,330 105 2,599 2+24 25-32 1915 1916 930 260 441 0-38 0-44 820 1,000 0-86 0-99 290 275 279 0-24 0:25 920 1,120 0-97 1-05 370 275 310 0:27 0-31 1,030 1,260 1-09 1-26 2,960 370 1,531 1°32 0-46 00 1,760 1-62 1-81 6,930 3,030 5,055 4°36 5:01 2,920 4,910 4°23 4:88 5,380 2,480 4,100 3°54 3-94 5,310 6,680 5°76 6-43 7,270 3,260 5,006 4°31 4:96 4,980 7,560 6-52 7°52 3,180 2,610 2,723 2°35 2°70 960 4,190 3-61 4°16 3,340 750 1,774 1-53 1:70 430 1,800 1-35 1-73 1,230 750 807 0-70 0-81 250 560 0:48 0°55 1,536 860 1,051 0-91 1-01 300 440 0-38 0-42 1,690 675 1,027 0-89 1-03 450 450 0-39 0:45 7,270 260 2,010 1-74 23°62 250 2,640 2+28 31-25 2—AKOLKOLEX RIVER—near mouth Drainage area, 105 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At waggon-road bridge just above falls, about two miles from Wigwam station. Records available—From May 1, 1913, to Dec. 31, 1916. Climatic conditions—Heavy winter snowfall. Gauge—Chain gauge referenced to three bench marks. From May to October, gauge is read three times a week, November to April, once a week. z Channel—Straight for 100 yards above and below section. Water is swift; flows through rock box cation for 150 yards above and below section. Control is rock and appears permanent. Discharge measurements—Are made from upstream side of bridge. It is difficult to obtain accurate soundings in high water. Winter flow—Occasionally affected by ice. Stream at section seldom freezes except for a day or two. Anchor ice seldom forms for more than one or two days at a time. Accuracy—Apparently accurate meterings have been made, but monthly summaries will be sub- ject to error due to infrequency of gauge readings. Mean monthly discharge probably within 10 to 15 per cent. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS - Area of Mean Gauge q Area of Mean Gauge 2 Date section | velocity height Discharge Date section | velocity height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1913 July 24 239 3°88 4:30 929 May 7 157 2-56 2:35 402 Aug. 10 190 2°82 3-10 537 “30 363 7:43 7-50 2,700 Sept. 6 171 2-18 2-40 373 June 9 455 9-18 10-00 3,990 Oct. 10 150 2-18 2-20 329 20 314 6-40 6-45 2,110 1915 July 17 268 4:98 4:90 1,340 Mar. 18 116 1°19 1°20 138 ‘ 299 5+32 5°75 1,590 May 14 250 4-60 4-80 1,150 Aug. 13 235 4:37 4-28 1,070 Oct. 28 210 3°28 3-56 689 Sept. 16 186 2-92 3-10 530 Nov. 30 140 1-45 1-60 202 Nov. 20 106 1°71 1-70 180 1916 1914 Mar. 18 130 1°44 1-75 188 Mar. 18 121 1-48 1-35 179 June 1 248 4:06 4:78 1,010 May 19 275 4:95 5-30 1,360 July 18 342 7°08 7:40 2,420 June 26 312 5:34 6:10 1,670 Aug. 12 240 3-61 4-47 868 320 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet eet Discharge in second-feet ak Month Per | incheson || Month x Per |incheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage . mile area mile area 1913 1914 JAD Ea ewes ecncaaee ee a eat ceocerd | bute vans gun ac ere asec anarearecennna Jan 226 177 191 1-81 2-07 Be Dicccavsill acct. shovel vaveieddteart Lanind seas al aun ebay ales [one aacariee, Feb liz 150 161 | 1-53 1°59 MET yayerr|| coo aanee earallneaan eines si cuties vated | ey Me ar Sere RANE Mar 210 150 178 1-70 1-96 Aprilia ecw szeestarec| aucuoxsemsceyel] aerated nce lat eacho ie wo April 770 168 481 4°58 5-11 May! 2,810 320 1,493 | 14-22 16:37 May 1,890 1,000 1,430 | 13-6 15°70 June 4,100 1,980 2,760 | 26-30 29-34 June 2,950 1,300 1,970 | 18-8 21-00 July 2,540 1,120 1,770 | 16-84 19-42 July 2,780 8! 1,790 | 17-0 19-60 Aug 1,630 755 1,090 | 10-38 11:97 Aug. 1,260 350 739 7-04 8-12 Sept. 1,300 440 691 6-58 7°35 Sept. 540 274 415 3°95 4-41 Oct 536 274 344 3-28 3-78 Oct 485 310 384 3°66 4:22 Nov. 274 175 224 2°13 2-38 Nov. 540 282 363 3-46 3-86 Dec 175 100 127 1-21 1-40 Dec.?. 290 150 181 1°72 1-98 Period iins'Iievseraton esd wicca cyalirte aesercaatloas assess laiminaraavene Year 2,950 150 690 6-58 89-62 1915 1916 Janina s. 187 75 142 1-35 1:56 Jans |aceaee gia tees’ 115 1-09 1-26 Feb..... 156 103 121 1-15 1-20 Feb 8s..2)) scat. el neeameete 115 1-09 1-18 Mar..... 244 103 154 1:47 1-70 Mar.... 425 115 224 2-13 2-46 April.... 1,140 281 672 6:40 7-14 April... 855 211 387 3-68 4-11 May.... 1,990 1,040 1,410 | 13-4 15-40 May... 1,450 597 937 8-92 10:30 June.... 1,860 1,000 1,290 | 12-3 13-70 June... 7,220 975 2,760 | 26-30 29-30 July.... 1,760 985 1,370 | 13-0 14-50 July... 3,840 1,210 2,240 | 21-30 24-60 Aug..... 1,310 605 963 9-17 10-60 Aug.... 1,520 547 912 8:68 10:00 Sept..... 693 202 331 3°15 3-51 Sept.... 1,150 320 571 5-44 6-07 Oct..... 677 202 320 3:05 3°52 Oct.... 404 202 258 2°46 2°84 Nov..... 422 194 260 2:47 2:76 Nov.... 260 139 188 1-79 2-00 Dec..... 202 129 180 1-71 1:97 Dec.... 139 108 120 1-14 1:31 Year.... 1,990 75 601 5:72 77-56 Year... 7,220 108 736 7:00 95:43 1 For period May 6to 31. 2 Estimated Dec. 16 to31. %Mean monthly discharge estimated from gauge heights and climatic conditions. 3—ALOUETTE (SOUTH LILLOOET) RIVER—8 m. from mouth. Drainage area, 100 sq. miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—To Dec., 1915, at upper highway bridge, eight miles from mouth, in sec. 28, tp. 12, east of Coast mer. Just south of Yennedon post office and about seven miles below Alouette lake. For 1916 at outlet from Alouette lake, tp. 4, range 4, west 7th mer. Records available—Oct. 26, 1911, to Dec., 1916. Co-operation—Records for 1916 supplied by Burrard Power Co. Gauge—Chain gauge near centre of bridge, read daily. Power Co's. gauge is vertical staff. Channel—Permanent rocky channel ; at B.C. Hydrometric station, stream is confined by bridge piers and roadway, to one channcl, width 80 to 125 feet. Discharge measurements—Are made from the bridge. Winter flow—Open water all year. Accuracy—Varies, 1911 and 1912, Band C ; 1913, A, Band D ; 1914 and 1915, B. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge - Area of M G Date section | velocity height | Discharge Date | section velocity Boor Discharge on Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet aoe Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Oct. 26 113 2-0 1-18 226 May 22 266 4-4 2°45 1,180 Dec. 13 316 4-3 2°80 1,360 ae! 10 296 3°8 2-40 1,120 14 1912 Aug. 21 80 1:5 0:50 113 July 4 151 2-4 361 Oct, 22 371 5:5 3:12 2,000 Aug. 17 288 3:5 2-70 1,010 1915 Sept. 10 234 3°3 2-00 767 April 15 321 4-70 3-05 1,520 Nov. 13 608 8-1 4-60 4,950 July 5 90 2-00 0:80 183 * Also estimated by Burrard Fower Co. at 140 square miles. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 321 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-f Run-off i i ~ Run-off gi eet depth in Discharge in second-feet dentin Month : Per | incheson |} Month Per |incheson Max. Min. Mean square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1911 1912 PAT eine A seers Ascalesearnsitaes law Aanaberllenxcanaren leaner Jan. 3,560 150 1,412 | 14-12 16-27 BCD scsscs sisi) chai’ s sence aera teal] SR Souavesnecl ecdewieea ce dll aeaaaereordcouses Feb. 2,810 430 1,393 | 13-93 | 15-03 MEE soca: ll scoped; cxanal Mts seuss have ertearars [ eipesaterera | eeenchens hace Mar. 380 130 210 2°10 2°42 PSDIAD seus cccyaytict casi eotians wvanerelhoya: easeansene Bustle i liasetins ete April 970 260 455 4°55 5+06 BY Gs a stl “syertva-rorw) 5° | coaiesereraiat| eeadoteacoavevs Aug.... Sept..... 200 15 BD Nog. ceataruts etauace e....|| Sept.... Oct..... 340 16 BG Ve cies eae iaenaves aes Oct... . Nov..... 200 25 BB: lhvcvavcsrasull laces artis sa Nov.... Dec..... 50 15 2D} Mevirateeroscll haut ietes Dec... . IPETIOC 5s: jsy-ousash nase leprae tieaial aioadrnaesnnom lohan acess allele malas. Year... 1915 Jan. 22 13 DAE icctesesig ee) Paheiek sentra Jan.2 Feb... 16 ll LS! eisiis sara otsrorstets serene Feb.? Mar. 120 13 AO? | esccoyscorevi | srosravinoarees Mar... April 200 37 80° Pescesieae bows wees || April May 160 28 TO: | aerrerarue ienvars wees l| May June.. 105 37 DT. avanteren at's laaoarnegaes June July.. 75 14 29. Wenesereracens' |acceaen rte eee uly Aug... 13 9 TaD acc aheces stan Weczeaets oancite Aug. Sept..... 1¢ 9 MOP I spalernsis.ciil wcseatena autres Sept.... Octave 240 10 GH teseyove cases [Sse reeves Oct.... Nov..... 105 16 OL A csankanctt: [toe fenencananed’s Nov.... Dec..... 180 DG SRE Uiscacceanedcwetienacinte Dec.’... Year.... 240 9 88) beccousewlsepiecuand Year... !Creek frozen for portions of Jan., Feb. and Mar., 1913, during which peneds gauge heights not available. 2In 1916 ice conditions affected gauge-height-discharge relation Jan. 1 to Feb. 17, Dec. 6 to 17 and Dec. 24 to 31. Mean discharges during these periods, estimated. 12—BOUNDARY CREEK—at Greenwood Drainage area, 125 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At Greenwood ; on upstream side of traffic bridge. Records available—May 1, 1913, to Dec. 7, 1914; Feb. 21 to Dec. 22, 1915; Feb. 22 to Dec. 31, 1916. Drainage area—Above station, 125 sq. miles ; above mouth, 190 sq. miles. Gauge—Vertical staff gauge on upstream side of bridge ; read daily. Channel—Straight for about 300 feet above and below measuring section. Bed, rocky and per- manent. Discharge measurements—Nine during 1914, 1915 and 1916. Winter flow—Ice conditions exist during January and February. Accuracy—Considered good ; results should fall within 10 per cent. Monthly summary, as given below for 1913, is here revised. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 329 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area, of Mean Gauge ’ Area of Mean Gauge 7 Date section | velocity | height | Discharge Date section | velocity height Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1914 June 9 79°7 3°43 2:50 273 May 20 99-8 3°38 2-9 379 1916 June 8 84:0 3-2 2:5 269 Mar. 15 21-0 0-76 0-90 16 July 20 41-0 1-28 1-21 53 June 22 91-0 3-19 2-60 291 Aug. 26 15°68 0-77 0°77 12 Aug. 8 37-0 1:44 1-30 54 1915 1917 Mar. 23 39-1 1+15 1-20 45 Jan. 15 16:7 COO ha etn wane 10 ¢ MONTHLY SUMMARIES i i i Run-off ‘ i 3 Run-off Discharge in second-feet depth in Discharge in second-feet depthan Month . Per |incheson |} Month Per |incheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area, mile area 1913 1914 28 20 21) 0-17) 0-19 20 20 20] 0-16 | 0-17 45 20 30 | 0-24 0-28 i 560 45 335 | 2-68 | 2-99 7 559 325 428 | 3:42 3:93 650 270 432 | 3-46 491 133 273 | 2-18 | 2-43 350 64 153 | 1-22 133 28 66 | 0-53 | 0-61 60 24 42 | 0-34 28 3 13 | 0-10 | 0-11 24 18 21] 0-17 28 2 9] 0-07 0-08 36 19 23 | 0-18 40 14 23] 0-18 | 0-21 28 20 25 | 0-20 45 36 42] 0-34 | 0-38 23 16 20 | 0-16 36 BD: [sexmvecencfasceeepss [estes ats 720 16 144 | 1-15 560 2 1072] 0-862] 11-682 1915 1916 3 Soausan| Sete eace lSecuae [een [Sancoeman Feb... 23 14 15| 0-12] 0-13 84 14 33 | 0-26 |" 0-30'"]} Mar... 33 13 21| 0-17] 0-20 420 90 286 | 2-28 | 2-54 || April..:] 350 38 145] 1-16 | 1-29 600 255 410 3°28 3°78 May... 560 245 340 2-72 3-14 460 90 217 1:74 1-94 June... 435 245 315 2-52 2°81 115 80 94 0-75 0-86 July... 540 65 230 1-84 2-12 80 14 45 0-36 0-41 Aug.... 65 17 43 0-34 0:39 20 9 14 0-11 0-12 Sept.... 33 10 16 0-13 Q-14 20 14 17 0-14 0-16 Oct.... 15 12 13 0-10 0-11 20 17 18 0-14 0-16 Nov.... 17 15 17 0-14 0-16 17 UAE | scicasoraies peeal pesesciinsanss lfoxeliees. Seayeters Dec.... 15 10 13 0-10 0-11 600 9 126 1:01 10-27 Period.. 560 10 107 0:85 10-60 _ 1 For period Dec. 1 to 7, after which winter conditions obtained. 2Estimated. %For period Dec. 1 to 22, after which ice conditions obtained. 13—BRIDGE RIVER—above cafion Drainage area, 1,900 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—Highway bridge, 10 miles from Mission on road to Bridge river from Mission on Seton lake ; 30 miles from mouth. Records available—June 13, 1913, to Dec. 31, 1916. Co-operation—Readings taken by British Columbia Hydrometric Survey im co-operation with Bridge River Power Co. Drainage area—Above mouth 2,500 sq. miles ; above gauging station 1,900 sq. miles. Gauge—Staff gauge fastened to timber abutment of bridge and read twice daily. Channel—Wide and deep, sand and mud bottom, an excellent measuring section. Discharge measurements—Are made from the upstream side of bridge. Winter flow—The stream is frozen over during colder winter months, and the gauge height-dis- charge relation affected by ice conditions. Accuracy—A well defined rating curve and gauge readings twice a day should give accurate re- sults. The estimated low water discharges for the winter months have been substantially increased by the B. C. Hydrometric Survey, based upon a revision in 1916 of their rating curve and upon a consideration of gauge heights and climatic conditions. Compare dis- 330 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION charge tables in Water Resources Paper No. 21, pp. 72-78, with earlier tables in Paper No. -18, p. 114, and No. 14, p. 168. revisions. General—See ‘pages 171 and 236 for further particulars of Bridge river. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS The monthly surrmaries given below embcdy the latest Area of Mean Gauge Area of Mean Gauge Disch : Date | section | velocity |, height Discharge Date section | velocity height ischarge q 2 Sec.-feet 1915 Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec:-feet gang Sq. feet |Ft.persec.| Feet _ ec.-fe Plaer ; ia 6 78 6-95 : Bios . 2:38 1,890! || May 7 ,090 ° 3 , ae i bi : June 24 1,794 4-73 7-00 8,482 April 17 912 2-05 2°25 1,865 Aug. 9 1,790 4:73 6-80 8,470 ‘ 932 2-25 2-43 2,101 1916 June 9 1,432 3°56 4°75 5,130 May 6 1,260 3°33 4-55 4,200 “20 2,120 5-54 8-10 11,750 June 24 2,340 6-80 9-75 15,910 Aug. 3 1,826 4-83 6-80 8,820 Sept. 27 1,060 2-47 3-15 2,6 Sept. 21 1,044 1:97 2°55 2,060 Dec. 14 epee sere b ees 1-05 4672 ~ 1$tation established. 2? Ice conditions. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet Rone Discharge im second-fcet death Month Per | inches on |} Month 3 Per | inches on 4 Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage mile area ’ mile area 1914 930 650 772 | 0-41 | 0-47 700 700 700 | 0-37 0-38 1,160 700 857 | 0-45 | 0-52 2;180 870 | 1,650 | 0-87 | 0-97 9900 | 2,400 | 5,530 | 2-91 3-36 18,800 | 5,100] 9,180 | 4-83 | 5-40 14,900 | 6,400 | 12,200] 6-42 | 7-40 9,200 | 5,800] 7,760] 4-08 | 4-70 5,700 | 2,100 | 3,520] 1-85 | 2-06 11,100 | 2,000] 3,790] 1-99 | 2-29 3,620 | 1,590] 2,030] 1-07 1-19 1,590 650 879 | 0-46 | 0-53 18,800 650 | 4,072 | 2-14 | 29-97 1916 0:34 0-39 PMD G deol ceases cnsseea tases uedeau ss 520 0-27 0-31 0-32 0-33 Feb.... 1,730 520 858 0-45 0:48 0-46 0-53 Mar. 1,540 810 1,000 0-53 0-61 1-18 1:32 April 1,730 1,040 1,320 0-69 0-77 2-60 3-00 May 6,700 2,180 4,000 2-10 2-42 4-28 4:77 June 19,800 5,600 | 12,000 6-32 7-05 5:64 6:50 July 15,400 6,620 | 11,300 5°95 6-86 5:97 6-88 Aug. 11,600 5,420 9,300 4-89 5-64 . 2°37 2-64 Sept 9,820 2,350 4,710 2-48 2-77 0-95 1-09 Oct. 3,300 1,240 1,800 0-95 1-09 NOV sii fesrarsce selenite 767 0-40 0-45 Nov 1,240 490 728 0-38 0-42 DT tczerleznancalnaps ws 530 | 0-28 0:32 De Gh 3-c.5 saaieecacssel| boars 466 | 0-25 0:29 Veale on |e cmeenaeeaeeaers 3,926 2-07 28:22 Wears acilincmeneutalic woven «| 4,000 2-10 28-71 Note.—Gauge height-discharge relation affected by ice and discharges estimated from gauge heights and.climatic conditions, as follows: 1914—Dec. 12 to 31, 650 c.f.s. 1915—Jan., Feb. and Dec. as shown ; Mar. 1 to 4, 600 c.f.8.; Mar. 5 to > 100 c.f.8.; Nov. 14 to 30, 540 c.f.s. 1916—Jan. and Dec. as shawn; Feb. 1 to 10, 620 c.f.s.; Nov. 13 to 30, 450 c.f.s. 14—BUGABOO CREEK—near mouth Drainage area, 190 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—On downstream side of highway bridge, one mile from mouth. Three miles south- west of Spillimacheen landing, 40 miles south of Golden. Records available—June to Oct., 1912 ; June to Nov., 1913 ; April 1 to Dec. 15, 1914 ; Mar. 17 to Dec. 29, 1915 ; April 1 to Dec. 31, 1916. “ ; Gauge—Vertical staff gauge, fastened to pier of bridge ; read daily during the open season. Channel—Straight for 100 feet above and below the gauge ; velocity high during freshet ; one chan- nel in low water and two at high stages. Bed, rough and rocky ; banks, low and bushy, Channel is not permanent. * Estimates differ considerably, ranging from 120 to. 190 sq. miles. The higher value here adopted appears more consistent with the measured runoff. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 331 Discharge measurements—Meterings are taken from downstream side of bridge. A new rating curve was plotted in 1914, using 1912, 1913 and 1914 measurements. In 1915, the rating curve was further revised below gauge height of 1-50. Five measurements define the 1916 curve. Winter flow—Winters severe ; creek usually frozen over from November to April. Frazil ice. Accuracy—Above discharge of about 270 sec. ft., accuracy B ; below discharge of about 270 sec. ft., accuracy C and D. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge z Area of Mean Gauge P Date section | velocity | height | Discharge Date section | velocity | height Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1914 Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1912 June 17 187 10-21 3:00 1,910 June 1 96-3 2-89 1-45 278 July 31 151 6:40 2°35 970 sf 8 138 6-08 2-40 839 Oct. 23 96 1-71 1-10 164 July 16 128 5+34 2°15 684 1915 Sept. 29 85°8 1:87 1-02 161 Feb. 28 73°6 0:69 0-50 50 913 May 3 114 3°53 1°75 403 May 20 103 2°94 1-35 303 ee 2a 116 4:09 1:87 477 June 23 152 6-88 2-40 1,040 Oct. 22 89°4 1°56 1°12 140 July 11 150 6:87 2-40 1,030 1916 me AQ 158 6-66 2-38 1,050 June 13 137, 3°94 2°25 540 “30 130 5:70 2°05 744 ee 178, 6-02 2°95 1,070 Sept. 3 118 4:04 1°85 478 July 5 169 6-93 3:05 1,170 “14 111 3-65 1-69 406 Aug. 23 118 4:67 2°25 551 Nov. 26 84:7 “1+36 1-00 115 Nov. 10 72 1-08 0-80 78 MONTHLY SUMMARIES i Pee a Run-off : ; a Run-off Discharge in second-feet denth th Discharge in second-feet agpeb dni Month Per | inches on |/| Month Per |incheson Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1912 Stites oe iueresleee seas ts dames lex eeueend June 1,430 230 805 +23 +72 Gc ac cas sical o kena hoeaankeals waawad lee eaeeees July 1,210 560 743 3°92 4°51 AA cin al naked dada Wl aina Ha palearavnetedeha Pavedln a Womiecaiee se Aug. 810 300 584 3-07 3:54 Se pts sscss|savate cacao here cull eae Sammi cues es [leSdatann as Sept. 340 155 233 1-23 1:37 Shieh ttt Seek Ie ne Os Me decdeltc « Midna dM" ehieos Oct.1 245 118 151 -80 +92 1913 1914 ADM jai] goes noes | saacaae eae melt pew pace April...) 230 58 140 | 0-74, 0-82 May nico ireesacsroe ba ciorena nemcreen cl oeieeeian | aeraaceen May...| 856 310 525 | 2-76 | 3-18 June. . 2,910 820 1,650 8-70 9-71 June...| 2,510 600 1,217 6-40 714 July. 1,650 570 1,070 5-63 6-49 July...] 2,585 800 1,486 7-82 9-02 Aug.. 1,390 510 878 4-62 5+33 Aug.... 1,170 468 700 3-68 4:24 Sept. 1,790 350 569 2-99 8-34 Sept.... 560 230 375 1-97 2°20 Oct. 400 160 292 1:54 1°78 Oct... . 333 140 226 1-19 1:37 Nov. 220 85 145 0-76 0-85 Nov.,.. 250 79 156 0-82 0-92 Period neil! sascmavbivanis @uallwseacha esd a nae Beets Neves aon cke Period..} 2,585 58 603 | 3-18 28-89 1915 1916 372 62 171 | 0-90 1-00 || April:.. 176 52 86 | 0-45 0-50 803 314 471 2°48 2-86 May...| , 415 171 285 1-50 1:73 1,390 423 693 3-65 4:07 June... 3,060 362 1,140 6-00 6-69 1,390 563 1,020 5:37 6:19 July... 2,210 704 1,340 7-05 8-13 1,460 746 1,000 5:26 6-06 Aug.... 1,020 370 680 3-58 4°13 648 161 287 1-51 1:68 Sept.... 704 126 312 1-64 1°83 214 103 148 0-78 0-90 Oct.... 250 84 115 0-60 0-69 rath tel | ope iagySrenste | a. dh Seaeeede | Etheneerr ea eee See lee a IN OV. 4i744| bee seein 21 bye weeps 56 0-29 0:32 st. aie | aanarenes Game ee Rees esheets + Dee2icc|avcsaured| anes oes 40 | 0-21 0-24 24+26 Period...| 1,460 62 541 2-85 22-76 Period..! 3,060 1..... as 450 2°37 1On Oct. 31 river commenced to freeze over and station was abandoned for season. 2 Ice conditions obtained Nov. 16 to Dec. 31, discharge estimated at 40 sec.-ft. I5—BULL RIVER—near mouth mouth ; read daily. Drainage area, 625 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At mouth, near Bull River settlement, 6 miles from Wardner. Records available—May to Nov., 1914 ; April to Dec., 1915. Gauge—Vertical staff gauge, about 100 yards below Bull.River Lumber Co.’s dam, one mile from * Revised value based on recent measurements. 332. COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Channel—Straight for 100 yards above and below gauge. Channel at the measuring section ' shifted considerably during June and possibly the first week in July, 1914. Discharge measuremenis—Are made from the railway bridge. Winter flow—Winters severe ; ice conditions generally exist from November to end of March. Accuracy—Due to changes in channel accuracy is only fair, and no revision of early data has been made. May, June and July, 1914, accuracy D; after July, 1914, accuracy C and B. General—Bull river is about 30 miles long. It rises in the Rocky mountains among peaks from 8,000 to 10,000 feet above sea-level, and flows, generally, in a southwesterly direction through cafions and over shifting gravel beds into the Kootenay near Bull River settlement. One mile from the mouth the river is controlled by the Bull River Lumber Co.’s mill-dam. This company owns timber limits on the upper waters and every year drives its logs to its mill. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge a Area of Mean Gauge - Date section | velocity height | Discharge Date section | velocity height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1914 May 29 548 5:24 2°85 2,870 April 28 502 3-78 2°02 1,870 June 17 528 5:00 2-60 2,640 May 15 677 7-01 4:10 4,8801 || July 4 535 4-63 2-65 2,480 June 6 608 6°19 3-50 3,770} || Aug. 30 405 1-58 1-15 641 "15 642 7-04 4°10 4,980! || Nov. 24 342 1-19 0:49 4073 July 30 388 3:39 1-30 1,310 19164 26 442 3°16 1-40 1,400 Mar. 2 News skew eae pee eee Ice 203 Oct. 8 425 1-60 0-74 685 April 5 Hons eeerasaeeenn tae 0-60 587 “13 419 1°59 0-70 668 July 9 aie leans Sot Nees 33 4-71 7,410 Dec. 17 117 TEND! sasaes saayoe s 1402 |] July 27 mace a Sioned 2-14 2,050 1915 Aug. 17 a lpemae cers 1°56 1,160 April 28 504 3-48 2-10 1,740 | Sept: 8 | cc uacesenliascaes bs 1°61 1,110 May 14 552 4:53 2-40 2:500'-- II MOote 5. lesa nein mmieic acon leataae anaes 542 1 Soundings incorrect. 2Ice conditions. % Peculiar conditions owing to dam above gauge. 4From ‘Miscellaneous Meter Measurements,” W. R. Paper No. 21, p. 352. MONTHLY SUMMARIES i A E Run-off ‘ : E Run-off Discharge in second-feet depth in Discharge in second-feet depth in Month . Per |incheson |} Month Per |incheson ax. Min. | Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1914 1915 AYA iciss) ivers.c.cncencs Paxsaaca onal li Qsustes teal aimssee [beige ecanue April... 3,450 400 1,550 2°48 2.77 May.... 5,230 2,600 3,920 6:27 7-22 May... 4,120 1,490 2,470 3-96 4:56 June 7,060 2,600 4,190 6:71 7-49 June... 3,860 1,760 2,630 4°22 471 July 4,090 1,290 2,410 3-86 4-47 July... 3,450 1,360 1,960 3°14 3-6L Aug 1,290 475 800 1-28 1-48 Aug.... 1,360 685 992 1-59 1-84 Sept, 1,620 390 688 1-10 1-22 Sept.... 685 500 596 0-95 1°05 Oct 1,510 665 866 1-39 1-60 Oct. ... 890 335 514 0-82 0-94 Nov.....| 2,220 570 1,070 1:71 1-90 Nov.... 620 335 504 0-81 0-90 Des; saaincsvesias easy eas| meme aleessvac|saouses ye Dec.... 335 335 338 0-54 0-62 Period...| 7,060 390 1,990 | 3°19 | 25°38 Period..| 4,120 335 1,280 2-05 | 21:00 16—BULKLEY RIVER—at Hazelton Drainage area, about 4,500 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At ferry crossing, about }4 mile above confluence with Skeena river, 34 of a mile from Old Hazelton. Records available—Gauge heights from July 13 to Dec. 31, 1915. Gauge—Chain gauge at low level suspension bridge over Bulkley cafion, 2 miles above metering section ; read daily. Channel—One channel at all stages ; straight above and below section ; stream bed appears to be permanent. Depth of water at the section is influenced, at some stages, by backwater from the Skeena. Discharge measurements—Six measurements in open season. Winter flow—The river freezes over early in December. Frazil and anchor ice remain in the river for a large part of the winter. ' * Revised value based on recent measurements. STREAM FLOW DATA~—B. C. TABLES 333 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS : Area of Mean Gauge a 8 Area of Mean Gauge - Date section | velocity height | Discharge | Date section | velocity | feign | Discharge Sq. feet Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1915 et. 22 1,304 4°30 11-2 6,260 July 14 1,890 6-11 18-4 11,580 19161 Aug. 27 1,460 5+59 13°5 8,160 ENE 6 hows weiner eebena « leaws | 16-0 10,080 Sept. 25 1,210 4:47 11-0 5,410 PAU Bs DEW ss -ecscarsueal eee aur 3 16-0 13,060 1¥From ‘Miscellaneous Meter Measurements,” W. R. Paper No. 21, p. 356. MONTHLY SUMMARIES The data obtained at the end of 1916 were not sufficient to warrant the com- putation of daily discharges and monthly summaries. 17—BULKLEY RIVER—near Hubert Drainage area, about 2,500 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At highway bridge near Hubert, and about 3 miles above the mouth of Telkwa river. Records available—July 8 to Dec. 31, 1915. Gauge—Vertical staff gauge, nailed on upstream side of pier at south end of bridge. Read daily. Channel—Divided into three sections by bridge piers. Straight for 250 feet above and below. Section is influenced by a curve in the channel about 300 feet above the bridge. Discharge measurements—Four measurements during the open season of 1915. Four in 1916. Winter flow—The river freezes over about the end of November. Ice jams, frazil and anchor ice affect the winter flow. Accuracy—For gauge heights above 2-5, results should be within 15 per cent. Below 2-5 results are probably within 20 per cent. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge 2 Area of Mean Gauge ‘ Date | section | velocity | height | Discharge Date section | velocity | height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1915 1916 2 July 8 1,450 5-11 4°80 7,420 April 24 2-34 2,050 Aug. 30 1,130 4°31 3°87 4,880 May 14 4°80 6,710 Sept. 27 835 3:69 2°95 3,080 Aug. 9 5-10 6,160 Oct. 25 790 3:78 2°75 2,980 1 Be 23 sh eax 4-80 5,810 1Snowing. From “Miscellaneous Meter Measurements,” W. R. Paper No. 21, p. 356. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet ats Discharge in second-feet ae Month Per |incheson |} Month u Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square |} drainage Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1915 divas | Acasgue-ccegetas Ila ds a: stars axel atianove se umcenes fgte,-senre aedl ¢sheqe never egane Aug.... 7,740 4,770 6,310 2°52 2-90 dcdaco | Sinsdpisactiasinc se betabar cragenselia vat sionsea al) O.ataren a eis Sept.... 4,770 3,150 3,960 1:58 1-76 Safafav Bhai) | to cn seuaeee fa ee sn eveaes Oct.... 3,150 2,700 2,850 1-14 1:32 ashe Shy aon td facta Sete anes a aes SS Nov.... 2,700 1,350 1,920 0-77 0-86 ORs coal lve. sda aNasctst ibe oushinicius S08 0 togos's.“ss eg aisl no, an enatardone adleus Oct.... 8 3 6 | 0-04 0:05 Period... 1,470 7 169 1°13 7:71 Period.. 730 2 121 0-81 6:39 1 For period Nov. 1 to 21. 36—DEADMAN RIVER—above Criss creek Channel—Gravel and silt. 2 For period Dec. 1 to 9, after which winter conditions obtained. Drainage area, 300 square miles* qb bites Sak Se ee eA DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—Sec. 15, tp. 22, rge. 22, W. 6th mer.; ‘above mouth of Criss creek. Records available—April 22 to Nov. 21, 1913 ; April 1 to Dec. 9, 1914 ; Mar. 22 to Sept 30, 1915 ; April 1 to Oct. 31, 1916. Gauge—Standard staff gauge; read daily. Discharge measurements—Are made by wading or from the bridge. Winter flow—Ice conditions exist during January, February and March. Accuracy—Is considered good ; results should fall within 5 or 10 per cent. General—The waters of Deadman river are extensively used for irrigation, and its flow has been measured at a point 3 miles above mouth, also above the Walhachin intake, and in the di- version flume. Control apparently changed during 1915 freshet. A dam below Deadman lake, 20 miles from the mouth, stores water for irrigation. For further details of flow see Water Resources Papers. See also particulars above respecting flow of Criss creek. ; * Revised estimate. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 353 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge Area of M G P Dats section | velocity height Discharge || Date section seloaiby | heise Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1913 1915 April 22 72:8 35. 3°52 2562 April 1 7 1-0 0:76 7 23 91-7 3-1 3-60 2811 ‘ 28 10 1: 1-10 14 May 17 115-0 4°15 3°95 4101 Aug. 26 21 1-7 1-46 35 June 11 32-9 3-00 2°38 993 1916 Aug. 15 19-4 2°53 1:80 494 May 11 92 3°38 3-49 312 Oct. 6 9-2 1e1l 0-93 104 June 15 67 2°83 2-86 190 1914 ° Aug. 18 22 2°60 1-74 56 May 24 83 3°36 34 2781 Oct. 13 8 2:28 1:00 18 July 10 29°8 1-45 1:6 » 44 1Measured from bridge. * Measured 50 ft. below gauge. % Wading 50 ft. above gauge. 4 Wading 20 ft. below gauge. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Di ; ¥ Run-off i i z Run-off ischarge in second-feet depthin Discharge in second-feet depth in Morth : Per |inchesen || Month Per |inchesqn Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1913 1914 Aprilia snka aya os nssensr | eeieaaat se eee im aoe 9 April...) 267 23 154 0-51) 0-57 ay....| 481 145 261 | 0:87 |" "1-00 ay...| 562 135 364 1:20] 1-40 June. ... 156 42 90| 0-30] 0-33 || June..-} 122 73 96-6 | 0-32] 0-36 July... 133 42 92] 0-31] 0-36 || July..:] 81 37-5 | 54:3] 0-18 | 0-21 Aug..... 57 11 31 | 0-10] 0-12 |} Aug...:| 66 42-5 | 54 0-18 | 0-21 Sept..... 11 10 10} 0-03 | 0-03 || Sept..:| 37:5) 11 25 0-08 | 0-09 Oct... . 12 10 11 | 0-04} 0-05 |} Oct....) 11 9 9-1] 0-03 | 0-03 Nov..... 14 11 12} 0:04] 0-04 || Nov....| 13 9 11-1] 0-04 | 0-05 GCs zarst lt ceran sears 20a) sates be cea [kotees ceeds Z| anapcnay sso pasican sy Bence Dec.) .. 9 Or Wheeepseeeueral stare care aie ee oeanes Period...| 481 10 72 | 0-24] 1-93 |] Period..| 562-5 9 96-0 | 0-32 | 2-92 1916 April... 225 24 85 0:28 0-31 May... 390 215 270 0-90 1:04 June... 380 120 225 0:75 0-84 July... 215 88 150 0-50 0-57 Aug.... 88 45 64 0-21 0-24 Sept.... 78 52 64 0-21 0-23 Oct.... 56 14 24 0:08 0-09 Period... 730 3 73:2 0:24 1:66 Period.. 390 14 126 0:42 3:32 1 For period Dec. 1 to 9, after which winter conditions obtained. 37—EAGLE RIVER—at Malakwa Drainage area, 350 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location-—~At Malakwa highway bridge ; sec. 9, tp. 23, rge. 6, W. 6th mer. Records available—May 14 to Dec. 31, 1913 ; Jan. 8 to Dec. 12, 1914 ; Feb. 7 to Dec. 31, 1915 ; Feb. 16 to Dec. 13, 1916. Drainage area—Above gauging station, 350 sq. miles ; above mouth, 420 sq. miles. Gauge—Standard chain gauge, situated on highway bridge ; read daily. Channel—Uniform and straight for 100 yards above and below the guage Discharge measurements—Are made from upstream side of highway bridge. Velocities are uniform and not too high. Winter flow—Partial ice conditions exist on the river during January and February. Accuracy—Considered to be good, fourteen measurements having been obtained at varying stages, but gauge readings during March, April and May, 1914, are not considered very reliable. * Revised value based on recent measurements. 354 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge 7 Area of Mean Gauge 5 Date section | velocity height Discharge | Date section | velocity height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-fe et Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1913 May 18 718 3-98 4-90 2,860 May 14 674 4:00 4-80 2,690 July 16 719 4:14 5-05 2,972 “31 1,100 6:46 6-80 7,110 1915 June 7 1,090 6-20 6-70 6,750 July 20 667 3-10 4°50 2,085 July 10 740 4-14 5-12 3,060 1916 Aug. 27 580 2-49 3-70 1,440 Feb. 24 387 0-81 2-02 312 Nov. 7 454 1:36 2-61 620 June 14 850 4:64 5-95 3,960 1914 July 11 790 4:05 5:43 3,200 Mar. 3 206 1-24 1-80 . 257 Sept. 13 510 1:86 3-27 950 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Disehargeinsecond-feet | Gothia =, Uisineeieent | ara Month Per | incheson |} Month : Per | incheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1913 1914 422 320 362 1:03 1-19 320 256 268 0:78 0°81 445 225 326 0-93 1:07 2,285 400 1,559 4:46 5-00 4,025 ZO 50» evar scours | aerate alla se opaccicne . 6,800 2,350 4,063 | 11-61 12-96 6,650 1,090 2,632 7-52 8-66 1,292 632 896 2°56 2°95 2,050 445 769 2+20 2°46 1,620 550 849 2°42 2°79 1,620 422 785 2°24 2+50 605 SOD" |iseis eases [ees elie een nee Period .acle saan aa ace aos athens daar Gamat Bars Taeaeas 6,800 225 1,332 B18L bes sudsiak 1915 1916 Mar..... 880 170 409 1-17 1-35 Mar 800 250 510 1-46 1-68 April.... 2,680 660 1,721 4-92 5-49 April 2,300 650 1,180 3°38 3°77 May.... 4,330 1,750 2,806 8-02 9-23 May 3,800 980 2,180 6-23 7-18 June.... 3,670 1,650 2,365 6-76 7:56 June 10,000 2,140 4,300 | 12-29 13-71 July.... 4,020 1,360 2,200 6-29 7+24 July 5,000 1,800 3,07 8-77 10-11 Aug..... 2,000 780 1,174 3°36 3-79 Aug 1,930 00 1,220 3°49 4-02 Sept..... 815 355 530 1-51 1-69 Sept. 1,220 520 830 2-37 2:64 Oct... .. 1,240 355 696 1-99 2-30 Oct 550 355 430 1-23 1-42 Nov..... 950 355 533 1-52 1:70 Nov.... 500 275 375 1-07 1-19 Dec..... 400 200 348 0:99 1-14 Dec.... 305 . 225 260 0-74 0°85 Period... 4,330 170 1,278 3:65 41-49 Period..! 10,000 225 1,440 4°12 46:57 , 1May 1 to 13 estimated. * For poe of 20 days. %¥For period Dec. 1 to 12. 4Partly estimated. Ice condi- tions during parts of January and February. Gauge readings for part of May considered unreliable. 38—ELK RIVER—near Elko Drainage area, 1,450 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At the cable station, 50 yards above the highway bridge 14 mile from Elko, East Koot- enay. Records available—April to Nov., 1914 ; April to Dec., 1915 ; Jan. to Dec., 1916. Drainage area—Above gauging station, 1,450 sq. miles ; above mouth 1,800 sq. miles. Gauge—A chain gauge was established at the Elko highway bridge, in November, 1913. When the cable station was established in May, 1914, a new gauge was put in at the section, 50 yards above highway bridge. Readings daily. Channel—The channel below the highway bridge is confined in a cafion and is permanent, though log jams may occasionally affect the gauge readings. The channel above and below the cable station is straight for approximately 40 yards. There is a distinct riffle 30 yards below the section at low water, but, at high water, it is drowned by the water backed up by the narrow cafion below. The low water control below the cable station may shift somewhat in high water, Discharge measurements—Are made from the cable station. The section is ideal at all stages, except extreme high water, when it is impossible to obtain accurate soundings. * Revised value based on recent measurements. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 355 Winter flow—Partial ice conditions exist and frazil ice may be expected. Accuracy—The measurements should be very reliable. Before July, 1914, the chain gauge caused rouble. The rating curve appears tobe good. The results after July, 1914, should be with- in 5 per cent ; before that date, within 15 per cent. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge i Area of Mean Gauge : Date section | velocity height | Discharge Date section | velocity | hewnt | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Seo.-feet 1913 April 24 672 4:17 4:90 800 Nov. 11 300 4-42 3-20 1,330 May 13 838 5:96 2-40 5,000 1914 a SL 755 5:24 2-00 3,940 June 5 1,410 7°73 4°55 11,000 June 15 724 4:89 1-80 3,620 Ay. 1,140 7:47 3-60 8,570 Aug. 28 482 3-03 0-55 1,460 “19 1,200 7-42 3-80 8,950 1916 July 30 515 3:48 4-80 1,790 Mar. 1 242 S26: Picasso shite 3 5461 536 3°51 4-20 1,880 July 29 763 4°35 5:12 - 3,320 Oct. 7 455 2:95 3-55 1,360 Aug. 21 438 4:97 4:44 2,180 en aR 458 3:07 3-60 1,410 “19 674 3-45 4°65 2,327 Dec. 18 281 2:24 2-80 630! || Sept. 11 614 3-21 4:25 1,970 1915 14 568 3-00 3-93 1,720 Feb. 23 . 3848 1:73 4:40 6011 '' Oct. 6 443 2-30 2-25 1,010 1 Ice conditions. MONTHLY SUMMARIES i i Es Run-off i ; i Run-off Tobe be eneeguree depth in Eee nO R EEN |) Seathn Month Per | incheson |} Month : Per | incheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1914 J siiesnnd A | orceat Aa pees ater April 3,240 930 | 1,950 | 1-34 1-50 esd Satta 8 tal a cacvedara al [te Ak Cea May 8,290 3,380 5,820 | 4°01 4°61 Se eee |G tuaed caw ll ene evs Ad wxeged June 11,300 3,460 6,230 | 4:30 4:99 vai ostence | encgehdlz fol vse eSaglsoge July 4,560 1,720 3,050 | 2-10 2-43 side eeaslia rel) Yo ran ey ariel hig a wagpedany Aug 1,720 1,220 1,470 1-01 1-16 5 Poacaedeen | waydyeseaave Giopes-aearie:ei| | BEpt 1,600 1,120 1,260 | 0-87 0:97 ilapeh setae eabanconseal| ayaa denen Oct 2,060 1,330 1,500 1-03 1-19 peer reren (rae tera | Pormerarn eaten Nov 2,660 1,270 1,660} 1-14 1:27 oseehuntint (Nate leas Sarees Dec.! D220! Piansescenosnssee 850 | 0°58 0:68 siaiias duesesilbe ss Seay NV ae ens a oglah Period..| 11,300 |........| 2,640 | 1°82 18-80 1916 Jansen seen nan fonaunes: 920] 0-63 | 0-73 Fe ics,.| sncaesvalsvaaaets 680 | 0:47 0-51 bag i) Mae see call ars seve atanall ed ds opegecoes 950 | 0:65 0:75 April 2. 4,080 1,060 2,220 3 1 April...| 3,520 1,480 1,990 1:37 1-53 May....| 6,560 2,920 4,260 | 2-94 3°39 May...| 8,200 2,880 4,330 | 2-99 3°45 June....| 8,800 3,030 4,780 | 3:30 3°68 June...| 22,600 4,200 | 11,500 |] 7:93 8-85 July....] 6,420 2,510 3,490 | 2-41 2-78 July ...| 14,200 2,880 7,640 | 5-27 6:08 Aug.....] 2,510 1,380 1,740 1-20 1-38 Aug....| 2,880 1,860 2,300 1-59 1-83 Sept.....] 1,840 | ‘1,200 1,260 | 0:87 0-97 Sept...| 2,730 1,280 1,710 1-18 1-32 Oct.....} 1,310 1,200 1,260 | 0:87 1:00 Oct....| 1,280 1,140 1,180 | 0-81 0-93 Nov.....} 1,310 1,020 1,170 | 0-81 0-90 Nov...| 1,330 1,040 | 1,160 | 0-80 0-89 Dec.....} 1,230 980 1,070 | 0:74 0:85 Dees: 4 eenastraate|Wamwag.as 1,080 | 0-75 0-86 Period...|__ 8,800 980 2,360 1-63 16:66 Year...! 22,600 )........ 2,950! 2-04! 27-73 Partly estimated. 2 Gauge readings were taken during Jan. to Mar., but ice conditions did not permit estimates of discharge to be made until March 18. 39—ENGLISHMAN RIVER—near mouth Drainage area, 111 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—¥%4 mile from mouth ; 1,000 feet upstream from Island highway bridge ; 2 miles from Parksville. Records available—Broken records Feb. 15 to Dec. 31, 1913, by Provincial Water Rights Branch ; May 19 to Sept. 21, 1914, and Dec. 9, 1914, to Dec. 31, 1916, by B. C. Hydrometric Survey. Co-operation—Provincial Water Rights Branch established station in 1913. Gauge—12 feet of enamel staff, in two six-foot lengths, situated on right bank, 100 feet upstream from measuring section ; read daily. \ *Estimate by B. C. Hydrometric Survey. 356 ‘COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Channel—Even gravel bed ; channel straight for 500 feet above and below section ; one channel ' at all stages ; liable to shift each year. ; Discharge measurements—Cable carrier used at high stages. Winter flow—Open all winter. Accuracy—Fair ; monthly summaries given below for 1913 and 1914 embody revisions based on later measurements. See NoTE, page 309. : DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge ‘i Area of Mean Gauge 3 Date section | velocity height Discharge Date section | velocity height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 19138 Aug. 29 110 0-2 1:47 19-9 Feb. 15 TDS. eysicsesuontons, . 1°48 315 1 Dec. 10 227 1:2 2-50 266 Aug. 9 SO! Meros dares: 2-21 51°51 1915 Dec. 13 AAG telethon 2+21 1,082 2 April 14 279 2-02 3-00 563 ee AP 377 ares eueseonea 1-85 758 2 Sept. 3 24 0°45 1-60 10-78 1914 Nov. 2 453 2°18 3°50 986 May. 19 160 1:9 2°50 304 8 1916 July 9 156 0-8 2-00 1274 Mar. 18 446 1°47 3°18 657 Aug. 29 14 1°5 1:47 215 Oct. 28 17 0:95 1-58 16°37 1 Metered near Major Greig’s ranch. * Metered at Island Highway bridge. * New station established by B.C. Hydrometric Survey. Gauge datum lowered 1-4 ft. 4Cable carrier installed. * Low water section. 6 Not at regular section. 7 Wading measurement, new cable carrier installed. 8 Discharge measurements in 1913 were made by Provincial Water Rights Branch. MONTHLY SUMMARIES . + af Run-off : i i Run-off Discharge in second-feet depth in Discharge in second-feet depth in Month ; Per |incheson|| Month Per |incheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean ‘| square | drainage mile area mile area 6°73 2°75 Feb.... 2°44 2-81 Mar.... 3:36 2°38 April... 3°78 4:08 May ¢.. * 2°94 3:28 June... 1°73 2-00 July... 0°31 0:36 Aug.... 0-91 0-58 Sept.7.. 2°52 2-90 Oct.... 1:77 0-40 Nov.... ee eee Dec.8.. 5:53 6-38 Jan.... 5-49 5°72 Feb.... 5:91 6°81 Mar.... 5:44 6:07 April... 2°07 2°39 May... 0-96 1°07 June... 0-40 0-46 July... 0:25 0-29 Aug.... 0-22 0:25 Sept.... 5:57 6:42 Oct.... 5-80 6°47 Nov.... : 11-00 12-70 Dec.... 1,880 114 355 3+23 3°72 Year.... 3,020 23 450 4°05 55:03 Year. . 3,680 15 481 4:37 59-16 - 1¥For period Feb. 15 to 26, ?Aprillto19. % May 3 to 31. 4Sept.1to 7 and 21 to 30. &Nov.1to6. & Ma: 19 to 31. 7Sept.1to 21. 8Dec.9to 31. 9% Partly estimated. oN : Y 40—FALLS CREEK—near mouth Drainage area, 89 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—Near mouth of Falls creek, tributary of Ecstall river, 18 miles above its confluence with the Skeena. Records available—Mar. 1, 1912, to Feb. 28, 1913. Drainage area—89 sq. miles from triangulation survey. The drainage area includes 12 fair- sized glaciers, and numerous snowfields. STREAM FLOW DATA-—B. C. TABLES 357 General—The following summary has been compiled from records taken and supplied by Messrs. Ritchie, Agnew & Co., engineers, Prince Rupert. This firm in 1911, 1912 and 1913 made a careful study of the power possibilities of Falls creek and Khatada Tiver, with a view to their future development for power supply to Prince Rupert. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet | Run-off Discharge in second-feet | Run-off ———— depth in | depthin Month P inches on |}- Month inches on Mean er, drainage Mean Per drainage 8q. mile area sq. mile area Mar. 1912 peseraieas 155 1:74 2-01 Oct. 1912...... 1,003 11-30 13-01 April wotheeees 441 4-96 5°53 Novis. 2 e rcarenene 814 9-15 10:21 BY tet eee 905 10-18 11-72 Dees ceca ‘, 768 8-64 9°95 June eo teeenes 932 10-48 11-70 Jan. 1913...... 405 4-56 5:25 July Lottteees 1,040 11-70 13+47 Hein i Ss sano 362 4:07 4-23 Aug. o sve Satan 822 9-24 10-64 Year, Mar. 1912 Sept “ weasaes 1,349 15-18 16-95 to Feb., 1913.. 751 8-44 114-67 41—FINDLAY CREEK—15 miles from mouth Drainage area, 320 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At highway bridge, on Findlay Creek road, about 15 miles from mouth and 7 miles from Thunder Hill. Records available—April 1 to Dec. 31, 1914; April 1 to Dec. 31, 1915. Station discontinued. Co-operation—This station was maintained by co-operation between the B. C. Hydrometric Survey and the Provincial Water Rights Branch. : Gauge—Vertical staff gauge, near Mason's cabin, about 134 miles below measuring section; read daily. Channel—Rocky above and below section ; not liable to shift. Discharge measurements—Are made from the highway bridge. Winter flow—Winters severe; frazil ice. Accuracy—D, probably within 20 per cent. General—Up to the present this creek has been used for lumbering and placer mining. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge : Date ereee eae roe Discharge Date section velocity height Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec.) ~ Feet Sec.-feet 1913 ae B Aug. 1 184 5:77 2-70 1,060 Oct. 24 104 2°81 0-80 294 Sept. 23 107 2-90 1-00 314 1914 Oct. 20 105 3-11 0-90 327 April 13 84 2-56 0-72 211 1915 3 June 18 374 10-52 6-20 3,940 Sept. 25 89 3-17 0-90 282 MONTHLY SUMMARIES prominesensene ney | ane ___Dissharge in second-feet | Sat Month Per |incheson || Month . Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1914 1915 April. 0 288 461 1°44 1°61 PAULL 54 ipaiiece-seasese | wrodenayersceuei| ua varee.scuraveif eavtecac ade pean canne aciete an 1,770 500 1,030 3°22 3-71 May. 1,180 540 766 2+39 2-67 June. 3,950 1,120 2,000 6-25 6-97 June 1,640 710 1,110 3-47 3-87 July.. 3,360 10 1,820 5-68 6-55 July 1,640 710 1,120 3-50 4-03 Aug.! 1,120 400 688 2°15 2°48 Aug. 1,180 620 811 2°54 2°93 Sept.! 71 288 392 1:23 1-37 Sept. 540 288 363 1-13 1-26 Obes sa 325 270 303 0-95 1-10 Oct. 325 270 290 0-91 1-05 Nov, 325 252 275 0:86 0-96 Nov.... 288 238 253 0-79 0-88 Dec. OB: Vl veicerate-us 245 0-77 0-89 Dec.... 252 238 245 0-77 0-89 Period... 35950) |a.nives ia zoe 802 2-51 25-64 Period . 1,640 238 795 2-48 17-58 1 Partly estimated. 358 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 42—FRASER RIVER—at Chilliwack* Drainage area, 88,300 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—On front wharf at Chilliwack. Records available—Gauge heights only, Feb., 1906, to Dec., 1915. Co-operution—These records were taken by the Department of Public Works, Canada, New Westminster office. Gauge—Staff gauge ; read about 10 a.m. daily, with occasional exceptions on Sundays. It is believed that there has been no change in zero elevation since gauge records have been kept. Due to silt, however, it is not possible to read the gauge at extreme low stages. Datum—Zero is 21-96 ft. below deck of wharf and 22-56 ft. above Sandheads zero. f Bench marks—Concrete pillar at S.W. corner of shed, close to side, iron pipein centre. Elevation 41-82 feet in reference to Sandheads zero and 19-26 feet above gauge zero. Discharge measurements—None have yet been made at this station. Remarks—Subject to tidal influence to small extent, about a maximum of 6 inches at low water in winter. DAILY GAUGE HEIGHT OF FRASER RIVER AT CHILLIWACK WHARF, 1906 TO 1915? 1906 Date Jan. Feb. Mar. | April | May | June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee. ; ‘, aw v aE x awn ¥. aK f aw az a + “wo , “ee , “ow # “w , nw 3 0] 1 3] 1 3] 7 6/11 3/10 6})10 3} 6 9} 8 O| 7 38] 3 6 29 1 3 19 7 9/11 3)]10 9)10 3 6 9 7 9 7 0 3 3 3 0 1 0 2 3 8 0/11 3;,11 0/10 0 6 9 8 0 6 9 3 3 29 10 2 0 8 3/11 6]11 0]10 0 6 9 79 6 6 3 3 2 9. 10 2 6 8 6]11 6]11 3 9 9 6 9 7 3 6 9 3 3 2 6 10 3 0 9 Oj; 11 6)]11 3 9 3 7 3 7 0 6 6 3 3 2 3 1 0 3 3 9 Oj] 11 6)11 9 8 9 8 9 7 0 6 6 3.6 2 0 1 3 3 6 8 9]11 9;12 0 8 6 9 6 7 3 6 3 3 0 2 0 1 3 3.9 8 6/11 91/12 3 8 6] 10 6 8 0 6 3 29 1 9g 1 3 4 3 8 6]11 6/12 6 8 6{10 3 9 3 7 0 2 3 19 1 0 4 6 8 6/11 0] 12 6 8 6|10 6 9 3 6 9 2 3 19 0 9 49 8 6/11 0]12 6 8 6]10 6 9 0 6 9 2 0 1 6 0 6 4 6 8 6]11 0]12 6 8 9/10 6 8 6 8 0 2 0 1 6 0 6 4 3 8 9/10 9/12 6 8 9 9 9 8 3 9 9 19 1 3 0 6 4 0 9 0/10 6]12 6 9 0 8 9 8 3 8 3 20 1 3 09 4 0 9 6/10 6/12 3 9 0 8 0 9 0 7 6 2 0 1 3 0 9 4 0 9 9/110 6]12 3 9 0 7 6/10 0 7 0 20 1 6 0 6 4 0/10 0/10 6j12 6 8 9 7 0 9 9 6 6 29 2 3 0 6 4 3/10 0/]10 31/12 8 8 6 6 9 9 0 6 0 3 0. 2 0 0 6 5 0)]10 3/10 3/12 3 8 0 7 3 8 6 6 0 3.0 2 0 0 3 5 3/10 3]10 0/12 3 7 6 8 0 8 3 5 6 29 19 0 3 5 9/10 0;10 0/11 9 7 0 8 3 8 0 5 3 3 0 191060 3; 6 0}10 2) 9 @)i11 6] 6 9! 8 6| 7 G6] & O] 8B 6 1 6 0 3 6 0); 10 6 9 6/11 3 6 9 8 6 7 3 4 6 3 3 1 6 0 3 6 3;10 6 9 9/11 3 6 3 8 3 9 9 4 6 3 0 1 6 0 3 6 6/10 9 9 9/11 0 6 3 7 9110 0 4 3 3 0 1 6 0 3 7 O/{11 0 9 9/11 0 6 3 7 6 8 6 4 3 2 6 1 @| © &@1 % 8/71 0110 O171 OO} @ 8B] 7 6) 2 Gl 4 Oo; 26 exons yds 0 6 7 3}11 0)10 3]10 9 6 3 7 6 8 3 3 9 26 bs atswetica O89) 7 S,i) oO} #110 ©] © oi 2 ol 7 2} a2 8) 2 sb iedconaliaea 128) cad Dl, Bb deaccsal LO) 6 GB ON is escsatll ke OE Ween wiecareeellle, sot 18. 1 As will be observed from the tables, the Chilliwack records are given to the nearest 3 inches on the gauge from 1906 to June, 1912, and subsequently to the nearest inch. * Gauge height records in connection with navigation requirements have been made by the Department of Public Works, Canada, on the Fraser river at Mission and Sumas as follows : MIssion— Location—Pier of C.P.Ry. bridge. Records available—Months of May, June and July, 1895, to date. Gauge—Board. Datum—Zero elevation is 9-23 ft. above Sandheads zero.t Bench marks—Base of rail, C.P.Ry. Mission bridge, 44 ft. above Sandheads zero. Remarks—Subject to tidal influence to the extent of 3 ft. in winter. Sumas— Location—At mouth of small slough near Miller landing. Records available—1892 to date; gauge does not read below 13-14 ft ; extreme low water is about 12 ft. Gauge—Automatic ; installed in 1892. Datum—Zero elevation is same as Sandheads.t ‘Bench marks—Concrete B.M. erected near gauge. Elevation 38-95 ft. Remarks—Subject to tidal influence ; the daily range varies from zero at high water with neap tides to about 2 ft. at low water with spring tides. + Sandheads zero is the extreme low water in the gulf of Georgia as indicated by the zero of the tide gauge at Garry point. 359 + TABLES Cc. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. DAILY GAUGE HEIGHT OF FRASER RIVER AT CHILLIWACK WHARF, 1906 TO 1915—Continued 1907 D ec. DRODOOMMMODGOROMMMODOOOOSOOSODDG|' WOOO CIO OM CIO MI MOM ANNNAANANANAANAAIAAA A | Nov. DCODODOAMDOOOODOOMODOOOGOOM ODM OI 0909 O09 : Oct. MM AMODOMMOAMMOMDOOMMOOMRMOOOOOOOOO UCD UCD AED AD AD AED UD UD CD CO 1D 1D 2D SH tt SH eH eH HH OD 09 9 O79 01D O19 CFD OD CD OD CVD. Sept. Aug. WMMODOOMMOOOMOOAWOOMOORDOMMO ©. q& 00.00 00.00 00.00 00 00.00 60 G0 20 20 00 60 60.00 GO G0 20 10 10 0 0 6 10 6 10 10 10 July OOWOODOMOOCOAD MMOMOMO 02 OMog ID 1D AD AD LD HH HHMOMMMMANANM HAH OO BHAA APR SRA NNN NA tetris June May DHROOAMROOOO 9 9 HHO IDOOKN OAM April OO ND OIA OIA 09 09 07900 HHH HH Ht ttt : Mar. DOSCAMGO GOGO MMMMNIMMIMIMNGCOODOOAARDAARIAA ANNA HANAN NANA ANNAN OOOCOOCOO Feb. MODOOOROAMMOMOOOOOAOOODOROOOMD : ARAMA HNANANNN NNN Jan. = SCAHOOGOODOOGOMOOMMOOOSCOODOOOOODOARBOMDO MNO QAR RHR RRR EERE OOM MNMNNAOANG A Date 1 Water level affected by ice jams from Jan. 8 to near end of month. 1908 Dec. SLOCOMOMAAARBOOMOAMODOOMCODOOARDOMM DHA MO AANANM OM MANANAANAIANAANAAA Nov. W Aaa a Se Oct. " , DOSCABOAOM MAMMA OOMMOOCOAOOMMMMOOOO UD OBS 6D 60 60 1D 1929.10 HH HH oH HH Ht eH 099 019.01 09 09. 09. 079 079.019 SHH Sept. ” , OER OCOnRREE OO 0000191010190 HH dt Ht Ht tt : Aug. MNHOODOMAOOOMMOOMOOMMOOOCOOMOOMMO a July June May MRMOMOOMOORMMOOOOM Qo 12 6 12 6 DODO DINO OOM OM WDMOMAMRMOOONHHN AAAS April SSSCSSSOSSOSSSSOSCSOMONOMOMMADOOAROE : Pd NN 09 09 09 0 OO HH HH HS Mar. SOSSSSSOSSSSOOSSMOGOOGOOMMMAMMMOOMMMOOO FN NR Feb. On eococooco : AAA Jan. DOOOOMAAARMMAMWMOOOOD DOO O00 9 9 09 OO. OD OF FS et Date 2 Owing to sand filling at gauge it does not record the lowest water. COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 360 DAILY GAUGE HEIGHT}OF FRASER RIVER AT CHILLIWACK WHARF, 1906{TO 1915—Continued 1909 Dec. s 3 s MOROAGONIAOROOMAAOGOOOOMMMMMMOOOOOO BS 19 HE WEO9 09.09 OT ON.C8 69 HH 6 69 09 09 69 69 09 9 69 09 69 60 OD'eDTED GO .60 60 Nov. Oct. DOAMAROGOOCAROOMORMOOOOMOMOMOOMOMO : NOD AD HSH SH 09 09.09 09 6 CDA AA HH HOD AO OO HEH OM : MHC AOOROAGOOMPDOOAOOOOOOMOOMOMODDOHO ADD AD COIS PS OOO OD OOOO 0 00101919 19.19.19 Ht HH et Sept. am" DOM OOM OCCA OH OOM ARPOMNOOOMAODOOMMORDACD : DOOOOOOODO OOOO DOO OOOO 0 019 19 1919 1919 HHL : Aug. ” , DOOCOAMDOBDOMOARHAAOMOMMORMMOOODOANO July June “uw May “uw , MOAMOOORARMOODMDOOOCOMMOMOOODDOOWD ODOM BVI ABD 09 09.09. 09. 09 HH OD XH HD 19 19 19:19 19.1) IN TN NOKRKRWORDO ol April , MMOOOOOOOOOOMM | OD 69 019, Mar. “ oooooeoos Prriiiississtst2:iers NAAANANG Feb. “uo , AMRMOOSCOCOCSO” Bog sss2s5 MMAMANAAAA CH Jan. Date PARTE SOON O 5 Dry at gauge, does not record 4.Levels affected by ice, Jan. 15 to near end of month. er frozenlat{gauge. 3 Riv below 2 feet. 1910 Dec. “” # OOMM MMMM MOGOCOGHOGGHBSOORORDODOOOM WD CVD OD CVD CVD CVD YD YD CVD OD YD CFD CFD OD CHD CD CFD CVD CVD CFD CVD CFD CVD SH OVD 019 019 019 OD C19 ED. Nov. - ’ APODMBMORPOOAMNAOGOOOMI ABA ORD ODOAMARMAOO : eH HH HD 1D HAD 19 19 1D HH OD OD OD OD OD COIN ILD H HM CD ODODE » Oct. ADPOOOOMMOOOMMOOMORDOOM OOM OOOAMON 01D 0D SH SSH SH HD BD 19 60 19 19 10 19 19 19.19 19 COS I 0 000000 19191) H Sept. 69.69 69.09 09 ODOR OMOMOMRAOROOOARMODOOCOARE : UD AD UC) UD UD BD UD LD 6 19 19 19 1D HEH HOD OD OD OD OD CD OD HHH HOD OD + Aug. MOAAAMOOOSOOOGCOARDOOROOMMOORADOMODOON DD C000 CC MW AMAMD WW HOMME ENE EODOOININID July June May , April “ , MMMOCSOSCOSCOCOOCOSCOTCOOMOMMMOODODODOMEA : GD OVD CP CPD EVD CVD CVD CPD CVD CVD CV CVD CVD CY CVD CVD CVD CVD OD SH XH XH XH SH ED CO PD 000000 : Mar. a” n DOM MOM AED OD OD C9 09 OD XH eH eH OD OD Feb. Jan. ” ” , Asien 09 09 09 09 5 Date ANG WGONWDOHAMHIDOMODOHAMWOONOGON a MAAR AMAA NARA AOD 6 Dry at gauge, does not record extreme low water. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 361 DAILY GAUGE HEIGHT OF FRASER RIVER AT CHILLIWACK WHARF, 1906 TO 1915—Gontinued 1911 Jan. Feb. Mar. | April | May | June July Aug. | Sept. | Oct. Nov. Dec. “uw , nw ‘ “ow ’ “ow , “ow * nw , tf , aw a a , aw ‘ “uw , “ow 3 3 3 3 3 2 9 4 6/12 3]14 6/12 0 7 0 3 9 29 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 29 5 3/13 3/15 Oj] 11 6 7 6 3 9 Dry 1 3 3 3/ 3 3] 3 3] 2 9] 5 9/13 3/15 Of; 11 O| 8 O| 3 9 ; 3 3 3 3 3 3.0 29 6 6/13 3]15 0] 10 9 8 3 3 6 He 3 0 o| 8 2' 2 01 2 9) F 811s ©)15 0] 160 921 8 813 6 aie 3 0 3 3 3 2 9 29 8 0};13 6115 3]10 6 8 0 3 3 fe 3 0 3 3 3 29 2 9 8 6/13 3]15 6]10 6 7 9 3 3 ee 3.0 3 3 3 2 9 2 9 8 9/13 0115 3/10 3 7 9 3 3 oe 3 0 3/3 3] 2 9/ 29] 9 0)12 6414 6|10 O| 7 6] 3 3 fe os 6 386/23] 29) 29) 9 @112 6) 14 6) 9 O89] 7 oO] 3 6 is 3 0 3.3 3 0 2 6 2 9 9 0/12 6/15 0 9 6 6 9 3.0 ee 3 3 3 3/ 3 0] 2 6] 2 9} 9 Of] 13 6414 9} 9 3] 6 6] 3 0 i 3.3 3 6 3 0 2 6 29 8 9/14 9] 14 6 9 0 7 0 3 0 “ 3 3 3.6 3.0 2 6 29 8-9]15 6] 14 0 8 9 7 0 3 0 29 3 3 26/2 0) 26) 29) @9)46 Of 38 91 8 61% Gl) 82 8) 2 8) Deyt 3 6 3.0 2 6 29 9 0/16 9113 6 8 6 7 0 3 0 29 " 3 3 3 0 2 6 2 9 9 3/17 0/13 6 8 3 7 0 3 0 3 0 ee 3 3 3 0 2 6'| 29 9 9/17 3/13 6 8 0 7 0 3 0 3 3 ee 3 3 3.0 2 6 2 9/10 3)/17 3]13 9 7 9 6 9 29 3 3 se 3 3 3.0 2 6 29/11 0/17 3/13 9 7 9 6 6 29 3 0 is 3 3 3 0 2 6 2 9/11 3/16 9/13 9 7 9 6 0 2 9 3 0 es 3 3 3 0 2 6 2 9/11 6]16 0/13 6 8 0 5 9 Dry 3.0 a 3 3 3.0 2 6 2 9}]11 3)/15 3]13 3 8 0 5 6 cst 3 0 oe 3 3 3 0 2 6 2 9/11 Of] 14 3/12 9 8 0 5 0 oe 3.0 Se 3 3 3 0 2 9 3 0/10 6|14 0] 12 6 8 0 49 ee 3 0 a 3 3 3 0;,2 9 3 3/10 3/14 0]12 6 8 0 4 6 = 3 0 ns 3 3 3 3 2 9 3 6/10 0] 14 6] 12 6 7 6 4 3 He 3.0 ee 3 3 3 3 29 3 6/10 0] 14 6] 12 6 7 6 4 0 ra 3.3 oo 3 34. | 2 9 3 9]10 Of; 14 6] 12 6 7 3 4 0 ee 3 3 se 3 3 29 4 0/10 6] 14 9j12 6 7 3 3 9 29 3 3 as 3.3 2D [saws TB deesaces 12 3 TE OM ivetsscosins 2 Mesvaeseason af 1 Dry at gauge, does not record extreme low water. 1912 Date Jan. Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. | Deo. ao ow sow sot sou cow ow oo oo ie ae ode 3 6 Dry Dry 4 9/13 0/13 7 9 0 T © 3 3 Dry Dry 3 6 th ae 56 0/12 6/13 4 8 11 7 1 3 3 SS ae 3 6 “ ae 5 9/11 9]12 8 8 10 6 10 3 3 of ie 3 6 . re 6 6] 11 3]12 0 8 9 6 7 3 3 My te 3 6 Be ee 7 0/11 O/} 11 4 8 10 6 4 3 6 oe eK 3 6 ee oe 7 3/11 0/11 0 9 0 6 2 3 6 eS ee 3 6 ee oe 7 6|10 9/1011 9 1 6 0 40 fe Bs 3 6 ae ai 8 0}]10 9]10 9 9 0 5 10 4 3 i * 3 6 a ee 8 9/10 6|10 7 9 0 5 7 40 “ aa 3 3 a e 9 0/10 3] 10 6 9 2 5.5 4 0 “e * 3.3 o ne 9 0/10 3]10 4 9 2 5 3 3 6 a e 3 3 a eS 9 6/10 9/]10 2 9 2 5 2 3.3 3.6 ee 3 3 a = 9 9/11 3/10 1] 9 2] 5 O|] 3 3) 3 9 3 3 ne a 10 0j;11 3]10 1 9 4 5 0 3 3 3.9 ne 3 3 ef ee 10 6]11 9/10 2 9 6 5 0 3 3 3 6 ne 3 3 fe es 10 6{12 0/10 3 9 6 5 0 3.6 3 6 ee 3 3 ee ee 11 0);12 6/10 5 9 4 411 4 0 3 3 s 3 3 ee Bs 11 6]12 9/10 3 9 2 4 9 4 0 3 6 te 3 0 ie oe 12 3/12 6; 10 0 8 10 4 8 3 9 4 0 a 3.0 iS os 12 6/12 9 9 11 8 9 4 6 3 6 40 as 3 0 Re Ee 12 9/13 3 9 9 9 0 46 3 6 4 0 t 3 0 ee 8 G]12 6/13 9 9 8 9 0 4 4 3 6 40 a 3 0 a 3 6/12 3/14 3 9 8 9 0 4 4 3 6 40 os 3 0 se 3 °9/)12 3] 14 6 9 8 91 4 2 Dry 3 9 ae 3 0 mi 3 9/12 6|]14 9 9 9 9 2 40 ne 3 6 “ 3 0 se 4 0]12 9/14 6 9 9 9 5 3 9 re 3 3 ne 3 0 ms 4 3]/12 9]14 3 9 7 9 7, 3.9 oe Dry Re 3 0 ee 4 6113 0/14 3 9°5 9 6 3.6 oe co as 3 0 ae 4 9/13 3] 14 0 9 3 9 3 3 °6 i a - eeamaveiie Se 5 0/13 3/13 9 9 3 8 6 3.4 Pa ee ae ee ni esurynal US: JB tlisesecctscl 2 OF OF Nase = seonbasavehe = 362 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION . ’ DAILY GAUGE HEIGHT OF FRASER RIVER AT CHILLIWACK WHARF, 1906 TO 1915—Continued 1913 Feb. Mar April | May | June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov Dec. ow mw tow 7 so” ow , Wes row ow , ow rT Dr: D 411/13 9|1510] 11 5 8 7 5 6 4 3 3 9 Te) Ee | ae aol el is ali i] & al & 3) 4° Or @ 6 se is ee 4 6/15 3]15 6] 1010 8 1 5 3 40 3 6 st uo Ny 4 4|/%¥5 8|15 3] 10 9 9 0 5 3 3.9 3.3 a “e ne 4 3)15 7/15 2/10 9|10 0 5 0 3 6 3 3 st se ts 4 2/115 5|14 91] 10 9 9 2 5 0 3 6 3.0 es at ee 4 2/15 5]14 6; 10 9 8 1 4 9 3 6 3 0 ae wae ne 4 3/15 6; 14 1] 1010 711 4 6 3 6 2 9 “ ae ee 5 0|15 6]13 7] 1010 7 11 4 3 3 6 29 oe oo ee 5 6/15 7]13 5] 10 10 7 11 4 6 3 3 2 6 a oe oe 6 0/15 9/13 7] 11 0 7 6 5 3 3 3 2 6 ee ee ue 6 6/16 0/13 6] 11 3 7 0 6 O 33 Dry + oe a ae 7 0/16 7/13 2/11 1 6 10 6 9 3 3 : oe es me 8 2/17 0]12 9] 10 9 6 10 6 0 3 3 re ea) ue as 8 9]17 0] 12 6] 10 7 6 9 5 9 3 3 i ee “ ie 9 2/1611}12 2] 10 5 6 6 5 9 3 0 st ae i ae 9 4/16 8|1111] 10 3 6 8 5 9 3 3 ne ce ee 3 6 9 6/16 4/11 8] 10 1 6 8 5 9 3.9 ee ae es 4 3 9 7/16 O;/11 7] 10 1 7 0 5 6 3 6 ne ot ee 4 10 9 7(15 9];11 9 9 10 7 6 5 3 3.6 a ea a 5 6 9 9,15 4/11 9 9 5 9 0 5 0 3 3 te se me 56 9;10 0;15 0} 1111 9 4 9 3 49 3.3 “ ae ue 510} 10 6]15 2]12 2 9 5 8 6 5 0 3 6 ee . 2 6 6{|1011}15 7]12 5 9 5 7 6 5 3 3 9 “ st re 6 3]11 3/16 1] 12 9 9 4 6 11 5 0 4 0 ee fs ie 6 3); 11 9/16 4]13 0 9 0 6 4 5 0 4 0 A a SS 6 0] 12 5]16 4] 12 10 9 0 6 0 5 0 3 9 ee se “ 5 9/12 7116 2) 12 9 9 0 5 9 5 0 3.9 ue i 5 6/12 9]1511]12 8 9 0 5 9 4 9 3.9 ng us 5 2/13 0/1510] 12 3 8 11 5 6 4 6 3 9 te Ne iN ary oA bie Se een 11 9 BO. isd wishes. 4) 16) Weciccssaes 3 we 1 Gauge dry at 2’ 6” 1914 Date Jan. Feb. Mar April | May June July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec, z oon , ow ow ow ron you tou - ow ow on ow aw 2 6 Dry 3 3 Dry 7 9)12 3; 13 4]10 9 6 0 4 7 5 9 3 9 2 6 er 29 8 3/12 3)13 7} 10 0 5 9 4 9 6 0 3 9 2 6 ie 2 6 oe 8 6/12 3) 13 11 oF 5 6 49 6 3 3 9 29 a Dry vt 9 3/12 2/14 1 9 7 5 3 4 9 6 3 3 6 4 4 eS iB se 9 6/12 O| 14 4 9 7 5.3 4 6 6 0 29 5 1 “ ee Hf 9 9/12 3/14 4 9 5 5 0 4 0 5 10 29 5 9 . y - 9 9/12 6] 14 6] 9 5 411 3 9 5 6 29 4 6 ts te 9 6/1211] 14 3 9 6 4 9 3 6 5 3 29 4 6 s . 2 6 9 6/12 9]14 0 9 5 4 8 3 3 5 3 29 4 6 e . 29 9 9/12 6/13 8 9 2 46 3 3 5 3 2 9 46| “ a 3 0] 9 9/12 6/13 6] 9 Oo] 4 5|/ 3 0] 4 9] 29 4 3 a m 3°3)/10 0/12 8] 13 6 8 9 4 5 3.0 4 0 2 9 3.9 i fe 4 0/10 9}]1211/]13 6 8 6 4 5 3 3 3 9 29 3 3 ee ae 4 9]11 3]13 1/13 6 8 2 4 5 3 6 3 9 Dry 3 0 te is 56 9/11 9]138 3/13 6 8 0 4 3 4 0] 3 6 “ 29] " ee 6 0/12 3/13 9/13 7] 7 9] 4 2] 49] 3 0] « 29 ne oS 6 6]12 6/14 4/13 6 79 4 2 5 6 3.0 a 29| «* ce 6 6]|1211]/14 9/13 7| 7 6] 4 2] 60] 29] « 29 aa ie 7 3/12 9/15 1,13 8| 7 3] 4 2] 63/29] “ 2 oi) 4 “a 7 6/12 9/15 3/13 6] 7 6| 4 2} 6 6| 29] « 29 | “ 7 7 6/12 7/15 3/13 0] 7 6] 42] 63/29] « 2 6 a Se 7 6/12 5/15 1/12 4 7 4 4 2 6 0 2° 9" a Dry ss ee 7 9/12 6] 14 5/12 0 7 3 4 3 6 0 29 eo #e He 7 6/12 8] 14 0/12 2 7 2 4 3 5 6 2 9 ce a 7 3/12 9/18 9/12 6 a 4 4 5 0 2 9 < ae is 7 0/138 0] 18 8/1211 7 0 4 4 4 9 3.0 e se a 7 0/13 1/13 5/12 6] 610 4 4 4 6 3 3 a ts cs 7 0/138 2/138 31) 12 3 6 6 4.6 4 3 so se . _ © 2) 20 1) 1 2 it ai 6 5 4 6 4 6 3 6 a ‘ 7 2/12 9/13 3/11 8 6 3 47), 4 © 3°6) “ 3 3 6 2 5 3 PraR STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 363 DAILY GAUGE HEIGHT OF FRASER RIVER AT CHILLIWACK WHARF, 1906 TO 1915—Continued 1915 Feb. Mar April | May | June July Aug Sept Oct. Nov Dec Fg “ow td “we ¥ “wt 7 “wn , wo , wo , “wn ‘ af t wn , “u” , mw Dry Dry 2 6) 6 ©1730 Titi 2730 2) S11 2 F] Sie} Dey ee ve 3 9 5 6/10 5}11 0/10 2 8 0 2 5 5 6 os a te 3 10 5 5/10 0; 11 Of] 10 2 79 25 4 9 ss te me 3 10 5 7 910; 1011] 10 1 7 5 | Dry? 3 10 i ee a 3 6 5 9 9 9/1011] 10 0 7 3 as 3 8 ss he 4 0 6 0 9 8] 10 11 911 7 0 fe 3 6 re ee 4 9 6 6/10 0/10 9 9 9 6 9 ol 3 3 ne ne “ 6 0 7 3/10 0/]10 8 9 6 6 3 a @ ofr v8 ee et 5 9 8 0 911/10 7 9 4 5 10 a 29 3 re “ 5 6 8 5 910/10 7 91 5 5 co 2 6 a es es 5 6 8 9 910/10 5 9 0 5 0 rf 2 5 a ee 5 6 9 0 9 9/10 3 9 0 4 6 a Dry s oe Y 5 7 9 4 9 8/10 3 8 9 4 4 me at Me a i 5 5 9 6 9 8) 11 3 8 6 4 0 oe oe a in 5 0 9 7 9 7]11 7 8 4 3 9 se a va ee an 5 3 9 5 9 6] 11 2 8 4 3 6 a we ot es a 5 10 9 4 9 6] 10 11 8 4 3 2 ae a as fs ed 6 1 9 3 9 7/10 8 8 4 3 0 Ht 2-9 a rs ve 6 4 9 5 9 9/10 7 8 6 3 0} 2 7 2°8 i He ne 6 7 9 7/10 4)10 6 8 7 3.0 3.0 2:6 be es Re 6 6 9 71/10 7};10 5 8 9 3.0 3.3 2:3 a es 6 4 9 9/10 5|10 4 9 0 3 2 3 4| Dry? a ee mn 6 3 911/10 3]10 4 9 0 3.5 3 2 ie rs ne ie 6 2/10 0/10 2/10 3 9 0 3.6 3 0 a ae ae fe 6 1/10 3/10 0/10 2 9 0 3°44 3.5 ne es s ‘8 6 0] 10 6 911]10 2 8 11 3 3 4 0 He us eo e 6 0] 10 9 9/10 3| 811| 3 381 4 9 = _ re ue 6 0/11 0/10 0!10 8 8 8 3.3 6 3 a o umiayeeee ss Se 5 10/1011]10 5]10 2 8 6 3.0 5 6 a “ Radenivete ue 5 8]|10 9|]10 9{10 2 8 5 29 5 9 ne “ eae 2 GP Ascass vel 10! 28 Ieccoserel 10% 9°) 38 8 Views) 6 OB leven 1 Gauge dry below 2’ 9”. 2Gauge dry below 2° 5’. 3% Gauge dry below 2’ 3” HIGH WATER ON THE FRASER RIVER Maximum gauge heights recorded at Mission, Chilliwack and Hope.* Mission bridge Chilliwack wharf Hope Year Gauge Above Gauge Above Gauge - Date height | Sandheads Date height | Sandheads Date height Hie ates recorded zero recorded zero t recorded | #¢ +tope = wr , “Ww , aw - aw” 1876 June 29 22 9 ZrO: Nag eee eis las tes scutaiy fever "1839" eg 23°10 Bal Ml lreesdcencasssaeos liscaromreremnectea li japeenntcneees 1894" ss 25 9 B35)-O) inatrwne sethan austeicoaniel cea eee Tae “13 19 8 285 TL. . | eincayaeheneel lias snice varsateel Sarat aie 1896 July 9 21 9 Sle 0 ll sasg sora awe heel aera. 1897 May 24 18 5 20 28. Il cacuecemeeddl aust oes crane seme 1898 June 16 18 6 2h Oe A cssreters ecasee acta weketr al xed BEERS & 1899 July 13 19 1 ZS: ih [hn orteerscavsce ina muateyeretaerers 3i| eames e-aheaerats 1900 June 27 21 1 BO! Ae Ne aynitasaatuece lance antaters, Miaelwere kane eve 1901 fe 19 6 28; OF Want ated a Penetors Satie sail atetadt eee ae 1902 July 7 17 0 DOB: | bacthary sh ede tee coll accsyece’sronaNeeel| aeSeosvar xe ue 1903 June 18 22 6 ST: OP. || Wace: eexsccetevenelf axisgere eile racer] tasuevedoran’s Sew 1904 July 11 18 1 2h sAe || eeseuetermcuansns ol astace) 379 wuesau see Mengteeanprenndone 1905 June 12 16 3 25 Gr || aisente aoruane val pvamesarae aan eile cist asimotiaesetn 1906 July 13 13 6 22 9 July 10-15 12 6 35 1 1907 June 4 17 8 26 11 June 3-5 15 9 38 4 1908 ay 20 0 29 3 “"14-15| 17 9 40 4 1909 eh AZ 18 2 27 «5 “16-17 15 6 38 #1 1910 “16 15 6 24 9 “16 14 0 36 7 2s safes 1911 “19 19 1 28 4 “* 18-20 17 3 39 10 aside 1912 26 15 11 25 2 “25 14 9 37 4 ||June 24-25] 25-2 262,000 1913 “16 18 10 28 1 “ [4-15] 17 0 39 7 “" 14-15] 30-2 | 362,000 1914 “21 17 2 26 5 “ 90-21, 15 3 37 10 “ 20 27-2 302,000 1915 || July 16 ll 6 20 9 |/July 15 1l 7 34 2 “44 22+ 204,700 * The records at Mission bridge and Chilliwack wharf were supplied by the Department of Public Works, Canada. The records at Hope are by the B. C. Hydrometric Survey. : + Sandheads zero is the extreme low water in the gulf of Georgia, as indicated by the zero of the tide gauge at Garry point. — n of the maximum annual gauge heights recorded at Mission bridge during the 4-year period of ee oe same for the 10-year period of the record at Chilliwack is 16’ 9’; same for the 10-year d at Hope is 15’ 10” ; p 1 eee anid to 1903, is 20’ 4’’; same for 22-year period, 1894 to 1915, is 18’ 5”. mum stages of the Fraser river reached during the last 10 or 12 years have, on an average, not been so high as the stages reached during the preceding decade. It will thus be seen that the mazi- 364 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 43—FRASER RIVER—at Hope Drainage area, 85,600 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At Hope, in sec. 16, tp. 5, rge. 26, W. 6th mer. Records available—March, 1912, to Dec., 1916. Co-operation—Gauge read by the engineers of the Kettle Valley railway. Drainage area—Above station, 85,600 square miles ; above mouth, 90,000 square miles. Gauge—Painted on rock bluff at Kettle Valley Ry. bridge ; read daily ; also cable gauge on Kettle Valley Ry. bridge, same datum, established Aug. 19, 1916. Channel—Permanent, with deep water ; swift at higher stages. Discharge measurements—Some made with meter, some by floats. Since completion of railway bridge measurements are more easily made. Winter flow—Not usually ice enough to affect the gauge height-discharge relations. Accuracy—The completion of the Kettle Valley bridge has materially improved conditions. Monthly summaries given below for 1912, 1913 and 1914 embody revisions based on later measurements. See NoTE page 309. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge 3 Area of Mean Gauge - Date section | velocity height | Discharge Date | section | velocity | height | Discharge Sq. feet \Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1914 Sq. feet |Ft. per see. Feet Sec.-feet 1912 July 10 25,300 10-3 24-0 234,000 ¢ Mar. 5 14,405 1:3 10-0 18,3001 || Aug. 28 18,200 6-2 16°83 101,000 ¢ June 6 19,835 6-8 21-0 147,000 Oct. 28 16,200 44 14°5 72,800 * , * 28 26,300 8°5 24°5 225,000 2 1915 Sept. 24 12,500 5:9 14-0 73,4002 |} Mar. 31 16,800 2-1 12-2 35,200 § Sept. 26 17, "200 4:0 14°7 70,0003 |j July 2 24,490 8-1 21°8 199,000 5 1913 Oct. 31 20,000 4-2 15-6 84,100 © June 21 27,100 10-2 + 26:0 278,000 4 || Dec. 17 15,500 Lee 11-2 26,500 § \Section at gauge. ? Measured at Yale. *Section above gauge. ‘Float measurement. 5 Kettle Valley bridge. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet Run-off Discharge i | Run-off 2 depth in ge in second-feet depth in Month : Per | incheson |} Month Per |inches on Max. Min. | Mean | square| drainage Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1912 Mar. 20,400 | 14,100 | 17,100 0-20 0:23 April 73,000 | 20,400 | 40,700 0-48 0-54 May - | 242,000 | 71,600 | 176,000 2-06 2°38 June. - | 262,000 | 174,000 | 216,000 2°52 2°81 July - | 224,000 | 142,000 | 169,000 1-97 2:27 Aug.. -+| 155,000 | 115,000 | 140,000 1-64 1-89 Sept. -| 106,000 | 52,500 | 76,400 0-89 0-99 Oct.. 71,600 | 42,700 | 54,100 0°63 0:73 Nov..... 44,900 | 31,400 | 37,600 0-44 0-49 Dec..... 30,500 | 23,900 | 26,800 | 0-31 0°36 Period... -| 262,000 | 14,100 | 95,370 1-11 | 12-69 1914 Jan.....) 24,600 | 12,700) 18,200) 0-21) 0-24 || Jan....) 71,600) 22,500) 373 : Feb.....} 42,700 | 19,000 | 25,000 0-29 0-30 Feb....| 29,600 23'900 37'300 0-32 0-33 Mar.. 26,900 | 18,300 | 20,200 0:24 0-28 Mar....| 37,200 | 28,700 | 32,000 0-37 0-43 April. 68,800 | 18,300 | 34,700 0-41 0-46 April...| 111,000 | 29,600 | 74,100 0-87 0-97 May 199,000 | 32,300 | 95,300 1-11 1:28 May. ..| 250,000 | 117,000 | 202,000 2-36 2°72 June 362,000 | 208,000 | 292,000 3-41 3-81 June. ..| 302,000 | 214,000 | 252,000 2-94 3°28 July 286,000 | 203,000 | 229,000 2-68 3-09 July . ..| 262,000 | 180,000 | 231,000 2°70 3-11 Aug.....| 232,000 | 190,000 | 212,000 2°48 2-86 Aug.. ..| 176,000 | 101,000 | 131,000 1+53 1-76 Sept..... 197) 000 | 89,000 | 139,000 1-63 1:82 Sept....| 95,800 | 64,600 | 75,700 0:89 0-99 Oct.....| 87 "400 51,200 | 62,300 0-73 0-84 Oct....] 76,200 | 57,700 | 69,500 0-81 0-93 Nov..... 56,400 26,000 | 35,700 0-42 0-47 Nov....} 82,600 | 48,600 | 62,300 0-73 0-81 Dec.....| 26,000 | 26,000 | 26:000 | 0-30 0°35 Dec....| 59,000 | 27,800 | 38,100 | 0-45 0-52 Year... .1362,000 | 12;700 | 99,117 1°16 15-80 Year.. .| 302,000 | 22,500 102,733 1-20 | 16-36 * Measurements from latest maps indicate rather less, bout . mi 4 ing station. about 84,500 sq. miles above gaug STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 365 MONTHLY SUMMARIES—Continued isch: i ay Run-off . - is Run-off Discharge in second-feet depth in Discharge in second-feet dapthain Month - Per | incheson || Month Per | inches on Max. Min Mean. | square | drainage Max, Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area tile area 1915 1916 43,800 | 24,600 | 31,300 0-37 0:43 Jan 27,800 | 12,000 | 19,200 0-22 0-25 28,700 | 21,800 | 26,500 | 0-31 0-32 25,300 | 33,400 | 0-39 0-42 41,000 | 22,200 | 28,400 0-33 0-38 21,100 | 27,600 0:32 0-37 115,000 } 41,600 | 88,500 1-03 1-15 22,500 | 45,100 0:53 0-59 193,300 | 97,500 | 146,000 1-71 1-97 84,200 | 137,000 1-60 1:84 193,300 | 142,000 } 162,800 1-90 2°12 170,000 | 232,000 2°71 3-02 204,700 | 158,200 | 177,300 2:07 2°39 172,000 | 228,000 2-66 3-07 168,000 | 100,900 | 130,600 1-52 1°75 110,000 } 139,000 1-62 1-87 97,500 | 40,500 | 59,600 0:70 0-78 59,000 | 83,000 0-97 1-08 81,000 | 32,700 | 44,900 0-52 0-60 42,700 | 57,100 0:67 0:77 73,000 | 23,200 | 41,900 0-49 0-55 26,900 | 36,700 0-43 0-48 26,900 | 14,100 | 20,700 0-24 0-28 19,000 | 22,700 0:26 0-30 -1204,700 | 14,100 | 79,808 0:93 12-72 Year. . .| 308,000 | 12,000 | 88,400 1:03 | 14-06 44a—FRASER RIVER—at Lytton Drainage area, 63,000 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—Sec. 1, tp. 15, rge. 27, W. 6th mer., above confluence of Thompson river. Records available—Feb. 20, 1912, to Dec. 31, 1914. Drainage area—Above gauging station, 63,000 square miles ; above mouth, 90,000 square miles. Gauge—Gauge painted on rock, and read daily. Channel—The channel varies in width from 200 feet at low water to 800 feet at high water. flow is uniform but velocities are very high at high stages. The Discharge measurements—Are taken from ferry boat, but should be accurate except at extreme high water. Winter flow—Open flow throughout the year Accuracy—Conditions for gauge readingsaregood. Therating curve is fairly well defined between discharges of 10,000 sec.-feet and 100,000 sec.-feet. Above a discharge of about 70,000 sec.-feet, the gauge-height-discharge relation was affected by back-water from the Thompson river, the exact effect of which has not been determined. Below 10,000 sec.-feet a revision has been made in the rating curve. This revision chiefly affects discharge estimates for the low water of January, February and March, 1913, and is embodied in the summaries below. The rating curve used for 1912 was revised for the 1913 and 1914 estimates, and the 1912 dis- charges as here published are probably too small at the higher stages. Generally speaking the accuracy of the data given below for this station should be within 5or 10 percent. This station is now superseded by a station higher up the river at Lillooet; see next record. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge q Area of Mean Gauge 2 Date section | velocity height | Discharge | Date section velocity height | Discharge Sq. feet |\Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1912 Feb. 20 2,850 4:32 10-0 12,300 July 25 9,180 10:25 23°6 94,000 Mar. 26 2,803 4:11 9-4 11,500 Sept. 29 4,835 7°04 15-0 34,000 May 31 14,600 9-66 32°7 141,000 1913 June 26 16,100 10:07 34:3 162,000 Sept. 5 7,860 9°53 21-0 74,900 * Measurements from latest maps indicate rather less, about 61,100 square miles. 366 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES ' i ; Run-off 7 j fe Run-off Discharge in second-feet Agathan Discharge in second-feet depth in Month Per |incheson || Month ; Per | inches on 7 Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square } drainage mile area mile area 1912 9,500 | 10,360 0-16 0-19 10,800 | 30,760 0-49 0-55 51,200 | 99,560 1-58 1-82 80,700 | 122,200 1-94 2°18 68,500 | 88,920 1-41 1-62 62,500 | 78,780 1-25 1-44 32,800 | 44,610 0-71 0-79 25,500 | 36,930 0-59 0-68 13,800 | 21,600 0-34 0-38 12,800 | 14,950 0-24 0:28 dace ey til 2 anaes het Period..| 173,000 9,500 | 54,870 | 0-87 9°77 1914 0-14 0-16 23,000 9,500 | 14,840 0-24 0-28 0-15 0-16 31,500 9,500 | 19,040 0-30 0-30 0-17 0-19 28,500 | 13,000 | 18,050 0-29 0:33 0-42 0-47 14,750 V35GOO» [ise ceeoeeeevaes [eve avian fice: a steencs, ba 1-27 1-47 145,500 | 14,750 | 67,670 1:07 1-23 2°55 2°84 190,400 | 116,125 | 148,020 2-35 2°62 1:96 2:26 .| 165,750 | 119,800 | 145,290 2-31 2°66 nba 1-37 1°58 .| 113,000 | 66,100 | 87,590 1-39 1-60 Sept.....} 99,250 | 53,000 | 71,080 1-13 1:26 67,300 | 47,000 | 56,190 0-89 0-99 Oct.....| 71,500 | 44,000 | 55,500 0:88 1-01 55,400 | 32,100 |} 43,840 0-70 0-81 Nov.....] 47,000 | 20,500 | 30,860 0-49 0-55 36,300 | 23,000 | 30,100 0-48 0°53 Dec.....| 28,500 | 13,000 | 20,540 0-33 +38 35,100 | 15,100 | 22,000 35 +40 Year... .| 182,000 5,000 | 56,870 0:90 12-33 Year.. .1 190,400 9,500 | 59,330 0-94 11-75 1¥For period April1 to 4. Gauge reader was drowned early in April, and it was nearly a month before another was secured. ? Partly estimated. 44b—FRASER RIVER—at Lillooet Drainage area, 62,500 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—Pacific Great Eastern Ry. trestle at Lillooet. Records avatlable—May 14 to Dec. 31, 1915. Gauge—Cable gauge from the trestle ; read twice daily. ’ Channel—Wide and fairly deep; bed is graveland boulders. Current is swift at the higher stages. Discharge measurements—Three taken in 1915 outline the rating curve. Winter flow—Open water throughout the year. Accuracy—D, because of insufficient meter measurements. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge 2 Al f M Gauge Date section velocity height | Discharge Date ee weloeay | height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 19161 Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1915 Way? Dy ho aetccest-9 sree acaigecacss 20-20 53,900 May 15 8,540 10.40 23-30 88,8002 || June 1) fevanaysanallas vosueas 23-05 84,150 June 26 9,800 11-00 25-50 108,000 SAE 1D. Nectar ot auckeel| te Ae auletericct 33-05 215,200 Dec. 6 5,800 3-31 16.02 19,200 SOP yO: I ecs ae eaice fst pth dented 19-00 | 40,460 1 From ‘Miscellaneous Meter Measurements,” W. R. Paper No. 21, p. 132. 2Station established. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet j Run-off Discharge in second-feet Run-off | depth in ___} depth in Month : Per inches on || Month Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1915 Sine 2 2| say 2 oxen wee cella ees Sema sc Sleds Gene a June. ..| 120,000 | ¥1,0U0 | 102,000 1-63 1-82 Jule auru| saan soee| + aoens Ral aetsanen|| steven falesed area: July... .] 145,000 | 105,000 | 113,000 1-81 2-09 Aug.....].. Sreesanth kenas pat teens Soa nada sxaeeeCA Aug.. ..| 103,000 | 83,000 | 91,900 1-47 1-70 ; DED bear neuter scam [ates escent baclbenas ot cetpens' [eae naet SASS Bee Sept....] 80,000 | 41,400 | 55,100 0-88 0.98 Octiae sl hceent ent eee a tee eee orca all eee aed Oct....| 55,500 | 34,200 | 42,000 0-67 0-77 INO Misses sal aida aaice= Sacer bs Batre eal Comins eames mn coteatoue ol Paes she eee Nov....| 48,800 | 12,200 | 27,100 0-43 0.48 DDG Cine ueonll hcotnesscoun tl Hus ana tece tl | agieady Searels egaae eee arcane Dec... .| 20,400 | 10,400 | 13,700 0-22 0.25 Sri Od og! eit Daal erred tnd eenertlen call Seep wesen a Period..1145.000 | 10.400 | @3.542 | 1.02 2.09 * Measurements from latest maps indicate rather less, about 60,600 sq. miles. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 367 45—GOAT RIVER—near Erickson _ Drainage area, 430 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—Immediately above bridge near Erickson, and 5 miles from mouth. Records available—May to Nov., 1914; Feb. to Nov., 1915. Gauge—Vertical staff gauge, situated immediately above head of cafion, 20 yards from Cafion siding, on C.P. Ry.; read daily. Channel—At the gauge, permanent ; below measuring station, shifting. Discharge measurements—Are made from the highway bridge below the cafion % mile from Erick- son. This section is temporary. Winter flow—The river generally freezes over for two or three weeks at a time, but seldom for the whole winter. Frazil ice may be expected. Accuracy—A and B., Rating curve is good and the gauge control is permanent. General—Goat river drains a mountainous area, but there are said to be no very high peaks or glaciers, consequently the flow is small towards the latter part of the summer. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge ‘ Area of Mean Gauge i Date section | velocity height | Discharge Date section | velocity | height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1914 April 15 534 3-64 2-30 1,950? May 8 549 4.55 3-00 2,500 ‘30 565 4.30 4.82 2,430 st 28 589 5-00 3-50 2,940 Nov. 25 367 0-75 0-80 277 June 18 711 6-02 4.95 4,280 19163 July 21 431 1.7 0-00 735 Bebe 25) acini austvelboa aaescosiers ce 167 Aug. 4 367 0-95 -1-10 348 UO 1G he, ceusuais “nal 8 wean wy eciie 7-524 5,540 Oct. 18 394 1-26 -0-69 498 DULY. 28 Nie: onecapacessnina pails ziausegracncoes 3-10 932 Dec. 21 229 1.14 -1-20 GME |) ANT BD oa a, angen acanelanasfian a assteedesauied 2.24 382 1915 pte" posers seine asages aad 1-86 237 Feb. 19 344 0.49 -1-.65 167 Octs TO. bic. csed semeclhs sheet Geo 1-60 184 1Ice conditions, 21915 gauge established with relation to the old gauge. *From ‘Miscellaneous Meter Meagurements,” W. R. Paper No. 21, p. 351. 41916 gauge to new datum. MONTHLY SUMMARIES ; : = Run-off } is : fe Run-off Discharge in second-feet deoth in | Discharge in second-feet depthan Month Per |incheson || Month ; Per |incheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1914 1915 MO Dieses cash ccynies 4] aes ee ie aes Ph eel eee ees Feb. 272 256 257 0-60 0.62 DA ares rees ct [a ata Oe a scekec anced and Srageeree A] SPORE Bod] ER sar Mar. 948 256 491 1-14 1-31 SATAN sh are) teanicasxctel ier spiecouseco | oper enaisante al usa tha| Pe area April 3,230 855 1,760 4.09 4.56 May!... 5,780 QEOBO> Vices: cvsssices | treweheie care [fod suisse Soanlege’ May 2,760 1,840 2,250 5-23 6-02. June.... 5,780 1,730 3,200 7-45 8-32 June 2,290 948 1,340 3-12 3-48 July.... 2,310 415 1,170 2-72 3-14 July 1,180 539 702 1-82 2.10 Aug..... 400 205 299 0-70 0-81 Aug. 692 240 395 0-92 1-06 Sept..... 585 205 318 0.74 0-83 Sept.. 292 225 254 0-59 0.66 Octis xs 645 340 440 1-02 1-17 Oct.. 432 210 271 0-63 0-73 Nov..... 1,760 480 938 2-18 2.43 Nov.. 399 225 295 0-69 0-77 Period oy) |llsnses ill aawaaa lh Seeaesarll aoe Ran lem acinar es || Period..| 3,230 210 810.1 1.88 | 21.31 1 May 7 to 31. 46—GOLD CREEK—near mouth s Channel—Fairly smooth, unbroken, gravel bar below, very liable to shifts. <<. Drainage area, 350 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At highway bridge, 14 mile from mouth, opposite Flagstone, East Kootenay. Records available—May to Aug., 1914 ; April to Sept. 1915 ; April to Oct., 1916. Co-operation—This station was maintained in 1914 by co-operation between the Provincial Water Rights Branch and the B. C. Hydrometric Survey. Gauge—Vertical staff, 4 feet long, on downstream side of bridge ; read three times a week. * Revised value based on recent measurements. 368 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Discharge measurements—Are made from the bridge. They are considered very reliable. ; Accuracy—The rating curve is good. Accuracy, during high water, C ; during low water, B. New rating in 1916. General—Gold creek may be considered an irrigation stream ; it lies on the western side of the Intermontane valley. The mean annual precipitation is light and probably does not ex- ceed 20 inches. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS A f Mean Gauge ‘ Area of Mean Gauge , Date section | velocity | height | Discharge || Date | section | velocity | height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1914 May 30 108 2-53 1-20 273 May 17 192 5.97 2-35 1,150 June 14 86 1-90 0-90 164 June 18 112 3-02 1-35 339 Aug. 27 38 0-92 0-10 34.4 July 11 74 1-65 0-75 123 1916 o 48 1-11 0-37 53-8 July 10 142 2-86 2.45 402 Sept. 11 30 0-69 0-05 20-6 nn 122 1-32 1-92 162 1915 Sept. 12 107 0-70 1-58 74 April 25 120 2-51 1-22 302 et. 7 58 0-68 1-40 39 May 14 121 2-76 1-30 335 MONTHLY SUMMARIES . * i Run-off A . Se Run-off Discharge in second-feet depth in Discharge in second-feet denth ia - Month Per | incheson || Month f Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage tnile area mile area 1914 IVEY cond [lasares ce sati] Bas guste ensceaas o [aassenar oud eee May...} 1,210 595 868 2-48 2-86 SU ULING capsid evsayarcse Sil] tesavorcterovesellhxsegeians Geeta leucsa /pepaal| sus aceatosens June... 710 175 392 1-12 1-25 SAD yoe Sool ecisiak eo eteal | eda aus ell ease arse Ra Westie le an i losailttn July... 210 49 107 0-31 0-36 AU ide ollie cnsis shea lllbicae ure ua usradlboae Sactioea i ebN ce siss asda eel poe ice vO eon Aug.... 60 26 38 0-11 0-13 1916 April.... 490 42 262 0-75 0-84 April... 274 20 100 0-29 0-32 May.... 397 270 338 0-97 1-12 May... 544 20 280 0-80 0-92 June.... 316 72 173 0-49 0.55 June... 1,700 274 674 1-92 2°14 July.... 230 72 126 0-36 0.41 July... 501 132 277 0-79 0-91 Aug..... 72 31 44 9-13 0-15 Aug.... 198 39 104 0:30 0-35 Sept..... 72 31 45 0-13 0-14 Sept.... 58 20 29 0:08 0-09 OB tread a acers scale eeshanse asl decent ages tah owes Oct... 49 39 40 | O-11 | 0-13 Period... 490 31 165 0:47 3-21 Period.. 1,700 20 215 0-61 4:86 47—GRANBY RIVER (NORTH FORK KETTLE)—near mouth Drainage area, 950 square miles* es DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At Grand Forks, near mouth. Records available—June 1, 1914, to Dec. 31, 1915. Gauge—Standard vertical staff gauge, on foot bridge ; read daily. Channel—Is straight for 100 yards above and below measuring section. Discharge measurements—Are made by cable suspension from foot bridge. Winter flow—Gauge reader states that only in very severe winters does river freeze over at this point and that it has not done so for past 14 years. Accuracy—The present results should fall well within 15 per cent. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Velocity high. Area of Mean Gauge 2 Area of M Date section | velocity | height | Discharge | Date | section | calouiey rook { Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet May 19 | 1,100 4.59 5-08 soso || “"® 3 34d ne b.80 ‘3 June 9 "847 2.77 4.00 21348 1915 kas ae - July 22 474 0-90 1-48 426 Mar. 19 152 2-51 2.48 3821 June 10 733 2-80 3-73 2,040 1 Backwater from slag. * Revised value based on recent measurements. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 369 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second- Run-off i i = Runeoff z feet depth a Digcharge in second-feet AaBth ih Month . Per |incheson || Month : Per |inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drajaage mile area mile area, 1914 1915 220 120 174 0-18 0-21 300 180 256 Q.27 0-28 2,200 150 731 0-82 0-94 _ 7,790 2,350 3,477 3-66 4-09 ik 9,570 2,350 5,666 5-97 6.87 June....} 13,625 1,780 4,483 4.72 5-26 June 5,880 1,060 2,042 2-15 2-40 July.... 1,875 220 800 0-84 0-97 July 1,430 8 1,130 1-19 1.37 Aug..... 220 70 112 0-12 0-14 Aug.... 70 120 426 0.45 0-52 Sept..... 340 70 156 0-16 0-18 Sept.... 120 85 89 0-09 0-10 ‘Oct..... 750 260 431 0-45 0.52 Obi. 55 100 60 87 0-09 0-10 Nov..... 995 485 717 0-75 0-84 Nov 120 100 114 0.12 0-13 Dec..... 435 180 254 0.27 0-31 Dec. 110 100 104 0-11 0-13 Period. 13,625 70 993 1-05 8-22 Year...| 9,570 60 1,196 1-26 17-14 48—-GREEN RIVER—at Nairn falls Drainage area, 180 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At Nairn falls, 5 miles from the mouth and 3 miles from Pemberton. Records available—Nov. 20, 1913, to Dec. 31, 1916. Drainage area—Is not well defined on existing maps, but estimated to be about 180 sq. miles above gauging station. Gauge—Sloping staff gauge bolted to rocks about 150 yards above falls on left bank ; read daily. Channel—Wide and fairly deep with rock and gravel bottom ; a good metiering section. Discharge measurements—Well define the rating curve except at highest stages. Winter flow—Stream is open all year. Slight ice effect in very cold weather. Accuracy—Good ; monthly summaries given below for 1913 and 1914 embody revisions based on later measurements. See NOoTE, page 309. General—Gauging stations were established, in November, 1913, at Nairn falls and at Green lake, and, in March, 1914, on tributaries Soo river and Rutherford (Six-mile) creek. The station at the falls gives the unregulated flow at the intake site of the proposed power development ; the other three stations show the distribution of this flow, and will be of importance in con- sidering the storage possibilities. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge S Area of Mean Gauge i Date section | velocity height Discharge Date section | velocity height Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1913 Mar. 22 416 4.00 5-10 1,650 Nov. 18 264 3.4 3-80 9181 “23 458 4.20 5-50 1,920 1914 my 2G 261 3-38 3-90 882 June 1 566 4.4 6-50 2,530 April 3 826 6-40 8-80 5,300 July 16 827 5-7 8.75 4,710 4 652 5-30 7-30 3,470 Aug. 11 658 4.2 6-60 2,780 te ak 408 3-43 4.80 1,400 Sept. 8 533 3-6 5-88 1,938 “29 400 3-60 4.95 1,440 Nov. 26 503 4-7 6-20 2,390 May 25 465 4-380 6-10 2,210 Dec. 28 203 1-6 2-60 3702 || June 14 603 4.90 6-95 3,000 1915 Aug. 5 596 4.79 6-65 2,830 Jan. 21 185 1.20 0-10 231 1916 eb. 6 167 1.41 2-15 238 April 26 367 3-00 4-30 1,100 Mar. 9 202 1-62 2-35 327 May 11 398 3.47 4-70 1,340 a 4 230 1-90 2-68 441 Dec. 6 202 0-97 1-80 197 15 354 3-20 4.25 1,140 1§tation established. 2Section probably affected by ice conditions. Note—Rating curve revised 1916, below discharge of 270 cubic feet per second, giving weight to measurement of December 6, 1916. 370 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet Paes Discharge in second-feet an ‘ Month Per | inches on |} Month Per | inches om Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1914 970 120 276 1-53 1-76 260 120 169 0-94 0-98 1,710 200 836 4.64 5-33 2,290 750 1,843 | 10-25 11.44 2,450 870 1,864 | 10-37 11-95, 6,740 590 3,702 | 20-58 22-97 7,700 2,450 4,810 | 26-70 30-78 3,490 2,450 2,940 | 16-34 18-84 2,450 1,400 1,979 | 11-00 14 11,060 500 2,968 | 16.49 19.02 4,820 830 1,529 8-49 47 1,580 350 647 3-59 4-13 11,060 120 1,975 | 10.97 | 142.81 1916 320 130 239 1-33 1°53 3,090 130 757 4-21 4°54 ecsaws : : eee 3,390 470 1,090 6-06 6:99 April.... 6,020 1,120 2,170 | 12-05 13.45 April... 1,920 710 1,320 7°34 8-19 May.... 4,350 1,120 2,410 | 13-40 15-45 May... 4,130 2,060 2,490 | 13-90 16-00 June. ... 4,460 1,990 3,240 | 18-00 20-08 June... 6,980 2,810 4,440 | 24-70 27-60 Tully's sex. 6,260 2,450 4,120 | 22.90 26.40 July... 6,140 2,630 4,080 | .22-70 26-20 Aug..... 5,540 2,450 3,760 | 20-90 24-10 Aug.... 3,910 2,370 3,230 | 18-00 20-80 Sept..... 3,090 970 1,580 8-78 9-80 Sept....| 2,900 750 1,490 8-28 9-24 Oct.....| 4,130 430 1,100 6-11 7-04 Oct... 55 1,120 470 702 3+90 4°50 Nov..... 1,120 350 589 3.27 3-65 Nov.... 470 250 306 1-70 1-90 Dec..... 470 320 362 2-01 2-32 Dec.... 270 150 198 1-10 1-27 Year.... 6,260 220 1,726 9-59 | 130-99 Year... 6,980 130 1,700 9-44 | 128-76 1 For period Nov. 20to 30. 2?Partly estimated. *% For period Sept. 1 to 15. 49—ILLECILLEWAET RIVER—near Revelstoke Drainage area, 480 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—1 mile from the mouth of the river. Records available—Oct. to Dec., 1911 ; May to Dec., 1912 ; April to Nov., 1913 ; Mar. 1 to Dec. 7, 1914 ; Mar. 1 to Dec. 23, 1915 ; Mar. 23 to Dec. 31, 1916. Gauge—Chain gauge on upstream side of second highway bridge ; read daily. Channel—Measuring section is 14 mile below gauge, current at gauge section is very fast in high water, and, at the measuring section, there is a possibility of backwater from the Columbia. during highwater. The control changed in 1916. Diversions—Discharge is partially controlled by the dam and power plant of the city of Revel- stoke. Discharge measurements—Are made from the first traffic bridge Winter flow—Stream freezes during winter months ; anchor and frazil ice may be expected. Accuracy—The results should be within 15 per cent. The chain gauge for some time gave trouble to the reader. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge fs Area of Mean Gauge o Date section | velocity | height | Discharge Date section |-velocity | height | Discharge saa Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet iaiy Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Oct. 13 478 1-40 1-321 670 Nov. 22 431 1-41 2-35 607 1912 1914 Feb. 24 221 0-89 0-702 197 Mar. 17 290 1-64 1-57 478 June 20 890 7-43 6:60 6,610 May 18 704 5-21 4-80 3,670 24 962 7-80 6-90 7,510 June 9 661 5:25 4:70 3,450 July 3 735 5-57 5:60 4,100 “26 820 6-33 5:70 5,190 Aug. 20 583 3-98 4:40 2,320 July 25 763 4:63 4:50 3,540 Sept. 14 514 3-40 3-82 1,750 Aug. 11 556 3:71 3°75 2,060 § Mee a” 498 2-16 3-00 1,080 s 11 658 3°87 3°75 2,500 & “ - ept. 5 506 3°57 3-24 1,8007 May 5 327 3-40 3-00 1,1103 |/- “P 5 682 3-04 3-39 2,0806 we 26 636 8-00 6-11 5,030 3 Oct. 9 364 2-50 2-38 910 June 11 878 6-92 6:55 6,080 oe 9 482 2-16 2°40 1,040 6 Sept. 17 660 3-36 3-90 2,2204 |! Oct. 26 325 2:49 1-95 8 Nore—See line 14, p. 371, for notes. soe STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 371 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS—Continued Area of Mean Gauge : Area of Mean Gauge ‘i Date section velocity height Discharge Date section | velocity height | Discharge 1914 Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Oct. 26 400 . 1:95 705 6 1916 Nov. 17 316 2-27 1°73 718 May 30 678 3:98 4-00 2,700 ® 1915 os 582 4:97 4-00 2,890 10 Mar. 17 278 1-28 1-30 358 July 17 995 6:77 6-50 6,740 11 May 12 630 5°00 4-30 3,150 Aug. 11 763 4-05 3-90 3,090 Oct. 27 407 3:55 2-96 1,440 “16 777 4-16 4-10 3,220 Dec. 1 198 2:19 1°40 433 Sept. 4 858 4:61 4-50 4,060 1916 Nov. 14 341 1:38 0-64 47112 Mar. 21 259 1-71 Ice 444% ‘1 Equivalent reading on new gauge about 2-52. ?New gauge. *Slightly different section. 4 Different section. 5 Atregular measuring section, mn, %At gauge section. 7? Measuring section. *Ice. Upper highway bridge. 1° Lower highway bridge. 11 New rating after June 19. 1?Ice—corrected gauge height, 0-40. MONTHLY SUMMARIES i i -f Run-off i ‘i 5 Run-off Discharge in second-feet depth in Discharge in second-feet depth in Month Per |incheson |} Month Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1912 May... 7,570 1,040 3,340 6-96 8-01 June.... 9,060 3,300 5,790 | 12-08 5+38 July.... 5,750 3,160 3,810 7°94 9-14 Aug. 6,660 1,730 3,490 7°28 8-38 Sept 2,230 810 1,440 3-00 3-35 ‘Oct.2 1,630 660 950 1-98 2+28 Nov. 812 610 657 1-37 1-53 Dec.3 610 459 524 1-09 1-26 1914 i DATO! Wore cosas 545 1-13 1-30 i 2,280 400 1,550 3-23 3-60 ay.. 4,880 2,460 3,790 7-90 9-11 June.. 3,340 5,100 | 10-62 11-85 July. 10-21 | 11-76 Aug 5-77 | 6-65 Sept. 2-81 3-14 Oct. 1-80 2:08 Nov.$ 1-45 1:62 Mar..... 548 215 340 0-71 On82: || Maries spa scotia sos celle ware ale a agases | seers oes April 2,460 548 1,540 3-21 3:57 1-86 2°08 May 3,980 1,990 2,800 5-83 6+72 4-67 5:38 June 4,650 2,460 3,320 6:92 7°72 9-10 10-20 July 4,420 2,880 3,660 7-62 8-78 10-10 11-60 Aug. 4,960 3,480 4,060 8-46 9-75 6-94 8-00 Sept..... 2,880 734 1,380 2-87 3-20 4-25 4:74 Oct.. 1,530 548 919 1-91 2-20 1-68 1-94 Novicsics 1,040 352 574 1-19 1:33 1-01 1-13 DO seg: seu fein wrcauers |S aedacae balla coarel a dieperes new ayer 0:73 0:84 Period...) 4,960 215 2,032 4-30 44-09 Period..| 7,660 !........ 2,150 4:48 45-91 1On Jan. 2, 1912, gauge and all bench marks were destroyed by bridge gang. The 1911 discharges are computed from 1912 rating curve, the difference in datum between gauges being about 1:2 feet. Section was slightly altered by bridge piers, but not sufficiently to affect materially 3 Dec. 1 to 25. 4June 19 to 30. 5 April 6 to 30. 8 Nov. the gauge height-discharge relationship. 7 Partly estimated. 1 to 22. 460 ¢.f.8.; Nov. 29 to Dec. 2, 380 c.f.s.; Dec. 3 to 31, 350 c.f.s. 50—INCOMAPPLEUX RIVER—near mouth Channel—At the gauge the water is swift. DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—2 miles from the mouth, immediately outside the Railway Belt, near Beaton, Upper Arrow lake. Records available—May to Dec., 1914; Apr. to Dec., 1915.* Gauge—Chain gauge situated near Burbridge ranch ; read daily. 2Oct. 13 to 31. 8 Estimated Nov. 13 to 28, The measuring section is satisfactory. Discharge measurements—Six well-distributed measurements were made in 1914. Winter flow—Winter conditions not very severe ; frazil ice may be expected. Accuracy—The measurements should be fairly accurate ; gauge readings are daily but the gauge is not very reliable. Drainage area, 460 square miles * Gauge ‘readings were obtained in 1913 but, due to considerable trouble with gauges, the records are not considered reliable. 372 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION General—This river flows through heavily timbered mountainous country. There are numerous The river is not navigable but is suitable for logging glaciers and extensive snowfields. operations. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge , Area of Mean Gauge 5 Date section | velocity height | Discharge Date section | velocity height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1913 Sept. 4 752 4-01 4°15 3,020 May 8 635 2:80 2°28 1,800 Oct. 27 564 1°65 2:8 935 “28 1,130 7°63 4:90 8,632 Nov. 20 490 1:57 2-6 768 July 8 966 6-16 5:50 5,932 1915 “18 1,056 5+82 5°02 6,130 Mar. 19 445 0-93 Ice 415 - Aug. 11 1,097 5+39 5-60 5,940 May 16 620 - 8°49 3-90 2,160 Sept. 18 830 4:91 4:87 4,080 Sept. 13 554 1:66 2°85 920 Nov. 21 526 1:13 2°40 597 Oct. 26 555 2:24 3°30 1,240 1914 19161 May 21 763 4°46 4:8 3,410 June: 2) | esses see wsl easy cane. 4:45 2,660 June 19 973 5-41 6-1 5,360 AUG 18d secs: ccscaea ce a cavers erect 4:85 3,880 ee 902 6-11 5-6 5,520 BED bs 125 Il secas scscsastauas!| ausaceceare sears: 5-95 4,590. Novi; BU liacee uvoanme Wa saneise san 2-68 22 1 From “Miscellaneous Meter Measurements,” W. R. Paper No. 21. p. 352. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet A Discharge in second-feet Je Month . Per |incheson |/ Month Per | inches on ax. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square |} drainage mile area mileté] area 1914 1915 April chap cstoz tecuctove | oshdeereceeuel [tev exsebusy eves uastte-asa lash hate oneene ore April...{ 3,290 749 1,950 | 4:24 4°73 May.. 4,710 |" 2,470 |" 3,480 | 7-56 |" "8-72" "|| May..-} 5,290] 2,390] 31270] 7-11] 8-20 June.. 7,560 3,100 5,040 | 10:95 12-23 June... 5,960 2,470 3,730 8-11 9-05 July. 8,630 3,030 840 | 12-70 14°63 July... 6,150 3,730 5,010 | 10-90 12-56 Aug.. 5,340 2,260 3,470 754 8-69 Aug.... 6,950 4,000 5,340 | 11-60 13-37 Sept..... 2,960 1,090 1,890 4-10 4:57 Sept.... 3,380 972 1,640 3-57 3-98 Octisnns: 2,260 890 1,360 2-96 3-41 Oct... . 2,240 670 1,150 2°50 2°88 Nov..... ,740 790 1,060 2-30 2-57 Nov.... 1,460 596 797 1:73 1°93 Dec 690) | tsisccszery 400 0-87 1-00 Dec.... 596 310 455 0:99 1:14 Period...| 8,630 ¢........ 2,818 6-13 55-82 Period..! 6,950 310 2,594 5:64 57-84 51—JONES CREEK—at outlet of lake Anderson and Warden, civil engineers, Vancouver. Drainage area, 25 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At outlet of Jones lake, in sec. 28, tp. 3, rge. 27, W. 6th mer. Records available—April, 1910, to Dec., 1916. Co-operation—Records on this stream are collected for the Vancouver Power Co. by Messrs. Drainage area—25 sq. miles ; determined by triangulation survey by Anderson and Warden. Gauge—Vertical staff, fastened to rock-filled crib ; read daily. A Gurley automatic gauge was installed Nov., 1916, at same section and to same datum. Channel—Uniform section, with deep water and good control. Discharge measurements—Well define the rating curve. Winter flow—Open water practically all year. Accuracy—A and B. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge ; Area of M < Date section | velocity | height | Discharge || Date dection sdelectey oe Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet ; 1911 Sept. 11 131 1:3 1-24 175 ee 3 96 0-5 0-50 52 ‘i ae uly 23 128 . . a 104 0-8 0-85 87 1915 he Hee — April 23 119 . ‘ July 24 180 2:3 2°06 411 T916 ae une i July 14 162 1:90 1:80 309 STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 373 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet Run-off Discharge in second-feet Run-off depth in ne eee er ees deptnuin Month 2 Per |incheson || Month | | Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. | Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area tile area 1910 401 95 161 6°44 7-19 745 191 327 | 13-08 15:07 419 168 256 | 10-24 11-43 320 168 217 8-68 9-99 191 86 146 5°84 6-73 106 59 82 3-28 3:66 456 157 260 | 10-40 11-99 Pins 619 136 295 | 11-80 13-17 DC iscacaica sll sree acevertice locere cece to Haverave'a: Sool exeea: nee. oveifded eeyokele ove Dec.... 179 96 139 5-56 6-40 Period sujal asics cccliess dared epee at aPlats eer aliens Se Period. . 745 59 209 8-36 85-63 1911 1912 366 42 95 3°80 4°38 Jan.... 205 55 85 3-40 3:91 42 24 32 1:28 1-33 _ 190 80 139 5:56 5-98 106 20 47 1-88 2-17 74 49 56 2-24 2-58 147 68 91 3°64 4-05 70 55 63 2-52 2°81 335 147 229 9-16 10-55 320 70 196 7°84 9°04 619 226 356 | 14-24 15-90 380 170 277 | 11-08 12-37 437 226 317 | 12-68 14-60 245 155 211 8-44 9°73 214 126 167 6-68 7:68 320 120 179 7°16 8-25 437 96 172 6: 88 7:68 130 60 91 3-64 4:05 86 42 63 2°52 2-90 120 55 80 3°20 3-68 384 35 137 5-48 6:11 320 70 156 6-24 6:95 179 68 115 4-60 5-30 180 70 96 3-84 4:42 619 20 152 6-08 82:65 380 55 135 5-40 73°77 1913 1914 80 52 59 2°36 2°72 Jan.... 680 60 173 6-92 7:98 260 49 90 3°60 3-74 Feb.... 70 45 57 2°28 2°37 80 55 67 2°68 3:09 Mar.... 180 65 109 4°36 5:03 180 52 95 3-80 4-23 April... 280 85 158 6-32 7-05 395 89 242 9°68 11-16 May... 280 140 223 8-92 10:28 520 320 398 | 15-92 17-78 June... 310 150 221 8-84 9-86 425 275 350 | 14-00 16-14 July... 295 120 213 8-52 9:82 290 145 204 8-16 9-40 Aug.... 140 90 119 4-76 5-49 485 98 179 7-16 7°98 Sept.... 190 70 114 4-56 5:09 610 74 199 7-96 9-17 Oct... . 165 70 96 3-84 4°43 320 98 171 6-84 7:64 Nov.... 325 140 215 8-60 9-60 180 55 85 3:40 3°91 Dec.... 150 50 73 2-92 3-37 610 49 178 7:12 96-96 Year... 680 45 148 592 80:37 1915 1916 65 45 53 2-12 2°44 85 50 59 2-36 2°72 47 45 46 1-84 1-92 390 47 137 5-48 5-91 120 45 71 2-84 3:27 530 92 207 8-28 9-55 495 92 180 7-21 8-04 227 120 157 6-28 7°01 255 85 152 6:07 7-00 375 190 263 | 10-50 12-10 200 120 159 6°35 7-08 660 255 403 | 16-10 18-00 190 120 150 6-00 6-92 425 255 357 | 14:30 16-50 140 100 113 4-52 5-21 270 130 202 8-08 9-32 92 50 66 2:64 2-95 165 78 108 4°32 4:82 565 50 157 6-28 7:24 215 50 77 3-08 3-55 375 85 134 5-36 5-97 495 100 232 9-28 10:40 227 70 116 4:64 5:35 120 55 84 3-36 3-87 565 45 116 4-64 63-39 660 47 190 7:62 | 103-75 52—JORDAN RIVER—near mouth Drainage area, 60 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—Half-mile above mouth. ; Records available—Jan., 1908, to Dec., 1911 ; after which date the flow was controlled by the Jor- dan River development of the British Columbia Electric Railway Co. Drainage area—Above mouth, 60 sq. miles ; above diversion, about 50 sq. miles. Winter flow—Open water all year. Co-operation—The following summaries are computed from records supplied by the British Columbia Electric Railway Co. 374 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES : : iS Run-olf ‘ : Li Run-off Discharge in second-feet aanthan Discharge in second-feet depth in Month Per |incheson |} Month Per |incheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1908 1909 Jan..... 4,680 160 896 | 14-93 17-20 Jan.... 7,040 125 1,301 | 21-68 25-00 Feb.....] 7,000 160 770 | 12-83 13-84 Feb....} 7,320 195 1,032 | 17-20 17°91 Mar..... 7,700 200 1,295 | 21-58 24+88 Mar.... 2,565 330 525 8°75 10-08 April....] 4,300 300 722 | 12-03 13-43 April...] . 3,010 330 626 | 10-43 11-64 May.... 1,000 250 417 6-95 8-00 May... 1,110 330 556 9-27 10-68 June.... 280 100 193 3-20 3-57 June... 745 115 290 4-83 5°38 July....}- 220 10 |, 53 0-88 1-01 July... 480 60 115 1:92 2-21 Aug..... 70 10 17 0:28 0-32 Aug.... 823 41 114 1-90 2°19 Sept..... 180 25 47 0-78 0-87 Sept. .. 560 57 106 1:77 1-98 Octisc2. 1,990 25 277 4:62 5°31 Oets os 1,690 70 405 |. 6°75 777 Nov..... 11,900 130 1,729 | 28-82 32°15 Nov....| 12,340 190 2,444 | 40°73 45-45 WDCC Feiss el grasa's cateact lta tcceeisys Maal Guars. s-sumtena| Sverre Mas aopameas Dec.... 6,020 0 744 | 12-40 14-29 Period...! 11,900 10 583 9-72 | 120-58 Year...! 12,340 0 688 | 11-47 | 154:58 1910 1911 Jan..... 7,210 5 919 | 15-32 17-66 Jan.... 3,610 275 912 | 15-20 17°53 Feb..... 6,860 160 753 | 12-55 13-06 Feb.... 540 190 262 4°37 4-55 oe 6,350 300 1,185 | 19-75 22-77 Mar.... 2,580 155 579 9-65 11-12 April.... 1,740 370 657 | 10:95 12-22 April... 1,300 275 555 9-25 10-33 May.... 1,010 320 588 9-80 11-30 May... 2,725 540 1,005 | 16-75 19-32 June.... 345 90 193 3-22 3-59 June... 1,010 160 366 6-10 6-80 July.... 116 26 53 0-88 1-01 July... 160 60 86 1:43 1:65 Aug..... 48 15 20 0-33 0:38 Aug.... 60 40 48 0-80 0-92 Sept..... 92 1 16 0-27 0-30 Sept.... 680 20 136 2-27 2°53 OC becca 6,348 129 1,028 | 17-13 19-75 Oct... . 680 40 117 1:95 2-25 Nov..... 10,530 320 1,687 | 28-12 31-37 Nov.... 9,770 60 1,774 | 29-57 33-00 Dec..... 6,010 320 1,329 | 22-15 25-53 Dec.... 8,060 370 1,455 | 24-25 27-95 Year....! 10,530 1 702 | 11:70 158-94 Year... 9,770 20 608 | 10-13 | 137:95 1Gauge washed out, no records available. 53—KASLO CREEK—near mouth Drainage area, 170 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At the second highway bridge above the mouth in Kaslo, Kootenay lake. Records available—May 23, 1914, to Dec. 31,1915 ; Mar. 1 to Dec. 31, 1916. Gauge—Chain gauge; read daily. Channel—Bed of stream is rough and broken, with boulders, and shifts slightly. The water flows swiftly and at a slight angle to the section. Discharge measurements—Are made from the bridge. Winter flow—Creek freezes over during cold spells, but seldom for more than two weeks at a time ; frazil ice is often present. Accuracy—Rating curve seems fairly good. The results should be within 15 per cent. Results’ for 1916 are considered to be within 5 per cent up to discharge of 3,000 sec. ft. General—Kaslo creek and its tributaries are still used for mining purposes, and, near the mouth , the town of Kaslo has a water-power development for lighting purposes. The C.P. Ry. from Kaslo to Sandon and Rosebery follows the valley of the North fork. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge : A f 5 e Date section | velocity | height | Discharge |/ Date Becton ees pane Discharge — Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet < Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet » 10 2 : . 282 ee | | GS) 8) Bee eel ae | aan | ome une : 75 3,270 Mar. 21 117 2-15 0-94 252 July 22 191 3-86 1-95 737 |) June 13 270 7-25 3-00 1,960 Sept. 23 131 2-70 1-25 354 B30) 260 7-42 3-05 1,930 Nov: ee 96 2-04 0-85 195 || Aug. 1 202 4-75 2-28 955 mr" 95 157 2-83 1-52 444 Mar. 3 82 1-22 0-40 101 Sept. 3 153 2-80 1:52 428 May 10 266 6:57 2-80 1,750 22 119 2-02 1-10 241 July 25 192 4-04 2-00 Dee. 1 103 1-37 0:56 141 STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 375 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet Run-off Discharge in second-feet Runoff depth in hn Reo ene en ee we depth in Month |. . Per |incheson || Month Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1914 DAS says watay eee van Mupma atresia leg ed Leese al ates wea ats [lag lesgcastgaues June... 4,160 1,420 2,390 | 14-06 15-70 Duby nes ace lies eocaniscn.aalfverarhate rcanitl| ire-a Saavt cela een ue Revco aus toate July...| 3,040 790 1,750 | 10°29 | 11-86 AUG sg Mo veeteneea soutien arate Peed sees [ane S| exe eae. Aug.... 880 355 495 | 2-91 3:36 Beptas sacl ciatee a lasaeeuta tameriaaies |seteaeal maaan Sept.... 684 245 375 2+20 2-46 OG bessiay ea] NS oacrasnn| boapehaadracons [Necars santa] ec Meares ol eaaavacs conan ees Oct.... 395 220 289 1-70 1-96 INovescaille teresa wetttes scaver teiiececaedveu. |e caren all caesar Nov.... 458 182 291 1-71 1-91 Dec iscaliea-scdensnies isha ESAS CRIA a eM dase Dec. 192 115 133 0-78 0-90 Year ahierstellbcaskaatoia ca Gacall esis SaSonipremanl ia catsoee poner ba saa Roce Period 4,160 115 818 4°82 13-35 1915 1916 JanJ.... 138 94 110 0-65 0-75 EDA 3,5: oi Ssssayers caver |Acansnereal wins oaaille aie od areas on Feb. 118 77 90 0-53 0-55 Pe Disivic | sacrearveg| se csadl eatearaeei cman a gered Mar..... 298 82 160 0:94 1-08 Mar. 288 104 166 0-98 1-13 April 1,260 247 645 3°79 4:23 April... 905 210 437 2-57 2°87 ay 1,910 946 1,270 7:47 8-61 May... 1,930 700 1,120 6:59 7:60 June 1,790 1,020 1,300 7-64 8-52 June... 6,790 1,150 2,940 | 17-30 19-30 July 1,510 756 1,110 6°53 7-53 July... 3,760 820 1,980 | 11-60 13-40 Aug.. 818 427 579 3-41 3:93 Aug.... 950 382 586 3-44 3-97 Sept..... 383 | 220 285 1-68 1:87 Sept.... 560 225 316 1-86 2°07 Oct 410 190 264 1-55 1:79 Oct.... 225 156 180 1:06 1-22 Nov..... 330 157 231 1-36 1:52 Nov.... 216 124 150 0-88 0-98 Dec... 205 138 157 0:92 1:06 Dec.... 140 80 109 0:64 0-74 Year 1,910 773 517 3-04 41-44 Period..! 6,790 80 798 4°69 53+ 28 1 Partly estimated. 2Ice conditions obtained Jan. 23 to Feb. 6; mean discharge estimated. # Feb. 20. 54—KETTLE RIVER—at Carson Drainage area, 2,390 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At Carson, 4 miles south of Grand Forks. Records available—Sept. 5 to Dec. 31, 1913 ; Jan. 1 to 22, and Feb. 25 to Dec. 9, 1914 ; Mar. 1 to Nov. 30, 1915 ; Mar. 1 to Dec. 30, 1916. Gauge—Movable staff gauge, situated on downstream side of highway bridge 4 miles from Grand Forks: Changed to chain gauge Mar. 20, 1915. Channel—Straight at measuring section ; bed of stream gravel and sand ; control good. Discharge measurements—Are made from highway bridge. Winter flow—Partial ice conditions prevail during December, January and February. Accuracy—Is considered good, and results should fall within 10 per cent. General—This station gives the discharge of the Kettle river as it flows north across the inter- national boundary before joining the Granby river at Grand Forks. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge Z Area of Mean Gauge : Date section velocity: height "| Discharge Date section | velocity height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1914 ae ae 1,022 4:20 4:98 4,300 May 19 1,460 , 5-37 7°45 7,840 1 Jane 9 1,161 3:62 5-65 4,2001 || Mar. 11 585 0-53 1-92 310 July 23 693 0-99 2°50 6841 |) June 23 1,219 3-90 6-00 4,759 Aug. 24 560 0:39 1-70 2211 | aes 9 748 1-34 3-11 1,001 1915 1 ‘sie 20 615 0-52 1:96 3242 || Jan. 17 266 QEDIS _Wastssceae rane 136 3 1 Gauge height to datum new gauge. * New gauge, established Mar. 20, 1915. ! Ice. * Revised value based on recent measurements. 376 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES Dischargein seoond-feet___| doth in |__Disebargein sosond-fost | dorth in Month Per |incheson |} Month Per | inches on , Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1913 1914 555 375 453 0-19 0-16 alte aeolian of sane ga ace aes a 5,575 722 3,449 | 1-44 1:61 13,470 4,275 7,0 2-93 3°39 7,065 2,560 4,365 1°83 2°04 2,45 490 1,230 | 0-52 0-60 490 221 37: 0-16 0-18 760 180 343 0-14 0-16 1,155 490 717 | 0-30 0:34 Als 685 831 ] 0°35 0-39 685 O50 linieesan| tae tal eeeszarne 3 13,470 180 1,700 | 0°71 9-11 1916 Mar..... 620 320 414 0:17 0-20 Mar. 540 200 365 0-15 0-17 April 5,000 760 2,930 1-23 1°37 April 3,920 570 1,640 0-69 0-77 May ,560 4,100 5,980 2-50 2-88 May 9,340 3,330 5,090 2-13 2°46 June 6,340 1,930 3,274 1:37 1-53 June 8,150 4,590 5,730 2°39 2-67 July 3,630 1,780 2,392 1-00 1-15 July 9,340 1,350 3,390 1-42 1-64 Aug 2,180 460 1,003 0-42 0-48 Aug 1,300 890 0:37 0-43 Sept..... 20 345 389 0-16 0-18 Sept 600 400 480 0-20 Q- 22 ct, 685 320 422 0-18 0-21 Oct. 420 340 390 0-16 0-18 Nov..... 620 320 460 0-19 0-21 Nov.... 415 260 305 0-13 0-14 DSO paras. | axetenre cargos | Pevestzes-ecciee| beeen ce. emaveneravavea ev caranteoeas dee Dec.... 250 150 200 | 0-08 0-09 Period...| 9,560 320 1,918 | 0-80 8-21 Period..! 9,340 150 1,850 | 0°77 8-77 1 For period Sept. 5 to 30. 2 Jan. 1to 22. ?Dec.1to9. ‘Partly estimated. Ice conditions during Feb. and part of Jan. and Dec. 55—KETTLE RIVER—near Nicholson bridge Drainage area, 1,620 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At Nicholson bridge, near Rock creek. Records available—Mar. 1 to Dec. 11, 1914 ; Feb. 18 to Nov. 30, 1915 ; Mar. 1 to Nov. 13, 1916 Gauge—Standard vertical staff gauge, situated on pier of highway bridge ; read daily. Channel—Is straight for about 500 feet above and below section ; average width, 150 feet ; bed. gravel and sand, considered permanent. Velocity is high and control good. : Discharge measurements—Four during 1914, two in 1915, and three in 1916 agree well. Winter flow—Ice conditions exist during January and February. Accuracy—Considered high, results should be within 5 per cent, except at extreme high water. General—This station gives the flow of the Kettle river above Midway and above Boundary creek, DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge | Area of Mean Gauge ‘ Date section | velocity | height | Discharge Date section | velocity height Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1914 June 9 682 4°16 4°85 2,844 May 20 1,063 5°75 5:00 6,104 1916 June 7 869 4-86 3:79 4,225 Mar. 17 182 1:45 1°59 263 July 19 329 2-03 0:36 668 June 21 955 4:76 6-07 4,549 Aug. 27 184 0:78 —0:80 144 Aug. 7 354 2-22 2-58 786 1915 1917 Mar. 25 301 1-50 2:05 466 Jan. 14 124 O81 esis satus 100! 1 Under ice cover. * Revised value based on recent measurements. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 377 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet Run-off Discharge in second-feet Runoff depth in depth in Month Per |incheson |} Month Per |incheson Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1914 200 430] 0-27] 0-31 735 | 3,007] 1:85 | 2-07 3,630 | 5,800] 3-58 | 4-12 2,092 | 4,142] 2-55 | 2-85 265 873 | 0-54] 0-62 130 193 | 0-12 | 0-14 120 259 | 0-16] 0-18 320 | 502 | 0-31 | 0-36 390 587 | 0-36] 0-40 BOE ll seeichs srexiscel| evereseestavel] aSeecneronspeneee 120 1,755 1:08 11-05 1916 Mar..... 690 170 300 0-19 0-22 Mar 350 250 290 0-18 0-21 April 5,320 720 2,928 1°81 2-02 April 3,480 350 1,280 0-79 0-88 ay 8,080 4,040 5,521 3-41 3-92 May 7,730 2,460 4,460 2-75 3-17 June 5,000 1,480 2,603 1:61 1-80 June 8,010 4,250 5,250 3:24 3-62 July 3,580 1,440 2,050 1-26 1-45 July 7,220 950 2,620 1-62 1:87 Aug. 1,600 280 0:42 0-48 Aug 850 330 5 0-35 0-40 Sept..... 70 180 225 0-14 0-16 Sept 360 220 280 0-17 0-19 Oct. 515 165 268 0-17 0-20 Oct. 270 170 220 0-14 0-16 Nov..... 430 330 381 0-24 0-27 Nov.... 200 150 170 0-10 0-11 D6 Oi s:sy5:0 ees eanescc ioecia Vasiod arate) 2 aua Reo Gt a Se Shi larnsll to stancesn vas Dec.... 150 100 130 0-08 0-09 Period...1 8,080 165 1,662 1-03 10-52 Period..! 8,010 100 1,530 0-94 10-70 1¥For period Dec. 1 to 11. *For period Mar. to Nov. 56—KHATADA RIVER—near mouth Drainage area, 60 square miles (eceoneniaenioeppeeeenepeeronseeenne teasgnesiapasc a, DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—Near the mouth of Khatada river below lake Brutinel. Khatada river is a tributary of the Skeena river, on south bank, about 17 miles above Essington. Records available—Dec. 7, 1911, to Dec. 6, 1912. Drainage area—60 sq. miles ; determined by triangulation survey. The drainage area includes several glaciers and snowfields. General—The following summary has been compiled from records taken and supplied by Messrs. Ritchie, Agnew & Co., engineers, Prince Rupert. This firm, in 1911, 1912 and 1013, made a careful study of the power possibilities of Khatada river and Falls creek, with a view to their future development for power supply to Prince Rupert and district. MONTHLY SUMMARIES A : bs Run-off i ; ie Run-off Discharge in second-feet depth in Discharge in second-feet depth in Month Per inches on Month i Per ane 1e8 on ; é , raina, Mean sq. mile arpinens ean sq. mile pea 1912 93 1°55 1-79 August......... 314 5°25 6-02 178 2°97 3:18 September...... 377 6-28 7-00 94 1:57 1°81 October........ 472 7:87 9-07 217 3°61 4-02 November...... 354 5:90 6-58 452 7-53 8-67 December!..... 344 5-73 6-60 495 8:25 9+20 468 7:80 8-99 VGA? es occu ye 330 5-50 72:93 1 Includes Dec. 1-6, 1912, and Dec. 7-31, 1911. 57—KICKING HORSE RIVER—near mouth Drainage area, 700 square miles. DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—On old highway bridge, in town of Golden. Records available—Open seasons, 1912 to 1916, also metering under ice conditions. Gauge—Vertical staff gauge ; read two or three times daily. 378 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Channel—Straight for 200 yards above and below the station ; control is a gravel bar about 200 At high stages water also flows in side channel. yards downstream from section. Discharge measurements—Are made from the bridge, and are considered accurate. Winter flow—Ice conditions prevail and stream becomes choked with anchor ice ; frazil ice will be found practically up to source. Accuracy—The channel shifts slightly, and new rating curves are plotted from time to time. The results should be within 10 per cent. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge . Area of | , Mean Gauge A Date section | velocity beiehe Discharge Date section | velocity | height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet ; Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1911 1914 Oct. 18 280 1-7 1:72 464 Feb. .28 284 0-98 Ice 2782 1912 June 11 644 5°51 4-25 3,550 Feb. 22 185 OF93: [sees ees 172 July 28 605 5-12 4:10 3,100 May 24 430 4:3 3°46 1,840 Aug. 6 692 5:94 4-50 4,110 June 4 372 2:7 2°64 999 Sept. 11 391 3-30 2-9 1,290 8 567 4:2 3-9 2,3901 || Oct. 14 329 2-77 2°32 912 “24 928 6-4 5-64 5,9701 1915 July 12 654 52 4-6 3,3401 Mar. 2 308 0-50 Ice 1543 “26 604 4:7 4:26 2,830! || May 15 434 3-92 3-20 1,700 Sept. 26 363 2:8 2-48 1,0301 a 423 3-78 3°05 1,600 Oct. 1 351 2:6 2-36 930 July 5 739 6:97 4-95 5,160 1913 ed 765 6-95 5-00 5,320 May 22 431 3-67 2:97 1,540 Oct. 26 282 1-94 1:89 8 July 5 654 5-60 4°52 3,660 1916 on 5 654 5:50 4°52 3,580 July 13 1,070 7:47 6-49 7,960 Sept. 4 712 6-47 4:90 4,610 Aug. 17 690 3-62 4:73 2,300 Nov. 29 277 1-40 1-55 384 ne raed 550 2-89 4-12 1,600 Nov. 8 408 1-18 2-73 483 1 Water flowing in side channel. 2? Not reliable, frazilice. * Ice conditions. MONTHLY SUMMARIES ; < 5 Run-off ‘i : 4 Run-off Discharge in second-feet depth in Discharge in second-feet . denthan Month Per |incheson |} Month Per |incheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. | Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1912 ADE Mise [is siasscccis| | Gcarneiasntiel| tstebancestvccul nce ssacoadcell Gubyex cetsetcohe April}. 365 180 224 0:32 0-26 DVL Yate dsr'[basane coxetcnsl] haroteaaxanatestellonis aneconanscall onccsiuactal tansy vnsteteazencey May. 2,760 295 1,410 2°01 2°32 VINE a ers ce] ron ers xe cernl| a gitsredonerain [Porsvaioa a cerave | witorseanai cl ase sienetenecae June 5,870 980 3,570 5-10 5:68 DULY ssc, gall eso noveneeetdd exay anevandie5 cif esvenayertyayacall ave vonnunsall nedgacaveeeestee July 3,480 2,560 3,080 4-40 5°07 AUG ise orl eaccansavdisl eaters oie nese anata 4 mhevetvea ate [lateseeas deters Aug. 6,720 2,250 3,230 4-61 5:30 ISO bein jscan [acne keel wa anesen all aaa wes emvecnace | Mame aeees Sept. 2,190 830 1,530 2°19 2-44 OCG a oiescall gonncs cee tenes tee deat [siya etalon ete Vettes cn cnt Oct 2 1,000 400 731 1:04 1:20 1913 1914 April 3.. 1,260 650 836 1-20 0-71 AO TAM 23 [ eesetic: nada Sel ose acess ea on moee tial ot late el aeaine tats (o May... 6,320 416 1,817 2-60 3-00 May 3,800 1,040 2,220 3:17 3-66 June.... 9,580 3,390 2,760 3-94 4-40 June 8,510 3,030 5,140 7-34 8-19 July... 5,660 2,500 4,020 5:70 6:57 July 7,910 3,070 5,460 7-80 8-99 Aug 4,760 2,250 3,430 4:90 5:65 Aug. 4,750 2,100 3,160 4°51 5-20 Sept..... 4, 1,420 2,060 2:94 3°28 Sept. 2,630 830 1,480 2-11 2°35 Oct... 1,420 650 93 1°34 1-54 Oct... . 1,520 563 914 1:30 1-50 NOVasiens 730 181 493 0-70 0-78 Nov.... 647 185 454 0-65 0-72 WD eC psicndienucniteesll cata wae, a0. een ene aoe Naren tee oiaacc sl Dee As: B85: Wessun 248 0-35 0-40 1915 1916 April... . 1,520 266 751 1:07 1-19 April... 375 0-53 0-59 May... 3,750 1,620 2,310 3°30 3:80 May... 1,330 1-90 2-19 -June. 7,840 1,950 3,590 5-13 5:72 June.. 4,300 6°14 6°85 July.... 6,510 3,470 5,030 7-19 8+ 29 July... 5,050 7-21 8-31 Aug..... 5,490 3,600 4,380 6-26 7-22 Aug.... 2,680 3°83 4:42 Sept..... 2,880 785 1,410 2-01 2°24 Sept.... 1,720 2-46 2°75 bin 9 460 639 0-91 1-05 Oct.... 681 0-97 1:12 Nov..... 690 250 443 | 0:63 0-70 Nov.5,. 469 | 0:67 0-75 Decisis |yimsn aa gl ata will areata eral nasa laguna Dec.5...].. 350 | 0-50 0:58 Period...|_ 7,840 250 2,319 | 3-31 30-21 Period..} 14,200 |........ 1,880 | 2-69 | 27°56 1¥For period April the discharge dropped to 95 sec. ft. (open conditions at gauge). 3¥or period April 15 to 30. 1912 about middle of 19 to 30. November. In 1911 freeze-up occurred on Nov. 11; on Nov. 9, due possibly to ice jam above, Channel opened in 1912 on April8. 2Freeze-up in 4Partly estimated. Gauge height-discharge rela- rtion affected by ice and discharge estimated from gauge records; discharge measurements and climatic conditions, Nov. 13 to 30, 450 sec. ft., Dec., as shown. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 379 58—KICKING HORSE RIVER—near Field Drainage area, 130 square miles. DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—Below mouth of Yoho river, on the first traffic bridge, 314 miles east of Field. Records available—June to Nov., 1912 ; June to Dec., 1913 ; June to Dec., 1914 ; April to Dec., 1915; Jan. to Dec., 1916. Gauge—Chain gauge is used, referenced to 3 bench marks; read three or more times a week ; daily during May to September, 1915. ’ Channel—Is straight for 50 yards above and below the station ; bed, gravelly. The water is very swift during freshet and the control shifted slightly in 1914 and again in 1915. The river is confined between bridge abutments at all stages. Discharge measurements—Are made from the traffic bridge. Winter flow—The river near Field is generally frozen for three or four months and frazil ice is always apt to be a menace. Accuracy—Fair. A slight shift in the channel was noted, but the 1912 rating curve was still used in 1914; new curves in 1915 and 1916. General—An interesting feature of the run-off conditions on this stream is the diurnal variation due to the melting of the glaciers and snowfields ; on a hot, clear day, the difference be-. tween the minimum and maximum flow may exceed 2,000 sec.-ft. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge ‘ Area of Mean Gauge Date section velocity height | Discharge Date section velocity height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1912 July 29 227 6-49 55 ,470 June 6 120 2:46 4-4 295 Sept. 12 137 2-84 43 390 Me 125 403 8-88 7-0 3,600 a dai 116 2°35 4-10 272 “26 488 9-65 7:6 4,710 Oct. 16 103 1:93 3°65 199 So 329) 325 8-05 6-4 2,620 1915 July 2 272 714 6:0 1,940 Mar. 10 45 0-90 Ice 411 Aug. 13 192 5-00 5°35 963 May 9 168 4.57 4-80 769 Oct. 2 102 2°10 3-70 214 vt abe 125 2-60 4°10 324 Nov. 19 74 1-60 3-10 116 July 3 207 6-39 5-30 1,320 1913 “14 230 6-61 5-70 1,520 May 22 126 2-40 4°15 300 Oct. 20 68 1-63 3-40 111 July 3 220 5+82 5:70 1,280 Nov. 27 60 1-20 3-15 72 “28 300 7-40 6:30 2,220 1916 “30 206 5-90 5:55 1,200 April 3 63 0-65 2-70 41% st = SE 281 7-70 6-20 2,190 June 18 273 6-78 6-45 1,850 Aug. 28 297 7-80 6°30 2,300 July 2 240 5-92 5-90 1,420 Sept. 12 155 3+20 4:80 496 Aug. 10 158 3-65 4-95 582 ec. 1 55 1-55 2°95 86 “30 271 6-16 6-30 1,670 1914 Nov. 7 70 1-59 3-36 111 June 14 218 6-41 5:6 1,410 1Ice conditions. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Zl " ; -off Discharge in second-feet ee Discharge in second-feet apt Month Per |incheson |} Month . Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1912 DUNG 555] werscereaualliers, Saeehns, dlealsuenn need ae seeds. ace eeas June...| 4,380} 200 1,880 | 14-46 { 16-15 DAM Pe sceiins | tears cual end Ayancoh ae ap MAS | echt one IP ov ARs July... 2,760 1,260 1,920 | 14-77 17-02 RUC arabes sastige arty Nite Saute ce ll ta dbe Beton ceeilbeccetcrcbend | evepeaoun eoencer Aug.... 4,180 670 2,120 | 16-30 18-80 BODE ccc [estes ceoant [ae araenave s [oaneca’s sae iow Sunanesal| Goemamene Sept.... 595 185 340 2-61 2-91 OSE patie cpuwa te cnalllaxa coryeyesen ber storea ees | eenietiotensl| I aveueeseaeays Oct.... 200 130 159 1-22 1-41 ees cools anion ada ese Piney mart siaee ace laa plea at meses ae Nov.... 120 120 120 0.92 1.03 1913 1914 June.... 2,870 810 1,700 | 13-08 14-60 June... 2,180 560 1,500 | 11-54 12-89 July.... 3,050 715 ,870 | 14-40 16-60 July... 3,260 1,050 2,250 | 17-31 19-95 Aug..... 2,870 810 1,900 | 14-61 16-85 Aug.... 2,660 925 1,770 | 13-61 15-70 Sept..... 910 300 502 3-86 4-31 Sept.... 1,250 192 485 3-73 4-16 Oct..... 275 115 163 1-25 1.44 Octense 275 125 196 1-51 1-74 Nov..... 115 95 106 0.82 0-91 Nov.... 148 110 126 0.97 1-08 Dec..... 95 75 82 0-63 0-73 Dec.... 110 100 108 0-83 0-96 Period... 3,050 75 903 6-94 55-44 Period. 3,260 100 919 7-06 56-48 10n June 26, a maximum flow of 4,760 was recorded ; this lasted for a few hours only, the mean for the day being 4,380., 380 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES—Continued a ; ee Run-off ‘ : is Run-off Discharge in second-feet desthan Discharge in second-feet depth in Month Per | inches on || Month - Per | inches on Max. Min. drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage area le area, 1916 DAU s,s wales nea a ncaa setae eens apitaaieed oles somes oath Walla, ['s neeas nce eee iateceu 45 0-35 0-40 Web ics axis levies sutcaoa sil aniactsteaual ated Seen nue aes orll| MCD se esas sears | cae st ceed 40 0-31 0-33 NESE ae cseiss bows re isseceavel| ecaviegavelaceealftand si tye quasellena@hyen eae neatmee: oft ||| AVE AK cerca | aus: seepore al] ekege th ote 41 0-31 0-36 April 305 45 1-04 55 34 43 0-33 0-37 May 1,030 266 4.29 186 55 148 1-14 1-31 June 2,000 449 8-18 2,480 166 1,080 8-31 9.27 July 2,600 1,220 15-80 1,900 725 1,190 9-15 10-05 Aug 3,500 2,060 25-70 1,790 560 913 7-02 8-09 Sept. 3,060 8-13 1,380 186 622 4.78 5-33 Oct 284 112 1-68 114 169 1-30 1-50 Nov 112 69 0275) |b Novecsslecce nes Yee nee 93 0-71 0-79 Dec.? 69 5B [bie amaia tailed eace-acal tee eoevexceeall Vf ADOC ba iste coe Se Lares erent 65 0-50 0-58 Period... 3,500 45 65-57 2,480 |........ 371 2-85 38-83 2Dec. 1 to 25; after 25th ice conditions obtained. *Gauge height-discharge relation affected by ice and discharge estimated from gauge records, meter measurements and climatic conditions, for months of Jan., Feb., Mar., Nov. and Dec., as shown. 59—KICKING HORSE RIYER—near No. 2 Tunnel Drainage area, 50 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—Above mouth of Yoho river, immediately above C.P.R. bridge over the Kicking Horse between Nos. 1 and 2 tunnels ; 5 miles east of Field. Records available—July to Oct., 1912 ; April, 1913, to Dec., 1915 ; July to Dec., 1916. Gauge—Vertical staff ; read once or twice daily. Channel—Is straight for 25 yards above and below the section. The control (1916) is permanent, (Compare Water Supply Papers Nos. 1, 8, 14, 18 and 21.) Discharge measurements—Are made from the bridge or by wading. Accuracy—At high water, the measuring section is not very satisfactory. The results are prob” ably within 20 to 25 per cent ; in 1916, 10 per cent. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge . Area of Mean Gauge ‘ Date section | velocity height | Discharge Date section | velocity height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1912 Aug. 7 57-8 5-16 2-15 300 3 June 28 110-0 4-01 5-00 470 Sept. 12 28-6 3-19 1-20 91.43 July 2 83-5 3-58 4-20 299 ‘ 21 39-2 2-76 1-20 1084 Aug. 5 94.4 3-94 4-45 378 Oct. 16 27.2 3-08 0-95 83-83 Petes 81-0 3-33 3-85 270 1915 Oct. 2 26-6 2.24 2-08 59-51 || Mar. 10 11-8 0-77 0-35 9-065 Nov. 19 11-5 2-70 1-73 30-81 || May 9 44-1 4.53 2-10 200 1913 ae ly 30-7 2-78 1-40 85-5 May 21 28.2 2-50 2-45 73-3 July 3 72-8 5-83 3-70 424 July 3 80-5 4-00 3-85 320 ane 66-8 5-84 3:80 390 “28 89-6 3-72 3-90 335 Oct. 20 12.2 3-48 0.80 42.1 “30 63-5 3-60 2-502 230 Nov. 27 9-27 2-40 0-48 22-2 Aug. 28 64.4 3-92 2-38 252 1916 Dee. 1 10-8 2-40 0-90 25-3 June 18 112-0 7-33 5-55 822 1914 July 2 85-2 6.28 4.30 535 June 14 69-0 5-84 3-40 403 3 Aug. 30 44.1 4.17 2-38 184 Julyd 29 51-1 5-16 1-95 264 8 Nov. 7 14-0 2-13 0-56 29-8 1 Different section. ?Gauge datum raised one foot. *From C.P.R. bridge. ‘Wading, different section. % Ice conditions. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 381 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet Run-off Discharge in second-feet Runoff ——— ee depth ain: pa es ep than' Month ‘, Per | inches on || Month Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1912 360 256 310 6-20 7-13 784 175 334 6-68 7-70 150 60 100 2-00 2-23 60 40 50 1-00 1-15 1914 23 23 23 0-46 0-53 23 15 19 0-38 0-40 15 15 15 0-30 0-35 77 15 29 0-58 0.65 . 241 90 | 153 3-06 | 3-53 June 770 222 438 8-76 9-77 June 537 145 302 6-04 6-74 July 491 187 341 6-82 7-86 July 440 230 328 6-56 7-56 Aug 517 204 291 5-82 6-71 Aug 367 166 236 4.72 5-44 Sept 351 96 170 3-40 3-79 Sept. 230 63 121 2-42 2-70 Oct, 96 42 60 1-20 1-38 Oct, 138 40 83-5 1.67 1-92 ‘Nov..... 42 25 32 0-64 0-71 Nov 40 31 32-8 0-66 0-74 Dec.1.... 21 21 21 0.42 0-48 Dec. 31 19 26-7 0-53 0-61 Period... 770 17 165 3-30 33-73 Year. 537 15 114 2-28 31-17 1915 IBD so e.0rs 12-6 12-6 12-6 0-25 0-29 12.6 8-8] 10-2] 0-20] 0:22 12-6 8-8 10 0-20 0-23 78 12-6 35 0-70 0-78 214 80 118 2-36 2-72 832 112 278 5-56 6-20 496 251 412 8.24 9-50 409 262 321 6.42 7-40 259 61 95 1-89 2-11 61 36 44 0-88 1-02 36 19 26 0-52 0-58 24 19 20 0-40 0-46 832 8.8 115 2-30 31-51 Period.. e poe 1913, partly estimated. *No gauge reader available Jan. to June. Discharge estimated Dec. 11 to 31, c.f.3, 60—KOKSILAH RIVER—near mouth Drainage area, 124 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—2 miles from mouth, upstream side of Esquimalt and Nanaimo Ry. bridge ; 2 miles south from Duncan. : Records available—May 12, 1914, to Dec. 31, 1916. Co-operation—Provincial Water Rights Branch installed gauge in 1911. Gauge—Fourteen-foot staff on left bank, 600 feet above bridge ; read daily. Channel—Gravel bed ; two channels in low water ; channel straight for 100 feet above and for 300 feet below section ; good control. ‘Discharge measurements—One in 1911 and one in 1913 by Provincial Water Rights Branch ; six in 1914, three in 1915 and four in 1916 by British Columbia Hydrometric Survey. Winter flow—Open all year. Accuracy—Good; monthly summary given below for 1914 embodies revisions based on later measurements. See NoTE page 309. 382 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge « Area of Mean Gauge 5 Date section | velocity height | Discharge Date section velocity | height | Discharge 1911 Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Dec. 14 157 2-02 1-5 1 3182 1915 1913 Mar. 23 135 2-15 2-43 291 Jan. 28 192 3-75 2-081 702 Aug. 28 26 0-40 1-03 10-55 1914 Dec. 8 1,210 4.83 9.50 . 5,840 6 May 12 87 1-3 1-73 110+ || 1916 July 5 18 1-8 1.23 33-94 || Mar. 27 470 3-81 5-20 1,790 Aug. 12 94 0-2 1-00 14-4 a 8 364 3-66 4.28 1,330 ee 4 14 1:1 1-15 16-2 Nov. 5 223 3-10 3-30 691 fas ae 12 0-9 1-00 10-1 Dec. 12 177 2-81 2-84 507 Nov. 25 462 3-6 4.92 1,650 I 1Not the same datum as subsequent measurements. 2580 feet above BE. & N. Ry. bridge. % New station established by Hydrometric Survey. ‘ Different sections used. ® Not at regular section. ® Extreme high water. MONTHLY SUMMARIES i ‘ a Run-ofi - A d-feet Run-off Discharge in second-feet depth in Discharge in eon ee depth in Month Per | inches on || Month Per | inches on Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area, mile area 1914 Miaa y's; 36 2xes| hacpecay acentar | eobegesed &cbsil ese oeaee-ai a escess oat aceasta Ook May}... 100 45 68 0-55 0-41 DANILO ss 20c | arte A cust te Oatree-dusid 4% Gpeaees reall chen's atonal leeayorlsrseaedy June... 120 35 52 0-42 0.47 ODS ante sees set yee Sotuet | UES ney h cs bane ete | ete, aos, July... 33 21 23 0-19 0-22 PUG se) cet dl ste Seacsacl| lenses actus [io seacahage ssa] pene sh oeocaivel| MaMa Gooey Aug.... Zi 12 14 0-11 0-13. OD Ue fentue Nscesasc angola vag cays | exes vans eer [Reeanesszeec ol] eavtagvan eee Sept.... 100 12 36 0-29 0-32 OC be cise hare svavics el] tneecagous: sats [eyneacgea oe, ota foes at gier oecletacw aorta Oct... . 2,060 35 364 2-93 3-38: NOM esscvceil iaaanne: angel eraeaes pune | eoetaege ox aa llenars cuaye el anes Ze eae Nov.... 2,140 270 765 6-16 6-86 Dee re sire asses cveareel| eae a ches hater ~ ces lasaae ae fqmtue sana Dec... . 790 100 260 2-10 2.42 Peri Ores leavers aidan Sanson seri dey sees a y|ia tne seauien eon a rye a Period . 2,140 12 198 1-60 14.21 1915 1916 1 Jan 1,700 160 550 4.44 5-12 JAMS cltic5 590 340 427 3-44 3-97 Feb..... 590 270 360 2.90 3-02 Feb.... 1,420 420 755 6-09 6.57 Mar... 790 340 480 3-87 4.46 Mar.... 1,980 590 989 7-98 9.20 April . 1,560 160 440 3-55 3-96 April... 1,150 590 766 6-18 6-90 May. . 180 60 114 0.92 1-06 May... 790 210 470 3-79 4-37 June. . 80 17 42 0.34 0.38 June... 420 120 181 1-46 1-63: July. . 25 12 22 0-18 0-21 July... 590 25 145 1-17 1-35 Aug... 19 11 14-6 0.12 0.14 Aug.... 80 7 19 0-15 0-17 Sept... 9 7 7-9 0-06 0-07 Sept.... 35 3 9 0-07 0-08: Oct... 2,620 25 390 3-14 3-62 Oct.... 1,840 2 96 0-77 0-89 Novevees 2,620 420 926 7-47 8.33 Nov.... 1,700 270 520 4-19 4-68 Dec..... 5,530 500 | 1,390 11-20 12-90 Dec.... 690 270 436 3-52 4-06 Year.... 5,530 7 395 3-18 43.27 Year... 1,980 2 402 3.24 43-87 1 For period May 12 to 31. 61—KOOSKANAX CREEK—near mouth Drainage area, 125 square miles LT DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At bridge over cafion, 1 mile from Nakusp and about 1 mile from the mouth. Records available—Mar. 19, 1914, to Dec., 1915. Station discontinued in 1916. Gauge—Chain gauge at the bridge ; read twice a week. Channel—The river is confined between perpendicular walls, 38 feet apart at the gauging and measuring section. The controlis a sand and gravel bar and seems fairly permanent. Discharge measurements—Nine in 1914, six in 1915. Winter flow—Frazil ice may be expected for a few days at a time only. Accuracy—Infrequency of gauge readings impairs accuracy, especially during May, June and July; results, however, should be within 20 per cent. STREAM FLOW DATA-—B. C. TABLES 383 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge i Area of Mean Gauge . Date | section | velocity | height | Discharge Date section | velocity | height Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet . Sec.-feet 1914 Nov. 23 230 -95 1-2 220 Mar. 19 204 0.59 0-7 122 1915 May 16 274 5-63 4.2 1,540 Mar. 20 209 0.55 0-50 115 -June 13 273 4-30 3-50 1,150 May 17 221 3-36 2-60 747 Bs 20 275 5-40 3-80 1,480 a 27 250 4-50 3-00 1,120 28 293 4.73 3-34 -1,390 June 22 265 2-92 2-25 774 Aug. 12 229 1-07 1-1 245 Sept. 11 150 0-74 0-75 150 Sept. 4 221 0-62 0.65 137 Nov. 29 222 0-80 0-78 177 Oct. 28 240 1-28 1-15 309 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Di : ey Run-off j ‘i E Run-off ae ee hentia acs aera pees | Santis Month : Per |incheson || Month Per |incheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square| drainage mile area, mile area 1914 ; 1915 Jan.... 195 151 164 1-31 1-51 Feb.... 155 115 125 1.00 1-04 Mar.... 151 115 127 1.01 1-16 April... 1,190 162 695 5.56 6-20 IM ay Whe aacecacie ae nedad itiraye | avmaaes aceaealte ay axeseae\ all oeerece Ieee June... 1,340 683 869 6.95 7-75 July... 1,070 340 661 5.29 6-10 Aug.... 329 151 213 1-70 1-96 Sept.... 184 142 156 1-25 1-39 Oct... . 455 162 238 1-90 2-19 isi - : Nov.... 397 162 235 1-88 2-10 Dec..... 235 115 178 1-42 1.64 Dec.... 162 130 140 1-12 1-29 Period... 1,880 102 719 5-75 58-90 Period.. 1,340 115 329 2-63 32-69 1 Gauge heights May 6 to 26 not available. 62—KOOTENAY RIVER—at Glade Drainage area, 19,100 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At the ferry cable near Glade, 10 miles from the mouth, below the Slocan river, 16 miles from Nelson. Records available—May, 1913, to Dec., 1916. 'Gauge—Vertical staff in five sections ; read twice daily. Channel—Is straight for 14 mile above and below section and very uniform. There are riffles, 1,000 yards above and below the section, which is an ideal one for metering purposes. Discharge measurements—Are made from a cable car used on a ferry cable. The rating curve is considered satisfactory. Winter flow—The river never freezes over. Accuracy—A, considered very good. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge ; Area of Mean Gauge Date section velocity height Discharge Date section | velocity height Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1913 ae : Aug. 13 7,700 5-25 7-80 40,400 June 13 16,000 9-63 24.5 154,000 Dec. 11 5,020 3-42 3-45 17,200 July 3 12,400 8-38 19-8 104,000 1915 ae 31 8,930 6-21 14-6 55,500 Mar. 9 3,600 2-24 1-07 8,080 Aug. 6 8,450 6-08 13-85 51,400 April 19 6,720 4-48 5-87 30,100 Sept. 6 6,980 4-81 11-50 33,600 1916 Nov. 27 4,940 3°05 7-82 15,100 Mar. 10 3,870 2-25 1-65 8,720 1914 June 3 9,980 6-89 11-30 68,800 Jan. 13 4,580 2-82 2-52 12,900 “26 16,300 10-17 20-05 165,800 we 330 4,620 2-82 7-40 13,000 July 19 14,100 9-60 17-10 135,200 Mar. 9 4,000 2-22 1.57 8,900 Aug. 11 9,620 6-54 10-55 62,900 June 1 11,370 7-79 13-35 88,600 on 92 7,690 5-64 7-75 43,400 July 20 10,800 7-54 12-60 81,400 Oct. 2 5,270 3-68 4.64 19,400 Aug. 11 7,916 5-46 8-22 43,200 Dec. 6 3,950 2-33 1-88 9,220 * Possibly low, a revised estimate based on recent measurements suggests 19,400 square miles. 384 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES : : ia Run-off A : e Run-off Discharge in second-feet depth in Discharge in second-feet depth in Month Per |incheson |} Month Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1914 3 POD Se hae fasne seal oboe Hae [oe woe aee a ees sen: [lays wendvave ors Jan....{ 13,400 8,700 | 11,700 0-61 0-70 He Di cisival| cue svaesises | Seana icles | ave ctenoencal barape ct acaue [nie athierne a Feb....| 11,800 8,330 9,430 0-49 0-51 Ma risysis | sevonvararers fiatsnteea Sats ud Ta fase SH dite ceatyel ee “ce ves a Mar.....| 13,100 8,330 | 10,400 | 0-54 0-62 AS PP A esse | sere tog. pesesol hg copane ce aczaei| @ Baten ee, AM eatintecer sos | teed. egies ot April. .-| 42,500 | 13,100 | 26,500 1-39 1-55 May!...| 77,200 | 32,300 2-39 2-76 May...| 89,600 | 43,200 | 70,600 3-70 4-27 June !., .| 154,000 | 93,000 6-60 7-36 June. ..| 102,000 | 88,600 | 96,100 5-03 5-61 July.... 4 eee 56,300 4-13 4-75 July...]| 93,600 | 58,200 | 82,300 4.31 4.97 Aug.. 54,700 | 32,100 2-25 2-59 Aug....| 57,400 | 26,900 | 39,600 2-07 2-39 Sept... 33,600 | 23,100 1-50 1-67 Sept....]| 26,400 | 19,500 | 21,400 1-12 1-25 Oct... 18,000 1-02 1-18 Oct....| 20,400 | 18,100 | 19,300 1-01 1-16 Nov... ee 15,000 0-84 0-94 Nov....| 25,800 | 19,200 | 22,500 1-18 1-32 Dec..... 9,90 0-65 0-75 Dec....} 19,500 10, 500 | 14, ‘400 0-75 0-86 Berio clvess'l eevee: yesye alle algerie he anos nes allieey ses saosin Year.. .} 102,000 8,330 | 35,352 1-85 25-21 1915 1916 10,900 8,400 9,940 0-52 0-60 7,580 8,520 0-45 0-52 8,690 8,110 8,260 0-43 0-45 7,830 8,440 0.44 0-48 11,300 8,110 8,940 0-47 0-54 9,290 | 14,200 0-74 0-85 40,500 | 11,700 | 24,800 1-30 1-45 22,000 | 29,100 1-52 1-70 59,000 | 41,200 | 52,300 2-74 3-16 39,800 | 61,900 3-24 3-73 58,200 | 51,800 | 55,000 2-88 3-21 70,500 | 110,000 5-76 6-43 57,800 | 48,700 | 54,100 2-83 3-26 87,300 | 129,000 6.77 7-80 48,700 | 32,600 | 39,900 2-09 2-41 36,400 | 56,400 2°95 3-40: 32,200 | 17,700 | 23,600 1-24 1-38 23,200 | 30,200 1°58 1°76 17,300 | 13,900 | 15,000 0-79 0-91 13,500 | 17,000 0-89 1-03 15,600 | 12,800 | 14,400 0-75 0-84 10,600 | 12,500 0-65 0-72 12,800 9,940 | 11,500 0-60 0-69 Dec....| 10, "900 7,830 9,470 0-49 0°56 Year.. 59,000 8,100 | 26,478 1-39 18-90 Year. ..! 162,000 7,580 | 40,560 2°12 28-98 1 Results for May and June, 1913, are deduced from measurements of the flow of the Columbia, above and below the mouth of the Kootenay, at Castlegar and Trail. 63—KOOTENAY RIVER—at Upper Bonnington falls Drainage area, 17,800 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At the headrace of the West Kootenay Power and Light Co.’s plant No. 2, at Upper Bonnington, 10 miles west of Nelson and 16 miles from the mouth. Records avatlable—Oct., 1907, to Dec., 1915. Co-operation—Gauge readings by the West Kootenay Power and Light Co. Gauge—The elevation of the water each day is determined by measuring down to the surface from a known point. The gauge is situated at a point at the upstream end of the headrace, where part of the water is diverted to the turbines, and the remainder flows over the falls, some 200 feet below. Discharge measurements—The only metering section on Kootenay river between the lake and the mouth is near Glade, about 6 miles below Upper Bonnington. The only large stream enter- ing between these points is Slocan river. The rating curve for the Kootenay at Bonnington falls is obtained by subtracting the discharge of Slocan river from the discharge of the Koot- enay river near Glade. Winter flow—Owing to the warming influence of Kootenay lake, the river below the lake never freezes over and very little, if any, frazil ice or anchor ice is formed. Accuracy—These data appear to agree well with similar data gathered in recent years, at Bonn- ington pool and near Nelson. See Accuracy notes for Kootenay at Nelson, and for Slocan river. * Possibly nearer 18,000 square miles. ‘ STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 385 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-fe Run-otf i i — Run-off E et depth in -—— Dsebaree weaved tere depth in Month : Per | inches on || Month Per |incheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area, mile area 190¢ Oct. Oct... .) 36,200 | 19,500 | 26,200 | 1-47 1-70 Nov Nov... ‘| 18,800 9,900 | 14,200 | 0-80 0-89 Dec Dec....| 13,000 | 9,600 | 11,100! 0-62 0-72 1909 Jaci ieee 10,200 7,800 8,880 0-30 0-58 Jan.... 8,100 6,800 (,300 O41 0-47 Feb..... 7,500 7,200 7,200 0-40 0°43 Feb.... 8,100 7,500 7,740 0-44 0-46 Mar 11,800 7,000 8,600 0-48 0-55 Mar.... 8,100 7,500 7,650 0-43 0°50 April 43,200 | 11,800 | 21,700 1-22 1-36 April...] 13,800 8,400 | 10,800 0-61 0-68 ay 73,000 | 43,200 | 63,800 3°58 4-13 May...| 54,500 | 14,200 | 27,100 1-52 1:75 June 113,000 | 73,000 | 94,100 5+ 29 5°90 June. ..} 110,000 | 59,000 | 98,200 5°52 6°16 July 92,000 | 61,700 | 72,100 4-05 4°67 July. ..} 99,000 | 57,200 | 81,500 4°58 5:28 Aug. 59 900 | 27,000 | 39,700 2°23 2°57 Aug....| 55,400 | 26,400 | 40,200 2:26 2-61 Sept 25,200 | 16,900 | 21,300 1-21 1-35 Sept....| 24,600 | 16,400 | 20,100 1:13 1-26 Oct..... 16,400 | 11,400 | 13,300 0-75 0:86 Oct....} 16,400 | 13,000 | 14,900 0-84 0-97 Nov.....] 12,200 | 10,200 | 10,300 0:58 0:65 Nov....| 15,400 | 12,200 | 13,200 0-74 0-83 Dec -| 13,800 7,200 {| 10,100 0:57 0-66 Dec....| 18,800 | 10,200 | 15,800 0-89 1:03 Year....} 113,000 | 7,000 | 30,923 1-74 23°71 Year. ..1 110,000 6,800 | 28,712 1°61 22-00 1910 1911 Jan 12,200 3,400 9,240 O-aZ 0-00 Jan....) 11,800 7,000 8,070 0-49 0-50 Feb..... 8,700 7,000 8,070 0-45 0:47 Feb.... 8,100 6,400 7,480 0-42 0-44 Mar 21,400 7,200 | 12,500 0-70 0-81 Mar....} 13,800 6,300 8,120 0:46 0°53 April 60,800 | 21,400 | 32,900 1-85 2-06 April...{ 31,200 | 14,200 | 18,100 1-01 1-13 May 84,000 | 63,500 | 73,800 4°15 4°78 May...| 56,300 | 31,800 | 48,100 2-70 3°11 June 88,000 | 70,000 | 78,900 4:43 4:94 June. ..| 104,000 | 56,300 | 85,300 4°78 5+33 July 68,000 | 41,100 | 55,400 3-11 3°58 July ...]| 102,000 | 54,500 | 77,000 4-32 4:98 Aug. 40,400 | 21,400 | 30,000 1:68 1:94 Aug....} 52,800 | 27,000 | 38,800 2-18 2°51 Sept. 20,800 | 14,200 | 16,21 0-91 1:02 Sept....| 27,000 | 17,900 | 22,400 1-26 1-41 Oct. 19,300 14,600 17,200 0:97 1-12 Oct... .} 17,400 11,000 14,100 0-79 0-91 Nov 19,800 17,400 18,600 1-04 1-16 Nov....] 11,000 8,400 9,610 0°54 0-60 Dec.. 18,800 12,200 14,400 0-81 0-93 Dec....] 10,200 6,800 8,090 0°45 0-52 Year... .| 88,000 7,000 | 30,601 1-72 23-41 Year. ..] 104,000 6,300 | 28,814 1-62 22-03 1912 1913 7,200; 5,700) 6,070) 0-34, 0-39 || Jan....; 9,000; 6,600; 7,490) 0-42) 0-48 6,300 | 5.700 | 5,880 | 0:33] 0-36 || Feb....| 7,000 | 6,100 | 6,490] 0-36] 0-38 6,200 | 5,600 | 5,820] 0-33 | 0-38 || Mar....| 7,200] 5,900] 6.610] 0-37] 0-43 22'400 | 6,000 | 14,000 | 0-79 | 0-88 |] April..:} 32,400 | 7,200 | 15,800] 0-89] 0-99 59,900 | 22:900 | 40,500] 2-27] 2-62 || May... 80,000 | 32,400; 44,600 | 2-51} 2-89 63,500 | 54,500 | 59,200} 3-32] 3-70 |] June. ..} 137,000 | 84,000 |114,000 | 6-40 | 7-14 59,000 | 42,500 | 49,300 2-77 3:19 July...| 94,000 | 50,400 | 70,200 3°94 4°54 42,500 | 27,600 | 33,600 1°88 2:17 Aug....| 50,400 | 31,200 | 38,800 2-18 2°5 26,400. | 16,900 | 21,700 1-22 1°36 Sept....{ 31,200 | 20,300 | 26,700 1-50 1°67 16,400 | 13,000 | 13,800 0-78 0-90 Oct....]| 20,300 | 14,600 | 17,600 0:99 1°14 14,200 11,400 12,800 0-71 0-79 Nov....| 15,000 | 11,000 13,300 0:75 0-84 12,200 7,500 | 10,100 0:57 0-66 Dec....{ 13,000 7,800 | 10,200 0-57 0-66 63,500 5,600 | 22,731 1:28 17-40 Year.. .| 137,000 5,900 | 30,983 1°74 23-66 1915 0-58 0:67 9,740 7,520 8,690 0-49 0-57 0-46 0-48 7,660 7,000 7,370 0-41 0-43 0-52 0-60 9,220 7,130 7,630 0°43 0-50 1:26 1:41 34,700 9,390 | 20,300 1:14 1:27 3°33 3°84 49,900 | 35,800 | 45,100 2°53 2-92 4:66 5+20 49.900 | 45,700 | 47,800 2-68 2-99 4:10 4-73 51,400 | 44,400 | 48,600 2°73 3-15 2-04 2°34 44,400 | 30,000 | 37,100 2°08 2-40 1-12 1:25 29,000 15,500 | 21,100 1-19 1:33 1:02 1:18 15,300 | 12,400 | 13,400 0-75 0-87 1:16 1:29 13,700 | 11,200 12,700 0:71 0:79 0:79 0-91 11,200 8,880 9,970 0-56 0-65 Year....! 88,000 7,000 | 31,223 1:75 23-90 Year...! 51,400 7,000 | 23,313 1:31 17-87 1Summary for Sept. to Dec., 1914, is from the record for Kootenay river at Bonnington pool, which has practically the same discharge, no large streams entering between the two stations. 64—KOOTENAY RIVER—near Nelson Drainage area, 17,700 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At Astley wharf, Nelson, about 2 miles above the outlet of the West arm of Kootenay lake. ; Records available—Jan., 1913, to Dec., 1915. * Possibly nearly 18,000 square miles, if account is taken of changes on recent maps. 386 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Gauge—Vertical staff 20 feet long, situated at Astley wharf; read daily. Discharge measurements—None have been made at this station. Winter flow—The river below the lake seldom, if ever, freezes. The main lake never freezes and the West arm only freezes occasionally. Accuracy—As in the case of the Kootenay river at Bonnington falls, discharges based upon the Nelson gauge are determined by subtracting the discharge of Slocan river from discharge of Kootenay river near Glade. To compensate for the inflow to Kootenay river below the outlet of the lake and above Glade (excluding Slocan river), the discharge thus determined is further reduced by 1 per cent. Recent measurements suggest the possibility of error in the rating curve used for the Slocan river. (See note under that stream.) This error will be reflected in the rating of the Kootenay river at Bonnington falls and Nelson, though toa reduced degree, as the Slocan discharge forms but a small proportion of the flow of the Kootenay river at'Glade. The mean monthly discharges given below should be within 10 or 15 per cent. MONTHLY SUMMARIES : J ganas Run-otf ; ; is Run-off Discharge in se¢ond-feet acnthin Discharge in second-feet depth in Month Per | inches on ||. Month ; Per | incheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area t 1913 8,200 | 6,090) 7,020] 0-40) 0-46 6,550 | 6,270] 6,360| 0-36} 0-38 7,780 | 6,350] 6,750 | 0-38] 0-44 31500 | 8,250 | 17,900] 1:01] 1-13 “"] 80!300 | 30,400 | 43,500} 2-46] 2-84 ::}134/000 | 86,300 |115,000 | 6-50] 7-25 ‘| 96,100 | 48,300 | 69,700 | 3-94] 4:54 47,000 | 29,800 | 37,500 | 2-12] 2-44 29300 | 20,700 | 26,000 | 1-47] 1-64 20,700 | 15,400 | 17,500 | 0-99 | 1-14 14,900 | 11,200] 12,600] 0-71] 0-79 11,100 | 8,050] 9,730] 0-55] 0-63 .1134,000 | 6,270 | 30,797 |_ 1-74 | 23-68 1915 0-58 0-67 Jan 10,100 7,810 9,130 G- 52 0-60 0-44 0-46 Feb 7,810 7,380 7,540 0:43 0-45 0-51 0-59 |) Mar 9,770 7,230 7,920 0-45 0-52 1°24 1-38 April...| 34,400 9,940 | 20,900 1-18 1:32 3°40 3-92 May...| 49,500 | 35,300 | 45,000 2°54 2-93 4-75 5:30 June...| 49,500 | 45,400 | 47,800 2°70 | 3-01 4-18 4:82 July...| 51,700 | 43,900 | 48,300 2°73 3°15 1-92 2-21 Aug....| 43,600 | 29,800 | 36,500 2-06 | | 2°38 1-13 | ° 1-26 Sept....] 28,900 | 15,900 | 21,400 1-21 1:35 1-00 |. ' 1°15 , Oct....| 15,600 | 12,000 | 13,500 0-76 0-88 Aska 1-16 1-29 Nov....] 13,700 } 11,600 | 12,900 0-73 0°81 Dec.....| 18, ‘000 By "300 12, 500 0-71 0-82 Dec.....}_ 11,200 9,050 9,910 0-56 0°65 Year....! 89,200 7,150 | 30,970 |. (1-75 23-87 Year...} 51,700 7,230 | 23,400 | 1-32 18-05 65—KOOTENAY RIVER—near Wardner Drainage area, 5,200 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At the highway bridge, near Wardner, above Elk river and below Bull and St. Marys tivers ; about 35 miles from the international boundary. Records available—Jan. to Dec., 1914 ; Mar. to Dec., 1915 ; Mar. to Dec., 1916. Gauge—A vertical staff gauge, 12 feet long ; read daily (twice daily in 1916). Channel—The channel is straight and uniform, but piles have been driven down the centre of the tiver for logging purposes. Discharge measurements—Are made from the traffic bridge. Winter flow—The river is generally affected by ice from December to March ; frazil ice occurs. Accuracy—Rating curve is good ; results should be within 5 or 10 per cent. General—The fall of the river is very gradual, and there are no power sites between Canal Flats and Wardner. The river is most suitable for logging and, each year, large drives come down from its headwaters. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 387 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge : Area of Mean Gau: i Date section | velocity | height | Discharge Date section | velocity | height Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1913 Oct. 13 2,460 2-11 2-88 5,180 ag 2,100 1-64 2-00 3,460 Dee ae 774 2-11 1-7 1,6371 May 19 4,860 4.83 8-00 23,500 Feb. 23 927 1.95 1-10 1,810 1 June 7 4,840 4-85 8-00 23,500 April 27 2,720 2-74 3-80 7,400 a 15 5,450 5-55 9-30 30,200 May 29 3,600 4-11 5-90 14,800 20 6,070 6-41 10-65 38,900 June 16 3,460 3-82 5-60 13,200 July 25 3,350 3-38 5-00 11,300 Aug. 29 2,690 2-56 3-60 6,870 a 3,210 3-33 4-70 10,700 1916 Oct. 7 2,490 2-08 2.95 5,210 Sept. 9 3,000 3-06 4.38 9,170 Oct. 5 2,270 1.85 2-54 4,200 1 Tee conditions. MONTHLY SUMMARIES : q =i Run-otf A A 4 Run-off Discharge in second-feet depth in Discharge in second-feet denthin Month : Per | inches on |} Month Per | inches on Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1914 1,200 600 1,100 0-21 0-24 1,700 800 1,420 0-27 0-28 1,000 600 852 0-16 0-18 8,400 800 4,920 0-95 1-06 , 25,300 8,700 | 18,100 3-48 4-01 43,000 | 17,400 | 26,400 5-08 5-67 30,200 | 10,500 | 19,100 3-67 4.23 11,000 5,640 7,820 1-50 1-73 7,410 4,400 5,620 1-08 1-20 6,400 4,700 5,510 1-06 1.22 6,700 3,540 4,750 0-91 1-02 3,350 840 1,940 | 0-37 0-43 ete tt Ar AM er od eta Year...! 43,000 600 8,128 1-56 21-27 : 1916 0-36 0-42 Whats (a-n ose) cant Samui sa. Parr, aha llogMese one fe caueknGt asters 1-22 1-36 April... 8,400 2,300 4,260 0-82 0-92 2-38 2-74 May...| 17,300 7,800 | 11,300 2-17 2-50 2-85 3-18 June...}| 67,500 | 13,200 | 33,800 6-50 7-25 2-87 3-31 July...| 39,500 | 13,400 | 27,400 5-27 6-08 1-76 2-03 Aug....| 14,400 8,700 | 10,700 2-06 2-38 0-97 1-08 Sept....| 11,600 5,180 7,490 1.44 1-61 0-79 0-91 Oct... . 4,890 3,250 3,890 0-75 0-86 0-70 0-78 Nov.... 3,400 1,720 2,640 0-51 0-57 2,160 0.49 0-57 Dec.... 2,840. 2,040 2,290 0.44 0-51 Period...} 21,800 1,500 7,480 1-44 16-38 Period..| 67,500 1,720 | 11,530 2-22 22-68 1 Partly estimated. 66—LILLOOET RIVER—at Agerton Drainage area, 800 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—Government highway bridge at Agerton, 8 miles above Lillooet lake and 2 miles above the mouth of Green river. Records available—Nov. 16, 1913, to Dec, 31, 1916. Drainage area—Above mouth, is 2,200 sq. miles ; above lower end of Lillooet lake, 1,600 sq. miles; above upper end of lake, 1,300 sq. miles ; above gauging station, 800 sq. miles. Gauge—Vertical staff nailed to central pier of bridge ; read daily. Channel—Wide and deep ; smooth, sandy bed. An excellent measuring section. Discharge measurements—Rating curve is well defined for all stages. Winter flow—Stream is sometimes frozen over in winter. Accuracy—B below discharge of 6,000 sec.-ft. and D above. Change in control Aug. 20, 1915, necessitated revision of rating curve. Monthly summaries as given below embody recent revisions. 388 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS | Area of Mea Gauge i Area of Mean Gauge . Date | section | velocity ‘height | Discharge. | Date | section | velocity | height Discharge : Sq. feet |Ft. per sec.| Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1913 a B May 24 1,527 3-38 5-35 5,170 Nov. 16 645 2-63 1-83 1,693! || June 13 1,753 4.26 7-35 7,580 1914 Aug. 4 2,220 5-10 8-60 11,300 Mar. 28 636 2.42 1-97 wean Bee 1 444 2-00 1-50 8 May 31 1,380 3-54 4-92 , iio 28 2,063 4.37 7-60 9,000 April 27 900 2-69 3-47 2,420 Aug. 10 1,831 4.00 | 6-76 7,400 May 10 1,090 2-64 4. 02 2,880 July 15 2,692 | 6-15 10-4 16,500 June 9 1,629 3-56 6-35 5,800 1915 g Sept. 21 1,620 3-51 6.30 5,680 Feb. 8 460 1-73 2-08 7782 || Dec. 7 368 1-56 1.48 575 "22 366 1-95 1-00 712 18tation established. 2 Ice cover. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet | 2uRp08 ____Disoharge in sevond-feet___| fttth‘in Month Per | incheson || Month . Per | inches on Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1-41 1-62 0-88 0.92 2-12 2-44 3-58 3-99 | 7.34 8-46 11-42 12-74 16-25 19-98 13-20 15.22 6-29 7-02 - 24 9-50 4.42 4.93 2-30 2-65 6-46 89.47 2,470 700 1,310 1.64 1-89 POA suavenace sehen gun 600 0.75 0-86 900 700 0 0-91 0.95 Feb 32's csvacepaena al scteeseeee. Gan 683 0-85 0.92 2,670 900 1,660 2-08 2-40 Mar.!..| 2,940 )........ 1,530 1-91 2-20 5,050 2,670 3,550 4.44 4.95 April... 2,720 1,540 2,200 2-75 3-07 7,850 2,770 5,180 6-48 7-47 May... 6,510 2,940 4,370 5-46 6-30 12,520 4,930 8,470 | 10-60 11-83 June...} 16,100 5,480 | 10,200 | 12-80 14-30 19,200 7,850 | 13,200 | 16-50 19-00 July...} 13,500 6,680 9,980 | 12-50 14.40 19,200 8,590 | 13,200 | 16-50 19-00 Aug....| 14.100 5,760 | 10,400 | 13-00 15-00 11,700 3,160 5,430 6-79 7-58 Sept....] 11,000 3,380 6,440 8-05 8-98 6,510 1,000 2,420 3-02 3-48 Oct... . 5,760 1,540 2,600 3-25 3-75 2,400 680 1,090 1-36 1-52 Nov.... 1,540 600 1,000 1-25 1-40 ; T5000) sextet 690 0-86 0-99 Dece.1.. . 600 |........ 546 0-68 0-78 Year... 4 19,200 * yu 2.3, 4,744 5-93 81-06 Year...! 16,100 |........ 4,210 5-27 71-96 1 Gauge height-discharge relation affected by ice and discharge estimated as follows : 1914, Jan. 26 to Feb. 21, 700 sec. ft.; 1915, Jan. 25 to Feb. 12, 700 sec. ft., and Dec. 25 to 31, 600 sec. ft.; 1916, Jan. 1 to Feb. 13, 600 sec. ft.; Feb. 14 to 21, 700 sec. ft.; Feb. 22 to 29, 800 sec. ft; Mar. 1 to 7, 900 sec. ft.; Dec. 24 to 31, 520 sec. ft. 67—LITTLE QUALICUM RIVER—at Cameron lake outlet Drainage area, 60 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At outlet of Cameron lake, downstream side of highway bridge. Records available—Feb. 27 to Dec. 31, 1913, Provincial Water Rights Branch ; Jan. 1, 1914, to Dec. 31, 1916, B. C. Hydrometric Survey. Gauge—12-foot wooden staff nailed to crib on shore of lake, 500 feet from head of river ; read twice daily. Channel—Straight on both sides of section for 100 feet, gravel and small boulder bed, one channel at all stages, confined by bridge abutments in high water. Discharge measurements—6 in 1913 by Provincial Water Rights Branch and 9 in 1914, 1915 and 1916 by B. C. Hydrometric Survey. Winter flow—Open all winter. Accuracy—A up to 600 sec.-ft.; B, 600 to 1,000 sec.-ft.; C, above 1,000 sec.-ft. Monthly summaries given below for 1913 and 1914 embody revisions based on later measurements, see NOTE, page 309. * Revised value based on recent measurements. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 389 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean . Gauge . Area of |, Mean Gauge ‘ Date | section | velocity | height | Discharge Date section | velocity height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet | Sq. feet |Ft. per-sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1913 July 10 80 1.9 1-40 149 Feb. 27 91 2-35 1-87 2141 Sept. 1 33 1-1 0-49 35-3 Sept. 25 43 1.64 0-82 70-6 : 2 32 1-0 0-47 33-5 Nov. 18 197 3.24 3-80 638 . Dec. 16 116 2-3 2-05 269 Dec. 4 178 3-12 3.27 555 1915 ww 15 188 3-15 3-56 592 April 16 160 2-73 2-80 437 “29 98 2-06 1-79 202 Sept. 5 33 0.94 0-39 31 1914 1916 May 20 143 2-4 2-40 3402 Mar. 20 157 2.53 2-83 397 Oct. 30 57 1-84 1-05 105 1 Metered at bridge opposite Chalet. 2? New station established by B. C. Hydrometric Survey. No change in gauge datum. MONTHLY SUMMARIES ; : fs Run-off : é 4 Run-off © Discharge in second-feet depth in Discharge in second-feet aeoth ait Month 7 Per |incheson || Month Per | inches on Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage : Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage : mile area, mile area 1913 1914 . Jan....f 1,910 215 632 | 10-53 ( 12-13 i : Feb.... 535 165 242 | 4-03 4.19 Mar..... 210 156 172 | 2-87 3-31 Mar... . 855 290 498 | 8-30 9-57 April 432 141 267 4.45 4.95 April... 840 255 495 8.25 9.21 May 602 212 363 | 6-05 6-96 May... 445 315 382 | 6-37 7-33 June 530 319 387 | 6-45 7-19 June... 375 235 278 | 4-63 5-15 July 367 132 259 | 4-32 4.97 July... 230 68 134 | 2.23 2-57 Aug. 125 56 76 1-27 1-46 Aug.... 68 45 54 0-90 1.04 Sept 180 58 116 1-93 2-15 Sept.... 192 38 91 1-52 1-70 Oct 630 110 263 | 4-38 5-05 Oct....] 2,030 150 655 | 10-92 | 12-57 Nov.....| 1,480 131 543 | 9-05 10-10 Nov....] 1,300 375 824 | 13-73 | 15-33 Dec..... 800 215 426 | 7-10 8-17 Dec.... 650 130 259 | 4-32 4.97 Period...| 1,480 56 287 | 4-78 | 54-31 Year...| 2,030 38 379 | 6-31 | 85-76 1915 1916 Jan. 465 150 272 4.53 5-22 Jan.... 325 116 165 2-75 3-17 Feb..... 330 165 245 4.08 4.25 Feb.... 1,120 115 374 6-23 6-72 Mar. 700 170 344 5-73 6-60 Mar.... 1,060 291 500 8.33 9-60 April 1,030 200 465 | 7-75 8-65 April... 445 315 370 | 6-17 6-88 May 95 185 218 3-63 4.19 May... 575 333 438 7-30 8-41 June 185, 70 124 2-07 2-31 June... 760 400 508 8-47 9.45 July 70 47 57 0-95 1-09 July... 462 229 335 5-58 6-43 Aug. 47 30 37 | 0-62 0-71 Aug.... 209 82 133 | 2-22 2-56 Sept 37 28 31 0-52 0-58 Sept.... 76 43 59 0-98 1-09 Oct. 1,530 30 290 | 4-83 5-56 Oct... . 176 35 47 | 0-78 0-90 Nov 975 185 334 | 5-57 6-21 Nov.... 341 105 201 | 3-35 3-73 Dec. 710 295 485 | 8-08 9-31 Dec... 243 135 175 | 2-92 3-37 Year 1,530 28 242 4-03 54-68 Year. . 1,120 35 276 4.60 62-31 68—LOUIS CREEK—12 miles from mouth Drainage area, 100 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—2 miles south of the Railway Belt boundary, about 12 miles from mouth. Sec. 33, tp. 23, rge. 15, W. 6th mer. Records available—Aug. 16 to Oct. 31, 1911; April 1 to Nov. 16, 1912 ; May 1 to Oct. 14, 1913; April 1 to Dec. 11, 1914 ; April 1 to Sept. 30, 1915 ; April 1 to Nov. 17, 1916. Gauge—Standard vertical staff ; read daily during high water and two or three times weekly during low water. Channel—Width averages 25 to 35 ft. at measuring section ; channel at control is affected by gradual scour. Discharge measurements—Are made by wading or from the bridge. Winter flow—Ice conditions obtain during winter months. Accuracy—Fair, somewhat impaired by shifting channel; results, however, should be within 10 to 15 per cent. 390 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge < Area of Mean Gauge . Date section | velocity | height | Discharge Date section | velocity height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1913 Sq. feet [Fe per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1911 June 2 58 2-65 2-10 . 155 Aug. 16 33-4 0-80 0-91 28 1914 Sept. 18 36-8 0-96 0-98 35-4 Aug. 13 27-3 1-0 0-59 28 1912 1915 April 30 49.4 1.7 1-50 94 April 15 22 2.3 0-82 51 May 16 108.2 4-0 3-80 439 || May 13 58 2-9 1-82 168 “29 90 3-6 3-20 328 1916 June 8 82 3-4 2-72 276 May 15 51-1 2-14 1.29 109 7. 9 85 3-4 2-81 288 July 21 58-2 2-02 1-40 117 Aug. 22 19 2-8 1-02 521 Aug. 31 36-2 0-65 0-58 23 1 Different section. MONTHLY SUMMARIES i i is Run-off i ‘ pe Run-off fo ee Ee a Month Per |incheson || Month 3 Per jincheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1912 " ADE cifte sas ciere cade ene atte eae ieee | Ge a eS April... 94 34 47-6 0-48 0-53 IMLAY se Necsraretee ee cs a SURE al] aeaia tinier ea aNts May... 520 94 312 3-12 3-59 JUNE: csi ireneisewncl ae wanes a] Seats es oo hwaes lorie cas June... 301 94 207 2-07 2-31 DUS. coc ets ayeterasece devas fensRera | decease tps Ne ota | ode tana July... 133 57 89-3 0-89 1-02 PAIG «sous lpavadsseodre iailetbyec scenes: A] suansue-wavaballles sv chceneet [ince ate ehtsi aye Aug.... 84 50 57-5 0-57 0-66 Sept.....] / 48 0-28 0-31 Sept.... 81 45 57-6 0-58 0-65 Oct.t.. .. 24 0-18 0-21 Oct... . 55 43 46.4 0-46 0-53 1914 April.... April... 61 26 43 0-43 0.48 May.... May... 398 89 233 2-33 2-69 June.... June... 326 130 226 2-26 2-52 July.... July... 117 30 66 0-66 0-76 Aug..... Aug.... 30 22 25 0-25 0-29 Sept..... Sept.... 28 20 24 0.24 0-27 Oct..... Oct... . 28 24 25 0-25 0-29 Nov..... Nov.... 32 24 26 0-26 0.29 Period... 454 38 123 1-23 6-99 Period.. 398 20 84 0-84 7-59 1915 1916 April.... 105 15 57 0-57 0-64 April... 93 16 27 0-27 0-30 May.... 375 96 213 2-13 2-46 May... 260 105 175 1-75 2-02 June.... 360 81 132 1-32 1-47 June... 385 230 285 2-85 3-18 July.... 240 81 119 1-19 1-37 July... 350 72 155 1-55 1.79 Aug..... 91 29 47 0.47 0-55 Aug.... 72 25 45 0-45 0-52 Sept..... 45 29 32 0-32 0-36 Sept.... 27 19 24 0-24 0.27 Octet. ahiass werd sacatagalleomineys ett cucylovaaes Oct.... 19 19 19 0-19 0-22 Period... 375 15 100 1-00 6-85 Period. 385 16 104 1-04 8-30 69—LYNN CREEK—4 miles from mouth Drainage area, 14 square miles* rea oc DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—Below the overflow from North Vancouver intake, and about 4 miles from the mouth. Records available—June 10, 1914, to Dec. 31, 1916. Co-operation—Gauge readings by the Water Works Dept. of North Vancouver. Gauge—Cable gauge on flume bridge; read twice daily. Channel—Boulders and solid rock. Discharge measurements—Well define the rating curve. Winter flow—Open water all year. Accuracy—C and B. General—This stream furnishes the water supply to the municipality of North Vancouver. * Revised estimate by engineers of the Provincial Water Rights Branch. In 1913, drainage area was estimated to be 17 sq. miles. STREAM FLOW DATA-—B. C. TABLES 391 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge ‘ Area of Mean Gauge e Date section | velocity height | Discharge Date section | velocity height Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1915 Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1909 April 9 70-1 2-30 5-52 165 Avgs 4: besa ctclanwsenees | ees wes 571 June 1 56-9 1.56 5-00 88-7 1913 “24 20-2 0-90 4.12 18 Nov. 3 38 1-5 1-73 58-5 Aug. 3 14.2 0-45 3-85 6-5 1914 te aS 11-2 0-30 3-48 3-2 June 10 54 2-40 5-00 124 1916 > DG 60 2-30 |- 5-12 135 April 18 104 2-66 6-00 277 Aug. 18 9.4 0-20 3-45 2-2 June 16 129 3-84 6-65 495 Oct. 21 91 2.82 5-80 250 Sept. 13 15-2 0-73 4.12 11-1 1 Not referred to gauge. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet eee Discharge in second-feet ree Month : Per |incheson || Month Per |incheson Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage : mile area, mile area = 1914 .130 2 47 3-36 3-86 30 1 3 Q.24 0-28 430 1 145 | 10-36 11-56 560 34 164 | 11-72 13.51 *660 155 315 | 22-50 25-11 : 285 10 85 6-07 6-99 eaaasadel ssn ta 2k Supe ee: One Ace layer ceed Period.. 660 1 126 9-00 61-31 1915 1916 Jan..... 270 13 115 8-21 9-46 Jan.... 250 a 108 7-71 8-89 Feb.... 243 57 169 12.07 12.57 Feb.... 1,290 1 233 | 16.60 17-90 Mar. 305 41 151 10-78 12-43 Mar.. 1,110 107 557 | 39-80 45.90 April... 1,200 77 193 13-78 15-38 April... 7 215 360 | 25-70 28-70 May.... 395 49 203 14-50 16-72 May... 435 250 292 | 20-90 24-10 June.... 165 9 56 4.00 4-46 June... 505 250 343 | 24-50 27-30 July. . 41 2 12-9 0-92 1-06 July... 625 165 351 | 25-10 28.90 Aug... 6 0 2 0-14 0-16 Aug.... 488 40 160 | 11-40 13-10 Sept..... 9 0 1-2 0-09 0-10 Sept.... 75 3 20 1.43 1-60 Oct..... 765 9 221 15-80 18-22 Oct.... 905 5 83 5.93 6-84 Nov..... 562 120 222 15-90 17-70 Nov.... 525 75 191 | 13-60 15.20 Dec..... 810 50 277 19-80 22-80 Dec.... 100 12 54 3-86 4.45 Year.... 1,200 0 135 9-65 | 131-06 Year... 1,200 1 230 | 16-40 | 222.88 70—MARK CREEK—near mouth Drainage area, 54 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At mouth of creek near Marysville, about 14 miles from Cranbrook. Records available—May to Dec., 1914; April to Nov., 1915 ; Jan. to Dec., 1916. Co-operation—This station was maintained by co-operation between the B. C. Hydrometric Survey and the Provincial Water Rights Branch during 1914. Gauge—An enamel gauge, 6 feet long ; read daily. Channel—Straight and rocky, water is generally broken. Control changed June, 1916. Discharge measurements—Thirteen, up to June, 1916, well define rating curve. For latter part of 1916, rating curve is based on 6 measurements. Winter flow—The creek freezes over in November or December, and remains frozen till March. Frazil ice forms. Accuracy—Results from first rating curve B ; from second, C. General—Creek partially developed for power for mining operations. * Not well defined on existing maps; this is a revised estimate based on recent measurements. 392 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS G ‘ Area of Mean Gauge 3 Date err wens | heient | Discharge Date section | velocity | height | Discharge i Ft. i Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Gia Sq. feet 't. per sec eel fe ep Ge fe f 3°08 zis 33 : M 1 41.4 2-66 1-68 110 June 13 : : : : “ey 28 57-9 4.08 2-2 236 ae 29-5 0-81 1-16 26-4 Jul: 3 55-4 4.02 2-1 223 uy a4 1-92 1-4 56-4 Mar. 4 21-0 0-61 Ice 12.9 Sept. 1 22.2 0-77 1-00 17-2 June 17 88-8 0-10 3-70 808-0. : 29 26.2 1-05 1-20 27-4 July 7 49-6 5-39 1-75 268-0 Oct. 10 28-4 0-86 1.12 24.2 a 34.2 2-85 1-05 97-4 " 29.4 0.99 1.22 29-1 Aug. 15 16-8 1.97 0-75 33-1 1915 Sept. 15 14.9 1-36 0-59 20-2 _ Feb. 21 23-0 0-48 1-25 111 Oct. 7 13-9 1-29 0-55 17-9 April 22 41.5 2-83 2-10 118 Dec. 4 17-1 1-12 0-50 19-3 ‘Ice conditions. ? New rating curve. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet eat a Discharge in second-feet depth ia Month Per |incheson || Month . Per | incheson Max, Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1914 368 122 238 4.41 5-08 527 132 270 5-00 5.57 221 36-8 105 1-95 2-25 38-1 17.9 23-4 0-43 0-50 28-1 15-8 21-0 0-39 0-43 34-1 21-8 27.4 0-51 0-59 38-1 24.5 28.9 0-54 0-60 36-8 1........ 20-1 0-37 0.43 1916 191 10 24 0-44 0-51 15 10 13 0-24 0-26 18 15 16 0-30 0-35 108 18 61 1-13 1-26 246 57 140 2-60 3-00 Aaatageee ee: tea ter gamers a Re 26 16 19 0.35 0-39 21 16 17 0-32 0-37 Resa 33 11 17 0-32 0-36 pt ait obdal Peaua tach eaelbaa a at/ aa ll allen 2 aiease Dec.... 16 13 15 0-28 0.32 1Stream frozen after Dec. 15, discharge estimated. out June 16, not replaced until July 7. 2 Ice conditions obtained after Dec. 24. Gauge washed 71—MATHER (CHERRY) CREEK—near mouth Drainage area, 80 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—About 1 mile above the mouth, near Wasa, East Kootenay. Records avatlable—May to Nov., 1913; April 15 to Oct. 8, 1914; April 11 to Sept. 30, 1915 ; June 15 to Oct. 1, 1916. Co-operation—During 1914, this station was maintained by co-operation between the Provincial Water Rights Branch and the B. C. Hydrometric Survey. Gauge—Vertical staff ; read daily. (Up to 1915 was recorded in feet and inches.) Channel—Channel is regular and affords a good measuring section ; slight shifts are possible owing to silty nature of bed. Discharge measurements—The 1914 rating curve was based largely on the five discharge measure- ments in 1914. The measurements made in 1913, after June 30, conform to this 1914 curve. In estimating discharges for 1913, the 1914 rating curve was used for period after June 30. The estimates for May and June, 1913, are deduced from a rating curve based on measurements made by the District Engineer, Provincial Water Rights Branch. In 1915 and 1916 new curves were used. Accuracy—Fair. General—This stream is used for irrigation. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 393 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date Area of Mean Gauge ; Area of Mean Gauge : section | velocity | height | Discharge | Date section | velocity | height | Discharge Sq. feet \Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1912 : Aug. 31 13-7 1-18 0-062 16-2 May 5 19.7 3-83 75-41 || Sept. 25 16.3 1-37 0-229 22-3 1913 1915 May 29 37.5 7-27 272.3 April 22 29.2 2-88 0.792 84-1 June 3 , 40-3 8-35 336-7 May 26 29-8 3-43 0-916 102 23 25-8 4.96 128.5 June 12 29.8 3-46 0-896 103 July 28 18.5 2-14 39-7 Aug. 25 16-7 1.53 0. 242 26-5 Sept. 24 16.5 1-42 23-5 1916 Oct. 14 17-0 1-45 24-6 June 18 74-0 8.26 3-11 610 1914 July 7 38-5 5-90 1-77 227 May 28 32-8 4-61 1.52 ‘26 27-0 4-13 0-86 112 July 15 30.2 3-05 92.2 Aug. 16 18-3 2.82 0-53 52 we 128 24.2 2-34 56-7 Sept. 15 13-9 2-41 0-32 335 et. 4 15.2 1.96 0-37 30 1 At waggon bridge ; one mile above mouth. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet Run-off i i a Run-off zi depth in Discharge in second-feet depth in. Month : Per | inches on || Month Per |incheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1913 1914 May!. S00. [avs 145-0 1-81 2-09 June....| 370 109 230-0 2.87 3-20 July....) 131 35 70-6 0-88 1.02 Aug.... 34 30 30-5 0-38 0.44 Sept.... 30 . 24 25-1 0-31 0.35 Oct... . 27 18 23-5 0.29 0.33 Nov.?.. 20) De eeeway 17.9 0.22 0.24 1915 120 78 96-5 1-21 1-39 124 67 97-1 1-21 1.35 seat) Vasaitcyt auocaeine 97 57 76-2 0-95 1-10 -0 80 23 54 17 32-1 0-40 0-46 : 9 0-86 30 17 24.6 0-31 0.35 0-47 1 Estimated May 1 to 5. ? Estimated Nov. 21-30. # Owing to difficulty in securing a gauge reader no records re available before June 18. MESLILOET (INDIAN) RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES For convenience, data on these streams are grouped together, as such data have been gathered in connection with one proposed power development. 72—MESLILOET RIVER—8 miles from mouth* Drainage area, 65 square miles ¢ DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—A short distance below cafion, 8 miles from mouth, and in sec. 8, tp. 7, rge. 7, W. 7th mer. Records avatlable—Oct. 31, 1912, to Dec. 31, 1916. Co-operation—Gauge readers are maintained by the Westminister Power Co. Drainage area—Estimated at from 45 to 65 sq. miles.f Gauge—Vertical staff ; read two or three times a week. Channel—Boulders and gravel ; permanent control. Discharge measurements—Well define the rating curve. Winter flow—Open water conditions all winter. Accuracy—B and C. Infrequency of gauge readings impairs accuracy. *In 1912, a gauging station was maintained from March to December at the mouth of the Mesliloet river. This station was superseded by the one at the present site close to the cafion, which latter gives a record of the flow available at the proposed intake location. 7 The watershed is not well defined on existing maps ; the estimate of 65 sq. miles, made by the B.C. Hydrometric Survey, and used below in computing the run-off per sq. mile, may, possibly, be too great. 394 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS ~ Area of Mean Gauge . Area of Mean | Gauge , Date section | velocity | height | Discharge || Date section | velocity | height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1912 ae = Nov. 16 277 3.5 3-58 942 Oct. 31 120 1-6 2.26 188! 1914 191 Aug. 2 131 1.2 2-00 154 June 6 232 2.9 3-25 662 Nov. 11 220 2-6 3-05 555 “18 240 3-1 3-40 713 1915 "A? 195 2.4 2-90 446 May 6 205 2-30 2-85 476 July 3 203 2-4 2-98 471 July 16 157 1.31 2-15 205 a 89 146 1-6 2-28 230 ea, 159 1-19 2-05 174 Sept. 17 109 1-2 1-87 122 1916 Oct. 81 0-9 1-61 76 Oct. 12 63 0-75 1-39 47.5% Nov. 10 186 2-2 2-86 417 1 1 Station established. 2 Wading. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet ne Discharge in second-feet eons Month Per |incheson || Month Per |incheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1912 Nov... 1,720 | 160 599; 9-2 | 10-3 Dec. 1,510 136 246 3-8 4:4 g 1914 Jan. 147 60 78 1-2 1-38 Jan. 3,320 116 597 9-2 10-6 Feb..... 1,720 50 283 4.4 4.58 Feb. 413 72 162 2-5 2-6 Mar..... 222 72 131 2-0 2-31 Mar. 1,010 170 360 5-5 6.3 April 690 89 337 5-2 5-80 April 1,115 170 460 7-1 7-9 May 1,370 180: 645 9.9 11-53 May 1,150 280 520 8-0 9-2 June. 1,290 436 716 | 11-0 12-27 June 755 251 393 6-0 6-7 July. 1,110 185 449 6-9 8-07 July 295 136 228 3-5 4-0 Aug.. 368 105 188 2-9 3-46 Aug.. 147 50 99 1-5 1-7 Sept. 485 89 214 3-3 3-68 Sept. 1,880 50 447 6-9 7-7 Oct.. 2,120 72 293 4.5 5-18 Oct.. 1,800 115 644 9-9 11-4 Nov 1,880 98 594 9-1 10-15 Nov. 1,600 170 691 | 10-6 11-8 Dec. 755 115 269 4.1 4.72 Dec. 370 60 121 1-9 - 2-2 Year 2,120 50 350 5-4 73-10 Year 1,880 50 394 6-06 82-1 1915 1916 Jan. 1,290 70 286 4-40 5-07 485 70 139 2-14 2-47 Feb..... 390 135 226 3-48 3-62 2,680 60 779 | 12-00 12-90 Mar 1,650 160 455 7-00 8-07 1,010 195 563 8-66 9-98 April 2,680 220 677 | 10-40 11-60 1,080 345 530 8-15 9-09 May 485 115 318 4.89 5-64 860 390 610 9-38 10-80 June 390 160 245 3.77 4-21 1,440 485 790 | 12-20 13-60 July 207 113 164 2-52 2-91 1,370 390 701 | 10-80 12-50 Aug.. 113 35 94 1-45 1-67 485 170 291 4.48 5-17 Sept. 220 42 78 1-20 1-34 180 80 112 1-72 1-92 Oct. 2,680 50 951 | 14-63 17.18 440 40 89 1-37 1-58 Nov..... 1,510 145 '422 6-50 7.25 860 105 370 5-69 6-35 Dec 2,520 125 740 | 11-38 13.95 550 60 134 2-06 2-38 Year 2,680 35 388 5-97 82.51 2,680 40 426 6-55 88-74 MESLILOET RIVER TRIBUTARIES In connection with its proposed development on the Mesliloet river and tributaries, the West- minster Power Co., in conjunction with the British Columbia Hydrometric Survey, has made a study of the flow of the streams involved. Considerations of space preclude the giving of records for many of the smaller and less im- portant streams of the province—that is, viewed from the standpoint of power development. Inasmuch, however, as there are comparatively little data for the smaller coastal streams, and as. such data are of special interest in connection with power development, it is desirable here to present a summary of the existent data for the tributaries of the Mesliloet river. Description of Stations—Generally speaking these creeks are mountain streams, with rocky, boulder-strewn beds. The drainage areas are small, but not definitely known. The channel at most of the stations is rough, but with permanent control. Vertical staff gauges are used in each case. They are read irregularly and, owing to the flashy nature of the creeks, the gauge readings. do not adequately record extremes of, or rapid changes in, stage. The gauge at Brandt creek, near mouth, is generally read 5 or 6 times a week, but the other gauges only from 1 to 3 times per week. Except under very exceptional conditions, the streams remain open throughout the: winter, although the lakes freeze over. The rating curves are well defined. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 395 Data Presented—The data here given comprise for each station: (1) The maximum daily discharge recorded during the period of record for each month of the year. (2) The mean monthly discharge for each month in the period. (3) The minimum daily discharge recorded during the period for each month of the year. Note: Owing to the infrequency of the gauge readings, it is probable that the real maximum and minimum discharges were, respectively, greater and small- er than those actually recorded. . 72a—BELKNAP CREEK—at outlet from Belknap lake. Records available: Oct., 1912, to Dec., 1916. | Jan. | Feb. | mar. Apr. | May Sune| July | Aug. | sept Oct. Nov| Dec. | Annual Maximum daily discharge a baa 49 | 430 | 390 | 280 | 222 | 430 | 280 | 170 | 630 | 610 | 510 | 300 ]....... Mean monthly discharge, 1912.) ...[.....[....e]ecece| ec eee|eseeelee sould a dencntil sacs oil pxes a AB NC od aa crsvee . do 1913. 8 14 11 38 82 | 174 | 137 54 54 81 40 33 61 do 1914.}..... 12 39 63 | 143 | 113 97 38 | 159 | 136 | 130 16 86 do 1915.) 21 27 92 | 155 | 129 77 59 17 20 | 222 | 179 | 144 95 - do 2 1916.) 17 93 80 74 | 136 | 266 | 201 | 115 60 26 | 212 71 113 Minimum daily discharge. .... 8 8 9 9 25 40 32 15 9 1L 13 8 |. wise 72b—BELKNAP CREEK—below Ann lake, about half way between Ann lake and Belknap lake near the proposed site for the diversion dam. Records available: June, 1914, to Dec., 1916, also 3 meter measurements in 1913. | Jan. | Feb. | tar. Apr. | May | sune | July | Aug. Sept.| Oct. | Nov.| Dec. | Annual Maximum daily discharge..... 46 | 402 | 310 | 210 | 173 | 415 | 251 | 164 | 600 | 625 | 500 | 525 ]...... ‘ Mean monthly discharge, 1914.].....].....}..-.0[eeeee feos ese feces 89 38 | 134 | 101 93 24 80 do 1915.| 15 17 68 | 115 | 101 64 65 19 18 | 215 | 187 | 202 90 con do | 1916.} 20 | 102 65 57 | 109 | 232 | 170] 92| 45] 26| 162| 62 95 Minimum daily discharge...... 5 8 8 41 63 46 39 13 4 10 14 11 Note—Stream occasionally freezes over at gauging station. 72c—BRANDT CREEK—at mouth. Records available : Oct. 19, 1912, to Sept. 11, 1914—-station abandoned and new station above Young creek used. Jan. | Feb. |Mar. | Apr. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. et. | Nov. Dee. | Annual Maximum daily discharge. .... 610 | 140 | 190 | 280 | 245 | 237 | 174 | 48 | 174 | 408 | 408 | 246 Mean monthly discharge, 1912.].....).....]e. cee ee eee fee eee fee eee fee cece eee ede eee ele rene 113 33 do 1913.) 16 25 26 85 | 124 | 115 51 10] 34] 47] 105] 55 do 1914.} 81 37 80 | 109 97 65 18 6° bsakesafes spars france [be siange i Minimum daily discharg>... ..| 10 9 12 16 30 26 7 5 6 8 14 18 72d—BRANDT CREEK—above confluence of Young creek. Records available : June 1, 1913, to Dec. 31, 1916. : Jan. | Feb. | Mar | Apr. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept.| Oct. | Nov. Maximum daily discharge..... 23-0]17-0 |100;0| 50:0] 42-0] 76-0] 54-0} 5-5 |250-0/220-0/160-0 Mean monthly discharge, 1913.|.....]...--|--020[eeeee [ences 40:9| 25-5] 2-6 3-9] 19-3) 7-1 do DOTS oi scosssye sal consyseas|lerezerorat | exeneeene 24-0| 12-0] 9-1] 0-6 | 33-O].....]..... do 1915.| 8-8] 7-3 | 21-0] 19-0] 21-0} 4-5) 2-4) 0-8 1-8] 43-0) 21-0 do 1916.} 4-1] 5-3 3-5| 3-7] 3-2) 19-8] 3-5] 0-6 0-5) 0-7] 53-0 Minimum daily discharge...... Gey 1-3 0-8] 2-0] 0-8} 1°2) 06) 0-3} 0-3} O-1] 1-2 Note—Jan. to April and Oct. to Dec., 1914. Gauge heights were not recorded frequently enough to enable estimates of mean discharges to be made. 72e—HIXON CREEK—about one-half mile from the mouth. Records available : Nov., 1912, to July, 1914, station discontinued. | Jan. | Fe. | Mar. | Apr. | stay | sune July | Aug. | Sept.| Oct. Nov,| Dec. | Annual Maximum daily discharge. .... 750 | 185 | 185 | 650 | 675 | 525 | 344 | 142 | 167 | 661 | 702 | 200 |...... * Mean monthly discharge, 1912.].....]..-..)eeeee [eee [ence eden eee |e eee e| ee eel ee eee] en nee 149 GD) [ices srs asa do 1913.) 67 53 67 | 105 | 246 | 273 | 178 90 60 | 104 | 166 85 124 do 1914.| 173 64 | 114 | 202 | 199 | 155 |... J... fee ee fee ee dee eee avail south aan . Minimum daily discharge. ....| 44 20 47 55 75 60 95 | 70] 34] 31] 40] 37/]..... ae Note—Mean discharge for Sept., 19 13, partly estimated ; gauge washed out. 396 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 72f—HIXON CREEK—about 1 mile above the confluence of Belknap creek. Records avail- able : April to Sept., 1914; July to Dec., 1915; May to Dec. 1916. Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | May | sune | July | Aug. | sept Oct. | Nov| Dec. | Annual Maximum daily discharge...... 7 71 54 46 76 80 54 | 26 16 80 71 84 iscawas Mean monthly discharge, 1914.].....].....J.....]..-..]eeee 28 23 a N eicaraus 22 | actos vara ome | ereansed | aataneaas aes do OU Beil chars, Metsensceha: | buacgustses | aastaenss [eee couse aeneeeae 10 3 4 29 27 BAL Nie avacece do 1916. 3 19 20 28 31 43 26 17 8 6 34 Lo 20 Minimum daily discharge..... . 2 2 4 10 10 10 4 3 2 2 5 rig ener Note—During April, May and Sept., 1914, insufficient gauge readings were taken to enable estimates of mean monthly discharge to be made. 72g—NORTON CREEK—at outlet of Norton lake. Records available: Oct., 1912, to Dec., 1916. June Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | May July [ aus. [sept Oct. | Nov,| Dec. | Annual Maximum daily discharge. ....| 20-0] 50-0] 48-0] 43-0] 46-0] 22-0] 18-0] 12-0} 36-0] 85-0 fe 32-0]....... Be . Meanmonthly discharge; 1912: |iijcceco lle. aareel oe toss sc eaters [ercece:|leeeck an oh cee [endive | sue. cca Saacceie 5] 5°6)....... : do 1913.| 2+5] 3-9; 2-9) 6-4] 19-0] 8-7) 3-8] 0-9} 7-0} 9-5) 23-8] 10-0] 8-2 do LOMA 53 4:3) 13-2] 15-5} 61-6} 3-7] 1-1] 0-3] 8-2] 15-1] 19-4) 4-0] 13-3 do 1915.]| 9-0} 9-0} 15-0} 16-0} 5-0} 2-0) 0-8} 0-2} 0-5] 17-1] 10-9] 13-2} 8-2 do 1916 3:5] 13-0] 10-4] 14-0] 22-0} 13-0} 10-0} 4-8) 2-4) 1-2] 5-6] 0-6] 8-4 Minimum daily discharge... ... 1-6) 1:2) 2-7) 2-7} 1:0) 1-0) O-4/ O-1] O-1] O-1) O-7} O-1]....... 72h—YOUNG CREEK—at mouth. Records available : Oct., 1912, to Dec., 1915. Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | May | June | July | Aue. | Sept.] Oct. | Nov.| Dec. | Annual: Maximum daily discharge..... 44 53 110 | 190 63 92 | 55 14 |110 {170 130 |130 |....... Mean monthly discharge, 1914.].....].....].....]..... 31 18 | 10 4 ae 36 57 8 24 do 1915.| 13 26 35 52 24 10 7 5 4 | 37 25 | 41 23 2 do | 1916.{ 10 | 23 32 36 27 52 | 19 8 4 5 31 | 10 22 Minimum daily discharge... ... 2-4) 4-2) 13 17 13 5 3-5] 2:4] 0-8! O-4 2 OG) ic eiresete, Note—Owing to infrequency of gauge readings, means for certain months are omitted. 73—MOYIE RIVER—at international boundary , Drainage area, 590 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At highway bridge, near Kingsgate ; 25 yards north of international boundary. Records avatlable—July, 1914, to Dec., 1915, March to Dec., 1916. Gauge—Vertical staff attached to the abutment of highway bridge ; read daily. Channel—ls straight for 200 feet above and below section ; flow is swift, over gravel and smalf boulders. Width of stream at measuring section, 44 to 97 feet. Discharge measurements—Are reliable and well define the rating curve.t Winter flow—The river, as a rule, does not freeze over, but ice conditions obtain from November to March. Accuracy—Results are considered to be within 15 per cent ; 1916, up to 4,500 sec.-ft. A, above 4,500 sec.-ft. B. General—The Moyie river is an international stream. There are lumbering and mining interests on the watershed. * Above gauging station, including a small area in the United States. {Some discharge measurements have been made at the bridge at Eastport, Idaho, which is about 100 yds. downstream from the Kingsgate bridge. As these measurements indicated that water is lost in the stream bed between the two bridges, the lower station was abandoned. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 397 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gange ‘ Area of Mean Gauge i Date | section | velocity | height | Discharge || Date | section | velocity height Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1914 rf Aug. 23 104 1-78 0-80 1861 July 7 247 4-61 2-10 1,140 Nov. 24 89 2-42 0.89 215 Aug. 1 122 2-73 0-80 333 1916 2 Oct. 8 80 2-66 0-75 213 Feb. 21 82 1-10 Ice 90? re 15 83 2.72 0.80 225 June 15 686 10-90 7-00 7,310 15 97 1-89 1-10 183} “16 706 11-26 7-20 7,950 1915 “16 706 11-01 7.20 7,780 Feb. 20 66 2.14 0-65 142 July 6 397 6-50 3-60 2,580 April 21 370 6-42 3-40 2,370 ‘24 200 3-75 1-68 4! June 2 270 5-17 2-55 1,390 Aug. 13 118 2-45 0-90 288 July 23 133 2-77 1.20 “14 86 3-33 0-89 285? 23 136 2-31 1-45 3141 || Sept. 17 92 1-91 0-63 1754 Aug. 24 80 2-24 0-78 179 Oct. 9 84 1-56 0-50 131 4 1At United States bridge. ‘Ice measurement. * Wading measurement at different sections. ‘Measurement from downstream side of bridge. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet, Pear 4 Discharge in second-feet poner Month ‘: Per |incheson |} Month Per |incheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1914 DULY ees Po. cease oll eae + eee llnogss tanner d's Recasral alte & acaaper July!.. 958 283" [lacs preanen Spoaisonavies ie aeaytceuslne oe ie abate ol art pan Gee ina Getaegates ll weayeatgetet! a4) Seti ide apteeas é 5 * OD Gs ssi firs sete + | eva eae ees a Boge che 2] a oees seats OG saci ats [as grees 3 See ae te ee cee | | oaeeises at] eer ads NOVaiiaalins caves al eaeesans ooanssneel Saar elleceataatn DOO);: sxscoleneeccuens Misndas sinuallcn, i soteyos Ue seas Thome a hheds 1915 JanJ.... Feb. Mar 510 129 262 0.44 0-51 April 2,620 424 1,460 2-48 2.77 April 2,840 1,210 1,770 3-00 35 May 2,430 1,600 1,850 3-14 3-61 May 5,360 2,110 3,050 5-17 5-96 June 1,440 858 1-45 1-62 June 10,600 2,840 5,460 9.25 10-32 July 710 223 , 404 0-69 0.79 July 3,640 500 1,550 2-63 3-03 Aug. 348 142 214 0-36 0-41 Aug 472 170 0-49 0-56 Sept. 187 117 147 0-25 0.28 Sept 335 130 177 0-30 0-33 Oct 223 156 181 0-31 0-36 Oct. 130 95 109 0.18 0-21 Nov..... 283 187 229 0.39 0-43 Nov.... 190 130 158 0-27 0-30 Dec..... 304 180 219 0-37 0.43 Dec.... 110 110 110 0-19 0-22 Period.. 2,620 117 582 0-99 11-21 Period..} 10,600 95 1,408 2-39 24-28 1For cai July 7 to 31, max. on July 7, min. on July 31. 2 For ee Dec. 1 to 9, after which gauge heights were affected by ice. 3 Affected by ice Jan. 1 to 7 and Jan. *36 to Feb. 1 74—MURTLE RIVER—15 miles below lake Drainage area, about 400 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At the Clearwater Trail crossing, 15 miles below Murtle lake, and about 50 miles by pack trail from the Canadian Northern Ry. at Raft River P.O. Records available—Gauge readings have been taken since September, aia which will be avail- able when the station is completely rated. Drainage area—Only part of the watershed of the Murtle river has been surveyed, and there are not enough data available to make a close estimate. Gauge—A Gurley automatic water gauge register was installed in November. 1915, but record was interrupted by accident and ice. Before November, 1915, a chain gauge was in use ; read from one to four times a week Channel—The bed of the stream is composed of rocks and gravel, and is smooth and even. The current is swift. Discharge measurements—Rating curve is well defined at high stages. Winter flow—Ice conditions obtain from Nov. to Mar. In Jan., 1917, ice was 2 ft. thick. Accuracy—Results should be fairly reliable for the period during which gauge was recording. The inaccessibility of this station makes accurate records difficult to obtain. 398 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge 7 ; Area of Mean Gauge F Date section | velocity height | Discharge Date | section velocity height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1914 June 15 878 4.43 5-48 3,890 Pee DW kew wane kones 1.11 852 AEG) 933 4.65 5-65 4,340 1915 ee 996 4.82 5-90 4,810 Aug. 8 507 3-1 3-822 1,610 BS 1,050 5-10 6-13 5,350 Nov. 20 297 2.2 2-83 650 29 1,186 5-40 6-58 6,400 1916 Sept. 5 400 2-85 3-63 1,150 June 4 T77 4.18 5-05 3,250 Nov. 14 348 1-62 ° Ice 565 a 9 807 4.12 5-10 3,320 1917 "14 823 4.24 5-28 3,500 Feb. 1 200 0-95 Ice 190 10ld gauge; 3-10 on automatic gauge. * Automatic gauge datum. GAUGE HEIGHTS AND DISCHARGES During 1914 and 1915, the gauge readings were not taken frequently enough to permit the making of satisfactory estimates of monthly mean discharges. The following is a record of the gauge heights actually recorded and corresponding revised estimated discharges. Gaug> Dis- Gauge Dis- Gauge Dis- Gauge Dis- Date height | charge Date | height | charge Date | height | charge Date height | charge Feet Feet Sec.-ft. Feet Sec.-ft. Feet Sec.-ft. 1914 1915 1915 Sept. f2 | 3-10 2-70 555 ||June 21 4:60 2,450 |!Seps. 2] 3:25 950 ae) 3-10 2-50 450 oe 22) 4°65 2,530 “3 3°22 920 M4 3-10 2°50 450 “26 5-80 4,580 “6 3°17 885 “23 3-30 2-60 500 se ee 5:75 4,480 eet itd 315 865 “25 3-30 2-50 450 ** 30 4°55 2,375 = 9 3°05 790 Oct. 1 3:70 2-50 450 |July 1 4:46 2,230 “10 3°05 790 * 10 3-50 2-50 450 4 4-35 2,085 “14 3:00 750 “ 16 3-40 2-50 450 ae) 4-30 2,015 oe 5 3-00 750 “23 3°45 2-80 615 t= 2 4-45 2,230 Be Ee 2-98 740 “29 3-40 3:40 1,080 “13 4-45 2,230 i 8 2-95 715 Nov. 7 3-35 3-50 1,175 “18 5-05 3,190 fe 2h 2-90 630 ‘14 3-25 3-60 1,275 “19 5-00 3,100 22 2-90 680 “18 3-15 3-65 1,330 i323 4-35 2,085 ee 124 2-85 650 “26 3:05 3-70 , “24 4-30 2,015 “25 2°85 650 29 3°05 3-75 1,435 uf 326 4:25 1,950 oe 329) 2-80 615 Dec. 4 3°05 3-80 1,490 eed 4:25 1,950 “30 2-80 615 m5 3°05 3-80 1,490 28 4:25 1,950 |]Oct. 1 2°85 650 oe 3-15 3°85 1,550 ss 29 4-20 1,880 2 2°85 650 “2 3-15 4°35 2,085 |/Aug. 2 4-00 1,725 se ae 2-75 585 “19 7e 4°25 1,950 ag 4-00 1,725 “8 2-75 585 “28 Ice 5-15 3,355 ne 5 3°85 1,550 * 410 2°72 565 5-55 4,095 “6 3°85 1,550 ot 2-70 555 1915 5°55 4,095 ee ae 3-80 1,490 “18 2-80 615 Jan. 3:05 5°55 4,095 “8 3:80 1,490 “19 2-85 650 ne. 3:05 5*50 4,000 "9 3-75 1,435 329: 2-95 715 “14 2°85 5-40 3,815 32 3°55 1,225 ni 223 2-95 715 “15 2°85 5°75 4,480 es 3°65 1,330 OT 3°15 865 a 21. 2°85 5-80 4,580 “16 3-50 1,175 “28 3°15 865 S129, 2°85 5-55 4,095 if ay 3°55 1,225 ||Nov. 2 3-10 825 i (28) Ice 5°55 4,095 “20 3-42: 1,100 a3 3:05 790 Feb. 5] Ice 540 | 3,815 “ a1] 3-45 | 1/130 “ 7] 3.08 790 “" 61 Ice 535 | 3,725 “93 | 3-37 | 1/055 « 3] 3-05 790 . 13 Ice 4°85 2,850 “24 3-40 1,080 9 3-00 750 ye 14 Ice 4:95 3,015 32h 3-30 990 oe TT 2°95 715 Be 21 Ice 4-80 2,765 "28 3°32 1,010 * 13 2-90 680 | 8 [ie fs 8) SB RRS BER] ‘ : ‘ ‘ “ +2) 5 “9 . 4-75 2/685 ‘0 2°83 635 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet pone Discharge in second-feet aoe Month . Per |incheson |! Month Per |incheson Max. Min. Mean } square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1916 veces eee fees 7,000 | 2,600 | 4,746) 11-87 | 13-25 ; : 5,680 | 3,100 | 4,046 | 10-12] 11-66 5 : 2,930 | 1,350] 2.016] 5.04] 5.81 1 Mean monthly discharge Sept. 1 to 9, 1,315 sec.-ft. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 399 75—NAHATLATCH RIVER—7 miles from mouth Drainage area, about 400 square miles. DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—Seven miles from mouth, below Douglas and Log creeks. Sec. 7, tp. 12, rge. 26, W. 6th mer. ~_ Records available—Weekly records, Mar., 1912, to Apr., 1916 ; daily records May to Dec., 1916. Drainage area—The watershed is not well defined on existing maps, which, for this region, differ considerably. The estimate may be somewhat low. Gauge—Standard vertical staff gauge, read weekly ; also, since April 27, 1916, auxiliary gauge, read daily, the readings being transferred to main gauge. Channel—At section, is straight, with an average depth at low water of 8 feet. Velocity low. Bed of river rocky and permanent. Discharge measurements—Are made from cable car. Winter flow—Open conditions generally prevail throughout the winter, though partial ice condi- tions sometimes obtain, as in Jan. and Feb., 1916. Accuracy—The dischorge estimates given below fer days on which the gauge was read are re- vised figures. For 1916, the results are considered quite reliable. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge i Area of Mean Gauge ‘ Date section | velocity height | Discharge Date section | velocity | height | Discharge ‘ Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. 1 et Sec.-feet 1912 1915 Duly 23° Ws snags relia RG 3-75 1,920 Feb. 15 262 1-10 3-40 290 INOVE 28) fice saueraSe avacens: lave Sratecens Si 2-20 891 1916 1913 April 19 414 3:60 3-10 1,490 June 26 747 6-47 6-4 4,640 June 26 830 9-80 8-50 8,100 July 4 627 5-09 4.95 3,196 Nov. 4 272 2-00 1-33 550 Sept. 21 431 2-96 2-65 1,273 1917 2 Jan. 11 220 1.36 0.41 299 ‘GAUGE HEIGHTS AND DISCHARGES Owing to the infrequency of gauge readings up to 1915 it was not deemed advisable to inter- polate discharges and give monthly summaries. The following is a record of the gauge heights and corresponding estimated discharges that are available. 1912 1913 1914 1915 Gauge Dis- Gauge Dis- Gauge Dis- Gauge Dis- Date teigbt charge Date height | charge Date height | charge Date height | charge Feet Sec.-ft. Feet Sec.-ft. Feet Sec.-ft. Feet Sec.-ft. aes sb/ahe orks ® Jan. 4 1-00 480 |\Jan. 4 2:60 1,140 |/Jan. 2 1-30 570 sions Sen oa 2 0-85 420 OL 2°32 980 10 1-10 510 Scat foes Si 19 0-80 410 48 1-70 700 oe aka 0:90 440 Feb. 27 0-95 460 26 0-85 420 “25 1-60 660 "23 0-70 380. Mar. 4 0-75 400 ||Feb. 2 0-65 360 |/Feb. 1 1-40 600 “30 0-65 360 a Be 0-65 360 a 0-50 320 8 1-10 510 ||/Feb. 7 0:70 380 “18 0-65 260 “16 1-10 510 “15 0-90 440 ND 0-75 390 “25 0-50 320 23 0:75 390 * oe 0-80 410 ss 21 0-70 380 April 1 1-45 610 Mar. 2 0-55 330 |{/Mar. 1 1-20 540 se 28 0-80 410 8 1-70 700 ae 0-70 380 38 1-10 510 Mar. 7 0-95 460 14 2-00 820 16 0-75 390 ee ey 1°95 800 “14 1-05 490 OT 2-40 1,020 “23 0:70 380 oe 22 2-95 1,360 21 1:45 610: « 28 2°35 1,000 eee) 0-65 360 ee 29 2°25 50 28 2-55 1,100 May 5 3:30 1,620 April 6 0-70 380 |/April 5 2°60 1,140 |{April 4 6-15 4,400: mo 18 5:70 3,900 13 1-90 780 A 4-30 2,450 3°75 1,980: AS 5:50 3,650 20 3°35 1,660 13 4-10 2,250 17 5-50 3,659: “23 5:70 3,00 “26 2-80 1,260 ‘26 3-35 1,660 “24 4:50 2,650 June 2 4:10 2,250 ||May 4 1-90 780 May 3 6-30 4,600 ||May 2 3°50 1,780 “9” 6-40 4,750 Sr AND, 5-10 3,200 “ 30 5:50 3,650 “9 7-20 5,850 “ 16 4:50 2,650 “18 4-00 2,200 oe TT 6-00 4,250 #16 4:25 2,400 “23 6-25 4,550 251 6-70 5,150 ‘ 22 7-50 6,300 28 4-80 2,900 “30 4-40 2,550 |{/June 1 8-00 7,100 24 8-20 7,500 * 30 4-45 2,600 July 7 3°80 2,020 7-75 6,700 30 4-70 2,800 June 6 6-50 4,850 14 | 4.55 | 2'670 || 15] 6-30 | 4,600 |\June 6] 5-20 | 3,350 |} * 5-00 | 3,100 “18 4:55 2,670 as 22 5-90 4,100 we 6-80 5,300 : 20 4-20 2,350 tS 521 4-35 2,500 26 6-20 4,500 “20 7-00 5,550 27 3-95 2,150 « 93 | 3-75 | 1980 ||“ 29] 6-80 | 5,300 || “ 27] 6-40 | 4,750 |/July 4] 5-80 | 4,000 « 98] 3-20 | 1'540 |lJuly 4] 5-00 | 3,100 ||July 4] 8-20 | 7,500 : 3-70 | 1,940 400 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION GAUGE HEIGHT AND DISCHARGES—Continued 1912 1913 1914 1915 Gauge Dis- Gauge Dis- Gauge Dis- Gauge Dis- Date height charge Date height | charge Date | height charge Date height | charge Feet Sec.-ft. Feet Sec.-ft. Feet Sec.-ft. Feet’ Sec.-ft. Aug. 4 3-55 1,820 ||July 6] 5:40 3,550 ||July 11 7-00 5,550 |\July 18 3°30 1,620 Oe aE 3°45 1,740 “13 4°85 2,950 jj “ 9 6-10 4,350 25 4-00 2,200 cues 4°35 2,500 “20 6-30 4,600 ‘26 4-30 2,450 ||Aug. 1 4-20 2,350 “18 3°65 1,900 “29 5:25 3,400 |lAug. 2 3-95 2,150 me as 3:20 1,540 325 3°75 1,980 ||Aug. 2 4:80 2,900 ate 3D) 3-20 1,540 “15 3-35 1,660 Sept. 1 2-20 920 “10 3:90 2,100 “16 3°80 2,020 "22 3-90 2,109 ‘ 8 2-30 970 So AT 3°15 1,500 ‘23 3-20 1,540 29 3°05] 1,430 “06 2-55 1,100 “24 3:85 2,060 “30 3-00 1,400 Sept. 5 2°75 1,230 22 2°10 870 “31 3°35 1,660 ||Sept. 6 2:10 870 ‘12 1:50 630 “29 1-60 660 Sept. 7 4°70 2,800 “13 1-80 740 “19 1-60 660 Oct. 6 2-00 820 5 3°50 1,780 “20 3-20 1,540 “26 1:50 630 *" 13 1-40 600 1 2°65 1,170 "2% 3-00 1,400 |/Oct. 3 1-95 800 “20 2°10 870 a 2 2-20 920 |/Oct. 4 2°45 1,050 10, 0-90 440 ee 1-80 740 |/Oct. 4 1-90 780 “AL 2-20 920 OE 1:00 480 Nov. 3 1-40 600 12 4:75 2,850 18! 6:40 4,750 we 24 3-45 1,740 “10 1:40 600 19 2°75 1,230 oS 225: 3-20 1,540 “31 4:00 2,200 oo ae 2-20 920 "23 2°85 1,300 ||Nov. 1 6-00 4,250 ||Nov. 7 3°35 1,660 24 2-80 1,260 |;Nov. 2 1-80 740 38 3-90 2,100 “14 1°55 640 “28 2°20 920 9 2°25 950 “15 3-00 1,400 er 21 1-70 700 Dec. 1 1-90 780 “16 2-60 1,140 22 2-60 1,140 i 28. 1-40 600 oe ah 1-50 630 ‘* 23 1:90 780 28 3:80 2,020 |/Dec. 5 1-50 630 “15 | 1°30 570 “30 2°20 920 ||Dec. 6 2°40 1,020 12 1:30 570 "22 1-15 520 ||Dec. 7 1-70 704 ‘ 13 1-60 660 “19, 1-00 430 29 1-25 550 a ae 1-40 600 “* 20 1:60 660 "26 1-05 490 2 1°30 570 “26 1-50 630 “98 | 1-20 540 1916 Jan. 2 0-8 410 ||Feb. 6 Ice As Mar. 4 2-6 1,140 |April 2 2:5 1,93) fe 30) 0-8 410 “13 Ice yet ee 2 5:4 3,550 - 3:3 1,62) “16 Ice previ “19 3°3 1,620 “19 2-7 1,200 a 3-4 1,700 “22 Ice Bad “26 2:2 920 “26 2°5 1,080 ee 9: 3-1 1,470 ne 23) 2:6 1,140 Note.—From April 27, daily readings were taken and interpolations were made to estimate the mean flow for April. MONTHLY SUMMARIES ‘ ‘ i Run-off : ‘ ie Run-off quetpeecemioeque er depth in pea ee Lie Month : Per | inches on |} Month Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1916 AAAI serra esa cs kece ace canobenea | sea BE taeecraany eae Pega tees April...| 2,800 1,080 1,950 3-87 4-32 _ ay... 5,300 1,860 3,330 8-32 9.59 June...| 11,700 3,650 6,240 | 15-60 17.40 July... 6,150 2,900 4,550 | 11.37 13-20 Aug.... 3,750 1,620 2,800 7-00 8-07 Sept.... 2,200 700 1,170 2.92 3.26 Oct.... 700 410 540 1:35 1.55 Nov.... 570 380 450 1.12 1.25 Dec.... 440 270 340 0-85 0.98 Period..| 11,700 270 2,330 5-82 59.62 76—NAHATLATCH RIVER—below lakes Drainage area, 300 square miles ete an DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Locatton—200 yards below lowest lake; in sec. 14, tp. 12, rge. 27, W. 6th mer. Records available—Feb. 26, 1912, to Dec. 31, 1916. Drainage area—The watershed is not well defined on existing maps, which differ considerably. The actual drainage area may be more than 300 sq. miles. Gauge—Standard chain gauge, replaced on April 18, 1916, by vertical staff in two sections; read weekly. 5 Channel—Is straight at measuring section; bed, rock and boulders. Velocities are fairly high. Discharge measurements—Are made from cable car and rating curve is well defined. Winter flow—Open conditions prevail throughout the winter. Accuracy—Since the installation of the vertical staff gauge results should be quite reliable. The accuracy of the earlier records was somewhat impaired by the stretching of the chain gauge. The weekly readings do not enable satisfactory monthly summaries to be prepared. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 401 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge eas Area of Mean G Date section | velocity height | Discharge Date section | velocity height Discharge sais Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet ve Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet ae 3 ie a8 oe a May 20 793 4.35 8.55 3,452 uly : : 1,§ “30 627 3-60 6-7! 2,25 Nov. 28 381 2.1 4.75 817 1916 a side he April 18 431 2.93 5-50 1,265 June 26 764 5-0 8-1 3,659 June 27 1,050 6-59 10-60 6,920 Sept. 21 437 2°37 5-1 1,036 Noy 300 1-50 3.75 449 191 | Jan. 10 238 0-97 3-00 230 GAUGE HEIGHTS AND DISCHARGES Owing to the infrequency of gauge readings it was not deemed advisable to prepare monthly summaries by interpolating discharges. The following is a record of the gauge heights actually recorded and corresponding discharges. 1912 1913 1914 1915 Gauge Dis- Gauge Dis- Gauge Dis- Gauge Dis- Date height | charge Date height | charge Date height | charge Date | height | charge Feet Sec.-ft. Feet Sec.-ft. Feet Sec.-ft. Feet Sec.-ft. ae ted noe Jan. 4 3-45 412 |/Jan. 4 4:76 940 |/JJan. 2 3-70 420 hye Rvs “912-} 3-55 377 wad 4:86 990 “10 3-60 380 cer ee “19 3°35 377 “18 4-26 714 oT 3-50 350 Feb. 26 3°45 415 26 3:55 447 oucee. 3-86 556 ni 29) 3:30 290 Mar. 4 3:25 380 ||Feb. 2 3-35 377 ||Feb. 1 3-84 549 30 3-30 290 oe 3-20 375 9) 3-25 345 “68 3:74 514 ||Feb. 7 3-20 270 “18 3-20 375 “16 3:80 535 “15 3°54 444 “15 3:30 290 " 25 3:10 365 “23 3°50 430 “22 3: t4 409 ooo" 3-30 290 April 1 3-95 520 Mar. 2 3-30 360 Mar. 1 3-67 489 * (28 3-30 290 e318 4:10 560 9 3°35 377 tt 8) 3°52 437 ||Mar. 7 3-40 320 “14 4-40 660 “16 3-40 395 ee 15 4-42 784 “14 3-60 380 ae" 321 4:80 830 “23 3°30 360 me 22 5:27 1,208 e211 4:60 780 “28 4-70 785 "29 3-30 360 0 3 4:57 85 “28 5:00 1,000 May 5 5:60 1,270 ||April 6 3-30 360 |/April 5 4:79 955 |jApril 4 8-30 3,700 we 12 7:80 2,815 4:30 730 6-59 2,131 “11 5:90 1,530 “19 7:40 2,415 “20 5:70 1,465 oe 9, 6-19 1,797 “17 7-50 2,900 “26 7-80 2,815 fe Oe. 5:10 1,115 “26 5:59 1,394 ee Ow 6-60 2,050 June 2 6:40 1,800 ||May 4 4-30 730 May 3 8-46 4,066 May 3 5:70 ‘ Re 8-70 3,490 ea 7-25 2,760 “10 7-41 2,920 te 2G) 8:70 4, “16 6-95 2,295 “18 5-95 1,627 “17 8-56 4,176 "16 6-40 1,900 “23 6-60 1.940 Me 325 8°35 3,945 i 21 8-50 4,110 23 7-00 2,400 ‘30 5-70 1,330 ||June 1 9-40 5,120 “24 9-90 5,760 “30 6-70 2,100 July 7 6-30 1,730 es 9-30 5,000 “29 6-80 2,320 ||June 6 8-40 3,800 “14 7-20 2,370 “15 8-15 3,725 “30 6-70 2,230 “13 7-00 2,400 “18 6-70 2,010 “22 7-90 3,450 ||June 6 7-30 2,810 ‘* 20 6-50 1,950 ss 21 6-70 2,010 26 8-30 3,890 “13 8-50 4,110 no 2k 6-20 1,750 “23 6-60 1,940 ee 329 8-60 4,220 “20 8-20 3,780 ||July 4 8-00 3,400 28 5°75 1,360 ||July 6 7°75 3,285 12% 8-40 4,000 EE 5-80 1,460 Aug. 4 6-15 1,625 “13 7:20 2,710 |\July 4 10-00 5,900 “18 5-60 1,330 eee 5-95 1,490 “20 8-60 4,220 pe SE 8-90 4,550 “25 6-30 1,800 “11 | .6-90 2,155 eK 7:60 3,120 “19 8-30 3,890 ||Aug. 1 6:50 1,950 “18 6-00 1,525 ||Aug. 2 7-10 2,610 “26 6-50 2,050 oy A. 5:60 1,330 oo 825) 6-40 1,800 “10 6-30 1,880 ||Aug. 2 6-00 1,660 “15 6-80 2,200 Sept. 1 4-70 oe OV 5-40 1,280 a) 5-50 1,340 af 122, 6-30 1 ‘8 4-80 830 24 6-30 1,880 “16 6-10 1,730 “29 5:50 1,260 ANS 5-25 1,060 ||Sept. 7 7-10 2,610 “23 5:60 1,400 ||Sept. 5 5-20 1,100 22 4-50 00 “14 5°90 1,595 “* 30 5-50 1,34) See 2 4-10 570 “29 4:10 560 “21 5-10 1,115 |/Sept. 6 4:50 820 19 4:10 570 Oct. 6 4°55 720 “27 4:60 865 “13 4-20 690 26 3-90 490 “13 3-90 510 Oct. 5 4:35 752 * 20 6-00 1,660 Oct. 3 4:40 700 “20 4°65 760 "12 7-00 2,510 OF 5-60 1,400 “10 3:40 320 S327 4:30 625 “19 5-10 1,115 Oct. 4 4:95 1,035 Ae AT 3-40 320 Nov. 3 3-90 510 “25 5:20 1,170 we AL 4:60 865 “24 5-80 1,460 “10 4:00 535 ||Nov. 2 4-50 10 “18 8-50 4,110 “31 6-20 1,750 Bee TY 4:70 785 “9 4-30 730 25 5:50 1,340 ||Nov. 7 4-60 780 24 5:15 1,010 SLE 5:00 1,160 Nov. 1 8-15 3,725 “14 2-90 209 “28 4-75 805 oe 2e 4-30 730 ac: 6-10 1,730 a 21 3-40 320 Dec. 1 4:45 680 “30 4-80 960 ee 15 5:30 1,225 28 3-30 290 5 7 4°10 560 Dec. 7 4:20 690 “22 5-00 1,160 Dec. 5 3:60 380 15 3-55 430 “14 4:00 610 “28 6-00 1,660 “12 3-50 350 122 3-70 460 oa Sob 3-90 570 Dec. 6 4:90 1,010 ae NG 3-40 320 a) 4-00 535 “28 3°89 535 Yd 4:10 650 “26 3:50 350 ‘20 4:10 650 ee 26 3:90 570 402 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION GAUGE HEIGHTS AND DISCHARGES—Continued 1916 Gauge Dis- Gauge Dis- Gauge Dis- Gauge Dis- Date height charge Date | height | charge Date | height | charge Date | height | charge Feet Sec.-ft. Feet Sec.-ft. Feet | Sec.-ft. Feet Sec.-ft. Jan. 2 3-30 290 Apr. 2 4-90 940 |\July 2 9-20 4,850 ||Oct. 8 3-50 350 “ 9 3-30 290 oD 5-60 1,330 28) 9-40 5,150 “15 3-75 435 “16 3:20 270 “16 5°70 1,400 16 8-50 3,950 iS Be 3-60 380 et 322 3-10 250 ‘18 |. +50 1,260 “23 8-40 8,800 ||Nov. 4 3-75 435 “30 3:20 270 «23 4-90 940 “30 7°30 2,700 pe 12 3-50 350 Feb. 6 3-00 220 29 6-50 1,950 |/Aug. 6 7-45 2,850 - 18 3-20 270 “13 3-10 250 ||May 7 8-15 3,550 “13 7-40 2,800 25 3-20 270 ‘* 19 5-70 1,400 LA 5+85 1,500 $8 129) 5-70 1,400 ||Dec 2 3-25 280 “e358 4-30 650 “21 7-50 2,900 “ 27 6-70 2,100 e 9 3-15 260 Mar. 4 4-60 780 28 8°35 3,750 ||Sept. 3 6-00 1,600 ‘ 16 3-00 220 aN 7-60 3,000 ||June 4 9-35 5,080 “10 5-05 1,020 “23 2°95 210 “19 5:10 1,050 TL 7°95 3,350 ah ALE 4-55 760. fe 33 2-80 180 “26 5-00 a “18 | 12-50 | 10,4 24 4-80 890 25 | 10-40 6,650 * 30 4-20 610 “27 | 10-60 6,950 77—NANAIMO RIVER—6 miles from mouth Drainage area, 250 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—6 miles from mouth ; 800 feet upstream from Canadian Collieries Ry. bridge ; 8 miles from Ladysmith. 5 Records available—Feb. 11, 1913, to Dec. 31, 1916. Co-operation—Provincial Water Rights Branch established station in 1913. Gauge—12-foot wooden staff nailed to tree, left bank, 25 feet upstream from section ; read daily. Channel—Straight for 200 feet on each side of section ; even, gravel bed, good control 400 feet downstream. Discharge measurements—Well define rating curve except at highest stages. Winter flow—Open all winter. Accuracy—B up to discharge of 3,000 sec.-ft. ; C above discharge of 3,000 sec.-ft. Monthly summary given below for 1913 embodies revisions based on later measurements. See NOTE page 309. : DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS 4 Area of Mean Gauge rs Area of Mean Gauge . Date | section | velocity | height | Discharge || Date section | velocity | height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1911 Aug. 10 139 0-67 0-80 93 Dec. 29 372 2-88 2.75 1,070 1915 1913 Mar. 25 467 3-40 3-27 1,620 Feb. 11 266 1-88 2-04 498 Sept. 1 78 0-46 0-40 35-6 Sept. 27 157 0-98 1-17 154 Dec. 11 556 4-64 4.01 2,580 Dec. 8 436 4-00 3-35 1,736 1916 "1 583 4.88 4.25 2,852 Mar. 29 472 3-88 3-45 1,830 1914 Nov. 3 586 5-96 4.44 3,490 July 8 240 1.32 1-60 317 MONTHLY SUMMARIES ischargei -f Run-off i i ie Run-off Discharge in second-feet depth in Discharge in second-feet depth in Month ' Per |incheson |/ Month .| Per | inches on Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage ; mile area mile area 1913 1914 ° TI's poe a-24 | se rd ir ns [ba so ntcsagnons al | seasons LS eB H[bunedle ne am csy Jan....{ 25,300 770 3,840 | 15-36 17-71 HOD cree 5 tellin exienaiee sesper| eure oe tvhaga ewe ms whoey snes y[ Sear awassea [Monepbea-stnaatine Febyccs 4,980 570 1,240 4.96 5-16 Maries s 1,500 635 912 3-65 4-20 Mar... . 8,320 980 2,520 | 10-08 11-62 April.... 2,755 770 1,496 5-98 6.67 April... 6,510 980 2,430 9.72 10-84 May.... 2,370 790 1,444 5:78 6-66 May... 1,650 690 1,070 4.28 4-93 June.... 1,745 750 1,009 4.04 4.50 June... 840 500 650 2-60 2-90 July.... 1,050 265 622 2.49 2-87 July... 485 130 265 1-06 1-22 Aug..... 260 106 173 0-69 0.79 Aug.... 130 70 95 0-38 0.44 Sept..... 1,825 95 549 2-20 2-45 Sept.... 1,220 68 335 1.34 1-50 Oct..... 5,525 335 937 3-75 4.33 Oct....} 11,600 360 3,290 | 13-16 15-16 Nov.....] 11,420 390 3,373 | 13.49 15.07 Nov....| 10,650 880 4,390 | 17.56 19-60 Decsses 3,670 650 1,657 6-63 7-63 DCC sis-55 3,140 330 740 2-96 3-41 Period...} 11,420 95 1,217 4.87 55-17 Year. ..! 25,300 68 1,739 6.96 94.49 STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 403 MONTHLY SUMMARIES—Continued Discharge in second-feet Run-off | Discharge in second-feet Run-off depth in depth in Month . Per | inches on || Month Per | inches on Max, Min. Mean square | drainage Max, Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1915 1916 420, 1,410) 5-64) 6-50 || Jan....) 1,250 297 602) 241) 278 810 1,420 5-68 5-90 Feb... .} 13,100 425 2,570 | 10 28 11-09 750 1,740 6-96 8-02 Mar.... 7,400 1,010 3,050 | 12 20 14 07 460 1,795 7-18 8-01 April... 3,050 1,180 1,900 7-60 8-48 395 573 2-29 2-64 May...| 3,340 1,010 1,940 7-76 8-95 140 269 1-08 1-21 June...} 2,990 1,060 1,520 6-08 6 78 81 108 0.43 0-49 July... 1,240 475 790 3°16 3 64 57 66 0.26 0-30 Aug... 450 136 250 1-00 1-15 55 59 0-24 0-27 Sept.... 130 62 86 0 34 0 38 60 1,700 6-80 7-83 Oct.... 2,300 47 153 0 61 0-70 530 1,680 6-72 7-50 Nov.... 3,910 267 1,080 4 32 4-82 985 3,070 | 12-28 14-16 Dec.... 2,160 352 730 2-92 3-37 Year 9,660 55 1,157 4.63 62-83 Year...! 13,100 47 1,220 4-88 66-21 78—NECHAKO RIVER—near Vanderhoof Drainage area, about 9,500 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At ferry crossing, about half-mile from Vanderhoof. Records available—July 21 to Nov. 8, 1915. Gauge—Chain gauge on right bank of river, about 25 yards above ferry landing ; read daily. Channel—Permanent channel of even cross-section ; straight for 1,000 feet above and below sec- tion. Discharge measurements—Are made from a canoe anchored to a tag-line, 50 feet above the ferry. Winter flow—The river is usually frozen from early in November until April ; frazil and anchor ice affect the flow in early winter. Accuracy—The section is good, and the meterings are well distributed. Results should be with- in 15 per cent. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge : Area of Mean Gauge . Date | section | velocity | height | Discharge Date section | velocity | height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1915 July 22 4,050 3-30 5-70 13,400 -0-70 2,905 2 Aug. 25 2,730 2-77 2-60 7,580 0-20 2,130 2 Sept. 22 2,070 2-63 1-00 5,580 0-02 4,710 Oct. 20 1,600 2.43 -0-1 3,890 3-80 11,050 4.50 12,870 3-50 10,640 1 From “ Miscellaneous Meter Measurements,’ Water Resources Paper No. 21, p. 356. 2Ice. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet ee Discharge in second-feet aoe Month Per | inches on || Month . Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1915 Aug..... Aug....| 41,570 7,050 9,110 0-96 { 1-11 Sept..... Sept. | 7,050 | 4,780 | 5,830 | 0-61 | 0-68 Oct..... Oct... 4,780 3,740 4,120 0-43 0-50 79—NECHAKO RIVER—near Fort Fraser Drainage area, about 6,150 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At the Grand Trunk Pacific Ry. bridge, about half-mile west of Fort Fraser townsite. Records available—June 16 to Dec. 10, 1915. Gauge—Vertical staff nailed to a timber pile on the left bank of river, about 75 feet above the rail- way bridge; read daily in the open season, and semi-weekly in the frozen season. 404 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Channel—Straight above and below section; divided into sections by the bridge piers. There is a possibility of shift in the section due to current action around the piers of the bridge. Discharge measurements—Are made from the bridge. Winter flow—The river is usually frozen from mid-November until middle of April. During early winter, the flow is affected by anchor and frazilice. Accuracy—The station is newly established, but the conditions for meterings are good. The results should be within 15 per cent. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge é Area of Mean Gauge a Date | section | velocity nee | Discharge | Date section | velocity | height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet | Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1915 ‘19161 June 17 6,210 2.37 8-64 14,730 MATIZ TE | wicerenoiersvaroset|franeexe Cueva 2-30 4,630 July 18 5,480 2-18 7-10 11,920 Maye Lh. | eescincqicecintcn| inna? 6-30 8,610 Aug. 26 3,950 1-67 4-20 6,610 Aug. AL |e cncanceaahesesccass.s 6-55 10,500 Sept. 23 3,180 1-40 2.68 4,440 ee ZI. gender: ay. sees laws cad ieeearivces 5-50 9,150 1 From ‘Miscellaneous Meter Measurements,” Water Resources Paper, No. 21, p. 356. MONTHLY SUMMARIES . : is Run-off . : = Run-off Discharge in second-feet apelin Discharge in second-feet de th in Month Per |incheson |] Month Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1915 July July...{ 13,100 | 10,620 | 11,700 1-90 2-19 PANU sea a cl a case gh PSB Sed eR sane | oS PME tee hs al Reiss vaca ar cen Aug....} 10,450 6,300 8,120 1-32 1-52 Sept 4 20 3,940 5,040 0-82 0-92 Oct. 3,000 3,330 0.54 0-62 Nov 110 3,300 0.54 0-60 Dec Dec. c Slececse cassvselh nc’taceers | site ares 5 | wieec sansa tigaaiaeenos PeriOd esc lec cnmesnal wana carenielea vais Seloees sanmelle acetals arene Period..! 13,100 3,000 6,298 1-02 5-85 1Ice conditions obtained after Dec. 11. 80—NICOLA RIVER—at mouth Drainage area, 2,650 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—200 yards from mouth, on upstream side of highway bridge ; in sec. 12, tp. 17, rge. 25, W. 6th mer. Records available—Aug. 1 to Nov. 30, 1911 ; April 5 to Dec. 21, 1912 ; May 9 to Dee. 11, 1913; April 1 to Sept. 30, 1914; April 1 to Nov. 15, 1915; April 1 to Dec. 31, 1916. Gauge—lInclined staff gauge; read three times a week. Channel—lIs straight at measuring section ; velocity high ; bed of stream, rocks and gravel ; one channel at all stages. During high water on the Thompson river the control is affected at the measuring section, but not at the gauge. Discharge measurements—Are made from bridge at all stages. None was made in 1915. Winter flow—Ice conditions usually exist during January, February and March. Accuracy—C. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge : A f Date section | velocity height | Discharge | Date gection | oelenty | foe Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet -) wn : : Pp ec.-feel hee Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet ug. 44 3-3 2-65 816 May 9 490 5-44 5.49 2,586 Sept. 15 151 2-5 1-78 386 June 7 778 5-34 6-65 4,159 Oo ae 116 1.5 1-30 176 ee 12 194 2-11 2-50 410 4 Mar. 29 127 1.9 2-00 242 May 23 801 8-06 7-60 6,456 May 3 348 4.6 4.40 1,600 |} July 31 1 : ; Se 2 658 6-1 6-60 3,990 1916 oe an e = sia July 3 399 3.2 4.20 1,298 July 11 642 4-70 5-95 | 3,085: 20 260 2-6 3-10 667 Sept. 2 192 1-65 2-50 318 Aug. 10 167. 1.9 2-25 321 Nov. 14 139 1-17 1-58 |. 163 STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 405: MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second- Run-off i i - Runoff e ener aeee depth in a. ereemmpesood ers | death in Month ‘ Per |incheson || Month Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area « mile area 1912 1,000 430 673 0.25 0-24 ° 4,630 1,200 3,319 1-25 1.44 3,230 1,060 2,326 0-88 0-98 1,360 390 799 0-30 0.35 660 300 391 0-15 0-17 360 195 244 0-09 0-10 430 215 306 0-11 0-12 330 155 226 0-09 0-07 1914 3,570 575 2,333 0-88 1-0 1- 7,740 3,570 5,664 2-14 2.4 1- 5,345 2,270 3,385 1-28 1.4 0- 2,270 430 1,216 0.46 0-5 0- 33, 115 205 | 0-08 0-09 o- 240 100 162 0-06 0-07 O- 240 ZOE lise savored | ecartars sl Seema eens 0- : .| 1,220 SOU aay vevedls ase sd lcawx te 0-08 -03 DOO 553) A pine nactale Rubies pale Rea Naess alam ate 1915 1916 April 3,300 1,400 1,980 0-75 0-84 April... 3,060 1,000 1,650 0-62 0-69 May 3,010 1,600 2,200 0-83 0-96 May...| 6,690 3,200 4,300 1-81 2-09 June 2,010 1,060 1,505 0-57 0-64 June... 8,060 4,570 5,680 2-14 2-39 July 1,160 660 1 | 0-32 0-37 July... 4,740 1,270 2,500 0-94 1-08 Aug..... 720 215 374 0-14 0-16 Aug.... 1,200 400 700 0-26 0-30 Sept..... 230 195 213 0-08 0-09 Sept.... 380 240 280 0-11 0-12 Oot Sis ci] ica casers he Paar os ally ated ae. aillavodie ans Mee Oct... . 335 170 250 0-09 0-10 NOV Sis. asecttons i cats [Marts Siete “| oasiatio’s dover cl eae ase [loceha ceeeea ce g Nov.... 200 150 170 0-06 0-07 DVO Caisse tH caiesc.ts 5 curjgin fie wade tee Sn] Sersee ae his a are ctsid eaten, oes Dec.... 140 110 125 0-05 0-06 Period...! 3,300 195 1,185 | 0-45 3-06 Period..! 8,060 110 1,673 | 0-63 6-90 1 Partial ice conditions, mean discharge possibly high. * For period Apr. 5 to 30. %Dec.1to21. 4May9 to 31. tDec. 1 to 11. ® Gauge readings not numerous enough to permit estimate of mean discharge. 81—NICOLA RIVER—at Merritt Drainage area, 1,500 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At Merritt, on upstream side of highway bridge immediately be‘ow mouth of Cold- water river. Records available—June 16, 1911, to Dec. 31, 1914; April 1 to Sept. 30, 1915. Station discon- tinued. Gauge—Standard vertical staff gauge ; read three times a week. Channel—The bed is gravelly and the flow is in two channels during high water. Discharge measurements—Are made by cable suspension from the bridge. Winter flow—Open conditions usually prevail throughout the year. Accuracy—C. Each year’s results are independent of other years on account of shifting channel, which impairs accuracy. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge 3 Area of Mean Gauge F Date section velocity height | Discharge Date section | velocity height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1911 1914 July 11 262 2-7 6.24 715 May 3 537 4-65 7-53 2,500 Aug. 9 308 1-6 5-50 308 25 649 4.51 7-80 2,926 Sept. 18 180 1-4 5-27 253 July 8 306 3-45 6-07 750 Oct. 27 153 0-5 4-75 75 “29 245 0-90 5-10 218 1912 1915 May 2 270 2-3 6-02 640 Feb. 9 194 0-40 4.40 741 “25 471 4.4 7-42 2,090 May 5 233 3.27 5-86 760 July 4 288 2-6 6-31 760 June 2 299 3-40 6-30 1,020 23 267 1-1 5-50 374 “ 8 265 3-52 6-19 943 Aug. 13 202 0-9 5-02 193 July 24 190 1-50 5-00 284 1913 May 14 292 4.7 6-45 1,366 1 Partial ice conditions. 406 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES ‘ 5 2 Run-off F ‘ Ee Run-off Discharge in second-feet deoth an Discharge in second-feet depth in Month Per |incheson || Month : Per | inches on Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mule area mile area 1911 SIMUL Yc isa fancier an ascv ecrmuacscavere. aif aLcwsllo. succes lise Wien uc omeume aise July... 1,060 350 677 0.45 0-52 RN Siang) ouemaxanlven aaiwesipeninwwdaliva mack’ shaken was Aug.... 390 190 | 277 0-18 0-21 Sep tisisvoefiavercas creda: si iores guarsinerei lf operons s wisye' | eras secenrers:| ervistaree ots Sept.... 270 145 184 0-12 0-13 Oc bas ll iy eee danielle aietaeeresl] beens eusyell ls a aiagage’s | > oevernetbcees Decne 145 60 93-4] 0-06 0-07 Nov Nov.... 160 40 85-3 0-06 0-07 Dec Dec.... 130 60 85-2 0-06 0-07 1913 Jan. 310 60 127 0-08 0-09 29 33 0-02 0-02 Feb, 190 145 169 0-11 0-12 29 87 0-06 0-06 Mar. 230 130 157 0-10 0-11 46 84 0-06 0-07 April 540 230 368 0-24 0-27 46 256 0-17 0-19 ay 2,580 600 | 1,502 1-00 1-15 353 1,318 0-88 1-01 June 1,585 800 | 1,257 0-84 0-94 974 1,755 1-17 1-30 July 870 220 514 0-34 0-39 174 504 0-34 0-39 Aug. 210 85 165 0-11 0-13 57 147 0-10 0-11 Sept. 160 40 84-5 0-06 0-07 42 109 0-07 0-08 Oct. 115 40 62-4 0-04 0-05 22 151 0-10 0-11 Nov. 160 50 95-3 | 0-06 0-07 67 7 | 0-06 0-07 Dec 145 50 66-1 0-04 0-05 5 36 0-02 0-02 Year. 2,580 40 380 0-25 3-44 Period.. 4,115 5 381 0.25 3-43 1914 1915 Jan..... 490 82 198 0-13 0-15 DRT: 3| | esescas sane. [la vevas stevens salleorwraversong a [tes tus acarel| evacereveya tase Feb..... 130 82 102 0-07 0-07 OMS secce i) sxesigire odo | sure eatavgasell & acasererecallertyour uae oe ates ate e Mar..... 218 130 183 0-12 0-14 Were as 3) oer arelhovecs oauerans [ie ccees eae | sinner reeds tear averace April.... 1,530 235 889 0-59 0-66 April... 1,060 380 685 0-46 0-51 May....| 3,790 1,055 | 2,386 1-59 1-83 May... 1,260 650 932 0-62 0-71 June....| 3,060 1,170 | 1,718 1-14 1-27 June... 1,110 630 847 0-56 0-63 July.... 1,055 185 516 0-34 0-39 July... 650 265 394 0-26 0-30 Aug..... 185 50 97 0-06 0-07 Aug.... 275 70 156 0-10 0-12 Sept..... 104 34 67 0-04 0-04 Sept.... 70 42 55 0-04 0-04 Oct..... 117 34 69 0-05 0-06 OCG Ss crasi| atayiscensssavall eatecessi space | sreremuets ah) Goes sated aves aR Period... 3,790 34 622-5) 0-41 4.68 Period.. 1,260 42 511 0-34 2-31 82—NICOLA RIVER—at Nicola Drainage area, 1,300 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At Nicola, below outlet of Nicola lake. Records available—April 14 to Aug. 31, 1913; no record for 1914; Feb. 22 to Dec. 31, 1915; Feb. 1 to Dec. 31, 1916. Co-operation—This station was established April 11, 1913, and maintained during 1913 by the Provincial Water. Rights Branch. The station was taken over by the British Columbia Hydrometric Survey, February 10, 1915. Gauge—Vertical staff ; read daily. Channel—Rocky, permanent control ; high banks. Discharge measurements—Ten measurements made by the Provincial Water Rights Branch in 1913, and eight measurements made by the British Columbia Hydrometric Survey sub- sequently, agree very well, and cover practically the whole range of stage except the peak of the freshet for 1913. Winter flow—Partial ice conditions occur. Accuracy—Results should be reliable, except at highest stages. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge ‘ Area of M “ Date section | velocity | height | Discharge Date section sreloatige peed Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1915 Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1913 Feb. 10 28 0-45 —0-40 13 April 14 49 0-94 0.42 46 May 5 35 3-60 0.97 126 = 1 49 0-86 0.43 42 June 9 108 6-00 2-24 649 - fe re ee ae ae duly 26 116 1.88 1-30 219 : ec. 18 29 < : oo) eee | a) ae le ee ad ae ¥ : : 100 June 2 719 1-09 3-00 785 May t ae eee Wg ae a 21 514 1-89 3-30 970 : : ept. 23 71 0-67 0-46 48 79 2-10 0-11 166 1917 20 103 3-12 1.7 322 Jan. 25 15 0-98 0-10 15 STREAM FLOW DATA-B. C. TABLES 407 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet Run-off Discharge in second-feet Run-off depth in ___| depth in Month a Per | inches on || Month Per |incheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area, 1913 1914 May.... 830 90 321 0-24 0.28 SIV Yc aso sarcesacpcin | Svar roneira).abell aes Slagenvcen Al aeuehe” Bata f acew salons June.... 1,300 690 924 0-71 0-79 PUNE oy liszers 1916 Jan..... 70 40 58 0-83 0.96 Jan. 100 53 72 1-03 1.19 Feb..... 45 40 44 0-63 0.66 Feb 388 53 168 2-40 2-59 Mar se « 205 45 100 1-43 1-65 Mar 880 150 300 4-28 4.93 April.... 485 245 320 4-57 5-10 April... 525 233 335 4.79 5.34 May.... 360 225 284 4-06 4.68 May... 1,420 360 695 9-93 11-40 June.... 310 150 210 3-00 3.35 June... 2,950 620 1,420 | 20-30 22-70 July... 165 120 138 1.97 2-27 July... 1,240 310 656 9.37 10-80 Aug..... 120 80 89 1-27 1.46 Aug... 310 150 217 3-10 3-57 Sept..... 70 45 56 0-80 0.89 Sept. 150 82 103 1-47 1.64 Oct..... 485 45 157 2-24 2-58 Oct.... 82 53 62 0-89 1-03 Nov..... 420 92 183 2-61 2-91 Nov abi aiereroia lll aacecd seats 98 1-40 1.56 Dec..... 150 92 112 1-60 1-84 De ists Fs -sasseacy aaa lhaseaarwesyes 70 1-00 1-15 Wear asc 485 40 146 2-09 28.35 Year... 2,950 53 350 5-00 67-90 1 No gauge reader available after Nov. 22. Discharge estimated Nov. 23 to 30, 80 sec.-ft.; Dec. as shown. 115—SUMALLO RIVER—8 miles from mouth Drainage area, 17 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—8 miles from mouth, in sec. 28, tp. 3, rge. 24, W. 6th mer. ? Records available—Irregular records beginning in July, 1914, to Nov., 1916. Gauge—Vertical staff ; read at irregular intervals. In 1914 insufficient readings were taken to permit the mean monthly discharge to be estimated. Channel—Straight for 100 feet above and below section. Fine gravel bed. Discharge measurements—Well define rating curve except at high stages. Winter flow—Station is somewhat affected by ice during very cold weather, Accuracy—D. Poor, owing to infrequency of gauge readings. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 437 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gaug 2 i Area of Mean: | Gauge ‘ Date section | velocity | height Discharge Date section | velocity | height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet | Sec.-feet 1914 May 29 75 2-53 1-90 190 July 16 73 2.4 1-80 167 June 1 69 2.31 1.72 157 Dec. 16 15 2-9 1-00 442 Oct. 29 90 2-96 2-35 266 1915 1916 Mar. 15 43 1-30 1-05 59 April 2 67 2-18 1-80 146 “30 50 1-64 1-25 82 Aug. 16 74 2-01 1-76 149 1 Station established. 2 Probably affected by ice. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Disch: ‘ Ez Run-off i ; bs Run-off ischarge in second-feet depth in Discharge in second-feet death in Month | Per |incheson || Month Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1915 1916 38 16 22 1-30 1.50 PDAs 28-2] arabe sone, Tine. | aie a eos 2 necend ase [resect are ayvoes aR 27 7 17 1-00 1.04 Febisic cla oace een e cnet tees 106 16 37 2-18 2-51 DES Tce Ils coca tacrecnenl one eats | Sea sensed 246 120 174 | 10.22 11.40 Aprilia eames sec seaciae asl eeet 200 135 163 9.59 11-06 MAY sich) a nachcice neu co a ciets 2, Sli canted Scares 174 105 133 7-82 8-72 AD NING Fac | seca pasch secs teeta cea [cite dp Bel i are Ae a ge 8 ott 28 120 90 100 5-87 6-77 ULL yaa Sl cesta soe evenslh sen oeneenars 85 40 63 3.69 4.25 AUG eoanc!| Ssreieseeinteytnttovacemes 50 16 28 1-62 1-81 De Pttarcu| sapusiorernsl| losis seal ase 336 16 85 5-02 5.79 Otic a) wildeonauess lina asertess 254 62 116 6-83 7-62 Nov.... 105 62 75 4.40 5-07 Dec.. Year.... 336 7 84 4.94 67.54 Period il eans Agales womeg el ese as Note——From July to Dec., 1914, gauge heights were recorded on 18 days only. In 1915 gauge readings were more frequent, but still irregular ; discharges estimated by interpolation. In 1916 insufficient gauge readings,to estimate monthly discharges Jan. to June ; no gauge reader available after Nov. 15. {16—TEXAS CREEK—near mouth Drainage area, 80 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At highway bridge near mouth, 14 miles from Lillooet and on the west side of the Fraser river. Records available—April 14 to Oct. 14, 1914; April 11 to Sept. 30, 1915. Gauge—Vertical staff gauge nailed to bridge pier; read three times a week, Channel—Shallow and covered with boulders. Discharge measurements—The measuring section on the lower side of the bridge is rather poor, but is the best obtainable. Winter flow—Measurements made only during the irrigation season, Accuracy—C. Infrequency of gauge readings impairs accuracy. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS A f M G e ‘ Area of Mean Gauge é Date | cn pelooity eight Discharge Date section | velocity height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet iis Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet | Sec.-feet 1914 April 14 29.7 3-60 1-20 1071 May 11 24.4 11-50 1-80 280 June 7 42.7 5.47 2-00 233 June 25 50-0 6-00 1-90 300 July 29 43-0 2-96 1-50 137 Aug. 10 34.4 3-17 1-30 109 Sept. 16 26-3 2-39 1-00 63 Dec. 5 20 7 1-23 0-61 25-4 1Station established. * Revised value based on recent measurements. 438 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES . . iz Run-off : i Run-off Discharge in second-feet depth in Discharge in second-feet depth in Month Per |incheson || Month ; Per |incheson ax. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage : mile area mile | . area 1914 1915 May.... 340 120 247 3-09 3.55 May 500 153 352 | 4°40 5:06 June. ... 560 210 337 | 4-21 4.69 June 545 294 370 | 4-62 5-15 US x sac 280 140 211 2-64 3-04 July 410 180 281 3-51 4-04 Aug..... 130 70 100 1-25 1-44 Aug. 180 77 130 1-63 1-88 Sept..... 100 50 71 0.89 0-99 Sept 70 43 52] 0-65 0-72 Period.. 560 50 193 2-41 13-71 Period.. 545 43 237 16.85 117—THOMPSON RIVER—at Spence Bridge Drainage area, 21,000 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At highway bridge, sec. 10, tp. 17, rge. 25, W. 6th mer. Records available—Oct. 25, 1911, to Dec. 31, 1916. Gauge—Standard chain gauge on traffic bridge ; read daily. Channel—Width at measuring section, from 320 to 500 feet. Discharge measurements—Are made from bridge; owing to great velocity at high water, meterings However, rating curve is well defined, Winter flow—River usually remains open, but, owing to exceptional weather, was frozen dur- are difficult to obtain. ing February, 1916. Accuracy—Results are considered to be accurate and should fall within 5 per cent. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge : Area of Mean Gauge z Date | section | velocity | height | Discharge Date section | velocity eine | Discharge 1911 Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Oct. 25 2,780 of 4.0 10,300 || June 18 9,229 | 10-8 18-15 100,000 Nov. 25 23435 3-4 2.8 8,180 || Aug. 12 5,735, 7.4 11.4 42,700 1912 1915 Feb. 17 2,200 2.7 1.4 5,900 Feb. 13 2,058 2-5 1.7 5,150 Mar. 30 1,960 2.4 1.2 4,770 1916 May 1 3,800 5-5 6-55 20,700 || July 10 8,550 9-80 | 16-5 84,200 “95 8,080 | 10-5 15.9 84,900 eo” B81 7,360 9-10 | i4-1 66,800 July 25 6,135 11-7 11-7 50,200 Nov. 14 2,660 3-40 2-8 9.080 1913 1917 May 8 4,351 5.4 71 23,600 |] Jan. 12 2,000 2.65 1.2 5,320 June 6 8,989 10-7 17-7 95,700 Mar. 21 1,800 2.45 0-7 4,420 MONTHLY SUMMARIES : Discharge in second-feet Run-off Disch: i Ee Run-off depth in arge in second-feet depth in Month ; | Per |incheson |} Month Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage ’ mile area mile area 1912 8,300 4,910 6,668 0-32 0-37 5,570 4,500 5,169 0-25 0-27 5,290 4,910 5,085 0.24 0.28 20,000 5,290 | 10,338 0-49 0-55 92,100 | 20,600 | 57,042 2-72 3-12 91,200 | 62,400 | 79,087 3-76 4-20 80,400 | 43,900 | 55,735 2-65 3-05 43,900 | 33,000 | 40,606 1.93 2.23 30,100 | 18,800 | 25,453 1.21 1-35 20,700 | 11,200 } 15,023 0-71 0.82 11,200 8,600 9,681 0.46 0-51 8,800 7,130 8,087 | 0.38 0-44 Period...}........ Year 92,100 4,600 | 26,498 1.26 17-19 * Measurements which take account of revisions made on recen about 21,325 sq. miles. t maps indicate an area of STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 439 MONTHLY SUMMARIES—Continued Discharge in second-feet . | Runoff Discharge in second-feet Run-off depth in ere ee a depthin: Month ‘ Per |incheson |} Month | Per |incheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1913 1914 6,620 5,075 5,730 5,870 5,000 5,454 5,330 4,925 5,152 23,200 5,240 | 11,749 ..| 73,600 | 23,200 | 42,460 .| 110,420 | 78,000 | 95,976 86,800 | 52,070 | 64,703 31 Jan....{ 7,000 5,330 6,208 -27 Feb....} 5,870 5,375 5,625 -29 Mar....) 5,870 5,530 5,742 -62 April...| 25,500 5,640 | 14,593 33 May...}| 71,910 | 26,880 | 54,304 June...| 89,000 | 61,170 | 73,908 56 July...| 78,880 | 45,460 | 64,210 32 Aug....] 43,600 | 25,040 | 33,133 55 Sept....| 24,680 | 15,240 | 19,210 93 Oct....| 24,580 | 15,660 | 18,820 -62 Nov....] 21,820 | 13,650 | 17,152 -41 Dec....| 13,650 7,490 9,675 14, '400 9,950 | 11,811 9,390 5,750 7,580 on a OCOOrFnwunoooo ° on tS COPRrPRrPWWNOOCSO o wo COORPNWKHNOOOO . Mee es a BK COCOFWWNHNOOOO : oS a .1110,420 4,925 | 28,259 35 18-31 Year. ..| 89,000 5,330 | 26,881 28 17.46 1915 8,550 5,640 6,830 | 0-32 0.37 0-30 0-35 5,750 5,420 5,560 0-26 0-28 0: 26 0.28 6,800 5,330 |' 5,710 0-27 0-31 0-37 0-43 33,300 6,800 | 22,210 1-06 1-18 0.64 0-71 74,500 | 33,800 | 57,580 | 2-74 3-16 2-16 2-49 67,300 | 52,100 | 57,500 | 2-73 3-05 3-77 4-21 62,000 | 53,500 | 57,110] 2-72 3-14 3-98 4.59 53,500 | 33,800 | 43,580 | 2-08 2-40 2-23 2-57 33,800 | 14,500 | 21,900 1-04 1-16 1-23 1-37 16,500 9,950 | 12,520 0-60 0.69 13, 450 | 0-64 0-74 17,300 8,970 | 12,430 | 0-59 0-66 11,300 7,000 8,360 | 0.40 0-45 8,830 6,290 | 7,830 0-37 0-43 7,000 4,150 5,550 | 0-27 0-31 Year.. 74,500 5,330 | 25,897 1-23 16-83 Year, ..1 106,000 !........ 28,400! 1-35 | 18-50 1Nov. 1 to 5 estimated. 2% Gauge height-discharge relation eee by ice during Feb. Mean monthly discharge estimated from study of discharge at Spence Bridge before and after freeze-up and on a comparison of certain discharges on the North and South Thompson rivers. 118—THOMPSON RIVER—at Kamloops Drainage area, 14,500 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At lower traffic bridge, 34 mile below confluence of North Thompson and South Thomp- son rivers. Records available—Gauge readings were taken at this station from April, 1911, to Dec., 1916. Several discharge measurements were made during this period, but, as it was not found possible to establish a satisfactory relationship between gauge height and discharge, the station was discontinued in 1915. The daily and monthly discharges for this station, as published in Water Resources Papers, Nos. 1, 8 and 14, are now not considered reliable. Gauge—Standard staff gauge on bridge; read daily. Channel—Width at station varies from 750 to 850 feet, while at high water, depth is from 12 to 17 feet greater than at low stages. Discharge measurements—Are made from the bridge. Winter flow—River generally freezes over about January 1, and remains so until early in March. General—The flow of the Thompson river at Kamloops may be estimated approximately from the flow at the measuring stations on the North Thompson and South Thompson and the total flow as measured at Spence Bridge, near mouth. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS A f Mean Gauge 2 Area of Mean Gauge : Date gation velocity height | Discharge Date section | velocity height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet : Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1911 April 6 8,037 0-51 0-20 4,090 Sept. 8 11,600 1-90 4.37 22,000 July 9 14,300 3-33 8-50 47,700 Oct. 3 10,100 1-36 2-50 13,700 “22 13,100 2.74 7-07 35,900 Dec. 1 8,650 - 0-83 0-50 7,180 Sues ZS 12,300 2-70 6-20 33,400 12 191k ee 5 8,030 O50. Ns are cape 3,980! June 6 17,540 4-95 13-1 86,890 1 Ice cover. * Revised value based on recent measurements. 440 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 119—TOBY CREEK—near mouth Drainage area, 250 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—1 mile from mouth, on highway bridge on road from Athalmer to Wilmer; from Athalmer. Records available—June to Sept., 1912 ; May 18 to Oct. 31, 1913 ; April 16 to Nov. 14, 1914 ; April 7 to Nov. 11, 1915. Gauge—Vertical staff gauge ; read daily. Channel—lIs straight above the section, but widens out below ; two channels are formed by a cen- tral pier in the bridge ;_ the flow is not at right angles to the bridge, and is swift. Discharge measurements—Are made from highway bridge. Winter flow—Toby creek remains frozen about four months, and frazil ice is prevalent. Accuracy—Probably within 20 per cent. There is a possibility of backwater from the Columbia which impairs accuracy. 114 miles DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge 3 Area of Mean Gauge 3 Date section |} velocity height Discharge Date section | velocity | height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1912 1914 May 28 359 2-22 2-00 797 May 5 316 2-00 1-20 631 June 29 397 2-80 2-48 1,110 June 19 627 4-79 3-15 3,000 (ome 423 3-00 2-60 1,270 Oct. 22 159 1-87 0-6 298 July 23 378 3-03 2-25 1,140 1915 Sept. 28 122 2-27 0-46 270! Feb. 26 55-2 1.25 Ice 693 1913 May 1 217 2.57 1.28 558 2 May 17 202 2-10 1-70 424 2 we 23 285 2-87 1-35 817 June 2 616 4-30 3-74 2,650 July 8 326 3-86 2-00 1,260 “20 578 4-20 3-78 2,4201 Sept. 24 153 2.24 0-60 342 July 11 440 3-50 3-20 1,560 Oct. 23 132 1-89 0-45 250 we 325) 418 4-42 3-22 1,850 19164 “30 324 3-36 2-60 1,090 arn S110! |code ses cectecer ls rants eeeeneas 1.98 1,010 Sept. 3 246 2-46 2-20 644 Rly? «1G: [bers sadsacetevs ancl aaireeatng ais 2-75 1,430 “13 231 2-93 2-20 6761 INOW BT. Vwi agaumuscecntalbecen vtbaclr ieee 1-63 1603 1 Different section. ? New gauge. *Ice conditions. 4¥From “ Miscellaneous Meter Measurements,’* W. R. Paper No. 21, p. 352. MONTHLY SUMMARIES i H ie Run-off : : Si Run-off Discharge in second-feet depths Discharge in second-feet asoth in Month : Per |incheson || Month Per jincheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile + area 1912 1913 Ms oroed leis: suategsa all ciensictandecots [une stodesoe gp) Cap eeu cicorm [haus eebmonager oo May?.. 2,290 295 726 2-90 3-34 June.... 3,750 530 1,660 6-64 7-41 June... 3,650 1,200 2,130 8-52 9.51 July.... 2,460 722 1,170 4-68 5-38 July... 2,470 690 1,490 5-96 6-86 Aug..... 1,190 370 709 2-84 3-27 Aug.... 1,960 690 ,230 4.92 5-66 Sept.!... 425 270 358 1-43 1-60 Sept.... 1,530 445 713 2-85 3-18 Cts 5 tases buat acalicient Se zese el A tease eas teeta axe Bae esas OCG «2 555 395 441 1-76 2-03 1914 ‘ 1915 May.... 1,870 440 1,120 4.4% 5-16 May... 990 494 659 2-64 3-04 June.... 3,360 1,130 1,960 7-84 8.74 June... 1,830 784 1,080 4.32 4-82 Duly. sis 3,360 1,370 2,340 9-36 10-78 July... 2,290 945 1,610 6-44 7-42 AUB syncs 2,130 725 1,210 4.84 5-57 Aug.... 2,880 1,090 1,980 7-92 9-12 Sept..... 915 350 479 1-92 2-14 Sept... 1,090 278 468 1-87 2-09 Oct..... 350 305 336 1-34 1-54 Oct.... 323 244 269 1-08 1.24 Nov... 350) |inanaee = 276 1-10 1-23 INGUAse | sass thie ealinessarmeala see: adler aan Be 1 Partly estimated, creek froze up at the end of October, 1912. ? First 17 days estimated. 3 Partly estimated; creek frozen Nov. 15, 1914. ‘Ice conditions after Nov. 12, 1915. 120—TRANOQUILLE RIVER—near mouth DESCRIPT:ON OF GAUGING STATION Location—About 20 feet above Cooney’s diversion dam. Sec. 36, tp. 30, rge. 19, W. 6th mer. Records available—July 4 to Oct. 21, 1911 ; Mar. 29 to Sept. 7, 1912 ; May 1 to Oct 31, 1913; May 3 to Nov. 14, 1914 ; April 1 to Sept. 30, 1915 ; April 1 to July 14, 1916. Station main- tained only during irrigation season. Drainage area, 230 square miles * Revised value based on recent measurements. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 441 Gauge—Standard vertica’ staff gauge ; read daily. eee at the gauge section, about 20 feet wide. Bed, stones and boulders: contro) good. Discharge measurements—Rating curve well defined. W.nter flow—Ice conditions prevail during winter months. Accuracy—Good. In 1916 the flow of the creek at the station was diminished by a smal) diversion (max'mum about 3 sec.-ft.). DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge “ Area of Mean Gauge Date section | velocity |* height | Discharge Date section | velocity height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1911 Aug. 2 10.3 -0° 0-88 21 July 4 17-7 1-08 0-94 i 19-11 || Sept. 10 19.2 1.70 1-01 333 Sept. 11 9.4 0.25 0-60 2-31 1913 1912 May 5 29.0 4-00 1-43 1155 Feb. 1 15.4 EGE Wide d eciea-es 8.22 “30 45.8 5-20 2-02 237 Z 14.9 D598 lice er renecce S 8-82 1914 April 13 15.2 1-17 0-96 17-83 || May 30 31-0 4.24 1-35 132 May 7 59.2 7-70 2-50 4564 ug. 4 14.5 0.59 0-65 8-6 3 12 74.5 7-73 2-70 576 4 1916 25 52-0 6-04 2-10 314 4 Mar, (5 |xossonaos dill aeeeee 4 2-40 417 June 1 30-5 4.46 1-52 136 4 Sept. 15 13.6 0-39 0-55 5-3 1At Kamloops lake. 2? At Cooney’s ranch (ice conditions). #At Cooney’s ranch. ‘Foot bridge. ® Above dam. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet Run-otf Discharge in second-feet Runoff Sow ee idepthin depth in Month A , Per |incheson || Month | Per |incheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area | mile area 1911 1912 PR Sel 04.5 Bade en heading Sh ete FAL AOS BAL ARRAS 0 April... 245 4 51-9 0-23 0.26 een ell sad ica sot scleh ia] lester asanitie aastenpis avanatonsrtor el |paetahpce:evisksa)ts tant vomanee sees a May... 720 180 420-0 1-82 2-10 BE 56 ncne 8 Ge a aia woolen 9 lia wars ls cia gael ace Unc axh June... 155 18 39-1 0-17 0-19 July!... 33 4 13-6 0-06 0:06 July... 44 10 26-3 0-11 0-13 Aug..... 12 1-5 3-5 0-02 0.02 Aug.... 18 10 14-7 0-07 0-08 Sept..... 7 1-5 3-9 0-02 0-02 Sept.... é Oct.2.... 7 3-4 4.9 0-02 0.02 OF tina. 1913 May....{ 614 117 288-8 1-26 1-45 May‘.. -0 1- 1- June....| 208 48 96-5 0-42 0-47 June... 95 38 66-0 0-29 0-32 July....] 153 24 67-1 0.29 0-33 July... 34 10 16-0 0-07 0-08 Aug..... 24 7-5 14.5 0-06 0-07 Aug.... 10 4 6-3 0-03 0.03 Sept..... 10 4.1 5-8 0.02 0-02 Sept.... 7 4 6-1 0.03 0-03 Oct.3.... 14.9 4.1 10.4 0-04 0.05 Oct... . 8 7 7.4 0 03 0-03 1915 1916 April....{ 135 15 73 0-32 0-36 April... 165 8 42 0-18 0-20 May....| 340 65 131 0-57 0-66 May... 460 135 230 1-00 1-15 June....| 300 35 76 0-33 0.37 June... 265 36 127 0.55 0-61 July....| 120 22 51 0-22 0-25 DUALS sess lis acesecee eels gavsavato.al lav tasahanese5 | nsnera type) sia catiens a sicene Aug..... 27 7 13 0-06 0.07 PRA 5 aca esd icons cscpcess eine aed aces rae ea | eect eae Vr dense teers Sept..... 9 7 7 0.03 0-03 SeDts snl & bats a Macias sede on eeeig Ml ae traennllls t aceehe neath 1¥For period July 4 to 31. 2 Oct. 1 to 21. 3 Estimated last 6 days at 13-5 sec.-ft. 4 May 3 to 31. 121—TSOLUM RIVER—3 miles from mouth Drainage area, 150 square miles a en ae DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—Upstream side of foot bridge, 2 miles from Sandwick. Records available—May 31, 1914, to Dec. 31, 1916. Co-operation—Records by Provincial Water Rights Branch and B. C. Hydrometric Survey. Gauge—12-foot enamel staff, 20 feet downstream from bridge, right bank; read twice daily. Gauge datum lowered 2-0 feet in 1915. Channe!—Straight for 500 feet above and 300 feet below section ; gravel bed ; stream confined by cribbing, both banks, in high water. Control changed about March 9, 1916. Discharge measurement;—Well define rating curve except at high stages. Winter flow—Open all winter. Accuracy—B and C. Change in control necessitated new rating curve ; for 1916, accuracy Cc: 442 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge Area of Mean Gauge é : Date | section | velocity height | Discharge Date section | velocity | height | Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1912 1915 . Jan. 8 86 1-05 2.051 90-02 || April 21 131 1-40 5-83. 181-05 1913 Sept. 26 2-2 0-95 4-65 -- 2-16 Mar. 7 192 1-66 2-481 3-2 Oct. 30 212 2-63 6-85 558-0 1914 ; , 1916 May 31 127 1-35 3-78 171-03 || Mar. 16 198 2-90 6.74 576-07 July 17 98 0-61 3.28 60-0 April 13 224 3.73 7-03 836.08 Sept. 8 2 0-90 2-58 1-84 |] Oct. 26 6-5 0-38 4-46 2-5 Nov. 10 291 3-03 5-30 882-0 1 Measurements in 1912 and 1913 by Provincial Water Rights Branch not to same datum as subsequent measure- ments. Gauge was washed out; new gauge in new situation. 2150 feet above footbridge. % New station established by B. C. Hydrometric Survey. 4 Low water section. 5 Gauge lowered 2-0 ft. 6 Not at regular section. 7 Temporary gauge out 3-39. 8 Good measurement. MONTHLY SUMMARIES i 7 eB Run-off ; ‘ ty itun-off Discharge in second: feet depth in Discharge in second-feet depthiin Month Per |incheson || Month . Per j inches on Max, Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1914 520 95 230 1-53 1-71 195 18 63 0.42 0-48 28 4 11 0-07 0-08 2,100 3 310 2-06 2-30 legeee gael gag | argon ee 00 115 375 2-50 2-88 2,100 3 311‘! 2-07 13-95 1916 Jan 1,850 75 751 ~ 5-00 5-76 215 3 53 0-35 0.40 ~ Feb..... 1,500 260 693 4-62 4-81 740 2 219 1-46 1-58 Mar... 1,650 260 642 4.28 4.93 1,780 400 834 5-56 6-41 April... 1,410 75 441 2-94 3-28 1,040 540 745 4.97 5-55 May.. 260 75 171 1-14 1-31 1,040 410 689 4-59 5.29 June.. 115 8 458 3-05 3-40 720 260 459 3-06 3-41 July.. 175 5 19 0-13 0-15 660 120 290 1-93 2-23 Aug... 8 3 4.2 0-03 0-04 120 4 41 0-27 0-31 Sept... 18 5. 6-4} .0-04 0-04 8 2 3 0-02 0-02 Oebe nies 1,800 8 444 2-96 3°41 540 2 56 0-37 0-43 Nov..... 980 28 467 3-11 3-47 720 50 291 2-16 2-16 Deesns 1,650 450 990 6-60 7-61 1,180 120 334 2-23 2.57 Wearin .: 1,850 3 424 2-83 38.21 Year... 1,780 2 334 2-32 30-36 1 No record for period Oct. 13 to 24. 2 Change in control about Mar. 9. 122—TULAMEEN RIVER—at Coalmont Drainage area, 650 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At Coalmont. Records avatlable—May 15 to Dec. 11, 1914 ; April 11 to Dec. 25, 1915 ; Feb. 17 to Dec. 31, 1916. Drainage area—400 to 650 sq. miles.* Gauge—Chain gauge on downstream side of bridge at measuring section ; standard staff gauge on right hand abutment for high water ; read daily. Channel—Straight for about 700 feet at section ; bed, clean gravel. Change in control May 5, 1916. ; ‘ Discharge measurements—Rating curves are fairly well defined. Winter flow—Ice conditions prevail during the latter part of December and during January and February. Accuracy—Results considered fairly reliable, except for highest stages. * Estimates differ : the smaller area is the estimate of the B. C. Hydrometric Survey and’ is used in preparing the monthly summaries below; the higher value is based on measurements on recent maps. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 443 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge a Area of Mean Gauge a Date section | velocity | height | Discharge Date section | velocity height Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sg.feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet 1913 June 3 205 2-50 3-88 508 Nov. 16 228 SHAG: 73 [b wes seatiete sae, 8461 1916 1914 May 29 471 5-80 5-65 2,736 May 14 601 8-82 4.03 5,300 June 27 440 6-90 5-70 3,020 June 14 387 4-60 2-50 1,778 July 14 274 3-71 3-95 1,020 19 333 3-84 2-10 1,277 Aug. 2 177 2-38 3-05 422 July 26 130 1.05 0-13 137 “31 74 1.30 2-00 95 Sept. 4 95 0-41 —0-30 392 Nov. 16 76 1-32 2-30 1004 Neve 181 1.73 0-63 314 1917 : Jan. 11 67 1-13 1-90 76 April 9 257 3-21 4-33 §25 3 1 Measurement made at Princeton before regular station was established. 2 Not at regular section. * New gauge, 2:88 feet lower. ‘Ice. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Disch i] ks Run-oft i i a Run off ischarge in second-feet depth in Discharge in second-feet depth in Month Z Per |incheson || Month Per |incheson Max. Min. | Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean . | square | drainage mile area mile area 1914 May 1 4,640 1,280 3,054 7-63 4-82 June 2,870 780 1,464 3-66 4-08 July 745 80 310 0-77 0-89 Aug.?.. 90 70 74 0-18 0-11 Sept.3.. 125 40 92 0-23 0.23 Oct.4. .. 180 60 112 0-28 0.32 1916 Mar.... 1,690 z00 od0 1-40 1-67 April... 1,960 570 1,020 2-55 2.84 May 1,350 570 942 2.35 2-71 May.. 5,170 1,740 2,880 7-20 &-30 June 1,180 225 509 1-27 1-42 June... 7,850 1,900 3,480 8-70 9-71 July 225 80 160 0.40 0-46 July.. 2,020 480 1,130 2-82 3-25 Aug..... 120 60 80 0-20 0-23 Aug.... 435 110 250 0.62 0.72 Sept 105 42 59 0.15 0-17 Sept.... 170 30 93 0-23 0-26 Oct. 1,930 50 329 0-82 0-94 Octases: 170. 50 72 0-18 0-21 Nov..... 790 135 312 0.78 0-87 Nov....]° 1,020 65 175 0.44 0-49 Dec..... 225 135 183 0-46 0-53 Dec.... 220 75 96 0-24 0-28 Period... 1,930 42 322 0-80 7-33 Period. 7,850 30 980 2-44 27-73 a 1 Hor gered May 15 to31. ?Aug.1to16. %Sept. 4 to 30. ‘4Ice conditions obtained during parts of Nov. and eC, ss 123—WESTKETTLE RIVER—near mouth Records available—Feb. 23 to Sept. 30, 1914; Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1915; Gauge—Standard vertical staff gauge ; read daily. Channel—Is straight for 500 feet above and below measuring section; Drainage area, 690 square miles* ee ‘DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION - Location—At footbridge near mouth, near Westbridge. Discharge measurements—Are made from bridge. Gauge lowered 1 Feb. 27 to Dec. 31, 1916. ft. on March 24, 1915. bed, gravel and boulders. Winter flow—Partial ice conditions prevail during January and February. Accuracy—Considered fairly high, results should fall within 10 per cent. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge , Area of Mean Gauge ri Date action velocity height | Discharge Date section | velocity height Discharge Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq.feet |Ft. per sec. "Feet Sec.-feet 1914 1916 June 7 304 4-05 1-78 1,235 Mar. 15 88 0-91 0-59 80 July 20 122 1.43 —0-09 174 June 21 285 3-52 2-59 1,00: Aug. 27 35 1-20 -0-71 421 UE: 7 133 1-53 1-08 207 191! 191 Mar. 24 135 1-21 1-00 164 2 Jan. 15 23 VAS. decease 333 June 8 280 3-50 2-50 9s2__ | 1 Low water section. 2? New gauge, datum 1 ft. lower. %Ice cover. * Another estimate is about 660 sq. miles. 444 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES * i i Run-off : ‘ E Run-off Discharge in second-feet depthan Discharge in second-feet depth in Month Per |incheson |j Month ; Per | incheson Max Min. Mean | square | drainage Max Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1914 Mia Tsar: ta) sane caudal (oh agaatee- | atracisge Po tentvere, Paxmee mana Maur.... 445 150 230 0-41 0-47 ADU acai and Saal wemene || Jess omens: ince ae April... 2,610 360 1,660 2-41 2-69 May cae | ene eos leat ayes: Hl exo eacineenleeratuuets | ater otal May... 4,115 1,910 2,778 4-03 4-63 VUNG as Anais eves Orel aewacwesle cee Waa eee June... 3,615 775 1,649 2-39 2-67 a) UNG sieges: scaydpac deel haste Seaytle a] noseu cvaanaeeresee| ane RSE July... 705 158 349 0-51 0.59 AUB suey tai ecansteneroan|bakeus ca tailsso| susteWevadesned lieve: Shanes) daaeys Sider Aug.... 120 15 46 0-07 0-08 Se postiexezesilig doactis ste etre cutie il neces tonah [Mie Seadoo ESE ante Sept.... 145 30 91 0.13 0-15 Periog eeile-ccaeliacmeial aes sha Ih sida Gre Period..} 4,115 15 979 1-42 11.28 1915 1916 Jan..... 230 130 175 0-25 0-29 AY AN essrassarl ayes soak ai aay vaeee's 3 lf teeta caatacion| Os aonareae 3] a8 ke sveitar Febtac cl] versa sac pee ost si-al Sheet: deans |S eee] Guetta RED ss sal ssaeceeestesse |e wreusnave sata [haves draseuea te deems | Gosh ape agen Marit] sigegsra sili dimen saecrca sess he aetenaee ol aieany fae Mar.... 125 52 95 0-14 0.16 April 1,640 290 904 1-31 1-46 April... 1,430 150 540 0-78 0.87 May. 2,880 1,060 1,848 2-68 3-09 May... 2,550 950 1,510 2-19 2-52 June.... 2,020 400 837 1-24 1-38 June. . 2,020 990 1,360 1-97 2-20 * July... 975 340 560 0-81 0-93 July... 2,070 270 755 1-09 1-26 Aug..... 550 110 247 0-36 0-41 Aug... . 270 85 165 0.24 0-28 Sept..... 120 80 94 0-14 0-15 Sept.... 95 52 73 0-11 0-12 Oct..... 185 80 108 0-16 0-18 Oct... 67 52 55 0-08 0-09 Nov..... 275 80 148 0-21 0.24 Nov. .. 67 50 53 0-08 0-09 Dec..... 260 100 176 0-25 0-29 Dec.... 45 35 41 0-06 0-07 Period.. 2,88C 80 512 0.74 8-42 Period.. 2,550 35 465 0.67 7-66 Note.—Gauge readings unreliable Oct. to Dec., 1914. 1Ice conditions obtained during part of Feb. and Mar., 1915. 124— WIDGEON (SILVER PITT) CREEK—2 miles from mouth Drainage area, 30 sq. miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At lower end of cafion, about 2 miles from mouth, in sec. 8, tp. 4, rge. 5, W. 7th mer. Records available—August 9, 1912, to Dec., 1915 ; discontinued 1916. Gauge—Vertical staff gauge ; read three times a week. Channel—Rocky, uneven bottom, but permanent control; deep, still pool just above gauging section. Discharge measurements—Are made by wading at section near gauge or by cable at high water. Winter flow—Open water all year. Accuracy—C. Infrequency of gauge readings impairs accuracy. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area of Mean Gauge . Area of Mean Gauge 2 Date section | velocity | height | Discharge | Date | section | velocity | height | Discharge 1912 Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Sq. feet |Ft. per sec. Feet Sec.-feet Aug. 9 104 2-39 1-50 242 Oct. 25 73 1-60 0-99 116 1913 1914 May 25 121 3-05 2-15 369 July 20 60 1-50 0-90 90 July 16 100 1-83 1-41 190 Nov. 5 142 2°86 2-19 405 Sept. 16 68 1.35 0-87 92 1915 a al 66 1.27 0.90 84 Julv 19 45 1-28 0.62 57-6 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet quot Discharge in second-feet fees Month 2 Per |incheson || Month Per | incheson Max. Min. Mean square drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1912 1913 SDB Thess. se sil ng canserabtone [a qeauei es ae earore soqenties | 08 auiscalenanfite ces atansna a Janu... 125 84 94 3-13 3-60 Bed sscaice- || szuase ajecealls cagstace 28 stars weyers] ve eevee leaiveees eg Feb.1,.. 251 51 111 3-70 3-84 Matigse s/c seco Se rash eyoecneae| weege eon vaca ec Mart. .| 175 90 113 | 3-77] 4-33. ADT skea| tars senescent ae fare dhten| Sassk alpen Os April}. 335 100 250 8-33 9-30 WAAAY 2. 3) al cerca tare Nhs a Guat a's [Wend coy ttate ds | denavaue, Woe Tied iortayss May... 563 278 347 | 11-57 13-33 DUNE 5 ill avaescts as andes | gceueiaes: S04] fantee wane aeeteeesa aroha es detects June... 428 196 286] 9-53] 10-63 DAU) Y 55525 3 kerace se evel coro eeder nv laren. ovsache| avsdeees-O° Joe ache 8 July... 322 117 221 7-37 8-47 RUBE ei 8A andes agers | Brecaritege Bate Cesighte, | aiseys capa lca dh ontasels Aug.... 461 45 164 5-47 6-28 Sept. 262 15 88 2-93 3.27 Sept... 884 45 214 7-13 7:95 Oct 362 35 135 4-50 5-18 Oct... . 1,023 45 242 8-07 9-29 Nov 853 109 322 | 10-73 11-98 Nov.... 973 105 343 ] 11-43 12.76 Dec 285 90 142 | 4.73 5-44 Dee... . 428 100 223 | 7-43 55 Peri0d see! secciwes hase cgleceseesl ec in Year...' 1,023 45 217 7-23 98-33 * Revised value based on recent measurements. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 445 MONTHLY SUMMARIES—Continued Discharge in second-feet Run-off Discharge in second-feet Run-off depth in So ee ee et epthnni Month 7 Per | incheson || Month Per | incheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Mile area mile area 1914 1915 1,220 150 450 { 15-00 17-30 Jan.... 660 35 223 7-43 8-55 565 115 240 8-00 8-31 Feb.... 460 95 191 6-37 6-62 580 145 335 | 11-17 12-86 Mar.... 547 84 235 7-83 9-03 530 240 310 | 10-33 11-53 April... 742 155 306 | 10-20 11-40 630 250 320 | 10-66 12-27 May... 460 175 288 9-60 11-06 580 220 335 | 11-17 12.47 June... 175 57 108 3-60 4-01 210 57 125 4.17 4.79 July. 207 40 66 2-20 2-54 77 30 50 1-66 1-91 Aug.... 110 25 33 1-10 1-27 660 30 300 | 10-00 11-16 Sept.... 195 25 58 1.93 2-16 820 125 330 | 11-00 12.67 Oct... 1,160 35 433 | 14-43 16-63 910 125 485 | 16-17 18-06 Nov.... 740 145 310 | 10-33 11-53 or 550 25 110 3-66 4-21 Dec....| -1,160 70 436 | 14-53 16-74 Year.... 1,220 25 280 9-33 | 127.54 Year 1,160 25 224 7-47 ° 101-54 ; 1 Very few gauge heights recorded in early months of 1913; on Jan., 5; Feb., 5; Mar., 3; April, 3; discharges interpolated for days on which gauge heights were not recorded. : MISCELLANEOUS RECORDS WatTER LEVELS ON CERTAIN NAVIGABLE LAKES IN SOUTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA The Department of Public Works, Canada, the Canadian Pacific railway and other interested parties, have established gauges on some of the larger lakes in the southern portion of the province for use in connection with navi- gation and for other purposes. Department of The gauges of the Department of Public Works were all estab- Public Works, lished in 1915. * Their zeros were set at what was assumed Canada, Ganges to be ‘low water’ on the respective lakes, and the elevations were determined with reference to the Canadian Pacific Railway bench marks. The elevations used by the department, as given below, were determined from data supplied by the company, supplemented by precise levels by the department. The Canadian Pacific datum is low tide at Burrard inlet. In determining these elevations, the department co-operated with the B. C. Hydrometric Survey. LIST OF DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS, CANADA, GAUGES (Sometimes referred to as ‘Government Gauges’) Situation Elevation of Lake of gauge gauge zero (1915) Feet Upper Arrow lake: .4.00cnce ss mmes namin seaan es Arrowhead......... 1,376-19 AG) Kee cetante Seuneens Baia Armies S eSIe eS Naktspiis actus un sues 1,376-19 Narrows between Upper Arrow and Lower Arrow Tee Shera ccncat an tnaryn ca xtbancacusin sonra ea ane RENEE Bu OM ese -ansdentsesoare 1,374-07 ewer Arrow Lace as sod iy osenccerainrasararasevessee ee ieee (Ren aitay: xs: enewsins aces 1,368-65 Coliimbia: tivierih 3. ayer paddion setac ati waeegets West Robson....... 1,367-50 Slocan akin seactenwc-tncvemvautneneeicealaitnydiena Sunset = Slocan: Citys asses sac 1,757-90 West Arm Kootenay lake...............0.00055 INCI SOM os 4 scxpavene sc weitice 1,743-42 GO: °C ararcre-aye menage dergena PROCCOR ssc ssnas sen anes 1,744-44 Kootenay lake. 2.0.22... cee eee eee eee eee Kootenay Landing... 1,745-00 do: -nheavdda ic eee aber em a ese Tas Oh ysis sesunretatonuctc 1,745-00 Gi) «Sap tkCadsacin pi NO AEROS HR es Lard Omnccctaannnae a 1,745-00 Note—The above gauges are not read regularly. For such records as are available application may be made to the District Engineer’s office of the Department of Public Works Canada, at Nelson, B. C. * Except gauge at Nelson. 446 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Gauges have been established by the Canadian Pacific railway in connection with its British Columbia lake and river ser- vice. These gauges were installed in the spring of 1912, their zeros being placed at ‘low water’ on the respective lakes. The elevation of low water was ‘‘determined as accurately as it was possible to do by gaining infor- mation in regard to water levels for previous years.’’ Recently the elevations of the zeros of these gauges have been determined by making a comparison with the D.P.W. gauges installed in the same vicinity. The elevations here given, therefore, are with respect to the D.P.W. datum, which is the C.P.Ry. datum of mean low tide at Burrard inlet. LIST OF CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY GAUGES Canadian Pacific Railway Gauges . : Elevation of Lake Situation of guage gauge zero : Feet Upper Arrow lake.............. Nakuspie.« cosicoccoacneunneswe cgake 1,376-00 Columbia river..............0.8. West Robson, at end of dock....... 1,365-50 Slocan lake: aus cnanagadnaaawas SloGan Civic acm pee meine o apace 4 1,758-15 West Arm, Kootenay lake....... Nelson, lower end of C.P.Ry. wharf.. 1,744-02 GOn aeaetates cade Proctor, on dolphin at transfer slip..| = «....... Kootenay lake................. Kootenay Landing, at end of dock...} = ......... Gs 2 secieceoenpiraeenegnaenieren Lard6;-at: what s -sccsiee Seca mouemares 1,744-50 TrOutila Ke we cee misaeawminage hace Geratdoicmaccmessemaeereuies| “saceeces The above gauges are read weekly from the commencement of the rising of the water in the various lakes until after the water commences to recede. The records given below have been supplied by the late Captain Gore, super- intendent of the British Columbia lake and river service ; office at Nelson. Some records of high and low water on Kootenay lake at Kootenay Landing are also available. These were taken by Captain William Seaman, of the Kooskanook, and are as follows : HIGH AND LOW WATER ON KOOTENAY LAKE AT KOOTENAY LANDING (Records by Capt. William Seaman, of steamer Kooskanook) High water Low water Year i : Reduced i dat' Date veranda’ Date As recorded jon Seen 1905 TOG is Bes cece vce scout acanaie ene A tg as lin pe ce al a cate was ae Sota ceo chtet haa geruc apeas race ty 14 T9OD sic tecceecus June 6 18 10 Feb. 15. | Low mark last year 1900..... 14 1902 cris scareioene June 4 19 1 Feb. 15 | Low mark last year 1901..... 14 TOO 3 5s tas cuevs June 19 24 10 Mar. 13 8 in. below low mark 1902.... 8 1904........ June 22 14 10 Mar. 6 7 in. above low mark 1903.... 13 1905x2522 308 June 14 15 0 Feb. 19 15 in. below low mark 1904... 0: 1906. ..0.... July 13 11 6 Feb. 21 2 in. above low mark 1905.... 2 W9O Tegan es ace: June 9 16 8 Feb. 15 | 2 in. above low mark 1906.... 4 190 Bioessays June 17 19 6 Feb, 12 do. Kei 4 1909........ June 22 19 6 Feb. 19 do. 4 VON O sees. 2-cscene May 29 15 6 Mar. 1 do. : £ Bases! a 4 PO op tate ters June 23 18 73 Mar. 8 4 in. below low mark 1910.... 0 NotE—The records by Capt. Seaman, taken at Kootenay Landing, confirm in a general way the records of Mr. Astley and of Mr. McCulloch taken at Nelson. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 447 The West arm of Kootenay lake is not very wide and at places is comparatively shallow. From the various records available for Kootenay lake, there would appear to be, between the water surface in the main portion of the lake and at Nelson, a difference in level which varies from a few inches at low water to over two feet at high stages. Respecting the gauge at Kootenay Landing, Captain Seaman has stated: “This gauge was moved each year and amount recorded as follows, as the case may have been—3”’ below low mark of last year, or 3’ above low of last year. “For high water this gauge was continued in sections until high water was reached and left in place until the next high water—if not broken out or carried away by logs or such like, but usually O.K. “The gauge was always placed at low water of each year.” WATER LEVELS ON CERTAIN NAVIGABLE LAKES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA (Records taken by British Columbia Lake and River Service—office, Nelson, B.C.—of the Canadian Pacific Railway)’ Date Nakusp ge cn Nelson | Proctor ete Lardo | Gerrard 1912 # wu , uw ar “wm * i a of v “wr , aut e vF Mar. 11 0 11 O leekwwssee 0 9 0 0 48 0 9 Ob derenceene 0 9 0 0 a DS 0 9 Ol” Wl criseiegannieerince 5 8 0 0 April 1 0 1 0 Ie eeahicomae 9 11 5 0 “ 7 11 13 Si. alatoseyetedin aes 1 6 1 10 11 0 “14 2g 2 2 TOT soccer tenant ata i 3.0 3.7 2 2 1 7 ee SDH. 4 2 3.7 1. °Q) le souen ex 4 2 4 4 2 9 2 1 “28 5 2 5 1 135° | ey enpaend 4 7 5 2 4 4 2 3 May 5 6 3 6 0 PB oa x cepanaay das 5 3 5 8 4 11 2 6 NS ALD 8 3 8 7 LT. 43:: ta cuemeses 8 8 8 0 6 1 3. 6 «19 12 10 12 2 3. 38» ee eeans 4% 11 1 10 5 10 1 4 7 “26 15 1 16 7 BO) [es eosteserane 11 6 11 9 11 5 5 2 June 2*| 13 2 15 11 DS HO! Hae saseeasens 11 4 11 7 11 8 4 6 1913 Mar. 16 5 1 3 De lace caeiaun at 1 0 1 0 0 0 S23 5 1 3 De Nhs secs wede siete 1 0 1 0 0 0 “30 5 1 0 Di lace. areetent Sse 1 0 1 0 2 0 April 6 2 11 Die lee Settartapceut 1 3 1 0 6 0 “13 8 10 30 Jed saeennrs 2 A 1 6 8 0 “20 3 6 2 8 LD) las eens 4 5 2 10 3 0 0 oe 27 6 1 5 6 De AD Ween neice 6 6 4 6 5 5 0 May 4 5 10 6 2 aa Vea renee ere eee 6 11 4 4 6 0 0 eA 67 6 11 2AQ. acacccmivites 7 3 4 10 6 10 0 oe Plt 8 7 10 1 3.0 easeens 9 0 8 1 8 1 0 25 11 1 11 O SO | leet woniarsne 10 7 9 8 8 10 4 9 June 1 16 0 20 2 G10 lessassens 16 0 15 1 14 5 5 0 re 8 22 11 23: 5 BD. Nets acrecests 20 0 20 7 21, 1 6 10 “ 15t}/ 21 9 30 2 8-8) ea teomma 21 6 22 6 22: 3 8 4 1914 Mar. 29 9 2 0 OG eaeeaiee 2 6 1 1 We DE Ra eeecensasonass April 5 1 2 2 0 0 8 2 0 3.4 1 1 fe 3. || See napa i ED 2° 3 2 6 i 23 2 3 3 6 DS: 22 10> | bec eawannnants Me cih9) S 2 5. 2 2 0 5 -3 5 6 4 4 BS lasonaugeias “26 7 2 i 2 2 6 5 8 7 2 6 2 6 2) lastecnnes May 3 9 0 8 2 3.0 6 11 8 6 7 1 OL. les weateie AOr| A od 9 2 3.6 8 2 10 2 9 2 Sct las se wma: ee 14 0 12 0 4 10 10 2 12 0 11 4 OLA, jlessemnaeas “24 15 0 15 0 5 3 12 0 14 6 13 1 1S» 32h ila ceositoers He oat 15: 2 17 9 5 6 12 2 16 0 13) CT. AS? OE: 6 Whecapisnecensinstiers June 7 19 O 20 3 OOF ecetis wees 17 4 14 8 1410 laaaaeaiens ie =e 18 0 20 3 BE ES. “Wavetes eeanmgcis 15 6 14 1 WAS Oh NM reasy areiiagets oe DA 23 0 24 6 OO! Yeeencce: meas 16 9 15. 3 19. 36), ewe pecunlare “ 28t] 20 0 22 0 O10 Nosene seas 15 9 15: ch 15. (OF thee wemaee’s * Water begins to fall everywhere. No record kept of same. + Water line thereafter shows recession from above records. t Water receded after June 28. 448 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION WATER LEVELS ON CERTAIN NAVIGABLE LAKES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued ; lo. Kootena: Date | Nakusp a "ae Nelson | Proctor Laan dae Lardo | Gerrard 1915 ‘ “" , am” , “u v ” , uw , am” De ede um” ‘ wm" Mar. 1 9 MG lia cece cece cca gh ec tenteaice i erase RAR ae | metaateGcei he 7 9 AGO “ee cvemcni 2 eilieue, eamaclins Potcaaaras “14 9 A eB ic ememesarait ella 2 wate mi dion scacten cb ae) 1 1 1 he ee er emeerenere De Ne ho aatnane a 231 1 10 De 13)? rcs peonenets Wa acteyecie chante April 7 4 0 Bi. 5D) aera es Pe etre tee 1 “14 5 1 5 0 1 8 Di S5 sal seat cosh 2 PAL 8 1 i 2 24 4 4 ae 5 “30 8 10 9 7 3 0 5 7 6 3 6 May 7 13 0 14 6 3°05 6 5 6 5 7 “ 14] 14 0 15 6 4 0 7 8 8 6 8 oe OA 18 6 15 4 4 0 7 11 8 6 9 Bil 14 11 16 5 4 8 8 1 8 10 9 June 7 13 0 14 6 4 9 8 0 8 10 9 “ 14] 13 9 15 3 4 > 7 10 re 8 ane)! 14 0 15 6 4 1 De 30) | Fapceescey ae 8 “ 30} 15 8 17 0 4 7 PTL levecaenzs 9 July 7 15 2 as 4 5 Bee ew seas: 9 ene: (| 14-38) | csaeeonen 4 1 BO lkcseaseaaid 9 ** Water began to fall. WatTeER LEveEts or Kootenay Lake aT NELSON In addition to the gauge heights above tabulated for various points on Kootenay lake, the following records have been secured for gauges at Nelson, on the West arm of Kootenay lake. Becotia GA Between 1895 and 1912, certain records of water levels at McCulloch, C.E, Nelson were taken by Mr. A. L. McCulloch. It has been stated that the gauge was set with zero at the low water ele- vation of 1905. These records are given below. The elevation of the zero of this gauge in terms of D.P.W. datum (see above) is 1,743-42. There are also certain miscellaneous records of high and low water at Nelson, which are as follows, the zero of the gauge being the same as for the other records taken by Mr. McCulloch : HIGH AND LOW WATER ON KOOTENAY LAKE AT NELSON (Records by A. L. McCulloch, C.E.) Year | High water | Low water Year High water | Low water Feet Feet Feet Feet 1S 94S. cccukinlalomeedioess 28-2 ne V9OS sc secsicieca sysnreece 13-0 0-0 1898 2 aces wore 19-4 2-0 TOO Gs = ecuises resdeics ee 10-6 0:5 1899 ue cst 8 pss nls 18-0 0-7 LOO Hacc ahe sires sass 0-5 1900! as giae omnes ae eas TOO 8 sy sce eos ccrsaaice 16-4 0-7 1908 aoa atertndn 17-3 1-9 OOO recewiidince maby te a. 16-9 0:6 90D ese nanesaadars 18-4 dens ti VOTO crt. decceqaes steal 0-9 1120 ae ae 2209 2:0 TOT screen ncgusitues a 17-0 0:6 NOOB cst ey rrtectersc 14-5 cath MOA Die citrate rmaeasay te ees —0-1 STREAM FLOW DATA—B. G TABLES 449 WATER LEVELS OF KOOTENAY LAKE AT NELSON (Records by A. L. McCulloch, C.E.) Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Date height Date height Date height Date | height Feet Feet Feet Feet 1905 1906 1906 1909 Feb. 1 0-0 Feb. 27 0-9 Nov. 5 2-7 Feb. 8 1-0 Mar. 4 0-5 Mar. 14 0-5 i AS 3-0 23 0-8 a 9 0-9 “26 0-5 Dec. 11 2:3 Mar. 7 0-7 “18 1-2 April 2 0-9 1907 “16 0-6 © 31 1-2 Be 8 1-8 > Jan. 1 1-5 25 0-8 April 24 2-2 AS aS 3-0 “20 0:6 April 12 1-5 es 3-7 “18 3-5 Feb. 1 0-5 “24 2-1 May 5 4-4 a: Be 6-0 oD QT May 10 3-8 * 10 5-1 29 6:6 «20 0-7 «19 4.9 “19 6-7 May 6 8-0 “26 0-9 “29 8-6 “28 7-9 «13 9-1 Mar. 5 1-3 ue Bi 9-7 June 1 8-5 oe Dsl 9-7 i 13 1-2 June 1 10-3 e 6 10-8 June 16 10-0 “710 1-0 Dec. 16 3-1 oe ay 13-1 July 2 9-8 “30 1-3 1910 “ 90 | 12-6 “" 7 | 10-2 April 16 2-9 Jan. 8 1-5 23 12-2 re AEE 10-2 May 4:5 Feb. 11 1-2 July 5 10-2 “20 9-7 June 2 13-3 128 0-9 “20 9-2 ee 3 7-8 Aug. 18 8-2 Mar. 9 1-2 “22 8-1 Aug. 2 7-5 Oct. 13 4.9 me De 4-0 Aug. 10 7-0 of 9 6-4 1908 April 17 5-7 Sept. 2 4.3 16 5-8 Jan. 8 1-4 June 13-6 Nov. 5 2-8 92 53 Feb. 9 0-7 1911 Dec. 1 1-6 Sept. 6 4.3 Mar. 17 0-9 Sept. 6 5-1 22 1-1 16 3-9 May 8-3 1912 1906 tb" 25 3°3 Dec. 2 2-4 Jan. 16 0-2 Jan. 1 0-9 Oct. 8 2-8 «23 1-4 Mar. 10 0-0 _ 3 0-7 20 2-6 1909 a 24: -0-1 Feb. 18 0-6 “26 2-6 Jan. 19 0-5 April 21 4-0 Records by Since 1913 continuous gauge readings have been taken at Nel- B.C .Hydrometric son by the British Columbia Hydrometric Survey.* The ney gauge used by this survey and read daily is the same gauge as used by the Department of Public Works, Canada, and is a vertical staff, 20 feet long, situated at Astley’s wharf. Its zero elevation, as given above in list of Department of Public Works gauges, is 1,743-42 feet, D.P.W. datum. When installing this gauge its zero was set at the same elevation as the gauge previously used by Mr. McCulloch. During the high-water periods of certain years records were Re actin taken by Mr. Astley. The gauge used was set on a pile at the rear or north side of the Nelson boat-house. On October 25, 1911, the zero of this gauge was tied in by D. C. Jennings to the C. P. Ry. datum at the crossing of Josephine street and found to be 24-11 feet below the base of rail ; the elevations being as follows : Elevation, feet Base of rail, Josephine street crossing............... 1,779 -50 Water level (Oct. 25.5, 191 lec ae 2 es Sadie Blades kites 1,756 -99 Zero of gauge on pile in rear of boat-house.......... 1,755 -39 * See Water Resources Paper No. 14, pp. 412-416, 450 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION A change in the zero elevation of this gauge was made between 1910 and 1911—the 1911 gauge being 134 inches higher. The explanation of the change appears to be as follows : The lower portion of the gauge of 1910, which was originally set with zero at ‘low water’, had been damaged. In 1911, a new gauge was established. Later in the year, it was discovered that the new gauge did not correspond with the upper portion of the old gauge, which still re- mained in its original position. The upper portion of the old gauge was, there- fore, in 1911, raised 134 inches, corresponding to the difference found to exist, and, as thus raised, constituted a part of the new gauge as employed for the 1911 readings. . Records taken by Mr. Astley were published in the Nelson News. Those for 1908 to 1911 are given below. Possibly further search in earlier files of this newspaper might reveal other records. WATER LEVELS OF KOOTENAY LAKE AT NELSON, 1908 TO 1911 (Records by Mr. Astley, copied from the Nelson News) Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Date | height Date height Date height Date height 1908 , ” , u” ? aw , a” June 11 14 11 June 17 16 3 May 25 13. 7 April 21 2 64 ee 2 15 53 “18 16 54 “26 13 8 a ge 3 64 AS 15 9 ee 19 16 8 “28 13 8} “26 4 0 a ee eee ees, . 16 16 ae 22. 1 me 1 2 4 Td: 17 D i 23 a 43 June 2 13 10 May 1 5 6 “18 16 10 oe 24 17 34 te 3 13 9 - 9 7 9 “20 16 94 te 25 17 24 a 4 13 7 ea) ad, 9 4 “ 24 16 8 “26 17 0 os 7 13 4 se 25 9 § A) 23 16 3 28 16 6 ie 8 13 3 June 2 9 8 24 15 11 1910 Me 9 13° 1 e 6 11 2% oe * ie : April ao : ; “10 13, 0 to alee 12 6 ne 22 1 3 ix ne del 13 0 oo Aa 13 8 eee 15 24 “26 8 6 ee AG 12 112 “16 14 8 ok «28 14 11 i DE 9 1 “14 12 11 OAT 15 0 “30 14 7 “28 9 8 “tS 12 103 ee 16 1 July 1 14 4 “30 10 53 “16 12 103 25 16 5 “ 2 14 2 May 2 10 10 ee 12 113 © OT 16 4 ee 3 14 0 e 3 10 11 ey aS 12 103 “28 16 3} ame 13 103 ne 4 10 113 oe 30) 12 9 m 29 16 2} 1909 i 5 11 0 eae 12 9 July 1 16 0 June 2 11 3 ee 6 11 1 eS 12 6 a 3 15 8 ee 11 11 “ 7 11 3 me 2S 12: 2 ne 6 15 0} * - re Be - i 11 9 ee 11 11 “10 14 1 ss eal 12 4 28 11 8 18 13 4} PEP la ee eas) ala 2 “10 14 94 “14 13 4 "24 10 11 ee 1 15 2% “16 13. 7 1911 31 9 2 2 15 3 “17 13. 7 Mar. 22 7 Aug. 1 8 il se 44 15 7 = AD 13. 7 April 1 1 8 a 8 3 mS 15 3 “20 13° $ oe tS a) “ 7 93 “16 15 10 "23 13 34 “18 2. 5 Oct. 26 1 6 STREAM FLOW DATA—B. C. TABLES 451 MISCELLANEOUS DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS In the course of the reconnaissance investigation conducted by the Com- mission of Conservation in 1911, 1912 and 1913, various stream discharge measurements were made. For streams north of the Railway Belt and on the Pacific coast, these constitute, in most cases, the only stream flow data avail- able. Many miscellaneous measurements have also been made by the Pro- vincial Water Rights Branch and the British Columbia Hydrometric Survey. Some measurements are also available from other sources. From these various data, those which would be of most value in the consideratioa of power projects have been selected for presentation here. In this Report, relating as it does essentially to water-powers, it did not appear desirable to include a large number of miscellaneous measurements that have been made on the smaller irrigation streams. Data respecting these may be found in the Annual Reports of the Provincial Water Rights Branch, Victoria, and in the various Water Resources Papers of the Dominion Water Power Branch, Department of the Interior, Canada. For some streams having power possibilities, and upon which regular gauging stations have been maintained or recently established, the data avail- able were not of a character to permit summaries to be included in this report. However, certain discharge measurements were available, and, for the purpose of convenient reference, have been included in the following table. An asterisk (*) indicates the streams on which regular gauging stations have been or are being maintained. Reference may be made to ‘“‘List of Streams in British Columbia for which stream flow data are available,” for the periods for which records exist. In the table the streams are given in alphabetical order. In the first column the letters indicate to which main watershed or district the streams belong, thus: C.—Columbia river and tributaries (except Kootenay river); K.—Kootenay river and tributaries; F.—Fraser river and tributaries (except Thompson river); T.—Thompson river and tributaries; V.I.—streams on Van- couver Island; P.C.—streams on Mainland Pacific Coast (except Fraser river). These letters are the same as used in the “List of Streams in British Columbia for which stream flow data are available,’’ and when used in connection with the column headed ‘‘Stream and Location of Measuring Section,” will enable the situation of the measuring station to be readily found on the map. COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 452 OIQVIWAB 01. VEC MOLY WIVIIAG OYA 1OJ SIQUINJOD YSU UleUIvETyg Jo ysIT,, }[NsUOD o[qQuUITEAB sp1090I 105 1 b1edeq BV0INOBIY 1648 04 XOPUT YI { UI¥e198 SIG} UO PoUlezUTeUA Useq BBY UOI}E4s BuIsNes igjnFe1 VY » g-9 or (8B 99Q [TT eae sep: op 8-3 6 » ‘8 94dag moyyaneNoW “LOW: a ; ‘op “op T-€9 0% | sTéT‘e Tady SwyousIy “OD “M ere “ -ompqut eaoqe—(dvasnyg 19) 99019 ystigs! L ¢-29 9% » ‘6 “oad |"* Be ‘op ‘op FIT 83 » ‘LT ‘ny |" pate “Op oP 4 og ” ‘91 ‘any abit ‘souanyy * ‘H OU op 9S og » ‘TT une |° op “Op 2R Z8T 8% ‘ol aune |° enapatg) pus seysny ‘op ‘op 9ce Ge cL 61 NO BRIN fr rare anyo DO “qinow eaoqe “wT— (qstuends *19) J9ATI oUIMAPUBI_y| “O'd ‘eBivyosip poywunjsy | OOL fp yt ZI6IL “gny “Teqduey us ‘Vv “WOUBd MOTIQ—JOATL (xe0g) uoimog | Wf 1g Te » '6@ ‘Bny 111) Apa “yu Jo “N “ug op e¢ Te » ‘OE Ayn & ‘ * laqjauis AqUBIDy yb ‘op ‘ oeTt eg ZIGI ‘OT Ale ae ‘poomudelry }e@—yoo10 Arepunog,| O ‘oBb4s NIP | 28 ZE_ | SIG ‘ZZ 990 **Yqnoul 48—(s9ATI BOUBD “19) Y9aI0 Iep[nog | O Geb ||| ORT. 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MW “MOT ApITeJ—MOP poyeuyjsy | OZ of tp ZI6I ‘6% “2°O “qqnysmouy “MA “AL ‘sss qqnour 4ye—(etIquinjoD saddn “14) yae19 qynomstg | O ogee‘ eT oe | Z16T ‘'F “PO suai, pus pyeuopowyy fs espiuq ye—10AL BNYBIg | “O'd ‘1098M MOT 4B [][BWS AI9A ST MOT | EF og ZIGT ‘8ST Ayne jo wosns10q “HD [' aqnow 9A0ge ysnf edptiq ye—(JaUseNs “14) Yoo taAvOgG | WF OGTR | Re Sees: erie tere aie siete + T1w14 apVANJA] BUISs010 4B—(19qJVMIVI[D “14) Yoouo goavog | L “syeorq | ¢ Ze | ST6T ‘et ‘sny [ccc eussynqg op fot WIBp UOISI9AIP Uspaley ye—Yae10 aaAveg | O 9-9L 3-81 ai Giada Sule ee ew aSpliq U0ZZeM 4e—yooI9 1aAvog | “TA E-h 9 GEGT sG LOE ee Ree eR RS SEER ESSE Sai ee Se (sIquinjoD seddn -14) yYae10 prvog G. F-O1 St ZI6I ‘9 “sny eae Wosna10,q ‘H'D “qyhow i880 eapliq 48—(Jeusenge iseu) yoor0 Joyvg | A 89 OF » ‘T ‘29d 2 op op’ op IZ 1? » ‘TE “any ‘op “op ‘op Z6T Lg -| $I6T ‘8% Ayne | o* - -aousty) ‘OM **spouysy 10m ‘op 88 6% | ZI6T ‘23 3dag Joo ysnosiog “£ “O “OT ON “YT PUT] yqnos 48 ‘op “B}EOR ‘1948M MOT oot 09 TI61 ‘OL 3°90 “** + gusarjnqg 0: ft qynow wolj ‘WT ‘edpliq pwos 9Ao0qgse ysn{[—dAII BjOUYSYy| O S8E Sr » ‘PT ‘99q | OP THT ae »_ ‘TL adag < AOR “SOHB] LES “*"") pT6L ‘Te Aine a Op daaq puy ais[q ‘uoxiq ‘qsy sulviq | 610'T G6 | SI6T ‘OZ “Ged |°°* qqnysmouy “MA “-dueag qa dorounf wwou—r9at1 ysV | “TA *asIn0d *4J-OOT 2AO0 ‘gUOTIeINsvOm 4LOLT 9cz Zs ZI6BI ‘¢ “4dag pur pus Prewopoe BENELS yynoul wWoIJ “WF [—(}2]UI YANoIOqYysNOT) 19AtI addy | “O'd QOL 09 » ‘26 4deg oP 99T eZ » ‘OT Aye ‘op ae os | ztet‘6 pdy Aaeatae AiaaagNs eee ee Bae yynour reau—zaats uossepuyy| A ‘O'd A®AD srxory “YBIY eq 07 pres 109BMA [GOS 8-8 ZI} @I6T ‘ZT “0 30 'M “WE ‘eBprig ABAYSIY 48—(UIOOTTYD “19) oor stxoyy | A ceg e-¢ 911 £e | ZIGL EE adog frccccc cee [eee ete ee ree ean ee ee eee eee aa xofoH]OAVa] qoaf-oag: ag yaaf ‘by | yaag exzieyo | yysteq | uoT}OeS yoy syIBUIDy CAG ganeny | eee U9PtTA aq seydeiz0i1pAH WOIjoe8 BuLINsvau JO UOTYBOO] puv WveI3g ocr SLNENAUNSVAW ADUVHOSIG SNOANVTIAOSIN 453 TABLES Cc. STREAM FLOW DATA—B. 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The work was begun in 1888 in connection with special studies relating to irrigation in the arid west, and, since June 30, 1895, appropriations have been made by the United States Congress ‘‘For gauging the streams and determining the water supply of the United States, and for the investigation of underground currents and artesian wells, and for the preparation of reports upon the best methods of utilizing the water resources.’’ In the execution of the work many state and private organizations have co-operated. The Water Resources Branch has been the leader in the systematic gather- ing of stream flow data, and its able engineers have been pioneers in devising and improving methods incident to this work. Much credit is due this organ- ization for its painstaking research and development of the methods now so generally employed in connection with hydrological investigations. The publications of the Branch, as well as the special publications of its Chief Engineer, Mr. N. C. Grover, and Chief Hydrographer, Mr. W. G. Hoyt, have been of very great assistance, not only to the United States, but also to other countries. Measurements of stream flow have been made at about 3,800 points in the United States, and also at points in Alaska and in the Hawaiian Islands. About 1,500 regular gauging stations are maintained by the Geological Survey and the co-operating organizations. In connection with this work, data respect- ing precipitation, evaporation, storage reservoirs, river profiles and water- power in many sections of the country have been collected and the results pub- lished in the Water Supply Papers. The custom of the Water Resources Branch has been to publish yearly reports. Prior to 1901, gauge heights and discharge measurements were published in Water Supply Papers or bulletins, and the estimates of monthly discharge were given in the Annual Reports of the Geological Survey; since 1901, both classes of data have been published in the Water Supply Papers. In the annual publications, until the last few years, the various data were collated in 12 parts, each embracing an area whose boundaries coincide with the larger natural drainage basins of the country. Lately it has been found STREAM FLOW DATA—UNITED STATES 405 necessary to sub-divide part XII—dealing with the North Pacific drainage basins—into three sections, XII-A, XII-B and XII-C. The district adjacent to British Columbia is known as the ‘Pacific Slope in Washington and Upper Columbia River.’ The following is a list of published Water Supply Papers containing data relating to this and other districts adjacent to British ‘Columbia :* Washington and . Lower Columbia river Year Upper Columbia river Snake river and Oregon 1899 o's. ssctchis eanalen th Bw merty ors ts 38 38 38 1900 crim iain eier ad seonen ae 51 51 51 1901 «2 anni nena atceen ae 66,75 66, 75 66, 75 L902 ecccencieiaasacateve cmirinen 4g 85 85 85 LOO Bis secttareceutres Se or aueites a8 100 100 100 W904: cnavernemmenncus wsaran seis 135 135 135 L905 a ieyes ntic cia wmusamarease 178 178 1771, 178 1906), wcernsrs ocmoicd waves, ¥ as 214 214 214 TOOT eB ose oxen tases ate 252 252 252 $909 cs scene arena gern tas 272 272 272 TOV! cosas 2:5 wiatee ceabet-ane 292 292 292 ND ost csomjaysona ter etapieisce ond 312 312 312 1D Dasani eect caeausb aside 332A 332B , 332€ TONS crassa acansitas ornuavaait's XG 362A 362B 362C NOTE incu suteaniseedunko reds 392 393 394 WOT Siewseaae saw ncueciteaeuiaits 412 413 414 Through the courtesy of Dr. George Otis Smith, Director, United States Geological Survey, the revised hydrometric data to the end of 1915, relating -to the more important streams draining areas adjacent to British Columbia, and which are, therefore, international in character, have been made available for publication in this Report. These data include results from the field operations of the respective District Engineers—of the State of Washington, Mr. G. L. Parker; of Idaho, Mr. G. C. Baldwin; of Montana, Mr. W. A. Lamb; and of Oregon, Mr. F. C. Henshaw—to whom, with the officers before mentioned; the Commission of Conservation is much indebted for the data supplied,.as well as for the many courtesies received from this Department of the United States Federal Govern- ment. : . 3 A list of the stations for which records are here published, together with an -Index to the Water Supply Papers where more detailed records respecting gauge heights and daily discharges, etc., may be found, follows. This Index corre- sponds to the Index for British Columbia stations. The United States records are arranged in a manner similar to the records for British Columbia. *The recent Water Supply Papers contain an annotated list of publications of the U.S. Geological Survey relating specifically to the section of the country dealt with in the respective papers. They also contain a list of reports by the Survey, covering a wide range of hydrological “subjects of more general interest, and also give brief references to reports published by State and ‘other organizations. See, for example, Water Supply Paper No 412, pp. I-XL. Consult also, Wood, B. D., ‘Stream-gauging Stations and Publications Relating to Water Resources, 1885-1913,’ U.S. Geological Survey, Water Supply Paper No. 340, Part XII. + Rogue, Umpqua, and Siletz rivers only. 466 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION LIST OF STREAMS CROSSING THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY OR IN THE UNITED STATES ADJACENT TO BRITISH COLUMBIA, FOR WHICH STREAM FLOW DATA ARE HERE PRESENTED, WITH INDEX TO WATER SUPPLY PAPERS Water Supply Papers No Nese of stim Drainage] Records available bee ep ; gauging station area Limiting dates — /1909/1910]1911]1912]1913/1914]1915 272 | 292 | 312 |3324/362a| 392 | 412 US. Sq. miles page)|page| page|pa ge|pa ge|pa ge| page 1 |Cascade river, near Marblemount.. 222*|/Mar. 1909-April 1913a] 487} 627] 670]....] 37}....].... 2 |Pend-d'Oreille,t at Metaline Falls...| 25,600*/Oct. 1912-Dec. 1915 | 75] 68d]....]....] 57] 53} 110 3 | at: Plains. 2 < scene 19,900*/Oct. 1910-Dec. 1915 |....]| 65] 61} 61] 55} 50} 107 4 |Columbia river, at The Dalles...... 237,000*/June 1878-Dec. 1915 | 69c} 60c} 50} d | e | f | g 5 |Flathead, North fork, at Columbia Falls..| 1,620*/Sept. 1910-Dec. 1915 |....] 78) 75] 76) 69] 62] 119 6 |Kettle river, At Bovis. bien iscarrin 4,060*/Sept. 1913-Oct. 1915a}....]....}....]....[....{ 102] 160 7 \Kootenay river, at Libby ace coeds 11,000*/Oct. 1910-Dec. 1915 }....] 118} 52} 52] 47) 44) 101 8 |Moyie river, at Snyder 711*|Mar. 1911-Dec. 1915 |....]....] 57] 57) 52] 47] 104 9 |Skagit river, i at Marblemount....} 1,165¢/Dec. 1908-May 1914a] 485} 620] 666} 37} 33} 33}.... 10 | at Reflector Bar.... 1,0957|Dec:, 1913=Dee. 1915 [jcc cleae-lecesfveests sas] SL) 89 Note—Numbers in first column refer to summary records which follow. U.S. I—CASCADE RIVER—near Marblemount, Wash. Drainage area, 222 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At a proposed site for a dam and power plant, 8 miles above the mouth and 8 miles above Marblemount. Records available—March 8, 1909, to April 30, 1913. Station discontinued. Gauge—Vertical staff on the right bank. Prior to May 25, 1909, two gauges were used, the first from March 8 to 31, 1909, being located 500 feet below the present gauge ; and the second from April 1 to May 24, 1909, being located about 6 miles below the present gauge and set to read the same. No bench mark established. Channel—Gravel and cobblestones ; shifting in extreme floods. Discharge measurements—Made from a cable 100 feet below the gauge. Accuracy—Results good. Co-operation—Gauge height record and part of the discharge measurements furnished by the Skagit Power Co. * As estimated by the United States Geological Survey. t Revised value based on recent measurements. } In United States, known as the Clark fork. a Station discontinued. b Data for 1909 and 1910 at this station are not now considered reliable. _ € See also Water Supply Paper, No. 370, ‘Surface Water Supply of Oregon, 1878-1910,’ which gives revised data for the Columbia river at The Dalles, including daily gauge heights and dis- charges, to Sept. 30, 1910. d See Water Supply Paper, No. 332c, p. 18. e No. 362c, p. 18. fNo. 394. gNo. 414. STREAM FLOW DATA—UNITED STATES 467 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS : ‘ Gauge ; 3 Date Hydrographer tegbe Discharge Date | Hydrographer | oe | Discharge Feet Sec.-feet ee 2 iano Se i000 Feet Sec.-feet Mar, 8 Jesse E. Rossell........ 1-001 344 Sept. 5 | Jesse E. Rossell........ 2°53 1,180 April 22 GOs. ae aentndars 1-401 500 ie 12 GOs ayaa etentaue 1-70 582 22 GO... -ahsed sansa’ 1-402 579 te Be GOs = “agcangraeraiy 1-80 667 May 6 GO, «= -_-etancnacin 2-102 1,010 Oct. 12 GO: “ Biaean ansuaeg 2-02 823 oS gi. Gos ane 1-972 960 Nov. 10 do meee 1°80 666 June 3 Gos alansete 4-103 2,780 1910 “19 GO. 6. waseawar 3-50 2,520 Dec. 31 | Freeman and Gilkey... .] 1°87 556 "22 J.C. Stevens........... 2-93 1,510 1911 July 15 Jesse E. Rossell........ 3-30 2,000 Mar. 6 | H. P. Gilkey........... 0-80 197 Re 19 OB ragenedtdaeeeys 2-50 1,200 ‘16 | Ebert and Gilkey.......] 1°05 275 21 os seen tvadienes 2°65 1,370 Nov. 8 | W. W. Clifford......... 1:47 382 28 do: 9 aaxuray Fis)|| Qe 1,330 1912 Aug. 12 GO: 8 -a Sareanc 2-38 986 June 5 | H.C. Hanson.......... 3°69 1,820 20 GO: -Swasaens 2225 906 Oct. 24 | F. B. Storey........... 1°14 297 “25 WO: ———_ ag asaphe 2-40 1,030 1Gauge No.1. *Gauge No.2. % Gauge heights to measurements beginning June 3, 1909, refer to gauge No. 3. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Disch irge in s - Run-off i i is Run-off ___Dischirge in seconi-feet aepthan Discharge in second-feet depth in Month Yer |incheson |} Month Per | incheson Max. Min. Mean | squire | drainage Max. Min. Mean | squire | drainage mile area mile area 1908 . 1909 INEST Gicsce | ater Sal [tattoos ne. aernute al Mahalo equal atenpeana eros Mar? 1,080 344 421 1:90 1°69 Aprillsegene| 5 scehee sie Raed taettal tee-shuatsleall ta dian atl egienarstdnte April... 678 455 543 | 2+45 2°73 MAY cacesall Ss aestavertncal yesa ch ooaard fave ade Oa wi) Saae ear a earaNoa nang Muy...| 2,660 535 1,180 | 5-32 6°13 Tuite ose adheres legen agate lhe-saog cane al oakoas eal ene esos June...}| 6,310 1,440 2,320 | 10-5 11°71 BAAD sgcascoyetl sot dened 8 pee tees sisal eae ERA aN ahanees seal eased sesentys July...| 3,370 1,160 1,800 8-11 9°35 PU ie cas onsveps oie abled Bacco |e Site] Maat hare es aa Aug.... 2,430 694 983 4°43 511 Se Dab ccna. ty ston saue et ese eo? easeuceld dete ess all ce PRR cae de Sept....] 1,240 494 835 | 3:77 4°21 Oe bine i524) ecrrotse ation [ithasers eens [Poisaecane a | Gmesa:Cispalltahanareoneiee Oct....] _1,320 472 647 | 2-91 3°36 SIN Ves iseae sfc rsencfot Rotana nase ass new oreo yan esartinaco vel liana torenehent Nov....] 31,700 444 3,530 | 15-9 17-74 D6Oisaeec ps can? Soler k se evasion ane Al potest ea aa eames Dec....| 4,000 436 1,100 | 4:95 5°71 Peto dancls canes alata e rake elke catenin erties fen eentad Period..| 31,700 344 1,352 | 6:10 | 67°74 1910 1911 Jan..... 1,800 284 498 2:24 2°58 344 446 2:01 2°32 Feb..... 520 284 355 1-60 1-67 250 275 | 1:24 1:29 Mar.....] 1,900 400 976 | 4:40 5:07 212 376 | 1-69 1°95 April....] 4,350 488 1,270 | 5°72 6-38 323 516 | 2-32 2:59 May....| 7,000 640 1,860 | 8:38 9-66 731 1,350 | 6-08 7:01 June....| 6,060 404 1,220 | 5-50 6:14 1,190 3,130 | 14-1 15:73 July....] 4,460 1,400 2,250 | 10-1 11-64 1,340 2,380 | 10-7 12:34 Aug.....| 1,630 492 1,010 | 4:55 5:25 678 1,080 | 4:86 5:60 Sept.....] 1,280 418 674 | 3-04 3-39 290 848 | 3-82 4:26 Oct.....| _8,700 670 2,560 | 11-5 13-26 212 312 1:41 1-63 Nov.....| 10,800 700 2,270 | 10-2 11°38 225 729 | 3-28 3-66 Dec.....| 1,440 580 816 | 3:68 4°24 290 423 | 1:91 2-20 Year,...!| 10,800 284 1,320 | 5:95 | 80-66 212 991 | 4:46 | 60°58 1912 1,490 250 500 2°25 2°59 Jan 1,290 305 705 | 3°18 3°43 Feb 3: 225 274 1:23 1:42 Mar. 585 335 393 1°77 1:98 April 4,250 445 2,050 | 9-23 10-64 May 6,380 1,490 3,760 | 16-9 18-86 June 3,450 1,020 2,120 | 9-55 11-01 July 2,880 445 1,370 | 6-17 71 Aug 780 275 473 2-13 2-38 Sept 780 250 324 1-46 1-68 Oct 1,970 275 626 | 2-82 3°15 Nov.... 3 305 350 1-58 1:82 Dec.... Year....| 6,380 225 1,080 | 4:86 | 66-07 Wear iec Alienate dhe 2 nee heeane Soleaee anlee oaea es 1 For period Mar. 8 to 31. Note—Accuracy is A, except for following months, when it is B, namely, April to July and Nov. and Dec., 1909, and May and June, 1910. Daily discharges were determined from rating curves used as follows: Mar. 8 to May 24, 1909, fairly well defined ; May 25 to Dec. 31, 1909, fairly well defined between 550 and 3,000 second-feet a Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1910, fairly well defined between 200 and 3,000 second-feet ; Jan. 1, 1911, to April 30, 1913 fairly well defined below 3,000 second-feet. 468 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION U.S. 2—PEND-D’OREILLE RIVER—at Metaline Falls, Wash. Drainage area 25,600 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—Just above Metaline Falls. Records available—Oct. 1, 1912, to Dec. 31, 1915. Gauge—Staff in five sections, one inclined, the others verticai.t Channel and control—Control is formed by the crest of Metaline falls. Changes in control may be caused by a rock slide on the left side of the river at the falls. Discharge measurements—Made from a small ferry boat above the gauge, or from a boat held in: position by a wire stretched across the river. The measurement of Feb. 11, 1914, was made- from the ice cover 2,000 feet above the gauge. Winter flow—Not seriously affected by ice. Accuracy—Results good. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS’ Date Hydrographer pena Discharge Date Hydrographer face Discharge Feet Sec.-feet Feet Sec.-feet 1914 1915 Feb. 11 J. BE. Stewart........... 5-802 10,200 June 19 | C.O. Brown........... 19°35 42,600 June 11 Parker and Brown...... 28-175 68,100 ‘« 21 | Brown and Kornfeldt. . . | 19+29 42,700 Dec. 4 Brown and Bailey...... 10-59 21,000 Sept. 10 | Parker and Richardson..| 7:67 13,900 ae: dO: echacced 10:58 20,600 LG On. cteatengih.aes 7-65 13,700 1915 ** 11 | Lacy and Parker....... 7°68 13,900 Mar. 11 | C.O. Brown........... 5+304 9,730 1 Discharge of Sullivan creek has been added to measured discharge to obtain total flow past gauge. 2 Measured from ice cover 2,000 feet above gauge. *% Measured from boat 1,500 feet above gauge. 4 Measured( from boat 4 mile above gauge. MONTHLY SUMMARIES ‘ ‘ es Run-otf i i ie Run-off Discharge in second-feet depths Discharge in second-feet depth in Month i Per |incheson {| Month Per |inchesom Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1913 geen aaa 11,100 | 0-434 0-26 7,720 | 11,100 | 0-434 0°45 11,700 | 12,800 | 0-500 0-58 13,500 | 26,500 | 1:04 1°16 46,500 | 57,900 | 2-26 2-61 82,900 | 102,000 | 3-98 4°43 43,200 | 66,100 | 258 2°97 21,300 | 29,500 | 1-15 1°32 iS ete 13,200 | 16,300 | 0-627 0-70 Oct.....| 19,000 | 15,700 | 17,600 | 0-688 0-79 Oct....{ 13,000 | 11,700 | 12,100 } 0-473 0:54 Nov.....| 20,400 | 15,700 | 17,900 | 0-700 0-78 Nov....]| 14,600 | 11,900 | 13,300 | 0-520 0-58 Dec.}....| 17,900 }........ 16,100 | 0-629 0-63 Dec....| 14,600 9,670 | 12,100 | 0-473 0-54 Per dp cclhoseiysteaitiellenimrereanivlbectesdiiensatt linens cunull eman tunes Period’. | 111,000 7,720 | 31,840 | 1:244 | 16-14 1 For period Dec. 1-27. * Jan, 16-31. % For period Jan. 16 to Dec. 31. Note—Diecharges are determined from arating curve which is well defined between 9,000 and 80,000 second-feet... * As estimated by United States Geological Survey. t A gauge was installed at Metaline Falls in November, 1908. The station was first visited by Survey hydrographers in December, 1912. Prior to this date the two gauges had been knocked out and replaced, in turn, by another gauge. The third gauge consisted of a piece of the old gauge: driven into the sand and was not very stable. In April, 1913, the third gauge was replaced by a. fourth. The middle section of this gauge was carried out by the next high water, and readings between 27 feet and 13 feet on the falling stage in July and August, 1913, were made on temporary gauges. In December, as the observer could not read the fourth gauge, he installed a temporary gauge Dec. 14, 1913, and read it until Feb. 10, 1914. Feb. 12, 1914, a new permanent gauge was- installed. Gauge readings prior to Oct. 1, 1912, are considered entirely unreliable. A good rating curve has been developed for the Metaline Falls gauge and estimates subsequent to Oct. 1,. 1912, are considered reliable. STREAM FLOW DATA—-UNITED STATES 469 MONTHLY SUMMARIES—Continued Discha i By Run-off ‘is : 4 Run-off ischarge in second-feet depth in Discharge in second-feet deptbiin Month : Per | inches on || Month . Per | inches on Max. Min Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1914 1915 Jan.....{ 12,800 | 10,200 } 12,100 | 0-473 0:54 13,700 8,760 | 11,300 | 0-441 0-51 Feb..... 11,900 6,890 | 10,300 | 0-402 0:42 10,200 9,330 9,680 | 0-378 0:39 Mar... 18,400 | 11,900 | 15,000 | 0-586 0-67 13,500 9,500 | 10,900 | 0-426 0-49 April... 39,900 | 18,600 | 27,900 | 1-09 1-22 30,800 | 13,900 } 20,800 | 0-812 0-91 ay.. 69,800 | 40,400 | 55,600 | 2-17) 2°50 44,000 | 31,300 | 37,200 | 1-45 1:67 June. . 70,100 | 54,300 | 64,200 | 2-51 2°80 44,000 | 40,700 | 42,700 | 1-67 1-86 July 54,000 | 27,000 | 39,900 | 1+56 1-80 40,400 | 30,300 | 35,700 | 1-39 1-60 Aug. 26,500 | 12,800 | 18,300 | 0-715 0-82 29,900 | 16,700 | 23,200 | 0-906 1-04 Sept. 12,800 | 10,400 | 11,100 | 0-434 0-48 16,300 | 12,200 | 13,400 | 0-523 0-58 Oct. 18,400 | 10,800 } 12,500 | 0-488 0:56 12,200 | 11,600 | 11,800 | 0-461 0-53 Nov.....] 21,800 | 15,400 | 19,700 | 0-770 0-86 12,600 | 11,300 | 11,800 | 0-461 0-51 Dec.....| 21,300 | 12,400 | 16,300 | 0-637 0:73 12,600 | 11,600 | 12,100 | 0-473 0°55 Year....} 70,100 6,890 | 25,240 | 0-987 13-40 44,000 8,760 | 20,050 | 0-783 10°64 U.S. 3—PEND-D’OREILLE RIVER—near Plains, Mont. Drainage area, 19,900 square miles * DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At Cooper’s ferry, about 3 miles above Plains, Mont., and about 7 miles below the mouth of Flathead river. Records available—Oct. 28, 1910, to Dec. 31, 1915. Gauge—Overhanging chain gauge on the right bank, about 150 feet below the ferry cable. On Nov. 28, 1911, a Barrett & Lawrence automatic gauge was installed 50 feet below the chain gauge and set to read the same. Bench mark—Nail in root of pine tree 35 feet northeast of gauge. gauge zero. Channel—Fairly permanent. Discharge measurements—Made from the ferry cable or from the highway bridge at Plains. Winter flow—Stream freezes over at the gauge for short periods, but is open at the control section below the gauge. Relation between gauge height and discharge little, if at all, affected by ice. Diversions—A number of small ditches divert for irrigation from tributaries of Flathead river and headwaters of Pend-d’Oreille. Accuracy—Rating curve good, but gauge height record somewhat doubtful at times. Elevation 16-38 feet above DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS G : Date Hydrographer ices | Discharge | Date | Hydrographer bogke Discharge Feet Sec.-feet Feet Sec.-feet 1910 1912 Nov. 10 | Raymond Richards..... 5°51 10,300 mun T. | dC. Beebe. sios-csceacvees 13°38 72,700) 1911 May 1 W..A. Lambs y ces eoe 8°75 29,000 May 28 | W. A. Lamb........... 15-30 92,800 2 July 9 Be dBi WONMES oes sxe dea saceso8 10:86 46,500 July 29 | B. E. Jones............ 8-00 23,400 e Js Cy Beebe vies casa s.0-0 208 aes De 9 | Wi A. Lambs sees «cates 4-51 8,160 26 F. E. Bonner..........- “87 26.900 ¢ Aug. 7 W.A.Lamb........... 6-87 17,800 May 8 GOs” cia kena see 9°55 38,000 Nov. 28 GO > crest tnseaseetors 4°36 7,090 Sept. 18 Os eoncdrsmsvays eens 4-58 8,720 1 Surface velocities observed and coefficient of 0-86 used. 2 Surface velocities observed and coefficient of 0-85 used. * As estimated by the United States Geological Survey. An estimate based on recent mea- surements, using the latest available maps for portion of watershed in British Columbia, gives 20,000 square miles. 470 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES i i & Run-off Baie : Ee Run-off Dischansetnarrond-feet depth in _____Dinehateedmeevond test: | deptti im Month Per |incheson |} Month : Per |incheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square drainage mile area mile area . 1911 JAD ese 8,720 6,970 8,010 | 0-403 0:46 Feb.... 6,970 6,020 6,440 | 0-324 0-34 Mar....} 10,900 6,240 8,070 | 0-406 0:47 April2..| 11,700 | 10,900 | 11,200 | 0-563 0-17 May ?..| 36,600 | 28,200 | 31,900 | 1-60 0-36 July 4 46,600 | 18,000 | 30,600 | 1-54 1-32 Aug. 19,700 9,400 | 14,400 | 0-724 0°83 Sept. 19,100 8,720 9,570 | 0-481 0:54 Oct....}| 10,500 8,100 9,520 | 0-478 0-55 hea . Nov.... 8,400 6,470 7,770 | 0-390 0:44 Dec.....} 13,100 9,060 | 10,500 | 0-528 0-61 Dec.5... 8,400 6,240 7,090 | 0-356 0-11 Period anliecsves sande tn eae Raynes bere Napte muaeenee laa 263 | TRETOG ss les gaan G00 Ih, aidigun sesh taene al eRe suet 1912 1913 a hc eile acai descr scenes 5,500 | 0-276 0-23 Jane.» 8,400 6,240 7,360 | 0°370 0-43 Feb. : 6,470 5,620 5,970 | 0-300 0-19 Bebe ec) x ccciaspes 6,470 7,940 | 0-399 0-41 Mar..... 8,100 5,290 5,860 | 0-294 0-34 Mar..... 7,810 6,240 7,030 | 0°353 0-41 April....] 22,700 7,530 | 15,500 | 0-779 0-87 April...} 34,200 7,810 | 18,800 | 0-954 1:05 May....| 73,600 | 23,300 | 49,300 | 2:48 2°86 May. ..| 106,000 | 29,700 | 53,900 | 2°71 3°12 June....| 74,500 | 50,100 | 65,200 | 3-28 3:66 June. ,.| 115,000 | 71,500 | 98,200 | 4:93 5°49 July....] 51,000 | 19,200 | 32,400 | 1-63 1°88 July. ..| 69,200 | 23,800 | 42,800 | 2°15 2°48 Aug.....{ 18,600 9,760 | 13,100 | 0-658 0-76 Aug....| 23,100 | 12,300 | 17,000 | 0-855 0:98 Sept.*...] 10,900 9,400 | 10,100 | 0-508 0:57 Sept....] 11,500 9,350 | 10,100 | 0-507 0:57 Oct... 9,400 8,400 8,840 | 0-444 0-51 Oct....} 9,030 8,720 8,740 | 0-439 0-51 Nov..... 9,760 8,400 9,040 | 0-454 0-51 Nov.®..; 9,350 8,720 9,070 | 0-456 0-51 PVC ieee cee eese ay cel coe eed gig eee steel ete Losec eg Dec....| 91030 | 6,850] 8.040 | 0-404 | 0-46 Period...| 74,500 Dy LIO? Ne sos as pees|| saa 12-38 Year. ..| 115,000 6,240 | 24,080 | 1-210 16-42 1914 1915 JAD is 0056 7,600 6,620 7,410 | 0-372 0-43 Jan.... 9,100 7,200 7,970 | 0-400 0-46 Feb..... 8,720 5,970 7,360 | 0:370 0°38 Feb. .. 8,050 7,090 7,350 | 0:369 0:38 Mar.....} 10,700 7,600 8,590 | 0-432 0-50 Mar.... 7,600 6,850 7,180 | 0-361 0-41 April....} 27,800 8,420 | 16,900 | 0-849 0-95 April...| 24,400 7,860 | 15,500 | 0-778 0:87 May?...| 67,000 | 27,100 } 48,900 | 2:46 2°84 May. ..}| 35,900 | 26,400 | 31,200 | 1-57 1°81 June....| 62,300 | 36,700 | 49,200 | 2-47 2-76 June. ..| 37,400 | 32,800 | 35,400 | 1-78 1:99 July....| 35,100 | 14,600 |} 23,800 | 1-20 1-38 July. ..| 32,800 | 19,400 | 26,500 | 1-33 1°53 Aug.....| 14,100 8,720 | 10,600 | 0-533 0-61 Aug....| 18,800 | 10,400 | 14,400 | 0-724 0°83 Sept.u... 8,720 8,420 8,480 | 0:426 0-48 Sept....} 10,700 9,350 9,960 | 0-500 0:56 Oct.12,..; 11,900 8,130 9,830 | 0-494 0-57 Oct....} 10,400 8,720 9,370 | 0-470 0°54 Nov.....| 16,600 11,100 14,200 | 0-713 0-79 Nov... 8,720 8,130 8,560 | 0-430 0-48 Dec.8, ..} 11,900 7,860 9,510 | 0-478 0-55 Dec.5.. 9,030 7,700 8,660 | 0-435 0-50 Year... .| 67,000 5,970 | 17,900 | 0-900 12-24 Year...}| 37,400 6,850 | 15,170 | 0-762 10-36 _ } For period Oct. 28 to 31. 2Aprillto8. ?May1to6. ‘July9to3l. ®Decslto8. %Jan.1+022; gauge heights of doubtful accuracy, mean discharge estimated at 5,500 second-feet by comparison with other stations. 7 Feb. 13 to 29. 8 Discharge relation believed to have been affected by ice, Feb. 16 to 24, mean discharge estimated at 9,000 second-feet. 9% Nov. 4 to 22 mean discharge estimated at 9,000 second-fect. 1° Gauge heights, May 8 to 18, estimated by comparison with gauge heights of Pend-d’Oreille at Thompson, Mont. 1! Partly estimated. 1? Daily discharge Oct. 16 to Nov. 30 was estimated from gauge heights at Thompson falls, 25 miles downstream, by the Montana Power Co. "Discharge after Dec. 20 was estimated from the flow of Pend-d’Oreille at St. Regis and Flathead river near Polson. 1 Discharges Nov. 11 to Dec. 9 estimated from station at Thompson falls and Flathead river at Polson. 16 Discharges Dec. 20 to 31 estimated by comparison with Pend-d'Oreille at St. Regis and Flathead river. 2 Note—Daily discharges Oct. 28, 1910, to May 11, 1913, determined from a fairly well defined rating curve. Dis- charges May 12 to Dec. 21, 1913, determined from a rating curve that is well defined between 30,000 and 80,000 second- feehs and fairly well defined outside those limits. In 1914 and 1915 discharges were determined from a well-defined rating curve. U.S. 4—COLUMBIA RIVER—at The Dalles, Oregon Drainage area 237,000 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At the dock of The Dalles, Portland and Astoria Navigation Co. Records available—June 1, 1878, to Dec. 31, 1915 ; maximum stages, 1858 to 1877.* Gauge—Vertical staff in several sections, attached to piling ; datum 45-6 feet above sea level,t known as the ‘Brooks’ gauge ; maintained by U. S. Weather Bureau ; read since Feb. 1, 1892. Other gauges have been read as follows: High water periods, 1858 to 1877, gauge of Oregon Steam Navigation Co. at Lower Cascades landing; June 1 to Dec. 6, 1878, U.S. Engineer Corps’ gauge, Umatilla, Oreg.; Dec. 12, 1878, to Dec. 31, 1915, when ‘Brooks’ gauge (*) Discharge estimates 1879 to 1910 have been re-computed and results here given supersede ee published in Water Supply Papers, Nos. 252, 272 and 292, of the United States Geological urvey. (t) Compare Water Supply Paper No. 370, page 16. STREAM FLOW DATA—UNITED STATES _ 472 was not read, U.S. Engineer Corps’ gauge above the Cascades; Oct. 10, 1879, to June 30, 1881, U. S. Engineer Corps’ gauge at The Dalles.* Channel—Wide and deep ; volcanic rock covered with sand and silt ; control is rock reef at the Cascades ; practically permanent. Discharge measurements—In 1903, made with floats and with current meter at Cayuse rock, 7 miles below The Dalles. In 1907, made with a current meter from a boat at the gauge. In 1908, made with floats at the gauge. In 1910 and 1913, made from the Northern Pacific Ry. bridge just above the mouth of Snake river, the discharges of Snake, Umatilla, John Day and Deschutes rivers at their mouths being determined from gauge readings and added to the measured discharge to give the flow at The Dalles. An allowance of one day was made for the time interval between Snake river and The Dalles. ‘ Rating curves—For discussion respecting rating curves and discharge estimates published in reports of United States Geological Survey, see statements made in Water Supply Paper No. 370, p. 17. Extreme stages—The highest flood of authentic record occurred in June, 1894. It was due to the coincidence of floods in the Columbia and Snake, accompanied by heavy rainfall in the lower drainage area. The snowfall all over the Columbia basin had been exceptionally heavy during the previous winter. The highest stage at Cascade locks was 49-7 feet at 4 p.m, June 6, corresponding to a discharge of 1,160,000 second-feet, or 4-89 second-feet per square mile. There is no authentic record of the flood of 1849, but it may have closely approached this flood in peak discharge. The lowest stage of which there is authentic record occurred in January, 1890, which also gives the lowest monthly mean on record. It was caused by a period of extremely cold weather following the driest year on record. The gauge above the Cascades could not be read on account of ice from Jan. 3 to 16, 1890. A reading was made on the gauge below the locks Jan. 7, and the discharge was determined from a relation of gauge readings to be 41,900 second-feet. Any sudden drop in temperature when the river is low seems to cause a marked dropping off in discharge. It is probable that all the extreme low stages have been caused in this way. In the annual report of the Chief of U. S. Engineers for 1879 it is stated that the low water of Jan. 18, 1879, was the lowest for the preceding ten years, but was 2 to 3 feet higher than the low waters of 1859 and 1862. This would seem to indicate that, in the earliest years of settlement of the country, there were periods during which the stage was as low as the lowest recorded stages, but probably no lower. Accuracy—The results as now computed are believed to be fair for 1878 to 1884, and excellent for later periods. The area tributary to Columbiariver between The Dalles and the Cascades is only about 1 per cent of the area above The Dalles and the discharge from this intermediate area is not much over 3 per cent of the total discharge. Variationsin this intermediate inflow probably cause little inaccuracy in the results of studies of relations of gauge heights. Co-operation—See Water Supply Paper No. 370, p. 18, United States Geological Survey. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS - Gauge 2 Date Hydrographer poe | Discharg® Date Hydrographer height Discharge Feet Sec.-feet 1903 Feet Sec.-feet 1903 Feb. 17 | U.S. Engineer Corps....| 1:80 76,200 Jan. 20f | U.S. Engineer Corps..... 2-90 80,700 " 1S] dos eens 1°80 71,100 oS 22 do. vasns.| 23°90 86,900 oo EO GO. Seis 1-60 76,400 ue 27 G0: aves 9-70 | 168,000 “ 207 Goes kgnestes 1:40 72,100 28 GO ea ends 10:70 | 174,000 20 GOs ——vesenageee 140 77,300 “ 30f do. 8k aes 9-00 | 142,000 1907 “ 31y GO; irstsngs 7-70 | 128,000 Oct. 31 | J.C. Stevens........... 3°72 95,400 Feb. 2f GO. aaucvans 6-00 | 109,000 1908 on Se Goss Bakous 5-30 | 104,000 June 20f] H. D. McGlashan...... 36-20 | 630,000 Y 82 GG Safes 4-30 | 95,300 || July 9/} McGlashan and Allen ...| 27-40 | 444,000 * 6f GO, = aveseuats 3-70 89,700 10 se ld. GOs aeMegu: 3-50 88,700 Nov. 1 | See below 5s5 115,000 ste 12 Gos. eda 3°30 85,100 1913 “13 (: (re 3-10 83,500 June 16 do. «| 4161 742,000 “14 dos Stas 2-80 85,500 July 17 do. 22+4 356,000 “ 167 don. 2 Sasa 2-10 74,500 Nov. 21 do. 4.3 101,000 f Float measurement. * For statement relating to checks on gauges, see Water Supply Paper No. 370, page 17; U. S. Geological Survey. 472 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION DISCHARGES OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES, OREGON, COMPUTED FROM MEASUREMENTS AT PASCO, WASHINGTON Mea-~ ‘ sured Snake river Umatilla river | John Day river | Deschutes river, Be all dis- at Burbank, at Umatilla, | at McDonald, at Moody, Celene Aca at charge Wash. Oreg. Oreg. Oreg. e@ Dalles Date Colum- bia river 3 i : - at Pasco,] Gauge] Dis- |Gauge] Dis- {Gauge} Dis- |Gauge; Dis- | Gauge) Dis- Date Wash. | height| charge | height] charge | height] charge | height] charge | height] charge 1910 . y 1910 Oct. 31. 86,5001} 36-3 | 23,000 | 2-3 49 | 1:6 260 | 2°34 5,190 5+5 | 115,000 Ae 1913 June 15...| 537,000 | 47-2 | 195,000 | 2-6 140 | 3-8 2,880 | 3-0 7,410 | 41-1 | 742,000 | June 16 July 16-17] 303,000 | 38-8 | 46,000 | 2-6 140 | 2-35 930 | 2-6 5,980 | 22-4 | 356,000 | J’ly 17-18 Nov. 20..| 61,200 | 37-7 | 33,000 | 2-85 250 | 2-15 745 | 2-6 5,980 4-3 !1101,000 | Nov. 21 1 Measured at Richland ferry, discharge of Yakima river at Richland added. MAXIMUM GAUGE HEIGHT IN FEET OF COLUMBIA RIVER AT LOWER CASCADES LANDING, AND DISCHARGE IN SECOND-FEET, AT THE DALLES FOR 1858 TO 1877 (Gauge heights observed by Oregon Steam Navigation Co.) i aug, 5 a . Year oe Discharge | | Year fae Discharge TS SB ies siezasend slg ad Sessa ted 84°3 563,000 TS BB csc avenh ave naire 81:8 483,000 MB Osos ay cyses oe eevee 93-6 874,000 VEO ce scree gsiemens 76:6 328,000 VS GO} sspteinea a opsabsyscutes 87-5 668,000 DSO sree saytedris aspera 90-8 777,000 TSG js s.cpot aca. sativa mametes 86-0 618,000 DS sd55 sasnohend: fetnedaaanet 93-1 856,000 VSG 2st dom dard eiintubn? 95-7 948,000 PSTD: sence enbsyars Dustin istered 89°6 737,000 TS OB) cs indsintssBuanepeses aunties 6 90°38 777,000 USB 5 the Scares 86-6 638,000 VS BA: sires roneiaysbinns: aoetciera 87-1 654,000 RTA, ccerccsegs-vaigene a Oxia 84-9 582,000 MSG essere ee seijeesse Tsoebearess 88-9 714,000 DBD gastos syrah Seuahinss tile 83-0 684,000 VS66: ccwkisn wowea seean& 92-6 839,000 VRB 2c soavavicneninn tavastce ere 96-0 958,000 BS OT a waxens co atsainunaiemans 87°6 671,000 DBT rs asytnsse al sts esiene eOS 81-9 486,000 1 High-water mark at The Dalles for 1862 was 48-9 feet, discharge 923,000 sec.-feet. feet ; 2 High-water mark at The Dalles for 1876, 52-3 feet, discharge 1,000,000 sec. ft., at Cascades locks 43-4 discharge 948,000 sec.-feet. Note—Dise harge determined from a curve showing the relation between reading of the gauge of the Oregon Steam Navigation Co. at Lower Cascades landing and the gauge of the U. S. Engineer Corps above the Cascades. This relation curve isbased on comparative readings made from 1879to 1884 and is fairly well defined. Asst. Engi- neer Habershan, in a report made in 1874, states that the flood of 1849 was 5 feet higher above Celilo falls than the flood of 1862. This would indicate a maximum discharge for 1849 nearly as great as the maximum for 1894. Height of the flood of 1849 probably overestimated. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Run-off A : rs Run-off ‘ i iS é Discharge in second-feet death Discharge in second-feet depth in Month Per |incheson || Month Per |incheson Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1878 1879 41,000 | 61,200 | 65,900 | .0- 278 0:32 .| 217,000 | 59,600] 87,200 | 0-368 0-38 .++| 317,000 | 139,000 | 181,000 | 0-764 0-88 -| 453,000 | 313,000 | 360,000 | 1-52 1-70 . -{| 559,000 | 325,000 | 395,000 | 1:67 1-92 485,000 | 370,000 | 426,000 -| 643,000 | 559,000 | 612,000 | 2-58 2°88 370,000 | 219,000 | 273,000 -| 603,000 | 381,000 | 501,000 | 2°11 2-43 222,000 | 155,000 | 184,000 -| 379,000 }| 209,000 | 275,000 | 1°16 1-34 151,000 | 93,200 | 124,000 204,000 | 119,000 | 154,000 | 0-650 0-73 100,000} 82,900] 89,800 124,000 | 91,000 | 110,000 | 0-464 0:53 .| 93,200 | 76,200} 83,500 93,000 | 75,400] 85,400} 0-360 0-40 115,000 | 71,000 | 91,000 99,000 | 69,000 | 85,400 | 0-360 0-42 Period...| 485,000 | 71,000 | 181,600 -| 643,000 | 59,600 | 242,700 | 1-023 13-93 1880 1881 Jan. 112,000] 81,100] 98,400, 0-415) 0-48 || Jan....] 195,000 | 73,800 | 107,000) 0-451 | 0-52 Feb, 95,000 | 68,300 | 77,200 | 0-326 0°35 Feb... .| 361,000 | 77,800 | 211,000 | 0-890 0-93 Mar. 97,000 | 68,300 | 75,200 | 0-317 0:37 Mar....] 318,000 | 170,000 | 221,000 | 0-932 1:07 April....| 232,000 | 87,400 | 151,000 | 0-637 0-71 April. ..| 495,000 | 278,000 | 386,000 | 1-63 1:82 May. ...| 524,000 | 255,000 | 404,000 | 1-70 1-96 May. ..| 449,000 | 405,000 | 426,000 | 1-80 2-08 June. ...| 914,000 | 536,000 | 698,000 | 2-95 3-29 June. ..| 598,000 | 426,000 | 546,000 | 2-30 2°57 July 914,000 | 629,000 | 793,000 | 3-35 3-86 July. ..| 556,000 | 313,000 | 431,000 | 1-82 2-10 Aug. 607,000 | 258,000 | 386,000 | 1-63 1:88 Aug....] 311,000 | 181,000 | 244,000 | 1:03 1-19 Sept 254,000 | 154,000 | 198,000 | 0-835 0-93 Sept....] 178,000 | 124,000 | 141,000 | 0-595 0-66 Oct. vs? 152,000 | 113,000 | 131,000 | 0-553 0-64 Oct... .] 130,000 | 99,100 | 110,000 | 0+464 0°53" Nov, 121,000 | 83:800 | 104/000 | 0-439 0-49 Nov....| 134,000 | 91;100 112,000 | 0-473 0°53 Dec 93,000 | 75,400 | 80,700 | 0-341 +39 Dec....} 92,200 | 78,000 | 86,400 | 0°365 0°42° Year....| 914,000 | 68,300 | 266,400 | 1-123 15-35 Year. ..| 598,000 | 73,800 | 251,800 | 1-061 14°42 STREAM FLOW DATA—UNITED STATES 473 MONTHLY SUMMARIES—Continued ischarge in 8 E Run-off is ; 4 Run-off Discharge in second-feet depth in Discharge in second-feet dentin Month : » Per | inches on |} Month Per |incheson Max, Min. Mean | squire | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1882 1883 60,400 | 78,400 | 0°331 0°38 Jan... .{ 148,000 | 58,800 | 387,100 | 0-368 O- 42 60,400 | 66,700 | 0-281 0-29 Feb... .] 148,000 | 63,600 | 87,500 | 0-369 0:38 75,000 | 95,600 | 0-403 0-46 Mar....] 298,000 | 121,000 | 178,000 | 0-751 0-87 192,000 | 229,000 | 0-966 1-08 April... | 283,000 | 167,000 | 197,000 | 0-831 0-93 210,000 | 336,000 | 1-42 1°64 May. ..| 525,000 | 195,000 | 404,000 | 1-70 1-96 540,000 | 770,000 | 3-25 3°63 June. ..| 573,000 | 494,000 } 534,000 | 2-25 2°51 321,000 | 477,000 | 2-01 2-32 July...| 542,000 | 244,000 | 397,000 | 1-68 1-94 200,000 | 263,000 | 1-11 1-28 Aug... .| 237,000 | 157,000 202,000 | 0-852 0-98 118,000 | 150,000 | 0-633 0:71 Sept....| 152,000 | 103,000 | 126,000 | 0-532 0-59 102,000 | 110,000 | 0-464 0-53 Oct... .| 100,000 | 79:000 | 90,800 | 0-383 0-44 ; 79,000 | 94,400 | 0-398 0-44 Nov....] 85,600 | 69,000 | 74,300 | 0-313 0-35 Dec.. 197, :000 78,000 121,000 | 0-511 0-59 Dec... .} 84,500} 64,400 | 73,500 | 0-310 0-36 Year.. ..1 883,000 | 60,400 | 232,600 | 0-982 13-35 Year. . .1 573,00) | 58,800 | 204,300 | 0-862 11:73 1884 1885 94,400 | 58,800 | 71,900 | 0-303 0-35 Jan... .]| 123,000 |] 76,000 | 93,400 | 0-394 0-45 ..| 163,000 | 45,800 | 71,900 | 0-303 0°33 Feb ...| 190,000 | 95,400 | 164,000 | 0-692 0-72 .| 121,000 | 87,800 | 105,000 | 0-443 0-51 Mar....| 221,000 | 149,000 | 189,000 | 0-797 0-92 . .| 286,000 | 117,000 | 203,000 | 0-857 0-96 April:..] 290,000 | 215,000 | 259,000 | 1-09 1-22 .| 607,000 | 250,000 | 404,000 | 1-70 1:96 May. . .| 434,000 | 237,000 | 372,000 | 1-57 1°81 698,000 | 588,000 | 648,000 | 2-73 3-05 June. . .| 482,000 | 388,000 | 445,000 | 1:88 2-10 573,000 | 298,000 | 403,000 | 1-70 1-96 July . ..| 447,000 | 237,000 | 340,000 } 1-43 1°65 300,000 | 194,000 | 255,000 | 1-08 1-24 Aug.. ..| 233,000 | 183,000 | 203,000 | 0-857 0-99 195,000 | 123,000 | 166,000 | 0-700 0:78 Sept....| 179,000 | 139,000 | 155,000 | 0-654 0-73 150,000 | 112,000 | 133,000 | 0-561 0-65 Oct... .| 149,000 96,700 122,000 | 0-515 0-59 159,000 | 116,000 | 135,000 | 0-570 0-64 Nov....| 115,000 | 92,800 | 103,000 | 0-435 0-49 110,000 | 44,300 | 89,600 | 0-340 0-39 Dec... .| 110,000 92,800 | 103,000 | 0-435 0:50 .| 698,000 | 44,300 | 223,000 | 0-941 12:82 || Year...‘ 482,000 | 76,000 | 212,400 |! 0-897 12:17 1886 1887 -| 203,000 | 64,400 | 101,000 | 0-426 0-49 122,000 | 386,800] 99,100 | 0-418 0°48 | 217,000 | 140,000 } 178,000 | 0-751 0-78 -| 106,000 } 66,100 | 75,300 | 0-318 0-33 .| 184,000 | 109,000 | 122,000 | 0-515 0°59 -| 258,000 | 73,000 | 176,000 | 0-743 0-86 ..| 260,000 | 129,000 | 209,000 | 0-882 0-98 282,000 | 235,000 | 259,000 | 1-09 1+22 .| 597,000 | 239,000 | 342,000 | 1°44 1-66 720,000 | 319,000 | 422,000 | 1-78 2°05 ‘| 673,000 | 458,000 | 577,000 | 2-43 2-71 896,000 | 713,000 | 809,000 | 3-41 3:80 456,000 | 266,000 | 351,000 | 1:48 1°71 760,000 | 403,000 | 585,000 | 2-47 2°85 262,000 | 150,000 | 201,000 | 0-848 0-98 | 393,000 | 228/000 | 289,000 | 1-22 1:41 147,000 | 101,000 | 125,000 | 0-527 0-59 221,000 | 128,000 | 171,000 | 0-722 0-81 99,300 | 76,000 | 85,900 | 0-362 | ° 0-42 126,000 | 99,300 | 114,000 | 0-481 0:55 78,000 | 62,800 | 69,700 | 0-294 0°33 117,000 | 90,400 | 100,000 | 0-422 0:47 90,400 | 62,000 | 75,300 | 0-318 0-37 115,000 | 88,000 9,200 | 0-419 0-48 .| 673,000 | 62,000 | 203,100 | 0-857 11°61 Year 896,000 66,100 | 266,600 | 1-124 15-31 1888 1889 215,000 | 49,400 | 80,200 | 0-338 0°39 Jan....| 76,000 | 02,800 | 66,400 | 0-280 O- 32 -| 190,000 | 123,000 | 144,000 | 0-608 0-66 Feb....| 64,400 | 57,400] 63,700 | 0-269 0-28 .| 137,000 | 102,000 | 120,000 | 0-506 0-58 Mar....| 110,000 | 63,600 | 88,700 | 0-374 0-43 :| 306,000 | 128,000 | 189,000 | 0-797 0:89 April...] 179,000 | 110,000 | 152,000 | 0-641 0-72 ...| 412,000 | 282,000 | 362,000 | .1°53 1-76- || May...| 294,000 | 188,000 | 254,000 | 1-07 1+23 ...| 564,000 | 420,000 | 515,000 | 2-17 2-42 June. ..| 302,000 | 215,000 | 268,000 | 1-13 1-26 .| 451,000 | 262,000 | 338,000 | 1-43 1°65 July .. | 213,000 | 167,000 | 183,000 | 0-772 0-89 *“} 256,000 | 190,000 | 213,000 | 0-899 1:04 Aug... .| 172,000 | 119,090 | 149,000 | 0-629 0-73 188,000 | 120,000 | 153,000 | 0-640 0:72 Sept... | 120,000 | 78,000 | 96,400 | 0-407 0-45 119,000 | 89,200 | 102,000 | 0-430 0-50 Oct....| 95,400 | 79,000} 87,500 | 0-369 0-43 109,000 | 82,300} 93,200 | 0-393 0:44 Nov....| 88,000 | 69,000} 77,400 | 0-327 0-86 94,100 | 78,000 | 85,500 | 0-361 0-42 Dec... 70,000 | 54,800] 64,600 | 0°273 0-31 .| 564,000 | 49,400 | 199,600 | 0-842 11°47 Year. ..| 302,000 | 54,800 | 129,200 | 0-546 7 41 1890 1891 67,000 | 41,900 | 51,400 | 0-217 0-25 Jan, 72,000 | 60,400 | 65,900 | 0-278 0-32 197,000 | 62,000 | 117,000 | 0-494 0-51 Feb. 71,000 | 58,800 | 62,600 | 0-264 0-27 179,000 | 59,600 | 120,000 | 0-506 0-58 Mar. 108,000 | 57,400 | 73,700 | 0-311 0-36 ‘April. . 300,000 | 145,000 | 192,000 | 0-810 0-90 April 219,000 | 88,000 | 137,000 | 0-578 0-64 633,000 | 325,000 | 559,000 | 2-36 2°72 May 441,000 | 222,000 | 342,000 | 1-44 1-66 532,000 | 388,000 | 437,000 | 1-84 2-05 June. ..| 448,000 | 379,000 | 420,000 | 1-77 1.98 381,000 | 248,000 | 326,000 | 1-38 1:59 July... 370,000 254,000 | 306,000 | 1-29 1:49 246,000 | 157,000 | 194,000 | 0-819 0-94 Aug... .}| 250,000 | 159,000 | 205,000 | 0-865 1-00 152, ‘000 90,400 | 121,000 | 0-511 0:57 Sept 159,000 }| 108,000 | 132,000 | 0° 557 0-62 95,400 | 83,400} 89,100 | 0-376 0-43 Oct 108,000 | 80,100} 88,300 | 0-373 0-43 84.500 73,000 | 77,600 | 0-327 0-36 Nov....| 132,000 | 84,500 | 108,000 | 0-456 0-51 74,000 | 65,200 | 69,600 | 0-294 0:34 Dec... | 110,000 | 90,400] 99,800 | 0-421 0-49 Year .1 633.000 | 41.900 | 196 100 | 0-828 11-24 Year.. | 448.000! 57,400 | 170,000 ! 0-717 9:77 474 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES—Continued ‘ ; eB Run-off i ‘ a Run-off Discharge in second-feet depth in Discharge in second-feet | depth in Month Per | inches on |} Month . Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square |} drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1892 1893 Jan.....| 95,400] 68,000 | 79,000 | 0°333 0:38 Jan....] 93,000] 69,800 | 77,700 | 0-328 0°38 Feb. 84,700 | 66,200 | 73,000 | 0-308 0-33 Feb....] 105,000 | 61,300] 81,900 | 0-346 0-36 Mar.....| 164,000 | 84,700 | 127,000 | 0-536 0:62 Mar....} 115,000 | 63,400} 71,000 | 0-300 0-35 April 177,000 | 128,000 | 153,000 | 0-646 0-72 April...| 249,000 | 130,000 | 170,000 | 0-717 0-80 May. 568,000 | 166,000 | 298,000 | 1-26 1°45 May. . .} 613,000 | 252,000 | 441,000 | 1-86 2°14 June 607,000 | 481,000 | 544,000 | 2-30 2-57 June. ..| 679,000 | 534,000 | 597,000 | 2-52 2-81 July 583,000 | 281,000 | 447,000 | 1-89 2-18 July. ..} 528,000 | 390,000 | 465,000 | 1-96 2°26 Aug. 278,000 | 160,000 | 210,000 | 0-886 1:02 Aug.. ..} 381,000 | 185,000 | 273,000 | 1-15 1+33 Sept.....] 159,000 | 131,000 | 145,000 | 0-612 0:68 Sept....]} 181,000 | 120,000 | 150,000 | 0-633 0-71 Oct . -| 131,000 | 96,000 | 111,000 | 0-468 0-54 Oct... .} 150,000 | 108,000 | 122,000 | 0-515 0-59 Nov.... .| 118,000 | 91,000 | 98,200 | 0-414 0-46 Nov....| 170,000 | 107,000 | 142,000 } 0-599 0:67 Dec.....| 99,000 | 69,000 | 86,000 | 0-363 0-42 Dec... .}| 218,000 | 118,000 | 166,000 | 0-700 0-81 Year... .| 607,000 | 66,200 | 197,600 | 0-834 11°37 Year. ..| 679,000 | 61,300 | 229,700 | 0-969 13-21 1894 1895 219,000 | 102,000 | 145,000 | 0-612 0-71 dan... .! 131,000 | 81,200 | 102,000 | 0-430 0-50 142,000 | 88,300 | 114,000 |} 0-481 0-50 Feb... .] 132,000 | 80,100 | 94,000 | 0-397 0-41 284,000 | 113,000 | 163,000-] 0-688 0-79 Mar. 137,000 | 105,000 | 119,000 | 0-502 0-58 465,000 | 266,000 | 323,000 | 1°36 1-52 April. ..] 276,000 | 143,000 | 182,000 | 0-768 0-86 1,020,000 | 395,000 | 575,000 | 2°43 2-80 May. . .| 475,000 | 281,000 | 376,000 | 1°59 1*83 1,160,000 | 739,000 | 970,000 | 4-09 4°56 June. . .| 459,000 | 342,000 | 381,000 | 1-61 1-80 716,000 | 376,000 | 553,000 | 2°33 2-69 July. ..| 392,000 | 264,000 | 348,000 | 1-47 1+70 372,000 | 217,000 | 271,000 | 1-14 1°31 Aug.. ..| 260,000 | 148,000 | 206,000 | 0-869 1-00 217,000 | 137,000 | 175,000 | 0-738 0-82 Sept....] 149,000 | 108,000 | 129,000 | 0-544 0-61 139,000 | 125,000 | 133,000 | 0-561 0°65 Oct....] 106,000 | 84,500 | 96,500 | 0-407 0:47 150,000 | 129,000 | 136,000 | 0-574 0-64 Nov... 85,600 | 74,000] 78,600 | 0-332 0-37 140,000 | 88,000 | 114,000 | 0-481 0-55 Dec... .} 79,000 | 70,000 | 75,300 | 0°318 0-37 Year.. ./1,160,000 | 88,000 | 306,000 | 1-291 17-54 Year ..| 475,000 | 70,000 | 182,300 | 0-769 10-50 1896 1897 Jan. 125,000 | 70,000} 90,000 | 0-381 0-44 Jan... .| 134,000 | 98,000 | 115,000 | 0-485 0-56 Feb..... 123,000 | 81,100 | 92,600 | 0-391 0-42 Feb... .| 155,000 | 98,000 | 123,000 | 0-519 0-54 Mar. 212,000 | 103,000 | 134,000 | 0-565 0-65 Mar....| 208,000 | 84,500 | 109,000 | 0-460 0-53 April 206,000 | 152,000 | 180,000 | 0-760 0-85 April... | 501,000 | 130,000 | 299,000 | 1-26 1°41 May 426,000 | 205,000 | 268,000 | 1-13 1-30 May. . .| 780,000 | 447,000 | 624,000 | 2°63 3°03 June 785,000 | 481,000 | 679,000 | 2-86 3:99 June. ..| 739,000 | 445,000 | 540,000 | 2-28 2°54 July... .| 778,000 | 386,000 | 639,000 | 2-70 3°11 July. ..| 451,000 | 263,000 | 372,000 | 1-57 1°81 Aug. -| 372,000 | 191,000 | 256,000 } 1-08 1-24 Aug.. ..| 255,000 | 192,000 | 210,000 | 0-886 1:02 Sept. 191,000 | 114,000 | 157,000 | 0-662 0-74 Sept....] 188,000 | 102,000 | 137,000 | 0-578 0-64 Oct ..| 110,000 | 78,000 | 89,300 | 0-377 0-43 Oct... .| 106,000 | 85,600 | 97,100 | 0-410 0-47 Nov.....] 194,000 | 78,000 | 122,000 | 0-515 0-57 Nov....] 165,000 | 82,000 | 114,000 | 0-481 0-54 Dec... ..| 212,000 | 102,000 | 163,000 } 0-688 0-79 Dec....]| 168,000 | 117,000 | 141,000 | 0-595 0-69 Year....1 785,000 | 70,000 | 239,200 | 1-010 13+ 73 Year. ..} 780,000 | 82,00U | 240,100 | 1-013 13-78 1898 1899 Jan..... 155,000 | 384,700 | 114,000 | 0°477 0-55 Jan....) 142,000 | 71,400 | 98,500 | 0-416 0-48 Feb. .| 260,000 | 82,900 | 147,000 | 0-620 0-65 Feb... .] 130,000 | 80,200 | 109,000 | 0-460 0-48 Mar. -| 181,000 | 113,000 | 147,000 | 0-620 0-71, Mar....}| 126,000 | 94,000 | 106,000 | 0-447 0:52 April....| 337,000 | 111,000 | 201,000 | 0-848 0°95 April...] 245,000 | 120,000 | 192,000 } 0-810 0-90 May. ...| 594,000 | 328,000 | 420,000 | 1-77 2°04 May. . .| 469,000 | 201,000 | 309,000 | 1-30 1:50 June. ...| 649,000 | 547,000 | 603,000 | 2-54 2°83 June. ..| 787,000 | 471,000 | 638,000 | 2-69 3°00 July... .| 541,000 | 300,000 | 399,000 | 1-68 1-94 July ...}| 727,000 | 447,000 | 614,000 | 2°59 , 2°99 Aug. .| 291,000 | 202,000 | 237,000 | 1-00 1:15 Aug.. ..| 435,000 | 232,000 | 307,000 | 1°30 1-50 Sept 199,000 | 116,000 | 143,000 | 0-603 0-67 Sept. ..] 230,000 | 168,000 | 193,000 } 0-814 0-91 Oct. 114,000 | 85,600 | 97,400 | 0-411 0:47 Oct... .} 168,000 | 125,000 | 140,000 | 0-591 0-68 Nov 87,400 | 78,600 | 83,600 | 0-353 0°39 Nov....] 166,000 | 112,000 | 130,000 | 0-549 0-61 Dec 84,700 | 58,000 | 68,500 | 0-289 0:33 Dec... .] 194,000 | 132,000 | 157,000 | 0-662 0-76 Year... .| 649,000 | 58,000 | 221,600 | 0-935 12-68 Year. ..| 787,000 | 71,400 | 249,500 | 1-052 14:33 1900 1901 -| 251,000 | 138,000 | 168,000 | 0-709 0-82 .. ++] 160,000 | 108,000 | 129,000 | 0-544 0-63 142,000 | 103,000 | 125,000 | 0-527 0-55 -| 206,000 | 81,100 | 122,000 | 0-515 0°54 .| 230,000 | 132,000 | 187,000 | 0-789 0-91 269,000 | 152,000 | 187,000 | 0-789 0-91 303,000 | 216,000 | 272,000 j 1-15 1-28 -.-| 211,000 | 137,000 | 165,000 | 0-696 0-78 536,000 | 291,000 | 450,000 | 1-90 2-19 .| 646,000 | 205,000 | 429,000 | 1-81 2-09 441,000 | 381,000 | 411,000 | 1-73 1-93 -| 662,000 | 405,000 | 516,000 | 2-18 2°43 437,000 | 239,000 | 323,000 | 1°36 1:57 .| 412,000 | 286,000 | 340,000 | 1°43 1-65 .| 239,000 | 152,000 | 187,000 | 0-789 0-91 .| 281,000 | 166,000 | 219,000 | 0-924 1:07 157,000 | 120,000 | 136,000 | 0-574 0-64 165,000 | 99,000 | 132,000 | 0-557 0-62 137,000 | 99,000 | 114,000 | 0-481 0-55 101,000 | 77,000 | 83,800 | 0-362 0-42 142,000 | 106,000 | 125,000 | 0-527 0-59 94,000 | 77,000} 83,900 | 0-354 0-40 180,000 | 111,000 | 138,000 | 0-582 0-67 114,000 | 77,800 | 92,500 | 0-390 0°45 536,000 | 99,000 | 219,700 | 0-927 12°61 -| 662,000 | 77,000 | 208,400 | 0-880 11-99 STREAM FLOW DATA—UNITED STATES 475 MONTHLY SUMMARIES—Continued Discharge in second-feet ee Discharge in second-feet ae Month ‘ Per | inches on |) Month Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square } drainage mile area mile atea 1902 1903 Jan.....| 102,000 | 70,600 | 88,300 | 0-373 0-43 178,000 | 85,600 | 117,000 | 0-494 0:57 Feb.....| 140,000 | 58,000 | 101,000 } 0-426 0-44 ....]| 125,000 | 73,800 | 87,700 | 0-370 0-39 Mar.....| 141,000 | 91,000 110,000 | 0-464 0°53 Mar....| 192,000 | 74,600 | 97,400 | 0-411 0-47 April....] 194,000 | 88,300 | 143,000 | 0-603 0-67 April., .| 252,000 | 160,000 | 191,000 | 0-806 0-90 ay. ...| 635,000 | 177,000 | 358,000 | 1°51 1°74 ay...| 374,000 | 240,000 | 309,000 | 1-30 1:50 June. ...| 644,000 | 432,000 | 537,000 | 2-27 2°53 June...| 787,000 | 385,000 | 683,000 | 2-83 3°21 July. ...| 483,000 | 323,000 | 407,000 | 1-72 1-98 July....| 642,000 | 291,000 | 426,000 | 1-80 2-08 Aug... ..| 315,000 | 176,000 | 231,000 | 0-975 1+12 Aug....| 286,000 | 174,000 | 216,000 | 0-911 1-05 Sept.. ...| 170,000 | 99,000 | 125,000 | 0-527 0-59 Sept 172,090 | 130,000 | 149,000 | 0-629 0-70 Oct.....) 95,000 | 76,200} 83,600 | 0-353 0-41 Oct... .| 173,000 | 135,000 | 155,000 | 0-654 0-75 Nov.....| 93,000 | 75,400] 84,800 | 0-358 0-40 Nov....| 142,000 | 123,000 | 133,000 | 0-561 0-63 Dec.....| 96,000 | 72,200 | 84,800 | 0-358 0-41 Dec. 135,000 | 101,000 | 122,000 | 0-515 0-59 Year... .] 644,000 | 58,000 | 196,100 | 0-827 11+25 Year...| 787,000 | 73,800 | 223,800 | 0-944 12-84 1904 1905 .-| 108,000 ; 89,200} 99,600 | 0-420 0-48 Jan. 80,200 | 57,400 | 66,500 | 0-281 0:32 .| 165,000 | 80,200-] 100,000 | 0-422 0-46 Feb. 75,400 | 52,600] 62,900 | 0-265 0-28 ...| 248,000 | 118,000 | 168,000 | 0-709 0-82 Mar 130,000 | 78,600 | 106,000 | 0-447 0-52 .-| 479,000 | 164,000 | 337,000 | 1-42 1:58 April. ..] 188,000 | 114,000 | 131,000 | 0-553 0-62 «..| 629,000 | 445,000 | 508,000 | 2-14 2°47 May. ..| 252,000 | 172,000 ; 206,000 | 0-869 1-00 .| 602,000 | 467,000 | 559,000 | 2-36 2°63 June. . .| 412,000 | 269,000 | 357,000 } 1-51 1-68 .| 467,000 | 261,000 | 397,000 | 1-68 1-94 July. ..| 311,000 | 204,000 | 246,000 | 1-04 1:20 .| 254,000 | 147,000 | 200,000 | 0: 844 0-97 Aug.. ..| 205,000 | 124,000 | 175,000 | 0-738 0°85 143,000 : 122.000 | 0-515 0-57 Sept 121,000 | 77,800} 95,500 | 0-403 0-45 96,000 | 75,400 | 84,700 | 0-357 0-41 115,000 | 92,000 | 103,000 | 0-435 0-50 78,600 | 68,300 | 72,600 | 0-306 0-34 93,000 | 73,800] 79,000 | 0-333 0:37 78,600 | 66,900 | 71,800 | 0-303 0:35 76,200 | 62,700 | 67,400 | 0-284 0-33 .| 629,000 | 66,900 | 226,700 | 0-957 13-02 Year. . .| 412,000 | 52,600 | 141,300 ! 0-597 8-12 1906 1907 .| 72,200 ; 59,200} 63,500 | 0-268 0-31 ..| 142,000 | 77,800 | 105,000 | 0-443 0-51 .| 102,000 | 64,100 | 76,700 | 0-324 0-34 .| 212,000 | 113,000 | 158,000 | 0-667 0-69 ..+«+| 157,000 | 73,800 | 92,200 | 0-389 0°45 251,000 } 129,000 | 167,000 | 0-705 0-81 April....| 264,000 | 165,000 | 203,000 | 0-857 0-96 289,000 | 156,000 | 234,000 | 0-987 1-10 May. ...| 345,000 | 258,000 | 299,000 | 1-26 1°45 . .| 522,000 | 248,000 | 379,000 | 1-60 1:84 June. 374,000 | 278,000 | 332,000 | 1-40 1-56 .| 587,000 | 481,000 | 582,000 | 2-24 2-50 July 300,000 | 229,000 | 278,000 | 1-17 1°35 .| 532,000 | 305,000 | 431,000 | 1°82 2-10 Aug. 223,000 | 125,000 | 168,000 | 0-709 0-82 | 305,000 | 178,000 | 230,000 | 0-970 1:12 Sept. 131,000 | 100,000 | 115,000 | 0-485 0-54 180,000 | 135,000 | 162,000 | 0-684 0-76 Oct. 108,000 | 85,600 | 91,700 | 0-387 0-45 135,000 | 96,000 | 116,000 | 0-489 0:56 Nov..... 260,000 | 92,000 | 136,000 | 0-574 0-64 95,000 | 83,800 | 88,100 | 0-372 0:42 Dec. 155,000 | 105,000 | 123,000 | 0-519 0-60 118,000 | 77,800 | 88,300 | 0-373 0-43 Year 374,000 | 59,200 | 164,800 | 0-695 9-47 .| 587,000 | 77,800 | 224,200 | 0-946 12-84 1908 1909 Jan. 87,400) 66,200 | 75,200 | 0-317 0-37 Jan... .| 275,000 | 63,400 | 107,000 | 0-451 0-52 Feb..... 69,800 | 59,900 | 66,200 | 0-279 0-30 Feb....]| 140,000 | 84,700 | 103,000 | 0-435 0-45 Mar... 225,000 | 69,800 | 116,000 | 0-489 0-56 Mar....| 130,000 | 92,000 | 108,000 | 0-456 0-53 April. 303,000 | 110,000 | 188,000 | 0-772 0-86 April. ..| 187,000 | 132,000 | 150,000 | 0-633 0-71 ay.. 401,000 | 269,000 | 344,000 | 1-45 1:67 May. . .| 388,000 | 173,000 | 231,000 | 0-975, 1-12 June. ...| 653,000 | 399,000 | 537,000 | 2-27 2-53 June. ..| 675,000 | 395,000 | 592,000 | 2-50 2-79 July 511,000 | 316,000 | 413,000 | 1-74 2-01 July ...| 555,000 | 284,000 | 422,000 | 1-78 2°05 Aug.....| 310,000 | 159,000 | 204,000 | 0-861 0-99 Aug... .| 283,000 | 146,000 | 203,000 | 0-857 0-99 Sept..... 155,000 | 102,000 | 121,000 | 0-511 0:57 Sept....] 154,000 | 106,000 | 129,000 | 0-544 0-61 Oct.....| 102,000 | 83,800 | 90,400 | 0-381 0-44. Oct... .| 105,000 | 91,000 | 101,000 | 0-426 0-49 Nov.. 97,000 | 82,900} 88,000 | 0-371 0-41 Nov....| 220,000 | 90,100 | 128,000 | 0-540 0:60 Dec... 91,000 | 66,900 | 78,300 | 0-330 0:38 Dec... .| 198,000 | 97,000 | 141,000 | 0-595 0-69 Year....| 653,000 | 59,900 | 193,000 | 0-814 11-09 Year. . (675,000 | 63,400 | 201,300 | 0-850 11°55 1910 1911 .| 125,000 | 86,500 | 108,000 | 0-456 0-53 Jan....| 90,100 { 69,800 | 79,000 | 0:333 0-38 122,000 | 79,400 | 92,400 | 0-390 0-41 Feb....| 113,000 | 63,400} 79,200 | 0-334 0:35 -| 392,000 | 136,000 | 272,000 | 1-15 1:33 Mar....| 154,000 | 62,700 | 104,000 | 0-439 0-51 .. | 485,000 | 249,000 | 322,000 | 1-36 1-52 April...} 212,000 | 134,000 | 154,000 | 0-650 0-73 . -| 566,000 | 433,000 | 493,000 | 2-08 2-40 May. . .| 376,000 | 215,000 | 306,000 } 1-29 1-49 ..| 485,000 | 311,000 | 397,000 | 1-68 1-87 June. . .| 574,000 | 347,000 | 503,000 | 2:12 2:36 .| 307,000 | 197,000 | 238,000 | 1-00 1:15 July .. .| 520,000 }| 258,000 | 378,000 | 1-59 1°83 197,000 | 125,000 | 160,000 | 0-675 0-78 Aug.. ..| 255,000 | 136,000 | 187,000 | 0-789 0-91 121,000 | 81,100 | 93,200 | 0-393 0-44 Sept....| 145,000 | 97,000 | 120,000 | 0-506 0-56 118,000 | 81,100 | 102,000 | 0-430 0-50 Oct....} 98,000 | 75,400} 84,900 | 0-358 0-41 .| 150,000 | 104,000 | 121,000 | 0-511 0-57 Nov....| 95,000 | 73,000 | 78,100 | 0-330 0-37 138,000 | 91,000 | 113,000 | 0-477 0-55 Dec....| 77,800 | 63,400] 69,800 | 0-295 0-34 i ~..1566,000 | 79,400 | 209,300 | 0-883 12-05 Year. ..1 574,000 | 62,700 | 178,600 | 0-754 10:24 476 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES—Continued A : Run-off A i ES Run-off Discharge in second-feet depth it Discharge in second-feet depth in Month Per | inches on || Month . Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | squ:re | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1912 j 1913 118,000 | 52,000 | 380,800 | 0-341 0-39 Jan. 87,400 | 66,900 | 74,900 | 0-316 0-36 141,000 | 85,600 | 110,000 | 0-464 0-50 Feb. 100,000 | 63,400 | 76,400) 0-322] ~ 0-34 -} 111,000 | 76,200 | 81,900 | 0-346 0-40 Mar. 125,000 | 73,000 | 98,100 | 0-414 0-48 .| 219,000 | 113,000 | 181,000 | 0-764 0-85 April...| 308,000 | 155,000 | 228,000 | 0-962 1-07 . | 547,000 | 225,000 | 372,000 | 1:57 1-81 May. . .| 631,000 | 246,000 | 376.000 | 1-59 1°83 -| 568,000 | 471,000 | 522,000 | 2-20 2:46 June, ..| 759,000 | 583,000 | 694,000 | 2-93 3:27 -| 451,000 | 218,000 | 305,000 | 1-29 1-49 July. ..] 574,000 | 275,000 | 392,000 | 1-65 1:90 .| 213,000 | 143,000 | 180,000 | 0-759 0-88 Aug... .| 269,000 | 157,000 | 210,000 | 0-886 1-02 156,000 | 99,000 | 129,000 | 0-544 0-61 Sept. 156,000 | 121,000 | 141,000 | 0-595 0-66 -| 99,000 | 85,600} 89,200 | 0-376 0:43 Oct.. 120,000 | 102,000 | 110,000 | 0-464 0-53 -| 103,000 | 84,700 93.300 0-394 0-44 Nov....] 106,000 | 98,000 | 101,000 | 0-426 0-48 92,000 | 70,600 | 79,300 | 0-335 0:39 Dec... .| 103,000 | 71,400] 82,500 | 0-348 0-40 .| 568,000 | 52,000 | 185,300 | 0-782 10-65 Year. ..| 759,000 | 63,400 | 215,300 | 0-908 12-34 1914 1915 Jan. .{ 111,000 70,600 | 92,300 | 0-402 0-46 Jan....| 80,200 | 56,800) 70,300 | 0+297 0-34 Feb..... 131,000 | 77,800 | 89,800 | 0-379 0-39 Feb....) 82,000} 65,500} 71,100 | 0-300 0-31 Mar....:.| 178,000 | 131,000 | 150,000 | 0-633 0-73 Mar....| 117,000 | 69,800 | 84,100 | 0-355 0-41 April 276, 000 | 134,000 | 218,000 | 0-920 1-03 April...| 204,000 | 123,000 | 167,000 | 0-705 0-79 May.... 493, 000 | 260,000 | 375,000 | 1°58 1-82 May. . .| 325,000 | 197,000 } 253,000 | 1-07 1:23 June .| 461,000 | 374,000 | 423,000 | 1-78 1:99 June. . .| 328,000 | 220,000 | 266,000 | 1-12 1-25 July e 367,000 234,000 | 316,000 | 1-33 1-53 July. ..| 239,000 | 199,000 224'000 0-945 1-09 Aug. .| 226,000 | 130,000 | 168,000 | 0-709 0-82 Aug....| 199,000 | 165,000 | 185,000 | 0-781 0-90 Sept 125,000 | 98,000 | 109,000 | 0-460 0-51 Sept....] 164,000 | 82,000 | 122,000 | 0-515 0-57 Oct -| 112,000 | 98,000 | 104,000 | 0-439 0-51 Oct....] 85,600} 73,000] 77,200 | 0-326 0°38 Nov.... .| 135,000 | 105,000 | 121,000 | 0-511 0:57 Nov.... 95,000 75,400 | 84,300 | 0-356 0-40 Dec.....| 114,000 | 62,000} 89,500 | 0-378 0-44 Dec....} 104,000 } 76,200 | 85,600 | 0-361 0-42 Year... .1 493,000 | 62,000 | 188,200 | 0-795 10-80 Year. ..| 328,000 | 56,800 | 140,800 | 0-594 8-09 YEARLY DISCHARGE OF COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES—By calendar years Discharge in second-feet vn Ott et depth in cent Year Highest Lowest Annual Per inches on | variation Maximum Minimum monthly monthly mean square drainage from mean mean mile area mean 1879 643,000 59,600 612,000 65,900 242,700 1+023 13-93 +15-4 1880 914,000 68,300 973,000 75,200 266,400 1+123 15-35 +26°7 1881 598,000 73,800 546,000 86,400 251,800 1-061 14°42 +19-7 1882 883,000 60,400 770,000 66,700 232,600 0-982 13-35 +10-6 1883 573,000 58,800 534,000 73,500 204,300 0-862 11°73 “— 2-9 1884 698,000 44,300 648,000 71,900 223,000 0-941 12-82 + 6:0 1885 482,000 76,000 445,000 93,400 212,400 0-897 12-17 + 1:0 1886 673,000 62,000 577,000 69,700 203,100 0-857 11-61 — 3:4 1887 896,000 66,100 809,000 75,300 266,600 1+124 15-31 +26°8 1888 564,000 49,400 515,000 80,200 199,600 0-842 11-47 -— 51 _1889 302,000 54,800 268,000 63,700 129,200 0-546 7-41 —38-6 1890 633,000 41,900 559,000 51,400 196,100 0-828 11-24 — 6:8 1891 448,000 57,400 420,000 62,600 170,000 0-717 9°77 —19-2 1892 607,000 66,200 544,000 73,000 197,600 0-834 11-37 — 6-0 1893 679,000 61,300 597,000 71,000 229,700 0-969 13-21 + 9°2 1894 1,160,000 88,000 970,000 114,000 306,000 1-291 17-54 +45°5 1895 475,001 70,000 381,000 75,300 182,300 0-769 10°50 —13°3 1896 785,000 70,000 679,000 89,300 239,200 1-010 13-73 +13°7 1897 780,000 82,000 624,000 97,100 240,100 1-013 13-78 +142 1898 649,000 58,000 603,000 68,500 221,600 0-935 12-68 + 54 1899 787,000 71,400 638,000 98,500 249,500 1-052 14-33 +18-6 1900 536,000 99,000 450,000 114,000 219,700 0-927 12-61 + 4:5 1901 662,000 77,000 516,000 83,900 208,400 0-880 11-99 — 0-9 1902 644,000 58,000 537,000 83,600 196,100 0-827 11-25 — 6:8 1903 787,000 73,800 683,000 87,700 223,800 0-944 12-84 + 64 1904 629,000 66,900 559,000 71,800 226,700 0-957 13-02 + 7:8 1905 412,000 52,600 357,000 62,900 141,300 0-597 8-12 —32°8 1906 374,000 59,200 332,000 63,500 164,800 0-695 9°47 —21°6 1907 587,000 77,800 532,000 88,100 224,200 0-946 12-84 + 6:6 1908 653,000 59,900 537,000 66,200 193,000 0-814 11°09 — 8-2 1909 675,000 63,400 592,000 101,000 201,300 0-850 11°55 — 4:3 1910 566,000 79,400 493,000 92,400 209,300 0-883 12-05 — 05 1911 574,000 62,700 503,000 §9,800 178,600 0-754 10-24 —15-1 1912 568,000 52,000 522,000 79,300 185,300 0:782 10-65 11:9 1913 759,000 63,400 694,000 74,900 215,300 0-908 12°34 + .2°4 1914 493,000 62,000 423,000 89,500 188,200 0-795 10-80 —10°5 1915 328,000 56,800 266,000 70,300 140,800 0+594 8-09 —33+1 Period 1879 to 1915 1.160,000 41,900 970.000 . 51,400 210,300 0-887 12-07 sapeee STREAM FLOW DATA—UNITED STATES 477 YEARLY DISCHARGE OF COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES—By water years es Discharge in second-feet Run-off Per Year - depth in cent ending ds *. Highest Lowest Per inches on | variation Sept.30| Maximum Minimum monthly monthly Annual .sjuate drainage from mean mean meen. mile area mean 1879 643,000 59,600 612,000 65,900 242,000 1-02 13°85 +149 1880 914,000 68,300 793,000 85,400 264,000 1-11 15:18 425-4 1881 598,000 73,800 546,000 80,700 252,000 1-06 14-46 +19°7 1882 883,000 60,400 770,000 66,700 232,000 0-979 13-27 +10-2 1883 573,000 58,800 534,000 87,100 212,000 0-895 12:14 + 0-7 1884 698,000 45,800 648,000 71,900 214,000 0-903 12-29 + 1:6 1885 482,000 44,300 445,000 80,600 214,000 0-903 12-27 + 1:6 1886 673,000 64,400 577,000 101,000 211,000 0-890 12-07 + 0:2 1887 896,000 62,000 809,000 69,700 260,000 1:10 14:93 4+23°5 1888 564,000 49,400 515,000 80,200 202,000 0-852 11-61 — 491 1889 302,000 57,400 268,000 63,700 134,000 0-565 7-67 —36°4 1890 633,000 41,900 559,000 51,400 196,000 0-827 11-21 — 6:9 1891 448,000 57,400 420,000 62,600 165,000 0-696 9-47 —21°6 1892 607,000 66,200 544,000 73,000 198,000 0-835 11:38 — 6:0 1893 679,000 61,300 597,000 71,000 219,000 0-924 12-56 + 4:0 1894 1,160,000 88,300 970,000 114,000 311,000 1-31 17:77 447-7 1895 475,000 80,100 381,000 94,000 194,000 0-819 11°13 — 79 1896 785,000 70,000 679,000 75,300 229,000 0-966 13-15 4+ 8:7 1897 780,000 78,000 624,000 89,300 243,000 1-03 13°87 415-4 1898 649,000 82,000 603,000 97,100 230,000 0-970 13-19 + 9:2 1899 787,000 58,000 638,000 68,500 235,000 0-992 13-47 +11-°6 1900 536,000 103,000 450,000 125,000 224,000 0-945 12+85 + 6:4 1901 662,000 81,000 516,000 114,000 219,000 0:924 12-53 + 4-0 1902 644,000 58,000 537,000 83,900 197,000 0-831 11°30 — 6:5 31903 787,000 72,200 683,000 83,600 211,000 0-890 12-09 +.0-2 1904 629,000 80,200 559,000 99,600 242,000 1:02 13°89 +14-9 “1905 412,000 52,600 357,000 62,900 140,000 0-591 8-02 —33°5 1906 374,000 59,200 332,000 63,500 157,000 0-662 8-98 —25+4 1907 587,000 77,800 532,000 91,700 229,000 0-966 13-12 + 8:7 1908 653,000 59,900 537,000 66,200 196,000 0-827 11-27 ‘— 69 1909 675,000 63,400 592,000 78,300 192,000 0-810 11-00 — 88 1910 566,000 79,400 493,000 92,400 213,000 0-899 12-21 + 11 1911 574,000 62,700 503,000 79,000 187,000 0-789 10°74 —11-2 1912 568,000 52,000 522,000 69,800 183,000 0-772 10°51 -13-1 1913 759,000 63,400 694,000 74,900 213,000 0-899 12-19 + 11 1914 493,000 70,600 423,000 82,600 186,000 0-787 10:69 —-11-7 1915 328,000 56,800 266,000 70,300 146,000 0-618 8-41 —30°7 Period 1879 to 1915 | 1,160,000 41,900 970,000 51,400 210,600 0-889 12°07 |. wetedines COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES Discharge in sec.-ft. per sq. mile, 1878 to 1915 Year Jan Feb March | April May June July | Aug.| Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annual FS ea hee Melee kp eat awhna x uniene Aa 1-80 | 1:15 | 0-776] 0-523] 0-379) 0-352] 0-384]........ 1879 0-278 | 0-368 | 0-764 | 1-52 1:67 2+58 | 2-11 | 1°16 | 0-650] 0-464] 0-360] 0-360} 1-023 1880 0-415 | 0326 | 0-317 | 0-637 | 1-70 2-95 | 3-35 | 1-63 | 0-835] 0-553} 0-439] 0-341] 1-123 1881 0-451 | 0-890 | 0-932 | 1-63 1:80 2-30 | 1-82 | 1-03 | 0-595] 0-464] 0-473] 0-365} 1-061 1882 0-331 | 0-281 | 0-403 | 0-966 | 1-42 3-25 | 2-OL | 1-11 | 0-633] 0-464] 0-398] 0-511! 0-982 1883 0-368 | 0-369 | 0-751 | 0-831 | 1-70 2-25 | 1-68 | 0-852] 0-532] 0-383] 0-313] 0-310] 0-862 « 1884 0-303 | 0-303 | 0-443 | 0-857 | 1-70 2-73 | i-70 | 1-08 | 0-700] 0-561] 0-570} 0-340} 0-941 1885 0-394 | 0-692 | 0-797 | 1-09 1°57 1-88 | 1-43 | 0-857] 0-654] 0-515] 0-435] 0-435] 0-897 1886 0-426 | 0-751 | 0-515 | 0-882 | 1-44 2°43 | 1-48 | 0-848) 0-527] 0-362) 0-294] 0-318 0-857 1887 0-418 | 0-318 | 0-743 | 1-09 1-78 3-41 | 2-47 | 1:22 | U-722] 0-481] 0-422] 0-419} 1-124 1888 0-338 | 0-608 | 0-506 | 0-797 | 1-53 2-17 | 1°43 | 0-899] 0-640] 0-430] 0-393] 0-361] 0-842 1889 0-280 | 0-269 | 0-374 | 0-641 | 1-07 1:13 | 0-772] 0-629} 0-407] 0-369] 0-327! 0-273] 0-546 1890 0-217 | 0-494 | 0-506 | 0-810 | 2-36 1:84 | 1-38 | 0-819] 0-511] 0-376] 0-327] 0-294] 0-828 1891 0-278 | 0-264 | 0-311 | 0-578 | 1-44 1°77 | 1-29 | 0-865] 0-557} 0-373] 0-456] 0-421] 0-717 1892 0-333 | 0-368 | 0-536 | 0-646 | 1-26 2+30 | 1-89 | 0-886] 0-612] 0-468] 0-414] 0-363] 0-834 1893 0-328 | 0-346 | 0-300 | 0-717 | 1-86 2-52 | 1-96 | 1-15 | 0-633] 0+515] 0-599} 0-700] 0-969 1894 0-612 | 0-481 } 0-688 | 1-36 2°43 4-09 | 2-33 | 1-14 | 0-738} 0-561} 0-574] 0-481] 1-291 1895 0-430 | 0-397 | 0-502 | 0-768 | 1-59 1:61 | 1-47 | 0-869] 0-544] 0-407] 0-332] 0-318) 0-769 “1896 0-381 | 0-391 | 0-565 | 0-760 | 1-13 2-86 | 2:70 | 1°Q8 | 0-662] 0-377] 0-515) 0-688 1-010 1897 0-485 | 0-519 | 0-460 | 1-26 2-63 2-28 | 1-57 | 0-886} 0-578] 0-410) 0-481} 0-595 1-013 1898 0-477 | 0-620 | 0-620 | 0-848 | 1-77 2-54 | 1-68 | 1-00 | 0-603) 0-411] 0-353 0-289 0-935 1899 0-416 | 0-460 | 0-447 | 0-810 | 1-30 2-69 | 2-59 | 1-30 | 0-814] 0-591 0-549 0-662} 1-052 * 1900 0-709 | 0-527 | 0-789 | 1-15 1-90 1+73 | 1-36 | 0-789] 0-574] 0-481] 0-527] 0-582] 0-927 1901 0-544 | 0-515 | 0-789 | 0-696 | 1-81 2°18 | 1:43 | 0-924] 0-557 0-362 0-354] 0-390 0-880 1902 0-373 | 0-426 | 0-464 | 0-603 | 1-51 2-27 | 1-72 | 0-975] 0-527) 0-353) 0-358} 0-358 0-827 1903 0-494 | 0-370 | 0-411 | 0-806 | 1-30 2-88 | 1-80 | 0-911] 0-629] 0-654) 0-561} 0-515 0-944 1904 0-429 | 0-422 | 0-709 | 1-42 2-14 2°36 | 1-68 | 0-844] 0-515 0:357 0-306] 0-303) 0-957 1905 0-281 | 0-255 | 0-447 | 0-553 | 0-869 1°51 | 1-04 | 0-738] 0-403) 0-435} 0-333) 0-284 0-597 "1906 0-268 | 0-324 | 0-389 | 0-857 | 1-26 1:40 | 1°17 | 0+709] 0+485] 0-387] 0-574] 0-519} 0-695 1907 0-443 | 0-667 | 0-705 | 0-987 | 1-60 2-24 | 1-82 | 0-970] 0-684] 0-489] 0-372] 0-373) 0-946 1908 0-317 | 0-279 | 0-489 | 0-772 | 1-45 2-27 | 1-74 | 0-861] 0-511] 0-381) 0-371 0-330 0:814 1909 0-451 | 0°435 | 0-456 | 0-633 | 0-975 2-50 | 1-78 | 0-857] 0-544] 0-426] 0-540 0-595 0-850 1910 0-456 | 0-390 | 1-15 1-36 2:08 1-68 | 1-00 | 0-675 0-392 0-430 0-511] 0-477 0-883 ‘1911 0-333 | 0:334 | 0-439 | 0-650 | 1-29 2-12 | 1°59 | 0-789] 0-506] 0-358 0-330 0-295 0-754 1912 0-341 | 0-464 | 0°346 | 0-764 | 1-57 2-20 | 1-29 | 0+759] 0-544] 0-376] 0-394] 0-335] 0-782 1913 0-316 | 0-322 | 0-414 | 0-962 | 1-59 2-93 | 1-65 | 0-886] 0-595) 0-464 0-426 0-348) 0-908 1914 0-402 | 0-379 | 0-633 | 0-920 | 1°58 1-78 | 1-33 _| 0-709] 0-460) 0-439} 0-511 0:378| 0-795 1915 0-297 | 0-300 | 0°355 | 0-705 | 1-07 1-12 | 0-945] 0-781] 0+515} 0-326] 9-356] 0-361] 0-594 Mean 9-399 | 9-429 | 0-526 1 0-901 1°60 2-28 | 1-87 0-928] 0:52] 0-438! 0-428] 0-412] 0-887 478 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION U.S. 5—FLATHEAD RIVER, NORTH FORK—near Columbia Falls, Mont. Drainage area, 1,620 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At Potter ranch, three-fourths mile above junction with Middle fork of Flathead and about 10 miles northeast of Columbia Falls. Records available—Sept. 22, 1910, to Dec. 31, 1915. Gauge—Vertical staff on right bank near ranch buildings. Bench mark—Spike in top of pine stump 40 feet west of gauge. gauge zero. Channel—Rocky ; clean and practically permanent. Discharge measurements—Made from cable about three-fourths mile above gauge. Winter flow—Channel remains open at the control during winter, but discharge relation is affected by anchor ice. Accuracy—Rating curves are good ; results excellent except for short periods during the winter Elevation 11-36 feet above months. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Gauge és Gauge : Date Hydrographer height Discharge Date Hydrographer height Discharge Feet Sec.-feet Feet Sec.-feet 1910 1912 Sept, 22 965 July 26 3,360 Oct. 13 2,540 1913 Nov. 26 1,900 June 10 20,600 $911 Sept. 10 1,430 Jan, 3 508 1915 June 30 7,820 Sept. 10 1,260 Aug. 10 2,530 MONTHLY SUMMARIES A : i Run-off * . ia Run-off Discharge in second-feet denthiin Discharge in second-feet depth in Month Per |incheson || Month Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | squire | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1910 1911 1,450 510 1,000 | 0+648 0-75 1,100 710 917 | 0:566 0-59 1,560 640 983 | 0°607 0-70 7,650 1,290 3,080 | 1-90 2-12 9,600 4,710 6,960 | 4:30 . 4:96 ..| 13,100 7,920 | 10,800 | 667 7:44 July... 1920 2,330 4,290 | 2-65 3-06 Aug....| 2,480 1,240 1,870 | 1-15 1:33 Sept.... 1,910 1,240 1,550 | 0°957 1:07 Oct....} 1,340 710 1,020 | 0-630 0-73 Nov....} 1,050 350 764 | 0-472 0:53 Dec....| 1,140 510 774 | 0-478 0-55 aeeeamena ene Year...| 13,100 350 2,840 ! 1-75 23°83 1913 0-4 0-54 Sa alley asene| Reeds aoc 650 | 0-401 0:46 0-44 0-44 Mos sulle aseareeentll ssenscecgy aug 650 | 0-401 0-42 0-36 0-45 AINA shes ta seas hes ap ceed 650 | 0-401 0-46 1-55 1:73 April...) 7,000 710 2,960 | 1-83 2-04 4°46 5-14 May...| 20,800 3,140 8,580 | 5-30 6-11 5 3-98 4-44 June...} 23,800 8,880 | 14,900 | 9-20 10-26 July....| 5,370 2,480 3,930 | 2-43 2-80 July....| 8,880 2,640 4,390 | 2-71 3-12 Aug.....| 2,480 1,340 1,700 | 1:05 1-21 Aug....] 2,800 1,500 2,050 | 1-27 1:46 Sept.....] 1,910 1,140 1,510 | 0-932 1-04 Sept... 1,500 960 1,300 | 0-802 0:89 Oct.....} 1,450 960 1,200 | 0-741 0-85 Oct....| 1,670 960 1,210 | 0-747 0:86 Nov.....] 1,190 1,050 1,390 | 0-858 0-96 Nov....] 1,240 960 1,100 | 0-679 0-76 Dec.....} 1,140 640 854 | 0-527 0-61 Dec.’... 960 570 809 | 0-499 0:58 Meares 10,200) Iecoe sasccy 2,400 | 1-48 20-21 Year...| 23,800 |........ 3,270 | 2-02 27-52 1 For period Sept. 22 to 30. ? Discharge relation affected by ice, Jan. 3 to Feb. 26, 1912; Jan. 1 to Mar. 3 and Dec. 25 to 31, 1913) also during parts of Jan. and Feb., 1914; discharges partly estimated for these months. * As estimated by United States Geological Survey. STREAM FLOW DATA—UNITED STATES 479 MONTHLY SUMMARIES—Continued Discharge in second-feet Run-off Discharge in second-feet Run-off depth in fp nes Wa ee ae Poe nl | OD Gen Month : Per | inches on || Month Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean. |squre| drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area taile area 1914 1915 1,340 570 901 | 0-556 0-64 1,140 790 939 | 0-580 0-67 350 623 | 0-395 0-41 960 710 804 | 0-496 0-52 790 510 647 | 0-400 0-46 1,100 640 803 | 0-496 0-57 5,280 790 3,110 | 1-92 2-14 7,300 1,140 3,780 | 2-33 2-60 12,400 4,620 8,730 | 5-39 6-02 7,600 3,860 5,360 | 3-31 3:82 13,300 4,840 7,380 | 4-56 5-08 8,200 3,860 4,960 | 3-06 3-41 4,840 1,730 3,190 | 1-97 2°27 6,220 2,330 3,540 | 2-19 2°52 1,850 1,240 1,470 | 0-907 1-05 2,330 1,240 1,680 | 1-04 1-20 1,910 1,140 1,380 | 0-852 0-95 1,340 1,140 1,190 | 0-735 0-82 4,040 1,560 2,280 | 1-41 1-62 1,790 1,140 1,420 | 0-877 1-01 4,840 1,790 2,940 | 1-81 2-02 Roe 1,340 710 1,150 | 0-710 0-79 1,560 960 1,190 | 0-735 0-85 Dec.... 870 640 706 | 0°435 0-50 Year....| 13,300 350 2,820 | 1-74 23°51 Year... 8,200 640 2,190 | 1-35 18-43 1See reference on previous page marked 2. Note—1910, daily discharges determined from a rating curve fairly well defined below 3,010 second-feet. 1911- 1912, daily discharges determined from a rating curve, well defined below 10,000 second-feet. 1913, daily discharges determined from a well defined rating curve that is the same as that used from 1911-1912 below gauge height of 3 6 feet. 1914-1915, daily discharges determined from a well defined rating curve. U.S. 6—KETTLE RIVER—at Boyd, Wash. Drainage area, 4,060 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—800 feet east of Boyd station, on the Oroville branch of the Great Northern. Records available—Sept. 10, 1913, to Oct. 31, 1915. Station discontinued. Gauge—Staff in three sections on the right bank, the lower two sections inclined, the upper vertical. Channel and control—Large gravel and small boulders ; probably shifting in floods. Discharge measurements—Made from a cable 1,000 feet above the gauge, or by wading. Winter flow—Seriously affected by ice. Accuracy—Results good. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS a = n Date Hydrographer ee Discharge Date Hydrographer rake Discharge Feet Sec.-feet Feet Sec.-feet 1913 June 19 | C. O. Brown........... 6°84 9,360 Oct. 18 F. B. Storey........... 1°691 1,110 “20 Os unarasiamorederese 6°44 8,460 Nov. 3 OL Kedadde dA 1-591 1,020 1914 - ON — iscesensintesncee 1°651 1,070 Aug. 21 | C.O. Brown........... 0-64 435 1914 a 22 GOs eaiaretaveet 0-634 434 Jan. 13 L. W. Jordan.......... 1-351 881 Sept. 7 GO sp atieeusierets 0°31 302 “14 do. ies 1251 830 1915 Feb. 5 J. E. Stewart........... 0:872 490 Aug. 5 do. ack’ Gaeenyne 3-26 2,930 June 5 Parker and Brown...... 8°65 13,700 ee 6 GO; Aviaries 3-14 2,810 ae 6 Ou wo aunties 7-81 12,100 Oct. 8 DO. 2. bette ee 0-71 530 1 Readings were observed on the temporary gauge, located at the Great Northern railway bridge, which was used prior to Oct. 17, as follows: Oct. 18, 4:03 ft.; Nov. 3, 3°97 ft.; Nov. 4, 3-99 ft.; Jan. 13, 3-70 ft.; and Jan. 14, 3°55 ft. 2 Gauge height was affected by ice formation. 3 Gauge height of ‘zero flow’ estimated to be —1°1. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet circa Discharge in second-feet ene Month Per |incheson || Month : Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square ; drainage mile area mile area 1913 OC bis iealeca easel lic wasaten sl Mies Mies [Ou aest| ces ee Oct... .. 1,560 785 954 | 0-235 0:27 Nov..... | Bee Les 2 Nov.... 1,040 830 923 | 0:227 0-25 Dee. 2 ceslann i cawscbee sienna oamencaarallegnat ean Mage eras Dec.... 935 548 692 | 0-170 0-20 * Estimated by United States Geological Survey. The drainage area in Canada is about 3,100 square miles, and in the United States, 960 square miles. 480 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES—Continued ‘ : a Run-off ‘ . ig Run-off Discharge in second-feet depth in Discharge in second-feet depth in Month Per |incheson || Month Per {inches om Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage ; mile area mile area 1914 | 1915 Jan..... 935 548 800 | 0-197 0-23 OM ees tasaias stl) ducehvenvctasei 800 | 0-197 0°23 | Feb..... 865 490 640 | 0-158 0-16 We ae act einige se se | aneuve sane 930 | 0-229 0:24 Mar..... 1,750 617 976 | 0-240 0-28 Mar... . 1,850 ‘411 878 | 0-216 0-25 April....] 13,200 1,560 7,010 | 1°73 1°93 April...] 11,000 1,950 6,410 | 1-58 1-76 May....| 18,000 7,860 | 12,000 | 2-96 3:41 May...}| 14,300 7,860 | 10,700 | 2-64 3:04 June....| 16,800 4,760 8,360 | 2-06 2-30 June...| 12,800 3,760 6,590 | 1-62 1-81 July....] 4,760 795 2,150 | 0-530 0-61 July... 6,190 3,150 4,300 | 1-06 1°22 Aug..... 795 288 512 | 0-126 0°15 Aug.... 3,450 910 1,780 | 0-438 0-50 Sept..... 970 295 458 | 0-113 0-13 Sept.... 840 580 701 | 0:173 0-19 Oct..... 1,560 671 987 | 0-243 0-28 Oct.... 1,060 552 636 | 0-157 0°18 Nov.....] 1,950 1,120 1,420 | 0-350 0-39 INOW isiey | scusiece cadet] incausconie vain | ovaneiteres aoe aera aarehoy| taney re ie Dec.! ... 1,120 590 847 | 0-209 0-24 DOG ecco eneccvecs arene irievereraraan’ | oohanatsavetell seaererercea| eee eceneactons Year....| 18,000 288 3,013 | 0-743 10-11 Period..! 14,300 !........ 3,372 | 0-831 9-42 1 Discharge relation seriously affected by ice Dec. 15to Mar. 3, no measurements made during this interval ;: flow estimated from observer's notes and from temperature and precipitation records. U.S. 7—KOOTENAY RIVER—at Libby, Mont. Drainage area, 11,000 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At highway bridge opposite the Great Northern Ry. station, Libby, Mont. Records available—Oct. 13, 1910, to Dec. 31, 1915. Gauge—Standard chain gauge attached to left span of the highway bridge. Previous to the completion of the bridge a staff gauge attached to a stump 30 feet above the bridge was used. Feb. 23, 1913, the gauge datum was lowered 2 feet; previous readings reduced to new datum. Bench-mark—Top of the left-hand pier, downstream side ; elevation 28-45 feet above gauge zero. Channel—Permanent ; broken by two piers; bed, small rocks; current fairly swift. Discharge measurements—Made from the bridge or by boat. Made from the ferry cable prior — to the erection of the bridge. : : Winter flow—Seriously affected by ice. Diversions—None of importance. Accuracy—Records considered excellent. Co-operation—Maintained in co-operation with the United States Forest Service. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS G: Date Hydrographer height Discharge Date Hydrographer pauge Discharge 1910 Feet Sec.-feet : Feet Sec.-feet Oct. 13 J.C. Beebe............ 4°88 11,300 1913 7 1911 Feb 17 | B.E. Jones. 2:69 3,570 Mar.15 | E. W. Kramer 2-60 3,900 ES do. ‘ 2-89 4,000 July 31 F. E. Bonner 6-00 18,900 ee 19 do. 2-97 4,160 Sept.27 | G. H. Lautz 3-86 7,820 “20 do. 2-91 4,100° Oct. 10 | J.C. Beebe.. 3-34 5,630 se 22 do. 2°72 3,540 1912 m> G24 do. 2°52 3,300° May do 4-80 10,700 325 do. 2-54 3,320 1913 OF do. 2-38 2,980 Feb. 3 B. BE. Jones. .......... 2-391 3,120 Mar. 1 do. 2°35 2,840: ae BS: | WicA. Tam Da vonaiaausssives 2°39 3.000 i 3 do. 2°35 2,910 ae 4 Bi iy J ONS xi scaices soe veer 2-87 2,920 ue 5 do. 2-40 3,080 ie 5 Os atone sreceines 2-41 2,570 he 7 do. 2-48 3,300" is 6 Bi —-Aagoh4e Kaas 2-22 2,170 “10 do. 2°62 3,620 ne 7 doi. ueaarcenoe 2-03 2,160 of 3 do. 2°52 3,390 ye 7 dos. irdeontieans 2°51 2,180 19 do. 2°04 2,510 8 Oe piencvcaveceshiaws 4 2-02 2,110 St 320 do. 2-03 2,530" ae 9 Os. bakes acess 2°54 2,000 25 do. 2-06 2,550: = 10: do. . 2,050 “28 do 2°31 3,020" “dl do. 2,270 “31 do 2°57 3,610" ae 42 do. 2,310 April 5 2°56 3,620 13 do 2,500 y W. A. Lamb 6-09 16,300 14 do 2,720 June 11 oO. 13-942 73,900 oo U6: do 2,960 Dec. 16 do. 2:71 4.060 1 Measurements from Feb. 3 to Mar. 31, 1913, were affected by ice. 2 Surface velocities observed ; coefficient of 0-90 used to reduce to mean velocity. * Estimated by United States Geological Survey. STREAM FLOW DATA—UNITED STATES 481 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet Run-off Discharge in se - Ruo-off depth in charg cond-feet depth in Month : Per | inches on || Month Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square } drainage nile area mile area 1910 1911 3,550 5,360 | 0-487 0-43 6,280 | 10,600 | 0-964 1-08 17,800 | 22,700 | 2-06 2°38 24,100 | 53,500 | 4-86 5°42 15,900 | 28,700 | 2-61 3°01 8,920 | 12,200 | 1-11 1-28 6,590 1040 | 0-731 0-82 4,800 5,780 | 0-525 0-61 3,780 4,890 | 0-445 0-43 1913 2,080 2,770 | 0-252 0°29 2,040 2,990 | 0-272 0-28 2,510 3,110 | 0-283 0°33 0- 3,550 | 11,300 | 1-03 1:15 2° 11,600 | 26,900 | 2-45 2°82 2: 30,700 | 51,700 | 4-70 5+ 24 1 15,000 | 20,300 | 1-85 2°13 1 10,000 | 13,000 | 1-18 1°36 0- 7890 9,580 | 0-871 0:97 0O- 6,280 7,260 | 0-660 0-76 O- 4,530 5,560 | 0-505 0-356 0: 2,760 3,730 | 0-339 0-39 1+ 2,040 | 13,200 | 1:20 16-28 : 1915 0-387 0-45 DAO ort Wicca sda a 2,500 3,270 | 0-297 0:34 0: 284 0-30 Feb....} 3,060 2,530 2,790 | 0°254 0:26 0-391 0:45 Mar.... 5,370 2,620 3,540 | 0°322 0:37 0 ‘ 1-05 1°17 April...| 20,800 4,530 | 11,300 | 1-03 1-15 May....| 43,500 | 15,000 | 30,700 | 2-79 3°21 May...| 27,600 | 15,900 | 19,600 | 1-78 2-05 June....| 56,900 | 24,700 | 37,000 | 3-36 3°75 June...| 34,000 | 15,900 | 21,200 | 1-93 2e15 July....| 39,000 | 13,300 | 25,400 | 2-31 2-66 July...| 28,800 | 16,800 | 20,600 | 1-87 2:16 Aug.....| 13,300 7,560 | 10,100 | 0-918 1-06 Aug....| 15,900 8,920 | 11,700 | 1-06 1:22 Sept.....} 9,280 6,280 7,360 | 0-668 0:74 Sept.... 8,920 5,970 6,840 | 0-622 0-39 Oct.....| 9,650 7,230 8,000 | 0-727 0:84 Oct....} 6,910 5,370 6,180 | 0-562 0-65 Nov.....] 12,800 6,280 8,570 | 0-779 0-90 Nov.... 7,230 3,780 5,420 | 0-493 0-55 Dec.®,...| 6,280 |........ 4,270 | 0-388 0-45 Dec.... 4,800 2,940 3,880 | 0-353 0:40 Year....| 56,900 1,690 | 12,880 ! 1-17 15-98 Year. ..} 34,000 2,500 9,690 | 0-881 11-99 1¥For period Oct.13 to 31. 2Dec.14to31. 3Mar.8to31. 4Nov.1t026. § Discharges Feb. 7 to 28 and Mar. 9 to 14 determined from fairly well defined rating curve applied to readings on an auxiliary gauge one-fourth mile below the regular gauge. % Partly estimated, no gauge heights Dec. 12 to Jan. 2. Note—Discharge relation was affected by ice during following periods: Dee. 14 to 31, 1910; Jan. 1 to Mar. 7 and Nov. 27 to Dec. 31, 1911 ; Jan. 1 to Feb. 29 and Nov. 28 to Dec. 31, 1912 ; Jan. 1 to Mar. 31, 1913. Ice effect pepably slight in Dec., 1913; Feb. 6 to 28 and Mar.9 to 14,1914. Daily discharges 1910 to 1913 for days unaffected y ice were determined from a rating curve well defined between 3,400 and 25,000 sec.-ft., and fairly well defined above 25,000 sec.-ft. Daily discharges determined in 1914-15, from well defined rating curve. Discharges interpolated for days when no gauge height was reported. U.S. 8—MOYIE RIVER—at Snyder, Idaho. Drainage area, 717 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At the Snyder ranger station, about one-fourth mile west of Snyder station, on the Spokane and International Ry. From Mar. 10, 1911, to Feb. 20, 1912, it was at the Spokane and International Ry. bridge, about one mile below the present situation. Records available—Mar. 10, 1911, to Dec. 31, 1915. ; Drainage area—717 square miles (measured on Cranbrook sheet, British Columbia map, and map of Priest Lake quadrangle). Gauge—Since Feb. 21, 1912, vertical and inclined staff on left bank 150 feet west of Snyder ranger station ; from Mar. 10, 1911, to Feb. 20, 1912, vertical staff attached to left abutment of railway bridge 1 mile below present gauge. Channel—Stream bed composed of small boulders and gravel ; gradient relatively steep ; straight both above and below gauge ; both banks high and will not overflow ; control approximately 500 feet below gauge and formed by gravel and boulder riffle ; shifting at high stages. * Revised estimate by U. S. Geological Survey. About 600 sq. miles of drainage area is in Canada and 117 in United States. 482 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Discharge measurements—Made by wading'at gauge or from highway bridge one-fourth mile downstream. Winter flow—Discharge relation is, at times, seriously affected by ice. Accuracy—Observer’s record apparently reliable, but gaps are frequent owing to his absence. Curve fairly well defined between 200 and 3,000 sec.-ft. Discharge relation affected by ice for short periods each winter; estimates approximate. For periods in which ice is not present and record is continuous, results are apparently good. Monthly summaries given below have been recently revised. Co-operation—Field data furnished by the U. S. Forest Service. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Gauge , Date Hydrographer uke Discharge Date Hydrographer height Discharge 1911 Feet Sec.-feet Feet Sec.-feet Mar,10 | B.oW. Krameticics.. soa 3-24 a vay, J.C. Beebe............ 6-60 3,410 J 15 | F.E. Bonner.... .-{| 6°50 4,3 July. 30 aoe é Sutbgeeeteeagos 3-60 ma eae FF. Bi Storey sien wicca so 3°56 286 Sep. 26 1G. UW. Deities. owned canna 3-25 31 Oct. 13 | Beebe and Leidl........] 3°30 216 Jan. 15 | L. W. Jordan.......... 3-90 472 TOT) 8) Wesetient aati tear vapharaca-oneKe “16 GOs aasceniiew ea 3°85 446 Feb, 20 J: Cy, BOOBs. eesacray ceria 2°981 124 Feb. 28 | E. W. Kramer......... 3-40 223 May 9 Ob. sere vontepaiie anes 6°141 2,950 June 11 CC rere 5:70 2,400 1 Gauge heights on old gauge for the 1912 measurements are 2-99, 5-80 and 6: 30 feet, respectively. MONTHLY SUMMARIES z ; : = . . n-off Discharge in second-feet eee Discharge in second-feet depain Month Per | inches on |} Month i Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile |- area + 0°77 2-50 6-13 5-86 1°36 0-40 0-27 0-35 0:27 Q- 24 391 100 221 | 0-308 0-36 D908 s see eugene els vee nan 216 | 0:301 0-35 200 110 144 | 0*2011 0-21 Feb 455 265 314 | 0-438 0-46 342 91 147 | 0-205 0-24 Mar 315 265 280 | 0-391 0-45 2,200 455 1,330 | 1-86 2°08 April 3,090 265 1,640 | 2-29 2°56 4,120 1,540 2,940 | 4-10 4:72 May 8,020 1,540 4,380 | 6-11 7°04 2,200 50 1,220 | 1°70 1:90 June 8,020 1,340 5 1,080 550 710 | 0-990 1°14 425 171 243 | 0-339 0-39 315 171 219 | 0-306 0-34 265 171 202 | 0-282 0-33 840 171 479 | 0-668 0-75 315 171 199 | 0+278 0:32 4,120 91 673 | 0-940 | 12°78 1914 1,030 170 423 | 0-590 0-68 187 140 163 | 0-227 0-26 BTN epg 220 | 0-307 0-32 154 100 128 | 0-179 0-19 820 224 487 | 0-679 0-78 595 125 258 | 0-360 0-42 3,820 665 2,160 | 3-01 3-36 2,570 440 1,460 | 2-04 2-28 6,120 2,830 4,460 | 6-22 7:17 2,320 1,540 1,820 | 2-54 2°93 4,760 1,540 2,560 | 3°57 3°98 1,440 595 901 | 1-26 1-41 1,440 31 743 | 104 1-20 6 334 470 |-0°656 0-76 288 125 190 | 0-265 0-31 310 125 195 | 0-272 0°31 270 100 145 | 0+202 0-23 170 120 136 | 0-190 0-21 265 154 213 | 0-297 0-34 224 140 158 | 0-220 0-25 1,160 386 666 | 0-929 1:04 : 224 187 206 | 0-287 0°32 2 laters nec 221 | 0-308 0-36 Dec.... 217 154 186 | 0-259 0-30 Year....| 6,120 |........ 1,041 | 1-45 19°77 Vearc.| 2,570 100 507 | 0707 9-64 1 Drainage area of 717 square miles, as estimated for new location, has been used for computations for last two columns for period Mar., 1911, to Feb., 1912, when gauge was at old situation one mile below; the difference in drainage area between old and new situation is not sufficient to make any material difference. 2 For period Mar. 10 to 31. + Partly estimated. 4 Oct. 1 to 22. * Dec. 8to3l. ¢ Affected y ice Dec. 10 to 31, discharge partly estimated. Note—Discharges interpolated for days of missing gauge heights, except period Oct. 23 to Dec. 7, 1913. Dis- charge relation affected by ice, Nov. 15 to Dec. 16, and Dec. 26 to 31,1911; Jan. 1 to 18,1912; Jan. 9 to 24 and Feb. 17 to 24, 1913 ; Feb. 4 to 7 and Dec. 10 to 31,1914 ; Jan.1to3 and 28 to 30, 1915. STREAM FLOW DATA—-UNITED STATES 483 ’ U.S. 9—SKAGIT RIVER—near Marblemount, Wash. Drainage area, 1,090 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—At proposed power-house site of the Skagit Power Co., 1 mile above Goodell creek, and about 16 miles above Marblemount. Records available—Dec. 21, 1908, to May 23, 1914. Station discontinued. Gauge—Vertical staff on right bank. Several gauges, all at the same datum and location, have been used since the station was established. Bench mark—Highest point of a large rock on right bank 31 feet below cable, and about 20 feet from water's edge at medium stages. Elevation, 18-45 feet, gauge datum; 509-38 feet, sea-level datum, Channel—Heavy boulders ; shifting in extreme floods. Discharge measurements—Made from a cable at the gauge. Accuracy—Results good. Co-operation—Gauge height record and a part of the discharge measurements furnished by the Skagit Power Co. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date Hydrographer cee Discharge Date Hydrographer Tote Discharge 1908 Feet Sec.-feet Feet Sec.-feet Dec. 21 | G. L. Rogers........... 1:70 1,690 1909 ‘ “22 GOe - wascatenanies,s 1-70 1,690 July 19 | G. L. Rogers........... 4-69 5,820 te GOs ~ woes: Gators 1-60 1,570 Aug. 5 WO. siceceneseradtsee-y 3-70 4,220 24 COs o> sexsatseur cued hirese 1-60 1,680 f° 28: || Je Hs Rossel c.cceses ew « 3°46. 3,690 “28 M.S. Halstead......... 2°37 2,520 “30 GO. geipicace vines 3°15 3,270 * 2 GOs he ee 2°23 2,380 Sept. 13 | G. L. Rogers........... 2°52 2,490 “30 GOs wxassrnayssarea 2°20 2,020 Oct. 30 DO ccsvevese evecare 1-62 1,660 pl dos _Rarecweans 1-90 1,840 Dec. 15 | J. E. Rossell........... 3-90 4,570 1909 1910 Jan. 1 GG: Hee nares 1-70 1,670 Dec. 29 | H. P. Gilkey........... 2°64 2,390 os 2 do; cAsesaweds 1:85 1,830 1911 ie 3 COs ese seas 2+22 2,370 Mar. 8 dO; Ase suas 1-19 1,050 fs 4 dO: asa hese 2-05 2,000 oC 94 | BO. Bbertin. 2 csctheaccee 1:19 990 Beis 1 Ta De ANB yin ie Goats 1°07 1,870 w 74 | J.B Rossell. ois ss cas 1-19 1,060 rs do. Siamese Oi aves 1-96 1,870 Sept. 12 | W. W. Clifford......... 2-96 3,000 oS: M.S. Halstead......... 1-33 1,380 1912 “20 Halstead and Babcock. .| 1-80 1,750 June 4 | H.C. Hanson.......... 5°85 6,830 ‘“ 25 | Halstead and Rogers....} 1°52 1,490 Oct. 23 | F. B.Stoley........... 1:44 1,170 Mar. 27 | M.S. Halstead......... 2-41 2,440 1913 “30 Gs 9 pac Ackeid 2-70 2,710 Aug. 15 | Parkerand Chandler....| 3:08 2,980 April 1 Gb: ROgeTS ees ees 3°28 3,520 se 15 do. qq bee) 08 2,930 ay 3 Oi > Neinsstianaans 3 4:64 6,010 Oct. 14 | Stewartand Laville..... 4°34 4,770 an Ge. —-cusasataeanmayes 6-00 8,530 1914 ‘ ee AE doy. ~emeadees 14°15 5,070 Jan. 22 | Laville and Emery...... 2°46 2,420 te 33 Ox. -bsaeesmcatives 6-98 10,400 May 6 | Parker and Collier . 7,000 June 7 WO ++ tittcedice sinseaecre 7-72 13,000 < 7 do. wee eee 7,020 a 2 J.C. Stevens........... 7-90 13,500 T4. | ToD. Collier. isn ciccecccces 15,600 July 1 J. E. Rossell........... 6-80 10,300 Aug. 27 | Hoyt and Parker...... : 2,770 s fl: JRORETS: wacsc.otentci 6-00 8,260 Sept.16 ! I. L. Collier.......... . 1,360 1 Measurement made at Reflector Bar 7 miles above, and inflow between estimated at 100 sec.-ft. ? Measurement made at Reflector Bar 7 miles above, and inflow between estimated at 85 sec.-ft. * Estimated by U. S. Geological Survey. Revised estimate based on recent measurements, using the latest maps available for the portion of the drainage area in British Columbia, gives 1,165 square miles. This revised estimate has been used in computations for monthly summaries. Drainage area in Canada 390 sq. miles, in United States 775 sq. miles. 484 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet foe Discharge in second-feet dest Month Per | incheson || Month . Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square } drainage Max, Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1909 1910 Jan.....) 4,500 1,520 2,010 | 1-72 1°98 Jan....] 5,390 1,500 2,310 | 1-98 2-28 Feb..... 1,880 1,360 1,600 | 1-37 1-43 Feb.... 3,010 1,470 1,890 1-62 1:69 Mars. 3,100 1,320 1,750 | 1-50 1+73 Mar....}| 9,840 1,880 5,120 | 4-39 5°05 April.... 3,990 2,340 3,100 | 2-66 2°98 April...| 26,300 3,770 8,720 | 7°48 8°35 May....| 14,600 3,390 7,880 | 6°77 7-80 May...| 27,600 9,200 | 15,800 |13-57 15:66 June....| 27,400 9,100 | 15,100 |12-96 14°46 June...| 20,200 7,020 | 11,200 | 9:62 10-73 July....} 14,500 5,900 8,880 | 7-62 8:77 July...] 13,400 5,880 8,980 | 7°71 8°38 Aug.....} 9,970 2,500 4,160 | 3-57 4:10 Aung.... 6,860 1,840 4,060 | 3: 48 4:01 Sept..... 4,690 1,790 2,390 | 2-48 2:77 Sept.... 3,420 1,450 2,160 | 1°85 2-07 Oct.....] 3,620 1,600 2,170 | 1°86 2°14 Oct....} 16,300 2,910 6,330 | 5-44 6°25 Nov.....] 47,200 1,580 8,620 | 7°40 8-25 Nov... .| 21,300 3,210 7,040 | 6-04 6:74 Dec.....| 19,400 1,760 4,640 | 3-98 4°58 Dec....} 4,150 2,170 2,940 | 2-52 2-90 Year....| 47,200 1,320 5,240 | 4°50 60-99 Year...| 27,600 1,450 6,410 | 5-50 74:61 1911 1912 2,350 1,240 1,690 | 1-45 1:67 3,910 970 1,560 | 1-34 1°54 1,240 870 1,020 |} 0-876 0-91 2,840 1,490 2,270 | 1-95 2:10 4,260 920 1,890 | 1°62 1-387 1,780 920 1,210 | 1-04 1-20 7,500 2,350 3,760 | 3+23 3°60 3,580 2,110 2,390 | 2-48 2-78 17,500 5,380 8,540 | 7-33 8-43 18,900 3,120 9,970 | 8-55 9-85 26,500 9,120 | 15,000 }12-88 14°38 16,200 6,840 | 11,800 |10-12 11-30 11,900 5,780 ,590 | 7°37 8-48 7,720 3,740 6,080 | 5-22 6-00 6,410 2,980 3,970 | 3-41 3-93 5,190 1,890 3,650 | 3-13 3°60 5,000 1,490 2,920 | 2-50 2°79 2,470 1,170 |. 1,680 | 1°44 1°61 1,680 920 1,250 | 1-07 1°23 2,110 920 1,230 | 1-06 1-22 4,810 880 1,900 | 1°63 1°82 6,410 1,030 2,240 | 1-92 2°14 2,230 1,170 1,620 | 1-39 1-60 2,230 1,240 1,530 | 1-31 1°51 Year....| 26,500 870 4,360 | 3-74 50-71 18,900 920 3,840 | 3-29 44°85 1913 1914 Jab..... 1,400 920 1,090 | 0-936 1-08 Jan....| 17,700 1,240 4,020 | 3-45 3°96 Feb..... 4,080 820 1,520 | 1-30 1:35 Feb.... 2,210 1,240 1,430 | 1-23 1:28 Mar.....| 2,000 1,240 1,520 | 1:30 1-50 Mar.... 5,000 1,890 3,080 | 2:64 3°04 April....} 9,360 1,320 4,310 | 3-70 4:12 April...] 8,420 2,430 5,770 | 4:95 5:53 May....| 20,300 3,270 | 10,600 | 9-10 10-48 May}.. .| 16,700 5,810 | 10,300 | 8-85 +58 June....} 28,100 | 11,400 | 17,000 |14-59 16-29 DMDO’ ai leiots arsenGll Caves ea hogemetencll aes rica beseasnar gconeytts July 13,500 5,580 1710 | 8-33 9-60 Days, 5, reas conceal aignacscess nace acedbuecap tush sens weuaeed wi orecclanrodeene Aug. 7950 2,590 4,700 | 4:03 4-63 AUG Se celsaen ettag [eleva as asada ie ieee Se etl ot Sept. 15,000 1,890 3,540 | 3-04 3+39 SG Db sare leatcte ere lL nc Ry Marea ne epee een Gall ican te Sakcee feet alow sha eond Octrs 04 zs 1,320 2,850 | 2°44 2°81 Oct sei eens ietah evans: al Suiahioscainoracll G Geavoreren |Pesetertutanatanes Nov.....| 6,320 1,890 3,060 | 2-63 2-93 NOV ic:cel sevzeiccscorecss | eecewescterel| anscavererecayal eee stovinain eoecraesea ew Dec.....} 3,150 1,240 1,860 | 1-60 1°84 DDO siecoyell sivzscansetaces as eeeetacesayg | ances anscton Lenser ivdsvoeseeess Year... 28,100 820 5,147 | 4°41 60:02 POLIO oily senescosun sl ecsey wes cltlie elnes ace tha deastarsets lhessaamdeaene’ss 1 Fo1 period May 1 to 23, 1914; station discontinued. Norsz —Daily discharges Jan. 1, 1909, to May 9, 1910, determined from a rating curve well defined between 1,350 ead 14,000 second-feet. Discharges subsequent to May 9, 1910, determined from rating curve well defined between 1,000 and 14,000 second-feet. U.S. 10—SKAGIT RIVER—at Reflector Bar, near Marblemount, Wash. Drainage area, 1,300 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location—Just below the mouth of cafion Diablo, three-fourths mile above Stetattle creek and 23 miles above Marblemount. Records available—Dec. 1, 1913, to Dec. 31, 1915. Gauge—Stevens automatic gauge referred to an inclined staff on the right bank. Channel and control—Sand, gravel, and rocks ; probably shifting in high water. Discharge measurements—Made from a cable 60 feet below the gauge. Accuracy—Results good. * As estimated by the U.S. Geological Survey. A revised estimate based on recent measure- ments, using the latest map available for the portion of the drainage area in British Columbia, gives 1,095 square miles. This revised estimate has been used in computations for monthly pees below. Drainage area in Canada about 390 sq. miles, in United States about 705 sq. miles. STREAM FLOW DATA—UNITED STATES DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS 485 Date Hydrographer nena | Discharge Date Hydrographer eae | Discharge Feet Sec.-feet Feet Sec.-feet 1914 . 1915 Jan. 26 | Laville and Rhode 2°79 1,9001 || Feb, 19 | J. T. Hartson 1-84 800 May 8 | Parker and Collier 4°90 6,400 “20 do. 1°83 770 "15 | I. L. Collier... 7-19 14,300 July 20 | C.G. Paulsen 3°55 3,140 Aug. 26 | Parker and Hoy -| 3°23 2,580 Sept. 10 do. 2°32 1,300 Sept.15 | I. L. Colliet............ 2-372 1,300 1 Corrected for angle of current. % Zero flow, 0:6-+0:3. MONTHLY SUMMARIES i i Be Run-off ; is f Run-off Discharge in second-feet aesthan Discharge in second-feet Acoth ia Month : Per | inches on |} Month Per | inches on Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage Max. Min. Mean | square | drainage mile area mile area 1913 Dec errr [eaenaaves Lise ea) (rere Eagan ya Deed nach vanes 1,190 | 1,820 | 1-66 | 1-92 1914 1915 Jan.. 12,800 1,150 3,590 | 3-28 3-77 Jan. 1,110 739 899 | 0°82 0-94 Feb. 1,820 1,080 1,250 | 1-14 1-19 Feb. 815 739 769 | 0-70 0-73 Mar. 4,120 1,670 2,800 | 2°56 2°95 Mar. 2,920 824 1,560 | 1-42 1+64 April... 7,740 2,390 5,350 | 4°88 5:44 April? 10,700 3,020 5,200 | 4°75 5-30 May....| 14,400 5,480 9,180 | 8-38 9-66 May! 1260 3,500 4,520 | 4°12 4°74 June... 13,600 5,760 8,490 | 7-75 8+ 64 June 5,840 2,650 3,920 | 3-58 4-00 July... 9,560 3,320 6,010 | 5:48 6:31 July . 5,060 2,560 3,590 | 3-28 3°78 Aug.).. 3,800 |........ 3,200 | 2-92 3:37 Aug... 4,230 2,650 3,480 | 3-18 3+66 Sept..... 3,200 1,280 1,950 | 1-78 1-99 Sept. 2,740 962 1,500 | 1°37 1°53 Oct. 3,200 1,240 1,910 | 1°75 2-02 Oct.1 6,020 789 1,830 | 1-69 1+95 ~ Nov.... 5,630 2,560 3,840 | 3-52 3-92 Nov. 4,340 1,280 2,040 | 1°86 2-08 Dec.....} 3,500 1,060 1,730 | 1°58 1:82 Dec 3,600 1,170 1,880 | 1-72 1-98 Year....] 14,400 1,060 4,108 | 3-75 51°08 Year 10,700 739 2,599 | 2-37 32-33 1 Partly estimated. Note—Daily discharg +3 determined from rating curve, which is well define] between 1,200 and 15,009 secoud-feet . CHAPTER XVII Diagrams Showing the Distribution of Precipitation, Temperature and Run-off in British Columbia HE following diagrams will readily serve to impart a general, knowledge of the distribution of precipitation, temperature and run-off in British Columbia. A careful study of the diagrams, in conjunction with the topo- graphic descriptions previously given and a good map, will clearly indicate the geographical trend of the meteorological and hydrological phenomena throughout the province. It will be observed that the most extensive records are for the southern and more settled portions of the province.* A knowledge of the trend, as disclosed by the diagrams, will be of assistance in interpreting corresponding but less complete data for other districts. The following brief explanation of the plates will assist to an understanding of some of the chief characteristics of the phenomena under discussion. The diagrams { are arranged to show, primarily, the broad pefangenent differences between characteristic precipitation, temperature of Diagrams AEICTETCS c precip , P and run-off phenomena of the Pacific littoral lying to the west of the summit of the Coast mountains and Cascade mountains, and the corres- ponding phenomena of the territory lying to the east of said ranges and embracing the interior plateau and the easterly mountain systems. The Pacific littoral, or westerly division, has a marine climate, with heavy precipitation and run-off and a moderate range of temperature ; the interior, or easterly division, has a continental climate, with much less precipitation, a greater range of temperature, and different run-off characteristics. In addition to this broad classification, records from selected stations are grouped to show the characteristic phenomena for various districts. Thus, for the precipitation and temperature diagrams, the grouping of stations is as follows : West and south of Coast Mountains East of Coast Mountains Fraser River Delta and Lower Interior, north of the Railway Belt Valley Dry Belt, south Mainland Pacific Coast Arrow and Kootenay Lakes district Vancouver Island, south and east Intermontane Valley, south Vancouver Island,west and north Saledlon at In selecting, from the tabular records, the precipitation and Precipitation and temperature data to be used for the diagrams, attention was ei paid both to the geographic distribution of the stations and to the length and completeness of the records. Where a close comparison of the diagrams reveals some anomalies, reference to the de- tailed records will usually disclose the actual cause of the seeming dis- * Consult map showing precipitation stations. { Diagrams appear on pp. 493-502, following the text of this chapter. DIAGRAMS 487 crepancies. For example: Abnormal precipitation may be recorded for a certain month for one station, while, for another station, the record for the same month may be missing. No attempt has been made to interpolate for missing records. For any month of the year, variations in mean monthly temperature over a period of years are small compared with variations recorded in amounts of monthly precipitation. For this reason, less temperature data and from fewer stations will suffice satisfactorily to show temperature con- ditions. Also, for records of equal length, variations of the recorded means from the true means will be less for temperature records than for precipitation records (see discussion in Chapter XVIII, Meteorological Data, which follows). In addition to other information, the diagrams summarize data from 78 precipi- tation stations, from 24 temperature stations and from 17 stream-flow stations. et Plates A, B and C show the monthly distribution of precip- hoe itation. Beneath the name of each station are given three sets of figures; the centre one is the elevation in feet of the station ; the right hand figure gives the mean annual total precipitation in inches, and the group of figures on the left gives the period of the record, in the same manner as given in the ‘List of Precipitation Stations’. For example, for Princeton, the elevation is 2,111 feet, the mean annual total precipitation is 13-41 inches, and the figures 16-39-5 show that the record is for 16 complete calendar years, and in addition, there are 39 complete months recorded in 5 incomplete years. Some of the outstanding characteristics revealed by the precipitation diagrams are as follows : The extremely small precipitation over the southern Dry Belt, Plate A, column 1, which extends also over the interior north of the Railway Belt, Plate A, column 3, is clearly manifested. The relatively large proportion which falls in the summer months, May to August, will be noticed ; indeed, the average rainfall in July and August recorded at some stations in the Dry Belt actually exceeds the fall for the same months at some stations on the Coast and on Vancouver island. The least monthly precipitation in the Dry Belt and over the Interior generally occurs in March or April. The increase of pre- cipitation with altitude is seen by comparing Hedley with Hedley-Nickel Plate Mine, Plate A, column 1. The similar amounts and monthly distri- butions, of the mean precipitation for stations in the same vicinity at similar elevation, and having records of similar length, is well illustrated by Enderby and Salmon Arm, Plate A, column 1. The marked increase of precipitation on the western slopes of the Columbia mountain system * is apparent from the first three stations of column 2 on Plate A. Increased precipitation moving from west to east across the Interior plateau towards the slopes of the Columbia mountain system, is shown by the diagrams for Chilcotin, Quesnel, Quesnel Forks and Barkerville, Plate A, column 3. The records for Pemberton Hatch- ery, which is situated among the Coast mountains, more closely resemble the records for stations west of the Coast mountains (compare Powell River). * Respecting Columbia mountain system, see chapter IX, General Topography. 488 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Precipitation records for stations in, and near, the Fraser River delta and lower valley, shown on Plate A, column 4, and Plate B, columns 1 and 2, clearly manifest the general similarity of the monthly distribution of the precip- itation throughout the district, with July and August as the dryest months and November the wettest. The increased precipitation in the vicinity of the mountains to the north, is revealed by the records for Coquitlam lake and Buntzen lake. The distribution of precipitation on the Coast is shown on Plate B, columns 3and 4. The differences in total precipitation are understandable by careful consideration of the situations of the various stations in relation to the moun- tain systems. Bellakula lies a long way back from the general coast line, at the head of aninlet. Powell River is situated nearer the Pacific ocean, but ina region of lesser precipitation, extending over the area near St. George channel, lying between the Vancouver Island mountains and the Coast mountains. Swanson Bay, on the other hand, receives the full effect of the moisture-laden southwesterly breezes. On this portion of the coast, these breezes are un- obstructed in their passage until deflected upward—with consequent pre- cipitation—by the mountains near this station. For the stations farther north, it may be observed that the maximum monthly precipitation occurs in October instead of November, the dryer months being also earlier in the year, vz., May, Juneand July. See Nass Harbour, Port Simpson, and Sitka. Sitka has the longest record on the coast, and the uniform fluctuation of the mean monthly precipitation is noteworthy (compare the long-period record for Victoria, Plate C, column 3), For precipitation conditions on Vancouver island, see Plate C. The most noticeable characteristics are, first, the heavier precipitation on the west coast and north, and, second, the low precipitation recorded in the summer months, especially July and August. The latter fact will explain the low run-off at the end of the summer on streams on the island not fed by glaciers (see below). On Plate D the variations in annual total precipitation are shown for a few long-term records at British Columbia stations. It may just be mentioned that the noticeable cycle of wet and dry years shown for Victoria is corroborated by U.S. Weather Bureau records for stations in the vicinity of the strait of Juan de Fuca and Puget sound. a Plate E shows the fluctuation of the mean monthly tempera- emperature i Diagrams tures throughout the year at selected stations. The four groups to the left are west, and those to the right are east of the Coast mountains. The difference between these two sets is most marked. With the single exception of Bellakula—which is situated far from the general coast line, at the head of a long inlet—no station on the Pacific littoral has, for any month of the year, an average mean monthly temperature which falls below 32 degrees Fahr. The different form of the curve for Bellakula, indicating a higher summer temperature and a lower winter temperature, at the heads of the inlets, is also noticeable in the case of Alberni, V.I. As confirmatory of the lower winter temperature in such DIAGRAMS 489 situations, it may be mentioned that Gardner canal sometimes freezes over for a distance of 25 miles from its head.* The diagrams to the right show temperature conditions in the Interior. In some instances, the variations due to difference of latitude and elevation of the stations are discernible, although frequently an explanation of the dif- fererces, which are more marked than in the case of the coastal stations, must be sought elsewhere, as for example in the situations of the stations with respect to mountain ranges.f Sdiection vf The run-off diagrams show, primarily, the broad differences Stream-flow Data between conditions to the east and to the west of the Coast for Diagrams : : a mountains and the Cascade mountains. It is only in recent years that stream flow data have been systematically gathered in the west. The majority of the longest records cover periods of less than 10 years. Some of the diagrams have necessarily been based upon run-off records of four years or even less. In most instances, there was little choice in the selection of records. For the shorter records, all data available have been utilized, but, for the longer term records, an even period of years has sometimes been selected. The unit of comparison for run-off is that commonly employed, v72., cubic feet per second per square mile. ——— Plates F, G, H and the upper half of Plate I illustrate the Diagrams monthly distribution of run-off. At the head of each diagram are given, the name of the stream and the approximate situ- ation of the gauging station, the period for the records used in preparing the diagram, and the drainage area in square miles. ft For each month of the year there are three quantities repre- Legend 2 ; a sented—expressed in second-feet per sq. mile—the highest *See ‘Report on Winter Examination of Inlets, British Columbia,’ in Report on Surveys and Preliminary Operations on the Canadian Pacific Railwiy up to January, 1877, by Sandford Fleming, Appendix J, pp. 177, et seg., Ottawa, 1877. { It was not considered advisable to draw on each diagram of Plate E records for more than three stations. Among the longer records available in the respective districts, however, it may be mentioned that in diagram I, in the first column, the curve for Masset, Queen Charlotte islands, if drawn, would follow closely the curve for Rivers Inlet, but would be about 2 degrees lower through- out. In diagram II, the curve for Quatsino would lie between the curves for Clayoquot and Holberg. In diagram III,.a curve for Cowichan would follow very closely the curve for Nanaimo. In diagram IV, a curve for Agassiz would follow the curve for Vancouver, except for November to January, when it would be somewhat lower. In the second column, the variations between curves for stations are somewhat greater, but it may be stated that, if drawn in diagram I, the curve for Chilcotin-Big Creek would follow the form of that for Quesnel, but would be, through- out, a few degrees lower. Similarly, the curve for Fort St. James would also lie between those for Quesnel and Atlin, averaging about 2 degrees warmer than Atlin in the summer months and being several degrees less cold in the winter season. In diagram II,a curve for Princeton would closely follow the curve for Nicola Lake, except in January and February, when the mean tem- erature is lower; also, a curve for Vernon would be very close, throughout, to the curve for Teele Olea sees Mission. A curve for Hedley-Nickel Plate Mine, elevation 4,500 feet, would be lower throughout than the curves on this diagram, especially noticeable in May and June, possibly due to the later melting of the snow at higher elevations. In diagram III, a curve for Rossland would closely follow the curve for Revelstoke. } With respect to the drainage areas, it is recognized (see discussion on pages 210 and 310) that the estimates given in some cases, especially for the smaller watersheds, may be somewhat in error. It is believed, however, that in the stations utilized for the diagrams, the errors in estimates of drainage areas are not large enough to affect deductions based upon comparisons of diagrams. In any event, errors do not affect comparisons made within the compass of anv one diagram. 490 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION mean monthly discharge recorded during the period of record, the mean of the monthly discharges recorded during the period of record, and the lowest mean monthly discharge recorded during the period of record (see legend on Plates F, G, and H). A scale of the actual discharge in second-feet is given for each diagram. In order to permit of direct comparison, the same scale has been main- tained for the various run-off diagrams. In making comparisons, however, it should be borne in mind that, without exception, the drainage areas for stations diagrammed east of the Coast mountains and the Cascades are larger than fcr those to the west ; moreover, for the more extensive watersheds, the culture is more widely diversified, varying from the glaciers and snowfields of the mountain ranges to the arid region of the dry belt. The dry belt, for certain periods of the year, is practically a non-contributing run-off area. The water- sheds of the coastal streams have not so marked a diversity of culture. For the smaller watersheds forming part of the larger interior drainage basins, we should expect to find greater ranges between high-water and low-water stages than are shown on Plate F. We should, however, still find the same general distribution of annual run-off throughout the different months of the year. Winter months would have a low run-off rate, because the precipitation is then largely stored in the snowfields and glaciers. The melting of these, in the spring and early summer, causes the characteristic spring freshet. The average date of peak flood depends largely upon the nature of the topography, chiefly upon the elevations within the watershed and the mean latitude of the drainage area. Generally speaking, the greater the proportion of area at high elevation and the further north the latitude, the later in the season will be the melting of the snowfields, and, consequently, the occurrence of the peak flood. It will be clear, therefore, that, for any drainage basin in British Columbia east of the Coast mountains, a run-off diagram will exhibit the same general characteristics as those shown on Plate F. For run-off characteristics of streams in the coastal belt, including Van- couver island, see Plates G, H and I. The chief features are, first, the great increase in the average yearly run-off per square mile, and second, the more even distribution of run-off throughout the year. Where the drainage basin includes large areas of high mountains, some of the winter precipitation is stored as snow, which, later, contributes to the spring freshet. There is, usually, another high-water period, corresponding to the time of autumn rains. As arule, the greatest floods of the year occur in October or November, when a spell of warmer weather, combined with heavy rain, causes excessive melting of the early snow on the higher levels. Respecting individual diagrams: On Plate F are shown two diagrams for the Columbia river at The Dalles.* One is based on the full record of 38 years and the other is for a period of 5 years ending 1915. This latter period corresponds more nearly to the period on which many of the other diagrams are based. It will be observed that the mean monthly run-off for corresponding months is very similar, but, that the highest monthly means show marked * For comments respecting this station, see record in U. S. Stream-flow Data, Chapter XVI. DIAGRAMS 491 increases, such as one would naturally expect to be manifested by long-term records. On the lower half of Plate I is shown the annual run-off depth in inches on drainage area for the Columbia river at The Dalles; in the first diagram the’ ‘water year’ ending Sept. 30 is used and in the second the calendar year. The similarity in the diagrams is marked. Below these is one for the yearly var- iationin run-off. It shows the maximum daily, highest monthly, yearly mean, lowest monthly and minimum daily discharges, each expressed in second-feet per square mile. In the diagram for the Columbia river at Castlegar (Plate F), the water- shed of which includes a large proportion of the western flanks of the more massive and higher portion of the Selkirk mountains, the shifting of the average peak of the run-off curve to a period later in the year than for the Columbia at The Dalles, or the Pend-d’Oreille at Metaline Falls, may be discerned, thus showing the influence of elevation on run-off. The influence of latitude is manifested in the diagram for the Fraser river at Hope. Here, a similar shifting of the peak is manifested, due to the more northerly position of the Fraser drainage basin as compared with that of the Columbia at The Dalles or the Pend-d’Oreille at Metaline Falls. In the diagrams on Plate G, those for the Coquihalla, Chilliwack and Skagit rivers may be said to represent the transition stage from the stream-flow characteristics of the interior to those of the coastal type of stream. The mean monthly discharges are still highest in the early summer months, due to the augmentation of the flow by the melting snows at the higher elevations, but the mean annual discharge per square mile is much greater, also the influence of the heavy autumn and winter precipitation is seen in higher run-off for corresponding months. The diagram for Stave river typically illustrates the conditions obtaining on glacial-fed coastal streams. If comparison be made between this diagram and the precipitation diagrams on Plate B, columns 1 and 2, it is apparent that much of the precipitation during January, February and March is stored as snow at the high elevations, and that, with the coming of the warmer months, this stored precipitation is released, thus augmenting the flow until late in the summer. The low water occurs in August. Further north, on the coast, it is probable that the run-off is yet more evenly distributed throughout the year, because, due to the more northerly latitude, the summer flood would ‘peak’ later in the year, while at the same time the autumn rains start earlier (see Plate B, column 3). Diagrams on Plates H and I illustrate the discharge characteristics of streams on Vancouver island. For these, particularly, it has been necessary to utilize some short records. Those for Stamp, Cowichan and Little Qualicum rivers are each for a period of 3 years and 10 months ; for January and February but 3-year records are available; moreover, a reference to the stream-flow tables will show that, on each of the three streams, the mean discharge for February happened to be practically the same for 2 of the 3 years. Obviously, longer term records are here necessary. Notwithstanding the short records 492 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION employed, however, it is possible to perceive .certain characteristics, and to note the influence of some modifying factors. The effect, for example, of the autumn and winter rains on run-off is seen on all the diagrams, and, with the exception of Campbell river, it appears that a much smaller proportion of the winter precipitation is stored than in the case of the streams shown on Plate G for the mainland coast. Campbell river drains the most mountain- ous part of Vancouver island, and is fed by several glacial streams. Its flow, therefore, is maintained until well on in the summer, the peak usually occurring in June. The three comparatively large lakes on this stream, in their natural state, exercise but little influence on the mean monthly flow; they do, however, have a marked effect on the extreme daily maximum and minimum flows. Special emphasis has been given previously in this report to the fact that it is necessary to possess more complete and extensive hydrometric data. This is especially so in British Columbia, owing to the diversified nature of its topography. Where information respecting meteorological and hydrometric data is specifically gathered, it becomes practicable to make intensive studies which will prove an insurance against some of the failures too frequently made in connection with the design of power developments. As an example of information of a comprehensive char- acter being gathered in connection with specific projects, one may consider the data for Lake Buntzen development, for Stave Falls development, and for that proposed by the Couteau Power Co. at Shuswap falls. Some of the data for the latter project are shown on Plate J. Conclusion WATER-POWERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA PLATE A “MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS EAST OF THE COAST MOUNTAINS ORY BELT OKANAGAN KETTLE SIMILKAMEEN AND THOMPSON RIVER VALLEYS, ETC. PRINCETON PARA 13,41 HEOLEY 10-19-2 V270 INCHES PRECIPITATION L ARROW INTERIOR AND NORTH OF RAILWAY BELT KOOTENAY LAKES INTER-MONTANE DISTRICT VALLEY GLACIER (LAST THREE) ATLIN BARKERVILLE FERGUSON CHILCOTIN—BIG CREEK 2 12-49-9 CLINTON NEEDLES 1 LILLOOET 840 ROSSLAND 400 PEMBERTON HATCHERY 7-9-1 700 31.30 GRAND: FORKS 16.; MIOWAY 1,914 GOLDEN CRANBROOK CRESTON Salo FRUITLANDS 1N CHES N 1 PRECtSt*PItTATION TOTAL STATIONS WEST OF THE COAST MOUNTAINS FRASER RIVER DELTA HAZELMERE STEVESTONS GARRY POINT Cg ZOetE = Stses JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT Nov DEC WATER-POWERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA PLATE B MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION METEOROLOCICAL STATIONS WEST OF THE COAST MOUNTAINS FRASER RIVER LOWER VALLEY COAST DISTRICT COQUITLAM LAKE DAM a ® w AGASSIZ ww = = ° ° 2z 2 = ~ NASS HARBOUR 20 2 z ~ CHILLIWACK mee 21 = = ° ° COQUITLAM Ace aa = 1-t 34 . bk kK < < PORT SIMPSON & NORTH NICOMEN & 22-9-1 59 7 os ~ Qa a ~ ~ ° ° wu wy BUNTZEN LAKE « & 400 109.79 a a PRINCE RUPERT ; = RUSKIN 125 = s < kB kK 9 ° h kK POWELL RIVER NSL. 37. . wW> . c ~ wr . w : zoFrrz50rKrso zotecxrz70arso ae>S5oFRS > wr : a oog Sac ' zo azu 9 zoRcrz79GarZzo9 SHESSE32 24328 SHSSE332H328 SHSSES2 2482S SHSSE23 24888 [494] WATER-POWERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA PLATE G MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION METEOROLOCIGAL STATIONS WEST OF THE COAST MOUNTAINS VANCOUVER ISLAND VANCOUVER ISLAND 19-20-2 WEST COAST EAST COAST AND NORTH AND SOUTH HOLBERG AND CAPE SCOTT COWICHAN 1530-4 N.S.L. 170 39.95 a a w QUAMICHAN w 36.78 = = 9° ° z 2 -~ tee DENMAN ISLAND 7-23-3 40 = = ‘ -_ z z ° ° GOLDSTREAM LAKE ~ 1 ~ & KR HORNBY ISLAND x < & bK ~ ~ a a Saad - °o ° CLAYOQUOT 40 148.24 Ww ww FRENCH CREEK & «& JORDAN a a “I ~ x z Bw Bs NANAIMO ° 9 VICTORIA kK & . e 5 w> 5 >> Ore zZagczre59br se z2utcxS5GbeEsSG Zafer e57garssg ZgSez22Z759R rag 835533989" ZREEGSS2RSSE sFshSSs2eSsk TEIESSS2RR2H [495] INCHES uN PRECIPITATION WATER-POWERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ANNUAL PRECIPITATION METEOROLOCICAL STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA ANNUAL TOTAL PRECIPITATION AT BARKERVILLE — ELEVATION 4,180 FEET ANNUAL TOTAL PRECIPITATION AT KAMLOOPS — ELEVATION 1,245 FEET ANNUAL TOTAL PRECIPITATION AT NICOLA LAKE—ELEVATION 2,120 FEET ANNUAL TOTAL PRECIPITATION AT NEW WESTMINSTER — ELEVATION 330 FEET ANNUAL TOTAL PRECIPITATION AT VICTORIA — ELEVATION NEAR SEA LEVEL Piate D (NM CHES Nn ‘ PRECUPItTATIOON WATER-POWERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA PLATE E MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE (MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE) METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS WEST OF THE COAST MOUNTAINS . EAST OF THE COAST MOUNTAINS MAINLAND PACIFIC COAST BELLAKULA.......... Elev, 180 f06t usm eee eee eee RIVERS INLET. vee ves Elev, 20 foot PORT SIMPSON... Elev. 26 feet -..- RIOR NORTH OF THE RAILWAY BELT - Elev. 1,700 feat. . Elev. 4,180 feet .. Elev. 2,240 feat QUESNEL. BARKERVILLE.. ATLIN.... ... & ~ Sa = 0 VANCOUVER ISLAND-WEST AND NORTH z DRY BELT—SOUTH ALBERNI 2 wk. a | w KAMLOOPS Elev. 1,245 feet CLAYOQUOT Elev. 40 feet KELOWNA _. __Elev. 1,200 feet HOLBERG AND CAPE SCOTT Elev NS.L. s2cece sone -- eee & NICOLA LAKE... Elev. =z < uy a ta A & 6 VANCOUVER D—-SOUTH AND w ARROW AND KOOTENAY LAKES DISTRICT NANAIMO... Elev. NELSON. . sesso eens « + Elev, 1,760 feet FRENCH CREEK .. .. Elev. Q REVELSTOKE . .. . Elev. 1,476 feet z Elev.’ GLACIER Elev. feet z = la & > kw < FRASER RIVER DELTA & INTER-MONTANE VALLEY NORTH NICOMEN Elev. 59 feet —. ww FRUITLANDS... VANCOUVER, Etev. 136 feet CRANBROOK STEVESTON Elev. a GOLDEN., a kb ' t 0 0 0 IAN FEB.MAR. APA. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP, OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN FEB.MAR.APR.MAY JUN, JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV, DEC. , [497] WATER-POWERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA PLATE F MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF RUN-OFF GAUGING STATIONS ON STREAMS WITH DRAINAGE BASINS LYING TO THE EAST OF THE COAST (AND CASCADE) MOUNTAINS COLUMBIA RIVER AT CASTLEGAR LEGEND JAN 1913 TO DEC 1995 15,000 SQUARE MILES fe HIGHEST MEAN MONTHLY DISCHARGE FOR PERIOD ————) 100,000 MEAN MONTHLY DISCHARGE FOR PERIOD ms 50,000 LOWEST MEAN MONTHLY a DISCHARGE FOR PERIOD wz ; ~ ~ SER | OCT. = KOOTENAY RIVER AT LIBBY, MONT. w NICOLA RIVER AT MERRITT APRIL 1911 TO DEC 1915 11.000 SQUARE MILES & JULY 1911 TO SEPT 1915 1,500 SQUARE MILES | SECOND- < FEET > o a 3.000 ! = 1,000 wy / a bw KOOTENAY RIVER AT BONNINGTON FALLS THOMPSON RIVER AT SPENCE BRIDGE JAN 1908 TO DEC. 1915 17,800 SQUARE MILES a JAN 1912 TO DEC. 1916 21,000 SQUARE MILES 100,000 ‘ “i 100.000 Q = 50,000 ° 10,000 2 10.000 Ww ’ a PEND D'OREILLE AT METALINE FALLS, WASH. 2 FRASER RIVER AT HOPE JAN 1913 TO DEC 1915 25,600 SQUARE MILES = mar. 1912 TO DEC 1916 85,600 SQUARE MILES | uy 300.000 y ° 200.000 ' 100,000 10,000 2 > & COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES JUNE 1878 TO DEC 1915 237,000 SQUARE MILES JAN 1911 TO DEC. 1915 237,000 SQUARE MILES 1,000,000 500.000 100,000 100,000 [498] WATER-POWERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA PLATE G MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF RUN-OFF GAUGING STATIONS ON STREAMS WITH DRAINAGE BASINS LYING TO THE WEST OF THE COAST OR CASCADE MOUNTAINS LEGEND COQUIHALLA RIVER NEAR MOUTH JAN. 1912 TO DEC 1916 360 SQUARE MILES | SECOND- FEET, HIGHEST MEAN MONTHLY DISCHARGE FOR PERIOD ———— 9 3 3.000 ¥ MEAN MONTHLY 6 At DISCHARGE FOR PERIOD cummmmremmmns w 5 = 4 a. 1.000 LOWEST MEAN MONTHLY = 2 DISCHARGE 'FOR PERIOD wan 1 woo & < > CHILLIWACK RIVER ABOVE SUMAS LAKE ° JAN, 1912 TO DEC 1915 450 SQUARE MILES STAVE RIVER AT STAVE FALLS ® ! 1901 AND 1905 TO 1911 450 SQUARE MILES 1 we 6,000 wit Qo 5.000 ko 4,000 a 8 7 uw, 3 000 ‘38 Q i 2.000 z=; ° , 1,000 ° | wo oO SEP.| OCT 2 ze SKAGIT RIVER NEAR MARBLEMOUNT, WASH. JAN. 1909 TO DEC 1913 1,090 SQUARE MILES “ 15.000 uy ° 10 000 RUWN - 5.000 1,000 pry aee WATER-POWERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF RUN-OFF GAUGING STATIONS ON STREAMS ON VANCOUVER ISLAND, BEING WEST OF THE COAST MOUNTAINS STAMP RIVER AT LAKE OUTLET MAR. 1913 TO DEC. 1916 177 SQUARE MILES FEBT 3,500 2.500 1,500 500 COWICHAN RIVER NEAR LAKE OUTLET MAR. 1913 TO DEC 1916 235 SQUARE MILES 4,000 3.500 sunrise os 3,000 2.500 2900 SSP 38? fe ee TS IS 1one hoon sate tag o- NN e WAN ITER JUL.) AUG] SEP. SQUARE MILE PER SECOND-FEET OFF RUN - [500] LEGEND PLATE Ht i ; HIGHEST MEAN MONTHLY DISCHARGE FOR PERIOD c—— MEAN MONTHLY DISCHARGE FOR PERIOD a= LOWEST MEAN MONTHLY DISCHARGE FOR PERIOD JORDAN RIVER NEAR MOUTH JAN. 1908 TO DEC. 1911 60 SQUARE MILES | SECOND+ FEET 2.000 1,500 1.000 500 100 WATER-POWERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA PLATE | MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF RUN-OFF GAUGING STATIONS ON STREAMS ON VANCOUVER ISLAND, BEING WEST OF THE COAST MOUNTAINS CAMPBELL RIVER AT LAKE OUTLET Jan. ISTE TO DEC 1916 600 SQUARE MILES LITTLE QUALICUM RIVER AT LAKE OUTLET MAR 1913 TO DEC 1916 60 SQUARE MILES | seconn FEET SECOND PET 600 700 2,000 1,000 SECOND-FEET PER SQUARE MILE Y } utd | JUL SEP | OCT-| NOV! DEC Y JUN [JUL | AUG] SEP | OCT COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES — DRAINACE AREA 237,000 SQ. MILES ANNUAL RUN-OFF DEPTH IN INCHES ON DRAINAGE AREA—WATER-YEARS TO SEPT.30 i | 10 5 ; 5 | | 0 ! 0 ANNUAL RUN-OFF DEPTH IN INCHES ON DRAINAGE AREA— CALENDAR YEARS 20 20 15 f 5 10 g | T 10 | | alk Q es an ee = so ot nl Ss a ae een] e VEAR § 2/2222 2|2 222 3/2222 2/22 2 2 3/3 33 3 3 ii ™ Jixo1 = n nm oO S =z = ~n 1897 inal mn 4 ~ nm = on” QUARE MILE =< rn > =m ~ =< =~ s = |isse oa a SECOND FEET 1,000,000 5 M. 1 Oanyt |! x \ 1 may iy ; \ 1 1 1 n t Ht T fs i jf iy mide \ i ‘ 3 V tA | ‘ ' 4Hicnear v wy \ o] tat [4 Lt la Plow res — vA \ I w] peat od ' 4K if . ie 500,000 4 LNW . N: f a Vv i . | | | i <= y i | lags | i | aa itouo IF a |W 100 900 set kas : i I ss =lz}-|elslzl2lelelelaleiclelelzlelelslalelziclelelelel=l—-l-1-|- SlZ(2/2(SIZ(Z/FISIS(S (SIS Sl F1F/F/E] S/S/S/3/S/ S/S Sz a ZiZ\2/ 2/2/22 (2%) ZS\Z/Z(S/BlSpzjzZlZlF/ S/F S/F |F | S| F 1 FF Fy lele PLATE J PROPOSED COUTEAU FALLS POWER DEVELOPMENT — —— HYDROGRAPHIC CHARTS — om o -— 1912 - 600sec 500+ wo - 300 200 ~ 100 9000 sec te. 7000 3000 (000 50°F a2'F “oinch O Sinch O0inch Courtesy Mr. A. R. Mackenzie [502] CHAPTER XVIII Meteorological Data ROBLEMS of hydrology, especially those relating to the conservation of water resources for municipal and domestic water supply, irrigation, power and other purposes, demand that estimates, as nearly accurate as possible, be obtainable of the water run-off available from any watershed that may be under consideration. Such supply originates in precipitation. As a basis for estimating this run-off, meteorological data, such as records of precipitation, temperature, etc., are second in importance only to actual meas- urements of stream flow. Precipitation may take the form of rain, snow, hail, dew or, in theory, fog. The amount of any form of precipitation is usually stated in terms of its equiv- alent depth of rainfall expressed in inches. In selecting a precipitation station special regard must be paid to the manner in which the snow falls in the pro- posed vicinity. Dry snow may be driven by the wind from the place where it first fell, thereby increasing the apparent precipitation in another locality. Thus, in hilly or mountainous regions, wind-swept slopes and ridges are often robbed of their legitimate quota of the annual snowfall, whereas sheltered slopes, gorges, valleys and cafions derive additions to their supply as received from direct precipitation. From the viewpoint of aerophysics, neither the depleted snowfall on the exposed ridges, nor the excessive fall reposing in the sheltered places, may represent the true precipitation for a particular region. On the other hand, such unequal distribution of snow may be the normal, yearly, recurrent phenomena for a given locality ; hence, from the climatological view- point, the snow on the ground, whether derived from direct fall or affected by drift, may be considered as the precipitation of the locality. The securing of true records of snowfall is less interfered with on extensive plains or in broad open valleys. In view of the foregoing it is clear that precipitation data—which includes snowfall—cannot be satisfactorily studied without taking into account the extent to which snowfall precipitation records may be affected by the exposure and environment of the respective stations where records are secured. In most instances meteorological stations are situated in or near cities, towns or villages. Such communities, in a mountainous country like British Columbia, are usually situated in the valleys and along sheltered slopes ; hence, in general, observations made in these places will tend to show more snowfall than the true amount for the locality. In the case of many stations, however, such readings, even though excessive, may be more than counterbalanced by the greater precipitation falling at higher altitudes. In practice, snowfall is measured as actually found at a station, irrespective of its source. The causes of precipitation are varied and complex. In many cases they are directly connected with great cyclonic disturbances, while in other in- 504 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION stances they result from more local circumstances and are largely influenced by the immediate topographic features. Mountains are one of the chief causes of unequal distribution. It is not uncommon to find precipitation occurring on one side of a valley, while the opposite slopes are receiving none, and, even in a territory with no very marked topographic features, local variations are frequently experienced. Such variations in records taken over long periods will probably be found largely to counterbalance each other. . In order to lessen the effects which local variations may have oe Records Upon the uses to which the data are applied, it is desirable to have alarge number of properly distributed stations. The number for any district depends largely upon geographical and topograph- ical features. On the Great plains, where there are no marked differences of elevation, a relatively small number of widely separated stations may suffice, but in a mountainous country, like British Columbia, many stations, often in close proximity, are required. As a general rule, for any district where a complete set of meteorological observations from one station would give a true representation of meteorological phenomena apart from precipitation, measurements to furnish a record of equal value for the precipitation would be required at many more stations, say, thirty or more. Respecting the length of time required to secure a true mean precipitation record, Sir Alexander R. Binney, in his discussion on ‘The Variation of Rain- fall’,* has stated that the mean derived from 35 years of good records will probably differ by 1-79 per cent from the true mean for a long period of years ; the 20-year mean will probably vary 3-27 per cent from the true mean; the 15-year mean, 4-77 per cent; the 10-year mean, 8-22 per cent; and the 5-year mean will probably differ by 14-93 per cent from the true mean. These results are based-on data from 26 stations distributed over a large portion of the earth, with records of an average length of 53 years. Mr. Alfred I. Henry, in his ‘Rainfall of the United States’,f writes that the average variation of a 25-year mean is about 5 per cent, and of a 40-year mean about 3 per cent, from the true mean. In the investigation recently conducted by the International Joint Com- mission, the precipitation records for the Lake of the Woods watershed were subjected to careful analysis. In the report to the Commission by the con- sulting engineers, attention is drawn to the long-term records at Duluth, Minn., Winnipeg, Man., and Pembina, N.D., and it is stated that : “The mean precipitation at Duluth, from 1871 to 1913, is 29.42 inches, while the mean from 1885 to 1913 is 27-21 inches, a variation of the 29-year mean from the 43-year mean of 2.21 inches, or 7-5 per cent. The mean precipitation at Winnipeg, from 1873 to 1913, is 21-41 inches, while the mean from 1885 to 1913 is 20-17 inches, a variation of the 29-year mean from the 41-year mean of 1-24 inches, or 5-9 per cent. The mean precipitation at Pembina, from 1872 to 1913, is 19-36 inches, while the mean from 1885 to * Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers, Vol. 109, p. 131. t Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C., 1896-7, p. 317. METEOROLOGICAL DATA—~-INTRODUCTION 505 1913 is 18-87 inches, a variation of the 29-year mean from the 40-year mean of 0-49 inches or 2-5 per cent.’ * East of the Coast mountains in British Columbia, the prevailing tempera- ture in the winter months is such that nearly all the precipitation falls as snow, and, in the province generally, there are extensive areas at high altitudes where most of the precipitation, at any time of the year, is snowfall. Much of this melts during the spring, but, of that which falls at the higher altitudes, some remains till late in the summer. At still higher altitudes heavy winter snow- fall frequently furnishes a residue which may be carried over for one or more seasons, while on the summits of the highest ridges glaciers and perpetual snowfields constitute huge reservoirs, the melting of which materially aug- ments the run-off during the summer months. The amount of run-off derivable from snow storage is of special importance in British Columbia. It augments the water available for irrigation, power and other purposes ; and it is highly desirable that the fullest possible data respecting rainfall, snowfall, snow storage, temperature, evaporation, etc., be collected. The following are a few of the principal factors involved in the collection and interpretation of meteorological data : Tne measurement of rainfall is not a difficult matter. The usual form of rain-gauge is, when properly installed in a favour- able situation, quite satisfactory. The gauge supplied by the Canadian Meteorological Service is illustrated on Plate 35. The rain enters the small receiver D, through the small tube projecting from the funnel of upper part E. Usually once a day, in the morn- ing, part E is removed, and the contents of D, if any, are transferred to the measuring glass F. As the mouth has an area of 10 square inches, the volume in cubic inches of water collected, divided by ten, equals the rainfall in inches. An advantage of using this gauge is that, should the measuring glass be lost or broken, any means of determining the volume in cubic inches will measure the rainfall. The large receiver C collects any overflow from D, which holds about 13-5 cubic inches, equivalent to 1-35 inches of rainfall. It also divides the rain- Rainfall Records * Report to International Joint Commission Relating to Official Reference re Lake of the Woods Levels, 1915, by Arthur V. White and Adolph F. Meyer, p. 61; see Ibid, pp. 58-82. t Respecting evaporation and cognate data, see United States Weather Bureau, Instrument Division, publications, Washington, D.C.: Instructions for the Installation and Operation of Class A Evaporation Stations, by B. C. Kadel, Circular L, 1915, illus. ; also Instructions for Oper- ating the Hydrograph and Tabulating Records Therefrom, by C. F. Marvin, Appendix to Circular A, 1911; also Instructions for the Installation and Maintenance of Wind Measuring and Recording Apparatus, Circular D, 1914, illus.; Barometers and the Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure, by C. F. Marvin, Circular F, 1912, illus.; Instructions for the Care and Management of Electrical Sunshine Recorders, Circular G, 1914, illus.; see also ‘The Winds of the United States and Their Economic Uses,’ by P. C. Day, in Year Book of Department of Agriculture, 1911, pp. 337-350. Consult further, ‘Description of Evaporation Station maintained by Dominion Water Power Branch on Lake of the Woods at Kenora, Ontario,’ Water Resources Paper No.3, pp. 57 et seq.; also'Computing Run-off from Rainfalland other Physical Data,’ by A. F. Meyer, in Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, March, 1915 ; also ‘Evaporation Records,’ published in Report of Consulting Engineers, International Joint Commission, Lake of the Woods Investigation, 1915. 506 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION gauge into a series of air chambers which minimize loss from evaporation. The large receiver C holds the equivalent of 5 inches of rainfall. The United States Weather Bureau standard gauge is 8 inches in diameter, and has an inner copper receptacle twenty inches high with a cross section one-tenth that of the mouth of the rain-gauge. The depth of water in the inner receptacle is ten times the rainfall, and is measured with a stick graduated to read the actual rainfall to hundredths of an inch. Next to the selection of the observing station is the problem of so exposing the gauge that it will collect a truly representative sample of the rainfall. Where possible, the selected position should be in some open space, unob- structed by large trees or buildings. Low bushes, fences or walls in the vicinity of the gauge are beneficial, but must be situated from the gauge a distance of not less than their height. Wind is the chief cause of inaccuracy in records. Its effects must be guarded against by providing some form of wind shield. It has been demon- strated that the quantity of rainfall in unprotected gauges is always deficient, and large variations may occur where gauges are exposed to marked wind action. The United States Weather Bureau bulletin on the Measurement of Precipitation states that : “Within a few yards of each other two gauges may show a difference of 20 per cent in the rainfall in a heavy rain storm. The stronger the wind, the greater the difference is apt to be. In a high location, eddies of wind pro- duced by walls of buildings divert rain that would otherwise fall in the gauge. A gauge near the edge of the roof, on the windward side of a building, shows less rainfall than one in the centre of the roof. The vertical ascending current along the side of the wall extends slightly above the level of the roof, and part of the rain is carried away from the gauge. In the centre of a large, flat roof, at least 60 feet square, the rainfall collected by a gauge does not differ mater- ially from that collected at the level of the ground. A gauge ona plane witha tight board fence 3 feet high around it at a distance of 3 feet will collect 6 per cent more rain than if there werenofence. These differences are due entirely to wind currents.” One of the most satisfactory forms of wind-shield is that used by Nipher, who, in 1878, demonstrated that an ordinary rain-gauge would collect almost or quite the true catch of rainfall if surrounded by a trumpet-shaped sheet of metal, terminated in an annular rim of copper wire-gauze, 20 gauge, mesh 8 wires to the inch, to prevent in-splashing. This device so far minimized the wind effect that one of these gauges, 118 feet above the ground, collected the same amount of rainfall as a shielded gauge on the ground. Satisfactory results have been obtained by the use of some form of wind- break around the top of the gauge. This should be placed about 8 to 12 inches away from the gauge and its top edge should be a few inches higher than the rim of the gauge, say, at an angular elevation of 20 to 30 degrees above it. iis ae ie It is less easy to measure snowfall than rainfall. The chief reason is the difficulty, due to wind effects,-experienced in collecting a representative sample of a fall of snow. In Canada and the United States, therefore, it is the usual practice to require observers to measure the snow upon the ground. “[PeJ-ule4 JO YOU! UB JO Y}UG}-BU0 0} Bu!puodsess09 You! 91GNd YyoEe ‘seyoU! dIGnd UI Pee 0} peyENpeJb ‘sse|B Buunseeyy—' 4 "JOA19004 |[BWUS BY} JO YNOW OL} O}U! ‘pe|quiesse si sn}esedde ey} UM ‘spuE}xA BUN} EL} LUO) S}O9{01d YO: YM eqN} |]eUIS OU} ‘pUur?s 49}NO OY} JOAO S}y YOIYM (Ssesq) Ofneh yo pred 4eddq —Q ~(4eddoo) santaoes jjewS—q *(saddoo) 49A1e001 eb4e]—'D “puej}s 1a3NO—g ‘seyou! aienbs QO) yynow jo Base ‘SAYoU! OQ} JYHIay ‘soyoul G eseq jousjoweIq ‘ebnedy-uley pejquessy—y SSIAYAS WWOIDOTOYOSLAW NVIGVNVO S3HL 4O SDNVD NIV GHVGNVLS NOILVAYISNOI 40 NOISSINHOT Bocce GE eye Iq METEOROLOGICAL DATA~INTRODUCTION 507 Careful measurement by experienced observers of the depth in favourable situations is probably the most satisfactory method of determining the snow- fall, and the results of such measurements constitute the criterion for com- paring the accuracy of special snow collecting apparatus. Unfortunately, suitable places are not always found close to the observing station, yet, even on windy days, beds of snow of uniform depth may be found in sheltered spots, for example, in small clearings in woods. The depth recorded should pre- ferably be the mean of measurements taken at several selected spots where experienced judgment indicates that a normal and representative depth is to be found. A simple device sometimes employed to facilitate the measurement of newly-fallen snow is the ‘snow-mat.’* This mat, made of white duck, serves as a base for the first fall or, when placed on the surface of snow already fallen, serves as a dividing plane for the next fall. There are many cases when ground measurements fail to represent accur- ately the fall of snow ; for example, when snow and rain are mixed or alternate, when melting takes place, or when the fall is very light. It is desirable, there- fore, to employ some form of collector which can be relied upon to secure re- presentative samples even under unfavourable and widely variant conditions. Various devices have been employed to reduce the great disturbances due to wind, but without full success. M. Billwiller’s observations, as reported in Meteorological Zeitschrift, May, 1910, are of interest. On account of high winds on the Gotthard in the Alps, satisfactory rainfall and snowfall measure- ments had not been secured. He employed a shielded gauge, resembling some- what the Nipher design. In light winds, the catch of snow was fifty per cent greater than that caught in the ordinary gauge and, with high winds, about 100 per cent greater. That is, the shielded gauge collected twice as much snow as an ordinary unshielded gauge. No single design of collector is uniformly applicable for all conditions. The U.S. Weather Bureau has conducted experiments to determine the best form of snow-gauget and has also sought to devise some form of seasonal gauge, for use in out-of-the-way places, and which would only be visited by an observer at infrequent intervals, perhaps only at the beginning and end of the winter. A snowfall-gauge must be elevated some distance above the ground, in order to escape surface drifting and to be above the accumulated depth of *This simple device consists of a piece of white duck, about twenty-eight inches square, with small, triangular pockets at each corner to receive diagonal slats of wood, which maintain the mat taut and flat. Short pegs projecting downward from the slats prevent displacement by the wind, and the possible loss of the mat in a storm may be guarded against by attaching to it a stout cord fastened to a stake a few yards distant. When snow is on the ground, the mat is simply laid on the snow surface ; its lightness permits the soft snow to support it practically even with the surface of the former fall; its colour being white tends to lessen the chance of a partial melting. In ascertaining the amount of the fall, a small area is cleared and the depth measured. : {For further description of meteorological apparatus, including snow-gauges, consult publications mentioned in footnotes to this chapter. The U.S. Weather Bureau has conducted in- teresting experiments relating to meteorological data in Washington, Idaho and Montana. The northern portions of these states border southern British Columbia and, having characteristics of topography in common, records and experiments on either side of the boundary are of value to each country. 508 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION snow. This elevation, which, in some cases, may amount to twenty or thirty © feet,* increases the liability to inaccuracies due to wind effects and makes it essential to provide-a wind-shield. The collection of snowfall is not infrequently accomplished by using the lower portion of the standard rain-gauge. It is customary, where a special gauge of this type is installed for snow collection, to employ one of larger di- ameter than is used for rain. Where there is no wind and the snow is saturated, or alternates with rain, this is a fairly satisfactory method. Where there is wind, even in these gauges some form of shield must be employed. Special snowfall-gauges, or collectors, are usually supported on an elevated structure fitted with a suitable permanent wind-shield. The shielded rain and snow gauge designed by C. F. Marvin, Chief of the U. S. Weather Bureau, admits of considerable latitude in construction and details of design. It has a Nipher trumpet-shaped wind-shield, whose extreme diameter may be not less than three and not more than four times the diameter of the re- ceiver. The mouth of the receiver should be at a slightly lower elevation than the extreme edge of the Nipher shield, so that the edge of the shield if it could be viewed from the edge of the receiver, would have an angular elevation of possibly 5 to 10 degrees. As the receiver is 40 inches deep by 10°85 inches inside diameter, its capacity is adequate to contain any snowfall likely to occur at most stations between regular hours of observation. The size may, of course, be increased where special conditions so require. The following description of the wind-shields employed is taken from the instructions on the measurement of precipitation issued by the United States Weather Bureau : “A double arrangement of wind-shields surrounds the mouth of the gauge. On the outside is a large Nipher trumpet-shaped shield of galvanized sheet iron arranged in octagonal form to simplify construction, and to reduce cost. Inside the trumpet shield is a fence-shield, consisting of four sheets of iron, 12 inches wide, spanning the space between the corner posts. The upper edges of the [inner] shields stand above the rim of the gauge by from twenty to thirty degrees angular measure. “At the top the collector is centred and secured in place by a guard ring carried on the supports. At the bottom the can rests upon a central support, which can be raised and lowered for placing and removing the collector.” In measuring snowfall the collector, with its contents, is weighed on a oalance adjusted to read zero when the collector is empty. The scale is grad- uated to give the rainfall equivalent, in hundredths of an inch, of any collected precipitation. Where not practicable to adjust the balance to read zero with the empty collector, due allowance must be made. (See plate 36 for diagram of shielded snow-gauge.) * Consult ‘The Region of Greatest Snowfall in the United States,’ in Monthly Weather Review, May, 1915, 43, pp. 217-221, Washington, D.C. j Other apparatus, including a design for a shielded seasonal snow-gauge, are illustrated and discussed in Measurement of Precipitation, by C. F. Marvin, Circular E, Instrument Division, Washington, D.C., 1913. See also in United States Monthly Weather Review, May, 1915, 43, pp. 217-221, article by Andrew H. Palmer, ‘The Region of Greatest Snowfall in the United States.’ Figure 11 shows a Marvin sheltered gauge in operation at Blue Cafion, Cal.; also, note references to experimental researches of Mr. B. C. Kadel ; also comment, page 218, respecting accumula- tion of snow on shielded gauge in manner to affect recorded ‘catch.’ METEOROLOGICAL DATA~INTRODUCTION 509 Rainfall When the depth of snowfall has been measured, or a repre- Fauve : sentative sample secured, it becomes necessary to ascertain its equivalent depth in rainfall. When the snow is collected in the usual rain-gauge, it may be melted either by putting it in a warm place, or, better, by adding a known volume of warm water. The liquid is then measured in the usual way. In Canada and in the United States, ten inches of snow is usually con- sidered as equivalent to one inch of rain. While convenient, this method does not yield precise results, on account of the varying density of the snow. Some experiments carried out by Mr. A. J. Connor, of the Canadian Meteorological Service, Toronto, show that the amount of snow required to give one inch of water varied between 6 and 16 inches. No definite relation was found between the density of the snow and the surface conditions of tem- perature, pressure, etc. Doubtless, the results from such experiments will vary somewhat in different localities; and the snow which falls on the Pacific coast will be found to be, on an average, heavier and more saturated than that in the interior. These conclusions are substantiated by the observations of the section directors of the U.S. Weather Bureau, in Washington, Idaho and Montana, which show that the water equivalent of snow may vary from 1to8to 1 to 18. The Washington director states: ‘‘Very moist snow, although freshly fallen, may have a water equivalent of 1 to 8, whereas very dry snow may have the equivalent of only 1 to 18." He considers that the ratio of 1 to 10 for ordinary dry snow, freshly fallen, is too high ; that, as an average, it yields results approximately correct and, although it gives, in some instances, too great a water value, it may serve to compensate for the deficient catch that is necessarily due to defects of gauge construction, exposure, wind eddies, etc. The director for Idaho states that, though using the common co-efficient of 10, nevertheless ‘‘In actual experience, however, we have found it to range all the way from less than one-half this amount to an amount somewhat greater. The average will probably be not far from 0-08 of an inch of water for an inch of snow.”’ The director for Montana states that ‘‘The experience at this station is that the relation between snow depth and water equivalent is about 15 to 1. It is thought, however, this varies here in the mountains even more than in a humid climate, and for that reason we endeavour to get, as far as possible, the actual result from melting the snow catch and measuring as water.” The general conclusions, based on numerous experiments, indicate that the variations range from one inch of water for six or seven inches of heavy snow, to one inch for fifteen or twenty inches of lighter snow, and occasionally for even thirty inches of very light snow. Obviously, the same weight cannot be given to precipitation records which include snowfall reduced to a rainfall equivalent on the standard ratio of 10 to 1, as can be given to records from stations where a given quantity of snow depth has been collected and the water equivalent actually found, or 510 ‘ COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION where the density condition of the snowfalls is taken into account. In studies where precipitation records are involved, and where the records from some stations are being weighted with respect to others, special consideration must be given to the snowfall records. A more definite method of finding the rainfall equivalent of a fall of snow, is to obtain a representative sample of the snow, say, by cutting out a section with a cylinder of the same area as the rain-gauge, and melting it. The rain- gauge and the cylinder having the same area, the melted snow, when trans- ferred to the graduated tube used for measuring the rainfall, would show the correct water equivalent. Another method and, where the apparatus is available, one of the simplest, is to cut out a sample section with a cylinder as above described and weigh it. The balance may be graduated to read the rainfall equivalent. In measuring snow by this method the snow-mat, previously described, greatly facilitates obtaining a representative sample. In taking the sample, the cylinder would be pressed vertically down through the snow to the snow-mat, the sample of snow thus obtained being lifted up and transferred to the balance. To determine the density and water equivalent of snow accumulated on the ground, where the depths are not excessive, one of the best and simplest contrivances is that devised by Mr. B. C. Kadel, of the U.S. Weather Bureau, This apparatus is described in the U.S. Monthly Weather Review for May, 1915, as follows: ‘‘For the purpose of obtaining samples of snow, tubes of No. 16 gauge galvanized iron, with aninside diameter of 5.94 inches, which gives the relation 1 pound of snow equals 1 inch of water, were used. Each tube consists of a 2-foot section and a 3-foot section, with a notched collar attached to the 2-foot section in such fashion that both tubes may be joined together. When a sample is desired, the tube is set down rather forcibly into the snow, so that the lower end rests on the ground. A specially designed auger is then screwed down through the imprisoned snow to the bottom, when a pin that passes through a hole in the auger handle rests on the top rim of the tube. The whole is then withdrawn by lifting the tube, the weight of the auger and the snow sample being supported by the cross pin. The snow is then emptied into a pail and weighed on a spring balance.’’ With this apparatus it is possible to secure an unbroken sample of the snowfall, even when the snow is loose and granular in structure. We have drawn attention to the marked influence exerted by snow storage upon run-off. It is desirable, especially for irrigation purposes, to possess data upon which some estimate of the probable run-off, for even a few months in advance of its occurrence, may be based. On many of the smaller streams the total available run-off is utilized for irri- gation every year ; consequently, to the irrigation farmer situated on such streams, the question of how much water he will have in any season is a very pertinent one. If the supply be plentiful, he may place a larger acreage Snow Surveys METEOROLOGICAL DATA~INTRODUCTION S11 under cultivation, or plant crops requiring more water; if deficient, he must modify his plans accordingly. An accurate knowledge of snow storage may not be of the same importance to water-power developments, yet, in particular instances, it may be of prime bearing. Speaking generally, such knowledge is of undoubted value. Where run-off data cover only a short period, a knowledge of snow storage conditions will assist in indicating whether the run-off observed in a given season is normal, is high or is low. e For the most part it is impracticable to determine the winter snowfall on the higher portions of mountainous watersheds. Such areas are difficult of access, repeated journeys thereto are costly, few people live in the mountains in winter, and the apparatus for automatically measuring snowfall is perhaps not sufficiently perfected to encourage its installation. Even were there data available, as gathered by such apparatus, they would not necessarily enable computations to be made to determine accurately the water supply that might be counted upon for the ensuing summer, because, for example, even in winter the stored supply may be depleted by thaws. The best way to determine the amount of snow that may augment the summer flow is to make a ‘snow survey’, that is, to measure the snow layer which remains on the ground just before general melting begins. The snow will be found in patches of varying depths and areas. The snow-covered areas are mapped, the depths measured, the volume computed, and, after ascer- taining the respective densities, the water equivalent of the stored snow is estimated. Part of the snowfall of one winter may be carried forward to the tollowing or succeeding years. Where this takes place, it would be necessary to make a survey at the beginning of the winter, that the residuum carried for- ward might be taken into account. Where glaciers exist, information respect- ing them should also be secured. From the exposure and nature of drifts—governed chiefly by the topo- graphy—some idea may be formed of the probable characteristics of the melt- ing. Snowfields and glaciers with southern exposure may augment stream- flow in the winter, while those with a northern exposure will melt less readily and, thus, assist to keep up the run-off during summer months. As more stream-flow records become available, the effect on run-off of contributions from the melting snowfields will become better known. Manifestly the run-off from snow storage, and its seasonal distribution, are intimately connected with temperature. The whole subject is an interesting one and opens up a field for extensive and profitable research. A paper on ‘The Value of Snow Surveys as Related to Irrigation Projects,’ by Mr. Alfred Thiesson, illustrates the character of the information made available as a result of snow surveys. It describes a survey on a watershed of about 6,880 acres, of which about 4,000 acres were under snow. About 2,000 512 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION soundings were made with the alpenstock, and the depth and density were measured with specially designed apparatus at 277 carefully selected repre- b a 4 ae Mi < wae “werner = ~ Sse eee sentative places. This was an average of one density measure- ment for every fourteen acres. The survey shows that the average of the 277 depth measurements was 36 inches, and the average water equivalent was 11-5 inches, or 32 per cent ; making 3,833 acre-feet of water, or the equivalent of fourteen inches. over all the ground irrigated under the stream.* Where the results obtainable would seem to warrant them, seasonal snow-gauges might be installed. Where, however, it is desirable to make frequent measurements of the accumulating snow on the ground, snow-stakes should be used. The accom- panying illustration shows the snow-stake recommended by the U.S. Weather Bureau. It is 134 inches square, with a standard length of 90 inches. The stake, which is painted white, is securely bolted to galvanized angle steel which has first been firmly driven into the ground. To it is attached an enamelled iron scale, graduated in inches, with figures opposite every ten-inch interval; when suitably located, the scale may be read at a considerable distance with a telescope or field- glasses. In reading due allowance is made for any slight irregularities in the snow surface in the immediate vicinity of the gauge. Where observations are to be made respecting snowfall, officials of the Dominion and Provincial Forest Services could render great assistance. fT as oe = Precivitatin Recognizing the importance of meteorologi- ‘ame" and Temperature cal data in relation to water-powers, this ¢, Records : ; wh report contains summaries of all known y. available precipitation data for British Columbia and --+ temperature records for many representative stations. *Consult ‘The Value of Snow Surveys as related to Irrigation Projects,’ by Alfred H. Thiesson, Section Director, U. S. Weather Bureau, in Year Book of Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., 1911, pp. 391-396, illus.; also Measuring the Snow in Maple Creek Cation, Utah, by Alfred H. Thiesson and J. Cecil Alter (Weather Bureau) ; also Instructions for Installing Snow-stakes or Scales for Measuring Depths of Snow on the Ground, being Appendix, Circular E, Instrument Division, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C., 1913. See also ‘The Catchment of Snowfall by Means of Large Snow Bins and Towers,’ by Prof. Frank H. Bigelow, in Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 38, No. 6, June, 1910. The use of bins of the type illustrated in Mr. Bigelow’s paper, it is stated, is being discontinued. {See ‘The Importance of Mountain Climate in the West—The Weather Bureau and the Forest Service in Co-operation,’ by E. R. Hodson, Assistant, U.S. Forest Service, in U.S. Monthly Weather Review, 1909, Vol. 37, pp. 949-950. *oyuos0] ‘As0yeAIOSGO Jea!Bojo109joy UBIPEURD 3 Pesn sy a9nvS) MONS G3qd13!1HSs G3SHS YALAWOWYSHL & 9E 9%Id METEOROLOGICAL DATA—INTRODUCTION 513 The Dominion Meteorological Service,* Toronto, maintains a number of stations in British Columbia. The stations are classified as follows : A. Chief stations, where all ordinary observations are taken, day and night, at equal intervals of time, not exceeding four hours. T. Telegraph Reporting Stations, where all ordinary observations are taken three times daily at the same absolute time, namely, 8 A.M., 2 P.M., and 8 P.M., 75th meridian time, and the first and last are reported by telegraph as soon as taken, to the central office at Toronto. I. Ordinary Stations of the First Class, where all the ordinary obser- vations are taken three times daily at certain local times. II. Ordinary Stations of the Second Class, where regular observations of temperature, extremes of temperature, the direction and velocity of the wind, and the state of the weather, are taken two or three times daily at regular local times, the rainfall and snowfall also being measured. III. Ordinary Stations of the Third Class, where records are kept of the fall of rain and snow, and the general state of the weather. In British Columbia, the only chief station is at Victoria. There are telegraph reporting stations at Atlin, Barkerville, Kamloops, Prince Rupert and Vancouver. There are also first-class stations at Entrance Island, Tri- angle Island and Nanaimo. The majority of the remaining stations rank as second-class. The class of each Dominion station is indicated in the tabular lists. The British Columbia Water Rights Branch has recently established a Meteorological Section.t It has provided many new stations, and the number is being further increased. There are also several private companies, e.g., the British Columbia Electric Railway Co., Campbell River Power Co., West- *The following are publications of the Meteorological Service (Head Office, Toronto) : Rain and Snowfall of Canada to end of 1902, Ottawa, 1906, with charts ; The Monthly and Annual Rain and Snowfall of Canada from 1903 to 1913, Ottawa, 1915 ; The Temperature and Precipitation of British Columbia, by A. J. Connor, Ottawa, 1915. (This includes records of monthly, seasonal and annual means and extremes of temperature and precipitation from certain selected stations.) The foregoing give summaries of the data. For fuller details see: Annual Reports of Meteoro- logical Service of Canada. The last Annual Report issued was for the year 1915, published early in 1917; consult also Monthly Weather Review, which gives tables of ‘Pressure, Temperature, Wind, and Precipitation of Stations in the Dominion of Canada.’ The former practice was to publish the records in the Monthly Weather Review as soon as they could be assembled after the receipt from the various stations; subsequently, the records were again checked before being published in the Annual Report. Since the end of 1915, the publication of the Monthly Weather Review and the Annual Report has been discontinued, and has been superseded by the publication of the Monthly Record of Meteorological Observations. This publication inciudes the data formerly given in the two earlier publications and, when bound with a small Supplement, issued annually, takes the place of the former annual reports. Bound volumes are not, however, issued by the Meteorological Service. See, also, Iustructions for Recording Riin, Snow, Weather Temperature and Miscellaneous Phenomena, issued by the Meteorological Service, Canada, Ottawa, 1893 ; consult also The Observer’s Hand Book, approved for the use of Meteorological Observers by the Meteorological Office, the Royal Meteorological Society, the Scottish Meteorologial Society and the British Rainfall Organization, published (annually) London, England. } Regarding publications by the Province of British Columbia, see leaflet, Instructions for Measuring and Recording Rain and Snow, issued by Water Rights Branch, Victoria ; also bulletin, The Climate of British Columbia, being tables of rainfall, snowfall and temperature, altitude of places, lakes and mountains, issued by the Bureau of Provincial Information, Victoria, B.C., last issued bulletin, No. 27, Victoria, 1914 ; also ‘Report on Meteorological Work,’ contained in Annual Repor.s of Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C. 514 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION ern Canada Power Co., Powell River Co., and others, which, with commendable foresight, have been recording meteorological phenomena. In the United States, the Weather Bureau,* Dept. of Agriculture, Washing- ton, D.C., has for many years, maintained stations which, owing to their com- parative proximity to British Columbia, and to their being situated in areas of similar topography, are of special interest. Records of a number of stations in Washington, Idaho, Montana and Alaska have been compiled from the publications of the Weather Bureau and are summarized below. In addition, summaries of records from some adjacent stations in Alberta and Yukon have been included. Every possible care has been exercised to make these assembled records reliable. They have been thoroughly checked and, where any inconsistency was apparent, the records for stations maintained by the Dominion Govern- ment were checked, either with the original abstract books or with the original sheets as turned in by the observers. The provincial records were supplied and checked by the courtesy of the Provincial Water Rights Branch. Our thanks are due to the chief and to the section directors of the U.S. Weather Bureau, for their kind assistance in providing data and, also, in some instances, for furnishing advance copies. The Meteorological Service of Canada is ready to furnish apparatus for the establishment of precipitation stations, free of charge, to any person suitably situated, who will voluntarily attend to making and transmitting the observations. Naturally, the service does not wish to establish stations which would probably be discontinued, nor where there would be the possibility of the records being indifferently taken or transmitted, once the novelty had worn away. The accuracy of the records is very greatly dependent upon the faithfulness and intelligence of the observer. To those observers who desire to extend the scope of their observations thermometers recording maxima and minima readings, may also be supplied. These temperature readings should be taken regularly, though continuity is not quite so fundamentally important as in the case of precipitation records. Any person resident in British Columbia—especially in the less settled por- tions where no records have hitherto been taken—who is willing to devote a few minutes daily to this service, will, by so doing, be compiling records of great value. Assistance to Observers * For publications containing meteorological records of U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C., consult Annual Reports of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C.; also Sum- mary of the Climatological Data for the United States by Sections. 'This consists of 106 sections published from 1908-1912. The territorial sections adjacent to British Columbia are Western Washington, Section 19; Eastern Washington, Section 20; Northern Idaho, Section 21 ; and, Western Montana, Section 28. For supplementary records consult the Annual Summaries, as published by the various chiefs of sections of the Climatological Service of the Weather Bureau. These give the data by states. See also Monthly Weather Reviews, which not only set forth the current data in digest form, but include monographs dealing with matters of special climatological interest ; also Measurement of Precipitation: Instructions on the Measurement and Registration of Precipitation by means of the Standard Instruments of the Weather Bureau, being Circular E, Instrument Division, Washington, 1913, with appendices (issued separately) ; How to Measure Rainfall on the Farm, and Instructions for use of Marvin Float Rain-Gauge. Consult U.S. Weather Bureau publications : Instructions for Co-operative Observers, Circulars B and C, Instrument Division, Wash., D.C., 1915; and Instructions for Obtaining and Tabulating Records from Re- cording Instruments, Circular A, Instrument Division, Washington, D.C., 1913. METEOROLOGICAL DATA—INTRODUCTION 515 Tabulated Data The following tabular data are here presented : 1—Stations in British Columbia for which Precipitation Records are available. 2—Stations in Alberta and Yukon for which Precipitation Records are here presented. Note to 1 and 2-—Those interested in hydrological considerations will find these two lists of great assistance. They will facilitate the select- ing of groups of stations having corresponding characteristics, such as similar elevations, lengths of records, mean annual precipitation, etc., or they will facilitate, when used in conjunction with the precipitation map, the selection of stations in specific localities or on individual water- sheds. The station numbers on the list correspond, respectively, to those of the records and of the Precipitation map. 3—Precipitation Records for Stations in British Columbia. 4—Precipitation Records for Selected Stations in Alberta and Yukon. Note to 3 and 4—Consideration of space has made it impossible to tabulate in detail the snowfall records. For the longer term records monthly and annual means, also maximum snowfall recorded in any one month, are given. For the short records the snowfall recorded is given by months. 5—Selected Precipitation Stations in United States on International Water- sheds or Adjacent to British Columbia. 6—Monthly and Annual Mean Precipitation at Selected Stations in the United States on International Watersheds or Adjacent to British Columbia. Note to 5 and 6—It was intended in this Report to present complete records for selected stations in the United States similar to the data sup- plied for British Columbia stations. Thus, mean monthly and annual total precipitation records for stations 300 to 370 had been assembled, while, as supplementary thereto, only summaries of data for stations 371 to 385 * were being included, because, from the viewpoint of their relationship to watersheds of international bearing, these records ‘are of lesser importance. Many of the records 300 to 370 were lengthy, and it was subsequently found that consideration of space required that only summaries be given of the mean monthly and annual precipitation for all the stations 300 to 385. 7—Temperature Records for Selected Stations in British Columbia. Note—The stations for which temperature records have been selected for presentation here, are indicated in items 1 and 2 above by the letter T. Although the periods of records for precipitation and temperature are not always identical, nevertheless, a comparison of the records will show that the periods for the various temperature records generally do correspond to those of the respective precipitation records. 8—Monthly and Annual Mean Temperatures at Selected Stations in the States of Montana, Idaho and Washington. * These, conforming to the numerical sequence on the map, are below presented under heading ‘Supplementary.’ 516 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA FOR WHICH PRECIPITATION RECORDS ARE AVAILABLE Average No. Com-| Scattered | annual on Station Lat. | Long. | Elev.* Limiting dates plete record total a a Ww. years precipi- | ity i a Mths.| Yrs. | tation oe ov feet a b Cc 1 |Abbotsford (T)**....... 49- 3 |122-17 89 |Jan. 1889-Aug.1904| 15 8 1 2 |Agassiz..(T)........... 49-14 |121-46 52 |Oct. 1889-Dec. 1915) 25 14 2 3 {Akamina .............. Short |record |for 2 mjonths only in 1912. 4 |Alberni(Beaver Creek P.O.) (T)|49-20 |124-55 300 |Apr. 1894—Dec. 1915) 19 20 2 5 |Alberni (Beaver Creek) . ..)49-20 {124-53 pe Jan. 1895-Dec. 1899 5 0 0 6 |Alberni (Stamp Falls) ...]49-18 [124-52 | ..... Jan. 1914-Apr. 1914 0 4 1 7 |Alberni Townsite....... 49-17 {124-50 |N.S.L.t/Sep. 1904-Mar. 1910 4 12 3 8 |Alert Bay (Dominion).. ./50-35 |126-58 | N.S.L.|Dec. 1913-Nov. 1915 1 12 2 9 |Alert Bay (Provincial). ./50-35 |126-58 | N.S.L.]}Dec. 1913—Dec. 1915 2 1 1 10 |Alkali Lake............ 1-47 |122-19 | ..... Sep. 1910-Dec. 1915 4 14 2 11 |Alouette (Lillooet) Lake.]49-17 |122-29 400 |Aug. 1911—Dec. 1915 4 5 1 12 |Alvaston....... cee iarie NA 50- 3 {119-27 | 1,325 |June 1915-Dec. 1915 0 7 1 13 |Annis (Canoe point) ....}50-47 |119- 5] 1,160 |June 1910—Dec. 1915 5 1 14 |Armstrong............. 50-26 |119-12 | 1,190 |Jan. 1912—Dec. 1915 4 0 0 15 |Ashcroft............... 50-43 |121-16 | 1,000 |Sep. 1912—Dec. 1915) 1 15 3 16 |Aspen Grove........... 49-52 |120-37 | 3,200 |Aug. 1913-Dec. 1915 2 5 1 17 |Athalmer..... 50-31 |116— 2 | 2,620 |Dec. 1905-Aug. 1909 0 24 4 18;/Atlin (T).. 59-35 |133-38 | 2,240 |Sep. 1905-Dec. 1915) 10 4 1 19 |Ayansh.. 55-18 |129-10 | N.S.L. |June 1914-Dec. 1915 1 a 1 20 |Babine Lak 55-5 1126-26 | 2,230 |Oct. 1908-Dec. 1915 1 43 7 21 |Banfield...... -{48-50 |125- 9 50 |Feb. 1903-Dec. 1906) 2 21 2 22 |Barkerville (T) 53- 2 |121-35 | 4,180 |Jan. 1888-Dec. 1915] 25 32 3 ....|Barriere Valley. . -++.| See Ljouis Crleek 23 |Baynes Lake........... 49-13 |115-12 | 2,800 |Jan. 1915-Dec. 1915 0 11 1 24> | BOV AN ose sissies igeae ors 49- 5 |125- 5 440 |Aug. 1914—Dec. 1915 1 5 1 -..-|Bear Creek............ See J/ordan Rliver ....|Beaver Creek P.O....... See Allberni {(Beaver| Creek) P.O. ....|Beaver Creek. ......... See Ajlberni |(Beaver] Creek) ....|Beaver Lake...... See Vjictoria |Waterw|orks 25 |Bellakula (T)..... 52-20 |126-54 150 |June 1898—-Dec. 1915) 14 31 4 ....|Big Creek. ....... See C/hilcotin 26 |Birchbank........ 49-11 |117-43 | 1,400 |Sep. 1913-Dec. 1915 2 4 1 ....|Boatswain Bank........| See Clobble Hiill 27 |Bonnington Falls. ......}49-27 |117-30 | 1,650 |Sep. 1913-Dec. 1915 2 4 1 28 |Boswell....... 0.0005 49-28 |116-46 | 1,780 |Mar. 1911—Dec. 1915 1 14 2 29 Bridge River nay eIn ee auee 50-48 |122-19 1,800 |July 1913-Dec. 1915 30 |Brisco (46-mile)........ 50-50 |116-18 | 2,600 |Sep. 1913-Dec. 1915 2 6 1 31 |Britannia Beach........ 49-37 |123-12 165 |Dec. 1913—Dec. 1915 2 4 1 32 |Britannia (Tunnel) ...../49-37 |123-11 | 2,200 |June 1914-Dec. 1915 2 1 1 33 |Britannia (Mine) ...... 49-37 |123-10 | 3,700 |June 1914—Nov. 1915 1 7 1 siete ES UAULWO Ms sesso pct, as adekchath-edenene See Qluesnel |Forks as 14 2 34 |Buntzen Lake.......... 49-21 |122-52 400 |Jan. 1903-Dec. 1915} 13 0 0 35 |Bute Inlet (Southgate R.)/50-52 [124-50 | N.S.L. Sep. 1914-Dec. 1915 1 4 1 36 |Cache Creek........... 50-49 }121-20 | 1,250 |Aug. 1913-Dec. 1915 2 4 1 37 |Cameron Lake......... 49-17 |124-35 640 |Nov. 1914-Dec. 1915 1 2 d, ....|Campbell Lake......... See S/trathco |na Park 38 {Campbell River........ 50- 2 125-20 80 |May 1910-May 1914 3 13 2 39 /Canalflat.............. 50-10 |115-50 | 2,656 |Nov. 1913-Dec. 1915 2 2 1 40 |Canobie (nr. Hayward Junc.)|48-49 |123-44 190 jJan. 1895-Dec. 1896 2 0 0 ...|Canoe Point....... See A/nnis Sibaiie Cape Scott. . See Hlolberg 41 |Capilano Intak 49-23 |123- 8 480 |July 1914-Dec. 1915 1 6 We fh apeea-ee Prov, 42 Carmanah. a «+. [48-38 1124-47 130 |Jan. 1892-June 1902] 10 6 1 109-47 | D-I 43) [Carmi icc ccs scseescns cones ves 49-30 ]119- 9 | 2,780 |Oct. 1913—Dec. 1915 2 3 Df) saree uss Prov. 44 |Caulfield............., 49-21 1123-16 30 |Jan. 1902-Apr. 1903 1 4 T.~ l) socuneet,2 D-III 45 /Chilcotin (Big Creek)(T)|51-43 |123- 3 | 3,100 |Dec. 1892-Dec. 1915] 12 49 9 12-36 | D-II 46 Chilliwack (Dnt ates 49-10 {121-57 21 |Jan. 1878-Dec. 1915] 16 54 7 60-21 | D-II 47 [Chinook Cove (Dom.)|51-16 |120-11 | 1,300 |Jan. 1914-Dec. 1915] 2 0) OF t euassers D-II 48 |Chinook Cove (Prov )|51-16 |120-11 | 1,300 |Sep. 1913-Dec. 1915 2 4 Ty Ay eee aavs Prov, 49 |Christina Lake......... 49-— 3 |118-13 | 1,460 |Sep. 1913-Dec. 1915 2 4 1. vases Prov. 50 Clayoquot (recent eyes 49- 9 |125-55 40 |June 1898-Dec. 1915} 15 18 3 118-24 | D-II 51 |Clinton............0.. 51- 6 |121-36 | 3,040 |Jan. 1881-Dec. 1889 2 53 7 5°70 | D-II 52 |Clo-oose. sie soa cptionssbsegpais 48-40 /124-50 30 |June 1912—Dec. 1915 3 7 D>, ll eens D-II 53 |Cobble JL, cemcnawesns 48-41 |123-36 33 |Oct. 1913-Dec. 1915 2 3 I) | II) eaetetsses D-II 54 |Coldspring Ranch...... 50-13 |120-22 | 2,700 |Aug. 1913-Dec. 1915 2 5 Te ls eaexsencve Prov -..-/Comfort Ranch.........] See I|nverme |re 55 |Coquitlam............. 49-15 [122-46 34 |Jan. 1902-Dec. 1915} 13 il 1 70°57 | D-III 56 ICoquitlam Lake Dam.. .149-21 1122-48 450 ITan. 19028-Nee. 1915] 13 0 0 149-16 (3) ¥ Where the exact elevation of the observing station is unknown, of nearby points, such as the local railwa: Canada, 2nd ed., 1915, by James White. a. Number of complete calendar years. b, Number of additional months in incomplete years. c. Number of incomplete years. } In this column, ‘‘Prov.” indicates records supplied by Provincial Water Rights Branch. etc., indicate records supplied by Dominion Meteorological Service and show class of station. ** For stations marked + N.S.L. denotes ‘‘ Near sea level.’’ (1) Records by the British Columbia Electric Railway Company. (2) Records by the Campbell River Power Company. (3) Records by the British Columbia Electric Railway Company. (T), temperature records are also given in this chapter. ‘i figures in this column represent the elevation y station; many of these elevations have been taken from Altitudes in a D-I,” fa D-II,” See page 513. METEOROLOGICAL DATA—-INDEX 517 STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA FOR WHICH PRECIPITATION RECORDS ARE AVAILABLE —Continued Average No. : . Com-| Scattered | annual on Station Lat. | Long | Elev.* Limiting dates plete record total {Author- map N. Ww. years |—__—_____| precipi- | ity f Mths.| Yrs. / tation : ee ee ee ok feet a b c 57 Coronation . rioaip Pekin endo -§ 50-51 | 122-21 | 3,750 |Started May, 1915. 0 8 1 58 |Cortez (Twin Island)... ./50- 4°]125- 2 |N.S.L.t|Jan. 1915-June 1915 0 6 1 59 |Cowichan (T)**.......,/48-47 |123-38 170 |Feb. 1904—Dec. 1915} 10 17 2 60 |Cowichan Bay......... 48-44 |123-37 50 |Sep. 1914—Dec. 1915 1 4 1 61 |Cowichan Lake........ 48-50 |124— 5 540 |Aug. 1913-Dec. 1915 2 5 1 2 |Cranberry Lake........ 52-50 |119-20 | 2,460 |Jan. 1914-Dec. 1915 0 12 2 63 |Cranbrook (T)......... 49-31 |115-46 | 3,014 |Aug. 1901-Dec. 1915) 6 48 7 4 |Cranbrook City........ 49-31 |115-46 | 3,020 |Oct. 1913-Dec. 1915 2 3 1 65 |Crawford Bay... 2/4 2,000 |Aug. 1907—Dec. 1915 4 9 2. ‘66 |Creston.......... ate 1,985 |June 1912—Dec. 1915 3 7 1 ‘67 |Creston (Reclamation IMD) cuir erenawr adeeneace 4 49- 5 /116-36 |....... Mar. 1896-Aug. 1904 7 18 2 68 |Crows Nest............ 49-39 |114-42 | 4,450 [July 1914-Dec. 1915 1 6 1 69 |Cumberland........... 49-37 |125- 1] ..... Mar. 1898-—Dec. 1900 1 17 2 ‘70 |\Deer Park.........-... 49-24 /118- 2] 1,450 |Feb. 1914—Dec. 1915 1 11 1 71 |Denman Island. . . ./49-33 [124-50 40 |July 1906-Dec. 1915 7 23 3 72 |Departure Bay 49-12 |123-57 | N.S.L. |Jan. 1913-Dec. 1915 3 0 0 73 |Donald...... 51-28 |117-11 | 2,090 |Mar. 1895—Nov. 1899 1 36 4 74 |Douglas Lake... 50-14 |120-11 | 2,600 |Feb. 1878-Oct. 1886 1 25 3 75 |Duck Lake Ranch. .-|50— 0 |119-23 | 1,400 |Apr. 1913-Nov. 1914 0 18 2 aon [DUCKS 5 Il cea catawege D-II 268 |Westley............... 49-20 |117-45 | 1,414 |Feb. 1914-Dec. 1915 1 11 Ae [core eet D-II ...-|West Kootenay Reclam- ation Farm.......... See Cjreston 269 |White Lake............ 49-19 |119-40 | ..... Jan. 1895-June 1895 0 6 Dy Wag Be oe D-III 270 |Wilmer................ 50-33 |116- 4 |, 3,300 |Sep. 1909-Dec. 1915 3 36 4 12-95 | D-II 271 |Wolf Creek (near Wasa) |49-47 |115-40 | 2,550 |Sep. 1913-Dec. 1915 0 21 roa | ae eee Prov. 272 |Wycliffe............... 49-36 |115-51 | 2,809 |Apr. 1912—Nov. 1914 0 31 3 14-85 | D-III * Where the exact elevation of the observing station is unknown, figures in this column represent the elevation: of nearby points, such as the local railway station ; many of these elevations have been taken from Altitudes in Canada, 2nd ed., 1915, by James White. a. Number of complete calendar years. b. Number of additional months in incomplete years. c. Number of incomplete years. + In this column, ‘‘Prov.’’ indicates records supplied by Provincial Water Rights Branch. ‘‘D-I,” ‘‘D-II,’” etc., indicate records supplied by Dominion Meteorological Service and show class of station. See page 513. ** For station marked (T), temperature records are also given in this chapter. t N.S.L. denotes ‘‘Near sea level.” (1) Records by Couteau Power Company. (2) Records by Ritchie, Agnew & Company. (3) Records by Couteau Power Company. (4) Victoria is a chief station. METEOROLOGICAL DATA—INDEX 521 STATIONS IN ALBERTA AND YUKON FOR WHICH PRECIPITATION RECORDS ARE PRESENTED Average’ No. . Com-| Scattered | annual on Station Lat. | Long. | Elev.* Limiting dates plete record total |{Author- map N. Ww. years |————__| precipi- | ity t i Mths.| Yrs. | tation Ge hast feet a b c inches ALBERTA 273 |Athabaska Landing..... 54-43 |113-17 | 1,650 |Apr. 1900-Dec. 1915 6 65 9 15-41 | D-IL 274 |Beaverlodge (Redlow) . .|55-20 |119-24 |....... Jan. 1912-Oct. 1915 2 18 ie 14-52 | D-II 275 |Dunvegan (Peace River) |55-56 {118-35 | 1,305 |Jan. 1880-Nov. 1912 8 40 5 14-37 | D-II 276 |Lunnford.............. 54— 3 114-19 | ..... Feb. 1910-Aug. 1913 1 30 3 20-12 | D-II 277 |Peace River Crossing. . .|56-15 |117-15 | 1,225 |Aug. 1907-June 1914 4 29 4 14-26 | D-II 278 |Pembina ses scccaezieg-cas 54-12 |114- 0] ..... Mar. 1908-July 1913 0 40 6 15-33 | D-II YUKON 279 |Carcross (Conrad)..,.... 60-11 |134-34 | 2,171 |Jan. 1907-Dec. 1915 6 20 2; 9.90 | D-II 280 |Dawson City.......... 64-— 4 [139-29 | 1,075 |Aug. 1897-Dec. 1915} 12 29 4 12-92 | D-T 281 |Whitehorse............ 60-45 |135- 0 | (2,085 |Nov. 1904-Jan. 1911 4 14 3 11-37 | D-II * Where the exact elevation of the observing station is unknown, figures in this column represent the elevation of nearby points, such as the local railway station; many of these elevations have been taken from Altitudes in Canada, 2nd ed., 1915, hy James White. a Number of complete calendar years. b Number of additional months in incomplete years. c Number of incomplete years. + In this column, ‘Prov’ indicates records supplied by Provincial Water Rights Branch. ‘D I,’ ‘D II.’ ete., indicate records supplied by Dominion Meteorolugical Service and show class of station. See page 513. 522 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION ‘», PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA || Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. |{ Annual ABBOTSFORD (MATSQUI PRAIRIE)—Elevation, 89 ft. ToraL PRECIPITATION 572 | 3°51 | 4-60 | 3°95 1 3-28 1; 2-06 | 1°50 | 2-45 | 5-33 | 38-70 | 3-79 | 5-63 45-52 | 3:34 | 3-64 | 6°59 | 2-34 | 2-37 | 7:37 | 1-98 | 1-05 | 1°48 | 9-54 | 2-56 | 8-43 50-69 7:47 | 2-37 | 6-51 | 6:85 | 2-52 | 6-01 | 0-41 | 1-92 | 8-08 | 5-28 |10-53 |10-71 68-66 4°67 | 3-14 | 4°88 | 4-59 | 4-77 | 1-88 | 2:38 | 1-47 | 6-43 |; 4-75 |10-40 | 6-18 55+ 54 4:09 | 5-56 | 5-67 | 5:58 | 5:85 | 4-35 | 1-33 | 0-94 | 5-78 | 5-56 [10-65 |12-42 67°78 7-74 | 6-07 | 6-63 | 9°46 | 5-87 | 4-60 | 1-85 | 0-00 | 5-13 [10-13 | 9-47 | 4-55 71-50 | 6-44 | 6-47 | 5-77 | 4:64 | 6-39 | 2-46 | 0-83 | 0-30 | 6-91 | 0-90 | 6-57 | 8-56 56+ 24 ; 7-91 | 6:82 | 2-75 | 5:12 { 3-83 | 2-97 | 0-04 | 1:47 | 1-84 | 4-11 |10-69 | 8-67 56:22 5:68 | 5°35 | 4°73 | 3:93 | 3-21 | 4-76 | 1-75 | 1-07 | 3-82 | 2-63 |10-30 |10-93 58°16 5-29 |10-21 | 3°82 | 3-40 | 2-70 | 3-81 | 0-73 | 0-65 | 4°47 | 6-03 | 9°37 | 4-93 55+41 7-50 | 6°61 | 3-00 | 5-54 | 5-12 | 2-03 | 1-45 | 3-88 | 1-75 | 4-62 13-74 | 9-71 64-95 7-63 | 5-50 | 7-04 | 4:92 | 7°11 | 8-22 | 2-20 | 2-36 | 2-65 | 7-65 | 5-33 |13-50 74°11 5-97 | 7-59 | 5-48 | 5-43 | 5-74 | 2-99 | 0-98 | 0-09 | 2-71 | 4-63 |12-29 | 6-10 60-00 5+11 | 8-47 | 6:07 | 4:05 | 3°32 | 3-29 | 2-64 | 1-96 | 3-67 | 3-44 | 9-65 | 8-66 60-33 8-54 | 1-61 | 6-10 | 2-79 | 3-62 | 3-45 | 3-13 | 2-87 | 2-62 | 3-25 |11-22 | 7-96 57-16 7-64 | 7°20 | 7-18 | 3-45 | 2°10 | 2-64 | 1-98 | 1-04 |... cele cee elec eee ele e eee effec ee eee . 6-30 | 5-64 | 5-43 | 4-75 | 4-24 | 3-93 | 1°57 | 1°47 | 4°18 | 5-08 | 9-10 | 8-46 60-15 During 1889-1904 (1904 incomplete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 6:4 in.; Feb., 7+-1; Mar., 3-5; Nov., 2-7; Dec., 6-2. Mean annual snowfall, 25-9 in.; maximum recorded, 26-4 in., Feb., 1893. AGASSIZ—Elevation, 52 ft. 2 ToraL PREcIPITATION 2 oar gol cease Gaels 2 dias og cere tata os ca sell raneeane catemaa rs Ate 3°65 | 5°77 | 5923 [oes s sees 6-41 | 3-25 | 2-10 | 5-86 | 2-52 | 1-50 | 0-90 |11-81 | 3°52}| 9-37 50:57 4:24 | 8-14 | 4:15 | 4-18 | 1-04 | 3-94 | 7-83 | 6-51 12-77 |17-92 |]........ 6-O1 | 4:26 | 5°16 | 3-20 | 3-27 | 2-78 | 5-92 | 6-35 |14-85$! 5-59 67°78 6-84 | 6-16 | 6°57 | 5+42 | 1-55 | 1-82 | 4-96 | 6-34 |11-28 |12-71 76-95 6-76 | 8:25 | 4-92 | 3-80 | 1-23 | 0-24 | 8-26 110-73 |10-62 | 4-69 78°01 3-79 | 3-03 | 6-44 | 2-45 | 0-95 | 0-70 | 6-67 | 0-74 | 0-81 |13-74 54-50 4-18 | 5-29 | 4-62 | 2-86 | 0-30 | 0-38 | 2-19 | 6-34 | 9-87 |10-70 68+ 25 7-91 | 3:12 | 4-42 |12-06 | 4-58 | 1-13 | 6-50 | 6-23 | 5-45 | 3-63 63-43 2-35 | 3-50 | 2-62 | 4-19 | 3-41 | 0-81 | 3-93 | 7-21 | 5-19 | 4°79 50°31 4°71 | 3:27 | 6-62 | 2-42 | 1-76 | 4-17 | 3-07 | 5:36 {11-44 |10-15 67°53 6-19 | 3-40 | 7-60 |10-76 | 1-21 | 5-65 | 2-77 | 5-13 | 4-99 | 7-45 72:00 3-16 | 3-19 | 4°80 | 7-08 ) 1-25 | 0-00 | 1-59 | 4-15 |10-57 | 4-76 52-98 5-55 | 3-05 | 4-17 | 2-43 | 2-58 | 3:30 | 2-75 | 3-35 | 9-82 | 7-34 54°68 6-04 | 5-30 | 3-58 | 6-03 | 2-30 | 5-08 | 7-30 | 2-71 | 4-42 | 8-20 57°75 5-62 | 3:46 | 2-34 | 3:42 | 3-45 | 2-30 | 2-37 | 3-20 | 6°43 | 9-32 54:67 5-60 | 4-86 | 8-46 | 3-20 | 2-40 |] 2-80 | 8-40 | 8-42 | 2-51 | 4-26 60-65 2-04 | 2-04 | 7-40 | 6-40 | 2-36 | 1-04 | 6-32 | 9-18 |10-50 | 6-59 64-90 7-46 | 7-40 | 2-30 | 4°36 | 1-06 | 6-40 | 3-30 | 1-24 | 8-62 | 4-30 57-67 7-64 ) 3-60 | 2-66 | 4:68 | 2-60 | 1-24 | 1-90 | 3-93 | 7:45 | 2-62 47-48 2-03 | 4°22 | 3-22 | 2-36 | 3-49 | 3:18 | 6-35 | 5:49 |20-94 | 2-30 63-69 5°36 | 3-22 | 4-93 | 3°51 | 1-16 | 3-90 | 3-47 | 7-00 | 7-61 | 6-70 57-00 2-66 | 2-48 |§6-57 | 1°65 | 1-12 | 2-97 | 4-91 | 3-67 |11-04 | 7-69 53-30 2°03 | 4-26 | 3°99 | 5:95 | 5-09 | 7-84 | 2-50 | 7-27 |13-82 |10-09 77°79 7-66 | 4°72 | 6-08 | 7:33 | 3-71 | 2-71 | 7-68 | 8-84 |12-29 | 3-36 82-74 3°12 | 2-94 | 3-55 | 5-18 | 0-15 | 0-60 | 6-29 | 7-53 114-72 | 0-53 62-63 5-67 | 2-45 | 5-37 | 5-20 | 2-36 | 1-62 | 0-07 | 1°26 111-26 | 7-75 115-39 65°57 6-82 | 7-25 | 4-91 | 4-30 +79 | 4°74 | 2-16 | 2-56 | 4-60 | 6-06 | 9-08 | 7-40 64:67 During 1889-1915 (1889 and 1891 incomplete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 16:4 in.; Feb., 9-2; Mar., 3-9; April, 0-3; Nov., 5-2; Dec., 6-7. Mean annual snowfall, 41-7 in.; maximum recorded, 89-0 in., Jan., 1913. AKAMINA (NEAR KOOTENAY PASS) Short record for two months only in 1912. ALBERNI (BEAVER CREEK P.O.)—Elevation, 300 ft. 4 Torau PRECIPITATION PROBE sccseencrcjis- 64 3°21 | 3°31 | 2°35 | 5-33 | 2-18 | 0-66 | 1-22 | 4-21 | 1-90 |11-57 | 9-28 50+ 67 6-00 | 0-65 | 4-27 | 2-27 | 2-81 | 1-85 | 6-33 | 2-14 | 6-00 | 8-32 | 8-50 57°53 5+39 | 6-28 | 3-12 | 5-03 | 4-84 | 1-68 | 0-76 | 3-09 | 6-34 | 9-56 | 4-17 59°10 4°78 | 3-27 | 3-95 | 1-04 | 4-11 | 0-56 | 0-68 | 5-57 | 5-62 |10-95 | 2-44 52°92 4:04 | 4°22 | 3-47 | 3-12 | 0-61 | 0-92 | 0-16 | 1-46 |10-29 | 6-09 |10-90 52-26 6-53 | 5°07 | 3-28 | 3-28 | 2-80 | 1-44 | 1°75 | 3°57 | 5-61 | 8-86 | 8-03 58-03 During 1911-15, average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 24:9 in.; Feb., 3°5; Mar.,2°0; Nov.,4°2; Dec., 5°4. Mean annual snowfall, 40-0 in.; maximum, 74°6 in., Jan., 1913 Snowfall at this station has not always been measured separately. NICOLA-CLAPPERTON CREEK WATERSHED (MILL CREEK)—Elevation, 3,100 ft. ToTaL PRECIPITATION faa | ocea" ‘0-85. 1-60 | 0-35 | 0-51 epee eee 1-76 | 1-35 | 1-26 | 1-72 | 0-60 ||........ 0-45 | Q-17 | 2-15 | 1-48 | 2°26 | 0-94 | 1 0-65 } 1-22 | 1-16 | 1-02 8 1 6553'| i548 | 6:89" 1-12 | 4-42 | 2-67 +28 1:48 Snowfall in Dec., 1913, 6-O in. In Jan., 1914, 22-0; Feb., 5:5; Mar., 8-5; * ; Nov., 10:0; Dec., Sadar a 1914, 55-9. In Jan., 1915, 16-0 ; Feb., 3°5 ; Mar., 3-0; April, 3-0; Nov.,7°5; Dec., 12-0; total in , 45°0 in. NICOLA LAKE—Elevation, 2,120 ft. 181 Totau PRECIPITATION 0-56 ) 0-65 | 1-87 | 1-49 ) 0-53 | 1:42 | 0-30 | 0-39 | 0-31 | 0-73 } 0-98 9-75 2-44 | 2°53 | 0-77 | 111 | 2-40 | 3-19 | 1-09 | 0-23 | 0-54 | 0°77 | 1-36 17-42 0-53 | 0+85 | 0-24 | 0-29 | 0-09 | 0-47 | 0-74 | 0-69 | O-21 | 0-26 | 2°33 9-01 1-60 | 0-24 | 0-32 | 1-10 | 1-07 | 0-53 | 1-55 | 1-68 | 1-87 | 0-81 | 0-52 13-26 0-63 | 0-17 | 0-26 | 0-60 | 1-97 | 0-86 |} 1-12 | 0-70 | 1-27 | 1°05 | 0-57 9-87 0-83 | 0-41 | 0-31 | 1-18 | 0-65 | 0-12 | 0-35 | 0-39 | 0-86 | 1-18 | 0-86 8-55 0-56 | O-11 | 0-77 | 0-28 | 1-30 | 1-85 | 0-94 | 1-75 | 0-64 | 0-10 | 0-77 9-98 0-76 | 0-10 | 0-20 | 2-21 | 1-47 | 1-57 | 0-83 | 1-31 | 0-23 | 0-80 | 0-55 12-51 0-61 | 0-37 | 0-57 | 0-49 | 0-52 | 0-32 | 0-67 | 0-24 | 0-80 | 0-26 | 2-05 9-23 0-40 | 0-38 | 1-38 | 0-55 | 1-97 | 0-69 | 0-47 | 0-70 | 0-64 | 1-29 | 1-47 10-77 0-34 | 1-23 | 0-65 | 2-30 | 2°38 | 0-55 | 0-44 | 0-15 | 1-91 | 0-71 | 1-39 14-29 0-49 | 0-88 | 0-28 | 1-83 | 0-22 | 0-63 | 0-31 | 0-82 | 1-52 | 0-57 | 1-55 9-96 0-85 | 0-84 | 0-19 | 1:53 | 2-26 | 0-98 | 1-66 | 0-37 | 1-33 | 0-67 | 1-44 13+ 52 552 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year | Jan, | a | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. I Annual NICOLA LAKE—Continued 0-03 | 0°80 | 0-52 , 0-51 ) 0-51 | 2-86 | 0-50 } 1-23 | 0-72 | O-61 | 1-11 | 1-67 11:07 0-40 | 0-10 | 0-64 | 1°15 | 0-62 | 1-09 | 0-64 | 0-37 | 0-44 | 1-65 | 2-10 | 1-60 10-80 BGA adv occiltay tgaptal S 0-95 | 1:34 | 1-46 | 0-69 | 0-43 | 0-34 | 0-97 | 0-86 |......]...-. 0 [Jee sen 1:13 |'0-35 | 0-10 | 0-09 | 1-05 | 1-84 | 0-30 | 0-11 | 0-76 | 1-18 | 0-92 | 0-25 8-08 1-16 | 0-24 | 0-40 | 0-28 | 2-84 | 0-27 | 0-87 | 0-40 | 1-16 | 0-19 | 0-18 | 1-33 9-32 1-82 | 0-87 | 0-52 | 0-80 | 1-56 | 0-20 | 0-00 | 0-10 | 1-00 | 0-28 | 0-76 | 0-97 8-88 0-47 | 1-09 | 0-57 | 0-80 | 0:49 | 3-08 | 1°74 | 0-24 | 0-49 | 0-94 | 2-19 | 1-17 13°27 0-25 | 0-42 | 0-92 | 0-10 | 1-53 | 1-25 | 0-39 | 0-12 | 0-70 | 1-82 | 1-67 | 0-38 9°55 0-81 | 0-70 | 0-55 | 0-38 | 1-02 | 1-48 | 1-80 | 3-46 | 1-10 | 0-98 | 0-41 | 0-83 13°52 0-29 | 0-62 | 0-46 | 0-51 | 0-69 | 2-27 | 1-22 | 3-26 | 1-27 | 1-63 | 1-60 | 0-55 14-37 0-80 | 0-59 | 0-39 | 0-43 | 0-65 | 2-45 | 1-02 | 0-03 | 1-12 | 0-22 | 0-98 | 0-37 9-05 0-70 | 1°11 | 0-94 | 0-68 | 1:83 | 1°24 | 1-11 | 0-26 | 0-94 | 0-16 | 2-46 | 1-93 13-36 0-32 | 0-15 | 1-41 | 0-16 | 0-16 | 1-41 | 3-18 | 2-75 | 2-57 | 0-66 | 1-13 | 0-21 14:11 0-67 | 2°12 | 1-78 | 1-61 | 0-00 | 0-90 | 0-34 | 0-14 | 0-57 | 0-10 | 1-22 | 1-43 10°88 0-88 | 0-24 | 0-35 | 0-58 | 1-87 ] 0-99 | 1-39 | 0-24 | 2-14 | 1-03 | 0-20 | 0-42 10-33 0-80 | 0-35 | 0-05 | 0-00 | 2:37 | 1-36 | 0-30 | 0-12 | 0-77 | 0-80 | 1-51 | 2-28 10-71 0-92 | 0-67 | 1-37 | 0-00 | 0-53 | 1-00 | 1-07 | 2-52 | 2-30 | 0-06 | 0-88 | 1-20 12-52 0-64 | 0-96 | 0-23 | 0-03 | 1-11 | 0-24 | 0-39 | 1-54 | 0-26 | 0-53 | 0-31 | 1-22 7°46 1-96 | 1-18 | 0-05 | 0-41 | 1-08 | 0-81 | 1-45 | 0-19 | 0-84 | O-11 | 1-77 | 0-48 10-33 0-35 | 1°40 | 1-10 | 0-14 | 1-21 | 1-71 | 0-28 | 0-92 | 1-46 | 0-56 | 1-44 | 0-70 11-27 1°55 | 0°38 | 0-10 | 0-35 | 0-93 | 0-46 | 0-28 | 1-53 | 1-17 | 0-33 | 2-48 | 1-32 10-88 1-24 | 0-82 | 0-08 | 1-50 | 0-83 | 0-88 | 1-58 | 2-03 | 0-97 | 1-12 | 1-20 | 0-53 12-78 0-78 | 1-46 | 0-15, | 0-15 | 0-77 | 2-02 | 0-85 | 1-49 | 0-73 | 0-90 | 1-28 | 0-24 110-82 1-82 | 0-45 T 0-25 | 3-95 | 0-45 | 0-04 | 0-05 |......]...... 0-85 | 0-60 |]......06 0-95 | 0-00 | 0-30 }......]....--[--- eee 1:57 | 0-57 | 0-83 | 0-82 | 0-77 | 1-36 ||...... oe 1-07 | 0-75 | 0-60 | 0-54 | 1-19 | 1°29 | 0-95 | 0-90 | 0-94 | 0-77 | 1:04 | 1-05 11-09 During 1878-1915 (1878-92 and 1894-1913 complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 8-9in.; Feb., 5:53 Mar., 2-8; April, 0°6; Oct., 0:4; Nov., 4:7; Dec. 7-7. Mean annual snowfall, 30-6 in.; maximum recorded, 23-3 in., Jan., 1885. NINTH CABIN 182 Torat PRECIPITATION WOT iets les eee ee ee es ae sa [oes [eee lemme 3 eons. cne [ine gene [ae oreeae 5:17 | 1-88 |/..... see WO1G iio. 5 don 2 | 6-54 | 1:13 | 1-39 | 1-43 | 1-54 | 1-49 | 1-43 1-76 | 1:47 | 4:67 | 2-18 | 3-91 i 28-9. Snowfallin Nov., 1914, 51-7in.; Dec., 18:8. In Jan., 1915, 65°4; Feb., 11-3; Mar., 3:3; April, 4-7 ;[May, 2°5; Oct., 6-0; Nov., 21°8; Dec., 39:1; total in 1915, 154-1 in. NITINAT LAKE—Elevation, near sea-level 183 ToTaL PRECIPITATION QA sca qei chao be creue'ys,= | otvspcaarodleesbensoaye | eusencde tcustets G1 actin, easeani [Manav aca fle, eventos 9-74 (20-04 {24°06 | 6:77 ||.....5050 LONG eye sjecciocavereie | 9-62 112-70 110-09 lios75 | 6-25 | 0-70 | 2-68 | 1-95 | 1-56 123-08 |18-62 las-4i I 142-41 Snowfall in Dec., 1914, 0-7 in. Total in 1915, 3-Oin., all in Dec. NORTH BEND—Elevation, 495 ft. 184 TotaL PRECIPITATION 1915s. 3 aces eens [Vier vee (res [aciecetens are | 1-76 | 0-47 | 1-42 | 0-34 | 0-63 | 5-33 | 6-37 | 9-53 || Snowfall in Nov., 1915, 10-0 in.; Dec., 27:4 in. NORTH NICOMEN (LOCH ERROCH)—Elevation, 59 ft. Tota PRECIPITATION 7-78 | 7°35 | 7-44 | 4-04 | 2-51 | 2-50 | 5-53 110-03 (14-32 |18-39 91-98 8-17 | 9-52 |11-76 | 6-67 | 5-96 | 2-48 | 0-40 |10-39 |13-38 |13-01 | 5-99 96-84 11-73 | 5-66 | 3-94 | 9-96 | 2-00 | 0-46 | 0-31 | 9-26 | 4-04 | 8-83 |14-62 77-68 15-86 | 5-25 | 6-43 | 3-73 | 4-32 | 0-00 | O-14 | 0-23 ]......]......)......])..... ‘ 5°62 | 6°73 | 4:33 | 3-61 | 9-73 | 4-71 | 0-87 | 3-50 | 4-88 |14°67 13-57 74°54 13-03 | 4-72 | 4-82 | 2-40 | 4-59 | 2-64 | 0-56 | 4°79 | 6-83 |11 08 | 7-59 71:87 8-13 | 4:44 | 5-20 | 5-60 | 3-24 | 2-51 | 5-92 | 1-94 | 6-29 16-93 |11-23 81-41 6-35 | 7:62 | 4°85 | 6-93 |10-67 | 2-11 | 5-14 | 3-88 | 8-76 | 5:38 |10-60 81-36 9°34 | 5-55 | 8-43 | 4-87 | 6-11 | 0-82 | 0-05 | 2-70 | 6-50 {14-60 | 7-01 74:24 11-41 | 7-67 | 5-03 | 3-69 | 2-54 | 3-55 | 1-57 | 0-60 | 4-75 |12-62 |11-15 72-24 2°44 | 5-78 | 4-43 | 4-57 | 3-74 | 2-61 | 2-86 |10-51 | 7-40 |15-63 | 9-68 81-14 8-49 | 8-64 | 4-02 | 2-76 | 4-44 | 2-14 | 0-75 | 2-58 | 4:16 | 9-57 112-83 70:57 5:47 | 6-41 | 2-07 | 5-59 | 2-78 | 0:55 | 4:48 |10-67 | 9-86 | 4-71 | 6:97 66-94 6-56 | 1-71 | 2-15 | 4-37 | 4-77 | 0-51 | 0-58 | 8-92 113-70 | 9-78 | 8-76 71:64 11-51 | 4:21 | 6-23 | 1-74 | 2-09 | 2-12 | 2-55 | 2-61 | 2-80 |13-29 | 8-45 59:27 5:96 |10-85 | 5-66 | 3-41 | 1-62 | 1-16 | 2-33 | 0-81 | 6-57 | 9-41 | 8-06 63°68 10-26 | 4:03 | 1-47 | 4:94 | 1-24 | 3-20 | 2-33 | 3-69 | 8-63 |22-05 | 5-88 77°79 6-90 | 7:55 | 5°55 | 4-42 | 2-89 | 0-23 | 2-78 | 1-72 114-63 |16-42 |11-26 86:24 3°74 | 5-10 | 2-97 | 5-22 | 1-55 | 1-61 | 2-41 | 7-21 | 1-79 |15-49 | 9-13 64-39 6-65 | 1-10 | 3-19 | 2-06 | 2-93 | 2-82 | 3-06 | 1-33 | 6-94 |13-19 | 8-50 61:87 7-19 | 6-91 | 3-88 | 3-57 | 4-25 | 3-52 | 2-75 | 8-50 |10-51 113-29 | 3-56 76°73 4-44 | 5-09 | 5:00 | 2-61 | 3-08 | 0-08 | 0-51 | 8-15 | 6-45 |12 64 | 2-70 67-76 4:21 | 3-13 | 4-98 | 4-64 | 1-60 | 1-92 | 0-03 | 1-46 {11-61 | 7-46 113-62 63:36 Means,......../1 8:93 | 7:84 | 5-88 | 4-97 | 4-56 | 3-92 | 1-93 | 1-95 | 4-82 | 7-75 112-42 | 9-52 74:49 During 1893-1915 (1896 incomplete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 13:3 in.; Feb., 8:7; +» 3°65 Nov., 4:0; Dec., 6°4. Mean annual snowfall, 36-0 in.; maximum recorded, 515 in., Jan., 1913. fe METEOROLOGICAL DATA—PRECIPITATION 553 PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. Oct. | Nov. | Dec. I Annual NORTH THOMPSON (KAMLOOPS)—Elevation, 1,160 ft. 186 TorTaL PRECIPITATION noua. 222 I io6 | i263'| 6:36°1 6:30 Tisia ['6:40'L 6-50") 0:54 | 837 Lover LA OO Snowfall in Nov., 1913, 3-0 in.; Dec., 2-0. In Jan., 1914,9°4; Feb., 19-2 in. OBSERVATION BAY (SONORA ISLAND)—Elevation, near sea-level 187 Tota PRECIPITATION WO Bic a weiss \leseeetun —— aor | 6-32 | 4-82 | 0-12 | 1:80 | 1-28:| 0-82 |15-83 | 9-24 [15-89 ||........ Snowfall in Dec., 1915, 10-5 in. , OCEAN FALLS—Elevation, near sea-level 188 ToraL PRECIPITATION MGT eerie anscesesentia \[10-06 |18-63 |15-91 |11-49 | 7-97 | 4:80 | 1-18 | 4°41 | 8-03 |...... |13-98 |24-79 |]........ Snowfall in Feb., 1915, 8-0 in.; Nov., 1-7; Dec., 12-5 in. OYSTER BAY—Elevation, near sea-level 189 Total PRECIPITATION NQHS ce siatd c, aesecen Nicene ane i ecates Nesugatens et ee (arr [isaicaeen Riesseerees Rear | 6-51 | 7-47 |11-63 |j....... é Snowfall in Dec., 1915, 2:0 in. PARKSVILLE—Elevation, 200 ft. 190 Tova PRECIPITATION NOW 5 x esses syadeuerana HH carees Tiss sconce Viseieiasca S eae Wierd [emcee score [dears a | 6-35 | 4:51 | 7-26 |[........ PEACHLAND (WINBORNE RANCH)—Elevation, 1,160 ft. TotaL PRrecIPITATION eearcagiel lia saneees alll aatveanns oll user All saya soap anfor aun) tauetauaners [aeieateas 0-38 | 2:78 | 1-35 | 1-42 |[........ 4-18 | 1-48 | 0-58 | 0-75 iis | 13 0-47 | 0-03 | 2-28 bat | 176 1-71 16-82 1:75 | 0-90 | 1-73 | 1-03 | 2-48 | 1-21 | 2-17 | 0-52 | 2-01 | 1°89 | 2-66 | 1-60*/| 19-95 Snowfallin Dec., 1913, 14:2in. In Jan., 1914, 20-8; Feb., 6-0; Nov.,9:0; Dec., 17-1; total in 1914, 52°9, In Jan., 1915, 10-1; Feb., 2-5; Nov., 18-0; Dec., 7-5 * in. * Figures for December, 1915, include from Ist to 14th only. PEMBERTON HATCHERY—Elevation, about 700 ft. ToTaL PRECIPITATION an eats [eon eeeial eases 2-15 | 2-40 | 0-83 | 1-57 | 0-47 | 1-38 | 3-73 {11-75 | 4-02 eseee 82 | 1-33 | G18 | £02 | O86 | 109 | 1°69 | 2-12 |] 2-92 | 7-95 | 1-90 31-43 88 | 1-81 | 1-67 | 1-87 | 1-02 | 0-23 | 1-43 | 1-89 | 8-30 | 6-13 | 3-86 35:96 90 | 1:09 | 0-73 | 2-00 | 0-43 | 0-26 | 2-09 | 1-93 | 0-46 | 6-66 | 2-82 22°62 59 | 0-20 | 1-10 | 1-05 | 1-63 | 1-17 | 3-25 | 1-39 | 3-36 | 5-49 | 4°08 27-94 07 | 0-77 | 1-15 | 1:19 | 2-67 | 1-66 | 3-15 | 3-61 | 3-22 | 7-63 | 1-23 31-55 51 | 2-81 | 2-46 | 1-58 | 1-57 | 0-34 | 0-15 | 5-41 | 4-35 | 8-44 | 0-98 35-45 28 | 1:47 | 2-12 | 1-91 | 0-65 | 1:63 | 0-53 | 0-36 | 6-59 | 2-02 | 5-98 29-14 -29 | 1-35 | 1-45 | 1-63 | 1-21 | 0-99 | 1-60 | 2-26 | 4-12 | 7-01 | 3-11 31-30 During 1908-15 (1908 incomplete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 22-6 in.; Feb., 7-5; Mar.,0°6; Nov., 6-0; Dec., 10-5. Mean annual snowfall, 47:2 in.; maximum recorded, 63:5 in., Jan., 1909. PEMBERTON MEADOWS—Elevation, 700 ft. 193 Torau PRECIPITATION TOV 2c oii nce ek oieaa' |e banca Ptaemecel ees ee | eerea ae | age epee oes neste ere 1-79 | 3-48 | 7:92 | 5:14 |I........ VOD Ss ia ivisoavataac ope 4:70 | 1-94 | 1-05 | 1-37 | 1-58 | 0-97 | 1-35 | 1-50 | 4-64 | 3-79 | 8-19 | 3-27 34-35 VOT a icegs seeranesn any 10:78 | 2-28 | 3-03 | 2-34 | 0-76 | 1-35 | 0-283 | 0-08 | 4-63 | 5-46 | 9-23 | 1-65 41-87 DOYS ecsssxccuusrsre: toa 3-99 | 3-69 | 1-73 | 2-58 | 0-93 | 0-51 | 1°25 | 0-36 | 0-51 | 5-83 | 4-65 | 7-93 34:01 Means......... 6-49 | 2-64 ' 1-94 | 2-10 | 1-09 | 0-94 | 0-96 | 0-65 | 2-89 | 4-65 | 7:50 | 4:50 36-35 During 1912-15 (1912 incomplete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 46-2 in.; Feb., 12:8; Mar., 2°7; Nov., 22:1; Dec., 28:4. Mean annual snowfall, 112-2 in.; maximum recorded, 72-0 in., Jan., 1914. . PENTICTON—Elevation, 1,150 ft. 194 Torau PRECIPITATION DQ OF crcacropsutestouadlll lio coral auayanaite [saree QHIG Vso crcalea ener 0-37 | 1-13 | 0-78 | 0-30 TODS ssccviressinasererovs 0-96 | 0-76 | 0-62 | 0-28 | 0-79 | 0-48 | 0:75 | 3-04 | 0-88 | 0-76 19098 aiaceaieteerssye 0-79 | 3-08 | 0-38 | 0-05 | 1-30 | 1-12 | 2 37 | 0-39 | 1-58 } 0-83 L910: ise cjeacess gate 0-63 | 0-51 | 0-12 | 0-45 | 1-66 | 1-33 | 0-49 | 0-94 | 0-52 | 0-62 AQT aye. aves! seal | so rianee| ae wren 0-32 | 0-21 | 1:62 | 1-45 | 0-35 | 1-26 | 1-20 | 0-23 ION 2 ce. oxcerert watt 1-01} 6-76 | 0-05 | 1-15 | 1-16 | 1:52 | 1-14 | 1-13 | 1-37 | 1-00 LOIS seis seeere ens 0-64 | 0-42 | 0-28 | 0-34 | 2-21 | 3-82 | 0-54 | 1-17 | 0-38 | 1-48 VON 4 iiss scderers ees 2-13 | 0-49 | 0-46 | 1-26 | 1-22 | 1-24 | 0-35 | 0-31 | 2 16 | 0-81 DOUG jor isccceeacees 0-65 | 0-44 | 1-08 | 0-91 | 3-49 | 1-46 | 2-35 | 0-27 | 1-01 | 0-99 Means.......-- 0:97 | 0-92 | 0-41 | 0-54 | 1-68 | 1-55 | 0-97 | 1-07 | 1-10 | 0-78 | 0-77 | 0-81 11:57 During 1907-15 (5 years complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 6-5in.; Feb., 30; Mar., 0-6; Nov., 1°6; Dec., 5:1. Mean annual snowfall, 16-8 in.; maximum recorded, 10-5 in., Jan., 1914. 554 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year | Jan. | Feb. | Mar, [ April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annual PENTICTON (CARMI ROAD) 195 Toran PRECIPITATION TOS gua evaiareelbexsiousiore lecnwreses [aereness 0-48 | 1-46 ( 0-63 |......}/....... . DOLE i creuserevsrs 1-74 | 0-51 [i 0: ae 4°31 | 0-53 3 | 2 2°08 | 1°78 | . 1915....... oo 1:60 | 0-88 arayeversellis oe Snowfallin Jan., 1914, 10-2 in.; Feb. 1-1; Nov., 10°3; Dec., 17°8. In Jan., 1015, 16-0; Feb., 4-3 in. PERRY SIDING—Elevation, 1,700 ft. 196 Torau PRECIPITATION NOUS eis n seer cesiaieal| (feeaneaysaal| csccroye acascies 0-73 | 2°33 | 4°15 | 141 | 2-36 | 1-77 | 1°34 [ 3-12 | O-71 q...... TONG scope rorener ae 4-75 | 1-14 | 1-19 | 2°92 | 1-70 | 1°83 | 0-98 | 0°46 | 3°51 | 1-59 | 3°51 | 1-21 24-79 1915...........]] 1°23 | 1°31 | 1°86 | 3°66 | 3-76 | 2-54 | 3-36 | O71 | 1-18 | 2°59 | 2-86 | 3-04 28-10 Means......... 2-99 | 1-23 | 1°53 | 2:44 | 2-60 | 2-84 | 1°92 | 1-18 | 2-15 | 1-84 | 3-16 | 1°65 25°53 Snowfall in Oct., 1913, 0:8 in.; Nov., 10°5; Dec., 6-6. In Jan., 1914, 28-3; Feb., 9:9; Mar., 3°6; Nov., Pata Dec., 12-1; total in ‘1914, 60-6. In Jan., 1915, “te. 3; Feb., 10- ‘4; Nov., 23° 2; Dec., 27+ 45 total for 1915, 3*3 in. PHENIX—Elevation, 4,800 ft. TovraL PRECIPITATION aay atsparsi| apsoed ates wuayagete[ eens See0s\| ear ctagerel) rich Sennen reese 2-55 | 1-73 | 2-50 | 5-40 | 2-60 jf........ 5-56 | 1-80 | 1-90 | 3-07 | 0-99 | 3-28 | 0-78 | 0-60 | 3°22 | 1-88 | 1-23 | 2-40 26-71 3-00 | 2-90 | 1-55 | 2-10 | 5°83 | 2-53 | 4-70 | 0-38 | 0-58 | 1°75 | 3-60 | 2-50 31-42 Snowfall in Oct., 1913, 19-Oin.; Nov., 54:0 ; Dec., 26-0. In Jan., 1914,50°0; Feb., 18-0; Mar., 17-0; arnt 9°5; Nov., 12:0; Dec., 24-0; total in 1914, 130-5. In Jan., 1915, 30°0; Feb., 29-0; Mar., 9-0; ‘April, 0 Oct., 5:3 in. PILOT BAY—Elevation, 1,780 ft. 198 Tora PRECIPITATION BBO Sosa sateatsls aveeayoui| | ahrcmincei| cox uecapauel| ucuoayouarel| Saavers in laetad ee ge eaacal] tae lages O esacs mesayell eelprttoe tesa ueea ts 4-7 | 4°23 |]... eee 1894........ 3-54 | 4-32 . 2-83 | 5-60 | 2-61 | 0-31 | 0-13 | 5-46 | 3°56 | 2-82 | 2-92 ||....... DBO Gy speceesalaree 4-38 |,3-90 | 0-80 | 1°75 | 8-49 | 0-41 | 4-00 | 0-14 | 4-20 | 0-40 | 5-42 | 2-90 36:79 ee aleGiseraaimneise 13-19 | 3-34 | 0-20 | 1-31 | 1-18 | 1-03 | 0-70 | 0-74 |....../......]... 6a ll aoaterssai hesev acai 1898... 022.22 [ITE 4 90" ]65 807] 7509181 1387) 2500']3°36 "area | VSO 9s ssccesasers 3-10 | 3-75 | 1-17 | 1-40 | 1-99 | 1-43 | 0-48 | 4-58 | 1°31 | 2-12 | 2-55 | 6°66 30+ 54 1900..... 8-57 | 3°03 | 6-43 | 3-37 | 7-34 {10-99 | 3-18 | 3-25 | 0-98 |...... [dee elec eee ‘ 190. sevecceat] O°71 | 5*38 | O64 | 4°87 | S917 fossa cle css cfesse cede sdavecotalllonaco acs] cueacatce 0°30 ||......66 Means......... 6-08 | 3-95 | 2-24 | 2-59 | 4-42 | 2°88 | 1-63 | 1-77 | 2-67 | 2-02 | 3-44 | 3-32 37-01 During 1893-1901 (3 years complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 32-3 in.; Feb. 21-6; Mar., 7*1 ; April, 0-5; Nov., 7-4; Dec., 15-6. Mean annual snowfall, 84-5 in.; maximum recorded, 119-5 in., Jan., 1896. 199 POINT GREY—Elevation, near sea-level Station started recording January, 1916. PORT ESSINGTON—Elevation, 10 ft. Tora PRECIPITATION sil | ecemscere tecnica eevee oun G-00 | 6-87 | 9°29 | 4-04 | 7-29 | 4°87 |16°40 115-389 |17-38 ||....... .|[14°83 | 9-57 /12-16 | 6-62 | 4-13 | 2-93 | 3-27 |12-95 | 5-64 [21-31 117-24 |25-78 || 136-43. -[]12+22 | 5-64 ]12-24 | 3+70 | 4-14 | 4-25 | 4-45 113-06 |14-18 | 9°07 |27-57 |17+43 || 127-95 -|[15°72 | 4°97 | 3-80 | 8-40 | 7-28 | 2-87 | 2-11 | 2-97 117-20 [25-09 |15+07 |13-49 || 118-97 -||20°77 | 4°21 | 4°46 | 5-76 | 5-30 | 7-44 | 5°56 |......1...... ees TO TPS? |esavwellcaaeeane 3°08 | 8°47 | 8°32 | 7-08 | 5-30 | 0-63 | 3-04 |14-19 113-60 |....../23°00 |......//... eeeee 13-32 | 6-57 | 8-20 | 6:76 | 5-50 | 4:57 | 3-74 {10-09 |11-10 |18-52 {19-30 |18-52 126-19 During 1901-05 (1901-03 complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 23-5 in.; Feb., 15-0; Mar., 8°5; April, 0-4; Nov., 50; Dec., 15-0. Mean annual snowfall, 67-4 in.; maximum recorded, 71: 03 in., Jan., 1904. PORT MOODY (DOMINION STATION)—Elevation, 65 ft. ToraL PRECIPITATION al |becacteapace [heres sta ccia haxesa:siaee fissewas 0561 hae casei | eseyS ce (atoll otsid,erevs |fezanetevers «a eeen] OF BL LORS L174) flcewecnne « {12-16 : °08 1106: Jo osico.0| iene. 0-21 | 0-22 | 0-47 | 3-75 | 6+78 |13+41 |14-96 |]..... see «|| 8°28 | 4-88 | 8-11 | 5°72 | 0-88 | 6-64 | 4°00 | 0-50 | 2-75 |10+28 | 8-48 |11-87 72+39 5°85 | 6-05 | 5-45 | 3°20 | 3-84 | 1-00 | 0-00 | 4-25 | 3-99 | 5-81 | 6-64 | 7-52 53-60 --|] 6°40 | 3°39 | 6-50 | 4-49 | 2-36 | 5-03 | 2-56 | 3-20 | 2-85 112-90 | 4-34 |15-13 69°15 -||11°37 | 3°04 | 7-30 | 5°60 | 2-40 | 3-33 | 1+65 | 2-10 | 8-59 | 5-13 |14-29 |18-07 82-87 8:05 | 5-46 | 6-31 | 6-11 |... fee. ] 2988 Joo dee ele wee Tiviers tein] a eseiwrere|| eereternerere 8-68 | 5-15 | 7-46 | 5-02 | 2-37 | 3-24 | 1-88 | 2-10 | 4°39 | 7-87 | 9-62 14-16 71:94 During 1886-92 (1888-91 complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 9+7 in.; ee 5°8; Mar.,1°5; Nov, 0-8; Dec., 10-6. Mean annual snowfall, 28-4 in.; maximum recorded, 28+ Oin., Jan., 1 88, METEOROLOGICAL DATA—PRECIPITATION 555 PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year {| Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annual PORT MOODY (PROVINCIAL STATION)—Elevation, near sea-level 202 ToraL PRECIPITATION VOUS ose dienes crate (11-97 | 5-16 | 4°66 | 4-25 ) 1-51 | 4:04 | 0-63 | 0-72 | 7:36 | 8-98 (12-40 | 2-40 | 64-08 AOUGS Af dosaseceuee I] 7-82 | 4:63 | 5:04 | 2°74 | 4-55 | 0-79 | 1-42 | 0-26 | 1-00 111-06 | 6-78 |11-18 | 57+27 Snowfall in Jan., 1914, 6-Oin. Total in 1915, 3-0., allin Dec. PORT SIMPSON—Elevation, 26 ft. 203 Toray PRECIPITATION ist gevials (bd Gaaadennal [ta ated vif... ese[e.-...| 3°60 [ 3°50 ] 9°80 | 8-69 |17-43 (12°61 | 6-18 |{........ WOPRRWOHOANNNWONNIAL AW SSRSRESSSSSlSRSSSSEARLS WOM oo 84 . : : . 82 | 7°62 |17°68 |13-70 | 7°41 | 3-26 77-46 ag eee err eee sealeveveeleveeneleree «(| 49-21% = ty So o ao LS] oO HR STOURS 0109 bet CO ST OT et BT BD LO TST S00 ST 1.00 = = » to = CON Qws e a ° yy o 15 | 7°85 8:71 | 7°13 | 5-88 | 6°74 | 4*42 | 4-33 | 4-83 | 6-85 | 9-64 112-23 |11-30 110-23 92-29 During 1886-1910 (20 years complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 10-1in.; Feb., 11-0; Mar., 65 ; April, 2-7; Nov., 1-7; Dec., 7*8. Mean annual snowfall, 39-8 in.; maximum recorded, 42-6 in., Jan., 1887 * Total for 6 months, see Prince Rupert. POWELL RIVER*—Elevation, near sea-level 204 Toran PRECIPITATION ere Elis oe eens Poets | mete 2:34 | 2-25 { V-O0T| O-81 | 1-29 | 4-69 | 7-43 | 5-88 [1........ 6-50 | 3:25 | 1-37 | 1:13 | 3-62 | 1-37 | 2-13 | 1-23 | 3-14 | 2-24 | 6-60 | 3-54 36-12 4-07 | 2-15 | 0-52 | 1-61 | 3-18 | 2-47 | 0-84 | 3-38 | 2-36 | 2-92 | 6-50 | 5-37 35-37 2-85 | 3-26 | 2-08 | 1:43 | 2-22 | 4-15 | 1-78 | 1-39 | 3-18 | 5-44 | 6-68 | 2-28 36°74 8-98 | 3-01 | 2-70 | 2-89 | 1-12 | 2-56 | 0-38 | 0-78 | 5-15 | 7-70 | 6-38 | 3-29 44-94 2-96 | 3-39 | 2-38 | 3-15 | 2:26 | 0-26 | 1-49 | 0-21 | 0-39 | 7-00 | 3°10 | 7-57 34°16 5-07 | 3-01 | 1-81 | 2-04 | 2-46 | 2-18 | 1-10 | 1-30 | 2-59 | 5-00 | 6-12 | 4-66 37-34 t No rain June 20 to August 12, 1910. Snowfall not usually recorded separately. In Dec., 1914, 1-0 in., and in Dec., 1915, 1+5 in. POWELL RIVER (GOAT RIVER LODGE)—Elevation, 160 ft. 205 Tora PRECIPITATION BO ae os cate anese | sitssesacite | tacaceebytel acea Cte av suena ia ans 2°47 | 3°35 | 1-12 | 0-79 | 7-97 [13-22 [13-26 | 2°47 |e acaeeeee . BOTS orceccaeccerevtiene | 5:98 | 6-88 bsc6i 6:29 | 4-89 | 1-02 | 3-92 | 0-65 | 0-50 [14-54 } 7-03 |12-51 | 69-22 Snowfall in Dec., 1915, 12-0 in. POWELL RIVER (HEAD OF LAKE)—Elevation, 160 ft. 206 TorTaL PRECIPITATION MONG ee siento coe aece sell rereuoona 7°25 | 3-23 | 3-06 | 1-28 | 1-01 | 9-31 |17-93] 20-86 | 4-71 ls oa ites, . LOIS as.ctde vies | 8-09 | 9-58 | 7°77 | 8-98 | 5:00 | 0°62 | 4-37 | 0-70 | 1-25 121-53] 11-93 |18-48 98-30 Snowfall in Dec., 1915, 29-6 in. PRINCE GEORGE—Elevation, 1,863 ft. 91 ToraL PRECIPITATION MOQ cecrasasacasecovers [lcccuses vavezalfesertusipeoeifl snes use [oaieeaimad a | enaiacecstel|in'sve asus aseis weal 2222 VOUS cis wteisiea were 3°43 | 2°88 | 4°48 | 2-80 | 1-92 | 2-40 | 1-02 | 1-86 1014 accesses B00 | omens aa wee 0-94 | 1°48 | 1°38 | 1-10 | 3-25 | 2-00 VWO1G sc cccerdin seen 0-15 | 0-10 | 0°85 | 1-23 | 2-22 | 1-67 | 1-91 | 1-46 Snowfall in Oct., 1912, 1-5 in.; Nov., 6°3; Dec., 11-0. In Jan., 1913, ; 2:2; Nov., 4:0. In Nov., 1914, 4°3; Dec., 13°8. In Jan., 1915, 1-5; Feb., 1-0 in. * Records supplied by Powell River Company. 556 COMMISSION OF CUNSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annual PRINCE RUPERT*—Elevation, 170 ft. Tora, PrecipiraTion a a Riva iath hoe ip ete BSR ett tea cet apa catalase 3°40 )20-35 18-02 (13-36 ; 3 42 )........ 9-39 | 8-98 | 9:64 | 6-29 | 8-07 | 3-31 | 7-70 | 9-98 |19-99 |19-17 | 7-40 | 3-88 113-80 Bee! ll G2242? |esucceacsvsdl ius aan Si necaasine ecnaeiiens 4:50 | 4-83 | 8-60 |18-13 | 9-17 |24-64 |]........ 15-30 | 7-09 ]19:92 | 8-64 | 4-33 | 5-29 | 6-04 | 3-67 | 4-23 | 7-49 | 8-40 |13-19 103-59 4-41 | 8-50 | 2:75 | 8 66 | 2-94 | 4-09 | 3-44 | 4-70 | 8-39 |12-41 {13-52 |16-21 90-02 11-33 | 5-73 [14-11 | 8-86 | 6-75 | 3-56 | 7-73 | 5-08 |13-74 [15-91 |14-60 |19-08 || 126-48 6:36 110-24 | 9:13 | 9-10 | 6-43 | 1-68 {17-25 | 4-16 {10-19 |11-97 |11-91 | 6-56 104-98 12-95 | 7-57.]10-57 |12-50 | 3-07 | 5:63 | 1-28 | 6-75 | 9 66 [17-08 |11-77 }11-64 110-47 9-21 | 7-83 |11-02 | 9-O1 | 5:26 | 3-93 | 6-85 | 5-32 111-89 }15-02 111-27 {12-95 109 56 During 1908-15 (1910-15 complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 21-5 in.; Feb., 9:3; Mar., 3-1; April, 3-5; Oct., 0:2; Nov.,2°6; Dec., 4:5. Mean annual snowfall, 44:7 in.; maximum recorded, 61-9 in., Jan., 911. PRINCETON—Elevation, 2,111 ft. ToraL PRECIPITATION U-4u | Q-5U | 1-10 | 1-64 | 1-00 | 0-00 | 0-04 0-30 | 0-00 | 1-40 | 0-37 | 0-00 | 1-60 | 0-00 1205 | 0°55 Jess ecalon sane 0-20 | 1:00 | 1-40 0-00 | 0-00 | 0-00 j 1-89 } 1-45 | 0-91 | 0-18 0-50 | 0-60 | 0-00 |......}...... 0-20 | 0-61 aig ea QHOL, Iiseai-sc.alssine seni saat) Pooees | eietat a 0-95 | 0-38 | 0-17 | 1-03 | 1-04 | 4-53 | 0-05 | 1-00 | 0-11 | 1-06 | 0-68 11-49 0-71 | 0-71 | 0-40 | 1-67 | 0-62 | 1-68 | 1-64 | 0-46 | 0-20 | 4-37 | 1-98 16-75 0-48 | 1-99 | 0-33 | 0-80 | 1-74 | 2-63 | 2-05 | 2-59 | 0-80 | 0-93 | 1-03 16-61 3:12 | 1-46 | 1-82 | 0-65 | 0-84 | 0-68 | 0-72 | 0-09 | 0-37 | 1-79 | 2-01 15-35 0-36 | 1-00 | 0-78 | 1-56 | 1-12 | 2-07 | 0-95 | 1-64 | 1-58 | 0-38 | 0:52 13-10 0-86 | 0-06 | 0-18 | 3-27 | 1-63 | O-11 | 0-11 | 0-62 | 1-25 | 1-97 | 3-25 14-09 1-31 | 0-49 | 0-27 | 1-03 | 0-88 | 0-83 | 1-87 | 2-02 | 0-25 | 0-90 | 1-12 13-27 1-29 | 0-76 | 0-14 | 1-21 | 1-02 | 1-02 | 0-93 | 0-31 | 0-60 | 0-53 | 1-89 11-06 1-33 | 0-13 | 0-45 | 2-14 | 1-20 | 2-16 | 0-20 | 0-73 | 1-22 | 3-16 | 0-38 15°28 1:84 | 0-67 | 0-09 | 0-95 | 2-36 | 0-63 | 0-90 | 0-70 | 1-19 | 2-26 | 1-70 14-84 1-13 | 0-29 | 0-11 | 1-76 | 0-86 | 0-63 | 1-34 | 1-49 | 0-27 | 3-12 | 0-65 13-00 0-76 | 0-24 | 1-15 | 0-72 | 1-53 | 1-30 | 2-08 | 0-49 | 1-20 | 0-91 | 1-55 13-52 5 sions all ss ten ceo [cach tytn head sare 2-54 | 2-22 | 4-14 ]......| 1-17 | 0°75 | 0-50 |]........ 1-16 | 0-73 | 0-65 | 1-32 | 0-88 | 0-21 | 0-12 | 1-39 | 1-00 | 2-04 | 0-96 12-82 0-25 { 0-76 | 0-41 | 2-54 | 0-96 | 2-56 | 1-36 | 1-07 | 1-00 | 2-02 | 1-67 15°35 0-94 | 0:59 | 0-53 | 1-44 | 1-16 | 1-35 | 1-03 | 1-04 | 0-85 | 1-83 | 1-33 13-41 During 1894-1915 (16 years April, 0-2; May, 0-1; Oct.,0-2; Nov., 9:5; Dee., 11:1. 38-7 in., Nov., 1902. complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 10-1 in.; Feb., 8-0; Mar., 3°53; Mean annual snowfal., 42-7 in.; maximum recorded, PRINCETON CROSSING—Elevation, 3,515 ft 209 Tora PRECIPITATION TOTS sc ioakendcdens I Seley | iene’ | aud eases | aS heart | re | iGditons | itevatcsas | Baad a | hess Q-92 { 1-44 | 1-57 |........ TON Gite, wectise Ain 1-17 | 0-41 | 2-77 | 1-48 | 3-88 | 2-03 | 3-70 | 0-72 | 2-37 | 2-33 | 2-78 | 3-24 | 26:88 Snowfall in Nov., 1914, 6-7 in.; Dec., 15-7. In Jan., 1915, 11:7, Feb., 4-1; Mar., 4-5; Nov., 26:0° Dec., 32-4; total in 1915, 78-7 in. 3 QUALICUM}{—Llevation, near sea-level 210 Tora PRECIPITATION NOOR shox ae cautecsd iad eatentieae te vexrona ate epevan el masnpegasctron| oes: anneal gaetdeewel| euawsuage all oeeseeo cata lean sceal ome sade meneame D°46. (le vanense. QOD ecsse cantee a: a 7-39 | 4-58 | 0-90 | 0-50 | 1-60 | 0-95 | 0-60 | 2-40 | 2-40 [10-28 | 4-09 | 0-30 35-99 TOV: esnecvedieaec 5-11 | 3-69 | 1-85 | 0-50 | 0-74 | 1:90 | 0-10 | 0-86 | 1°35 | 6-18 | 8-06 | 3-51 33-85 POD ease eqcaneasessny 7-38 | 1-92 | 0-45 | 0-86 | 2-75 | 0-50 | 0-10 | 0-87 | 2-05 | 3-02 | 6-68 | 2-80 29°38 WON scree susyen 3 6-36 | 3-53 | 0-28 | 1-29 | 1-93 | 1-20 | 1-98 | 2-12 | 1-58 | 2-61 | 7-84 | 5-80 36-52 NOUS caren seteicta als 4-77 | 2-31 | 1-80 | 1-46 | 1-76 | 2°73 | 1-52 | 0-85 | 2-51 | 3-60 | 9-95 | 2-49 35-75 1914 ear conan 11:96 | 3-16 | 2-48 | 5-71 | 0-49 | 2-66 | 0-07 | 0-22 | 5-00 | 8-15 | 9-05 | 2-02 50-97 WOT Ds ges aracete 3:07 | 3-81 | 2-60 | 2 14 | 2-83 | 0-85 | 0-14 | 0-02 | 0-75 | 8-83 17 | 8-80 38-01 Means......... 6-58 | 3-29 | 1:48 | 1-78 | 1-73 | 1-54 | 0-64 | 1-05 | 2-23 | 6-10 | 7-12 | 3-90 37-44 During 1909-15 (1909-12 complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan.,9+1in.; Feb., 2-0; Nov., 3-3 Dec., 0-9. Mean annual snowfall, 15-3 in.; maximum recorded, 28-0 in., Jan., 1911. QUALICUM BEACH—Elevation, near sea-level 211 TotaL PRECIPITATION MOUS sar ceseesra a veeeacas| | ear ore [tela fevate [pee das all tse hf ake Sal [ seh ha ues nan [tons sedeave lmaemaacs lim meenn alll hace DS81. [lesz aeee VODA so ccorety nie.nes 4 7°75 | 2-39 | 2-34 | 2-88 | 0-39 | 2-41 |} 0-28 | 0°34 | 4-77 | 8-01 | 7-15 | 1-07 39-78 TOS ss cnessens QE G2T | aeetecn cll aus gee Se cused Mae ots alles 0-04 | 0-05 | 0-10 | 7-00 | 0-46 | 1-84 °|l........ Snowfallin Jan., 1914,6-0in.; Feb.,0°3; Dec., 1-3. * See also record for Port Simpson. In Jan., 1915, 0-0; Dee., 0°7 in. t Formerly called Little Qualicum. See also record for French Creek. METEOROLOGICAL DATA—PRECIPITATION 557 PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year | Jan. | Feb. Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annual QUAMICHAN—Elevation, 100 ft. Tota PRECIPITATION eainenaed ee oes [tee b ore [hae anaes 1-56 | 0-65 | 0-64 | 0-01 | 3-95 | 3-42 | 8-63 [3°94 }[......-. 0-74 | 1-61 | 3-38 | 1-56 | 1-28 } 1-97 | 1-19 | 2-01 |’2-36 | 2-09 /13-24 39-18 S02 | 4°12 | 2-24 | 3°65 | 0°02 |... <5 OHO. cnecspasyeillansresayel afl vexcvsnenastslloed coe cepa ‘ . aonb saith aatdifasteeadlsncitecd wcll Udon ans ona ania al yeeauenaya 1:55 | 0-72 | 1-27 | 3-61 | 2-84 | 6-30 |]........ 3-98 | 1-79 | 2-52 | 2-87 | 0-76 | 0-00 | 1-04 | 3-08 | 4-93 | 3 23 | 5-28 32-94 1:73 | 2-94 | 0-98 | 1-26 | 3-86 | 0-74 | 0-27 | 1-11 | 6-31 | 1-39 |10-29 39°14 2-45 | 3:60 | 5-86 | 0-60 | 0-26 | 0-00 | 2-53 | 3-81 | 3-60 | 7-50 /10-22 43°29 2°86 | 2-72 | 4-09 | 2-26 | 0-40 | 1-10 | 0-80 | 3-60 | 1:80 | 5-75 | 5-00 35°78 7-93 | 5:05 | 4-59 | 2-32 | 1-72 | 0-37 | 0-21 | 3-65 | 2-97 | 7-90 | 5-60 45-16 4:05 | 4-45 | 2-30 | 0-60 | 1-80 | 1-30 | 0-20 | 3-00 | 4-50 | 2 92 | 2-05 34-52 1-00 | 3-50 | 2-20 | 4-20 | 0-90 | 0-50 | 0-40 | 0-50 | 0-70 | 4:30 | 4-70 29-27 Gr 18 | O08 dis ews. P88 4 B20 | OPT | O80 decease saxo aes TsO: [svccssssesees . SHES a evel aes sot ce eB Sots P60! Nh ceexsescal asa crore let ieueeatel interamseanlleteraora|eameaveral erenwarel, LetDO! lysine aearceeve RSS OS Meco aos aptvaniensr eRe arenes 1-65 | 0-65 O60: | 4°00) jicn cae) FEDS. [lies sans 4°61 | 1-15 | 2-43 | 1-94 | 1-91 1-40 | 2-31 |11-05 | 5-81 |/....... . Means......... 5-57 | 3-95 | 2-81 | 2-93 | 2-10 | 1-18 | 0-72 | 0-66 | 2-33 | 3-38 | 5-24 | 5-91 36:78 During 1886-1901 (1889-95 complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 11-9 in.; Feb., 13-8; Mar., 1+4; Oct., 0-1; Nov., 1:0; Dec., 5-3. Mean annual snowfall, 38-5 in.; maximum recorded, 58:5 in., Feb., 1893. QUATSINO (AND WINTER HARBOUR)—Elevation, near sea-leve Torat PRECIPITATION iigee usraiet [a caean fase eae tears| seams ia [lata aydtes [estew a Sie 3:74 | 3- 7-13 |16-17 | 7-14 | 5-91 | 4-70 |10-59 | 2:05 | O- 10-52 84 | 7-25 {10-61 | 6-25 | 5-26 | 7-09 | 6- 15-91 |17-57 | 5:84 {13-30 | 6-61 | 5-05 | 4-04 | O- 19+79 [15-83 | 7-77 {18-15 | 7-51 | 1-60 | 0-30 | 1° dasteeba some saeiy 12-22 | 6-68 |10-00 | 6-20 | 2-23 | 3- 1466) [LEOF [LS809! occ osc bases cll ee wees 5-39 | 2- 7:92 |16-99 |17-96 | 8-06 | 4-21 | 3-65 | 3-22 | 6- 14-94 | 1-43 | 3-40 /10-93 | 6-01 | 5-77 | 0-80 | 4: 3°10 | 5-60 | 2-89 | 4-37 | 5-53 | 6-54 | 2-39 | O- 9-14 |12-56 |15-11 | 6-24 | 6-26 | 0-51 | 1-11 | 8- 19+51 | 8-32 10-06 | 6-86 | 3-06 | 9-38 | 2-06 | 5- 6°73 |16-74 |10°32 |......]...... 1-30 | 0-74 | 3- doses eazal| cera gs tal eeeeasasa | etuttaettes 9-70 | 3-96 | 5-82 | 2- 8-80 |11-90 |12-96 | 2-17 | 5-39 | 5-02 | 5-00 |15- 19+21 | 9-23 |10-66 | 8-29 | 5-54 | 5-85 | 1-11 | 2: secenariey 12-84 |10-23 | 3-09 | 3-58 | 5-79 | 1-78 | 0- 14°88 | 8:03 | 1-71 | 3-91 | 2-82 | 1-15 | 1-31 | 1- 14-09 | 5-31 | 4°26 | 7-44 | 5-97 | 1-10 | 2-67 | 5- 18-46 | 5-76 12-42 | 9-36 | 3-85 | 1-34 | 0-74 | 1- 8-58 | 9-90 | 7-71 | 6:77 | 2-82 | 0-46 | 1-70 | 2- 12-54 {10-72 | 9-21 | 7-77 | 5-55 | 4-24 | 2-63 | 3-82 | 6-73 112-14 |17-04 |16-56 || 108-95 During 1895-1915 (14 years complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 7-8 in.; Feb., 4-8; Mar., 2-7; apr. 3-6; Oct., 0-2; Nov., 2:6; Dec. 2-9. Mean annual snowfall, 24:6 in.; maximum recorded, 39-Oin., Dec., 1902. QUEEN CHARLOTTE CITY—Elevation, near sea-level Tora PRECIPITATION Wh a:ai'|3°30'| 3:38 | s:o8 | i6o' | o:9i' Tiga’ s2a7'| 32501208 fiita7 L298 | aacia" Snowfall in Feb., 1915, 7-0 in.; Dec., 3°5; total in 1915, 10°5 in. QUESNEL—Elevation, 1,700 ft. TotaL PRECIPITATION 1-35 | 0-37 | 0-63 | 0-41 | 0-73 | 1-10 | 1-54 | 3-59 | 0-40 | 0-27 | 0-00 11-69 0-00 | 0-00 }...... 0-52 | 0266 | 0813: [as ccna] aeaunepesee es 1:00 | 0-30 |J........ Esa RSS| esses O55 | O21 | 153.) 1:94) OF7S | 2-12.) TOL |i ccccs laine eenans ne sandy ental adegedohacsl | cpanspenye Q-11 | 1-78 | 1-11 | 1-03 | 0-32 | 1-56 | 0-29 | 1-10 | 0-00 ||...... 3:00 0-00 | 0-98 | 2-62 | 1-82 | 2-74 | 0-21 | 1-27 | 1-93 | 0-62 15-69 1-65 | 1-46 | 0-82 | 0-67 | 2-59 | 2-46 | 3-00 | 1-45 | 0-62 | 1-36 | 0-10 17-43 0-05 g 0-00 | 0-68 | 1-95 | 2-31 }......) ee ede eee 0-30 | 0-70 |I........ apoectcagseat| tener ares 0-02 | 1-03 | 1-76 | 0-81 | 1-06 | 1-84 | 0-32 | 0-45 | 0-20 |]........ OAOO? | eennacaail satoer tral wissen 0°47 | 3-22 | 2-37 | 2-63 | 1-50} 1-09 | 1-65 |/........ 2°45 0-10 | 0-56 |} 1-55 | 1-35 | 0-07 | 0-53 | 1-50 | 1-50 | 2-80 16-30 1-05 T 0-36 | 0-82 | 0-31 | 0-53 | 2-46 | 0-51 | 1-76 | 2-03 | 0-60 11:38 0-15 3 0-02 | 0-46 | 1-62 | 1-07 | 0-50 | 2-55 | 2-90 | 1-15 | 2-70 15-67 0-60 | 0:55 | 0-53 | 0-66 | 3-46 | 1-42 | 3-13} 2-20 | 0-68 | 0°87 | 1-05 17-25 2-10 0-18 | 1-43 | 2-67 | 2-28 | 1-81 | 3-64 | 1-36 | 1-53 | 0-85 19-07 558 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year I Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annual QUESNEL—Continued 1909........... 0°55 | 0-83 | 0-50 | 0-42] 1-04 | 1-53 | 0-82] 1-50 | 2-13 | 2-49 | 1-40 | 0-25 || 13-46 ADO nec desea 0-57 | 1-00 | 0-51 | 0-20 | 1-41 | 2-92 | 1-11 | 2-48 | 0-63 | 0-85 | 2-42 | 1-35 || 15-45 WDD stadyied ince 1:05 | 0-70 | 0-72 | 0-43 | 1-36 | 1-33 | 1-84 | 1-07 | 2-20 | 0-39 | 1-96 | 2-35 || 15-40 W912. ici wersics 0-45 | 0-55 | 0-10 | 0-88 | 0-40 | 1-08 | 1-66 | 1-94 | 0-70 | 1-31 | 0-97 | 0-50 || 10-54 ADS terete nseyer> 2-20 | 1-03 | 1-18 | 0-31 | 1-36 | 1-55 | 3-47 | 3-65 | 1-51 | 2-97 | 0-87 | 0-42 || 20-52 4914 osocemcnsmae 1-52 | 1-84 | 0 83 | 0-81 | 1-21 | 2-37 | 2-76 | 0-30 | 1-39 | 0-07 | 1-77 | 0-80 || 15-67 LON Di isrcseccraveralere 0-25 | 0-15 | 0-47 | 0-72 | 1-38 | 2-08 | 1°82 | 0-79 | 1-24 | 1-24 | 0-05 | 1-90 12-09 Means.........{| 1°25 | 1:03 | 0°45 | 0-37 | 0-87 ‘ 1-71 | 1-66 | 1°66 | 1-72 | 1-21 | 1°20 | 0:96 14:09 During 1895-1915 (15 years complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 11-2 in.; Feb.,9-1; Mar., 2-2; Oct., 0-6; Nov., 6-4; Dec., 8-0. Mean annual snowfall, 37-5 in.; maximum recorded, 30-0 in., Feb., 1899. QUESNEL FORKS (BULLION)—Elevation, 2,275 ft. 216 TotaL PRECIPITATION BOs setht caters al llesrbsseceel stem deegentl teceiamnc Pap upaeansta | fears 2-63 | 3:54 | 0-56 | 1-71 | 1-91 | 2-80 | 2-31 [|........ ABO Sissies daeaess 3:28 | 2:97 | 2-40 | 0-96 | 3-31 | 3-36 | 3-06 | 0-31 | 2-71 | 1-06 | 2-83 | 1-31 27°56 R800 cee seen aides 3:70 | 4°75 | 2-39 | 2-21 | 2 35 | 2-54 | 1-39 | 2-94 | 1-54 | 1-64 | 2-47 | 1-43 29-35 DQG wives Gaceetaus 2-33 | 3-20 | 1-24 | 0-83 | 2-23 | 3-90 | 1-83 |} 6-07 | 1-85 | 1-94 | 2-91 | 1-70 30-03 DOO sssssversereseveovs 1-92 | 0-82 | 1-48 | 2-09 | 1-60 | 2-95 | 1-52 | 0-53 | 2-94 | 1-70 | 2-34 | 2-74 22°63 902 'oioineseeracavaes 1-23 | 1-37 | 1:14 | 1-76 | 2-29 | 2-76 | 1-31 | 3-16 | 2-78 | 0-40 | 2-35 | 1-33 21:88 90S os sccsaceuguonen 1-98 | 0-60 | 1-09 | 1-09 | 1-71 | 3-78 | 2-60 | 2-76 | 5-19 | 2-95 | 1-08 | 2-20 27-03 O08: crccan ew cuganssd 4-15 | 2-25 | 0-35 | 0-72 | 0-87 | 2-10 | 2-04 | 0-12 | 0-72 | 2-46 | 0-87 | 1-60 18°25 WDOB so eccee caters, 0-90 | 1-43 | 0-52 | 0-98 | 2-26 | 1-17 | 0-45 | 1-55 | 1-34 | 2-17 | 3-43 | 1-40 17-60 DQG sess. cue. evsen’s 1:78 | 0-12 | 0-30 | 0-81 | 1-26 | 3-26 | 1-45 | 0-50 | 2-95 | 3-583 | 2-12 | 3-57 21-65 Means......... 2-36 | 1-95 | 1-21 | 1-27 | 1-99 | 2-85 | 1-92 | 1-85 | 2:37 | 1:98 | 2-32 | 1-96 24-03 During 1897-1906 (1897 incomplete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 20:7 in.; Feb., 17-8; Mar., 9-4; April, 4-1; May, 0:5; 45-0 in., Feb., 1899. ‘(QUILCHENA (DRY FARM)—Elevation, 2,900 ft. Oct., 1:0; Nov., 14°3; Dec., 17-7. Mean annual snowfall, 85-5 in.; maximum recorded, 217 Toran PRECIPITATION QUS cage coal (eas [ene esas | Ses eo 0-39 | 0-66 | 0-70] 1-36) 0-97 | 0-40 ||........ TOI crcceurannes 2°61 |'0-70 |'0-87 | 0-51 | 1-76 | 1-43 '| 0-00 | 0-02 | 1-96 | 0-45 | 1-65 | 0-97 || 12-93 TOUS cree cticeccann 0-85 | 0-70 | 0-59 | 0-48 | 3-72 | 2-53 | 1-88 | 0-31 | 1-34 | 0-94 | 1-05 | 2-25 || 16-64 Snowfall in Oct., 1913, 1-5in.; Nov., 6:8; Dec.,4:0. InJan., 1914, 18-7; Feb., 7:0; Mar.,8-7; Nov., 10-0; Dec., 9-7 ; totalin 1914, 54-1. In Jan., 1915, 8-5; Feb., 7-0; Nov.,9:5; Dec., 18-5; totalin 1915, 43-5 in. REVELSTOKE—Elevation, 1,476 ft. Totat PRECIPITATION afotissteai gl tasab arniys Bil anaes face [eee gee 1:96 | 3-34 | 3+73 | O- 14 | 2°73 *56 | 4°86 | 3-65 5-65 | 5°45 +82 | 1-82 | 3-48 | 2-01 | 1-42 | 5:33 | 2-03 | 3-66 | 7-12 | 5-72 AOE NBT Be | UO: ||. BtlOZe is corsaacgy al oreyssaveuell ea sins steel] osevacerava'| lesenoiasoas| areneang a eeveeudand “OBO PTT i490] 3-65 | 3-41 "|9-68 4°65 13°75] 8-47 | 6-20'|'0-30° 5-50 | 0-85 | 4:81 | 2-07 | 1-92 | 3-94 |......)...... 8-14 | 3-47 | 3-79 | 4-25 6-12 | 5-51 | 2-87 | 1-65 | 1-43 | 3-67 | 1-61 | 1°53 | 1°74 | 1-03 | 4:90 | 5-02 3-20 | 4°83 | 2°37 | 0-78 | 2-94 | 2-54 | 1-19 | 1:43 | 5-68 | 5-43 | 2-73 | 4-23 4:90 | 3-71 | 0-37 | 1:54 | 2-08 | 5:44 | 1-62 | 0-88 | 4-40 | 6-54 | 4-71 | 4-01 6-55 | 6-26 | 3-47 | 3-25 | 2-67 | 2-54 | 0-53 | 7-02 | 4-34 | 2-28 | 6-09 | 4-09 6-65 | 6-70 | 4-65 | 2+56 | 2-23 | 2-61 | 1-33 | 1-78 | 1-79 | 2-88 | 5-58 | 2-42 6-17 | 6-62 | 1:63 ]...... 1-49 | 3-29 | 2-32 | 1-36 | 2-88 | 4-49 | 7-22 | 3-62 3-33 | 4:92 | 4-43 | 4-30 | 0-67 | 2-51 | 0:89 | 1-61 | 2-15 | 6-19 | 6-47 | 8-71 7-55 | 3°27 | 2-98 | 0-83 | 2-59 | 2-13 | 2-57 | 1-63 | 2-64 | 0-46 | 5-14 | 4-30 5:21 | 3-32 | 0-72 | 1-93 | 1-86 | 2-29 | 4°13 | 4-03 | 1-49 | 4-96 | 5-98 | 8-15 7°57 | 2-91 | 1-29 | 0-88 | 2-25 | 1-73 | 3-05 | 4-60 | 3-26 | 3-08 | 6-90 | 3°75 9-89 | 2-06 | 3-23 | 2-42 | 1-25 | 2-53 | 0-97 | 1-19 | 3°87 | 2-23 | 7-09 | 1-65 3-40 | 2-18 | 0-84 | 3-19 | 4-83 | 2-93 | 4-91 | 0-72 | 2-51 | 0-87 | 3-68 | 5-12 5:41 | 4°22 | 2-62 | 2:04 | 2-37 | 2-96 | 2-66 | 2-53 | 3-34 | 3-79 | 5-53 | 4°31 41-78 During 1898-1915 (1899 and 1903-15 complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 43-9 in.; Feb., 32°6; Mar. 11-5; April,0-4; May,0:1; Oct.,0-1; Nov., 19-1; Dec. 34-4. Mean annual snowfall, 143-1in. tmaxi- mum recorded, 77:5 in., Dec., 1912. . RICHLANDS—Elevation, 2,500 ft. 219 Tora PRECIPITATION 1913: 5... asec 0-35 | 2-37 | 0-00 | 0-12 | 1-94 | 3-96 | 2-14] 1-64) 1-15) 2-76) 1°09] 0° : 1914.00. 2.0002. | 1-61 | 0-72 | 0-20 | 1:45 | 1:43 | 2-08 | 1-74 | 0-74 | 2-81 | 2-41 | 2-02 0-73 if-94 ee 1-60 | 0-73 | 0:47 | 2-08 | 4-98 | 3-11 | 3-02 | 0-83 | 2-20 | 1-57 | 0-46 | 0-80 21-85 Snowfall in Jan., 1913, 2-5in.; Feb.,9-7; April,0-4; Nov.,0°0; Dec.,0°0. In Feb., 1914, 5:0: 0; Nov., 6:5; Dec., 7-3; total in 1014, 20-8. In Jan., 1913, 16-0; Feb., 3-0; April, On, Magar New 0:0; Dec., 6-0; total in 1915, 27-5 in. METEOROLOGICAL DATA—PRECIPITATION 559 PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year | Jan. | Feb. | Mar, | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annual : RIVERS INLET—Elevation, 20 ft. 220 Tora, PRECIPITATION 12-93 ]10°25 | 8-47 (16-53 | 6-88 | 3-34 |] 4-13 | 8-03 16-40 |14-78 [17-93 | 7-07 || 126-74 38°37 115-89 | 9-85 | 7°35 | 5-78 | 5-00 | 4:03 | 6-12 |10-72 | 6-76 |19-72 |19-13 || 118-72 14-27 |18-73 | 8°17 | 4°78 | 3-03 | 8-77 | 1-42 | 1-20 | 1-79 |13-50 | 9°26 |17-77 || 102-69 8-60 | 9-58 | 8-08 |10-09 | 5-11 | 3-39 | 5-02 | 5-99 | 6-37 |14-16 | 8-46 |11-29 96-14 12-23 |10°59 | 3-40 | 7-83 | 3-10 | 4-08 | 4-06 | 0-52 | 8-00 | 9-57 /19-29 |20-14 || 102-81 18-35 |17-43 |11-40 |14-03 | 6-51 | 1:96 | 1-21 | 2-17 } 8-07 13-18 |12-80 {15-80 || 122-91 15-81 |10-95 |11-°33 | 9°88 | 9°73 | 6-28 | 4-54 | 4-76 | 3-29 [19-61 | 8-59 |13-94 || 118-71 11-12 | 9-39 |10-50 | 6-99 | 7-42 | 3-30 | 6-60 | 3-43 | 4-43 18-13 [20-12 |20-78 || 122-21 3-51 | 8-99 |11-44 | 4°86 | 4-96 | 3°61 | 4-68 | 9-18 {10-08 | 8-23 |16-17 |19-23 || 104-94 10°21 | 4:05 | 4°16 | 7-27 | 6-68 | 4-86 | 2-34 | 7-47 |15-16 [22-58 |23-97 |13-96 || 122-71 17-75 | 9°56 | 2 57 | 5:94 | 5-43 | 6-64 | 3-02 | 0-24 |10-69 14-42 (21-36 {13-56 |] 111-18 ..|{ 8°75 | 8-22 | 9-96 | 6-83 | 4°30 | 0-29 | 1°10 | 8-40 |17-68 | 9-76 {21-14 |20-09 || 116-52 1906..........--|}18°45 | 3°56 | 5-70 | 7-84 | 1-89 | 5-09 | 2°19 | 4+85 (23-00 |26-85 |13-54 |21-62 || 134-58 Means.........1}12°33 [10°55 | 8:08 | 8-48 | 5°45 | 4°35 | 3-41 | 4-79 |10-44 |14+73 |16-33 |16-49 || 115-43 During 1894-1906, average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 11-S8in.; Feb., 14-1; ROCK CREEK—Elevation, 1,992 ft. ToTaL PRECIPITATION Mar., 15-3; April, 4°3; May, 1:0; Nov., 6°9; Dec., 8°6. Mean annual snowfall, 62-0 in.; maximum, 63+8 in., Mar., 1894. Bianeyace: olrakcyu sowie | eusayancacei |p aweus sess mvesgacare: [sya stangelKonenincs 1°66 | 0-89 | 1-02 | 1-12 | 0-98 Baers jute 1-83 | 0-30 | 0°37 | 0-69 | 1°69 | 3-60 | 0-37 | 0-81 | 1-21 | 1-14 | 0-85 | 0-80 13-66 1-83 | 1-01 | 0-34 | 0-89 | 1-11 | 1-68 | 0-36 | 0-08 | 1-02 | 0-99 | 1-53 | 0-90 11°74 1-28 | 1-08 | 0-90 | 1-19 | 4°21 | 1°13 | 4:80 | 0:28 | 0-74 | 0-87 | 1-71 | 1°35 19-54 During 1912-15 (1912 incomplete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 16-5 in.; Feb., 4-3; Mar., 0-8; lee aNd Nov., 5:4; Dec., 9:8. Mean annual snowfall, 37-8 in.; maximum recorded, 18-3 in., Jan., 1913, and ‘an., ‘ BOSSLAND—Elevation, 3,400 ft. 222 ToraL PRECIPITATION 1900....... 4:02 | 4:11 | 3-41 | 1-71 | 1-75 | 1-41 | 1-38 | 1-24 ) 2-56 | 6-09 | 1-81 | 5-99 35-48 1905.22 222212 21]]'3!98"['1-79"|/3-84°] i647 |3-94"|/2° 71 |1°63"|"0-46 | 2-64" |°3-75 |'3-03 | 2-82 |) “31-03 3-28 | 3-77 | 1-28 | 0-78 | 4°75 | 2-57 | 0-48 | 0-71 | 1-41 | 1-59 | 5-04 | 4-49 30-15 3-78 | 1°74 | 2°76 | 2°17 | 3-58 | 2-87 | 0-88 | 5-89 | 4-28 | 1-37 | 3-24 | 3-81 36-37 2°80 | 2:75 | 2-14 | 2-80 | 3-62 | 2-21 | 1-19 | 1-08 | 0-13 | 3-47 | 1-95 | 2-89 27-03 3°58 | 5-05 | 1°76 | 0-29 | 3-85 | 1-55 | 3-35 | 0-14 | 2-82 | 3-11 | 4-60 | 2-83 32°93 3-48 | 1-86 | 2-12 | 1°26 | 2-56 | 2-02 | 0-30 | 1-09 | 1-25 | 3-04 | 5-32 | 3-47 27-77 3-55 | 1-80 | 1-40 | 1-13 | 5-64 | 2-68 | 1-10 | 1-33 | 2-20 | 0-61 | 3-27 | 4-39 29-10 3-61 | 1-77 | 0-85 | 2-86 | 2-54 | 1-74 | 2°84 | 3-14 | 1-96 | 3-07 | 3-54 | 2-68 30-60 4-09 | 0°26 | 2-17 | 0-71 | 3-32 | 4-15 | 1-24 | 0-71 | 1-19 | 1-56 | 3-98 | 1-37 24°75 5°66 | 1-55 | 1-88 | 3-50 | 2-22 | 3-21 | 0-78 | 0-09 | 3-29 | 3-13 | 3-85 | 1-74 30-90 1-61 | 2°31 | 2-41 | 3-80 | 5°85 | 3-43 | 4-18 | 0-07 | 0-76 | 2-75 | 3-97 | 3-51 34°65 3-62 | 2°40 | 2-17 | 1°87 | 3-55 | 2-55 | 1-61 | 1°33 | 2-04 | 2-79 | 3-63 | 3-33 30°89 During 1900-15 (1901-04 no record), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 30-9 in.; Feb., 20-6; Mar., 13:0; April, 4-1; Oct., 5:2; Nov., 23:2; D Feb., 1909. ec., 30-2. RUSKIN (STAVE FALLS)—Elevation, 125 ft. TortaL PRECIPITATION Mean annual snowfall, 127-2 in.; maximum recorded, 44°7 in., F ebuas Mapes seas cin] SEE Be | meee [ ets eee 2-72 (19-82 | 5-92 |[.......- 14:44°|°7-21'|6-39'|'5-02 | 5-96 '|'1-02 | 0-13 | 4-76 | 2-08 [12-72 |14-91 |13-24 || 87-88 9:85 | 2-72 | 6-31 | 2 59 | 7-35 | 1-65 | 1-97 | 2-76 | 7-65 | 2-62 |17-77 |10-75 || 73-99 6-88 | 6-74 | 1-72 | 2-89 | 2-64 | 3-34 | 3-92 | 6-24 | 2-08 | 7-66 |13-57 |10-05 || 67-73 8-28 | 8-25 | 8-93 | 4-52 | 5-13 | 5-45 | 3-22 | 3-63 | 5-81 | 9-55 |11-82 | 3-93 || 78-52 12-22 | 4-72 | 5-61 | 7-49 | 2-65 | 4-18 | 0-87 | 0-54 | 9-86 | 7-63 |15-20 | 3-13 || 74-10 8-31 | 5-51 | 4-12 | 5-34 | 5-40 | 2-49 | 2-84 | O-14 | 1-77 [14-32 | 7-56 [13-02 |) 70-82 10-00 | 5-86 | 5-51 | 4-64 | 4-86 | 3-02 | 2-16 | 3-01 | 4-88 | 8-17 114-38 | 8-58 || 75-07 During 1909-15 (1909 incomplete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 18-9in.; Feb., 4-8; Mar., 1-0; Nov., 3-0; Dec., 1-6. Mean annual snowfall, 29-3 in.; maximum recorded, 69-5 in., Jan., 1913. SALMON ARM—Elevation, 1,150 ft. TotaL PRECIPITATION 0-95 | 3-80 | 1-12 | 0-93 +48 -98 | 2-99 | 2-30 ||....... 1:00 | 1-79 | 0-33 | 0-22 | 2-19 | 0-70 | 0-60 | 0-90 16-90 2-64 | 0-42 | 1-24 | 0-00 | 3-64 | 0-26 | 0-72 | 0-51 14-87 1-34 | 0-65 | 0-00 | 0-57 +16 *77 | 2-90 | 2-65 16-62 Some eee” i/97°|2/59'|0-72"|'0°31|"1-38"|°3-95"|"4-12"|'2-53 |i ose 1-49 | 1-83 | 1-75 | 1-90 | 3-23 | 0-31 | 1-38 | 0-45 18-41 1-32 | 0-87 | 0-51 | 1-51 | 0-92 | 1-10 | 1-39 | 1-25 14-64 0-90 | 2-26 | 3-22 | 0-50 | 2-16 | 1-10 | 2°68 +52 21-71 ‘560 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued : Year | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annual SALMON ARM—Continued 0-79 | 1-60 | 0-59 | 0-58 | 0-92 | 3-13 | 0-89 | 1-08 | 0-73 | 3-22 | 5-09 | 2-38 21-00 3-43 | 1-30 | 1-92 | 1-52 | 1-44 | 0-96 | 1-70 | 1-71 | 1-80 | 0-33 | 3-84 | 4-50 24°45 2-60 | 1-13 | 0-03 | 1-55 | 0-66 | 0-87 | 2-14 | 2-08 | 1-21 | 1-48 } 2-51 | 2-11 18-37 3-85 | 1-13 | 0-60 | 0-38 | 1°39 | 3-16 | 1-92 | 1-45 | 1°31 | 2-00 | 1-88 | 0-81 19-88 3-08 | 1-36 | 0-87 | 1-27 | 1-36 | 1-34 | 0-73 | 0-19 | 2-17 | 1°54 +02 | 1°55 18-48 2218 | O50 | 2610: | 1°52 | 2°98 | 3°98 | coca clien weelocnacs eves «|e ecees) sare’ pigcecavauace: 2-64 | 1-38 | 0-81 |! 1-02 | 1-45 | 1-98 | 1-25 | 0-95 | 1-71 | 1:52 | 2-55 | 1°80 19-06 During 1893-1914 (1897-1905 no record), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 23-5 in.; Feb., 10-9; Mar. 2-5; Nov., 7-8; Dec., 16-1. Mean annual snowfall, 60-8 in.; maximum recorded, 38-5 in., Jan., 1913. SALMON ARM (EXPERIMENTAL FARM)—HElevation, about 1,150 ft. 225 Totau PRECIPITATION OM icsis sean veg scays||llececude | aeso ics free ees [Sw artes eeancs al sunceare 1-84 | 1-14 | 0-32 | 0-01 | 5-34 |[ 2-35 |J........ NOU Bicsepsccitoreys i stads 2-76 | 1-18 | 0:22 | 1-05 | 0-38 | 0-87 | 2-00 | 2-83 | 0-74 | 0-53 | 2-09 | 1-83 16-48 NOUS assis seonateceoscess 3°15 | 0-90 | 0-51 | 0-52 | 1-26 | 2-72 | 1-83 | 0-78 | 1-74 | 1-84 | 1-33 | 0-78 17°36 NOTA oscars ask sas 3-59 | 1-45 | 0-99 | 0-97 | 0-96 | 1-43 | 0-76 | 0.32 | 1-62 | 1-20 | 2-56 | 1-15 17-00 OLS isee cnciiee dap 2 15 | 0-45 | 0-96 | 1-93 | 3-51 | 2°55 | 2-56 | 0-50 | 0:73 | 1-32 | 0-87 | 3-00 20-53. Means......... 2-91 | 1-00 | 0-67 | 1-12 | 1-53 | 1-89 | 1-80 | 1-11 | 1-03 | 0:98 | 2-44 | 1-82 18-30 During ae 15 (1911 incomplete), average monthly snowfall was : Jan., 19-9 in.; Feb., 5-4; Mar.,1+1; April, 1-2; Nov., 8:1; Dec., 16-1. ean annual snowfall, 51:8 in.; maximum recorded, 31-5 in., Jan., 1913. SALT SPRING ISLAND (VESUVIUS BAY)—Elevation, near sea-level 226 ToTaL PRECIPITATION 1893 0. can ceu| leas ote tee ales 3°98 | 2-41 | 2-00 | 1-51 | 0-20 | 2-75 | 4-17 113-61 | 5-30 |J........ W894 eis eiaennes 7°43 5°07 | 3-83 | 3-00 | 2-25 | 2-80 | 0-11 | 2-68 | 3-97 | 5-18 | 4-03 44-10 1895 05 ccc oe 7°86 | 2-28 | 3-15 | 2-39 | 2-11 | 0-43 | 0-22 | 0-15 | 1-09 | 0-10 | 2-73 }10-51 33-02 VSO Gr sccd, sites 9-67 | 4:83 | 1-69 | 1-08 | 1-66 | 0-92 | 0-30 | 0-51 | 1:00 | 2-54 | 9-29 | 8-58 42-07 TROT a assctoss aster saan 3-44 | 3-58 | 4-29 | 1-26 | 0-83 | 1-31 | 1-79 | 0-42 | 1-18 } 1-57 | 7-34 111-52 38-53 TBOS sis iavesdivciedsss. cnc 2-37 | 6-89 | 0-82 | 1-33 | 1-71 | 1-54 | 0-23 | 0-33 | 2:69 | 3-29 | 6-8 4°18 32-24 PROD sis estore 6°33-f B63. 227° | POS 2804: | O809! faves sae fie saemel| wae lenniecl] paene| are a ecealllecacaees 1900 oss spoh dies tl ececcva|peenoacotel serene |e cece lenses cuectealllamcancere lta vagunn'l eager seems |BEON. [932000 laos cs TQ1O vissace croiaiercees 5+23 | 5:76 | 2-07 | 1:47 | 0-85 | 1-34 | 0-00 | 0-82 | 1-41 | 4-36 | 9-93 | 7-45 40-69 LOD oscars; scoreserazave SO le scroll arees 5 xl aes eave avesceeca a eeanee-wel lene ce sues |e ca Merestllls axes 0-50 | 5-75 | 4-63 |/........ NOU? apc acers esers 5-67 | 4°11 | 0-83 | 1-89 | 1-78 | 1-60 | 0-42 | 2-95 | 1-92 | 4-36 | 7-21 | 7-23 39-97 LON Sisesnsccuinnre ss 5 1:91 | 2-42 | 1-32 | 2-24 | 1-67 | 1-33 | 1-09 | 2-08 | 3-54 | 8-50 | 2-52 34-33 AQ se lateva rans 13-45 | 2-75 | 2-18 | 3-07 | 0:36 | 2-21 | 0-12 | 0-26 | 3-40 | 5-50 | 8-69 | 1-77 43-76 DOU Bes gies -yesever sn eea 3:82 | 2-86 | 2-26 | 2-67 | 2-24 | 0-41 | 0-48 | 0-05 | 0-60 | 5-08 | 6-72 | 9-40 36-59 Means......... 6°36 | 3-94 | 2-46 | 2-15 | 1-77 | 1-31 | 0-84 | 0-62 | 1-89 | 3-25 | 7-99 | 6-24 38-82 During 1893-1915 (1900-08 no records), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 9:2 Feb., 3-5; Mar., 2-5; Nov., 3:3; Dec., 2°2. Mean annual snowfall, 21:0 in.; maximum recorded, 23- Bi in., NG, 1911. SANDSPIT (NEAR SKIDEGATE) Elevation, near sea level 227 TorTau PRECIPITATION WOO Bic cessor = er (ere ls serene ee | O-41 | 0-31 | 3-81 1...... | eres Wis-axaaate Ease (are SANDWICK—Elevation, near sea-level ; Torau ea I iat Mast hadasion eines Gasman [naanlba ne (Gbeeae | ee l Sea a | 11-41 | 3-74 ]|........ : 6. aa’ | 5:47 | 4- 7'| 1:79 | 1-91 lo: 37'| 0-79 | 0-89 | 1-24 9.43 | 7-71 (12-64 I 53-05 Snowfall in Nov., 1914, 7-Oin., Dec., 3-0. In Jan., 1915, 2-0; Dec., 4:0; totalin 1915, 6:0 in. SATURNA ISLAND—Elevation, 14 ft. Toran PRECIPITATION [ey Sei Pe ee cee || Aieaidneleieous Snowfall in Jan., 1902, 13-0 in. SEYMOUR INTAKE—Elevation, 465 ft. Tora PRECIPITATION e ecteess a filial al fpoere seed ata eaters [pansies AL ieee se eilace anaes 2°01 | 8-23 |11-34 [23-88 {10-59 ||........ pias 9-37 {11-09 | 6-79 | 3-50 | 4:04 | 0-68 | 1-27 |11-22 |15-90 |22-39 | 4-58 100-81 13:85 !10-05 | 9:05 | 7-53 | 5-77 | 1-60 | 1-33 | 0-98 | 1-21 |21-94 [11-05 118-92 103-28 Snowfall in Nov., 1913, 3-0 in. In Jan., 1914, 13-2 ; Feb., 4-2; Mar.,9-0; Nov., 3:7; total in 1914, 30-1. In Nov., 1915, 0:7; Dec., 17-5; totalin 1915, 18-2 in. METEOROLOGICAL DATA—PRECIPITATION 561 PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annual SHAWNIGAN LAKE—Elevation, 333 ft. 231 Toray PRECIPITATION LOE ese eausoace: are\| [leads acencsall iseotishavel| |e: ecsuminre [Uendecsl a 238 1 0-72 | O22 | O60 | 1-74 | 1°51 | 776 | 4°88 Won con DOL vance caves. 284 7:60 | 5°42 | 1-25 | 2-09 | 2-11 | 1-53 | 0-75 | 2-39 | 1-69 | 3-88 | 8-30 | 7-86 44°87 1913........066 7-74 | 1-85 | 2-67 | 1-09 | 1-68 | 2-08 | 0-92 | 1-02 | 1-98 | 3-03 |10-10 | 2-44 36-60 1O14..........5 13-29 | 2-42 | 2-94 ) 2-31 | 0-88 | 2-61 | 0-11 | 0-10 | 3-16 | 5-18 | 8-22 | 1-75 42-97 1915..........% 2-23 | 2-07 | 1-94 | 1-57 | 1:79 | 0-88 | 0-73 | 0-08 | 0-71 | 3-77 | 8-27 |10-57 34:61 Snowfall in Nov., 1911, 30-0 in.; Dec., 7-0. In Jan., 1912, 15-0; Dec., 5:0; total in 1912, 20-0. In Jan., 1913, 51-0; Feb.,.2°0; M 5; Dec., 5-0; total in 1913, 55-0. In Jan., 1914,9-0; Mar., 0:3; Nov., 1:2; ; ar., 1°5; Dec., 3:0; totalin 1914, 13-5. ‘Total in 1915, 3-0 in., all in Dec. SHUSWAP FALLS—Elevation, 1,600 ft. 232 Tora, PRECIPITATION ON ears Geo ata 1-56 | 1-14 | 0-07 ; 1-07 | 1:18 | 2:96 | 3-40 | 2-01 | 1-16 | 1-57 | 1-79 | 1-42 19-33 DOD igeiccechhesteael. a 2-17 0-90 | 1-04 | 0-54 | 2-30 | 5-05 | 1-15 | 1-81 | 1-33 | 1:81 | 1:45 | 0-65 | 20-20 OS iss escnsssreneynn 1:66 | 1-28 | 0-55 | 1-01 | 1-29 | 2-25 | 1-96 | 0-48 | 2-46 | 1-64 | 1-58 | 0-58 16:74 Snowfall in Jan., 1912, 25-50 in.; Feb., 0-13; Nov., 2-25; Dec., 14-25; total in 1912, 42-13. In Jan., 1913 29-12; Feb., 7-38; Mar., 8:00; Oct., 0-75; Nov., 6°88; Dec., 9:13; total in 1913, 61-26 in. SIDNEY—Elevation, 200 ft. 233 TorTaL PRECIPITATION WOU ince seas | aed | ee | 1-26 | 1-63 | 0-28 | 2-14 [| 0-13 | 0-13 | 1:97 | 3-63 | 7293: TA2T lSecasaas LOTS os acts costo | a:77 1:66 | 1-65 | 1-65 | 2-06 | 0-74 | 1-30 | 0-03 | 0-76 | 4-17 | 4-82 | 6:89 | 28-50 In 1914 a trace of snow fell in Nov. and Dec. SKEENA RIVER (AT MOUTH FALLS R., Trib. to Hocsall River)—Elevation, near sea-level 234 TotaL PRECIPITATION OT he'd ines -2eei| [ae noel |g eeean 2:27 | 9-27 | 3-34 | 3-73 | 1-64 | 4-11 (10-05 [17-44 118-30 (22-06 J[........ TOUS stsie ites ns llissoa 6-20 | Bec tt | biades | sche mica | bie Satie | fee | soap. | MGS Sal bees Pcridaais | Roisbstaane I Biare enya SEEENA RIVER (AT KHATADA RIVER)—HElevation, near sea level 235 ToraL PRECIPITATION WOE ance seates teaifl|ecn paveen ie soemtne | eetene al [eatiee ano odetiataee [aps meats lle areas acl] yee eooa [eyanrauae [ia apuadveen' | Reaieetetcs 11-69 1 VON 2 veterans I 5:12 | 6-39 | 1:81 | 6-74 | 1-88 | 3-42 | 2-65 | 3-30 | 7-02 {10-66 |12-67 toe ll 1 Dec. 7 to Dec. 31. * Dec. 1 to Dee. 6. SEKIDEGATE—Elevation, near sea-level ToraL PRECIPITATION age scaes 7-03 : 10-06 |10-17 #86 | at] G4] Sas |g 1-02 3-51 | 4:60 | 4-18 | 1-24 | 1-69 | 1-93 Snowfall in Nov., 1909, 2:0 in.; Dec., 18-0. In Jan., 1910, 7-0; Feb., 4-0; Mar., 5-0; Nov., 1-7; Dec., 4-2. In Jan., 1911, 43-6; Feb., 32:6; Mar., 0:0; April, 3-5 in. SODA CREEK—HElevation, 1,690 ft. 237 TotaL PRECIPITATION 1-68 | 1-95 { 2-15 { 0-90 | 0-50 | 0-50 { 0-00 0-45 | 0-55 | 0-37 |...... 0-37 | 0-00 | 0-10 | 0-90 ]]........ 0-20 | 3-25 | 0-00 | 0-62 | 0°57 | 0-70 | 0-87 | 0-45 9-24 0-17 | 0-48 | 0-55 | 0-20 | 0-50 | 0-35 | 0-88 | 0-55 4-53 0-25 | 0-75 | 0-52 13 | 0-33 | 0-00 | 0-00 | 0-73 43 *80 12-72 *In Nov., 1913, a new station was established by the Province. The earlier records are from the Dominion, Meteorological Office. : During 1879-1915 (1880, 1881 and 1886-1912 no record), average monthly snowfall was: Jan.,6:6in.; Feb., 11:3; Mar.,2°2; Oct., 1:0; Nov.,4°2; Dec.,5+7. Mean annual snowfall, 31:0 in.; maximum retorded, 3:10 in., Feb., 1914. 562 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. Nov. | Dec. | Annual SOOKE—Elevation, 25 ft. 238 ToTau PRECIPITATION 1903........... 10-42 | 4-23 | 4-68 | 2-83 | 1-70 | 2-10 { 0-92 | 1°56 | 5°75 | 5-08 {15-15 | 6°65 61-07 OB ae Seyret 12-33 |11-20 |12-64 | 1-35 | 1-58 | 1-28 | 1-91 | 0-92 | 0-70 | 1-92 [14-33 |17-82 77-98 WOO vas ceraaxiena 9-00 | 6-01 | 9-84 | 1-10 | 5-40 | 2-54 | 1-75 | 1-43 | 7-15 | 7-14 | 4:03 | 4-71 60-10 W906 renwae seas || TOOSL | 5°66 | 1652 [as ccns aethcracal| dieses sods este adecol| lant oan be *S ouaxavolf'a/S exer srei| [ores sfekae Matapsira;6:s'| | lsfevacoiey Siete 1940.0222 22222 2[)'2506"]°5:58"|'4°50'|3°36'|'0°90']i-00°| 0°00 "| 0-20 | 1-60 | "6-40 [11-20 }9-70'|]" "60:44" 1911...........]| 7°94 | 1°25 | 0:70 | 0-70 | 2-00 | 0-90 | 0-10 | 0-70 |......]......]...... crabs te\stal] [eyayss worst: TOLD ecsseesra) osicte-s 6°52 | 5-29 | 1-21 | 2-00 | 1-16 | 1-99 | 0-31 | 2-81 | 1-44 | 3-10 | 6-87 [11-24 43°94 1913...........|| 8°81 | 3°29 | 3-17 | 1:28 | 1°49 | 2-15 | 0-86 | 0-45 | 3-11 | 6-92 | 9-94 | 2-47 43°94 1914...........{[14°22 | 3-60 | 3°70 | 2-65 | 0-58 | 2-93 | 0-06 | 0-36 | 3-42 | 6-22 | 9-48 | 1-42 48°64 1915..,........{| 2°95 | 2-41 | 2°71 | 1-88 | 1°68 | 0-23 | 0-73 | 0-02 | 0-71 | 7-56 | 8-01 | 8-32 37-21 Means..... ...-1l 8°98 | 4°85 | 4:47 | 1-79 | 1:83 | 1-68 | 0-74 | 0-94 | 2°98 | 5-54 | 9°88 | 7°79 51:47 During 1903-15 (1907-09 no record), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 8-0 in.; Feb., 4-9; Mar., 5:0; Nov., 1:9; Dec., 1:4. Mean annual snowfall, 21:2 in.; maximum recorded, 31-5 in., Feb., 1904. SOOKE LAKE—Elevation, 560 ft. Tora PRECIPITATION 2 [hesenesayccelbsnctcpesysci]l ex's cocoravet|| cams csenopsll exe etionsce:|\execanscn’s | syeuelacae | naceece, eed 0-90 | 4-85 |16-14 | 3-57 ||........ {17-49 | 3°85 | 3-68 | 2-04 | 1-28 | 0-05 | 0-40 | 3-26 |10-07 {11-90 | 1-95 57-74 I] 4°23 | 3-80 | 3°85 | 2-23 | 2-12 | 0-50 | 1°39 | 0-06 | 0-37 112-80 |10-53 |14-90 56-78 Snowfall in Jan., 1914, 7-Oin.; Nov.,2°0; Dec. 1-0; totalin 1914, 10-0. Totalin 1915, 5-0 in., allin Dec. SORRENTO—Elevation, 1,180 ft. Toray PRECIPITATION fe Seexecaseil arahaves tad [lane azstedel aterotates | apassaastcoilareat eehe| iececinens -{ 1-19 | 1-49 | 1-36 | 1-27 | 0-88 {/........ 3-18 | 1-32 | 0-83 | 0-50 | 0-83 | 1-02 | 0-70 | O-21 | 1-91 | 1-12 | 2-49 | 0-50 14-61 1-47 | 0-51 | 0-86 | 0-83 | 3-08 | 4-46 | 3-40 | 0-68 | 1-20 | 1-29 | 0-67 | 2-49 20-94 Snowfallin Dec., 1913, 7-2in. InJan.,1914,12-1; Feb.,9°3; Mar.,1°0; totalin 1914, 22+4. In Jan., 1915, 11:2; Feb.,1°2; Nov.,4°5; Dec., 14:5; total in 1915, 31-4 in. SPENCE BRIDGE—Elevation, 770 ft. Tora PRECIPITATION 0-90); T /0-30).....)...... 0-59 | 0-13 | 0-34 | 0-38 | 0-21 OF 07 | pawaeane 1-51 | 1-13 | 0-70 1-56 | 1-03 | 0-36 | 0-61 | 0-26 | 0-19 | 1-97 | 0-24 ||"" "9-99 0-09 | 1-49 : +25 | 1 45 | 0-62 | 1-46 | 1-39 || 11-84 0-73 | 1-23 1 0-62 | 0-78 | 0-59 | 0-29 || 6-81 1-68 | 0-51 1 2-37 | 0-01 | 1-12 | 0-76 || 11-96 0-57 | 0-49 0 “61 | 0-44 | 1:32 |......f).e 2-35 | 2-68 | 0-24 | 0-59 | 1-50 |......]...-.-[eeee cadens ord earore| sone ell seaveows pemecalieeesce| OFBB | 4698 Ie covcs 0-00 |'0-00 | 0-03 | 0-45 ||" ""i-77 OF 82 eserves erent paces |[beame cme “0:00') O91 ]'O°45 [1-44 IIIT 1:43 0-28 1-28 | 0-23 | 0-32 | 1-16 ||" "6:85 1-43 0-78 0-24 | 0-37 | 0-83 | 2-79 || 12-87 0-14 0-09 1:56 | 0-57 | 0-81 | 1-35 || 8-91 0-42 0-17 0-52 | 1-03 | 2-56 | 1-50 || 8-15 1-21 0-82 0-79 | 1-18 | 1-44 | 0-37 || 8-91 2-22 0-40 2-76 | 1-23 | 1-25 | 0-58 || 13-54 1-71 0-32 0-69 | 0-30 | 1-08 | 0-59 |] 7-90 0-26 0-00 0-04 | 0-02 | 1-62 | 0-19 || 5-53 6:58" oe moerees 0:49" 0-36 "025° 0-43 0-86 | 0-58 | 0-53 | 0-31 | 0-82 | 0-67 | 0-50 | 0-47 | 0-78 | 0-51 | 0-98 | 0-99 || 8-00 During 1872-1908 (12 years complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 5-1in.; Feb., 3:9; Mar., 2°2; Nov., 5:0; Dec., 7-0. Mean annual snowfall, 23-2 in.; maximum recorded, 23-5 in., Feb., 1879. STAVE LAKE, UPPER—Elevation, 250 ft. 242 ToraL PRECIPITATION - TOES eco saan [Nevecscssese Aficio [estecsereee lBeeeoe lesasteucye [xserser [3-63 | 0-97 | 0-89 {15-92 [14-71 [26-28 | ieee . Snowfall in Dec., 1915, 22°5 in. METEOROLOGICAL DATA—PRECIPITATION 563 PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annual STEELE—Elevation, 2,433 ft. 94 Toran PRECIPITATION AR es caweate 0-50 2°44 | 1-12 | 1-54 1894........04. 1-80 2-24 | 2-11 | 0°30 2°35 0-98 | 1-25 | 1-40 1-86 1-09 | 0-83 4°73 |. 0 0-95 | 0-34 | 0:17 2-07 | 0-80 | 0:49 3°06 | 2:23 | 0-34 *In Nov., 1913, a new station was established by the Province. The record for 1893-1897 is from the Dominion observatory. During 1893-1915 (complete record for 6 years), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 11:7in.; Feb., 4:9: Mar. f oe ‘ som, 1-2; Oct., 0-2; Nov., 14:0; Dec., 8-4. Mean annual snowfall, 43-3 in.; maximum recorded, 22-6 in., ov., a STEVESTON (GARRY POINT)—Elevation, 6 ft. Torau PRECIPITATION a ecreaes 4-42 | 1-23 | 3-11 | 1-83 | 1-45 | 0-00 | 0-23 | 0-92 | 3-50 | 7-96 | 7-85 |[....... 4°69 | 3-68 | 3-33 | 1-96 | 1-74 | 1-38 | 2-75 | 1-32 | 1-34 | 1-15 | 7-49 | 8-33 39-16 3-75 | 5-69 | 1:49 | 1-64 | 2-03 | 3-84 | 0:32 | 0-15 | 2-74 | 2-87 | 6-36 | 2-36 33-24 5:80 | 4-67 | 2-11 | 2-65 | 3-80 | 0-69 | 0-30 | 4-01 | 1-23 | 5-27 [10-72 | 5-71 46-96 5-12 | 4-47 | 6-79 | 3-25 | 2-43 | 3-63 | 1-01 | 2°38 | 1-46 | 4-23 | 6-39 | 6-41 47-62 6-12 | 4-38 | 1-54 | 3-13 | 3-50 | 2-91 | 0-29 | 0-05 | 2-46 | 3-35 | 7-00 | 4:08 39°42 4-50 | 6-31 | 4-11 | 2-05 | 2-64 | 1-63 | 1-47 | 0-76 | 2-43 | 2-63 | 5-67 | 5-62 39°82 4°54 | 1-21 | 3-15 | 1-12 | 1-66 | 2-61 | 1-27 | 0-69 | 5-29 | 3-44 | 9-43 | 3-32 37-64 8:05 | 6-21 | 4-61 | 2-22 | 1-33 | 1-36 | 1-73 | 0-45 | 1-93 | 2-41 | 6-15 | 8-08 44-79 5°26 | 3°23 | 3-97 | 0-78 | 2-31 | 1-84 | 1-68 | 2-16 | 7-82 | 3-04 | 3-29 | 3-80 39°18 5-70 | 3-43 | 2-03 | 0-65 | 2-75 | 1-77 | 0-24 | 0-5u | 6-79 | 4-88 | 5-85 | 5-72 40-36 5-20 | 5-68 | 1-51 | 2-48 | 0-83 | 0-60 | 0-07 | 0-14 | 0-23 | 0-47 | 6-57 | 6-52 30°30 4:96 | 3-99 | 1-52 | 1-35 | 2-88 | 1-34 | 0-73 | 0-56 | 0-80 | 3-72 | 9-29 | 5-24 36-38 3°74 | 4-68 | 1-97 | 0-55 | 1-80 | 1-21 | 1-23 | 0-67 | 0-89 | 3-71 | 9-61 | 3-03 33-09 6-59 | 3-02 | 2-08 | 1-92 | 1-73 | 1-47 | 0-01 | 0-46 | 1-12 | 6-08 | 7-47 | 6-17 38-12 3°69 | 1-70 | 1-13 | 1-46 | 3-42 | 1-31 | 0-54 | 0-79 | 2-63 | 1-24 | 5-86 | 5-50 29-32 5-52 | 3-30 | O-41 | 2-42 | 2-25 | 1-49 | 1:62 | 4-46 | 1:99 | 4-17 | 6-25 | 5-43 39°31 5:37 | 2-42 | 2-85 | 1-84 | 3-46 | 2-89 | 1-36 | O-51 | 2-47 | 4-29 | 5-21 | 2-28 34-95 8:41 | 2-10 | 1:44 | 2-46 | 0-53 | 2-44 | 0-13 | 0-37 | 3-60 | 4-41 | 6-17 | 2-59 34-65 4°34 | 2.62 | 2-78 | 1-75 | 2-52 | 0-33 | 0-53 | 0-33 | 0-37 | 6-14 | 3-92 | 7-44 33 -07 5-33 | 3-86 | 2-50 | 1-94 | 2-27 | 1-81 | 0-90 | 1-06 | 2-43 | 3-55 | 6-83 | 5-27 37°75 During 1896-1915 (1896 incomplete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 8G ing Feb, 2°85 Mar. 2-0; Nov., 1:8; Dec., 1-7. Mean annual snowfall, 16-9 in.; maximum recorded, 30-2 in., Jan., 1901. STEWART—Elevation, 215 ft. Torau PRECIPITATION 3-60 | 1-78 | 2-82 | 2-64 | 1-50 | 1-53 |]...... 6-85 | 8-78 | 7-66 |14-44 |/....... . 3:56 | 6-31 |...... 2-58 | 1-78 | 5-43 | 6-69 |10-87 |10-68 | 8-82 11-62 ||........ 6-25 | 4:82 | 3-80 | 1-62 | 0-52 | 9-06 | 2-61 | 9-07 | 7-37 | 8-26 | 2-98 60-09 3°38 | 2-87 | 5-02 | 1-71 | 2-21 | 1-96 |......]......]...... 5+82 | 9°06 |]........ 4-16 | 4:90 | 4-31 | 2:15 | 1-64 | 4-20 | 4-32 | 7-64 | 8-84 | 7-11 110-29 65-00 During 1910-15 (3 years complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 42-8 in.; Feb., 27*8; Mar., 11-3; April, 7-4 ; Oot.,1°8; Nov., 29-0; Dec., 58-6. Mean annual snowfall, 178-7in.; maximum recorded, 106-0 in., Dec., 1912. STRATHCONA PARK—Elevation, 980 ft. 245 ToTat PRECIPITATION 1913.3. Sie ssa nema Iason: lol ee l ae | an uae ae | esi el cia 4-32 l 8-85 | 1-52 | taicotile : DOUG oe sanseaieeries llio:30 | 7-79 | 6-54 | 3-67 | 0-76 | 1-72 | 0-22 | 0-95 | 3-90 | 8-52 |13-11 |......]}....... < Snowfall in Jan., 1914, 25-0 in.; Feb., 50:0; Mar., 32-0; Nov., 13-2 in. 246 SUGAR LAKE (HEAD OF*)—Elevation, 2,080 ft. Torat PRECIPITATION Ile sccpeeeanallceaws Vices cgi: l 0-907] 1-31 | 2-58) 2-97 | 3-47 2-04 l 3°16 4-26 | 3°54 | seal j DONS ses. avout 5 ceeds l 5°19 | 1-08 | 1°31 | 1°28 | 2-70 | 4°85 | 2°53 | 2-65 | 3°37 | 3°35 | 3-88 | 0-59 32°78 April 19th to 30th. sana in Nov., 1912, 4-5in.; Dec., 36-0. In Jan., 1913, 62:6; Feb.,6°6; Mar., 15-2; Nov., 14°9; Dec., 7°5 ; total in 1913, 106-8 in. * Records taken by the Couteau Power Co. 564 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year || Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Aprit | May | June | July Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annual SUMMERLAND—HElevation, 1,100 ft. 247 TorTaL PRECIPITATION MOO TE ais sesccrssaze cll cuaeensstias | Secsisiayoes I ReampeceronedlCataRRee [Recto wtecn [ieee 1-26 | 1-69 | 1-86 | 0-33 | 0-45 | 0-91 |)....... WOO issscoeseeveracess 0:44 | 1-22 | 0-57 | 0-43 | 2-02 | 0-27 | 0-88 | 0-97 | 0-36 | 0-51 | 0-16 | 0-73 8-56 V9QOO sosoverecttaeaceane 1-01 | 0-68 | 0-16 | 0-07 | 1:85 | 1-52 | 3-22 | 0-85 | 0-91 | 0-72 | 0-94 | 0-38 12°31 TOT Ossi nce sesecesets 0-52 | 1-00 | 0-14 | 0-51 | 0-95 | 1-01 | 0-27 | 0-82 |} 0-33 | 0-51 | 1-60 | 1-17 8°83 VOU sss caeeaeierere 0-78 | 1-00 | 0-33 | 0:06 | 1-24 | 0-83 | 0-54 | 1-26 | 1-08 | 0-13 | 1-78 | 0-50 8-53 VOL cares: dines 1-52 | 0-86 | 0-08 | 1°61 | 1-11 | 1-60 | 1-53 | 2-14 | 1-34 } 1-33 | 1-15 | 0-55 13°82 TODS oscars caches 1:06 | 0-50 | 0-20 | 0-35 | 1-63 | 4-60 | 0°36 } 0-83 | 0-26 | 1*20 | 0-50 | 1-00 12-49 TOTS cciveveneracsesss 1:91 | 0-57 | 0-34 | 1:02 | 1-17 | 1-32 | 0-25 | 0-12 | 2-24 | 0-78 | 0-92 | 0-82 11°46 NOV Sy oendeaseaccs 0-53 | 1:00 | 1-28 | 0-48 | 2-83 | 0-86 | 2-41 | 0-27 | 1-24 | 1-16 | 0-82 | 1-85 14°73 Means......... 0:97 | 0-85 | 0-39 | 0-57 | 1-60 | 1-50 | 1-19 | 0-99 | 1-07 | 0-74 | 0-92 | 0-88 11:67 — Dug oe (1907 incomplete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 8-3in.; Feb.,6°7; Mar.,0:3; Oct., *9; Nov., 3°7; Dec., 7°5. Mean annual snowfall, 27-4 in.; maximum recorded, 15-1 in., Jan., 1914. SWANSON BAY—Elevation, near sea-level ToraL PRECIPITATION ssatelecey cf beeacesel | esesianci| heey evaine 1-42 | 3-61 | 3-67 | 7°36 | 6-75 {18-15 [34-89 [21-98 |/........ 17-42 |12-13 |19-58 |22-18 | 9-67 | 6+85 |11-31 | 5-47 |25-95 {21-55 {31-08 |13-09 || 196-28 14-22 114-41 |13-75 | 7-24 | 8-91 | 6-59 |12-02 [25-21 |25-40 |32-19 |23-22 | 6-05 |} 189-21 21-12 |14-19 |24-20 |18-48 | 7-14 |10-87 | 3-60 | 3-76 {10-22 |14-94 |25-62 [41-15 || 195-39 27-57 | 7-48 126-20 | 8-01 | 5-37 | 8-82 | 4-04 | 3-28 | 8-71 25-77 |27-53 |28-04 || 180-82 21°67 |19-20 | 4-97 |12-76 | 6-85 | 3:05 | 0-86 | 5-16 | 7°51 [16-22 |27-22 {29-60 || 155-07 12°07 }LO* 22. |T8*O2 120927 (12974. BGS boise pisses sc [orem aianelftareacecerathiecw rare “aipeispanns «| [arwraterevernre 19-01 [12-94 |17-79 114-82 | 7-44 | 6-28 | 5-92 | 8-46 |14-26 [21-47 128-26 123-32 || 179-97 During 1907-13 (1908-12, complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 56-3 in.; Feb., 25-4; Mar., 11°8; April, 5-9; Oct., 0-7; Nov., 9-5; Dec., 10-7. Mean annual snowfall, 120-3 in.; maximum recorded, 130-5 in., Jan., 1911. TAPPEN—Elevation, 1,350 ft. 249 TotaL PRECIPITATION TOUS iests ate utes 4-11 | 0-88 | 0-74 | 0-36 | 1-09 | 3-20 | 1-95 | 1-49 | 1-86 | 11-72 | 2-00 +89 20-29 1914 | #10 2-28 | 1-23 | 0-76 | 0-90 | 1-15 | 0-69 | 0-31 | 2-07 | 1-90 | 3-60 1:20 | 20-19 1915... 2-51 | 0-76 | 1-01 | 1-34 | 3-55 | 3-92 | 2-75 | 0-60 | 1-22 | 1-34 | 1-96 +23 24-19 During 1913-15, average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 30:9in.; Feb., 9:8; Mar., 2:4; Nov.,9°4; Dec., 14:8. Mean annual snowfall, 67:3 in.; maximum, 41-1in., Jan., 1913. TEREBACE—HElevation, 545 ft. Tota, PRECIPITATION eieseasvellavsienta| % semen vars soned [ieneanera eerie ewe oe aecetll anm ene eee aces 0-93 | 7-36 | 6-98 |j........ 3-66 | 1-26 | 3-14 | 2-01 | 1-81 | 1-89 | 1-72 | 1-60 | 5:23 | 7-04 | 6-14 |11-87 47-37 S842) 419: | 2eBt UAB: Ys Paci ace w are elles cdo |acee asace 5-75 | 5+53 |12-21 | 2-50 |/........ 1-78 | 2-36 | 3-03 | 3-15 | 2-19 | 2-00 | 1-47 | 1-09 | 2-94 | 4-82 | 4-50 | 5-44 34°77 2-95 | 2-60 | 2:99 | 2-21 | 2-00 | 1:95 | 1-60 | 1-34 | 4-64 | 4-58 | 7-55 | 6-70 41-11 During 1912-15 (1912 incomplete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 12:6 in.; Feb., 13°3; Mar., 0:2; Nov., 3:7; Dec., 12-3. Mean annual snowfall, 42:1 in.; maximum recorded, 19-3 in., Jan., 1913. : TETE JAUNE—Elevation, 2,400 ft. 261 Toran PRECIPITATION eres | ere | iatrogune | emtanesas 3-41 | 0-50 | 2-09 | 1:93 { 0-39 | 3-60 | 0-74 | 2-40 | 1-60 | eeafuscuerees TOTS cactavvecnsisr 1-40 | 0-43 | 0-00 | 1-08 | 1-71 | 1-67 | 2-86 | 0-63 | 1-38 | 2-66 | 0-94 | 1-08 15-84 Snowfall in Nov., 1914, 3-6 in.; Dec., 16-0. 1915, 29-6 in. THETIS ISLAND—Elevation, near sea-level Toray PRECIPITATION In Jan., 1915, 14-0; Feb., 1*8; Nov., 5°8; Dec., 8:0; totalin 5°29 3-92 1-84 1-53 2-94 3-10 6:37 | 4:83 1-93 | 1-19 | O 67 | 1-14 | 0-87 0°63 | 2-02 | 1-98 | 0-49 | 0-97 0-50 | 3-02 | 1 70 | 0-16 | 0-09 1:53 | 0-82 | 1 30 1°83 | 2-47 | 0 25 | 0:31 1:28 | 1-90 | 1-18 | 0-52 0-54 | 2-04 6-33 | 3-43 5:18 | 4-90 0:64 | 4-02 3-46 6-89 (7:34 41°53 Snowfall in Mar., 1904, 3-1in.; Dec., 6:7. 2-0; Dec., 3:0; total in 1906, 5-0. In Jan., 1907, 12-0; Feb., 6-0 in. THRUMS—HElevation, 1,500 ft. Toran PREcrPrraTion In Jan., 1905, 8:0; Feb., 2:0; total in 1905, 10-0. In Jan., 1906, 253 DODD abs osnssascisyeui ll ak eanposell opanuvegseel] ain WQS is p-nesere-oacs } 6-21 | 2-82 | 2-87 19D S con eeervecnsn 1:50 | 1-68 | 1-41 sgeivcetacel | estayt | earercasfeeeowes 1-41 2°92 | 1-89 | 2-67 | 0-68 | 0-33 2:73 | 4-09 | 2-47 | 3-16 | 0-44 2-11 3°36 0-79 1:70 2-08 2:00 3°90 3°90 3:39 0-88 1:37 3°30 | Snowfall in Nov., 1913, 8: Lin.; Dec., 55. 1914, 40-5. In Jan., 1914, 12-7; Feb., 12-5; Mar. 9:0; Dec., 6°3; total in In Jan., 1915, 15-0; Feb., 7°0; Nov., 15-5; Dec., 24*7; total in 1915, 62-2 in. , METEOROLOGICAL DATA—PRECIPITATION 565 PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year I Jan. | Feb. | Mar | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annual TRANQUILLE—Elevation, 1,142 ft. 254 Toran PRECIPITATION VQ ci vesitosatcie~s0 [lfneae Bestel eiganezegucis 0-16 | 0-05 | 1-27 | O-14 | 0-42 | 1-67 | 1-26 | 0-02 { 1-91 | 0 386 {]........ TOV 2 ic cercsacs tanapecaes 0-75 | 0-26 | 0-00 | 1-22 | 0-47 | 0-70 | 2-36 | 2°31 | O68 | O18 | OH aca sn] oscars LOTS viveacorsciesien 0-69 | 1-45 | 0-40 | 0-20 ]...... 1-45 | 0-81 | 0-77 ; 0-07 | 0-86 | 0-66 | 0-29 ]|....... 3 W914 00 8 cgnees 1-48 | 2-57 | 0-21 | 0-14 | 1-28 | 0-44 | 0:75 | 0-05 | 1-03 | 0-49 | 0-84 | 0-40 9-68 TOTS isin niseravens 08 0-89 | 0-10 | 0-59 | 0-15 | 1-54 | 2-40 | 2-73 | 0-54 | 0-67 | 0-16 | 0-42 | 1-02 11-21 Means......... 0-95 | 1-10 | 0-27 | 0-35 | 1-14 | 1-03 | 1-41 | 1-07 | 0:74 | 0-34 | 0-79 | 0-64 9-83 During 1911-15 (1914 and 1915 complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 6°5in.; Feb., 8-0; Nov., 4:2; Dec., 6-0. Mean annual snowfall, 24-7 in.; maximum recorded, 23-5 in., Feb., 1914. TRIANGLE ISLAND—Elevation, 680 ft. 265 TorTaL PRECIPITATION sgershoce. aut geeneenacelluectng 5 sia, | kbs Avtuaaes 1-86 | 5-03 | 2-26 | 2-40 | 5-42 {10-75 115-93 |11-95 J|........ g 4:88 | 2-57 | 2:55 | 5-O1 | 3-20 | 3-71 | 5-88 |10-70 |10-42 | 7-94 74°85 5:93 | 7-22 | 0-73 | 4-02 | 3-64 | 0-97 | 0-95 | 2:85 | 3-26 |11-26 | 9-62 | 9°16 59°61 - 4:86 | 7-37 | 5-84 | 3:76 | 1-55 | 2-91 | 7-03 | 7-28 |10-30 |19-17 83-30 7:14 | 4°33 | 4-27 | 4-44 | 0-25 | 0-09 | 2-63 | 0-71 | 1-15 | 1-97 | 3-07 | 3-64 33-69 5:70 | 7-72 | 7-01 | 5-99 | 3-09 | 1-03 | 0-35 | 2-08 | 2-94 | 3-74 | 4:36 | 3-76 47-77 8:15 | 5:69 | 4:35 | 4°88 | 2-87 | 2-65 | 1-82 | 2-44 | 4-29 | 7-62 | 8-95 | 9-27 63-04 During 1910-15 (1910 incomplete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 23-8in.; Feb.,4°3; Mar.,0°3; April, 2-4; Nov., 1:0; Dec., 0-5. Mean annual’snowfall, 32°3 in.; maximum recorded, 87-9 in., Jan., 1911. UCLUELET—Elevation, near sea-level 256 Torat PRECIPITATION v 2°75 | 0-13 | 0:50 | 3°26 [20-51 (23-45 | 8-24 saitigh Wet a 6 1-11 | 2°36 | 1°85 | 2-07 |18-11 [13-28 23.66 | 113-01 Snowfall in 1915, 8-0 in., all in Dec. \ UNION BAY* 257 Torau PRECIPITATION TSO8 Sie cusayenes ¢ | Liniess aovifliecea cies I teooendl Giammeallememeell Reade] aan tl] wees oA ae oes a tells meade Oe 201 eee Zakues DBO: s-crscersscsvacarel| Vseneae altel] whic. 8-49 | 4-98 | 1-42 | 4-00 | 0-40 | 0-71 | 5-54 | 8-59 | 5-43 ]11-85 |]........ TBOD re.ctarelarsreuoce¢ 9-63 | 8-84 | 9-02 | 6-89 | 3-56 | 1-42 | 1-09 | 0-09 | 2-56 | 0-33 | 6-47 15-57 65-47 V89G scsi sc trea 26-46 |10-59 | 4-18 | 2-75 | 2-34 | 1-06 | 0-02 | 0-89 | 0-41 3-61 | 8-45 [15-98 76-74 VEO ree iycwiitee x 7°37 | 3-71 | 7-30 | 2 0-60 | 2:48 | 2-71 | 2-33 | 1-98 | 6-01 |10-60 {12-96 60:73 1898 iicci a eanionss QE74 |IOB9® |eic clave mzalag parce sine sbitenimee sana toeailbenn des ibavasgos ceili tena elanceueuet teal laguee a eaaeals During 1893-98 (1895-97 complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 30:6 in.; Feb., 10-4; Mar., 22-3° Nov., 10:5; Dec., 20-9. Mean annual snowfall, 94-7 in.; maximum recorded, 69-0 in.; Jan., 1896. VALDEZ ISLAND—Elevation, near sea-level 258 Torat PRECIPITATION VSO sec caracassnepal| lis sescee ui eoumn eps]: sane ave teeters aa lates et ii lavesl ceiedlhae anew [See teare | eecerentea 1:32 | 7-35 (13°79 |[........ VB9G ss csseserssare 17:05 | 8-29 | 2-58 | 3-30 | 2-66 | 2-87 | 0-02 0-13 | 4-42 | 6-72 12-71 61:34 TBO Cais asin eine 5:80 | 7-05 | 5-80 | 2°93 | 1-65 | 2-59 | 1-13 | 2-59 | 2-64 | 5-16 ]10-54 |12-29 60-17 1898 sine weeraceonn 6-69 |10-63 | 2-54 | 2 24 | 3-32 | 3-53 | 1-07 3-54 | 2-98 110-77 | 5-12 52°52 NB9G secs teed GV GQ PETA | DRED |) SET BY 2: cas | dans conzeall te sengencesf eserbieene el Padang ated] nphes auecd oete « ucch fess dectee: ol ens reat Means......... 9-04 | 8-43 | 3-41 | 3-06 | 2-54 | 2-99 | 0-74 | 1-09 | 2-10 | 3-47 | 8-84 {11-01 56-72 During 1895-99 (1896-98 complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 13-8 in.; Feb., 15-8; Mar., 3-6 ; Nov., 6-6; Dec., 8-1. Mean annual snowfall, 47-9 in.; maximum recorded, 39-5 in., Jan., 1896. VANCOUVER—Elevation, 136 ft. 259 Torau PRECIPITATION VSS scscicaavscc drapes le: coarse oe caret andes | Dae AR oo hes Ora igesenaa|s eae aes 4-48 | 9-74 |...... VSO sca: cea cetes ses 10°59 | 6-04 | 3-01 | 4-29 | 3-92 SQ. eens tesenel acapetone | yeeneas ol aan Raat is Sesese NOOO asics. ercare ears 7-24 | 5-95 |10°29 | 4-51 | 4-20 | 5-42 | 1:05 9-20 |10-00 | 9-22 DOOM si 5e scsecd ears 11-28 | 6-31 | 3-04 | 5-29 | 4-38 | 5-01 | 0-83 5-20 {14-06 | 8-09 1902 eicse scence saps 6-08 |10-17 | 7:45 | 3-11 | 4-40 | 1-97 | 2°37 4-72 {10-33 | 9-55 TOS: ieeive,sospraties 7-70 | 2-60 | 5-78 | 3-78 | 3-68 | 3-56 | 1-12 5+72 111-36 | 4-21 19 045, ss susicorscsea BEZO! | SSGO? iis. savor adendea a a tacct aueall ope a one eeeae nasil an Ready Ice yn ado sue alfa ce ict caer TQ OD i.8.3 eisveuse te Shear. ose [acd neal crane 1-21 | 2-20 | 2-53 | 1-99 9-09 | 4-98 | 4-26 | 6-71 190G sc ost as 9-66 | 6-03 | 2:37 | 1-04 | 3-58 | 3-04 | 0-45 8-87 | 7:60 | 8-25 | 7-33 DOO sexcniscenekane ons 9-32 | 8-30 | 2:39 | 4-13 | 1-44 | 1-43 | 1-70 4-51 | 1-76 {13-23 | 8-02 DOQOS :ssis.cocvsviexd cee 7-60 | 6-30 | 7-14 | 2-61 | 4-11 | 1-86 | 1-59 1-46 | 6-77 |18-99 | 8-41 1909 vesse,susrawpsreets 6-21 | 8-15 | 4:31 | 1°30 | 3-76 | 1-69 | 2-45 2-23 | 7-06 115-66 | 4-29 TOTO oss cai: uiaoun eo 11°19 | 5-01 | 2°91 | 3-60 | 2-15 | 1-98 | 0-24 2-47 | 9-04 |10-62 | 8-79 WOU i atmeaenes 6-11 | 3-37 | 3-05 | 1-96 | 5-39 | 2-09 | 0-92 4-41 | 2-24 {12-68 | 8-82 VOUS ieee sence 5 8-46 | 6-25 | 0-89 | 3-92 | 2-35 | 2-28 | 1-54 2-84 | 4-64 | 9-21 | 8-80 IOUS: asicrveicste ts 9-62 | 4-28 | 5:37 | 2-53 | 4-33 | 3-81 | 2-02 3-89 | 6-19 |10-08 | 3-95 LONE csaiea nieraiiess 10°56 | 4°87 | 3-33 | 3-28 | 0-74 | 3-58 | 0-42 6-86 | 6-37 {10-18 | 2-84 VQ15S: sews conten 7:13 | 4-42 | 4-18 04 | 3-42 | 1-07 | 0-91 0-80 | 8:83 | 5-41 |10-66 Means......... 8-60 | 6:06 | 4:37 | 3:10 | 3-38 | 2-75 | 1:25 4-23 | 5:93 {10-88 | 7-31 59-42 ; ‘During 1898-1915 (14 years complete), average monthly snowfal] was: Jan., 13-0 in.; Feb., 3:1; Mar., 1°6 ; Nov., 2:7; Dec., 2:6. Mean annual snowfall, 23-0 in.; maximum recorded, 57:3 in., Jan., 1913. * Observer moved from Union Bay to Cumberland in 1898. For supplementary record see under Cumberland. 566 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annual VANCOUVER (CITY HALL)—Elevation, 40 ft. 260 ToraL PRECIPITATION NOUS ois cascevisarocertyall [iene focatncer-s)| nea ertal ities &. e ‘688 ee at oe | es | o. ee | te pseeee since esas . 4:41 | 3-32 | 3-4 . ° . < = . - . . 1918.2, pocetan isis | 4°61 | 4°21 | 3-18 | 3-71 | 0-96 | 0:81*! 0-31 | 0-87 +25 | 9-66 {10-82 || 51-73 VANCOUVER (COURT HOUSE) 261 Station started recording January, 1916. VAVENBY—Elevation, 1,538 ft. 262 Torat PRECIPITATION sal a cas vtia te plac Nia oe tll akae acon 0-44 | 0°59 | 1-56 | 1-67 | 2-15 | 1-74 | 1-50 | 1-29 | 0-33 |[........ Wort 22222022 |) ies" 6279']'6287'] 0:37 | 0°88 | 1-65 | 1-87 | 0-33 | 1-94 | 0-86 | 1-93 | 1-04 | 14°54 VOLS iscs ssatexaye ...{1 0-41 | 0-20 | 0-33 1 0-72 | 1-49 | 3-11 | 3-45 | 0-81 | 1°53 | 1-12 | 0-60 | 1-27 15-04 Snowfall in Nov., 1913, 4°6 in.; Dec., 3-2. 9°8; total in 1914, 38-2. In Jan., 1914, 10:4; Feb., 7-5; Mar., 2:0; Nov., 8-5; Des., VERNON—Elevation, 1,575 ft. TotTaL PRECIPITATION In Jan., 1915, 1:5; Nov.,4:5; Dec., 6-3; totalin 1915, 12 3 in. 1:17 1-09 0-71 0-58 1:32 1-76 LOH MHONSSOSOWND 1°36 RPROWPONWNOUr ONUNONWONNED Otto WwoOSOhlHo coc 16100 mwa 0-99 WNONOCWDOONOOUN ? WOKRRFONNONNOHN Oo a o oO Nw 1:39 0-83 Bose ROR RRR ORN RON POWONWNHNODHHNw 3 nm ao 2:07 1-21 14:48 During 1895-1915 (14 years complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 11°2 in.; April, 0°6 ; Nov., 7°5; Dec., 9:9. Mean annual snowfall, 42-4 in.; maximum recorded, VICTORIA AND ESQUIMALT*+—Elevation, near sea-level ToraL PRECIPITATION Feb., 9-5; Mar., 3°7 ; 28-0 in., Feb., 1904. 0-83 | 4-95 | 1-11 | 2-42 | 0-73 | 0-00 | 0-82 | 0-80 | 4-48 | 7°57 | 9°65 36-26 5-06 | 3-04 | 0-88 | 0-76 | 0-83 | 0-40 | 0-41 | 1°15 | 2-54 | 4-27 | 1-84 23°57 2°25 | 3-46 | 0-14 | 0-58 | 0-65 | 0-22 | 0-23 | 2-53 | 3-13 | 6-64 | 2-77 25°95 2-79 | 1:84 | 0-54 | 0-87 | 0-14 | 0+36 | 0-07 | 0-91 | 3-02 | 4-71 | 3-97 20-90 2°98) | 665.7 OLGA PRG: [OSTEO TE tie co osc rese. cece lave, cease pascyaveys | cesses. des] hawsesrwteiveare 2-00 | 1-83 | 1-14 | 0-74 | 0-65 | 0-88 | 0-45 | 0-82 | 2-83 | 1-94 | 8-58 29°56 8-84 | 1°57 | 2-70 | 1:48 | 1-56 | 0-90 | 0-79 | 0-82 | 4-11 | 5-25 | 6-13 37°99 3°55 | 4°02 | 1-24 | 0-53 | 0-42 | 1-24 | 0-99 | 0-59 | 4-30 | 3-32 | 5-37 27°85 3-26 | 1°56 | 2-02 | 0-74 | 0-53 | 0-06.| 0-00 | 1-65 | 1-58 | 6-03 | 4°55 27°65 2-11 | 0-38 | 1-02 | 0-73 | 1-59 | 0-48 | 1-84 | 1-66 | 4-88 | 1-60 | 1-95 23-49 3-84 | 0°32 | 0-53 | 1-30 | 0-25 | 0-06 | 0-02 | 4-00 | 2-73 | 3-47 | 2-47 28°94 3-17 | 2-94 | 1-67 | 0-45 | 1-00 | 0-80 | 0-73 | 1-59 | 2-32 | 1-92 | 7-16 27-59 5°36 | 5:36 | 0-76 | 1-32 | 0-48 | 0-27 | 0-01 | 1-16 | 2-75 | 5-36 | 9-18 38°59 1°77 | 3-53 | 2-26 | 0-19 | 2-23 | 0-34 | 0-42 | 1-01 | 3-35 | 3-69 | 1-96 25°77 1:12 | 1-50 | 1-83 | 1-01 | 0-77 | 0-00 | 1-04 | 2-33 | 2-08 | 1-76 | 2-28 18°56 2-33 | 1°50 | 0-86 | 0-98 | 2-10 | 0-64 | 0-12 | 0-33 | 7-52 | 1-74 | 8-28 30:36 2-62 | 3-42 | 2-72 | 0-79 | 1:26 | 0-02 | 1-47 | 4-27 | 2-04 | 7-22 112-58 43°63 0-80 | 3-05 | 2-53 | 1-95 | 0-60 | 0-87 | 0-72 | 4:09 | 1-56 {10-34 | 4°75 36°65 6-12 | 3-36 | 5-37 | 2-35 | 1-73 | 0-95 | 0-06 | 1-21 | 4°61 110-43 | 9-75 50°49 4-33 | 4°59 | 4°23 | 2-71 | 2-37 | 0-21 | 0-25 | 3-63 | 4-60 | 6-88 | 1-66 42°77 2-62 | 1-52 | 2-02 | 1-60 | 0-48 | 0:12 | 0-45 | 1-32 | 0-45 | 3-43 [12-18 33-03 6-80 | 1-71 | 1-08 | 1-62 | 0-69 T 0-57 | 1-52 | 2-87 |11-02 {10-41 46-53 3-91 | 4°83 | 1-04 | 0-62 | 0-86 | 0-97 | 0-29 | 1-80 | 1-26 | 7-29 |10-84 39-70 5-19 | 1-66 | 0-88 | 0-60 | 1-82 | 0-28 | 0-27 | 1-79 | 3-14 | 4-44 | 4-11 26-96 5°36 | 2-45 | 2-88 | 1-50 | 0-68 | 0-18 | 1-28 | 0-72 | 3-38 | 6-43 | 5-23 35-14 2-75 | 3°63 | 0-87 | 1-04 | 1-61 | 0-40 | 0-61 | 1-15 | 2-68 | 2-31 | 4-07 24-70 3°37 | 0-93 | 3-01 | 0-98 | 1-06 | 0-19 | 0-00 | 0-90 | 1°65 | 6-44 | 3-46 26-14 2-47 | 2-27 | 0-95 | 0-97 | 0-08 | 0-37 | 0-43 | 2-31 | 1-09 | 6-15 | 6-23 26°45 1-31 | 2-71 | 1°39 | 0-76 | 0-67 | 0-46 | 0-86 | 3-76 | 1-76 | 5-99 | 2-41 26-02 3-93 | 3-62 | 0-75 | 0-49 | 1-29 | 0-48 | 0-50 | 0-32 | 0-88 | 5-23 | 4°71 26-52 * See footnote, page 567. METEOROLOGICAL DATA~PRECIPITATION 567 PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annual VICTORIA AND ESQUIMALT*—Continued 3-34 | 2-27 | 1-39 | 0-21 | 2-81 | 1-06 | 0-10 | 1-21 | 4-03 | 2-81 | 0-91 | 2-82 22-96 2-56 | 1-66 | 0-67 | 0-46 | 1-81 | 0-65 | 0-16 | 0-53 | 3-14 | 5°60 | 6-13 | 3-85 27°22 3°04 | 3-94 | 1-40 | 1-39 | 0-35 | 0-33 | 0-39 | 0+23 | 1+21 | 0-73 | 4-68 | 4-78 22°47 3:22 | 4-32 | 4-58 | 0-63 | 1-27 | 0-09 | 0-15 | 0°67 | 0-62 | 2-33 | 4-02 | 4-88 26-78 3°25 | 2-20 | 0-73 | 0-61 | 0-96 | 0-47 | 0-92 | 0:47 | 0-79 | 2-31 ]11-51 | 3-77 27-99 4-55 | 4°73 | 2-37 | 1-70 | 0-77 | 0-96 | 0-01 | 0:36 | 1°59 | 5-09 | 7-71 | 6-41 36-25 4-30 | 0-96 | 1-93 | 0-59 | 1-80 | 0-73 | 0-14 | 0-68 | 2-25 | 0-61 | 7-40 | 2-80 24°19 4°15 | 3-14 | 1-43 | 1-30 | 1-56 | 0-99 | 1-15 | 2-26 | 0-66 | 2-33 | 5-04 | 5-84 29°85 4°54 | 1-91 | 2-00 | 0-62 | 0-80 | 1-05 | 0-45 | 0-84 | 1-95 | 3-63 | 4-70 | 1°35 23+ 84 8-47 | 1-56 | 2-05 | 1-04 | 0-18 | 1-67 iD 0-18 | 1-98 | 2-58 | 5-83 | 0-59 26:13 1°55 | 0-98 | 1-53 | 0-57 | 126 | 0-61 | 0-84 | 0-04 | 0-80 | 4-20 | 4-57 | 4-80 21°75 4°50 | 3-18 | 2-49 | 1-42 | 1-15 | 0-94 | 0-42 | 0°58 | 1-73 | 2-89 | 5-38 | 5-26 29°94 During 1875-1915 (39 years complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 5-0 in.; Feb., 2:9; Mar., 0:9; Nov., 0-9; Dec., 0*7. Mean annual snowfall, 10-4 in.; maximum recorded, 37:0 in., Feb., 1893. VICTORIA WATER WORKS (BEAVER LAKE—ROYAL OAK) Tora PRECIPITATION 5°37 | 2°50 | 1-66 | 2-03 | 1°60 | 0°45 | 0-26 | 0-29 | 1-03 | U-42 | 2-43 112-95 31-04 5:93 | 6°47 | 1°79 | 1-39 | 1-20 | 0-86 | 0-10 | 0-29 | 1-15 | 2-76 |11-82 |10- 24 44-00 4°61 | 4°19 | 5-70 | 1-29 | 0-52 | 0-98 | 1-32 | 0-44 | 1-44 | 1-32 | 7-11 |11-52 40-44 2-46 | 5-05 | 2-06 | 0-93 | 0-80 | 1-71 | 0-20 | 0-29 | 1-89 | 3-37 | 5-93 | 4:65 29°34 5-68 | 5°37 | 2-03 | 3-22 | 2-24 | 0-37 | 0-10 | 1-89 | 0:95 | 3-89 | 9-33 | 7-14 42-21 5°04 | 3°32 | 5-41 | 1-40 | 1-45 | 2-78 | 0-62 | 0-36 | 1-45 | 4:48 | 3-65 | 5°51 35°47 6-90 | 4°92 | 2°54 | 3-37 | 1-46 | 0-87 | 0-45 | 0-09 | 1-16 | 3-23 | 8-55 | 5-19 38-66 4°39 | 3-94 | 3-43 | 1-60 | 1-17 | 0-30 | 0-82 | 0-63 | 2-79 | 2-15 | 8-86 {10-02 40-15 5°14 | 2-90 | 3-12 | 1+71 | 0-92 | 1-08 | 0-51 | 0-51 | 3-83 | 3-51 | 7-96 | 3-09 34°28 6°52 | 6-41 | 4-81 | 0-94 | 0-76 | 1°32 | 0-74 | 0-42 | 0-45 | 1-62 | 7-69 | 8-01 39°69 5-43 | 3°23 | 2-34 | 0-63 | 3-86 | 1-23 | 0-09 | 1-16 | 5:03 | 3-83 | 1-62 | 4:52 33-07 4°56 | 2-77 | 0°83 | 0-51 | 2-10 | 1-02 | 0-17 | 1-20 | 3-51 | 5-34 | 7-61 | 5-85 35+ 48 4-28 | 3-49 | 1-81 | 1-89 | 0-52 | 0-38 | 0-36 | 0-35 | 1-19 | 0-90 | 5-69 | 7-33 28-10 5-03 | 5-69 | 5-20 | 0-88 | 1-61 | 0-30 | 0-16 | 0-83 | 0-64 | 2-79 | 4-43 | 7-62 35-18 6-46 | 3-74 | 1-31 | 0-83 | 1°36 | 0-63 | 1-24 | 0-63 | 0-64 | 2-64 |14-07 | 3-89 37-49 6-06 | 5:94 | 1-61 | 1-10 | 0-75 | 1-12 | 0-06 | 0-38 | 1-32 | 5-31 | 8-85 | 6-09 38-59 5°55 | 1-02 | 1-62 | 0-81 | 2-25 | 0-77 | 0-05 | 0-70 | 2-03 | 0-77 | 6-02 | 3-19 24°78 5-74 | 3-99 | 1°32 | 1-43 | 1-48 | 1-22 | 0-70 | 2-57 | 1-02 | 1-91 | 5-26 | 5-32 31-96 6-12 | 2-30 | 2-23 | 0-74 | 0-74 | 1-30 | 0-84 | 0-72 | 1-91 +15 | 6-32 | 1-67 28-04 9-27 | 2-34 | 1-80 | 1-34 | 0-47 | 2-04 | 0-05 | 0-17 | 2.46 | 2-49 | 6-40 | 0-86 29-69 2-13 | 1-17 | 2-08 | 0-68 | 1-65 | 0-52 | 1-10 | 0-35 | 0-37 | 4°75 | 5°66 | 7-35 27°81 5+37 | 3°85 | 2-60 | 1-37 |} 1°38 | 1-01 | 0-47 | 0-68 | 1-73 | 2-89 | 6-91 | 6-28 34°54 During 1895-1915, average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 5:9in.; Feb., 1:9; Mar., 1-7; Nov.,1°6; Dec., 1+7. Mean annual snowfall, 12:8 in.; maximum, 18-0 in., Mar., 1897. WANETA (PEND-D’OREILLE)—Elevation, 2,260 ft. 266 ToraL PRECIPITATION JOB) ai cintoraterns | eternal soars 2°04 | 0-34 | 2°51 | 6°19 | 3-58 | 0-99 | 1-60 | 1-71 | 5°12 | 0° 43 fy........ TO ccaacs cues | 5:01 | 1-20 | 2-36 | 2°33 | 2-87 | 3°36 | 1-36 | 0-00 | 3-93 | 1-33 | 2-99 | 1°43 | 28-17 MODS aio scuaie anise 1-20 | 1-50 | 2-07 | 2-50 | 4-85 | 3-03 | 4-26 | 0-10 | 0-80 | 2-38 | 3-25 | 3-55 29-49 During 1913-15 (1913 incomplete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 24:8 in.; Feb, 11°03 Mar., 70 ¢ April, 0:3; May, 1-0; Oct., 3:4; Nov., 19-0; Dec., 14:2. Mean annual snowfall, 80-7 in.; maximum recorded , 37°5 in., Jan., 1914. WELCOME HARBOUR (PORCHER ISLAND)—Elevation, near sea-level 267 Tora PRECIPITATION : Tats ee Gieecs eae“ See eei e ee ae Snowfall in Dec., 1915, 2°0 in. WESTLEY—Elevation, 1,414 ft. 268 ToTaL PRECIPITATION 1:82} 4-65 | 2-80 | 3-43 | 0-17 | 0-67 | 1-91 | 2°39 | 3-87 | 253-2 WONG oicisacuas | ae 1°26 | 2-12 | 2°72) 1-78 | 2-13 | 1-48 | 0-32 | 2-71 | 1-45 | 3-21 | 1:42 |]........ WOT Sa sesccrscersiensiens 1:34 | 1°25 | 1-02 Snowfall in Feb., 9°5in.; Mar., 7:5 ; Dec.,14°2. In Jan., 1915, 9:9in.; Feb.,1°8; Nov., 15*3; Dec., 22°8 ; total in 1915, 49-8 in. * Observations at Victoria and Esquimalt : : ; (1) W. T. Bevis, light keeper at Fisgard lighthouse, Esquimalt harbour, kept some records from Jan. 1, 1872, to July 31, 1890. ¥ 0 W. T. Livock, Chief Factor, Hudson’s Bay Co., kept records at Victoria from Dec. 1, 1877, to July 31, 1890. Private records from Dec., 1877, to Dec. 31, 1884. Meteorological Service of Canada from Jan. 1, 1885, to July 31, 1890. (3) E. Baynes Reed, appointed meteorological observer to succeed Mr. Livock. Station at Esquimalt from Aug. 1, 1890, to Aug. 9, 1898. Station at Mr. Reed’s residence, Cook street, Aug. 10, 1898, to Dec. 13, 1899. Post Office building, Dec. 13, 1899. ‘Thermometer shed moved to back of Post Office in 1905. Station moved to present ite on Gonzales Hill, April 22, 1914. 568 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year \ Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annual WHITE LAKE ; 269 TotTaL PRECIPITATION 1805) Sacuic incas T| 0-83 | 0-331 0-38] 3-06} 0-22] 0-081...... [eases Iannone sa lee eee Snowfall in Jan., 1895, 7-7 in.; Feb., 3-3; Mar., 3-2 in. WILMER—Elevation, 3,300 ft. Torat PRECIPITATION a sarscsians fieoe citadens [av entea al [Passes aap [isha vo, name nce orsas yaonienacep nese 1-15 ! 0-45 | 1-76 | 0-45 |f........ 0-75 | 0-05 | 0-67 | 0-55 | 1-61 | 0°36 ]......]...... 0-79 | 0-69 | 0-69 |]..... eee 0-44 | 0-45 | 0-35 ]...... 1-91 | 0-70 | 1-67 | 0-13 | 0-37 | 1-10 | 0-32 |]....... . 0-13 ]...... 0-35 | 1-12 | 1:67 | 3-95 | 1-52 | 1-35 | 0-74 | 0°95 | 0-50 }]........ 0-35 | 0-85 | 0-44 | 0-79 | 1-57 | 2-24 | 2-04 | 1-78 | 0-42 | 1-13 | 0-35 13-24 0-48 | 0-94 | 1-30 | 1-32 | 1-51 | 1-96 | 0-82 | 2-54 | 0-88 | 1-23 | 0-53 15-69 0-48 | 0-08 | 0-45 | 1-63 | 4:02 | 4-12 | 0-51 | 0-91 | 0-80 | 1-01 | 0-80 15-66 0-44 | 0-47 | 0-59 | 1-08 | 2-05 } 2-22 | 1-32 | 1-31 | 0-64 | 1-12 | 0-52 12.95 During 1909-15 (1913-15 complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 9-9 in.; Feb., 4:4; Mar., 3°4 ; April, 0-3; Sept.,0°3; Nov.,7°6; Dec.,5°2. Mean annual snowfall, 31*1in.; maximum recorded, 20-9 in., Jan., 1911. WOLF CREEE (WASA)—Elevation, 2,550 ft. 271 TorTau PRECIPITATION eee ee ce ee a 0-70 | 0-34 | 1°50 , 1-09 i:63 ] 138 QE BE x cancel + seteret | ee 2-05 | 2-95 | 0-75 | 0-35 | 1-87 | 1-20 | 2-90 * Observer died ; station re-established in March, 1915. Snowfall in Nov., 1913, 13-Oin.; Dec., 10-0. In Jan., 1914, 30:0; Feb., 10-0; Mar., 12:0. In Nov., 1915, 27-0; Dec., 31-0 in. WYCLIFFE—Elevation, 2,309 ft. Tora, PRECIPITATION Hc ctacser aoe [tie goes ne wasp 0-60 | 0-61 | 1:66 | 2-42 | 0-57 | 0-60 ...| 1°40 | 4°27 | 1-43 | 0-66 | 2-01 | 1-01 | 1-40 | 0-37 2-50 | 0-96 | 0-02 | 0-39 | 0-89 | 1-44 | 0-95 | 0-00 | 0-06 Obser|yerto:|war:. lls sce-c cl eaaie vd ee ones tec sd eee Sl oteas 10] eke ee Rem eealoo eas 2-50 | 1-18 | 2-15 | 0-81 | 0-72 | 1-70 | 1-46 | 0-66 | 0-34 | 0-71 | 1-10 | 1°52 14°85 Snowfall in Oct., 1912,6 8in.; Nov., 16-0; Dec., 11-8. In Feb., 1913, 14:0; Mar., 24:0; Nov., 10:0; Dec., 7-0. In Jan., 1914, 25-Oin.; Feb.,9°5; Mar., 0-1 in. PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN ALBERTA ATHABASKA—Hlevation, 1,690 ft. Torau PRECIPITATION 2027 0-67 0-50 3 0-00 eu 5 O80) incssussaicc|acxske spcacl stateanatellla aanone | Seed lacunae DIO Od CROARNO 0-20 0-05 1-98 0-81 | 1+38 | 0-39 | 0-35 | 0-60 12-94 0-57 | 0-31 | 0-46 | 0-92 | 1-70 | 3+46 | 3-23 | 1+75 | 1-19 | O78 | 0°55 | 0-49 15641 During 1900-15 (1909 and 1911-15 complete) average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 5°7in.; Feb., 3¢1; Mar., 4°3; April, 3°-8; May, trace; Sept., 0+7; Oct., 2*1; Nov., 5*0; Dec. 4°98. M 1 fall, 29¢5 in.; maximum recorded, 20+5 in., Nov., 1909. , : ; Semaine ann as ae BEAVERLODGE—(REDLOW) Toray PreciPiTaTION 0-54 | 0°05 ]...... 1-37 | 0-59 | 0-96 | 2-13 | 2+80 | Ov1l | 0-14 | 0-82 | 0036 {]........ 2+63 | 0-15 | 0-33 | 1-55 | 0+29 | 5-18 | 3-07 | 2-53 | 1655 | 1-99 | 0-51 | 0-17 19-95 1-10 | 1645 | 0-35 | O-31 | O+11 | 5-74 | 0-52 | 0-32 | 0-74 | 0-44 | 0637 | 0°75 12+20 OS ZB ilo evden sells wsocdia 0 1e15 | 1653 | 2-40 | 5666 | 1-24 ]......] O877 ]...... sta Means......... 1-13 | 0+55 | 0-34 | 1-09 | 0-63 | 3-57 | 2685 | 1672 | 0-80 | 0+84 | 0-57 | 0-43 14°52 During 1912-15 (1912 and 1915 incomplete) average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 11-3in.; Feb., 5°5; Mar., ar Spr ee ; Oct.,3°3; Nov.,4°9; Dec.,4¢3. Mean annual snowfall, 41-lin.; maximum recorded, ¢3 in., Jan., : METEOROLOGICAL DATA—PRECIPITATION 569 PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN ALBERTA—Continued Year \ Jan. | Feb, | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annual DUNVEGAN (PEACE RIVER)—Elevation, 1,320 ft. 275 ToTAL PRECIPITATION 0-69 } 1°40 | 050 { 0-79 | 3676 | 185 | 1+21 | 1632 | 1-04 1-99 | 0-36 | 0-96 | 6-49 | 6-74 | 1-72 | 5+22 | 2656 | 2-50 1+18 08 | 1-1 1905 0 0-61 | 0-47 1906 0 lel 1-10 1907......2000-[Joeaee 0-45 |...... 0-72 1-90 | 0-95 | 0-40 1908 1+75 | 0-68 | 0-31 1-78 | 1632 | 0+57 1909 0-25 | 0-63 | 1-28 1-14 | 0-30 | 0-72 1910 0-40 |...... 2-80 1-21 | 0-66 | 0-67 1911 0-40 | 0-44 | 1-18 1+36 | 2645 | 0-00 1912 0-05 | 0-58 | 0-31 2-02 | 0-00 | 0-17 1913 1-40 0-10 | 0-12 | 1-09 0-91 | 3-48 | 0-60 | 0-10 Means. . 0-99 | 0-67 | 1-04 | 0+53 | 1-47 | 2642 | 1643 | 2017 | 1-09 | 0-74 | 0+73 | 0°76 14-04 ‘During 1880-1913 Go seats complete) average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 9°9 in.; Feb., 6«7; Mar., 90; April, 2-3; May, 0°2; Oct., 2°1; Nov., 5*4; Dec., 7-2. Mean annual snowfall, 42°8 in.; maximum recorded, 37-0 in., Mar., 1882. LUNNFORD 276 Tora, PRECIPITATION Weed a0 1-25 | 0-58 | 0-71 | 1-10 { 3-58 | 3-32 | 3-80 | 1-74 | 1631 | 0045 1 1653 : 0-28 | 0-27 | 0-16 | 1-61 | 5-60 | 4635 | 2-66 | 1-68 | 0-46 | 0-45 ]...... 0-45 T 0-80 | 0-73 | 1-79 | 2-09 | 5-60 | 3625 | 0-52 | 1-06 | 0+25 | 0-30 *77 | 0+30 | 0-30 | 1°18 | 0-45 | 2633 | 8-07 | 2-83 |.. 1-82 | 0-46 | 0-49 | 0-70 | 1-24 | 3-40 533 3-14 | 1°31 | 0-94 | 0-38 | 0-91 20-12 ~ During 1910-13 (1912 complete) average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 16-8 in.; Feb.,4*6; Mar., 3°6; April, 24; May,0-0; June, 1-4; Sept.,0°4; Oct.,3-0; Nov.,3+0; Dec.,9+2. Mean annual snowfall, 44¢4in.; maxi mum recorded, 177 in., Jan., 1913. PEACE RIVER LANDING—Elevation, 1,107 ft. Tota PRECIPITATION 0-10 | 0-23 1-20 | 0-50 0-28 | 0-08 1-65 | 0-40 0-80 | 0-15 2°10 | 1°85 0-45 0-90 | 0-52 | 058 | 0+52 | 1°53 | 3-33 | 199 | 1-64 | 1+31 | 0-63 | 0-65 | 0-66 14-26 During 1907-14 (1908-10 and 1912 complete) average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 9+0 in.; Feb., 5+2; Mar. 5¢8; April, 3-1; Sept., 0°63; Oct., 2e8;-Nov., 5*6; Dec., 6+6. Mean annual snowfall, 38-4 in.; maximum re- corded, 21-0 in., Jan., 1913. PEMBINA 278 ToraL PRECIPITATION TQS ies cps seeyivs aliases esses ate 0-60 | 0+36 | 1625 | 5e61 | 1634 | 2-24 OOO occas aissateva al Papa ‘ae fuare ote [lateeanmnalle anne ZED, nied i] eee es 1-47 VOLO se rassgerai i rice lll 8, Safes hone [nad Gens 0-54 | 1-06 ]...... 0°96 | 1-71 FOE Me ahinieaces 0+48 | 0-55 | 0-60 | 0-20 | 1-02 | 6+98 | 2-74 | 3-91 DOM Dips tre citi se zercalllexaiersvonsd|fcesrarercvel poet sheaa: 0°70 |...... 1°67 | 8°00 | 1-24 DONS. ese arrascnaresa| [xaarewrell everaced 0-30 | 0°75 | 2+50 |...... Me 22i acres aye [lee : Oey actee Means..:...... 0-48 | 0-55 | 0°50 | 0-51 | 1-68 | 4¢75 | 2+85 | 2011 | 0-84 | 0-48 | 0-25 | 0-33 15+33 Snowfall in Mar., 1908, 6-0 in.; Oct., 30; Nov., trace. In Oct., 1910, trace; Dec., 3+0. In Jan., 1911, 468? Feb., 5+5; Mar., 6+0; April, 1-5; Nov.,4*0; Dec. 3+5. In Oct., 1912, 4*5; Nov.,3°5. In Mar., 1913, 3-0* April, 3+5 in. PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN YUKON CARCROSS—Flevation, 2,171 ft. 279 Tora PRECIPITATION WOO Fie nape Ae 3+49 | 0653 | 0-13 r 0-03 | O43 | 145 | 0654 | O-50 | 1°71 | Odo 9-99 LO OS resco soteeetx Mors el aks sass ee hc a geaessll a, beparser et Saptsee- ate haptics le ules ll eseeeret [vere cov ad [leva psi | ae via call ihe yates oe W909 ocd ence cs 0+40 | 0+38 | 1-23 | 0-33 | 0+47 | O+55 | 1644 | 1-42 | 1°68 | 1°55 +92 ) 0-40 10°77 TOTO»... & ccosyscaittns 0-54 | 0°63 | 0-96 | O-89 | 0-28 | 1-18 | 3-28 | 0-92 | 0-27 | O-43 | 0-96 | 1-11 11°45 LOD exe inesra nis os 0-65 | 1-73 | 0-58 | 0-35 | 1*38 | 0-72 |......]...... 1+12 | 112 | 1+23 |] 0079 |]........ DODD issssiaaresoreeace 0-48 | 0-60 | 0-10 | 0-80 | 0-04 | 0-61 | 1+17 | 1+85 | 0-47 | 0-41 | 0-68 | 0-94 8-15 DOTS cys cevcieys easel D042] 2803 |v ceces |e cicas 0+28 | 1-01 | 1-45 | 1°01 | 1-30 | 2-70 | 1-63 | 1-60 ||........ VON 4 8 veececcnioves aus 0+70 | 0°55 | 0°56 T 0-76 | 0+49 | 1-02 | 0+45 | 1-89 | 0-34 | 0-63 | 0-15 7+ 5A DQG sors sowie do 0+30 | 0+32 | 0-15 | 0+05 | 0+55 | 0-65 | 0+26 | 0-20 | 0-33 | 0-94 | 0-75 | 0-40 4-90 Means......... 0-56 | 1-09 | 0-59 | 0-36 | 0-47 | 0-66 | 1-29 | 1-04 | 0-95 | 1-04 | 1-07 | 0-78 9-90 During 1907-15 (1908 no record, 1913 incomplete) average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 5+6 in.; Feb., 10+9; Mar., 5+3; April, 3-5; May, 0-6; Aug. 05; Sept. 165; Oct. 5e4; Nov., 10+3; Dec., 7°5. Mean annual snowfall, 51+1in.; maximum recorded, 34+7 in., Feb., 1907. 570 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN YUKON—Continued . Year | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. Il Annual DAWSON—Elevation, 1,050 ft. ~ Toran PRECIPITATION 0-42 2 fae ce sip) aresa ce a% [favare Sav see eeeee ca ee ea EB EB ine 0-20 | 0-00 | 0-50 | 0-46 2+38 | 1 . . * . 1-35 | 0-60 | 0-60 | 0-39 1647 | 2641 | 1+25 | 0-45 | 0-65 11-28 0-32 | 0-20 | 0-57 | 0-96 1-66 | 1-01 | 0-36 | 0-80 | 1-45 12-00 1-30 | 0-40 | 0-94 | 0-97 2-51 | 3-52 | 1684 | 0+24 | 1+24 15 +37 0-51 | 0-22 | 0-42 , 2-00 1-46 | 1-14 | 0647 | 155 | 0-93 12-08 0-34 | 0-88 | 0-23 | 1°06 1-28 | 2+34 | 4-09 | 2-60 | 0-62 17°75 1-00 | 0-71 | 0-32 | 1-43 1-08 | 1+25 | 0-69 | 1-48 | 1-96 14-29 0-48 | 1-21 | 0-64 | 0-81 0-81 | 2-40 | 0-96 | 0-67 | 1°17 14-21 0-22 | 0-68 | 1-68 | 0-19 1-67 | 1+34 | 1-67 | 1°46 | 0-60 13-08 0-91 | 0-77 | 1+30 | 1-68 1-39 | 0+86 | 1-60 | 1-05 | 1-70 15-02 1-05 | 0-60 | 0-00 | 0-38 1¢59 |...... 2243 | 1+12 | 2009 ||....... . Med 2 os sessivers|| Dryers dos 0-25 0-07 | 1+20 | 0-10 | 0-82 | 1-45 |/........ T 0-95 | 0-20 | 0-25 | 1-04 | 1 1-59 | 1+21 | 0-10 | 0-70 | 0-08 *22 0+30 | 0-50 | 0-48 | 1-70 | 0-55 | 1-28 | 0-06 | 1-80 | 1-71 | 0-10 | 1-30 | 0-92 10°70 0+79 | 0-73 | 0-53 | 0-70 | 0-87 | 1-14 | 1-61 | 1-43 | 1 -61 | 1-26 | 1-10 | 1-15 12-92 During 1897-1915 (12 years complete) average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 7-9 in.; Feb., 7+3; Mar., 502; April, 5-2; May, 0+5; June, 0+4; Sept., 2°6; Oct.,8°3; Nov., 11-0; Dec., 11-5. Mean annual snowfall, 59-9 in.; maximum recorded, 38-3 in., Oct., 1907. WHITEHORSE—HElevation, 2,085 ft. 281 Tora. PRECIPITATION TOG consis ee Sgaseyaral| feasted ere coat fl tahont A ay sagsee al) adele Sie fin uote alton [ious conta | ete Bactsaclfit ane spedal hd 2eaecyn 1-50 | 0-30 WJ........ TOO B sine: tapsei cd 1-72 | 0-00 | 0-18 . a 3-30 | 0- . . 1-20 | 0-30 11°67 I90G scecsiasie overs 0-55 | 0°75 | 0-00 | 0-23 | 0-65 | 1-72 | 1-55 | 1°39 | 0-55 | 0-30 | 1°10 | 0°20 8-99 ee Sater araia aya 0-55 | 0-52 | 1°45 +08 . : 5-10 ‘ Q 0-90 | 0-30 14°95 1909. 7.272121 2]]'6°45']'6-30'| 0-40] 2°55 '|"0- 64 | 0-87 | 1-98 '|3°34']71-37 | 1-10 | 6-30] "0-08 |] “1238 LQ1O esecd caterers 0-18 | 0-06 | 0-30 | 0-02 | 0-03 | 0:66 | 4-67 | 1-36 | 0-50 | 0-10 | 0°33 |...... ois Aer a srs TOT seyssies crsieeisse O20) [ais Sass cus cagcysesl | sgeperat lf eesvied aon [have gs: anal ee sine: | Searsenerel fa vsaneeee | be toed eee ll navaeies eee areas Means........ 0-61 | 0-33 | 0:47 | 0-60 | 0-35 | 1°30 | 3-32 | 1-53 | 1-08 | 0-65 | 0-89 | 0.24 11°37 During 1904-11 (1905-7 and 1909 complete) average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 6¢1in.; Feb., 3°3; Mar., 4-7; April, 5+9; May, trace; Aug., trace; Sept.,3+1; Oct., 2-9; Nov.,7+7; Dec., 204. Mean annual snowfall, 36+1in.; maximum recorded, 254 in., April, 1909. SELECTED PRECIPITATION STATIONS IN UNITED STATES ON INTERNATIONAL WATERSHEDS’ OR ADJACENT TO BRITISH COLUMBIA Com- Scattered |Average No. Station Lat. N.|Long. W.| Elev. Limiting dates plete record ee years prey | Mths. | Yrs. tation KOOTENAY RIVER WATERSHED ore ees Feet a b c Inches PS _ Montana 301 | Fortine....... teceeeee | 48 46 | 114 55 2,975 | Mar. 1906-Dec. 1915 7 32 3 17-91 BOD" | WiIDDY. s avarnyecs. x scayaters avsiore 48 23 | 115 35 2,075 | July 1895-Dec. 1915 5 15 3 16-77 303 | Pleasant Valley........ 48 11 | 114 55 3,500 | Sept. 1907—Aug. 1914 6 12 2 19-22 304 | Snowshoe.............. 48 13 | 115 39 4,500 | Feb. 1907-May 1911 2 26 3 66-62 305 | Troy... agent mere aiae 48 28 | 115 55 1,880 | Dec. 1894—-Nov. 1910 | 15 12 2 24.91 DAHO 306 Bonners Ferry.........| 48 42 | 116 19 2,429 | Jan. 1909-Dec. 1915 5 22 2 21-06 B00 | Porthalls isn iio oye seen cceuene 49 0] 116 30 1,665 | Jan. 1892-Dec. 1915 | 22 18 2 22-69 PEND-D’OREILLE (CLARK FORK) RIVER WATERSHED Montana fF 308 | Anaconda........ sees] 46 7 | 112 57 5,830 | April 1894-Dec. 1915 | 11 42 5 13-68 309 | Butte.......... 46 0} 112 33 5,716 | April 1894—-Dec. 1915 | 20 17 2 13-87 310 | Columbia Falls. . 48 22 | 114 11 3,100 | Mar. 1893-Dec. 1915 | 17 40 6 22-69 311 | Como........... --| 46 5 | 114 12 3,750 | July 1908-Dec. 1915 7 6 1 15-38 312 | Dayton........... .| 47 52 | 114 17 2,925 | Mar. 1903-Dec. 1915 8 37 5 14-88 313 | East Anaconda..... --| 46 7] 112 55 5,500 | Sept. 1905-Dec. 1915 | 10 4 1 15-02 314 | Hamilton......... eeees{ 4615 |] 114 10 3,524 | July 1895-Oct. 1915 14 30 5 11-37 315 | Hat Creek............. 46 40{/ 112 32t| 6;000 | July 1909-Dec. 1915 6 6 1 23-91 316 | Haugan........ «| 47 22 | 115 24 3,150 | Feb. 1912-Dec. 1915 3 11 1 27-17 B17 |. Herons nce woes arena ee 48 3 | 115 58 2,261 | Mar. 1912—Dec. 1915 2 20 2 30-78 a. Number of complete calendar years. b. Number of additional months in incomplete years. ce. Number of incomplete years. t Near sea level, exact elevation not known. METEOROLOGICAL DATA~—U. S. PRECIPITATION 571 SELECTED PRECIPITATION STATIONS IN UNITED STATES ON INTERNATIONAL WATERSHEDS OR ADJACENT TO BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Com-| Scattered | Average No Station Lat. N. |Long. W.| Elev. Limiting dates plete} Tecord ae years d Mths.| Yrs. | *tion PEND-D'OREILLE (CLARK FORK) RIVER WATERSHED—Continued ‘ e, oh Feet a b c Inches 318 | Kalispell.............. 48 12 | 114 19 2,965 | June 1896-Dec. 1915 19 5 1 15-51 319 | Missoula.............. 46 52] 114 0 3,225 | Nov. 1870-Dec. 1915 31 73 10 15-67 320 | Ovando............... 47 1/113 8 4,050 | June 1899-Dec. 1915 13 38 4 19-50 321 | Philipsburg............ 46 20 | 113 18 5,273 | Oct. 1903-Dec. 1915 11 12 2 16-10 322 PAINS 9 udp sifoecercgaracene eva 47 28 | 114 52 2,473 | Sept. 1898-Dec. 1915 16 15 2 13-56 323 | Polson. ............06. 47 41 | 114 10 2,920 | Sept. 1906-Dec. 1915 5 32 4 16-13 324 | St. Ignatius............ 4719 | 114 6 2,911 | April 1896—Dec. 1915 7 36 5 16-87 325 | St. Regis.............. 4713 | 115 6 2,647 | Jan. 1908—Aug. 1911 1 26 3 22-74 326 | Saltese................ 47 24 | 115 32 3,600 | Nov. 1904—Dec. 1913 8 13 2 34-30 327 | Stevensville... .. ..| 46 30] 114 6 3,500 | Sept. 1911-Dec. 1915 4 4 1 13.99 328 | Thompson Falls........ 47 36 | 115 21 2,424 | Aug. 1911-Dec. 1915 4 5 1 19-85 329 | Upper Lake McDonald..| 48 31t| 114 Of] 3,200 | Oct. 1906-Oct. 1910 1 30 4 30-68 DAHO 330 Lakeview Rolederit ragecge avian ens 47 58 | 116 27 2,450 | Aug. 1897—Dec. 1915 15 32 4 28-38 331 | Priest River Exp. Sta...| 48 11 | 116 55 2,380 | Feb. 1898-Dec. 1915 9 31 4 30-72 332 Sandpoint potash ab aeeY RNAS Aa 48 16 | 116 33 2,086 | Jan. 1911-Dec. 1915 5 0 0 27-17 333 | Spirit Lake............ 47 57 | 116 52 2,560 | Jan. 1909-Mar. 1913 0 27 5 34-21 _ WasHINGTON 334 | Cusick................ 48 20 | 117 18 2,050 | Jan. 1899-June 1908 2 56 8 24.94 335 | Newport.......... 48111117 4 2.400 | Feb. 1910-Dec. 1915 4 11 2 23-78 STATIONS ADJACENT TO BRITISH COLUMBIA—IN EASTERN WASHINGTON 336 | Colville............... 48 33 | 117 55 1,635 | Dec. 1%09-Dec. 1915 23 67 10 17-57 337 | Conconully............ 48 34 | 119 45 2,300 | July 1894-Dec. 1915 14 28 4 16-67 338 | Kettle Falls............ 48 35 | 118 7 1,265 | Mar. 1909-Dec. 1915 5 21 2 17-81 339 | Lakeside.............. 47 50] 120 3 1,116 | June 1891-Dec. 1915 22 29 3 12.32 340 | Laurier... . 48 59 | 118 14 1,644 | April 1910-Dec. 1915 5 9 1 19-41 341 | Loomis... 48 49 | 119 39 1,200 | Aug. 1896-July 1907 2 67 9 14-67 342 | Northport 48 55 | 117 47 1,350 | Jan. 1909-June 1914 4 15 2 18-35 343 | Oroville... 48 55 | 119 26 922 | Mar. 1909-Mar. 1915 1 36 6 12.74 344 | Republic. .| 48 39 | 118 45 2,628 | Jan. 1900-Mar. 1915 9 51 7 16-07 345 | Spokane.. ..-| 47 40 | 117 25 1,943 | Jan. 1881-Dec. 1915 35 0 0 17.42 346 | Wilbur................ 47 46 | 118 43 2,203 | April 1892-Dec. 1915 13 41 6 13-76 STATIONS ADJACENT TO BRITISH COLUMBIA—IN WESTERN WASHINGTON 347 ) Anacortes............. 48 31 | 112 38 60 | April 1893-—Dec. 1915 15 81 8 28-04 348 UR is 5 hou giemdiearn a 48 32 | 121 45 390 | Jan. 1906-Dec. 1915 8 14 2 64-49 349 | Bellingham............ 48 45 | 122 29 107 | June 1857-Dec. 1915 19 42 5 30-73 350 | Blaine................. 48 59 | 122 45 57 | Aug. 1893-Dec. 1915 15 39 6 42-06 351 | Clearbrook............ 48 58 | 122 21 80 | Mar. 1903—Dec. 1915 9 42 4 50-15 352 | Coupevilla,............ 48 13 | 122 41 | N.S.L.t/ Oct. 1895-April 1909 12 16 3 21-32 353 | Granite Falls.......... 48 5 | 121 58 397 | Jan. 1909-Dec. 1915 7 0 0 57-39 354 | Olga....... rela Silat Rees 48 37 | 122 49 50 | Jan. 1890-Dec. 1915 25 11 1 30-65 355 | Olympia............... 47 1 | 122 54 142 | July 1877-Dec. 1915 37 16 2 54-71 356 | Port Angeles...... -| 48 7 | 123 27 | N.S.L. | Dec. 1883-Sept. 1908 12 27 i} 29.30 357 | Mount Pleasant. 48 1] 123 23 500 | Jan. 1911-June 1915 4 6 1 as 358 | Port Crescent. 48 9] 123 44 259 | Jan. 1909-Dec. 1915 ee 0 0 36-95 359 | Port Townsend 48 7 | 122 47 80 | Jan. 1860-Dec. 1915 37 43 7 20-55 360 | Seattle...... 47 37 | 122 20 248 | Aug. 1890-Dec. 1915 24 12 2 34-20 361 | Sedro-Woolley. . ...| 48 30 | 122 15 38 | Aug. 1896-Dec. 1915 12 80 8 46.34 362 | Snohomish............. 47 45 | 122 6 55 | Feb. 1894—Dec. 1915 18 34 4 43.39 363 | Tacoma............... 47 16 | 122 28 213 | Jan. 1884—Dec. 1915 30 9 2 42-01 364 | Tatoosh Island......... 48 23 1 124 45 86 | April1869-Dec. 1915 29 18 5 83-96 STATIONS ADJACENT TO BRITISH COLUMBIA—IN ALASKA 365 | Calder................ 56 10 | 1383 28 | N.S.L. ) April1908-Dec. 1915 6 18 2 113-79 366 | Juneau................ 58 19 | 134 28 | N.S.L. | June 1881-Dec. 1915 12 109 18 76-57 367 | Killisnoo.............. 57 22 | 134 29 | N.S.L. | June 1881-Dec. 1910 18 113 12 52-76 B68 | Loring ie ccecasisinsiacccares 55 36 | 1381 38 | N.S.L. | Mar. 1904—Dec. 1915 11 10 1 153-37 369) |) Sitka. isc vsvewneco uneven? 57 135 19 | N.S.L. | May 1842-Dec. 1915 47 92 11 84-43 B00 | SRBR WEY: cme wsaunes ox 59 28 | 135 20 | N.S.L. | Nov. 1898-Oct. 1913 2 103 14 23.24 SUPPLEMENTARY ¢{ IpaHo STE | Burke sc...5 5 cas eaves oa 47 31 | 115 48 4,082 | Jan. 1909-Dec. 1915 2 21 3 46-87 372 | Coeur d’Alene.......... 47 41 | 116 48 2,157 | Sept. 1881-Dec. 1915 19 44 9 24.84 373 | Grand Forks........... 47 15t] 115 49¢|/ 3,000 | June 1909-Aug. 1913 1 31 4 52.54 374 | Kellogg............... 47 32 | 116 7 2,305 | Mar. 1905-Dec. 1915 10 10 1 30-04 a. Number of complete calendar years. b. Number of additional months in incomplete years. c. Number of incomplete years. t t Approximate. See explanatory Note to 6 and 6, on page 515. 572 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION SELECTED PRECIPITATION STATIONS IN UNITED STATES ON INTERNATIONAL WATERSHEDS OR ADJACENT TO BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Com-| Scattered panera No. Station Lat. N. |Long. W.| Elev. Limiting dates plete record eat a years | ———__—_—_—__| » Mths.| Yrs. | *4tion SUPPLEMENTARY—Continued ee AL ae Feet a b c Inches Ipano—Continued 375 | Lewiston.............. 46 25] 117 2 757 | Jan. 1880-Dec. 1915 27 55 6 14.42 376 | Moscow............... 46 44/117 0 2,748 | Jan. 1892-Dec. 1915 21 33 3 22.40 BOC bh Marr ayes ss sc oesyy east wi 47 38 | 115 52 2,750 | Nov. 1893—April 1909 14 17 3 37.79 378 | St. Maries............. 47 19 | 116 35 2,263 | April1897-—Dec. 1915 9 53 8 28-20 379 | Wallace............... 47 28 | 115 56 2,770 | Jan. 1909-Dec. 1915 4 25 3 41-94 WasHINGTON ss BO Omeles eo. . 25ers Ss acsed ue 48 24 | 119 32 850 | Feb. 1909—Dec. 1915 4 28 3 12-00 381 | RexCreek............. 48 5}| 120 28{| 1,185 | Mar. 1910-July 1913 fl 22 3 18.57 382 | Snyder Ranch ......... 48 29{| 120 77] 2,200 | Jan. 1911-Dec. 1915 5 0 0 16-82 383 | Stehekin.............. 48 19 | 120 41 1,100 | Feb. 1906-Nov. 1908 1 18 2 27-61 B84 | LwISD. seers cucenw aasewy an 48 21] 120 7 1,619 | April 1903—Dec. 1908 4 16 2 14-87 385 | Winthrop..... ..... -| 48 28 | 120 10 1,765 | Jan. 1911-Dec. 1915 5 0 0 15-84 a. Number of complete calendar years. b. Number of additional months in incomplete years. c. Number of incomplete years. t+ Approximate. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN PRECIPITATION AT SELECTED STATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES ON INTERNATIONAL WATERSHEDS OR ADJACENT TO BRITISH COLUMBIA No. on Station Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | May | June| July | Aug. | Sept.| Oct. | Nov.| Dec. | An- map nual KOOTENAY RIVER WATERSHED MONTANA 301 | Fortine................. 1¢59| 1¢03] 1°09} 0-90] 2617] 2¢71) 1-52) 1°40) 1+63) 1-21) 1¢56) 1+10)| 17-91 BOOZ: A TEDDY? 5,0. iii scone) eyendve Wasevells 1+87| 1°04! 1°05] 0+83] 1-26] 1+38] 0+82) 0+91) 1¢59| 0-89] 3-27) 1+86]| 16°77 303 | Pleasant Valley......... 1-698} 1+54] 1¢81) 1617] 1°80} 1+92) 1-08] 0-93) 2+04/ 1-18) 2+69) 1+08]| 19-22 304 | Snowshoe............... 9-20] 5¢70| 6+24| 421] 4°06] 3-24) 1695] 1699] 3-65) 6+44/14+07| 5¢87]| 66-62 305 TOY? stovees-sgeeet aeons ea coeyee a 3-O1| 1699} 1°83] 159) 1-94] 1-85] 1-35] 0-87) 1¢77| 1+99] 4624] 2048]| 24-91 IpaHo 306 | Bonners Ferry.......... 2+84| 1°01) 0-81) 0-85] 2-04] 1684) 1-44) 0-99] 1+76) 1-71] 3678) 1+99]| 21-06 907 |. Porthill. seca a wowed sae 3°00} 1°77] 1-639] 1-19] 2+14| 1-64] 1-12] 0-87] 1-86] 1+75| 3+54| 2642!| 22-69 PEND-D’OREILLE RIVER WATERSHED MonrTANA 308 | Anaconda.............. 0-92] 0-59) 0+72| 0-85] 2-33) 2651] 1+28) 0-93] 1-28) 0-85} 0-78] 0+64]| 13-68 309 | Butte..... Silsbeve-coapantnnscnenise 0+83] 0-76) 0-92] 1614] 2-21) 2-35] 1+31] 0-89] 1-12) 0-88] 0-75} Oe71|| 13-87 310 | Columbia Falls.......... 2+15| 1-66] 1-14) 1-10) 2-92] 3-12) 1-60] 1-43] 2-04] 1-43] 229] 1-811) 22669 311 OWING iassvianaie: sreuetaoeensence: seapnce 1-52} 0-80) 0-82] 1-17) 1+77] 2-38] 1-06] 0-76] 1-53] 1°16] 1-78] 0+63]| 15+38 O12 | Dayton: 6 cvsawnaays wees 1-15) 0-80] 0-87] 0+76) 2-11) 2633] 1+51) 1-15} 1-28] 0+98} 1-03) O-91]| 14°88 313 | East Anaconda.......... 0-93] 0-57) 0-50) 1-14) 2-50} 2-92] 1658] 1619] 1-44] 1-02] 0-82] O-41]| 15-02 314 | Hamilton.,............. 0-86] 0-62) 0-64) 1-00) 1+79] 1+85| 0-66] O+ 70) 1-12) 0-90} 0+75) 0+48]| 11°37 315 | Hat Creek.............. 1-60] 0-92] 1-03) 1-92] 3-13] 4640) 2-08] 1-35) 2+94] 2615] 1654] 0+85]| 23-91 316 | Haugan................ 4+35) 2609] 2-01! 1°54] 1+89| 1-97] 0-92) 0-86] 1-68] 2650) 4-59] 2677|| 27-17 317 | Heron...............00- 3-17] 2+37) 2669] 1-94] 2648) 2642] 1694) 1624) 2617] 2673] 479} 2-84], 30-78 318 | Kalispell............... 1+35! 1+05] 1-01] 0-79) 1+94| 2607] 1-20] 0-94] 1661] 0-89} 1-72] 0-94]! 15051 319 | Missoula. . 1+40} 0-83] 1-00) 1+01] 2-16] 2-22) 1-09] 0-82] 1¢29]) 1+21| 1629) 1-35]] 15-67 320 | Ovando................. 1693] 1°72) 1¢28) 1+11] 2651] 2-62) 1-24] 1-04] 1633] 1-¢22] 1-78] 1+72|| 19-50 321 | Philipsburg............. 0-73] 0-73} 0-92) 1-23) 2-68] 330] 1-56) 0-82) 1-45} 122] 1-00] 0-46/] 16-10 B22: |) Plains sie jecssare ajcravee arisorsie-e 1+07| 0+69] 0+59] O+61] 1-80] 1°81] 1-41] 0-91) 1-47] 0-90) 1655] O+75|| 13656 B23) | PolsoMia-scscje uc ecies 6 vo 404 0-98] 0-85) 0-88} 0-87) 1+53] 2-70] 1+39] 0+84| 1-97] 1-31] 1°92] 0-89}| 16-13 324 | St. Ignatius............. 0+84| 0+76| 0-84! 1-15) 2-50) 2-50) 1+64] 1-02] 2-23) 1-41] 1-45] 0-53]! 16-87 325 | St. Regis.......... seve ef] 2°97] 2645) 1-85) 1-51) 1-99] 2-46] 0-38] 0-73] 1-86] 1+69| 3-70] 1+15|| 22-74 326 | Saltese............ sees ef] 559) 3e71] 2-95) 1631) 2-33] 1-96] 1-21} 1-18) 190] 2644] 5-64] 4-08|| 34-30 327 | Stevensville............. 0-86) 0+41| 0-46] 1-00) 2-29) 3-05) 1-21) 0-75] 1-40] 1-63] 0-71} O-22!| 13-99 328 | Thompson Falls......... 2-42] 1-22) 1444] 1659] 1-82) 1-64] 1-72] 0-81] 1628] 1-74] 2-91] 1+26]| 19-85 aa Upper nee MeDonald.. .|| 4°24] 3637] 1-93] 1-28] 3-23] 3-34] 2-01] 1-08] 2-37] 2631] 2«14] 3-38]! 30-68 ' DAHO 330 | Lakeview.......... seaeel] 3°19] 2665) 2-06] 1-62) 2°67] 1-96) 1-20} 1-02] 1+76| 2-42) 4667] 3-16]| 28-38 331 | Priest River Exp. Sta.....|| 3+58] 238] 2+33| 2+09] 2+90] 2-19] 1+76| 0-98] 1-88] 2+38] 5-37] 2+88|| 30+72 332 | Sandpoint.............. 3e51) 1-84} 127) 1657] 3«08) 2615] 1630) 0+97] 2608) 1677] 5+01| 2+62|| 27-17 333 | Spirit Lake............. 5+55| 3-10) 2-36) 1°41] 3-45) 1+73) 1°39] 1¢39] 2-35) 1-75] 5-59] 4-14]| 34-21 hd @ WASHINGTON ‘ 334 | Cusick................. 2-96) 2-76] 2-04) 1-44] 2-67] 2-24) 1-14] 1-24] 1-18] 1-34] 3-01] 2-92]| 24-94 335 | Newport............... 2°69] 1¢72] 1631] 1-58] 1-99] 1+56! 1631] 0-86] 1-65] 1+88] 4-75] 2+48]| 23-78 METEOROLOGICAL DATA~—U.S. PRECIPITATION 573 MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN PRECIPITATION AT SELECTED STATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES ON INTERNATIONAL WATERSHEDS OR ADJACENT TO BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued No. on Station Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept.| Oct. | Nov.| Dec. | An- map ‘ nual STATIONS ADJACENT TO BRITISH COLUMBIA—IN EASTERN WASHINGTON 936 | Colville: c.c5.scs54 owes 2-23) 1-60] 1-23) 0-98) 1-92; 1-54) 1-19/ 0-70] 0-90) 1-16] 2-30) 1-82|| 17-57 337 | Conconully............. 1+76) 1°24] 1-20) 1-00} 2616] 1-50] 1-08) 0-64] 1-00] 1+09) 2-09] 1-91)| 16-67 338 Kettle Walle aiess sone agiees.0 2+25) 1°05] 0-91) 0-96] 1-92! 1-62] 1-05] 0-66] 1-25] 1-26] 3-02] 1-86]| 17-81 839 Lakeside. ... a 1-70} 1+27| 0-84] 0-65] 1+11]) 0-81] 0+31} 0-35) 0-53} 0-81) 2-01) 1-93)| 12-32 340 | Laurier................. 2+33] 105) 0-93} 1-20) 2-53] 2-04] 1+52] 0-92] 1-30) 1-24] 2-55) 1-75/| 19641 Bal | LOOmMiBivs sonsiaaaertesawiens 1-08] 1+44] 0-93! 0-86] 1+88] 1-90} 1+10] 0-54! 0-82) 0-91] 1-93) 1-28]| 14-67 342 North ORG. 3 visite occas Fe 2+15) 0-88) 0-91] 0-96] 1-79] 1-80] 1+29] 1-02] 1-629] 1-42] 2-93] 1-91]| 18-35 343 OV Ci cies aues50 ss banshegs 1+11} 0°66) 0+57| 0-85] 1+45] 1-59} 1+19] 0-80} 0+94| 0-96] 1-93) 0-69]| 12-74 344 | Republic............... 1668) 1-21} 0-91) 1-10} 2-08) 1-74] 1-18} 0-72] 1-07] 1-05] 1-72) 1-61]| 16-07 345 | Spokane sacs s.awee anes 2+29) 1681] 1+25] 1+14| 1+53] 1-42] 0+73) 0-54] 0-91) 1-31] 2-26] 2-23]| 17-42 B46.) Wilbur... coe. emer dee 1-72} 1+30] 0-71] 0-791 1-65] 1-05! 0-58! 0-60! 0-65) 1-18] 1-86] 1-67]| 13-76 STATIONS ADJACENT TO BRITISH COLUMBIA—IN WESTERN WASHINGTON 347 { Anacortes.............. 3-49) 2-78] 2619) 2605/ 1-88] 1-42) 0-63/ 0+92) 1-73] 2-66] 4*63] 3-66|) 28-04 348 | Baker ..........-.....- 10-42) 6-15] 4 38] 3-34] 3-01] 2-43] 1-13] 1-65] 4-21] 6-99)12-52] 8-26|| 64-49 349 Bellingham seat ienars Passi a dais 3-62] 2690] 2-62] 2-06] 2-15] 1-69] 0-71] 1-15) 2624) 2-85) 4-62) 4-12|| 30-73 350 TAIN Chere aprceretamauscctlite, wands 5+79] 4-06] 3-26] 2-49] 2665) 2-20) 0-88} 1-12) 3-00} 3-81] 7-13} 5-67]| 42-06 351 | Clearbrook............. 6+72| 4691] 3692} 2-61] 2-71] 2+39] 1-34} 1-96] 3-94! 5-09) 8-51] 6+05/| 50615 352 Coupeville eR eras weaee{{| 2021] 2613] 2-03) 1-55] 1-83] 1+43] 0-69] 0-91] 1°59] 1+41| 2+77) 2-77}! 21-32 353 | Granite Falls.. 8-18] 4-87] 4614] 4-13] 3-92] 3-29] 1-58} 2-06] 3-37] 6+20] 8-87) 6+78]| 57-39 354 | Olga......... a 3-50] 2-92} 2-30] 1-96] 1-95] 1-48] 0-73] 0-92) 2-17] 2691] 5+ 23) 4-58]/ 30-65 ee oo ets that a arate a 8-32] 6-61] 4-84] 3-53] 2-60] 1-69} 0-69] 0-65] 2670) 4+49| 9-42) 9-17|| 54-71 TU ANZCLES..... 220 357 | Mount Pieasaat 4-91| 2-70] 1-94] 1-57} 1-47] 1+27| 0-41] 0-67] 1-87] 2-47] 5-10] 4-92]| 20+30 358 | Port Crescent........... 6-88] 3627} 1-91] 1-29] 1-58] 1-33] 0-70} 0-78] 1-97) 3-74] 8-60) 4-90)| 36-95 359 | Port Townsend.......... 2+46) 1°83) 1-68] 1-56] 1-85] 1-53] 0-74! O+77| 1-22] 1-60} 2-74! 2+57)| 20655 360 | Seattle..............4.. 483] 3-66] 2-70} 2-44] 2-05| 1-46] 0-62] 0-50) 1-80} 2-79] 6-01) 5+34|) 34-20 361 | Sedro-Woolley.......... 5+10| 4°40} 3684! 3-02] 3612] 2-72] 1+30| 1+77| 3-625] 4-79) 7-44) 5+59]| 46634 362 | Snohomish.............. 520] 4-48] 3-681] 3-26] 3-11] 2-38] 1-19] 1-15] 2-80] 3-65) 6-60) 5+76]| 43-39 B63. | Tacomas sicicnscevien ven 6+21| 4636] 3-40] 2-91] 2-37| 1-S1| 0-62} 0-68) 2-26] 3-30) 7-28] 6-81|| 42-01 364 | Tatoosh Island.......... 12+23] 8-60] 7-56] 5-61] 4°03] 3-58] 1-51] 2-00] 5-21] 7+49]13+06)13+08]] 83-96 STATIONS ADJACENT TO BRITISH COLUMBIA—IN ALASKA 365: | Calderas cans wasn cnes 8-87) 7+52] 9-06] 9-41] 5610) 3-89| 6-03] 7+02/12-99/16- 72/13-85)/13-33)(113+79 366: |) Juneau. 5 5 ees ges 6+39] 4654] 5-13) 5-616) 5-28) 3-73] 4-70! 6+97/10+41] 9669) 7-50] 7+07|| 76-57 367 | Killisnoo............... 505] 4°12] 3-07] 3-01] 2668] 2-09] 3-39] 4°22) 6-77] 7-57] 5-19} 5-60)| 52-76 SOS: | Mooring niesat ieant.2 suomi 11+41/10+36]11+34]13+56] 8-11] 6-01] 8-20] 8+93]16+ 16|22-09/20- 75)16+45)|153+37 BOO! PSIG ass sacisec sscccinue se avesedtoe ee 7+59| 6+54| 5+73| 5-65] 4-07] 3-38] 4-26] 7+00/10+12/11+75| 9-42) 8-92]| 84-43 370 | Skagway.............5. 1+15] 1«32| 1-09! 1-48! 0-62] 0-91! 1-37] 1-78] 2°88] 4-62] 3-50] 2-52]| 23-24 SUPPLEMENTARY * IpaHo : Bll | Burk@viecscccccavesanads 6+51| 5+22| 3-22) 3-05] 3-68] 2-43] 2-50] 0-42! 2691) 3+88/10-26) 2-79]| 46-87 -372 | Coeur d’Alene. 3-68} 2-39] 2-19] 182] 1-90) 1-50] 0-73] 0-47) 1-33] 1-79) 3-62] 3+42)| 24-84 373 | Grand Forks.. 7+22| 5+05| 473) 2+96| 4-00] 1-78] 1-43] 1-05] 2670] 3+44/13+50] 4+68]| 52654 374 | Kellogg.... 3-81] 2-88] 2-57| 1-83] 3-36] 2630] 1-04) 0-95] 1+72| 2-74] 4-31] 2-53)/ 30+04 375 | Lewiston 1-44), 1-32] 1-15] 0-97] 1-670] 1-57) 0-55} 0-54] 0-86] 1-26] 1-59} 1-47/| 14-42 376 | Moscow. 2-84] 2+10] 2-05] 1-48] 2-56] 1-37] 0-74] 0-74) 1-27] 1-69] 3+17| 2-39)| 22-40 377 | Murray... 4+72| 3+62| 3+59] 2-13] 3-27) 2+72| 1-38] 1-37] 2-21] 2-75] 5-63] 4+40)| 37-79 378 | St. Maries...... ~ |] 3648] 2659] 2651] 1-78] 2+77] 1-69] 1-13) 0-89] 1-41] 2-18] 4629] 3+48]| 28-20 379 | Wallace............0005 473] 3+65| 2-93] 2648] 3-55) 2-48) 1-53] 1-43) 2-18] 3-19] 9-43) 4-36)| 41-94 WASHINGTON 340) | Omaks.canccossne eaten 2-28] 0-78] 0-42] 0+65| 1-38] 1-19] 0-66] 0-38] 0-45) 0-74) 1-71] 1+36]/| 12-00 381 | Rex Creek.............. 4-00} 0-84] 1-18] 0-64] 0-84! 0-86] 0-18] 0-75) 1-57] 1-92] 2655) 3-24]/ 18-57 382 | Snyder Ranch 2-87| 1+02| 0-58) 0-78] 1-68] 1-57] 0-24] 0-35} 0-99} 1-14| 3-09] 2-51]! 16-82 383 | Stehekin....... 3-98] 2614] 1-74] 1+48] 1-56] 0-71] 0-80] 0-36] 0-91] 2-20] 6-90] 4+83)| 27-61 S840) Lwispirics nce cccies sagan’ 1+66] 1-58} 1°00] 0+50] 1-16] 1-55] 0-65} 0-538] O+70] 0-96] 2-32] 2-21]| 14-87 $85; | Winthrop cc... .0e sks 2.68] 1°06] 0-40] 0-76] 1-81] 1-17] 0-55] 0-61] 1-00] 1-09] 2-47] 2-24]i 15+84 TEMPERATURE RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA MontTHiy AND ANNUAL Mran TEMPERATURES Year | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | spel ABBOTSFORD (MATSQUI PRAIRIE)—Elevation, 89 ft. NSB 9% orice arenes 33°8 | 37°5 | 47-7 | 51°0 | 56-9 | 60-5 | 64:4 | 59-5 | 54-2 | 52-2 | 42-0 | 33-3 49-4 1890s ests assess 27-5 | 30°7 | 41:6 | 46-6 | 54-7 | 57-7 | 60-9 | 61:3 | 55-6 | 47-7 | 44-4 | 42-1 47-6 VSO: dpea sane 39-0 | 29-7 | 33-3 | 50-0 | 57-1 | 58-2 | 64-6 | 64-0 | 55-5 | 50-9 | 48-5 | 36-6 49-4 VOD esc iets 35-7 | 38-9 | 45-2 | 46-0 | 53-8 | 59-8 | 60-7 | 62-8 | 58-5 | 49-6 | 40-0 | 33-7 48-7 VSOOS viccivis ceed 30:7 | 28-5 | 40-8 | 43-8 | 53-5 | 55-9 | 62-0 | 63-2 | 55-5 | 46-2 | 36-8 | 37-3 46-2 BO bee ecceans aid 32-2 | 33-2 | 40-3 | 45-3 | 54-2 | 58-3 | 63-9 | 65-4 | 55-8 | 46-6 | 42-4 | 33-5 47-6 DSO S ie Saas 32-1 | 41-0 | 41-9 | 47-5 | 52-7 | 59-8 | 62-5 | 62-1 | 52-7 | 51-6 | 41-4 | 36-6 48-5 AS 9G: ans Ss wndehs 34-1 | 40-0 | 39-7 | 44-6 | 51°7 | 59-0 | 66-0 | 63-2 | 56-2 | 49-7 | 20-6 | 39°3 47-1 * See explanatory Note to & and 6, page 515. 574 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION TEMPERATURE RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Anacal ABBOTSFORD (MATSQUI PRAIRIE)—Continued SOR iacsicaat Baus 34-9 | 38°3 | 36-0 | 50-3 | 57-5 | 59-6 | 60-5 | 67-5 | 56-0 | 49-7 | 36°4 | 34-8 48-5 WB98 oe cied wk ere 34-4 | 40-7 | 40-2 | 47-2 | 55-5 | 60-4 | 62-8 | 63-7 | 60-2 | 49-3 | 39-3 | 34-5 49-0 899) 4 cedar cucsens 34-7 | 33-2 | 40-6 | 47-5 | 51-2 | 57-3 | 64-0 | 59-6 | 58-2 | 48-5 | 48-0 | 36-6 48-3 QQ onsstcascneriirens 39-5 | 35-9 | 47-4 | 49-9 | 54-7 | 60-2 | 63-1 | 59-9 | 56-2 | 49-3 | 38-9 | 40-5 49-6 MOON ce seccvarasreriesne 33-6 | 39-3 | 43-4 | 45-4 | 54-3 | 55-9 | 60-2 | 62-6 | 54-8 | 54-3 | 44-0 | 37-5 48-8 W902 rs. saeco sionss 33-7 | 41-6 | 41-7 | 47-8 | 55-6 | 57-0 | 61-2 | 61-2 | 60-1 | 49-7 | 42-2 | 34-8 48-9 1903s viewcs cae 36-7 | 35-6 | 39-4 | 46-4 | 52-4 | 61-9 | 60-7 | 61-3 | 55-9 | 50-5 | 40°8 | 38-4 48-3 W90E oe crnasniens 36-9 | 34-8 | 39-8 | 51-2 | 52-7 | 57-8 | 63-0 | 61-2 J... Jefe eee elec eee eee Means........ 34-3 | 36-2 | 41-5 | 47-6 | 54-2 | 58-7 | 62-6 | 62-3 | 56-3 | 49-8 | 40-3 | 36-6 48:4 AGASSIZ—Elevation, 52 ft. Lisette [Aged omeoua slink een eae opis austan Sal] wiiceats | yeeacntae | hacia Abi eeamne cous flecsansiece BBA) Wl acec esis 26-0 | 29-8 | 41-6 | 48-2 | 57-0 | 57-7 | 60-9 | 63-7 | 56-5 | 47-2 | 46-5 | 42-6 48-2 A ayasebesr'| icepera side somaneriaags 49-0 | 58-7 | 57-7 | 65-4 | 65-7 | 57-1 | 51-8 | 42-6 | 37-2 |I........ 35-7 | 40-2 | 46-3 | 46-3 | 54-3 | 59-9 | 60-8 | 63-0 | 58-2 | 50-6 | 38-6 | 32-8 48-8 31-4 | 27-8 | 41-0 | 44-1 | 51-9 | 55-0 | 61-5 | 62-1 | 55-3 | 46-0 | 36-1 | 36-3 45-7 31-4 | 33-1 | 39-3 | 45-8 | 53-1 | 57-3 | 62-7 | 64-8 | 54-6 | 47-0 | 42-0 | 34-2 47-1 31-6 | 41°4 | 41-6 | 47-7 | 52-1 | 58-6 | 61-8 | 61-2 | 52-0 | 51-9 | 42-4 | 36-9 48-3 32-4 | 41-6 | 40:2 | 44-7 | 50-6 | 56-0 | 65-8 | 62-1 | 54-0 | 51°9 | 29-1 | 40-0 47-4 35-9 | 40-2 | 35-8 | 47-6 | 54-1 | 52:3 | 57-6 | 64:5 | 59-0 | 47-3 | 36-0 | 30-1 46-7 34-0 | 43-3 | 39-6 | 45-2 | 56-9 | 58-8 | 60-4 | 70:3 | 55-8 | 49-7 | 38-7 | 35-4 49-0: 32-4 | 35-8 | 41-5 | 45-1 | 52-2 | 58-1 | 64-8 | 61-8 | 56-9 | 46-8 | 44-1 | 37-4 48-1 37-4 | 37-4 | 46-4 | 54-0 | 54-4 | 57-0 | 65-5 | 60-2 | 55:5 | 46-6 | 36-6 | 39-2 49-2 35-3 | 36:0 | 46-5 | 46-3 | 56-3 | 53-7 | 60-4 | 64:7 | 51-6 | 49-0 | 44:4 | 37-2 48-4 34-4 | 38-4 | 40-5 | 44-4 | 55-6 | 61-0 | 63-4 | 54-3 | 51-8 | 48-2 | 37-0 | 34-4 47-0 36-0 | 34-6 | 35-2 | 43-2 | 48-0 | 56-8 | 55-8 | 55-9 | 51-4 | 43-7 | 36-9 | 38-5 44-7 33-8 | 32-7 | 39-6 | 47-5 | 48-0 | 56-9 | 57-5 | 58-8 | 51-1 | 54-2 | 43-0 | 38-8 46-8 35-4 | 35-1 | 50-4 | 46-2 | 50-2 | 58-6 | 69-2 | 62-2 | 51-9 | 45-2 | 42-0 | 41-1 49-0 38-0 | 45:2 | 44-6 | 52-4 | 54-2 | 58-5 | 69-4 | 63-0 | 53-8 | 50-6 |} 40-9 | 38-5 50+ 8 22-9 | 36°3 | 39-6 | 48-5 | 57-0 | 58-6 | 64°5 | 59-1 | 56-7 | 52-6 | 48-2 | 38-2 48-5 38-8 | 38-7 | 42-8 | 50-3 | 52-7 | 62-0 | 65-6 | 62-3 | 52-8 | 48-3 | 45-2 | 38-2 49°83 26-0 | 36-5 | 44-8 | 47-7 | 52-9 | 58-2 | 61-3 | 61-0 | 56-9 | 48-9 | 41-4 | 32-8 47-4 37-6 | 34-8 | 48-2 | 50-0 | 56-8 | 62-1 | 66-5 | 59-4 | 58-6 | 49-9 | 45-0 | 39-6 50-7 28-0 | 35-2 | 42-1 | 47-1 | 54-6 | 56-1 | 66-0 | 61-9 | 56-8 | 50-9 | 38-2 | 39-2 48-0 34-8 | 41-8 | 43-0 | 46-2 | 57-8 | 60-4 | 61-2 | 61-0 | 56-4 | 47-8 | 42-4 | 39-4 49:3 28-8 | 34-9 | 40-3 | 51-3 | 52-2 | 58-3 | 62-5 | 64-5 | 56-5 | 47-7 | 43-7 | 40-2 48-4 38-0 | 39-6 | 45-0 | 51-6 | 56-3 | 57-2 | 62-1 | 63-0 | 54-2 | 50°4 | 42-6 | 35-2 49°6 37-4 | 41°0 | 48-1 | 50-2 | 54-3 | 59-4 | 62-9 | 66-2 | 56-7 | 47-9 | 40-1 | 38-0 50-2 Means......:. ,33°3 | 37-3 | 42-6 | 47-7 | 53-9 | 57-9 | 62-9 | 62-2 | 55-1 | 48-9 | 40-9 | 37-2 48-3 on, 300 ft. 59-6 | 50-6 | 38-5 | 34-8 || 50-5 Sep epeiel iacseenanctt sd) Seen tear cll este wits. tance see cee meeuausaaee |e aremensys 42-4 | 44-2 | 30-4 [ 20-2 []........ 0-7 | 21-3 | 33-9 | 45-0 | 49°3 | 53-6 | 51-2 | 42-8 | 37-9 | 23-2 | -o-1 30-1 1-2 | 10-1 | 31-3 | 46-2 | 50-1 | 54-8 | 51-8 | 45-0 | 37-9 | 27-7 | 18-9 30°3 10-8 | 14-3 | 31-9 | 42-6 | 50-9 | 53-2 | 52-3 | 41-1 | 29-2 | 25-2 | 17-5 32-1 -3-1 | 23-7 | 29-2 | 42-9 | 50-0 | 52-6 | 49-8 | 43-7 | 32-6 5:6 8-3 26°4 3-4 | 21-0 | 29-1 | 42-1 | 47-4 | 52-3 | 49-5 | 46-2 | 36-2 | 18-1 7:3 29-7 10-3 | 14-5 | 26-1 | 41-1 | 48-5 | 52-9 | 53-8 | 46-0 | 36-9 | 18-2 | 19-2 29-9 18-1 | 20-4 | 33-7 | 45-8 | 47-7 | 53-2 | 49-0 | 46-3 | 37-5 | 24-6 | 21-4 33-2 15-3 | 19-3 | 31-3 | 41-3 | 51-8 | 52-2 | 49-4 | 43-8 | 32-4 | 23-6 | 20-3 31-6 12-3 | 21-3 | 31-6 | 42-5 | 50-0 | 50-0 | 51-0 | 41-9 | 38-8 | 23-6 | 10-1 30-6 7-1 | 30-8 | 37-7 | 47-0 | 53-1 | 59-9 | 54-1 | 47-7 | 31-9 | 24-9 | 19-3 35.7 6-7 | 19-6 | 31-6 | 43-7 | 49-9 | 53-5 | 51-2 | 44-3 | 35-0 | 22-3 | 14-8 31-1 METEOROLOGICAL DATA—TEMPERATURE 575 TEMPERATURE RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. [ April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. Nov. | Dec. | eat BARKERVILLE—Elevation, 4,180 ft. Saetsayatls 26°4 1......{ 34°1 | 48-0 | 54-3 | 53-6 | 58-3 | 52-6 | 38-2 | 24-9 | 21°8 |/........ 19°7 | 191 | 33-6 ] 37-5 | 46-3 | 50-3 | 57-6 | 53-1 | 44-0 | 42-8 | 29-2 | 13-6 37-2 aaa acess Cites 27-1 | 30-3 | 45-4 | 49-8 | 53-1 | 53-8 | 46-3 | 35-6 | 33-7 | :24°3 rpekars iS 26°4 4-6 | 22-8 | 35-0 | 44-8 | 47-6 | 55-2 | 56-6 | 45:4 | 41-6 | 27-7 | 18-6 35°5 152 |......] 30°8 | 28-8 |...... 52°9 | 51-0 | 53-4 | 49-7 | 42-1 | 22-8 | 20-6 |/........ 16°8 | 10°3 | 27-9 | 33-1 | 44-6 | 46-8 | 54-3 | 56-6 | 49-2 | 34-4 | 20-4 | 21-5 34-6 15-0 | 19-1 | 26-6 | 35-1 | 44-3 | 50-9 | 57-0 | 58-8 | 44°5 | 35-7 | 27-9 | 18-2 36-1 14+2 | 24+4 | 28-2 | 36-4 | 43-8 | 50-2 | 54-8 | 54:4 | 39-2 | 42-5 | 29-5 | 20°8 36°5 12-6 | 25-3 | 21-0 | 33-0 | 41-5 | 49-7 | 59-3 | 57-1 | 47-9 | 39-5 | 5-2 | 26-0 34-8 8°8 | 20-7 | 16-9 | 39-5 | 50-6 | 54-1 | 52-7 | 60-6 | 47-8 | 39°5 | 14-8 | 23°4 36°6 1+4 | 25-0 | 22-4 | 36-9 | 48-4 | 54-1 ]...... 61-5 | 48-9 | 34-6 | 22-0 | 20-4 ||........ 8-5 | 14-0 | 20-6 | 31-8 | 38-6 | 47-2 | 56:2 | 50-9 | 49-4 | 34°3 | 35-1 | 21°8 34-9 3°5 | 19*7 | 31-3 | 40-4 | 46-3 | 53-0 | 55-4 | 50°7 | 46-2 | 34-4 | 22-8 | 27-3 37°6 4-9 | 19*2 | 29-3 | 32-9 | 44-6 | 47-4 | 51-9 | 56-2 | 44°2 | 43-6 | 31-2 | 24-1 36-6 7-3 | 27-1 | 24°4 | 35-6 | 44°8 | 47°3 | 52-8 | 51°7 | 43-8 | 40°3 | 23-7 | 18°4 35°6 9-3 | 21-1 | 20-2 | 31-3 | 43-3 | 54-9 | 52-3 | 51°2 | 40-2 | 36-7 | 24-7 | 25-5 35-1 9°5 9-9 | 20-2 | 39-8 | 40°6 | 48-2 | 53-5 | 55-0 | 48°6 | 39-3 | 34-1 | 22-9 36-0 5°5 | 20-4 | 32-9 | 37-0 | 45-9 | 49-9 | 55-8 | 51-0 | 45-0 | 31-0 | 28-6 | 24-1 36-4 9°5 | 24°5 | 26-0 | 38-9 | 47-1 | 48-2 | 59°7 | 52-7 | 42-9 | 38-3 } 26-1 | 19-0 36-9 Licskine: axel Csopsira vec’ hesisee aces 31°2 | 44°5 |......] 57°8 | 48-9 | 45-1 | 42-0 | 28-7 | 20°5 apieieerete 1 matiaitarsealce 20-4 | 19-1 | 22-2 | 31-8 | 42-5 | 50-4 | 56°5 | 53-7 | 45-0 | 37-0 | 33-5 | 19°8 36-0 3-9 | 17+1 | 28-1 | 29-5 | 40-8 | 48-1 | 52-8 | 47-5 | 45-2 | 35°8 | 20°3 | 11°6 31-7 16-4 | 12-1 | 32-1 | 35-9 | 43-8 | 46-5 | 52-0 | 49-4 | 43+1 | 34+4 | 24-0 | 22-9 34:4 5-0 | 15*8 | 29-4 | 28-7 | 41-5 | 47-4 | 52-8 | 50°2 | 43-6 | 37-6 | 18°0 | 18-9 32-4 12-7 | 25*1 | 25*3 | 36-5 | 45-8 | 51-6 | 52-5 | 51-0 | 43-9 | 33-6 | 26-7 | 21-0 35°5 8-1 | 14°7 | 20-9 | 34-0 | 41-9 | 51-4 | 51-9 | 52-1 | 43-8 | 32°3 | 26-1 | 24-4 33-4 16+7 | 20-9 | 26-1 | 37-1 | 43-1 | 50°4 | 52-1 | 51-9 | 43-7 | 41°7 | 26-6 | 11°8 35-2 19°6 | 25:0 | 32-6 | 40°4 | 47-0 | 49-5 | 54-0 | 56°8 | 45-0 | 36-7 | 20-7 | 20-0 37°3 16-4 | 19-2 | 26+1 | 34°8 | 44-4 | 50-1 | 54-4 | 53-7 | 45-5 | 37-7 | 25-3 | 20-9 35°7 BELLAKULA—Elevation, 150 ft. B98) ics adgaras 27-6 | 32°3 | 38-3 | 44-4 | 54-3 ) 59-3 | 62-8 | 67-1 | 55-6 | 43-9 | 31-6 | 28-0 45°3 ot ar || 27-6 | 30-2 | 35-3 | 43-9 Bee 54-9 | 64-9 | 58°6 | 54-6 | 41°7 | 41°7 | 32-2 44°6 1900..........]| 32°9 | 31-2 | 39-4 | 43-9 | 52-5 | 59-8 | 64:2 | 60-0 | 55-4 |......]...... 35°8 |f......0. DOO Lorscree aces evevess-5il | ence sio | tse ee B92 2 Ise exer 53-6 |...... 59-4 | 63-1 | 54°7 | 49-8 | 37¢7 | 33-8 |]....... : 902 ascetics 26-2 | 37-7 | 38-2 | 46-0 | 54°8 | 57-7 | 61°6 | 57-6 | 53-3 | 45-9 | 34-2 | 26-1 44-9 1908 6 sciscseces 28-1 | 27-5 | 32-0 | 43-7 | 50-3 | 59-8 | 61-0 | 60°8 | 51-0 | 44-7 | 32-8 | 34-2 43-8 1904 sc icsaeis-sieas 30:4 | 21-7 | 31:0 | 45-7 | 50-4 | 55+3 | 60-2 | 60-8 | 53-0 | 46-9 | 40-1 | 33-6 44-1 1905 5056ccce 27-9 | 30-0 | 41-9 | 48-1 | 54-2 | 63-0 | 66-7 |..... 0.6. pe fe eee fe ee ee [Pee ween a N90G sees 2eccotal Pane eclnans os nent ea se 48-6 |...... 56-1 | 65-0 | 61-1 | 51°6 | 47-1 | 37-8 | 26-7 |}........ TOOT. icisaen 14-8 | 28-8 | 36-2 | 42-4 | 54°3 | 57-4 | 63-0 | 58-5 | 56-1 | 47-4 | 37-8 | 31-3 44:0 QOS). sisezoreressuses 28-7 | 29-5 | 34-8 | 42-0 | 50°1 | 56-7 | 59-5 | 61-2 | 51-3 | 43-8 | 39-7 | 29-8 43-9 DOOD insssciviscors 14-7 | 26-9 | 37-9 | 42:7 | 50-4 | 55-6 | 59-5 | 55-5 | 54-4 | 46-3 | 32-3 | 22-3 41°5 AGO Hesinaicsees 26-7 | 25-6 | 37-8 | 42-6 | 52-2 | 53-0 | 60-0 | 58-1 | 55°5 | 44-4 | 35-0 | 34°4 43-7 BOUL jc ois.5 sre 19-1 | 28-7 | 38-8 | 40-1 | 51-0 | 54-3 | 61-5 | 61-7 | 54-2 | 44-5 | 30-1 | 30-9 42-8 MQ seccve sat Bosra see 24-9 | 37-2 | 39-8 | 45:3 | 54-2 | 57-9 | 61-6 | 59-0 | 55-2 | 44-2 | 37-5 | 34-2 45°8 AOS is. coveienes 21-5 | 31-3 | 34-6 | 43-2 | 49-5 | 56-8 | 59-4 | 59-8 | 52-6 | 44-0 | 36-7 | 34-2 43-6 WO14 cece 27-6 | 32-7 | 38-8 | 47-6 | 52-8 | 57-8 | 58-3 | 60-9 | 53-6 | 50-0 | 37-7 | 27-1 45°3 BOIS ese screens 31:4 | 35-65 | 44°3 | 46°8 | 55-5 | 59°O | 63-5 | 62-4 | 55°4 | 44-5 | 34-1 | 33-1 47-1 Means........ 25-7 | 30°4 | 37-6 | 44-5 | 52-3 | 57-4 | 61-8 | 60°3 | 54-0 | 45-6 | 36-1 } 31-0 44-7 CHILCOTIN (BIG CREEK)—Elevation 3,100 ft. 53-4 | 60-7 56-3 6+5 | 16-9 43-6 | 52-0 | 57-9 | 58-0 | 50°9 | 40-9 | 31-3 | 18-0 ||........ 16-4 | 34-6 45-9 | 54-2 | 60-2 | 55-0 | 46-5 | 32-5 | 28-0 | 19-0 36-9 22-5 | 26-1 48-5 | 50-6 | 63-7 | 57-1 | 47-0 | 40-0 | 25-4 | 10-3 37°4 19-4 | 22-1 49-3 | 53-2 | 58-8 | 53-8 | 49-6 | 42-8 | 29-7 | 16-5 35-5 16+3 | 25-0 45-1 | 52-0 | 59-2 | 57-6 | 46-6 | 36-1 | 30-7 | 14-9 36-2 15-5 | 32-5 44°8 | 52-7 | 57-3 | 53-3 | 51-1 | 38-5 | 20-5 | 11°6 34°5 11-4 | 33-8 48-4 | 50-3 | 57-2 | 54-9 | 47-5 | 37-6 | 23-3 | 20-9 36-6 14-9 | 33-0 45-0 | 52-0 | 59-1 | 57-0 | 47-7 | 39-1 | 17-9 | 18-0 35-1 23-7 | 26-2 49°6 | 56-1 | 57-4 | 54-4 | 46-6 | 35-6 | 26-5 | 20-3 37-2 16-0 | 22-4 44-8 | 52-5 | 55-1 | 55-1 | 46-4 | 34-7 |...... 20:9 ||....... 19-9 | 29-1 45°9 | 52-1 | 57-0 | 56-8 | 47-6 | 42-1 | 26-8 | 13-6 37-1 23-9 | 34-1 48-5 | 533 | 57-9 | 60-2 | 49-3 | 39-8 | 22-0 | 18°5 38°7 17-9 | 28-0 | 38 47-4 | 52-9 | 59-7 58-5 | 48:9 | 38-7 | 24-6 | 17-7 37-1 576 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION - TEMPERATURE RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Anpral CHILLIWACK—Elevation, 21 ft. 1895 es casoace sacl acy 42-7 | 42-4 | 48-2 | 52-7 | 59-8 | 62-4 | 60-6 | 53-4 | 51-3 | 42-9 | 37-4 VS OG 5: stereos 32-8 | 40-9 | 40-9 | 46-3 | 54-1 | 61:4 | 68-8 | 65-1 | 57-4 | 49-1 | 30-2 | 38-3 DSOF oc. st see 35+3 | 38-7 | 35-6 | 55-5 | 60-0 | 62-0 | 63-6 | 68-5 | 55+7 | 49-1 | 35-6 | 35-0 1898.......... 34-1 | 40-1 | 40-7 | 50-5 | 57-5 | 61-2 | 66-0 | 67-1 ]...... 48-5 | 38: 35-1 1899. cieres eave 35-0 | 34°3 | 41-7 | 48-2 | 52-3 | 58-9 | 64-4 ]...... 59°O | 48°5 |......]...... T9000, ssccte.ascr | Ite averse leases SLO: | SVE2: | BOLT | GLE [revere ceil acsconsiniell ecacaeons wll aneeieo de calf Siouceseoe fpscteensys LOO e eesnceosacllle neee[bagasay | mance 47-0 | 55-8 | 57-3 | 61-6 | 63-5 | 56-5 | 54°1 | 44-4 | 38-6 1902 accede 35-6 | 40-9 | 42-5 | 50-0 | 57-0 | 60-1 | 62-5 | 62-4 | 56-2 | 51-7 | 39-7 | 33-8 . W908 aeoaeeies oe 37-0 | 37-4 | 40-8 | 47-9 | 54-5 | 63-8 | 62-3 | 62-4 | 55-1 | 50-7 | 41-1 | 39-0 . OQ 8 isi sco sks 37-3 | 33-3 | 39-9 | 52-6 | 54-8 | 59-6 | 64-5 | 62-7 |......)......]...... B05 Wess ages NOOB sos c tenis 37-0 | 38-4 | 48-9 | 51-5 | 55-2 | 61:1 | 65-6 | 62-4 | 57-6 | 45-6 | 42-2 | 38-3 50-3 1906264. .c6ccc 37-2 | 42- 44-7 | 52-3 | 55°4 | 58-7 | 69-4 | 63-7 | 56-9 | 51°3 | 41-0 | 37-5 50-9 NOVO a. ecessraveve cos [tos yo teccet| oacacnseneifa sarc fase al) evagayececcal lonrecsnsrt 56-8 | 62-1 | 59:1 | 58-1 | 50-4 | 41-3 | 39-6 |]........ VOT. 2 seasnierce eve 26-0 | 336- | 43-9 | 46-6 | 52-4 | 57-0 | 64-1 | 62°5 | 56°5 | 50-5 | 37-8 | 37-0 47-3 VOU 2 os cgeicerereca 31-3 | 417- | 41-5 | 47-7 | 56-9 | 60:3 | 64-0 | 62-0 | 56-7 | 46-9 | 42-0 | 38-4 49-1 1913. os aseuaces 27-1 | 336+ | 39-2 | 49-0 | 53-7 | 58-8 | 63-4 | 63-9 | 55-8 | 47-8 | 40-4 | 38-6 47-6 tb See 36:9 | 374+ | 45-1 | 51-2 | 54-8 | 58-8 | 63-2 | 61-7 | 54-7 | 52-0 | 43-3 | 34-1 49-5 TOS incazees 36-7 | 41-3 | 48-9 | 51-9 | 56-4 | 59-5 | 64-6 | 65-1 | 57-4 | 50-2 | 39-7 | 36-6 50-7 Means........ 34-2 | 38.5 | 42-9 | 49-9 | 55-3 | 59-9 | 64-3 | 63°3 | 56-5 | 49-9 | 40-1 | 37-3 49-3 CLAYOQUOT—Elevation, 40 ft. BOs cnccwuvcve in 4221 | @llG@ (econ csdvoeealeeegeleooccs een selina se | sameenal aspen sl earcae aftaanss 1898) i sccao-eaeells-e enn pace) assets a he eal eere ea 55:2 | 57-9 | 60-1 | 56-6 | 48-9 | 44-3 | 42-5 WS09 8. eeeacus Ahe2) | B94. | 4098: 1 4522) | 40ed | 6882 Pevecne | hace ws ieaiey sll meeons aor sl anes, WOOO ies sess ivae-c8 | agdoicdas stiles existed, Povarentan wal | esepeegace | gmemtantas [ere het 58:4 | 58-1 | 55-8 | 49-3 | 44-0 | 45-3 W9QV 2 53 ecesesssese 40-3 | 38-4 | 43-3 | 44-0 | 50:0 | 51-5 | 55-2 | 58-7 | 54-0 | 53-4 | 49-0 | 43-2 OOS io, 5 cooaes, 44 4l- 45-8 | 42-4 | 47-2 | 51-1 | 55-0 | 56-9 | 55-6 | 54-0 | 52-3 | 44-3 | 41°3 LOO Se crccynawna fur 40-5 | 38:5 | 39-4 | 42-8 | 48-0 | 55-4 | 56-2 | 57-7 | 53-5 | 50-5 | 43-0 | 42-0 QQ ssa secais sacs on 38-3 | 37-7 | 38-6 | 46-8 | 48-1 | 50-8 | 56-5 | 56-1 | 56-0 | 52-2 | 49-2 | 45-1 DQ OD ioe. coie- isn isn 41-9 | 41-1 | 45-8 | 47-1 | 49-3 | 54-9 | 58-6 | 59-5 | 55-2 | 47°7'| 46-7 | 43-7 1906 2 esce5reca-asss 41:2 | 43-4 | 43-9 | 47-0 | 54°2 | 56-0 | 63-0 | 62-5 | 56-2 | 52-2 |] 41-9 | 41-7 WOOT sesia eeners ok 34-6 | 43-0 | 41.4 | 46-0 | 53-3 | 56-6 | 62-6 | 60-8 | 59-2 | 53-4 | 46-9 | 42-2 1908 woes cacess 42-0 | 40-2 | 42-2 | 46-0 | 49-3 | 55-1 | 58-3 | 57-6 | 56-5 | 52-5 | 46-3 | 38-8 TOD) sy caeu eng BOO lew oan dacaxnue 44-7 | 47-1 | 53-8 | 56-5 | 56-8 | 54°8'| 50-1 | 43°3 | 38:5 TOO wispy cateion 38-5 | 39-3 | 43-6 | 44°6 | 50-9 | 52-8 | 57-1 | 56-5 | 56-4 | 50-3 | 44-6 | 43-0 VOU sere steers 36-2 | 37-7 | 43-4 | 43-2 | 49-5 | 52-8 | 58-7 | 58-4 | 54-6 | 51-4 | 44:5 | 40-7 BOND scent paciit 41-9 | 43-8 | 43-2 | 46-4 | 51-8 | 55-4 | 58-5 | 58-3 | 57-0 | 49-6 | 44-8 | 41-4 VOM ever scateate, 5 37-1 | 40-1 | 43-0 | 46-7 | 52-0 | 55-8 | 60-5 | 60-2 | 54-9 | 47-8 | 43-2 | 43-1 LOU cesteauetcied 41-1 | 42-3 | 45-2 | 48-9 | 54-8 | 55-4 | 58-8 | 59-1 |] 54-2 | 53-1 | 45-5 | 41-2 DONG eisai doa 40-3 | 42-1 | 47-9 | 50-1 | 53-3 | 58-0 | 60-1 | 62-5 | 57-9 | 50-8 | 42-1 | 40-4 | Means........ 39-6 | 40-9 | 43-0 | 46-1 | 50-7 | 54-6 | 58-5 | 58-7 | 55-7 | 50-9 | 45-0 | 42-1 48-4 49-5 49-2 47°9 “49-2 48-3 49°5 47°5 50-3 50-9 49-0 39-8 54:5 | 42-9 | 32-5 |} 12-9 |I....... s 53-6 | 48:6 | 31-7 | 23-4 41:8 53-3 | 40-1 | 23-0 | 20-8 j/....... a 47-0 | 37-5 | 32-5 | 23-7 41-1 51:9 | 39°5 | 32:5 | 21-4 39°6 51-9 | 43°4 | 34-8 | 10-4 |]....... . 49-7 | 44-9 | 25-8 | 21-2 42-7 51-1 | 42-5 | 30-7 | 18-9 40°5 METEOROLOGICAL DATA—TEMPERATURE 577 TEMPERATURE RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year | Jan. Feb. | Mar, | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | one FORT ST. JAMES (STUART LAKE)—Elevation, 2,280 ft. eee 8°2 { 11-3 | 21°9 | 35-2 | 42-2 | 52-1 | 55-1 | 56-7 | 44-3 | 35-1 | 22-5 9-6 32-4 c —0°5 | 12-5 | 24-7 | 35-3 | 44-8 | 50-2 | 53-6 | 51-6 | 39-8 | 37-3 | 28-0 | 15-6 32°7 -1-2 | 19-6 | 16-6 | 30-6 | 42-2 | 48-9 | 53-7 | 52-9 | 43-4 | 34-2 | -0-3 | 21-8 30°2 11-2 | 14-7 | 14-6 | 38-4 | 47-2 | 55+7 | 54°9 | 57+1 | 46-1 | 40-7 | 10-2 | 17-3 34°0 18-5 | 18-6 | 23-8 | 43+7 | 54°0 | 56-4 | 56-0 | 58-2 | 47-4 | 34+7 | 20-9 7-4 36°6 18°6 | 18-2 | 18-4 | 33-1 | 39-3 | 49-3 | 57-3 | 50-6 | 43-0 | 29-5 | 28-0 | 12-2 33:2 11:0 5-5 | 12-7 | 32-2 | 39-9 | 46-3 | 51-3 | 47-4 | 41°9 | 31-0 | 19-5 | 22-9 34°3 8-7 | 14-1 | 29-3 | 30-0 | 40-0 | 44-9 | 48-7 | 50-9 | 41-6 | 38-2 | 27-4 | 20-2 32°38 10-4 | 16°6 | 18-0 | 32-4 | 44-2 | 47-9 | 52-4 | 52-5 | 46-2 | 43-4 | 24°5 9-9 |) 33-2 15-4 | 19-0 | 13-9 | 33-9 | 43-0 | 55-0 | 54-7 | 52-3 | 42-7 | 38-5 | 23-8 | 24-2 34-7 14-6 1-6 | 18-9 | 39-8 | 42-8 | 50-2 | 55-3 | 53-5 | 47-3 | 40-4 | 36-7 | 22-2 35-3 6-2 9-2 | 31-8 | 35-7 | 46-6 | 54-2 | 58-7 | 53-5 | 44-4 | 33-0 | 28-3 | 22-8 35°4 10-9 | 14-0 | 22-6 | 37-4 | 47-1 | 50°3 | 60-4 | 54-0 | 44-2 | 39-4 | 28-0 79 34°7 14-9 | 16-1 |] 17-3 | 32-9 | 45-4 | 51+3 | 56-5 | 52-6 | 46-7 | 39-0 | 30-1 | 18-8 32-6 13-3 | 12-1 | 19-1 | 33-8 | 42-8 | 50°2 | 54-0 |] 50-8 | 43-0 | 33-4 | 25-5 | 13-2 32°6 -9°7 8-2 | 29-8 | 33-7 | 44-4 |] 51-5 | 54-6 | 51-3 | 48-3 | 39-7 | 20-0 7:5 31:6 14-8 | 10-0 | 32-3 | 37-2 | 45-9 | 49-8 |...... 53°2 | 46-8 | 38-5 | 25-9 | 23-5 ||....... . 0-0 8-5 | 28°5 | 30-7 | 44-0 | 49-9 | 55-8 | 54-0 | 48-9 | 37°8 | 18-7 | 19-3 33°0 2°9 | 20-9 | 155 | 36-4 | 47-5 | 51-7 | 55-2 | 54-0 | 47-1 | 36-8 | 28-1 | 23-0 34°9 31) 11-5 | 20°8 | 387-2 | 42-2 | 53-2 | 54-2 | 55-3 | 46-9 | 37-1 | 28-3 |...... 1.0... 9-9 | 18-0 | 25-1 | 35+7 | 43-6 | 54-6 | 55-1 | 57+1 | 47-2 | 42-4 | 29-3 7-2 35°4 11-9 | 20-1 | 35-2 | 40-6 | 51-8 | 57-7 | 62-0 | 62-4 | 50-1 | 39°5 | 22-7 | 20-1 39°5 7:2 | 15-9 | 22°3 | 35-3 | 44-6 | 51-5 | 55-2 | 53-6 | 45-7 } 37-3 | 23-9 } 16-5 34-1 FRENCH CREEK (LITTLE QUALICUM)—Elevation, 125 ft. Sein ee 59°6 | 59-7 | 60°6 | 54-4 | 46-1 | 37-9 | 38-9 J........ 51°5 | 56-7 | 61-3 | 61-8 | 54-7 | 45-5 | 41-7 | 3502 46°7 51-9 | 57-8 | 61-2 | 60-7 | 51-0 | 48-2 | 41-2 | 37-0 47°3 49°3 | 55-6 | 63-6 | 62-3 | 54:0 | 47-1 | 32-6 | 40-8 47°5 « 54:0 | 60-8 | 62-9 | 67-8 | 53-8 | 47-2 | 37-6 | 37°7 48-5 53-0 | 57-7 | 62-3 | 65-2 | 57-1 | 47-5 | 40-1 | 36-5 48-5 49-4 | 55-0 | 62-4 | 59-5 | 60-6 | 46-7 | 47-2 | 39-2 47-9 51+2 | 56-6 | 62-1 | 59-2 | 55-0 | 47-1 | 39-2 | 41-5 48-3 50-7 | 54°9 | 57-5 | 61-0 | 54-8 | 51-1 | 44-2 | 38-1 47-6 52-9 | 56-7 | 60-0 | 60-7 | 53*6 | 48-8 | 41-1 | 36-5 47-9 51:5 | 57-1 | 61-3 | 61-8 | 54-9 | 47°5 | 40-3 | 38-1 47°7 FRUITLANDS (ELKO)—Elevation, 2,684 ft. eka jad 35°6 | 33-8 | 44-0 | 52-9 | 63-6 | 68-7 | 61-8 | 52-3 | 44-4 | 21-7 ( 33-8 |]......-. 25:1 | 28-9 | 25-2 | 48-6 | 64-4 | 58-4 | 60-7 | 66-0 | 55-4 | 43-1 | 31-7 | 23-5 44-2 22-2 | 35:2 | 30°8 | 46-1 | 52-5 | 58-1 | 65-7 | 69-6 | 53-7 | 42-0 | 32-7 | 21-4 44-2 24-6 | 17-4 | 32-3 | 41-7 | 49-1 | 56-4 | 63-6 | 55-7 | 56-3 | 44-1 | 41-8 | 30-0 42°8 31-9 | 22-9 | 39-4 | 48-0 | 53-1 | 62-2 | 64-1 | 56-7 | 53-2 | 43-6 | 26°7 | 35-6 44-8 21-1 | 23-9 | 37-6 | 42-2 | 55-7 | 50-9 | 62-2 | 64-4 | 49-6 | 45-8 | 37-6 | 28-9 43°3 21:7 | 29-6 | 34°7 | 41-4 | 51-4 | 54-8 | 59-8 | 61-3 | 51-4 | 45-2 | 33-4 | 26-3 42-6 27-0 | 17:3 | 32-9 | 41°8 | 48-4 | 63-0 | 62-1 | 62-6 | 50-8 | 44-0 | 28-4 | 30-0 42°3 26-3 | 27-4 | 30-0 | 45-4 | 51-9 | 58-2 | 65-7 | 62-0 | 55-2 | 45-6 | 39-1 | 28-0 44-6 22-3 | 13-3 | 40-9 | 46-6 | 53-0 | 59-4 | 67-3 | 67-5 | 57-2 | 39-5 | 32-5 | 27-4 43-9 27-6 | 29-2 | 31-9 | 48-9 | 53-2 | 59-6 | 72-3 | 66-0 | 59-7 | 48-9 | 32: 28°4 46-4 9-4 | 28-6 | 349 | 41-6 | 53-3 | 59-8 | 64: 58-8 | 52-9 | 47-0 | 35-7 | 28-5 42°9 25:0 | 27-4 | 34-9 | 47-4 | 51-9 | 59-3 | 68:7 | 65-0 ]......]...... 37-0 | 25-5 ||......- . 14°5 | 31-3 | 38-1 | 41-6 | 52-2 | 61-7 | 65-4 | 64-0 | 58-9 | 46-2 | 36-8 | 19-5 44-2 22-2 | 18-6 | 42-3 | 51-3 | 57-3 | 62-7 | 69-7 | 62-8 | 55-6 | 49-3 | 37-1 | 31-0 46°7 + 19-9 | 26-8 | 40-1 | 45-0 | 52-1 |) 64-5 | 65-6 | 62-5 | 54-0 | 43-3 | 25-3 | 22-7 43°5 17:4 | 30-2 | 30-1 | 46-8 | 55-1 | 64-7 | 62-0 | 62-4 | 49-7 | 42-4 | 36-3 | 30-0 43-9 18-2 | 18-2 | 28-8 | 45-4 | 52-3 | 62-5 | 64+3 | 65-3 | 56-4 | 42-9 | 36-2 | 24-4 42-9 30-7 | 24-3 | 37-4 | 50-4 | 53-8 | 59-3 | 69-1 | 67-3 | 54-8 | 45-8 | 37-1 | 14:9 45-4 21-4 | 31-9 | 38-8 | 51-9 | 55-4 | 58-5 | 62-1 | 70-9 | 53-4 | 47°6 | 32-2 | 25-4 45-8 22-5 | 25.9 | 34-8 | 45-8 | 53-5 | 59-7 | 65:2 | 63-6 | 54:3 | 44-9 | 33-5 | 26-7 44°2 GLACIER—Elevation, 4,072 ft. BOD ccsaias erste oihl'cicsveva-el ecavare: oa) yecsat ven ontue aoe |paze ees | aye sr esanelldnn! ex nacei||esndepnner’ | Yomnahere = SOP 5! fone cae. cteull Pesce wets NSS coves cutie allt custure-wntew a 27-2 | 37-9 | 45-9 | 47-0 | 54-5 | S51 |... ee eee fee ee deen eee TBO4 scars svaugeaes 19-0 | 18- 29-8 | 37-0 | 45-2 | 51-4 | 58-5 | 58-8 | 44-1 | 3/-8 | 27-6 | 14-4 36:8 TBS occu ecient 18-0 | 21-4 | 28-0 | 33-8 | 52-7 |......].... 2 fennel eee ee 40-6 | 31-1 | 20-5 |]........ ee sabe aa ae aesayet 17- 27- 93°6 | 84°61 43°38 | 51-1 | GOS | 56° | 49-1] B96 | 1667 |... [fae ennees SO Cia tearey states) |oosssesnaye | ayer ds TG 5) }|-80 29% | aacccesa:a | esce viel saver fe sate lllesvaeca aw ore ti evsaa eral ede gea ia | fans wieasences 28-3 | 36-2 | 48- 49-8 | 56- 54°7 | 45-9 | 41-0 | 25-7 | 19-6 |I........ 23-8 | 35-3 | 44°4 | 55-6 foo. fee Pee eee eee ee [eee ee ellen ween ee 21°5 | 40:2 | 44-9 | 47°8 | 56-2 | 59-8 |... fee ede fee elfen eee 30-9 | 33-4 | 44- 50-7 | 58-2 | 55-8 | 46-4 | 29-9 | 25-6 | 21-2 35-5 Aires BSED: | vassre acsdl ovsvove wivel xsss oes | paces e mead besos lls Mtovegtn| Resredns ad| easnass pail aveayereNeaars 22-8 | 31-6 | 43-2 | 51-1 | 57-9 | 54°7 | 45-7 | 35-9 | 28-3 | 15-7 35-2 26- 30-2 | 41-9 | 51-4 | 56-5 | 52-1 | 49-0 | 36-8 | 27-5 | 13-2 34-0 578 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION TEMPERATURE RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued x Year || Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April] May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dee. |{ Anaual GLACIER—Continued 316] 364 | 44-2] 50-5 | 56-0] 50-9) 45-5 | 37-1 | 25-3 | 21] 35-3 28-8 | 31-5 | 41-2 | 50-8 | 56-1 | 52-1 | 44-4 | 36-8 | 18-6 | 17-7 || 33-6 32-6 | 37-1 | 46-2 | 56-6 | 54-2 | 54-1 | 44-9 | 3-7 | 27-2] 17-4 |} 35-7 18-9 | 33-6 | 40-4 | 51-8 | 54-3 | 54-9 | 44-0 | 33-8 | 26-2 | 16-7 || 33-2 26-3 | 36-4 | 43-8 | 51-1 | 57-5 | 55-7 | 45-0 | 40-0 | 27-5 | 11-0 || 36-1 30-8 | 30-7 | 47-1 | 50-1 | 56-2 | 61-3 | 44-4 | 37-2 | 23-6 | 19-6 || 37-6 25-7 | 35-8 | 44-9 | 512 | 56-6 | 55-5 | 45-7 | 37-2 | 25-4 | 17-5 35-8 GOLDEN—FElevation, 2,550 ft. 53-1 | 48-9 | 60-4 | 59-2 | 50-2 | 44-3 | 26-3 | 15-1 []........ 50-9 | 61-1 | 59-9 | 59-2 | 43-6 | 41-8 | 26-4 | 22-8 38-4 51+2 | 55-9 | 63-4 | 59-7 | 50-5 | 43-0 | 36-0 | 23-6 ||........ 50-6 | 56-6 | 63-9 |...... Bie | B60 | 29-4 | 258 tl isos nee 51-9 | 55-5 | 67-7 | 59-8 | Sl-1]..... 25-5 | 18+8 }}........ 48-9 | 55-2 | 60-3 | 55:6 | 49-8 | 43-6 | 32-2 | 20-4 36°9 51-5 | 56-7 | 62-4 | 59-3 | 51-4 | 39-8 | 33-1 | 14-9 39-1 47-9 | 56°5 | 60:4 | 57-5 | 52-9 | 40-5 | 27-2 8-5 36-9 51:0 | 54°7 | 60-9 | 56-0 | 50-1 | 42-2 | 28-6 | 22-3 38-7 48-6 | 56-9 | 59-6 | 56-3 | 49-4 | 38-0 | 16-0 | 15-5 35+8 52-0 | 61-7 |...... 56°8. | 476 | S78 | 299 | 20S Hew swaus 49-9 | 58-7 | 60-3 | 60-3 | 48-3 | 37-4 | 29-6 | 19° 38-2 505 | 56-7 | 63-4 | 59-5 | 50-5 | 43-4 | 30-3 8-4 39°8 54-4 | 56-6 | 60-4 | 63-8 | 48-6 | 41-8 |......]....-- he aeatisats 50-9 | 56-6 | 61-8 | 58°7 | 49-7 | 40-7 | 28-5 | 18-0 38°38 HEDLEY—Elevation, 1,771 ft. MOOS Siseck Sacer | Vfesekiaes cll aiacd vad 59-2 | 66-2 | 67-0 | 58-0 | 471 | 39-2 | 29-7 ee Gs Ee [ssies “ayaipeveue. ase hse jay tenes oh atetayiene [pe teste ai] Saoirse a 56-5 | 39-6 | 33-8 | 29-1 NOOB e, cache dead 26-4 | 32-0 . 56-3 ]...... 66-1 | 565 | 49-0 | 34-6 | 26-4 LOOT ccoasiacacervot 6:4 | 256 | 33-6 | 42-2 | 54-4 ]...... 68:8 | 62-8 | 56-7 | 50-2 | 36-6 | 29-3 LOO os csinmwiecns 25-8 | 27-2 | 85-8 | 47-1 | 53-2 | 61-9 | 69-5 | 67-0 | 57-1 | 46-9 | 38-6 | 23-6 ee 10:9 | 31-2 | 39-9 | 45-2 | 53-3 | 60-8 | 64-3 | 65-3 | 61-1 | 45-4 | 34-0 | 23-6 OVO revaretaveec 25-6 | 23-2 | 41-4 | 48-8 | 56-9 | 57-5 | 67-2 | 61-2 | 56-3 | 47-1 | 37-5 | 33-5 MODY es ccctarae oppane 17-+5 | 27-5 | 40-2 | 44-7 | 51-1 | 60-7 | 68-6 | 64-2 | 53-9 | 46-5 | 28-3 | 26-1 DODD), -vovteon syenies 21-3 | 33-6 | 36-0 | 46-8 | 56-3 | 64-8 | 66-8 | 63-3 | 55-8 | 42-8 | 36-5 | 28-4 VOTS: dcewses. woe 18-2 | 21-3 | 33:0 | 47-6 | 53-8 | 61-3 | 66-8 | 66-8 | 56-6 | 43-7 | 36-6 | 30-0 a re 30:8 | 27-1 | 38-8 | 50-2 | 56-7 | 59-5 | 69-4 | 67-7 | 55:6 | 48-3 | 37-2 | 19-7 aul fs, aes eae 23<3 1 34-5 | 43°3 | S22 | 558 | G1+2 | 661 | Vid | S6+1 | A7+o | SO<8 | 26-7 Means es 21-1 | 28-3 | 37-7 | 47-6 | 54-4 | 60-3 | 67-4 | 65-7 | 56-6 | 46-2 | 35-3 | 27-2 45-6 HEDLEY (NICKEL PLATE MINE)—Elevation, 4,500 ft. 41-5 | 46-9 | 55-1 | 56-9 | 48-7 | 40-8 Zoe NG es ssee es 40-0 | 48-2 | 56-5 | 52-9 | 45-6 | 30-4 | 30-8 | 24-9 36-8 41:6 | 44-4 | 63-0 | 55-4 | 46-2 | 37-7 7*9 | 22-9 37-9 Ale8 | 4627] 553 | 408 Poss eco faane xace ZL oFE SW hesoncverone oe 37-9 | 45-4 | 56°8 | 57-6 | 46-9 |......]...... 20-8 |}..... ate crahceaata lon atauloean et te cateuee, al) eawaamansa | inane cay etal anes ciena fesieys oan 1592! Ihe s eras 39-2 | 38-1 | 51-1 | 47-6 | 43-2 | 36-5 | 22-4 | 22-0 32-0 28°9 | S86 |, 5095 | 4651 Yc caleance os pon avec DVB: | [essere 40-5 | 50-3 | 50-5 | 48-0 | 41-7 | 30-6 | 24-8 | 23-0 33:5 39-9 | 47:5 | 51°3 | 52°5 | 45-1 | 32-5 |... fee ee 43-7 | 46-8 | 56-2 | 53-7 | 42-5 | 41-5 | 28-2 | 15-9 36°5 41-3 | 44-6 | 53-6 | 61-1 | 42-4 | 36-8 | 18-2 | 13-1 35°6 39°7 | 45-2 | 54-5 | 52-6 | 44-7 | 35-8 | 27-0 | 20-0 34°38 48-1 | 51-6 | 54-6 | 56-0 | 52-6 | 50-0 | 38-7 | 42-2 ||........ DBO 8 isi eran 8 38°9 | 39-1 | 39-7 | 42-8 | 47-4 | 52-4 | 55-6 | 55-4 | 53-0 | 47-0 | 41-5 | 38-5 46:0 W899 face diossoash-ats 38-6 | 37-2 | 37-5 | 42-7 | 45-0 | 50-6 | 57-7 | 55-4 | 54-6 | 49-0 | 50-6 | 43-5 46°9 ieface Seca ets. BORD. | BOE st BL. Nl casas ie lasatands cell ones 6 met oom acogsene | anh eatt 2 east Ne Sunnah de ft ate 2M asuatsie’ S| Letusyst onataie PO Lescass. 3 pac EL ateae 2 abit Aca DNS RMN EN Godhh Blick 51-6 | 54-0 | 55-6 | 51-0 | 50-8 | 45-1 | 41-1 |/....... . D902 ives saionk os 38°6 | 41-2 | 39-5 | 49-1 | 49-2 | 52-6 | 54-3 | 55-3 | 49-8 | 47-9 | 41-7 | 36-9 46-3 ee 39°2 | 37-4 | 36-5 | 42-2 | 47-7 | 53-0 | 55+4 | 56-5 | 51-7 | 47-7 | 38-0 | 42-4 45°6 DO se ea sees ]} 89°5 | 35°1 | 36-2 | 45-0 | 48-8 | 51-2 } 53-8 | 53-0 | 51-1 | 49-4 | 46-3 | 40-4 45-8 LOD non eueus xx 38-9 | 39+8 | 43-5 | 44-5 | 47-6 | 53-3 | 56-3 | 55-7 | 52-1 | 45-9 | 45-0 | 42-6 47-1 120G ctw xs 39-4 | 40-7 | 45-8 | 45-9 | 48-8 | 52-3 | 55-6 | 55-4 | 51-2 | 49-2 | 43-8 | 39-2 47-2 es 32-2 | 39-3 | 38-3 | 42-7 | 49-6 | 51-9 | 55-2 | 54-8 | 50°3 | 50-2 | 44-3 | 39-6 45-7 1908.......... 37-9 | 37-6 | 41-1 | 43-0 | 47-0 | 52-3 | 54-2 | 53-4 | 50-0 | 46-3 | 43-6 | 37-7 45-3 100). 3. fesaninas acs 29-8 | 37-0 | 39-5 | 42-0 | 47-2 | 51-7 | 55-0 | 54-8 | 54-0 | 47-6 | 39-4 | 33-1 44-2 VOTO iors, sce.seerece 3 33-3 | 33-9 | 39-7 | 40-9 | 49-1 | 49-7 | 56-5 | 56-7 | 54-6 | 47-7 | 40-9 | 41-5 45-4 DOL cscsreeraers: bu 31-3 | 33-8 | 38-6 | 39-5 | 47-7 | 51-2 | 57-8 | 58-9 | 53-1 | 47-4 | 40-0 | 39-7 44-9 VON 2 eisaarqgnaeees 37-0 | 41-3 | 41-1 | 44-4 | 52-0 | 54-7 | 59-7 | 59-2 | 56-3 | 47-6 | 42-8 | 39-4 47-9 TOUS yea cavaesarer 33°6 | 38-5 | 38-7 | 43-2 | 48-8 | 54-7 | 58-6 | 60-1]...... 47-0 | 42-0 | 42-1 ]]..... tee WOU sors ous reeds 37-8 | 89+7 | 43-6 | 47-7 | 52-8 | 54-1 | 58-5 | 61 54°8 | 54-2 | 44-7 | 36-2 48°38 TOUS ass scans hs 39°0 | 41-0 | 47-1 | 48: 54-1 | 58-4 | 61-3 | 63-6 | 57-6 | 50:7 | 42-6 | 41-6 50°5 Means........ 36-9 | 38-4 | 41-8 | 44-1 | 48-9 | 52-6 | 56-4 | 56-7 | 52°8 | 48-8 | 42-8 1 39-9 46-7 METEOROLOGICAL DATA—TEMPERATURE 579 TEMPERATURE RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | ny IKEDA BAY—Elevation, 5 ft. i Useegae 55-2 | 57-1 | 50-2 | 44°8 | 43-5 | 38-1 50°6 | 53-6 | 53-9 | 51-9 | 46-3 | 38-0 | 36-2 47-3 | 538-8 |...... 55-0 | 44°5 | 40-3 | 40-5 527 | 57-6 | 61-0 7+1 | 47-8 | 40-6 ]...... 56-5 | 62-2 | 59°8 7*6 | 49-9 | 43-0 | 39-8 RR sis csee a si asiovsan- al ses avast 49-1 | 43-5 | 42-9 |/....... , 51+9 | 54°6 | 56-1 |]... ...[....0.].020-- BED Hs eis aie 53+4 | 56-9 | 60-4 | 56-6 | 46-7 | 39-1 | 37-7 47°6 Means........ 35-5 | 38-6 | 41-7 | 44-3 | 48-8 | 51-3 | 52-0 | 58-1 | 54-8 | 47-0 | 41-2 | 39-0 46-0 KAMLOOPS—Elevation, 1,245 ft. sieaeee al SEs a ia | oda) Sees [nate aT hens eke lhc cota ll acactnshecen ll scetouans af oecioss os 46-0 | 35-7 | 27°8 UDF rsceasse sched esas niyait ante ccarceal lfeeenanean lanevagutke 68-4 | 67-9 | 59-6 | 46:5 | 40-7 | 35-9 34°9 | 17-3 | 34-8 | 51-6] .....J...... 71°5 | 70:2 |...... 52-0 | 35:5 | 30°5 21°6 | 28-4 | 44-4 | 47-2 ]...... 67-2 | 67-4 | 68-9 | 60-4 | 43-8 | 33-1 | 21-6 20:0 | 15°7 | 37-6 | 46°4 | 56-7 | 59°B J... Pe de cele w ceca fee eens prapeitica il Meira eal] lesetcy Sailors ca tae ces 62-5 | 68-0 | 66-8 | 51:1 | 45-2 | 38-0 | 29-7 23-8 | 35:7 | 35-6 | 47-7 | 64-6 |......]...... 67-3 | 57-2 | 47-4 | 15-5 | 33-6 26-4 | 28-8 | 28-3 | 51-6 | 62-0 | 65-6 | 66-8 | 70-7 | 58-7 | 48-2 | 26-0 | 25-3 22-7 | 33-4 | 35-6 | 50-4 | 58-6 | 64-4 | 70-0 | 75 60-5 | 45-3 | 32-6 | 24-9 24-9 | 21-9 | 34-0 | 46-8 | 53-6 | 62-2 | 69-1 | 62-5 | 58-2 | 45-6 | 46-0 | 32-0 33-8 | 27-5 | 42-2 | 51-3 | 57-2 | 63-8 | 67-2 | 62-3 | 57-1 | 48-5 | 31-5 | 37-4 22-8 | 25-7 | 42-6 | 48-3 | 60-3 | 60-8 | 67-1 | 72-0 | 57-3 | 52-1 | 41-2 | 31-3 26°8 | 34-3 | 39-7 | 48-9 | 58-0 | 61-0 | 67-0 | 67-3 | 56:8 | 49-2 | 34:3 | 25-5 28-1 | 26-3 | 30-3 | 47-0 | 57-4 | 68-6 | 67-3 | 65-7 | 53-1 | 46°5 | 35-5 | 32-2 26°8 | 22-0 | 32-2 | 51-1 | 55-6 | 62-8 | 70-1 | 68-6 | 59-7 | 48-9 | 44-5 | 31-5 27-1 | 25-2 | 45-4 | 50-9 | 57-4 | 65-5 | 72-4 | 69-2 | 57-5 | 41-2 | 35-4 | 30-5 28:0 | 34-4 | 38-8 | 54-3 | 59-2 | 63-2 | 78-1 | 70-8 | 60-2 | 50-4 | 35-4 | 29-4 3-7 | 25-8 | 35-9 | 48-4 | 61-5 | 64-2 | 70-8 | 64-9 | 59-1 | 50-0 | 41-6 | 31-9 27-9 | 24-9] 36-3 | 48-8 | 57-5 | 66-2 | 72-1 | 68-8 | 57-9 | 46-3 | 41-7 | 24-6 9-5 | 20-4 | 43-4 | 47-1 | 57-4 | 66-2 | 69-2 | 66-7 | 62-0 | 47+7 | 35-8 | 21-3 25-0 | 23-2 | 46-5 | 52-4 | 61:9 | 62-4 | 70-2 | 64:4 | 58-2 | 48-3 | 37-5 | 31-7 11-2 | 22-7 | 39-5 | 45-7 | 55-6 | 64-1 | 70-0 | 66-0 | 56-1 | 48-0 | 26:3 | 27-1 17-1 | 31-3 | 33-8 | 49-0 | 59-7 | 67-3 | 66-2 | 64-4 | 56:5 | 45-9 | 37-7 | 29-9 14:3 | 17-3 | 32-3 | 49-4 | 57-3 | 63-8 | 67-4 | 68-3 | 58-4 | 44-7 | 37-2 | 32-4 29-8 | 25-2 | 39-9 | 51-6 | 58-0 | 63-9 | 70-9 | 68-7 | 56-5 | 49-9 | 37-7 | 21-5 23°3 | 36-8 | 45-2 | 55-9 | 58-5 | 63-3 | 68-6 | 71-6 | 56-8 | 50-3 | 33-3 | 29-6 22-5 | 26-7 | 38-0 | 49:7 | 58-5 | 64-1 | 69-4 | 68-0 | 57-8 | 47-5 | 35-5 | 29-2 KELOWNA 21+5 | 21-3 | 34-4 21:7 | 33-3 | 37-7 22-1 | 30-0 | 32-5 246 | 27-5 | 27°3 ee oainG avail Saaaeed 2:3 36-7 WOOO ze iscesse cna 32°7 | 15-7 | 41-3 WGOL. 3 sriie scons 23-3 | 25-7 | 39°7 TQ OD re saahet a, ceive lle contttere | Sedttteai el] magne BOOB re sscstee endie 8 27-9 | 22-9 | 28-3 904 sociacarcreiars 27-1 | 23-8 | 32-4 DOOD acs esp reiarees 27-8 | 19°6 | 42-1 V90G eccessee ateners 28-8 | 34-6 | 36-2 TOOT eyecare oavere 10:0 | 27-5 | 33-2 1908 3 sh eascnan 27-8 | 27-4 | 37-0 1909 gcsoxs Sian 12-8 | 30-8 | 39-0 B91. cies oe 26-1 | 22-6 | 43-4 TOT: oie a wre 17-4 | 21-1 | 37-0 NOV, hayes’ 20-3 | 30-8 | 31-6 TO18 caegencans 19-1 | 18-6 | 32-8 1914 Bhat 31°3 | 27-2 | 39-4 : g : : 9° ° TOLD: diigave jorssetiee 25-0 | 34-5 | 40-3 | 49-9 | 54-8 | 60-1 | 64-7 | 66-8 | 54-8 | 47-8 | 35-6 | 30-6 47-1 Means........ 23-6 | 26-1 | 36-0 | 46-8 | 55-0 | 60-9 | 65-8 | 63-8 | 54-2 | 45-3 | 35-3 | 29-6 45-2 LADNER—Elevation, near sea level TSOS perce tears 36:5 | 43-0 | 40-8 | 47-4 | 55-7 | 58-3 | 62-0 | 63-1 | 57-8 | 49:0 | 41-4 | 37-3 49-4 TB99 ost cusi, 36:9 | 34-7 | 40-7 | 46-6 | 50-8 | 57-1 | 62-2 | 57-8 | 56-1 |...... 48-1 | 40°6 j/........ W900 si aiececviaie «-|] 39°6 | 37-0 | 44-5 | 48-0 : ated si iS auaverd aay 1901..........]| 33-3 | 36°3 | 41-9 | 43-5 AQ OZ cessyase axsgaces)| | Maxming spears cel becevess oro | oneness W903 ce sea voor 87-7 | 32°4 | 37:4 | 43-7 580 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION TEMPERATURE RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBI4—Continued Year | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | see! LADNER—Continued 34-5 | 38-6 | 47-3 | 49°4 | 54-7 | 60°5 | 59°3 |....../...... ATG: WV iceuocesacell begs sovesabere 36-7 | 45-9 | 47-6 | 52°3 | 59*2 | 62-4 | 60-0 | 52°8 | 43-4 | 43-1 | 38-4 48-2 40-1 | 40-4 | 52-1 | 55-6 | 56-4 | 64-4 | 60-5 | 55-3 | 50-2 | 40-3 | 38-0 49°3 36:4 | 36-5 | 44-2 | 53-6 | 58-9 | 63-1 | 58-1 | 54°8 | 51-2 | 44-2 | 39-2 46°7 38-8 | 41-9 | 46-5 | 50-7 | 58-1 | 62-5 | 60-0 | 53-4 | 48-1 | 47-6 | 37°2 48°7 40-0 | 45°8 | 46-8 | 49-0 | 57-2 | 59-6 | 58-2 | 57-0 | 51°4 | 44*1 | 33-1 47-6 35-1 | 458 | 47-0 | 53-4 | 54-8 | 61-0 | 57-3 | 56-6 | 51-0 | 43°4 | 43-8 |]....... 37°8 | 45-0 | 45-1 | 54-2 | 55-9 | 63-5 | 59-3 | 54-3 | 49-6 | 41-5 | 40-8 48-4 44-0 | 41-2 | 50-2 | 56-4 | 62-3 | 61-3 | 59-5 | 54-1 | 50-5 | 44-9 | 41-7 50°3 35°8 | 40°5 | 46°3 |... 6. pense 62-7 | 62-0 | 55-6 | 49-6 | 43-5 | 39-9 j]........ 38-9 | 45-1 | 50°4 | 55-0 | 56-8 | 62-5 | 60-4 | 55-9 | 54*2 | 45-1 | 34°5 50-2 43-9 | 48-9 | 52-9 | 56-3 | 62-3 | 62-5 | 61°3 | 55-6 | 49-3 | 41-7 | 40-8 51-2 37-7 | 42-4 | 47-4 | 52-9 | 57-7 | 61:6 | 59-6 | 55-1 | 49-5 | 43°5 | 38-6 48-4 MASSET—Elevation, 30 ft. renee 49-4 | 54-2 | 64-7 | 52-7 | 43-8 | 37-4 | 37-3 42-1 | 52-4 | 59-8 | 61°8 | .....]...... 43-5 | 34°5 seavieareeallls ecneees [Hevetneccy: 62-0 | 54°3 | 46-4 | 41-6 | 38-7 ||........ 48°7 | 54°3 | 57°8 | 57-4 | 54-4 | 45-1 | 40°3 | 45°3 471 4609: | 5138p 6582 | SBD] FSi iD, Wecceecall ove 2 yap aces one [[ arya 50°8 | 55-0 | 56°3 | 57-6 | 51-2 | 45-3 | 40-9 | 36-7 46-2 44°0 | 58-0 | 61-6 | 61-7 | 51°9 | 45-4 | 37-6 | 40-7 45°9 44°6 | 49-6 | 50°6 | 55-8 | 54-4 | 48-8 | 42-8 | 42-4 44:6 52°9 | 59-2 | 64°0 | 60-7 | 547 | 48-4 | 41-2 | 38-6 49°4 53-7 | 56°1 | 65-7 | 60-6 | 53°0 | 47-7 | 41°3 | 38-4 48°7 52-9 | 54-0 | 58-2 | 57-1 | 547 | 49-6 | 43-5 | 38-6 46°2 57°3 | 53-3 | 59-4 | 58-0 | 50-7 | 45-0 | 42-8 | 39-0 46-9 : 48-8 | 54-7 | 56-3 | 55-6 | 55-1 | 47-4 | 38-3 | 36-7 44-9 36:7 489 | 5l+2 | B78 | 59+7 | 56+0 9 46°7 | 39-1 | 40-3 || isan. xs . 30-7 48-7 | 52-7 | 568 | 59-8 | 56-7 | 48-0 | 38-9 | 39-0 45°2 37-1 52°8 | 51-6 | 57-7 | 57-2 | 53-4 | 45-9 | 40-0 | 39°4 46°7 35-1 46°6 | 52-5 | 55-9 | 55-4 | 50-6 | 45-5 | 38-5 | 39-9 44°9 34°6 48-5 | 53-0 | 56-6 | 54:4 | 50-0 8-8 | 40-4 | 35-5 45°5 DOWD eects neato 38-3 | 38-1 | 44-0 | 45-6 | 53-9 | 54-3 | 60-6 | 59-6 | 53-3 5°2 | 38-9 | 38-2 47°5 oo ee 35:9 | 37-4 | 39-9 | 48-0 | 49-6 | 53-5 | 58-0 | 58-8 | 53-3 | 46-6 | 40-4 | 38-8 46:3 NANAIMO—Elevation, 125 ft. 45:1 | 56-4 | 60-2 | 60-2 | 66-5 | 58-0 | 49-2 | 42-4 43-3 | 50°4 | 54-5 | 60-0 ]...... wo x x S oO S 02 OD! ant CU 69 02 KOO CT wo NWMDOORMORPNHONOPD www BOs ooo Re ee Rl ee Or 37°4 | 39-1 41-9 | 46-5 | 51-0 85-3 61-0.| 65°1 | 66-3 28. 36-1 | 38-2 | 4°21 | 46°7 | 53-5 | 57-8 | 62-8 | 63-1 | 56- *No observations 1894 and 1895. Precipitation recorded 1896-1900. : NELSON—Elevation, 1,760 ft. Go 00 Go Go 0 Go CO DCO Go GO GG 41-4 | 39-8 51:3 “42-4 | 38-7 48°9 POE aannananagnng PPP Pe BU BWAOOAAID AG: on moO 30-4 | 41°1 | 50°3 | 53-8 | 63-6 | 65°5 28-5 1 37°5 | 46-9 | 53-9 | 60-7 | 66-1 > o 32:3 | 27°4 46-6 ND ARARMARH 8 SLPASSSESERR RD POWHRHUROOMDO a & i 45°3 | 36-1 | 29+3 45-8 METEOROLOGICAL DATA—TEMPERATURE 581 TEMPERATURE RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Haat NEW WESTMINSTER—Elevation, 330 ft. . . 5 . 36:2 a3 46°5 47°7 1-6 50-6 2-0 51-1 8° 9 SGewreies Jeaeccena 59-2 | 65-4 | 67-5 | 56-8 | 47-7 | 42-7 | 34-6 j]........ 34-2 55°0 | 60°6 | 65-0 | 64-2 | 55:6 | 51-8 | 42°7 | 37-6 50- 37-6 52-6 | 60°5 | 65-4 | 64-4 | 56°5 | 51-3 | 31-1 | 39-7 48-9 36°4 | 38-4 | 36-7 | 51-1 ]...... 59-8 | 61°2 | 67-2 | 56-9 | 50-0 | 38-8 | 38-3 |]........ 35-7 56+1 | 60-2 | 64-3 | 66-6 | 60-5 | 49-8 | 40°5 | 36-5 49-9 36-5 50°9 | 57*5 | 64-1 | 58-7 | 59-1 | 48-5 | 48-5 | 39-8 |]....... . 40-4 54-1 | 59°7 | 62-4 | 60-0 | 56-1 | 48-8 | 39-0 | 41-3 49-7 33-1 53-4 | 55°6 | 59-5 | 63-3 | 55-2 | 54-2 | 45-0 | 37°5 48-6 35-4 55°2 | 57-8 | 61-7 | 61-9 | 55-9 | 50°8 | 40-5 | 36-3 48-9 37-1 52-3 | 61-3 | 61-1 | 61-5 | 54°5 | 50-0 | 41°4 | 38-9 48-2 36-6 52-4 | 57-7 | 63-3 | 62-1 | 57-5 | 51-6 | 47-0 | 39-6 49-4 36-6 54-2 | 59-5 | 64-3 | 61-6 | 56-6 | 44°5 | 42-0 | 39-6 49-6 38-4 54-6 | 57-6 | 67-1 | 63-3 | 55-9 | 50-6 | 40-7 | 38-2 50-1 25°6 56-2 | 60-8 | 64-3 | 60-8 | 55-7 | 50-6 | 44-5 | 38-5 48-4 37°3 51-0 | 58-6 | 63-9 | 62-0 | 55-0 | 48-4 | 45-1 | 35-3 48-7 28-6 51-1 | 58-1 | 59-7 | 59-6 | 57-2 | 49-2 | 41-4 | 31-8 46°38 34-7 55-2 | 56-1 | 62-3 | 59-7 | 58-1 | 49-9 | 42-1 | 39-5 48°5 30-8 51-7 | 56-8 | 64-0 | 62-4 | 56-2 | 50-3 | 39-0 | 36-9 47-7 35°5 56-8 | 60-9 | 64-1 | 62-0 | 57-5 | 47-7 | 42°3 | 37-4 49-5 30-5 53-3 | 59-4 | 66-6 | 63-9 | 57-1 | 47-7 | 41-4 | 39-0 49-0 38-8 . 57-4 | 59-3 | 64-0 | 63-5 | 55-0 | 53-1 | 43-2 | 35-1 50-2 37-0 48-2 | 52-1 | 55-9 | 60-5 | 64-7 |} 66-2 | 58-3 | 50-7 | 40-5 | 37-6 51-1 34-8 | 38-3 | 43-0 | 48-4 | 54-4 | 59-2 | 63-3 | 62-8 | 56-9 | 49-5 | 41-7 | 37-6 49-2 NICOLA LAKE—Elevation, 2,120 ft. 20-4 | 34:4 | 30-6 | 42-1 | 48-3 | 56-8 | 65-4 | 62°8 | 52-5 | 43-9 | 12-9 | 29-7 41-6 21-9 | 23-8 | 22-5 | 46-6 | 56-1 | -57-9 | 60-4 | 64-0 | 52-2 | 44-0 | 25-1 | 24-0 41-5 20-8 | 30-7 | 32-1 | 44:3 | 52-2 | 58-0 | 63-4 | 68-1 | 54-4 | 41-7 | 29-6 | 21-7 43-1 21-1 | 18-6 | 32-2 | 42-0 | 48-3 | 54-9 | 63-0 | 57-7 | 54°3 | 423 | 41-9 | 29-0 42-1 31-6 | 24-6 | 39-4 | 46-5 | 52-0 | 59-1 | 62-1 | 56-9 | 51-5 | 44-2 | 27-6 | 34-6 44+2 20-8 | 24-9 | 38-0 | 42-6 | 52-2 | 52-9 | 59-6 | 64-7 | 51-1 | 48-0 | 37-2 | 29-9 43°5 23-9 | 29-0 | 34-1 | 43-8 | 52-7 | 53-9 | 60-0 | 60-6 | 51-9 | 45-3 | 30°5 | 20-1 42-2 243 | 18-5 | 20-7 | 41:7 | 50-7 | 62-2 | 59-6 | 60-1 | 49-5 | 47-0 | 30-8 | 29-3 41-2 24-6 | 19-5 | 26-5 | 45-4 | 51-8 | 56-8 | 62-8 | 62+2 | 54-9 | 46-2 | 40-8 | 28-9 43-4 21-6 | 17-4 | 40-6 | 45-5 | 51-2 | 58-1 | 63-9 | 61+4 | 52-7 | 37-4 | 33-2 | 29-2 42-7 27-9 | 31-4 | 34-5 | 48-6 | 51-6 | 55-2 | 69-1 | 62-1 | 50-8 | 45-2 | 32-1 | 27-4 44-7 0-3 | 24-8 | 30-8 | 42-6 | 53-7 | 56-4 | 63-1 | 56-8 | 53-3 | 46-1 | 38-2 | 28-4 41-2 22-8 | 21:4 | 31-9 | 44-1 | 50-2 | 59-4 | 63-6 | 61-8 | 52-3 | 43-8 | 39-7 | 23-1 42°38 3-9 | 26-5 | 35-7 | 42-3 | 50-1 | 56-5 | 59-4 | 58-7 | 56-5 | 45-0 | 33-6 | 17-7 40-5 20-4 | 17-3 | 40-4 | 45-8 | 53-4 | 54-3 | 61-7 | 58-1 | 52-4 | 45-7 | 35-4 | 32-2 43-1 22-5 | 18-9 | 34-4 | 40-7 | 49-7 | 57-1 | 63-3 | 60-2 | 51-7 | 42-7 | 26-4 | 28-0 41-3 16°2 | 30-8 | 30-1 | 43-9 | 52-5 | 60-5 | 60-5 | 59-2 | 50-1 | 41-6 | 35-1 | 28-3 42-4 12-1 | 20-7 | 30-7 | 43-4 |] 51-1 ]...... 610 | GI<3 | 58*S | 4460 | B59 | 2965 [aw eee 26-0 | 22-2 | 35-3 | 45:6 | 51-4 | 55-8 | 63-5 | 63-5 | 51-2 | 45-8 | 34-8 | 17-6 42°83 16+ 4. | 2B2'5.| BOS: hc cesisvs: lens, suaace Levatenere | ee aise 66-3 | 53+1 | 47-1 | 31°9 | 26-6 ]]..... sen 20-0 | 23-7 | 33-0 | 44*1 | 51-6 | 57-0 | 62-4 | 61:3 | 52-4 | 44-3 | 32-6 | 26°8 42-4 NORTH NICOMEN (LOCH ERROCH)—Elevation, 59 ft. 31-9 | 28-9 | 42-5 | 45-2 | 53-6 | 55-6 | 64-9 | 64-1 | 53°9 | 47-1 | 37-9 | 38-3 47-0 33-0 | 34-1 | 40-3 | 46-4 | 54-2 | 58-8 | 65-9 | 67-3 | 56-8 | 48-5 | 43-7 | 36°5 48-8 33-3 | 42-9 | 43-5 | 49-7 } 54°2 | 60-5 | 65-6 | 63-6 | 53-9 | 54-0 | 44-4 | 38-2 50°3 34:7 | 42-0 | 41-3 | 46:9 | 55-8 | 60-8 | 66:4 | 63-5 | 58-4 |......)......] ee eee tse ecee 35-4 | 39-6 | 37-1 | 51-9 +O | 60-1 | 61-9 | 67-7 | 56-2 | 50+4 | 38-1 | 36-4 49°4 35-8 | 41-8 | 41-1 | 48-2 | 56-1 | 60-7 | 64-2 | 66-7 | 60-1 | 49°7 | 40-1 | 36-9 50-1 35-7 | 34+1 | 41-7 | 47-7 | 51°5 | 57-4 | 64-6 | 60-2 | 59-6 | 49-0 | 48-6 | 40-4 49-2 40:9 | 37-9 | 48-0 | 51°0 | 54-8 | 60-2 | 63-6 | 61-0 | 57-1 | 49-6 | 39-8 | 41-6 50°5 35-5 | 38-9 | 44-2 | 45-8 | 54-9 | 56-2 | 61-3 | 65-0 | 57-8 | 55-0 | 45-3 | 39-0 49-9 36-1 | 42:1 | 42-5 | 48-5 | 56-1 | 59-0 | 61-9 | 63-0 | 57-4 | 52-0 | 40-2 | 35-2 49-5 37:7 | 36-1 | 39-6 | 47-1 | 53-7 | 62-5 | 61-9 | 62-6 | 55-3 | 51-2 | 42-0 | 39-7 49-1 37-8 | 34-8 | 40-2 | 51°5 | 53-7 | 58-6 | 64-3 | 63-2 | 59-2 | 52-8 | 48-1 | 40-1 50-4 37-4 | 38-8 | 48-5 | 51-3 | 55-0 | 61-0 | 66-0 | 63-2 | 58-0 | 46-2 | 43-1 | 39°0 50°6 38-2 | 42-7 | 44-8 | 52-4 |] 55-1 | 58-6 | 69-4 | 65-0 | 57-6 | 51-7 | 41-2 | 38-6 51°3 24:7 | 36-0 | 41-2 | 48-2 | 57-7 | 60-0 | 65-7 | 61-2 | 59-1 | 53-5 | 45-3 | 39-8 49-4 37-9 | 37-9 | 42-6 | 48-9 | 52-7 | 59-7 | 65-7 | 63-9 | 55-8 | 49-6 | 46-6 | 36-3 49-3 27-2 | 37-7 | 43-6 | 47°3 | 53-1 | 59-7 | 60-7 | 61+2 | 58-5 | 50°8 | 43-2 | 32-5 48-0 34-6 | 32-9 | 46-2 | 48-7 | 56°6 | 57-3 | 63-5 | 60-5 | 59-3 | 51-1 | 42-2 | 40-4 49-4 28-6 | 35-3 | 44-3 | 45°7 | 52-3 | 57-6 | 65-0 | 63-8 | 56-3 | 51-2 | 38-9 | 38-1 48-1 32-5 | 43+1 | 41-8 | 48-2 | 56-8 | 60-9 | G4-1 | 62-6 | 57-7 | 47-8 | 43-1 | 39-4 49-3 29-6 | 34:6 | 39-4 | 49-3 | 54-6 | 59-8 | 64-8 | 65-5 | 58-0 | 48-7 | 41-9 | 39-3 48°83 38-6 | 38-1 | 46-0 | 52-0 | 58°8 | 59-9 | 64-7 | 64-4 | 55-2 | 53-5 | 44-1 | 34-6 50-8 37-5 | 41-7 | 49-0 | 53-1 | 57-4 | 60-8 | 65-6 | 67-2 | 59-0 | 51-2 | 40-6 | 37-7 51-7 Means........ 34-5 | 38-0 | 43-0 | 48°9 | 55-0 | 59-4 | 64-5 | 63-8 | 57-4 | 50-7 | 42-6 | 33-1 49-7 582 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION TEMPERATURE RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annus PEMBERTON HATCHERY—Elevation, about 700 ft. Sur ella ceiad| ee ees 64-8 | 64-6 | 52-7 | 44-2 | 39-3 | 28-5 ])........ 36-4 '|'42°6 | 50-8 | 58-9 '] 61-4 | 60-2 | 54-9 | 46-6 | 34-0 | 23-1 || 43-8 39-7 | 45-5 | 54-3 | 55-9 | 64-1 | 62-4 | 55-8 | 45-9 | 36-4 | 33-2 || 45-1 39-3 | 43-5 | 52-1 | 57-6 | 65-3 | 63-1 | 54-0 | 45-6 | 29-5 | 29-7 || 43-8 39-0 | 46-5 | 54-8 | 62-3 | 64-5 | 61-5 | 54-7 | 43-5 | 38-0 | 30-8 || 46-2 irre 44-7 | 51-7 | 58-2 | 62-8 | 62-5 |......] 49-0 | 34-8 | 32-2 |]... 39:4'| 47-6 | 54-7 | 58-7 | 64-9 | 64-8 | 53-4 | 48-4 | 37-0 | 27-3 |] 46-4 42-7 | 50-0 | 55-1 | 61-1 | 66-2 | 66-7 | 55-9 | 47-3 | 34-4 | 28-9 || 47.7 39-4 | 45-8 | 53-4 | 59-0 | 64-3 | 63-2 | 54-5 | 46-3 | 35-4 | 29-2 I} 45-3 : PENTICTON—Elevation, 1,150 ft. Pred 42-0 ]......|......] 67°8 | 63°3 | 07-8 | 522] 41-4] 351)........ 39-6 | 47-0 | 55-2] 63-4 || 68-5 | 65-5 | 57-5 | 47-7 | 41-8 |...... setts : 40-0 | 47-2 | 54-0 | 61-6 | 64-6 | 63-6 | 58-6 38-1 |°26-4 |] “46-6 43-3 | 49-3 | 57-0 | 59-9 | 67-0 | 61-6 | 56-8 | 49-0 |......|......]].. Pees 38-4 | 44-9 | 53-9 | 60-9 | 66-3 | 64-0 | 55-9 | 46-7 |33-7 130-5 ||. 021222 33-3 | 47-7 | 55-6 | 63-8 | 64-5 | 62-1 | 53-7 | 44-7 | 39-5 | 34-0 |] 46-7 34-8 | 48-0 | 54-6 | 61-8 | 65-5 | 66-0 | 56-8 | 45-0 | 38-9 | 33-3 |] 45-9 41-0 | 50-2 | 56-4 | 62-2 | 69-6 | 67-8 | 56-2 | 49-8 | 40-3 | 26-1 || 48-7 42-7 | 52-6 | 56-4 | 62-2 | 65-8 | 70-2 | 57-0 | 50-7 | 35-5 | 31-3 || 49-0 39-1 | 47-6 | 55-4 | 61-9 | 66-6 | 64-9 | 56-7 | 48-0 | 38-7 | 31-0 |] 47-3 PILOT BAY—Elevation, 1,780 ft. TSOSr ate all GR ate A ne alee ves cece ee ee “1|33s-1]|....... ; rT: : 9 0 | 52-8 | 58-94]°68-0 |'67-2'1'54-3'|'46-5 | 39-8 | 30-3 || 46-0 1895.11.21! *1]| 27-8 | 33-7 | 36-8 | 46-1 | 52-7 | 58-7 | 66-2 | 65-8 | 52-0 | 49-0 | 38-4 | 31-8 || 46-6 1896.00. 29- . Bl+1 | 62-6 | 69-7 | 65-5 |... oo. eee e lee ee el|ece eee ee NOT ccrctcs aed sie cxsi| p saeben dee isu eei faba ess: Soaha es iflss crapatersd sCieenens, all seancennel ame creas flees sh ses eotosanterss (tees d, ener wea cauare [eacacavoxavelll ligegcsveueuntois ABOS ossevcze ce pivord | [acasecave osetia’ lesc agiclll nee venes 53-5 | 60-1 | 66-0 | 71-5 |'58-0 | 44:5 | 36-2 | 30-2 |) 112227 1899100222111! 27-7 '|'25-2'|'34:5 | 43-6 | 50-4 | 58-4 | 67-8 | 59-4 | 57-6 | 45-5 | 43-7 | 43-6 || 46-5 1900....22211! 34-2 | 28-0 | 40-3 | 48-6 | 55-4 | 63-0 | 65-8 | 61-9 | 57-7 | 47-7 | 34-6 |......]1........ AQOL saccesanan 29-7 | 20-5 | 38-7 | 44-1 | 55-2 |... ole hee eeecfeccecelee cece B34 Te 1002. gee cenjod 28-3 | 33-7 | 37-4 | 45-3 | 54-0 | 57-7 |'63-8 '|'66-8 | 57-0 | 50-2'|'36-6 | 30-8 || 46-8 1903.22. 22215: 31-3 | 28-0 | 35-0 | 43-4 | 52-7 | 62-5 | 63-7 | 67-9 | 54-6 | 50-2 |......|......|]........ Means........ 29-4 | 30-2 | 36-8 | 44-9 | 53-1 | 60-6 | 66-4 | 65-7 | 55-9 | 47-7 | 37-6 | 33-2 || 46-8 PORT SIMPSON—Elevation, 26 ft. Fon Sale| eee a Su alee 51-8 | 56-5 | 56-5 | 53-1 | 47-1) 40-8) 384 ]|........ 32-2 °|°23-7'|'36-1 | 40-4 |45-9'| 51-4 | 53-4 | 54-5 | 50-7 | 46-5 | 38-5 | 39-8 : 25-1 | 38-0 | 38-7 | 41-8 | 48-3 | 53-9 | 55-1 | 57-1 | 55-1 | 47-5 | 39-8 | 37-4 || 44-8 37-7 | 36-9 | 44-3 | 45-3 | 50-8 | 52-8 | 56-8 | 56-0 | 52-8 | 49-1] 41-9 | 32-7 || 46-4 27-5 | 30-2 | 38-6 | 38-8 | 49-5 | 53-9 | 56-3 | 57-3 | 54-1 | 47-3 | 45-6 | 35-8 . 42-0 | 30-0 | 37-6 | 43-8 | 48-2 | 52-5 | 55-0 |......]...... 46-0 | 41-1 | 37-7 |........ 36-3 | 37-0 | 40-9 | 38-6 |......]...... 57-0 | 57-0 | 52:9 | 48-5 | 37-2 | 36-1 [01122212 34-2 | 29-6 | 37-7 | 42-7 | 48-1 | 50-8 | 56-0 | 55-9 | 51-0 | 44-0 | 32-7 | 35-8 |] 43-3 30-3 | 32-5 | 36-0 | 39-2 | 45-9 | 50-9 | 55-4 | 56-9 | 51-2 | 43-9 | 40-9 | 30-6 || 42-8 25-8 | 37-2 | 37-5 | 41-3 | 48-7 | 51-9 | 55-9 | 54-4 | 48-9 | 48-6 | 40-6 | 36-0 || 43-9 28-6 | 35-4 | 35-9 | 40-4 | 48-3 | 51-9 | 58-1 | 57-8 | 53-5 | 47-9 | 28-2 | 39-9 |] 43-8 36-8 | 35-2 | 33-2 | 46-0 | 49-7 | 55-7 | 55-4 | 59-1 | 53-5 | 48-5 | 32-9 | 39-6 || 45-5 35-8 | 34-8 | 38-9 | 44-0 | 51-3 | 55-7 | 56-5 | 60-5 | 55-7 | 47-5 | 38-5 | 38-0 || 46-4 35-1 | 33-6 | 34-6 | 45-3 | 47-6 | 50-3 | 58-7 | 56-6 | 52-4 | 47-9 | 47-0 | 38-9 |] 45-7 40-5 | 37-0 | 41-6 | 46-3 | 49-5 | 53-6 | 57-8 | 56-7 | 53-6 | 45-6 | 39-3 | 41-6 || 46-9 34-8 | 35-0 | 40-0 | 42-0 | 48-0 | 53-6 | 56-1 | 57-2 | 52-4 | 49-6 | 41-0 | 39-6 || 45-8 38-3 | 41-5 | 38-8 | 45-6 | 50-9 | 55-5 | 57-7 | 57-0 | 51-1 | 46-9 | 36-9 | 32-2 || 46-0 37-1 | 34-2 | 33+7 | 42-0 | 47-1 | 53-9 | 56-9 | 57-7 | 51-7 | 44-0 | 39-0 | 39-6 || 44-7 34-8 | 28-5 | 34-0 | 43-4 | 45-9 | 50-1 | 53-5 | 55-5 | 51-6 | 48-1 | 43-9 | 39-3 || 44-0 35-5 | 36-7 | 43-0 | 44-5 | 49-9 | 56-3 | 59-6 | 57-4 | 51-8 | 45-1 | 42-5 | 38-4 || 46-7 33-0 | 38-4 | 40-4 | 45-0 | 50-6 | 53-3 | 58-8 | 57-0 | 51-1 | 48-0 | 41-0 | 33-8 || 45-9 24-2 | 35-2 | 36-1 | 42-9 | 51-3 | 53-7 | 57-6 | 55-8 | 53-5 | 46-8 | 41-4 | 38-0 || 44-7 35-7 | 34-9 |...... 41-0 | 45-5 | 51-0 | 54-5 | 53-5 | 49-1 | 43-4 | 40-5 | 36-2 |I........ 24-0 | 32-1 | 38-4 | 40-1 | 46-6 | 52-1 | 54-5 | 58-7 | 52-1 | 45-1 | 30-3 | 30-9 || 42ci 33-1 | 30-3 | 38-8 | 40-4 | 47-7 | 48-9 ]..00 0)... fd : 33:3 | 34-1 | 38-0 | 42-5 | 48-5 | 52-7 | 56-4 | 56-8 | 52-3 | 46-8 | 39-2 | 36-6 || 44-7 PRINCE RUPERT—Elevation, 170 ft. i909........-- 23-2 | 32-9 | 39-0] 40-2 | 46-6 | 51-8 | 54-7 | 53-6 | 53-0 | 46-1) 36°83] 31-0) 45 1910.00... ce. BBA | B28 ccc. al mxmoaafetaves ab mcreraa 54-8 | 55-1 | 50-8 | 46-7 | 38-9 | 39-8 ||........ TOLL a csesetearss 26-1 | 34-5 | 37-0 | 38-1 | 46-0 | 48-9 | 56-4 | 57-0 | 55-4 | 48-4 | 37-0 | 37-0 || 4304 1912 ccecennnnns 34-5 | 41-6 | 40-7 | 43-1 | 52-3 | 52-6 | 57-5 | 55-1 | 54-8 | 48-0 | 41-1 | 38-9 || 4607 AQIS vce 29-7 | 37-4 | 37-4 | 43-3 | 48-7 | 56-0 | 56-2 | 58-0 | 53-3 | 45-1 | 42-6 | 41-3 || 45-8 OTE rcccrine os 35-7 | 40-5 | 42-9 | 46-8 | 49-8 | 54-8 | 54-9 | 56-2 | 51-8 | 51-5 | 41-0 | 35-1 || 46-7 W1Bawanecsves 41:2 | 39-9 | 46-3 | 45-4 | 53-0 | 54-0 | 58-0 | 60-2 | 54-7 | 46-6 | 39-0 | 37-7 || 48-0 Means........ 31-9 | 37-1 | 40-5 | 42-8 | 49-4 | 53-0 | 56-1 | 56-4 | 53-5 | 47-5 | 39-5 | 37-4 || 4504 METEOROLOGICAL DATA—TEMPERATURE 583 TEMPERATURE RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year l| Jan. Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Hoods PRINCETON—Elevation, 2,111 ft. sysscant fle ead suacs [ts sera cheae fgeanes-oL ete 8 63-0 | 62°5 | 64-2 | 37-5 | 24 2 [ 23-7 |I........ 17-8 | 30-7 | 43-8 | 50-6 | 55-3 | 61-3 | 61-6 | 51-3 | 42-7 | 35 5] 18-0 |]....... : 3 37-8 | 46-8 | 54-7 | 57-0 | 60-7 | 63-4 | 52-1 | 45-4 | 37 0 | 24-1 43-9 28-2 | 35-8 |......)..... -| 55°3 | 65-2 | 63-6 | 53-3 | 44-8 | 22 8 ]......]).0..... _ 22-7 | 22-6 | 45-8 | 55:5 | 53- 61°8 | 68-0 | 52-0 | 48-9 |......] 22°8 |}... +e STS ise atee. 8] cases fs | etbocwsare 63-6 | 66-9 | 54-6 | 42-7 | 30-8 | 16-0 sane Nacsa BZD Pe Sa a ual [inenansza || xgnana' Sa rearouas Sue siete exci lhe aac | raeeacerd les e coun ameaneiall leseteabaas 25-9 | 39-8 | 43-0 | 53-3 | 54-2 | 61-9 | 65-2 | 5-22 | 47-9 | 35-8 | 24-7 43-6 27-7 | 33-8 | 43-8 | 52-0 | 54-8 | 60-3 | 60-7 | 52-1 | 45-6 | 28-6 | 15-6 41-2 15:1 | 24-8 | 40-3 | 49-7 | 62-0 | 60-3 | 61-3 | 50-8 | 44-6 | 30-2 | 26-1 40°2 19°4 | 28-7 | 45-8 | 49-8 | 57-0 | 63-8 | 63-9 | 56-2 | 45-0 | 36-6 | 24-5 42°6 17-8 | 39-1 | 45-6 | 51-2 | 58-4 | 64-9 | 61-7 | 54-4 | 37-6 | 31-6 | 27-0 42°4 29-2 | 34:0 | 47-6 | 53-2 | 55-7 | 69-4 | 63-3 | 54-4 | 45-0 | 30-9 | 22-0 43-8 24°8 | 29-9 | 41-3 | 53-0 | 56-6 | 63-4 | 58-4 | 55-0 | 47-4 | 33-7 | 24-0 40°6 22°2 | 32:0 | 44-2 | 50-1 | 57-6 | 64-9 | 60-9 | 52-3 | 42-8 | 35-2 | 17-6 41-5 25-1 | 33-0 | 40-5 | 48-6 | 56-3 | 60-6 | 59-2 | 55-4 | 40-2 | 29-9 | 17-9 39-0 13-8 | 36-8 | 45-7 | 53-5 | 55-1 | 61:9 | 58-2 | 53-9 | 44-1 | 32-4 | 25-9 41°5 17-8 | 34-6 | 41-4 | 49-3 | 56-6 | 63-6 | 60-6 | 51-9 | 43-1 | 24-3 | 21-8 39-6 27-9 | 28-9 | 44-6 | 53-5 | 60-7 | 62-1 | 59-5 | 51-8 | 53-5 | 32-2 | 23-1 42°8 16-1 | 30-4 | 43-4 | 51-0 | 57-9 | 61-6 | 62-6 | 51-9 | 39-7 | 31°7 | 24-1 40-2 23-9 | 35-5 | 46-8 | 52-6 | 56:9 | 64-6 | 62-1 | 51-4 | 45-5 | 33-6 | 15-6 42°38 28-9 | 40-2 | 49-0 | 52-4 | 58-2 | 62-9 | 65-7 | 52-9 | 45-0 | 26-5 | 19-3 43-1 23:4 | 33:0 | 44 4 | 51-8 | 56-8 | 62-9 | 62-4 | 53:6 | 44-2 | 31-2 | 21-7 41-8 QUATSINO— Elevation, near sea level ass massed ee aoeitaafresseenteace fie! st aeoiayni|lendreenys al eaten s 56-9 | 59-0 | 49-9 | 48-8 | 438-7 36:0 | 39-5 | 37-0 | 41-0 | 46-9 | 51-0 | 58-8 | 58-4 | 53-2 | 48-5 | 33-9 38-9 | 38-3 | 353 | 45-8 | 49-2 | 53-8 | 55-7 | 59-6 | 53-3 | 49-0 | 37-7 37-8 | 38-5 | 39-8 | 43-2 | 49-5 | 54-1 | 57-2 | 60-4 | 55-3 | 48-1 | 41-0 38-4 | 37°7 | 37-9 | 42-3 | 46-5 | 51-6 | 59-4 | 56:9 | 55-0 | 47-1 | 47-9 bc Heist | Wreadatde 43-7 | 44-3 | 49-6 | 54-9 | 59-2 | 57-4 | 54-6 | 47-2 | 40°6 Seo! PSE, | ALES: Ieee 2] os eee] iets 54°3 | 59-2 | 53-4 | 51-9 | 40-8 38-6 | 41-3 | 39-3 | 45-1 | 50-5 | 53-7 | 56-7 | 58-6 | 53-1 | 49-7 | 42-6 39-0 | 35-1 | 36-8 | 42-2 | 46-6 | 55-8 | 57-6 | 57-9 | 52-1 | 48-7 | 40-7 ees toes 35-5 | 37-8 | 45-9 | 47-9 | 52:5 | 55-3 | 56-0 | 53-3 | 50-5 | 45-9 36-7 | 38-3 | 43-5 | 44-9 | 48-6 | 54-3 | 58-2 | 56°7 | 53-0 | 45-8 | 44-2 37-9 | 40-0 | 41-1 | 45-1 | 49-8 | 53-4 | 59-6 | 58-0 | 52 49-5 | 42-6 Rasa aves [axe eersifta ata ea ene | ataeneS 55-0 | 59°0 | 57°83 | ncccsdean vaufeeeson siete ake ra etre cet zo Us asics 48-8 | 53-3 | 58-1 | 58-1 | 52-9 | 48-5 | 44-6 30-0 | 37:0 | 39-9 | 43.2 | 47-2 | 51-5 | 56-1 | 54-4 ]......J.. 2... 41-2 35-9 | 35-9 | 42-1 | 42-3 | 50-4 | 50-9 | 56-5 | 56-2 | 54-2 | 48-8 | 42-2 ssh ean de 36-1 | 41-2 | 41-0 | 46-7 | 50-9 | 57-8 | 57-9 | 51-2 }......] 42°8 38-9 | 41-6 | 40-2 | 45-1 | 51-8 | 56-0 | 59-6 | 58-2 | 53-4 | 46°7 | 43-1 33-7 | 38-7 | 40-8 |...... 49-5 | 54-6 | 58-1 | 58-3 | 52-9 | 45-1 | 41-8 37-7 | 39-8 | 42-9 | 47-6 | 51-7 | 54:5 | 59-0 | 59-2 | 52-9 | 51-6 | 43-4 38-5 | 40-4 | 46-2 | 49-2 | 54-5 | 58-0 | 60-1 | 61-8 | 56-4 | 49-8 | 39-9 39-1 | 40-6 | 42-5 | 44-2 | 49-1 ! 53-7 | 57-9 | 58-1 | 53-3 | 48-6 | 42-1 | 40-0 47-4 QUESNEL— Elevation, 1,700 ft. br omediige 11-5 | 26-5 | 39-1 | 51-9 | 53-5 | 60-7 | 60-8 | 52-1 | 39-7 | 19-3 | 15°3 ]]..... eee Bcd phic caahhage hes ice 29-4 | 41-1 | 51-1 | 58-0 | 63-5] .....)......] 87°3 | 27-5 | 22-8 |]... 8-3 | 21-1 | 32:1 | 42-8 | 46-2 | 57-5 | 60-3 | 58-3 | 44-5 | 43-0 | 38-0 | 20-8 39°4 G26) fives cas 35-5 | 39°4 | 47-9 | 57-2 | 64-2 |......)......f...... —4-1 | 24-3 ff........ 12-9 |, 20-9 | 15-5 | 45-8 | 53-8 | 62-1 | 58-8 | 61-8 | 51-6 | 45°9 |...... si sSiageossaviedlt says on ant [ious ecgacs 42-4 ]......]......]......| 64:5 | 53-8 | 40-2 | 26-0 22-5 | 16-5 | 23-8 | 40 47-6 | 56-3 | 63-4 | 58-3 | 52-1 | 37-5 | 41-2 24:6 | 20-6 | 31-0 | 44-8 | 52-7 | 56-4 | 61-1 | 57-5 | 52-1 | 44-0 | 32-6 20-7 | 21:2 | 37-4 | 45-5 | 54-2 | 56-1 | 60-4 | 60-0 | 56-5] ..... 41-0 ONO fen crv adlle rev accieenl| shayerste all anova ais Naas fer oka 60-0 | 52-9 | 50-3 | 26-2 DAS BR | Qed te sae see pie acon a ere a. ae 64-1 | 64-1 | 61-3 | 50-2 | 46-5 | 30-4 18-5 8:3 | 19-5 | 47-6 | 50-2 | 58-3 | 62°6 | 61-6 | 54-5 | 45-2 | 40-3 15-4 | 15-8 | 41-0 | 45-6 | 53-9 | 60-6 | 66*7 | 60°5 | 53-4 | 40-1 | 32-3 15°6 | 25-2 | 33-4 | 47-1 | 55-3 | 57-2 | 68-6 | 63-1 | 51-9 | 45-7 | 32-4 VOO Tosi e scours acats —9-8 | 18-0 | 27-2 | 40-8 | 54-4 | 57-8 | 63-8 | 58-4 | 53-4 | 46-1 | 34-5 1908 <3 netertauct: 20°5 | 19-2 | 28-8 | 40-4 | 50:9 | 56-0 | 61-2 | 59-0 | 48-9 | 39-2 | 34-3 OOO sd sicisscssaiene —3-5 | 14-8 | 33-8 | 38-4 | 48-3 | 58-5 | 60-2 | 56-4 | 53-5 | 42-1 | 20-2 TOU esacresnssssaiss 17:3 | 18-7 | 36-5 | 42-2 | 51-8 | 54:8 | 59-8 | 58-3 | 49-9 | 39-8 | 29-4 ROL ss scuceueen scqseae 3-3 | 12-5 | 32-4 | 37-1 | 50-2 | 55-1 | 60-5 | 60-1 | 53-5 | 41-7 | 20-4 LOUD a snaxrsieraavers 8-2 | 28-6 | 23-8 | 43-2 | 55-0 | 59-3 | 61-0 | 60-2 | 52-1 | 40-9 | 31-9 VOUS esiecetteane 8-0 | 15-5 | 24-5 | 42-0 | 51-1 | 59-7 | 59-8 | 61-6 | 49-0 | 39-6 | 32-4 VOUS ccscnee scons 20-0 | 22-0 | 33:9 | 44-4 | 52-1 | 59-7 | 58-0 | 61-7 | 52-4 | 45-2 | 32-9 VOLS scence eaeves 17-6 | 28-5 | 39-9 | 49-2 | 54-5 | 59-8 | 64-5 | 66-9 | 53-4 | 42-5 | 21-1 | 23-1 43-4 Means........ 13-9 | 19-0 | 30°3 | 42-8 | 51-6 [| 58-0 | 61-6 | 60-5 | 52-0 | 42-5 | 29-0 | 23-2 40-4 584 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION TEMPERATURE RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year I Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | sie QUESNEL FORKS (BULLION)—Elevation, 2,275 ft. BO Fes iecaierec sevens | spaceg acne l estate aes | sasenvass 6 [auecw axel omolincee 57-6 | 56-3 | 61°3 | 50-4 | 43-0 | 15-4 | 24-3 |)........ 1898...... ....|| 22°1 | 23-9 | 25-9 | 23-4 | 52-0 | 56-7 | 60-2 | 65-4 | 53-6 | 40-2 | 26-3 | 20°6 39°2 18 OO a ecsceserustvend 20-5 | 15-9 | 22.7 | 37-2 | 45-1 | 52-9 | 61-0 | 55-5 | 52-8 | 38-8 | 41-4 | 25-9 39-1 WOO be :dnerercee 26-8 | 22-3 | 31-6 | 44-6 | 50-6 | 57-6 | 59-5 | 54-7 | 49-6 | 39-9 | 27-2 | 33-5 41°5 I9O1...... 18-4 | 21-7 | 34-2 | 37-8 | 50-4 | 52-6 | 57-4 | 60-5 | 48-9 | 49-4 | 36-7 | 28-4 A4l°4 WOO 2s coie ceesave gions 21-0 | 30-4 | 28-4 | 38-6 | 50-5 | 52-7 | 58-0 | 55-4 | 46-4 | 42-9 | 26-0 | 15-5 38°8 W908 i aierasers draw 19-7 | 22-1 | 19-7 | 36°5 | 45-7 | 58-3 | 56-1 | 55-2 | 48-9 | 41-0 | 28-6 | 27°5 37°9 BO 04 5 snsisicisnedenn 18-5 | 8:0] 20-9 | 43-9 | 46-6 | 54-2 | 60-1 | 57-5 | 50-0 | 43-7 | 38-9 | 25-1 39-0 W905 0.5 sieieseerciess 16-1 | 19-6 | 37-6 | 41-5 | 49-6 | 55°5 | 61-4 | 56-4 | 49-9 | 35-5 | 32-2 | 27°5 40-2 1906.......... 18-3 | 25-6 | 30-2 | 43-8 | 51-0 | 53-4 | 65-5 | 56-7 | 48-0 | 41-6 | 29-7 | 17°4 40-1 Means........ 20 2 | 21-1 | 27-9 | 38-6 | 49-1 | 55-1 | 59-6 | 57-9 | 49-3 | 41-6 | 30-2 | 24-6 39-6 REVELSTOKE—FElevation, 1,476 ft. susie cis eutuenese | eguecee scat euaececwces 54°6 | 60°6 | 65°9 | 69-2 | 56-2 | 43-7 | 33-2 | 22-7 ||........ DOE iressvasein 31°5 | 40°7 | 49-3 | 58-3 |......].....- [eee ee AVED |has oees ZBOR Wiscceaasevare 30°2 | 22-9 | 36-4 | 47-1 | 5402 Jo... peel eee Pe cee fee ee ele eee efor eee effec renee ara stgavatlpovdesvaronsl| Maas ste 36-5 | 47-0 | 50-2 | 56°7 | 57:4 | 49°5 | 45-4 | 36°7 | 29-3 |]........ hairs 19+4 | 25-9 | 39-2 | 49-6 | 61-7 |......]......| 47°4 | 41°6 | 30°7 | 29°9 j]........ 25-7 | 19-7 | 29-6 | 44-0 | 49-9 | 56°8 | 65-0 | 63-9 | 53-6 | 44-5 | 38-6 | 30°8 43°5 24-2 | 18-3 | 37-5 | 45-2 | 50°9 | 58-0 | 64-8 | 61°8 | 53-1 | 38-6 | 34°3 | 30-2 43+1 25-7 | 29-3 | 32-4 | 46-8 | 54-0 | 56-1 | 68-6 | 61-6 | 53-0 | 44-6 | 31-5 | 26-8 44-2 4-2 | 25-6 | 31-8 | 39-9 | 52-5 | 57°8 | 63-6 | 57-9 | 52-9 | 46-2 | 37-0 | 29-8 41°6 26-3 | 25-1 | 33-5 | 43-2 | 52-1 | 59-7 | 64-5 | 63-6 | 52-7 | 43-1 | 38-0 | 22-8 43-7 9-5 | 27+1 | 35-2 | 40-5 | 51-6 | 58-2 | 63-2 | 59-3 | 56-1 | 44°3 | 32-7 | 14-9 41-1 22-0 | 16-7 | 38-6 | 44-9 | 54-0 | 57-7 | 63-9 | 59-8 | 54-9 | 44-7 | 33-5 | 30-7 43°4 14-2 | 20-4 | 34-2 | 41-1 | 50-6 | 60-2 | 61-0 | 59-3 | 52+8 | 42-6 | 25-7 | 25-6 40°6 17-0 | 31-1 | 31-2 | 45-4 | 55-9 | 63-9 | 62-2 | 60-9 | 52-0 | 41-0 | 34-5 | 29-3 43-7 16:9 | 19:6 | 29-3 | 44-2 | 44-8 | 61-6 | 63-4 | 63-5 | 53-4 | 42-3 | 33-2 | 25-1 41-4 27-8 | 24-8 | 33-9 | 44-9 | 53-5 | 58-6 | 65-1 | 62-4 | 52-7 | 45-2 | 35-4 | 18-8 43-6 20-5 | 32-1 | 39-1 | 48-6 | 55-1 | 58-0 | 63-0 | 66-2 | 51-9 | 442 | 32-0 | 26°5 44°83 20-5 | 23-7 | 33-3 | 43-3 | 55:0 | 62:5 | 63-6 | 62-0 | 52-8 | 43-4 | 33-8 | 26°4 43+4 RIVERS INLET—Elevation, 20 ft. TBO Bs ike larenese 31-9 | 32-8 | 387-2 | 40-3 | 49-2 | 53-5 | 58-5 | 60-9 | 51-4 | 44-5 | 40-2 ) 33-3 44+5 TROD . sraisieunsenscins 31-3 | 38-0 | 39-0 | 43-5 | 50-8 | 55-4 | 59-1 | 57-8 | 49°8 | 50-0 | 41-7 | 36°5 46-1 1896 6.5 ese secs 30:4 | 30:7 | 37-4 | 43-2 | 49-5 | 53-2 | 61-5 | 60-8 | 55+3 | 47-9 | 31-2 | 39+3 45:0 TBO Tv essiazsis; cranes 37-0 | 36-4 | 35-3 | 45-4 | 50-1 | 54-5 | 55-3 | 60-0 | 53-6 | 49-0 | 35-9 | 39-0 45-9 TBS) cccasieeecs 36-6 | 38-0 | 39-0 | 43-8 | 52-0 | 55-5 | 58-4 | 60-3 | 55-1 | 46-8 | 38-3 | 36-9 46-7 189936 .ncwsauv 35-1 | 34:6 | 37-7 | 42-7 | 48-5 | 52-6 | 61-8 | 57-6 | 55-5 | 45-8 | 46-6 | 38-8 46°5 TOO ess vers aren 38-5 | 36-3 | 43-4 | 45-6 | 49-5 | 56-4 | 59-3 | 58-5 | 54-8 | 45-8 | 38-7 | 41-6 47+4 WO) wes ces nas 32-5 | 36-4 | 40-1 | 42-4 | 49-1 | 53-1 | 55-7 | 58-3 | 53-9 | 52-0 | 43-1 | 37-0 46-1 DOOD fs ccscsesncrezas cre 35-3 | 40-6 | 38-3 | 45-6 | 51-9 | 55-0 | 57-5 | 57-8 | 51-8 | 49-0 | 37°6 | 33-6 46-2 WOO8 6:6. < ices ...|| 36°4 | 34-7 | 35-6 | 42°6 | 48-2 | 55-7 | 57-6 | 58-9 | 51-5 | 47-2 | 38-0 | 40-0 45:5 Ch en 34-6 | 30-1 | 35-4 | 46-1 | 47-9 | 52-0 | 56-5 | 57-5 | 53-9 | 49-1 | 44°5 | 38-3 45°5 DOOD secs sczhiereidvers 35-8 | 36-0 | 44-1 | 46-1 | 50-4 | 56-5 | 60-4 | 56-9 | 51-6 | 43-9 | 41-1 | 38-4 46°9 W9OG sivecgissea aes 34°7 | 40-7 | 41-6 | 45-6 | 51:3 | 53-4 | 58-9 | 58-4 | 51+°3 | 47-3 | 40-3 | 34-2 46°5 Means........ 34:6 | 35:8 | 38-8 | 44-1 | 49-9 | 54-4 | 58-5 | 58-7 | 53-1 | 47-6 | 39-8 | 37°5 46°2 ROSSLAND—Elevation, 3,400 ft. 28-6 | 23:2 1 39-2 | 48-4 | 52-7 | 60-2 | 62-9 | 58°5 | 54-6 |] 41-7 | 30-3 | 32-0 44-4 24-9 | 23-4 | 38-7 | 44-4 | 49-0 | 55-4 | 63-7 | 61°7 | 53-6 | 37-4 | 31-5 | 26-3 42°5 25°9 | 28-4 | 31-3 | 48-0 | 49°3 | 53-8 | 68-4 |] 61°7 | 54-1 | 44°8 | 29°6 | 27-1 43°4 13-7 | 28-2 | 31-1 | 39-3 | 51-9 | 56+1 | 62-3 | 55-7 | 51-6 | 47-4 | 34-1 | 26°6 41°5 24-5 | 25°7 | 32-4 | 42-3 | 48-2 | 55-9 | 63-8 | 60-5 | 53+4 | 42-6 | 37-0 | 22-3 42°4 14-7 | 27-5 | 33+1 | 38-9 | 48-2 | 61-7 | 59-7 | 59-5 | 55*1 | 42-9 | 32-9 | 19°6 41-2 22°3 | 20-5 | 38-3 | 47-1 | 54-6 | 56-3 | 65-8 | 59°3 | 54-5 | 44-1 | 32-8 | 29-0 43:7 20-5 | 24:5 | 36-7 | 42-1 | 48-1 | 58-3 | 64-1 | 60-4 | 50-8 | 41-9 | 27-4 | 23-8 41:6 21:0 | 31:0 ]...... 43-1 | 52-4 | 61-4 | 60-3 | 58-0 | 50-2 | 38-6 | 32:9 | 26-5 |]....... % 19-3 | 19-9 | 29-7 | 41°8 | 50+3 | 57+4 | 61-2 | 62-6 | 53-5 | 39-1 | 32°5 | 26-0 41-2 28-8 | 25°6 | 35-4 | 44-6 | 518 | 55-4 | 66-4 | 65-5 | 51°4 | 44-9 | 34-2 | 20-4 43°7 22+8 | 32°2 | 38-6 | 49-4 | 51-4 | 55-2 | 61-0 | 68-2 | 52-2 | 43-9 | 29-7 | 24-0 44-0 22-3 | 25-9 | 35-0 | 44-1 | 50-7 | 57-3 | 63-3 | 61-0 | 52°9 | 42-4 | 32-1 | 25°3 42-7 SALMON ARM—Elevation, 1,150 ft. 1893..... eacavaseil [eed aya seceseev [level chorecs 43-0 | 52-4 | 54-5 | 62-5 | 62°9 | 54-2 : 28-1 | 27+2 jf....... e 3 . 2 . 35°8 2 34°9 3 19-2 METEOROLOGICAL DATA—TEMPERATURE 585 TEMPERATURE RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year ll Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | are SALMON ARM——Continued 12-4 | 28-9 | 37-3 | 44°3 | 53-8 | 62-1 | 66-9 | 64-5 | 58-6 | 46-9 | 37-5 | 22-9 44-6 24°83 | 23-1 | 42-7 | 49-8 | 58-2 | 59-6 | 66-5 | 62-3 | 56-1 | 46-0 | 35-7 | 31-3 46°3 8-9 | 21-2 | 36-3 | 44-6 | 53-9 | 61-0 | 66-5 | 63-0 | 53-8 | 44-3 | 27-2 | 26-2 42-2 20-7 | 24-1 | 31-0 | 46-9 | 57-5 | 65-5 | 63-3 | 61-6 | 52-4 | 43-0 | 36-3 | 29-6 44-3 16-0 | 16-8 | 30°3 | 45°8 | 54-1 | 60-0 | 63-8 | 64-8 | 54-3 | 42-5 | 35-1 | 29°7 42-3 30:2 | 26-2 | 37-9 | 48-7 | 55-1 | 61-4 | 67-0 | 64-8 | 54-0 | 47-6 | 37-2 | 23-2 46-1 22°1 | 32-7 | 42-1 | 50-7 | 55-2 | 58-8 | 64-1 | 69-5 | 56-1 | 47-9 | 32-9 | 27-8 46-7 20-0 | 26-3 | 35-4 | 46-4 | 54-7 | 60-2 | 66-0 | 63-8 | 54:3 | 45-0 | 34-0 | 28-4 44:5 STEVESTON (GARRY POINT)—Elevation, 6 ft. sgéedee ha 40-5 | 39°0 | 44-9 | 50°6 | 56-8 | 61-4 | 60-1 | 52-7 | 48-0 | 33-0 | 41°7 W........ 37-2 | 38-9 | 37°5 | 47-8 | 54°2 | 58-9 | 50-8 | 62-3 | 53-3 | 48-0 | 39-5 | 39-2 48-0 *9 | 57-7 | 60°2 | 61-4 | 56-0 | 48-2 | 40°5 | 37-3 48-2 4 | 55-0 | 61-9 | 57-0 | 54-3 | 47-0 | 48-6 | 40-6 47°3 5 | 57-5 | 68:0 | 58-6 | 53-3 | 47-7 | 38-1 | 41-5 48°5 . s +7 | 54-9 | 58-3 | 60-2 | 53-1 | 51-1 | 45-0 | 38-3 47-8 35-2 | 41-9 | 42-1 | 46-0 pare 56:4 | 59-2 | 59-3 | 52-5 | 48-3 | 41-4 | 37-9 47°38 5 1 5 57*5 | 58-9 | 58-8 | 53-0 | 47-5 | 41-2 | 38-9 46°38 44-5 : 37-0 | 36-2 | 38-9 | 47-9 | 51: 55*4 | 60-0 | 58-0 | 54-1 | 49-2 | 45-8 | 40-2 47-9 36-9 | 37-1 | 45-2 | 47-6 | 52- 57-7 | 61- 58-9 | 54-7 | 43-9 | 40-9 | 39-3 48°0 38-9 | 39-6 | 41-4 | 49-0 | 52- 56°1 | 63-4 | 60-1 | 54°5 | 49-1 | 41-1 | 38-1 48-6 26°3 | 37-5 | 39-5 | 44-9 | 53-3 | 55-0 | 61-2 | 57-2 | 54-0 | 49-9 | 45-5 | 39-6 47-0 38-6 | 38-4 | 41-9 | 46-6 | 51-7 | 56-9 | 61-8 | 59-8 | 52-7 | 48-0 | 46-8 | 36-5 48-3 29°3 | 39-1 | 41-2 | 45-6 | 50-9 | 56-9 | 59-1 | 57-2 | 54-9 | 48-6 | 42-6 | 33-4 46-5 35-4 | 33-4 | 43-4 | 45-9 | 53-6 | 55-4 | 59-8 | 56-7 | 54-4 | 49-0 | 42-2 | 40-8 47-5 31-6 | 35-8 | 40-9 | 43-1 | 50-9 | 55-6 | 61-6 | 59-0 | 53-9 | 46°8 | 39-3 | 39°8 46-5 36-1 | 39-8 | 38-5 | 46-2 | 53-2 | 57-8 | 60-7 | 59-4 | 53-5 | 46-2 | 43-1 | 39-2 47°83 32:0 | 30-4 | 39-0 | 46-6 | 52-1 | 57-7 | 60-8 | 61-2 | 52-9 | 45-7 | 40-9 | 38-4 46-5 40-7 | 38-0 | 42-6 | 47-8 | 53-1 | 57-1 | 61-6 | 58-8 ae 50-6 | 43-8 | 34-2 48-5 49-7 | 40°6 | 39-2 49°83 48-2 | 42-0 | 38-7 47-7 37-2 | 41-0 | 45-3 | 50-2 | 54-2 | 59-2 | 62-2 | 63-0 35-7 | 37-8 | 41-0 | 46-5 | 52°3 | 56-7 | 60-6 | 59-4 on “ co SUMMERLAND—Elevation, 1,100 ft. L908 5 scciecicciea All | sctee ses ll erasers | eece eoe ee cere ee oe eee 69-8 | 62:2) 57-1 | 49-2 | 37°3 | 29-8 ]]..... see 1908.......... 26-6 | 26-5 | 36:3 | 47-5 | 54-4 | 63-4 | 70-8 | 67-9 | 57-1 | 45-8 | 39-9 | 25-1 46-8 1909,......... 12-4 | 30°4 | 39°5 | 44-7 | 53-6 | 62-3 | 65-9 | 65-3 | 60:9 | 46-8 | 36-3 | 23-0 45-1 1910.......... 24:0 | 21-9 | 43-6 | 49-3 | 59-0 | 59-8 | 69-5 | 63-0 | 57-2 | 46-8 | 35-8 | 30-6 46-7 1911....... ...{] 17+3 ] 23-0 | 38-3 | 44-9 | 53-1 | 62-0 | 68-7 | 65-6 | 54-6 | 46-3 | 29-0 | 27-3 44:2 1912...... 21-5 | 31:0 | 34:4 | 47-3 | 57-1 | 65-5 | 66-1 | 62-4 | 54-2 | 43-3 | 36-3 | 23-3 45-7 1913.......... 18°4 | 21-0 | 32-2 | 46-0 | 54-8 | 62-5 | 60-8 | 66-3 | 55-9 | 43-2 | 36-2 | 29-6 43-9 1914........ ..{| 30°0 | 25-5 | 38-3 | 49-2 | 56-2 | 60-0 | 69-6 | 68-6 | 54-7 | 47°8 | 37-3 | 21°5 46-5 1915..........|| 22-2 | 33-3 | 41-4 | 52-1 | 55-0 | 62-0 | 65-8 | 71-3 | 56-5 | 47-9 | 31-9 | 23-1 47°3 Means........ 21-6 | 26°6 | 38-0 | 47-6 | 55-4 | 62-2 | 67-4 | 65-9 | 56-4 | 46-3 | 35-5 | 27-1 45°8 SWANSON BAY—Elevation, near sea level segs coal [se cues [le cuartpses| | ayseanees all ances eeu a eat a 3h 58°6 | 50°4 e . 36°0 |[..... e's 31-7 | 38-3 | 39-9 | 45-9 | 53-1 : 54-0 | 53-1 | 45-2 | 35-9 | 30-3 42°3 28°8 | 37:5 | 38-0 | 44°7 | 48-2 | 55-2 | 56-2 | 54-8 | 45-3 | 37-9 | 35-1 42-3 28-9 | 35-3 | 37-1 | 45-1 | 49-9 | 59-2 | 59-5 | 54°8 | 48-6 | 35-5 | 36-1 42°83 38-3 | 39-7 | 42-9 | 51-3 | 54-8 3 | 57-3 | 54-5 +3 | 39° 37-0 46-2 34-1 | 34°9 | 40-2 | 47°3 | 56-1 |]... epee fee ede eee ef ee eee fe ee ee ete seeee 32:4 | 37-1 | 39-6 | 46-9 | 52:4 | 57-4 | 57-1 | 53-5 | 46-2 | 38-4 | 34-9 43-7 1899.......... 37-4 | 36-4 | 41-8 | 47-9 | 51°5]...... Good. Une. seccecell see al Sensis evecare lhaeaice atavl | Suet ceetas 1900 aie cisseassace 40-8 | 37-3 | 45-7 | 49-2 | 543 | 59-0 | 62-0 | 60-3 | 55-6 | 49-0 | 39°5 | 42-7 49°6 TOOL ios avarsre ote 34-2 | 38-0 | 43-0 | 45-0 | 52-9 | 55-7 | 60-7 | 62-5 | 54°3 | 53-0 | 44-4 | 37-9 48-5 1902.......05. 34-9 | 42-2 | 42-8 | 45-4 | 53-8 | 58-2 |] 62-4 | 62-6 | 54-7 | 50-4 | 40-6 | 38-1 48-7 1903.......... 38-9 | 36-0 | 39-4 | 46-4 | 52-9 | 61-3 | 62-5 | 62-3 | 54-6 | 50-3 | 41-6 | 40°7 48-9 904... cee eeee BTEC: | SGC eves esersywanll escscenze 2] suspacseasa| boace ogee anos Seaakl fie eateyee | iacer arene [ote ssa Bre Satie aie saan ate . T9055 ioc: esecssora aha [loves cise] ys ececsl| a ee 48-3 | 53-0 | 59-4 | 64-1 | 60-9 | 56-0 | 44-2 | 41-5 | 39-6 |]........ 1906........-- 38-7 | 39-8 | 42-7 | 49-8 | 53-9 | 56-9 | 66-1 | 62-3 | 55-7 | 50-2 | 40-8 | 38-6 49-6 1907......-... 27-3 | 37-6 | 39-4 | 45°6 | 55-6 | 58-9 | 63-7 | 60-7 | 57-1 | 50-4 | 44-6 | 30-4 48-3 1908....-..46 38-1 | 38°4 | 41°6 | 46-6 | 51-2 | 58-0 | 63-5 | 61-9 | 54-1 | 47-9 | 45-5 | 36-1 48-6 V9OD «6 seis caren 29-2} 39-2 | 41°4 | 45-0 | 51-4 | 58-2 | 60-5 | 59-6 | 56-5 | 49-6 | 42-4 | 33-9 47+2 VOLO. sscissee es ae 36°3 | 24-6 | 44°5 | 47-2 | 56-0 | 57-1 | 62-8 | 59-8 | 57-5 | 50-4 | 42°83 | 41-0 48°3 VODs aussese apa 32-6 | 36°6 | 42-9 | 44-9 | 52-2 | 57-2 | 64-0 | 62-0 | 56-1 | 49-8 | 39-9 | 38-7 48-1 TOE 2 ec ccna 8 aes 37-4 | 40-9 | 41-3 | 48-0 | 56-1 | 60-5 | 63-6 | 61-6 | 56-6 | 48-2 | 43-8 | 39-4 49-3 1918 ssc eee 32°5 | 36-1 | 40-1 | 48-9 | 54-2 | 59-2 | 62-9 | 62-8 | 55-5 | 47-6 | 42-4 | 40-1 48-5 1914........4. 40:5 | 38:7 | 44:9 | 50-6 | 56-4 | 58-7 | 63-5 | 61-8 | 54-8 | 52-5 | 44-5 | 36-4 50-3 TOUS ssc cage-e eas 38-2 | 42-5 | 47+7 | 52-3 | 56-2 | 60-4 | 64-7 | 65-6 | 57-9 | 50-9 | 41-7 | 39-0 51-4 Means...’..... 35-9 | 37-5 | 42-6 | 47-5 | 53-9 | 58-5 | 63-3 | 61°8 | 55-8 } 49+7 | 42-4 | 38-8 49-0 586 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION TEMPERATURE RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—Continued Year | Jan, | Feb. Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | pene) VERNON—Elevation, 1,575 ft. 21-1) 17-0 | 32°2 | 431 | 53-8 | 54-0 | 62°6 | 64-0 | 55-5 BUCS! [ace sas [eedeg 53:0 '|'33:0 38:21 48:1 '|53-1 | 59-5 | 63-7 |62-2 | 61-2 | 41-4 | 35-0 | 28-2 30-1 | 32-3 | 35-2 | 38-2 | 51-7 | 58-9 | 67-3 | 64-3 | 53-2 | 44-6 | 20-1 | 30-2 93-2 | 26-9 |......|-..-.-[e...e: 62-5 | 63-0 | 65-3 | 54:4 | 45-4 | 29-6 | 31-6 31-9 | 44-5 | 38-1 | 51-8 | 56-5 | 60-8 | 64-6 | 72-4 | 61-3 | 48-4 | 39-8 | 25-8 23-8 | 30-0 | 37-3 | 45°8 | 54:8 | 57-6 | 63-6 | 64-2 | 53-9 | 47-6 | 32-5 | 25-5 44-7 24-4 | 21-2 | 27-4 | 43-7 | 54-1 | 65-8 | 63-0 | 63-8 | 51-1 | 45-4 | 82-5 | 29-1 43:5 24-2 | 23-3 | 30-7 | 47-2 | 52-7 | 59-8 | 67-9 | 67-3 | 58-0 | 47-8 | 40-2 | 28-9 45°7 26-2 | 22-8 | 43-2 | 48-2 | 53-4 | 61-2 | 69-7 | 67-8 | 56-4 | 40-3 | 33-7 | 27-8 45°9 25-8 | 31-1 | 36-0 | 50-4 | 55-1 | 59-7 | 74:6 | 67-4 | 56-0 | 48-7 | 33-4 | 27-3 471 5-3 | 24°8 | 31-3 | 43-6 | 56°0 | 60-0 | 67-7 | 61-0 | 56-0 | 48-3 | 38-1 | 30°3 43°5 25-6 | 25-4 | 35°6 | 47-0 | 54°3 | 62-8 | 69-5 | 66-0 | 56-0 | 44°6 | 39-9 | 23-7 45-9 9-1 | 26-8 | 38°8 | 44:0 | 53-5 | 61-7 | 64:8 | 63-6 | 59-6 | 46-3 | 34-2 | 21-3 43°6 22-3 | 21-1 | 43-4 | 49°3 | 57-6 | 59-6 | 67-8 | 62-1 | 56-8 | 45-7 | 35-9 | 30-2 45°9 13°3 | 18°5 | 36-8 | 44°5 | 51-5 | 60-4 | 67-4 | 64-7 | 55-4 | 45-8 | 26-6 | 23-7 42-4 16-7 | 28-0 | 30-2 | 47-3 | 56-8 | 64-5 | 64-2 | 62°5 | 53-0 | 42-6 | 36-0 | 28°38 44°2 15-3 | 15-4 | 28-7 | 46-4 | 53-5 | 60-5 | 64-5 } 65-4 | 55-2 | 42-8 | 35-4 | 28-7 42-6 29-4 | 25-0 | 38°3 | 49-1 | 55°5 | 61-2 | 68-6 | 67-1 | 55-1 | 46-8 | 36-5 | 21-3 46-1 20-1 | 31-7 | 41°5 | 50°7 | 54°5 | 59-2 | 65-1 | 70-5 | 54-7 | 47-0 | 31-5 | 27-0 46°1 21-2 | 26-3 | 35-7 | 46-5 | 544 | 60-4 | 66-2 | 65-4 | 55-7 | 45°3 | 33-6 | 27-5 44+9 VICTORIA AND ESQUIMALT—Elevation, near sea level 35°0 | 40°0 | 45°0 | 48-0 | 50-0 | 56-0 | 57-0 | 56-0 | 53-0 |{ 46-5 | 41-3 | 40°5 47°3 36-0 | 36-0 | 42°0 | 45-0 | 53-0 | 58-0 | 57-0 | 58-0 | 53-0 | 48-2 | 41-2 | 42-0 47-4 36:3 | 34:3 | 44°6 | 46-3 | 51-7 | 55-7 | 58-3 | 57-9 | 56-0 | 48-0 | 44-3 | 41-0 47-8 39-0 | 30-4 | 41-7 | 50-0 | 53-0 | 55-7 | 58-0 | 60-0 | 52-5 | 47-0 | 45-3 | 31-0 47-0 37-4 | 44°2 | 46-1 | 47-4 |] 53-6 | 57-1 | 60-9 | 58-2 | 56-2 | 50-3 | 46-2 | 42-8 50-1 34-8 | 42-7 | 42-8 | 48-0 | 52-8 | 57-0 | 60-5 | 59-5 | 55-7 | 48-6 | 43-2 | 43-4 49-1 41-0 | 29-5 | 44-2 | 46-2 | 51-9 | 55-2 | 57-7 | 57-1 | 54-1 | 47-6 | 42-6 | 41°6 47-4 32-2 | 41-6 | 41-7-] 48-3 | 54:2 | 57-4 | 58-7 | 60-9 | 57-1 | 51-1 | 42-7 | 42-9 49-1 38-8 | 41-0 | 48-2 | 50°5 | 55-9 | 58-7 | 612 | 58-6 | 53-8 | 53-8 | 45-0 | 37-3 50-3 32°4 | 33-9 | 42-3 | 46-3 | 53-5 | 56-3 | 58-4 | 58-1 | 53-7 | 47°8 | 45+4 | 43°7 47-7 42-2 | 33-7 | 41-1 | 47-8 | 52-6 | 55-3 | 59-9 | 58-6 | 54°1 | 50°6 | 45-8 | 40-2 48°5 39-5 | 41-1 | 45°5 | 46-4 | 52-4 |] 55-5 | 57-0 | 58-8 | 54-3 | 48-9 | 43-9 | 39-2 48°6 36-0 | 34°5 | 42-7 | 44-4 | 50-9 | 54-3 | 57-6 | 57-6 | 53-2 | 47-0 | 40-0 | 42-5 46°7 37-2 | 36-9 | 40-9 | 45-0 | 50-5 | 54-8 | 58-0 | 59-0 | 53-6 | 47-3 | 44°6 | 38-4 47-2 37-3 | 42-9 | 42-5 | 46-4 | 51-7 | 55-9 | 588 | 57-5 | 51-8 | 47-7 | 43-0 | 40-1 48-0 38-2 | 41-5 | 40-6 | 45-3 | 49-7 | 55-5 | 60-3 | 58-2 | 51-4 | 48-1 | 36-8 | 42-8 47-4 38-5 | 40-1 | 37-8 | 48-0 | 53-1 | 56-4 | 57-8 | 60-1 | 53-2 | 48-0 | 40-9 | 41-0 47-9 39-0 | 43-6 | 41-7 | 47-2 | 54-7 | 57-8 | 60-3 | 61-8 | 57°5 | 49-7 | 43-5 |) 39°6 49°7 39-2 | 37-7 | 42-1 | 47-0 | 50-0 | 55-3 | 61-8 | 58-2 | 57-0 | 49-5 | 50-2 | 43-0 49-3 43°3 | 40-8 | 48-3 | 50-8 | 53-6 | 57-9 | GO-1 | 59-3 | 55-8 | 50-1 | 43-5 | 45-1 50-7 39-0 | 41-1 | 44°4 | 46-0 | 52-6 | 54-7 | 57-4 | 61-0 | 56-1 | 54-4 | 48-5 | 43-0 49°83 39-6 | 44°6 | 43-5 | 47-5 | 54-3 | 57-3 | 60-3 | 60-8 | 56°5 | 52-4 | 44-6 | 41-0 50-2 41-9 | 39-8 | 41-3 | 46-5 | 51-6 | 59-0 | 58-2 | 59-6 | 55-6 | 51-2 | 44-5 | 43-0 49°4 41-3 | 39-4 | 41-0 | 50-9 | 52-9 | 56-0 | 60-8 | 59-1 | 57-4 | 52-7 |. 49-1 | 43-8 50°3 41-0 | 41-7 | 47-9 | 50-3 | 52-6 | 56-7 | 61-2 | 59-4 | 56-3 | 47-7 | 44-8 | 42-6 50-2 41-6 | 44-0 | 44°5 | 50-9 | 54-5 | 58-5 | 65-5 | 62-3 | 56-4 | 52-0 | 44-2 | 41-2 51-3 33-3 | 41:7 | 42-4 | 48-4 | 56-0 | 59-2 | 62-9 | 60-4 | 58-4 | 51-5 | 47-4 | 42-6 50-3 41-6 | 41-0 | 43-7 | 48-5 | 52-7 | 58-7 | 62-7 | 61-0 | 53-6 | 49-3 | 47-1 | 39-8 50-0 32-5 | 41°4 | 43-7 | 45-3 | 52-2 | 58-0 | 59-6 | 59-5 | 57-1 | 50-4 | 44-2 | 36-7 48-5 38-7 | 36-7 | 46-1 | 47-6 | 548 | 57-0 | 61-3 | 59-1 | 56-6 | 50-9 | 44-0 | 42-8 49:6 36-2 | 39-0 | 43-7 | 45°5 | 52-3 | 56-3 | 62-3 | 60-2 | 55-5 | 50-1 | 42-8 | 41-4 48-8 40:6 | 43-0 | 42-6 | 48-6 | 56-0 | 59-1 | 61-9 | 59-9 | 57-2 | 48-6 | 45-3 | 41-5 50-3 36-1 | 38-4 | 41-4 | 49-0 | 53-9 | 59-8 | 61-8 | 62-6 | 56-6 | 48-8 | 44-1 | 42-8 49-6 42:1 | 42-0 | 46-9 | 50-5 | 55-9 | 55-9 | 59-7 | 59-5 | 53-6 | 52-7 | 45-0 | 39-6 50-3 40-5 | 43-3 | 49-6 ] 51-2 | 53-9 | 57-8 | 59+°9 | 62-0 | 56-5 | 51-1 | 43-3 | 41-4 50°9 38-3 | 39-5 | 43-6 | 47-7 | 53-0 1 568 | 59-8 | 595 | 55-1 | 49-7 | 44-3 | 41-2 49-0 MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURES AT SELECTED STATIONS IN THE STATES OF MONTANA, IDAHO AND WASHINGTON No. Station Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | May | June} July | Aug. | Sept. Oct. | Nov.| Dec. ae ‘ nua MONTANA 308 24+0| 24-6] 31-7} 40-8) 48-2) 55-3) 62+7| 61-2! 53-6) 44+5| 35-1) 25-5]| 42-0 309 24-5] 24-3] 30-4) 40+6) 48-4) 56+0] 63-5) 62-6) 52-9) 43-8] 34-2] 25-4]| 42-2 310. 2265] 2369] 32°7) 4360} 5le1} 57+5] 63-9] 624) 53-1) 43-1] 32-7) 24-9]| 44-4 312 | Dayton..............0+|| 23°8] 26+6) 33-9] 43-8) 51+1) 58-9] 64-9) 63-4) 54-9] 44-4] 35-0] 27°31) 4367 318 | Kalispell...........-.0- 13+6] 23+8) 33-0) 4265) 51+0| 58-0} 64-3) 629] 53-9] 4205) 32-0] 23-9]| 4107 302 | Libby ..........-20e eee 24-7] 28-4) 35-9) 46-4) 53-6) 59-2) 64-4) 65-0) 54-8) 45-5) 34-8] 27-2!) 45-0 319 | Missoula...,.......-.-+ 21-3] 24-5! 34-8] 44-9] 54-7] 60-0] 63-2) 63-2) 55-6] 44-8] 32-5] 24-3]| 43-5 320 | Ovando............+.-- 16-2] 18-2] 28-4] 39-2) 47-7] 54-4] 60:1] 58-2] 50-3] 40-6] 29-5] 19-9]] 36-1 321 | Philipsburg ............ 22-6] 24-1! 31-6] 42-2] 47-8] 55-0] 61-8] 60-5} 53-1) 43-5] 33-5] 24-9]| 41-7 899. | Plains ycxnsxee saved sche 8 26-5] 27+1| 36-6] 45-0] 52+2] 58-4] 6868] 64-0] 5565] 45-8] 35¢8] 2707|| 4503 METEOROLOGICAL DATA—TEMPERATURE 587 MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURES AT SELECTED STATIONS IN THE STATES OF MONTANA, IDAHO AND WASHINGTON—Continued No. on Station Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept.| Oct. | Nov.| Deo. An- map nual IDAHO 372 | Coeur d’Alene..... oneness 26+5| 29-6) 38-6| 47-3] 55-3) 60+8) 67+2/ 67¢3) 5669) 47+3] 36-6| 31+4)| 47-0 374 | Kellogg............-++.|| 263] 30¢5] 38-7] 45-6] 51¢9) 58+5) 65-0] 6268] 5562) 4663] 36+7| 28+6]| 45-5 375 | Lewiston............ «..|| 34¢5] 3662) 44-0] 52¢9) 60+8) 69-1} 73-6] 73-5] 6365) 51+8] 40-9) 37+5)| 5362 376 | Moscow................|| 28°9] 31*5] 37-9] 461] 52+8] 587] 66+5| 65+7| 57+1| 48-6] 37+8] 31+2|| 46+9 BOL 1 Portiills ccasgacesaaas 23-4] 27+1] 35-0] 45+71 53+8] 59°21 657! 638) 53-61 45-1] 33+8] 28-Oll 4405 EASTERN WASHINGTON 336 | Colville.............4-. 21°6; 27¢5| 36+8] 47+0/ 55+1) 62+2/ 67+7| 65+3) 5664) 45+2) 3368) 2667|| 4504 337 | Conconully......... oeee{| 2104) 257) 3604! 466) 54-2) 60+0} 66+3] 64+3] 5601] 476) 3406] 2604)/ 4469 339 | Lakeside............... 252] 29-6] 40-1] 50-6] 58+5) 65+4! 7267) 72+0) 61+9] 508) 38-0) 29+8]| 49+6 345 | Spokane................ 26°7| 30+1] 38+9] 47+7| 56-1] 634] 688] 67-9} 58+8) 47+3] 37¢3} 30-81) 47°68 346 DDUE 365 stevere eeveg weston 22441 273] 37+7] 46°31 53-2] 59+0| 64¢8| 63-6] 56+2| 46-9] 35-6] 27+4)] 45-0 WESTERN WASHINGTON / 350 37+7| 40¢7| 46+3) 5263) 57+4| 60+7| 597) 54¢3) 4801! 41+3] 37¢9|| 47¢6 354 40¢4| 4363) 47+8] 52¢8) 56+6) 59+4) 59-1] 55+5) 49¢9) 44-4) 4167|| 4961 355 40-2) 44-3] 48-8] 54-6] 59-1) 63-0) 62-6] 56-9) 50+7|) 44+4] 40+8]] 5003 358 37-2) 40+5| 4467) 49-1] 53-4] 5663) 56+2) 525) 474] 423] 38¢3]| 4602 360 40-5) 44°2] 494) 55-0) 60-1) 63+5) 6361] 57+9} 50+8) 44+5) 41¢2/] 5008 362 | Snohomish.............. 37-9] 40¢5] 43°7| 494] 5467] 59¢1) 62-6) 6261} 57°5] 513] 44¢4] 40-0]| 5063 363 | Tacoma..............+..|| 38¢1| 40¢4] 44+2] 48-9] 545} 59-4) 63-4) 63-0) 57-6] 506] 44¢1} 40¢3]| 5004 364 | Tatoosh Is.............. 41+7| 41+0} 42+9| 46-1] 49+6] 53-0] 55-1] 55+2| 530} 49-9] 45-9] 43-9]] 48e1 Note.—The numbers in the first column correspond to the numbers on the Precipitation map and to the numbers on the List of Precipitation Stations. : APPENDIX I Hydraulic Conversion Tables and Convenient Equivalents DEFINITION OF TERMS HE water flowing in a stream is frequently termed the ‘run-off’ or ‘dis- charge.’ Its volume is expressed in various units, each of which has be- -come especially associated with a certain class of work. These units may be grouped into two main divisions : (1) Those which represent a rate of flow, as miner’s inch, gallons per minute, cubic feet per second and discharge in cubic feet per second per square mile, and (2) those which represent the actual quantity of water, as cubic feet, run-off depth in inches and acre-feet. The miner’s inch, as its name implies, is a unit which was first employed in the Western States in connection with early measurements of water for mining purposes, and, fundamentally, is the rate of discharge per square inch of area of water discharging through a rectangular orifice under a head which is differ- ently specified in various localities. The miner’s inch, where still employed, is now usually defined by law and expressed in its equivalent of cubic feet per second. See brief statement respecting miner’s inch at end of this appendix. Gallons per minute and millions of gallons are units generally used in connec- tion with domestic and municipal water supply, consumption being expressed in gallons per capita, while pumps, etc., are rated in terms of gallons per minute. The units now most generally employed in connection with power and irrigation investigations are second-feet, second-feet per square mile, run-off depth in inches and acre-feet. Second-foot—an abbreviation for cubic foot per second (c.f.s.)—is the rate of discharge of water flowing in a channel of one square foot in area at a velocity of 1 foot per second. Second-feet per square mile is the number of cubic feet of water flowing per second from each square mile of area drained, on the assumption that the run- off is distributed uniformly both as regards time and area. Run-off depth in inches is the depth to which a drainage area would be covered if all the water flowing from it in a given period were conserved and uniformly distributed over the area. It is used for comparing run-off with precipitation, which latter is usually expressed in depth in inches. Acre-foot is the quantity required to cover an acre to the depth of 1 foot, and is equivalent to 43,560 cubic feet. It is a common unit of measurement of quantity, and is generally used in connection with storage. CONVENIENT EQUIVALENTS 589 CONVENIENT EQUIVALENTS * LENGTH 1 inch=0-083 foot =2-54 centimetres. 1 foot=12 inches=0-3048 metre. 1 yard = 36 inches=0-9144 metre. 1 statute mile = 63,360 inches=5,280 feet =1,760 yards =80 chains = 1,609 -35 metres = 1 -60935 kilometres. 1 metre = 39-37 inches =3 -2808 feet =1-094 yards. 1 kilometre = 3,281 feet = 1,094 yards =0-6214 mile=five-eighths mile, nearly. SURFACE 1 square inch = 0.006944 square foot = 6 -4516 square centimetres. 1 square foot = 144 square inches = 929 .03 square centimetres. 1 square yard =9 square feet = 0-000207 acre =0-8361 square metre. 1 acre=43,560 square feet =4,840 square yards=4,046-87 square metres= 0.404687 hectare = 209 feet square, nearly. 1 square mile=27,878,400 square feet =3,097,600 square yards=640 acres =about 2-59 square kilometres. 1 square metre = 1,550 square inches = 10-764 square feet = 1 -1956 square yards. 1 hectare=2-471 acres. 1 square kilometre = 100 hectares = 247 acres =0-3861 square miles. VOLUME 1 cubic inch = 16-3872 cubic centimetres. 1 cubic inch of water=0-0036 imperial gallon=0-0043 U. S. gallon, weighs 0-3613 lb. 1 cubic foot =0-028317 cubic metre = 28 -317 litres. 1 cubic foot of water = 6-24 imperial gallons =7 -.48 U.S. gallons. 1 cubic foot of distilled water weighs 62-425 lbs. (at maximum density at 39 .2°F.); 62-367 lbs. (at 60°F.). Surface or river water is slightly heavier, and, for ordinary computations, the weight of fresh water may be taken at 62-5 lbs., or 1,000 ozs., per cubic foot. Sea water weighs about 64-1 lbs. per cubic foot. 1 cubic yard =0 -76456 cubic metre. 1 acre-foot = 43,560 cubic feet = 271,472 imperial gallons = 325,850 U. S. gallons. 1 cubic metre, stere, or kilolitre=35-3145 cubic feet =1-30794 cubic yards= 220-36 imperial gallons = 264-17 U. S. gallons of water; weight, 2,204 -7 lbs. 1 British imperial gallon =277 .274 cubic inches =0-16046 cubic foot =10 lbs. of water = 1-2003 U. S. gallons =4.-5435 litres. 1 United States gallon=231 cubic inches=0-1337 cubic foot =8-355 lbs. of water =0-8331 imperial gallon =3 -7854 litres. * In this table of equivalents, as a rule, only those units of the metric system which correspond to the British units here recorded are given. Others may readily be deduced by moving the decimal point. Thus a movement of the decimal point converts 0-404687 hectare here given as the equivalent of one acre, into 4046-87 square metres or 0-00404687 square kilometres. Also, in order to facilitate reference to the table of equivalents and to reduce its size, many of the less useful and more easily deduced equivalents are omitted ; thus, the fact that 1 square inch equals 0-006944 square foot is given, but the corresponding equivalents of 0-0007716 square yard, 00000001594 acre and 0-0000000002491 square mile are omitted. 590 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION WEIGHT 1 pound avoirdupois (Ib.) = 7,000 grains = 0 -4536 kilogram. 1ton (long)=2,240 Ibs.=1-.12 short tons=1,016-0475 kilograms =1-016 metric tons. 1 ton (short) = 2,000 lbs. = 0-89287 long ton=907 .2 kilograms =0 -9072 metric ton. é 1 kilogram = 2 -2046 lbs. 1 tonneau (metric ton)=2,205 lbs.=1-1023 short tons=0-9842 Jong ton =1,000 kilograms. 1 ton of water (2,240 Ibs.) =35 -9 cubic feet = 224 imperial gallons. PRESSURE 1 pound per square inch=0-07031 kilograms per square centimetre = 2-307 feet of water = 2-035 inches of mercury. 1 metric ton (tonneau) per square metre = 204-8 lbs. per square foot. . 1 foot head of water = 62 -43 lbs. per square foot = 0 -4335 lbs. per square inch. 1 atmosphere=14-7 pounds per square inch=about 1 ton per square foot =about 1 kilogram per square centimetre. VELOCITY 1 foot per second =0-6818 mile per hour= 1-097 kilometres per hour. 1 mile per hour =88 feet per minute = 1-467 feet per second =1-609 kilometres per hour. Miles Feet Miles Feet Feet Miles Feet Miles per per per per per per per per hour second hour second second hour second hour 1 1-467 6 8-800 1 0-682 6 4-091 2 2-933 7 10-267 2 1-364 7 4-773 3 4-400 8 11-733 3 2-045 8 5-455 4 5-867 9 13-200 4 2-727 9 6-136 5 7-333 10 14-667 5 3-409 10 6-818 Acceleration due to gravity =32-191374 feet per second, per second, at Green- wich. Theoretical velocity (V) due to head (h), V=V2gh=8 .025V h. Note: A stone dropped from a height falls approximately 16 feet in one second, 64 feet in two seconds, 145 feet in three seconds, 250 feet in four seconds and 400 feet in five seconds from the time of its release. When the fall of a stone can be observed, this is sometimes useful in obtaining an approximate idea of the height of a direct fall or cliff. Velocity of sound in dry air=1,090V1+0-00367t°C. feet per second. (At temperature of 60°F. =about 1,120 feet per second) POWER 1 horsepower =550 foot-lbs. per second =33,000 foot-lbs. per minute =76-04 kilogram-metres per second =745-65 watts=0-74565 kilowatts =42-416 British thermal units per minute =2,545 B.t.u. per hour =1-01387 horse- power (metric). 1 horsepower (metric) =75 kilogram metres per second =32,550 foot-lbs. per minute =735-5 watts =0-9863 horsepower. CONVENIENT EQUIVALENTS 591 1 kilowatt =44,256-7 foot-lbs. per minute=1.3597 horsepower (metric) = 1-3411 horsepower (about 14 horsepower) =3,413 British thermal units per hour. 1 second-foot falling 8-81 feet =1 horsepower. 1 second-foot falling 10 feet =1-135 horsepower. 1 second-foot falling 11 feet = 1 horsepower, 80 per cent efficiency. Note: Tocalculate approximate horsepower quickly : Second-feet x fallin feet | ( net horsepower on waterwheels 11 ~ | realizing 80 per cent of theoretical power. 1 British thermal unit=778 foot-lbs. This is frequently termed Joule’s equivalent. FLOW AND STORAGE OF WATER 1 second-foot =1 cubic foot per second=0-02832 cubic metre per second =1-699 cubic metres per minute=35.-.7143 British Columbia miner’s inches =6-2321 imperial gallons per second =538,472 imperial gallons per day=7-48 U.S. gallons per second =646,317 U. S. gallons per day =0-9917 acre-inch per hour (about 1 acre-inch per hour). 1 cubic metre per second =35 -31 second-feet. 1 cubic metre per minute =0-5886 second-feet. 1 miner’s inch in British Columbia =0-028 second-feet =1-68 cubic feet per minute =0-1745 imperial gallon per second. 100 British Columbia miner’s inches =2-8 second-feet = 17-45 imperial gallons per second. 100 British imperial gallons per minute =0-268 second-foot. 100 United States gallons per minute =0-223 second-foot. 1,000,000 British imperial gallons per day (24 hours) = 1-86 second-feet. 1,000,000 United States gallons per day (24 hours) =1-55 second-feet. 1 acre-foot =a depth of 1 foot over 1 acre =43,560 cubic feet = 1,613 cubic yards =1,233 cubic metres =271,472 imperial gallons =325,850 U.S. gallons = 0.50416 second-foot for 1 day. 2 acre-feet stored water will maintain a flow of about 1 second-foot for 1 day. 1,000,000 British imperial gallons =3 -68 acre-feet. 1,000,000 United States gallons =3-07 acre-feet. 1,000,000 cubic feet = 22-95 acre-feet. 1 second-foot for 1 day =86,400 cubic feet =1-9835 acre-feet and covers 1 square mile 0-03719 inch deep. 1 second-foot for one 28-day month=55.-54 acre-feet and covers 1 square mile 1-041 inches deep. 1 second-foot for one 29-day month = 57-52 acre-feet and covers 1 square mile 1-079 inches deep. 1 second-foot for one 30-day month =59-50 acre-feet and covers 1 square niile 1-116 inches deep. 1 second-foot for one 31-day month=61-49 acre-feet and covers 1 square mile 1-153 inches deep. 1 second-foot for 1 year (365 days) =31,536,000 cubic feet =724 acre-feet and covers 1 square mile 1-1312 feet or 13 -572 inches deep. linch deep on 1 square mile=2,323,200 cubic feet =0-0737 second-foot for one year. 1 foot does on 1 square mile = 27,878,400 cubic feet = 0-88 second-foot for one year. 1,000,000,000 (1 U.S. billion) cubic feet = 11,570 second-feet for 1 day. 1,000,000,000 cubic feet =413 second-feet for one 28-day month. 592 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 1,000,000,000 cubic feet = 399 second-feet for one 29-day month. 1,000,000,000 cubic feet = 386 second-feet for one 30-day month. 1,000,000,000 cubic feet =373 second-feet for one 31-day month. 100 British imperial gallons per minute for 1 day =0 -530 acre-foot. 100 United States gallons per minute for 1 day =0 -442 acre-foot. 100 British Columbia miner’s inches for 1 day =5 -554 acre-feet. MAP SCALES Miles to Inches to Inches to Miles to linch 1 mile Scale Scale 1 mile 1 inch 100 = 0-01000 = 1 : 6,336,000 1:1,125,000 = 0-05632 = 17-75565 50 = 0-02000 = 1 : 3,168,000 1 : 1,000,000 = 0-06336 = 15-78282 35 = 0-02857 = 1 : 2,217,600 1: 500,000 = 0-12672 = 7-89141 30 = 0-03333 = 1 : 1,900,800 1: 250,000 = 0-25344 = 3-94570 20 = 0-05000 = 1 : 1,267,200 1: 125,000 = 0-50688 = 1-97285 12 = 0-08333 = 1: 760,320 1: 90,000 = 0-70400 = 1-42046 10 = 0-:10000 = 1: 633,600 1: 62,500 = 1-01376 = 0-98642 8 = 0-12500 = 1: 506,880 1: 45,000 = 1-40800 = 0-71023 5 = 0-20000 = 1: 316,800 1: 30,000 = 2-11200 = 0-47349 4 = 0-25000 = 1: 253,440 1: 24,000 = 2-64000 = 0-37878 3 = 0-33333 = 1: 190,080 2 = 0-50000 = 1: 126,720 1 = 1-00000 = 1: 63,360 %=2-00000 = 1: 31,680 ¥% = 6-00000 = 1: 10,560 PLANIMETER MEASUREMENTS OF AREAS The following table of areas of quadrilaterals for latitudes of British Colum- bia will be of assistance in measuring drainage areas from maps by means of planimeter.* Middle Area Middle Area Middle Area Middle Area latitude in latitude in latitude. in latitude in of quad- square of quad- square of quad- square of quad- square tilateral miles rilateral miles trilateral miles trilateral miles AREAS OF QUADRILATERALS OF EARTH’S SURFACE OF 1° EXTENT IN LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE ° ‘ [-} t ° t ° ’ 48 30 3,173 51 30 2,983 54 30 2,785 57 30 2,578 49 30 3,111 52 30 2,918 55 30 2,717 58 30 2,508 50 30 3,047 53 30 2,852 56 30 2,648 59 30. 2,436 * For more extensive tables consult, ‘Geographic Tables and Formulas,’ compiled by Samuel S. Gannett, in U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin No. 214. Note—Considerable time may be saved by calibrating the planimeter directly from the map upon which the area is to be measured. By doing this, errors due to shrinkage or stretch of paper, and any instrumental ‘constant’ are eliminated. The calibration is made by noting the revolutions of the planimeter wheel, when measuring an area of known extent, such as a quadri- lateral of the earth’s surface. From this procedure may be ascertained the amount of revolution of the planimeter wheel corresponding, respectively, to unit areas at given latitudes. Whena large number of areas are to be measured from the same map it may be more convenient to set the planimeter to record areas directly in square miles or in acres, as the case may be, or in some simple multiple or fraction of these units. The operator, dependent upon the accuracy demand- ed and upon the scale and extent of the map, may require to re-set fie instrument for various portions of the map. Ifa record is kept of such settings of the planimeter it will expedite the adjustment of the instrument for measuring drainage areas at subsequent dates, or on other maps of the same scale. The setting of the planimeter should always be checked by measuring a quadrilateral, CONVENIENT EQUIVALENTS 593 AREAS OF QUADRILATERALS OF EarTH’s SURFACE OF 30’ EXTENT IN LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE ° , ° 7 ° 7 ° 7 48 15 797-1 St. 15 749-8 54 15 700-4 S75 648-9 48 45 789-4 51 45 741-7 54 45 691-9 57 45 640-2 49 15 781-6 a2 45 733-6 55 15 683-4 58 15 631-4 49 45 7713-7 52 45 725-4 55 45 674-9 58 45 622-5 50. 15 765-8 53 15 717-1 56 15 666-3 59 15 613-6 50. 45 757-9 53. 45 708-8 56 45 657-6 59 45 604-6 AREAS OF QUADRILATERALS OF EARTH’S SURFACE OF 15’ EXTENT IN LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE ° # wy [-} / a ° , wy ° ie “ 48 07 30 | 199-76 5107 30} 187-96 54 07 30 | 175-62 57 07 30 | 162-78 48 22 30 | 198-80 51 22 30 | 186-95 54 22 30) 174-57 57 22 30 | 161-68 48 37 30 | 197-83 $1 37 30 | 185-94 54 37 30 | 173-51 57 37 30} 160-59 48 52 30 | 196-86 51.52 30] 184-92 54 52 30 | 172-46 57 52 30} 159-49 49 07 30} 195-89 52 07 30 | 183-90 55 07 30 | 171-39 58 07 30} 158-39 49 22 30 | 194-91 52 22 30] 182-88 55 22 30] 170-33 58 22 30} 157-29 49 37 30 | 193-93 52 37 30 | 181-85 55 37 30 | 169-26 58 37 30} 156-16 49 52 30} 192-94 52 52 30 | 180-82 55 52 30 | 168-19 58 52 30 | 155-07 50 07 30 | 191-95 53 07 30 | 179-79 56 07 30} 167-11 59 07 30} 153-96 50 22 30] 190-96 53 22 30 178-75 56 22 30 166-03 59 22°30] 152-84 50 37 30 | 189-96 53 37 30 | 177-71 56 37 30 | 164-95 59 37 30} 151-72 50 52 30 | 188-96 53 52 30 | 176-67 56 52 30 | 163-87 59 52 30} 150-60 ° 7 ° 7 ° y | ° 7 50 05 85-39 53 05 79-98 56 05 74-35 59 05 68-51 530. 15 85-09 53 15 79-68 56 15 74-03 59 15 68-18 50 25 84-80 53 25 79-37 56 25 73-71 59 25 67-84 50 35 84-50 53. 35 79-06 56 35 73-39 59 35 67-51 50 45 84-21 53 45 78-75 56 45 73-07 59 45 67-18 50.55 83-91 53. 55 78-44 56 55 72-75 59 55 66-85 MINER’s INCH The ‘miner’s inch’ of water, as a unit for the measurement of quantity, has been used from the earliest days of hydraulic mining in the state of Califor- nia. This unit, while still extensively employed, is, nevertheless, rapidly be- ing superseded by the more modern units of the ‘second-foot’ and the ‘acre- foot.’ Owing, however, to the fact that the miner’s inch has been employed in specifying the quantity of water in many of the early water patents or water records in British Columbia and in adjoining portions of the United States, it is desirable, here, to refer to the miner’s inch somewhat at length. This is 594 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION more especially desirable because relatively little information has been as- sembled upon this subject.* As just intimated, the quantity of water corresponding to the miner’s inch varies substantially for different districts, owing to the fact that both sizes of apertures and heads of discharge at measuring orifices vary. The aperture through which the water was measured for a miner’s inch was gen- erally rectangular in shape, from 1 to 12 inches high, and sometimes several feet in length. There was no uniformity in the thickness of the. wall—usually of lumber—through which the aperture was made. Sometimes, its edges were square; sometimes, they were chamfered;and, sometimes, one or more edges would be chamfered while the other edges would be square. The head, or depth of water over the orifice, varied in different localities from 4% to 12 inches above the centre of the aperture. By way of illustration, in Sierra county, California, the miners operating along the Yuba river adopted a module 4 inches high with a head of 9 inches above the centre of the orifice. The bottom of the aperture was at the bottom of the box. Such an aperture 4 inches high, 50 inches wide, and with a head of 9 inches above the centre of orifice was considered as delivering 1,000 inches. This measurement came to be known as the Smartsville inch, and has been estimated to be 0-0299 cubic foot per second. In Stanislaus, Calaveras and Nevada counties, the module was 2 inches high in a 3-inch plank, with the outer edge chamfered, the head being 7 inches above the centre of the opening. Again, in Colorado the miner’s inch, as early used, was the equivalent of about one-fiftieth of a cubic foot of water pe: second. Mr. John Field, State Engineer of Colorado, who is familiar with early western mining practice, expresses the view that the ‘inch’ originally was independent either of orifice or of the head upon it, but related to the cross-section of the open flumes, ditches, and sluice boxes through which the water was conveyed. Thus, in a letter, Mr. Field states: ‘The inch referred to was the cross-section of the conduit and prac- tically disregarded velocity. As you are probably aware, the average velocity of 3 feet per second is about as much as excavations in earth will stand. Assuming that this average maximum velocity was given to the ditches, we find that the cross-section expressed in inches gives results in an inch of cross-section discharging 1-48th of a cubic foot per second. For the purpose of mental calculation it is readily seen that this would be assumed by the miners to be 1-50th of a cubic foot per second. I think this the much more reasonable explanation of why 1-50th of a cubic foot per second is taken as equal to an inch than on the theory that a certain “‘head’’ was assumed.’ * This statement is based upon communications to Arthur V. White, Toronto, received through the courtesy of the State Engineers of California, Oregon, Montana, Idaho, Washington, etc., and from the United States Geological Survey. Consult Report of the Director of the Mint upon the Statistics of the Production of the Precious Metals in the United States, Washington, 1882, pages 645-6, being Executive House Document No. 216, 47th Cong., 1st Sess., containing article credited to the New York Mining Record. For references to miner’s inch consult, also, Trans- actions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. VII, page 373 ; Vol. XV, page 349; Vol. XVI, page 135. An early use of the term ‘inch’ as a unit of water measurement appears in Lardner, Handbook of Natural Philosophy—Hydrostatics—1858, page 238 ; compare definitions ‘Inch’ in Murray’s New English Dictionary on Philological Principles. CONVENIENT EQUIVALENTS £95 Subsequently, when irrigation ditches were constructed in Colorado on the more level lands, they were usually larger and deeper, and, as a consequence, the service boxes inserted in the b~.nks of the ditch were at a greater depth below the surface, thus discharging a greater quantity of water per inch of discharge area. This subject, subsequent to 1883, was investigated by the second State Engin:er, with the result that 38-4 inciies was declared equal to 1 cubic foot per second. The Legislature attempted to make this unit the legal standard.* The second-foot is now the commonly accepted general standard in Col- orado, and the units of conversion are, for the ‘miner’s inch’, 50; and, for the ‘statutory inch’, 38-4 inches per second-foot, respectively. In the delivery of water by the inch, there is a wide diversity of custom. In some districts, the price charged is by the inch, running continuously for 2 hours;, in others, 16-hour, 12-hour, or even 10-hour run obtains, each period being usually designated as a day. The miner’s inch and its respective equivalent in certain states may very briefly be referred to as follows : California—The State Legislature of California, by an Act, chap. CCXXII, approved March 23, 1901, intituled An Act fixing and defining a miner’s inch of water, enacted as follows : ‘Section 1. The standard miner’s inch of water shall be equivalent or equal to one and one-half cubic feet of water per minute measured through any aperture or orifice.’ Bearing in mind the fact that one and one-half cubic feet per minute is 0-025 cubic feet per second, Mr. P. W. Norley, Assistant State Engineer, states: ‘This statute creates an anomalous condition in that, under the Civil Code, sec. 1,415,f an app-opriator must describe his appropriation as so many inches under a 4-inch pressure and mounting to 0-20 second-feet to the inch, and, if he sells the water by the inch, must deliver 0-025 second-feet to the inch. In most irrigated sections, where water is sold by the inch, the old standard is adherred to.’ Oregon—In Oregon, there is no statute defining a miner’s inch or specify- ing how the same shall be measured, but it has generally been accepted, and so held in Oregon Court decisions, that a miner’s inch shall be equal to one- fortieth of a cubic foot per second. Acts were passed in 1891 and in 1899, one referring to diversion of water for general use and for irrigation, and the other to power (see sections 6,528 and 6,555 of Lord’s Oregon Laws) which made some attempt to define the measurement of water by the miner’s inch. These laws, however, neither definitely specified quantity of water nor rate of flow. Considerable confusion arose and both Acts were repealed in 1913 by chap. 86, Session Laws of 1913. *See Colorado Statutes Annotated, by R.S. Morrison and Emilio D. DeSoto, 1912, section 7026; or Mills’ Annotated Statutes, section 4643 ; see also Act of 1874, p. 309, sec. 3, amending Act of 1864, p. 149, sec. 3; also R.S. 1868, p. 638 ; G.L. 1877, PP. 936, 927, sec. 2, 779 ; G.S. 1883, p. 1,015, sec. 3,472. t Consult the Civil Code of the State of California; adopted March 21, 1872, with amendments up to and including those of the forty-first.session of the Legislature, 1915, edited by James H. Deering, section 1,415. 596 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Montana—In 1899, the second-foot was made the legal unit of measure- ment by An Act establishing a Standard of Measurement of Water, approved March 3, 1899. Section 1 of this Act provided that : ‘Hereafter a cubic foot of water (7-48 gallons) per second of time shall be the legal standard for the measurement of water in this state.’ Section 2 provided : ‘Where water rights expressed in miner’s inches have been granted, one hundred miner’s inches shall be considered equivalent to a flow of two and one-half cubic feet (18-7 gallons) per second ; two hundred miner’s inches shall be considered equivalent to a flow of five cubic feet (37-4 gallons per second) and this pro- portion shall be observed in determining the equivalent flow represented by any number of miner’s inches.’ * Idaho—In this state, also, the second-foot is the legal unit of measure- ment. But the miner’s inch has not a legal status, although 50 miner’s inches, as measured under a 4-inch pressure, have been regarded as practically the equivalent of a second-foot. The second-foot was made the legal unit by an Act approved Feb. 25, 1899. Section 1 states :f ‘A cubic foot of water per second of time shall be the legal standard for the measurement of water in this state.’ Chapter 37 of the Idaho Sessional Laws of 1913 provides that: ‘When- ever it is desired to appropriate and store flood or winter-flow waters, the appli- cant shall specify in acre feet the quantity of such flood or winter-flow waters which he intends to store.’ In other words, for normal-flow waters, by direct appropriation, the unit is the second-foot, and, for storage waters, the unit is the acre-foot. Washington—In this state the miner’s inch has no legal standing, although the civil engineers of the state recognize the miner’s inch as the equivalent of one-fortieth of a cubic foot per second. The legal unit of measurement for flowing water is the cubic foot per second. This was established by statute approved March 26, 1890.t British Columbia—The various steps in the evolution of the method of measuring the miner’s inch in this province have been given in Chapter III dealing with ‘Water Legislation in British Columbia.’ See the references to the Rules and Regulations of 1860; to the Gold Mining Ordinance of 1865 ; to the Land Amendment Act of 1882 (chap. 6), and to the Land Amendment Act of 1886 (chap. 10). Under the Water Clauses Consolida- tion Act of 1897, applicants for water privileges were required to state in their applications ‘the number of inches of water applied for.’ In Sec. 143 of this Act, rules are given for the measuring of the miner’s inch and are similar to those given in the Land Amendment Act of 1886. It is also stated that ‘In cubic measurement, one inch of water shall mean a flow of water equal to 1°68 cubic feet per minute.’ By the Water Act, 1909, the second- foot was made the unit of measurement of flowing water and the acre-foot the *See Day’s Revised Codes of Montana, 1907, secs. 4,854 and 4,855. For concise description of measuring device, consult Civil Code of Montana, sec. 1,893 of Title VIII, Part IV, Division II. t Consult Statutes of 1899, also the Revised Codes of Idaho, 1908, sec. 3,241. tSee Remington and Ballinger’s Annotated Codes and Statutes of Washington, sec. 6,315 26 Wash., 450, also 26 Wash., 439. . CONVENIENT EQUIVALENTS 597 unit of measurement of quantity, and applicants had to specify the quantity of water applied for. By the Amending Act of 1912, applicants could state this quantity in miner’s inches, or gallons per day, as well as in second-feet or acre- feet. Under the Water Act, 1914, applicants for a water record may describe the quantity required in second-feet, acre-feet, gallons per day or miner’s inches, and, in the interpretation section, the miner’s inch is defined as 0°028 cubic foot per second. This corresponds to the 1-68 cubic feet per minute mentioned above. APPENDIX II Bench Marks List of bench-marks, for reference for tide levels, established by the Tidal and Current Surveys of Canada, or by the Admiralty Surveyors, on Vancouver Island and the Mainland Pacific Coast, British Columbia.* Consult ‘Tides on Pacific Coast,’ chapter IX. On VANCOUVER IsLaND—EasT Coast Sidney—B.M.; near the foot of Beacon street. The top of a brass bolt drilled vertically into the granite rock on the north side of the Government ‘ wharf, at 143 feet from.the outer abutment of the wharf, and 11% feet from the side of the wharf. It is about 31% feet below extreme high water. Tod Inlet—B.M.; the top of an iron bolt set vertically at 2 ft. 3 in. east from the side of the door of the steam turbine house of the Vancouver Port- land Cement Co. Cowichan—B.M.; the Admiralty bench-mark here is a broad arrow cut on a large rock, about 75 feet west of the shore end of the wharf at Cowichan. Nanaimo—The Admiralty chart survey was made by Commander M. H. Smyth, R.N., i: 1899. The note regarding datum on chart of Nanaimo harbour, No. 573, is as follows: ‘The datum to which the soundings are reduced is 18-6 feet below the summit of the masonry beacon on Beacon rock, which corresponds to ten feet below a mark (10) cut in the per- pendicular rock surface close to the small landing stage on the north side of the peninsula fronting the town, and adjoining the ballast wharf.’ This mark was used for reference in the dredging operations in the harbour, carricd out by the government. The beacon referred to, is a truncated cone of concrete and iron, and its surface is rough and somewhat rounded. The mark on the rock should give a more definite elevation ; but, after careful search in 1905, it could not be found, owing to the vagueness of the description. The mark is within the range of the tide, and the rocks are grown over with barnacles, which were cleaned off in several places in the endeavour to find the mark. Comox—Chart name, Port Augusta. The chart survey was made by Com- mander M. H. Smyth, R.N., in 1898, and the bench-mark at Comox serves to define the datum for the whole extent of Baynes sound. * Most of these bench-marks are from a manuscript list supplied by the courtesy of Dr. W. Bell Dawson, Superintendent of Tidal and Current Surveys. For fuller reference to bench- marks at Nanaimo, Comox, Hardy Bay, Banfield and Port Simpson, see pages 14-17 of Tide Levels and Datum Planes on the Pacific Coast of Canada, by W. Bell Dawson, Sessional Paper No. 21c, 5-6 Ed. VII., Department of Marine and Fisheries, Ottawa, 1906. BENCH MARKS 599 The note on the general chart of Baynes sound is as follows :—‘The soundings are reduced to 23°9 feet below the level of the slab at Goose Spit Magnetic Observation spot.’ This spot is marked by a triangle on the charts of Baynes sound and Comox, Nos. 333 and 3,127. The Magnetic Observation spot is on the northwest shore of Goose spit, in the second small bay west of the Admiralty building and wharf. It is between the last two rifle butts towards the southwest end of the spit, and ten feet back from the edge of a low bank running along the beach. It consists of a cement slab, about 16 inches square, set level with the sur- face of the sandy ground. It is marked: Mag. Obsy., Egeria, 1898, in letters of lead letintotheslab. Its level is about ten feet above high water mark. There is another Observation spot, for latitude and longitude, which is farther to the south-west and farther back from the shore. Itisasimilar slab of cement ; but it is a few inches above the ground, is differently marked, and cannot be mistaken for this one. Salmon River ; Johnstone Straitt—B.M.; a bolt drilled horizontally into the rock on the shore facing the wharf ; at 42 feet south from the third face- pile from the inside corner of the wharf. Hardy Bay, V.I—B.M.; copper bolt, 134 inches diameter, drilled into the rock on the north side of the Government wharf. It is 58 feet from the first pile bent of the wharf at the shore end, and 8 feet from the side of the wharf. It is about two feet below extreme high water. On VANCOUVER IsLAND-—-WEsT Coast Banfield, Barclay Sound—B.M.; brass bolt drilled into the rock at 20 feet from the southeast corner of the wharf ; about the level of high water. Port Alberni—B.M.; brass bolt set at an angle in the slaty rock on the shore, at 48 feet from the eastern corner of the wharf, and 83 feet from the front of Mr. Waterhouse’s store. It is about 4 feet below extreme high water. B.M.; on the concrete foundation of the boiler in Mr. Bird’s saw- mill, near the most westerly corner; the surface of the concrete at'a point marked by a vertical groove in the brickwork above. Tofino, Clayoquot Sound—B.M.; brass bolt drilled into the rock at 2314 feet eastward from the remains of the old wharf. It is about the level of high water. B.M.; on the door-sill in the foundation of life-boat station, at the west side and close to the door-jam. ON MAINLAND COAST Squamish, Head of Howe Sound—B.M.; broad arrow made of sheet metal on the top of the cap of the P.G.E. Railway wharf; directly over the eighth pile from the outer corner of the wharf on the west side. 600 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Lund—B.M.; brass bolt set vertically into granite rock at 12 feet from the west side of Thulin Bros.’ rear storehouse at the end of their wharf. It is about the level of extreme high water. Bute Inlet (at the head)—B.M.; brass bolt set vertically into granite rock about 500 feet southwest along the shore from the only stream running down the cliff near the mouth of the Homathko river. It is about 2 feet below high water at spring tides. Wadham, Rivers Inlet-—B.M.; on the south side of the bay in which Wadham’s cannery is situated ; at 55 feet from the point at which the rock begins, which rises to the southward into cliffs. A brass bolt drilled at an angle into the rock at about the level of extreme high water. Namu—B.M.; the top of an iron ring bolt drilled into the rock at the foot of the steps leading down from the wharf; at 38 feet back from the head of the wharf and 14 feet from its west side. Bellakula—B.M.; in the rock near the outer end of the long wharf; a brass bolt set horizontally into the rock at 5 feet above extreme high water, and marked with the letters ‘‘B.M.”’ chiselled into the face of the rock. Kitimat—B.M.; at the northerly end of a small ridge of rock on the north side ‘ of the wharf. The top of a brass bolt drilled into the rock at 86 feet from the inner end of the wharf where it meets the village sidewalk. This bolt is below the level of high water. Claxton—B.M.; the top of an iron rod set vertically into the rock at 167 feet west of the stage leading to the wharf and 29 feet from the face of the crib-work along the shore. Port Essington, Skeena River—B.M.; near the east side of the most easterly of the wharves of the Anglo-British Columbia Canning Co. The eye of a ring bolt in the solid rock at 85 feet back from the front of the wharf and 14 feet from its east side. Prince Rupert—B.M.; brass bolt in the concrete pier at the foot of McBride street. The bolt is set vertically into the concrete at 16 feet from the shore side and 15 inches from the west side. The top of the bolt is flush with the surface of the concrete. Port Simpson—The bench-mark to which the tide levels are referred, is a brass bolt with a round head, drilled into the rock, in the rocky foreshore which extends northward from the Hotel Northern. This rocky part of the foreshore is dry at half tide. The bolt is west of the wharf and is 174 feet from the angle between the side of the wharf and the hotel platform. The elevation of 100-00 feet was assumed for the reference point first used, which was cut on the rock in another position. In the summer of 1905 the final bench-mark was put in, and the levels completed. Stewart, Portland Canal—B.M..; in the face of the cliff at 50 feet due south of the southern end of the wharf: a brass bolt set horizontally in the rock at 3% feet above the plank walk and about 10 feet above extreme high tide. DATUM PLANES 601 DATUM PLANES For description of datum-planes at Victoria, Esquimalt and Vancouver, also for list of bench-marks and other reference points defining the average low-water datum used in the preparation of the Admiralty charts, consult Tide Levels and Datum Planes on the Pacific Coast of Canada.* Respecting the datum used in preparing the charts, this publication states : ‘The datum in all cases, is low water at ordinary spring tides ; which is usually determined independently in each locality or at most for the extent of some one chart. It cannot therefore be assumed that the datum is at the same actual elevation throughout a region of any great extent. ‘The reference points for the level of the datum are either bench- marks or tide rocks. The bench-mark usually consists of a broad arrow cut in the rock ; and the reference measurement, which fixes the datum, is taken from the cross line at its point.’ Referring to the datum-planes in use in the vicinity of Fraser River delta, the Annual Report of the Water Rights Branch, Victoria, for 1917, states : ‘The establishing of definite figures correlating the various datums in use on the lower mainland has made further progress, and we are in- debted to A. J. Dalzell, of the City Engineer’s Office, Vancouver, for the final figures relating to this important subject. The table given here- with has been submitted to Dr. Dawson, at Ottawa, for confirmation and may now be taken as correct.’ BRITISH COLUMBIA MAINLAND DATUM PLANES Datum planes referred to Vancouver Harbour Ordinary Mean High water tide levels low water sea-level level é Feet Feet Feet Admiralty datum (O.L.W.).........0 00 cc cece eens 0-00 — 8-03 — 13-00 Mean sea level (M.S.L.).........0 000 c cece eee e eee + 8-03 0-00 — 4-97 High-water level (average of higher high water)..... +13-00 + 4.97 0-00 Datum of Canadian Pacific Railway Co............ —84-77 —92-80 —97-77 Datum, City of Vancouver.... 2.0.0... cece eee eee —83-52 —91-55 —96-52 Datum, City of New Westminster..............6.. +16-75 + 8-72 + 3-75 Datum, Provincial Water Dept., Fraser River....... — 0-70 — 8-73 —13-70 * See foregoing footnote ; consult also the latest Admiralty charts and Altitudes in Canada, by James White, especially Introduction thereto, Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1915. BIBLIOGRAPHY HE author of this report, in his research relating to the water-powers of British Columbia, has recognized the fact that development of these water-powers will prove of real service only in so far as it contributes to the advancement of the Province as a whole. ’ To attain this end there must be co-ordinated beneficial utilization of the inland waters, and hence a study of the history of the development of the Province becomes indispensable. Such study should extend to the develop- ment of the agricultural areas, of the mining industry, of the timber industry, of the fisheries, as well as of other natural resources, because each of these is and has been, in greater or less degree, linked up with and dependent upon the utilization of inland waters. There are, it is true, already available certain lists of books, government reports, etc., relating to the Province,—too often of a heterogeneous character— but, to the reader seeking information, it has been an almost hopeless task to select readily from such lists, books containing information most germane to a particular subject. It was early decided, therefore, to prepare for this report a more classified and descriptive bibliography and to include in it only such publications as would constitute a safe and ready guide to the literature re- lating, both directly and indirectly, to the history of British Columbia, in- cluding, of course, the development of its natural resources. Some reports, as for example those of the Geological Survey of Canada, of the Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain, and of the Royal Society of Canada, are voluminous, and yet these publications contain much of the basic historical and exploratory information respecting the pioneer work in British Columbia. To make an independent research in such volumes for in- formation relating to the characteristics of various watersheds of British Columbia, etc., would, in many instances, be impracticable. For these reports, therefore, comprehensive lists—which will be found of much value—have been included. The bibliography here presented is not offered as a complete one, but rather as one containing the most representative publications. On account of the great natural attractions of British Columbia for sportsmanship and travel, a few works relating specifically to these pastimes Author's Note—It had been my intention to include in this bibliography a number of addi- tional and subsidiary subject classifications, but consideration of space precludes this being done. Attention, however, is here drawn to the fact that many of the notes accompanying the text of this report contain references which constitute a ready guide to publications dealing specifically with certain subjects cognate to water-power development. For example, respecting damage caused by floods, see note on page 7 ; for various works relating to subsoil water, the law relating thereto, etc., see notes on pages 8, 9, 10 and 11 ; respecting proposed power developments in the United States on the Columbia and Pend-d’Oreille rivers, see note on page 29 ; for various aspects of problems respecting the exportation and use of electrical energy, see note on page 149; for publi- cations relating to British Columbia tides, see notes on pages 178,179 and 180; etc.,—A. V. W. BIBLIOGRAPHY 603 have been included. Many a sportsman pioneering the inland water-high- ways has been the precursor of future agricultural or industrial activity. While, for convenience of reference, the publications have been grouped under several broad subject headings, yet it will be understood that the con- tents of the various publications are by no means restricted to these subjects. This classification will assist those making research to obtain quickly a know- ledge of authoritative works respecting the subjects listed, which are : I. General Reference Works. II. Guides, Handbooks and Other Publications giving descriptive in- formation and historical data relating to various natural resources of the Province. TIL Topography—Government and other publications containing descrip- tions of the physical characteristics of various watersheds. IV. Travel and Exploration—Mountaineering and other Sport. V. Histories and Works of Historical Interest, including North West Coast Voyages, Hudson’s Bay Company Affairs, International Waters, Boundaries, Treaties. J—GENERAL REFERENCE ATLAS OF CANADA. Second Edition. Issued by the Department of the Interior. Folio. 14 pp. of text, and 124 pp. of maps and diagrams. Ottawa, 1915. ALTITUDES IN THE DOMINION OF CANADA, by James White. 2nd ed. 8vo, 603 pp., maps and profiles. Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1915. DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IN THE DOMINION OF CANADA, by James White. 2nd ed. 8vo, 251 pp. Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1916. HANDBOOK OF CANADA. British Association for the Advancement of Science, Toronto Meeting, 1897. 8vo, 5 pp., maps. Toronto, 1897. GEOGRAPHIC BOARD OF CANADA,—Decisions, Reports of. In progress. The Fifteenth Report contains all devisions to March 31, 1917. 8vo, 353 pp. Ottawa, 1917. GAZETTEER OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, A: Containing the Names, Locations and General Information Re- garding the Cities, Towns, Post Offices, Settlements, Islands, Rivers, Capes, Bays and Mountains of the Province. 8vo. 114 pp. Vancouver, 1909. BRITISH COLUMBIA COAST NAMES, 1592-1906, to which are added a few names in adjacent United States territory, Their Origin and History ; by Captain John T. Walbran. (Canadian Fisheries Protection Service and Commanding éGS. “Quadra’’ 1891-1908). 8vo, 546 pp., map and illus. Ottawa, 1909. BRITISH COLUMBIA PILOT, THE: Third Edition, including the Coast of British Columbia from Juan de Fuca Strait to Portland Canal, together with Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands, compiled from Ad~- miralty Surveys. Published by order of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. 8vo, 596 pp., with ues ae to published Admiralty charts, London—Printed for the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. Lon- lon, ‘ COAST OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, THE ; including the Juan de Fuca Strait, Puget Sound, Vancouver and Queen aa Charlotte Islands. Publication No. 96. Hydrographic Office, U.S. Navy—compiled by R. C. Ray. 8vo, 484 pp., index map to charts. Washington, 1891. TIDE TABLES FOR THE PACIFIC COAST OF CANADA. Issued annually by the Tidal and Current Survey, Department of the Naval Service, Ottawa, by W. Bell Dawson, Supt. Note—See reference to ‘Range of Tidal Levels’ in Chapter VIII and footnotes sbid. CANADA YEAR BOOK. Published annually by the Department of Trade and Commerce, Census and Statistics ffice, Ottawa. In progress. CANADIAN ALMANAC AND MISCELLANEOUS DIRECTORY. Published annually. Contains Commercial, Statistical, Astronomical, Departmental, Ecclesiastical, Educational, Financial and General Information. Commencing 1848 (Scobies). Toronto. In progress. CANADIAN ANNUAL REVIEW. Toronto, 1901. In progress. Note—This is a comprehensive publication dealing with foreign relations; with Dominion, provincial, inter-provincial and municipal affairs; also with such subjects as Transportation, Finance, Industry, Canadian Development and Resources, Literature, Journalism, Art, Public Events, Incidents, etc. CONFERENCE OF GOVERNORS. Proceedings of a Conference of Governors in the White House, Washington, D.C., May 13-15, 1908. Washington, 1909. xxxvii+45l pp., 8vo. 60th Cong., 2nd Sess., House doc. No. 1425. NATIONAL CONSERVATION COMMISSION, Report of ; with accompanying papers. February, 1909. Illus- trated. 3 vols. Washington, 1909. 8vo. 60th Cong., 2nd Sess., Sen. doe. No. 676. Vol. I, v-+276 pp.; Vol. II, vi+771 pp.; Vol. III, v-+793 pp. : COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION, Ottawa, Reports of. See, especially : Annual Reports. First for 1910. In progress. Consult Reports of Committee on Waters and Water-Powers. 604 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Water-Powers of Canada, by Leo. G. Denis and Arthur V. White. 8vo, 397 pp., maps and plates. Ottawa, 1911. Note—Contains Bibliography, pp. 347-376. Water-Powers of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, by Leo G. Denis and J. B. Challies. 8vo, 334 pp., map and illus. Ottawa, 1916. Water-Powers of British Columbia, by Arthur V. White. 8vo, [see this report for pagination] pp., maps and plates. Ottawa, 1919. Forests of British Columbia, by H. N. Whitford and Roland D. Craig, under the direction of Clyde Leavitt, Chief Forester, Commission of Conservation. 8vo, viiit+409 pp., maps and illus. Ottawa, 1918. Water Works and Sewerage Systems of Canada, by Leo. G. Denis. 8vo, 176 pp., illus. Ottawa, 1916. Note.—This is a revised and enlarged edition of ‘Water Works of Canada,” Ottawa, 1912. Electric Generation and Distribution in Canada, by Leo. G. Denis. 8vo, 296 pp., illus. Ottawa, 1918. Long Sault Rapids, St. Iawrence River. An Enquiry into the Constitutional and Other Aspects of the Project to Develop Power Therefrom, by Arthur V. White. 8vo, 384 pp., maps and plates. Ottawa, 1913. Fishways in the Inland Waters of British Columbia, by Arthur V. White. 8vo, 14 pp. Ottawa, 1918. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR—WATER POWER BRANCH. Consult Water Resources Papers, pub- lished by the Department of the Interior, Canada, Dominion Water Power Branch. . Note—Of the Water Resources Papers relating to British Columbia Nos. 1, 8, 14,18 and 21, dealing more particularly with stream-flow data, are specifically described in Chapter XV, “Stream-flow Data”; others which include references to water-powers in British Columbia are as follows : Water Resources Paper No. 12—Report on Small Water-Powers in Western Canada and discussion of Sources of Power for the Farm, by A. M. Beale. 8vo, 32 pp., illus. Ottawa, 1915. Water Resources Paper No. 13—Report on the Coquitlam-Buntzen Hydro-Electric Development, British Col- umbia, by G. R. G. Conway. 8vo, 51 pp., illus. Ottawa, 1915. Water Resources Paper No. 16—Water Powers of Canada. A eeries of five pamphlets in one volume covering the water-power situation in Canada, prepared for distribution at the Panama-Pacific Exposition, San Fran- cisco, 1915. The section relating to British Columbia is by G. R. G. Conway and consists of 157 pp., 8vo, with numerous illustrations especially of the developed powers. Ottawa, 1916. Water Resources Paper No. 17—Canadian Hydraulic Power Development and Electric Power in Canadian In- dustry, by Charles H. Mitchell. 8vo, 50 pp., illus. Ottawa, 1916. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR—IRRIGATION BRANCH. Consult the Annual Reports of the Depart- ment of the Interior, Canada. The first Annual Report regarding irrigation surveys was issued in 1894, and subsequently reports have been issued covering the years 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1902, 1906-7, 1908, and annually. In progress. WESTERN CANADA IRRIGATION ASSOCIATION. Consult Reports of Proceedings of Annual Conventions, published by Department of the Interior, Canada, Forestry Branch. REPORT OF PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS, commencing for the calendar year 1909. Forestry and Irrigation Branch, Department of the Interior, Ottawa. In progress. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA: See under “Topography,” Section IIT. TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS BRANCH, Department of the Interior, Ottawa; Annual Reports. In progress. Consult Note in ‘‘Bibliography,”’ Water-Powers of Canada, p. 349, Ottawa, 1911. DOMINION POWER BOARD. Constituted by Order in Council of 25th April, 1918. Note—No reports have yet been issued. DEPARTMENT OF INLAND REVENUE, Ottawa, Canada. Consult Annual Reports. In progress. DEPARTMENT OF MINES, Ottawa, Canada. Consult Annual Reports. In progress. DEPARTMENT OF MARINE AND FISHERIES, Ottawa, Canada. Consult Annual Reports. In progresa. METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE OF CANADA ee of Marine), Reports of. For publications consult chapter, ‘‘ Meteorological Data,” supra. (See footnotes.) DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS, Ottawa, Canada. Consult Annual Reports. In progress. DEPARTMENT OF RAILWAYS AND CANALS, Ottawa, Canada. Consult Annual Reports. In progress. RAILWAY COMMISSION OF CANADA. Consult Annual Reports of the Board of Railway Commissioners of Canada. First Report, March 31, 1906; (February 1, 1904, to March 31, 1906). Ottawa, 1907. In progress. (See Appendices, for Catalogue of Books in Library of the Board.) HONORARY ADVISORY COUNCIL FOR SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH, Ottawa, Canada. Consult reports. cae ARCHIVES OF CANADA (Department of Secretary of State), Ottawa, Canada. Consult Annual Reports. 1 progress. DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND COMMERCE, Ottawa, Canada. Consult Annual Reports. In progress. INTERNATIONAL WATERWAYS COMMISSION and INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION See under Section V re International Waters, etc. GANNETT, HENRY. The Area of the United States, the States and the Territories. U.S. Geological Survey Bul- letin No. 302. 8vo,9 pp., map. Washington, D.C., 1906. STATISTICAL ABSTRACT OF THE UNITED STATES. Published annually. Washington, D.C. In progress. UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Water Searle Papers, etc. See references in Chapter, “‘Stream- rby Flow Data—United States,” supra in this Repo UNITED STATES ENGINEERS’ REPORTS. Report of the Chief of Engineers: Annual Reports of the War Department. Washington, 1866. In progress. PACIFIC RAILWAY SURVEYS: Reports of Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the Most Practicable and Eco- nomical Route for a Railroad from the Misstssippi River to the Pactfic Ocean. Made under the Direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853-6, according to Acts of Congress of March 31, 1853, May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. 4to, 13 vols., with topographical maps, profiles, sketches and plates. Washington, 1855-1861. ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF CANADA (formerly Canadian Society of Civil Engineers). Consult Trans- actions for special descriptions of several hydro-electric developments. Montreal. In progress. BIBLIOGRAPHY 605 BRITISH COLUMBIA PROVINCIAL ARCHIVES DEPARTMENT. Consult Annual Reports. In progress. Saray a PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS. See below under ‘‘Topography,” ection III. IRRIGATION. See under Department of Interior above, also reference to ‘' Water-Power and Irrigation"’ in Chapter I. Consult footnotes ibid. Irrigation in British Columbia, by B. A. Etcheverry, being Bulletin No. 44, 8vo., 119 pp., illus. Dept. of Agri- culture, Victoria, B.C., 1912. Report on a Public Irrigation Corporation Bill, Accompanying and Explaining the Revised Draft. By H. W. ee: Geen of Lands, Water Rights Branch, Province of British Columbia. 8vo, 76 pp. Vic- ria, B.C., ‘ LEGISLATION : For Proclamations, Regulations, Statutes, ete., consult in Chapter III supra ‘Chronological Key to Water Legislation in British Columbia,” pp. 104 e¢ seg, also footnotes ibid. For Bibliography relating to the Law of Waters, see Water-Powers of Canada, 1911, pp. 372-376, Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1911 ; also ‘Bibliography Relating to the Law of Waters,” by Arthur V. Whitein The Canadian Law Times, Vol. XXXII, No. 7 (Toronto, July, 1912), pp. 549-560. Message Relative to the Terms of Union with the Province of British Columbia. 8vo,66 pp. Ottawa, 1875. II—GUIDES, HANDBOOKS AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS GIVING DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION AND HISTORICAL DATA RELATING TO VARIOUS NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE PROVINCE BRITISH COLUMBIA GUIDE BOOKS for years 1877-78, 1897, 1903 and 1911 as follows : Note—These books contain much valuable historical and other data relating to the provincial natural re- sources. GUIDE TO THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA FOR 1877-8, Compiled from the Latest and Most Authentic Sources of Information. 8vo, 410 pp. Victoria, B.C., 1877. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. To which ta added a chapter containing much special information respecting the Canadian Yukon and Northern Territory generally ; by R. EB. Gosnell. Svo, 406 pp., numerous illustrations. Victoria, B.C., 1897. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION, by R. E. Gosnell. 8vo, 394 pp., numerous illustrations, sketch map of the Province and table showing mineral production. Victoria, B.C., 1903. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION (Coronation Edition), by R. E. Gosnell. 8vo, 358 pp., numerous illustrations. Victoria, 1911. ANDERSON, ALEXANDER CAULFIELD. The Dominion_at the West. A brief description of the Province of British Columbia, its Climate and Resources. The Government Prize Essay, 1872. 8vo, 112+xlii pp. Victoria, 1872. NEW GOVERNMENT COLONY, THE—British Columbia and Vancouver Island. A complete Hand-Book replete with the latest information concerning the newly-discovered Gold Fields. Anonymous. 8vo, 67 pp., map. London, 1858. BALLANTYNE, ROBERT M. Handbook to the New Gold Fields: A Full Account of the Richness and Extent of the Fraser and Thompson River Gold Mines, with a Geographical and Physical Account of the Country and its In- habitants, Routes, etc., etc. 12mo, 116 pp., map. Edinburgh, 1858. BOAM, HENRY J. British Columbia, its History, Peaple, Commerce, Industries and Resources. 4to,495 pp. Lon- don, Eng., 1912. BUREAU _OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION, Victoria, B.C. . ‘ote—This Bureau issues numerous Bulletins dealing with natural resources, such as agricultural oppor- tunities, timbering, ete. For example, with respect to the sporting resources, consult Bulletins No. 17, Game of British Columbia ; No. 20, Fisheries of British Columbia ; and No. 25, The Game Fishes of British Columbia. SORT KINAHAN. The New El Dortdo, or British Columbia. 8vo, 405 pp., map and plate. London, DYER, EeROMe: The Routes and Mineral Resources of North Western Canada. 8vo, 268 pp., maps. London, FORBES, CHARLES. Vancouver Island: its Resources and Capabilities as a Colony. A Prize Essay. 8vo, 63 pp. +Appendix 18 pp. Published by the Colonial Government, 1862. GOLD FIELDS. Apart from its use for domestic and incidental agricultural purposes, water was first extensively employed in British Columbia in connection with the mining industry. For information respecting mining, consult the Reports of the Minister of Mines, British Columbia ; the Reports of the Geological Survey of Canada ; the various Histories, Guides and Handbooks of the Province ; consult also items in this section oases Ballantyne, Boam, Cornwallis, Dyer, Hazlitt, and, under Section IV, Butler, Chittenden, McNaughton, vie, etc. HALL, E. HEPPLE. Lands of Plenty: British North America for Health, Sport and Frofit, a Book for all Travellers and Settlers. 8vo, 192 pp., large map. London, 1879. Note—See Chapter VI for British Columbia. HAZLITT, WILLIAM CAREW. The Great Gold Fields of Cariboo: with an authentic description, brought down to the latest period, of British Columbia and Vancouver Island. sm. 8vo, 184 pp., map. London, 1862. LANGEVIN, HON. H. L., Minister of Public Works, Canada. British Columbia Report. 8vo,246pp. Ottawa, 1872. MACKENZIE RIVER BASIN. Third Report of the Select Committee of the Senate appointed to inquire into the re- sources of that part of the Dominion lying north of the Saskatchewan watershed, east of the Rocky Mountains and west of Hudson Bay, and comprising the Great Mackenzie Basin—its extent of navigable rivers, lakes and sea coast, of arable and pastoral land, its fisheries, forests and mines, and to report upon ita possible commercial and agricultural value. S8vo, 310 PP maps. Ottawa, 1888. 7 : : Note—It will be observed that this Mackenzie River Report is referred to as the Third Report. It is interesting to know that the First and Second Reports are merely re aeinatys and consist chiefly of re- quests to the Senate for authority to procure evidence, employ clerical assistance, etc. They are published 606 ' COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION in the Senate Journals for 1888 at pp. 79 and 83, respectively. Fourth and Fifth Reports dealing with matters of services and publication were also minor reports, see Senate Journals for 1888, pp. 176 and 267. In the session of 1891, a report by a Select Committee of the Senate recommended that certain docu- ments and letters be printed as a supplement to the Third Report of 1888. These actually are published as Appendix No. 1 (71 pp.), to the Senate Journals, 1891. . n the session of 1906-07 a report of a Committee to enquire respecting the Northern parts of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Mackenzie territory, etc., was published with evidence, as Appendix No. 1 to the Senate Journals, 1906-7. It consists of 128 pp. and a number of photographic plates. OGILVIE, WILLIAM, D.L.S. Information respecting the Yukon District, from the Reports of ; and from other sources. 8vo, 65 pp., maps and illus. Department of Interior, Ottawa, 1897. PEACE RIVER DISTRICT OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Return to an order of the House of Commons, dated the 18th Feb., 1907, for a copy of the Fepors Teepeeune the selection and location of 3,500,000 acres in the Peace River District, of British Columbia, which been prepared upon the psplonatory euntey mentioned by the Minister of the Interior on the 7th February, in the House of Commons. 6-7 Ed. VII. Dominion Sessional Paper No. 178. 8vo,40 pp. Ottawa, 1907. UNEXPLOITED WEST,THE. A compilation of all available information as to the resources of Northern and North- western Canada. By Ernest J. Chambers, Major, Corps of Guides. Published under the direction of F. C. C. Lynch, Superintendent, Railway Lands Branch, Department of the Interior, Ottawa, 1914. Lge. 8vo, xv +361 pp.+Bibliography, viii+-Index, xi pp. YUKON TERRITORY, THE ; its History and Resources. Issued by direction of the Hon. Frank Oliver, Minister of the Interior. 8vo, 140 pp., illus. Ottawa, 1907. Norse—For cognate information, consult also the following: Under ‘‘General,’’ Section I : Handbook of Canada, B. C. Pilot ; Under See Section III: Annual Reports dealing with Lands, Mines and Fisheries; Under ‘‘Travel,” Section IV: Chittenden, Jennings, Talbot, etc.; Under ‘‘History,’’ Section V: Hazlitt, Macdonald, Macfie, Mayne, Pemberton, Rattray, Scholefield. TII—TOPOGRAPHY : GOVERNMENT AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PHYSICAL CHARAC- TERISTICS OF VARIOUS WATERSHEDS (Consult also under ‘Guides and Handbooks’ above, and under ‘Travel and Exploration’ below.) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA, Consult the Annual Reports, Special Reports and Memoirs. References Publi to British Columbia will be found as follows : ‘ubli- cation Note—The numbers in brackets are the publication numbers of the reports when issued as separates. oO. 84 Report of Progress, 1871-72 Journal and Report of Preliminary Explorations in British Columbia, by A. R. C. Selwyn; pp. 16-72. Note—Route followed was by Fraser and Thompson rivers to Kamloops, thence by the North Thompson and McLennan rivers to Téte Jaune Cache. On the Coal Fields of the East Coast of Vancouver Island, by J. Richardson ; pp. 73-100 89 Report of Progress, 1872-73 On the Coal Fields of Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands, by J. Richardson ; pp. 32-65. 95 Report of Progress, 1873-74 On Geological Explorations in British Columbia, by J. Richardson ; pp. 94-102. @ Note—Refers to coal deposits and geology of Vancouver island, and smaller islands in strait of eorgia, 101 Report of Progress, 1874-75 On Explorations in British Columbia, by J. Richardson ; pp. 71-83. Note—Treats of a partial examination of several channels and islands on mainland coast, Graham teach, Gardner canal, Douglas channel to Wrangel in Alaska ; also of the south-eastern portion of Nanaimo coal-basin. 108 Report of Progress, 1875-76 Report on Exploration in British Columbia, with sketch-map of route, by A. R. C. Selwyn; pp. 28-86. a N dig outs followed ee from Gueenel to sear oy tg ae trail ; thence] to McLeod ake and down Parsnip and Peace rivers to mouth of Smoky river. eturn via Gi and Fraser river ; also describes first 45 miles of South Pine river to forks. eens Seren Report on Explorations in British Columbia, by G. M. Dawson; pp. 233-265. Note—Reconnaissance examination. Route: From_Soda creek, via Chilcotin ri layoko lake, thence Chilanko, Nazko, Blackwater, and Chilako rivers to Prince Giae wets Fraser river to Quesnel. 114 Report of Progress, 1876-77 Report on Explorations in British Columbia, chiefly in the Basins of the Blackwater, Salmon [Dean] and Nechako Rivers, and on Francois Lake, by G. M. Dawson; pp. 17-94; with coloured [geological map No. 120. Report of a Reconnaissance of Leech River and Vicinity, by G. M. Dawson ; pp. 95-102. Note—Leech river is tributary to Sooke river and is about 21 miles from Victoria. (115) General Note on the Mimes and Minerals of Economic Value of British Columbi i i Localities, by G. M. Dawson ; pp. 103-149. NEED Sy SH SHEE Ot ag REDERES with additions and alterations, from the Canadian Pacific Railway Report, Report on the Coal Fields of Nanaimo, Comox, Cowichan, Burrard Inlet and Sooke, Briti i by J. Richardson ; pp. 160-192; with Map No. 121. eee BE eeliea lee 125 132 (133) 147 167 210 (212) 233 (235) (236) 258 (260) (263) (71) 292 (294) (295) 581 (5738) (574) 715 (703) 782 (743) 952 (940) 629 939 986 988 996 1035 BIBLIOGRAPHY 607 Report of Progress, 1877-78 : Preliminary Report on the Physical and Geological Features of the Southern Portion of the Interior of British Columbia, by G. M. Dawson ; Section B—173 pp., with coloured Geological map No. 127. Note—District covered approximately bounded in longitude by 119° to 121°-30’, in latitude from 49th parallel to 51°-20/. Report of Progress, 1878-79 Report on the Queen Charlotte Islands, by G. M. Dawson ; Section B—239 pp., with two coloured geo- logical maps and sketches of harbours ; Maps Nos. 139, 140 and 141. Report of Progress, 1879-80 : Report on an Exploration from Fort Simpson, on the Pacific Coast, to Edmonton, on the Saskatchewan, embracing a portion of the Northern part of British Columbia and the Peace River Country, by G. M. pare : oe B—165 pp., with a map in three sheets, with geological indications ; Maps Nos. Note on the Distribution of some of the more Important Trees of British Columbia, by G. M. Dawson; Section Bee 167-177, with Map No. 149. Note—First printed in Canadian Naturalist, Vol. IX, No. 9. Report of Progress, 1882-83-84 Report on the Geology of the Country near the Forty-ninth Parallel of North Latitude, West of the Rocky Mountains, from Observations made 1859-60, by H. Bauerman; Section B—42 pp., with plates of sections No. 170. : Annual Report (New Series), Vol. I, 1885 Preliminary Report on the Physical and Geological Features of that portion of the Rocky Mountains between Latitudes 49° and 51°-30’, by G. M. Dawson ; Section B—169 pp., with two coloured geo- logical maps, Nos. 223 and 224. Annual Report (New Series), Vol. II, 1886 Report on a Geological Examination of the Northern Part of Vancouver Island and Adjacent Coasts, by G. M. Dawson ; Section B—129 pp., with a coloured geological map, No. 247. On the Geological Structure of a Portion of the Rocky Mountains, by R. G. McConnell; Section D— 41 pp., with geological section No. 248. Note—Section is in vicinity of Canadian Pacific railway near the 51st parallel. Annual Report (New Series), Vol. III, 1887-88 Report on an Exploration in the Yukon District, N.W.T., and Adjacent Northern Portion of British Columbia, by G. M. Dawson ; Section B—277 pp., with an index map, No. 274, and a detailed map in three sheets, with Geological Indications. aps Nos, 275, 276, 277. Report on the Geology of the Mining District of Cariboo, by A. Bowman ; Section C—49 pp., with geo- logical sections and maps Nos, 278, 279, 280, 281. The Mineral Wealth of British Columbia—With an Annotated List of Localities of Minerals of Economie value, by G. M. Dawson ; Section R—163 pp. Annual Report (New Series), Vol. IV, 1888-89 Heooe on 4 portion of the West“Kootenay District, by G. M. Dawson ; Section B—66 pp., with map o. 3 Report on an Exploration in the Yukon and Mackenzie Basins ; by R.G. McConnell ; Section D—163 pp., with map No. 304. 7 Note—Describes the Liard river from Dease river to Fort Simpson, pp. 33-50. Annual Report (New Series), Vol. VII, 1894 Heer on the Area of the Kamloops Map Sheet, by G. M. Dawson ; Section B—427 pp., with Maps Nos, 6 and 557. Report on an Exploration of the Finlay and Omineca rivers, by R. G. McConnell; Section C—40 pp., with Map No. 567. : Note—Describes these two rivers in detail. Annual Report (New Series), Vol. XI, 1898 Report on the Geology and Natural Resources of the Country Traversed by the Yellow Head Pass Route from Edmonton to Téte-Jaune Cache, comprising portions of Alberta and British Columbia, by James McEvoy ; Section D—44 pp., with map No. 676. Annual Report (New Series), Vol. XII, 1899 i Report on the Atlin Mining District, British Columbia, by J. C. Gwillim ; Section B—48 pp., with map No. 742 Note—Gives fall respectively of many of the creeks. Annual Report (New Series), Vol. XVI, 1904 Report on Graham Island, B.C., by R, W. Ells; Section B—46 pp., with two maps, Nos. 921 and 922, Note—In this exploration particular attention was given to the coal areas of the interior. Report on Explorations in the Yukon and Adjacent Northern Portion of British Columbia in 1887, with ex- tracts relating to the Yukon District from report on an exploration in the Yukon and Mackenzie Basins, 1887-88, by R. G. McConnell. G. M. Dawson. Preliminary Report on the Rossland, B.C., Mining District, 1906, by R. W. Brock ; 40 pp. Preliminary Report on a part of the Similkameen District, B.C., 1907, by Charles Camsell; 41 pp., with map No. 987. The Telkwa River and Vicinity, B. C., 1907, by W. W.Leach ; 23 pp., with map No. 989. Preliminary Report on a Portion of the Main Coast of British Columbia, and Adjacent Islands included in New Westminster and Nanaimo districts, 1908, by O. E. LeRoy.; 59 pp., 4 pls., 6 figs., one map No. 997. Report on Coal Fields of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Eastern British Columbia, by D. B. Dowling. Report onthe Climate and Agricultural Value, General Geological Featuresand Minerals of Economic Import- ance of Part of the Northern Portion of British Columbia and the Peace River Country, by G. M. Dawson. (Reprinted from the Canadian Pacific Railway Report for 1880.) lge. 8vo, 25 pp. 608 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Geological Record of the Rocky Mountain Region of Canada, by G. M. Dawson. (Reprinted from the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, Vol .XII, pp. 57-92, February 25, 1901). GUIDE BOOKS ISSUED BY THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Guide Book No. 8. Toronto to Victoria and return via Canadian Pacific and Canadian Northern Railwaye— Parts 1, 2 and 3. sm. 8vo, 386 pp., maps and illus. Ottawa, 1913. Guide Book No. 9. Toronto to Victoria and return via Canadian Pacific, Grand Trunk Pacific and National Transcontinental Railways. sm. 8vo, 164 pp., maps and illus. Ottawa, 1913. Guide Book No. 10. Excursions in Northern British Columbia and Yukon Territory and along the North Pacific Coast. sm. 8vo, 179 pp., maps and illus. Ottawa, 1913. LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL REPORTS RELATING TO WORK IN BRITISH COLUMBIA WHICH ARE ic INCLUDED IN THE “‘DIRECTOR’S SUMMARY REPORTS” SINCE 1894. Note—The publication numbers given are of the Summary Reports printed separately. 553 Annual Report (New Series), Vol. VII, 1894 Kamloops District, Economic Minerals in the—G. M. Dawson.......-.+++++++--+ Part A. pp. 14- 38 583 Annual Report (New Series), Vol. VIII, 1895 West Kootenay District—R. G. McConnell. .........0- eee e ee cee eee ene neee Part A. pp. 22- 37 614 Annual Report (New Series), Vol. IX, 1896 West Kootenay District—R. G. McConnell...........0e cee eee e cece eee eee eee Part A. pp. 18- 30 644 Annual Report (New Series), Vol. X, 1897 West Kootenay District—R. G. McConnell. ......... 0c eee cence ence eee e ee nene Part A. pp. 27- 33 674 Annual Report (New Series), Vol. XI, 1898 Yukon District and Adjacent Parts of British Columbia—J. B. Tyrrell......... ...Part A. pp. 36- 46 West Kootenay District—R. W. Brock ..-Part A. pp. 62- 71 Yellowhead Pass District—J. McEvoy...........- Hy Adeveseysaetaete a sdgeeotans:3 Gnenend siaeveeee pp. 72- 86 691 Annual Report (New Series), Vol. XII, 1899 ACN Wis trie tdi CG weal itn besser see haa nda adn ecptncs Stren gahaapotepaleler Slits AONE Be Part A. pp. 52 -75 West Kootenay District—R. W. Brock... .........-e- cece eeeees eaaviieiuaseunageriepsteintad Part A. pp. 75- 86 East Kootenay District—J. McEvoy.......... cece cece cree e reece teeeneeeees Part A. pp. 87-103 717 Annual Report (New Series), Vol. XIII, 1900 Atlin: District=-J...C. Gwallimt.ix. cc5.spe.e apie tee cae STS LORE See ARES Part A. pp. 52- 62 West Kootenay District—R. W. Brock......... 0c ccc eee ence erence ee enens .-Part A. pp. 62- 84 East Kootenay District—J. McEvoy...........e eee e eee eee acasiens stataucnean ec heseeeeate: Part A. pp. 84- 95 762 Annual Report (New Series), Vol. XIV, 1901 International Boundary, Geology of the Region adjoining the—R. A. Daly.........Part A. pp. 39- 51 Boundary Creek District—R. W. Brock. Ss icpnideh aes Soon lange Ed ean TEAS pp. 51- 69 Crowsnest Coal Field —W. W. Leach........... 0. cece ere Srausapioupetine aaiseneee ont Part A. pp. 69- 81 817 Annual Report (New Series), Vol. XV, 1902-3 Vancouver Island, Geology of the West Coast of—Arthur Webster......... sidcieveterels Part A. pp. 54- 76 Vancouver Island, Geology of the West Coast of—Ernest Haycock... pp. 76- 92 Boundary Creek District, Preliminary Report on the—R. W. Brock..............- pp. 92-138 International Boundary, Geology of the Western Part of the—R. A. Daly......... A. pp. 138-149 866 Annual Report (New Series), Vol. XV, 1902-3 The Lardeau District—R. W. Brock......... eiiiche pw iedivnareitha Ses diayetstene Sie iwodtarceonteaces Part AA. pp. 42- 81 Peace River Country—J. M. Macoun......... ss eee epee eect e enn ene eenee . Part AA. pp. 81- 83 On the Coal Basins in the Rocky Mountains—D. B. Dowling.................05. Part AA. pp. 83- 91 International Boundary, Geology of the—R. A. Daly.......... avaneatetes Wie Salad akcoierh as Part AA. pp. 91-100 900 Annual Report (New Series), Vol. XVI, 1904 : Nicola Coal Basin—R. W. Ells. ................002 00 eee SG RN GRR a erent aoe, Part A. pp. 42- 65 Quilchena Coal Basin—R. W. Ells................... Gidiai araieuaygeseaantacaern anes eS Part A. pp. 65- 74 Copper Claims of Aspen Grove—R. A. A. Johnston........ Radhotovetlsve etreriinraoxinai evel dior’ Part A. pp. 74 78 Copper Claims of Aberdeen Camp—R. A. A. Jobnston...... pp. 78- 80 The Lardeau Mining District—R. W. Brock. .........0. 0 cee cece cece eeeeeneeee A. pp. 80- 91 International Boundary, Geology of the Western Part of the—R. A. Daly......... Part A. pp. 91-100 Natural History of the National Park—John Macoun....,.......-.eeeeeeeeeeees Part A. pp. 100-105 Cascade and Costigan Coal Basins and Their Continuation Northward—D. B. Dowling......... panes See OE Beanies ceseut Aa NaC UN Tay NSIS aed es Besse ecatesans aceletenesccinte Part A. pp. 105-116 The Costigan Coal Basin—D. B. Dowling............. cc cc cceen ence eet eeceeaeee Part A. pp. 116-121 Nore—aAfter the year 1904, the Annual Reports ceased to be published in one volume, and the Director's Summary Reports were issued separately. The following are the chief references in the Summary Reports to work performed in British Columbia : 947 Summary Report for the Calendar Year 1905 Northwestern British Columbia and Windy Arm District—R. G. MeC. Sic ccaih ark wot ...pp. 26- 32 Unuk River Mining Region—F. E. Wright...............2..0005 ie seine Bie Eo. 4 Graham Island—R. W. Ells . 58- 55 Nanaimo-Comox Coal Field—H. S. Poole sista “erbvchshaverstteyciounceiasere .-pp4 55- 59 959 Summary Report for the Calendar Year 1906 New Westminster District and Texada Island, Surveys in—O. EF. LeRoy...................DP. 3)+ 34 Telkwa Mining District—W. W. Leach............... Nessactawars cess Sr ners pp. 35- 42 Similkameen District—Charles Camsell................65 Beis i - Rossland Mining District, Cece in the—R. W. Brock. .......c.ccceecccecessveee Surface Geology of British Columbia and the Great Plains, ete.—R. Chalmers .......... Noses Summary Report for the Calendar Year 1907 Powell River to Kingcome Inlet—J. A. Bancroft... ...........000005 es scatapane a ceoeutsa lois Shewoinee pp. 16 18 Coe ae aye 1 Leach.... ‘aTD} ey—C. Cameell..... oh aigscoataiivese pospics'e ayevareisteresekoresieronsioe Pe Ske tole near seas «e..-PD. ihe Dandans Wistuct H.W. Bicdinccteerse ce ween en ae sia faveversz seesseee. PD. 84- 90 BIBLIOGRAPHY 609 1072 Summary Report for the Calendar Year 1908 Coast from Kingcome Inlet to Dean Channel, including the Adjacent Islands, Geology of the— Re. Pi D. Graham. ceiseeecesis sy eren Subsenttcailier nusie duis Sia id CRIA suetdiete, Sueehdsve heseeacd cebananard Bulkley Valley and Vicinity —W. W. Leach...... 0.0... cc cece eee cece e eee ence eet eneeennee Texada Island, North-western Portion of —R. G. McConnell .............4. Sis ‘ fs Texada Island, Topographical Work on—F. H. MacLaren. ............ cece e cence ee eens p. Vancouver Island, Explorations on the South-eastern Portion of—Charles H. Clapp.........pp. 52- 60 Osoyoos and Similkameen Mining Divisions—Charles Cameell.... . 61- 64 Phoenix Camp and Slocan District—O. E. LeRoy........ Phoenix, Topographical Work at—W. H. Boyd......... ccc cece eee cere nee eee tee eeeneee p. 69 1120 Summary Report for the Calendar Year 1909 Skeena River District—W. W. Leach...............- sieve yEseNgte. aiceraea SOM SNeaare pa teeetam eas pp. 61- 68 Texada Island and Moresby Island—R. G. McConnell... a Ns Southern Vancouver Island—Chas. H. Clapp... 11. .s cece cece c cece ence cere eee en ee ennes . 84- 97 Saltspring Island and East Coast of Vancouver Island—J. A. Allan........... - 98-102 Vancouver Island, Topographic Work on—R. H. Chapman.................-- aie ++. Pp. 103 Tulameen District—Charles Camsell.......... eee cess eee ence eee paige eeeeees Pp. 104-117 Beaverdell District, West Fork Kettle River—L. Reinecke. ......... 0. ccc se ee eee ene een ees pp. 118-122 Upper Fraser River between Prince George and Téte-Jaune Cache, Reconnaissance on—G. S. BEG ie ad cane of vorunnccsisig Pb RGN MINE MEG A RADE Ue (Shia aes ANS Wy malar er Pam CE . 123-130 Slocan District —O. EB. LeRoy... . cscs eee sn ence neces ene eseneneeneneeeeeneeeeeareeees . 131-133 Slocan District, Topographical Work in the—W. H. Boyd 8 : East Kootenay, Reconnaissance in—Stuart J. Schofield... 4170 Summary Report for the Calendar Year 1910 Atlin District, Portions of—D. D. Cairnes....... 0... cc cece eter teen e eee e renee pp. 27- 58 Portland Canal District—R. G. McConnell Portland Canal District, Topographical Work in the—G. S. Malloch Skeena River District—W. W. Leach........ 0. cece eet eee e teen eee teen e eee Victoria and Saanich Quadrangles, Vancouver Island, Geology of the—C. H. Clapp . 134 . 135-138 Vancouver Island, Topographical Work on—R. H. Chapman......... 0. cece eee ee eeeeenee p. 110 Similkameen and Tulameen Districts, Parts of the—Charles Camsell..............-.000000- pp. 111-119 Beaverdell District, West Fork of Kettle River—L. Reinecke....... 0... cece eee tener eens pp. 120-122 Slocan District—O::Bs De Roy's s.< sez cassie etwas. suscesave. siete oo. Dolan eue sabes aaaseog Bi aerpuoze ghetele Slauaiae pp. 123-128 Slocan and Deadwood Districts, Topographical Work in the—W. H. Boyd.............-45. p. 129 East Kootenay, Cranbrook Sheet, Reconnaissance in—Stuart J. Schofield...............64.. pp. 130-134 Ice River District—John A. Allan... ... 0... eee c eee e ee eee a fensuete owen pee uctue sai dncdege sehen pp. 135-144 1218—Summary Report for the Calendar Year 1911 Reports from Geological Division: Observatory Inlet, Report I—R. G. McConnell... ce cc cece eee teen enter nee Salmon River District, Report II—R. G. McConnell... ........ cece ee eee eee Portland Canal District, Report III—R. G. McConnell i pp Upper Skeena River, between Hazelton and the Groundhog Coal Field, Reconnaissance on the— GBs Mallochs 5st: c28hce oe atetinns tcsigud srk. cuseabe shenivs anseade a eperate, Septet gages ete aC pnenand soatanans eyiaae pp. 72- 90 Nanaimo Sheet, Nanaimo Coal Field, Vancouver Island, Geology of, Report I—Charles H. sire IYO Disessresevebovaanesnavs anoialictoas seston axasnpese obs toie ag seen at Masses eal tegssdi ty. ma aeagees Cleats fens ena ece ae pp. 91- Comox and Suquash Coal Fields, Vancouver Island, Notes on the Geology of the, Report II— hares Hs Clap pirrsssscerans.s covespe co ntaraesiscan sderseascnonstiedsrelopaluastne Rinveihceseiatahe Pena aNn trecamuare pyaar pp. 105-107 Fraser Cafion and Vicinity, Report I—Charles Camsell.......... 06s seen eee ene eee pp. 108-111 Lillooet Mining Division, Yale District, Geology of a Portion of, Report II—Charles Cameell .pp. 111-115 Skagit Valley, Yale District, Geology of, Report III—Charles Cameell..............+20.0-+ pp. 115-123 Diamonds at Tulameen and Scottie Creek, near Ashcroft, Notes on the Occurrence of, Report IV—Charles Camsell.............. ee pp. 123-124 Fraser Cafion and Vicinity, Geology of Siwash Creek Area—A. M. Bateman.. . «pp. 125-129 Beaverdell Map-area, Yale District—L. Reinecke.............. pp. 130-132 Franklin Mining Camp, West Kootenay—C. W. Drysdale. pp. 133-138 Nelson Map-area, Geology of—O. E. LeRoy...........-. pp. 139-157 East Kootenay, Reconnaissance in—Stuart J. Schofield ......... sain pp. 158-164 Shuswap Lakes and Vicinity, Reconnaissance of the—Reginald A. Daly pp. 165-174 Field Map-area, Yoho Park, Geology of—Jobn A. Allan yp. 175-187 Kicking Horse Valley, Cambrian of the—Charles D. Walcott . 188-191 Reports from Topographical Division: Alberni Sheet, Vancouver Island—R. H. Chapman......-..sssseseeeeeeeeeee enter eeeeeees p. 366 Cowichan Sheet, Vancouver Island—K. G. Chipman.........- 02: cece eect eer eee e arenes p. 366 Columbia-Kootenay Triangulation—S. C. McLean... ........ ese cece eee e eee e eee nena p. 367 Slocan Map-area—A. C. T. Sheppard... .. 0... eee c eee c cern e eee nett e eee ene teen ees p. 368 1305 Summary Report for the Calendar Year 1912 Reports from Geological Division : A Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Group, Geological Reconnaissance on—Charles H. Clapp.pp. 12- 40 Sooke and Duncan Map-areas, Vancouver Island, Geology of Portions of the—Charles H. TD PD ites ne -suscorsca teen Se sane est Mane aed d sans 2 erehie auc tect tareblosegia se oe sen a ama a ceed ASU eg enostel eda s) cB ta! nema pp. 41- 54 Grand ‘Pronk Pacific Railway, from Prince Rupert to Aldermere, Geological Section along the—R. G. McConnell... 02. cece ce cee ence nee er ences Wess psi adaatinecteee sieseys pp. 55- 62 Princess Royal Island—R. G. McConnell......... 0c cece cee eee e eee e teen center ereenes pp. 63- 67 Texada Island—R. G. McConnell........- wee. Pp. 68 Groundhog Coal Field—G. 8. Malloch....... ++sPP. Hazelton, Metalliferous Deposits in the Vicinity of —G. 8. Malloch... . pp. 102-107 Fraser River Valley, from Lytton to Vancouver, A Geological Reconnaissance of the—Norman TBR eta sree sisectcsesranaied eg nd nea: 3 apn eo Suclsy toy Sa ca ae ay aba aon eae SaaS as . 108-114 Thompson River Valley below Kamloops Lake, Geology of the—Chas. W. Drysd . 115-150 Savona Map-area—Bruce Rose............ ssteebenctas eemeeyt Paes ig pp. 151-155 Selkirk and Purcell Mountains at the Canadian Pacific Railway (Main L Reginald A. Daly ices cass sssedcare 4 susve s ocoeiore. 4 alogesn ist in wa lacnancsajnsn eyeloce. sc snloa -pp. 156-164 Rocky Mountain Section between Banff, Alta., and Golden, B Railway—John A. Allan... 0.2... sees eee see sees . 165-176 Lillooet and Chilko.Lake, Exploration Between—A. M. Batema . 177-187 Lillooet Map-area—A. M. Bateman : . 188-210 Yale District, The Geology of Certain Portions of—Char . 211-220 East Kootenay, Reconnaissance in—Stuart J. Schofield........... arts . 221-228 610 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Reports from Topographical Division : Part I: Lillooet Map-area—W. E. Lawson.....-. es eee eee e ence e ener cence cn ceeeeneees ifetdtacee . p. 418 Windermere Map-area—K. G. Chipman. . Sie uELBIS See te wees wen eles aside ayieees .. p. 418 Texada Island Map-area—D. A. Nichols...........s+e0e0+ Halse aes Shasta SeeRealta te A PONSG Tovar TaRS we. p. 422 Part II: 3 Flathead Triangulation, British Columbia and Alberta—S. C. McLean......... See Rae -. p. 425 1359 Summary Report for the Calendar Year 1913 Reports from Geological Division : Rainy Hollow Mineral Area—R. G. McConnell... South-Central Graham Island—J. D. MacKenzie. . pp. Hidden Creek Mine, Observatory Inlet, Recent Development at the—R. G. McConnell...... pp. 55- 57 The Lime Belt, Quadra (South Valdes) Island—D. D. Cairnes 4 Britannia Mine, Howe Sound—R. G. McConnell... ......eeeeee cence Sharp Point Hot Spring, Vancouver Island—C. H. Cla DD 5 ayaiecitceceet tea ons sew and vant seca pp. 80- 83 Duncan neater Vancouver Island, Geology of a Portion of the—C. H. Clapp and H. Cc. — GOOG soos sce gosta a sider d Sepaye d POM e bie VimN aE p iAGT BI ie ca atinin Ce: Sudonot dm Sunde ieagmaCetnra, eceliinae: Biwisjeid9s pp. Sooke Special Map-area, Vancouver Island, Geology of the—H. C. Cooke...... coSTayaiefia feos aseiezes pp. 106-108 Kyuquot Sound, Vancouver Island, The Geology of the Alunite and Pyrophyllite Rocks of— Charles H. Clapp............. niches bun Ree aeen ee errrrrr rere eee pp. 109-126 Similkameen District, Notes on Mining Developments in the, and on a Reported Occurrence of Oil at Kelowna—Charles Camsell.........--::seeeeeeee stared Fh desaenta cs, oaanGhaca:S agamegee Rese eers pp. 127-128 Rossland Mining Camp—Chas. W. Drysdale. ........-secseee sete rr tenet eter eet e ee ees . 129 Reconnaissance in East Kootenay—Stuart J. Schofield... 10.0... e sees cece ere ee eer teens pp. 130-138 Coal Areas in Flathead Valley—D. B. Dowling..........+--sseeeees 6 Size SURG RRR TERS pp. 139-141 Reports from Topographical Division—Part I : Last Sooke and Flathead Coal Basin Map-areas—F. S. Falconer.......... . p. 334 Bridge River Map-area—E. E. Freeland. ..........++0seeeeee renee p. 335 Windermere Map-area—A. G. Haultain.......... eee seen ee eens p. 335 Crowsnest Sheet, British Columbia and Alberta—A. C. T. Sheppard. . p- 335 Similkameen District, Triangulation Work...........++- SSE ce WR IE Ca aerate alfataratg loo tabRaS artastuan 6 p. 339 1803 Summary Report for the Calendar Year 1914 Reports from Geological Division : Graham Island—J. D. MacKenzie... 2... cscs eee cece rete ee tence teen e eee e ene eeenees pp. 33- 37 Ymir Mining Camp, West Kootenay—C. W. Drysdale. ........++.++--ec ences baat a oxteerels pp. 37- 38 Ainsworth Mining Camp, and Reconnaissance in West Kootenay—Stuart J. Schofield ........ pp. 38- 41 Flathead Special Map-area—J. D. MacKenzie..............+++- ea iabideeide aus anichapenoiesanlant vans GGRONE S pp. 41- 42 Reports from Topographical Division : Rainy Hollow Map-area—W. E. Lawson... ... ese cece cee eee e teen eee tenet ene ees p. 146 Revelstoke Sheet and Ainsworth Map-area—F. S. Falconer. ......... cece eeeee tere eet rece p. 146 Flathead and Crowsnest Sheets, British Columbia and Alberta—A. C. T. Sheppard.......... p. 147 1616 Summary Report for the Calendar Year 1915 Reports from Geological Division : Atlin, Hydromagnesite Deposits of —G. A. Young. Telkwa Valley and Vicinity—J. D. MacKenzie.... : Northern Interior of British Columbia, Exploration in t! Camse Bridge River Map-area—Highland Valley Copper Camp—Human Skeleton from Silt Be Savona—G;, W. Drvad Ble. cgs salts womig-d ears aS on ae eee Gee Slocan Area and Grenville Mountain, Iron Indust: Kootenay District—Stuart J. Schofield ............ Kootenay Lake, District East of —M. F. Bancroft. . . 94- 97 Rocky Mountains, Alta. and B.C., Notes on the Stratigraphy of the—L. D. Burling......... pp. 97-100 Reports from Topographical Division : Revelstoke Sheet—F. S. Falconer... 0.0... c cece cc ee cence eect eee en eens Rca Pace. sas p. 242 Pekisko Map-area, B.C. and Alberta—D. A, Nichols.............-..4- acd ean rerntenenthee Beek p. 242 Zymoetz River Reconnaissance—W. H. Boyd.......... cece eee eeeeee ies inacntsa teva Raves cAudeasaun \eteats p. 244 1684 Summary Report for the Calendar Year 1916 Reports from Geological Division : Anyox Map-area—C. W. Drysdale........ 6... cece eee eee eee ee eee e eens Bh Banece a Sea pp. 44- 43 Bridge River Map-area—C. W. Drysdale... . . 45- 55 Index Molybdenite Mine, Lillooet Mining Division—C. W. Drysdale ‘ Slocan Area, Ainsworth and Slocan Mining Divisions—C. W. Drysdale..................... pp. 56- 57 Kootenay Terranes, General Notes on Stratigraphy and Correlation of—C. W. Drysdale......pp. 58- 63 Upper Elk Valley Coal Basin, Reconnaissance of—Bruce Rose..........2ceseesc cece se eeeee pp. 63- 66 Reports from Topographical Division : Anyox Map-area—F’. S. Falconer. ........ 0. cece eee eens ee eevee SGN wae Anan eeeies weeds p. 335 Kananaskis-Elbow Map-area, B.C. and Alberta—D. A. Nichols Summary Report for the Calendar Year 1917. (Consisting of Parts ‘A’ to ‘F and last.’) Note—The annual Summary Report of the Geological Survey is now issued in parts, each desig- nated by. a letter of the alphabet, which, in the case of the last part, is followed by the words “AnD Last.” Part A contains the report of the Directing Geologist, reviewing the work of the Geological Survey for the year and conteinivg lists of reports and maps published during the year, and is accom- panied by a table of contents for all parts of the annual Summary Report. 1719 Reports from Geological Division : (PartB) Hazelton District, Economic Geology of the—J. J. O'Neill .... 0. eee eee teen eens pp. 9B-12B Squamish and Lillooet, Reconnaissance along the Pacific Great Eastern Railway between— BGs Carnell ie as, ace. seagate tes tavc tt arcuate db IDI A tk As ACTaRUe/ eRe Aen ag maori YS pp. 12B-23B Inctian River Cepper Deposits. Vancouver Mining Division—C. Camsell................65- pp. 23B-25B Diatomaceous Earth, Clay, and Magnesite along the Route of the Pacific Great Eastern Rail- way, Note on the Occurrence of—C. Camsell ... 0.0.0.0... e cece eee eee eens senda tor sie’ pp. 25B-28B Slocan District, Investigations in the—M. F. Bancroft.............00ee0ee avageyeeeeelarelaacy sake pp. 28B-41B 1721 (Part C) Crowsnest and Flathead Coal Areas—B. Rose... .scecececccsccnccccscccsccccesesserssDP. 28C-35C BIBLIOGRAPHY 6iL Nors—Since 1910, certain reports issued by the Geological Survey have been called ‘memoirs’ and have been numbered Memoir 1, Memoir 2, ete. Owing to delays incidental to the publishing of reports and their accompanying maps, not all of the reports have been called memoirs, and the memoirs have not been issued in order of their assigned numbers. Information respecting British Columbia will be found in the following : 1093 Memoir 2—Geology and Ore Deposits of Hedley Mining District, B.C., 1910, by Charles Camsell ; 218 pp., 20 pls.; 8 figs., 4 maps Nos. 1095, 1096, 1105, 1106. 1139 Memoir 11—Triangulation and Spirit Levelling of Vancouver Island, B.C., 1909, by R. H. Chapman ; 31 pp., diagram. 1121 Memoir 18—Southern Vancouver Island, 1912, by Charles H. Clapp; 208 pp., 18 pls., 3 figs., 1 map No. 1123 (17A) 1166 Memoir 19—Geology of Motherlode and Sunset Mines, Boundary District, B.C., 1914, by O. E. LeRoy; , 56 pp., 5 pls., 3 figs., 2 maps Nos, 1167 (29A), 1168 (380A). 1175 Memoir 21—The Geology and Ore Deposits of Phoenix, Boundary District, B.C., 1912, by O. E. LeRoy; 110 pp., 7 pls., 18 figs., two maps Nos. 1135 (15A), 1136 (16A). 1188 Memoir 23—Geology of the Coast and Islands between the Strait of Georgia and Queen Charlotte Sound, B.C., 1914, by J. Austin Bancroft ; 152 pp., 17 pls., 5 figs., 1 diag., 1 map No. 1241 (65A). 1204 Memoir 24—Preliminary Report on the Clay and Shale Deposits of the Western Provinces, 1912, by Heinrich Ries and Joseph Keele; 231 pp., 61 pls., 10 figs., 1 map No. 1201 (514A). 1279 Memoir 25—Report on the Clay and Shale Deposits of the Western Provinces, Part II., 1914, by Heinrich 1206 Memoir 26—Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Tulameen District, B.C., 1913, by C. Camsell, 188 pp Ries and Joseph Keele ; 105 pp., 40 pls., 6 figs. ‘ 23 pls., 2 figs., 4 maps Nos. 1195 (45A), 1196 (46A), 1197 (47A), 1198 (48A). 1235 Memoir 32—Portions of Portland Canal and Skeena Mining Divisions, Skeena District, B.C., 1914, by R. G. McConnell; 101 pp., 7 pls., 3 figs., 2 diags., with two maps Nos. 1164 (28A), 1200 (50A). 1293 Memoir 36—Geology of the Victoria and Saanich Map-areas, Vancouver Island, B.C., 1914, by C. H. Clapp; . 143 pp., 18 pls., 6 figs., and 4 maps Nos. 1251 (70A), 1252 (71A), 1253 (72A), 1254 (73A.) 1255 Memoir 37—Portions of the Atlin District, B.C., 1913, by D. D. Cairnes; 129 pp., 32 pls., 5 figs., 4 diags. 1 map No. 1283 (94A) (Preliminary). . 1203 Memoir 388—Geology of the North American Cordillera at the Forty-ninth Parallel, Parts I and II, 1913, by Reginald Aldworth Daly, 857 pp., 73 pls., 42 figs.; and in Part III, 17 geological maps, with structure _sections and two sheets of photographic panoramas. 1324 Memoir 47—Clay and Shale Deposits of the Western Provinces, Part III, 1914, by Heinrich Ries, 73 pp., 11 pls., 8 figs. 1344 Memoir 51—Geology of the Nanaimo Map-area, 1914, by C. H. Clapp; 135 pp., 13 pls., 10 figs., and 4 maps Nos. 1179 (33A), 1568 (158A), 1569 (159A), 1570 (160A). 1363 Memoir 63—Coal Fields of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Eastern British Columbia (revised edition) 1914, by D. B. Dowling ; 142 pp., 9 pls., 1 map No. 1221 (55A). 1370 Memoir §5—Geology of Field Map-area, British Columbia and Alberta, 1914, by John A. Allan; 312 pp. 21 plis., 5 figs., 1 map No. 1445 (142A). 13883 Memoir 56—Geology of Franklin Mining Camp, B.C., 1915, by Charles W. Drysdale ; 246 pp., 23 pls., 16 figs., 2 maps Nos. 1286 (97A), 1381 (133A), 1886 Memoir 68—Texada Island, 1915, by R. G. McConnell, 112 pp., 8 pls., 1 fig., maps and plans Nos. 1313 (109A) 1314 (110A), 1319 (111A), 1320 (112A) and 1321. . 1388 Memoir 69—Coal Fields and Coal Resources of Canada, 1915, by D. B. Dowling, 174 pp., 9 figs., 7 maps Nos. 125A to 131A, publications Nos. 1372 to 1378 inclusive. 1453 ae 66—Clay and Shale Deposits of the Western Provinces, Part IV, 1915, by H. Ries; 83 pp., 8 pls., 18 figs. 1455 Memoir 66—Clay and Shale Deposits of the Western Provinces, Part V, 1915, by J. Keele; 74 pp., 8 pls. 1463 Memoir 68—A Geological Reconnaissance between Golden and Kamloops, B.C., along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 1915, by R. A. Daly; 260 pp., 46 pls., 4 figs., 7 maps Nos. 1446 (143A), 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1457, 1458. 1465 wala i Fields of British Columbia, 1915, by D. B. Dowling ; 349 pp., 23 diags., 1 map No. 1412 13! ie 1505 Memoir 76—Geology of the Cranbrook Map-area, B.C., 1915, by Stuart J. Schofield ; 245 pp., 33 pls., 15 figs., 1 map No. 1528 (147A). 1520 Memoir 77—Geology and Ore Deposits of Rossland, B.C., 1915, by C. W. Drysdale ; 317 pp., 25 pis., 26 figs., 6 maps Nos. 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1496 (146A), 1518. 1537 Memoir 79—Ore deposits of the Beaverdell Map-area, B.C., 1915, by L. Reinecke ; 178 pp., 13 pls., 9 figs. 1 map No. 1183 (387A). 1039 Memoir 87—Geology of the Flathead Coal Basin, B.C., 1916, by J. D. MacKenzie ; 53 pp., 1 pl., 1 fig., 2 maps Nos. 1583 (166A), 1629 (182A). 1622 Memoir 88—Geology of Graham Island, B.C., 1916, by J. D. MacKenzie ; 221 pp., 16 pls., 23 figs., 2 maps Nos. 1597 (176A), 1598 (177A). 1651 “Memoir 94—Ymir Mining Camp, B.C., 1917, by C. W. Drysdale ; 185 pp., 15 pls., 16 figs. 1 map No. 1594 (175A). 1660 Memoir 96—Sookeand Duncan Map-areas, Vancouver Island, by C. H. Clapp, 445 pp., 12 pls., 2 figs., 6 maps Nos. 1191 (41A), 1192 (42A), 1193 (483A), 1194 (44A), 1567 (157A), 1654 (167A). CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY EXPLORATORY SURVEY REPORTS : Progress Report on the Canadian Pacific Railway Exploration Survey, by Sandford Fleming. 8vo, 80 pp., map and profiles. Ottawa, April 10th, 1872. a a Note—This is the preliminary report on the exploratory surveys commenced in June, 1871. Respecting British Columbia, consult, ‘‘Report on Survey between New Westminster and Great Shuswap Lake,” pp. 20-26; ‘Report on Exploration from Great Shuswap Lake to Howse Pass,” pp. 27-38; and “Report on Exploration from Kootenay and Cariboo to Yellowhead Pass,’’ pp. 39-49. Report of Progress on the Explorations and Surveys up to Jan., 1874, by Sandford Fleming. S8vo, 286 pp., maps and profiles. Ottawa, 1874. . . ; ae : Note—This report contains a number of appendices treating of matters relating to British Columbia, such as reports upon the passes through the Coast, Cascade and Rocky mountains ; on the North Bentinck Arm route; extracts from Sir Alexander Mackenzie’s Journal and Vancouver’s Account of Voyages ; also upon the winter climate of the Rocky mountains. Consult pp. 3-5, 14-24,105-155, 174-198, 215-256, 263-272. 612 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Description of the Country between Lake Superior and the Pacific Ocean, on the Line of the Canadian Pactfic Railway. 8vo, x1+143 pp. Ottawa, November, 1876. 2 : Note—This compilation was designed to furnish a concise description of the physical features of the eountry lying in Canada between the head of lake Superior and the Pacific ocean, through which country it was proposed to construct the Canadian Pacific railway. The information supplied is supported by extensive quotations from authorities (see pp. xxxi-xxxvi) and is intended to supplement the more technical reports of the Engineer. For the ‘British Columbia Section’ see pp. 65-88; and for reporta by Marcus Smith see pp. 89-125 ; and for miscellaneous information, pp. 126-143. Report on Surveys and Preliminary Operations on the Canadian Pacific Railway up to January,—1877—by Sandford Fleming. 8vo, xvi+431 pp., maps and profiles. Ottawa, 1877. . . Note—This report gives a concise résumé of the progress and results achieved during the six years of the survey. The Chief Engineer, commencing with the explorations and surveys in 1871, gives, under the general classification of ‘Explorations,’ ‘Exploratory Surveys,’ ‘Revised Surveys,’ ‘Trial Location s,’ ‘Location Surveys’ and ‘Revised Locations,’ a brief outline of the principal examinations made up to theclose of 1876. 4 For these six years, for British Columbia consult pp. 1-88a under the heading In the Mountain Region. The appendices pp. 89-111 contain much matter of interestrelating to British Columbia, such as elevations and list of stationsestablished; exploration reports relating to the North Thompson river; the Similkameen and Tulameen valleys; inlets along the coast; winter conditions of inlets; economic minerals ; notes on agriculture, stock raising, etc.; harbours, climate, etc. Consult Appendices A, C to K, Q to W, and Z. Reports and Documents in Reference to the Location of the Line and a Western Terminal Harbour—1878—by Sandford Fleming. Maps. 8vo, 104 pp. Ottawa, 1878. | f s Note—This progress report deals with Canadian Pacific Railwav exploratory and trial location surveys, especially in northern British Columbia For surveys from Yellowhead pase to Burrard inlet see pp. 30-77 ; from Port Simpson via the Skeena river to Fort George see pp. 38-40 ; respecting surveys of various proposed routes see pp. 41-54; for report on location via the Thompson and Fraser rivers to Burrard inlet and to Bute inlet see pp. 55-61 ; also re terminal harbour and other matters see pp. 62 e¢ seg. Report in Referenceto the Canadian Pacific Railway—1879—by Sandford Fleming. 8vo, 142 pp.,map. Ottawa, 1879. Note—This report contains relatively little information relating to British Columbia. Report and Documents in Reference to the Canadian Pacific Railway—1889—by Sandford Fleming. Maps and plates. 8vo, xiii+373 pp. Ottawa, 1880. Note—This report of progress contains much valuable exploratory and other information. There are 24 items—comprising pages 31 to 359—in the Appendix of which Nos. 1 to 12 contain reports by engineers and others respecting more particularly the northern part of British Columbia and the Peace River District. For general report consult pp. 1-12 ; consult, especially, for general instructions respecting surveys, pp. 31-37 ; for exploration from Port Sim son via the Skeenariver, lakes Babine and Stuart and the Peace River and Pine River passes to Lesser Slave lake, pp. 38-56 ; for explorations between Port Simpson, B.C., and Battle- ford, N.W.T., via Peace River valley, pp. 57-70; for trial location survey from Wark inlet up the Skeena river, pp. 71-74 ; for exploration through the northern portion of British Columbia in 1879, pp. 75-85 ; for memorandum regarding journey from Victoria, V.I., across northern British Columbia via the Peace River pass, pp. 86-106 ; for report on the climate, agricultural value, geological features and economic minerals of the northern portion of British Columbia and of the Peace River country, pp. 107-131 ; for the agricultural capabilities of Vancouver island, pp. 132-138 ; for memorandum on Queen Charlotte islands, pp. 139-143; and for various notes respecting routes, harbours, meteorology, etc., consult pp. 144-168. BRITISH COLUMBIA PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT REPORTS : MINISTER OF LANDS, ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE Note—These include the Reports of the Forest, Water Rights and Survey Branches, which reports are also issued separately. The Report of the Water Rights Branch deals specifically with water matters. Casual seferences to water-power possibilities, however, are frequently found embodied in the reports of surveyors to the Survey Branch. Topographic descriptions are found in both the Forest and Survey Branch Reports. In this respect the Annual Reports of the Minister for 1912, 1913 and 1914 are specially noteworthy. Since the outbreak of the War the size of the volumes has been substantially reduced. MINISTER OF MINES, ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE ae Note—The reports from various mining districts, and the descriptions of mining activities, frequently contain references to water-power possibilities and, occasionally, give brief‘descriptions of certain develop- ments. See, for example, the Report for 1910, pp. 43, 47, 52, 59, 75, 80, 81, 97, 108, 125, 141, 142, 147, etc. COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES, ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE Note—References to the conditions of stream beds, to obstructions, to rapids or falls, etc., are fre- quently made in these reports. See, for example, the references in the Reports for 1913 and 1914 to the con- dition of the Fraser river due to the obstruction caused by the rock-slide which occurred during the con- struction of the Canadian Northern railway. ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, LONDON, ENGLAND : Note—The transactions of, and contributions to, this Society have been published in various forms as follows : Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, London, 1831-80—50 vols. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. I, 1855, to Vol. XXII, 1878 ; then ‘‘ New Series,” Vol. I, 1879, to Vol. XIV, 1892. (From 1855 to 1880 both ‘Journal’ ani ‘Proceedings’ were issued, the former con- taining the longer papers.) Geographical Journal from Vol. I, 1893. Half-yearly. In progress. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY : Douglas, Governor James. Report of a Canoe Expedition along the East Coast of Vancouver Island, 1862. Vol. XXIV, 1854, pp. 245-249, map. oe . Grant, Capt. W. 268-320, map. Palliser, Capt. John. Progress of the British North American Exploring Expedition under the Command of Capt. John Palliser. Vol. XXX, 1860. . 267-314, map. [See also ‘Proceedings’ Royal G i i Vol II, pp. 38 and 146, also Vol. TL, p. 122)" ee Siva SEER ee SONY Grant, Capt. W. C. Remarks on Vancouver Island, principally concerning Townsites and Nati ion. VoL RRR 186i, pp. 208918, man, [Scealo Proceeds,’ Vol lop. aeeeooT Mayne, Lieut. Richard C. Report on a Journey in British Columbia in the Districts Borderi: Fraser and Harrison Rivers. Vol. XXXI, 1861. pp. 213-223. a a Palmer, Lieut. H. Spencer. Report on the Harrison and Lillooet Route, from the Junction of the Frase i Rivers to the Junction of the Fraser and Kayosch Rivers, with Note on the Country Beyond, as eee Vol. XXXI, 1861. pp. 224-236. . olquhoun. Description of Vancouver Island, by its first Colonist. Vol. XXVII, 1857. pp. BIBLIOGRAPHY 613 Begbie, Matthew B. Journey into the Interior of British Columbia. Vol. XXXI, 1861. pp. 237-248. Davaie, Explorations in Jervis Inlet and Desolation Sound, British Columbia. Vol. XXXI, 1861. pp. Mayne, Lieut. Richard C., of H.M.S. Plumper. Sketch of the Country between Jervis Inlet and Port Pemberton, on the Lillooet River, a Branch of the Fraser River, British Columbia. Vol. XXXI, 1861. pp. 297-302, map. Note—Respecting 1861, see also ‘Proceedings,’ Vol. IV, 1859, p. 33. Mayne, Commr. Richard C., R.N. Route in Exploring a Road from Albernie Canal to Nanaimo, in Vancouver Island, in May, 1861, with a Track Chart. Vol. XXXII, 1862. pp. 529-535. [See also ‘Proceedings,’ Vol. VI, 1862, p: 107.) Forbes, C. Notes on the Physical Geography of Vancouver Island. Vol. XXXIV, 1864. pp. 154-171, map. (See also ‘Proceedings,’ Vol. VIII, p. 83.] Palmer, Lieut. H. 8. Remarks upon the Geography and Natural Capabilities of British Columbia, and the Condition of ws ee Gold Fields. Vol. XXXIV, 1864. pp. 171-195, map. [See also ‘Proceedings,’ Vol. VIII, p. 87. Waddington, A. On the Geography and Mountain Passes of British Columbia in Connection with an Overland Route. Vol. XXXVIII, 1868. pp. 118-128, map. [See also ‘Proceedings,’ Vol. XII, p. 121.] Brown, Robert. On the Formation of Fjords, Canons, Benches, Prairies, and Intermittent Rivers. Vol. KXXIX, 1869. pp. 121-131, map [of B.C. Coast]. [See also ‘Proceedings,’ Vol. XIII, p. 144.] PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY: Palliser, Capt. John, and Dr. Hector. On Practicable Passes through the Rocky Mountains within the British Possesstons. Vol. III, 1858. p. 122. Palliser, Cdpt. John. On the Rocky Mountains. Vol. IV, 1859. pp. 73-76. Torrens, Capt. R. W. Journey to Fort Simpson, Queen Charlotte Islands. Vol. IV, 1860. pp. 226-228. [Ab- stract of Journal is given.] Kelly, William. British Columbia. Vol. VI, 1862. pp. 107-111. Milton, Viscount, and Dr. Cheadle. An Expedition across the Rocky Mountains into British Columbia, by the Yellow Head or Leather Pass. Vol. IX, 1864. pp. 17-21. Brown, Dr. Robert. Explorations in the Interior of Vancouver Island. Vol. IX, 1865. p. 305. [Notes.} Brown, Dr. Robert. On the Physical Geography of Queen Charlotte Islands. Vol. XIII, 1869. pp. 381-392. Begbie, Matthew B. On the ‘Benches,’ or Valley Terraces, of British Columbia. Vol. XV, 1870. pp. 133-45. . Green, Rev. W. Spotswood. Explorations in the Glacier Regions of the Selkirk Range, British Columbia. Vol. XI (New Series), 1889. pp. 153-170, map. Seton-Karr, H. W. Explorations in Alaska and Northwest British Columbia. Vol. XIII (New Series), 1891. pp. 65-86, map. Topham, Harold W. The Selkirk Range, North-west America. Vol. XIII (New Series), 1891. GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL Russell, Prof. Israel C. The Glaciers of North America. Vol. XII, No. 6, Dec., 1898. pp. 553-564. Collie, Prof. Norman. Ezplorations in the Canadian Rockies: A Search for Mount Hooker and Mount Brown Vol. XIII, No. 4, April, 1899. pp. 337-358, maps and illus. Consult also Vol. XVII, March, 1901, pp. 252-272 ; and Further Explorations . . ., Vol. XXI, May, 1903, pp. 485-502. Cornish, Vaughan. On Snow-Waves and Snow-Drifts in Canada, with Notes on the ‘Snow-Mushrooma’ of the Selkirk Mountains. , Vol. XX, No. 2, August, 1902. pp. 127-175, illus. Klotz, Otto J. Notes on Glaciers of South-Eastern Alaska and Adjoining Territory. Vol. XIV, No. 5, Nov., 1899. pp. 523-534, map. Coleman, Prof. A. P. Mount Robson, the Highest Point in the Canadian Rockies. Vol. XXXVI, No. 1, July, 1910. pp. 57-63. Palmer, Howard. Explorations about Mount Sir Sandford, British Columbia. Vol. XXXVII, No. 2, Feb., 1911. pp. 170, map. Tengeee Dr. T. G. Across the Purcell Range of British Columbia. Vol. XXXVII, No. 6, June, 1911.¥ pp. 9-600, map. Wheeler, Arthur O. Expedition to Spilli: h Mountain, September, 1910. Vol. XXXVII, No. 6, June, 1911. pp. 601-607, photo-topographical surveys. Collie, J. Norman. Ezploration in the Rocky Mountains north of the Yellowhead Pass. Vol. XX XIX, No. 3, Mar., 1912. pp. 223-235, map. Palmer, Howard. Observations on the Sir Sandford Glacier, 1911. Vol. XXXIX, No. 5, May, 1912. pp. 446-453. ROYAL COLONIAL INSTITUTE. Consult Proceedings. Sillitoe, Right Rev., Bishop of New Westminster. British Columbia. Vol. XVIII, 1887. pp. 189-215. Beanlands, Rev. Canon. British Columbia : a Problem of Colonial Development. Vol. XXIII,1892. pp. 142-171. Dawson, Dr. G. M. Mineral Wealth of British Columbia. Vol. XXIV, 1893. pp. 238-264. Rathbone, Edgar P. The Gold Fields of Ontario and British Columbia. Vol. XXIX, 1898. pp. 68-93. Turner, Hon. J. H. British Columbia of To-day. Vol. XX XIII, 1902. pp. 110-131. ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. Consult Proceedings and Transactions of the. First Series, Vols. I-XII, years 1882-83 to 1894 (Index in Vol. XII) ; Second Series, Vols. I-XII, years 1895 to 1906 ; Third Series, Vols. I-XII, years 1907 to 1918. Note—See also ‘Bibliography of the Members of the Royal Society of Canada,” in Vol. XII, 1894. Fleming, Sandford. Expeditions to the Pacific. Vol. VII, 1889, section 2. pp. 89-141. Coleman, A. P. Geography and Geology of the Big Bend of the Columbia. Vol. VII, 1889, section 4. pp. 97-108. Dawson, George M. Physiographical Geology of the Rocky Mountain Region of Canada. Vol. VIII, 1890, section 4. pp. 3-74, Dawson, George M. Secular Climatic Changes in British Columbia, Vol. II (Second series), 1896. Section 4. pp. 159-166. White, James. Place Names in the Rocky Mountains Between the 49th Parallel and the Athabaska River. Vol. X, (Third Series), 1916, section 2, p. 501.-535. GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Dawson, George M. ‘‘The Geological Record of the Rocky Mountain Region in Canada.” Bulletin’ of the Geological Society of America. Vol. XII, pp. 57-92. Rochester, N.Y., 1901. pp. 554-556, map. 614 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION IV—TRAVEL AND EXPLORATION—MOUNTAINEERING AND OTHER SPORT (Consult also under ‘Topography,’ section III, and ‘History,’ section V.) ALPINE CLUB OF CANADA. Consult Canadian Alpine Journal, Vol. 1, 1907. In progress. BAILLIE-GROHMAN, W. A. Fifteen Years’ Sport and Life in the Hunting Grounds of Western America and British Columbia. Roy. 8vo, 403 pp., maps and plates. London, 1900. BARNEBY, W. HENRY. Life and Labour in the Far, Far West: being Notes of a Tour in the Western States, British Columbia, Manitoba and the North-West Territory. 8vo, 432 pp., map. London, 1884. Note—For British Columbia see Chapters V, VI and VII. New Far West and the Old Far East: being Notes of a Tour in North America, Japan, China, Ceylon, etc. 8vo, 316 pp., maps and illustrations. London, 1889. Note—For British Columbia see Chapters III, IV, V, VI and X. BARRETT-LENNARD, CAPT. C. E. Travels in British Columbia, with the Narrative of a Yacht Voyage round Vancouver Island. 8vo,307 pp. London, 1862. BROWN, ROBERT. Vancouver Island. Exploration. 1864. Printed by authority of the Government. 8vo, 28 pp. Victoria, V.I. - BUREAU OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. See reference to publications in Section II above. BURPEE, LAWRENCE J. Amongthe Canadian Alps. 8vo,239 pp., maps andillus. New York and Toronto. 1914, Note—Includes good illustrations of Emperor Falls, Grand Fork river ; and Twin Falls, Yoho valley. BUTLER, CAPT. W. F. The Wild North Land: being the Story of a Winter Journey, with Dogs, across Northern North America. 8vo, 358 pp., with a route map and plates. London, 1874. Note—For British Columbia see Chapters XX to XXVII. CANADIAN ARCHIVES PUBLICATION No. 4. Journal of the Yukon 1847-48, by Alexander Hunter Murray ; edited with notes by L. J. Burpee. 8vo,125 pp., map andillus. Ottawa, 1910. CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY EXPLORATION SURVEY REPORTS. See under ‘Topography,’ section III. CHITTENDEN, NEWTON H. Official Report of the Exploration of the Queen Charlotte Islands for the Government of British Columbia. 8vo, 80 pp.,illus. Victoria, 1884. COLEMAN, A. P. The Canadian Rockies, New and Old Trails. 8vo, 379 pp., map and illus. London, 1911. COX, ROSS. See under ‘Historical Works,’ in section V. CUMBEN TEND: STUART. The Queen’s Highway from Ocean to Ocean. 8vo, 431 pp., maps and plates. London, EMERSON, JOHN, of Wolsingham. British Columbia and Vancouver Island. Voyages, Travels and Adventures. Sm. 8vo, 154 pp. Durham (England), 1865. FLEMING, SANDFORD. England and Canada: aS Tour bet Old and New Westminster, with Historical Notes. 8vo, 449 pp., map. Montreal, 1884. FOOTNER, HULBERT. New Rivers of the North. 8vo, 281 pp., photographs. New York, 1912. Note—Describes Upper Fraser and Peace rivers and the falls on Hay river. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA, EXPLORATIONS BY. See under ‘Topography,’ section ITI. GORDON, D. M. Mountain and Prairie, a Journey from Victoria to Winnipeg, via Peace River Pass. 8vo, 310 pp. maps and plates. London, 1880. GRANT, REV. GEO. M. (of, Halifax, N.S.). Ocean to Ocean. Sandford Fleming's Expedition through Canada itn 1872. 8vo, 371 pp., illus. London, 1873. Note—For British Columbia see Chap. IX to end. GREEN, WILLIAM 8. Among the Selkirk Glaciers, being an Account of a Rough Survey in the Rocky Mountain Regions of British Columbia. 8vo, 251 pp., map and illus. London and New York, 1890. HAWORTH, PAUL LELAND. On the Headwaters of Peace River: a Narrative of a Thousand-mile Canoe Trip to a little-known Range of the Canadian Rockies. 8vo, 295 pp., illus. New York, 1917. HORETZKY, CHARLES. Canada on the Pacific: being an Account of a Journey from Edmonton to the Pacific by the Peace River Valley ; and of a Winter Voyage along the Western Coast of the Dominion ; with Remarks on the Physical Features of the Pacific Railway Route and Notices of the Indian Tribes of British Columbia. Sm. 8vo, 244 pp., map and plan. Montreal, 1874. JENNINGS, W. T. On Routes to the Yukon. 8vo, 28 pp. Ottawa, 1898. JOHNSON, R. BYRON. Very Far West Indeed: a Few Rough Experiences on the North-West Pacific Coast. Sm. 8vo, 280 pp. London, 1872. - KENNEDY, CAPT. W. R. Sporting Adventures in the Pacific, whilst in Command of the ‘Reindeer.’ 8vo, 303 pp. illus. London, 1876. Note—Pages 188-207 relate to British Columbia and Vancouver Island. KING, MAJOR W. ROSS. The Sportsman and Naturalist in Canada, or Note the National Histo’ the Game Game Birds, and Fish of that Country. Sm. 4to, 334 pp., illus. “Gondon, 1866. EOE SG nea LEES, J. A.,and CLUTTERBUCK, W. J. B.C., 1887: a Ramble in Briti ia. fc illus. Ne ae ae, a Ramble tn British Columbia. 8vo, 387 pp., map and illus. LORD, JOHN KEAST. Naturalist in Vancouver Island and British Columbia. 8vo, 2 vols.; 3 TE ae he Tee ae. nd and British Columbia. vo, 2 vols.; Vol. I, 358 pp.; Vol. II, At Home in the Wilderness : What to do there and how to do it. Post 8vo, 323 pp., illus. London, Note—3rd ed., 1876. Original edition by ‘The Wanderer.’ McDONALD, ARCHIBALD. See under ‘Historical Works,’ in section V. McNAUGHTON, MARGARET. Overland to Cariboo: an Eventful Journey of Canadian Pioneers to th i of British Columbia in 1862. Sm. 8vo, 176 pp. Toronto, 1896. iia BIBLIOGRAPHY 615 MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER. See under ‘Historical Works’ in section V. MAYNE, R. C. See under ‘Historical Works’ in section V. MILTON, VISCOUNT, and CHEADLE, W. B. See under ‘Historical Works’ in section V. MOBERLY, WALTER. The Rocks and Rivers of British Columbia. 8vo, 104 pp., map. London, 1885. OGILVIE, WILLIAM. Early Days on the Yukon and the Sto its Gold Finds. 8vo, 306 pp., illus. Lond New York and Toronto, 1913. i a oe me Be a core OUTRAM, JAMES. Inthe Heart of the Canadian Rockies. 8vo,466pp.,maP 4ndillus, New York an London,1905. PALLISER, CAPT. JOHN. Papers Relative to the Exploration by Captain Palliser of that Portion of British North America which lies between the Northern Branch of the River Saskatchewan and the Frontier of the United States ; and between the Red River and Rocky Mountains. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty, June, 1859. Polio, 64 pp., maps. London, 1859.* = Further Papers Relative to the Exploration by the Expedition under Captain Palliser of that portion of British North America which lies between the Northern Branch of the River Saskatchewan and the Frontier of the United States ; and between the Red River and the Rocky Mountains, and thence to the Pacific Ocean. Pre- acted to both Houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty, 1860. Folio, 75 pp., maps. London, The Journals, Detailed Reports, and Observations Relative to the Exploration by Captain Palliser of that Portion of British North America, which, in Latitude, lies between the British Boundary Line and the Height of Land or Watershed of the Northern or Frozen Ocean, respectively, and in Longitude, between the Western Shore of Lake Superior and the Pacific Ocean, During the Years 1867, 1858, 1859, and 1860. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty, 19th May, 1863. Folio, 325 pp., London 1860.* PALMER, HOWARD. Mountaineering and Exploration in the Selkirks: a Record of Pioneer Work Among the Can- adian Alps, 1908-1912. 8vo, 439 pp., maps and illus. New York and London, 1914. PIKE, WARBURTON. Through the Sub-Arctic Forest. A Record of a Canoe Journey from Fort Wrangel to the Pelly Lakes and Down the Yukon River to the Behring Sea. 8vo, 295 pp., maps. London and New York, 1896. Note—Stikine and Liard rivers are referred to. POOLE, FRANCIS. See under ‘Historical Works’ in section V. ROSS, ALEXANDER. See under ‘Historical Works’ in section V. ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. See under ‘Topography,’ section III. ST. JOHN, MOLYNEUX. The Sea of Mountains: an Account of Lord Dufferin’s Tour through British Columbia in 1876. 8vo. 2 vols.; Vol. 1, 325 pp.; Vol. 2, 290 pp. London, 1887. SETON-KARR, H. W._ Bear Hunting in the White Mountains, or Alaska and British Columbia Rensited. 8vo, 156 pp., map and illus. London, 1891. SIMPSON, SIR GEORGE. See under ‘Historical Works’ in section V. SOUTHESK, EARL OF. ‘ Saskatchewan and the Rocky Mountains, a Diary and Narrative of Travel, Sport and Ad- venture, during a Journey through the Hudson's Bay Company’s Territories in 1859 and 1860. 8vo, 448 pp., with two folding maps and other illustrations. Edinburgh, 1875. SPROAT, GILBERT MALCOLM. Scenes and Studies of Savage Life. 8vo, 317 pp., view of Sproat lake, Van- couver Island. London, 1868. STUTFIELD, HUGH E. M., and COLLIE, J. NORMAN. Climbs and Exploration in the Canadian Rockies. 8vo, 43 pp., maps and illus. London, 1903. SYMONS, LIEUT. THOMAS W. Report of an Examination of the Upper Columbia River and the Territory tn tts Vicinity in September and October, 1881, to Determine its Navigability, and Adaptability to Steamboat Trans- portation. Made by Direction of the Commanding General of the Department of the Columbia, 47th Congress, 1st Session, Senate, Ex. Doc. No. 186. Ifus. Lge. 8vo, 133 pp.-+map in 25 sheets and index sheet. Washington, 1882 TALBOT, FREDERICK A. The New Garden of Canada, By Pack Horse and Canoe through Undeveloped British Columbia. 8vo, 308 pp., map and illus. London, New York, Toronto, 1911. . Note—Well describes territory adjacent to route of Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. The Making of a Great Canadian Railway. The Story of the Search for and Discovery of the Route, and the Construction of the Nearly Completed Grand Trunk Pacific Railway from the Atlantic to the Pacific, with some of the Hardships and Stirring Adventures of its Constructors in Unexplored Country. 8vo, 349 pp., map and illus. Toronto, 1912. TOLMIE, WILLIAM FRASER. Canadian Pacific Railway Routes. Victoria, 1877. TURNER-TURNER, J. Three Years’ Hunting and Trapping in America and the Great North-West. 4to, 182 pp., map, illus. Life in the Backwoods, from Original Photographs. [A book of photographs.] WADDINGTON, ALFRED. Sketch of the Proposed Line of Overland Railway through British North América. Second edition, with corrections. 8vo,29pp. Ottawa, 1871. WHEELER, A.O. The Selkirk Range, British Columbia. 8vo; Vol. I, 459 pp., illus.; Vol. II, maps, diagrams and plates. Department of the Interior, Ottawa, 1905. WHYMPER, FREDERICK. Travel and Adventure in the Territory of Alaska, formerly Russian America—now ceded to the United States—and in Various Other Parts of the North Pacific. 8vo, 331 pp., maps, views, etc. London, 1868. WILCOX, WALTER DWIGHT. The Rockies of Canada. A revised and enlarged edition of Camping tn the Can- adian Rockies. (London, 1896.] Lge.8vo, 300 pp. New York and London, 1909. YUKON TERRITORY, THE. The Narrative of W. H. Dall, Leader of the Expedition to Alaska in 1866-1868. The Narrative of an Exploration made in 1887 in the Yukon District by George M. Dawson, DS., F.G.8. Extracts from the Report of an Exploration made in 1896-1897 by Wm. Ogilvie, D.LS., F.R.G.S., intro- duction by F. Mortimer Trimmer, F.R.G.S., with map of the territory, fifty woodcuts and twenty-two full-page illustrations. 8vo, 438 pp. London, 1898. * These are Imperial blue books relating to Canada ; see also in Section V. 616 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION V—HISTORIES AND WORKS OF HISTORICAL INTEREST Including North-West Coast Voyages, Hudson’s Bay Company Affairs, International Waters, Boundaries, Treaties.* (a) GENERAL BANCROFT, HUBERT HOWE. History of British Columbia, 1792-1887. 8vo,792 pp.,map. San Francisco, 1890. Note—Contains Bibliography and Lists of Authorities. History of the North-West Coast of America, 8vo, 2 vols.: Vol. I, 1543-1800, 735 pp.; Vol. II, 1800- 1846, 768 pp. San Francisco, 1884. History of Oregon. 8vo, 2 vols.: Vol. I, 1834-1848, 789 pp.; Vol. II, 1848-1888, 808 pp. San Francisco, 1886 and 1888. History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana, 1845-1889. 8vo, 836 pp. San Francisco, 1890. BEGG, ALEXANDER. History of British Columbia from its Earliest Discovery to the Present Time. ' 8vo, 568 pp., map and illus. Toronto, 1894. BEGG, ALEXANDER [not the same as author of B.C. History]. History of the North-West. 8vo, in 3 vols.: Vol. I, 515-+xlvii pp.; Vol. II, 420+xevi pp.; Vol. III, 492+xxvii pp. Toronto, 1894-1895. BRYCE, REV. GEORGE. Mackenzie, Selkirk, Simpson; in The Makers of Canada. 8vo, 305 pp. Toronto, 1905. CANADA AND ITS PROVINCES, a History of the Canadian People and Their Institutions by One Hundred Associates. General Editors: Adam Shortt and Arthur G. Doughty. Vol. 21, Pacific Province, 346 pp.; Vol. 22,. Pacific Province, 660 pp. i , ; 4 Note—Consult also in Vol. 8, ‘Boundary Disputes and Treaties,’ by James White, pp. 751-958. COATS, R. H., and GOSNELL, R. E. Sir James Douglas; in The Makers of Canada. 8vo, 369 pp. Toronto, 1908. COUES, ELLIOTT. ‘New Light on the Early History of the Greater North-west.’ The Manuscript Journals of Alexander Henry, Fur Trader of the Northwest Company, and of David Thompson, Official Geographer and Ex- plorer of the same Company, 1799-1814. Exploration and Adventure among the Indians on the Red, Saskatchewan, Missouri and Columbia Rivers. 8vo, 3 _vols.: Vol. I, xxviiit446 pp., portrait ; Vol. II, 447-916 pp.; Vol. III, Index, 917-1,027 pp., maps. New York, 1897. COX, ROSS. The Columbia River ; or Scenes and Adventures during a Residence of Siz Years on the Western Side of the Rocky Mountains among Various Tribes of Indians Hitherto Unknown ; Together with a Journey across the American Continent. In two vols.: Vol. I, 333 pp.; Vol. II, 350 pp. 8vo. London, 1832. HAZLITT, WILLIAM CAREW. British Columbia and Vancouver Island: comprising a Historical Sketch of the British Settlements in the North-West Coast of America; and a Survey of the Physical Character, Capabilities, i Topography, Natural History, Geology and Ethnology of that Region. Sm. 8vo,247 pp.,map. London, 1 3 ILLUSTRATED BRITISH COLUMBIA. Pamphlet reprinted from The West Shore and comprising pages 267- 306. 4to. Contains numerous early views. Victoria, 1884. KERR, J. B. Biographical Dictionary of Well Known British Columbians, with a Historical Sketch. 8vo, 326 pp. Vancouver, 1890. McCAIN, CHARLES W. History of the S.S. ‘Beaver.’ 12mo, 99 pp., illus. Vancouver, 1894. McCONNELL, W. J. Early History of Idaho. 8vo, 420 pp., Caldwell, Idaho, 1913. MACDONALD, DUNCAN GEORGE FORBES. British Columbia and Vancouver Island: comprising a Descrip- tion of these Dependencies, their Physical Character, Climate, Capabilities, Population, Trade, Natural History,’ Geology, Ethnology, Gold Fields and Future Prospects, also an Account of the Manners and Customs of the Native Indians. 8vo, 524 pp., map. London, 1862. A McDONALD, ARCHIBALD. Peace River, a Canoe Voyage from Hudson's Bay to the Pacific by the late Sir George Simpson in 1828; Journal of the late Chief Factor, Archibald McDonald. Edited, with notes, by Malcolm McLeod. 8vo, 119 pp., map. Ottawa, 1872. MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER. Voyages from Montreal on the River St. Lawrence through the Continent of North America to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans ; In the Years 1789 and 1798. Witha Preliminary Account of the Rise, Progress and Present State of the Fur Trade of that Country. 4to, 412 pp., maps and illus. London, 1801. Note—For British Columbia see ‘Journal of a Second Voyage,’ Chapters III to XIII. MACFIE, MATTHEW. Vancouver, Island and British Columbia : 574 pp., maps and plates. London, 1865. MASSON, L. R. Les Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Quest récits de voyages, lettres et rapports inédits relatifs au Nord-Ouest Canadien. Publiés avec une Esquisse Historique et des Annotations. ee f their History, Resources and Prospects. 8vo, 2 vols., . 4to: 1. I 154+413 pp. and map ; Vol. Il, 499 pp. Quebec, 1889, 1890. ae Me ae Malas a x re Icontains ‘Mr. Simon Fraser, Journal of a Voyage from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacifio oast, MAYNE, COMMANDER R.C.,R.N., F.R.G.S. Four Years in British Columbia and Vancouver Island : an Account te ee Rivers, Coasts, Gold Fields, and Resources for Colonization. S8vo, 468 pp., map and illus. MEANY, EDMOND 8. History of the State of Washington. 8vo, 406 pp., maps and illus. New York, 1909. MILTON, VISCOUNT, and CHEADLE, W.B. The North-West Passage by Land: Being the Narrative of an Ex- pedition from the Atlantic to the Pacific, undertaken with the view of Exploring a Route across the Continent to British Columbia through British Territory by one of the Northern Pi in th Ki ins. ne ee ee ry by of orthern Passes in the Rocky Mountains. 8vo, 394 pp. _ *In this section are given only the chief works in which reference is made to British Columbia. Bibli ies relating more generally to the Pacific Coast, to the Search for a North-West Passage and to the Operations 6 ce Hudson’s Bay Company will be found in the following works, to which fuller reference is made in this section : Ban- croft—Histories ; Morice—History ; Canada and Its Provinces ; Burpee—Search for the Western Sea ; Scholefield— British Columbia from the Earliest Times to the Present ; Tyrrell—David Thompson’s Narrative ; also, Smith— Check List re Pacific Northwest ; Judson—Subject Index re Pacific Northwest and Alaska. BIBLIOGRAPHY 617 MORICE, REV. A. G., O.M.I. The Histor the Northern Interit Briti i ; i 1660 to 1880. 8vo, 368 pp., map ee Toronto, 1904. A Reh RR DEN RE RS Oa NICOLAY, REV. C.G. The Oregon Territory: a Geographical and Physical Account of that Country and ite In- habitants with outlines of its History and Discovery. 12mo, 226 pp. London, 1846, PEMBERTON, J. DESPARD (Surveyor-General, V.I.). Facts and Figures Relating to Vancouver Island and British Columbia, showing What to Expect and How to Get There. 8vo, 171 pp., maps. London, 1860. POOLE, FRANCIS. Queen Charlotte Islands: a Narrative of Discovery and Adventure in the North Pacific. 8vo, 347 pp. London, 1872. RATTRAY, DR. ALEXANDER. Vancouver Island and British Columbia, Where They Are; What They Are; and What They May Become. A Sketch of Their History, Topography, Climate, Resources, Capabilities, and Ad- vantages, Especially as Colonies for Settlement. 8vo, 182 pp., maps and illus. London, 1862. ROBINSON, NOEL. Blazing the Trail through the Rockies : the Story of Walter Moberly and His Share in the Making of Vancouver. By Noel Robinson and the Old Man Himself. 8vo, 118 pp., illus. Printed by News-Ad- vertiser, [Vancouver, n.d.] ROSS, ALEXANDER. Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River: being a Narrative of the Expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to Establish the ‘Pacific Fur Company’; with an Account of Some Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific. 8vo, 352 pp., London 1849. The Fur Hunters of the Far West : a Narrative of Adventure in the Oregon and Rocky Mountains. 8vo, 2 vols.: Vol. I, 333 pp.; Vol. II, 262 pp., frontispiece. London, 1855. SCHOLEFIELD, E. O.S. British Columbia from the Earliest Times to the Present. In 4 vols., 4to.: Vol. I, Historical, 688 pp.; Vol. II, Historical, 727 pp.; Vol. III, Biographical, 1,159 pp.; Vol. IV, Biographical, 1,208 pp.; illustrated. Vancouver, 1914. F Note—See ‘List of Authorities.’ SIMPSON, SIR GEORGE. Narrative of a Journey Round the World during the Years 1841 and 1842. 8vo, 2 vols.: Vol. I, 438 pp., map ; Vol. II, 469 pp., portrait and map of the author’s route. London, 1847. Note—For British Columbia see Vol. I, Chapters III, IV, V. STEWART, ELIHU. Down the Mackenzie and Up the Yukon in 1906. 8vo, 270 pp., map and illus. London, 1913. THOMPSON, DAVID. Consult items under Coues and Tyrrell, in this section. TYRRELL, J. B. David Thompson's Narrative of His Explorations in Western America, 1784-1812. Published by the Champlain Society. S8vo, xcviii+582 pp., maps and illus. Toronto, 1916. WADE, MARKS. The Thompson Country, being Notes on the History of Southern British Columbia, and Particularly of the City of Kamloops, formerly Fort Thompson. 8vo, 136 pp. Kamloops, 1907. WALBRAN, CAPTAIN JOHN T. British Columbia Coast Names. See above, under section I, WALKEM, W. WYMOND, M.D. Stories of Early British Columbia. Lge. 8vo, 287 pp., illus. Vancouver, 1914. WINSOR, JUSTIN. Narrative and Critical History of America. Lge. 8vo, 8 vols. Boston, 1884-1889. (0) WORKS RELATING MORE PARTICULARLY TO NORTH-WEST COAST EXPLORATION BAILLAIRGE, G. F. Canada from the Atlantic to the Pacific and Arctic Oceans, Arctic Voyages, Voyages of Discovery tn the North, and Public Works, etc., etc. Being Appendices No. 22 and 23 to Annual Report of the Minister of Public Works, 1890. S8vo, 271 pp. ’ Note—Contains chronological list of voyages. BARRINGTON, DAINES. Miscellanies: by the Honourable Daines Barrington..... 4to,iv+vili+557 (1) pp., 2 maps and 4 tables. London, 1781. Note—Contains pp. 469-534; Journal of a voyage 1n 1775. To explore the coast of America, Northward of California, by the second Pilot of the Fleet, Don Francisco Antonio Maurelle, in the King's Schooner called the Sonora, and commanded by Don Juan Francisco de la Bodega. BROUGHTON, WILLIAM ROBERT. Note—F or the reason expressed in footnote on page 616, Broughton, Voyage to the North Pacific Ocean, is not listed; but it is pertinent here to record that the ‘Log’ of Lieutenant Broughton, who in the Armed Tender Chatham, accompanied Captain Vancouver with the Discovery, was obtained from the Public Records Office, London, Eng., by Mr. J.B. Tyrrell, and a copy communicated to Mr. T. C. Elliott, who has reproduced the ‘‘Log of H.M.S. Chatham"’—accompanied by notes—in the Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 18, No. 4, December, 1917, pages 231-243, with maps. BURPEE, LAWRENCE J. The Search for the Western Sea: the Story of the Exploration of North-Western America. 8vo, lx+651 pp., illus. and map. Toronto, [1908]. COOK, JAMES, and KING, JAMES. A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, Undertaken . . . for making Discoveries in the Northern Hemisphere . . . performed ...in H.M. Ships the ‘Resolution’ and ‘Discovery’ in the yeare 1776-1780. 4to, 3 vols. [maps, charts and drawings.] London, 1784. DIXON, CAPT. GEORGE. Voyage Round the World; but more particularly to the North-West Coast of America: performed in 1785-88 in the ‘King George’ and ‘Queen Charlotte,’ Captains Portlock and Dixon. In a series of letters, by W. Bleresford ; edited and] dedicated by . . . G. Dixon. 4to. London, 1789. ELLIS, W. An Authentic Narrative of a Voyage Performed by Captain Cook and Captain Clerke in His Majesty's Ships ‘Resolution’ and ‘Discovery’ during the years 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, and 1780, in Search of a North- West Passage between the Continents of Asia and America. Including a faithful Account of all their Discoveries and the Unfortunate Death of Captain Cook. 8vo, 2 vols.: Vol. I, 358 pp.; Vol. II, 347 pp.; chart and cuts. London, 1782. FRANCHERE, GABRIEL. Relation d'un voyage & la céte du Nord-Ouest de l’ Amérique Septentrionale, dans les années 1810, 11, 12,13, et 14. Par G. Franchére, fils. 8vo, 284 pp. Montreal, 1820. Narrative of a Voyageto the Northwest Coast of Americain the Years 1811, 1812, 1818, and 1814, or the First American Settlement on the Pacific, by Gabriel Franchére. Translated and edited by J. V. Huntington. 8vo, 376 pp. New York [J. S. Redfield], 1854. GREENHOW, ROBERT. See below under sub-section (d). 618 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION JUDSON, KATHARINE B. Subject Index to the History of the Pacific Northwest and of Alaska. As found in the United States Goternment Documents, Congressional Series, in the American State Papers, and in other Docue ments, 1789-1881. 8vo, 341 pp. Olympia, Wash., 1913. LEDYARD, JOHN. A Journal of Captain Cook's Last Voyage to the Pacific Ocean . . . and in Quest of a North- West Passage,... with a Chart... Faithfully Narrated from the Original MS. of J. L. 8vo, Hartford, Connecticut, 1783. Memoirs of the Life and Travels of, from His Journals and Correspondence, by Jared Sparke. 8vo. London, 1828. Note—Ledyard accompanied Capt. Cook on his third voyage around the world. MANNING, WILLIAM RAY. ‘The Nootka Sound Controversy.’ pp. 279-478 in Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1904. 8vo, 708 pp. Washington, 190. 5. Note—For bibliography giving the sources of information respecting the Nootka Sound controversy in the order of their importance, see pp. 472-478. MARCHAND, ETIENNE. Voyage Autour du Monde Pendant Les Années 1790, 1791, et 1792. Par Etienne Mar- chand; Précédé d'une Introduction Historique; Auquel on a Joint Des Recherches Sur les Terres Australes de Drake, et un Examen Critique du Voyage de Roggeween ; avec Cartes et Figures: Par C. P. Claret de Fleurieu, De l'Institut National des Sciences et des Arts, et du Bureau des Longitudes. 4to,4 vols. Paris, 1798-1800, An. VI—VIII, De l’Imprimerie de La Republique, An. VIII. English Edition: A Voyage Round the World, Performed during the Years 1790, 1791, and 1792, Preceded by a Historical Introduction, and Illustrated by charts, etc. Translated from the French of C. P. Claret de Fleurieu. 8vo, 2 vols.:4;Vol. I, 536 pp.; Vol. II, 663 pp.+105 pp. London, 1801. MEARES, COMMR.JOHN. Voyages Madein the Years 1788 and 1789 from China to the North-West Coast of America. To which are prefixed: An Introductory Narrative of a Voyage Performed in 1786, from Bengal, in the Ship “ Nootka’ ; Observations on the Probable Existence of a North-West Passage ; and Some Account of the Trade Between the North West Coast of America and China; and the Latter Country and Great Britain. Roy. 4to, 372 pp. and appendices, portrait, plates and maps. London, 1790. MEANY, EDMOND 8S. Vancowver’s Discovery of Puget Sound. Portraits and Biographies of the Men Honoured in - Aare oF Geographic Features of Northwestern America. 8vo, 344 pp., maps and illus. New York and ondon, NEWCOMBE, C. F. The First Circumnavigation of Vancouver Island. Being Memoir No. 1, Provincial Archives Department. 8vo, 69 pp., map. Victoria, 1914. PORTLOCK, CAPTAIN NATHANIEL. A Voyage Round the Word; but More Particularly to the North-West Coast of America: Performed in 1786, 1786, 1787 and 1788, in the ‘King George’ and ‘Queen Charlotte,’ Captains Portlock and Dizon. 4to, 384+xl pp., portrait, maps and plates. London, 1789. SMITH, CHARLES W. Check-List of Books and Pamphlets relating to the History of the Pacific Northwest. 8vo, 191 pp. Olympia, Wash., 1909. (c) HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY AND NORTH-WEST COMPANY BRYCE, REV. DR. GEORGE. The Remarkable History of the Hudson's Bay Company, Including That of the French Seas of Tiel, Wiecee eanaae and of the North-West, X.Y.,and Astor Fur Companies. 8vo, 501 pp., maps and illus. London, is FITZGERALD, JAMES EDWARD. An Examination of the Charter and Proceedings of the Hudson's Bay Company, with Reference to the Grant of Vancowver’s Island. Sm. 8vo, 293 pp., map. London, 1849. Vancouver's Island, the Hudson's Bay Company'and the Government. 8vo, 30 pp. London, 1848. Note—Reprinted from the Colonial Magazine for September, 1848. HARMON, DANIEL WILLIAMS, a Partner in the North-West Company. A Journal of Voyages and Travels in the Interior of North America, between the 47th and 658th degrees of North Latitude, extending from Montreal nearly to the Pacific Ocean, a distance of about 6,000 miles, including an account of the principal occurrences, during a residence of nineteen years, in different parts of the country. To which are added, a concise description of the face of the country, its inhabitants, their manners, customs, laws, religion, etc., and considerable specimens of the two languages. most extensively spoken ; together with an account of the principal animals to be found tn the forests and prairies of this extensive region. Illustrated by a map of the country. 8vo, 432 pp. Andover, 1820. [Edited by Daniel Hasket, who, apparently, took liberties with the original.] HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY, REPORT FROM THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON THE; together with the Pro- ceedings of the Committee, Minutes of Evidence, Appendix and Index. Ordered, by the House of Commons, to be printed, 31 July and 11 August, 1857. Folio, xviii+547 pp., 2 maps (Arrowsmith). London, 1858. IMPERIAL BLUE BOOKS RELATING TO CANADA. Many of these Blue Books contain important historical data relating to the early days of the colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia ; to the operations of the Hudson’s Bay and North-West companies ; to boundaries and treaties ; to legislation ; to discoveries o gold and to exploration. Valuable maps are frequently included. The following are the chief of these eports: Copies or Extracts of Correspondence Relative to the Discovery of Gold in the Fraser's River District, in British North merica. Presented to both Houses of Parliament, July 2, 1858. Folio, 18 pp. Papers Relative to the Affairs of British Columbia. PartI. Presented to both Houses of Parliament, 18 February, 1859. Folio, 83 pp., map. Note—These Papers contain despatches from Govwrnor Douglas to the Secretary of State and vice versa —relating to the government of the colony and make particular reference to the gold discoveries and routes to the Fraser River gold fields. Papers Relative to the Affairs of British Columbia. PartII. P ted t i t, SEE so ERAS pe nme pe ioarig resented to both Houses of Parliament, 12th August, Note—Contains despatches dealing with a variety of matters relating t 8 colony and special references to the gold fields. » SIELISRS ONE Son yGereminen Onan Further Papers Relative to the Affairs of British Columbia. Part i i teen eas a ae ee ta. art III. Presented to both Houses of Parliament, Note—Contains despatches as above and includ t i Sie Hee a es reports on exploratory surveys by Begbie, Mayne, Further Papers Relative to the Affairs of British Columbia. PartIV. P. ted to b i March, 1862. Folio, 80 pp.,4 maps. London, 1862. on See ee See ee anne BIBLIOGRAPHY 619 © Note—Contains despatches as above, also copies of certain Proclamations having the force of law. Nore—The above and the Palliser papers, listed in Section IV, are the more important Imperial Blue Books relating to British Columbia. There are, however, many others, such for example as Paper No. 619 of 1848 (17 pp.), dealing with Vancouver Island Colonization ; Papers Nos. 788 (15 pp). and 788 I (12 pp.) of 1853, dealing with Gold on Queen Charlotte Islands ; Papers Nos. 438 (21 pp.) of 1863 and 402 (16 pp.) of 1864, dealing with Road and Telegraph to Canada ; Papers Nos. 3667 ('4 pp.) and 3694 (2 pp.) of 1866 and 3852 (47 pp.) of 1867 dealing with the Union of Vancouver Island and Britisn Columbia ; also Paper No. 390 (31 pp.) of 1869, relating to Confederation. There are also papers relating to the protracted negotiations and treaties respecting the Oregon Territory (1846) and the North-West American Water Boundary Question (1873), etc., etc. Copies of these papers are usually to be found in the chief reference libraries. MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER. See ‘History of the Fur Trade,’ in Voyages, etc. See above in this section. M’LEAN, JOHN. Notes of a Twenty-five years’ Service in the Hudson's Bay Territory. 8vo,2vols.: Vol. I, 308 pp.; Vol. II, 328 pp. London, 1849. MARTIN, R. M. The Hudson’s Bay Territories and Vancouver's Island, with an Exposition of the Chartered Rights, Conduct and Policy of the Honourable Hudson's Bay Corporation. 8vo, viii+175 pp., map. London, 1849. MARTIN, ARCHER. The Hudson’s Bay Company's Land Tenures and the Occupation of Assiniboia-by Lord Selkirk’s Settlers, with a List of Grantees under the Earl and the Company. 8vo, 238 pp., maps. London, 1898. PUGET’S SOUND AGRICULTURAL COMPANY. British and American Joint Commission for the final settlement of the claims of the Hudson's Bay and Puget’s Sound Agricultural Companies. _ Note—See the ‘Papers’ containing the Memorials, Evidence, Arguments, etc., presented to the Com- missioners by the Hudson’s Bay Company and the Puget’s Sound Agricultural Company ; also,in behalf of the United States, the Evidence, Arguments, etc.; and the Award of the Commissioners . . . pronounced 10th Sept., 1869. These Papers consist of 14 parts: Montreal, parts, 2-7, 1868-1869; Washington, parts 1 and 8-13, 1865-1868. Consult, also: Transcripts of papers relating to the affairs of the Company ; prospectus ; list of share- holders; memorandum relating to the Cowlitz farm, by A. C. Anderson (1841, 3 pages); judgment of Supreme Court of Washington Territory in the case of Puget’s Sound Agric. Co.vs. Pierce County (Jan. 17, 1862) ; papers relating to Nesqually and Cowlitz claims; account of Frank Clarke with the Company (1865) ; origin of the Puget’s Sound Agric. Co., by A. C. Anderson (1865); agreement between the Company and the U.S. (June 20, 1867) ; asreferred to in ‘‘ List of Authorities” in Scholefield’s British Columbia from the Earliest Times to the Present, pp. XIX-XX. TUTTLE, CHARLES R. Our North Land : being a full account of the Canadian North-West and Hudson's Bay Route, together with a Narrative of the Experiences of the Hudson's Bay Expedition of 1884, including a Description of the Climate, Resources, and the Characteristics of the Native Inhabitants between the 50th Parallel and the Arctie Circle. 8vo, 589 pp., maps and illus. Toronto, 1885. Note—For Northern British Columbia see Chapter XX XIII. (4) INTERNATIONAL WATERS, BOUNDARIES, TREATIES INTERNATIONAL WATERWAYS COMMISSION— : r Note—Respecting the organization and work of this Commission, consult Water Powers of Canada, Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, pp. 58 et seq., and Ibid under Bibliography. See ‘Reports by the International Waterways Commission,’ pp. 367-368 ; also Compiled Reports of the International Waterways Commission, 1905-1913. 8vo, 1,224 pp., Ottawa, 1913. INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION. : i an Note—For history of circumstances leading up to the formation of the International Joint Commission, consult Water Powers of Canada, Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, pp. 58 et seq. For copy of Treaty and Rules of Procedure, see Rules of Procedure of the International Joint Commission, Ottawa and Washing- ton. The Boundary Waters Treaty is also found as Appendix No. 1 in Water Powers of Canada, Com- mission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1911. For list of reports and decisions of the Commission, consult List of Decisions, Reports, etc., of the International Joint Commission, Washington and Ottawa. The Commission maintains an office in Ottawa, Canada, and also one in Washington, D.C. BALCH, THOMAS WILLING. The Alasko-Canadian Frontier. 8vo, 45 pp., maps. Philadelphia, 1902. The Alaska Frontier. 8vo, 198 pp., maps. Philadelphia, 1903. COWAN, GEORGE H. British Columbia's Claim upon the Dominion Government for Better Terms. 8vo, 31 pp., Vancouver, 1904. CUSHING, CALEB. The Treaty of Washington, its Negotiation, Execution, and the Discussion Relating Thereto. 8vo, 280 pp. New York, 1873. DAVIDSON, GEORGE. The Alaska Boundary. 8vo, 235 pp., maps. San Francisco, 1903. FALCONER, T. The Oregon Question: or, a Statement of the British Claims to the Oregon Territory, in Opposition to the Pretenstons of the Government of the United States of America. 2nd edition, 8vo,50 pp. London, 1845. GALLATIN, ALBERT. The Oregon Question. (Nos. 1-5, with Appendix.] 8vo, 78 pp. New York, 1846. GREENHOW, ROBERT. Memoir, Historical and Political, on the Northwest Coast of North America and the Adjacent Territories : illustrated by a Map and a Geographical View of those Countries. 8vo, 228 pp. and map. New York, 1840. oe published as Senate Document No. 174, 26th Congress, 1st Sess., Feb. 10, 1840. Wash- ington, 1840. The History of Oregon and California, and the other Territories of the North-West Coast of North America, Accompanied by a Geographical View and Map of those Countries, and a Number of Documents as Proofs and Illustrations of the History. 8vo, 1st edition, xviiit+482 pp., map, London, 1844. 2nd edition, xviii+492+7 pp., Boston, 1845.* NORTH-WEST BOUNDARY. Discussion of the Water Boundary Question: Geographical Memoir of the Islands in Dispute: and History of the Military Occupationtof San Juan Island. 8vo, 270 pp.,{map and cross-sections of channel. Washington, D.C., 1868. MILTON, VISCOUNT. A History of the San Juan Boundary Question, as Affecting the Division of Territory between Great Britain and the United States. 8vo, 446 pp., 2 maps. London, 1869. *Greenhow’s works were ez parte productions and, in view of numerous inaccuracies of statement contained in them, should be used with caution. 620 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION BAINT-CYR, ARTHUR. Appendix No. 28, to Report of Surceyor-General for the year 1900-01, pp. 76-84, re Survey of a Part of the Boundary Line between British Columbia and Yukon Territo: No. 25. 8vo, maps and illustrations. Ottawa. ry, Dominion Sessional Paper ' Anpendiz No. 26, to Report of Surveyor-General for the year 1901-02, pp. 84-95, re Survey of a Part of Boundary Line between British Columbia and Yukon Territory. Dominion, Sessional Paper No. 25. 8vo, maps and illustrations. Ottawa. TWISS, TRAVERS, D.C.L., F.R.S. The Oregon Question examined, in respect to Facts and the Law of Nations. 8vo, xi+391 pp. London, 1846. WHITE-FRASER, GEO. Appendix No. 22 to Report of Surveyor-General, for the year 1900-01, pp. 68-75, re Latitude Determinati ion on the Boundary between the Province of British Columbia and the Yukon Territory. Dominion Sessional Paper No. 26. 8vo, map and illus. WHITE, JAMES. On page 10, On page 36, On page 94, On page 138, On plate 21. On page 243, On plate 33. On page 608, See above under Canada and its Provinces in sub-section (a). ERRATA line 38, for ‘new fertile acres’ read now fertile areas. at end of footnote, add—Ninth Annual Report, 1918, pp. 73 to 95. line 14 et seq should read: The minister may or may not make an order, etc. Mount Olie Plant, for ‘Nakalliston’ read Nehalliston. Spelling varies. In Gazetteer of British Columbia is given Nekalliston. In title to bottom illustration, for ‘Coteau’ read Couteau. last paragraph, for ‘Bear’ river read Bowron river (its new name). In title to upper illustration, for ‘Zyometz’ read Zymoetz. Publication number of Summary Report for the Calendar Year 1907 is 1017. INDEX PAGE AALTANHASH river............... 290 Abbotsford, precipitation at.. 493, 516, 522 temperature at................... 573 Abramson creek................0000. 220 Adams. C. Riswsannucusesmceu ness oe 306 Adams lake’ sss, cca ce gage neces 43, 236 Adams river........ 236, 249, 262, 313, 318 Adams River Lumber Co............ sevtesev i nopadocaue eR 134, 144, 236, 318, 428 Admiralty charts of B.C. coast, list of 178 Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River........ 617 Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research............. eS PASS IZ thn rent rare adaeniaa ti evetoiNi at precipitation at........... 494, 516, 322 TeMPCrature At... cece canaries seas 574 Agertonsie wins emiwarausiine apedineeoeiies 387 Agriculture, U. S. Dept. of........... 9 Aindakey ons. yesvager yak meets 297 AM TiV ein cc om aud ours ace Peas ces eS 297 Aitken, Gi Gia ss an4 ca ona ds See Gees 182 Akamina, precipitation at.......... 516, 522 Akolkolex river (Isaac creek). .224, 313, 319 VT SHEED ina scesbenie soe Kh eset ieee acai 464 precipitation stations in......... 571, 573 Alasko-Canadian Frontier............. 619 AID ORY se c5 ena eds x eee PERN RL 431, 432 electrical installation at............ 145 precipitation at............. 495, 516, 523 HEMPCPAtUIE AC wise candids seeders 497, 574 Alberni townsite, precipitation at...516, 523 IUCR ac ssosmy state e venice tra cate nidy BTRNRa OS 298 precipitation at stations in...... 521, 568 Madridge creele.. .cc nan eoewne vino nee 222 Alert bay, precipitation at.......... 516, 523 Alexander Creel. ons werceagues ene anode 253 Alexander lake. co sec esc auaanecen eas 43 PATIO TANI Sh ses Jeet cre ark erence Ne aE ES 265 Alkali lake, precipitation at......... 516, 523 Alouette AKC 1.2.12 agi mase teas ate 320 PLECIPILATION AE nc cis worsen gues 516, 524 Alouette river............ 232, 313, 316, 317 ‘Alouette (North Lillooet) river...... 313, 321 Alouette (South Lillooet) river...... 313, 320 Alpine Club of Canada.............. 614 Alps, high winds on................- 507 Altitudes in Canada..............0005 603 Alvaston, precipitation at.......... 516, 524 AMAZON Cr6CK shu. 5 cote Rheae eas 266 TA ZOM LAS ecco sisaiewerarienesiutea'e Smeloud Blas 266 AMICriCAnCreeli.. « s g.amisinnmrraanae Oe 296 Among the Selkirk Glaciers............ 614 Anaconda, Mont., precipitation at. .570, ae TOMPerature ates ow exe went ae enaes eee 58 Anacortes, Wash., precipitation at.. .571, 573 Anderson, Alexander Caulfield........ 605 Anderson creek. ......... 20200000005 218 Anderson: JAK Goa cscs. c.g Su Mt eases 2 43 Anderson and Warden, Messrs. .308, 327, 372 PAGE Anglesey Estates...............0000- 134 Annis, precipitation at......... 493, 516, 524 MAK: 5s wea nae neues vem SeaeNeH 395 Anthony creekigsjcc a ngreanvonas amen: 295 PTS OK a rset ah es sen Shas a anastasia as Yast 144 AD PIE IV ERs a jesmes ng eraunaaionmuetes wena 286 Archives publications, Canadian...... 614 IBF CLIC OCOD» sore cose sais a sete a sayes a devandbitiouaveyard 298 ISTINISELON G8 cea somata a densities as nee fiver otecaets 314 city power plant.................. 134 electrical installation.............. 144 precipitation at..............44. 516, 524 Armstrong. Woe cen deine cetmedecargs 82, 84 Arrowhead. s.cs-csesnauressaires 17, 201, 445 Arrow lakes......,........ 17, 197, 315, 486 Arrow Lakes district ..............-- 493 temperature Of...............0.00 497 Arrow Lakes watershed.............. 202 Arrowpark (Mosquito) creek.......... 223 Ashawata Power Co.........-.2.-5-- 213 ASHCrObte dene gncaeesaanees 134, 144, 235 precipitation ates. cc esas ceed eee 516, 524 Ashcroft Water, Electric and Improve- TOT C G5 representa taps deok Burnet 134, 144 ASHIOO) Cree nate cac:d dave se marnae nN a PSH TIOL Abs. ec ascech casesriecn 6 sanerser cae cl ant Ween eves Ashnola river.....-....--- 203, 204, 214, 313 PASTING 4 sitio accusiatucriia cay siete mien ateenenerts Aspen Grove, precipitation at....... 516, 54 Astley, Mr., gauge records by. .446, 449, 450 Astley ae itera ch tec aapeme open 386 Athabaska, Alta., precipitation at ...521, ace Athabaska Passes oscusshe moeueGet anaes Athabaska river, Altasy icc. cccaces caves 192 JASN Etre cre oon a4 Aa Nala cs 314, 317, 440 precipitation at..............06. 516, 524 At Home in the Wilderness............ 614 Alas Of CONGO. secsvs nisissouia ue woalersiaes asians 603 ICL Meow a vee e nro’ rabeincrers sng aravernneia wae 296 precipitation atic. iecis ewes 493, 516, 525 temperaturedty .. 5 vaecaveamaines 497, 574 Atlin lake. o..cs.a0e pees ewes RES 43 Ni ArKO VeR ease Gd ho Te REE OEE 288 AT UMATCHE FIVER ic 2.2%, aaunes aeeaeieaees 300 Awashiaaky veri scicncias annie Havas 286 Ayansh, precipitation at............ 516, 525 CIEE Ges. drcsasstop cos cgeaeaostsee Eater eghaaed 43 BABINE Take icc sacinnainacan 19, 41, 43, 278 PLECipitatiOn-atiinsawisuissdareae ever 51 6, Ss Babineanountainss =: 2cucs naman eee Babinedivernc.cnawn nomen numark eat M7 Bailairgé: Gy Meco tcagent ames reat 617 Baillie-Grohman, W. A.............-. 614 Baird cRa Si Weerse sa eguneareanacteute 4 Baker, Wash., precipitation at...... 571, 573 Baers Cres ice cana siesen conainsrts Gad Sa cok tien a 253 Balch, Thomas Willing.............. 619 Baldwin: (Gs Cox ates « waren agavewedsecwsehe 465 Ballantyne, Robert M...............- 605 Note—Unless otherwise stated, municipalities, rivers, creeks, etc., listed in this Index are in the Province of British Columbia. 622 PAGE Bancroft, Hubert Howe.............. 616 Banfield, precipitation at........... 516, 525 Barkervalles cc sscnaccainucad ¢cmmaee seta 487, 513 precipitation at......... 493, 496, 516, 525 temperature at.............0005 497, 575 Barkerville district. ............00005 240 Barneby, W. Henry............-206- 614 Bares creeks 2.5.4 on snasanenn pe ea eyes 313 Barnhart: Vales: »cnc0t swderencu ets 313 Barrett-Lennard, Capt. C. E.......... 614 Barriére river......... 250, 308, 313, 322, 408 development on..............0.- 162, 235 Barrington, Daines..............++-- 617 Batnun rivets ag ssaucasewese vases vas 254 Baynes lake, precipitation at....... 516, 526 Bear creek (trib. Clearwater)......... 251 Bear creek, Jordan river, precipitationat 495 Bear Creekdam............0eeeee ees 155 Bear Hunting in the White Mountains, or Alaska and British Columbia PREUYSTED acaite siesn ele inaie anes dines sera 615 Beat 11Veiiesdicscniaayens, tesnaven eames 243, 256 Bear river (see Bedwell river) Bear river (see Bowron river) Beasley rapids cc-3a5saycact cawems ewes 217 BeatOnesccacs eyed smead Devt ses 315, 371 Beaton (Salmon) creek..............- 224 Eee a (trib. Clearwater-Thomp- » vag aside be Rese NSeap Palen Nea toe ee eRe 2 (trib. Columbia) os veceses a taigieta ng een 217 (trib. Nicola lake) .............. 313 (trib: Quesnel). + ccocanee kere enaves 238 (trib. Salmon-Pend d’Oreille)..... 216 (trib. Stamp). Valyecs saci weeecas 265 Beaver river.........2..--00005 226, 313, 323 Beaver river (see Holmes river) Beaver, survey vessel .............--- 177 Beaverlodge, Alta., precipitation at..521, 568 Bea Verio ut ics occ sa coaenigcoseeieia eevee 213, 323 Bedwell (Bear) river................ 265 Begg, Alexander...............--0.- 616 Behmucatial scccanwsqsu gd euclon exe ses 296 Belknap creeks. siscasieaxaweeas 313, 315, 395 Belknap lakes: scsecerananeatmeseee 395 Bellakula. oc ..06 ce wimadlar ean a ecne 35, 180, 488 precipitation at............. 494, 516, 526 TEM Perature Ab. ei.s sien suicreace 497, 575 Bellakula river................ 267, 273, 288 Bellingham, Wash., precipitation at..571, 573 Bench marks on Vancouver island and Pacific coast Benson river........... Bevan, precipitation at Bibliography, classification of......... 603 Bibliography, description of.......... 602 ‘Big bend’ of Columbia river ......... 199 POWELr Sites! OM: sway ee aiecceey eaenge 2 213 ‘Big Bend’ district .......¢202.0000 03 200 Big (Porcupine) creek ............... 221 Big Creek, Chilcotin.............. 238, 253 precipitation at...............8. 493, 529 Bigmouth creek..............0.-0005 225 Big Qualicum river................ 313, 324 Big Sand creek................ 313, 315, 324 Big Slide creek.............,.0000005 294 Biker. W6. Js Biccyinc gunae raeeda Slee co 4 4 Billwiller, Moo... . ccc ccs eee eaten es 507 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PAGE Binney, Sir Alexander R.............- 504 Biographical Dictionary of Well-known British Columbians............+- 616 Birchbank, precipitation at......... 516, 526 Bird Gr ucts meena waite alesalals eee 3 Bitterroot valley, Mont.............. 205 Bjerkness creek (see Fletcher creek) Black cafion, Omineca River........ 301, 305 Black Creek falls................... 253 Black Pines): 0.9 danse casuiie buen ox 316, 407 Blackwater cafion................0-- 241 Blackwater river..............26.. 240, 254 Blaeberry river...............- 226, 313, 325 Blaine, Wash., precipitation at...... 571, 573 PEMPETATUTS At sie. ses ested essere were 587 ‘Bleasdelh creel ie io onto veivicwe eeeceners asa 222 Blue Books (Imperial) relating to Canad arene canis arinca va cavers serials ooreions 618 Bla Wakes, cusses aoda naan a cinsene Sanne 272 Boat, Henry Janczeciss puxgins oes nears 605 Board of Investigation .............. 79 Boat Encampment.............--00- 200 Bolan Greely 6. si eslelia s suanoetoganie a aonave 313 Bonaparte lake............. 43, 134, 235, 249 Bonaparte river............04. 249, 313, 326 Bone creeks. savas sasuigs to osu raneennd 252 Bonners Ferry, Idaho..............4. 17 precipitation at: ns. c.eei dence ees 570, 572 Bonnington pool .. . sicsccce accra nace tie earns 315 Bonnington falls.......... 32, 208, 386, aon development at...........000 cee precipitation at...............0. 516, 526 Boswell, precipitation at........... 516, 526 Botaniercreele sis. < oa, oi: atc sianteetisce muses 248 Boulder creek (Jones lake) ....174, 313, 327 (trib: Bulkley) o.50 vornadetasane hed 293 (trib, Canoe). ie. auaenada cana’ 225 (trib. Horsethief) ............... 227 Boundary creek........... 216, 313, 328, 376 Boundary Falls, mining development at 205 Boundary waters, power sites on...... 28 Boundary Waters Treaty of 1910..28, 30, 148 Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord- OWES bie oa AA ince eb cise re ae etch ROLES a a 616 Bow river, Alta. ..........0......00. 192 Bowron (Bear) river............... 245, 256 Bowser, Hons Ws Vos anvacnustaucce goes 131 Boyd) Washise cess vests sanaqn canta ed 466, 479 Boyd Sivan eh ys. ccsecais adyevners a eavece sates 200 Brandt creek............. 282, 313, 315, 395 Brandywine creek................. 283, 313 BTASHACreG ks, 5 acento: srcmantie asso ene naustion’ 313 Brem river (Gardner canal)........... 285 Brentwood. bay 5 sain: sexian paca warms 135 Bridge creek (trib. Clearwater)........ 251 Bridge river (trib. Fraser) ........... SSNS ee. Gatiibrtee Beals 236, 239, 252, 313, 329 precipitation at..............00- 6, 527 proposed diversion of Bridge River Power Co Brim river (Toba inlet) Brisco, precipitation at Brisco range BristocGreelesa savas 40h Seoeesesere wcentesieisas Britannia, precipitation at... Britannia Beach................... precipitation at Britannia creek INDEX PAGE Britannia Mining and Smelting Co. stay a NO i andcoaecnci nant aetna 22, 134, 156, on British Columbia, area of............. bibliography relating to history of . bas climatic conditions of.............. 195 early settlement of................ 48 general topography of.............. 192 information respecting pioneer work IT 2 Aust sig sie casein uecthia acne ears oa 602 precipitation data for...493, 512, 516, eae stream flow stations in............. surveys and maps of............... 177 temperature data for........ 497, 512, 573 water-powers Of.................0. 4, 306 British Columbia and Vancouver Island webs ase bear i intern chal Oceans RN 614, 616 British Columbia's Claim upon the Dominion Government for Beiter DOWIE Sax thes ck oc tai 2d Socata ee RA Boh cm British Columbia Copper Corporation.. 135 British Columbia Electric Railway CO incre cnscartovk Crucis: «gems ane 35, ‘ 144, 150, 153, 154, 269, 273, 308, 348, 513 British Columbia Forest Mills Co...... 350 British Columbia from the Earliest Times LORLNE PVCS OME 6c 5 e othcoie Geb siniaudea%e 617 British Columbia Gazette.............. 113 British Columbia Government, assist- BN COOF crete oc) Sessyanencenaresanaitecdee iapehbderine 2 British Columbia Pilot, The........... 603 British Columbia Provincial Archives Departments cccicnacee cues seas e's 605 British Columbia Provincial Govern- ment Departments.............. 605 British Columbia Sulphite Fibre Co. 140, 270 British Columbia Year Book, quoted. . 1 Broughton, William Robert.......... 617 Brown, Robert.............000eeeeee 614 Brown Bear creek...............0005 295 Brown Beaver river..............005 279 BrOwnerivering svciawavaas sencarn gad iee & 261 Brutinel lake) asses scum ta atacneies 175, ot Bryce, Rev. Dr. George.............- Bugaboo creek................ 227, 313, $30 Bulkley: Canons « scsiees gucce s denne aneuscaes, 276 Bulkley mountains................ 192, 276 Bulkley river 275, 276, 292, 313, 332, 333, 425 Bull, Dr. John Augustus acon Seema 177 Bull river........-....... 222, 313, 331, 386 Bull River Lumber Co............... 331 Bull River settlement.............006 331 Buntzen lake......... 151, 282, 308, 313, 333 development................ 135, 212, 492 precipitation at............. 494, 516, 527 Burbank, Wash................0005 472 Burke, Idaho, precipitation at...... 571, 573 Burke channel dix Genin iets e Sanepekye ase 273 Birman TV Ef ies os: seas cauanen eoevals eset 265 Burpee, Lawrence J............-+-- 614, 617 Burrard inlet............. 135, 150, 269, 282 Burrard Power Case...........00005 98, 320 BUTTOR 2 siecscunaicetituen g.0 manawaetunes Re 3 13, 445 Burton, Senator Theodore E.......... 19 Burton’ ACE 1906s sees ic socaceraacn ne enpeeseaes 143 Buh TV EP cna easitere eveaae aeyeaue ee 213, 226 Buber etic raed 4 amayyans weed arene 271, 285 623 PAGE Butler, Capt: Wi. Bee ws sats ivuwnaa-ace 614 Butte, Mont, precipitation at....... 570, 572 temperature UU Seccias eaniyanaal sae eene wen 586 BU ttle AKG), i sic cseicaundemienieic- a, oheeinainitens 43,172 CACHE creek.......... 0000 00ceee 225, 313 Precipitation at. .c-c dua nes sae es 516, 527 Cadwallader creek................ 236, 253 Cahilty creekicnny sciestvaecan eaaacn a 250, 313 Calder, Alaska, precipitation at..... 571, 573 California, i IPI SAORI ca. 5 505 344-.ayen ave 14 California, Southern, ground-waters of. 9 Campbell, ts, Wohin ionvess guia srensanbeaies ayateda a 3 Campbell cree eas «ceases acne nes xes 219, 313 Campbell lake (lower)............... 334 Campbell. river’, ois.0 sca sesamee cag veuns seeee 6 38, 258, 259, 261, 308, 313, 334, 492 PLCCIPILATION Ata s asisics cmstevd woes 516, 528 proposed development at........... 172 run-off of, at lake outlet............ 501 Campbell River Power Co...... 308, 334, 513 Cameron Lake outlet................ 388 PLECIPITATION Abies wanes swans oes 516, 528 Canada and its Provinces...........04. 616 Canada, from the Atlantic to the Pacific and Arctic Oceans.......... 00000 617 Canada on the Pacific........... 0000. 614 Canada Year Book..........e ccc eevee 603 Canadian Almanac and Miscellaneous DAV CCLOP YE a avis:satocai ss wcagtnene/s: 6 'enaiileas ast 603 Canadian Alpine Journal.........0...- 614 Canadian Annual Review............. 603 Canadian Collieries (Dunsmuir)....... stout toca atseuatees 22, 136, 145, 158, 402, a4 Canadian Northern Pacific Ry bard dela 349 Canadian Northern Ry......... 231, 397, 421 effect of rock slides on............. 21 Canadian Pacific Ry...............0. .136, 178, 181, 193, 271, 308, 323, a exploratory survey, reports ios ang 611 AUPE SHOR evecare ensie vena ine os vata kercaasieuare é 446 hotel power plants................ 136 StEQMErs Of ic are.ccc- aise = own aue Susann 201 Canadian Pacific Railway Routes...... 615 Canadian Rockies, New and Old Trails.. 614 Canadian Western Lumber Co., Ltd. 136, 144 Wanalhat es mics s oauerahonche nes 17, 199, 386 precipitation at............0.06- Candle crétiins snsac eset o¢ cacao Sule Cam TAKE, tt cesoscay acesen avd acvvete a aranstciery Canobie, precipitation at.... 5 Canoe Creeley. aiséia vcsnaaisans stra nave ares auers 1 Canoe river.............. 193, 200, 213, 2 Cafion creek (trib. Columbia)......... 227 Cafion creek (trib. Skagit)............ 228 Cafion creek (trib. Skeena)........... 294 Cafion creek (trib. Toba)........... 271, 284 Cafion creek (see Carr creek) Cape Horn £Outess os aes ox suas y aoe. 200 Cape Scott, precipitation at.......... 495 temperature at.............6566- 497, 578 Capilano creeliseic's cane seeds 313, 335 Precipitation-at.. ca acs sa saues oes 516, 528 Carcross, Yukon, precipitation at ...521, 569 Garboo Gistrct....«c aang v Fees 206 Rothe lakes non ssanemenea mamas qammena 44 KOWeSAS FIVER. o cnouupeaduae-s ee hake 290 TRUIAG CLEP. siccrveaarhicesewietnie s rantnaneteonciine 294 Kumeolon creek................-.0.- 291 Kuper island, precipitation at...... $18, 545 Kuro Siwo (Japan CUITENE) occe% aca enn's 195 Kuskanax creek cic. c ccc vcegun ass 223, 315 Kowadachai riveree scnnescmie seg dees 305 KiwolchniVerisis-icnias xcnae.n's oes se mieten 248 EADNER 3524 cavanicnn ees guvek ny datas precipitation at............. 493, 518, 548 temperature at. . 6. ce ene cee 579 Ladysmith, electrical installation at. . 145 municipal power plant............. 138 precipitation at................. 518, 546 Lakes in Highland district............ 260 Lake of the Woods, Ont., precipitation TECOLdS Of iw oiiet onan s Sapse nee 504 report respecting official reference... 505 Dakelse rivers ais cans mena oma ates abla 274 Lakes of British Columbia (Table).... 43 Lakeside, Wash., precipitation at...571, 573 temperature Bae a eae onan 587 Lakeview, Idaho, precipitation at...571, a Laliwissim Creeley. e-scnceuanntonaiane auoass Beara by We Ass scsnanicrn i asertetasr sess Coes 468 Lamont (Nine-mile) creek............ 214 Wand wA et, U872 cnet hcecngutei nectar: catenins 62 Land, Acts V8 74s cece dc cee cua mando nbn ‘63 Tard ACt, 187 S ie ssc ced sasieo ane cndecenng athens 64 Wand Cty VES osicsc0 pce ceeres wesc nce esate 65 Amendment tO... eaciic ewe seas cunae 65, 67 Land Amendment Act, 1882...... ee Land Ordinance, 1865............... 57 Land Ordinance, 1870............... 59 Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1872 60 Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1873 61 TgAN SUTVEVS 9 66. ste ig.ted esha ates igincn: 2-e ari 181 Lands, Annual Reports of the Minister Oh as ee ie 307, 612 Lands, British Columbia Dept. of..... 209 MEADS" DY 5.505 che ek auenas ele cae ee eer ones 185 Lands, taking of.................0.. 92 Langley, precipitation at....... 493, 518, 546 TA PORU CT 8. scsadoanepaeia'e sysenthd oecuncusia reece 17 Lardeatt Creeks cen aineae gin auynccecs 220 Pardee wi rVer is seine wnneycateuies 207, 219 Tear Oia ie sx seaceam totaen lect < dncececten 445, 446, 447 Warne res ie Dspace, vivessioes: Seuarates septic 4,80 / 24 Last Chance Slide creek.............. 218 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PAGE Latitude determination, on British Columbia and Yukon boundary:.. 619 Langevin, Sir Hector L.............. 605 Laurier, Wash., precipitation at..... 571, 573 Law of Irrigation and Water Rights, QUOCE oi see ics caatsna.cynble Tenis va liyne Lazo, precipitation at.............. 518, 546 Lazy ‘L’ Ranch, precipitation at... .518, 546 Ledyard, Johtts.::..c6.4 cacsachs ances henets 618 Tee Wis Siscenrat ore Bish os brnaehe eae IAS 24 D608). Svs eicthe ttm medacetition ad Rank eae ancrs 614 Legislation, water................005 605 chronological key to water. 104 historical survey of water 47 Lemieux iCreele 26g sate gctoe yn ecnee or 251 Lemon creek sii ¢ ces es ae oars wie “eS Leoni Crees wis: acs winanad apace Gaye anes 224 Lequille (Wildhorse or Chute) creek... 215 Lewis: CREELE sespevses soba bh de aitw eaten vee 222 Lewiston, Idaho, precipitation at... .572, 573 CEM PCTACUT CSA Eo occ wiak mcamiora Ma ictelnes 5 87 Liard river. . .19, 279, 298, 301, 302, 303, 305 Ethhge IMGtitn nau eaneh evden une 466, 480 Precipitationvaty, and 2eoeve mes fas 570, 572 femperatureratsccn ace dcecys sadn wee 586 License for power export, form of..... 146 Liye in the Backwoods..........0..005 615 Life and Labour in the Far, Far West.. 614 Tigh tate Creeks. ccc ic cssiss: we ack e oh een 8 dee 228 LAOS 6.5.4: vest 230, 313, 336, 365, 366, 437 temperature at.............. 493, 518, 546 PAN OG t AKC a visitas sauuietsumets caren nee 44° 387 Lillooet river...........0. 232, 247, 315, 387 Line Fences and Water-Courses Act, PSTO Ss sem di eneeen snc ee sain mt neh hana asad 64 Tena in. ss ga aa thst ace pulenevevevisinee ne 44 DE VCs cy coc eee edelahiers> aaaikere = 139, 289 development of...........c000 cee 164 Linklater creek... ..............0. 221, 315 Little Ball rivete ns y cscs adc sosnerscuns 222 Little cafion (Liard river)............ 303 Little cafion (Omineca river)....:..... 302 Little cafion (Stikine river).......... 19, 279 Little Clearwater river............... 315 Little Dalles, Wash.................. 201 Little Qualicum FIVED tes acess 261, 315, 388, 491 run-off of, at lake outlet............ 501 Little Sand creek.........0.......04- 315 Little Shuswap lake................. 428 Little Slocan rivet’: iicoqacccmne eae on dou 217 Little Toba river.................. 268, 284 Lizard (Greeley «cc s12cccinugtesveasendtiinas crue 221 TAZE CC ChERI Cod sc eccsemallach aneraieineencnn a 290 ADDO E enc casens aca Gates conta once geese 3 TelOVvd! Creel icicnseesatana separ cont 284 LOCK pOrt capes cnn dwrerjdienan agus eae 180 Lodgepole creek.............0.000005 221 TOR Creasy caer cress scedlens obey once anaeiernsiaes 399 Log-driving and boulders............. 27 Long cafion (Finlay river)............ 301 DON SAM Cie paler on io ceececeee astuie eanisn etss 44 Long rapids (Columbia river)......... 213 TOMB AV Cl vitae. 7 ccccibite veiwoish eooege.c saute eens 35 Long Sault Rapids, St. Lawrence River.. 604 Loomis, Wash., precipitation at..... 571, ae Lord, John i Loring, Alaska, precipitation at..... 571 2 Loring IAC ss. i cca endteonncsensiem erase acu INDEX PAGE Lorne creek....... Bontened Ayniy conga nasmatusigs 292 Loughborough inlet.................. 286 Louis creek............... 250, 313, 315, 389 precipitation at...............0.. 518, 546 Lower Arrow lake.......... 44, 201, 343, 445 Lower Bonnington falls......... 140, 170, 217 Lower Campbell lake.............. 172. 313 Lower cascades, Oregon............ 470, 472 Lamb ening. cis sosviecns wosaecee sehen ovnusue ica ies 198 Lumbering and inland waters......... 26 Totti Yaseen, weston a ccriiteon wesrectiage Saas Bhaeeniel sate 421 Lumby creeks 24.4 sacs. pe owe vee s 215 Lunnford, Alta., precipitation at ....521, 569 Luxton, Ay Bide: Coes care an vonives eters 84 yall (Ci Chen sinter kona tiles Waen Bd, Se oy Maer 3 Lynn creek............... 269, 270, ae 390 precipitation at................. 518, 547 LYAtONs circnon mangers wages merece . .32, 230, 231, 232, 233, 235, 246, 313, 365 MABEL lake................-. 44,173, 236 Macdonald, Duncan George Forbes.... 616 Macdonald, Fu Rosc. cess camer teaaes 4 Macfie, Matthew...............0005- 616 Mackenzie, Sir Alexander............ Shiwewmiatneemsae eanat 298, 299, 615, 616, 618 Mackenzie, A. R............... 236, 308, 502 stream flow studies by............. 17 Mackenzie, James W., quoted Mackenzie river............... tributaries: Of soe turns enue cainandans horse-power of tributaries of........ 208 ‘Mackenzie river and tributaries—topo- graphy and power-site tables..... 298 horse-power Of.........-.22.0-005- 4 Mackenzie River Basin............... 605 Mackenzie River watershed.......... 19 Maclure (Aldermere) lake............ 293 Maciel rivericvcienntey ine cies eeee 287 MaGoRIVerDs 4 coadtuinhed oan dude tae 18, 252 Madeline creek............0..00-005- 291 Mahatta 21V 68 ee a iiecu sc du Rang Boe bara 265 Mahood Tak... 0 ccege-comsciw oot want She 2 44 Making of a Great Canadian Railway.. 615 IVER EW El cechecesertys terete thie dates tens saeiec ah den? 314, 353 precipitation Attic ic cache vvese 518, 547 Malaspina-inletis sis sy eee oareow rae 284 Maloney cheeks esas os hes ematengion 225 MAlpin Creeks uoan eeeadassane pees 290 Mamitlak@is24 20x che ave sauek eile 315 Precipitation ats... 008 eam anew, 518, 547 Manitoo: creeks... oscge sige Ra ee eae 289 Man qtiain avery... cicciadeceiae eo eee 283 Manson Cree issococc a scnsisiaxe mdvese oa 315 Maps and surveys of British Columbia. 177 Maps, Admiralty charts of British Columbia coast, list of.......... 178 Dept. of Lands, British Columbia SE Of xd cages anit 182, 184, 185, 210 Dept. of Interior, list of...........- 187 International Boundary Commission 190 Geological Survey of Canadalist of.. 187 topographic, necessary...........- 34 Marble creek. 01s ictus eseaeseeas 262, 265 Marblemount, Wash........... 466, 483, 484 Marchand, EB renitesceassastnaees ane 617 Marcus, Washington..............--- 204 Marine and Fisheries, Dept. of........ 604 633 PAGE Mark creek...............0005 222,315, a Marimot:-creele ssa x ausciad scavaamsmeciced 157 Masti CATCH CE ye arncnnd ia awhnnen warn ares 618 Martin, Rie Mewncsxtennache weet oies ie ds 618 Marvin, Ee eeasian pee hs ease ca EEA xe 508 Mary island, precipitation at....... 518, 547 Marysville: a. a226 ca wc otinscaY ¥ duncan 315, 391 Maselpanik (Murphy) creek.......... 228 Masset: harbo utzon iccciauienaaonplaun ease 180 Masset ailet sonic ands nate nuenies oerinpnecs 178, 180 precipitation at............. 494, 518, 547 TeMPeralune Abeecga ys weeieeaied nese 580 IVIAISSO ML Dee. Rises ap panda ness tz Atco sea ae Mather (Cherry) creek............. 315, 392 Matheson channel...............0005 _ Matthew: creek va .scciseyiee-gasguens gas arereactes Mayne, Com., R. N...... 177, 612, 615, 616 McAuley ena inaeincneieains 44 IMCBrid@ in cacucvrashincd denn eawns aeane 314 MeBrideieréeels voniaxsmiina oes sak 265 McBride, Sir Richard................ 2 GUOTER ins sia as ren art's ce enalace teenie lees 15 McCain, Charles W................0. 616 McClure lake, precipitation at...... 518, 547 McConnell Creeks io a ieccs.acnaieossavsievenccenens 302 MeConnelll, ReGen. cicawensanveneanemate 300 MeGonnell:. Wes Wiis. ounsted.a's mogternseie 616 McCreary Lumber Co............... 323 McCullough, Ay Lass eacie sana sees 446, 448 McCullough and Thibert, Messrs...... 303 McCoy lake, precipitation at....... 518, 548 McDonald, Archibald.............. 615, 616 McDonald, Oregon.................. 472 McGee, Dr. W. J., quoted............ 9 McGillivray creek..............04. 250, 252 MiGGOOsitl CheC aes setcase tmaeens sneceetons 264 McGregor river..........-.... 193, 245, 256 McIntyre creek...... tf eesauntatn camneehats 215 MGIVOr ak ccsia nian enous aeaeeae 172 MacKenzie and Mann, Messrs....... 436 McKnight creek sss cncesaaua ys canes 291 MeLeancreekins 4 ccc teaseasniees sapou es 215 McBean: Jobs oe. una ncsaseeanasaccnase 618 Micke0dvlalk @. 3s x .zuscsnsn sanpineen ¢ omaevei 35, 44 Mekeod 1Vefsis.caxnesc ad abt cemeanes 305 McNaughton, Margaret.............. 615 McPherson, A. J..............0045 fe 4 Meacham (Whitefish) creek.......... 222, Meany, Edmond S................. 616, 618 Meares, Commander John............ 617 Measurement of Precipitation.......... 506 Megin river and lake................ 265 Memekey iver icnwarct semaacs euceaas oe 262 Memoir, Historical and Political, on the Northwest Coast of North America and the Adjacent Territories...... 617 Memoirs of the Life and Travels of John ECU ON cys hotest Saas asta Aces eges oars 617 Menhinicle creeks iscceg cae naa s eva a Merrill OC ccnssrcaaadion earatae awn Metiitts scan on tins eee ena 314, 316, 408 city power plantin..cs.e04cacktsawe 138 electrical installation at............ 144 Mesilinika stver! occas eau ace opucay teams 305 Mesliloet (Indian) river........ 313, 315, 393 proposed development of........... 174 tributaries Of). 5s. eesae arene ccna es 394 Metaline Falls, Wash. ......... 466, 468, 491 634 PAGE Metchosin, precipitation at......... 518, 547 Meteorological data... ..... cece eee 503 publications respecting............. dokiemin eveitedat yatta iva 505, 508, 512, 513, 514 Meteorological Service, Canadian... seidia di aulehah Fonte Kea S eatae SI 3, 505, 514, 604 stations in British Columbia........ 513 Meteorological stations, classification of 513 Meteorological Zeitschriyt Sia feakean aye panko 507 MiCVErs CLE. cic cresasesnies ook rend ? Baers 215 Mrezraditt Talkee tas is cx: goa siatdgs ere eyiied aeons ce 44 Meniadinitiverian e5 a Test; ° AN \ oe \ \ Mig 5 {Lindona, if “49/// Y eto CN 4 ‘ 1 Pte ‘ yyy 18 , 21 F t Willy Y \ ‘ : \ TSG LBovie S om 7 Wy ! ‘ KZ YW) Uy : * . Ft Liard x { } . « ast SN Oe OR ean : . : Commissim of Conservation Tf A : ' Mi WU) ‘: . : mt ; Mt} ie fe . e. ¥ Halt a y S$ y) the Canon ; * \ at awa ; - M / Yi y { ; ; — ete oa zoo Y is L, S ower Pov ees - li iM, VY yy ITT an : / Wy YY Vy Mia SIR. CLIFFORD SIFTON, K.C.M. G., CHAIRMAN. \ ae a . ~ Big ages 0 ea RTT ene J = asin Ss Re 8 | fe 7 JAMES WHITE, ASSISTANT TO CHAIRMAN, t ; bo 3 & 4 Peas RN 7 1917 o eK | 7 | } a \ > ¥ H. Co. - oe ’ ro , y¥ Y CAN ee, ? : Bisthho L T p Q * > < # M 2, ; 3 7 < 3 x WA E be re O W E: R S Tr EXE "a ‘ 4 : i "Reid e 3 a * “a A md 3 ‘ art oe Le 1, y = \ ~ * 59 a cr hing i Pahing . Ps IN foe oir; Y pM a aN a Por: — G e ya c ne e 8 P = Y), : Se, S; > leadwood L, ou & = Y, ine &r \ 0g oe 5 put 7 |. . é = 5 &, ( ater Mt fous Tuya L. E Corer Peak ‘ Ne Fort : ti > & * Anvil Mtl Rap, heep Mt _ ct . %, 2 ; 7500' ' 8100 > 3 S Ce ‘ 7 o | eee 3 | Mi ‘ 2 Accompanying report on Water-Powers in British Columbia Br Soedag a b Tzak OH OX \ t 8 : i Beady Mt \ CC ke Arthur V. White, C lting Engi riset OMe. oO sf : ns pthur V. ite, Consulting ngineer : ae Pease Ti eg 7 Scale of Miles 660" ; Me ee ree = supreme = } fe ‘ Oo 20 40 60 80 100 £4 4 i \ \ Boundaries of Districts in List of Water-Powers (see Report) 00 \ y R- L . Reference numbers uv List of Water -Powers (see Report)... Le eS 58 \ \ The Province contains mary Water -Powers that have not been awestigated —58 A ' t \ \ \ pa ~ * \ - Admiralty - mS > * \ . Pima, - | : \ Sion Pass Ny AK f “7. §: 1" S Bears ; Iskut : ‘ ov om . or a : v4 Cone mt x) 638, \ a ov Scud R. ’ Re; » e! er - 636 57 ‘ ow B Pereleshin mt i Fishing L. 2 57 eos 7 / pe v fe 2e ° Yyy, z Sada} mt 3 S > Thomas Bey 7 Anuge pp. ¢ House on “7 9964 “Yfy,s ci \j apr, a a ) ¥ Eos ‘Preanof J.) _ A Wns 7 Se \ tf. P a ~~ Win Peaks Wt v4 nab oes ) tg 7 ° ™ i 3 sler J 8 mw 4 B. ° z o sgh " S re AR B RA $ New Ha e © R . & a w Germansen\L. Ss 0 o>) Peabody Mts 5 4000' to 5000' 4 “9 \ k a } * % ys : ‘ Rocky Mguntamn) |. . oo Ok é | s & ; ti 5 3 = of ; i ' 3 7 = unter Pp 5 y > | - A % I 5550 . ™ ny g @? ‘ \ is 5 #65 : = » » 4. *Pe Musca «ae, 1 \ } \ | 2; | | Cay. | Proms na : 4 ¢ Tangara I. ¢ Uy, . ; ; i) oD. _ #4 4 eA) i thle YY V7 P 626, a ae Fraser 1.35, ; Loring I, gia aaet | Vet Qs N Dae. So COREG YR yy ] | } | | i 53°F ; ' Yfyy | : "ain i Hite i yy “Myf” R. & Om Y 5 YY / Kitlo ‘ A | ox, yf 537 oe jelhewe L. Kuyakuz M! ; ¢ - og — sue | > y hy utsule Lake Fe snd 3049' he 6060‘ ce ; ° - ae Uy Hi fs : 4 : : Yoo cco cy. : Ah | \ ale x ay . ’ » z NA L e . : | +3 sagoied -. ’ Li Yyy , 6000’ to 7000 Itcha Mts P| ? 6000’ to 7,000’ ‘ 4 S : J | < So 1 52 pee ca 516 52 513 EB: . ayN\i Clea? Wu tep—— ey \ wi Wilson a }— \ 10.5) "Lyell Mibo~{ 51 489 ~ MiRodell 48 Wy, 7280" 50 7 2 A ® S e , af ; & slo %’ 108 Na — , Wy d, Bea oe | Shar ip? \ 5h 028 + ‘sirdor'"' £9) é, De. § 2 fr : . as Wy, eA » * ' CL 5 i ad ' © } “ 1769" 49 ea oe Tau S ’ ; Hs, \ Rhon . \ . Sy . 218 / 1 G , ; ; vody , iy SS \. Ashnola 3 1390" inview = ' Trailkyss 56 } te ee - , Dn, Mi 4 Naztouse We as N&E Dag St ts \ Rs a ON Wenebridg ( ware ey yyy ea at, y W y éde ; AL) a e j MfArrowsmith Se es ey wr x bs we c ny foal ecw 4 Salon Ge Pheckix G43 Ro Y 7 Yama Ey | '§ __5976) Na n l Oh Gabriola I UH iy Greer f.29, =f 1 ~ Lake Roel - ‘ wy is ie 1358, \ en y i G ~ Steveston Oporr® 3 , ppyyl yyy ype \\ BY //// 13 an ks \ wana Pe 26 SBE YS) vaides 1. Busepeepa ee loxcrstale Rey 24th we yz D qin - ios Fern, \ ek lorthp ort ty > a f y Ladysy i Yyy ‘ i, : | . reville a : Sr oy I : = Tea laine 47 ‘ \ ‘ pr 7) = @ ae ; bile ve Cae x, . J Ses q y\ WS Ppt J 5 B- i x % v2 Amphitrite Pf SS: Brokeit b & 42366) a C ae Bae i . oa7 r 1. ~% x : he Y Z ; s of eld Ce, 4, : i wir > 3 Satundh L x ® 5 } oe ae BS nk” BSS ¢ ee os ere ; se : ida hay x A \ EN L hs : ; ; ; park? poonete y Sr / ‘ ‘ ae wech. Uy of g Re oy eer ° . 5 we 420 Ba gor tees L ‘ < a SK Tzacha Zi. ' F = 5 4 j | bet eanr caus rm Feith ifs i. Ky jy ‘ vt ; : ek Gea oar S anirrae {\ A Pinee: fa 5 Sigutlat fh { eT \ WY q { { A > "ran +— by e all \_- WtGetkie ooo IIgachu Range v/ y 6000' to ~ s aN A ] \ | S f nitrid a Mr Brown Uy 4 x is | . \ ees ate B riramid ¥ Clearwater L. 2480' 52 pe Alewar! q Saat 2 | 4 | e ‘ | e | Na | eae | Soda Creel t237 $ bay eke oN wa ‘Miams L. | \ LoS 2 “ \ Pen Otin Alene Cree KY see a 4 ae Pt Pe gear ne BN SN OE eke cube ~ =F (i os iv " —~ C Be Lavette | f me } J SE Onrainey elec B | i el eS : , oa Ph ba ie ary 51 , WA 4 ke ye) sas Ie : } 4 M'Lowe uv 3 ai ae iG Be ‘3 ee a! j 4 5 ay ‘ | M! Blair |”. 6550" F rMt b ‘ 7 one ' 6320" : ra 2 t ails — ere V WF \ 8 ‘ aX . Ue bs ui: ear MiRodell &Y’ wf ' 15} Ae dpe ay adams) iss Mi Se107 7 . 8 § i ~ ——___ 7280' sl \ Z / . Sa a > fis S49 Y Somb | v.49 & inso! CC zce Rinasnhe Mate : | : rahe S a AL " — Ae Caner Ligawate wt Rebinse : ea | M! 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PRB 21) ‘ 5 torn, ties eB rep : > eas A Meroe EDS 2 ear Wellingtor. 7 BS 16 Sy Mills , ‘ o £9 4 MtArrowsmith m4 g 7s Nanaimo <8 aN a iy eet % | hy ) : er, | . Ja * t \ aS 3 YY Y / 4 | Se a caper, <1 ae pera | oe I ‘ ia A get Tap aH ONT iy \ par tke 7a ME AS X iG" =e, * | 34 | F e 3 Y ty, Shade Soon, Es j < 4 484 ; Pp os Sy SRY “ y ¢ eee lj ; Whidbey/ | Age ; - , i 5 . / 358 Port ee age coe. 5, { 7 ig ay. / | ie va. Peg , / - 77 38 he : eek FERCHS PRECIPITATION STATIONS j \ , 7H / ) \ Co IN i 1 | , r i IDAHO ano WESTERN MONTANA i ee af: are ae len i i \ [tees oe Scale of Miles set Mi0| AY soli Ph tia a ee ek embute | 6 YF ERS ON N ‘ : — * Se * J a | iz 16 15 / ere r PET 1 132 131 130 Base map from plates of Map of Domunion of Canada ,Department of Interior BANG eal i Mss eit UF & Ce