LIBRARY | ANNEX Cornell Aniversity Pibrary THE GIFT OF = WR Bd lk Pinta AAT B 24 Ad /2-fay.. THH ARMY HORSE IN ACCIDENT AND DISEASE. COMPILED BY ALEXANDER PLUMMER, D.V.&S., VETERINARIAN 4TH U. 8, CAVALRY, AND RICHARD H. POWER, V.58., VETERINARIAN ARTILLERY Corps, U.S. Army, FOR THE INSTRUCTION OF FARRIERS AND HORSESHOERS AT THE SCHOOL OF APPLICATION FOR CAVALRY AND FIELD ARTILLERY, FORT RILEY, KANSAS. . WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1908. CON TEN’ Chapter L—-CONFORMALTION AND Potnrs, AND ExXvenNas Diswasns. IT.—STABLE MANAGEMENT OF THE SICK AND INJURED. ADMIN- ISTRATION OF MEDICINES. WIGHTS AND MEASURES. _UT—ANatonry. IV —Wotnbs, SPEAENS, BRUISES. AND CONTUSIONS, V.—DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTHM AND INFLUENZA, VILDISESSES OF THE Dteksrive, Urinary, Nervous, AND Lyat- PHATIC SYSTEMS. VIL—MIscELLANEOUS JISEASES VITLI.—DiIsEASES OF THE SKIN AND Hk, IX.—DISEASES OF THE FEE. X.—DISEASES OF BoNK. AND Dietecrion or LAMENESS. XI.—AMEpiIcInes, THEIR ACTIONS AND Uses. (3) AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. FRIEDBURGER AND FROHNER: Pathology and Therapeutics of the Domestic Animals. WituiaMs: Principlés and Practice of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery. BuREAU oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY: Special Report on Diseases of the Horse. SmitH: Veterinary Hygiene. MouueR: Operative Veterinary Surgery. FLEMING: Operative Veterinary Surgery. LiautTarD: Manual of Veterinary Surgery. Wyman: Diagnosis of Lameness in the Horse. STRANGEWAY: Veterinary Anatomy. CHAUVEAU: Comparative Anatomy of Domesticated Animals. SmitH: A Manual of Veterinary Physiology. Dun: Veterinary Medicines, Their Actions and Uses. Quitman: Notes on Veterinary Medicine. NEUMANN: Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of the Domesticated Animals. Capiot: A Treatise on Veterinary Therapeutics of the Domestic Animals. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY: Emergency Report on Surra. (5) THE ARMY HORSE IN ACCIDENT AND DISKASK. CHAPTER I, CONFORMATION AND POINTS AND EXTERNAL DISEASES. CONFORMATION AND POINTS. The forehead should be broad and not bulging. The eyes should be full, clear, and prominent, with a mild expression,and not show ing any of the white. The muzzle should not be large, as a coarse, large muzzle indicates ill breeding. The nostrils should be large and open. The face should be straight. The lower jaw should have ample width between the two sides for the development and play of the larynx (Adam’s apple) and windpipe; and, in addi- tion, to allow the head to be nicely bent on the neck. The ears should be of medium size, set well on the head; they should not lop. The parotid and submaxillary regions should be free from large glands and without any loose skin at the lower part of the throat. The neck should be of moderate length, clean, and not too nar- row at a point just in rear of the throat; a short, thick neck does not allow of free movement from side to side, and a long, slim neck is apt to be too pliable. The point of the shoulder should be - well developed, and the point of the elbow should not be turned in, as the horse is very apt to turn his toes out. The opposite conformation is indicated by turned-in, or ‘‘ pigeon toes.” The forearm should be long and muscular; the knee broad, and when looked at from the front should be much wider than the limb above and below, and taper off backward to a compara- tively thin edge. The leg immediately below the knee should be as large as any other part, and not “‘ tied in,’’ which indicates a weakness of the (7) 8 part. A bending of the knee backward is called a ‘‘ calf knee,”’ and is very objectionable. The opposite condition is known as “knee sprung.”’ The fetlock joint should be of good size and clean, the pasterns of moderate length, and form an angle of between 45 and 60 degrees with the cannon bone. The foot should be of moderate size; a flat foot or one too narrow at the heels is objectionable. The relative proportions of the shoulders and exact shape desirable vary considerably in cavalry and artillery horses. Thus, when speed and activity are essential, as in the cavalry horse, the shoulder should be oblique (sloping), as it gives elas- ticity to the gait of the horse, while for the artillery horse, work- ing in harness, a straight, upright shoulder enables the pressure of the collar to be more easily borne and allows the animal to exert his strength at right angles to his long axis. The withers should not be thin and high, as this conformation will allow the saddle to slip too far forward and the pommel to rest upon the withers. The bars of the saddle will be forced against the shoulder blades, causing irritation and inflammation. The withers should not be low or thick, as the saddle is then apt to pinch them. The chest should be of moderate width and have considerable depth, as a narrow chest indicates weakness, and a wide, heavy chest is suitable for heavy-draft horses only. The capacity of the lungs is marked by the size of the chest at the girth, but the stamina will depend upon the depth of the back ribs. The barrel should not be broad back of the cinch, as it would cause the cinch to slip forward and chafe the body just back of the point of the elbow. The opposite conformation would allow the saddle and cinch to slip backward. The back should be short, with muscles well developed, and the upper lines of the back should bend down a little behind the withers and then swell out very gently to the junction of the loins, which can hardly be too broad and muscular. The last rib should be placed close to the point of the hip, as this is an indication of strength, and the horse is more easily kept in good condition than one having the opposite conformation. A slightly arched loin is essential to the power of carrying weight; a much arched or ‘‘hog back * is almost sure to give 9 uneasy action from its want of elasticity. The hips should be broad. The quarters and gaskins should be broad. The muscles of the two quarters should come close together and leave no hollow below the anus, as that conformation would be an indication of a want of constitution. The hock should be of good size, but clean and flat, and with a good clean point standing clear of the joint. The cannon bone should be short, not tied in below the hock, and the line from the point of the hock to the back part of the fetlock should be vertical. The hocks should stand well apart, but not enough to give the horse the appearance of being ‘‘ bow-legged.”’ ‘“* Cow-hocked,”’ so called, is when the hocks are placed together and the hind feet wide apart, with the toes turned out. The fet- lock should not bend forward, as it is an indication of weakness, and is known as “‘ cocked ankle.’’ The pastern and feet should be formed to correspond with those of the fore extremity. The croup should not have much slope; the dock should be large and muscular; the tail should be carried firmly and well away from the quarters. EXTERNAL DISEASES. Under this heading the diseases appearing upon the outside of the body are considered; they are commonly regarded as blemishes or defects and are the results of injuries more or less severe. They may be enumerated as follows: 1. Diseases of bones. 2. Diseases of synovial membranes. 3. Diseases of muscles, tendons, ligaments, and skin. 4, Diseases of the foot. ‘1. Diseases of bones. Bone spavin.—Location: Lower and inner part of the hock joint. Splints.—Location: Usually appearing on the inner side be- tween the large and small metacarpal bones. Sidebones (ossification of lateral cartilages).—Location: Sides of the foot just above the coronet. Ringbone.—Location: Between coronet and fetlock joint. LO /. Diseases of synorial membranes. Bog spuvin (blood spavin).—Location: Front part of hock joint. Thorough pin.—Location: Upper and back part of hock joint. Wind puffs (windgalls).—Location: On the sides of the tendons just above the fetlock joints. Other bursal enlargements may be found located on various parts of the legs, but no special name has been given to them. 3. Diseases of the muscles, tendons, ligaments. and skin. Poll evil.—Location: In the region of the poll. Fistulous withers.—Location: In the region of the withers. Sweeny (atrophy or wasting of the muscles).—Location: Usually in the shoulders or the hip. Broken knees.—Location: Front part of the kneejoint. Capped elbow.—Location: Point of the elbow. Capped hock.—Location: Point of the hock. Curb.—Location: Lower and back part of the hock. Sprung knees.—Location: Knees. Cocked ankles.—Location: Fetlock joints. Bowed tendons.—Location: Flexor tendons below the knees and hock. Breakdown.—Location: Sprain of the suspensory ligament. Saddle galls.—Location: On the saddle bed. Cinch galls.—Location: On the parts coming in contact with the cinch. - Collar galls.—Location: On the parts coming in contact with the collar. 4. Diseases of the foot. Thrush.—Location: Frog. Canker.—Location: Frog and sole. Chronic laminitis.—Location: Sensitive lamine. Corn.—Location: Between the wall and bar. Quarter crack.—Location: Quarters of the hoof. Quittor.—Location: Top of the coronet. Contracted heels.—Location: Heels. Toe cracks.—Location: At the toe of the hoof. 11 CHAPTER II. STABLE MANAGEMENT OF THE SICK AND INJURED. ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. CARE OF THE SICK. The sick horse should be, if practicable, immediately removed. to a large, clean, light and well-ventilated box stall, free from drafts and located as far as possible from other horses. Clean bedding should be provided, and the stall kept free from manure and moisture. If such a stall can not be provided a double stall, with the kicking bar removed and ropes or bars placed across the front of it, will answer the purpose. If the patient is suffering froma febrile disease (fever) during the cold season of the year paulins or horse covers can be hung up in such a manner as to serve as a protection from drafts, care being taken to allow sufficient air to enter this improvised box stall. Such patients must be clothed according to the season of the year, the blanket drawn well forward on the neck and fastened in front, the legs hand-rubbed and bandaged with red flannels. These should be changed several times daily, and the legs thoroughly rubbed to stimulate circulation. Horses with diseases of the nervous system require to be kept absolutely quiet, to do which they must be removed as far as possible from all noise. It is preferable that only one man be allowed to attend to their wants, as a change of attendants would very likely cause excitement and thus increase the severity of the disease. Animals suffering from debilitating diseases should be tempted with and fed any food that is rich in nourish- ment and easily digested. It should be given only in such quan- tities as the animal will readily eat, and any portion left over should be at once removed, as food constantly placed before a sick animal will have a tendency to deprive it of all appetite. Food that is wet, such as bran mashes or steamed oats, will soon sour in warm weather and will get cold or may freeze during the winter; if eaten in these conditions it may cause diarrhea, colic, etc. Feed boxes, water buckets, and all parts of the stall must be kept clean and free from odor. The hay should be clean and bright, and only the best given to the sick animal. 12 Pure water should be provided, and placed in such a position as to enable the animal to reach it without difficulty; a sick horse will frequently rinse its lips and mouth with water if given the opportunity, even if not thirsty. The water should be changed as often as necessary during the day to insure a pure and fresh supply at all times. A horse suffering from colic requires sufficient space, well bedded, to prevent injuring himself by rolling during a spasm of pain. A man should be constantly in attendance, as there is danger of the animal becoming cast and unable to get up with- out assistance. Undigested matter being the exciting cause in almost all cases of colic, food should be withheld for about twelve hours after all pain has disappeared, and then given only in small quantities during the next twenty-four hours, after which the ordinary ration may be resumed. A few swallows of pure water may be given at short intervals, special care being taken when the water is very cold. : CARE OF THE INJURED. If the horse is seriously injured and stands with difficulty, he should be placed in slings to partially support the weight of the body. The slings must be properly adjusted, fitting closely behind the elbows in such a manner as to support the weight of the body on the chest and not on the abdomen. This position is maintained by the use of the breast piece and breeching, which prevent the shifting of the sling. A single stall, having a level ‘floor, free from bedding, is more suitable than one allowing more motion to the animal. If the horse is but slightly injured, there is no necessity of placing him in slings. An ordinary stall with a level floor is all that is required. After the injury has been dressed he should be allowed to stand without being disturbed. If very lame, and movement is painful, the quieter he is kept the more quickly will recovery take place. Absolute rest and perfect quietude are two very essential things, and when secured they will hasten the process of recovery without inflicting unnecessary pain upon the animal. In some surgical cases it is necessary to restrain the animal so. that he can not injure himself by rubbing or biting the affected parts. This can be accomplished by tying up the 13 head, the application of side lines, or the use of the cradle. Bandages may be applied to the legs of horses for three different purposes: First, to give support to the blood vessels and synovial burs; second, as a vehicle for applying cold lotions; and third, for drying and warming the legs. The pulse is the beating of the arteries, and is usually felt at the jaw (the submaxillary.artery), or on the inner side of the arm (the brachial artery), and is an important guide in determining the physical condition of the animal; the normal pulsations are about 40 per minute. It is best taken by placing the fore or middle finger transversely on the artery. The slightest excite- ment, when the horse is sick, will cause an alteration in the pulse; therefore the animal should be approached very quietly. A strong and full pulse is an indication of health. A full and bounding pulse denotes the first stages of fever, afterwards becoming smalland weak. A very slow pulse denotes disease or injury of the brain or spinal cord. An imperceptible pulse indicates the approach of death. At rest the healthy horse breathes from 13 to 15 times per minute. Difficulty in breathing is a prominent symptom of dis- ease of the respiratory organs; it may also be observed in some cases of flatulent colic. Abdominal breathing is the respiratory movement performed with the ribs fixed as much as possible, owing to pain or mechanical obstruction in the chest, and isa symptom of pleurisy and hydrothorax (water in the chest). Irregular breathing is that condition where there is a want of harmonious correspondence between the inspiratory and expira- tory movements, and is observed in the disease commonly known as ‘‘ broken wind”? or ‘‘heaves.’’ The inspiratory movement in this affection is performed quickly and with a jerky effort, while the expiratory movement is performed slowly and with a double action, more particularly of the abdominal muscles. Irregular breathing often becomes spasmodic or convulsive during the progress of the disease. The mean temperature of the horse in those internal parts which are most easily accessible, as the mouth and rectum, may be estimated at from 99° to 101° F. In very young animals the temperature is commonly about 101°, but in very old ones it has been known to be as low as 96° F. The external parts of the body become lowered in temperature according to their distance 14 from the heart, and are liable to much variation from the state of the surrounding atmosphere. The production of animal heat is due to certain chemical and vital changes which are continually taking place in the body, and consist in the absorption of oxygen by the capillaries in the lungs, the combination of that oxygen with the carbon and hydrogen derived from the disintegration of animal tissues; and from cer- tain elements of the food which have not been converted into tissue. This combination of oxygen, or oxidation, not only takes place in the blood, which may be looked upon as a fluid tissue, but in the tissue cells also, in all parts of the body, the animal heat being maintained by the natural changes which are essential to a healthy condition. The lungs of a horse will contain from 1 to 11, cubic feet of air, and at each inspiration about 250 cubic inches are drawn through the trachea. The surface of the lungs to which this amount of air is exposed is calculated to be equal to 289 square feet. Air, then, containing impurities, is exposed to an absorb- ent area within the body equal to five and a half times the sur- face of the skin. A horse in a state of quiescence gives off from 2 to 8 cubic feet of CO’ every hour from the lungs, and a certain, though an undetermined, portion is also given off by the skin: but taking that from the lungs alone it would amount to from 48 to 72 cubic feet in twenty-four hours, or, if converted into car- bon, would give us a solid block weighing about 244 pounds. The air from marshes contains an excess of carbonic acid gas and a diminished proportion of oxygen, consequently horses should not be kept in the vicinity of a marsh, as the blood would then contain an excess of carbonic acid gas (CO?) and an insuffi- cient amount of oxygen: it would be imperfectly purified: the vitality of the animal would be lessened, and he would be more susceptible and succumb more easily to any disease that he might contract. A pure air will contain 20.99 per cent of oxygen; an average air 2.96 per cent. The expired air, in health, in 100 parts con- tains 19 instead of 21 parts of oxygen, and 1 to 2 per cent, instead of 0.03 to 0.04 per cent. of carbonic acid gas. which pure air should contain. : 1A One thousand six hundred cubic feet of air space should be provided for each horse in the stable, and the stables be so arranged that fresh.air may be admitted without causing drafts. EFFECTS OF AN IMPURE SUPPLY OF WATER. However harmless impure water may have been to animals in a wild state, the more we subject them to an artificial existence the more we remove them from the immunity they may have possessed against common causes of disease and the greater lia- bility is there for the development of diseases which originally may never have existed. ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES. Medicines may enter the body through any of the following designated channels: First, by the mouth; second, by the lungs and upper air passages: third, by the skin; fourth, under the skin (hypodermically): fifth, by the rectum, and sixth, by intra- venous injection. : 1. By the mouth.—Medicines can be given by the mouth in the torm of powders, balls, and drenches. 2. By the air pussages.—Medicines are administered to the lungs and upper air passages by inhalations and nasal douches. 3. By the skin. —Care must be taken in applying some medi- cines over too large a portion of the body at any one time, as poisoning and death may follow from too rapid absorption through the skin. For domestic animals medicines are to he applied to the skin for local purposes or diseases only. 4. Medicines may be given hy the rectum when we can not give or have them retained by the mouth; when we want local action; to destroy the small worms infesting the large bowels: to stimulate the peristaltic motion of the intestine and cause an evacuation, and to nourish the body. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, Solid measure, 1 grain (gr.). LPAI (ON) cistrccemmccgaaaseuceaue .. 60 grains. THOUNCE (02s) inners cmamaansou scenes .... 8 drams. pound...) oceneue amacese cesses 16 ounces. 16 Liquid measure. 1 minim (min.). 1 fluid dram (fl. dr.) _-_..-.--.-------- 60 minims. 1 fluid ounce (fl. oz.) --..--..---------- 8 fluid drams. 1 pint (O.)__-.--.-..---2------------ 16 fluid ounces. diquart (O11). 5: cccgcqcchcieeseesece 32 fluid ounces. Tigallon (Cle) 2.22 canc2cicisscacent aeee 4 quarts. CHAPTER III. ANATOMY. The skeleton is the framework for the support of the softer structures, and is composed of 216 bones, exclusive of the teeth, of various sizes and forms. Flat bones are found covering vital organs, i. e., skull, ribs, and scapula; long bones are found principally in the extremities, for the support of the body. . The spinal column is composed of bones of very irregular shape, which are divided into five groups according to their location, and are known as vertebre. Commencing at the back of the head, the first seven are called the cervical vertebrx, or bones of the neck; the next eighteen are called the dorsal vertebra, form- ing the main part of the back; the next six or seven, the lumbar vertebre, form the loins; the croup or sacrum, composed of five bones, which in the adult animal are united together as one bone; and following this are found the coccyx or tail bones, numbering from thirteen to twenty. The ribs are eighteen on each side, attached above to the dorsal vertebrae and below, the first eight (true ribs) by cartilage to the sternum or breastbone; the remaining ten, known as false or floating ribs, are attached by cartilage to one another and indi- rectly to the sternum: they form the walls of the chest and serve as a protection for the heart, lungs, and large blood vessels. The skull, containing cavities (or chambers), is composed of irregularly-shaped flat bones, the most important of which is the cranium, or brainpan, occupied by the brain and communicat- ing with the bony channel passing through the center of the cervical, dorsal, lumbar, sacral, and sometimes the first two or 1” three coccygeal vertebre. These cavities communicate with the brain by narrow passages, through one of which the optic nerve passes. On each side, below the eye, are two closed cavities known as the superior and inferior maxillary sinuses; in the lower third of the skull are found the nasal chambers extending from the nos- trils backward to the pharynx, and separated by a thin partition of bone and cartilage, the floor of these cavities forming the roof of the mouth. From the orbital fosse the skull gradually becomes narrower and terminates @ short distance below the nostrils in the premaxilla, which contains the six upper incisor teeth, which, with the corresponding teeth in the lower jaw, form the anterior boundary of the mouth, which extends back- ward to the pharynx. On the posterior upper portion of this cavity are found six molar teeth on each side, and that portion of the jaw between them and the incisors is called the interdental space. Situated on each side near to the incisor teeth in this space are found, in the male, the tushes or canine teeth. The inferior maxilla, or lower jaw, a bone whose two segments are firmly united anteriorly, diverges backward somewhat in the form of a letter V, each branch terminating superiorly in an articulated surface which unites it to the skull proper. The diverging branches of the jaw, include a space appropriately called the maxillary space. Found in the united or front part of this bone are the inferior incisors, and in the male the canine teeth, and in the branches the inferior molars or grinders, which correspond with those of the upper jaw. The space between the molars and incisors is the same as that in the upper jaw. The front leg is composed of the following-named bones and joints, given in order from above downward: Scapula and humerus, forming the shoulder joint; humerus, radius, and ulna, forming the elbow joint; radius, carpus (seven or eight small bones), and metacarpus, forming the knee joint; metacar- pal, os suffraginis, and two sesamoids, forming the fetlock joint; 03 suffraginis and o3 corone, forming the pastern joint; os coronx, os pedis, and os navicularis, forming the navicular or coffin joint. The hind leg is composed of the following bones: The pelvis, situated underneath the sacrum and part of the coccygeal 6829-2 18 vertebr, and formed of three irregularly shaped bones on each side, united at the bottom, and forming a cavity occupied by the bladder and the rectum; the femur, united with the pelvis, forms the hip joint; the femur, tibia, and patella form the stifle joint; the tibia, tarsus (six bones), and the metatarsal bones form the hock joint; the metatarsal, os suffraginis, and two sesamoids form the fetlock joint; below this the bones and joints are the same as in the fore leg. JOINTS AND LIGAMENTS. The joints are all formed between two or more separate bones, having a soft elastic substance interposed, whose structure varies with the amount of motion. Where this is extensive, as in the joints of the limbs, the adjacent surfaces are covered with a peculiar kind of cartilage arranged in a thin and very smooth layer upon them. In addition to this protsction against friction and vibration the bones are firmly bound together by strong bands of white, fibrous, inelastic tissue under the general name of ligaments. A lubricating fluid (called synovia) is required to reduce the amount of friction; and to produce it, as well as to keep it within proper limits, a membrane (synovial) is developed. In the neck much greater freedom of motion is required to admit of lowering the head in grazing and the raising of it for various purposes, as well as for balancing its great weight at all times. Lateral flexion and rotation on its own axis are also necessitated for the purpose of directing the muzzle right or left of the straight line; and for these several movements the following ligament (ligamentum nuchee) is provided: The ligamentum nuche is formed entirely of yellow, elastic tissue, and occupies the angle formed posteriorly by the anterior dorsal spines and inferiorly by the cervical spinous process, thus separating the cervical muscles of the right side from those of the left. Capsular ligaments are fibrous structures inclosing joints, their use being to form cavities around them inclosing and protecting the synovial or lubricating apparatus inside. The suspensory ligament should be carefully studied on account of the numerous accidents to which it is liable. It isa long, strong band of fibrous tissue arising in the back part of the lower bones of the carpus (knee) and the upper part of the 19 metacarpus (cannon bone), occupying the space between the splint bones; it passes down immediately behind the cannon bone, lying between it and the tendon of the flexor pedis perfor- ans, bifurcating (dividing into two) about the lower third of this bone and becoming attached to the sesamoids, whence the parts pass forward and downward, joining the tendon of the extensor pedis just above the pastern joint. It is thin and com- paratively weak toward the knee, but as it approaches the fetlock joint it almost equals the back tendons (sinews) in substance, and its volume and wiriness to the touch may be taken as some test of the power of any particular leg to resist a breakdown. The suspensory ligament of the hind leg corresponds in every particular with that of the fore leg. The calcaneo-cuboid ligament stretches from the posterior border of the calcaneum to the posterior part of the cuboid, ending on the head of the external splint bone. A sprain of this ligament is known as a ‘‘ curb.” MUSCLES AND TENDONS. The muscles are divided into voluntary and involuntary mus- cles; the former being under the direct control of the will, as, for example, the muscles of the neck, legs, tail, etc.; and the lat- ter acting indsp2ndently of the animal’s will, as, for example, the heart, intestines, etc. The muscles form about one-half of the entire weight of the body. With regard to their form they are divided into long, wide, and short. Long muscles are generally found in the limbs; wide muscles are stretched beneath the skin or around the great cav- ities of the trunk, and the short muscles are found chiefly around the short bones. Tendons are white, round or flattened cords affixed to the extremities of the long muscles. They stretch or contract the muscles, but do not themselves change form. The wide muscles are provided with broad bands of fibrous tissue, by means of which they are attached to other structures. Extensor muscles (extensors) have the power of extending one bone upon another and the flexor muscles (flexors) have the ’ opposite action. The extensor pedis is the principal extensor of the fore leg; it originates at the inferior extremity of the humerus, and its fleshy 20 portion continues to the lower third of the radius; there it becomes tendinous, and passing down over the knee continues along the front of the leg and becomes attached to the upper and front part of the os pedis. Action, to extend the leg. The flexor pedis perforatus originates from the inner and lower part of the humerus; it passes down the back part of the leg, becoming tendinous just above the carpus; below the pastern it bifurcates, forming a ring for the passage of the tendon of the perforans and becomes attached to the sides of the os corone. Action, to flex the lower part of the leg. The flexor pedis perforans originates with the perforatus; its fleshy portion passes down and is attached to the back part of the radius; its tendinous portion, beginning at the knee, passes down the leg between the cannon bone and the tendon of the perforatus, over the back of the fetlock and through the arch formed by the division of the tendon of the perforatus, and is attached to the under surface of the os pedis. Action, to flex the leg. The extensor pedis of the hind leg originates at the lower and front part of the femur; its fleshy portion extends downward along the front surface of the tibia to the hock, where it becomes tendinous; passing thence down the front of the leg it is attached in the same manner as the extensor pedis of the front leg. Action, to extend the leg. The flecor metatarsi is divided into two portions—a muscular and a tendinous. The tendinous part is a strong pearly white cord, situated between the muscular portion and the extensor pedis. It commences at the inferior extremity of the femur; finally terminating in two branches—a large one inserted in front of the superior extremity of the cannon bone and the other and narrower one deviating outward to reach the anterior surface of the cuboid bone. The fleshy portion originates on the anterior face of the tibia and is inserted by two'tendons, one in the head of the large metatarsal bone, the other in the small cuneiform on the inner side of the hock. Action, to flex the hock. The flecor pedis perforatus of the hind leg originates at the posterior lower part of the femur. Its fleshy portion extends about halfway down the tibia, then, becoming tendinous, it passes over the point of the hock, being continued down the back 21 of the leg, and is attached in the same manner as the nerforatus is on the front leg. Action, to flex the hind leg. The flexor pedis perforans of the hind leg originates at the upper and back portion of the tibia. Above the hock it becomes tendinous and passes down over the inner and back side of the hock, and is attached to the os pedis in the same manner as the perforans of the front limb. Action, to flex the joints below the hock. The panniculus carnosus (fly shaker) is a flat muscle situated on the inner surface of the skin, covering most of the neck, sides of the chest, and belly. Action, to shake the skin. The principal muscles of the back and loins are the longissimus dorsi, gluteus externus, gluteus mavimus, and gluteus internus. The longissimi dorsi is situated on the superior part of the back and loins, and is the largest and most powerful muscle in the body, occupying the space on either side of the dorsal and lumbar spines. It is broad and fleshy at its origin in the loins and becomes narrower as it proceeds forward. It is attached to the anterior part of the pelvis (iim), first two bones of the sacrum, all of the lumbar and dorsal vertebre, the external surface of the last fifteen or sixteen ribs, and to the last three or four cervical vertebre. Action; it is brought powerfully into play by kicking and rearing, by elevation of the fore or hind quarters, according to whether the fore or hind limbs are fixed. Acting singly, the result is lateral flexion of the back and loins. Gluteus externus is a V-shaped muscle situated on the external part of the croup. It originates on the anterior part of the pelvis and at the second and third sacral spines. Insertion, to the upper and outer part of the femur. Action, to draw the thigh outward. Gluteus maximus is a very large muscle, originating in the lumbar region; it is attached to the pelvis and sacrum and is inserted on the upper and outer portion of the femur. Action, to extend the femur on the pelvis, and when the posterior limbs are fixed, to assist in rearing. Gluteus internus is situated underneath the gluteus maximus and above the hip joint. It originates from the shaft of the ilium (anterior bone of the pelvis), and is inserted by a tendon to the superior part of the femur. Action, to draw the leg out- ward and rotate it inward. 22 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. The organs of respiration are the nostrils, nasal chambers, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchii, bronchial tubes, and air cells, which are all lined, except the air cells, with mucous mem- brane. The nostrils are two, right and left, oblong openings situated in the anterior part of the face, at the commencement of the nasal chambers. The nasal chambers extend from the nostrils to the pharynx and are separated from each other by the cartilaginous septum nasi; each chamber is divided: by the tur- binated bone into three passages, and all are lined with a deli- cate, pale rose-colored membrane, the Schneiderian membrane, which is continuous with the skin of the nostrils. The pharynx is a muscular, membranous cavity, common to the digestive and respiratory canals, somewhat cylindrical in form, and extending backward to the larynx and the esophagus. The larynx is a complex musculo-cartilaginous valve, situated at the anterior part of the trachea or windpipe. It gives passage to air and at the same time is the organ of voice. The anterior extremity opens into the pharynx and the posterior into the trachea; it lies in the posterior part of the maxillary space and is commonly known as ‘‘Adam’s apple.”’ The trachea, or windpipe, is a cylindrical, flexible tube consist- ing of a series of incomplete cartilaginous rings, numbering from forty to fifty, according to the length of the neck. It succeeds the larynx, runs down the neck, enters the thorax or chest, and terminates at the base of the heart where it branches into the right and left bronchii, which enter the lungs and subdivide into branches termed bronchial tubes. These, becoming gradually smaller as they divide, finally terminate in air cells. The entire ramification, when isolated, has the appearance of a tree, the trachea being the trunk, the bronehii and bronchial tubes the branches, and the air cells the leaves. These structures are accompanied throughout by arteries, veins, and nerves. The thorax, or chest, is formed by the ribs, sternum, and bodies of the dorsal vertebre, the intercostal muscles, and the dia- phragm. It contains the lungs, heart, large blood vessels, the trachea, esophagus, and a number of nerves. The thorax is lined by two serous membranes, the right and left pleura, each pleura lining one-half the thorax and enveloping the structures contained therein. 23 The lungs, the essential organs of respiration, are spongy organs of a conical shape, and are situated in the thoracic cavity, being very light and porous. (Healthy lungs float in water.) The diaphragm or midriff is the muscular partition which separates the thorax from the abdomen. DIGESTIVE ORGANS. The digestive organs consist of the alimentary canal and its accessories, by which the alimentary matter (food) is subjected to the special actions which adapt it for the purpose of nutrition. Each division is provided with accessories; the preparatory with the teeth and salivary glands, and the essential organs with the pancreas, liver, spleen, etc. The esophagus, or gullet, is a musculo-membranous, cylin- drical canal passing from the pharynx to the stomach, through which the food reaches the latter. The stomach is a division of the alimentary canal, continuous with the esophagus and small intestines, where the food is con- verted into chyme by maceration and the action of the gastric juice; it is very small in the horse in proportion to his size. It lies in the abdominal cavity just behind the liver. Its internal, or mucous, coat is divided into right and left portions, the latter is the cutaneous portion and is continuous with the mucous mem- brane of the esophagus, which it resembles in structure and appearance, being of a pale white color. The right portion, the villous, or true digestive coat, is reddish in color, soft, very vas- cular, and velvety looking. The capacity of the stomach is from 3 to 314 gallons. The intestines are divided into large and small. The small intestines are continuous with the stomach, rather more than an inch in diameter and about 72 feet in length. The large intes- tines, measuring about 22 feet in length, extend from the termi- nation of the small intestines to the anus, and may be regarded as consisting of four parts, the caecum, great colon, floating colon, and the rectwm. The anus is the posterior opening of the alimentary canal, being below the root of the tail. It forms around projection, which becomes less prominent with age. _ The intestines are supported throughout their entire length by strong bands of fibrous tissue extending from the backbone. 24 The liver is the largest secreting gland in the body, weighing from 10 to 12 pounds. Its shape is very irregularly elliptical, thick in the center, gradually becoming thinner at the borders, It is situated immediately behind the diaphragm and secretes a fluid called bile, which is emptied directly into the small intes- tines, as the horse is not provided with a gall bladder. The pancreas (sweetbread) is situated behind the stomach and in front of the kidneys. It is of a reddish cream color, and weighs about 17 ounces. Its function is to secrete pancreatic fluid, which is poured into the duodenum. The abdominal cavity, or belly, is a large and somewhat oval cavity, bounded superiorly by the muscles of the back, inferiorly by the abdominal muscles, anteriorly by the diaphragm; poste- riorly it is continuous with the pelvic cavity. PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION. The food is received into the digestive or alimentary tube; there itis subjected to a series of agencies by which it is, in greater or less part, digested and worked up toa condition in which it can be sucked up by the appropriate vessels, and, while this portion is absorbed by the circulation, the effete remainder passes on and is discharged. The digestive tube, beginning at the mouth, is continued to the stomach by the throat and esophagus or gullet, while the stomach is succeeded by the small and large intestines. In its passage along this tract (tube) the food is subjected to both mechanical and chemical processes. The food is taken into the mouth by the lips, where it is masticated (or chewed) and mixed with saliva; it is then swallowed, passed into the stomach, acted upon by the gastric juice, and when thoroughly macerated (rolled, mixed, and soaked) it enters the first portion of the small intestines, and is acted upon by the secretions of the liver and pancreatic gland (bile and pancreatic fluid); from this point onward the food, having been brought in contact with and thor- oughly mixed with the several fluids above mentioned, is now ready for the nutritive portions to be absorbed into the circula- tion for the nourishment of the animal, which is accomplished by little villi, situated in the mucous membrane lining the intes- tines. The villi are small projections of the mucous membrane of the small intestines. ; 25 The functional processes of digestion are prehension (the taking up of the food by the lips), mastication (chewing or grinding), and, simultaneously with this, insalivation, or mixing the food with saliva, which is secreted by the salivary glands, situated in different parts of the head; deglutition, or swallowing the pre- pared food by means of the tongue, pharynx, and esophagus (gullet). Chylification, or the conversion of chyme into chyle, is a change which takes place in the duodenum by the action of the bile and pancreatic fluid, followed by the absorption of the nu- tritive material into the circulation, and finally, defecation, or excretion of the residual, inert matter. The alimentary canal is a musculo-membranous tube, extend- ing from the lips to the anus. Its walls are composed of mus- cular tissue and lined throughout by mucous membrane. It consists of a continuous series of tubes and cavities, the chief of which are the mouth, pharyna, esophagus, stomach, and intes- tines, where the food passes through various changes and is deprived of its nutritive properties, and the egestive or expulsive portions, by which the residue is expelled from the system. The portion of the food which is not absorbed is called effete material (dung) and is expelled through the anus. URINARY SYSTEM. The organs of this system secrete the urine from the blood and excrete or expel it from the body. These organs are chiefly the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The urine, which is a watery fluid, is secreted by the kidneys and carried off by their ducts, the ureters, to a special reservoir, the bladder, where it accumulates and from which it is finally expelled at intervals through the urethra. The kidneys are two in number, right and left, situated on either side of the spine, immediately below the lumbar vertebre. The bladder is a musculo-membranous organ and serves as the reservoir for the urine and is situated within the pelvic cavity. The urethra is a long narrow tube extending from the bladder to the head of the penis. The normal amount of urine, which is expelled from the blad- der through the penis, secreted in twenty-four hours varies from 3 to 6 quarts. The color in health is of a yellowish cast. 26 CIRCULATION. This involves the consideration of the heart, arteries, and veins. Blood. The fluid which enriches all living structures, being the medium by which nutritive material is conveyed to the solid tissues. It is an opaque, thickish, clammy fluid with a peculiar odor, sickly saline taste, and alkaline reaction. Its color varies in different parts of the same animal, that in the arteries being a bright red or scarlet, while that in the veins is of a dark purplish hue. Heart. The heart is a hollow organ of involuntary muscular structure, situated between the lungs, in the thoracic cavity; its average weight is about 614 pounds. The heart is divided into two parts, right and left, each part containing two cavities, one above the other, which communicate by valvular openings. The heart acts asa force pump for the blood, forcing the impure from the right side of the heart through the pulmonary artery into the lungs, where the blood gives off carbonic acid gas and takes up oxygen; the purified blood returns through the pulmonary vein to the opposite (left) side of the heart, and is then forced by it into the arteries, which carry it to all parts of the body, giving nourishment to the tissues and taking up waste material. This impure blood is returned to the right side of the heart by the veins, thus completing the course of the circulation. The smaller arteries terminate in a system of minute vessels— the capillaries—which are situated between the termination of the arteries and the commencement of the veins. Their average diameter is about 3,55 of an inch. Circulation of the extremities. The humeral artery.—This artery descends along the inner side of the humerus; just above the elbow joint it divides into ante- rior and posterior radial arteries. The anterior radial descends over the anterior surface of the elbow joint, passes down in front of the radius and approaches the knee below the extensor pedis muscle, where it divides into numerous branches, supplying 27 blood to the surrounding tissues. The postericr radial is a con- tinuation of the humeral artery, passing down the inner ‘side of the foreleg with a vein and nerve of the same name, inclining backward and dividing at the lower end of the radius into large and small metacarpals.. The large metacarpal artery is a continuation of the posterior radial. It runs down the back of the knee in company with the flexor tendons and the internal metacarpal vein and nerve; above the fetlock it passes between the tendons and suspensory liga- ment, dividing into the external and internal digital arteries. The small metacarpal artery passes outward from the inner and back part of the knee, and running downward joins another artery supplying nourishment to the surrounding tissues. Circulation of the hind leg.—The femoral artery is the artery of the thigh. Just above the back of the stifle joint it becomes the popliteal artery, which divides into two main branches, the anterior and posterior tibial, the latter supplying the posterior part of the gaskin and hock with nourishment, while the former winds forward between the tibia and fibula to the fore part of the leg, gaining it midway between the stifle and the hock. At the hock it passes obliquely outward, crossing the joint, and becomes the great metatarsal artery at the upper and external part of the metatarsus; it then passes under the small splint bone and gains the back part of the cannon, and then, passing down the leg, it divides just below the bifurcation of the suspensory ligament into two branches, the external and internal digitals. The digital arteries, which are alike in the fore and hind limbs, originate at an acute angle just below the middle of the cannon bone in front of the flexor tendons, passing over the inner and outer side and accompanied by corresponding veins and nerves of the same names, the artery being central and the nerve poste- rior. Each runs down the side of the foot. inside the lateral carti- leges, to the superior border of the wings of the os pedis, thence they reach the middle and under surface of the bone at either side of the flexor pedis perforans tendon. . They supply numer- ous twigs to the flexor and extensor tendons, fetlock pad and joint, and give off the following branches, which are usually re- garded as the arteries of the foot: They are five in number, per- pendicular, transverse, artery of the frog, preplantar ungual, and plantar ungual. The arteries ramify through the foot, supplying it with nutrition. 28 The perpendicular artery arises at right angles below the mid- dle of the os suffraginis, descends on the side of the digit, inclines forward and terminates above the coronary band by anastomos- ing (joining) with its fellow, their union forming the superficial coronary arch, which supplies the coronary band with blood. The transverse artery is given off under the lateral cartilage, passes forward between the front of bone (os coronce) and the extensor tendon and joins its fellow, forming the deep coronary arch, supplying the surrounding parts with blood. The artery of the frog arises behind the pastern joint at the superior part of the lateral cartilage, enters the sensitive frog and divides into anterior and posterior branches. It supplies the sensitive frog with blood. / The preplantar ungual artery is given off just back of the wing of the os pedis, passes through the notch in the wing and along the preplantar groove in the wall of the bone, at the ante- rior extremity of which it terminates by several branches which enter the os pedis and anastomose with the circulus arteriosus. Before entering the bone two branches are given off which sup- ply the bulbs of the frog and the lateral cartilage with blood. The plantar ungual artery is the terminal branch of the dig- ital, passes through the plantar foramen on the tendinous surface of the os pedis and enters the bone within which it joins its fel- low, forming the circulus arteriosus, from which spring ascend- ing and descending branches. The former are the anterior laminals, which leave the bone through numerous openings on its wall, supplying the sensitive lamine with blood; the latter (descending branches) are the inferior communicating arteries, which average 14 innumber. They pass through the foramins (openings) situated just above the edge of the os pedis and unite outside to form the circumflex artery which runs around the toe, giving off ascending branches to the sensitive lamine and about 14 descending ones, the solar arteries, which supply the sensitive sole and unite posteriorly to form the inferior circum- flex artery. The veins of the foot are very numerous and arranged in an external and internal (interosseous) network. They are valveless, allowing the blood to flow in either direc- tion in sudden emergency. 29 The solar plexus is made up of a large number of small veins, which unite to form the large circumflex vein which accompa- nies the artery of the same name, passing back to the wing of the os pedis and thence to the coronary plexus. The laminal plexus arises on the sensitive lamine, the veins of which gradually increasing in size as they approach the coronet where they terminate in the coronary plexus. The coronary plexus surrounds the os corone and upper part of the os pedis, extending backward below the lateral cartilages and is formed by the veins of the solar and laminal plexuses. The veins of the frog extend over the external surface of the sensitive frog, ascending the sides of the lateral cartilage and unite to forma large vein, which, with branches from the coronary plexus, runs up the side of the os corone, all uniting near the upper part of the bone to form the digital vein. The internal or interosseous veins of the foot originate at the circulus arteriosus; they pass out of the bone through the plantar foramine, thence up the inner side of the lateral cartilages and unite with branches of the coronary plexus. NERVES OF THE FOOT. At the fetlock each metacarpal and metatarsal nerve divides into three digital branches; anterior, middle, and posterior. The anterior branch descends in front of the digital vein and distributes its. branches on the anterior surface of the foot. The middle branch frequently anastomoses with the others, and always with the anterior branch. It supplies the fetlock pad and sensitive sole. The posterior branch, by far the larger, and the true continua- tion of the metacarpal and metatarsal nerve, is continued behind the digital artery to the wing of the os pedis, entering the fissure and being distributed to the substance of the bone and the lamine. It gives off branches to the flexor tendons and a fila- ment which is carried forward and distributed to the sensitive frog; minute filaments accompany the plantar ungual artery into the pedal bone. ANATOMY OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. The lymphatic or absorbent system is connected with the vas- cular, and consists of a series of tubes which absorb and carry to 30 the blood certain fluids; a number of glandular bodies ( glands) through which the tubes frequently pass; and the fluids them- selves, which are lymph and chyle. LYMPHATIC VESSELS. These are called lymphatic vessels because they convey a clear, limpid fluid; or absorbent vessels, because they absorb alimentary matter. The absorbents of the chyle are called ‘‘ lacteals.”’ The tubes which form the lymphatic system are distributed throughout the whole body and unite to form two large trunks, the thoracic duct, and the right lymphatic vein, both of which enter the venous system near the heart. The thoracic is the largest and longest vessel and receives all the others, except those of the right anterior extremity and right side of the head, neck, and thorax. Lymph is a colorless fluid. Chyle is a milky fluid found in the lacteals or lymphatic vessels of the intestines during digestion. Since both the lacteals and posterior lymphatic vessels lead to the great lymphatic trunk or thoracic duct, it follows that the lymph and chyle become mixed. Through the excessively thin walls of the capillaries the fluid part of the blood transudes (oozes) to nourish the tissues outside the capillaries; at the same time fluid passes from the tissues into the blood. The fluid, after it passes into the tissues, constitutes the lymph, and acts as a stream irrigating the tissue elements. Much of the surplus of this lymph passes into the lymph vessels, which, in their commencement, can hardly be treated as inde- pendent structures since their walls are so closely joined to the tissues through which they pass, being nothing more than spaces in the connective tissue until they reach the large lymph vessels, which empty into the lymph glands. These lymph glands are structures so placed that the lymph flowing toward the larger trunks passes through them undergoing a slight change in struc- ture. The glands give lymph corpuscles to the lymph, which are identical with the white corpuscles of the blood. From the fact of this arrangement lymph glands are subject to inflammatory diseases in the vicinity of diseased structures, because infective material being conveyed in the lymph stream lodges in the glands and producesirritation. The lymphatic ves- sels contain great numbers of valves. 31 ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. The nervous system is divided into two minor systems, the cerebro-spinal, which is to a considerable extent influenced by the will of the animal, and the sympathetic, which is not directly influenced by the will. In the first the center is made up of two portions, the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is situated in the cranial cavity; the other, the spinal cord, is elongated and continuous with the brain and is situated in the canal of the vertebral column. The communicating portion of this system consists of the cere- bro-spinal nerves, which leave the brain and spinal cord in sym- metrical pairs, and are distributed to the voluntary muscles, to the organs of common sensation, and to those of special sense. The sympathetic system consists of a chain of ganglia (small brains) connected by a nerve cord. They extend from the head to the coccyx along either side of the spine; the nerves of this system are distributed to the involuntary muscles, mucous mem- branes, internal organs, and blood vessels. A nerve consists of a bundle of tubular fibers held together by dense connective tissue. The nerve fibers represent and form a conducting apparatus. ANATOMY OF THE EYE. The eye is the organ of sight and is situated in the orbital fossa. It is spherical in shape and filled with fluid. The front portion, called the cornea, is clear as glass, admitting the light to the back part of the eye, where it strikes the reténa,an expan- sion of the optic nerve which transmits impressions to the brain. The colored. portion, or iris, acts as a curtain, regulating the amount of light admitted, the center of the iris being known as the pupil. The crystalline lens is a small transparent body sit- uated immediately behind the pupil; it is thick in the center and tapers toward the edges. Its function is to draw the rays of light to a focus.and refract them on the retina. When the lens is diseased and no light can pass through it the animal is said to haveacataract. The eyelids are two movable curtains, superior and inferior, which protect the eye. 32 The membrana nictitans, or accessory eyelid (haw), is situated near the internal angle between the lids and the eyeball. This membrane serves asa finger for the removal of foreign bodies from the eye. ANATOMY OF THE MOUTH. The mouth is an irregularly oval cavity at the commencement of the alimentary canal, containing the organs of taste and the instruments of mastication. It is situated between the jaws, its long diameter following that of the head. Itis pierced by two openings—the anterior, for the introduction of food, and the pos- terior, through which the latter passes into the pharynx. It is pounded in front by the lips and laterally by the cheeks; the roof is formed by the hard palate; its floor is occupied by the tongue, while the posterior boundary is the soft palate (velum pendulum palati), the membranous partition separating it from the pharynx. The mucous membrane, continuous with the skin at the lips, covers the whole free surface of the mouth and its contents, except the teeth. The lips are the organs of touch as well as of prehension. The soft palate is a valvular curtain sus- pended between the mouth and the pharynx, attached above to the palatine arch; the inferior border is free and rests on the floor of the pharynx. It is owing to the great size of this mem- brane that a horse is unable to breathe through his mouth. The tongue is a movable musculo-membranous organ, situated on the floor of the mouth between the branches of the lower jaw. Itis the special organ of taste and at the same time assists in mastication. ANATOMY OF THE SKIN. The skin consists primarily of two parts, the superior, non- vascular (without blood vessels) layer—the cuticle or epidermis, and, second, the deep vascular (with blood vessels) layer—the corium, derivis, or true skin. The epidermis is the outer, scaly covering. The true skin or derma lies immediately below the epidermis, is much thicker, and contains the roots of the hair, sweat glands, which are simple tubes extending from the deeper layers of the skin to the * surface of the body, pouring out perspiration which carries with it certain waste materials from the system. The evaporation of sweat cools the body and assists in regulating its temperature. 33 The sebaceous glands are branching tubes beginning in sacs and opening into the hair follicles. Their oily secretion gives gloss to the hair, prevents it becoming dry and brittle, and keeps the skin soft and supple. ANATOMY OF THE FOOT. In a broad sense we may regard the foot as consisting of three well-marked portions,—the base or skeleton, the highly sensitive or secreting portions, and a nonsensitive or protective portion. The latter two may be considered as modifications of the skin. The sensitive part corresponds to the derma or true skin, while its covering, the hoof, corresponds to the epidermis. The study of the foot of the horse is of the greatest practical importance, owing to the many diseases and injuries ta which it is liable. It resolves itself into the consideration of the hoof or horny case and the parts contained in it. The bones. The os suffraginis, or large pastern bone, passes obliquely downward and forward and articulates with the cannon bone above and the os coronc, or small pastern bone, below. The articular surfaces of the bone are kept in apposition by strong bands of fibrous tissue, known as ligaments. The os coronce, or small pastern bone, is inclined obliquely downward and forward and is partially covered by the hoof. It articulates below with the coffin and navicular bones, and above with the os suffraginis. The sides of the os coronce are roughened for the attachment of the flewor pedis perforatus tendon. The os naviciularis, or shuttle bone, is an irregular bone situ- ated with its long axis transversely behind and below the os coronee and behind the os pedis, with which it articulates, form- ing the so-called navicular joint. The os pedis, or coffin bone, is an irregularly shaped bone situated within the hoof, and which, in a healthy state, cor- responds. somewhat to it in shape, being semilunar in form with the convexity to the front. It isa very hard but porous bone, having many excavations and channels for the passage of the arteries andveins. The wall or anterior surface is the semicircular part in front, which 6829-3 34 presents numerous depressions and channels, the latter being for the passage of the blood vessels and nerves, and the former for the attachment of the soft structures. The highest portion in front is called the pyramidal process, to which is attached the tendon of the extensor pedis muscle. The sole or inferior surface, which lies on the sensitive or vascular sole, is slightly excavated and half-moon (crescent) shaped. Immediately behind this is the tendinous surface, to which is attached the tendon of the flexor pedis perforans muscle. The wings are irregular protuberances on the posterior part of the wall. The articular surface is divided into two small grooves separated by a slight ridge. The os pedis articulates above with the os coronce and behind with the navicular bone. ANATOMY OF THE HOOF. The hoof of the horse corresponds to the finger nail of man. By maceration (soaking) it is divisible into three distinct parts— the wall, the sole, and the frog. The wall is that portion which is visible when the hoof rests on the ground. It is generally divided into the toe, quarters, heels, and bars. The toe forms the front of the hoof and is the thickest part of the wall, which gradually declines in height as it turns backward to form the quarters. These occupy the space between the toe and the heel. The wall decreases in thickness from in front backward, and more markedly so at the inner portion. At the posterior part of the foot the walls take on each side a sudden bend, forming an acute angle, and are continued inward to the center of the foot, where their two parts (the bars) unite with the sole. The exterior surface of the wall is convex, smooth, and covered by a thin layer, the periople, which is continuous above with the coronary band. The internal sur- face of the wall presents throughout its whole extent parallel perpendicular plates of horn, the insensitive or horny lamine, numbering from 500 to 600, and are separated from each other by deep fissures, in which are inserted the sensitive lamine. The superior, or coronary, border of the wall presents an excavation or groove which slopes somewhat obliquely downward and inward, forming a circular gutter, in which is located the cor- onary band or ligament. In this are numerous orifices, into which are inserted the secreting villi of the coronary band. The 35 inferior border is that portion in contact with the ground and to which the shoe is fitted. In the unshod animal it is always in wear and protrudes beyond the rest, more especially around the outer quarter, and is known as the spread. The external layer of horn in the wall is distinctively known as the crust and is secreted by the coronary band, the rest being secreted by the sensitive lamine. Supposing the foot to rest on a perfectly level plane, the line joining the toe to the middle of the coronary bor- der should make with the ground an angle of about 50 degrees in the fore and perhaps a little more in the hind feet. The sole. The sole is the thick plate of horn which helps to form the in- ferior portion of the foot. It is situated between the inner bor- der of the inferior part of the wall and the bars. The inferior, or external, surface is more or less concave; the superior surface (the internal) is usually convex, and is studded with a number of small orifices which run obliquely forward; into these are in- serted the vascular papillcee of the sensitive sole. The external border or circumference of the sole is convex, and is united throughout its whole extent to the internal surface of the inferior border of the wall to which it is very closely united. The inner border represents a deep cut or notch in the form of the letter V, and is attached to the bars, except at the anterior part, where it is bounded by the frog. The frog. The frog is the somewhat pyramidal mass of spongy horn lodged between the bars and filling up the triangular space. The infe- rior, or external, surface is very irregular and presents a longi- tudinal triangular cavity, which varies in breadth and depth, being broadest and deepest in well-formed feet. This cavity is the cleft of the frog, bounding which are two sloping projections or branches, which unite at the apex of the frog anteriorly and diverge posteriorly where they join the heels. The superior or internal surface is also very irregular, but exactly the reverse of the inferior; where the one is hollow the other has a projection and vice versa. It presents over its whole surface numerous small orifices into which are inserted the vascular or secreting papille of the sensitive frog. 36 The base of the posterior extremities constitutes the heels or bulbs of the frog. These are two round, flexible, and elastic eminences formed by the two extremities and separated by the cleft. These extend upward and are continued around the exter- nal part of the superior surface of the wall in the form of a band, which is the coronary frog band. It is from this, on its inferior border, that the thin covering of the hoof is continued. It is an acknowledged fact that white hoofs, like white skin, are more delicate, porous, and prone to disease than dark ones. The parts contained within the hoof are the os pedis, os navic- ulavis, and the lower extremity of the os corone, the ligaments by which they are connected together, insertions of the extensor pedis, and flexor perforans tendons, the blood vessels, and nerves. There are also certain other structures proper to the foot, viz, lateral cartilages, sensitive frog, coronary ligament, sensitive laminee, and sensitive sole. The lateral cartilages are of an irregular, quadrangular form, situated inside the quarter and attached to the wings of the cof- fin bone. Attached to the inner surface of the hoof is the sensi- tive portion of the hoof, which may, like the hoof itself, be divided into the regions of the wall, the sole, the frog, and the coronary band. The keratogenous membrane is a sensitive sheath which envelops the os pedis. Its outer surface is endowed with the function of secreting horn tissue for the renewal of the various parts of the hoof. , The sensitive frog or plantar cushion. The sensitive frog occupies the posterior and central parts of the foot, filling up the irregular space between the lateral carti- lages, flexor tendon, and os pedis, bounded laterally by the lateral cartilages, above by the flexor tendon and below by the horny frog. It is continuous with the sensitive bars, sole, and the coro- nary ligament. The base looks backward and is divided into bulbous enlargements, which are united to the lateral cartilages. The external layers secrete the horny frog. Coronary substance or coronary bend. This is the vascular substance which occupies the coronary groove on the superior border of the wall. It consists of a dense, fibrous mass or band, which is connected with the coffin bone and 3M extensor tendon through the medium of dense cellular tissue. 1t secretes the horny tissues of the wall. The coronary band pre- sents, along its upper border, a narrow lip or process—the peri- oplic ring—which secretes the horn of the periople, the thin outer covering or varnish of the wall. The sensitive lamine. The sensitive lamince form the continuation of the coronary substance and are attached to the coffin bone by dense, fibrous membrane which contains a large number of blood vessels that pass through the small openings in the coffin bone. The highly organized plates are interposed and firmly attached to the horny lamine of the wall and are covered by numerous papille, which secrete the horny laminc. On their inferior extremity are a few papille, which help to secrete the horny sole. The sensitive sole. The sensitive sole, continuous with the sensitive lamine and frog, is firmly attached to the coffin bone. It secretes the horny sole. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FOOT. The amount of moisture contained in the horn is considerable, the use of which is to keep the foot elastic and prevent it from becoming brittle. In the unmutilated foot the too rapid evaporation of moisture in the wall is prevented by the periople; from the sole and frog by the accumulated masses of partly dead layers of horn; con- sequently, those protecting layers should not be removed, as this removal would cause the horn to become dry, brittle, and inelastic. The wall is the weight-bearing portion of the par, the growth is three-eighths of an inch per month. The bars afford a solid bearing to the posterior part of the foot, to give additional strength and to secure a more intimate union with the sole. They act as buttresses and assist in expanding the hoof on pressure. The function of the sole is to afford protection to the sensitive sensitive parts above. 38 The function of the frog isto break the jar by receiving, in conjunction with the posterior wall, the impact of the foot on coming to the ground, and also to prevent slipping, and to stimu- late the capillary circulation. The lateral cartilages form an elastic wall to the sensitive foot, and their movements, caused by lateral expansion and contrac- tion of the plantar cushion, assist the venous circulation. When weight comes on the foot, it is relieved by a yielding foot articu- lation on elastic walls, bars, and frog, and through this the plantar cushion. The elastic posterior wall is pressed outward by the compressed india-rubber-like frog and plantar cushion, and it slightly expands from the ground surface to the coronet. At the moment of expansion the bulbs of the heels of the foot at the coronary edges sink under the body weight and come nearer the ground, as a result of which the anterior coronary edge retracts. The pedal bone slightly descends through its connection with the sensitive laminz and presses the sole down with it, while the wall of the foot diminishes in, height under the compression to which it is exposed. Under these conditions the blood pressure in the veins of the foot increases and the blood vessels are emp- tied. When the weight is removed from the foot the blood ves- sels fill, the frog and the posterior walls contract, the bulbs of the heel rise, and the foot becomes narrower from side to side; at the same time the anterior edge of the coronet goes forward, and the pedal bone and sole ascend. The object of this expan- sion is to assist the venous circulation and counteract concussion. Shoeing is a necessary evil, but by remembering the functions of the various parts of the foot the damage resulting may be limited to a comparatively small amount. The following rules may serve as a guide for the shoeing of healthy feet: : 1. The wall being the weight bearer it should be pared per- fectly level to avoid placing extra tension on any of the ligaments, thereby causing the foot to be placed out of its true position. 2. Fitting the shoe accurately to the outline of the foot, not altering the latter to fit the shoe. Rasping away the exterior of the crust to fit the shoe not only renders the horn brittle but is so much loss of bearing surface. 39 8. The exterior of the wall should be left intact. The practice of rasping the wall for the sake of appearances destroys the horn and allows of so much evaporation from the surface of the foot that the part becomes brittle. 4, The sole should not be touched with the knife; it is there _for the purpose of protection. 5. The bars should not be cut away; they are a part of the wall and intended to carry weight. The shoe should rest on them. 6. The frog should not be cut, but left to attain its full growth. No frog can perform its functions unless on a level with the ground surface of the shoe. , P 7. The shoe should have a true and level bearing and rest well and firmly on the wall and bars. A plain light-weight shoe is the best—one plain on both ground and foot surface. High nailing is injurious; do not use any more nails than are absolutely necessary, as the nails destroy the horn. CHAPTER IV. WOUNDS, SPRAINS, BRUISES, AND CONTUSIONS. TREATMENT OF WOUNDS. It consists of the bandaging and dressing of wounds. A dress- ing is amode of local, periodically repeated treatment, producing a continued action, following ordinarily the performance of operations, and consisting in the methodical application upon the surface of wounds of special apparatuses which complete the effect of the operation and cooperate in the recovery. Before applying a dressing the wound should be thoroughly cleansed and freed from blood, pus, the remains of previous dressing, and, in a word, of any foreign or other substances capable of becoming sources of irritation. This is best done with water, but its effect is frequently greatly improved by combining with it some of the antiseptics, such as carbolic acid, creolin, bichloride of mercury, etc. It may be applied by carefully passing a ball of oakum over the surface of the wound, or it may be used more freely in larger 40 ablutions (washings). Crusts or scabs, if any, may be removed with the scissors or scraped away with the knife, but the finger- nails must by no means be used for such a purpose, for the two- fold reason that it is both filthy and dangerous. Handle the wound only as is necessary; all needless handling irritates. If the wound is deep, irrigations or injections can be combined with the lotion in cleansing it. The essential condition of cleanliness applies not only to the wound but also to the materials used for dressings, and soiled cloths or bandages, and dirty oakum must be rigorously rejected; everything coming in contact with a wound must be absolutely clean, hands as well as instruments and dressings. In applying the various dressings unnecessary pressure should be avoided, especially on the soft tissues. In the treatment of all wounds cleanliness is of more importance then medication, but the two in combination, when thoroughly and intelligently carried out, will leave no room for the propaga- tion and ravages of those germs that cause formation of pus, and retard the healing process. The first step in the treatment of a wound is to have all utensils thoroughly clean. The farrier, or whoever is to look after the injured animal, should have his hands thoroughly clean, and in a clean can or bucket provide a solution of creolin or other antiseptic 1 part, water 50 parts; and several clean pieces of cotton, gauze, or oakum. Sponges are cleaned with difficulty and should not be used. Iftheinjuryis one that can be sutured (sewed) a needle and silk should be immersed in a solution of creolin 1 part, water 50 parts; the hair around the wound should be either shaved or clipped with a pair of shears, the wound thoroughly cleansed by washing it with cotton saturated with the creolin solution; all dirt and hair must be removed, and all ragged edges, if any, cut away, and the edges of the wound placed in contact with each other if possible and held in place by the aid of sutures; the wound should then be wiped dry with another piece of cotton or gauze, and over the surface should be dusted some iodoform or acetanilid, and, if the location will allow it, it should be covered with a pad of gauze or absorbent cotton, and a cotton bandage wrapped around the parts to hold the pad in place. The wound should be dressed once or twice a day until the formation of pus, if any, ceases; then when the wound is dry, only the powder should be used. 41 If the wound is a large one, with the skin and tissues badly torn and lacerated, and it will not admit of the use of sutures, the torn and ragged edges, especially if the lower part of the wound should hang down, should be removed with the knife or scissors and the wound dressed as above directed. When the wound begins to granulate (fill with new tissue) care should be taken that the granulations are not allowed to grow out higher than the skin; in case they do so we will then have the condition known as proud flesh. The treatment of proud flesh consists in the removal of the un- healthy tissue by the use of the knife or the application of the red- hot iron; or burnt alum or salicylic acid dusted upon the surface of the wound will destroy the unhealthy granules. If hemorrhage is profuse the first step to be taken is to arrest the flow of blood by ligating (tying) the blood vessels or vessel with a piece of silk, or if none is at hand, a clean piece of string will do; if unable to tie the blood vessels a thick pad made of cot- ton or several layers of gauze or clean cloth, folded so as to cover the wound and held firmly in place by one or more cotton ban- dages will check the flow of blood. Before applying the com- press and bandages, the edges of the wound should be brought in contact by the aid of sutures if possible. The compress should be left on until the hemorrhage ceases, and the wound treated as before mentioned. Punctured wounds should be explored with a probe to ascer- tain if any foreign bodies are in the channel; if so, they should be removed, and if necessary a dependent opening be made to allow perfect drainage, and the parts syringed out thoroughly with a solution of creolin, 2 per cent; carbolic acid, 3 to 5 per cent; or, bichloride of mercury, 1 to 1,000, and the outside opening sprinkled with iodoform. This treatment should be applied twice daily. An excellent antiseptic solution for the treatment of wounds, especially during fly time, is made by dissolving eight ounces of gum camphor in three ounces of carbolic acid. Apply with a clean swab several times daily. PUNCTURED WOUNDS AROUND JOINTS. Open joint isa wound situated on a joint and extending through the capsular ligament and allowing the joint oil to escape. The 42 capsular ligament is a broad, thin band of tissue, surrounding the whole of the joint; on the inside of this ligament is a membrane that secretes the oil-lubricating fluid of the joint. Treatment.—Remove the hair and thoroughly clean the parts around the wound; unless a foreign body is known to be lodged in it do not probe or explore, as the introduction of any instru- ment, unless thoroughly clean, will be the means of setting up considerable inflammation. Wash thoroughly with a solution of pichloride of mercury 1 part, water 1,000 parts; then sprinkle with iodoform, and, if possible, bandage as before recommended; sutures may be used, provided movement of the joint and tearing can be prevented. When the wound is unlikely to heal quickly, .or simple treatment has failed, a blister of cantharides 1 part, cosmoline 4 parts, may be applied, with a view of closing the opening, limiting motion, and relieving pain. Wounds of the lips, nostrils, and eyelids heal very rapidly; if of several days standing they should have their edges scraped and then be su- tured, and iodoform or acetanilid dusted over the surface twice daily. CAUSE AND TREATMENT OF SPRAINS. Sprains affect the muscles, tendons, and ligaments. The fibers of which they are composed are severely stretched, sometimes torn in serious cases, causing inflammation and subsequent con- traction, and, in case of muscles, atrophy (wasting away, sweeny). Muscular sprains are found in various parts of the trunk and limbs; thus, a horse may be strained in the neck, as a result of falling on the head; the muscles of the dorsal region may be sprained by the hind feet slipping backward. When a muscle is strained the injury is succeeded by pain, swelling, heat, and loss of function. 2 An inflamed muscle can no longer contract; hence, in some strains the symptoms resemble those of paralysis. SPRAINS OF THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT AND FLEXOR TENDONS.” The fibrous structures situated behind the cannon bone, both in the front and hind legs, is often the seat of laceration or sprains resulting from violent efforts or sudden jerks. The injury is easily recognized by the changed appearance of the parts, which 43 become more or less swollen, sometimes extending from the knee down to and even involving the fetlock itself. It is always char- sterized by heat and is variously sensitive, ranging from a mere tenderness to a degree of soreness which shrinks from the lightest touch. The degree of lameness corresponds to the severity of the injury. CURB. The calcaneo-cuboid ligament, situated at the back part of the hock, uniting the calcaneum, the cuboid, and the external splint bones, is frequently sprained. This condition is known as a “curb.” The various ligaments entering into the formation of joints are subject to sprains and injuries. This condition is indicated by lameness, accompanied by pain, heat, and swelling. In dislocation of the patella (stifle bone) the ligaments holding it in position are severely stretched and in some cases sprained or ruptured. The capsular ligament when sprained very often becomes weakened, resulting in distension of the synovial sac. These enlargements receive different names, according to their location. Treatment.—Perfect rest is absolutely necessary and must not be overlooked in the treatment of all sprains; therefore the injured animal should be at once removed to a level stall where it can remain until recovery has taken place. In connection with rest, hot or cold applications should be applied to the injured parts. These applications should be in the form of fomentations (bathing), or bandages saturated with water. They must not be allowed to dry while in contact with the injured parts, as a flan- nel bandage applied wet shrinks in drying, and will not only retard the reparative process, but cause unnecessary pain. Cold water is often materially assisted in accomplishing the desired results by the addition of acetate of lead or sulphate of zinc, witch-hazel, or nitrate of potash. A convenient solution is made as follows: Acetate of lead and sulphate of zinc, each 113 ounces; water, 1 quart; or, 1 pint of witch-hazel, 1 ounce of acetate of lead, and water enough to make 1 quart. If pain is very severe the following may be used: Tincture opium, 4 ounces; acetate of lead, 2 ounces; water to make 1 quart. This application is of more benefit when applied warm. Such applications should be used several times daily. 44 ‘If, after the inflammation is reduced, the parts remain large and swollen, benefit will result from the application of tincture of iodine, well rubbed in, twice a day. If this treatment fails to restore the parts to their normal condition in a reasonable length of time, a blister should be applied. It is made as follows: Can- tharides (powdered) 1 part, cosmoline 4 to 5 parts; or, cantharides (powdered) 1 part, biniodide mercury 1 part, cosmoline 4 to 6 parts. Before applying either the blister or the iodine the hair should be clipped from the parts to which the medicine is to be applied. To obtain the best results from the blister it should be well rubbed in for at least fifteen minutes. The animal must be tied in such a manner that he can not reach the blistered part with his mouth; the blister should be left on for a period of twenty- four to forty-eight hours; it must then be removed by washing with warm water and soap. After the blister has been removed the animal can be untied. The parts should be kept clean and free from scabs. Rest is necessary throughout the treatment, and even to test his soundness the animal should not be moved more than is necessary. BRUISES—CONTUSIONS. In the cavalry horse the most frequent bruise we find is that condition known as saddle and cinch galls, and bruise of the withers, caused by undue pressure of the saddle. Certain horses suffer more than others, depending on the pres- ence of old sores, scars, or scabs, or on peculiarities in form inter- fering with the fitting of the saddle. Among these may be included abnormally high or low withers, flatness of the ribs, keel-shaped breast and short sternum (breastbone), and disten- sion of the abdomen, causing the cinch to slip backward or forward. Old horses sometimes have the muscles in the saddle bed atro- phied (wasted away), and are therefore more liable to contract saddle galls. The mechanical cause of saddle galls may be divided into three groups: First, unequal distribution of weight; second, faults in saddling; third, errors in riding. Treatment.—To prevent the condition it is advisable to leave the saddle on for one-half to one hour after dismounting, as where 45 an injury has taken place the blood vessels are compressed and almost empty. If pressure be now suddenly and completely removed, blood is vigorously forced into the paralyzed vessels, and may thus rupture their walls. On the other hand, if the saddle is allowed to remain some time in position, circulation is gradually restored without injury. As soon as the swelling is noticed, the application of cold in the form of pads kept saturated with cold water and massage in the form of gentle stroking with the fingers will aid the absorp- tion of the swelling. Injuries to the withers require different treatment—cold appli- cations without pressure and without massage. A solution made of the following is a very good application for bruises: Sugar of lead 1 ounce, laudanum 4 ounces, water to make 1 quart. To be applied several times daily. Or a poultice made of flaxseed meal, to which has been added an antiseptic, such as creolin, carbolic acid, etc. Bruises of the neck and shoulders of artillery horses may be treated in the same manner; if the skin is broken or chafed bathe with cold water to which creolin is added in the proportion of 1 to 50, and then apply iodoform 3 parts, tannic acid 1 part, or acetanilid and boric acid in equal parts. The artillery horse is sometimes subject to the same bruises caused by the saddle as a cavalry horse, and should be treated in the same manner. The white lotion, composed of 1 ounce each of sugar of lead and sulphate of zinc, water 1 quart, is a most excellent remedy for abrasions. BRUISES OF THE SOLE AND HEEL. These are quite frequent, and should be treated by hot or cold applications, best applied by holding the foot in a tub or pail of water, or have the foot incased in a flaxseed-meal poultice. CAPPED ELBOW—SHOE BOIL. This is a bruise at the point of the elbow, and is caused by the horse lying on his shoe; remove the cause by placing a large roll around the pastern at night, and the application of tincture of iodine twice daily, until the swelling is removed. 46 CAPPED HOCK. A swelling, more or less soft, found on the point of the hock, and usually caused by kicking in the stall, or by bruising the parts during transportation by rail or sea. Tincture of iodine is. a very good remedy for this injury. Only in extreme cases is it advisable to use the knife in the treat- ment of shoe boils and capped hock. As soon as the parts are opened pus rapidly forms, and the inflammation (infection by germs) may extend to the inner structures, and we may havea condition that will not readily yield to treatment. Bruises caused by kicks or running against an obstacle should be treated by applications of water, and if painful an anodyne liniment applied. The following makes a good anodyne: Witch- hazel 2 parts, tincture opium 1 part, tincture aconite 4 part, water 2 parts. Apply locally. SITFAST. Sitfasts are dry, dead, circumscribed portions of the skin, and may involve the deeper tissue; they are caused by continuous pressure of the saddle, cinch, or collar; may be situated on the side of the body, back, side of withers, shoulder, or neck. Treatment.—With the knife remove all dead and bruised tis- sue, stimulate the sore at the sides by the use of lunar caustic, and treat asa common wound. When there is no more formation of pus, and the parts are perfectly dry, do not apply liquids, but use iodoform until well. : FISTULOUS WITHERS. Fistulous withers is an abscess having a more or less chronic discharge of pus from one or more openings situated in the im- mediate vicinity of the withers; it may involve only the soft structures, or the bones may also be affected; it is caused by a bruise from an ill-fitting saddle. Treatment.—The knife must be freely used; cut away all dead and bruised tissue, and make a large opening down to the lower part of the abscess so as to allow of good drainage; unless this precaution is taken pus will burrow into the deeper structures, and may eventually find its way under the shoulder blades. Re- move all particles of diseased bone, if any, and treat as a common wound. 4” POLL EVIL. Is similar to fistulous withers, but situated on the poll, and will yield to the same treatment. CHAPTER V. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND INFLUENZA. ACUTE NASAL CATARRH, Acute nasal catarrh (simple cold in the head) is usually pro- duced by cold caused by standing in a draft, and may be detected by the discharge from the nostrils. It is usually accompanied by a cough, loss of appetite, and elevation of temp:zrature (fever). The discharge is at first of the consistency of water, but may in severe cases become much thicker, and form dry crusts on the edges of the nostrils. Treatment.—The mild form does not require treatment; it ends rapidly inacure. In severe cases, fumigation (steaming) with hot water, to which is added a small quantity (1 ounce to 1g pail of hot water) of creolin or carbolic acid, constitutes an excellent local treatment. Give bran mashes, and administer twice daily 1 teaspoonful of saltpeter, or 1 tablespoonful of chloride of ammonia until the animal has recovered. If the cough is fre- quent and the horse has difficulty in swallowing, the following liniment should be applied to the throat: Ammonia 1 part, oil of turpentine 1 part, olive oil 2 parts. Apply twice daily. CHRONIC NASAL CATARRH. Usually an unfavorable termination of simple catarrh; or it may be the result of injury and chronic inflammation of the nasal cavities, tumors, parasites, abscesses, etc., of the nasal cav- ities, diseases of the teeth, and chronic diseases of the respiratory (breathing) apparatus in general, and chronic constitutional diseases. Symptoms.—The discharge is quite thick and becomes glued to the sides of the nostrils; its color varies from a dirty to a yellow- ish gray; it frequently has a fetid (foul) odor; the quantity 48 varies; the discharge is usually from one nostril, but both may be affected; in very old cases small ulcers may occasionally be seen in the nostrils; they are superficial and defined by sharp edges that are not thickened, and heal without leaving a scar. The ulcer of glanders may be found in the nostril, but the edges are shaped like saw teeth, and when healed a jagged scar remains. Treatment.—lIt is essentially local and comprises the following means: Fumigation (steaming) with hot water, to which may be added 2 ounces of creolin or 2 ounces of carbolic acid to a half- pucketful of water, steaming to continue at least one-half hour twice daily, and the injection into the nostril or nostrils of the following: A 5 per cent solution of creolin or a one-half per cent solution nitrate of silver three times daily, or iodoform may be blown into the nose. In most cases, when the discharge is from one nostril only, an operation is necessary to effect a cure. As the symptoms of this disease are so similar to glanders, the ani- mal should be isolated. The utensils, such as buckets, forks, brooms, currycombs, blankets, etc., should not be used about other horses. PHARYNGITIS AND LARYNGITIS—SORE THROAT. This is an inflammation of the lining membrane immediately in the rear of the mouth and is caused by irritating bodies bruis- ing the tissues, cold, sudden changes in the temperature, and infection. Symptoms.—Diminution of the appetite, cough, stiffness of the head, soreness when pressure is applied to the throat, a consid- erable amount of mucous and saliva in the mouth, escaping in long, transparent threads. Drinks are ejected through the nose and are often of a greenish color and contain quantities of food. Swallowing of liquids is painful. Temperature may range from normal to 106° F., with difficulty in breathing. Treatment.—The sick animal should be separated from the well ones and be placed in a comfortable box stall, free from drafts, but well ventilated, and should be given green food or very fine hay, steamed oats, bran, or flour slops; fresh water should be left within reach. The lips and nostrils should be kept perfectly clean and the mouth washed’ frequently with fresh water, to which may be added a little vinegar or salt. Cold compresses should be used 49 if the parts are hot, tender, and painful. If an abscess is likely to form, poultices of linseed meal may be applied, and the abcess, when ready, should be opened, but never with a knife. Cut through the skin only and then insert a blunt instrument, or the finger, and allow the pus to escape. If the animal breathes with great difficulty, manifested by making a loud, wheezing sound, an opening should be made in his windpipe, the edges of the opening held apart by inserting a suture in both sides, and tied up over the neck, or a tube may be inserted in the opening. The patient should never be drenched. Fever may be combatted by cold-water injections into the rec- tum, 1 to 2 gallons at a time. STRANGLES, COMMONLY CALLED ‘*DISTEMPER.”’ Strangles of the horse is an acute, infectious disease. It usually attacks young horses. Symptoms.—The disease begins with a high fever, ranging from 104° to 106°; a discharge from the nose, at first watery, rapidly becoming thicker, and later assuming a whitish-gray or greenish- yellow color. The glands below the lower jaw become swollen, hot, and painful; loss of appetite, depression, great muscular weakness, and swelling of the hind legs follow. Sometimes a swelling may be found on some portion of the windpipe. Treatment.—Separate the sick animal from the well ones and place him in a well-ventilated stall, free from drafts; clean the nostrils frequently; clothe the body according to the season of the year; open the abscess as soon as pus is formed and wash it twice daily. Give easily digested food, green fodder, roots, or slops made of bran or steamed oats, and in his drinking water 1 ounce of salt- peter, but do not drench, as the throat in many cases is sore, and if the horse should cough while taking medicine in that way it might entar the lungs and cause pneumonia. PNEUMONIA (LUNG FEVER). Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung structure, and runs a course of from seven to ten days. Causes.—Among the external causes of the disease we must par- ticularly mention excessive exertion and cold; also carelessness in giving a drench, particularly if the animal has a sore throat. 5829——4 50 Symptoms.—The first symptom is an intense fever accompa- nied by a chill, which is marked by great fatigue and muscular weakness; temperature ranges from 103° to 107°, the appetite is diminished, at times almost wanting; the patient is constipated, breathing is rapid and difficult; the nostrils are much dilated, and expired air is warmer than usual. There is frequently a reddish or yellowish discharge (rusty discharge) from the nose. The animal remains standing constantly, with the forelegs spread, or it may lie down for a short time only; a cough may or may not be present. Treatment.—Great care should be given to the diet; give any food that the animal will eat, try and keep up the strength; steamed oats, carrots, or green grass if possible, gruel, etc. Place in a well-ventilated box stall free from drafts, and clothe body and legs according to the season of the year; warm blankets wrapped around the chest if the weather is not too hot will be of advantage. In warm weather, if flies are troublesome, a thin sheet made of gunny sacks should be placed upon the animal. If the fever is very high give acetanilid, 2 to 4 drams every six hours until the fever is reduced. Quinine sulphate 1 dram, gen- tian root 2 drams, make a good tonic. It should be repeated three times daily. Cold injections into the rectum will reduce the fever. In old, debilitated animals, alcohol in a dose of 4 to 5 ounces should be given in the drinking water. Do not push the acetan- ilid, as it has a tendency to weaken the heart.: If the heart is weak 1-dram doses of fluid ext. digitalis should be given twice daily. INFLUENZA (PINK EYE). Influenza is a contagious disease. It affects first the respiratory tract, but also involves the nerve centers, circulatory system, the lining membranes of the intestines, and the eyes. Symptoms.—The first symptoms are loss of appetite, depres- sion and weakness; the temperature rises rapidly to 105° or 107° in severe cases; the animals hold their heads low and have a stupid look: they stagger when walking, and the visible mucous mem- branes are of a yellowish tinge. When the digestive organs are affected colics are observed quite frequently. In the beginning constipation is the rule, the dung is coated with a whitish-yellow or mucous layer; later 51 diarrhea occurs; the dung is doughy, soft, or liquid. The eye- lids are sometimes swollen shut and are hot and sensitive to the touch. The legs and sheath are sometimes swollen and the lower portion of the belly may be similarly affected. Treatment.—Isolate sick animals for their own comfort and the safety of healthy subjects, as influenza is usually a serious dis- ease. Diet, hygienic care, and a regulated ventilation of the stables are sufficient. The fever may be reduced by rectal injec- tions of cold water. Intestinal troubles may be relieved by the administration of bicarbonate of soda in dram doses three times daily: if pain is very severe, 2 drams of cannabis indica may be given. Bathe the eyes, if swollen, with warm water. Good nursing and laxa- tive food are essential, cold water being kept where the animal can help itself. CHAPTER VI. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE, URINARY, NERVOUS, AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. SPASMODIC COLIC—GRIPES. Spasmodic colic is a painful contraction of the intestine. The usual seat of the trouble is the small intestine, and it is usually caused by internal or external cold. Symptoms.—The suffering is very violent but of short duration; the spasms appear suddenly and disappear with the same rapidity. The horse paws, stamps, looks around at his flanks, lies down and rolls, and if the pain is very severe, sweats profusely. During the attack a few pellets of dung may be passed, and attempts to pass urine are frequently made. This latter symptom has misled many persons, they being under the impression that the disease was located in the ‘‘ urinary organs.”’ Treatment.—Place the animal in a large, well-bedded stall and give the following: Cannabis indica 2 to 4 drams, aromatic spirits ammonia 1 ounce, water to make 1 pint. Or, fluid extract bella- donna 2 drams, nitrous ether 2 ounces, water to make 1 pint. 52 Either one of these prescriptions can be given at one dose and re- peated in three-quarters of an hour. Warm-water injections, per rectum, are often of advantage. Morphine is an excellent remedy. FLATULENT GOLIC. Flatulent colic is generally due to the animal having eaten food that is especially fermentable. This form of colic is quite fre- quently observed in horses that have the habit of wind sucking. Symptoms.—The rapid swelling of the belly constitutes the characteristic symptom. The abdomen is distended, the pain is not so severe as in spasmodic colic, but more constant. With the increase of swelling the breathing becomes more difficult, anxiety and restlessness are shown, the walk is painful, and the animal staggers, lies down and rolls, but only for a short time. Treatment.—Place the horse in a large, roomy stall, and give the following drench: Sulphuric ether 2 ounces, aromatic spirits of ammonia 1 ounce, fluid extract belladonna 2 drams, water to make 1 pint. Repeat in one hour if necessary. Cold-water . Injections into the rectum are sometimes of advantage. If the abdomen is very much distended with gas, the trocar and the canula must be used. This is an instrument for puncturing the intestine, but should be used only by one having a knowledge of the operation. The instrument, as well as the seat of the opera- tion, should be thoroughly disinfected. INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. Cause.—This disease is sometimes due to the action of cold in all its forms; sudden chilling when the body is in a perspiring condition, the swallowing of very cold water, of frosted or” frost-covered or moldy fodder, etc. It is sometimes a compli- cation of colics and is frequently seen as a result of impaction or twisting of the bowels. Symptoms.—The mucous membrane of the nose, mouth, and eyes is congested and reddened, the mouth is hot and dry. Res- piration is increased, pulse is hard and rapid, temperature is ele- vated, 103° to 105° F. Colicky pains are continuous; the horse walks about the stall, paws, lies down carefully, rolls, and tries to balance himself on his back. Asa rule the bowels are con- stipated, but when this disease is due to irritating foods or medi- cines purgation and flatulency may be present. f 53 The small, hard pulse; high temperature; aged and anxious appearance of the head; continuous pain, which is increased upon pressure; position of the horse when down, and coldness of the ears and legs, will enable anyone to diagnose a case of enteritis (inflammation of the bowels). When mortification (death) of the bowels sets in, all pain ceases and the animal will stand quietly, sometimes for several hours. Toward the last he sighs, breathes hard, staggers and. pitches about, and dies in a state of delirium. It is a very serious disease and in the majority of cases proves fatal. Death takes place in from six hours to several days. Treatment.—To control the pain give large doses of powdered opium, laudanum, or cannabis indica. The following prescription i is recommended: Opium, powdered, 2 drams; calomel, 4g dram. Make into a ball; give at once, and repeat in one or two hours if necessary. Blankets wrung out in hot water and applied to the abdomen are sometimes of benefit, but to obtain good results they must be kept hot for sev- eral hours. CHRONIC INDIGESTION. Chronic indigestion is a chronic cartarrh of the stomach and bowels, the cause of which is irregularity in feeding and water- ing; feeding when the animal is in an exhausted condition; im- perfect mastication and incomplete salivation of food due to irregularities of the grinding surfaces of the molar teeth, and food of a poor quality, deficient in nutriment. The presence of worms is a frequent cause of this d’s2ase. Symptoms.—Appetite diminished or capricious and depraved, frequent gapings, constipation; periodic colics are frequently ob- served, the coat is rough and staring, and the skin is tightly adher- ent to the body, being the condition known as ‘ hidebound.”’ The animal has an unthrifty appearance generally. Treatment.—Give small’ quantities of good, nutritious, and well-salted food threé times daily. The water should be pure and given regularly. Regular exercise and good grooming will hasten recovery, by stimulating the skin as well as other parts of the body. — If the appetite is diminished give such tonics as gentian, iron, nux vomica, and nitrate of potash. Gentian 2 ounces, iron sul- phate 1 ounce, nux vomica 114 ounces, nitrate potash 114 ounces. Mix. Make twelve powders. Give one powder twice a day. 54 Bicarbonate of soda is a very useful medicine to counteract the acidity (sourness) of the stomach. Dose, one dram twice a day, and may be continued for several days. If intestinal worms are the exciting cause, they must be re- moved and until this has been accomplished the animal will retain its unthrifty condition although it may brighten up temporarily. The following prescription is recommended: Spirits turpentine 2 ounces, oil linseed 4 ounces. Give before feeding and repeat once a day for four days; then follow up with 1 pint of linseed oil. DIARRHEA. This term is applied to all cases of simple purging in which the feces (dung) are loose, liquid, and frequently discharged. Diarrhea may be a spontaneous effort to discharge from the intestines something which is obnoxious to them or the system generally. It is caused by various agencies, such as indigestible food, sudden change of diet—particularly from a dry to a moist one—medicinal substances, worms, derangement of the liver, or large drafts of water when the animal is heated. Some ani- mals are particularly predisposed to diarrhea from trivial causes. Narrow-loined, flat-sided, and loosely-coupled horses—that is to say, horses in which the distance between the pvint of the hip and last rib is long—and those which are of a neryous tempera- ment are apt to purge without apparent cause. These are called washy horses. They are hard to keep in condition and require the best of food. Symptoms.—Purging, the fecal matter being semifluid, of a dirty-brown color, without offensive odor, or clay-colored and fetid. If the condition continues long the animal loses flesh and the appetite is wanting. Treatment.—When the purging arises from the- presence of some offending matter in the intestinal canal (sand, worms, un- digested food, bad water, etc.) its expulsion must be aided by a moderate dose of linseed oil (114 pints). If the purging arises from no apparent cause, or if the bowels do not regain their normal condition after the action of the oil has subsided, it will be necessary to give astringents, such as tannic acid, 1 to 2 drams, or the following prescription may be used: Gum camphor i ounce, opium, powdered, 1 ounce. Mix. Make eight powders and give one powder every three or four 55 hours, according to the severity of the case. Great care must be exercised, as evil results may follow if the bowels are checked too soon. DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS—ACUTE NEPHRITIS. Causes.—It is at times produced by the action of cold; it also happens frequently in the course of infectious diseases. It is then the result of renal (kidney) elimination of irritating prod- ucts (waste materials, etc.); irritating medicines, such as turpen- tine, absorption of cantharides from a large blistered surface; molds, rust (in feed), etc. Symptoms.—The most important and often the only manifes- tations of nephritis (in the course of infectious diseases, for instance,) are furnished by the urine. Its quantity is diminished; it is thickened: of abnormal color; occasionally it is the color of blood. Micturation (pissing) is painful; the urine often runs off drop by drop only, notwithstanding the violent efforts made by the patient. In serious cases the urinary secretion may be com- pletely suppressed. The lumbar region is very sensitive to the pressure of the hand. At the beginning of the disease we often find renal (kid- ney) colics. The back is arched, the gait stiff and staggering, rising is painful; the animal remains almost constantly stand- ing. The appetite may be lost. The temperature is elevated; in some cases it may range very high. Treatment.—Remove the cause if possible; give absolute rest, and avoid all irritating food or medicines. Try to induce sweat- ing by energetic rubbings upon the surface of the whole body; also by warm blankets, wet, tepid compresses applied upon the trunk. Give the following physic; it has a most favorable action, because it will draw a large quantity of water from the organism: Aloes 6 drams, calomel 1 dram, ginger 1 dram. Sig: Make into a ball and give at one dose. If there is a total suppression of urine, 1g ounce of fluid extract digitalis, well rubbed in on each side of the loins over the kidneys, will have a beneficial effect by stimulating the kidneys without causing irritation. This application should not be used more than once. 56 . DIABETES INSIPIDUS—-SIMPLE DIABETES (PISSING). A diseasé characterized by great thirst, excessive urination, and great languor and emaciation. In the majority of cases it is caused by poor (tainted) food. In some cases it seems to be due to a constitutional cause. Symptoms.—Excessive urination, from 6 to 12 gallons every . twenty-four hours; great thirst, the animal sometimes drinking from 20 to 25 gallons of water in twenty-four hours; deprayed appetite; urine of a very pale color, sometimes as clear as water; the skin is harsh and the coat is unhealthy looking. Treatment.—Give good, clean, and nutritious food. Administer iodine in 2-dram doses twice a day and diminish quantity as the thirst.is lessened and the urine is diminished. RETENTION OF THE URINE. An inability, total or partial, to expel by natural effort the urine contained inthe bladder. Itis caused by spasm of the neck of the bladder, and is often a complication of colic. Symptoms.—Frequent and ineffectual attempts to urinate; if standing the animal will stretch itself out, strain violently, and groan with pain, discharging but a few drops of urine, or none at all; examination per rectum shows the bladder greatly distended, the distension of the bladder being the diagnostic symptom: Treatment.—Pass the catheter and draw off the urine. If re- tention of urine is due to an accumulation of dirt in the penis it must be removed by washing. A horse will normally pass from 4 to 6 quarts of urine every twenty-four hours. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN—MEGRIMS. This disease is caused by an accumulation of blood in the vessels of the brain, due to some obstacle to its return to the veins. Causes.—Disease of the heart, excessive exertion, the influence of extreme heat, sudden and great excitement, artificial stimu- lants, by any mechanical obstruction which prevents the return of blood through the veins to the heart, such asa small ill-fitting collar, which often impedes the blood current, tumors or abscesses pressing on the vein in its course, extreme fat—such animals 57 and those with short, thick necks being especially liable to attacks of congestion of the brain, compression of the distended vascular structures (arterial capillaries) by an abnormal gaseous tension in the stomach and intestine, over-feeding after a pro- longed abstinence or when the exercise is insufficient, and foods difficult of -digestion. Symptoms.—Congestion of the brain is usually sudden in its manifestation and of short duration. The animal may stop very suddenly and shake his head, or stand quietly braced on his legs, then stagger, make a plunge and fall; the eyes are staring, breathing hurried and snoring, nostrils widely dilated: this may be followed by coma (insensi- bility), violent convulsive movement, and death. Generally, however, the animal gains relief in a short time, but he may remain weak and giddy for several days. If itis due to organic change in the heart or disease of the blood vessels in. the brain the symptoms may be of slow development, mani- fested by drowsiness, diminished or impaired vision, difficulty in voluntary movements, diminished sensibility of the skin, loss of consciousness, delirium, and death. Treatment.—Prompt removal of all mechanical obstruction to the circulation. If it is due to venous obstruction by too tight a collar, the loosening of the collar will give immediate relief. If due to tumors or abscesses, a surgical operation becomes neces- sary to afford relief. To relieve the animal, if he becomes par- tially or totally unconscious, cold water should be dashed on the head and if this does not afford relief, recourse must be had to bleeding to lessen arterial tension. If symptoms of paralysis remain after two or three days, an active cathartic (1 ounce aloes) and iodide of potassium should be given in 1-dram doses three times daily. Place the animal in a cool, dark, well- ventilated stable, keep him perfectly quiet, and give cooling diet. SUNSTROKE. Sunstroke is a cerebral trouble which is produced by solar (sun) rays falling directly upon the cranium. HEATSTROKE. Heatstroke is caused by the overheating of the whole’ body and by excessive exertion. 58 Symptoms.—Sunstroke is manifested suddenly; the animal stops, drops his head, begins to stagger, the breathing is marked by great snoring, the pulse is very slow and irregular, cold sweats break out in patches on the surface of the body, and the animal often dies without recovering consciousness. In heat exhaustion the animal usually requires urging for some time previous to the appearance of any other symptom. Gen- erally perspiration is checked, he becomes weak in his gait, the breathing grows hurried or panting, the eyes watery and blood- shot, nostrils dilated and highly reddened to a dark purple color, the pulse is rapid and weak, the heart bounding, followed by unconsciousness and death. If recovery takes place convalesence extends over a long period of time, during which incoordination of movement may be present. Treatment.—The treatment consists in the application of cold in the form of ice, or cold water on the head, cold injections per rectum, and the administration of stimulants, such as 1 ounce carbonate of ammonia with 2 ounces alcohol: repeat in one hour if necessary. Place the animal in a cool and shady place. DISEASES OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. Acute inflammation of the lymph gland usually occurs in con- nection with some inflammatory process in the region from which the lymph is gathered. The lymph glands between the branches of the lower jaw almost invariably become affected in strangles, nasal catarrh (acute or chronic), diseased or ulcerated teeth. Similar results obtain in other parts of the body. Symptoms.—The glands swell and become painful to the touch, the connective tissue surrounding them becomes involved, sup- puration usually takes place, and one or more abcesses form. If the inflammation is of a milder type, the swelling may disappear ' and the gland will resume its normal condition without suppura- tion. The temperature will be elevated. Sometimes the glands will remain hard and considerably swollen for some length of time. In man these swollen glands are known as kernels. In tropical countries lymph glands are very liable to become inflamed and diseased: suppuration rapidly follows, the gland will open, discharge its accumulation of pus, and the open sore so formed will be healed with the greatest difficulty. 59 Treatment.—Fomentations with hot water will relieve the sore- ness, unless an abcess is forming. If such is known to be the case a poultice of bran or flaxseed meal should be applied, and as soon as fluctuation can be felt a free opening must be made and the abcess washed with a solution of bichloride mercury 1-1000, or creolin 1-50. If the gland does not suppurate, the enlargement may be reduced by tincture of iodine applied twice daily. LYMPHANGITIS. Inflammation of the lymphatic structures, usually affecting the hind leg, very seldom the fore leg. This disease is very sudden in its attack, exceedingly painful, accompanied by a high tem- perature and great general disturbance. Causes.—It usually attacks well-fed animals, especially after one or two days’ rest, and in such cases may be due to an excess of nutritious elements in the blood. Symptoms.—The first symptom noticed will be lameness in one leg and swelling on the inside of the thigh. The swelling grad- ally surrounds the whole limb, continuing downward until it reaches the foot. The limb is excessively tender to the touch and is held up. The breathing is increased, pulse hard and quick (80 to 100), and the temperature may reach 106°. The bowels early become constipated and the urine scanty and high colored. Occasionally the lymphatic glands (in the groin) undergo sup- puration, blood poisoning may supervene and prove fatal. Treatment.—Fomentations with warm water, to be continued for one hour and repeated several times daily. Give a physic (purgative) composed of 6 to 8 drams of aloes, 1 dram ginger, and water to make a ball. Give at once. After the physic has operated give 14-ounce doses of nitrate of potash twice daily. After the pain abates, moderate exercise and massage (hand rubbing) will be of benefit. If the glands suppurate, open, and wash them out with an antiseptic. Theirrigations must be con- tinued until the gland is well. 60 CHAPTER VIL. MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES. HEMORRHAGICA—-PURPURA—PETECHIAL FEVER. This is an acute, infectious disease, the pathology of which is as yet unknown. It is characterized by numerous petechia (reddish spots) on the skin, and mucous membranes, to which phenomena are soon added swelling of the skin and mucous membranes and infiltration (an exudation) of the subcutaneous (under the skin) connective tissue. Sometiines it is primary; in other instances it follows other infectious diseases, strangles, pharyngitis, contagious pneumonia, influenza, etc. Symptoms.—Petachial fever is generally manifested by the appearance upon the mucous membranes of numerous dark red petechice (reddish spots); sometimes they are insignificant as a flea bite, then again they may attain the size of a pea or an acorn; they often become joined and form spots or bands of variable length. In serious cases the nasal mucous membrane becomes affected by gangrene (death of the affected spot) or covered over with ulcerations. The discharge is bloody and of bad aspect, breathing is very laborious, and the expired air has a fetid odor. The general condition sometimes becomes very rapidly aggra- vated; then, in the majority of cases, the disease ends in death. Corresponding with the appearance of the reddish spots, or a few days later, the skin becomes swollen; this symptom, which is the most prominent, is often the first symptom noticed. The swellings on the skin may be circumscribed, and will range in size from a ten-cent piece to a silver dollar; they are usually upon dependent regions, such as the head, extremities, abdomen, sheath, and chest. These swellings are not hot and only slightly sensitive; they gradually extend until they grow together and we have in a few hours the swelling up of the legs, legs and belly, or the head, to an enormous size; they have always the charac- teristic constricted border, which looks as if it had been tied with acord. They end abruptly and are sometimes as much as 1 inch in thickness. The swelling in the legs will cause stiffness. The head may be swollen to an enormous size, resembling that of a hippopotamus rather than that of a horse; the caliber of the nostril may be so 61 lessened as to cause the horse to breathe with difficulty. The pulse, if altered at’all, is a little weaker than usual, the appetite remains normal as a rule, although at times the animal will have difficulty in mastication. The temperature at first is normal, but in a few days it may have reached 102°, 103°, or 104°. Over the surface of the skin covering the swollen parts we find a slight serous sweating, which loosens the epidermis and dries, giving it the appearance of an eruption of some cutaneous (skin) disease. If this is excessive we may see irritated spots, followed by suppuration. This supptiration may become exces- sive from the great distension and loss of vitality of the skin. Colics may sometimes occur during the course of this disease. The dung is ordinarily coated. 7 Later the pulse may beat 60 to 80 times per minute. High temperatures indicate complications. The mortality is about 50 per cent. Treatment.—Place the patient in a clean, well-ventilated, roomy box stall, the halter and surcingle must be removed; give sloppy food, clean hay, and green fodder if possible, and plenty of fresh pure water to drink. When the legs and parts of the body are covered by the dried serum the surface must be softened by the application of cosmo- line, to which may be added a small amount of creolin (1 to 50) or of carbolic acid (1 to 25). If sloughing has taken place, the sores must receive surgical attention; dead tissue must be removed and antiseptics applied, such as creolin, or bichloride of mercury, or carbolic-acid solu- tions. . If the animal has great difficulty in breathing, we must resort to the use of the tracheotomy tube. Give tonics to increase the appetite and try to sustain the strength of the animal. Spirits of turpentine, 3 to 4 ounces, given daily, will have a beneficial effect by stimulating the heart and kidneys; sponge the head, where swollen, with either ice-cold or very warm water; repeat this several times daily. AZOTURIA—HEMOGLOBINEMIA. Azoturia is not a disease of the kidneys. . The principal cause of azoturia in the horse is the action of cold. An abnormal sensitiveness to the action of cold is acquired 62 by a rest of several days in a hot, badly ventilated, and damp stable, and the animals are especially predisposed to the disease if, during the time of inactivity, they have been given full rations. The high tempzrature of the stables acts by rendering the organ- ism less resistant to cold. Symptoms.—They consist of troubles of locomotion (move- ment), which appear within a quarter to half an hour, generally during exercise. The disease commences very suddenly. It begins in an unusual degree of restlessness, with profuse perspiration, which symp- toms are speedily succeeded by a desire to lie down, by great sluggishness, loss of motor power in the hind limbs, violent spasms of the large muscles of the loins and thighs and hind quarters or the shoulders. The pulse usually becomes rapid. If they are down they make efforts to stand up, but from the total loss of all motor power in the hind limbs they are unable to do so. The affected muscles are swollen and very hard. The temperature rarely increases, even in the grave form. The appetite is seldom diminished, and, as a rule, they will drink large quantities of water. The urine is coffee colored and generally retained in the blad- der. The affected muscles may atrophy, especially those located above the stifle. Treatment.— When the disease has set in we must by all means give the animals rest. Keep them on their feet if possible. If there is danger of the horse lying down, and if able to partially support his weight on his hind legs, the suspending slings must be brought into use. Encourage the horse to drink as much water as possible, as this will assist the kidneys in carrying the poisonous material out of the blood.