@. HD9757 FomM4 Cornell University Library HD 9757.F6M4 wii ERRATA. 1. Vage 32, table 1, the botanical name for Spanish cedar is Cedrela odorata—not Cedrala odorata. 2. Page 385, under Cuban pine, the word “longest” should be “largest.” 3. Page 38, second paragraph, second line, the word “of” should be stricken out. 4, Page 39, in text of “white pine,” third sentence, “native” should read “domestic.” 5. Page 43, first paragraph, should read Cuban pine, not Cuba pine. 6. Page 51, in table 4, the word “wrrk” should be “work.” 7. Page 56, second line, “lightest” should be “highest.” 8. Page 57, table 6, the per cent of the quantity used of cypress is 5.91, not 5.01. 9. Page 58, second paragraph, second line, the term “high” should be changed to “costly.” 10. Page 59, second line, the word “river” should be “rivers.” 11. Page 62, table 8, the per cent of long leaf pine is 23.94, not 23.04. 12. Page 64, table 9, the cypress per cent should be 96.90; the amount of white pine is 59,071, not 50,071. 18. VPage 70, table 11, “longlear” should be “longleaf.” Also the prices of $14 and $11.60 for Spanish cedar and spruce in planing mill products is wrong. These prices are for sand pine and shortleaf pine respectively. 14. Page 73, table 12, the per cent of home grown ma- terial for boxes and crates is 96.19, not 96.10. 15. Page 76, in the fourth sentence in first full para- graph, the second word “chapest” should be “cheapest.” 16. Page 79, among the uses of shortleaf pine the word “scrool” should be “scroll.” CONTENTS. Page PIELAGE: - txccaeis pis tig ss Geeta Gia tiers earache Sdenieeeaganoyerd 7 The unused ‘woods. of Florida ..........-...0- esse eee ee eee 12 Woods used in Florida ............ ccc ccc eee cee eens 34 PlAHINE® DA]. PLOMUCH: esicewodicasrsssics ensneraie ar ea searisiressoarareaciig, wa aleng 41 Packing boxes and crateS ......-.-.ce sec ceceecescenecnees 45 Sash, doors, blinds, and general millwork .................. 49 TODACCO: “DOKES acs essicnie wuetinete wae anieltonca iam apie Pheri eand tees, eeaPS 52 Car -CONSIFUCHION. acspigasauxed atone aaeiwoulas aennad wees BEER, 55 Ship and boat building ...............0 cece cece eee eens 58 Vehicles and vehicle partS ........ 0. . cece eee eet ee eee aes 61 IMISCELIANECOUS: 2c ested Gi avanta aienacsenteroce tig ranprossegie cada weaalemearinaldians 63 Apportionment of woods among the industries .............. 65 Cost of species by industries ........ 0.0... eee eee cece eee 68 Sumniary by industries of woods used in Florida .......... 71 APPONGIXs ci: sussiecess Adare meer ine SOR AGERE Se BeOS 73 Wood. uses: Dy Species: 20 ccc. cee Sie ee cee peters ence eusaace arenes 76 DUPE CEORY) © scsi ccctscescdccuscontaty cecestiiai es ohisa Gentes Ancec ae alaereeanc ee BME aamrevesca atest Sead 79 NOTE The investigation upon which this report is based was undertaken by the Forest Service in co-operation with the Department of Agriculture of the State of Florida, the work being done under the direction of O. T. Swan, in charge of Industrial Investigations, United States De- partment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. The statis- tics were compiled from data collected in 1912, covering a period of one year. The State Department of Agricul- ture is authorized to publish the findings of the investi- gation. REPORT ON THE WOOD USING INDUSTRIES OF FLORIDA By HU MAXWELL PREFACE Florida extends farther south than any other State, and approaches within sixty miles of the torrid zone. It covers six and one-half degrees of latitude. No part of the State has a cold climate, but many tree species which flourish in the cool Appalachian Mountain ranges extend into northern Florida, and there find the boundary of their ranges. The southern portion of the State has a sub-tropical climate, and the vegetation shows it. Where there are soil and fertility enough to support vegetation, it is very dense. Trees belonging to tropical regions nave gained a foothold along the southern coasts and upon the hundreds of islands and reefs lying near the shores of the peninsula. Several tree species are found there and nowhere else in the United States. The greatest length of Florida is 700 mfles, and its average width is 90 miles. Its area is 58,680 square miles, of which 4,440 are water. Its coast line is longer than that of any other State, and notwithstanding much shal- low water near shore, there are a number of excellent harbors. No point in the State rises more than 300 feet 8 above sea level. Delaware is the only State which does not at some point attain a greater elevation than Florida. The surface of Florida is far from being a dead ‘evel, though the differences in elevation are small. The north- ern portion is diversified with rolling hills and gentle slopes. The south half has no hills, but irregularities of surface are numerous. Some of the red soils which abound in Georgia seem to have overlapped into portions of northern Florida; but in the southern part of the State, the white sand worn from the coral reefs and limestone deposits covers most of the surface, and in some localities the great coral reef which forms the skele- ton of south Florida, protrude through the thin sand cov- ering, and appears at the surface. Low swales and de- pressions abound in places, and these have accumulated and they hold black muck which looks like wet pulverized charcoal. The whole peninsula was originally wooded, except about ten thousand square miles of swamp and coral ledges known as the Everglades. A few trees of fair size grow in that region, but most of the Everglades is treeless, and during half of the year is covered with wa- ter from a few inches to several feet deep. Tall, reed- like grass grows out of the water, and at intervals over small flat islands, a few inches above water, on which grow thickets of myrtle, bay, and other bushes. Little, if any, of this growth ever attains a size fitting it for use, and the Everglades have never contributed to any considerable extent to Florida’s lumber supply. Tropical species are found in the rocky hammocks of the southern part, where they frequently grow in almost 9 impentrable jungles; but when the hammock land ends and the sand begins, the hardwoods give way to Cuban and sand pine, and the change from a rich and luxuriant vegetation to a thin and poor one is often almost instan- taneous. The pines in the southern part of the State are generally but not always small. There is abundance of rain, but in many places the white sand contains so little humus that trees do not reach a large size. Agriculture has not yet greatly lessened the timber areas of Florida. About one acre in eight has been cleared. In many parts, in the southern half of the State particularly, the forest cover is so thin that the woods afford about as good pasturage as if the trees were not there. In the northern part, where the hardwoods of the Appalachian region overlap on Florida and soil is better, the forests are generally much heavier. Many of the Florida rivers are idea] as driving streams for logs. The currents are sluggish, and the water usually deep. There are a few bars and no rapids. On small streams the chief obstacle in the way of log driving is frequently trees which grow along the banks and down to the extreme low water mark. These trunks sometimes so nearly close the channels that little space is left for logs to pass through. That difficulty is not often met on the larger rivers. The study of the wood-using industries of Florida was made in the spring of 1912, and was carried out under the same plan as other similar State studies. AJ] known manufacturers of wood commodities in the State were sent blanks to be filled, showing the extent and character of their operations, the kinds of woods employed, and 10 the cost of the Jumber used. Those who neglected to reply to the mail request were visited and the desired statistics were procured in nearly every instance. The accompanying tables will show summaries of the result. The total annual output of manufactured wood commodi- ties in Florida ranks rather low compared with some of the other Southern States, but high compared with many of the Northern and Central States. The Southern States which exceed Florida in total product are Louis- iana, Texas, Arkansas,: Mississippi, Alabama, and North Carolina. Florida is manufacturing its softwoods into flooring, ceiling, siding, sash and mill products, but is not yet doing much with its hardwoods. No States south of North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas are active in the way of manufacturing their hardwoods. Florida is doing what other Gulf States are doing; that is, cutting pine and cypress, and leaving the rest. These species are most abundant, and under present conditions there is more money in them than in the smaller and more dispersed hardwoods; but the people of Florida should not lose sight of the fact that they have a rare lot of hardwoods and that there is a good market for them if pains are taken to reach that market in the right way. More than 95 per cent of the wood now passing through Florida’s factories is pine and cypress. These species are exploited at the expense of all others. While they last, they will make the lumber business profitable, but when they are gone, the wood-worker’s attention will turn to what is now being neglected—the hardwoods. Florida appears to he suffering more from forest fires 11 than most of the other Southern States. The fires are smal] and slow. They do not attract much attention as they creep along among the pine, but they get in their deadly work no less surely, though more slowly, than the forest conflagrations which wipe out many square miles in one stretch. The traveler in Florida, almost anywhere outside the boundaries of the swamps, is soon accustomed to the sight of long lines of fire which keep close to the ground. The blaze may not be more than a foot high, but when it has passed, it leaves every tree seedling dead. The mat of saw palmettoes, which nearly always casts a low shade to protect the ground, are scorched brown wherever the fire touches them. They may sprout again the next year, and tree seedlings may come up again, but the fire will follow, and every visitation leaves the ground more barren. No forests will stand fire indefinitely, and Florida’s in every part of the State are showing the re- sults of burnings. The control of forest fires in Florida should be easier than in most States, because the country is flat, the woods often open and thin, and watercourses numerous. But efforts to control are infrequent. Persons well acquaint- ed with customs in the State say that ten fires are pur- posely set, for every one extinguished. The Florida razor- back hog is indirectly one of the forest’s worst enemies. It is a gaunt, ungainly animal, adapted for foraging and built for speed, and it roams the woods in a never-tiring search for something to eat. In the late winter the own- ers of the hogs go out with a box of matches and burn the range. That clears away old stalks, and tender shoots spring up with a plentiful supply of swine pasture for a few weeks. The men who set the fire care little for the 12 young trees destroyed and the old trunks weakened. A thousand seedling pines perish that a hog may lay on a few pounds of fat; and Florida sentiment generally does not seem to oppose the process. THE UNUSED WOODS OF FLORIDA. Florida has 165 unused species of trees, a few more or a few less, depending upon whether some of the minor species are included or excluded. Trees which belong in northern latitudes reach into the northern part of the State and there have their southern limit, while others which are tropical or semitropical reach their northern limit somewhere in the State. It is a wealth of species rather than a wealth of wood, because in a commercial sense many of the trees are not of much importance on account of scarcity, or the small size, or poor form of trunks. A few of the most abundant supply nearly all the lumber cut in Florida; while the scores of others contribute very small amounts now, with little prospect that the amount can ever be much increased. The State is at present an-important lumber producer; but, with the depletion of the principal woods, it may be expected that the annual output of sawmills will fall to a much lower place. That will tend to bring into use the numerous scarce and small species, and the wood- using industries may be expected to undergo a change. The output of planing mill products will diminish as the pine and cypress grow scarcer; and the manufacture of articles from cabinet woods, which are numerous and at- tractive, though in total amount not large, may be ex- pected to increase until in time that will become the leading wood-using industry of Florida. 18 In view of what will probably be brought about in the future, it is opportune to examine the State’s timber resources. In the first place, after excluding the pines, cypress, and a few other species which now furnish the bulk of Florida’s sawmill output, it should be borne in mind that the State’s timber consists for the most part of species which do not reach large size. Therefore, in- dustries which shall make use of them must produce ar- ticles suited to the material. In the second place, most of this timber belongs to the hardwood class, and a large part of it is colored sufficiently to place it in the cabinet woods list. Therefore, it may be expected that the fu- ture wood-using industries of Florida will be such as can profitably handle small timber, and hard and col- ored woods. That will call for a rather unusual class of commodities. They will be selected from many in- dustries. That phase of the State’s development lies al- most wholly in the future, for very little of it is now under way. The larger timber is being worked up, but the great wealth of small woods remains—more than one hundred species which at this time are scarcely touched at all. A study of the kinds and character of the many woods suggests certain commodities which can be profitably manufactured in Florida. The list, however, should be considered simply as suggestive. Most of the articles have not been manufactured to much extent in the State, and in some instances a trial would probably show that they could not be profitably made; but the majority of the woods are valuable, and will some time attract manu- facturers. The following list of commodities is suggested as probably suited to the character of many of the Florida species which at the present time are not in use: Athletic goods, Balls, Billiard cues, Brackets, Brush backs, Canes, Carved ornaments, Castors, Chairs, Clothes pins; Curtain rings, Dyewoods, Easels, Games, Grilles, Handles, Inlay, Insulator pin, Knobs, Manicure sets, It Marquetry, Mathematical instruments, Medicinal extracts, Musical instruments, Pallettes, Panels, Parquetry, Picture frames, Rulers, Shuttles, Small furniture, Souvenirs, Spindles, Sporting goods, Toys, Trays, Turnery, Umbrella handles, Veneer, Wooden ware, Various other commodities might be added to the list. For many of them a small tree may be used in that way to advantage, though not large enough for ordinary lum- ber. The list of species which follows includes only those woods which are not now reported by any manu- facturer in Florida, according to returns secured in the recent wood-using study in the State. It shows a re- markable wealth of material waiting for manufacturers. It is impracticable in the space here available to describe each wood very fully. In each instance, however, the best available information is given concerning each spe- cies’ average height, trunk diameter, hardness or soft- ness, strength or weakness, weight, and color. Such gen- eral information will indicate to the prospective manu- Facturer what woods will likely suit his purposes. If favorably impressed with a sufficient number of them, he 15 can make further investigation for himself along his par- ticular line. American Holly (Ilex opaca).—The common holly that bears the red berries used in Christmas decorations. The tree may attain a height of forty feet and a diameter of a foot or more. The wood is nearly white when freshly cut, and changes to a brown with age. Andromeda (Andromeda ferruginea).—It is often called titi, and attains a height of twenty feet and a diameter occasionally one foot, but usually smaller. The wood is heavy, hard, not strong, light brown, tinged with red. It grows on Cedar Keys and about Apalachicola. Angelica Tree (Aralia spinosa).— Size is against much use for this tree, which is often called Hercules Club. The trunk may reach eight inches in diameter, and a height of thirty feet. The wood is light, soft, brittle, and brown with yellow streaks. It is found in the north- ern part of the State. Beech (Fagus atropunicea).—The common and well- known beech is found in the western part of Florida, but the trees are smal! and rather poor, and are usually found on sandy hammocks. Bitternut (Hicoria minima).—The bitternut species of hickory grows in western Florida, where it reaches its southern limit. Black Calabash (Crescentia ovata).—It is found in Florida only in the south, and is too small to be of use for other than small articles. Its height is 15 or 20 feet, trunk diameter 4 or 5 inches, wood heavy and hard, and light brown or orange in color. Black Cherry (Prunus serotina).—The ordinary cherry of which furniture and house finish are made is found only occasionally in Florida. Black Ironwood (Rhamnidium ferreum).—This is one 16 of several ironwoods found in the south of Florida. It is among the commonest of the small trees in the region where it grows, and attains a height of 20 to 30 feet, and a diameter of six to ten inches. The wood is exceed- ingly heavy and hard, and is rich brown in color. Black Jack (Quercus marilandica).—It is not oue of the valuable oaks, but in some localities trees of usable size are found. It grows as far south as Tampa Bay. Black Olive Tree (Terminalia buceras).—A tendency to branch near the ground is characteristic of the black olive tree. Trunks may be two feet or more in diameter and forty feet high. The wood is exceedingly hard and heavy, and is usually light yellow brown. The tree is found on the southern keys. Black Sloe (Prunus wmbellata).—A Florida name for the tree is hog plum. The trunk is small and generally crooked, the wood reddish brown and heavy. Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) —A little black wal- nut, the well-known cabinet wood, is found in the west- ern part of the State. Black Willow (Salia# nigra).—Willow trees of commer- cial size are not abundant in the State, but specimens exist in many places. Blackwood (Avicennia nitida).—This tree is often called black mangrove. It reaches a diameter of one or two feet and a height of 60 or 70. The wood is very heavy and hard, and is nearly black. Blolly (Pisonia obtusata).—The blolly is found in the extreme south of the State, where it attains a height of 30 to 50 feet and a diameter 15 to 20 inches. The wood is heavy and weak, and yellowish brown. Blue Beech (Carpinus carolinana).—The wood of blue beech is strong, its color light, and the tree is generally smal] and of poor form for lumber. 17 Blue Jack (Quercus brevifolia)—Large trees of this Species are not often seen, and the wood is too coarse for. any but rough uses. Buckthorn Bumelia (Bumelis lycoides)—Some call this tree mock orange, and some ironwood. It attains a trunk diameter of six inches and a height of 25 or 30 feet; wood is heavy and weak, and of yellow color. _ Bustic (Dipholis salicifolia)—Cassado is one of the names by which the tree is known in Florida. It attains a height of 50 feet and a diameter of 20 inches. The wood is red, excedingly hard and heavy, and is found in the extreme south of the State. Cabbage Palmetto (Sabal palmetto).—The cabbage pal- metto is abundant in many parts of the State, and trunks 40 feet high and a foot in diameter are not uncommon. Chinquapin (Castanea pumila)—This little chestnut tree grows in the northern part of the State, where it reaches the southern boundary of its range. Cinnamon Bark (Canella winterana).—A height of 25 feet and a diameter of eight inches are usual, and the wood is very heavy and exceedingly hard. Its color is dark brown. The species grows on the southern keys in the shade of other trees. ' Cockspur (Crataegus erus-galli).—This thornbush ccca- sionally becomes a small tree. Its wood is heavy, hard and strong. ? ats : Cocoa Plum (Chrysobalanus icaco).—Gopher plum is: another name for this tree which may be 25 feet high and a foot in diameter, with strong, hard, heavy, brown-col- ored wood. It is confined in Florida to the southern part- of the State. Corkwood (Leitneria floridana).—A small amount of this species is found in western Florida near Apalachi-: cola. It is little more than a shrub in size, and the wood is soft and very light. 2—Bull. 18 Crabwood (Gynmanthes lucida)—The wood is dark brown and rich in color; very heavy and hard. Trunks are six or eight inches in diameter and 20 or 30 feet tall. The species grows in the extreme south of the State. Cottonwood (Populus deltoides). —This is common cot- tonwood. Dahoon (Ilex cassine).—In practical use this holly is about the same as the common holly. It is neither abun- dant nor of large size. Deciduous Holly (Ilex decidua) .—Most hollies are ever- green, but this sheds its leaves in winter. The wood is white like the others. Devilwood (Osmanthus americanus) —It is often called wild olive, and reaches a height of 40 or 50 feet and a diameter of ten or twelve inches. Wood is dark brown, heavy, very hard, and difficult to work. Dogwood (Cornus florida) is the common dogwood, a hard, heavy, smooth wood that may reach a trunk diame- ter of one foot and a height of twenty or thirty. Dwarf Sumach (Rhus copallinw).—This is generally quite small, but sizes large enough for use are found. The wood is richly colored with vellow and black or dark brown. Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus).—This is not a na- tive tree, but has been introduced from Australia, and is often called blue gum. Fevertree (Pinckneya pubens), called Florida quinine bark in some places, is so rare that the wood will prob- ably not be much used, though the bark may possess value. Fiddlewood (Citharexylum villosum) abounds on the southern keys, and is small. Trunks are four or five inches in diameter and fifteen or twenty feet high. The wood is bright red, heavy, and very strong. 1g Florida Buttonwood (Conocarpus erecta) grows on ‘muddy tidewater shores in southern Florida. It is 20 to 30 inches in diameter and 40 to 60 feet high. The wood is very heavy, strong, hard, and burns slowly like char- coal. It is dark yellow-brown. Florida Boxwood (Schaefferis frutescens) or yellow wood as it is occasionally called, is found on the south- ern keys, attains a height of 380 or 40 feet and a diame- ter of six to ten inches. The bright yellow wood is heavy and hard. Florida Caper (capparis jamaicensis), locally known as caper tree, is found in the extreme south of the State, and is usually quite small. The wood is tinged with red and is hard and heavy. Ftorida Cat’s Claw (Zygia unguis-cati). —Some call this tree longpod. It is found in the southern part of the State, where it attains a height cf 20 to 25 feet and a diameter of 7 or 8 inches. The wood is a rich red, vary- ing to purple, and very heavy and hard. Florida Maple (Acer saccharum floridanwm) —This is a small maple found in western Florida. Florida Plum (Drypetes lateriflora), called also Guiana plum and whitewood, is found in the extreme southern part of the State where it reaches a height of 20 to 30 feet and a diameter of five or six inches. The wood is dark brown, brittle and hard. , Florida Torreya (Tumion taxifolium), is a scarce spe- cies found in western Florida near the Apalachicola River. The wood is yellow, and the tree is often called stinzing cedar. Florida Yew (Taxus floridanum), called also Savin and Chattahoochee pine, has its range on the east bank of the Apalachicola River in western Florida. The tree is seldc m more than 25 feet high and one foot in diameter. Its wood is hard and is dark brown. 20 Fraser Umbrella (Magnolia fraseri), sometimes calied water lily tree, ranges through portions of western Flor-, ida. It is thirty or forty feet high and 18 or 20 inches in diameter. The wood is soft, light, and weak. Garber Stopper (Eugenia garberi) is scarce and 15 found in the extreme south of the State. Geigertree (Cordia sebestina) is 25 or 30 feet high, six inches or less in diameter, and is scarce. The wood is brown, heavy, and hard. Golden Fig (Ficus aurea) is a parasitic tree reaching its best development in the south of Florida, where it may be three or four feet in diameter and fifty or sixty high. It is one of the lightest, weakest woods in this coun- try, and is subject to very rapid decay. Green Ash (Fraxinus lanceolata) is found in small quantity in the northern part of the State. Green Haw (Crataegus viridis).—This is generally a shrub, but is sometimes 30 feet high, with trunk a foot or more in diameter. Guettarda (Guettarda elliptica). or nakedwood as some call it, grows on the southern keys, and is small, but the wood is heavy and hard. Guiana Plum (Drypetes keyensis) has its range on the southern keys, where it develops a trunk five or six inches in size. The dark brown wood is hard, heavy, and brittle. Gumbo Limbo (Busera simaruba), or West Indies birch, is sometimes 60 feet high and three in diameter. The wood is soft, weak, spongy, light, and of a brown color. Its range is in the southern part of the State. Gurgeon Stopper (Eugenia buaifolia) is confined to the south of the State, where it is usually a shrub. but is sometimes twenty feet high and a foot in diameter. The wood is brown, shaded with red, and is very heavy and exceedingly hard. 21 Gyminda (Gyminda grisebachii), or false boxwood, grows on the southern islands, where it is oceasionally 25 feet high and six inches in diameter. The wood. is nearly black and is very heavy and hard. Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis)——It grows in most parts of Florida and is of commercial size. The wood is light in color, rather soft, and not very strong. Hoptree (Ptelea trifoliata), or wafer ash, is a north- ern species, but reaches Florida, where it is too small to be of much use. ‘The yellowish brown wood is heavy and hard. Inkwood (EHaothea paniculata), and also one of the numerous species locally called ironwood, is confined in the United States to the south of Florida. It is 40 or 50 feet high, a foot in diameter, and the wood is very strong, and bright red. Ironwood (Cyrilla racemiflora).—This is likewise known as red titi. The tree may be thirty feet high and one in diameter. The wood is brown, tinged with red, and, though hard and heavy, is not strong. Jamaica Dogwood (Ichthyomethis piscipula), grows in many parts of Florida, and may reach a height of 40 or 50 feet and a diameter of two or three. The yellow- brown wood is heavy, hard, and durable in contact with the ground. Joewood (Jaquinia armillaris) is a rather scarce wood of southern Florida, and the trees are small. The wood is a rich brown and is beautifully marked with darker medullary rays. It is hard and heavy. Lancewood (Ocotea catesbyana) is comparatively abun- dant in south Florida, and is a tree 20 or 30 feet high and a foot or more in diameter. The wood’s color is rich dark brown, and it is hard and heavy. Largeleaf Umbrella (Magnolia macrophylla) is known as cucumber tree in Florida. The wood is hard, but is light and weak. It is not abundant. 22 Laurel Cherry (Prunus caroliniana), or mock olive, is 30 or 40 feet high and six or eight inches through, and its hard, strong, heavy wood is dark brown. Laurel Oak (Quercus laurifolia) attains largest size in eastern Florida, where trees 100 feet high and 3 or 4 feet in diameter are occasionally seen. The wood is heavy, very strong and hard. Leucaena (Leucaena glauca).—The little of this species in the State is on the extreme southern keys. Lignum vitae (Guajacum sanctum) is Tound on the Florida keys, where it forms a round-headed crown 25 or 30 feet high, and the trunk is two or three feet in diame- ter. The wood is exceedingly hard, and much of it is richly colored. Loblolly Bay (Gordonia lasianthus), or tan bay, is a tree 60 to 75 feet high and a foot or more in diameter, with light, soft, not durable, red wood. Longstalk Willow (Salix occidentalis longipes) is small aud scarce in the State. Manchineel (Hippomane mancinella).—This tree is small in Florida, though larger in the West Indies. It grows only in the immediate neighborhood of the ocean. Mangrove (Rhisophora mangle) is usually only fifteen or twenty feet high and a few inches in diameter, form- ing with its aerial roots impenetrable thickets; but some- times trunks are thirty or forty feet long, clear of branches, while the trees are 70 or 80 feet tall. The wood is ex- ceedingly heavy, hard, and strong. Marlberry (Icacorea paniculata).—This tree is small, but the wood is a rich brown beautifully marked with darker medullary rays. It is heavy and hard. Mastic (Siderozylon mastichodendron), or wild olive, has a trunk three or four feet in diameter and 60 or 70 tall. The hard, heavy wood is a bright orange yellow. 23 Mockernut (Hicoria alba) is a valuable and well-knowao species of hickory. Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) does not often at- tain tree size, though it is sometimes 30 or 40 feet high and a foot or more in diameter. The wood 1s hard, strong, and brittle. Naked Stopper (Anamomis dichotoma) may be six inches thick and 20 feet high. It belongs in the southern part of the State. The wood is light brown or red, and is hard and very heavy. Naked-wood (Colubrina reclinata), or soldierwood as it is sometimes called, is native in the extreme south of Florida, where it is 50 or 60 feet high and three feet or more in diameter. The hard, heavy wood is dark brown tinged with yellow. Narrowleaf Crab (Pyrus angustifolia), or crabtree, as it is frequently called, in northwestern Florida is 20 or 25 feet high, with hard, heavy, reddish brown wood. Odorless Myrtle (Myrica inodora) This small tree is very scarce in Florida. Overcup Oak (Quercus lyrata) is a commercial species with its southern limit. in western Florida. It is not abundant there. Paradise-tree (Simarouba glauca), or bitterwood, is native of southern Florida, occasionally 18 or 20 inches in diameter and 40 or 50 feet tall. The brown wood is soft and light. Parsley Haw (Crataegus aplifolia) is found in the northern part of the State, with a small trunk, seldom more than 20 feet high. Pawpaw (Asimina triloba).—This tree is small and the wood is.light, soft, and weak. 4 Pigeon Plum (Cocolobis laurifolia) attains a diameter of one or two feet and a height of 60 or 70. The wood 24 is strong, heavy, and exceedingly hard. It is a rich dark brown, tinged with red. ‘Pignut (Hicoria glabra) is one of the commercial hick- ories and grows in northern Florida. Planertree (Planera aquatica) is 30 or 40 feet high and a foot or more in diameter. The wood is light and soft, and light brown in color. ic Poisonwood (Rhus metopium), or coral sumach, grows on the southern keys. It attains a height of 30 or 40 feet and a diameter of one or two. The wood is heavy and hard, but is not strong. It is dark brown, streaked with red, and within its range it is abundant. Pond Apple (Annona glabra), or custard apple, ranges through south Florida, and may be 30 or 40 feet high, with a trunk often much swelled at the base. The weak, light wood is brown, streaked with yellow. Poplarleaf Fig (Picus populnea), or india-rubber tree, is found in southern Florida, and is 40 or 50 feet high, and a foot or more in thickness of trunk. The orange- brown wood is light amd soft. Pond Pine (Pinus serotina), sometimes called loblolly pine in Florida, though it is not the true loblolly, is of moderate size, the wood is resinous and heavy, and of dark orange color. It occurs in the northern part of the State. Post Oak (Quercus minor) is one of the commercial trees of northern Florida and the wood resembles white oak. oe Prickly Ash (Xanthoxylum clavaherculis) is also called stingtongue and toothache tree. It is from 25 to 30 feet high and a foot or more through the trunk. The wood is soft and light. Princewood (Exostema caribaeum) is found on the southern keys, with trunks 10 or 12 inches in size and 25 20 or 25 feet high. The wood is very heavy and exceed- ingly hard and strong, light brown, and handsomely streaked with different shades of yellow and brown. Pumpkin Ash (Fraxinus profunda) is too scarce in Florida to be attractive to wood users. 7 Queensland Pine (Casuarina torulosa) is an Australian tree, which has been introduced in southern Florida, where it grows with great rapidity. Red Bay (Persea barbonia), sometimes called sweet bay and Florida mahogany, attains a height of 60 or 70 feet and a diameter of 2 or 3 feet. The bright red wood is strong, hard, and heavy. Redbud (Cercis canadensis), or Judas tree, is some- times 50 feet high, but is generally small. The wood is not strong, but is hard and heavy. It is rich dark brown, tinged with red. : Red Ironwocd (Reynosia latifolia), often called darling plum, is a southern Florida species of a height of 20 feet and six or eight inches in diameter, with rich dark brown very hard and heavy. “ Red Maple (Acer rubrum) grows as far south as In- dian River, but is not important or plentiful. Red Mulberry (Morus rubra) occasionally reaches com- mercial size in the State. The wood is dark reddish, hard and strong. Red Stopper (Eugenia. procera) .—Height 20 to 25 feet, diameter one foot; wood light brown, heavy, and hard. River Birch (Betula nigra) reaches commercial size; the wood is plain, strong, and medium heavy. Royal Palm (Oreodoxa regia).—Height 80 to 100 feet, diameter 1 or 2 feet. The wood is spongy. Saffron Plum (Bumelia angustfolia), also known as downward plum and antswood, is 20 feet high with a six- inch trunk. The wood is hard and heavy, brown or orange colored. 26 Sargent Palm (Psuedophoeni« sargentit) grows on the southern reefs, but is very scarce. Sassafras (Sassafras sassafras) reaches the southern limit of its range in central Florida, and is not commer- cially important. Satinleaf .(Chrysophyllum monopyrenum) —Height 20 feet, diameter one foot, wood hard and heavy, light brown, shaded with red. The tree is not plentiful. Satinwood (Xanthovylum cribrosum).—This tree at- tains a height of 30 or 35 feet and a diameter of one or more. The wood is brittle, heavy, hard, and of light orange color. Scarlet Haw (Crataegus coccinea) ; height 18 or 20 feet, diameter 4 inches, wood hard and heavy. Sea Grape (cocolobis uvifera), or seaside plum. The wood is hard and heavy, and of dark brown or violet color. The tres are small, seldom more than fifteen feet high. Shagbark Hickery. (Hicoria ovata) —This is a valuable and common species of hickory. Shittimwood (Bumelia lanuginosa) reaches its south- ern limit in the northern part of the State, and is not of much commercial importance. Silktop Palmetto (Thrinax parviflora), also called sil- ver thatch, grows on the southern keys, and reaches a diameter of eight or ten inches and a height of 20 or 30 feet. Silverbell-tree (Mohrodendron carolinum), also known as snowdrop tree, extends into northern Florida, which is the southern limit of its range. The light brown wood is soft, and sometimes finely figured. Silvertop Palmetto (Thrinae microcarpa), or brittle thatch, is native among the southern keys, where it may reach a height of 30 feet. 27 Slippery Elm (Ulmus pubescens) is found in western Florida, where the tree reaches commercial size. The wood is strong and without much figure. Small-leaf Haw eneays uniflora) ; in northern part of State. * Snowdrop- tree (Mohrodendron dipterum) ; height 20 or 25 feet, diameter 6 or 8 inches, wood light brown, soft, strong. Soapberry (Sapindus saponaria), also called false dog- wood in the southern part of the State, is 23 or 30 feet in height, and 12 inches or less in diameter. The wood is hard and rather heavy, light brown tinged with yel- low. . Sour Tupelo (Nyssa ogeche), sometimes called gopher plum, has the southern limit of its range in northern Florida, where it is 50 or 60 feet high and two feet or less in diameter. The wood is weak and soft, and light in color. . Sourwood (Oaydendron arboreum) grows in north- western Florida, but is of small size. The wood is heavy and hard, and is brown, tinged with red. Southern Red Juniper (Juniperus barbadensis).—This species closely resembles the common read cedar. Southern White Cedar (Chamacyparis thyoides). This is a Swamp cedar extending its range from the North into northern Florida. The wood is light and soft. Spanish Oak (Quercus digitata).—This tree is some- times called red oak in Florida. It grows as far south as the center of the State. There are several oak species in this country which are called Spanish oak in some part of their range. . Spruce Pine (Pinus glabra)—A number of trees are called. spruce pine in some parts of their range. The * species here listed as spruce pine grows in the Chatta- hoochee region. The wood is tolerably white and soft. It is sometimes called poor pine and white pine. 28 Stopper (Chytraculia chytraculia) ; height 20 feet, dit ameter 4 inches, wood very heavy, hard, brown tinged with red. Strongback (Bourreria havanensis), also called strong- bark, grows on the Florida Keys to a height of 30 or 40 feet, with a buttressed trunk 8 or 10 inches in diameter. The wood is brown, strong, and hard. Sugarberry (Celtis mississippiensis) is very similar to hackberry and often passes as such. Summer Haw (Crataegus aestivalis), or apple haw; height 18 or 20 feet, diameter 12 or 18 inches. Swamp Bay (Persea pubescens) ; 30 or 40 feet high and up to one foot in diameter; wood heavy and soft, but strong; orange in color, streaked with brown. Sweet ‘Birch (Betula lenta).—This is one of the birches used for furniture in the North. A little grows in west- ern Florida. Sweetleaf (Symplocos tinctora), also called Florida Laurel and horse sugar, attains a height of 30 or 35 feet, with a slim trunk. The wood is light red, and soft. Sycamore (platanus occidentalis).—A little of this species grows in the northern part of the State. Titi (Cliftonia monophylla), or buckwheat tree, is found in northern Florida; height 40 feet, diameter a foot or more, wood heavy, hard, and brittle. Torchwood (Amyris maritima).—This is a south Flor- ida tree, 40 or 50 feet high, and rarely a foot in diameter. The wood is exceedingly hard, heavy, and strong, very ; resinous, extremely durable, light orange color. Tough Bumelia (Bumelia tena), also called ironwood and black haw, reaches a height of 20 or 30 feet, with a bole not above 6 inches. The wood is heavy and hard and is light brown, streaked with white. 29 Tree Huckleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), also known as sparklebery, farkleberry, and gooseberry, is 20 feet high and 8 or 10 inches in diameter, with wood heavy and hard. Tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) is a wet-land tree that attains large size, and its wood is serviceable for many pur- poses. Turkey Oak (Quercus catesbaei), sometimes called forked leaf, is generally a small tree of little commercial importance, but occasionally is 60 feet high and two in diameter. The wood is hard and heavy. Wahoo (Hvoenymus atropurpureus), is a small slender tree with heavy hard wood, and reaches its southern limit in Florida. Water Ash (Fravinus caroliniana), called also pop ash and swamp ash, is seldom 40 feet high or more than a foot in diameter. The wood is light, soft, weak, and nearly white. Water Gum (Nyssa biflora).—This is a small tree of little commercial value. Water Hickory (Hicoria aguatica), or swamp hickory. This is one of the commercial hickories, and is sometimes 80 feet high and two in diameter. Water Locust (Gleditsia aquatica), or thorn tree, reaches a height of 50 or 60 feet, with trunk large enough for sawlogs. The wood is strong and hard, and a rich brown, tinged with red. Water Oak (Quercus nigra) is often called red oak. The wood is strong, hard, and heavy. Wan Myrtle (Myrica cerifera).—This small tree has many uvames, among them being puckerbush, candleberry, and bayberry. The dark brown wood is brittle, soft, and light. West India Cherry (Prunus sphaerocarpa) ; height 25 30 or 30 feet, diameter 5 or 6 inches, wood clear red, heavy and hard. White elm (Ulmus americana).—This is the common and most abundant elm in most regions of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. White Buttonwood (Laguncularia racemosa), or white mangrove, grows in southern Florida. Height 30 feet or more, diameter one foot and upward. The wood is heavy and hard, dark yellow brown. White Ironwood (Hypelata trifoliata).—This species grows on the southern keys, but is rare; height 35 or 40 feet, diameter 18 or 20 inches; wood rich dark brown, hard and heavy. White Stopper (Eugenia monticola).—This tree is oc- casionally 25 feet high, with a 12-inch trunk. The wood is strong, heavy, hard, and is brown -with red tinge. Wild China (Sepindus marginatus) is sometimes called soapberry. It may reach a trunk diameter of two feet and a height of 50. The brown, yellow-tinged wood is strong and heavy. Wild Lime (Xanthoxylum fagarai); height 25 or 30 feet; wood heavy and hard; range, southern Florida. Wild Sapodilla (Mimusops sieberi) ; only on the south- ern keys and not abundant; height 30 feet; wood very heavy, hard, and strong; rich very dark brown. Wild Tamarind (Lysiloma latisiliqua).—This species in Florida is confined to the keys where it occasionally is 3-feet in diameter and 50 feet high. The wood is heavy, hard, and tough, but not strong, and is of a rich dark brown color. Willow Oak (Quercus phellos), often called red oak in Florida, is one of the State’s commercial woods which seldom appears under its own name as lumber. Wing Elm (Uimus alata). —This wood goes into lmnber 31 simply as elm. The name refers to a flattening of the small twigs. Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana).—This is: gen- erally a shrub, but it may attain a height of 25 or 30 feet, with a diameter of a foot or more. The wood is hard and heavy, and light brown in color. Yaupon (Ilex vomitoria) —This species of holly is often called cassena. The trees are small, the wood white, hard, and strong. Yellow Buckthorn (Rhamnus caroliniana), or yellow wood, is seldom more than six inches in diameter. The wood is rather hard, but is light and weak. Yellow Haw (Crataegus flava).—This tree is small, sel- dom more than 20 feet high, and 8 or 10 inches in diam- eter. 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Table 1 contains a list of 27 woods used in Florida last year, according to reports made by manufacturers. It is shown in the table also that some of these woods were procured wholly in the State, others wholly from with- out, while some came partly from within and partly from the outside. The average cost of each and all at the fac- tory is stated in the table, together with the amounts. The table is a summary which shows in condensed form the principal statistics of the wood-using industries of the State. The detailed statistics are shown in the industry tables which follow. Preceding pages of this report list and briefly describe a large number of unused woods in the State, those which manufacturers either do not now employ, or use them in so small amounts that they do not consider them worth reporting. It now remains to take up in a similar way the woods that are used. Longleaf pine leads in amount, and rosewood is least. Rosewood is highest in price, madeira next, mahogany third, and evergreen mag- nolia is cheapest. Seven of the woods come wholly from the State, ten entirely without, and the others are di- vided. Longleaf Pine—More than half of the entire wood sup- ply of the State, as shown in Table 1, is longleaf pine. It is reasonably certain that some Cuban pine and some loblolly are listed as longleaf, but it was not practicable to ascertain how. much or to separate them from long- leaf. If the length of the needles alone is taken as a means of identifying the several species of the Southern yellow pines, it is not always a reliable test; for needles of the same species vary in length, depending upon en- vironment. Longleaf pine has thin sapwood and abun- dance of heart; the other Southern pines may be expected to show very thick sapwood in proportion to the heart. That fact helps to distinguish longleaf logs and lumber 35 from other species. Some lumbermen have only two names for Southern pines: “heart pine” for longleaf, and “sap pine” for the others. These terms express pretty clearly the chief difference which lumbermen recognize in tae Southern pines. Of course there are other differences, some of which do not appeal so directly to the eye. Long- leaf pine is harder than the others, and stiffer, stronger, and heavier than most. It is of slower growth and the annual rings are narrower. The wood is generally but not always of darker color than that of the other pines associated with it. The longleaf pine occurs in the north- ern two-thirds of Florida. Its reproduction is not gen- erally vigorous, but in some sections many young trees are taking possession of vacant places. As a whole, it is doubtful if young growth can to any appreciable extent make good the loss through sawmill operations, and the result seems inevitable that longleaf pine supplies will decline in the State, as in other regions, until scarcity results. The habit of frequently burning forest lands perhaps works more harm to longleaf pine than to any other tree, by killing the young growth. Cuban Pine.—Next after longleaf, this species shows longest use in the State. The same difficulties as in the case of longleaf pine are met in separating it from asso- ciated pines. One is often mistaken for another. The Cuban pine is known under several names. It grows in nearly all regions of Florida where any pine grows. It has thick sapwood and is resinous; the rings of annual growth are wide; the wood is stiff and strong. As the southern part of the State is approached, the Cuban pine becomes smaller. A good many stands exist in which the mature trees are too small to attract sawmills. It responds to good soil, and patches of merchantable tim- ber may be found, surrounded by scrub growth. Loblolly Pine—This valuable timber tree belongs in northern Florida, extending south to about the center of the State. In quantity of timber manufactured in Flor- 36 ida it is third largest, its total falling a littie short of one-tenth that of longleaf, and its average price per thou- sand being practically the same. It grows rapidly, re- produces vigorously, and is one of the softest and whit- est of the yellow pines. It is known by so many names that the name alone is not a certain means of identifi- cation. It holds its ground better than longleaf pine, and is more promising as a source of supply. The soft- ness of its wood places it in a line of uses somewhat dif- ferent from those of longleaf. It is popular for doors and for window frames. It attains merchantable size in less time than longleaf. Cypress.—Fourth for quantity in the list of Florida woods is cypress. It is very little below loblolly pine, but the average cost is considerably higher. Cypress is one of the substantial, all-round woods of the South, and one of the’largest species. The small trees are symmetri- cal and graceful, but the old ones are not attractive with their thin, ragged foliage, and dying tops. They are among the longest-lived trees of the South, and an age of two or three centuries is not unusual. At least a hun- dred years are required under ordinary circumstances to produce a trunk large enough for sawlogs. It is a swamp species. Trees live standing in water much of the year. Some of the best cypress timber in Florida grows along the margin and about the mouths of large rivers, where the land is frequently flooded. Some of the cypress for- ests near the mouths of the Chattahoochee, Apalachicola and Suwannee rivers are dense and dismal in the ex- treme. When these forests disappear under the operation of lumbermen, there will not be much young cypress com- ing on to take their place, for it is not a tree that repro- duces vigorously. It is not of much commercial im- portance south of the center of the State. Shortleaf Pine.—The Shortleaf pine is supposed to be the opposite of the longleaf species, so far as needles are concerned; for its leaves are shortest of the four leading ae. of Southern yellow pines. The tree grows rapidly when young, but after it reaches an age of forty or fifty years it is apt to increase its size more slowly. For that rea- son the annual rings in a characteristic shortleaf trunk are broad near the heart and narrower as the bark is approached. The sapwood is thick, the heartwood com- paratively small. The wood is rather soft. The com- mercial range of. shortleaf pine extends into the northern part of the State, its best development being in regions farther north. Spanish Cedar.—All of this wood ‘is imported, as it does not grow in the United States. It comes from Cuba, Mexico, and adjacent regions. Most of that used in Flor- ida was cut in Cuba. Evergreen Magnolia.—It appears in Table 1 as the cheapest wood in Florida, and more than two and a half million feet were used. It is an evergreen of beautiful foliage, and with wood varving much in value. The best has been compared with yellow poplar, but the poorest is intersected with hard streaks and black patches. The largest trees are 80 or more feet high and three or four feet in diameter; but an average size is scarcely half that. It does best in rich, wet ground. In early lumber opera- tions it was frequently left standing because its conver- sion into lumber was not profitable; but in recent vears uses have heen found for the wood and it is now cut when lumbermen come to it. In Florida the boxmak- ers are largest users of magnolia. Red Gum.—Red gum is cut in most parts of the north- ern half of Florida, but it is not as important as in some of the more northern and western States. It attains large size and is of. good form for sawlogs, but it does not usually occur in thick stands like the pine, and it goes to the mills along with other hardwoods. Its chief use in Florida is for boxes and crates, but farther north its greatest importance is as furniture material and hotise finish. 38 White Oak.—A small quantity of this wood is credited to Florida in the reports by manufacturers who use it, but nearly all comes from outside the State. It is one of the best known and most substantial of the oaks. It is used for nearly all purposes for which any American wood is used. The chief part of that reported in the State went into car construction. While some of the Florida white oak is of excellent quality, many users are of the opinion that the average quality of the State-grown oak is much beneath that of some of the Northern States. White Ash.—The southern limit of the white ashi’s range lies in northern Florida. It is of the most common of the same species of ash in many parts of this coun- try. The wood is characterized by stiffness and strength. Its chief uses are for farm tool handles, boat oars, and vehicles. Sand Pine.—In certain localities only does this tree grow large enough for sawlogs. Trees of small pole size are often numerous over considerable tracts. It ex- tends two-thirds of the distance down the Florida penin- sula from the north. Its most common name is spruce pine. Yellow Poplar—Some of the yellow poplar manufac- tured in the State was cut there, but most came from the outside. The largest poplar timber comes from the moun- tains of Tennessee, Kentucky, and West Virginia. It is among the highest priced of American woods. The aver- age reported in Florida was $89.02. Hickory.—Several species of hickory are generally con- sidered as one wood when they reach the factories. In the forest, the lumberman know the species separately, but the wood of one so much resembles another that all go together under one common name. Its toughness, elasticity, strength, and hardness unite in such a remark- able degree that hickory has been called the indispensable wood. No substitute has yet been found anywhere in 39 the world for this wood, particularly for parts of small vehicles, hammer and ax handles, and some kinds of ath- letic goods. The State supplies nearly all home demands for hickory. Sweet Magnolia.—The entire quantity of this wood went to a single industry and was made into boxes at an average cost of $22 a thousand. That is a high price for box lumber, but magnolia is an attractive wood, and much of it went into high grade boxes. All was cut in the-State. The heartwood of this tree is a pleasing red or brown, which takes a fine polish. White Pine—Florida has no native white pine, and all that was reported came from the Lake States. It grows in several of the Northern and Northeastern States, as far south as eastern Tennessee. Next to yellow poplar, it was the highest-priced native wood reported in Florida. A number of other woods in this country are called white pine with a modifying term. Western white pine grows in Idaho; California’s white pine is the western yellow pine; Mexican white pines comes from Arizona and Mex- ico, and is a white pine. The Norway pine of the Lake States is often mixed with white pine and sold with it. Mahogany.—More than ten thousand feet of mahogany were reported cut in the forests of south Florida last year, and used by industries in the State. Nearly one-third of all of this wood used was home-grown. It has been popularly supposd that mahogany long ago ceased to exist as a commercial wood in Florida, though it was well known that botanical specimens were still obtainable. The present investigation in Florda has shown that such is not the case, and that the wood is still cut and mar- keted there. More than half a century ago mahogany cutters, who were likewise ‘operating in the Bahama Is- lands, invaded the keys south of the Florida mainland, and also the mainland itself, and cut all the mahogany trees within reach of water, and shipped the logs to Eu- rope. Some trees escaped discovery in the dense ham- 40 mock forests; and some that were then small have since grown to merchantable size. Mahogany trees are now being cut, and the logs reach Miami, and other points, where boat builders and others buy them. The number thus reaching market is not large. Logs generally come in one or two at a time. They are cut by negroes, for the most part, who find a tree here and there. The logs are rolled or hauled to the near- est water and are towed by a canoe or boat through nar- row and obscure channels, often several miles, to open water, and are thence taken to some point designated by the buyer. Black Gum.—This tree is not in much favor anywhere, but when it is convenient, the sawmills cut it, and it finds its way to the factories. The whole reported quan- tity used in Florida is only two carloads. Sometimes there is doubt as to what is meant when black gum is reported. That name is applied to water gum (Nyssa biflora) in Florida. Live Oak.—Considering the abundance of this wood in Florida, its use is small. Formerly it was in much demand for ship knees, and a flourishing business was carried on in the State; but it is not so used now. It is not a tree of good form for lumber. The trunk is short, and is generally rough; but the wood is hard, strong, and when carefully selected, is of good grain and color. Birch.—Two species of birch grow in the State, but none of either was reported by manufacturers. All came from the outside the State, and the high price indicates that it was the sweet birch or yellow birch of the North. These two species go to market together, and little at- tempt is made to keep them separate. For that reason birch is listed in this report without the species being designated. The river birch of Florida was not reported for any purpose. Red Oak.—The true red oak (Quercus rubra) does not 41 grow in Florida. Other oaks pass by that name. The red oak listed in Table 1 is the Northern tree, one of the highest grade of the many species of oak. There is much confusion in classifying oak lumber. A dozen different species are called white oak, and so many others are known as red oak. Sugar Maple—The maple sugar and syrup of com- merce is made from the sap of this tree; and from this species is cut the hard maple lumber, or most of it. The tree is found in Florida, but it is not abundant, and none was cut in the State, according to reports of manufactur- ers. Very little was used. Spruce.—Spruce is in the list with birch and hickory in one respect—several species are often grouped under one name. When the word spruce is used in Florida it generally refers to the black or red spruce of the North- ern States, but it might be the Sitka spruce of Oregon and Washington. There are other spruces occasionally found in the lumber markets, or woods which pass by that name. Basswood.—The demand for this soft, white wood is so small in Florida that it is hardly worth taking note of. It is a Northern species, the largest quantity of lum- ber coming from the lake States and the central Appa- lachian region. Madeira.—This wood from the West Indies was used to a small extent by Florida boat builders. It ranges in price with mahogany, and is of dark color and is hard. Other tropical woods sometimes pass by that name, and it was once applied to mahogany in some parts of this country. Teak.—Boat builders brought this Asiatic wood into use in the State because it is regarded by many as one of the best woods in the world for some parts of boat building. It is very hard and not verv heavy. 42 Red Cedar.—Much red cedar is cut in Florida, and scarcely any is used for manufacturing purposes. Penci! makers take much of the best. Rosewood.—This is the most expensive and least used wood reported by manufacturers in Florida. A numbcr of trees in different countries are called rosewood. That reported in Florida came from Africa. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. This industry is much larger ,than any other among the wood uses of Florida. More than 92 per cent of a!] the material considered in this report is found in the ont- put of planing mills. Not only in quantity, but in vaine it surpasses all the other industries. The cost of the rough lumber Jaid down at the planing mills ready for the machine to work on, was $4,747,165; and the cost of all the rough lumber used in the State was $6,464,863. Planing mill lumber averaged cheaper than the other, but that does not mean that it is of poorer grades. Planing mill products are the simplest forms of manu- facture after lumber leaves the sawmill. In fact, the planing mill is usually an adjunct of the sawmill] thst cuts the logs. The product that comes from the ma chines consists of flooring, ceiling, and siding. Stockh sizes and kinds are made and put on the market. It isa commodity which’ goes from the mill that makes it with- out having any particular market or buver in view. and thus differs from those commodities which are largely made to order and for a particular place or purpose Longleaf pine leads by long odds all the other woo ts appearing in Table 2. Nearly 77 per cent consists uf longleaf, which is at present usually regarded as the most abundant timber tree of Florida, and among the best. Its great strength makes it suitable for flooring, its grain, figure, and color fit it for ceiling, and its lasting 43 properties qualify it for siding. The mills that turn it out are generally those of large capacity, and it is Inm- bered and otherwise handled by the most advanced sciea- tific methods, from the felling of the trees to the comple- tion of the finished product. Cuba pine is second in quantity for planing mill prod- ucts. This species is known under several names, and .it is not infrequently called longleaf, though the men who work it know very well the difference between it and the genuine, thin-sap longleaf yellow pine. Some call it slash pine. That alludes to its habits of coming up in old cut- tings when fire is kept out, which, unfortunately, does not happen as often as it should. The relative abundance of Cuban pine increases southward in the State. Loblolly pine falls somewhat under Cuban pine in quan- tity, according to the reports supplied by manufacturers. Very probably that is a fact, but a good deal of confusion exists at some of the mills as to what is Cuban and what is loblolly; for the species bear considerable resemblance both in the standing tree and in the wood. Both are frequently called loblolly. The ground for confusion does not extend far southward through the peninsula, for lob- lolly gradually disappears. Ten million feet of shortleaf pine was reported by mills in the northern part of the State. This species does not range far south, and it is probable that some of that list- ed under the name of shortleaf was loblolly or Cuban. Four-fifths of the sand pine reported in the State was listed with this industry. The trunk of this pine is usual- ly quite small, but occasionally groups of trees are found large enough for good sawlogs. The wood has thick sap- wood which is nearly white, while the heartwood is light yellow. It is moderately light in weight and not very strong. It is likely that a good deal of this wood is mar- keted under some other name. When the trunk is seen at a distance of thirty or forty yards it resembles the 44 red or the black spruce of the North, though it is usually more limby than the spruce which grows in the deep shade of Northern forests. The foliage, being light and thin, looks somewhat like that of spruce when too far away for the individual needles to be seen. This similarily is responsible for the name spruce pine which is commonly given it. , The birch and the yellow poplar in Table 2 are the most costly woods listed. They were imported from the North. Nearly half of the cypress reported in the State is found in this table. ‘yueo Jed [ JO QOT-T Uey} SSO]. zeg‘oor'0s | gtetsezze | cornps'6$ | p9'tT$ 00°00T LOOSTL'LOF | anette sae seo BION, 000°2T Par 082 00°S9 * 000‘8T “*++ ye[dod MOTIOA 000‘2T ee ae © ORL 00°S9 ; #8 000°ZT Pe ee ee qolrg eee 000'008 008° 00°FT G0" 000‘002 Coen toe eh eee * ould purg pen neeni: 000‘SL2'0T OS6°FST 09°TT 79% 000°SLL0T Rimes eee ay * ould yeeTj0yS hea 000‘89G'ST O9T‘S9T SSI ers OOO'R9G'ST [reir ttt “7* sserdsp Ht 000‘00‘S 000‘0L1'9% 089°S9 80°ST oP 000°0L2‘08 “+++ guid ATLOTQO] 000‘002 000‘ST0‘6S GZL‘bss 9F'sT ¥L'6 OOOSTEGE [Vetere Stes eae S eee auld ueqnp zeggee'9e | ste‘ecs‘9se | o6a‘ass‘s$ | 96 1T$ TL'9L L00‘09L‘6TE ‘+++ gud jeelsuoq Q Q 4 > v ‘24 ag ao ae oe 4 & 54 aa 2 ou 3 . ae oe So 99 8 S 2 ee 46 © Se B g ty ad mG eS ag g g pa @ 4 a ee ° eS "B Qs ¢ pada & o ee 8 28 S. # EB ae B iy ee S$ : ‘dOOM dO GNI oe re rs eo a : 9 ° g Trenuwe Ba a o * pesn AyTUeNyD " Oo iS) 8 § “MUUM TIA TVUGNGD ANV ‘SAGNI'Id ‘SUOOd ‘HSVS—? -A1AViL 52 TOBACCO BOXES. The manufacture of cigar boxes is the fourth in size in Florida’s wood-using industries, and is shown in Table 5. More than nine and a half million feet are listed. As far as shown by statistics of wood manufacturers thus far collected in the United States, Florida far surpasses any other State in the amount of wood converted into cigar ooxes. The center of this industry is at Tampa. In most of the Northern States where cigar boxes are made, the Spanish cedar, which is the leading material, is usually sliced in thin veneer which is glued over other woods in making boxes. The prevailing custom in Flor- ida is to use the Spanish cedar solid. It is sawed in thin lumber and is handled that way. Most of the Spanish cedar comes from Mexico and Cuba. Some of the large Florida users procure their supplies in Cuba. The Spanish cedar grows to large size when circumstances are favorable and time is sufficient. Early explorers in the West Indies spoke of cedar canoes large enough to carry twenty or more men, and the Carib Indians made long journeys in vessels of that kind. Cedars of large size are not often found now. The supply with- in reach of the sea was cut long ago. The cigar box wood imported into Florida comes from trunks about the size of telegraph poles. These are carried to Florida in the rough form, the knots being trimmed, and the bark generally peeled from the logs. A whole tree often comes in one piece. The larger box factories buy that way, and have sawmills of their own for converting the logs into box lumber. Small box makers purchase lumber partly manufactured. Spanish cedar enjoys the prominent place it holds in the cigar box business because the wood has an odor which adds to the value of the cigars packed in the boxes. Ir is handsome, and increases the attractiveness of the wares. wer 20 It is not a high-priced wood, considering that it is an import from foreign countries and is nor very plentiful there. It is lumbered by cheap labor and is brought from the interior mountains where it grows. Transportation from the stump to the seashore is often by oxen. The average cost in Florida is $24.02 per 1,000 feet log meas- ure. It is too cheap to offer much temptation to the imi- tator. - A million and a half feet of cypress was reported for this industry in Florida, but the cost per thousand was less than half that of Spanish cedar. aa 802‘690‘8 L20°LPS‘T SPS‘ 0LZ$ S6'1s$ 00°00T GEs‘9T9'6 Pee ee pes te. eS Te}O.L eeeere in LZO'LES'‘T LIO'LT 00°IT 60°9T LZ0°LPS‘T eenee Ce Sseidf9 803'°690'8 et SE3‘e6T$ C0'FS$ T6'E8 808'690'8 fe ee ‘ttt qepeo ystuedg Q Q 4 > J yj 7 Qs mo Sh 8 so ee oe ee ee a B Qs By Qt &Q : ‘dOOM 40 AGNIX rR 's 3 a “Aypenuue By a : os pesn AITQUeNy 8 P 8 ‘OOOVEOL ‘SaxOd—'s WIAVL -—~ 55 CAR CONSTRUCTION. _ No large car factories are located in Florida, but a con- siderable amount of building and repairing is done. Twelve woods are listed, but more than 81 per cent of all is long- leaf pine. For many parts of car building it is ideal. It is strong, stiff, lasting. It is made into sills and frames where it carries loads and sustains jars and strains. It is good for car floors and siding, for braces and roofing. It may be had in long pieces, measurably free from knots and defects, and with little or no sap. No loblolly pine was reported by car builders, but it grows of proper size and form in the State, and likely some of that passing as longleaf is loblolly. It is not considered quite as strong as longleaf, but for a num- ber of purposes it is as good, and for some it is preferred. Cypress is an all-round car timber, but it-lacks some of the longleaf’s strength and rigidity, and was not used in one-tenth of the amount of pine in Florida, but what was bought cost more by the thousand. The small amount of white pine reported in Table 6 was for pat- terns. It cuts so easily and holds its shape so well that it stands pre-eminent among pattern woods. There is so much difference in the cost of the red oak and white oak used by car builders in Florida that an explanation is necessary. These two woods, if of the same grade and in the same market, cost about the same; but in Table 6 the white oak is less than nineteen dollars and the red oak more than seventy-two. They were not of similar grade. The white oak was used for repair of freight cars, and the red oak was for high-class finish. Both came from outside the State. By reversing the grades, the costs might have been reversed—the red oak would have been cheap and the white oak expensive. Mahogany was the most costly lumber in the industry. It is a cabinet wood and is employed for fine finish in 56 passenger cars, chiefly as veneer laid upon cheaper woods. Yellow poplar is second lightest in cost, and it is used much the same as mahogany. The smoothness of its grain makes it among the best of woods for fine paint- ing. 57 €99'L28'S Ge6‘LTL‘S €L3‘09T$ OL'8T$ 00°00T 88S'GPS's SUR tome te Sener nak 8 betes meee Ong 00s‘ seas 06 00°09 20" 009° betes tees reese eeeeeeeee® ond OITA 000‘8 eee OST 00°08 90° 000‘8 ry aideur resng 000%s eee nee gt 00°28 90° 000°S ee ee eonidg 002'9 see eeee OSF 89°22 20° 002‘9 FS MAES AGE Nellis FEES RS SiO pou 00S‘9 wees 268 esLEL 80° 00s'9 ee aee Auesoyeyl eencneee 0008 O9t 09°02 60° 0008 eee reece ee eee eee e eee ene euld ueqno PFESL we eetes 6S6'9 6E96 Gg’ PPS'SL Demme ee were erence tne ree zejdod MOTIOA 000‘SZT 000‘S2T 000‘S 00°02 £63 000° 0gz Pees eee ane a sores TNs poy 000‘¢sT 000° G2L ecg‘ OS'TS 00°S 000° LG% seeeer eee rererreserecerrss GSB OVUM 69'S Diweeee ege'g 49°81 ge" 6L9‘LSF Feet eee eeeeeeeeeseeseees ¥BO O}TIAL 000‘0S2 . 00g'gaz_ G2‘0T 2°03 TOS 00s‘s0¢ rg vase ee a treeereeoess SsgaIdsg O8F" 99L'T ser 'B08°S ZOL'SST$ SS LT$ LeT8 G98‘0L6‘9 testesessctccressseces guid JeorsuoyT Q Q 4 9 ty aS 1d oe ng g 8 Pa ga of 28 . & 5 on Fo She e o zy we 8 © 5 o2 F5 2 a e bi 5 ae By ao 28 : ‘dOOM JO GNIX ee 3. q ea -“Aqrenuae B 2 g : g pasn AWUeENo 3 "NOLLONULSNOD UVO—'9 GGL 58 SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING. With more length of coast line than any other State; with several fine harbors for large vessels, and with al- most innumerable small harbors; with hundreds of miles of navigable rivers flowing through semitropical scerres of rare beauty; with many lakes of ample size and with romantic surroundings to invite the pleasure seeker; with a climate so mild and equable that the waters are en- joyable the whole year round, Florida holds a very low place in the boat-building industry. It is not because boats are not used. The harbors, rivers, lakes, and pas- sageways swarm with vessels during many months of the year, and the landscape, with its interlocking waters, are scenes of the greatest activity ; but the boats seen by thou- sands are nearly all made elsewhere than in Florida. The resources for boat building are ample, and the mar- ket for high pleasure boats ought to be among the best in the United States. A large proportion of the winter visitors in Florida are possessed of means sufficient to buy. yachts, canoes, dories, and craft of every kind that the place and climate call for. Vessels in large numbers ply the waters, but they are not made in Florida. They come from New England, New York, Michigan, Maryland, and many other places where lumber is not as plentiful or cheap as in Florida. A few manufacturers have taken advantage of the op- portunities, and are building boats. Table 7 shows the amount of wood used and the kinds. The total is a mil- lion and a half feet, which is about one-fourth as much as Maryland demands annually. The Maryland market calls chiefly for business boats, while Florida demands pleasure vessels. Yet boats for business purposes are by no means few in Florida. The tradesmen about Pensa- cola, the sponge fishermen in the shallow water off Apa- lachicola, the lumber tugs which load the sea-going ves- sels, the many fishermen on both the east coast and the 59 west, and the barges which transfer freight up and down its river—all of these constitute a market for home-built boats. Eleven woods were used last year by Florida boat build- ers, and longleaf pine constituted about seventy per cent of it all. Some vessels are built almost wholly of this wood, and all that was used was grown in Florida. It makes both inside frame and outside covering. It pos- sesses the required strength, and its lasting properties insure long service. The price of longleaf pine is higher in this than in any other industry in Florida. High- grade material was demanded, and price goes with grade. Cypress is next in quantity, and is higher in price than longleaf. It is used for finish and deckwork. The dif- ference in price between it and longleaf is largely re- sponsible for keeping cypress below that wood in quantity in boat building. White pine, which is soft, white, and expensive, is em- ployed only when some customer demands it. Live oak is reported to the amount of 30,000 feet, at $60 a thousand. It was made into rudder stock, and is bought in hewed logs eighteen inches square. These logs are sawed into heavy stuff for rudders. Live oak is hard and strong, and lasts well under water. Nearly 27,000 feet of mahogany is reported in this in- dustry, and more than a third of it is native of Florida. This is the species cut in the West Indies and Mexico, and it is not found growing in any other State than Flor- ida. This and other expensive woods listed in the boat industry show that high-class work is being turned out of the yards. > © ‘yao Jed T Jo QOT-T uey} sso], 009'222 ooseget | Zu0'r9s =| se'ges 00°00T ODETTE | [oe eet ee eee = aay 00T pep eee OF 00°00F * 00T eee wee we mete ew meee ee eee poomesoy teeter 000‘T OF 00°0F 90° 000‘T eee ee eee em wee moe ewe eee yse OU M. 000‘T eee wees G2Z 00°S2z2 90° 000‘T . . . ene eee er ete meee we eee eee yea, 009'T eee eeee 0LZ GL'S9T or 009‘T ere ai x Trees eeeseresseees BIIADBYL 00¢‘9 © sash siepec 023 \ 00°08. lr 0089. ce eees wee eee eeae se eeee eurd olay 007‘9T 00S‘0T e6a'F PLOLT 69T 006‘92 stress secscececccecsceces ABSORB ete enee 000'08 008'T 00°09 63'T 000'08 heen eee neces eee eeeeeeees RO QAIT Beane 000‘0F 009'T 00°0F gz 000‘0F eee ewe eee renee . ould ueqno 000°LLT cee eeee O82'TT TO'r9 LIL 000‘LLT ae Trteeeeesesesese*s 980 OITA 000°S2 000°SLT 080°8 cO'TP Sor 000‘L6T ee saree eesssrccsssess SsQIdsy Se 000‘0TTT pLg‘se$ ge'6a$ 92°69 000‘0TTT sorts eurd yeorquoT Q Q 4 a] yy a9 mS ro t < a 8 Ba og op On “ + ‘5 ap a Sk ® a ao e5 ee oe - 8 ao B Qt @8 : ‘dOOM JO ANIM = °° “a oe S a - *ATTenuue By a ; 4 pesn AWTWUENo 3 , ‘DNiaiInd LVOd GNV dIHS—?2 WTIAVL; 61 VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. Table 8 presents statistics of vehicle manufacturers in Florida. The quantity of wood demanded is small, but the shops are well distributed over the State. There are only a few factories which make buggies and wagons as a business. The shops occasionally make a few vehicles, but their principal work is repairing. Nearly all coun- try blacksmith shops, and practically all in the towns, repair wagons. A considerable part of the 167,095 feet in Table 8 was used for repair work. The same woods which enter into new vehicles serve for repairs of old. The aver- age price is higher than in any other of the wood-using industries of Florida. The species are the same as in other industries, but the grades are better. Cypress is third from highest, and is twenty-nine dollars above the cost of the wood in any other table. The other woods higher in this table than in any other are hickory, loblolly, pine, mahogany, and white ash. One of the contributing causes of the high cost of wood to the Florida vehicle makers is that many of them buy in small amounts, and at retail, and must pay more than if they took advantage of wholesale prices. GLO‘FS 020‘STT T9s‘6$ B0°9S$ 00°00T S60°L9T PRRERY SSSR 2 teeta i 98 Cee TOU GL 0z 8T LP'68T 90° G6 See Auesoyqew eee eee 000‘F 00T 00°SZ 62° 000°F A ould ATIOTQO'T 000‘9T 000°F ogs‘T OGLL LOTT 00002 tetseceecccrsscececres Iptdod MOaA 000°6 000°8T Gert 7199 LUST 000°22 tonne ee eee eeeeereseeeeess OSB OUTM 008‘9 000‘LT GOr'T 6L°6S 90°FT 00s‘ez Pe ee ee ee AIOYOIH a eeee ane 000°LZ 063‘T 00°0L 9T OT 000522 Pe ee ssoidép 008'2 000°8 €96'T 98'F9 GZ'8T. 00S‘08 ee ee yeo Og. see wee 000‘0F 036 $ 09'F2$ F0'SZ 000'0# seme w era e ease esreseene ould yeo[su0'T Q Q 4 > a) =o es re e¢ g o B 4 g 4 os Ss 3 ® B eB s Sk © oe rs eS me ® 5 = ee By ae & 8 B ‘dOOM JO, GNIM pe By § BG 9 q e ‘ATenUUe B > a g posn AypjUeNH ? ‘SLUVd GIOINGA CNV SHIOIHGA—'S ATEVL 63 MISCELLANEOUS. Table 9 is made up of four woods and contains some- thing over two million feet. This represents the odds and ends left over after all that properly belongs with industries has been taken care of. Some commodities are not manufactured in amounts large enough to entitle them to be called industries, and they go in this miscellaneous table. Among some which fall in that class in Florida are lard buckets, candy tubs, water pails, patterns, trunks, sample cases, and wooden ware of several kinds. TLO‘F9 002‘000°2 L60°L9$ os'zs$ 00°00T TLZ‘F90°S SE ME Cea 2 Ee ee Ee OE 000°% TaeAEES OL oes or" 000°2 teed et eeteteteteererereees poomsseg = 000's wee OZT 00‘0F LT 000‘8 ey Uns poy TLO‘6S we eee 006‘ 88°66 98°% TLO‘OS eet eee te ee ee ee eee oe ee eee euid o1tTM. eee eroe 002'000°2 LOO‘T9$ oc'og$ 00764 002‘000‘2 eee em ree em ee eee ee wee wee Oe ssoidA9 Q Q 4 > gy | wet el “4D < ® ® Pa g4 cE | Bs 3 = 5 a5 om Sa @ o ‘dooM JO GNIM a 2 os mo ib o ® @ @ B eo By ca a8 oa 3. gy my ad Wd mS eS g 8 » gs 22, 23 6 = mis ‘ 5 os Sk g a “SHIULSOGNI me @ os g5 3B a - B a ct ae 26 s | s+ ta g 5 g a By 3 = ‘3 P to a g ATTenuue 3 2 ; pesn AyTjUeny ‘VGIUOld NI SHIULSNGNI AG GASN SGOOM FO AUVAWOS—sr GIAVL 74 APPENDIX. There are other wood-using industries in Florida than those shown in preceding tables and statistics of this report. The Bureau of the Census, in co-operation with the Forest Service, collects certain data each year and publishes it. These statistics show the quantity of lum- ber cut annually by the sawmills in the State; the num- ber of lath and shingles; the extent of the wood distilling industries; amount of tanbark and tanning extracts pro- duced; railroad ties bought; staves and headings for bar- rels; cut of veneer and the kinds of wood used; and other facts of interest. In order to make this report for Florida more com- plete, an abridgement of the several census reports is presented below. The total cut of lumber in the State for 1910 was 992,091,000 feet, apportioned among species as follows: Yellow pine ................. 921,323,000 CYPPeSS .. ccs e eee eee ee 66,117,000 Yellow poplar’ .............. 1,306,000 Red Cedar ................. 1,275,000 Hickory «:aducs veceauieesaan 1,119,000 Oak. sec. eae es i Suse hee 298,000 Cottonwood ...............85 240,000 ASN ais ues OYE MR eee eS 238,000 TuUpelO: si saw weirs aan 153,000 Red GUM): eee g eae ak: 11,000 Maplé. cece iekad eke es 3 11,000 Lath used by plasterers are made at many sawmills from large slabs and defective logs, which otherwise would be wasted. Most of the lath are pine, but any wood, except the hardest, will answer. The output in Florida in 1910 was 42,404,000 lath. ’ Shingles in Florida are nearly all manufactured from 735 cypress and pine, the former predominating. A consid- erable part of the output is a by-product of sawmills, made from crooked or faulty logs, or from large slabs. There are mills which make shingles only, and they use good timber as well as poor. The latest returns give Florida’s yearly cut at 171,421,000 shingles. Two classes of cooperage are made, one for liquids, the other for dry substances. The former is called tight cooperage, the latter slack. The former is much more exacting in its demand for wood, and the material costs more. Good tight cooperage should not only be free from knots and other defects which might cause leakage, but the wood must be dense. Otherwise the contents of the barrel or cask may escape through the pores of the wood. ‘Most woods are of such open structure that they will not hold alcoholic liquors. Slack cooperage is not so exclu- sive. Nearly any wood will do for some classes of slack cooperage, while others are more exacting. A consider- able part of Florida’s cooperage stock is bought by the naval dealers who ship rosin in cheap, but strong bar- rels. Fruit growers and truck gardeners use many bar- rels for their products, and oyster rakers and fishermen are pretty large users. The output of tight cooperage staves in the State in 1910 was 1,350,000 staves and 61,000 sets of heading. Slack staves were largely pine and totaled 24,451,000. There were produced 1,122,000 sets of heading and 1,- 029,000 hoops. The production of veneers in Florida was seven and a half million feet less in 1910 than in 1909. The output for four years was : 1907, 18,183,000 log feet; 1908, 28,- 256,000; 1909, 33,293,000; 1910, 25,842,000. Most of the veneer is rotary cut; that is, it is produced by pressing a heavy knife against the rim of a revolving log, and peel- ing off long ribbons of wood, round and round, until the log is reduced to a small center piece called a core. Sta- tistics do not show what species of wood are used in 76 making the Florida veneers, but it is known that most of it is pine, and that the veneer is manufactured into bas- kets, boxes, crates, and other shipping containers. “There are higher classes of veneer than this, but little of it is made in Florida. It is made by sawing or slicing hardwoods very thin, and is used principally by makers of furniture, fixtures, and interior finish. The thin sheets of the costly veneer are glued upon backing of cheaper woods. Most furniture, except the cheapest and the most expensive kinds, is veneered. The chapest kinds are of plain, inexpensive material, while the most costly sorts are often made of solid in order that the carver’s orna- ments may be cut in the wood. Statistics of tanning materials are not compiled in a way to show what each of the States contribute, but the country is considered as a whole. The listing of mangrove, however, shows that Florida is an important contributor to the general supply, because that is the only State producing it. The principal supply comes from foreign tropical countries, and is of record among the imports. In 1909, 18,925 tons of mangrove bark, and 1,401,000 pounds of extract were used in this country for tanning and dyeing purposes. The imports of the bark that year were 12,263 tons, leaving a balance of 6,662 tons which was presumably obtained in Florida. Complete statistics later than 1909 have not been pub- lished; but the imports of mangrove bark in 1910 were 17,088 tons. = Next after Alabama, Florida contributes more to the softwood distillation industry than any other State. Most of the wood-used in Florida is longleaf and Cuban pine. The total amount in 1910 was 52,144 cords, which was 27,000 cords more than was reported the year before. Both kinds of distillation are used, the destructive pro- cess, which destroys the wood by burning, and the sleam process which employs heat, but not enough to char the wood. The principal products secured by the destructive 17 process are charcoal, tar, and turpentine; and by the steam method, turpentine and heavy oils. Owing to the difference in the resinous content of pine wood, the yield per cord of the several products varies greatly. About one-half of the material was body wood, the remainder was limbs, stumps, slabs, sawdust, and other mill waste. Florida contributes largely to the country’s output of naval stores. Almost half of the whole product of spirits of turpentine in 1909 came from Florida, and it led all the other States in rosin. WOOD USES BY SPECIES. The manufacturers who reported the woods which have been tabulated in this report, reported likewise the pur- poses for which they were used. That information is given in the following list: Basswood. Sample cases. Birch, Blinds. Finish. Sash. Ceiling. Flooring. Siding. Doors. Molding. Stairs, Black Gum. Fruit boxes. Vegetable packages. Cuban Pine. Ceiling. Finish. Molding, Crates (veneer). Flooring. Siding. Cypress. Blinds. Coach roofs. Pails. Boats. Counters. Sash. Cabinets. Doors. Tanks. Car lining. Furniture. Tubs. . Car repairs. Interior finish. Wagon bodies Car siding. . Molding. ‘Wagon panels. Cases for cigars. Packing cases. Hoops. Crating. Dredges. Balusters. Blinds. Baskets. Brackets. Cabinet work. Car repairs. Cases. Ceiling. Columns. Crates, Balusters. Baskets. Blinds. Boxes. Brackets. Cabinets. Car decking. Car finishing. Car repairs. Car siding. Ceiling. Columns. Crates. Deadwoods. Door frames. Auto shields. Auto trim. Ceiling. Finish. 78 Evergreen Magnolia. Fruit boxes. Hickory. _ Handles. Live Oak. Friction blocks. Loblolly Pine. Door frames. Doors. Finish. Flooring. Framing. Molding. Poreh work. Posts. Rails, Sash. Longleaf Pine. Doors. Finish. Flooring. Fruit boxes. Keels. Lighters. Molding. Novelties. Packing cases. Poreh work. Posts. . Rails. Sash. Scows. Scroll work. Madeira, Boats. Mahogany. Boat finish. Car finish. Red Cedar. Flooring. Moldings. Vegetable packages Vehicles. Rudder stock. Scroll work. Siding. Store fixtures. Tables. Vegetable packages. Veneer. Veneer boxes. Window frames, Siding. Sills. Store fixtures. Stringers. * Table legs. Tables. Tanks. Vegetable packages. Vehicles. Veneer. Veneer boxes. Wagon beds. Window frames. Interior finish. - Siding. Boats. Crates, Boxes. Furniture, Furniture. Blinds. Boxes. Balusters. Baskets, Blinds. Boats. Brackets. Cabinet work. Car repairs. Cases. Ceiling. | ~ Columns. Cigar boxes. Hoops. Boats. Cabinets. Furniture. 79 Red Gum. Hoops. Shook veneer. Store fixtures. Trunks. Red Oak. Car sills. Rosewood. Boat finish. Sand Pine. Doors. Shortleaf Pine. Crates. Door frames. Doors. Finish. Flooring. Framing. Fruit packages. Moldings. Porch work. Posts. Spanish Cedar. Cabinets. Spruce. Finish. Sugdr Maple. Car building. Sweet Magnolia, Cabinets. Teak, Boats. White Ash. Launches, ‘Store fixtures. Trim. Vegetables. Packages. Sash. Rails. Sash. Scrool work. Siding. Store fixtures. Tables. Vegetable packages. Veneer. Veneer boxes. Window frames. Wagon. bodies. Wagon gears. Wagon panels. 80 White Oak. Blinds. Ceiling. Moldings. Boat ribs. Doors. Sash. Boats. Flooring. Siding. Cabinet work. Frames. Sills. Car repairs. Gunwales. Stairs. Cases. Tnterior finish. Vehicles. White Pine. Blinds. Doors. Patterns Boats. Finish. Sash. Ceiling. Flooring. Siding. Coach repairs. Molding. Yellow Poplar. Car repairs. Vehicles. Wagon bodies. Interior finish. DIRECTORY. Below is a list of Florida wood-using manufacturers who supplied much of the data contained in this report. Those manufacturing several products classified under different industries will appear in the list, with their ad- dresses, under more than one industry. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. Consumers Lumber & Veneer Co. .............. Apopka Archer Crate & Basket Co. .......... wees... Archer E. O. Carver ...... eid Miele diedid Geceeeaie seeeseee. Carters Se Se Mendenhall: ci03 ssieeeivae ule ase eva oe4 Clearwater Biscayne Box Co. ..... poe ae altos Gaiden Cocoanut Grove A. T. Kelley & Co. ......... idea raloiele eee Sere Gainesville Standard Crate Co. ........... ee heme ee Gainesville The Irvine Crate & Basket Co. .................. Irvine Lakeside Veneering Mills .............. ...- Kissimmee Leesburg Saw & Planing Mill ................ Leesburg Overstreet Crate Co. ....... eS hiaeensie eens ... Lockhart King Lumber Co. ........... ie Sie Cates Nocatee 81 The McDowell Crate & Lumber Co. ...........000-: Oak Ocala Migs Cos sii.c ics eaudiaeeenauwaueeas ees Ocala J. R. Pounds & Son ....... ccc cece ee ccc nee e ees Ocala L. Warnell Veneer Co. .......-..0000s ere Plant City W. M. Bothamly ............ ccc eee eee eens Sanford De Ny Holway &: Con oises Giieusaaus evergoeees Tampa The Shelp-Weidman Co. ............ cee eee eeaee Tampa Wauchula Mfg. Co. ......--- cece cence eee eee Wauchula Newsom Mfg. Co. ........... atau cuethaeausee? Nislentne Williston Williston Mfg. Co. 2... 0c. cece eee eens Williston Wolfenden & Co. 2... cc cece cece cee eens Worthington ) BOXES, TOBACCO. D. N. Holway & Co. .............. ee eee Tampa Sheip & Weidman Co. ........... cee eee Tampa Tampa Cigar Box Co. ...... cee cece eee eens Tampa CAR CONSTRUCTION, Jolin Marshall Gi: saccceneihexsvaxnenchue Apalachicola Gress Mfg: Co: swavaaia.canes igceeennee > Jacksonville Jacksonville Electric Co. ...........00.005 Jacksonville Seaboard Air Line Ry. ........-....-.00008 Jacksonville Florida East Coast Ry. ...............6-5 St. Augustine Tampa Hlectric Co. ..4.cacce eee ee eee sa aew ewes Tampa Edge-Dowling Lumber Co. ..........0cee ees Taylorville Atlantic Coast Line Railroad .............. Wilmington MISCELLANEOUS. Florida Trunk Mfg. Co. ........... cs cece Jacksonville Merrill-Stevens Co. ....... 0. ee cece eee eens Jacksonville G. M. Davis & Son .. 0. cee cc cece eens Palatka Florida Woodenware Co. ..........ee eee renee Palatka Florida Hast Coast Ry. ....-... 00 ee eee St. Augustine Cy, Ee WAtMYPe: csicaccncieis Odinga hae aries Tampa 5—Bull. 82 PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. . Rs DAVIS. aca sie ets eee nace s WLS SU aes Alachua Standard Lumber Co. ..........0e cece eee ceenes Alton Cypress Lumber Co. .........0. cece eee ees Apalachicola Aycock Lumber Co. .......0. eee ee cet e ene enens Aycock J We BeviS! cee ie ieee and eed tae ae ane e Bascom Blountstown Mfg. Co. ....... 2. eee ee ee eee Blountstown Bonifay Dumber Co. gods sacsancsewneser es rovns Bonifay Southern Saw Mill Co. ........ ccc ee eee eee Bonifay The Alger-Sullivan Lumber Co. ............0006 Century Carolina-Florida Lumber Co. ............00-.000- Corey Ingram-Dekle Lumber Co. ........ 0.0 e eee eees Dade City Beach Rogers & Co. ..........---005- DeFuniak Springs McCormick Lumber Co. ...........0..- eee ee eee DeJ.and Browning Lumber Co. ...........0ee eevee East Palatka Dantzler, Williams Lumber Co. .............. Edenfield Geneva Lumber Co. .......... eee eee eee ee eee Eleanor Gainesville Planing & Coffin Co. ............ Gainesville Holmes Limber CO. coves casesd as eaineed Seana ess Glen Bond Lumber Co. ......... 0. cece e eee ee eee Glenwood Simpson & Harper ........ cee cee eee eee eee Graceville B.D, ADGQHEEDY vcvenixies cxecaew sees oenee ye Gala Vi De Wddy sv csciiseeccs eee ecies sien Green Cove Springs Wager, Von Horn & Wager ....... Green Cove Springs Greenville Yellow Pine Co. ..............0-. Greenville Union Mfg. Co. secvvcensww ss onwesns lneiehueaes Greenville Dsl Greer: cn. oobi Sg aie EAE AG ele A Greer Gulf Lumber & Railway Co. .......... cc eee eee Helen West & Reaves Lumber Mills ............... Inverness Cummer Lumber Co. ....... eee eee eee eee Jacksonville The Doscher-Gardner Co. .........-20-0005- Jacksonville Enterprise Planing Mill Co. ............. Jacksonville Forsyth Street Planing Mill ............... Jacksonville J. C. Halsema Mfg. Co. ...........+..00-. Jacksonville Middleburg Lumber Co. ..............64.. Jacksonville Morgan Lumber Co. ....... eee eee cece Jacksonville Renfroe & Williams ..........ee cee eeeee Jacksonville Upchurch Lumber Co. ............ 0.0000 Jacksonville Hamilton Lumber Co, ........... idea ete wtnlaa nica Jasper Strickland Lumber Co. .................0005 Kathleen Js Mizell & Bros icceciis noes awedonnvouwses Kings Ferry Kissimmee Lumber Co. .............. bases Kissimmee Osceola Lumber Co. .......... cee cece eee Kissimmee The I. W. Bond Co. ........ cece eee eee Lake Helen Britton Lumber Co. ...... 0... ccc eee eee eee Lakewood sah te TIUIRBOR [5c hea saraucl nea wee Markee caaen eres Largo Leesburg Saw & Planing Mill ........... 20... Leesburg McGehee Lumber Co. .......... ce cece cece eee . Levon Geo. Ey, Porter, JT. cc. cee eseate sees ee eens s Madison Marianna Mfg. Co. ...... ccc eee eens Marianna Martel Lumber Co. ............ ccc eee e ee nea Martel Martin: SCO. caelecdes ete ean eeeGie Cowen et Martin Scotland Mis ..0c.esecaccs ec ceewes ee etans Middleburg German-American Lumber Co. ................ Millville Alabama & Florida Lumber Co. .................. Noma E. I. Converse .......... hia WaT aaa eee ap eran Ocala Gulf “Pine Oe ioe ass Saas base Ba he Bae RS wee alae Odessa A. L. Beck Lumber Co. ................ ohhh Suatt Orlando Orlando Novelty Works ............- see eeees Orlando Pounds. Bros: .oiccde vec canes ata. chien eae as Orlando Otter Creek Lumber Co. .............2.005 Otter Creek Escambia Land & Mfg. Co. ....... 0... ee ee eee eee Pace Wilson. Cypress) Oo... diosiseeysavwades back an Palatka Battle Bros, ..¢cceaceseeuepresanvsasween veseeen Pasco Florala Saw Mill Co. ow... cee eee ee eee Paxton The DeSilva & Ferriss Co. ............00 00 eee Pensacola BwiGy Duvall ss iaadcte hae aie aadaaieee es Pensacola Florida & Alabama Land Co. ............... Pensacola Joel Frater Lumber Co. ..............0.0005 Pensacola S.-H Peacock: .acireciag aie ais ce Sena aulaee ates Perry McMillan Mill Co. ........ 0. cece eee eee Pine Barren Bay Point Mill Co. wiccsecs eee scwessenee ces Pinewood S. J. Pletcher ............... Sucnnease see River Junction Rodman Lumber Co. ......... ccc cece eee eee eee Rodman Canfield Co. ...........005 raIeevaeeess St. Augustine Gulf Novelty Works.....:....... 0000 eee St. Petersburg We B Carter & Coe ccacasuwecieereesetea ee 0s Sanford E. P. Rentz Lumber Co. ..........----.055 Silversburg Childs: (Bross. «5. ba vehi ao eee ae hale Tallahassee Tallahassee Lumber Yards ..............0+-- Tallahassee GUIE. PINE “OO. e:cy iis ey Oe Sa EP eG RENE SEES Tampa Kirkland Lumber Co. ........-..cc cece eects Tampa Ey Wes RATISOY? (io ighale tala! irae ais gece tea eigen dot Tampa Southern Lumber & Supply Co. ......... 0... ee Tampa Tarpon Springs Lumber Co. ........... Tarpon Springs Hall Limbet €o.. 6c. eedaa ee awie wee bees eee Terrell East Coast Lumber Co. .........-...0 0 eee ee Watertown West Bros.