8, E31 c 7 x 700 — St ye Rete Cornell atuiversity Library I BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE . SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND © THE GIFT -OF Henry W. Saqe 1891 14/3) W901.). U edica and pharmacol ‘iii 6 1 A MANUAL MATERIA MEDICA PHARMACOLOGY. COMPRISING ALL ORGANIC AND INORGANIC DRUGS WHICH ARE AND HAVE BEEN OFFICIAL IN THE UNITED STATES PHARMACOPGIA, TOGETHER WITH IMPORTANT ALLIED SPECIES AND USEFUL SYNTHETICS, ESPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR STUDENTS OF PHARMACY AND MEDICINE, AS WELL AS FOR DRUGGISTS, PHARMACISTS, AND PHYSICIANS. BY DAVID M. R. CULBRETH, Px.G., M.D., PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, MATERIA MEDICA, / AND PHARMACOGNOSY IN THE MARYLAND COLLEGE OF PHARMACY ; ‘ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOGNOSY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND MEDICAL AND DENTAL SCHOOLS. SECOND EDITION, ENLARGED AND THOROUGHLY REVISED. With Four Hundred and Sixty-four Illustrations. LEA BROTHERS & CO. PHILADELPHIA AND NEW YORK 1900 Al Nye sy Entered according to the Act of Congress in the year 1900, by LEA BROTHERS & CO. In the Office of the Librarian of Congress. All rights reserved. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. s In this revision the endeavor has been to correct not merely minor errors that are inseparable from a first edition, but to bring the entire contents up to current date. While these two conditions may not have been absolutely fulfilled, yet it is truly believed that the work as now presented savors more of completeness than in its original form. The interest of students, both in pharmacy and medicine, has been care- fully studied, and only such additions and changes introduced as it was thought would appeal most to their wants. The general scope remains approximately the same, and the basal plan, although apparently somewhat departed from, has in reality been adhered to all the more closely : to associate as nearly together as possible those substances, organic and inorganic, which have a common or allied origin, allowing those next related to follow in regular order, the basal or parental source thus being kept paramount. That this might be possible, the systematic arrangement of vegetable drugs has been shaped after Engler and Prantl, in their “Die Natirlichen Pflanzenfamilien,” modified, however, occasionally to bring it into nearer conformity with that of Britton and Brown’s “ Illustrated Flora.” Although such a step would seem to imply at least partial inversion of the order of sequence formerly followed (that of Bentham and Hooker’s “Genera Plantarum’), it equally means that we are thereby taking the initiative in America, in making such an application re- strictive to dtugs, yet the acceptance of the new system and the dis- carding of the old has been considered wise from several standpoints, but mainly because that which is of recent origin and appears more in harmony with nature and her laws should be promulgated as early and widely as possible ; for indeed scarce any one doubts that Nature’s order of development has been a gradual process of evolution from the simple to the complex, and not the converse. This adoption must needs carry with it the more modern and re- formed plant nomenclature, which unfortunately, in some instances, is at variance with that of our present (1890) Pharmacopeeia ; the accom- panying parenthetical citation, however, of this latter synonymy, under- iv PREFACE. neath and parallel with the former, is hoped to be self-explanatory, and to prevent any possible confusion. Animal drugs, as formerly, are considered in the order of natural historic relationship of the animals from which obtained ; 7. ¢., the zodlogic sequence, but here have been adjusted so as to be in conformity with the same great principle of evolution—to begin with the lowest and grade up to those of higher development. Inorganic drugs, carbon and synthetic compounds still retain their original arrangement, their chemical relationship being always borne in mind. Measurements are expressed in the Metric system, with approximate side equivalents in the English, and temperature is stated in both Centigrade and Fahrenheit scales, thereby giving to each an equal op- portunity for use, according to individual pleasure and preference. Doses are given in the Apothecaries’ and Metric systems, in the hope that their parallel equivalents being thus easily compared, may possibly result in affording a stronger mind impression, and thereby become an element towards metric education. These, together with the additions of many newer remedies a more detailed account of the physiological action of leading drugs their in- compatibilities and synergists, a more comprehensive account of poi- sons, including combating methods, a treatise on prescription writing and a number of new illustrations, mark the leading changes that are hoped to merit for the work an increase in popular favor. The author is alike grateful for the many expressions of commenda- tion, as well as for the few of condemnation, which the first edition received—indeed the former have stimulated an honest exertion towards improvement, while the latter have served to show actual weakness where strength was needed. For timely suggestions and important corrections thanks are due Professors Goodman, Rusby, Piquett and Base, while to the publishers a sense of deep indebtedness is felt for their continued and untiring efforts towards maintaining for the work a high degree of excellence. DAVID M. R. CULBRETH. BattimorE, November, 1900. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. THE author recognizes clearly that there already exist a number of valuable works on materia medica, the, writers of which have expended time, labor, and originality in their production. It may, therefore, with reason be asked, Why introduce yet another to our profession? If there were not a fancied missing link, or had there been at command a single book on this subject thoroughly adapted, according to the author’s opinion, to modern class instruction in colleges of pharmacy, this one would never have been undertaken and completed. Its conception emanated from the drug-store, where for the past twenty years the imperative need of such a compend was frequently ' suggested to the writer by the daily routine demands of business, but its ultimate materialization was greatly promoted, in fact made possible, by the additional duties of a teacher assumed during the last ten years. Its scope has been made sufficiently comprehensive to prepare students for the constant needs of the modern drug business and to serve as a companion to the average pharmacist in his vocation. With this in view it has been made to treat of : I. All Oficial Drugs, Organic and Inorganic, included in our Phar- macopeia, together with Their Preparations, Official and Non-official. Of each enough is said to interest and furnish general information, his- toric and otherwise, the endeavor being always made to stop short of incumbrance with details, though much of the purely syllabic form has been avoided after which many text-books are fashioned. II. Al Drugs Once Official in Previous Editions of our Pharmaco- peia, but now Dropped. Although some of these are no longer profes- sionally prescribed, yet many are retained in stores, and have a limited sale. Of such the pharmacist should have some knowledge, at least to the extent of description, properties, dose, and inclusive years of official recognition ; since no similar text-book furnishes these combined data they have been concisely stated. III. Allied Species of Organic Drugs. These frequently so resemble the official species as to furnish possible admixtures, adulterations, and’ dangerous substitutions ; consequently, in order to identify the genuine, vi PREFACE. some of the spurious kinds most likely to be met with have been men- tioned and briefly described. IV. Important Unofficial Synthetic Compounds, These form a great factor in our current drug-store supplies and bid fair to grow in favor with both the public and the profession ; while their number is very _great, only the most useful have been considered. The arrangement of the drugs themselves herein followed seems the most rational, inasmuch as it furnishes a more liberal knowledge and a better systematic comprehension of the subject in its entirety. This system can be formulated as being based upon the principle : to associate as nearly together as possible those substances, organic and inorganic, which have a common or allied origin, allowing those related next in order to follow in regular sequence, the basal or parental source thus being kept in view. Vegetable drugs are, therefore, arranged upon the classifi- cation of Bentham and Hooker in their Genera Plantarum, with a few interjected modifications to bring it into closer conformity with Gray’s Manual of Botany. Animal drugs are also treated in the order of natural historic relationship of the animals from which obtained—4. e., the zodlogic sequence, beginning with the highest and descending grad- ually to those of lower development. Inorganic drugs, carbon, and synthetic compounds have been similarly arranged, their chemical relationship, however, being kept in mind. Doses have been given only in apothecaries’ system: This is not intended in any way to disparage the metric system, but to the writer it seems desirable from the fact that the former is still universally used by druggists and physicians in this country. Side equivalents have been omitted to economize space and in the hope that all who may ever need a corresponding metric quantity will be sufficiently in- terested to make conversions by rule given on page 787 (842), and thereby become all the more familiar with its application and underly- ing principles. Temperature has been expressed only in degrees of the Fahrenheit scale, because the latter is of such general use throughout our country as to place no one, be he scientific or otherwise, in doubt as to the approximate conception of intensity of any degree mentioned. It is also hoped, by avoiding side equivalents in Centigrade, that the student will learn thoroughly the rules of conversion on page 791 (848) and apply them at every opportunity. Other characteristic features of the work deserving consideration are : The etymology and pronunciation of the generic, specific, and ordinal names. PREFACE. vii The English synonyms, also French and German names of each official drug, including its preparations. The recapitulation tables, consisting of a summary of the official or- ganic drugs so condensed as to be of considerable advantage in preparing for examinations. ? The treatise on the microscope, also several tables, dose lists, abbre- viations, etc. The numerous cuts used to illustrate the text. These, if properly studied, will often serve to clear any ambiguity arising in the reader’s mind. About one-half of them appear for the first time in an English work, and the remainder are mostly taken from original American and European sources. In conclusion grateful acknowledgment is made for valuable assist- ance derived from the many works of other authors—for without these nothing tolerable and up to date can be compiled—and especially to Messrs. Lea Brothers & Co., who, in their endeavor to bring the work to the highest state of perfection, have spared neither labor nor expense. Bartrmore, June, 1896. CONTENTS. Definition of Materia Medica and its subdivisions. Forms in which medicines can be used . : The avenues by and through which medicines enter fie aati ; The means by which medicines are transmitted through the system Conditions which may modify the action, hence the dose of drugs The classifications of medicines : 1. Alphabetic Sequence 2. Chemical Constituents 3. Morphologic and Anatomic 4, Therapeutic Effect 5. Natural Affinities (Botanical) . PART I. ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM THALLOPHYT(ES)-A—Algz, Fungi, Lichenes GIGARTINACE®, Red Seaweed Family—Chondrus ' Hypocrraces, Flesh-consuming Family—Ergota ParMELIAcEs, The Foliaceous-Lichens Family—Cetraria . PTERIDOPHYT(ES)-A—Filicine, Lycopodine Po.yPoprace#, Fern Family—Aspidium . ‘ Lycopopraces, Club-Moss Family—Lycopodium SPERMATOPHYT(ES )-A—Gymnosperme, Angiosperme Pinacez (Conirer), Pine Family, Conifers—Terebinthina, Terebinthina Canadensis, Pix Burgundica, Oleum Juniperi, Oleum Cadinum, Sabina. Monocotyledones. GRAMINACER, Grass Panitly— Zea, Arasdluey Sucdiaein, ciéicun Aracez, Arum Family—Calamus Mr LanrHacrz, Bunch-flower Fesily—Vevatum Viride, Wasatulin, Liniacez, Lily Family—Allium, Scilla, Aloe Socotrina, Aloe Barbadensis . ConvALLaRracns, Lily-of-the-Valley Family—Convallaria, Colchici Radix, Colchici Semen ah 0 8: pk ‘ : Smimacez, Smilax Hienity-—Sursapartitx Inmacea, Iris Family—Iris, Crocus . ZINGIBERACES, Ginger Family—Cardamomum, Zingiber ORcHIDACES, Orchid Family—Cypripedium, Vanilla Dicotyledones CHORIPETALZ : PIreRacez, Pepper Family—Cubeba, Piper Matico . - PAGE 17-18 18-23 23-25 25 25-29 29 29-31 31-32 32-41 41-50 51-583 51-61 51-54 54-59 59-61 61-66 61-64 64-66 66-583 66-78 78-133 78-89 89-91 92-96 97-107 107-112 112-116 117-121 121-129 129-133 133-583 133-429 133-140 x CONTENTS. . JUGLANDACEX, Walnut Family—Juglans . SaticacEm, Willow Family—Salicinum : BrruLace®, Birch Family—Oleum Betule Volatile : . FaGacra (CUPULIFERZ), Beech Family—Castanea, Querous Alba, Galla . Uimaces, Elm Family—Ulmus . Moracem, Mulberry Family—Ficus, Hillis, Lupulisn, Casenabie Indica . SANTALACER, Sunthilivood Family—Oleum Sonitalé ARISTOLOCHIACEE, Birthwort Family—Serpentaria PoiyGonacEem, Buckwheat Family—Rheum, Rumex . CHENOPODIACEE, Goosefoot Family—Chenopodium . ‘ PHytoLaccacE#, Pokeweed Family—Phytolacce Fructus, Phytolacce Radix MAGNOLIACER, iapgeatta Faadly iia Mynristicacez, Nutmeg Family—Mpyristica, Macis RANUNCULACE, Crowfoot Family—Hydrastis, Cimicifuga, Staphisactts, Aconitum, Pulsatilla 2 2 BERBERIDACEH, Barberry Hawtly—ealonhellun, Podopiyitian MENISPERMACEH, Moonseed Family—Menispermum, Pareira, Cian Picrotoxinum : Lavrace#, Laurel Rng —Baapaitias, Bacon Medill, Carmien Cassia, Cinnamomum Saigonicum, Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, Camphora PAPAVERACEH, Poppy Family—Opium, Sanguinaria, Chelidonium CruciFERz, Mustard Family—Sinapis Alba, Sinapis Nigra HaMAMELIDACES, Witch Hazel Family—Hamamelis, Styrax Rosacez, Rose Family—Rubus Ideus, Rubus, Rosa Centifolia, Rosa Gal- lica, Oleum Rose, Quillaja, Cusso Drupacex, Plum Family—Prunus Virginiana, Bisa, deniypants Peieeas Amygdala Dulcis . - Mimosace#, Mimosa Frntly Roni, Catestin , CSALPInaces, Senna Family—Cassia Fistula, Senna, Panavindlad, Tem. atoxylon, Copaiba . KRAMERIACEE, Krameria Huntly ranvetie PaprnionaceE®, Pea Family—Balsamum Peruvianum, Balawnnnnn Toluta- num, Tragacantha, Santalum Rubrum, Kino, Glycyrrhiza, Scoparius, Chrysarobinum, Physostigma é GERANIACER, Cranesbill or Geranium Finally — Geranium: Linacex, Flax Family—Linum. EryYTHROXYLACER, Coca Family—Coca j ZYGOPHYLLACE®, Guaiacum or Bean-caper Raniity = Ghai Dien, Guaiaci Resina . RuraceZx, Rue Bindly—Nanthoxylinn, Palpeamnue Budhiny, Asian Arion Cortex, Oleum Aurantii Florum, Aurantii Dulcis Cortex, Oleum Auran- tii Corticis, Limonis Cortex, Limonis Succus, Oleum Bergamotte. SIMARUBACE, Quassia Family—Quassia BurseRAcEx, Myrrh Family—Myrrha PotyeaLace®, Milkwort Family—Senega. EvPHorRBIACEs, Spurge Family—Elastica, Oleum Tiglii, Cascierilla, Olen Ricini, Stillingia, Kamala ANACARDIACER, Sumac(h) Fanily— Whos Glabra, Rhus ‘Neatesslentioun, Mastiche CELASTRACER, Spindle (Staff) Tree Punily-Hporgnns PAGE 140-142 142-143 144-145 145-155 156-157 157-164 164-165 165-168 168-175 175-177 177-179 179-182 182-185 185-199 199-205 206-214 214-225 225-238 238-242 242-246 247-259 260-267 267-274 274-288 288-290 290-312 312-315 316-318 318-322 322-325 325-339 339-343 343-345 345-348 348-363 364-369 369-370 CONTENTS. SAPINDACES, Soapberry (wort) Family—Guarana ; Ryamnaces, Buckthorn Family—Frangula, Rhamnus Sarbiane ViTacEex, Grape Family—Vinum Album, Vinum Rubrum. Matvaces, Mallow Family—Althea, Gossypii Radicis Cortex, Goseypum Purificatum, Oleum Gossypii Seminis . x STERCULIACES, Silk Cotton Family—Oleum Theabrampiie THEACEH (TERNSTREMIACER), Tea Family—Caffeina. GuTTIFERE, Gamboge Family—Cambogia . THYMELHACEH, Mezereon Family—Mezereum . LytHraces (Ponicaces&), Loosestrife Pearly Scene, Myrtaces, Myrtle Family—Oleum Cajuputi, Caryophyllus, Pimenta, Oleum Myrcie, Eucalyptus . UMBELLIFER &, Pareley ( Carrot)Family—Foniculnm, Antena, Caran, ait andrum, Conium, Asafcetida, Sumbul, Ammoniacum GAMOPETALE PyroLace®, Wintergreen Fanily—Chdinaphita . ; EricacE®, Heath Family—Oleum Gaultheria, Uva-Ursi . Sryracace#, Storax Family—Benzoinum . OLEACER, Olive Family—Oleum Olive, Manna . : LocaniacE&, Logania Family—Gelsemium, Spigelia, Nux Fomine, : GENTIANACER, Gentian Family—Gentiana, Chirata . Apocynacem®, Dogbane Family—Apocynum, Strophanthus, Agptdosperm. ASCLEPIADACER, Milkweed Family—Asclepias . ‘ ConvoLtvuLAcEes&, Morning-glory Family—Jalapa, Ss caatant HypRoPHYLLAces&, Waterleaf Family—Eriodictyon . Lapratm#, Labiate (Mint) Family—Scutellaria, Marrubium, Salvia, Tee deoma, Melissa, Oleum Thymi, Mentha Viridis, Mentha Piperita, Oleam Lavandule Florum, Oleum Rosmarini . SoLANACES, Nightshade (Potato) Famfly—Duleamura, Gapeientis Bella- donne Folia, Belladonaz Radix, Hyoscyamus, Stramonii Folia, Stra- monii Semen, Tabacum ScROPHULARIACEA, Figwort ail —Lagectle, Digitalis PEDALIACER, Pedalium Family—Oleum Sesami . ‘ Rupracem, Madder Family—Caffeina, Ipecacuanla, Ciichend , ; CAPRIFOLIACES, Honeysuckle Family—-Sambucus, Viburnum Opulus, Vi- burnum Prunifolium ‘ VALERIANACES, Valerian Rumnily-syalediaan : CucurBITacEs&, Gourd Family—Pepo, Colocynthis, iviertieiia, oe CAMPANULACEH, Bell-flower Family—Lobelia CicHortace#, Chicory Family—Taraxacum, Lactucarium . Compostra, Composite (Thistle) Family—Eupatorium, Grindelia, Gleam Erigerontis, Inula, Calendula, Anthemis, Matricaria, Pyrethrum, Tana- cetum, Absinthium, Santonica, Arnicz Flores, Arnice Radix, Lappa . PART II. | ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE ANIMAL KINGDOM Invertebrata . ‘ Hemiprera, Hemipterous Family—Coccus CotEorTERa, Coleopterous Family—Cantharis xi. PAGE 370-372 372-376 377-379 879-384 385-387 387-388 389-392 393-394 394-397 397-409 410-429 429-583 429-430 430-436 436-439 439-444 444-452 452-456 456-463 464-465 466-471 471-473 473-489 490-507 507-516 516-518 518-538 538-542 542-545 545-552 552-555 555-560 560-583 585-614 585-594 585-589 589-592 xii CONTENTS. Hymenoptera, Hymenopterous Family—Mel, Cera Flava Vertebrata Sturioves, Sturionian FoinitlycTchth yatolla Trnrosr(Eat)-14, Teleostean Family—Oleum Morrhue GALLIN#, Gallinaceous Family—Vitellus . CrtTacrea, Cetaceous Family—Cetaceum ‘ PacHYDERMATA, Pachyderma(1)-tous Finally —Adeps, Haneveptinitnn, Pep. sinum ‘ RUMINANTIA, Rumiiiant Hanitly—Mipaeliciss Seguin Adeps Tiaras Hiydecens, Fel Bovis, Saccharum Lactis PART III. INORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE MINERAL KINGDOM. Hyprocen AnD Oxyern—Aqua, Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxidi : Nrrrocen—Aqua Ammonie, Aqua Ammoniz Fortior, Acidum Nitricum . CarsBon—Carbo Ligni, Carbo Animalis, Carbonei Disulphidum . S1ricon—Liquor Sodii Silicatis . Boron—Acidum Boricum . : ‘ ; é SuLtPHUR—Sulphur Sublimatum, Avid Sulplinsieuts, Acidum Sulphuro- sum ‘ ‘ : ‘ Proarronns—Acidum Phesihorienn, Assim Hypophospherosun Dilu- tum é i i 4 “ é : . CHLoRINE—Aqua Chlori, Acidum Hydrochloricum Bromum—aAcidum Hydrobromicum Dilutum Iopum—Syrupus Acidi Hydriodici : PorassruM—Potassii Carbonas, P. Bivadbanss, P. Aoelias: PB. Citzas, P. Bitartras, P. Chloras, P. Hypophosphis, P. Cyanidum, P. Ferrocyani- dum, P. Bichromas, P. Sulphas, P. Bromidum, P. Iodidum, P. Nitras, P. Permanganas, P. Sulphis, P. et Sodii Tartras, P. oe Potassa, Potassa Sulphurata, etc. : Soprum—Sodii Boras, §. Nitras, S. Nitris, 8. Cilevidum, ‘s. Cartons: 8. Bicarbonas, 8. Acetas, S. Benzoas, S. Bisulphis, S. Sulphis, S.. Hyposul- phis, 8. Hypophosphis, 8. Bromidum, §. Iodidum, 8. Salicylas, 8. Ar- senas, 8. Chloras, 8. Phosphas, 8. Pyrophosphas, 8. Sulphas, S. Sul- phocarbolate, Soda, etc. Litaium—Lithii Carbonas, L. Benzoas L. Broiduen, L. Citras, L. Salioy- las, ete. Apenconnone —Atammoptt Benoa, z Bromidum, ea Valevianne ‘AL ‘Chori. dum, A. Carbonas, A. Nitras, A. Iodidum, ete. Macnestum—Magnesii Sulphas, M. Carbonas, M. Citras Bibrvescedy, Mag- nesia, Magnesia Ponderosa . Catcrum—Calci Chloridum, C. Carbonas Prscipttatua: C. Bromidum, Cc. Hypophosphis, C. Phosphas Precipitatus, C. Sulphas teen Calx, Calx Chlorata, Calx Sulphurata, Creta Preeparata. Barium—Barii Dioxidum, B. Chloridum, etc. Srrontium—Strontii Bromidum, S. Iodidum, 8. Lactas ALuMINUM—Alumini Hydras, A. Sulphas, Alumen Crrium—Cerii Oxalas. PAGE 592-594 594-614 594-596 596-598 598-599 600-601 601-604 — 604-614 615-736 615-617 617-620 620-622 622 623 623-627 627-630 630-632 632-633 633-635 635-650 650-663 663-665 665-669 669-672 672-678 679-680 . 680-682 682-684 684-685 CONTENTS. Frerrum—Reductun, Ferri Chloridum, F. Iodidum Saccharatum, F. Lactas F. Sulphas, F. Citras, F. Phosphas Solubilis, F. Pyrophosphas Sclubi- lis, F. Oxydum Hydratum, F. Oxydum Hydratum cum Magnesia, F. Valerianas, F. Carbonas Saccharatus, F. Hypophosphis, F. et Cfaiscinse Citras, F. et Ammonii Citras, F. et Potassii Tartras, F. et Ammonii Tartras, etc. . , Manecanum—Mangani ioxtiive: M. ‘Sulphas Curomium—Acidum Chromicum 5 , Zincum—Zinci Bromidum, Z. Chloridum, Z. Teta Z. Phosshitdion Z. Sulphas, Z. Valerianas, Z. Carbonas Precipitatus, Z. Oxidum, Z. Acetas, etc. ‘ * # f a # . n é ‘ CADMIUM 4 PiumBuM—Plumbi Cathouns, P. ‘Osidam, P. Oxidom Rutirom, 'P. heen P. Nitras, P. Iodidum, etc. CurrumM—Cupri Sulphas, C. Acetas, C. BaRadeias BismurHuM—Bismuthi Subnitras, B. Citras, B. Subcarbonas, B. Osi B. Salicylas, etc. j ARGENTUM—Argenti Nitras, A. ‘Cyanidins, A. Todd A. Oxitiun, she Hyprarcyrum—Hydrargyri Iodidum Flavum, H. Subsulphas Flavus, H. Chloridum Corrosivum, H. Chloridum Mite, H. Oxidum ns Sulphidum Rubrum, etc. , : ‘ ; ‘ Arsrenum—Acidum Arsenosum . ‘ . x : AwntimontumM—Antimonii Sulphidum, A. Oxidum, etc. Srsannum, AURUM, PLATINUM PART IV. | ORGANIC ‘CARBON COMPOUNDS. ‘Hyprocarpons—Benzinum, Petrolatum Liquidum, Petrolatum Molle, Petrolatum Spissum, Bitumen, Rigolene Atconors—Alcohol, Spiritus Frumenti, Spiritus Vini Gallici, Rial. Ainge licum, Glycerinum, Spiritus Glonoini . AtpEnyprs—Paraldehydum, Chloral Hydras, Cidieotiemunk Toawtordvart, Acrps—Aceticum, Aceticum Glaciale, Oleicum, Stearicum, Oxalicum, Tar- taricum, Citricum, Lacticum. Errers—Ather, ther Aceticus, dpintton Etheris Wide, poe Nitris, Prenors—Acidum Carbolicum, Creosotum, Resorcinum, Salol . 3 Naputors—Napht(h)alinum, Naphtol Anriips, Anilines—Acetanilidum PART V. NON-PHARMACOPCIAL ORGANIC CARBON COMPOUNDS Harocen Derrvatives—Pental, Methyl Chloride, Methylene Bichloride, Methylene Blue, Bromoform, Ethyl Chloride, Ethylene oe Ethylidene Chloride, Ethyl Bromide, Ethylene Bromide ‘i xili PAGE 685-702 703-704 704-705 . 705-709 710 710-714 714-716 716-718 718-721 721-729 729-731 731-735 735-736 737-768 738-740 740-745 745 -751 751-757 757-761 761-766 766-767 767-768 769-806 772-775 xiv CONTENTS. Oxycen Drerrvatives—Methyl Alcohol, Amylene Hydrate, Formaldehyde, Urotropine, Tannoform, Butyl Chloral Hydrate, Chloral Formamide, Chloralose, Acetone SULPHUR Derivartvee—Sulphonal, ‘Trional, Tetronal, Trichlor Acute Acid, Methylal Urea Derivatives—Urethane, ‘Huphoria, (ea, Spann Snerol? Thiosi- namin ; THIOPHENE Dunivantvns—Thicphene Ditodide, Sodium, Thicyphiencail- phonate . : TERPENES—Terebene, Terai Hydrate : Pxuenot DrERivatives—Bromol, Aseptol, Sozoiodol, Suiphaminel, Crecel, Benzo-para-cresol, Creolin, Lysol, Losophane, Aristol, Ichthyol, Eu- rophen, Dermatol, Airol, Bismuth ac ae Bismuth Tribrom- phenol (Xeroform), Antiseptin Di-ayproxy Purenot Derivatives—Guaiacol, “Eugenel, ‘Bugenol Kevin: mide, Thioresorcin, Hydroquinone Benzene (AmiIpo) Dertvatives—Formanilid, Auesepainy, ‘Todo-acetaniild, Exalgin, Methacetin, Phenacetin, Lactophenin, Sedatin, Benzanilid, Gallanilid, Phenocoll Hydrochloride, Salocoll, Sata aia Gallacetophenone, Agathin . CarpoxyL Drrrvatives—Saccharin, —e rer Oxysrnzorc (SaticyLic) DErIvaTives—Di-iodo-salicylic Acid, Bodiunt ae thio-salicylate, Meta-Cresalol, Betol, Salacetol, Salophen 3 PaRa-OXYBENZOIC DERIVATIVES—Anisic Acid, Orthoform, Camphoric aed Naput(H)ALENE DEeRIvatTives—Benzo-naphtol, Di-iodo-beta-naphtol, Asap- rol, Anthrarobin OrGanic Basres—Piperazine, Diaptherin, Ausligen, Oresine Hydochloride, Thalline, Thalline Sulphate, Thalline Tartrate, Antipyrine, ue Hypnal, Iodopyrine, Iodol, Eucaine, Theobromine, Diuretin PART VI. THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS USE IN MATERIA MEDICA Description of the Microscope Requisites of a Good Microscope . Directions for Using the Microscope ‘Accessory Apparatus and Reagents Some Advanced Microscopic Methods and Appliances. The Microscope in the Drug-store - APPENDIX. Poisons—Treatment and Antidotes Prescription Writing of the Physician . Tables of Weights, Measures, Doses, Drops, Thermometers, Abbreviations, Constituents . , , 5 Index . PAGE 776-779 779-781 781-782 783 783 783-788 788-791 791-797 797 797-799 799-800 799-801 801-806 807-825 807-812 812-814 814-815 815-818 819-821 821-825 827-838 838-841 841-853 855-885 CONTENTS. XV ABBREVIATIONS USED THROUGHOUT THIS WORK. The degree sign (°) associated with numerals indicates feet, except when accom- panied with the capital letters C. and F., then it represents degrees (temperature) ; the prime sign (’) attached to figures is used for inches, but when over italic vowels denotes the accented syllable. é Ar., Arabic. Dim., dim., Diminutive. ML, Milliliter. Br., British. Contr., contr., Contraction. M., Meter. Eng., English. Prep(s)., Preparation(s). | _Mm., Millimeter. Fr., French. P. p., pp., Past participle. Cm., Centimeter. Ger., German. Unoff., Unofficial. Gm., Gramme. Gr., Greek. Syn., Synonym. Kg., Kilogramme. Heb., Hebrew. Fy., fr., From. Km., Kilometer. Hind., Hindoo. Tr., Tinct., Tincture. Mm, min., Minim. OE., Old English. Dil., dil., Dilute(d). Gr., gr., Grain. Per., Pers., Persian. Alc., alc., Alcohol. tb, Pound. Portg., Pg., Portuguese. U.S. P., United States Phar- 3, Drachm (solid or fluid). Skr., Skt., Sanskrit. © macopeeia. 3, Ounce (solid or fluid). Sp., Spanish. Q. §., q. s., Sufficient quan- 9, Scruple. C., Centigrade. tity. ss, Half. F., Fahrenheit. P.c., p.¢., Per cent(um). -+ (plus), — (minus). Mt., Mount, mountain. Cc., Cubic centimeter. = (equals), (J (square). Adj., adj., Adjective. L., Liter. THE GREEK ALPHABET. Aa a. ... Alpha. NooW OD sessesnees Nu. BB b.. Béta Sg Re Cee w Xd. TY — eseveeeeee Gamma. 0 oo short...Omicron. A 8 a. saeasasess Delta. TL SP csasdesaavs Pi. E «_ e short...Epsilon. Pp: of seesssecee Rho. Zi CB atentevers Zeta. ZO SG seeceeaeee Sigma H 7 e long.....Eta. DOSE) EE paeee decent Tau. 8 OF th oe Théta NE it > ODE Seanesaies Upsilon. Tok OY. seearessen Tota. ® @ ph.......Phi Kk KK cecesnaeeee Kappa. KW eevee Chi. MOA TD sees Lambda. VP PS ceseeeee Psi. M pM oss Mu. Q w o long....Oméga. MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. DIsEAsE seems to have been man’s natural inheritance, while curative methods and remedies are largely his adaptation and creation. From early biblical times the ills “that flesh is heir to” were recognized as a deadly menace to the human family, and whether the vain appeal was made, then or since, to either (for each in turn enjoyed a period of favor) fetishism, sorcery, religious incantations, faith, Christian science, astrology, magic-art, enchantment, witchcraft, spells, charms, hydrop- athy, venesection, or drugs, the same inherent hope and purpose has ever prevailed—to relieve and palliate physical suffering. Modern thought, happily, is no longer so speculative and superstitious, conse- quently universal intelligence has allowed medical appliances and treatment to be shaped into a systematic and veritable science. Marerra Mepica (L. medical material) is a treatise upon the mate- rials, agents, appliances, etc., used in medicine, including their name, source or origin, habitat, family or natural order (organic), physical characteristics, methods by which obtained, tests for purity and adulter- ations, constituents or composition, forms of administration (prepara- tions), physiological action or properties, uses or therapeutics (therapy), normal and lethal doses, antagonists, incompatibilities, synergists (or- ganic and inorganic), and other important features. PHARMACOLOGY (Gr. gdopaxov, a medicine, + Adyos, discourse) is a similar but more modern term, implying the sum of scientific knowledge of drugs, which is taken to include their art of preparation—pharmacy —and all that is known of their action—pharmacodynamics—heing at present usually restricted to this latter meaning. The subject in its entirety is so broad and comprehensive that subdi- visions have been made, and to some of these distinctive names are given. 1. Pharmacy (Gr. gappaxsia, the use of drugs): comprising the art of preparing drugs in suitable forms for dispensation, administration, or application, and includes an acquaintance with much of materia medica, practical and theoretical chemistry, and many manipulations peculiar to itself. 2. Pharmacognosy (Gr. gdopaxov, a drug, + yr@acc, knowledge) : comprising the study of physical and chemical characters of drugs— the knowledge of selecting, recognizing, identifying true and false specimens by such characteristics. , 3. Pharmacodynamics (Gr. gdppaxov, a drug, + Ovvapec, power) : comprising the knowledge of physiological action—power or strength of remedial agents on living organisms of man or lower animals dur- ing health. 2 17 18 MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. 4. Toxicology (Gr. tozév, poison, + Adyos, discourse) : comprising the effect, nature, and detection of drugs when given in poisonous * doses—the treatment and antidotes for same. ; 5. Therapeutics (Gr. Oevarede, to cure): comprising the intelligent application or use. of agents to cure disease—how they act on living organisms during sickness ; (a) rational, when based upon known laws of the remedies and diseases, as gained through pathology, physiology, and pharmacodynamics, thereby giving the only scientific treatment ; (6) empirical, when based solely upon clinical observation and ex- perience—the employment of a remedy in any pronounced disease, from its valuable service in previous similar cases ; (c) general, where other than drugs or medicines are used for curative purposes: 1. Hy- gienic agents—cleanliness, pure air, ventilation, proper food and cloth- ing, rest, etc.; 2. Mechanical agents (semi-surgical)—bleeding, leeches, cups, scarifications, issues, setons, frictions, massage, aspiration, acupuncture, sprays, syringes, catheters, bed-pans, urinals, hot-water bags, trusses, pessaries, suspensaries, bandages, rubber stockings, jack- ets, thermometers, etc.; 8. Physical agents—Heat: solar, artificial (dry or moist vapor), baths—tepid, 29-35° C. (85-95° F.), warm, 35— 38° C. (95-100° F.), hot, 38—41° C. (100-106° F.), Turkish, 35-71° C. (95-160° F.), hip or sitz, hot wet-pack ; Cold: plunge or shower bath, 4—-15°C. (40-60° F-.), cold wet-pack, rubbing wet-pack, 4—21° C. (40-70° F-.), sponging, :ice-bag, compresses, douches; Light is tonic, darkness is sedative; Air: pure, impure, compressed, hot, 93— 149-204° C. (100-300-400° F.); Electricity : continuous (galvanic) and induced (faradic) currents, static (frictional) by electric bath, spark, Leyden-jar shock, brush. Upon the general subject of materia medica, and each of these sub- divisions, there are very many published works, but only pharmacy has what might be termed a standard code for reference. The Pharmacopeia, U. 8. P. (Gr. gdopaxorv, a drug, + xorkev, to ' make), is such a standard for us, and other countries each have, in a measure, their own. In this are enumerated the most important and reliable drugs with their preparations, which list'is, however, more or less changed in conformity with scientific progress, at each decennial edition. The Dispensatories, several in number, are reference-works—in fact, materia medicas of the most liberal form, treating not only of the five departments as previously defined, but exhaustively of all other phases of the various sciences bearing upon each drug, official or non- official. Owing to their scope and reliability, they are regarded by our profession with scarcely less favor and authority than the Pharmacopeia. Forms IN wHIcH Mepicrnes CaN BE USED. In early times the crude drugs were usually administered, but some being insoluble, nauseous, irritating, bulky, and ill-suited for either internal or external application led other forms to be adopted, such as MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. 19 decoctions, infusions, juices, powders, pills, ointments, etc. At the present day elegant pharmacy has placed us in possession of additional and still more acceptable forms and shapes, the most important being here enumerated. I. Orrtcta (liquids, semi-solids, and solids). — 1. Acetum, Aceta (vinegars).—10 p. c. Macerate with diluted acetic acid, filter. Opii, Scille. 2. Aqua, Aquee (waters).—Distilled water impregnated with a vola- tile substance, by (a) trituration, Anisi, Menthe Viridis : (6) solution Amygdale Amare, Rose : (c) aération, Ammoniz, Chlori : (d) distilla- tion, Aurantii Florum Fortior, Rose Fortior. 3. Ceratum, Cerata (cerates, L. cera, wax).—Unctuous like ointments but made firmer by the addition of wax; soften but do not melt at body- temperature ; only liquify above 40° C. (104° F.): Camphore, Plumbi Subacetatis. ‘ (4. Charta, Chartee (papers).— Papers coated—Sinapis, or saturated with—Potassii Nitratis, some medicinal substance to be used as a plas- ter or for burning. 5. Collodium, Collodia (collodions).—Coilodion impregnated with medicinal substances for protection and medical effect: Cantharidatum Stypticum. ; 6. Confectio, Confectiones (confections, boluses, L. conficere, to put together).—Pasty masses of drugs triturated with sugar or honey : Rose, Senne. > 7. Decoctum, Decocta (decoctions, L. decoquere, to boil down).—5 p. ce. aqueous solutions of vegetable drugs made by boiling the substance about 15 minutes in a closely covered vessel, and allowing to cool therein, then straining: Cetrarie, Sarsaparille Compositum. 8. Hlixir, Elizira (elixirs, Ar. el-ik’sir, the philosopher’s stone).— Sweet, aromatic, hydro-alcoholi¢, medicated liquids : alcoholic strength 20-25 p. c.: Aromaticum (for flavoring), Phosphori. 9. Emplastrum, Emplastra (plasters, Gr. suzsdooe, to daub on).— Substances fused in such proportions as to adhere at body-temperature. Some are spread, others are not. Ammoniaci cum Hydrargyro, Saponis. 10. Emulsum, Emulsa (emulsions, L. emulgere, to milk out).— Aqueous, milky-like mixtures of oils, fats, or resins in a minutely sub- divided state, suspended by mucilaginous materials; coagulated by acids, metallic salts, or spirituous liquids in large quantities : Ammo- niaci, Chloroformi. 11. Extractum, Extracta (extracts, L. ex, out, + trahere, to draw). —Solid or semi-solid, made by evaporating medicinal solutions, or ex- pressed juices of organic drugs, until representing 4 or 5 times the strength of the crude substance ; these may be aqueous, alcoholic, -hydro-aleoholic, acetous : Aconiti, Uve Ursi. : 12. Evtractum Fluidum, Extracta Fluida (fluid extracts).—Solu- tions of organic drugs evaporated until 1 Cc. represents the activity of 1 Gm. of crude drug: Aconiti, Zingiberis. 20 MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. 13. Glyceritum, Glycerita (glycerites, Gr. yjuxvs, sweet).—Solutions _ of a drug in glycerin for external use: Acidi Carbolici, Vitelli. 14. Infusum, Infusa (infusions, L. infundere, a watering).—5 p. ¢. aqueous solutions of vegetable drugs, made by adding to the substance usually boiling water in a closely covered vessel and allowing to cool therein, then straining ; some are made by cold percolation : Cinchone, Senne Compositum. 15. Linimentwm, Linimenta (liniments, L. linere, to smear).—Medici- nal liquids, usually containing a fixed or volatile oil, for external use by rubbing or by simple application: Ammoniz, Terebinthine. 16. Liquor, Liquores (liquors, L. liquor, liquere, fluid, liquid).— Mostly aqueous solutions of non-volatile chemical substances: Acidi Arsenosi, Zinci Chloridi. 17. Massa, Masse (masses, Gr. doce, to knead).—Pill-masses ‘preserved in bulk to be used from when required: Copaibe, Hy- drargyri. 18. Mel, Mella, Mellita (honeys, Gr. »é, honey).—Medicines mixed with clarified honey instead of syrup: Despumatum, Roszee. 19. Mistura, Misture (mixtures, L. miscere, to mix).—Liquids of insoluble medicines suspended in water by some viscid substance, or solutions of one or more active liquids: Crete, Rhei et Soda. 20. Mucilago, Mucilagines (mucilages, L. mucere, to be mouldy, slimy).—Saturated aqueous adhesive liquids of gum or starch ; Acaciz, Ulmi. 21. Oveatum, Oleata (oleates, L. olea, Gr. ¢Aaca, olive tree, oil).— Solutions of medicines (alkaloids or metallic salts) in oleic acid: Hy- drargyri, Zinci. 22. Oleum, Olea (oils, L. olewm, Gr. édaew, oil).—Liquid active con- stituents obtained by (a) distillation: Akthereum, Thymi ; (6) expression : Adipis, Tiglii; (c) solution: Phosphotatum, 23. Oleoresina, Oleoresine (oleoresins, L. olewm, oil, + resina, resin). —Natural solutions of resin in volatile oils, extracted by ether : Aspidii, Zingiberis. 24. Pilula, Pilule (pills, L. pilula, a little ball, dim. of pila, a ball. Eng. abbr., pil, pl.*pill).—Spherical or oval masses of medicine held together by some adhesive substance: Aloes, Rhei Composite. 25. Pulvis, Pulveres (powders, L. pulverare, to powder).—Finely powdered drug or drugs, with or without a diluent, as milk-sugar : Antimonialis, Rhei Compositus. 26. Spiritus, Spiritus (spirit, spirits, L. spirare, to breathe, exhale). —Aleoholic or hydro-alcoholic solutions of volatile medicinal sub- stances (chiefly volatile oils): AXtheris, Vini Gallici. 27. Suppositorium, Suppositoria (suppositories, L. supponere, to place underneath).—Solids of suitable form containing medicines, which when inserted into the rectum, nares, urethra, or vagina melt down : Glycerini. _ 28. Syrupus, Syrupi (syrups, Ar. shwrab,a drink, beverage).—Con- centrated solutions of sugar, the menstruum being an aqueous solu- MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. 21 tion of either medicinal or flavoring agents (simple syrup menstr. plain water): Acaciz, Zingiberis. 29. Tinctura, Tincture (tinctures, L. tingere, to dye).—Aleoholic or hydro-alcoholic solutions of non-volatile (except iodine) drug-con- stituents: Aconiti, Zingiberis. 30. Trituratio, Triturationes (triturations, L. triturare, triturated). —Fine powders of medicinal substances 10 p. ce. triturated with sugar of milk 90 p.c.: Elaterini. 31. Trochiscus, Trochisci (troches, Gr. tpoxiaxoc, a pill, troche).— Solid, round, oval, or flat masses of one or more medicinal agents, with sugar or extract of liquorice, or both, caused to adhere by mucilage : Acidi Tannici, Zingiberis. 32. Unguentum, Unguenta (ointments, L. wnguere, to smear, anoint). —Soft or solid fatty preparations, for external use, liquefying when rubbed upon the skin, and containing medicine in a basis of lard, ben- zoinated lard, olive, almond, or lard oil, suet, wax, spermaceti, or paraffin: Acidi Carbolici, Zinci Oxidi. 33. Vinum, Vina (wines, L. vinum, wine).—Liquids differing from tinctures in being extracted with white wine, or a mixture of white wine and alcohol (20-25 p. c.) : Antimonii, Opii. II. Non-orFIcia. ; 1. Abstracts, Abstracta.—Powders having twice the strength of the vegetable substance, made by exhausting crude drugs, as a rule, with alcohol, recovering same, and incorporating residue with milk-sugar. 2. Bougies, Pencils—Small solid cylinders of gelatin, glyco-gelatin mass (white gelatin 3, glycerin 1), or cacao-butter, impregnated with medicine, to be inserted into urethra, vagina, rectum, or nares. 3. Cachets (de pain), Konseals, Wafers.—Various sized concave wafers made of unleavened-bread (flour and water), or wafer paper, the cavity formed by moistening the concave edges of two and pressing together is to contain the drug; when fastened take by floating them in a gulp of water. 4. Capsules, Capsule.—Various sized, transparent casings (short tubes, usually with one open end fitting over that of another), of gela- tin, hard or soft, for administering nauseous or disagreeable liquids or solids. 5. Cataplasms, Cataplasmata, Poultices.—Soft, pasty masses to sup- ply moisture and warmth locally in order to break down inflamed sub- tissues; flaxseed meal, slippery elm, hops, bread and milk, bran, oatmeal, etc., answer well for these, to which either tincture of opium, aconite, arnica, etc., may be added to reduce pain. Poultices should be made by bringing moistened mass to a boil, enclosing same in a cheese-cloth bag, and applying one-half to one inch thick over inflamed area; the addition of a little fixed oil or glycerin serves to retain heat and prevent caking, while a covering of oiled silk retains these prop- erties all the longer. , aes 6. Collyrium, Collyria, Eye-washes.—Liquid applications for the eyes, usually composed of some astringent salt dissolved in rose water. 22 MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. 7. Cigarettes—Have paper wrapper but filler of one or more medi- cinal substances, cubeb, stramonium, etc. 8. Enemas, Enemata, Clysters.—Liquids to be injected into the rec- tum. When large quantity (xvj-32; .5-1 L.), it is to act mechan- ically in emptying the bowel, and warm soapy or mucilaginous water answers the purpose ; when small quantity (5ij-4; 60-120 Cc.), it is to act as a medicine or nutrient, and after injection a towel pressed against the anus tends to aid retention, therefore absorption. 9. Essences, Essentice.—Liquids like our spirits (a name which they yet sometimes receive), 10 p. c., but in England 20 p. c. 10. Fomentations, Fomenta.—Flannels wrung out of hot water and applied with or without medication. 11. Gargles, Gargarismata.—Aqueous medicinal liquids for garg- ling the throat. 12. Injections, Injectiones—Usually aqueous solutions of drugs to be injected by a syringe into the rectum (enemas), under the skin (hypo- dermic), or into the urethral, nasal, aural, or vaginal tract. 13. Inhalations, Inhalationes, Vapors, Vapores.—Volatile liquid ‘vapors breathed at ordinary inhalation, to act locally upon the respi- ratory mucous membrane. 14. Insufflations, Insufflationes—Fine powders of active. medicine and mostly bland bases, to be blown into nares, larynx, throat, etc. 15. Lotions, Lotiones.—Mostly weak, aqueous medicinal solutions, to be applied locally on linen, lint, or muslin. 16. Lozenges, Tablets, Tabelle.—Same as troches, being small flat- tened cakes of medicinal substances, with sugar, an adherent and usually some flavoring material; in England restricted to those hav- ing as a basis chocolate, and of definite weight. 17. Oxymella, Oxymellita.—Liquid composed of honey 80 parts, acetic acid 10, water 10; used to incorporate nauseous medicines. 18. Paste——Name often applied to any and all ointments. 19. Parvules, Granules, Dosi-metric Parvules.—Very small pills, usually sugar-coated and containing poisonous alkaloids or chemicals. 20. Pastilles, Pastillus, Pastilli.imSame as troches; in England, re- stricted to those having glyco-gelatin as a base. 21. Scales, Lametle.—Thin scales, disks, or plates of medicinal sub- stances ; in England restricted to gelatin, and glycerin, to be dropped into the eye, each weighing gr. =1, (.0013 Gm.). 22. Sprays, Nebule.—Usually aqueous medicinal solutions, to be _ used in atomizers, for throat, etc. 23. Succus, Succi, Juices—Vegetable liquids expressed and pre- served with alcohol. , 24, Tablet Triturates, Compressed Tablets—The former consist of the drug along with milk-sugar or cane-sugar, made into a pasty mass with either alcohol, water or syrup in some proportion, then pressed lightly into suitable moulds and dried ; the latter consist of the pure or diluted drug, made to cohere by heavy compression in strong metal- lic molds. Dragée (dra-zha), is the name given in France to the MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. 23 ordinary sugar-coated pill. Enteric Pills (Gr. évrepov, intestine), such as are coated with a substance, as salol, keratin, etc., to allow passage through the stomach intact, thereby not becoming dissolved until the duodenum or intestinal tract is reached. ‘Concentric Pills are made of concentric layers of different ingredients to become dis- solved and active at various points of the intestinal tract. THe AVENUES By anp THRouGH wHIcH MepIcINES ENTER THE SYSTEM. 1. By Stomach: Gastro-intestinal Route.—This is the most common and convenient method. After medicines are swallowed they enter circulation through the walls of the blood-vessels (which permeate the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines), portal veins, and lacteals; so that when the intestinal contents reach the ileo-cecal valve it consists of excrementitious matter and food refuse. If the stomach be healthy and empty, crystalloids in solution quickly pass through the vessel-walls, but colloids (albumin, fats, gelatin, gums, etc.) have to be digested and emulsified before they can be absorbed. In the stomach the albuminous drugs (proteids) are transformed, by pepsin and gastric juice, into soluble peptones, and there as such these, along with soluble crystalline salts, readily diffuse into the blood, often giving positive effect within an hour ; the sugar, starchy, fatty, gummy, gelatinous, resinous, gumresinous and oleoresinous drugs, without suf- fering much change from the stomach secretions, pass into the duodenum where the bile, intestinal and pancreatic juices, within three to four hours, convert the starches into sugar (which in part may finally go into lactic acid and fat), emulsionize and saponify the fats, oils, etc., ‘separating them into glycerin and fat acids, which latter, meeting al- kaline bases, form diffusible soaps; the resins, alone and in combina- tion, within four to ten hours, become broken up by these same alka- line juices (associated alkaline salts often facilitating), and are either converted into a soluble form for systemic ingestion, or are simply eliminated from the liver [whose secretion (bile) they have stimulated], thereby being allowed to pass into the larger intestine to stimulate in- testinal gland secretion, or to act somewhere along the tract as a local irritant or stimulant, thereby aiding peristalsis. All drugs taken from the intestinal canal have to pass through the liver before reaching gen- eral circulation, and in this passage they may become medicinally very much changed, modified, or even destroyed—again some drugs may be excreted into the intestine along with the bile, and never reach fur- ther circulation, hence, these disadvantages, along with that of re- quired palatable form, preclude sometimes its adoption. 2. By Skin: — 5 Ea Z 1. Hypodermic.—This consists in injecting medicinal solutions M 5-15; .3-1 Ce.) intosubcutaneous areolar tissue with a syringe tnecrlle) which is always more or less painful. Quick absorp- tion takes place by the lymphatics and capillary vessels, giving 24 MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. us the advantage of full action of the quantity of drug used, without any possible changes from the intestinal secretions or processes ; must here employ only clear, neutral (never acid), aqueous solutions of drugs, as otherwise intractable sores, sloughing, etc., might result around the punctures; must also avoid veins, injecting only on the external parts of the legs, thighs, arms, also abdomen, back and buttocks (4 Cm.; 1}’ behind the great trochanter). In the process of hypodermoely- sis a sterilized trocar is employed, and several pints of saline solution (;'5 p.c.) injected, to antagonize, wash out and dilute any septic poison (uremia, septicemia), cholera-collapse, dia- betic coma, shock, etc.; here insert trocar in subcutaneous tissue of abdomen or thigh. 2. Epidermic.—Here medicines are incorporated in lanolin or other fats, and rubbed with friction directly upon the skin, thus promoting their passage through and between epidermal cells; best to apply where skin is thinnest (axille, groins, abdomen, insides of thighs) in the form of ointments, oleates or oils. This method is also called inunction. 3. Enepidermic.mHere medicines are applied to the skin without friction ; chloroformic and oleic acid solutions of the alkaloids (aconitine, atropine, morphine, strychnine) pass by osmosis most easily ; solutions in a mixture of chloroform and alcohol nearly as fast ; aqueous solutions slower, while pure alcohol causes an outward osmotic flow. In this way medicinal effect is secured through plasters and poultices. 4. Endermic.—Here we first produce a blister on the skin, by the use of strong ammonia water (saturated cloths), or cantha- rides (cerate, collodion), remove with scissors the epidermis, and then upon the denuded surface (derma) apply the powdered medicine—morphine, atropine, quinine, strychnine, etc. ; at present little employed. 3. By Rectum.—This is accomplished by enemas or suppositories, being best suited to disagreeable tasted alkaloids, acid solutions, ete. While absorption is usually twice as slow by this method as by the stomach, yet salts of atropine and morphine in solution enter circula- tion just as quickly, while those of strychnine more quickly than even by the mouth. 4, By Lungs: Respiration.— Vapors of liquids or solids are inhaled with the air, thereby bringing the system quickly under the drug’s in- fluence. Some vaporize at all ordinary temperatures, others at that of the body, while many have to be heated. Most anesthetics act by this method. 5. By Arteries: Arterial Transfusion.—Large quantities of fluid (defibrinated blood, etc.) can be introduced into circulation, through the radial or posterior tibial, by the transfusion syringe. This is safer than by the veins, from the less likelihood of admitting air or pro- ducing thrombosis, in as much as the injected solution has to traverse MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. 25 the capillaries prior to reaching the right side of the heart, thereby avoiding any likely sudden distention. 6. By Veins: Intravenous Injection.—This is the most perilous of all methods, only being resorted to in extreme emergencies to save life; thus blood or milk in hemorrhage, epilepsy, uremia, cholera- collapse ; saline solutions in cholera-collapse, diabetic coma ; diluted ammonia water, ether, brandy or whiskey in bites of reptiles, venomous insects, hydrocyanic-acid poisoning, opium-narcosis, chloroform-as- phyxia. It is better here to inject into a vein of the leg than of the arm, so that the drug may be less concentrated when it reaches the heart, thereby avoiding possibly any cardiac depression. 7. By External Application—Many powdered medicines when dusted on abraded surfaces, or applied by insufflation to the nares, fauces, larynx, become gradually absorbed and affect the system locally and generally ; this equally applies to drops and washes when introduced into the eyes and ears, also to atomized vapors, sprays, etc. The method known as cataphoresis consists of producing osmosis of medicines by the galvanic current, the positive pole being medicated and placed over the affected part, the negative slightly remote, and only affects tissues between the poles. THE MEANS BY WHICH MEDICINES ARE TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE SYSTEM. It was for a long time believed that drugs radiated from the seat of application throughout the system, by the nerves ; this is now known to be false, and, instead, we recognize the blood to be the common carrier; thus the blood has to take up the drug in solution before there will be other than a local effect, and when once dissolved in it the periodic rounds of circulation are regularly made with this im- pregnation, so that the system, as a whole, responds to the medicine’s influence. As proof of this, we find that blood taken from any por- tion of the body, near or far from the point of application, contains the drug ; also the blood of persons poisoned when injected into others produces similar poisonous symptoms ; if you interrupt the blood-cir- culation to any part, no poison will be transmitted to that part; as other secretions are nourished by the blood you would expect them also to have similar medical properties and such is the case—milk, sweat, urine, etc.; if we inject medicines directly into the blood (a dangerous process), we soon have characteristic action. The blood is enabled to absorb these through the intervention of the veins, lymphat- ics, and lacteals ; while it eliminates them, even often to the extent of irritation, through the excretory organs, kidneys, bowels, skin, etc. ConxpITIons wHich MAY Mopiry THE ACTION—HENCE THE DosE oF Drugs. The identical drug does not produce like results in every person, nor do different specimens of the same drug cause the precise effects 26 MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. upon the one individual, though taken in exact quantities ; the causes of this are several : 1. Age.—While the adult dose is about uniform (being based upon the average weight of 150 lbs.; 68 Kg.), and holds good between the ages of twenty to sixty, yet that from infancy to majority is variable and has to be computed by the following rules: Dr. Cowling’s applies to any age up to and including the twenty-fourth year, and is thus: The age at the next birthday is divided by 24, and that fraction of the adult dose gives the quantity sought. Child one year at coming birthday = sj; of adult dose; gentian, gr. 30, hence sy of 30 = gr. 13. Dr. Young’s applies to any age up to twelve years, and is thus: The age at the coming birthday divided by that age plus 12. Child two years at next birthday = =", = 7; = + of adult dose ; cinchona, gr. 40, hence + of 40 = gr. 58. Dr. Brunton’s applies to metric doses, and is thus: Multiply the adult quantity by the approaching birthday, and that again by 4, then remove the decimal point two places to the left. Adult dose of catechu is 1 Gm., and for a child five years old at its next birthday = *~*** = .2 Gm. Very old persons are extremely susceptible to strong or even ordi- nary medication, all doses having usually to be diminished. Children are very acute to opium and many anodynes, yet tolerate larger pur- gatives (including castor oil, calomel, rhubarb, cod-liver oil, iron, bella- donna, ipecac, pilocarpine, squill, arsenic, chloral) than the rules would indicate. 2. Mode of Administration.—This has much to do with the rate of absorption, hence controls the dose. Thus the dose hypodermically is one-half that by the mouth or one-fourth that by the rectum, and this difference depends upon the rapidity of absorption—the hypodermic being the quickest, the rectum the slowest. On a full stomach medi- cines enter circulation much slower than on an empty one. 3. Form of the Drug.—This controls largely the rate of absorption, hence, the dosage. Before any substance enters circulation it must be in solution, and the nearer medicines approach the liquid form the quicker will they have effect and the smaller will be the doses required, consequently, it takes less in tincture than in powder or pill form. 4, Condition of the Drug.—The same species do not always produce drugs of uniform strength ; thus cinchona, opium, nux vomica, rhubarb, senna, ete., are by no means regular, as the total alkaloids of cinchona may range from 2-10 p. c.; opium, 4-24 p. c., etc., therefore, to have like results varying quantities must be given. This strength-difference is due largely to soil, climate, cultivation, season of year when collected, curing, duration on the market, possible adulterations, etc. 5. Conditions of the Individual_—These are not always the same ; sex, race, temperament, idiosyncrasy, climate, occupation, imagination, mental emotion, disease, and habitual-use all affect the dosage required in individual cases. Thus, females demand less than males; strong, burly races more than weaker ones; sanguine temperaments cannot tolerate stimulants; nervous temperaments must use purgatives cau- MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. 27 tiously ; bilious temperaments need mercurials, while to lymphatic tem- peraments these are injurious. Idiosyncrasies vary in people—some vomit at the odor of ipecac or purge by smelling croton oil ; others are little or greatly affected by opium, mercury, arsenic, belladonna, cocaine, iodides, ete. Warm climates demand smaller doses of purgatives and larger doses of antiperiodics. Occupation controls largely doses, as those exposed and under hard labor require unlike quantities to those in light pursuits, sedentary habits, indoor surroundings, etc. Imagi- nation has its effect, as in a degree one’s frame of mind can will or not will results. Mental emotions require, as a rule, larger doses than the normal. Habitual-use lessens medicinal power, the dose having to be gradually increased, as in cathartics, opium, arsenic, etc. Disease modifies dose, as in tetanus, peritonitis, cancer, cholera, etc., excessive quantities of morphine are required and well tolerated ; in typhoid fever abnormal amount of stimulants can be used, as alcohol, brandy, etc.; in pneumonia excessive doses of tartar emetic can be given without nausea, while during menstruation, lactation, pregnancy, etc., smaller doses must be administered. ; 6. Incidental Conditions.—Besides the preceding, we have some other factors influencing the variability of doses : State of the stomach, empty, full, active, sluggish, etc., under certain troubles it will not assimilate medicines at all, when administration must be by other channels. Cumulative action of some drugs requires cautious doses; this may arise from slower elimination than absorption—mercury, lead ; or the elimination may be suddenly arrested by the drug causing contraction of renal vessels, when the system has become saturated—digitalis, strychnine ; or again, the intestinal contents may be quickly changed, so that from a slow we get rapid absorption ; rate of excretion modifies doses—when rapid, small and oft-repeated quantities are more advan- tageous than larger ones, and as an outgrowth of this we have now the praiseworthy tendency of diminished dosage, as with calomel, etc. 7. Incompatibility.—This often changes the drug’s action, producing harmless or harmful compounds, and may be of three kinds. 1. Chemical.—This results from double decompositions, new com- pounds being formed, and with the prescriber may be intentional or unintentional ; from the former have liquor calcis with mercuric or mercurous chloride ; zinc sulphate in solution with lead acetate ; hydro- chloric acid directly to potassium chlorate, ete.; in all these the new- formed product is the one desired medicinally ; from the latter (unin- tentional) we may have glucosides (tannin, etc.) ordered with free acids, or emulsions ; alkaloids with alkalies, alkaline salts, iodides or bro- mides ; tannic and gallic acids with iron salts, alkaloids, tartar emetic, albumin, metallic oxides, gelatin ; vinegars, acetic syrups, and diluted acid solutions with soluble carbonates ; quinine sulphate with potas- sium acetate ; corrosive mercuric chloride with alkalies, alkali carbo- nates, iodides, bromides, alkaloids, sulphides, reduced iron, silver nitrate, albumin, gelatin, tannin, etc. Any of the following with other: sub- stances must also be carefully watched, as they easily cause precipita- 28 MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. tion and changes: Chlorine solutions, corrosive mercuric chloride, iodine, iodides, lead salts, iron solutions, potassium acetate, bromide, permanganate, liquor potassx, tannic and gallic acids, dilute hydro- cyanic acid, mineral acids, quinine sulphate, silver and zinc salts, tinc- ture of guaiac, chlorates, iodates, picrates, nitrates, dichromates. The accompanying table is from Potter’s Materia Medica and serves an admirable purpose in this connection ; P. stands for precipitate. Alka- Hi | Solutions [Solutions loidal ee Solutions| Solutions |of magne-} of albu- solutions ener- | Of lead jofcalcium} ginm min or - (gener- | ‘aily), | °F silver. | salts. salts, gelatin. ally). Alkalies P P P P P Tannic acid.. aioe P P P 3 ma P Carbonic acid arbo P P P P P Sulphuric acid and sulphates. . € P P Phosphoric acid and phosphates...... P P P P P Boric acid and borates.. |. .......+.. P P P Hydrochloric acid and chlorides ..... te 6 P Hydrobromic acid and bromides .... x ea P Hydriodic acid and iodides .......... P ae P Sulphides .65. sescceces es ae P P Arsenical preparations . . P P AlPUM IN 53. sce ostecieomsten P P Explosions have resulted by mixing fid. ext. uva ursi with spirit of nitrous ether ; chromic or nitric acid with glycerin ; potassium perman- ganate with glycerin; silver nitrate with creosote; silver oxide with ext. gentian in pill; potassium chlorate with glycerin and tinct. ferri chloridi; calcium chloride triturated with sulphur; oxidizing agents with sulphur, charcoal, iodine, carbolic acid, glycerin, turpentine, etc. ; iodine with ammonia; potassium chlorate with catechu. Poisonous compounds result from mixing potassium chlorate with its iodide, forming in the system potassium iodate ; potassium chlorate with syrup of iodide of iron, liberating in the system free iodine; dil. hydrocy- anic acid or potassium cyanide with calomel, forming corrosive mer- curic chloride, or mercuric bicyanide. . 2. Pharmaceutical._—This results when substances are mixed and do not produce clear solutions owing to their different solubility in menstruums—insoluble powders or oil will not mix with water, nor will water with solutions of resins without precipitation—acid quinine so- lutions with liquorice solutions precipitate glycyrrhizin—alcoholic solu- tions with aqueous solution of chloral hydrate separate the latter on top. In all such cases it is better pharmacy to suspend the separated ingredients by the addition of a mucilage or some emulsifying agent. Under this head it is well to remember the following classes : 1. Alcoholic or resinous tinctures and fluid extracts, essential and fixed oils, copaiba each precipitate with aqueous preparations. 2. Compound infusion of cinchona with compound infusion of gentian, and this latter with infusion of wild cherry. 3. Spirit nitrous ether with strong mucilages, or tincture of guaiac. 4, Alcoholic liquids, tinctures and fluid extracts with those made with diluted alcohol ; also with solution of acacia. MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. 29 5. Infusions in general with metallic salts. 6. Antipyrine with alkaloids, tincture of iodine, corrosive mer- curic chloride, Lugol’s solution, spirit of nitrous ether, ferric salts, carbolic, hydrocyanic, tannic and nitric acids, permanga- _ nates, salicylates, chloral hydrate. 7. Pepsin with alkalies, alcoholic liquids, mineral salts, tannates, heat (100° C. ; 212° F.). : 8. Salicylic acid with iron compounds, alkali iodides, spirit of nitrous ether. * oo =, oe. 3. Therapeutical.—This results where two drugs of opposite medic- inal properties are given together—the one neutralizing somewhat the other ; astringents with purgatives; aconite or veratrum viride with digitalis ; atropine, belladonna, hyoscyamus or stramonium with caustic alkalies, pilocarpine, physostigmine (eserine) or morphine ; acids with alkalies ; arsenic with hydrated ferric oxide; carbolic acid or lead salts with magnesium or sodium sulphate ; cannabis indica with strych- nine, picrotoxin or acids; cocaine or gelsemium with morphine ; co- nium with strychnine, picrotoxin or stimulants; corrosive mercuric chloride with tannin or vegetable astringents ; homatropine with phy- sostigmine (eserine) ; opium and its alkaloids with potassium perman- ganate, belladonna, hyoscyamus or stramonium; oxalic acid with calcium carbonate ; silver nitrate with sodium chloride ; strychnine or picrotoxin with chloral hydrate and potassium bromide ; tartar emetic with tannin. Sometimes physiological antagonists are purposely pre- scribed together, in order to have the action of the one to guard that of the other, as atropine with morphine (hypodermically). Tue CLASSIFICATIONS OF MEDICINES. There have been many systems brought forward to facilitate the studying of drugs, and it is owing, possibly, to the number, that au- thors have little uniformity in the arrangement followed. It has been thought wise to outline the five most important. Of these the first and fourth alone are by their nature sufficiently comprehensive to inelude all organic and inorganic drugs without a single omission. The others (three) are but scientific systems applicable only to the organic medi- cines, and, as such, are mostly recommended by pharmaceutic and chemical investigators. _ I. ARRANGEMENT BY ALPHABETIC SEQUENCE.—This is the least scientific but the most popular; in fact, it is not a true system, as no tacit relationship in any particular exists between the associated sub- jects, save that of initial letter in spelling, which can only possibly offer to the student the trifling advantage of lexical convenience. IL. ARRANGEMENT BY CHEMICAL ConsTITUENTS.—This serves well to familiarize students with the various groups of plants as classi- fied from their chief constituents, furnishing the medical properties, as : volatile oil, fixed oil, glucoside, alkaloid, starch, ete. Beyond that it somewhat assists the botanist, since certain genera and even families 30 MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. (natural orders) occasionally have similar constituents: Labiate (vol- atile oil), Solanacee (mydriatic alkaloids), Convolvulacee (cathartic resin), ete. Its great drawbacks consist in the variability of the na- ture assigned these constituents from time to time through the advance of chemical science: thus, a neutral principle to-day may be an alka- loid to-morrow, and, again, nearly all drugs have more than one con- stituent, the most abundant often being the least active; now, which shall govern its classification is not always easy to decide. 1. Amylaceous.—Those containing starch as their chief medicinal - principle: inula, lappa, cetraria, ete. 2. Mucilaginous, Gummy.—Those having considerable mucilage or gum: acacia, tragacanth, flaxseed, etc. 3. Saccharine.—Those containing much sugar in some form: manna, _ glycyrrhiza, triticum, etc. 4. Acidulows.—Those containing chiefly an organic acid: lemon, orange, tamarind, rubus, etc. 5. Oleaginous.—Those containing: (a) Volatile or essential oil : (1) Terpenes, C,,H,,: turpentine, cubeb, juniper, ete. (2) Oxygenated, C,,H,,O: cinnamon, anise, fennel, ete. (3) Sulphurated, C,,H,5S, : mustard, asafetida, allium. (4) Nitrogenated, CH,O (HCN): bitter almond, wild cherry, peach, etc. (b) Fixed oils (Compound ethers). which leave a permanent stain: olive, almond, castor oils, ete. 6. Resinous.—Those containing much resin: (a) Natural exuda- tions: mastic, guaiac, benzoin. (6) Extracted by alcohol from reginous drugs: podophyllum, jalap, sumbul, etc. 7. Gum-resinous.—These contain milky exudations consisting of one or more gums and resins: (a) With volatile oil, ammoniac, asafetida, myrrh, ete. (6) Without volatile oil: gamboge, scammony, ete. 8. Oleo-resinous.—Those containing a volatile oil holding in solu- tion a resin: turpentine, copaiba, Burgundy pitch, ete. 9. Balsamic.—Those containing a liquid, semi-liquid, or solid vege- table product composed of a resin or oleo-resin, an odorous principle, and ‘either one or both benzoic and cinnamic acids: peru, tolu, sto- rax, ete. 10. Glucosidal.—These contain an organic principle converted by mineral acids, alkalies, or ferments into glucose and an allied organic compound ; they may be neutral or acid, and sometimes form salts, nearly all are soluble in alcohol: salicin, gentiopicrin, cathartic acid, tannin, ete. : 11. Neutral Principles.—These, sometimes called bitter principles from their bitterness, are plant-constituents, either neutral or feebly acid, and, when possible, form salts with alkalies; they differ from glucosides in not splitting into glucose, and from alkaloids in not being precipitated by tannin or mercuric-potassium iodide : aloin, elaterin, picrotoxin, santonin, ete. 12. Alkaloidal.—These contain alkaloids composed of carbon, hydro- gen and nitrogen alone, if liquid (amines), and additionally oxygen, if solid (amides) ; they are sometimes called vegetable alkalies, and, in MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. 31 fact, are related to ammonia, as when heated with alkalies ammonia is given off; quinine, morphine, cocaine, atropine, nicotine, conine, etc. TI. ARRANGEMENT By MorpHoLoey anp ANATOMY.—This sys- tem is preéminently adapted for those wishing to become perfectly familiar with the general make-up of the various official plant-parts ; the inner structural resemblances and differences of each group-mem- ber, as well as the relationship that each group itself sustains to its neighbors. In other words, for laboratory work it is at its best where time is afforded to make cross-sections, stainings, tests, dissections of. fibro-vascular bundles, medullary sheaths, rays, etc., thereby readily distinguishing the true and genuine article from that which is false and spurious. 1. Roots, Radices: (a) Monocotyledonous : sarsaparilla. (6) Dico- tyledonous. (1) Fleshy: stillingia, sumbul, calumba. (2) Woody: glycyrrhiza, pareira, krameria, ipecac, etc. 2. Rhizomes, Rhizomata: (a) Cryptogamous: aspidium. (b) Mono- cotyledonous. (1) Without roots: ginger, calamus, triticum. (2) With roots: veratrum, cypripedium, iris. (c) Dicotyledonous. (1) Without roots: sanguinaria, geranium, podophyllum. (2) With roots : valerian, arnica, serpentaria, hydrastis, spigelia, etc. 3. Tubers and Bulbs, Tubera et Bulbi: (a) Monocotyledonous tubers: colchicum, salep, Indian turnip. (b) Monocotyledonous tuni- cated bulbs: squill, garlic, etc. (c) Dicotyledonous tubers: jalap, aconite, corydalis. 4. Twigs and Woods, Stipites et Ligna: (a): Twigs: dulcamara, sco- parius. (6) Woods: quassia, guaiacum, hematoxylon, ete. 5. Barks, Oorticés: (a) Bitter and astringent: cinchona, prunus virginiana, viburnum. (6) Astringent: white oak, rubus, pomegra- nate. (c) Bitter, not aromatic : frangula, cascara sagrada, juglans. (d) Acrid or pungent: xanthoxylum, mezereum, euonymus. (¢) Mucila- ginous: ulmus. (f) Aromatic with oil or resin cells : cinnamon, sas- safras, cascarilla, etc. : 6. Leaves and Leaflets, Folia et Foliola: (a) Entire. (1) Aromatic, glandular, coriaceous : rosemary, pilocarpus, eucalyptus. (2) Not aro- matic, glandular, or coriaceous: uva-ursi, senna, coca. (6) Toothed . or crenate. (1) Coriaceous : chimaphila, buchu, eriodictyon. (2) Not coriaceous : stramonium, hyoscyamus, digitalis, etc. 7. Herbs, Herbee : (a) Cryptogamous : chondrus, cetraria, maiden- hair, etc. (6) Dicotyledonous. (1) Petals distinct : pulsatilla, cheli- donium, scoparius. (2) Petals united: eupatorium, lobelia, pepper- mint (Labiate). (3) Petals absent: cannabis. ; 8. Leafy Tops, Cacumina Summitates : savine, red cedar, thuja, ete. 9. Flowers and Petals, Flores et Petala: (a) Unexpanded : cloves, santonica. (b) Expanded. (1) Polypetalous: orange, kousso, rose. (2) Gamopetalous : Composite, sambucus, lavender, ete. 10. Fruits, Fructus: (a) Multiple: juniper, hops, fig. (6) Simple. (1) Drupes: phytolacca, cubeb, black pepper, prune. (2) Berries : lemon, capsicum, colocynth. (3) Akenes : barley, lappa, cannabis. 32 MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. (4) Cremocarps: Umbellifere. (5) Capsules: cassia fistula, carda- mom, vanilla. (6) Parts of fruit: lemon, tamarind, ete. : 11. Seeds, Semina : (2) Monocotyledonous (albuminous) : sabadilla, colchicum, areca, ete. (6) Dicotyledonous. (1) Exalbuminous: almond, pumpkin, physostigma, mustard. (2) Albuminous: nux vomica, staphisagria, linseed, nutmeg, stramonium. 12. Drugs with Cellular Structure: (a) Not farinaceous: nutgall, ergot, mace, saffron, lupulin, lycopodium. (6) Farinaceous : starch, tapioca, barley, etc. 13. Drugs without Cellular Structure ne Extracts and inspissated juices, Extracta et succi inspissati. (1) Wholly or partially soluble in water or alcohol: guarana, opium, lactucarium, aloes, extract of gly- cyrrhiza, extract of hematoxylon, catechu, kino. (2) Insoluble in water or alcohol: gutta percha, elastica, etc. (6) Sugars, Sacchara: sugar, manna, honey. (c) Gums, Gummata : acacia, tragacanth, etc. (d) Gum- resins, Gummi resine. (1) With volatile oil : asafetida, ammoniac, myrrh. (2) Without volatile oil: gamboge, scammony. (e) Resins, Resine. (1) Without benzoic or cinnamic acid: elaterium, mastic, resin, guaiac. (2) With benzoic and cinnamic acids: benzoin, dragon’s blood. (/) Balsams and oleoresins, Balsuma et oleoresine. (1) Without benzoic or cinnamic acid: copaiba turpentine, Burgundy pitch, tar. (2) With benzoic or cinnamic acid: peru, tolu, storax. (g) Volatile oils and camphors, Olea volatilia et camphore. (1) Volatile oils—arranged in sequence of families (natural orders), containing a volatile portion, eleopten, and a less volatile portion, stearopten or camphor : terpenes, oxygenated, nitrogenated, sulphurated. (2) Camphors: camphor, thymol, menthol, ete. (h) Fixed oils and waxes, Olea pinguia et cerce. (1) Liquid fats: almond, olive, linseed, cod-liver, croton, castor oils. (2) Solid fats: oil of theobroma, lard suet. (3) Waxes: spermaceti, wax. 14. Drugs of Animal Origin: (a) Animals: cantharides, cochineal, leech. (6) Animal products, tissues, secretions: eggs, isinglass, musk, pepsin, ox-gall. (c) Calcareous skeletons and concretions: coral, cuttlefish bone, oyster-shell. IV. ARRANGEMENT BY THERAPEUTIC Errect.—This is possibly the easiest and most useful to the average physician. In a way it is scientific, but since many medicines have more than one property, with the same or varying dosage, it often becomes more or less confus- ing as to the group to which such should be assigned ; then again this system has become somewhat flexible and to lack perfect uniformity through the preferences of those giving it prior sanction. Thus all drugs may be placed into a dozen general classes, each with many subdivisions: those acting on protoplasm, muscle, nerves, spinal cord, brain, special sense, reproduction, circulation, digestive system, tissue changes, excretion, generative system ; or with no less equity the same number may be retained, but in substance somewhat modified, thus: drugs acting upon organisms, blood, cardiac mechanism, vessels, skin, urinary system, bodily heat, respiration, digestive apparatus, nervous and MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. 33 muscular systems, organs of generation, metabolism ; or again the gen- eral classes may be altogether omitted, simply using the names descrip- tive of the various therapeutic effects, arranged alphabetically, or ac- cording to real or fancied importance. From its universal favor and the usage of its terms throughout this work we give yet another mod- ification which has some advantages. I. Acents Promotine Constructive METABOLISM (METAMORPHOSIS). 1. Restoratives (L. restawrare, to restore)—These restore or renew strength or vitality ; (a) Foods, Aliments, which maintain some vital process, or renew some structural material, while medicines can only modify some vital action. They are derived from the vegetable, animal and mineral kingdoms, and in nature are recognized as being either oxidizable—heat-producing and force-forming: carbon com- pounds, fat, sugar, starch, gum, etc.; nitrogenous—flesh-forming : albumin, casein, fibrin, etc.; unoxidizable or incombustible : metallic salts, water, etc. ; (b) Digestive ferments, which are animal and vege- table substances for aiding digestion when the normal alimentary se- cretions are inefficient: pepsin, pancreatin, papain, ingluvin, diastase, ete. ; (c) Digestive acids, which check the production of glands having acid secretions, but increase those having alkaline secretions: diluted hydrochloric, nitric, sulphuric, nitro-hydrochloric, lactic, phosphoric, ete.; (d) Fats and fatty oils, which form the molecular basis of the chyle, are indeed necessary for the digestion of nitrogenous food, and by oxidation become the chief producers of vital force and heat: cod- liver, cotton-seed, linseed, olive, sweet-almond, theobroma ; (e) Hamat- ies (Gr, deparexos, of the blood), which increase the amount of hematin in the blood, improving its quality by enriching the red corpuscles : salts of iron, manganese, chalybeate waters, etc.; (f) Tonics (Gr. tovxdc, tone), which improve the tone of specific tissues, restoring energy and strength to the entire debilitated system, by imperceptibly stimulating vital functions. (1) Mineral: phosphorus, phosphates, phosphites, bismuth, arsenic, ete. (2) Vegetable; (a) Simple Stomachic Bitters, containing a bitter principle: gentian, calumba, quassia, chirata, calen- dula; (6) Aromatic Bitters, containing a volatile oil, bitter principle, resin, tannin: serpentaria, cascarilla, wild cherry, eupatorium, anthe- mis, matricaria, absinthium. ; 2. Antiperiodics (L. anti, opposed to, + period).—These prevent recurrence of, or modify certain periodic febrile diseases by arresting further development in the blood of successive crops of pathogenic or- ganisms causing the disorder: cinchona alkaloids, eucalyptus, salicin, arsenic, etc. oan 3. Antipyretics, Febrifuges (Gr. dvti, against, + muperdc, fever ; L. febris, fever, + fugare, to put to flight).—These reduce abnormally high body-temperature, either by decreasing heat-production, or in- creasing heat-loss ; the former condition being affected by (1) lessen- 3 34 MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. ing tissue change, (2) reducing circulation ; the latter by (1) dilating the skin-vessels, thereby increasing radiation, (2) causing perspiration and its evaporation, (3) abstracting body-heat, through cold applica- tions: cinchona alkaloids, acetanilid, antipyrine, phenacetin, salol, carbolic acid, creosote, aconite, veratrum viride, cold bath, pack or sponging, purgation, venesection. 4, Antiphlogistics (Gy. dvti, against, + @doyeords, burning).—These reduce inflammation of serous membranes: mercury, opium, etc.; re- spiratory tract and organs: aconite, tartar emetic, etc.; and puerperal metritis: veratrum viride, ergot, cold, purgation, ete. II. Acents Promotinc DrstrucTivE METABOLISM (MrtamMorPHOSIS)—INCREASE WASTE. 5. Semi-alteratives, Alkalies—These stimulate acid and check alka- line secretions when placed in contact with the mouths of the gland- ducts producing them, and may be (1) Direct, which lessen the stomach’s acidity. (2) Indirect, which have only a remote effect, being oxidized in the blood, and excreted as carbonates in the urine, thereby lessening its acidity: potassium carbonate and_ bicarbonate, liquor potasse, sodium carbonate and bicarbonate, liquor sode, ammonium, lithium and magnesium carbonates, magnesia, lime water, calcium carbonate, aromatic spirit of ammonia, potassium and sodium acetates, potassium, sodium and lithium citrates, potassium tartrate and bitartrate, vegetable acids. 6. Alteratives.—These alter or change morbid conditions, by further- ing metabolism, and modify nutritive processes: iodine, iodides, arsenic, antimony, mercury, sulphur, sulphides, sulphites, phosphorus, sarsaparilla, guaiacum, mezereum, stillingia, colchicum, xanthoxylum, hydrastis, phytolacca, sassafras, cod-liver oil. Alteratives are also called Resolvents and Discutients (1. resolvere, to resolve; discutere, to disperse) from the fact that they promote absorption of inflammatory deposits, either by stimulating the lymphatic glands, or promoting the imbibition of medicinal or nutritive material in the system. : 7. Astringents (L. ad, to, + stringere, to bind fast).—These contract muscular fibre, by direct irritation (local), and condense other tissues, by precipitating the albumin and gelatin (remote). 1. Mineral: salts of silver, copper, lead, zinc, bismuth and aluminum; 2. Vegetable : tannic and gallic acid, nutgall, white oak, geranium, castanea, catechu, kino, krameria, heematoxylon, hamamelis, red and pale rose, uva-ursi. III. Acents Promorine THE DEsTRucTION or MIcROBES, PARASITES, ETC. 8. Antizymotics (Gr. dvri, against, +Cupwrexds, fermentation).—These arrest fermentation dependent upon organic ferments (enzymes): dias- tase, pepsin, ptyalin ; or upon organized ferments : yeast, bacteria, etc.; (a) Antiseptics (Gr. dvté, against, + oyrtexdc, rottening), which prevent MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. 35 or retard septic decomposition, by killing the bacilli producing it, or by arresting their. development: corrosive mercuric chloride, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, sulphurous acid, carbolic acid, cre- osote, lysol, thymol, eucalyptol, menthol, sodium borate, boracic acid, chlorine, zine chloride ; (b) Disinfectants (L. dis, di, in two, apart, from, + infection), which destroy specific germs communicating disease (mostly microbes), by (1) acting as oxidizants, (2) combining with albumin, (3) chemically combining to form substitution-compounds, (4) arresting molecular changes, (5) altering the reaction of the media containing the germs: heat (110-121° C.; 230-250° F.), lime, chlorinated lime and soda, ferrous sulphate, zinc chloride, potassium permanganate and dichromate, sulphurous and nitrous acid, sulphur dioxide, formaldehyde, air, water, fire; (¢) Deodorants (L. de, from, + odoran(t)s, smelling), which destroy foul odors. These may be volatile (oxidizing and deox- idizing) agents, that act chemically on obnoxious gases: chlorine, sul- phur dioxide, hydrogen dioxide, formalin ; or non-volatile (chiefly ab- sorbents) agents that act by condensing and decomposing the effluvia : potassium permanganate, charcoal, earth, lime, ferrous sulphate, etc. 9. Parasiticides, Germicides (Gr. apd, besides, upon, + acrézv, to feed; L. parasitus + ccedere, to kill).—These kill animal and vegetable par- asites existing upon the system, being usually applied in the form of lotions, solutions, washes, ointments and oleates: staphisagria, corrosive mercuric chloride, mercuric nitrate and oxide, ammoniated mercury, sulphur, sulphur iodide, carbolic acid, iodoform, aristol, resorcin, naph- talin, naphtol, creosote, guaiacol. IV. Acents Actinc on THE Nervous System (NEUROTICS, NERVINES). 10. Cerebral Excitants, Stimulants, Antispasmodics (L. stimulus, a goad, excitant ; anti, against, + Gr. oaopoc, a spasm).—These increase the functional activity of the brain, without causing any subsequent depression or suspension of the cerebral functions: valerian, asafetida, sumbul, musk, camphor, guarana, caffeine (theine), alcohol. 11. Cerebral Depressants, Sedatives (L. sedare, to allay).—These lower or suspend the higher brain functions after a preliminary stage of excitement ; (a) Narcotics (Gr. vdpxy, numbness, stupor), which at first excite and stimulate all the body functions, then cause profound sleep, — stupor, coma, insensibility, and death by paralyzing the medulla-centres governing respiration and other vital functions : opium, morphine, can- nabis indica, lactucarium, cimicifuga ; (b) Hypnotics, Soporifics, Somnif- icants (Gr. bzvos, sleep ; L. sopor, heavy sleep, somnus, sleep, + facere, to make), which produce sleep, leaving undisturbed the normal rela- tionship of the mental faculties to the external world ; in a broad sense these include narcotics and anesthetics: chloral hydrate, sulphonal, trional, paraldehyde, chloralamide, urethane, potassium, sodium and ammonium bromides ; (¢) Anodynes, Analgesics (Gr. av, not, + dduvy, Gros, pain, without pain, cures pain), which relieve pain by either de- 36 MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. pressing sensory centres or impairing nerve-fibre conductility : opium, morphine, belladonna, hyoscyamus, stramonium, coca, cocaine, hops, antipyrine, acetanilid, phenacetin ; (d) Anesthetics (Gr. av, not, + da- @yr0¢, sensible, insensible effect produced), which reduce sensory nerve- functions until they cannot receive or conduct sensation ; some directly depress the skin’s end-organs, others impair the sensory nerve conduc- tility, others reduce local circulation; these are mostly volatile sub- stances, whose vapor when inhaled sufficiently cause complete uncon- sciousness, loss of sensation and motion : anodynes only diminish, while anesthetics temporarily destroy skin and mucous membrane sensibility : ether, chloroform, nitrous oxide, ethyl bromide, methylene bichloride. 12. Motor LExcitants (Excito-motors, Spinants)—These increase functional activity of the motor apparatus and spinal cord, causing in large doses, disturbances of motility, increased reflex excitability, and tetanic convulsions, finally paralysis from over-stimulation: nux vomica, strychnine, ignatia, picrotoxin, electricity. 13. Motor Depressants (Depresso-motors).—These lower functional activity of the motor apparatus and spinal cord, in large doses directly ' paralyzing them: physostigma, conium, gelsemium, potassium, sodium, ammonium and lithium bromides, amyl nitrite, nitroglycerin, lobelia, alcohol, ether, chloroform. 14. Mydriatics (Gr. pudgredorc, enlarged pupil).—These dilate the pupil; some act locally, others systemically, causing paralysis of the ciliary muscle: atropine, homatropine, hyoscyamine, daturine, du- boisine, cocaine. 15. Myotics (Gr. pve, to shut).—These contract the pupil by stim- ulating the circular muscular fibres of the iris, and by contracting the ciliary muscle so that the eye is accommodated only for near objects : physostigmine, pilocarpine, morphine, anesthetics (at first), muscarine. V. AcEnts ACTING ON THE RESPIRATORY SySTEM (RESPIRATION). 16. Respiratory Stimulants.—These exalt the functions of the res- piratory centre, in the medulla, affording deeper and quicker breath- ing : strychnine, atropine, digitalis, quebracho, apomorphine, duboisine, emetine, opium (small doses). 17. Respiratory Sedatives (Depressants).—These lower the respira- tory centre’s activity, affording shallow and slow respirations : opium, physostigma, gelsemium, aconite, veratrum viride, conium, muscarine, hydrocyanic acid. 18. Pulmonary Sedatives (Gr. théevuwv, xvévpor, lung, L. pulmo (narius), pertaining to or affecting the lungs.)—These lessen the irritability of the respiratory nerves or centre, thereby diminish cough and dyspneea. Some directly depress the centre, others remove irritating substances from the passages, others lessen local congestion, others lower the excitability of the vagus end-organs and afferent fila- ments of the lungs and respiratory tract: opium, morphine, codeine, hydrocyanic acid, belladonna. MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. 37 19. Sternutatories, Errhines (Li. sternutare, to sneeze; Gr. év, in, + py, the nose).—The former cause sneezing, the latter increase nasal secretion, when applied to mucous membrane in powdered form : ipecac, quillaja, ammonia, cubeb, etc. 20. Ciliary Excitants (L. cilium, an eyelid, hair-like process).—These, when dissolved in the mouth, promote bronchial mucus expectoration through reflex excitation of the bronchial and tracheal cilia: acacia, ammonium and sodium chlorides, potassium chlorate. 21. Expectorants (L. ex, out of, + pector, the breast).—These change the broncho-pulmonary mucous membrane secretion, promoting its ex- pulsion; (a) Nauseating (Sedative), which, in large doses, vomit, thereby acting mechanically in expelling the mucus, and, in small doses, _ increase osmosis from the inflamed mucous membrane; they may increase secretion and lower blood-pressure: tartar emetic, ipecac, apomorphine, lobelia, pilocarpus ; (6) Stimulating, which stimulate the bronchial mucous membrane that eliminates them, altering the secretion and facilitating expectoration : senega, squill, ammonium carbonate and chloride, benzoin, balsams of Peru and Tolu, tar, turpentine, garlic, onion, liquorice, saccharine substances, ammoniac. VI. Acents AcTING oN THE CircuLATORY SysTEM (CrR- ; CULATION). 22. Cardiac Stimulants (Tonics ; L. cardiacus, Gr. xapdta, heart).— These stimulate the cardiac muscle, slowing and strengthening its con- tractions ; excessive quantities may cause sudden death by syncope: digitalis, strophanthus, scoparius, convallaria, cimicifuga, nitroglycerin, nitrites, alcohol, ether, ammonia, heat, galvanism, chloroform. 23. Cardiac Depressants (Sedatives)—-These lessen the force and frequency of the heart’s action, controlling its overaction and palpita- tion ; especially do they slow the pulse in sthenic fevers due to local inflammation : aconite, veratrum viride, tartar emetic, senega, pilo- carpine, hydrocyanic acid, emetine, quinine (full doses), pulsatilla, grindelia, cold. VIL. Acenrs Acting ox THE Dicestive System (DIGESTION). 24, Sialogogues (Gr. atahov, saliva, + drwy os, drawing forth).— These promote the secretion and flow of saliva and buccal mucus ; (a) Topical, which act through reflex irritation, caused by taking some- thing into the mouth: capsicum, ginger, cubeb, mustard, tobacco, pyrethrum, horse-radish, alkalies ; (6) General, which act through systemic influence on the glands or their secretory nerves during their elimination: pilocarpus, mercurials, antimonials, iodine compounds, hysostigma. 5 7 DB. Refrigerants (L. refrigerare, to cool). — These allay thirst, giving the sensation of coolness : vegetable and mineral acids (diluted), fruit juices, ice water, effervescing drinks, diaphoretics. 38 MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. 26. Dental Anodynes.—These are used locally in toothache due to caries, thus exposing a nerve filament: aconite, cocaine, opium, mor- phine, carbolic acid, creosote, oil of cloves and peppermint, chloral hydrate. VIIL. Agents Actinc on THE Excrerory SysTEM (EXCRETION). 27. Carminatives, Aromatics (L. carminativus, expel wind).—These expel gases from the stomach and intestines by increasing peristalsis, stimulating the circulation, and relaxing the cardiac and pyloric ori- fices ; also act as diffusible stimulants to the body and mind: carda- mom, capsicum, ginger, peppermint, spearmint, cinnamon, nutmeg, — lavender, calamus, orange, anise, caraway, coriander, fennel, pimenta, pepper, mustard, cloves, asafetida, and volatile oil of each. 28. Emetics (Gr. Sustoc, vomiting).—These cause vomiting; (a) Local, which, by reflex action, irritate the end-organs of the gastric, pharyngeal or oesophageal nerves: zinc and copper sulphates, mercury subsulphate, alum, mustard, tepid water ; (b) Systemic (General), which act by directly stimulating the vomiting-centres through circulation : ipecac, apomorphine, tartar emetic, senega, squill, lobelia, sanguinaria, compound syrup of squill. 29. Antiemetics—T hese lessen nausea and vomiting : (a) Local, which produce a sedative action on the end-organs of the gastric nerves : ice, carbolic acid, bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate, cerium oxalate, creosote, small doses of calomel or ipecac, hot water, opium, cocaine ; (6) General, which act by reducing the irritability of the vomiting- centre in the medulla: opium, bromides, morphine, codeine, chloral hydrate, alcohol, amy] nitrite, food, brandy. 30. Cathartics, Purgatives (Gr. zabaptixoc, cleansing; L. purgare, to cleanse)—These increase or hasten intestinal evacuations; (a) Aperients, Laxatives (lu. aperiere, to open; laxare, to loose), which excite moderate peristalsis, giving soft movements without irritation : magnesia, manna, sulphur, tamarind, almond and olive oils, figs, prunes, oatmeal ; (b) Simple Purgatives, which cause active peristalsis, and stimulate the intestinal gland’s secretion, giving one or more copious, semi-fluid movements accompanied by some irritation and griping : aloes, calomel, castor oil, cascara sagrada, rhubarb, senna, small doses of salines, drastics, cholagogues ; (c) Saline Purgatives, which stimu- late the intestinal glands, increase peristalsis and osmosis, causing watery stools: magnesium sulphate and citrate, potassium sulphate, tartrate and bitartrate, sodium sulphate, phosphate and chloride, potas- sium and sodium tartrate: (d) Drastic Purgatives (Gr. dodw, to act). These are often called simply cathartics, and act more intensely than the preceding, causing violent peristalsis, watery stools, griping, tenesmus, borborygmus, mucous membrane irritation, and exosmosis of serum ; large doses become irritant poisons : colocynth, jalap, gamboge, scammony, croton oil, (¢) Hydragogue Purgatives (Gr. bdwp, water, + dywy6s, leading forth), which remove much water from the vessels : cro- MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY: 39 ton oil, elaterium, gamboge, potassium bitartrate, large doses of salines and drastics ; (f) Cholagogue Purgatives (Gr. yoi7, bile, + —), which stimulate bile flow, causing free purgation of green-colored (bilious) and liquid stools: mercurials, aloes, rhubarb, podophyllin, euonymin, iridin, leptandrin. 31. Diuretics (Gr. d:a, through, + dupgv, to urinate).—These in- crease renal secretion, either by raising the local or general blood- pressure, thereby increasing renal circulation (blood-supply), or by stimulating the secreting cells or nerves of the kidneys, or by washing out the kidneys with much water taken at night or early morning ; (a) Refrigerant, which excite the renal epithelium, producing a hyper- zmic condition of the kidneys and an increased amountof water in the urine ; they depress the heart and general circulation : potassium ace- tate, citrate and bitartrate, ammonium and sodium acetates, lithium carbonate and citrate, magnesium citrate and sulphate, water, milk, cold applications ; (6) Hydragogue, which largely increase the water of the urine, owing to raising arterial pressure, locally or generally : digitalis, strophanthus, spirit of nitrous ether, nitrites, squill, cimici- fuga, scoparius ; (c) Stimulant (blennorrhetics), which act directly upon the rénal tissue, by which they are toa great extent eliminated from the body: buchu, copaiba, cubeb, matico, pareira, uva-ursi, savine, juniper, chimaphila, taraxacum, cantharides, turpentine, oil of santal, corn silk, apocynum. 32. Antilithics, Lithotriptics (Gr. dvté, against, + AiBos, stone, + tpéfeev, to rnb).—The former prevent urinary and biliary concretions form- ing in the excretory passages, the latter dissolve them when formed ; biliary calculi: alkaline waters, turpentine, etc.; uric acid or urates : alkaline salts, magnesium citro-borate, etc.; calcium oxalate : acids, carbonated waters, etc.; phosphatic calculi: ammonium benzoate, nitric acid, ete. 33. Diaphoretics, Sudorifics (Gr. dia, through, + gop, to carry ; L. sudor, sweat, + facere, to make).—These increase the action of the skin, causing sweat-secretion ; when so profuse as to stand on the sur- face in beads they are called sudorifics ; (a) Simple, which enter cir- culation and stimulate the sudoriferous glands, by which they are eliminated: pilocarpus, ammonium acetate and citrate, sarsaparilla, guaiacum, mezereum, sassafras, senega, serpentaria, salicylates ; () Nauseating, which relax and dilate the superficial capillaries : ipecac, tartar emetic, opium, Dover’s powder, alcohol, ether, spirit of nitrous ether, lobelia, tobacco, vapor and Turkish bath, wet pack, hot drinks ; (c) Refrigerant, which reduce circulation by acting on the sweat-centres in the spine and medulla : potassium citrate, aconite, veratrum viride, tobacco, lobelia, pilocarpus, spirit of nitrous ether, opium. oe 34. Antihydrotics, Anhydrotics (Gr. dytt, against, av, not, + [dpws, sweat).—These check perspiration by reducing action of sweat-glands, or excitability of sweat-centres, or the circulation in the skin : bella- donna, chloralamide, muscarine, pilocarpine, strychnine, quinine, etc. 35. Anthelmintics (Gr. dvzt, against, + SApev8, a worm).—These de- 40 MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. stroy (Vermicides, L. vermis, worm, + ccedere, to kill) or expel ( Vermi- fuges, L. vermis, worm, + fugare, to put to flight) intestinal worms. Vermifuges: castor oil, jalap,.scammony. Vermicides, for: (a) Thread worms(Oxyuris vermicularis) : vegetable astringents, alum, iron sulphate, aloes, tannin, lime water, quassia, all by enema; (6) Round worms (Ascaris lumbricoides): santonin, spigelia, chenopodium, each in combination with either calomel, castor oil, senna or compound jalap powder ; (c) Tape-worms (Tenia solium +) Teenifuges: aspidium, _kamala, kousso, pomegranate, pumpkin seed, turpentine. IX. AGents ACTING UPON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (GENERATION). 36. Emmenagogues (Gr. éupyvos, monthly, + ayo, leading forth). —These restore the menstrual function, either by stimulating directly the uterine muscular fibre, or indirectly enriching the blood, thus ton- ing up the nervous system: (a) Direct, which act locally on the uterus: ergot, rue, tansy, savine, cantharides, myrrh, guaiacum, apiol, hede- oma, cimicifuga, caulophyllum, pulsatilla, potassium permanganate; (b) Indirect, which act generally on the system: iron, manganese, quinine, strychnine, aloetic purgatives, tonics, hot hip baths, cod-liver oil. 37, Ecbolics, Oxytocics (Gr. éx, out of, + Addie, to throw out ; d&uc, quick, + zdzo¢, birth).—These stimulate the muscular fibres of the gravid uterus to contraction, thus causing premature birth or abortion : ergot, cottonroot bark, savine, hydrastis, potassium permanganate, oils of rue, tansy and pennyroyal. 38. Aphrodisiacs (Gr. Agood:zy, Venus, Greek goddess of love, venereal).—These stimulate sexual appetite and power by acting re- flexly or directly upon the cerebral or spinal genital centre: damiana, phosphorus, cantharides, tonics, ergot, meat diet, strychnine, Indian cannabis, alcohol. 39. Anaphrodisiacs (Gr. dv, not, + —).—These lessen sexual func- tions and appetite, by diminishing excitability of the nerves of the genital organs, also by depressing the genital centres in the brain and spine, and by decreasing local circulation: bromides, camphor, opium, tobacco, purgation, venesection, cold baths, ice, vegetable diet, cocaine, belladonna. 40. Galactagogues (Gr. du, milk, + dev, dywyds, drawing or lead- ing forth).—These increase lacteal secretion : pilocarpus, ricinus (leaves locally), thea (internally with alcohol, beer, porter), ete. X. AGENTS ACTING ON THE CUTANEOUS SysTEM (SKIN). 41. Irritants, Counter-irritants—These when applied to the skin cause vascular excitement ; when used to produce reflex influence on remote parts are called counter-irritants: (a) Rubefacients (L. rubere, to be red, + facere, to make), which produce temporary redness and skin congestion ; if left on too long, may cause exudation between the MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. 41 cuticle and true skin (vesicants), or may destroy the tissue, forming a slough (escharotics), or may cause muscular atrophy : mustard, capsi- cum, mezereum, iodine, menthol, ammonia, arnica, volatile oils (tur- pentine, cajuput, etc.), hot water, friction ; (b) Vesicants, Epispastics, Blisters (Li. vesiea, a blister; Gr. ext, upon, + ozdy, to draw), which produce much inflammation of the skin and effusion of serum between the epidermis and derma: cantharides, mezereum, iodine, rhus toxico- dendron, glacial acetic acid, volatile oil of mustard, steam, boiling water, ammonia vapor ; (c) Pustulants (L. pustulare, to blister), which cause pustules, and affect isolated parts of the skin, as orifices of sud- oriferous glands : croton oil, tartar emetic, silver nitrate; (d) Escharo- ties, Caustics (Gr. éaydoa, a scar), which destroy tissue when applied, by abstracting its water, or by combining with the albumin of the skin, or by corrosive deoxidation of the tissues, thus causing a slough : mineral acids, carbolic acid, chromic acid, lime, caustic potash and soda, dried alum, silver nitrate, zinc chloride, copper sulphate, corro- sive mercuric chloride, mercuric oxide and nitrate, bromine, high heat, electric cautery, boiling water, arsenous.acid. 42. Styptics, Hoemostaties (L. stypticus, contracting ; Gr. azya, blood, + atacez0s, to stop).—These arrest hemorrhages ; the former being used locally, the latter internally. Some act mechanically, by closing the mouths of the bleeding vessels with a blood-clot, others contract the vessels, thus checking the blood-flow: (1) acids, alum, collodion, ferric chloride, and sulphate, silver nitrate, matico; tannin, lead acetate, zinc sulphate, vegetable astringents, cold (locally), electric cautery ; (2) ergot, gallic acid, matico, lead acetate, diluted sulphuric acid, hamamelis, oil of turpentine, heat (locally). 43. Emollients (L. emollire, to soften).—These soften and relax the tissues, when applied locally, diminish the tension and pressure on the nerves, dilate the vessels and protect inflamed surfaces : poultices, fatty oils, lard, spermaceti, glycerin, petroleum, starch, soap liniment, cacao- butter. , 44, Demulcents (L. demulcere, to soothe).—These are usually muci- laginous or oleaginous, intended for soothing parts to which applied ; they are generally restricted to mucous membranes, and emollients to the skin: acacia, cetraria, starch, flaxseed, liquorice, gelatin, honey, althea, egg-white, tragacanth, olive and other bland oils. 45. Protectives—These are mechanical coverings to protect various injured parts from the air, water, friction, etc.: collodion, plasters, etc. V. Arrgancement By NaturaL AFFINITIES (BOTANICAL).— This system is the one adopted throughout this work. It is of all others the most scientific by which plants can be studied, and, as the official portions of vegetable drugs are but parts of the whole, it seems only natural that the parental source should furnish the basis of classi- fication for these medicinal parts. Every one knows that there are greater similarities and dissimilarities between some plants than there are between others; that this likewise applies to animals. Scientists, taking advantage of this fact, have for several centuries been trying to 42 MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. form groups of plants, each to contain only those possessing, in com- mon, certain marks of resemblance, and so naming the same when possible, to typify the strongest characteristic. Early botanists were content with one point of agreement, but they even differed as to what plant organ, above all others, should be accepted to furnish this point, hence the basis ofasystem. Czsalpinus (1519-1608) selected the fruit, the globular furnishing one class, the flat another, etc. Tournefort (1656-1708) took the flower, restricting himself to the modification and arrangement of the corolla, the cup-shaped being one class, the bell-shaped another, etc. Linnzus (1707-1778) went a step further and founded classes and orders upon the position, number, and relative lengths of the stamens and pistils, giving us the Linnean, artificial, or sexual system of plants. This worked very well until cultivation, climatic differences, etc., changed the number of stamens and pistils. So far no one had taken into consideration the plant’s entirety. It was to John Ray (1628-1705), often called the “ father of English natural history,” that: we owe the conception of a broader and more natural system; but it was Jussieu (1748-1836) who, embodying the grand features of both Ray and Tournefort, laid the permanent foundation of the true natural system which, somewhat modified, has come down to us. The very foundation of this system necessitates the faithful con- sideration of the similarities in form, structure, growth, habits, func- tions, thereby involving the idea of “affinity in essential organs.” These understood, we can arrange the entire vegetable kingdom into allied groups of a scaling grade, dependent upon their whole make-up, thus placing each family (order), genus, and species next to those it most resembles in all respects. Families or Natural Orders.—Of these there are about 280 ; they are the broader groups, and each comprises plants resembling one another in some strong particular, which applies to them generally as a class ; this characteristic is usually taken from one of the reproductive organs (flowers, fruit, seed), and is so striking as to be noticeable by the inex- perienced: Leguminose (fruit in legumes), Umbelliferee (flowers in umbels), Composite (flowers compound), Labiatee (corolla two-lipped), Cupulifere (fruit in cupule), Guttifera (juice exudes in drops), Conifers (fruit}in cones), Cruciferee (petals arranged like maltese cross), etc. Genus, Genera.—Of these there are about 10,000 ; they are more restricted groups, and go to compose the families or natural orders. This name corresponds to the family, surname or last name of persons, Brown, Smith, Jones ; it is a noun, and, like the family (ordinal) name, begins with a capital. These are grouped also according: to some certain but more restricted characteristic taken from reproductive organs ; hence a genus is a collection of species resembling one another in the structure and general characters of the organs of reproduction, or in reproductive processes, methods of fructification, pollination, ete. Plants of the same genus are expected to be on the same numerical plan, and to have flowers, constituents, and medical properties some- what similar. MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. 43 Species, Species.—Of these there are about 200,000; they are the most restricted permanent groups and make up the various genera. This name corresponds to the baptismal or first name of persons, James, John, William ; it is usually an adjective agreeing in case and gender with generic name, and, as such, should begin with a small letter. These are grouped according to some certain but still more re- stricted characteristics taken usually from the vegetative organs (root, stem, leaves), as color, proportion, shape, surface, duration, division, etc.; hence, species is a succession of individuals which reproduces and -perpetuates itself. The last two names, generic and specific, when taken together, constitute the plant’s name, i. ¢, botanical source or ee , and consequently every plant (and animal) is thus always desig- nated. There are two scientific methods (with their many modifications) of arranging each family (order), genus and species toward its nearest neighbor. Thus we can follow Jussieu’s sequence, beginning with the cellular, flowerless, or lowest plant life (Alge), advancing to those of vascular structure, with apologetic, imperfect, or incomplete floral parts, always having each to follow in the ascending scale, finally reaching those producing as then understood the most perfect, com- plete and typical flowers (Ranunculacex). De Candolle (1778-1841) greatly innovated this system, but chiefly in reversing the arrange- ment, placing the most highly organized plants, or flower producers, first in order, and each lower one in a descending succession. This would seem the most unnatural, as the order of development in nature surely suggests the evolution from forms more simple to those more complex, and not the converse. In spite of this, however, it has been universally accepted for the past half century, being strongly indorsed and followed by many of the world’s greatest botanists, including Bentley, Trimen, Hanbury, Gray, Balfour, Bentham, Hooker, etc., and is best enunciated by Bentham and Hooker in their “Genera Plan- tarum.” — The former plan, being the most rational, has always continued to have supporters, and during the past two decades has been systemat- ically and thoroughly studied, especially in Germany, with more than ordinary zeal and results. Such scholors as Eichler, Engler, Prantl, Thomé, Potonié, Richter, Flickiger, Kéhler, Strasburger, Schenck, Schimper, etc., have instituted many changes, and, although beginning with the most primitive plant-life and finally ending with those bearing most complex flowers (Composite), have succeeded in evolving the sys- tem in a form much more consistent and in harmony with the modern scientific thought and the general plant nature. As such it is best enunciated by Engler and Prantl in their “ Die Natiirlichen Pflanzen- familien,” and as this is the sequence that must necessarily come into fature favor, it has been thought wise, in the main, to adhere to it in this work, giving thereto the following synopsis : 44 MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. Sus-kincpom I. THALLOPHYT(ES)-A. Crass ALG ZE. 1. Gigartinacece.—Distinguished by being parenchymatous. plants, growing in fresh or salt water, or moist places, red, purple or violet hue, less commonly green or blackish; composed of 250 species. Chondrus, Gigartina. — Cuass FUNGI. 2. Hypocreacece.—Distinguished by rarely containing chlorophyll, saprophytes, parasites, either soft, fibrous, gelatinous, fleshy, leathery, horny, mycelium inconspicuous, often producing a dense homogeneous tissue ; composed of 200 species. Claviceps. Ciass LICHENES. 3. Parmeliacee.—Distinguished by being perennials, resembling Alge and Fungi, gray, brown or green color (chlorophyll), interme- diate between fruticose and foliaceous Lichens, on barks of trees, etc. ; composed of 300 species. Cetraria. Sus-Kinepom IJ. PTERIDOPHYT(ES)-A. Cuiass FILICIN &. 4. Polypodiacee.—Distinguished by leaves being fronds, large, _ spores one kind, in cases (sporangia) on under surface or margin, cir- cinate in vernation, stems usually prostrate, subterranean ; composed of 70 genera, 3,000 species. Dryopteris. CLass LYCOPODIN.ZE. 5. Lycopodiacece.—Distinguished by yellow spores, low, usually moss-like evergreens, stems much branched, elongated, sporangia 1—3- celled, solitary in the axils of leaves, or on their upper surface ; com- posed of 125 species. Lycopodium. Sus-Kinepom III. SPERMATOPHYT(ES)-A. CLass GYMNOSPERM ®. 6. Pinacee (Coniferce).—Distinguished as resinous, evergreen trees, shrubs, flowers unisexual, no perianth, staminate—catkins, pistillate —scaly aments, becoming cones, sepals naked (2), leaves needle-shaped ; composed of 25 genera, 240 species. Pinus, Abies, Juniperus. Crass ANGIOSPERM 22. Sus-cLAss Monocotyledones. 7. Gramin(ac)ece.—Distinguished by glumaceous flowers, pales two in each, stamens hypogynous, stems hollow, jointed, leaves 2-ranked ; composed of 3,500 species. Zea, Saccharum, Agropyron. 8. Aracece.—Distinguished by perfect flowers or moncecious, spadix with spathe, no perianth, fruit succulent, leaves veiny ; composed of 105 genera, 900 species. Acorus. MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. . 45 9. Melanthacee.—Distinguished by ovary superior e - mostly septicidal, with rootstocks, me bulbs, paranth 6, ae seeds appendaged, leaves grass-like, polygamous or diccious ; com. posed of 36 genera, 140 species. Veratrum, Asagrea. 10. Liliaceee.—Distinguished by regular, symmetrical flowers, 6’s perianth non-glumaceous, petaloid, hypogynous ovary 3-celled, anther 2-celled ; composed of 125 genera, 1,300 species. Allium, Ur- ginea, Aloe. ; 11. Convallariacece.—Distinguished by being erect herbs, fruit— fleshy berry, no tendrils, never with bulbs or corms, flowers solitary, regular, perfect, 6’s, ovary superior; composed of 23 genera, 215 species. Convallaria, Colchicum. : 12. Smilacee.—Distinguished by being mostly vines, woody, her- baceous, often prickly stems, leaves net-veined, flowers green, dicecious, perianth 6, stamens 6, fruit globose berry, 1-6-seeded ; composed of 3 genera, 200 species. Smilax. 13. TLridacece.—Distinguished by bulbs, corms, or rhizomes, flowers perfect, petaloid, 6’s, from a spathe, stamens 3, ovary inferior, leaves equitant, fruit capsule ; composed of 57 genera, 1,000 species. Iris, Crocus. 14. Zingiberacece.—Distinguished by creeping rhizomes, calyx and corolla distinct, each 3, leaves stalked, sheathing, ovary inferior, stamens 6 ; composed of 30 genera, 280 species. lettaria, Zingiber. 15. Orchidacee.—Distinguished by the 1-2 sessile anthers united to pistil, flowers irregular, reptile-shape, perfect, perianth 6 in 2 rows, petaloid; composed of 410 genera, 5,000 species. Cypripedium, Vanilla. Sup-cLass Dicotyledones. . Series I. Choripetale. 16. Piperacece.—Distinguished by jointed stems, ovary sincarpic, 1-celled, stigma sessile, 2, 3, 4, fruit fleshy, 1-celled, 1-seeded ; com- posed of 8 genera, 1,060 species. Piper, Cubeba. 17. Juglandacece.—Distinguished by moncecious flowers, sterile in catkins, fertile in spikes, both with calyx 3-5, leaves pinnate, exstipu- late ; composed of 6 genera, 36 species. Juglans. 18. Salicacee.—Distinguished by diccious flowers, both kinds in catkins, no. perianth or only cup-like calyx, stamens 1-30, fruit cap- sule ; composed of 2 genera, 200 species. Salia, Populus. 19. Betulacee.—Distinguished by monecious flowers, no calyx, but instead, have scaly bracts, stamens 2-4, ovary 2-celled ; composed of 6 genera, 75 species. Betula. - 20. Fagacece (Cupulifer).—Distinguished by small flowers, mon- ecious, staminate—aments, pistillate subtended by involucre (united bracts) becoming a bur (cup), petals none, stamens 4—20, perianth 4-8-lobed ; composed of 5 genera, 375 species. Castanea, Quercus. 21. Ulmacee.—Distinguished by fugacious stipules, small flowers, moncecious, dicscious, perfect or polygamous, perianth 3-9-parted, or 46 MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. sepals, petals none, stamens 3-9, ovary 1-celled, superior, samara, drupe or nut ; composed of 13 genera, 140 species. Utmus. 22. Moracec.—Distinguished by having milky juice, small flowers, moneecious, dicecious, calyx 4—5-parted, petals none, stamens 4-5, ovary 1-celled, superior, fruit various; composed of 55 genera, 925 species. Ficus, Humulus, Cannabis. 23. Santalacee.—Distinguished by calyx 4-5 valvate lobed, green or petaloid, stamens perigynous, sheathing disk, ovules suspended by funiculus ; composed of 26 genera, 250 species. Santalum. 24, Aristolochiacee.—Distinguished by colored, irregular calyx, epigynous stamens, fruit capsule, many-seeded, leaves cordate; com- posed of 5 genera, 200 species. Aristolochia. ; 25. Polygonacee.—Distinguished by stems having many swollen joints, ochriate stipules above each, flowers perfect, calyx colored or greenish, ovary superior, 1-celled ; composed of 30 genera, 800 species. Rheum, Rumex. 26. Chenopodiacee.—Distinguished by succulency and flowers being ebracteated, minute, greenish, perfect or unisexual, ovary superior, 1- celled, fruit 1-seeded utricle; composed of 75 genera, 550 species. Chenopodium. 27. Phytolaccacee.—Distinguished from Chenopodiacee by ovary | superior of many carpels in a.ring, each with individual style, stamens hypogynous ; composed of 22 genera, 85 species. Phytolacca. 28. Magnoliacee.—Distinguished by flowers large, sweet-scented, white, red, distinct, except many pistils cohere, sepals and petals in two or more rows, leaves leathery, stipulate ; composed of 10 genera, 70 species. Illiciwm. 29. Myristicacece.—Distinguished by leaves alternate, dotted, leath- ery, flowers dicecious, regular, calyx 3—4-cleft, filaments 3-12, united, ovary 1-celled, ovule 1, fruit succulent; composed of 5 genera, 100 species. Myristica. 30. Ranunculacee.—Distinguished by flowers being most complete, organs all distinct, no adhesion nor cohesion, often yellow ; composed of 35 genera, 1,050 species. Hydrastis, Cimicifuga, Delphinium, Aconitum, Pulsatilla (Anemone). 31. Berberidacee.—Distinguished by the few stamens being in 2-3 whorls, and anthers opening by 2 hinged valves (Podophyllum—longi- tudinal) ; composed of 20 genera, 105 species. Caulophyllum, Podo- phyllum. 32. Menispermacece.—Distinguished by flowers being dicecious, petals shorter than sepals, solitary seed moon- or kidney-shaped, woody climb- ers; composed of 55 genera, 150 species. Menispermum, Chondro- dendron, Jateorrhiza, Anamirta. 33. Lauracee.—Distinguished by polygamous flowers, calyx inferior, petaloid, anthers opened by 2-4 uplifted valves, ovary 1-celled, fruit drupe or berry ; composed of 40 genera, 900 species. Sassafras, Cin- namomum. : 34, Papaveracece.—Distinguished by the 2-3 fugacious sepals and MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. 47 minute embryo near the base of fleshy albumin; composed of 26 genera, 200 species. Papaver, Sanguinaria, Chelidonium. 35. Cruciferce.—Distinguished by pungent or acrid juice, cruciform flowers, tetradynamous stamens, and fruit a silique or silicle; com- posed of 185 genera, 1,500 species. Sinapis, Brassica. 36. Hamamelhidacece.—Distinguished by ovary being inferior, ovule solitary, pendent from cell apex, fruit capsule, 2-celled ; composed of 15 genera, 35 species. Hamamelis, Liquidambar. 37. Rosacece.—Distinguished by prickles, warts on woody surface, flowers regular, stamens inserted on calyx tube, perigynous ; composed of 65 genera, 1,200 species. Rubus, Rosa, Quillaja, Hagenia. 38. Drupacee.—Distinguished by bark exuding gum, bark and seeds containing hydrocyanic acid, calyx 5-lobed, free from ovary, petals (5), stamens (many) inserted on calyx, ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled, drupe; composed of 6 genera, 110 species. Prunus, Amygdalus. 39. Mimosacee.—Distinguished by ovary several ovuled, fruit legumes, leaves 2-3-pinnate, flowers small, regular, calyx 3—-6- lobed, corolla 3-6, stamens distinct or monadelphous, ovary 1- celled ; composed of 30 genera, 1,350 species. Acacia. 40. Ccesalpinacece.—Distinguished by legumes, upper petal en- closed by lateral ones in the bud, leaves compound, stipulate, flowers perfect, moncecious, dicecious, polygamous, 5’s ; composed of 90 genera, 1,000 species. Cassia (Cathartocarpus), Tamarindus, Hematoxylon, Copaiva. 41. Krameriacee.—Distinguished by fruit spiny, indehiscent, leaves simple, exstipulate, sepals 4—5, petals 5, smaller than sepals, stamens monadelphous, ovary 1—2-celled, ovules 2, fruit 1-seeded ; composed of 1 genus, 15 species. Krameria. 42. Papilionacece.—Distinguished by legumes or loments, upper petal enclosing lateral ones in the bud, leaves compound, stipulate, calyx 4—5-toothed, petals somewhat united (banner, wings, keel), stamens usually 10, pistil 1, superior ; composed of 310 genera, 5,000 species. Toluifera, Astragalus, Pterocarpus, Glycyrrhiza, | Cytissus, Vouacapoua (Andira), Physostigma. 43. Geraniacece.—Distinguished from Rutacee by leaves being non- glandular, punctate, axis of lobed fruit persistent, carpels distinct, in- dehiscent ; composed of 10 genera, 450 species. Geranium. 44, Linacee.—Distinguished by flowers being regular, showy, sta- mens monadelphous at base, sepals imbricate, ovary 3-5-celled ; com- posed of 4 genera, 150 species. Linum. ; 45, Erythrovylacee.—Distinguished from Linacee by the shrubby or arboreous habit, and by the drupaceous fruit, calyx 5-lobed, petals 5, stamens 10, hypogynous, ovary superior ; composed of 3 genera, 60 species. Erythroaylon. : : 46. Zygophyllacece.—Distinguished by flowers bearing a fleshy disk, white, red, yellow, sepals 5, free, glandless ; composed of 20 genera, 150 species. Guaiacum. (Guajacum). ; 47. Rutacece.—Distinguished by leaves being exstipulate, dotted, Leguminose. 48 MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. petals imbricated, ovary sessile, surrounded at base by fleshy, glandu- lar disk, or elevated on gynophore; composed of 110 genera, 880 species. Xanthoxylum, Pilocarpus, Barosma, Citrus. 48. Simarubacee.—Distinguished from Rutacese by leaves being exstipulate, without glands or dots, disk conspicuous, ovary stalked ; composed of 30 genera, 112 species. Picrasma. 49. Burseracee.—Distinguished by secreting a resinous or gum- resinous juice, leaves compound, dotted, disk and stamens perigynous, ovary superior ; composed of 26 genera, 150 species. Commiphora. 50. Polygalacee.—Distinguished by flowers being irregular, papil- ionaceous, stamens monadelphous, sepals 5, of which two inner are winglike, petaloid ; composed of 10 genera, 150 species. Polygala. 51. Euphorbiacee.—Distinguished by milky acrid juice, flowers unisexual, apetalous, fruit tricoccous, 3—-6-seeded capsule,-radical supe- rior ; composed of 210 genera, 4,000 species. Hevea, Croton, Ricinus, Stillingia, Mallotus. 52. Anacardiacee.—Distinguished by milky, acrid, resinous juice, petals and stamens perigynous, disk hypogynous or wanting ; composed of 50 genera, 400 species. Rhus, Pistacia. 53. Celastracee.—Distinguished from Rhamnacee by having sta- mens opposite the sepals, seed arillate, disk large, flat, surrounding ovary ; composed of 40 genera, 350 species. Euonymus. . 54. Sapindacee.—Distinguished by flowers being unsymmetrical, hypogynous, leaves compound, sepals and petals on a fleshy, glandular disk ; composed of 120 genera, 1,000 species. Paullinia. 55. Rhamnacee.—Distinguished by its spiny habit, perigynous stamens, concave petals, non-caducous, valvate sepals, fruit not a berry; composed of 45 genera, 575 species. Rhamnus. 56. Vitacee.—Distinguished as vines climbing by tendrils, petals 4—5, caducous, fruit 1—-6-celled berry, nodose joints, flowers greenish, calyx entire or 4—5-toothed, petals 4-5, stamens 4-5, ovary 2—6-celled; composed of 10 genera, 450 species. Vitis. 57. Malvacecee.—Distinguished by stamens monadelphous, anthers 1-celled, leaves often downy, palmate divided ; flowers showy, purple, yellow, white ; composed of 40 genera, 800 species. Althea, Gossypium. 58. Stereuliacece.—Distinguished by flowers being regular or irreg- ular, petals sometimes absent, filaments usually monadelphous, anthers 2-celled ; composed of 49 genera, 730 species. Theobroma. 59. Theacee (Ternstreemiacece).—Distinguished by sepals distinct, endosperm little or none, leaves alternate, flowers large, solitary, sepals 5, petals 5, hypogynous, ovary 2-several-celled, fruit 2-3-celled, woody capsule ; composed of 16 genera, 160 species. Thea. 60. Guttiferee—Distinguished by yielding a resinous juice, stamens distinct, monadelphous or polyadelphous, flowers unisexual or polyga- mous, leaves coriaceous ; composed of 24 genera, 340'species. Garcinia. 61. Thymeleacee.—Distinguished by calyx being petaloid, 4-5 im- bricated lobes, stamens perigynous, radical superior, ovary 1-celled, fruit drupe ; composed of 37 genera, 425 species. Daphne. MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. 49 62. Lythracee (Punicacee).—Distinguished by calyx lobes being valvate, petals wrinkled, leaves exstipulate, stamens perigynous, in- serted below the petals ; composed of 21 genera, 350 species. Punica. 63. Myrtacee.—Distinguished by numerous stamens, leaves exstipu- late, opposite, dotted, with marginal vein, ovary inferior ; composed of 76 genera, 2,700 species. Cajuputi (Melaleuca), Eugenia, Pimenta (Myrcia), Eucalyptus. 64. Umbellifere.—Distinguished by the 2-celled ovary forming a cremocarp, with oil tubes, flowers in umbels, stems hollow, ovary in- ferior, crowned with fleshy disk; composed of 170 genera, 1,600 — Feniculum, Pimpinella, Carwm, Coriandrum, Conium, Ferula, orema. Series II. Gamopetalee. 65. Pyrolacee.—Distinguished by ovary superior, 4—5-celled, low mostly evergreen perennials, flowers white or pink, calyx 4~5-lobed, corolla 4—5, stamens 8-10, stigma 5-lobed, fruit dehiscent capsule composed of 3 genera, 20 species. Chimaphila. 66. Ericacee.—Distinguished by hypogynous corolla and stamens, anthers 2-celled, dehiscing by pores or slits, ovary 2—5-celled, leaves . exstipulate, fruit capsule or berry ; composed of 55 genera, 1,050 species. Gaultheria, Arctostaphylos. 67. Styracee.—Distinguished by flowers of 5-10 stamens attached to 5-lobed corolla, anthers 2-celled, calyx coherent with ovary, superior or part inferior, fruit drupe ; composed of 7 genera, 75 species. Styraz. .68. Oleacee.—Distinguished by 2 stamens, ovary superior, 2-celled, each with 2 ovules, corolla regular, 4—8-cleft, fruit capsule, berry, or drupe, seed albuminous, oily ; composed of 21 genera, 500 species. Olea, Fraxinus. 69. Loganiacece.—Distinguished by opposite, entire, stipulate leaves, stamens epipetalous, styles divided as ovary cells number, fruit capsule, drupe, seeds winged ; composed of 30 genera, 400 species. Grelsemium, Spigelia, Strychnos. 70. Gentianacece.—Distinguished by being smooth herbs, leaves entire, glabrous, sessile, calyx and corolla persistent, ovary superior, fruit 2-celled capsule ; composed of 65 genera, 600 species. Grentiana, Swertia. . cs 71. Apocynacece.—Distinguished by milky juice, from Asclepiada- cee by stamens being free from style and stigma, anthers contain granular pollen, stigma hour-glass-shaped ; composed of 130 genera, 1,050 species. Apocynum, Strophanthus, Aspidosperma. 72. Asclepiadacece.—Distinguished by stigmas being expanded into a fleshy, 5-crowned head, pollen masses adhering to these angles, filaments monadelphous ; composed of 220 genera, 1,900 species. Aselepias. 73. Convolvulacee.—Distinguished by milky juice, from Solanaceze " and Scrophulariacee by twining, trailing habit, alternate leaves, large, solitary seeds, crumpled embryo, corolla 6’s, plaited ; composed of 40 genera, 900 species. ~Hxogonium (Ipomoea), Convolvulus. 4 50 MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY. 74. Hydrophyllacee.—Distinguished by watery, insipid juice, flow- ers scorpioid, 5’s, stamens borne on corolla base, styles 2, fruit cap- sule; composed of 17 genera, 160 species. Hriodictyon. 75. Labiate.—Distinguished by square stems, corolla bilabiate, stamens 4, didynamous, ovary 4-lobed, leaves- aromatic, stigma bifid, fruit achenes; composed of 160 genera, 3,000 species. Scutellaria, Marrubium, Salvia, Hedeoma, Melissa, Thymus, Mentha, Lavandula, Rosmarinus. 76. Solanacee.—Distinguished by colorless juice, flowers with pli- cate border, isomerous, ovules many, fruit capsule or berry, ovary superior ; composed of 70 genera, 1,600 species. Solanum, Capsicum, Atropa, Hyoscyamus, Datura, Nicotiana. 77., Scrophulariacece.—Distinguished ‘by 2-celled ovary, numerous seeds, fleshy albumin, calyx 5-lobed, corolla irregular, 2-lipped, stamens 4, didynamous, ovary sessile, 2-celled, fruit capsule or berry ; com- posed of 165 genera, 2,500 species. Leptandra (Veronica), Digitalis. 78. Pedaliacece.—Distinguished by superior ovary of 2 carpels be- coming 1-, 2-, 4-, 8-celled, corolla bilabiate, stamens didynamous, fruit bony, capsular, seed oily ; composed of 12 genera, 46 species. Sesamum. 79. Rubiacee.—Distinguished by regular, epigynous corolla, valvate lobes, salver, rotate, or funnel-shape, stamens on corolla tube, epipetal- ous, ovary crowned with an epigynous disk, fruit capsule or fleshy nuts ; composed of 355 genera, 5,500 species. Coffea, Uragoga ( Cephaélis), Cinchona. 80. Caprifoliacee.—Distinguished by gamopetalous corolla, leaves opposite, exstipulate, stamens on corolla tube, ovary inferior, fruit berry or drupe ; composed of 10 genera, 260 species. Sambucus, Viburnum. 81. Valerianacee.—Distinguished by corolla being epigynous, an- thers free, seed exalbuminous, leaves exstipulate, ovary inferior, 3- celled, two empty ; composed of 9 genera, 275 species. Valeriana. 82. Cucurbitacece.—Distinguished by stems being succulent; pros- trate, or climbing, with tendrils, flowers unisexual, leaves and stem scabrous, fruit pulpy ; composed of 90 genera, 650 species. Cucurbita, Citrullus, Eeballium, Bryonia. 83. Campanulacee.—Distinguished by endosperm present, fleshy, usually milky juice, flowers perfect, calyx 5-lobed, gamopetalous, sta- mens 5, ovary 2—5-celled, fruit capsule or berry, seeds many ; com- posed of 60 genera, 1,500 species. Lobelia. 84. Cichoriacece.—Distinguished by flowers all expanded into rays (ligulate), juice milky, calyx-tube adnate to ovary, gamopetalous, 5- toothed, anthers connate, ovary 5-celled, ovule 1, fruit achene; com- posed of 65 genera, 1,400 species. Taraxacum, Lactuca. 85. Composite.—Distinguished by compound flowers, watery or resinous (rarely milky) sap, calyx-tube adnate to ovary, corolla 5-lobed, stamens 5, borne on corolla, anthers syngenesious, ovary 5-celled, ovule 1, fruit achene ; composed of 760 genera, 10,000 species. Eupatorium, Grindelia, Leptilon (Erigeron), Inula, Calendula, Anthemis, Matricaria, Anacyclus, Tanacetum, Artemisia, Arnica, Arctium. PART IL ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Sus-kinepom I. THALLOPHYT(ES)-A. Cellular cryptogams, composed of one or many cells, with no differ- entiation of root, stem and leaves, the thallus being without true woody-fibres and vessels. Crass: ALG. 1. GIGARTINACEZ®. Red Seaweed Family. Gi-gar-ti-na’se-e. L. Gigartin(a) + aceex, fr. Gr. ptyaptov, a grape- stone, 7. e., from the resemblance of the capsules (cystocarps) which are oval, appearing as little elevated or stalked tubercles on the flat por- tions of the frond (thallus). Composed of many fleshy, gelatinous alge, red, purple, or violet, with thalli flat and somewhat forked, but without distinction of nodes and branches ; form and structure varying, while reproductive processes are complex ; auxiliary cells and carpo- gonia separate, but usually in groups; universal ; nutritious, demul- cent, alterative. Genera: 1. Chondrus. 2. Gigartina. CHONDRUS. CHONDRUS (Irisu Moss, CARRAGHEEN). Chondrus crispus, (Linné) Lyngbye, . d The entire plants. ani Gigartina mamillosa, Greville. Habitat. Atlantic Ocean, New England, Irish Coast. : Syn. Carragreen (Moss), Pearl Moss, Salt Rock Moss, Fucus Crispus. Fr. Carra- gaheen, Mousse (Marine) perlée ; Ger. Irlindisches Moss, Perl Moos, Knorpeltang. * Chon/drus. L. fr. Gr. yévdpos, cartilage, gristle ; 7. e., fronds are cartilaginous. Cris’pus. L. curled, crumpled ; 7. ¢., its physical appearance. Gi-gar-ti/na. L. see etymology, above, of Gigartinacez. : Ma-mil-lo’sa. L. mamillosus, breasted, filled with papille or breasts; 7. ¢., from the resemblance of the spores on the surface and margins of the fronds. PLANts.—These grow upon rocks under water, being called simply seaweeds, bladder wrack, etc. They are attached by a small disk, - have a purplish color, and should be collected in the spring. ‘The fronds are 15-30 Cm. (6—-12’) long, yellowish-white (by bleaching), horny, translucent, forked, when softened in water cartilaginous, seg- ments wedge-shaped or linear, apex emarginate or two-lobed. Chon- 51 52 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. drus crispus has spore vessels or capsules imbedded in the frond. Gigartina mamillosa (Chondrus mamillosus) has oval ones raised upon a short stalk, and its frond or thallus is slightly channelled toward the base ; odor seaweed-like ; taste mucilaginous, saline. When 1 part is boiled with water 30 for ten minutes we get a solution which gelatinizes on cooling, ana is not colored blue by iodine T.S. Solvent: water. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Gm.). - ADULTERATIONS.— With allied species, especially G. acicula’ris and G. pistilla’ta, which resemble the official very closely. Chondrus crispus ; ¢, narrow form, with fruit; b, broad form; ¢, small form. Commercial.—lt is mostly collected on the coasts of Ireland and Massachusetts by tearing it from rocks under water with hooks, tongs, ete., or it is simply taken from the beach, where storms and tides leave it, then washed, spread high upon shore, thereby becoming dried and bleached. ; ConsTITUENTS.—Mucilage 55-80 p. c., Minerals 14 p. ¢., aloumi- noids 9 p. ¢., water 18 p. c., cellulose 2 p. ¢., ash 8-15 p. c. Mucilage.—A kind of pectin called carrageenin, 9 p. c. of which is soluble in cold, nearly all in hot water ; it differs from gum by alcohol not precipitating the aqueous solution, from starch by not turning blue CHONDRUS—CHONDRUS. 53 GIGARTINACEZ:. with iodine, from pectin by not precipitating with lead acetate, and yielding no mucic acid with nitric acid ; has only slight adhesive prop- erties but is sometimes substituted in its three forms, white, yellowish, yellow, for acacia, under the name of “imitation gum arabic.” Minerals.—These are the chlorides, sulphates, phosphates (traces of ‘iodides and bromides), of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. PREPARATIONS. (Unoff.)—Decoction, 5 p. c. (water or milk). Dose, Gigartina mamillosa; a, narrow form, with Fucus vesiculosus eee branch, 1 ny fruit; b, large form ; c, small form. natural size. ij—- — c.). Mucilage, 3 p.c., mostly as an emulsifier. Grela- = : oy ye can be oral and flavored with lemon juice, etc., to one’s pleasure. By macerating ten minutes 1n cold water, oe liquid away, then boiling with fresh water, gives a solution free from any unpleasant se . oe ch PY RTIES.—Demulcent, nutrient, ; eae rea dysentery, diarrhea, kidney and bladder troubles, scrofula. Sheet gelatin is substituted for poultices by wrapping 10 54 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. flannel and moistening ; can also use it as a diet wherever tapioca, sago, or barley is desired. Allied Plants : 1. G. acicula’ris and G. pistilla’ta are very similar in appearance. 2. Fucus vesiculo!sus, Bladder-wrack.—Atlantic Ocean. Grows on muddy rocks and often floats to the shores; it is 1 M. (40’) long, 15 Mm. (3") broad, flattened, branched, with a midrib. Air vessels in pairs, blackish, odor seaweed-like, taste mucilaginous, saline. u/cus nodo’sus is narrow, without midrib, air vessels single, otherwise similar. Contains organic matter (mainly mucilage with little mannit, fat, etc.), 62 p.c., moisture 22 p.c., ash 16 p. c.,—chlorides, bromides, iodides, phosphates, sulphates. Alterative, in obesity. Dose, 5ij (8 Gm.) in decoction. 3. Agar-agar (Eucheu'ma spino! sum, E. gela' tine).—Indian Ocean. Chinese or Japanese gelatin (isinglass) is prepared from these ; occurs in light, spongy cakes, 4 Cm. (13’) wide and consists of gelose or pararabin. : 4, Dulse (Halyme/nia (Fu’cus) palma'tus and H. e’dulis).—Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. Blood-red—when dry, dark purple, fronds flat. 5. Ceylon Moss.—Indian Ocean. Mostly Spheroco! ccus lichenoi’ des, 10 Cm. (4’) long, 1.5 Mm. (}4") thick, cylindrical, forked ; reddish— when dry, whitish, brittle. 5 6. Corsican Moss.—Mediterranean. A mixture of 20-30 different Algee species. Mainly Sphcroco!ccus (Fucus) genus ; these are yellow- ish-brown. Class: FUNGI. 2. HYPOCREACEZ. Flesh-consuming Family. Hy-po-cre-a’se-e. L. fr. Gr. do, under, through, by, + zoéac, flesh, i. e., some of the species live upon meat (caterpillars and other in- sects). Exist mostly upon dead organic matter, sometimes upon living plants and insects; rarely with chlorophyll, mycelium inconspicuous, frequently producing a dense homogeneous tissue ; ascocarps complex and either open from the first, or at a later period; conidium forma- tion occurs in many ways both from the mycelium and stoma; tem- perate climates ; hemostatic, ecbolic, poisonous. Genus: 1. Claviceps. ERGOTA. ERGOT (Ercor or Rye). Claviceps The sclerotium, replacing the grain of rye, purpurea, (Fries) Tulasne. Secale cereale. Habitat. Eastern countries, Russia. Cultivated in Spain, Germany, France. - Syn. Smut of Rye, Spurred or Cockspur Rye, Mother of Rye, Horn Seed, Secale Clavatum, Mater Secalis, Clavus Secalinus. Fr. Ergot de Seigle, Seigle Ergoté (noir), Blé Cornu. Ger. Secale Cornutum, Mutterkorn, Kornmutter, Zapfen or Hunger-korn. : ERGOTA—ERGOT. 55 HYPOCREACEZ. : Er-go’ta. L. fr. Fr. ergot, argot, a spur; i. ¢., its spur shape. Clav’i-ceps. L. clava, a club ; ‘he e., shape of the mipoalinmn or sclerotium.. Pur-pu’re-a. L. purpureus, purple colored ; i. ¢., the purple claviceps. - Scle-ro’tium. L. fr. Gr. cxAypéc, hard; i. ¢, a hart body formed by certain ‘ungi. Se-ca/le. L. secare, to cut, or Celtic, sega, a sickle: i. e. i i sickle, or the grain has to be cutdown. a Spree teers Ce’re-al-e. L. cerealis, cultivated grain. Piant.—Rye is to Russia what corn is to Fie. 4. America, its bread approximating nearer that of ‘wheat than any other grain. It hasaculm 1.5-2 \ M. (5-6°) high ; leaves .25-.5 M. (10-20’) long, rough on upper side; spike 10-15 Cm. (4-67) long, two-sided, spikelet 2-flowered ; grain or seed oblong, grooved on upper side, hairy at summit, brownish; flowers in June; fruits in July. ScLEROTIUM (ergot).—The origin of this is the biennial thallophyte (fungus) Claviceps purpurea, parasitic during moist seasons on the ovary of grains, grasses, Carex, and Cyperus species, etc. It has three stages of development. 1. When rye blooms a few ovaries in some of the heads are observed to be covered with a sweet, yellow mucus—honey-dew of rye, which, having a disagreeable odor, repels bees but attracts ants and beetles—the once supposed cause of the diseased grain. This dew contains conidia cells and sugar, a result of ovarian-tissue decomposition, caused by the growing fungus, and is soft from the numerous cells or hyphe ; the mycelium (spawn) is formed of these hyphe, the outer layer of which yields the hymenium, a kind of membrane com- posed of short linear cells—the basidia, which separates the conidia ; when this separation ceases and the hyphe have penetrated the lower part of the ovary the first or sphacelia stage is completed. 2. These hyphe of the sphacelia unite now at the base of the ovary into a compact mass, purplish- black, and continue to grow upward in length, de- veloping the sclerotium or official ergot. 3. This stage does not take place until the following spring, when ergot sprouts in many heads (stomata), by which the oil and other constituents are consumed, thus leaving the sclerotium shrivelled and worthless. Upon the head’s surface have formed | small spherical- topped excrescences, size of pin’s head ; these contain the orifices of flask-shaped cavities or conceptacles (perithecia) from the base of which many cells or spore-sacs (asci) arise, each containing eight filiform spores. ‘These spores are formed about the time rye flowers, and the. Ergotized Rye. 56 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. two (spores and flowers) acting together develop again the sphacelia or sclerotium. Hence it is necessary to always use the fresh ergot in medicine ; i. ¢., at the end of the'second stage before the third stage takes place. ’ Ergot is somewhat fusiform, obtusely triangular, usually curved, 2-3 Cm. (—-1}/) long, 3 Mm. ($’) thick, three-furrowed, obtuse at both ends, purplish-black, internally whitish with purplish strie, fracture short ; odor peculiar, heavy, increased by rubbing with potassa or soda Ergot with fruit heads. Longitudinal section of fruiting head, showing conceptacles. T.S.; taste oily, disagreeable. Ergot that breaks with a sharp snap, | devoid of pinkish fracture, hard, brittle between the teeth, odorless and tasteless, should be rejected. Unless it be very dry and kept in well-stoppered bottles, or a few drops of chloroform be added to the closed container, a mite will ofttimes attack it, thus rendering it worth- ‘less. At best it cannot be preserved for more than a year, when the old must be discarded and fresher used. The deterioration is due to the fixed oil becoming rancid, so that if this be extracted with ether or benzin, and the ergot then dried, it will Fic. 7. retain its medical properties much longer ; >. the addition of benzoin (5 p.c.) to the powdered drug also acts well as a preser- vative. Solvent: diluted alcohol. Dose, gr. 16-60 (1-4 Gm.). ConstiTuENTS.—Fixed oil 30 p. ec, Ergotinine (ergotine), Cornutine (ecbo- line), Sclerotic (sclerotinic, ergotic, ergo- tinic) acid, mycose, proteids, cholesterin, Ergota, tannin, ash 3 p. c. (phosphates). Ergotinine, yellowish, amorphous pow- der, fluorescent in alcohol, ether, but red, violet and blue with sul- phuric acid, harmless. Dose, gr. 5-1, (.002-.006 Gm.). Cornutine, reddish mass or yellowish powder, insoluble in ether, and is the chief active constituent of the alcoholic extract, which also has sphacelic acid. The aqueous extract contains chiefly ergotic acid and sphacelates. Bonjean’s ergotin is the aqueous extract from which ERGOTA—ERGOT. 57 HYPOCREACEZ. scleromucin is precipitated by alcohol, then filtered and evaporated ; yield 8-12 p.c. Dose (cornutine), gr. 51;-} (.003-.01 Gm.). Dragendorff has isolated the following: 1. Sclerotic (sclerotinic, er- gotic, ergotinic) acid 4.5 p.¢., very active and used hypodermically. 2. Scleromucin 2-3 p. c., mucilaginous, ecbolic, precipitated by alcohol when added to aqueous extract of the drug. 3. Sclererythrin ;4,5 p. ¢., red coloring-matter resembling madder, soluble in alcohol, ether, alkalies. 4. Scleroiodin 1, p. c., bluish-black powder, soluble in al- kalies or sulphuric acid with violet color. 5. Fusco-sclerotinic acid. 6. Picro-sclerotine, very poisonous. 7. Sclerocrystallin, C,H,O,. 8. Scleroxanthin, C,H,O, + H,O, crystalline, soluble in ether ; the last two inert. Kobert claims for ergot only three constituents: Ergotic acid, Sphacelic acid (sphacelotoxin), Cornutine. Jakoby has isolated Chrys- otoxin, Secalintoxin, Sphacelotoxin, Ergochrysin, the first possessing best and longest the ergot properties, the last being inactive. None of the constituents represents the entire activities of the drug, the nearest approach being in ergotinine (ergotine) and sclerotic acid taken together ; nearly all of them are of a changeable nature, amor- phous, resembling gelatine, being difficult, therefore, to isolate and urify. : PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Ergote Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Ergot. (Syn., Br. Extractum Ergote Liquidum ; Fr. Extrait liquide de Seigle ergoté ; Ger. Extractum Secalis Cornuti Fluidum, Mutterkorn Fluidextrakt, Flissiges Mutterkornextrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with acetic acid 2 Ce., diluted alcohol 98 Cc., finishing with diluted alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mxv—60 (1-4 Cc.). Prep.: 1. Eztractum Ergote, Extract of Ergot. (Syn., Br. Ergotinum, Ergotin, Extractum Hemostaticum ; Fr. Extrait WVErgot de Seigle; Ger. Extractum Secalis Cornuti, Mutter- kornextrakt.) ~ Manufacture: Evaporate fluid extract of ergot, 150 Ce., at 50°C. (122° F.), to a pilular consistence. Dose, gr. 2-10 (.13—.6 Gm.). 2. Vinum Ergote. Wine of Ergot. (Syn., Fr. Vin de Seigle Er- goté; Ger. Mutterkornwein.) ; Manufacture: 15 p. c. Percolate 15 Gm. with alcohol 15 Cc., white wine 85, finishing alone with white wine q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5j-3 (4-12 Cc.). 7 Unoff. Preps.: Infusion, 5 p.c. Tincture, 15 p. c. Ergotin. Dose, hypodermically, gr. 4-5 (.016-.3 Gm.). Sclerotic acid. Dose, gr. Za— (.006-.048 Gm.). ; ; : PRoPERTIES.—Emmenagogue, ecbolic, parturient, astringent, heemo- static, excitomotor, poisonous. Contracts all _unstriped (involuntary) muscle, especially uterus and intestine, thereby expelling their con- tents; the action upon the uterus is both centrally (cornutine) and peripherally (sclerotic acid). Depresses heart muscle, hence slows pulée, contracts arterioles (hemostatic), thus increasing arterial pressure ; 58 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. diminishes sweat, saliva, milk, urine. In large doses gastro-intestinal irritant, causes nausea, vomiting, colic, thirst, purging, convulsions, “acute ergotism,” or by many small doses may have “chronic er- gotism” ; this last may be in two forms: 1. Convulsive, causing teta- noid spasms of the flexors, respiratory muscles, death by asphyxia. 2. Gangrenous, causing cold, numb limbs, loss of sensibility, gangrene of lower extremities, buttocks, etc., epileptic convulsions, coma, death. Usrs.—In labor to increase the power and duration of uterine con- tractions ; these are continuous while natural labor pains are intermit- tent, hence ergot is dangerous in thoughtless hands. Should never be used until after head is born, when it simply promotes firm, uterine contraction ; it is still wiser to withhold it until after birth, to prevent post-partum hemorrhage and aid womb contraction (fluid extract 5} (4 Ce.) by mouth or, better, hypodermically). Used also in chronic metritis, dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, fibroids, polypi, plethoric amen- orrheea, atonic spermatorrhea, atonic arterial hemorrhage (males and females), spinal congestions, splenic enlargement, lax sphincters, in- continence of urine, aneurisms, diabetes. Externally to hemorrhoids. For hypodermic injection—deprive solid extract of all alcohol, dis- solve in water, and introduce near seat of trouble; results here much better than by mouth; must have bladder and bowels freely open. The ergot formed on grasses is often sufficient to cause grazing animals to abort, and flour made of grain containing much of it will also some- times act medicinally. Poisoning : Evacuate stomach (pump, emetics, purgatives), use tan- nic acid, stimulants, amyl nitrite (inhalation), friction, hot baths. Incompatibles: Cardiac and motor depressants (aconite, veratrum, lobelia, ete.), caustic alkalies, metallic salts. Synergists : Digitalis, belladonna (circulation), strychnine (nerves), ustilago, gossypium, hydrastine, emmenagogues. Allied Plants : 1. Ustila'go May'dis, Corn Smut—The fungus growth upon Zea Mays official, 1880-1890. United States, ete. The fungus is abun- ‘dant upon stem, grains and tassel ; in irregular, globose masses 10-15 Cm. (4+6’) broad, consisting of a blackish, gelatinous membrane en- closing many blackish, globular, nodular spores, odor and taste dis- agreeable. Should be kept dry and not longer than one year ; contains fixed oil 2.5 p. c., sclerotic acid, crystalline principle (ustilagine) and alkaloid (secaline), volatile base, sugar, mucilage, ash 5 p.c. Used as emmenagogue, parturient, increases uterine pains during labor, like ergot. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). 2. Saccharomyces (To'rula) cerevi! sie, Fermentum ( Yeast).—A pecu- liar insoluble product of the fermentation of malt liquors produced by this fungus official, 1820-1840, 1860-1880. Yeast plant is unicek lular, multiplies by budding, being produced during alcoholic fermenta- tion of saccharine fluid, in two forms: 1. Top or surface yeast, most active, semifluid, frothy mass, odorous, cellular, fermenting in three or four days at 15-20° C. (59-68° F.). 2. Bottom or sediment yeast, ERGOTA—ERGOT. ; 59 PARMELIACEZ. works at 6-8° C. (43-46° F.), much slower, reproduces by isolated spores. Liquid yeast becomes hard, dry (yeast cake), retaining vitality a long time, contains C 49.9 p.c., H 6.6 p.c, N 12.1 p.c, 031.4 p. ¢., insoluble in alcohol, water. Used as tonic, stimulant, laxative, antiseptic poultices, for typhoid, diabetes, diarrhcea, scurvy, diphtheria, sores, bruises. Dose, 5j-2 (30-60 Gm.). 3. Poly’porus (Bole'tus) fomenta'rius, Agaric of the Oak (Touch Wood).—The fungus official, 1830-1840. Europe, on Quercus and Fagus species. It is formed by an additional layer of fibres each year ; is collected Aug.—Sept., and resembles the horse’s hoof, being 15-25 Cm. (6-10’) wide. When young is soft, velvety, but becomes hard and ligneous ; when deprived of outside ligneous portion, brownish above and yellowish-white beneath, porous, fibrous, tough, inodorous, tasteless ; when for use is deprived of harder rind, sliced, boiled in lye, washed, beaten until soft and pliable, then absorbs twice its weight of water ; contains extractive, resin, nitrogenous matter, KCl, CaSO, ; the ash has Fe, Ca, Mg, phosphate. Used locally with pressure to arrest hemorrhage. Agaric steeped in nitre solution yields spunk or tinder. Agaricin, C,,H,,O, + HO, is from Poly’ porus officina’lis ; occurs in white crystals, sweet at first then bitter, soluble in alcohol. Antihy- drotic ; night-sweats of phthisis, sweating from coal-tar products and salicylates. Dose, gr. $-2 (.03-.13 Gm.). Agaricin contains agaricic acid, which is the active and better principle to use. 4, Aga’ricus musca'rius (Amani’ta musca’ria), Fly Fungus (Agaric). —N. Europe, Russia. This mushroom grows in the autumn mainly, under pine trees ; stalk is white, tuberous at base, 7.5-15 Cm. (3-67) high, 1.8 Cm. (?’) thick. Cap (pileus) 10-15 Cm. (4—6’) broad, orange- red. Contains chiefly muscarine (muscarina), C,H,,NO,, a colorless, odorless, crystalline, deliquescent alkaloid, yielding deliquescent salts (nitrate, sulphate) ; all usually occur as brown, syrupy liquids, soluble in water, alcohol ; resembles Calabar bean in action ; antihydrotic, antispasmodic, myotic. Reduces force and frequency of pulse, con- tracts muscles of intestines and bladder, increases abdominal secretions, causes dyspnoea, paralysis, death. Given for intestinal torpor, duo- denal catarrh, diabetes, antidote to atropine, to replace eserine. Dose (muscarine), gr. 3's (.002-.004 Gm.). Ciass: LICHENES. 3. PARMELIACEZ. The Foliaceous-Lichens Family. Par-me-li-a’se-e. Li. Parmeli(a) + acee, fr. Gr. mdopy, a small shield, + ecw, to roll, or twist up, é. e., the thallus. The thallus is imbricate-foliaceous, appressed or rarely ascendant, membranaceous, sparingly fibrillose beneath ; the apothecia scutelliform, subpedicellate, with mostly thin disk and colorless hypothecium ; universal, starchy, tonic, demulcent, astringent. 60 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Genus: 1. Cetraria. CETRARIA. CETRARIA (IceLanp Moss). Cetraria ‘ 2 : islandica, eae The dried lichen. Habitat. N. Hemisphere, N. America (N. England to North Carolina, British America, Spain, Italy, Siberia, Himalayas, Iceland ; mountains and sandy plains). Syn. Iceland Lichen. Fr. Mousse (Lichen) d’Islande. Ger. Lichen Islandicus, Isliindisches Moss, Islindische Flechte, Lungenmoos. ; ia : Ce-tra/ri-a. L. cetra, a shield; i. ¢., the receptacle (apothecia) being shield or buckler-shaped. . oP ‘ Is-lan’di-ca. L. obsolete form of icelandica, Eng. form, iclandic, of or belonging to Iceland. Piant.—This has a thallus 5-10 Cm. (2-4) high, foliaceous, with fringed and channelled lobes, brownish above, whitish beneath, marked with small, depressed spots, brittle, inodorous ; the apothecia (fruits), sometimes present, are brown, round, flattish, and near the margin. When softened with water cartilaginous, slight odor, mucilaginous, bitter taste; when boiled with Fie. 8. water (20 parts) and cooled, yields a bitter jelly ; and on diluting this with an equal quantity of water and adding alcohol a floceulent precipi- tate is obtained, being blue with iodine. Itis mainlyex- ported from Sweden. Sol- vent: boiling water. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS. — Pine leaves, mosses, and other lichens, which should always be removed. The official lichen often varies in color, size, shape, and width of the ¢ divisions, dependent upon Cetraria islandica ; ap, apothecium. the place where grown. ' ConsTITUENTS, —Liehe- nin (iso-lichenin, dextro-lichenin) 70 p. c., Cetrarin 2 p. c., lichen- stearic acid, C,,H,,O,, 1 p. c. (fumaric and oxalic acids, sugar, thallo- chlor(ophyll), cellulose 16 p. c., ash 2 p. c.). Lichenin (Lichen Starch), C,,H,,O,,, consists of two principles— — lichenin, the greater and gummy portion, not blue with iodine, com- bines with bases and separates from the decoction as jelly; this when washed yields carbohydrate—isolichenin which is blue with iodine, pre- cipitated by alcohol, and does not combine with bases. Cetrarin (Cetraric Acid), C,,H,,O,, bitter principle, white crystals ; obtained by boiling with alcohol, expressing, adding to filtrate diluted hydrochloric acid and water. Upon standing cetrarin will deposit, or can simply macerate with water, or better alkaline water. Dose, gr. 1-3 (.06-.2 Gm.). CETRARIA—CETRARIA. 61 POLYPODIACEE. : _PREPARATIONS.—1. Decoctum Cetrariw. Decoction of Cetraria. (Syn., Decoction of Iceland Moss; Fr. Tisane (Décocté) de Lichen d’Islande ; Ger. Islindisch-Moss-Absud (Decoct.).) . Manufacture: 5 p.c. Macerate 5 Gm. one-half hour with 40 Ce. cold water (to remove some cetrarin), reject liquid, and boil the drug half hour with water 100 Cc., strain, adding water q.s. 100 Cc. May be made with milk, to which sugar and any preferred aromatic can be added. Dose, 5j—4 (30-120 Cc.). Unoff. Preps.: Infusion, 5 p.e. Jelly, 33 p.c. Gelatina saccharata. PROPERTIES.—Demulcent (starch), tonic (cetrarin), nutritive to mucous membranes, lungs, bowels, stomach ; increases the formation of red and white corpuscles, appetite and digestion. Uses.—Chronic catarrhs, pulmonary affections, bronchitis, chronic — diarrhcea, dysentery, consumption, constipation. The gum and starch render it so nutritive that Laplanders and Ice- landers make bread from the powder after freeing it from cetrarin. It is sweet and can be used in pharmacy instead of acacia, although it possesses no adhesiveness. The Danish physicians first used it exten-. sively. Cetrarin itself is employed in chlorosis or debility with con- stipation, but excessive doses cause nausea and diarrhcea. Allied Products : 1. Lecano'ra tarta'rea, Lacmus (Litmus).—Holland. This is a blue pigment obtained from this and other lichens by powdering, mixing with potash and urine, or other ammoniacal liquid, then exposing to the air. The liquid turns gradually red, purple, and blue, when it is mixed with enough chalk to be formed into 12-25 Mm. (3-1’) rec- tangular cakes. By slightly different processes on the same lichens we obtain the allied pigments, orchil and cudbear. +Litmus is used to de- termine the acidity or alkalinity of urine and other animal fluids— acids turning it red, alkalies blue; orchil is a deep-purple, pasty mass, used as a dye; cudbear is a purplish-red powder, used as a dye and to color various medical preparations. ; Sus-Kincpom II. PTERIDOPHYT(ES)-A. Vascular cryptogams (ferns), mostly terrestrial ; stems, roots, leaves, woody-fibres and vessels well developed, spores go into flat or irreg- ular prothallia bearing antheridia and archegonia. Cuass: FILICIN. 4. POLYPODIACEZ. Fern Family. Pol-i-po-di-a’se-e. L. Polypodium + acee, fr. Gr. zodvs, many, + zobds, 7000¢, foot—many feet, rays; 7. ¢., from the branched rootstocks of some species. Includes nine-tenths of our ferns, being the typical family. Herbaceous with a permanent stem, which is usually prostrate or subterranean. Fronds large, simple, pinnate, pinnatifid or decom- pound, coiled in vernation; numerous sporangia, On the underside or 62 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. margins, in clusters (sori). Sori with or without membranaceous covering (indusium), prothallium green; universal, bitter, astringent, ‘anthelmintic, mucilage, tonic. Genus: 1. Dryopteris. ASPIDIUM. ASPIDIUM (Mate Fern). Filix-mas, (Linné) Schott. : marginalis, (Linné) Gray. } The rhizome. Habitat. 1. N. America, N. Asia, Europe, N. Africa. (Canada, westward to Rocky Mountains, Mexico, S. America, Andes, Himalaya Mountains, Polynesian Islands. ) 2. N. America, southward to N. Carolina, mountains. Syn. Male Shield Fern, Bear’s Paw Root, Sweet Brake, Knotty Brake, Shield Root. ’ Br. Filix-mas, Radix Filicis maris. Fr. Fougére male. Ger. Rhizoma Filicis, Farn- wurzel, Wurmfarn, Waldfarn, Johanniswurzel. Dry-op’te-ris. L. fr. Gr. ’dpvorrepic = dpvds, of the oak, growing among trees, in thickets, + mrépic, a feather, wing or fern; 7. e., their favored place of growth. Fil’/ix-mas. L. filix, a fern, fr. Gr. mrépic, fern, frond, etc., + mas, male; i. e., referring to its asexual fructification. Mar-gi-nal’is. L. margo, marginis, margin ; 7. ¢., the fruit dots are near the edge of the frond. As-pid’i-um. L. fr. Gr. aoidcov, a little shield ; «. ¢., shape of the indusium. Dryopteris Piants.—Perennials; fronds .3—1 M. (1-3°) high or long, bipinnate, pinne lanceolate, circular fruit dots situated on the veins, in the first species near the midrib, in the second near the margin, covered by a heart-shaped indusium. Rutzome, horizontal, 15-30 Cm. (6-12') long, 5-7.5 Cm. (2-3’) thick, covered with stipe remnants; these remain green several years, and often constitute a goodly portion of the official drug. When deprived of stipes, roots, ete., the rhizome itself is 7.5-15 Cm. (8-67) long, 12-25 Mm. (3-1’) thick, brown- ish outside, greenish inside, 8-12 (Filix-mas) fibro-vascular bundles = scalariform ducts, or only 6 (marginalis) in an interrupted cir- cle, having outside of these many smaller ones. The parenchyma cells contain starch and green oil, the intercellular spaces short- stalked oil-glands ; odor slight, disagreeable ; taste sweet, acrid, bitter, astringent, nause- ous. Solvents: Alcohol ; ether the best, as it extracts fixed oil, filicin, filicie acid, chlo- rophyll, volatile oil and resin, all being pres- ent in the official oleoresin. Dose, 5ss—2 | (2-8 Gm.). Dryopterla Filxemas, ADULTERATIONS.—With rhizomes of most indigenous ferns resembling the official, although such are thinner, free from chaff, and have stipes rarely closely imbricate. ‘/ Commercial.—Rhizome should be collected when strongest—late summer ; the chaff, dead portions of rhizome and stipes must be dis- - ASPIDIUM—ASPID1UM. 63 POLYPODIACEZ. carded, and only green, spongy parenchymatous portions retained, which should be quickly dried and made into preparations, owing to rapid deterioration, as it usually becomes inert within one or two years. The powder must always be kept in well-stoppered bottles. CoysTITUENTS.—Filicic acid, 5-10 p. ¢; Filicin, 19-31 p. ¢; fixed oil, 6-7 p.c.; filitannic acid, 10 p.c., filix red, chlorophyll, volatile oil, resin. Bohm isolates Aspidin (2-3 p. c.), Albaspidin, As- pidinin, Aspidinol and Flavaspidic acid, and claims virtue to be chiefly in aspidin and filicic acid combined. Filicic (Filicinic) Acid, C,,H,,O,,, most active constituent, white, amorphous or crystalline, tasteless, more soluble than its anhydride, poisonous. Dose, gr. 10-20 (.6-1.3 Gm.). Filicin (Filicie Anhydride), C,,H,,O,,, yellowish-white, non-poison- ous, crystalline, soluble in most solvents except aqueous ; yields with fusing potassa butyric acid and phloroglucin. PREPARATIONS.—1. Oleoresina Aspidii. Oleoresin of Aspidium. Fie. 10. Fie. 11. Filix-mas ; transverse section magnified 3 diam. ; Filix-mas; surface of peeled J, fibro-vascular bundles. rhizome. (Syn., Oil of Fern; Br. Extractum Filicis Liquidum (Athereum), Oleum Filicis Maris; Fr. Huile (Extrait éthéré) de Fougére Male ; Ger. Extractum Filicis, Farnextrakt, Wurmfarnextrakt, Wurmfarnil.) Manufacture: Percolate 100 Gm. with ether until exhausted, re- cover ether ; yield 10-15 (acetone 18) p.c. This contains filicic acid 6-11 p. c., some of which deposits in granular crystals upon standing, consequently must be well shaken before dispensing. Dose, 5ss—1 2-4 Ce.) every three hours. Deaths have occurred from $vj 24 Cc.). : Taft Preps.: Extract. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). Fluid Ex- tract. Dose, 3j-2 (4-8 Ce.). PROPERTIES.—Teniafuge, tonic, astringent. ; Usrs.—This was known to the ancients as a vermifuge, being men- tioned by Dioscorides, Galen, Pliny, Theophrastus, etc. Tn 1775 the King of France bought and made public this then secret tapeworm remedy from the Swiss surgeon Nouffer’s widow. 64 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. When requiring this medicine the patient must fast the previous day, being nourished only by a little bread and milk; at night take 3j (30 Cc.) castor oil, to expel nidus, and on the following morning a full dose of oleoresin, still fasting; in three hours may repeat the dose. At noon can begin moderate eating, and at night give another cathartic—castor oil 3} (30 Cc.), or a full dose of calomel, jalap, gam- boge or Epsom salt, to clear away the dead worm. Allied Plants : : 1. D. ri/gida (Aspidium ri’gidum).—S. Europe, California. Rhi- zome longer, thinner, with six vascular bundles. D. athama’ntica (A. athama’nticum). §, Africa, Rhizome thicker, firmer than official, in- - side brownish, with black resin dots, broader vascular bundles. 2. Osmu'nda rega'lis, Flowering Fern, Adia'ntum peda’tum, Maiden- Hair and Polypo'dium vulga're, Common Polypody.—All used for chronic catarrh, asthma, pectoral demulcent, tonic. Ciass: LYCOPODIN. 5. LYCOPODIACE. Club-Moss Family. Li-ko-po-di-a/se-e. L. Lycopodi-wm + acew, fr. Gr. iuxoc, a wolf, + xovs, z0d0d¢, a foot; i. e., from appearance of the shoots to a wolf’s foot. Herbs resembling mosses. Distinguished by creeping stems, corms ; leaves small, sessile, 4-16 ranks; sporangia in axis of leaves or scales, 1—3-celled, often reniform, 2-valved, containing many yel- low spores, of one kind only, marked at summit with 3 radiating lines ; prothallia subterranean, with or without chlorophyll ; moncecious ; universal ; emetic, purgative, aphrodisiac, acrid principle poisonous, some spores inflammable. ; Genus: 1. Lycopodium. ; LYCOPODIUM. LYCOPODIUM. Lycopodium j elavatum, Linné, ; The spores. and other species. Habitat. Europe, Asia, N. America, in dry woods. Syn. Club Moss, Vegetable Sulphur, Brimstone or Powder, Wolf Claw, Fox Tail,, Staghorn, Lycopodium Moss, Semen or Pulvis Lycopodii. Fr. Lycopode, Soufre: Végétal, Pied de Loup. Ger. Barlappsamen, Hexenmehl, Streupulver, Blitzpulvre. Ly-co-po’di-um. L. see etymology, above, of Lycopodiacer. Cla-va’/tum. L. clavatus, club like ; 1. ¢., alluding to club-like appearance of the: fertile spikes. ‘ Piant.—Low creeping perennial; stem .6—-3 M. (2-10°) long, slender, tough, flexible, woody ; branches ascending, leafy, the fertile terminated by a slender peduncle 10-15 Cm. (4-6’) long, with 1-2 linear, cylindrical spikes—thece, cones, capsules, 2.6-5 Cm. (1-2’) long; leaves linear, awl-shaped, 6 Mm. (}’) long, dense, light-green, tipped, as are also the numerous bracts, on the flowering spikes with a fine bristle ; in axils of bracts have the kidney-shaped sporangia.con- taining the spores. Spores, a pale-yellowish fine powder, mobile, in- LYCOPODIUM—LYCOPODIUM. 65 LYCOPODIACEZ. odorous, tasteless, floating upon water, not wetted by it, burning quickly with hissing, giving a yellowish-white light ; under microscope spores spheero-tetrahedral, sur- faces reticulated, ridged, edges beset with short projections. While Z. clava'tum furnishes most, yet considerable comes from L. complana’tum, L. anno'tinum, and DL. inunda’- tum. ADULTERATIONS.—1. Pol- len of many Pinaceze (Pinus sylvestris, P. + palustris, etc.), which under microscope con- sist of an elliptical cell with a globular cell at each end, is less fine and mobile, and mixes more easily with water than lycopodium. 2. Tale, gypsum (increase ash beyond 4-5 p. c., and quickly subside when sha- ken with carbon disulphide, chloroform, or water). 3. Starch, flour (blue with iodine and sink in-carbon disulphide), dextrin (soluble in water, when Fig. 12. 2 z2 LE mee ana Lycopodium clavatum ; 0,a fragment of stem with concentrated precipitated by spore-bearing spikes f, f; “beat of stem ; b, leaf of fer- ° . tile branch ; ¢, cone scale alcohol), sulphur (dissolves in e; 4, spores. | carbon disulphide, remaining upon evaporation), resin (treat with alcohol, evaporate the tincture), turmeric (reddish-brown with alkalies). ; Commercial.—Lycopodium (club moss) is obtained by cutting off ract) showing sporangium Fia. 13. Lycopodium. tops when fruit spikes (cones) are nearly ripe ; the spores are after- ward shaken out of the sporangia, then sifted. Chiefly collected in Russia, G: d Switzerland in July—Aug. acerca : ConstITuENTS.—Fixed oil 47-49 Fic. 14. p.c. Cane sugar 2 p. ¢ ; volatile base (methylamine), ash 4-5 p. c. (= sand 4+ 1p.c. P,O,). The substance of the cell wall is called pollenin; when treated with potassa gives yellow color, Pollen of pine. ® 66 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. becoming blue upon the addition of sulphuric acid and iodine. The oil contains a peculiar oleic acid. / PROPERTIES.—Once considered diuretic, antispasmodic for rheu- matism, epilepsy, pulmonary and renal disorders, dysentery. Usrs.—Externally to protect tender and raw surfaces, erysipelas,. eczema, herpes, ulcers, chafing in infants; in pharmacy as a basis for insufflations, also to prevent adhering of pills, suppositories, ete. Popular “ homeopathic medicine” (1 to 100 milk sugar triturated till oil liberated) ; internally gives excited circulation, urinary irritation, often cures dyspepsia, flatulence, constipation, aneurism, mucous mem- brane troubles of lungs and bronchi, diphtheria. Sus-Kivepom II]. SPERMATOPHYT(ES)-A (PHANEROGAMIA). Seed-producing plants, each containing a complete embryo, and in- cludes the greatest number (120,000), as well as the highest forms of plants. Crass: GY MNOSPERM_h (Seeds naked, not enclosed in an ovary). 6. PINACEZ (CONIFER). Pine Family, Conifers. Pi-na’se-e. LL. Pin(us) + acee, fr. Celtic pin, pyn, a mountain, rock ; ¢. ¢, habitat of some species. Trees or evergreen shrubs. Dis- tinguished by abounding in oleoresinous juice; leaves needle-shaped, . entire, parallel-veined ; flowers moncecious—staminate in catkins, with- out calyx or corolla—pistillate in cones ; ovules naked, two or more on upper surface of each scape (carpel) ; fruit woody cone; seeds naked, cotyledons two or many, wood without ducts, with discoid markings ; temperate climates ; stimulant, diuretic, emmenagogue, anthelmintic, . expectorant, timber. Genera: 1. Pinus. 2. Abies. 3. Juniperus. TEREBINTHINA. TURPENTINE. Pinus palustris, Miller, mand oliennpecion, }A concrete oleoresin. Habitat, 8. United States, Virginia to Texas, near the coast. Syn. Long leayed-, Yellow Pitch-, Broom-, Pitch-, Swamp or Georgia Pine, Com- mon Frankincense, Terebinthina Communis, Crude Turpentine, Thus Americanum. Fr. Térébenthine Commune, T. de Bordeaux. Ger. Gemeiner Terpentin. Pi/‘nus. L. see etymology, above, of Pinacex. Pa-lus’tris. L. paluster, swampy ; 1. ¢., it inhabits swamps or near marshy places. Ter-e-bin’thi-na. L. terebinthus, Gr. repéBivOoc, of or from the terebinth = tur- pentine tree. Tur’pen-tine, fr. turbentine, terebinthine, terebinthina. Piant.—Pinus palustris (P. austra’lis, i. e., southern); large tree, 18-30 M. (60-100°) high, .8-.6 M. (1-2°) thick, grows in dry sandy soil, from the sea to 100 miles (160 Km.) inland; bark thin, scaled, TEREBINTHINA—TURPENTINE. 67 PINACEZ. furrowed; wood hard, resinous; leaves many, crowded at end of branches, in threes, .25—.4 M.(10-15’) long, very narrow, sharp-pointed, trique- trous, in clusters surrounded by a sheath 25 Mm. (1’) long; flowers sterile in violet aments, 5 Cm. (2’) long; fruit cone, large, oblong, 15-25 Cm. (6-10’) long, scales armed with short spine. Young trees resemble brooms ; this furnishes nearly all the turpentine and rosin of commerce. OLEORESIN (turpentine), in yellowish, opaque, tough masses, brittle when cold, crumbly-crystalline inside ; terebinthinate odor and taste; alcoholic solution has acid reaction, rarely seen as yellow, opaque, viseid liquid. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). Commercial—Common white turpentine comes mostly from North Carolina, some from South Carolina and Georgia. It is secreted in the sapwood, exudes spontaneously somewhat, but to get it in large quantities the trees must be bovc!, which consists in cutting, during winter, with a special axc, in the tree trunk 1-4 cavities, each holding 4-8 pints (2-4 L.); these are begun 20-30 Cm, (8-12') above ground, are triangular in shape, 30 Cm. (12’) in width, 15 Cm. (6’) in depth and height, being excavated downward. About 1 MM. (3°) above cach box the bark is removed and wood hacked in shape of letter L (cornering). The “crude” begins flow- ing the middle of March, but runs best July— Aug., slackening Sept.-Oct. Boxes are fre- quently empticd with “ turpentine ladles or dippers ” from which it is poured into barrels (250 Ibs. ; 110 Ke.) to be used for distilling the oil. Every few wecks the trees are hacked a little higher using ladders ; the first year’s flow, virgin dip, is best ; yields 6} gal- lons (24 L.) of oil per barrel and window Pinus palustris. elass rosin. Succeeding years yield yellow dip, giving + gallons (15 L.) of oil per barrel and ordinary grades of rosin, Some hardens on trees, serapings, serape, which gives 2 gallons (7.5 L.) of oil per barrel, and brownish-black 1 ID. ena CoxstituENts.—Y olatile oil 20-30 p. ¢., Rosin (resina, resin) 50 60 p. ¢, bitter principle, formic, succinic, and possibly other resin acids—pinie and sylvie acids, i : Oleum Terebinthinz. Oil of Turpentine, (,,H,,, oficial—Oyn., Fr. Essence de Téréhenthine (Huile volatile de T.); Ger. Terpentindl.) This volatile oil is obtained by distilling the oleoresin, adding oc- casionally some water. When oil ceases to come over, resin 1s Tun off from bottom of still and strained into barrels, On condensing distil- late the oil floats on top of the water, when it is dipped out and barrelled for market. It is a thin, colorless, neutral liquid, sp. gr. 0,855-0.870, boils at 155-170° C. (311-358° F.), soluble in 3 volumes alcohol, 1 glacial acetic acid ; composed chiefly of dextro- 68 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. gyrate pinene (French oil levogyre), takes fire with mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids, yields slight residue (abs. petroleum, paraffin oils, resin). Bromine or iodine acts on it violently ; by age becomes stronger and less pleasant, owing to formation of ozone, resin, formic and acetic acids; with hydrochloric acid forms artificial crystalline camphor, C,,H, HCl. Resina. Resin (Colophony), oficial.—(Syn., Rosin, Colophonium, Colophane ; Fr. Résine blanche (jaune); Ger. Kolophonium, Geigen- harz.) The residue left after distilling off the volatile oil from turpentine. It is a transparent, amber-colored solid, hard, brittle, pulverizable ; fracture glossy, shallow-conchoidal; odor and taste faintly terebinthinate, sp. gr. 1.075, soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed or volatile oils, potassa or soda solutions ; its varieties depend upon color, and that upon degree of heat used in distillation—the older the trees the greater the yield of rosin, the less that of oil. Contains anhydride of abietic acid, C,,H,,O,, 80-90 p.c¢., pinic and sylvic acids. By shaking rosin with warm diluted alcohol, abietic anhydride is converted into abietic acid, C,,H,,O,, which is crystalline, soluble in carbon disul- phide, benzene, alcohol, ether, chloroform, alkalies, glacial acetic acid. When boiled with alkaline solutions get greasy salts of abieticacid = rosin soap ; if distilled with superheated steam get benzene and toluene. PREPARATIONS.—I. Om: 1. Olewm Terebinthine Reetificatum. Rectified Oil of Turpentine. (Syn., Fr. Essence de Térébenthine rectifiée ; Ger. Gereinigtes Terpentinél.) Manufacture: Oil of turpentine 1 volume, lime water 6, shake, then distil. It is a thin, colorless, neutral liquid, sp. gr. 0.860, boils at 160° C. (320° F.). Dose, stimulant, diuretic, Mv-30 (.3-2 Ce.), anthelmintic, 5ss—4 (2-15 Cc.). Prep.. Terpini Hydras. Terpin Hydrate, C,,H,,(OH), + H,O. (Syn., Ger. Terpinum Hydratum, Terpinhydrat.) Manufacture: Rectified oil of turpentine 4 parts, alcohol 3, nitric acid 1, are mixed in a shallow porcelain dish and allowed to stand 3-4 days. Crystals form which are collected, drained, dried on paper and recrystallized from cold alcohol. It is the hydrate of the diatomic alcohol terpin; occurs in colorless, lustrous, rhombic prisms, nearly odorless, aromatic, bitter taste, permanent, soluble in 250 parts water, 10 alcohol, 2 boiling water, 100 ether ; yield 12 p. c. (as to oil taken). Im- purities: adhering acid. Dose, gr. 2-15 (.13-1 Gm.). 2. Linimentum Terebinthine. Turpentine Liniment. (Syn., Fr. Liniment Térébenthiné ; Ger. Terpentinliniment.) Manufacture: Oil of turpentine 35 Gm., resin cerate 65. Melt latter on water bath and add the former. 3. Terebenum. Terebene, C,,H,,. (Syn., Fr. Terebéne ; Ger. Tere- ben.) A liquid consisting chiefly of dipentene and terpinene with some cymol and camphene. — Manufacture: Oil of turpentine 20 parts, sulphuric acid 1. Add gradually the latter to the former, neutralize with chalk and distil. TEREBINTHINA—TURPENTINE. 69 PINACEE. It is a colorless or yellowish, thin liquid, agreeable, thyme-like odor, aromatic, terebinthinate taste, sp. gr. 0.855, soluble in equal volume alcohol, glacial acetic acid, slightly in water, optically inactive ; should be kept cool, dark, in well-stoppered bottles. Impurities: acids, un- altered oil of turpentine, resinous matters. Dose, Mv-—15 (.3-1 Cc.). 4. Ceratum Cantharidis, 15 p. ¢.; externally. Il. Resry: 1. Ceratum Resine. Resin Cerate. Basilicon Oint- ment. (Syn., Unguentum Resine—Tetrapharmacum; Fr. Cérat (Onguent) de Résine Anglais ; Ger. Harzsalbe, Konigssalbe, Zugsalbe.) Manufacture: 35 p.c. Resin 35 Gm., yellow wax 15, lard 50. Prep. 1. Linimentum Terebinthine, see page 68. 2. Emplastrum Resine. Resin Plaster. (Syn., Adhesive Plaster ; Fr. Emplatre résineux (adhésif) ; Gr. Heftpflaster.) Manufacture: 14 p.c. Resin 14 Gm., lead plaster 80, yellow wax 6. Preps. 1. Ceratum Cantharidis, 18 p. c. 2. Emplastrum Arnicce, 67 p. ¢. 3. Emplastrum Belladonne, 40 p. c. 4, Emplastrum Capsici, q. s. to harden oleoresin ; all externally. PROPERTIES. 1. TURPENTINE axnD OrxL.—TInternally stimulant, carminative, cathartic, anthelmintic, hemostatic, expectorant, diuretic, diaphoretic, antipyretic. Externally rubefacient, irritant, counter-irri- tant, antiseptic, disinfectant. Mostly all due to volatile oil. It con- tracts vessels, increases peristalsis, gastric secretion, stimulates heart, depresses nervous system. Large doses produce gastro-enteritis, vomit- ing, diarrhea, suppresses urine, gives lumbar pains, urethral burning, hematuria, strangury, insensibility, death by paralyzed respiration. It is excreted by the skin, bronchi, and kidneys; inhaling vapors give nasal, ocular, and renal irritation. II. Terpry Hyprats.—Antiseptic (arresting tubercle bacilli), ex- pectorant, diuretic, diaphoretic. Ill. TerREBENE.—Stimulant, disinfectant, expectorant, astringent. IV. Resry.—Antiseptic, slight stimulant. Usss. 1. TURPENTINE AND Or: Internally.—Chronic bronchial catarrh, cystitis, gonorrhea, leucorrheea, gleet, chronic urinary troubles, piles, hemorrhages, puerperal fever, inflammation of bowels, traumatic erysipelas, intestinal worms, pneumonia, phosphorus poisoning (old oil). Externally—rheumatism, sciatica, lumbago, neuralgia, bronchitis, - pleurisy, peritonitis, tympanites, renal colic, gangrene, sprains, wounds, scabies, ringworms, enlarged glands, burns, frost. bites, colic; vapors of oil in whooping-cough, diphtheria, laryngitis. Often associated with various liniments, chloroform, camphor, olive oil, narcotic ex- tracts, etc. Give oleoresin in pill form, hardened with magnesia, or the oil dropped on sugar or emulsified. i II. Terpin Hyprats.—Acute and chronic bronchitis, whooping- cough, chronic nephritis, chronic cystitis, gonorrhoea. Til. Teressne.—Chronic bronchitis by inhalation and on sugar. IV. Resty.—Indolent ulcers, sores, wounds, in plasters, ointments, as emulsifying agent, chronic enteritis. 70 ORGANIO DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Allied Products : 1. Pix Liquida. Tar, oficial—(Syn., Resina Empyreumatica Liquida ; Fr. Goudron Végétal ; Ger. Theer, Holztheer.) An empy- reumatic oleoresin from the destructive distillation of the wood of Pinus palustris and other species of Pinus (P. Tee'da, P. ri'gida, P. sylve' stris and La’rix sibi’ rica). Obtained by cutting refuse pine wood into billets, which are then stacked closely upon one another and covered with earth ; the wood is set on fire from an aperture left at the apex, and slow combustion with- out flame allowed to proceed. At the bottom a ditch serves to run off the tarry liquid, whence it is ladled into barrels ; the wood is converted into charcoal. In Europe permanent clay furnaces are used over and over. Tar isa true, impure turpentine, thick, viscid, semifluid, black- ish ; acrid, terebinthinate odor; sharp, empyreumatic taste, slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol, fixed Fie. 16. and volatile oils, potassa and soda solutions ; by age separates granular crystalline pyro- catechin. ConsTITUENTS.— Acetic acid, small quan- tities of formic, propionic, capronic acids, acetone, methylic alcohol, mesit, toluol, xylol, cumol, methol (all passing over with the light oil of tar), naphthalin, pyrene, chrysene, paraffin, phenols, creosote (25 p. c.), pyrocatechin, empyreumatic resin. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.8-2 Gm.) in pill. an PREPARATIONS.—1. Syrupus Picis Li- quide. Syrup of Tar. (Syn., Syrupus Piceus; Fr. Sirop de Goudron; Ger. Theersirup.) Manufacture: Triturate tar 7.5 Gm., s white sand 10, with water 15 Ce., reject A Doxed, comerce, "4 chipped liquid, to residue add boiling water 40, then _ glycerin 10, after 24 hours add filtrate to sugar 80 Gm., heat, add distilled water q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5j-4 (4-15 Ce.). - 2. Unguentum Picis Inquide. Tar Ointment. (Syn., Fr. Poma- tum Cum Pice, Pommade de Goudron ; Ger. Theersalbe.) Manufacture: 50 p.c. Tar 50 Gm., yellow wax 12.5, lard 37.5. 3. Oleum Picis Liquide. Oil of Tar. (Syn., Fr. Huile Volatile de Goudron ; Ger. Theerél.) A volatile oil distilled from tar. It is an almost colorless liquid when fresh, but by age becomes dark red- dish-brown ; strong tarry odor and taste, sp. gr. 0.970, soluble in alcohol. This can be made into a water and pills. PRoPERTIES.—Tar similar to oil of turpentine, but milder, scarcely ever vesicates, stimulant, expectorant, counter-irritant, insecticide. Internally—disturbs digestion, large doses may cause vomiting, colic, pain, headache, dark urine similar to carbolic acid. ‘TEREBINTHINA CANADENSIS—CANADA TURPENTINE. 71 PINACE. Uses.—Internally. Bronchitis, phthisis, vesical catarrh, constipa- tion. Externally. — Scabies, scaly eruptions, eczema, burns, boils, sores, ulcers, gangrene, fissured nipples, hemorrhoids ; fumes destroy foul odors. Allied Turpentines : ; 1. European Turpentine from P. Pina’ ster, P. Lari! cio, P. sylves' tris _ P. rotunda’ta and other allied species ; similar to our official. 2. Chian Turpentine, Terebinthina Chia (Pista! cia Terebi’nthus), from Island of Chio or Scio. It is a greenish-yellow liquid, hardens to transparent mass, odor fennel-like, terebinthinate, taste mildly bitter. Once used for uterine cancer, but now in disfavor. Dose, gr. 20 (1.3 Gm.). Allied Plants : 1. P. Te'da, Loblolly, Old Field or Frankincense Pine.—Delaware, Florida, thence Texas, Arkansas. Grows along with P. palustris and is also a large tree 18-30 M. (60-100°) high, but leaves (15-25 Cm.; 6-10’ long) and, cones (7.5-12.5 Cm.; 3-5’ long) are smaller. This yields not near so great per cent. of oleoresin as official plant, but one quite as good, consequently it is utilized for this and other purposes. 2. P. sylve!stris, Wild Pine (Scotch Fir)—Europe. Tree 21-24 M. (70-80°) high, leaves and cones only 5-7.5 Cm. (2-3’) long ; this yields much of the common European turpentine. P. Pina’ster iE. mari’tima). 8. Europe. Much used for obtaining turpentine, pitch, tar. TEREBINTHINA CANADENSIS. CANADA TURPENTINE. Abies balsamea, (Linné) Miller. Habitat. Canada, N. United States to Virginia, west to Minnesota. Q Syn. Fir Balsam Tree, Balm of Gilead Fir, Balsam Spruce, Hemlock Fir, Balsam Poplar, American Silver Fir, Canada Balsam, Balsam of Fir, Balsamum Canadense. Fr, Térébenthine du (Baume de) Canada, Térébenthine. Ger. Canadischer Terpentin. A’bi-es. L. fir tree; 7. ¢., classic name, Gr. éAdr7. Bal-sam/e-a. L. of balsam, balsamic ; 7. ¢., has the nature of balsam. Priant.—Beautiful and ornamental tree of damp woods, mountain swamps, 9-15 M. (30-50°) high ; at high elevations a low shrub, branches numerous, giving tree a pyramidal shape ; bark smooth, . reddish-gray when young, filled with blisters (reservoirs) contain- ing the balsam; leaves 2 Cm. (@’ ) long, linear, silvery beneath ; flowers—staminate in catkins, pollen bright-yellow—pistillate in cones, bluish, solitary, 5-10 Om. (2—4’) long, 2.5 Cm. (1’) thick ; seeds with a large wing. OLEORESIN (Canada turpentine), yellowish or faintly greenish, transparent, viscid liquid ; agreeable terebinthinate odor ; bit- ter, slightly acrid taste. On exposure gradually dries, forming trans- parent mass ; soluble in ether, chloroform, benzene. Dose, gr. 15-60 _ (1-4 Gm.). ; oe Impurities —Rosin dissolved in oil of turpentine and flavored with oil of wormwood (Factitious Oregon Balsam of Fir). as Commercial.—Canada turpentine is mostly from Canada ; it is ob- tained by balsam gatherers, who, with families, encamp yearly in woods \A liquid oleoresin. 72 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. for two months. This turpentine secretes in vesicles of the bark, which, when pierced by the sharp-pointed nozzle of the “ balsam-col- lector’s can,” readily empty their contents into the cans. Each tree yields about 8 ozs. (.24 Kg.), and a family can collect Fig. 17. a gallon (4 L.) daily. Retapping occurs every 2-3 years, each time yielding less ; the largest crop in Lau- qT rentine Mountains, Quebec, in a single year was 5,000 gallons (19,000 L.). ai ans ConstitvENTS.— Volatile oil, C,,H,,, 24 p. ¢., un- balsam of ir. crystallizable resin (rosin), 75 p. ¢., four-fifths being soluble in boiling alcohol, one fifth in ether only, bitter principle (soluble in water). PREPARATION.—1. Collodium Flevile, 5 p. c. ; externally. PROPERTIES AND Usrs.—Like oil of turpentine, except this dries into an adhesive varnish, thus acting as a protective. Allied Plants: 1. A. Fra’serii—Resembles official, but cones only.5 Cm. (2’) long, sharp-pointed scales projecting and recurved. New England, North Carolina, in mountains ; used for collecting balsam of fir. 2. A. Pi! cea ( pectina’ta), Strassburg Turpentine (Terebinthina Argen- toratensis).— Vosges. Obtained like Canada balsam, chiefly differing in odor (lemon) ; taste bitter, not acrid ; completely soluble in absolute alcohol. 3. A. Menzie’sii, Oregon Balsam of Fir—This resembles Canada Balsam when fresh, but becomes gradually granular and opaque. 4. Larix Laaix (L. europe'a, Pinus Larix), Venice Turpentine (Terebinthina Veneta).—Obtained from heart-wood by bore holes ; yel- lowish-green, transparent, fluorescent, odor terebinthinate, balsamic, soluble in alcohol. PIX BURGUNDICA. BURGUNDY PITCH. ee eee De Cundolle } The prepared resinous exudation. Habitat. §. Europe. Burgundy province, France, mountains. Syn. Norway Spruce, Norway Pine-, Spruce Fir, Thus Tree, Galipot or Burgundy Pitch Tree, Barras, American Frankincense. Fr. Poix (de Bourgogne)-, jaune-, blanche-, des Vosges. Ger. Burgunder Harz (Pech). Ex-cel’sa. L. ex, out, + cellere, raised, lofty ; 2. ¢., trees the highest. Puiant.—Lofty tree, 24-45 M. (80-150°) high, .6—1.5 M. (2-5°) thick ; leaves short, 4-cornered, dusky green, shining ; flowers—stami- nate, purple, axillary, aments—pistillate, purple, terminal ; fruit purple, cylindrical strobiles, scales oval, pointed, ragged edges. ReEstn (Bur- gundy pitch), yellowish-brown, opaque or translucent, hard, but takes the shape of container, brittle, with a shining, conchoidal fracture, aro- matic, soluble in boiling alcohol, glacial acetic acid. Commercial.—This resin is also obtained from A. Pi’cea, European silver fir. It exudes spontaneously and is also collected by removing portions of bark in blocks, thus laying bare the wood, or perpendicular PIX BURGUNDICA—BURGUNDY PITCH. 73 PINACEE. grooves are cut, and the exuding concrete resinous matter upon the surface of the wound is detached by iron instruments, melted with water in boilers and strained through coarse cloths. A factitious variety of different odor is made by melting together common pitch, rosin, turpentine and agitating with water to give yellowish color. ConstiTuENTs.— Volatile oil, C,,H,,, in varying proportions, resin (chiefly abietic acid), water, pimaric acid (isomeric with sylvic acid). wre contains bornyl (terpinyl acetate), 11 p. ¢., pinene, PREPARATIONS.—1. Emplastrum Picis Burgundice. Burgundy Pitch Plaster. (Syn., Fr. Emplastrum Picatum, Emplatre de Poix de Bourgogne; Ger. Burgunder , Pech-Pflaster.) Manufacture: 80 p.c. Bur- ’ gundy pitch 80 Gm., olive oil 5, yellow wax 15. Melt pitch and wax together, then incor- porate oil. 2. Emplastrum Picis Can- tharidatum.—Cantharidal Pitch Plaster. (Syn., Emplas- trum Calefaciens, Warming Plaster ; Fr. Emplatre de Poix _Cantharidé ; Ger. Pechpflaster mit Canthariden.) Manufacture: 92 p.c. Ce- rate of cantharides 8 Gm., Bur- gundy pitch q.s. 100. Heat cerate, strain, melt pitch in strained liquid. 3. Emplastrum Ferri, 14 p- ¢.; externally. 4, Emplastrum Opti, 18 p. c.; externally. PRopERTIES. — Externally stimulant, counter-irritant. Abies Abies (excelsa). Usrs.—Mainly in plasters asa base and for support. Rheumatism, joint affections, chest troubles, pleurisy, bronchitis, catarrh, asthma, hepatitis, phthisis, pneumonia. Allied Plants and Products : 1. Pini’tes sucei!nifer (Pi!cea succini'fera), Suecinum (Amber).—A fossil resin, official, 1820-1860. Baltic Sea, Prussia, coal mines. There are 50 Pinacez species that yield this resin. Such trees have been submerged under sea water, and from time to time yield by natural exudation this oleoresin, which is found along shores under and above water in irregular sized pieces, that of 13 Ibs. (6 Kg.) being, so far, the largest ; it is rough, dull, hard, brittle, fracture conchoidal, glossy, transparent, yellowish-red, sp. gr. 1.09, aromatic when heated, taste- 74 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. less, melts at 288° C. (550° F.), yielding succinic acid, if heated higher get water, volatile acids, empyreumatic oil. Contains succinic acid, C,H,O,, several resins. Used for preparing succinic acid and (empyreumatic) oil of amber, for fumigation, in the arts. Oleum Succini, official, 1820-1860. = Oleum Succini Rectificatwm, official, 1820-1890. Used as stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic for hysteria, whooping-cough, infantile convul- sions, intestinal irritation, amenorrhea. Externally—rheumatism rubefacient liniments. Dose, Mv-15 (.8-1 Ce.). 2. Tsu'ga (A’bies) canaden’sis, Pix Canadensis (Canada Pitch, Hemlock Sin —-Prevared resinous exudation, official, 1840-1890. N. America. Hemlock spruce is an evergreen tree 18-24 M. (60-80°) high, .6—1 M. (2-3°) thick, trunk straight, uniform size for 12-15 M. (40-50°), bark rough ; leaves 18 Mm. (?’) long, 2 Mm. (;';’) wide, in two rows, numerous, glaucous, silvery beneath, cones ovate, 2.5 Cm. (1’) long, resin (oleoresin) reddish-brown, translucent, or opaque, nearly hard, brittle, fracture shining, conchoidal ; odor mild, balsamic, terebin- thinate. Oleoresin is obtained by exudation, incision or boxing ; yield small. Used as stimulant, irritant, in plasters. Emplastrum Picis Canadensis, official, 1860-1890. 3. A’gathis loranthifo' lia (Da’ mmara), Dammar.—E. India. A spon- taneous resinous exudation, transparent, straw colored rounded masses, almost odorless and tasteless, fracture conchoidal. Contains resin of which 40 p. ¢. is insoluble in alcohol and 60 p. c. soluble ; by distillation get terpene, C,,H,,. Used mostly in varnishes, rarely in plasters. That from New Zealand—Kauri Resin, is also found fossil and often sold as copal, 4. Calli’tris quadriva’ luis, Sandaraca (Sandarac).—N. W. Africa. It is a resin which exudes spontaneously or from incisions made through the bark : occurs in elongated pale-yellow tears 5-15 Mm. (4-3’) long, covered with whitish dust, of a glass-like lustre, transparent, hard, brittle ; odor and taste terebinthinate, balsamic, bitter, soluble in hot al- cohol, ether ; it resembles peas in size, often mixed with mastic, owing to its cheapness, but distinguished by being pulverulent when chewed (and not adhesive as with mastic), contains three resins, differing in solubility, also bitter principle ; mild stimulant. Mainly used in var- nishes. JUNIPERUS. JUNIPER... Oleum Juniperi. Oil of Juniper. Official. Juniperus ‘la oil: diet ‘ oaTuaTnnies Che \A volatile oil distilled from the fruit. Habitat. N. America, Canada, N. United States, Asia, Europe, N. Africa, dry woods, hills. Syn. Juniper Bush or Berries, Fructus (Baccee) Juniperi. Fr. Geniévre, Baies de Geniévre. Ger. (Gemeiner) Wachholderbeeren. Oil of Juniper Berries, Oleum Fruc- tus (Bacce) Juniperi. Fr. Essence de Geniévre. Ger. Wachholder(beer )él. Ju-nip’e-rus. L. fr. Celtic juniperus, rough—i. ¢., its foliage ; or fr. L. juvenis, young, + parere, to produce—i. e., young fruit, leaves, etc., are continually replacing the old. Com-mu/nis. L. common, general—i. ¢., the usual or ordinary kind. J UNIPERUS—JUNIPER. 75 PINACEZ. PLantT.—Evergreen shrub 2—5 M. (6-15°) high, with many close branches, some often prostrate ; leaves narrow, longer than fruit, 12 Mm. (%’) long, in whorls of 3’s, sharp-pointed, channelled, deep-green ; flow- ers dicecious—staminate catkins, pistillate cones; fruit (galbulus) roundish berry, 8 Mm. (4’) broad, dark purplish with bluish-gray bloom, 3-rayed, pulpy, 3-seeded, oil glands on surface, ripens second year ; odor and taste terebinthinate. ConsTITUENTS.— Volatile oil 4-2 p. ¢., sugar 30 p.c., resin 10 p. c., juniperin, proteids 4 p. c., fat, wax, malates, formic and acetic acids. Oleum Juniperi. Oil of Juniper.—Obtained from the fruit by dis- tillation with salt and water, or steam; it is a greenish-yellow liquid, darker, thicker by age; odor of juniper, warm, terebinthinate, bitter taste, levogyre, sp. gr. 0.875. Contains chiefly pinene, C,,H,,, with some cadinene, C,,H,,, and an ester to which odor and taste are due ; fulminates with iodine, soluble in 4 volumes alcohol with turbidity. Fie. 20. Juniperus communis. Should be kept dark, cool, in well- stoppered bottles. Dose, Mv—15 (.8-1 Ce.). . PREPARATIONS.—I. Sp beanies Fi Juniperus; a, fertile catkin and longitudinal nepert. Spirit of J uniper. (Syn., section; 6, galbulus and transverse section ; ¢, Fr. Alcoolat (Esprit) de Geniévre ; seed and longitudinal section magnified. Ger. Wachholderspiritus.) E : Manufacture: 5 p.c. Oil 5 Ce. dissolved in alcohol 95 Ce. Dose, 5j-4 (4-15 Ce.). - : 2. Spiritus Jwniperi Compositus. Compound Spirit of Juniper. Manufacture: 2 p.c. Oil 4 Ce., oil caraway, .05, oil fennel, .05, alcohol 70, water q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5j-4 (4-15 Ce.). Unoff. Preps. Fruit: Fluid Extract. Dose, Dj-2 (4-8 Ceo.). Ex- tract. Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6-2 Gm.). Infusion, 5 p. ¢. Dose, 5ss-2 (15-60 Cc.). oe PRoPERTIES.—Similar to turpentine ; stimulant, diuretic, anodyne, emmenagogue, carminative, stomachie, antiseptic. _ ; ; Uses.—Renal dropsy, urinary catarrh, rheumatic pains, swellings. 76 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. JUNIPERUS OXYCEDRUS. PRICKLY CEDAR. Oleum Cadinum. Oil of Cade (Oleum Juniperi Empyreumati- cum), official. Ceveedtak: Dinné. \ Volatile oil distilled from the wood. Habitat. §. Europe, Spain. Syn. Large brown-fruited Juniper; Juniper Tar Oil. Fr. Huile de Cade. Ger. Kade Oel. Ox-y-ce’drus. L. fr. Gr. 64¢, sharp, pointed, + «édpoc, cedar ; 7. e., cedar with pointed leaves. Puant.—Shrub 2.4-3.7 M. (8-12°) high, resembling J. communis, branches spreading, drooping ; leaves medium size, awl-shaped, pointed, two furrows on upper edge; fruit 12 Mm. (3’) thick, reddish, shin- ing, two white lines on apex. Oleum Cadinum. OilofCade.—Should be dry distilled from heart- wood ; it is dark-brown, clear, thick liquid, tarry odor, burning, em- pyreumatic, bitter taste, sp. gr. 0.990; contains phenols and sesquiter- pene—cadinene, C,,H,,. Partly soluble in alcohol, completely in ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide. The oil from J. communis wood often substituted. Dose, Miij—5 (.2-.3 Ce.). Properties.—Anthelmintic, externally parasiticide. Usrs.—Psoriasis, pityriasis rubra, chronic eczema, prurigo, psora, favus. This oil can be substituted for official Olewm Picis Liquide, both having about the same effect. SABINA. SAVINE. Juniperus 7 Sabina, Linné. } The tops. Habitat. Siberia, Europe, Canada, N. United States (Me. to Wis. ), rocky banks. Syn. Savin, Shrubby Red Cedar. Br. Sabine Cacumina, Savine Tops. Fr. Sa- bine. Ger. Summitates (Herba) Sabine, Sevenbaum, Sadebaumspitzen, Sevenkraut. Sa-bi/na. L. sabinus, of the Sabines, town and people of ancient Italy, next the Latins, who used this juniper as incense. Puiant.—Evergreen procumbent or erect shrub, 1—4.5 M. (3-15°) high, compact, spreading by many divided branches; bark pale red- dish-brown, scaling off, that of young branches light-green, adhering ; leaves many, small, erect, pointed, glandular in middle, imbricated in 4 rows; flowers May—June, dicecious, staminate in catkins, pistillate. small cones ; fruit (galbulus, coalesced scales) berry-like, size of a pea, bluish-purple, whitish bloom, soft, enclosing 1-3 seeds. Tops, short, thin, yellowish-green, subquadrangular branchlets; leaves opposite, dark-green, scale-like, ovate-lanceolate, acute, appressed, on the back a shallow groove, containing oblong or roundish gland; odor peculiar, terebinthinate ; taste nauseous, resinous, bitter. Solvents: boiling water ; alcohol. Dose, gr. 5-15 (.8-1 Gm.); in syrup or honey. Commercial—Savin grows in Switzerland, Germany, France, Austria, Spain, Italy at 1,500 M. (5,000°) or greater elevations, es- pecially hugging the Alps. In Asia it follows the Caucasus 3,600 M. (12,000°) elevation. It was grown in English gardens as early as SABINA—SA VINE. 77 PINACEZ. 1550; not much cultivated now. Tops are collected in spring, and young, green shoots separated from woody branches. By microscope can detect, in coarse powder even, the bordered pits so characteristic of gymnospermous wood cells, hence this is of importance in poison cases. ConstiruEnts.— Volatile oil 14-24 p. ¢., resin, tannin. Oleum Sabine. Oil of Savine, oficial—_Syn., Fr. Essence de Sabine ; Ger. Sadebaumél.) This volatile oil is obtained by distilling fresh branches with water or steam ; yields 13-24 p. c.; if fresh berries used, get 8-10 p. c. of inferior oil. It is colorless or yellowish ; terebinthinate odor ; taste pungent, bitter, camphoraceous, darkens and thickens by age, sp. gr. 0.930, contains chiefly pinene, C,,H,,, also cadinene, C,,H,,. Test: Soluble in equal volume alcohol (dif. from oil of juniper and oil of turpentine); should be kept in the dark. Dose, Mj-5 (.06—.3 Ce.). PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Sabine Flu- Fie. 21, idum. Fluid Extract of Savine. (Syn., Fr. . Extrait liquide de Sabine; Ger. Flissiges Sadebaum-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol q. s. 100 Ce.” Dose, Myv—15 (.8-1 Ce.). Unof. Preps.: Extract. Dose, gr. 1-4 (06-26 Gm.). Tincture. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Ce.). Infusion. Dose, 3j-2 (30-60 Cc.). Cerate (fluid extract 25 + resin cerate 90; to latter melted add former, evaporate off alcohol). Ointment. PRopPERTIES.—Diuretic, emmenagogue, ec- 5 bolic, irritant, hemagogue, vermifuge. Oil is Juniperus Sabina, similar to but more powerful than oil of tur- pentine, irritating ovaries (accelerating menstruation) and uterus (in- ducing contractions). Large doses produce vomiting, purging, abor- tion, severe pain, rupture of gall bladder, death. UseEs.—Amenorrheea, dysmenorrheea, menorrhagia, sterility, chloro- sis, chronic rheumatism, gout ; externally powder or infusion applied to warts, indolent ulcers, dental caries, tinea capitis, polypi, venereal condylomata. Cerate prolongs secretion from blisters, stimulates heal- ing of gangrenous ulcers, often combined with burnt alum, cupric sub- acetate. Oil is the best internal form, which should be given in emul- sion, pill, or alcoholic solution. Poisoning: Give magnesium sulphate (full dose), demulcents, anodynes, stimulants. Allied Plants : 1. J. virginia’na, Red Cedar.—The tops official, 1820-1880. United States. Slow growing evergreen, 6-24 M. (20-80°) high, 15- 45 Cm. (6~18’) thick, branches spreading, horizontal near the ground, leaves small, glandular, ternate in pairs, only differs from J. Sabina in habit, smaller, erect fruit, leaves more acute, interior wood reddish, 78 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. durable, sapwood yellowish, branchlets bear excrescences (cedar apples), anthelmintic. Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6-2 Gm.) ter die; odor peculiar ; taste pungent. Contains volatile oil, resin, tannin. The wood gives volatile oil red cedar, which contains cedrene camphor, C,,H,,O, +ced- rene, C,,H,,. Both tops and volatile oil can be substituted for the official, but are weaker. 2. Thu'ja occidenta'lis, Arbor Vite (White Cedar).—The fresh tops official, 1880-1890. Canada, United States. Tree resembles closely Chamecy'paris spheroi'dea (Cupres’sus thyoi’des), 6-15 M. (20-50°) high, trunk crooked, bark pale, shreddy, wood light, soft, durable ; leaves 4 rows, rhomboid-ovate, pointed, roundish gland on the back, balsamic, terebinthinate odor ; pungent, camphoraceous, bitter taste ; twigs flattish, contains volatile oil 1 p. ¢.; resin, tannin, pinipicrin, thujin, thujigenin. Used as stimulant, diuretic, irritant for intermit- tents, coughs, fevers, scurvy, rheumatism, amenorrhcea, dropsy, worms, pulmonary catarrh, ulcers, warts ; in infusion, decoction, fluid extract. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). Crass ANGIOSPERM_A (Seeds clothed, enclosed in an ovary). Sus-cLass MONOCOTYLEDONES (Embryo with one cotyle- don, stem endogenous, leaves paralled-veined). 7. GRAMINACEZ. Grass Family. Gram-i-na’se-e. L. fem. pl. of gramineus, of or pertaining to grass —gramen, grass. Herbs, shrubs, or arborescent plants, largest endog- enous order except Orchidacee. Distinguished by having leaves 2-ranked with split sheaths and ligule; stems (culms) hollow, closed at joints; flowers glumaceous, palez (chaff, husk) 2, stamens 3, hy- pogynous. Anthers versatile ; ovary superior, ovule 1; fruit caryop- sis, stigmas feathery, hairy; universal ; purgative, poisonous, cereals, fodder, sugar, volatile oil. Genera: 1. Zea. 2. Saccharum. 3. Agropyron. ZEA MAYS. INDIAN CORN. 1. Zea. Zea (Corn Silk). 2, AMyLuM. Starch. Zea ‘ Mays, ia} 1. The styles and stigmas. 2. The fecula of the seed. Habitat. S. America, cultivated in warm temperate zones. _ Syn. Corn, Indian or Turkish Corn, Maize, Jagong, Stigmata Maydis, Corn Starch. Fr. Mais, Filament de Mais, Fécule (Amidon) de Maize. Ger. Mais Maispistille Stiirke, Kraftmehl, Maisstirke. _ ; Ze’a. L. fr. Gr. 640, to live; i. ¢, from its life-supporting properties to beast and man. Ma/ys. L. maydis, Sp. maiz, fr. mahiz, its native name in the Haytien Island lan- guage, its native habitat. Am/’y-lum. L. starch, Gr. ayuvdov =a, not, + pbAn, a mill; 4%. ¢., so fine as not requiring to be ground in a mill. Starch fr. stark, strong, stiff, so called from its use in stiffening various substances, ZEA MAYS—INDIAN CORN. ; 79 GRAMINACEZ. Priant.—An annual; stem 1.2-4.5 M. (4-15°) high, erect, stiff, unbranched, grooved on one side, smooth, solid, with spongy centre, jointed ; roots fibrous ; leaves many, linear, .6—1 M. (2-3°) long, 5-7 5 Cm. (2-3’) wide, channelled ; the flowers moncecious——staminate spike- lets numerous, in pairs, forming a long-stalked terminal panicle (tassel) —pistillate thick spikes from the husks of which project long slender styles and stigmas (silk) ; fruit, caryopsis. (kernel) and the'rachis (cob) form the spike (ear), which is enclosed by the bracts of the spathe (husks). Kernels (seed, grain) occur in 8-10-12 rows, or some even number = yellow, white, red or purple color. STYLES AND STIGMAS, thread-like, 15 Cm. (6’) long, .6 Mm. (2,’) thick, yellowish or greenish, soft-silky, finely hairy, delicately veined longitudinally ; inodor- ous, sweetish. Solvent: boiling water. Dose, 3ss— 2 (2-8 Gm.). FECULA OF THE SEED, occurs in irregular, an- gular masses, easily pow- dered, white, inodorous, tasteless, insoluble in ether, alcohol, or cold water ; under the micro- scope in nearly uniform granules, irregularly an- gular in outline, usually polyhedric (5-6-7) or rounded, two-thirds the size of wheat starch, with indistinct strie, and dis- tinct slit-hilum near the centre. Tests: 1. When Zea Mays; a, spadiceous flower with styles protruding; b, boiled with water get a ee cover leaves, reduced in size; ¢, a single white jelly having bluish tinge; this when cool becomes deep-blue by adding iodine T.S. 2. With diluted acids or diastase get dextrin, C,,H,,O,,, and dextrose, C,H,,O,, which reveals the starch formula to be (C,H,,O,),. Solvents : water or glycerin by boiling. Dose, 3ss—2 (2-8 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—With allied starches, especially of wheat and potatoes ; all recognized by the microscope in the shape of the granules. Commercial_—Corn silk is simply collected from the ears of corn and dried carefully in the sun. Starch is prepared from the grain, by soaking in hot water, to which sometimes an alkali is added, until the testa are softened, then grinding under water and washing it upon suitable sieves with water; by this means the fecula is suspended in the water, and will deposit when allowed to remain quiet in tanks for some hours. The gluten, when present, remains in the supernatant alkaline water or upon the sieve. When all the starch is deposited 80 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. on the bottom the liquid is racked off, starch cut into blocks and care- fully dried in regular chambers. The finely ground corn meal can also be kneaded under a running stream of water until milkiness ceases, and then allow the milky water to subside. ConstrruENTs.—I. Corn-sILK : Maizenic acid 2.25 p. c., fixed oil (oleum maydis), resin, sugar, mucilage, salts. Maizenic Acid is soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. The oil is yellow, viscid, transparent, odor of corn meal, bland taste, demulcent. II. Srarcu: C,H,,O, or a multiple of this, ash 1 p. ce. PREPARATIONS.—1. Glyceritum Amyli. Glycerite of Starch. (Syn., Plasma, Glycamyl, Glycerin of Starch ; Fr. Glycéré d’Amidon, Gly- cérat Simple (@ Amidon) ; Ger. Unguentum Glycerini, Starke-Glycerit.) Manufacture: 10 p.c. Starch 10 Gm., water 10 Cc., glycerin 80 Ce.; heat and stir until a homogeneous, transparent jelly is formed. Unoff. Preps.: I. Corx-sttk: Fluid Extract. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Ce.). Extract (aqueous). Dose, gr. 5-10 (.8-.6 Gm.). Decoction, 5 p. e. Dose, 3j—2 (30-60 Ce.). Syrup. Maizenic acid. Dose, gr. § (.008 Gm.). II. Srarcu: Jodized Starch (Amylum Iodatum) 95 p. e. + iodine 5, water q. s. for trituration; then dry. Fie. 23. Dose, 5j-4+ (4-15 Gm.). Properties.—I. Corn-Siik : Diuretic, lith- ontriptic, demulcent, anodyne, alterative, to dis- orders of genito-urinary passages and bladder. II. Srarcu: Nutritive, demulcent, protective absorbent. Usrs.—-I. Corn-si1Lk : Acute and chronic cys-: D titis, uric acid and phosphatic gravel, gonorrhcea,. Corn starch. cardiac stimulant in dropsy of heart disease. II. Starcu : Mostly externally as a dusting powder to allay itching and burning of the skin in erythema, urti- caria, erysipelas, smallpox, to saturate bandages for fractures, as an injection for inflamed rectum, bladder, as a vehicle for enemata, to harden pills, antidote to iodine-poisoning. Owing to starchy foods. fermenting they should be avoided in fermentative dyspepsia. Allied Starches : While the official starch is a product from corn, hence called corn- starch, it must be borne in mind that there are many plants that also. yield starch, but each kind peculiar to itself. This must not be accepted to infer total physical and chemical difference, because these in the main are uniform. It is only in the shape of the starch granules as viewed under a microscope that we recognize a varying form, and that this is characteristic alone for the source whence derived. Thus, when given a starch or mixture of starches, a small portion moistened with water and viewed under high power readily reveals its origin by the various outline granules. In this way (from their contained starch) it is possible to distinguish many official roots, rhizomes, seeds, fruits, etc., as it is also the cereals, edible fruits, and vegetables. ZEA MAYS—INDIAN CORN. 81 GRAMINACES. : I. Wheat Starch (Tri’ticum esti’vum). U.S. P., 1880. Lenticular, large and small granules, layers indistinct, hilum slight, near the centre. II. Potato Starch (Sola'num tubero'sum). Ovate, granules unusually large, layers very distinct, hilum rather small and at the narrow end. III. Maranta Starch (Maran'ta arundina’cea). Ovate granules, _ layers delicate, distinct, hilum at the broad end, often cleft. IV. Corn Starch (Ze'a Ma'ys). Polyhedric granules, layers not easily distinguishable, hilum central, large. Fig. 24. Starch granules, magnified 475 diameters. V. Oat Starch (Ave’na sati'va). Polyhedrie granules often united in ovoid masses (compound), layers and hilum indistinct. VI. Rice Starch (Ory'za sati'va). Polyhedric granules, uniform, similar but much smaller than corn starch, hilum very small. VII. Bean Starch (Phaseolus vulgaris). Ellipsoidal granules, layers distinct, crossed by fissures radiating from centre. VIII. Curcuma Starch (Cu/reuma lon’ ga). Elliptic granules, flat, contracted at one end; layers numerous, delicate, hilum small, at nar- row end. — 6 82 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. IX. Tapioca. Brazilian Arrow-root [Ma!nihot Manihot (utili’ssima)] . Cassava Starch. Muller-shaped, layers indistinct, hilum near rounded end, often cleft. X. Sago. Pearl Sago (Metrox'ylon Ru'mphii and M. Sa’gu). Ovate granules, one end truncate, layers more or less distinct, hilum at rounded end, often cleft. XI. Sarsaparilla Starch (Smilax officina'lis). Roundish, compound, usually with cleft hilum. XII. Euphorbia Starch (Euphorbiacee Plante). Elongated, bone- shaped nodular ends, layers distinct. Derivative Product : 1. Deztrinum, Dextrin, C,H,,O, Obtained by heating starch 204° C. (400° F.), in a cylinder or flat vessel ; this yellowish product is often called in commerce British Gum. Can also make it by heating starch 110° C. (230° F.), with dilute nitric acid. It is a pale-yellow, amorphous, gummy mass, soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol or ether. SACCHARUM. SUGAR (Cane Svear), C,,H,,0,,. Saccharum officinarum, Linzé, it and various species of Sorghum The refined sugar from these sources. and varieties of Beta vulgaris, Linné. Habitat. §. Asia, cultivated in tropics and subtropics, Africa, E. and W. Indies, Cuba, Brazil, 8. United States, especially Louisiana. The sugar beet in France, Ger- many. Cultivated in Kansas, California, Nebraska, Utah. Syn. Br. Saccharum Purificatum, Sucrose. Fr. Sucre, Sucre de Canne, Sucre pur. Ger. Zucker, Rohrzucker, Weisserzucker. Sac’cha-rum. L. sugar, Gr. odxyapov fr, Ax. sukkar, Hung, zukur, ML. succa- rum after succus, a juice, fr. Skt. carkara, candied sugar, orig. grit, gravel. Of-fi-ci-na/rum. L. officina, workshop ; %. e., opus, work, + facere, to do, = of or belonging to the shop or store. Sor’ghum. L. fr. sorght, its native Indian name. Be’ta. L. the beet, fr. Celtic bett, red, from the red color of the roots. Vul-ga/ris. L. ordinary, common; 1%. e., the kind most universally found wild. Puants.—l. Saccharum oficinarum, Sugar Cane. Perennial herb ; rhizome thick, jointed, solid; roots fibrous; stems many, 2-4.5 M. (6-15°) high, 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2’) thick, jointed, solid, containing white juicy pith, and, according to variety, outside yellow, greenish-yellow, purple, or striped, joints 7.5 Cm. (8’) apart, giving rise to encircling leaves ; leaves 1-1.2 M. (8—4°) long, 5 Cm. (2’) wide, flat, acuminate, white midrib, longitudinally striate, dentate ; flowers pinkish, in large terminal panicles. There are several varieties, all more or less re- sembling our Indian corn. It is cultivated by cuttings, planted in rows, and, as they produce shoots easily, some five or six crops can be saved before replanting. 2. Sorghum vulgare var. saccharatum, Broom Corn (Chinese Sugar Corn). Root annual with culm 2-3 M. (6-10°) high, 12-25 Mm. (3-1’) thick, smooth, solid with pith, nodes tumid; leaves .6 M. (2°) long, 5-7.5 Cm. (2-3’) wide, linear, acuminate, pubescent at base ; flowers in panicles. 3. Beta vulgaris, Common or Sugar Beet. Chenopodiacee. Herb with biennial fleshy root 7.5-10 Cm. (3-4’) thick, 30-37.5 Om. (12-— SACCHARUM—SUGAR. 83 GRAMINACEZ. 15’) long, conical, deep-purple or yellowish ; stem .6-1.2 M. (2~4° high, paniculately branched ; leaves—radical 15-30 Cm. (6—12’) long petioles 10-20 Cm. (4-8’) long—cauline smaller as nearing apex : flowers July—Aug., axillary clusters. : SueaR, white, dry, hard crystalline granules, sp. gr. 1.59, odor- less, very sweet taste, soluble in 0.5 part water, 175 alcohol, 0.2 boil- ing water, saturated aqueous solution (syrup) dextrogyre with sp. gr. 1.345 ; by ferments in air or by boiling with dilute acids, syrup is converted into invert sugar (mixture glucose + levulose), which is then directly fermentable and reduces red cuprous oxide from alkaline solution of cupric oxide. Kept for a time at 180° C. (356° F.) it is converted into levulosane, C,H,,O,, and dextrose (glucose), C,H,,O without loss of weight. Tests: 1. Saturated on solution upon long standing should not de- posit sediment (abs. insoluble salts, ultra- marine, Prussian blue). 2. 1 Gm. + 10 Ce. boiling water + 4-5 drops silver nitrate T. 8. + 2 Ce. ammonia water, then quickly boiled, should have only slight coloration, no black deposit upon standing 5 minutes (abs. grape sugar or more than small amount of inverted sugar). ADULTERATIONS.—Chiefly with inferior sugars whitened with ultramarine or Prus- sian blue. | Commercial.—Cane sugar was first brought from India to Europe by Venetians during the Crusades. Used by ancients only as medicine. With discovery of Cape of Good Hope and sea route to E. Indies, the Portu- guese secured control of the sugar commerce, and thus its cultivation was extended to Arabia, Egypt, Sicily, Spain, Canaries, America, W. Indies. It is manufactured by cutting ripe cane off near the ground, or pull- Saccharum officinarum. ing up and washing beet roots stripped of leaves, and passing these through iron roller presses in order to express the juice, which being run into shallow pans is boiled with lime (lin 800); heat coagulates albumin, gluten, etce., which is skimmed off, lime neutralizes free acid and combines with albuminoids not coagulable by heat or acids, a part forming scum, the other a deposit. The thus clarified juice is drawn off into the boiler, evaporated, skimmed, and when sufficiently tenacious and granular is emptied into coolers to crystallize or grain. The concrete sugar is put into barrels with per- forated bottoms, drained 3-4 hours or strongly agitated with wooden stirrers, causing granulation in six hours; it is yellow, and is now packed into hogsheads, being exported as raw, open pan, or muscovado sugar, the drainings constitute molasses. This sugar is refined by dis- 84 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. solving in water with steam, heating with bullocks’ blood, filtering through canvas bags, percolating through large cylinders of animal charcoal, and evaporating the colorless percolate in steam vacuum pans at 77° C. (170° F.). When sufficiently concentrated it is run into con- ical moulds (centrifugals) having orifices closed ; after solidification the stoppers are removed for draining (treacle), loaves are then sugared by pouring over them saturated syrup, which by slow infiltration passes through, carrying with it all coloring-matters, impurities, etc., without dissolving any crystallized sugar, thus giving refined, vacwum pan, or loaf sugar. Sugar can also be obtained from maple, birch, palm, etc. ConsTITUENTS.—Sugar cane: Juice 80 p. c., which contains sugar 16-21 p.c., water 78-84 p.c., mucilage, resin, fat, albumin 0.3-0.4 p-c. Beets: Juice contains sugar 12 p. c., but only yields about 9 p. ¢. PREPARATIONS.—1. Syrupus. Syrup. (Syn., Simple Syrup, Syru- pus (Simplex) Sacchari; Fr. Sirop (de Sucre) Simple ;. Ger. Sirup, Weisser Sirup.) Manufacture: Sugar 85 Gm., dissolve by heat in distilled water q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, ad libitum. This should have sp. gr. 1.317, and contains 64.54 p.c. by weight of sugar. Preps.: 1. Compound or Medicated Syrups of various kinds, as well as into numerous other preparations as an ingredient. 2. Troches of various kinds. Pulvis Cretce Compositus, Pulvis Gly- cyrrhizee Compositum, Pilule Ferri Carbonatis, Pilule Ferri _ Jodidi, and many other preparations elsewhere mentioned. Properties.—Demulcent, lenitive, stimulant, laxative, aliment, condiment, externally in certain ulcerations. 5 UsrEs.—Chiefly as vehicle, corrigent, preservative, antiseptic, excipi- ent. Syrups protect ingredients against putrefaction, not always against fermentation, prevent iron preparations from oxidation; in troches, powders, mixtures covers taste of nauseous medicines, render- ing insoluble substances more miscible with water ; in food nutrient to adipose tissue, and a respiratory fuel ; diuretic on healthy kidneys, has no effect on the teeth, good in cough, hoarseness, hiccough, aphthe, ulcers, wounds, corneal and eyelid granulation, chronic laryngitis, chronic ozena (as snuff), ascarides (by injection), fumes destroy offen- sive effluvia. ; Allied Products : 1. Glucose, Grape Sugar (Dextrose, Starch Sugar), C,H,,O,, or hy- drated C,H,,O,.H,O. Obtained from grapes, also the kind that gluco- sides form when decomposed, but largely made by boiling starch 100 parts + water 400 + sulphuric acid 4-5 until starch can no longer be detected. The free acid is now neutralized with chalk, filtrate clarified, decolorized with clay, charcoal, etc., and concentrated in vacuum pan. Occurs in yellowish-white masses, crystallizes with or without water, inodorous, about one-half as sweet as cane-sugar, soluble in 1 part water, sparingly in alcohol, usually contains glucose 60 p. c., dextrin 20 p. ¢., water 20 p. c., ash 0.3 p. c., cold aqueous solution dextrogyre ; mixed with twice bulk alcohol get white precipitate if dextrin present ; TRITICUM—TRITIOCUM. 85 GRAMINACES. with ammonium oxalate get white precipitate of the calcium sulphate. Liquid glucose contains dextrose 34—43 p. c., maltose 0-19 p. ¢., dex- trin 30-45 p. ¢., water 14-23 p.c. Diluted solutions in water easily ferment, when heated with potassa are colored brown, speedily reduce red cuprous oxide from alkaline solution of cupric oxide and ‘separate a metallic mirror from ammoniacal silver solution. With heat get caramel. Used like cane sugar. 2. Fruit Sugar, Levulose, C,H,,0,—This often accompanies grape sugar in fruits, honey, etc., sometimes in plants with cane sugar. It is usually a colorless uncrystallizable syrup, nearly as sweet: as cane sugar, levogyrate, soluble in water. Can be produced from inulin by dilute acids ; with nascent hydrogen yields mannit, with nitric acid is oxi- dized into succinic, acetic, and oxalic acids. 3. Inosit, Phaseo-mannit, C,H,,0,.2H,O.—Found in juices of some meats, green fruits (Leguminose), asparagus, etc.; it is very sweet, crystallizes from water, alcohol ; does not ferment, but with nitric acid yields explosive compounds and oxalic acid. 4. Syrupus Fuscus, Molasses (Melasses).—Official, 1860-1870. Have two kinds: 1. W. India; black, ropy, peculiar odor, sweet, emi- pyreumatic taste. Yields by fermenting and distilling commercial rum, and is the kind once official. 2. Sugar House (Golden Drips, Grocer’s Syrup). Same as preceding, only thicker, different flavor, often largely adulterated with glucose, sp. gr. 1.40, contains 75 p. c. solid matter. Both kinds have uncrystallizable sugar with some cane sugar which failed to crystallize out, also have gum, coloring matter. If these be boiled with strong solution potassium dichromate get violent reaction, green liquid ; but if adulterated with one-eighth starch-sugar molasses, the reaction is wanting, color not changed. Derivative Products : 1. Rock Candy, Saccharum Crystallizatum.—Heat concentrated cane sugar syrup, add spirit, and upon cooling, white, transparent, oblique, four-sided prisms form ; this is the purest kind of sugar. 2. Barley Sugar, Saccharum Hordeatum.—Cane sugar melted care- fully (185° C.; 365° F.) and suddenly cooled ; it is amorphous, yellow- ish, transparent, gradually becomes crystalline and opaque externally. 3. Caramel, C,,H,,O,—This results from cane sugar parting with 2H,0 by being heated to 204° C. (400° F.) for a short time ; it is dark brown, bitter, consisting of colorless, bitter caramelan, C,,H,,O,, red- brown caramelene, and other compounds. The conversion is hastened by alkalies. Used in coloring liquid preparations. TRITICUM. TRITICUM (Coucn-crass). The rhizome gathered in the spring and deprived of the roots. ; Habitat. Europe, N. America. ; Syn. Shelly, Guick, Quick, Quitch, Twitch, Dog, Witch, Knot or Dog’s Tooth Grass, Quitch, Quickens, Dogweed, Chiendent. Fr. Chiendent officinal, Petit Chien- dent. Ger. Rhizoma (Radix) Graminis, Queckenwurzel, Grasswurzel. Agropyron repens, \ (Linné) Beauvais. 86 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Ag-ro-pyr’on (Agropyrum). L. fr. Gr. aypéc, a field, + rupéc, wheat; %. ¢, grows wild in wheat fields. Re’pens. L. fr. repo, creep, crawl; « ¢., stem inclines to crawl on the ground. Trit/i-cum. L. fr. tero, terere, pp. tritus, thresh, rub, grind ; «. ¢., seeds must be ground for eating. Piant.—Perennial weed along roadsides and in cultivated grounds ; culm .6-1.2 M. (2-4°) high; spikes compressed, 7.5-10 Cm. (3—4’) long ; spikelets 3-8-flowered, 2-ranked, alternate on opposite sides of solitary, terminal spike ; glumes transverse, lanceolate, herbaceous, 3— 7-nerved; flowering glumes rigid, convex on back, 5—7-nerved, pointed or awned from tip; palet flattened, bristly ciliate. RHIZzoME, very long, creeping, 2 Mm. (-},’) thick, internodes 5 Cm. (2’) long; in shops cut into sections 8 Mm. (}’) long, smooth, wrinkled, hollow centre, straw-yellow, inodorous ; taste sweetish. Solvents: cold or hot water. Dose, 5ss—3 (2-12 Gm.). ConsTITUENTS.—Triticin 8 p. ¢., fruit sugar 24-34 p. c., inosit, glucose, mucilage, malates, ash ; lactic acid and mannit are found in the extract as results of fermentation. Triticin.—Gum-like substance resem- bling inulin, convertible into levulose. Obtained by exhausting with water, neu- tralizing with baryta, concentrating, pre- cipitating with lead subacetate, removing lead, treating with charcoal, neutralizing, concentrating, precipitating with alcohol ; it is an amorphous, white powder, inodo- rous, tasteless, deliquescent, with nitric acid oxidizes into oxalic acid. PREPARATIONS.—1. Ezxtractum Tritict Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Triticum. | (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de (petit) Chien- Agropyron repens. dent; Ger. Fliissiges Queckenwurzel Extrakt.) Manufacture: Exhaust 100 Gm. with boiling water by percolation, evaporate to 75 Cc., add alcohol 25; set aside, filter. Dose, 5ss—3 _ (2-12 Ce,). Unoff. Preps.: Eatract. Dose, gr. 10-20 (.6-1.3 Gm.). Decoction, 5 p.c. Dose, ad libitum. Infusion, 5 p.c. Dose, ad labitum. PrRopERTIES.—Diuretic, aperient, demulcent, vulnerary. Usrs.—Cystitis, irritable bladder, dysuria, gravel, jaundice, bron- chitis, skin diseases, gout, relieves thirst, allays fever, promotes urination. Large and frequent drinks once considered a blood purifier. Allied Plants : 1. Ave'na sati'va, Avene Farina (Oatmeal)—The meal prepared from the seed, official, 1820-1880. Asia, Europe, cultivated. Plant .6-1.3 M. (2-4°) high, culm smooth, leaves linear, veined, rough, panicles loose, spikelets 2—3-flowered, pale (husk) cartilaginous. The grain ground gives oatmeal, if deprived of palez have groats. Oatmeal is not uniform, but is yellowish-white, gluten and husk present, bitter- TRITICUM—TRITICUM. 87 GRAMINACEZ. ish starch granules polyhedric, muller-shape. Composed of husk 25 p. ¢., grain 75 p.c.; the former contains fixed oil 1-14 p. c., sugar and gum }—{ p. c., proteids 2 p. c.; the latter starch 64-66 p. c., fat 5-7 p. ¢., proteids 18-21 p. c. (mainly avenin), salts 1-3 p.c. Used as demulcent, laxative, dietetic, nutritive. The indigestible husks act as mechanical irritant, exciting peristalsis but may constipate by com- paction. Given as porridge or gruel may ferment and injure digestion. 2. Ho'rdewm di’'stichon, Barley—The decorticated seed, official, 1820-1880. W. Asia, cultivated. Annual grain, culm .6~-1 M. (2-3°) Fig. 27. Agropyron repens ; rhizome and transverse section, magnified 3 diam. high, leaves linear, scabrous, spike 7.5-10 Cm. (3—4’) long, fruit in 2 rows, seed (pearl barley) elliptical, 12 Mm. (4’) long, flat back, angled sides, grooved front, smooth, grayish-yellow from adherent palese, when removed brownish. Contains starch 60-68 p. c., protein compounds (gluten, albumin) 12-16 p. ¢., oil 2-3 p. c., cellulose 8-12 p.c. Used as nutritive for bronchial affections, sore throat, febrile troubles, pul- monary and urinary disorders. Maltum, Malt.—Official, 1880-1890. Barley seed having under- gone incipient germination by soaking in water, heaping in piles, and Oat starch; magnified 250 diam. allowing so to remain until the germ (acrospire) is $ length of grain, then thoroughly drying to kill embryo. Contains diastase, dextrin, sugar, starch. The diastase converts starch into dextrin and sugar. Malt Extract—Official, 1880-1890. Simply an aqueous infusion evaporated. Good for dyspepsia, phthisis, wasting diseases ; infusion used in wasting troubles, cholera infantum, diarrhcea ; malt liquors are made from this infusion (wort) by adding hops and fermenting. 3. Andropo’gon squarro’sa (murica’tus), Vetiveria ( Vetivert).—E. India. The fibrous wiry roots from the rhizome ; yellowish-brown, 88 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. waxy, 15-20 Cm. (6-8’) long, 1 Mm. (,4’) thick, tough, aromatic, - balsamic. Contains volatile oil, resin. Used as tonic, stimulant, in perfumery, sachet powders, etc. 4, So’rghum vulga’re, Broom Corn.—Fruit 4 Mm. (2’) long, oval, flattened, brownish-yellow. Used in. decoction (10 p. ¢.), for cystitis, ete. 5. Metro’axylon Ru! mphii (Sa! gus Ru! mphii), Pearl Sago—Palmacee. The prepared fecula official, 1820-1880. E. India Islands, Borneo, Moluccas, etc. Small palm, 6—9 M. (20-30°) high, stem thick, covered with leaf stalk remains, many pinnate leaves at apex ; fruit round nut, covered with an imbricate coat, 1-seeded. The stem centre contains medullary matter like elder pith, which is obtained by felling and splitting the tree trunk, washing pith to extract the starch, which may be powdered, forming sago meal, or granulated. Lach tree yields 500-600 lbs. (225-270 Kg.) of sago. Pearl sago is the best, in pearl- like grains, brownish, diaphan- Fra. 30. ous, unaltered granules oblong, truncate, muller-shaped, layers distinct, hilum at rounded end often cleft ; common sago (J. Sa’ gu) is larger grained. Used Metroxylon Rumphii. Sago starch. as demulcent, nutrient for sick with weak digestion, fevers ; it is easily digested, non-irritating, prepared by boiling 1 part in water 32, strain- ing, flavoring. Factitious sago is made from potato starch. 6. Demo'’norops (Ca'lamus) Dra’co, Draconis Resina (Dragon’s Blood).—Borneo, Sumatra. A spontaneous resinous exudation from the ripening fruit; occurs in tears, globular pieces 4 Cm. (1}’) thick, cylindrical sticks .3 M. (12’) long, or in irregular cakes, dark-brown, inside bright-red, fracture dull, irregular, inodorous ; when heated aro- matic like benzoin, tasteless ; contains red resin, benzoic acid or cin- namic acid, or both wanting ; mild stimulant, astringent. Used in tooth powders, plasters, varnishes. 7. Are’ca Ca'techu, Areca Nut.—E. Indies. Cultivated. Large palm tree 15-18 M. (50-60°) high, fruit orange-colored, size of hen’s egg, contains one seed (nut), roundish, conical, 25 Mm. (1’) long, 9 Mm. (%’) thick, brown, with many reddish veins, inside horny, CALAMUS—CALAMUS. 89 ARACEE. ; white, odor faint, taste astringent, contains fat 14 p- ¢., tannin, resin, arecoline, C,H,,NO, (poisonous, tenifuge), arecaine, guvacine ; astrin- gent, tenifuge. Dose, 5ij-3 (8-12 Gm.). 8. Elce’is guinee’nsis, Oleum Palme (Palm Oil).—W. Africa. Heat fruit with water and express. It is a solid fat, harder than butter, Fig. 32. Areca Catechu. orange-red, bleached by light and heat, violet odor, bland taste, de- mulcent. Used in ointments, but mostly in soaps and candles. 9. Co’cos nucifera, Oleum Cocois (Cocoanut Oil).—Tropics. A fixed oil expressed from palm seeds after being boiled with water ; yield 50-60 p. c. A white solid, consistence of butter, odor dis- ‘agreeable, soon becoming rancid. Demulcent. Mostly used in soaps. 8. ARACEZA. Arum Family. A-ra/se-e. LL. Ar-um or aron + acer, Gr. dpov, the wake robin, Egyptian word. Herbs or shrubs. Distinguished by acrid, pungent juice, poisonous, having tubers, corms, or rhizomes ; leaves often veiny, petioled ; flowers perfect or dicecious, spadix within spathe, no perianth ; fruit succulent, terra or marsh plants; tropics, temperate climates ; aromatic, stimulant, expectorant, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, starch, food. Genus: 1. Acorus. CALAMUS. CALAMUS (weer Frac). Acorus + Calamus, Linné. } The rhizome. Habitat. N. America, Europe, W. Asia, swampy places, along ditches, streams, ponds. Cultivated in Burmah, Ceylon. Syn. Sweet or Grass Myrtle, Myrtle Flag, Sweet Cane, Sweet Grass, Sweet Root, Sweet Rush, Sweet Sedge, Sea Sedge, Radix Calami Aromatici, Radix Acori, Calamus Root. Fr. Acore vrai, Acore odorant. Ger. Rhizoma Calami, Kalmuswurzel. | Ac’o-rus. L. fr. Gr. a, priv. + «ép7, the pupil of the eye; « ¢., originally thought to cure eye troubles. . Cal/a-mus. L. Gr. xéAapoc, a reed, cane (L. culmus), fr. Ar. kalam, a reed ; 4. ¢., its leaves or scapes are cane or reed-like. Puiant.—Perennial herb ; leaves resembling those of the blue flag, Iris versicolor, 1-1.3 M. (3-4°) long, 2.5 Cm. (1’) wide, sword-like, equitant ; flowers May-June, in spike 5-10 Cm. (2-4’) long. RauI- ZOME, .6-1 M. (2-3°) long, 18 Mm. (3) thick, horizontal, un- 90 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. peeled, subcylindrical, longitudinally wrinkled; upper surface with triangular leaf-scars, lower surface with circular scars of roots and rootlets in wavy lines, externally reddish-brown, internally whitish, spongy, fracture short, corky, showing many oil-cells and scattered wood-bundles ; odor aromatic ; taste aromatic, bitter. Solvents: alco- hol; hot water partially. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.).. Commercial.— The rhizome is taken from the mucky earth by grubbing and pulling; it is then washed, freed from roots and dried with moderate heat, by which it shrinks one-half its diameter, but the odor and taste thereby become improved. In Germany rhizomes are often peeled before drying, thus giving a weaker product, owing to the fact that most of the volatile oil receptacles are in the cortex. Ger- many, Russia, England, United States and India furnish the mar- kets, that coming from the latter Acorus Calamus, having the claim of being stronger ' and more aromatic. It should be collected in autumn or spring, and by age deteriorates, often becoming attacked by worms. ConsTITUENTS.— Volatile oil 1-2 p. c., Acorin.0.2 p. ¢., Acoretin (choline), Calamine, resin, tannin, starch, mucilage. Volatile Oil.—Obtained by distillation, has brownish-yellow color, aromatic odor, sp. gr. 0.965, contains pinene, C,,H,,, and a sesquiter- Fig. 34. Acorus Calamus rhizome ; a, under surface; b, upper surface. pene, a body having composition C,,H,,O, a high boiling fraction of a bluish color, and a small quantity of a phenol. Acorin, C,,H,,O,, glucoside, yellowish-brown, honey-like liquid. Obtained from a concentrated decoction by precipitating it successively with alcohol, lead acetate and subacetate, removing lead by hydrogen CALAMUS—CALAMUS. 91 ARACEZ. sulphide, neutralizing with soda and agitating with ether. It is very bitter, aromatic, soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, precipitated from hydrochloric acid solution by tannin, and splits into the volatile oil and sugar. Acoretin.—Obtained by the oxidation of acorin; it is a resin-like body which by reduction with alkali yields ethereal oil and sugar. Calamine.—Alkaloid obtained from the extract after acorin is re- moved ; it is crystalline, soluble in alcohol, chloroform, acetone. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Calami Fluidum. Floid Extract of Calamus. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide d’Acore vrai; Ger. Fliissiges Kalmuswurzel-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate, 100 Gm. with alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mxv—60 (1-4 Ce.). Unoff. Preps.: Tincture, 20 p. ¢. (ateohol). Dose, 3j-2 (4-8 Cc.). Extract (alcohol 40 p. c.). Dose, gr. 2-8 (.13-.5 Gm.). Infusion. Dose, 3j-2 (30-60 Cc.). PROPERTIES.—Stimulant, carminative, tonic, bitter, aromatic. Uses.—Dyspepsia, colic, flatulency, typhoid condition, coughs, flavoring. In India also used as an insectifuge, for fleas, etc. The Turks use the candied rhizomes as a preventive against contagion. The Adiapoc apwpartexis of Dioscorides was a different plant from this, being possibly one of the Andropo!gons. Allied Plants : 1. Arise’ma (A’rum) triphy'llum, Indian Turnip—The cormus official, 1820-1870. N. America. Plant acaulescent, leaves two, 3-divided, 5-17.5 Cm. (2-—7’) long, 2.5-7.5 Cm. (1-3’) wide. Corm | 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2’) broad, brownish-gray, inside white, mealy, taste burning, acrid, contains volatile acrid principle, starch, fat, mucilage, calcium oxalate (gives acridity). Used as stimulant, expectorant, dia- . phoretic, irritant for colic, flatulence, asthma, whooping-cough, chronic catarrh, rheumatism, bronchitis, aphthous sores, ringworm ; in honey, syrup, ointment. Dose, gr. 5-15 (.3-1 Gm.). 2. Spathye’ma (Symploca'rpus) foe'tida, Skunk Cabbage.—The root (rhizome) official, 1820-1880. Perennial, spathe appears first in spring, covered with purplish spots and stripes, flowers dull-purple, leaves .3—.6 M. (1-2°) long, .3-.4 M. (12-15’) wide. Rhizome ob- conical, truncate, 7.5-10 Cm. (3-4’) long, 5 Cm. (2’) thick. Many rootlets, brownish-gray, inside whitish, many wood-bundles, whole plant fetid, more so when triturated, taste acrid, biting, contains fat, resin, starch. Emetic, diuretic, antispasmodic, stimulant, narcotic ; for asthma, chronic catarrh, rheumatism, chorea, hysteria, dropsy, bronchitis, in infusion, tincture. Dose, gr. 5-16 (.3—1 Gm.). 3. Epipre’mnum mira! bile (Rhaphido'phora vitie'nsis,—Aracex), and Pre!mna traite/nsis, Tonga.—Verbenacee. Fiji Islands. The mixed bark contains tongine (volatile alkaloid), volatile oil. Anodyne; neu- ralgia, rheumatism, in combination with salicylates. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). 92 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 9. MELANTHACEZX. Bunch-flower Family. Me-lan-tha’se-e. L. Melanth-ium + acer, fr. Gr. pédas, black, + dvOos, flower, 2. ¢., alluding to the darker color which the persistent perianth assumes after blossoming. Leafy-stemmed herbs. Distin- guished by being rarely bulbous; leaves grass-like, parallel-veined with transverse veinlets; perianth 6, stamens 6, ovary 3-celled, supe- rior ; fruit capsule, septicidal ; seeds tailed or appendaged ; temperate climates ; ; sedative, diaphoretic, sternutatory, poisonous. Genera: 1. Veratrum. 2. Asagrea. VERATRUM VIRIDE. VERATRUM VIRIDE (American HELLEBORE). Veratrum un = 7, wiritle, Aiton: } The rhizome and roots. Habitat. N. America (Canada to Georgia), in rich, wet woods, swamps. Syn. American White Hellebore, Green-, Swamp-, or False Veratrum or Helle- bore, Devil’s Bite, Duckretter, Poke Root, Indian Poke, Earth Gall, Tickle or Itch Baty Bugbane. Br, Veratri Viridis Rhizoma. Fr. Vératre vert. Ger. Griiner “Ve-ra/trum. L, vere, truly, + ater, black, dark ; 7. e., the color of the roots of some species. Vir’i-de. L. viridis, green ; i. e., flowers are greenish. Piant.—Large perennial herb ; stem annual, .6-2 M. (2—7°) high, stout, cylindrical, solid, nearly smooth, pale-green, unbranched except in the inflorescence ; leaves 12.5-20 Cm. (5—8’) long, oblong, acumi- nate, sheathing the stem, plaited, nerved, pubescent; flowers May— July, many polygamous, nearly sessile, greenish-yellow, racemes with downy peduncles, sepals petaloid ; fruit of 3 nearly distinct follicles 2.5 Cm. (1’) long, pericarp dry, brown, ventral dehiscence ; seed fiat, about 12 in each carpel. RuHIZOME, upright, obconical, simple or di- vided, 2.5-7.5 Cm. (1-3’) long, 2-5 Cm. (4-2’) thick, ‘tufted above, truncate below, blackish-gray ; internally grayish-white, showing many short, irregular wood-bundles ; roots from all sides of rhizome, numer- ous, shrivelled, yellowish-brown, 12.5-25 Cm. (5-10’) long, 2 Mm. (Fe’) thick ; inodorous, powder strongly sternutatory ; taste bitter, acrid. Solvent: alcohol. Dose, gr. 1—4 (.06~.26 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—With rhizomes of allied plants also with those of Spathye’ ma (Symploca'rpus) feetida. Commercial.—This plant is possibly identical with European Veratrum album, but is taller, has narrower leaves and greener flowers. The rhi- zome is mainly collected in autumn or sometimes just before flowering and. owing to deteriorating should not be kept more than a year. After being dug, it is washed and either dried whole or variously sliced. _ CONSTITUENTS.—Jervine, Veratroidine, Pseudojervine, Rubijervine, Cavadine, resin, starch. Jervine, C,H, “NO, crystalline, tasteless, non-sternutatory, but de- pressant, soluble in alcohol, chloroform. With strong hydrochloric VERATRUM VIRIDE—VERATRUM VIRIDE. 93 MELANTHACEZ. acid turns gradually red, becoming yellow by boiling ; with sulphuric acid becomes yellow, changing to green, finally turbid-yellow. Fie. 35, y hy as | Wii hint Veratrum viride ; a, root; b, flower; ¢, ovary; at Way : Mh ABN Rs d, plant at its early age. Veratroidine, C,,H,,NO,, resembles veratrine, non-crystalline, si sisting possibly of rubijervine + toxic resin; it 1s ee = emeto-cathartic, soluble in ether, chloroform, benzene. ith sul- 94 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. _phuric acid turns yellow, then red; with hydrochloric acid pale-red, becoming cherry-red by boiling. Pseudojervine, C,,H,,NO,, resembles jervine, but the sulphate of the former is more soluble in water. Rubijervine, C,,H,,NO,, resembles veratroidine, but is non-sternu- tatory. Ge eadine C,,H,,NO,, is sternutatory; present also in sabadilla seed. PREPARATIONS.—1. Eatractum Veratri Viridis Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Veratrum Viride. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Vératre Américain ; Ger. Fliissiges Griingermerwurz Extract.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate, 100 Gm. with alcohol q. s. 100 Cc. Dose, Mj—4 (.06-.26 Gm.). 2. Tinctura Veratri Viridis. Tincture of Veratrum Viride. (Syn., Tincture of Green (American) Hellebore; Fr. Teinture de Vératre vert; Ger. Griin Nieswurz-tinktur.) Manufacture: 40 p. c. Macerate, percolate 40 Gm. with alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mij—-10 (.138-.6 Cc.). Unoff. Preps.: Extract. Dose, gr. $-} (.008-.016 Gm.). Dr. Norwood’s Tincture, 50 p.c., saturated, being the same strength as the official tincture of 1870. Dose, Mv—8 (.38-.5 Cc.). PROPERTIES.—Sedative, emetic, diaphoretic, irritant, sternutatory, errhine. This resembles aconite very closely in action, being a cardiac depressant and spinal paralyzant. It diminishes the frequency and force of cardiac contractions, by depressing heart muscle, and stimu- lating inhibition (pneumogastric), depresses spinal cord, causing mus- cular relaxation, induces cutaneous relaxation hence free sweating ; large doses produce rapid but very feeble pulse, cold clammy skin, vomiting, debility, giddiness, impaired vision, partial unconsciousness ; it is eliminated by the bowels. Jervine is the depressant, causes sali- vation, kills by asphyxia, the heart beating after respiration ceases. Veratroidine depresses the cord, paralyzes respiration, and causes emeto-catharsis, thereby often preventing fatal results. Usrs.—To reduce arterial excitement, spinal spasms, pueumonia, cardiac diseases, typhoid fever. Always given in the commencing or inflammatory stages, heart disease, nervous palpitation, puerperal and epileptiform convulsions, tetanus, chorea, mania-a-potu, diphtheria. Poisoning, Incompatibles, Synergists ; same as for aconite. Allied Plants : I. V. album, White Hellebore—The rhizome official, 1820-1880, Europe—Alps, Pyrenees, Balkans. Plant nearly identical with official, variations being due possibly to climatic and soil differences. Contains jervine, pseudojervine, rubijervine, veratralbine (amorphous, resembles veratrine), protoveratrine, protoveratridine, jervic acid (chelidonic acid), resin, sugar, veratramarin. Properties and uses same as official. SABADILLA—CEVADILLA. 95 MELANTHACEZ. SABADILLA. CEVADILLA. Veratrina. Veratrine, oficial. oe ori clas: \A mixture of alkaloids obtained from the seed. Habitat. Mexico to Guatemala and Venezuela. Syn. Indian Barley-caustic. Fr: Cévadille. Ger. Sabadillsamen, Liiusekérner. _ A-sa-gree’a. L. after Asa Gray, formerly professor of botany, Harvard Univer- nO e-f-ci-na/lis. L. offcina, a workshop, = opus, work, + facere, to do, to make ; a. @., used in or belonging to the shop or store. Sab-a-dil/la. L. fr. Sp. cevadilla, cebadilla, fr. cibure, to feed, cibus, food. PuLant.—This is a bulbous herb, bulb ovoid, covered with numerous black scales ; scape 1.2-1.5 M. (4-5°) high ; leaves from bulb, linear, grass-like, .3-1.3 M. (1-4°) long, smooth, entire, strong midrib ; flowers numerous, 12 Mm. (3’) wide, monccious, lower ones herma- phrodite ; upper staminate, greenish-yellow, racemes, 22.5-45 Cm. (9— . 18’) long; fruit composed of 3 dry follicles 12 Mm. (}’) long, peri- carp pale-brown, papery, dehiscent. Seeds Fie. 36. 2-5 in each follicle, dark-brown, fusiform, com- pressed, 6 Mm.(}") long, slightly winged above, angular, testa thin, rugosely wrinkled, albu- min whitish, oily, inodorous, bitter, acrid, sternutatory. Dose, gr. 1-4 (.06-.26 Gm.). Commercial——Sabadilla seeds are not now supposed, as formerly, to come from Vera/trum Fig. 37. Asagrea officinalis; a, fruit-bear- Sabadilla ; a,"fruit natural size; b, seed and ing stem ; }, root, bulb and leaves. longitudinal section magnified. Sabadil’ la, but mostly from Asagrea officinalis (Scheenocau' lon officinale, Vera’ trum officina’ le, Helo’ nias officinalis). They at one time came solely from Vera Cruz, being derived from cultivated Mexican plants, but are now chiefly shipped from La Guayra, the port of Caracas and Vene- zuela: the ripe capsules from Mexico. = ConsTITUENTS.—Veratrine, cevadine, C,,H,,NO,, cevadilline, C,H,,NO,, sabadine, C,,H,,NO,, sabadinine, C,,H,,NO,, angelic acid, C,H,0,, methyl-crotonic acid, C,H,0,, cevadic acid, veratric acid, fixed oil, ash 3.5 p. c. : ; Veratrina. Veratrine, C,,H,,NO,,—Obtained by exhausting seed with alcohol, evaporating to syrup, adding water to get rid of resin, 96 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. oil, ete. ; the filtrate, containing veratrine veratrate, is precipitated with ammonia in excess. Another method is to boil alcoholic extract in acidulated water (HCl or H,SO,), decompose with magnesia, take up alkaloids with acidified alcohol, evaporate, filter through charcoal, precipitate with ammonia. Commercial or medicinal veratrine usually consists of veratrine, cevadine (most important, sternutatory, with potassa splitting into methyl-crotonic acid and amorphous cevine, C,,H,,NO,), cevadilline (amorphous, insoluble in ether, benzene), sabadine (non-sternutatory, crystallizes from ether in needles and, like the preceding alkaloids, is colored yellow, then red by sulphuric acid), sabadinine (resembles sabadine, but turns red at once with sulphuric acid), and their derivatives. Occurs in whitish, amorphous, or semi- crystalline powder, odorless, causes sneezing, acrid with tingling, numbness to the tongue ; soluble in alcohol (3 parts), chloroform (2), ether (6), no residue. Tests: 1. With nitric acid gives yellow ; with sulphuric acid the orange-red solution gives by reflected light greenish fluorescence, intensified by additional acid ; with potassa deep-red by . transmitted light. 2. Heated with hydrochloric acid the liquid ac- quires a deep-red color; with potassa splits into veratric acid and amorphous verine, C,,H,,NO,. Dose, gr. s4—3'5 (.002-.005 Gm.). PREPARATIONS.—1. Oleatwm Veratrine. Oleate of Veratrine. (Syn., Veratrinum Oleicum ; Fr. Oléate de Vératrine; Ger. Oelsaures Veratrin.) . Manufacture: 2 p. c. Veratrine 2 Gm. dissolved in warm oleic acid 98. Used externally. 2. Unguentum Veratrine. Veratrine Ointment. (Syn., Fr. Pom- made de Vératrine ; Ger. Veratrinsalbe.) Manufacture: 4 p.c. Veratrine 4 Gm., olive oil 6, benzoinated lard 90. Used externally. PROPERTIES.—Sedative, powerful irritant, sternutatory, errhine. Locally gives heat, pain, redness, numbness. Internally causes burn- ing sensation, free salivation, great depression, reduces force and rate of pulse ; large doses make contractions few, each lasting a long time, until heart stops in systole. When poisoned have muscular weakness, nausea, vomiting, purging, debility, giddiness, impaired vision, partial unconsciousness, violent convulsions, muscular paralysis, seldom kills, if so, from heart paralysis. UsEs.—Chiefly externally, neuralgia, headache, sciatica, pruritus, pediculi, acute articular rheumatism, pneumonia, epilepsy, chronic swellings, stiff, indurated sprains. For these can apply it in fat or alcohol (1-5 p. ¢.) using gr. 2-4 (.13-.26 Gm.) per day, but never on abraded surface. Internally for heart trouble, cardiac dropsies, gout, rheumatism, fevers, inflammations, dysmenorrhea. Owing to its dangerous depressing and uncertain action it is little used, as aconitine can well be substituted for it. Poisoning, Incompatibles, Synergists: same as for aconite. ALLIUM—GARLIC. 97 LILIACEE. 10. LILIACEZ. Lily Family. Lil-i-a’se-e. L. Lili-wm + aces, a lily, fr. Celtic li, whiteness, al- luding to beautiful white flowers of original species. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Distinguished by having bulbs, rhizomes, tubers or fibrous roots ; leaves parallel-veined (except in Smilacese); flowers regular sym- metrical, 6-androus, perianth non-glumaceous, petaloid, free from 3- celled, superior ovary ; anthers 2-celled ; fruit many- or few-seeded pod or berry; temperate climates, tropics ; purgative, emetic, diuretic, di- aphoretic, stimulant, astringent, acrid, fibres, food, condiment. Genera: 1. Allium. 2. Urginea. 3. Aloe. ALLIUM. GARLIC. Allium sativum, Linné. \The bulb, used without drying. Habitat. C. Asia, S. Europe (Sicily, Italy, 8. France) cultivated, N. America, etc. Syn. English or Clove Garlic, Bulbus Allii. Fr. Ail. Ger. Knoblauch. AVli-um. L. for garlic, fr. Celtic all, hot; 7. e., from its characteristic hot taste. Sa-ti/vum. L. cultivated ; i. ¢., the kind used as contradistinguishing the wild- grown. Prant.—Bulbous, .6 M. (2°) high; leaves long, flat, grass-like ; flowers July, small, white, at the termination of the stem enclosed in pointed spathe, umbels. Bux, commonly called cloves of garlic ; sub- globular, compounded of eight-wedged bulb- lets in a circle, covered by several membra- Fic. 38. nous scales ; odor pungent, alliaceous ; taste warm, acrid. Solvents: water; alcohol; di- luted acetic acid, vinegar. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.). ConstrruENtTs.— Volatile oil $ p. c., mu- cilage 35 p. c., albumin, sugar, water 60 a Volatile Oil.—Obtained by distillation from the bulb and herb, being when purified a yellowish liquid, to which odor, taste, and medical properties are due; sp. gr. 1.053. Contains the compound O©,H,,8, = allyl-pro- pyldisulphide (8:8), and C,H,,8, = dial- lyldisulphide (#2), the higher boiling por- tions containing bodies of the composition C,H,,S,, and C,H,§,. Dose, Mj-5 (.06- .3 Ce.). PREPARATIONS.—1. Syrupus Alii, Syrup of Garlic. (Syn., Fr. Sirop d’Ail ; Ger. Knoblauchsirup.) Manufacture: 20 p.c. Macerate fresh garlic 20 Gm. for four days in diluted acetic acid 50 Cc., express, filter ; in filtrate dissolve sugar 80 Gm., add diluted acetic acid q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5j-4 (4-15 Ce). Unoff. Preps.: Fresh Juice. Dose, 5ss (2 Ce.). Liniment. Poultice. 7 Allium sativum. 98 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. PROPERTIES.—Stimulant, diuretic, expectorant, anthelmintic, rube- facient, condiment ; excites circulation, nervous system, expectoration. Usrs.—Bronchitis, indigestion, infantile catarrh, nervous coughs and vomiting. Locally poultice, to lungs for catarrhal pneumonia, to feet for nervous restlessness, and convulsions in children. May also be applied to abscesses, earache, insect and serpent wounds. Allied Plants : 1, A. Ce'pa, Onion, and A. Po'rrum, Leek. Both used similarly. SCILLA. SQUILL. Urginea The bulb deprived of its dry, membranaceous outer maritima, scales and cut into thin slices, the central portions (Linné) Baker. being rejected. Habitat. Mediterranean Basin, near the sea. Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Portu- gal, Morocco, Algeria; in sandy, also hilly localities. Syn. Sea Onion, White or Red Squills. Fr. Squille, Scille. Ger. Bulbus Scille, Meerzwiebel. Ur-gin’e-a. L. urgere, to press, urge ; ¢. ¢., its flattened, compressed seeds, or fr. Algerian Arab tribe Ben urgin. Ma-rit’i-ma. L. maritimus, of the sea, maritime; i. ¢., its habitat near the sea. Scilla. L. fr. Gr. oxifecv, to split; i. ¢., splits into scales ; oxé4Aa, an onion. PLant.—Perennial herb; roots fibrous from base of large bulb ; leaves appear long after flowers, several, .5-.6 M. (14—2°) long, shining, deep- Fia. 39. Scilla bulb, prepared for slicing. Urginea maritima. green ; flowers white, on succulent stem, .3-1 M. (1-3°) high, in close spike, no calyx, peduncles purplish ; fruit, dry capsule 12 Mm. (3’ ) long, oblong, 3-lobed, yellow, seeds 6 in each cell, 6 Mm. (4’) long, flattened, purplish-brown. Buxs, pear-shaped when fresh, size of fist to child’s head, 7.5-15 Cm. (3-6’) long and. broad, often weighing 4 Ibs. (1.8 Kg.). Consists of fleshy scales, with attenuated edges closely applied over one another; in shops as warfow segments, 5 Cm. (2’) SCILLA—SQUILL. 99 LILIACEZ. long, slightly translucent, yellowish-white or reddish, brittle, and when dry pulverizable, tough, flexible after exposure to dampness ; inodor- ous ; taste mucilaginous, bitter, acrid. Solvents: alcohol (75 p. c.); diluted acetic acid; vinegar, water. Dose, gr. 1-5 (.06—3 Gm.) ter die until nauseated ; gr. 5-10 (.3-.6 Gm.) will usually vomit. Commercial.—Bulb flourishes in dry, sandy places on seacoast, being only half immersed in the soil ; flowers in autumn, but leaves appear in following spring. Was early known as a valuable medicine, but first cultivated in Europe 1630. There are two varieties—white and red, the former having white scales, the latter reddish-brown and rose color; both are the same medicinally, yet the white is preferred, as it makes less colored solutions. Bulbs are collected in August, deprived of dry outer scales, cut transversely into thin slices, dried by sun, packed in casks, and shipped from Malta; it abounds in viscid, acrid juice, which excoriates the skin when handled, but this quality is lost upon drying without changing medical properties; loses 80 p. c. on drying, reabsorbs 11 p. c. moisture on exposure, becoming mouldy, hence should be kept dry in well-stoppered bottles. _ ConstITvENTS.—Scillitin (scillipicrin, scillitoxin, scillin), Sinistrin, sugar, calcium oxalate 3-8 p. ¢., ash 3 p. ¢. Scillitin.—Bitter principle, upon which activity depends, but it has never been obtained pure. Dose, gr. $-} (.01-.03 Gm.). Instead of this, Merck gives three active principles : (1) Scillipicrin.—Bitter principle, yellowish-white, amorphous, sol- uble in water, hygroscopic, acts upon the kidneys. Dose, gr. 4-1 (.02-.06 Gm.). (2) Scillitoxin (Scillain)—Glucoside, brown, bitter, burning taste, soluble in alcohol, acts upon heart. Dose, gr. g5-y'y (.001- .002 Gm.). (3) Scillin.—Crystalline, soluble in alcohol, hot ether, benumbs, vomits. Later investigators think these to be alkaloids, so their names have been changed: (1) Scillapicrine, soluble in water, alcohol ; (2) Scillamarine, soluble in chloroform, alcohol ; (3) Scillinine, soluble in alcohol, insoluble in water, chloroform. ad Sinistrin, C,H,,O,, white mucilage, resembles dextrin, levogyrate, easily converted into sugar, by boiling with diluted sulphuric acid. PREPARATIONS.—1. Acetum Scilla, Vinegar of Squill. (Syn., Fr. Vinaigre (Acétolé) Scillitique ; Ger. Meerzwiebel Essig.) cane Manufacture: 10 p.c. Macerate 10 Gm. with diluted acetic acid q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mv-30 (.3-2 Ce.). : Prep.: 1. Syrupus Scille. Syrup of Squill. (Syn., Syrupus Aceti Scille ; Fr. Sirop de Scille ; Ger. Meerzwiebelsirup.) Manufacture: Vinegar of squill 45 Cc., sugar 80 Gm.; water q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Cc.). 9, Extractum Stille Fluidwm. Fluid Extract of Squill. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Scille ; Ger. Fltissiges Meerzwiebel-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol 75 p. c., gq. 8. 100 Ce. Dose, Mj-5 (.06-.3 Cc.). 100 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Prep.: 1. Syrupus Seillee Compositus. Compound Syrup of Squill. (Syn., Hive Syrup, Croup Syrup ; Fr. Sirop de Scille Composé ; Ger. Zusammengesetzter Meerzwiebel-sirup.) Manufacture: Fluid extract of squill 8 Cc., fluid extract of senega 8, tartar emetic .2 Gm., precipitated calcium phosphate 1, sugar 75, water q. s. 100 Cc. Dose, Mv—60 (.3-4 Ce.). Cox’s Hive Syrup differs from this only in using honey instead of sugar as the preservative. 3. Tinctura Scille. Tincture of Squill. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Scille ; Ger. Meerzwiebeltinktur.) Manufacture: 15 p.c. Macerate, percolate 15 Gm. with alcohol 75 p.c, q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mv—80 (.8-2 Ce.). Unof. Preps.: Acetic Extract. Dose, gr. 4-2 (.01-.13 Gm.). Pilula. Properties.—Resembles digitalis; expectorant, diuretic, emetic, cardiac stimulant, cathartic, irritant. Large doses irritant poison, causing gastro-enteritis, strangury, bloody urine, convulsions, death by heart paralysis. Usxrs.—Expectorant in croup, irritant coughs, whooping-cough, bronchitis, asthma, associated with ipecac, ammonia, asafetida, benzoin, etc. Owing to its irritating properties should not be given in acute stage. Diuretic in dropsies from cardiac disease when it should be combined with digitalis or saline diuretics. Give to children with croup until nausea and vomiting occur. The Greeks, Romans, and Arabians used it in dropsies, ulcerated gums and throat, weak diges- tion. Fresh juice applied to abrasions is diuretic; to healthy skin rube- facient, which may be due to calcium oxalate needle-shaped crystals or to contained acrid resinoid, here also ultimately get the diuretic effect. Poisoning: Evacuate stomach, give tannin, demulcents, opiates, stimulants. ALOE SOCOTRINA. SOCOTRINE ALOES. Aloe Perryi, Baker. Habitat. E. Africa, Island of Socotra ; cultivated. Syn. Bombay-, Mocha-, Turkey- or Zanzibar-Aloes. Fr. Aloés (Socotrin) Suco- trin. Ger. Socotora Aloe, Socotrinische Aloe. AVo-e. L. fr. Ar. Alloeh, Gr, 4Ady, native names for the aloe. Per’ry-i. L. after Wykeham Perry, who studied the plant natively. Soc-o-tri/na. L. for Socotra, corrupt. of Socotorina or Socotrina, an island east of Africa, its chief habitat. It may come from suceus citrinus—succotrin({um)-a; i. e., the Jemon-yellow color of its powder in the axis of a pinkish bract. \ The inspissated juice of the leaves. Piant.—All species of aloes resemble to some extent Aga’ve ameri- ca’na, American Aloe or century plant; stem 1.5 M. (5°) high, woody, very rough from remnants of previous leaves ; leaves glaucous- green, thick, succulent, sword-shaped, with many white serratures on the margin; flowers orange-red, paler in centre, apex greenish, stamens 6, unequal, 3 longer than corolla, racemes. ALOE SOCOTRINA—SOCOTRINE ALOES. 101 LILIACEZ. INSPISSATED JUICE (aloes), in masses, with interior sometimes soft, orange or ruby-brown, powder bright, golden-yellow, fracture smooth or ragged, not conchoidal, crystalline ; odor pleasant, saffron-like when breathed upon; taste intensely bitter, slightly aromatic. Tests: 1. With nitric acid get reddish-brown color. 2. With sulphuric acid + nitric acid vapor have no change unless Natal aloes present, when ‘get deep-blue. Solvents: alcohol, boiling water or 4 parts cold water ; not affected by chloroform or ether. Dose, gr. 4-10 (.03-.6 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—Chiefly with dried juice of inferior allied species, also small quantities of leaves, wood, sticks, stones, leather, monkey and goat skins, implements (knives, etc.), iron, resin, pitch, ochre, burned-bones, gum, liquorice, etc. ; 5-27 p.c. Commercial.Aloe was known to Dioscorides and Celsus. The large, thick leaves contain in their centre an insipid, thick, mucilagi- nous juice, and near the surface in distinct, elongated thin-walled ducts a bitter yellow- Fig. 41, ish juice, which varies in activity with age ’ of leaf'and season of year. Juice is collect- ed by cutting off leaves near their base dur- ing sunshine in March-April; these are stood up for half an hour in skins, or a series of five V-shaped wooden troughs (1.2 M.; 4° long—.3-.5 M.; 12-18 deep), each with an opening in the lower inclined end, to run off juice, as it exudes by gravity alone, into metal (iron or copper) vessels for evaporation; this latter is continued five hours, during which the impurities are ladled out. The ‘juice, at first colorless, soon becomes yellowish-brown on exposure, and is sometimes kept in barrels for months, as it does not spoil, and then ac- saiiiess= cording to demand reduced slowly by sun, Aloe Perryi. or rapidly by fire. When of proper consis- tence this evaporated product—commercial aloes—is poured into monkey skins, kegs, tin-lined boxes, etc., and marketed via Bombay and Zanzibar. Fae ins ConstituEeNTSs.—Aloin (soc-aloin), Resin 30-50 p. ¢., volatile oil 0.0015 p. c., emodin, ash 1 p. c. ; ; Aloinum. Aloin, official.—Neutral principle chiefly from Socotrine aloes (soc-aloin, C,,H,,O,), and Barbadoes aloes (barb-aloin, C,,H,,0,); sparingly from Natal aloes (nat-aloin, C,,H,,0,), and other species, each product slightly differing. It is obtained by digesting Socotrine or Jafferabad aloes 1 part, in alcohol 3 parts, for twenty-four hours, boiling two hours, filtering, setting aside for erystallization—yield 10 p. ¢.; or by dissolving Barbadoes, Curagao or Bonaire aloes 1 part in boiling acidulated (HCl) water 10 parts, when cold resin deposits ; de- cant, evaporate to two parts, set aside two weeks to crystallize—yield 102 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 20-25 p. e.; hydrochloric acid added to alcoholic solution yields aloe- emodin. Barb-aloin + nitric acid gives crimson color; is oxidized into one- third its weight (33 p. c.) of chrysammic acid (in golden-yellow lamin) and smaller quantities of aloetic (orange-red powder), picric and oxalic acids. Soc-aloin + nitric acid gives no color-change, otherwise same as barb-aloin, Nat-aloin, least soluble in nitric acid, but gives crimson color, and oxidizes into only picric and oxalic acids; if add sulphuric acid get blue color, which is not the case with two preceding. Aloin is twice as active as aloes and produces usually no griping. Dose, gr. $-2 (.03-.13 Gm.). Resin.— Obtained by allowing a dilute aloetic infusion to cool, when it precipitates, filter, dry. Soluble in hot water (thus differing from other resins), alcohol, ether, alkaline solutions ; brownish-black by ferric salts; by hydrolysis yields cinnamic acid and aloresino-tan- nol; equally active as the drug, which may be from accidental aloin present. Emodin.—Obtained by dissolving it from aloin with ether ; con- sidered the purgative principle. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Aloes. Extract of Aloes. (Syn., Extractum Aloes Socotrine ; Fr. Extrait d’Aloés ; Ger. Aloe Extrakt.) _ Manufacture: Aloes 10 Gm., boiling distilled water 100 Cc., let stand twelve hours, evaporate strained solution. Dose, gr. $—-5 (.03— .3 Gm.). 2. "hice Purificata. Purified Aloes. (Syn., Fr. Aloés Dépuré ; Ger. Gereinigte Aloe.) Manufacture: Socotrine aloes 100 Gm., melt, add alcohol 20 Cc., evaporate strained solution. Alcohol keeps it fluid sufficiently long for it to pass through No. 60 sieve. Occurs in irregular brittle pieces, brownish-red, odor of Socotrine aloes, almost entirely soluble in alco- hol. Should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. This process removes the impurities mentioned under adulterations. Dose, gr. 3-10 (.03- .6 Gm.). Pane. 1. Pilule Aloes. Pills of Aloes. (Syn., Br. Pilula Aloes Socotrine ; Fr. Pilules d’Aloés et de Savon; Ger. Aloe- pillen.) Manufacture: Aloes 13 Gm., soap 13, water q. s. 100 pills. Dose, 1-4 pills. 2. Pilule Aloes et Asafetide. Pills of Aloes and Asafetida. (Syn., Fr. Pilules d’Aloés et Asefétide ; Ger. Aloe und Asa- foetida-Pillen.) Manufacture: Aloes 9 Gm., asafetida 9, soap 9, water q. s. 100 pills. Dose, 1-5 pills. 3. Pilule Aloes et Ferri. Pills of Aloes and Iron. (Syn., Fr. Pilules d’Aloés et de Fer; Ger. Pilule Aloetice Ferrate, Pilulee Italicee Nigrse, Aloe und Eisenpillen, Italienische-Pillen.) ALOE SOCOTRINA—SOCOTRINE ALOES. 103 LILIACEZ. Manufacture: Aloes, dried sulphate of iron, aromatic powder, each 7 Gm., confection of rose q. s. 100 pills. Dose, 1-4 pills. 4. Pilule Aloes et Mastiches. Pills of Aloes and Mastic. (Syn., Lady Webster’s Dinner Pills ; Fr. Pilules d’ Aloas et de Mastic ; Ger. Aloe und Mastix-Pillen.) Manufacture: Aloes 13 Gm., mastic 4, red rose 3, water q. s. 100 pills. Dose, 1-3 pills. 5. Pilule Aloes et Myrrh. Pills of Aloes and Myrrh. (Syn., Rufus’s Pills; Fr. Pilules d’Alo&s et de Myrrhe, Pilules de Rufus ; Ger. Rufus’sche Pillen.) Manufacture: Aloes 13 Gm., myrrh 6, aromatic powder 4, syrup q. s. 100 pills. Dose, 1-6 pills. 6. Tinetura Aloes. Tincture of Aloes. (Syn., Fr. Teinture d’Aloés ; Ger. Aloetinktur.) Manufacture: 10 p.c. Macerate, percolate aloes 10 Gm., liquorice root 20, with diluted alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Ce.). 7. Tui Aloes et Myrrhe. Tincture of Aloes and Myrrh. (Syn., Tinctura Aloes Composita ; Fr. Elixir de Propriété; Ger. Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsi, Aloéelixir.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate, aloes, myrrh, liquorice root each 10 Gm. with alcohol 75 p. c., q.s. 100 Cc. Dose, 3ss—2 2-8 Cc.). 8. Tan Colocynthidis Compositum, 50 p. ce. Dose, gr. 5-15 (.3-1 Gm.). 9. Pilule Rhei Composite, gr. 1} (.1 Gm.) in each pill. Dose, 2-5 pills. , 10. Tinctura Benzoini Composita, 2 p.c. Dose, §ss—2 (2-8 Ce.). Unoff. Preps.:* Pulvis Aloes et Canelle. Hiera Picra—Aloes 80 + Canella 20. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). Compound Decoction. Vinum. _PRopEerties.—Cathartic, drastic, emmenagogue, vermifuge, stoma- chic. The action is especially on the colon and lower half of the large intestine, and thus causes irritation to uterus and inflamed hemorrhoids; stimulates the functions of the liver, intestinal secretions generally, increases the flow of bile and acts in about 15 hours. Abnormal doses do not produce proportionately excessive results, but invariably cause tormina, tenesmus with heat and rectal irritation. The irritation to stomach and rectum is largely remedied by combining with soap or an alkaline carbonate. Uses.—Costiveness (dependent upon weakness of muscular layer of the large intestine), atonic dyspepsia, jaundice, nonactive hemor- rhoids, amenorrhea, ascarides. For the two last may give by enema. 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poyes -stdsur oy, “‘qinq eng, “(qsoay) qing oq ‘sproypeyye yoounyxTu y “S001 pus amozIqs OUL ‘oTuOZIga OY ‘OMOZIYT OUL 1 \ peztirey { -s410 puv | poywarodesa aornf oy, *poos oq} jo B[nooj OUT, ‘sHUUST]S pus so[Aqs OGL *sdoq o"L ‘CUIJMAVUL VoulsI “STTBULOYO vausesy ‘thaa0g OOTY “TUMATBS THOTT V “OPIATA TANTO A “SNUUBIRO SHIDO “sudder uorsdoisy ‘ejag puz TNnY -310g Jo setoeds os[e ‘tanIvU -PYo wneyoorg ‘sABJ 8OZ, "Burges sniediune *Sd0TV 9UTI090g °*% “BUTI}OINg VOTV ‘T ‘Trmnbs °% “BIHOg “T “OT]IVD) *7 “CUTTY TE SMaomyvyT “OUTIYwIOA °% BULIILIOA “T *(9r0q -3[]9H Uvdoliowy) OPHIIA WUNIWwIOA “GZ ‘OPLTA WNIyBIaA “T Smoonyunjayy “(err qOoag) sntue[ZD °*z “SNUELRO “T *(ssBIN yono)) wmmoriay, °% “TANOTIAT, *T » *(re8ug eur) ivsng “wANIEqIOVY * ia “Yorvqs °G ‘unjAmy * a “CATES U109) voz ‘z woe ° ‘@a(on)unupsy et "OUTARG 'z, “BUIGeS “T 106 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. ALOE BARBADENSIS. BARBADOES ALOES. oe (Linné) Webb. } The inspissated juice of the leaves. Habitat. India, N. E. Africa. Naturalized in Barbadoes Islands. Dutch W. Indies. Cultivated in Italy, Sicily, Malta. . Syn. East Indian, India, Bitter, Hepatic, or Horse Aloes. Fr. Alo&s hépatique des Barbades. Ger. Barbadoes Aloe. Bar-ba-den/sis. L. of Barbadoes, one of W. Indian Islands; %. ¢., its habitat. Ve’ra. L. verus, true; 7. ¢., the original and true primitive kind. Puiant.—This is known also as A. vulgaris and has a short woody stem; leaves thick, glaucous-green color, mottled with darker spots, armed with reddish spines; flowers yellow. This plant produces most of the aloes used, then comes in order A. Perryi, A. purpura’ scens, A. arbore' scens, etc., all of which are cultivated now in the poorer soils of Jamaica, Curacao, Bar- badoes, ete.; occurs in hard masses, orange- brown, powder dull olive-yellow, opaque, fracture resinous, con- choidal; strong saffron odor ; taste very bitter, crystalline ; more active than Socotrine. Tests : 1. With nitric acid get red color. 2. With sul- phuric acid + nitric acid vapor, get no change un- less Natal aloes present, then have deep-blue. The Bonare and Cura- ¢ao aloes are also from A. vera (vulgaris), but are very glossy. Itisimpor- 2 ted in gourds 5-15 lbs. “Aloe vera (vulgaris). (2.38-7 Kg.) each, mainly - from Curacao, some, however, from Barbadoes. Dose, gr. 3-10 (.03-.6 Gm.). CoNSTITUENTS, PROPERTIES, AND Usks; about the same as those of Socotrine aloes. Allied Products : 1. Cape Aloes, Shining Aloes (Aloe spica'ta (cape'nsis), Spiked Aloes).— Flowers in spikes, official, 1850-1880. This is also possibly from A. fe’rox, A. africa’na, A. plica’tilis, ete. Cape of Good Hope. Has fracture shining, conchoidal, dark-olive color ; imported in casks and boxes. or 2. Hepatic Aloes.—This name was formerly applied to a variety of CONVALLARIA—CONVALLARIA. 107 CONVALLARIACES. Socotrine aloes from E. Indies, but now the term is given in this country to Barbadoes, in fact to any opaque liver-covered aloes, 3. Natal Aloes.—This has a greenish-slate hue, crystalline, fracture less shining than, but odor of Cape aloes; it is of little value, and is shipped from Port Natal. 4. Moka Aloes.—This has brownish-black color, irregular fracture, disagreeable odor, and is from the interior of Arabia. 5. Caballine or Horse Aloes.—This is inferior, impure, having a dark color, fetid odor, being from irregular sources. 6. Jaferabad Aloes.—This has black-pitch color and lustre, glassy, porous fracture, and is less agreeable than Socotrine aloes. Allied Plants : 1. Erythro'nium america’num, Yellow Adder’ s-tongue.—The root and herb official, 1820-1850.—United States. Perennial herb, scape 15—-22.5 Cm. (6-9’) high, slender, leaves 2, pale-green, equal length 12.5 Cm. (5’), one twice as wide as the other, brown-spotted, flowers yellow, 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2’) long, root (bulb or corm) solid, brown ; in- side white. All parts of the-plant active; used like colchicum. Dose, gr. 20-30 (1.3-2 Gm.) in infusion. Large doses emetic. 11. CONVALLARIACE. Lily-of-the-Valey Family. Kon-va-la-ri-a’se-e. L. Convallari-a + ace, fr. L. con, together, + vallis, valley—a valley enclosed on all sides ; i. ¢., alluding to the pre- ferred place of growth of some species. Leafy-stemmed, erect herbs. Distinguished by having branched rootstocks, never bulbs or corms ; _ leaves broad, parallel-veined, perianth 6-lobed or toothed, stamens 6, ovary 2—3-celled, superior ; fruit fleshy berry, stigma 3-lobed ; tem- perate climates; purgative, emetic, diuretic, diaphoretic, alterative, poisonous. Genera: 1. Convallaria. 2. Colchicum. CONVALLARIA. CONVALLARIA. Convallaria \ The rhizome and roots. majalis, Linné. Habitat. United States (Allegheny Mountains, Virginia, South Carolina), Europe, Asia ; cultivated in gardens. : Syn. Lily of the Valley, Lilium Convallium ; Fr. Muguet ; Ger. Maiblumen. Con-val-la/ri-a. See etymology, above, of Convallariacee. Ma-jal/is. L. gelded, emasculated ; i. ¢., its stem. - PLant.—Stemless perennial ; leaves 2—3, radical ; smooth, elliptical ; flowers May, one-sided raceme of ten, bell-shaped, white, 6-lobed, 6 Mm. (3’) long, cultivated larger, sweet-scented, bitter taste, nodding on an angled scape; fruit red berries. Ruizome, horizontal, 3 Mm. (%’) thick, internodes 2.5-7.5 Cm. (1—3’) long, wrinkled, whitish, ae circular scars, joints annulate, beset with 8-10 thin roots, 1 Mm. (;4,’) thick, fracture fibrous, white; odor peculiar, pleasant ; taste sweet, bitter, acrid. Solvents: diluted alcohol ; boiling water partially. Dose, gr. 2-10 (.13-.6 Gm.). 108 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Commercial.—Our plant is identical with that grown in European gardens. Rhizome should be collected July-Aug., washed and care- fully dried in the sun, thereby losing 85 p. c. ConsTITUENTS.—Convallamarin, Convallarin, resin. Convallamarin, C,,H,,O,,.—Bitter glucoside (cardiac constituent), obtained by precipitating alcoholic tincture with basic lead acetate ; filter, evaporate, dilute with water, neutralize with sodium carbonate, precipitate with tannin, dissolve this in alcohol (60 p. c.), decolorize with charcoal, decompose with zine oxide, filter, evaporate ; yield 0.6 p.c. It is a white powder, bitter, sweet, soluble in alcohol, water ; with dilute acids converted into sugar and convallamaretin. Convallarin, C,,H,,O,,.—Glucoside, acrid, purgative, in colorless prisms, soluble in alcohol, sparingly Fic. 43. in water, foaming like saponin, boiled : with dilute acids gives sugar and con- vallaretin. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Con- vallarie Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Convallaria. (Syn., Fluid Extract of Lily of the Valley ; Fr. Extrait liquide de Muguet; Ger. Flissiges Maiblu- men wurzel-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with diluted alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mij-10 (.13-.6 Cc.). Unoff. Preps.: Extract. Dose, gr. 3-2 (.03-.13 Gm.). Infusion, 25 p. c. Dose, 5ss—1 (15-30 Ce.). Conval- lamarin(-um). Dose, gr. 4-2 (.03— 13 Gm.). Convallarin (purgative). Dose, gr. 3 (.2 Gm.). PrRopERtTIEs.—Heart tonic, emetic, purgative, diuretic, sternutatory, poi- sonous. Similar to digitalis, but free Convallaria majalis. from cumulative action, hence thought a valuable substitute. Acts directly on the pneumogastric, finally arrests heart in systole. Usrs.—Dropsy, heart disease, palpitation, disordered rhythm, weak heart, valvular affections, pneumonia, typhoid fever. Action lasts several days after use suspended. Once used for epilepsy and worms. Poisoning, Incompatibles, Synergists: same as for digitalis. Allied Plants : : 1, Polygona’tum (Convallaria) multiflo'rum, European Solomon’s Seal, and P. commuta'tum (gigante'um), American Solomon’s Seal.— Rhizome similar and contains convallarin, asparagin, mucilage, starch. 2. Va'gnera (Smilaci’na) racemo'sa, False Solomon’s Seal_—N. America. COLCHICUM—COLCHICUM. 109 CONVALLARIACEZ. COLCHICUM. COLCHICUM. 1. Cotcnicr Raprx. Colchicum Root. 2. CoL_cuHict SEMEN. Colchicum Seed. Colchicum autumnale, Linné. \ The corm and seed. Habitat. C. and S. Europe, N. Africa (England, Greece, Turkey, Switzerland). . Moist pastures and meadows. Syn. Meadow Saffron, Naked Ladies, Upstart, Colchici Cormus, Bulbus (Tuber) Colchici, Colchici Semina. Fr. Colchique, Safran batard, Bulbe de Colchique—de Safran bitard, Semences de Colchique. Ger. Herbstzeitlose, Wiesensafran, Zeitlosen- knollen, Semen Colchici, Zeitlosensamen. Col’chi-cum. L. fr. Gr. xoAyic, Colchis. An ancient province in Asia Minor, east of Black Sea, where this poisonous plant flourished ; also the home of Media, the Sorceress and poisoner of ancient legend. - Au-tum-nal’e. L. au(c)tumnalis, belonging or peculiar to autumn; i. e., the pions ae Sept.-Oct., covering meadows with saffron-colored flowers resembling a rpet. ‘ Piant.—Bulbous perennial, several inches high ; leaves radical, 3— 5, sheathing 15-30 Cm. (6-12’) long, 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2’) wide, erect, entire, strap-shaped, smooth, shiny dark-green ; flowers 2-6, large, lilac-purple, resembling crocus except anthers extrorse; corolla tube 12.5- Fig. 44. 15 Cm. (5—6’) long, two-thirds being under ground ; fruit of 3 inflated fol- licles, united at base, 4 Cm. (14) long, . brown, papery, dehiscent ; seeds nu- merous. CorM, 25 Mm. (1’) long, 18 Mm. (2’) thick, ovoid, convex on one side, flattish, with a groove on the other, externally brownish, wrink- led, internally white and solid ; usually in transverse reniform slices 2 Mm. gz’) thick, fracture short, mealy ; in- odorous ; taste sweetish, bitter, acrid ; tissue composed of parenchyma, starch granules, fibro-vascular bundles, and spiral ducts. SEED, 2 Mm. (4/;’) thick, slightly pointed at hilum, reddish- brown, pitted, internally whitish, very hard, tough ; inodorous, bitter, acrid. Solvents: diluted alcohol; vinegar, i = _ i ‘ sed capsule ; lay ae es (Ss eee Gm.). , 5 : Commercial.—The entire plant has medical properties ; resembles our garden tulips, and requires two years for the cycle of complete de- velopment. Planting the bulb in the spring, by fall a new cormus 1s formed on the lateral inferior portion of old one, this latter still em- bracing it half around; the new cormus takes the place of old one, 110 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. sending downward roots and upward a spathe from which in Sept.— Oct. emerge flowers, but as yet no leaves; the lower corolla tube is underground, whitish, perishing by Nov., the fruit rudiment (ovary) remains underground until following spring, when it rises on stem in shape of a 3-lobed, 3-celled capsule, bringing along with it the first leaves ; the corm is most active when a year old, and should be col- lected June—Aug., of second year, after seeds are ripe and just before the sprouting forth of the fall flowers from newly forming cormus ; it is then most developed and least exhausted from the formation of new Colchicum tuber (corm) ; front and rear view, also transverse section. bud and soon to be evolved corm, provided it be left in the ground. It is now dug, washed, sliced and dried by sun or fire (65° C.; 150° F.). These corms resemble tulip bulbs, except the latter are made up of concentric scales; the loss upon drying is 70 p.c. The seeds are the most concentrated portion of plant; should be collected when fully ripe, July-Aug. Their horny albumin renders powdering difficult, which is best accomplished in a mill with hardened plates; if pestle and mortar used seed must be very dry or be macerated in their menstruum to soften, so as to mash easily. Unless very fine, cold solvents only ex- tract one-third of their colchicine, but hot solvents exhaust irrespec- tive of fineness. England and Germany furnish our supply, the quality being usually determined simply by the degree of bitterness. ConstITuENTS.—Oolchicine 0.5 p. ¢., (Colchicein), Colchicoresin, Beta-colchicoresin, starch, sugar, fixed oil (seeds 5-6 p. c.), gum, ash 2.6 p. c. Colchicum seed ; Colchicine, C,,H,,.NO,—Alkaloid prepared by Sction magniea.’ exhausting with alcohol, diluting with water, filter- - ing, ~precipitating coloring-matter with lead sub- acetate, removing lead with sodium phosphate, precipitating colchi- cine with tannin; can now digest washed tannate with lead oxide, dry and dissolve out colchicine with alcohol. Occurs in whitish, amorphous powder or crystals, saffron’ odor, bitter taste; changed by most acids into colchicein ; aqueous solution with hydrochloric acid is yellow. It is the methylic ether of colchicein, C,,H,,NO, + $H,O, both being soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, and with potassa give yellow solutions, precipitated by tannin; best form for general use. Dose, gr. 745—sly (0005-002 Gm.). COLCHICUM—COLCHICUM. 111 CONVALLARIACEZ. Colchicoresin, C,,H,,N,O,,.—Brown, amorphous, soluble in chloro- form, alcohol ; insoluble in ether, sparingly in cold water. Beta-colchicoresin, C,,H,,.NO,,.—Blackish-brown, soluble in chlo- roform, strong alcohol ; insoluble in water or ether. These last two are but slightly affected by tannin, are brownish-green by ferric chlo- ride, and dissolve in potassa with a brown color. PREPARATIONS.—I. Root: 1. Eatractum Colchict Radicis, Extract of Colchicum Root. (Syn., Br. Extractum Colchici Aceticum ; Fr. Extrait de Colchique Acétique ; Ger. Zeitlosen: Essig-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with acetic acid 35 Cc., water 150, finishing with latter q.s. Dose, gr. 4-2 (.03-.13 Gm.). 2. Extractum Colchici Radicis Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Colchi- cum Root. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Bulbe de Colchique; Ger. Flissiges Zeitlosenknollen-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol 65 p.c., q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mij-8 (.13-.5 Cc.). , 8. Vinuwm Colchici Radicis. Wine of Colchicum Root. (Syn., Br. Vinum Colchici; Fr. Vin (Génolé) de bulbe de Colchique ; Ger. Zeit- losenknollenwein.) Manufacture: 40 p.c. Percolate 40 Gm. with alcohol 15 Ce., white wine 85, finishing with latter q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mv-—15'(.3—-1 Cc.). IL. Seep: 1. Evtractum Colchici Seminis Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Semence de Colchi- que; Ger. Fliissiges Zeitlosensamen-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol 65 p.c., q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mj-5 (.06-.3 Ce.). 2. Tinctura Colchici Seminis. Tincture of Colchicum Seed. (Syn., Tinctura Colchici ; Fr. Teinture (de Semences) de Colchique ; Ger. Zeitlosentinktur.) Manufacture: 15 p. ¢. Macerate, percolate 15 Gm. with alcohol 60 p.c., q. 8. 100 Ce. Dose, Mx-30 (.6—2 Ce.). 3. Vinum Colehici Seminis. Wine of Colchicum Seed. (Syn., Fr. Vin (CEnolé) de Semence de Colchique ; Ger. Vinum Colchici, Zeit- losensamenwein.) ; ae Manufacture: 15 p.c. Macerate 15 Gm. with alcohol 15 Ce., white wine 85, finishing with latter q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mx-80 (6-2 Ce.). Properries.—Alterative, cathartic, emetic, sedative, diuretic, di- aphoretic irritant. Small doses increase secretions generally, (urine, sweat, etc.) ; normal doses only produce pains and loose bowels. Ex- cessive doses cause persistent purging, tenesmus, nausea, vomiting, thirst, cold extremities, weak pulse, prostration, headache, delirium, stupor, death by gastro-enteritis, or cardiac paralysis. UsEs.—Gout, rheumatism, especially if neuralgic, increases urea and uric acid elimination from blood, prurigo, urticaria, other gouty cutane- ous troubles. Should be given with an alkali, pushing it just short of nausea, and before beginning with it the bowels should be moved with magnesium sulphate, oxide or carbonate. Repeated attacks render larger doses necessary, and it may lose entirely its effect. Colchicum 112 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. was used by the ancients in gout, etc., but falling into disfavor was re- vived by Storck as a diuretic, expectorant in dropsy, asthma. Again growing into odium, became reéstablished by Want, who thought it a component of Eau médicinale d’ Husson, a celebrated gout cure. Poisoning : Evacuate stomach if not already done, give tannin, mor- phine, demulcent drinks, stimulants. Incompatibles: Alcohol, opium (antagonizes cardiac depression), tannin, vegetable infusions. Syner- gists: Diuretics, purgatives, emetics, alkalies. Allied Plant: 1. C variega’/tum, Oriental Hermodactyls.—S. Europe, Asia Minor. Corm like official, but surface smooth, whitish to black, bitter, insipid. 12. SMILACEA. Smilax Family. Smi-la’se-e. L. Smil-ax + acee, fr. Gr. opcdy, a scraper ; alluding to the rough, prickly stems. Mostly vines, woody or herbaceous, stems often prickly. Distinguished by 3—5-nerved (net-veined) leaves, punctate ; flowers 6’s, umbels, anthers 2-celled, extrorse, ovary 3-celled; fruit globose-berry containing 1-6 brownish seeds; warm and tem- perate climates ; alterative, diuretic, diaphoretic. Genus: 1. Smilax. SARSAPARILLA. SARSAPARILLA. officinalis, Humboldt and Kunth,’ . medica, Schlechtendal et Chamisso | St Duhamel, : ! The root. and other undetermined species. J Habitat. Tropical America, Mexico to Brazil ; swampy forests. Syn. 1. Jamaica, Honduras, Spanish, Guayaquil, Red or Officinal Sarsaparilla. 2. Mexican or Vera Cruz Sarsaparilla. 3. Brazilian, Caracas, Guatemala, Lisbon or Rio Negro Sarsaparilla. Br. Sarse Radix. Fr. Sarsepareille. Ger. Radix Sarsaparille, Sarsaparille. Smilax. L. Bindweed, Gr. cuideg, the yew, fr. ozidy (Eng. smile), a scraper; i. ¢., stems rough with prickles. Of-fi-ci-na/lis. L. see etymology of (Asagrwa) officinalis, page 95. Med/i-ca. L. medicus, medical, curative ; 2. e., its healing properties. Pap-y-ra/ce-a. L. papyraceus, fr. papyrus; i. e., leaves and pith can be used to write upon. Sar-sa-pa-ril/la. L. fr. Sp. zarzaparilla —zarza, a bramble, + parra, a vine, or from Parillo, a physician said to have discovered and employed it. Puiants.—Large perennial climbers ; rhizomes short, thick, knotted, nodes thick, from which spring purplish-white roots 2-2.5 M. (6-8°) long, and a few rootlets ; stems many, stiff, woody, angular, ridged, sub- terete or quadrangular, prickles at nodes; leaves 10-30 Cm. (4-12’) long, 7.5-15 Cm. (38-6’) wide, petioles 5 Cm. (2’) long, quadrangular, cordate, rounded lobes at base, entire, glabrous, leathery, dark glossy green ; flowers dicecious, 10-20 together in umbels ; fruit small berry, 8 Mm. (3’) thick, red, 2~3-seeded. Root, 5 Mm. (4’) thick, size of goose-quill, cylindrical, longitudinally wrinkled, grayish-brown or orange-brown, inside showing whitish, mealy, somewhat horny cortical layer, surrounding a circular wood-zone, this latter enclosing broad SARSAPARILLA—SARSAPARILLA. 113 SMILACEZ. ' pith ; nearly inodorous; taste mucilaginous, bitter, acrid; the thick, woody, knotty rhizome should be rejected. Solvents: diluted alcohol or boiling water extracts the virtues which are injured by continued boiling. Dose, 5ss-2 (2-8 Gm.). Commercial—Sarsaparilla was carried to Europe from Peru, St. Do- mingo, Brazil, by the Spaniards in 1550, and has been generally used ever since. S. officinalis —Jamaica Sarsaparilla ; this is also cultivated and found Smilax, branch with flowers and fruit. in Colombia, Guatemala, Peru, C. America on Chiriqui Mountains, | 1200-2400 M. (4000-8000°) elevation. S. papyracea.—Para, Lisbon Sarsaparilla, is a variety of = offici- nalis, with older stems, lower branches remaining square, angles aving flattened prickles, leaves much more membranaceous, found in Guiana, | Pe ie Sis Cruz. Mexican sarsaparilla. Grows in Mexican Andes, around Orizaba, Vera Cruz, etc., is a variety of S. officinalis, 8 114 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. having slender branches, frequently no prickles. Besides these the root is taken from S. syphili’tica (Colombia), 8. glau’ca (Mexico, United States) and 8. orna’ta (C. America). Collect roots by grub- bing, pulling, etc., taking care to leave enough at each plant to insure future growth. Most of roots are horizontal and shallow, yet so numerous, so matted, and undergrowth so thick, that careful digging is troublesome. Full-grown plants often yield at first cutting 30-60 Ibs. (13.6-27 Kg.), and every two years thereafter smaller quantities of more slender, less starchy roots. Collectors recognize as best (Honduras sarsaparilla. that having many roots from stem, persistent acrid taste, prickles closely set, leaves thin. When dug roots are dried and packed in bundles. We have two varieties dependent upon physical proper- ties: 1. Mealy ; 2. Non-mealy ; and each has subdivisions turning on shipping-point ; the former more or less swollen, pale-yellow, trans- versely cracked, starch considerable, usually in fine granules, seldom pasty ; the latter thin, not cracked, red or brown, starch little if any, usually pasty, rarely in granules, more horny, with longitudinal and irregular folds. This is considered best as the roots produce a greater Fie. 50. Honduras sarsaparilla ; cross-section, | Rio Negro sarsaparilla ; cross-section, magnified magnified 3 diam. 3 diam. number of rootlets, are more acrid and yield most extract, which is entirely dissolved by cold water, forming a clear solution. To the mealy belong: 1. Honduras (8. offcinalis)—The most popular here, comes from Honduras Bay in subcylindrical bundles, .6—1 M. (2-3°) long, com- posed of several roots folded lengthwise and fastened by a few circular turns ; in bales or skins 100 lbs. (45.38 Kg.), or more each; amy- laceous when broken. 1. Rio Negro, Para, Lisbon (8. papyracea).—Not plentiful, from Para, Maranham, in cylindrical bundles, .8-1.5 M. (1-5°) long, 20-30 Cm. (8—12’) thick, closely, neatly wrapped with a climbing plant stem, SARSAPARILLA—SARSAPARILLA. 115 SMILACEA. pang cut off at both ends, rootlets few, interior very amylaceous, acrid. 3. Guatemala (8. papyracea)—Grows 100 miles (160 Km.) from ocean in Sacatapeques province. Occurs in bundles .6—1 M. (2-3°) long, 10 Cm. (4’) thick, composed of separate roots laid parallel and bound by few turns of a flexible stem » very amylaceous, sharp taste. 4. Caracas (8. officinalis).—Resembles Para, being very amylaceous. To the non-mealy belong : 1. Mexican, Vera Cruz, Tampico (S. mediea).—Consists of rhizome with numerous long roots folded back over it, to which stem portions Fig, 51. Mexican sarsaparilla. are often adherent; conical shape, not tied by convolutions, each one separate, pith and woody-zone equal thickness, once thought valueless, but owing to acridity now considered valuable, is often filled with earth. 2. Jamaica, Red (8. orna’ta).—Mostly from §. America via Jamaica ; resembles Honduras, but.redder, less amylaceous, and yields more ex- tract ; occurs in loose bundles .8-.5 M. (12-18’) long, 10-12.5 Cm. (4-5’) thick, composed of long slender roots folded up, with many attached fibres (bearded sarsaparilla) little wrinkled. Mostly from Amazon valley. 3. Guayaquil (S. offcinalis).—Grows in W. Andes valleys, usually Fie. 52. Fia. 53. Mexican sarsaparilla ; cross-sec- Jamaica sarsaparilla. tion, magnified 3 diam. loose and carelessly packed in bales, rhizome and stem portions often present, roots dark with much fibre, bark furrowed, thick, more or less amylaceous, inside pale-yellow. ; ConsTiITUENTS.—Parillin 0.2 p. c., Saponin, Sarsa-saponin, volatile oil, resin, starch, coloring-matter, calcium oxalate and other salts. Parillin (smilacin, parillic acid, pariglin, salseparin, parillinic acid), C,,H,,0,, + 23H,O.—Obtained by exhausting with warm alcohol, dis- tilling to 4 weight of root taken, adding 1} times weight of wath after several days decant from yellow precipitate, which mix with 3 116 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. volume alcohol and wash on filter with 20 p. c. alcohol. It is a white- glucoside resembling saponin, bitter when dissolved in alcohol or water, frothing when agitated, with sulphuric acid gives yellow solution, turning cherry-red ; aqueous solutions precipitated by lead acetates, tannin ; boiled with dilute acids splits into sugar and parigenin. Saponin, 5(C,,H,,O,, + 24H,O).—Glucoside, soluble in water. Sarsa-saponin, 12(C,,H,,O,, + 2H,O).—Glucoside, soluble in water ; most poisonous of all constituents. PREPARATIONS.—1. Decoctum Sarsaparille Compositum. Com- pound Decoction of Sarsaparilla. (Syn., Br. Decoctum Sarsee Composi- tum; Fr. Tisane (Apozéme) Sudorifique, Décocté de Salsepareille Com- posé; Ger. Zusammengesetztes Sarsaparilla Decoct.) Manufacture: 10 p.c. Sarsaparilla 10 Gm., sassafras 2, guaiacum wood 2, glycyrrhiza 2, mezereum 1, water q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 3j-4 — (30-120 Ce.). - 2. Extractum Sarsaparille Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla. (Syn., Br. Extractum Sarsae Liquidum ; Fr. Extrait Liquide de Salse- pareille ; Ger. Fliissiges Sarsaparilla-~Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol 35 p. c., q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Ce.). Prep. 1. Syrupus Sarsaparille Compositus. Compound Syrup of Sarsaparilla. (Syn., Syrupus Sudorificus; Fr. Sirop de Sal- separeille Composé, Sirop sudorifique ; Ger. Zusammengesetzter Sarsaparillsirup.) Manufacture: Fld. extr. sarsaparilla 20 Cc., fid. extr. glycyrrhiza 1.3, fid. extr. senna 1.5, sugar 65.Gm., oil of sassafras .01 Ce., oil of anise .01, oil of gaultheria .01, water q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5j-4 (4-15 Ce.). | 3. Extractum Sarsaparille Fluidum Compositum. Compound Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Salsepareille Composé ; Ger. Zusammengesetztes Fliissiges Sarsaparilla~-Extrakt.) Manufacture: 75 p.c. Macerate, percolate sarsaparilla 75 Gm., gly- eyrrhiza 12, sassafras 10, mezereum 3, with glycerin 10 Ce., alcohol 30, water 60, finishing with the two latter in the same proportion, q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss~1 (2-4 Ce.). Unoff. Preps.: Extract. Dose, gr. 5-10 (.38-.6 Gm.). Extract Comp. Decoction. Syrup. PROPERTIES.—Alterative, diuretic, diaphoretic, tonic. Mostly be- lieved to be of little service, unless associated with other drugs, such as potassium iodide, guaiac, sassafras, mezereum, etc. UseEs.—As a blood purifier in scrofula, cutaneous diseases, abscesses, ulcers, tertiary syphilis with mercuric chloride or potassium iodide or - both ; gout, rheumatism. Incompatibles: Alkalies, iodine, and corrosive sublimate is claimed to be converted into calomel by the compound syrup. Allied Plants : 1. S. chi’na, 8. pseu’ do-chi'na, S. tamnoi' des, and 8. a’ spera. 2. Carex arena’ria, German Sarsaparilla—All used like official. IRIS—IBLS. 117 IRIDACES. 13. IRIDACEZ. Iris Family. Ir-i-da’se-e. L. Jri(s)\d + acew, fr. Gr. *Jpec, the rainbow, the goddess of the rainbow ; i. e., alluding to the bright and varied-colored flowers. Herbs. Distinguished by having bulbs, corms or rhizomes ; leaves equitant, 2-ranked, parallel-veined; flowers 6-cleft, perfect, petaloid, regular or irregular, tube coherent with the 3-celled inferior ovary ; stamens 3, distinct or monadelphous ; anthers innate, extrorse ; fruit 3-celled, 3-valved capsule ; temperate climates, tropics ; purga- tive, emetic, antispasmodic, carminative, poisonous. Genera: 1. Iris. 2. Crocus. IRIS. IRIS (Biue Frag). veins. eae, \ The rhizome and roots. Habitat. N. America in swampy places (Newfoundland to Florida, west to Minne- sota, Arkansas). Poison or Water Flag, Water-, Flag-, Liver-, or Snake-Lily, Fluer-de-lis, Flower-de-luce. Fr. Rhizome d’Iris varié, Flambe veriée, Glaieul bleu. Ger. Ver- schiedenfarbige Schwertlilie, Amerikanischer Schwertel. Vris. L. see etymology, above, of Iridacez. : Ver-sic’ol-or. L. versare, to change, + color, color, various colors; 7. ¢, the flowers are changeable or vary much in color. Puant.—Perennial herb ; stem .6—1 M. (2-3°) high, angled on one side, branched, with 2-6 large beautiful flowers ; leaves sword-shaped, .6-1 M. (2-8°) long, 12-25 Mm. (3-1’) broad, sheathing at base ; flowers May—June, 5-7.5 Cm. (2-3’) long, funnel-shaped, pur- plish-blue, fruit capsule, oblong, with 3 round- ed angles. Rux1zoMs, horizontal, with joints, 5-10 Cm. (2-4’) long, cylindrical in lower half, flattish, 20 Mm. (4’) broad near upper extremity, terminated by circular scar, annu- lated from the leaf-sheaths, gray-brown ; roots long, simple, crowded near broad end ; . odor slight, taste acrid, nauseous. If cut into slices, dried, powdered, will keep a long time in well-stoppered bottles. Solvents: alcohol ; boiling water partially. Dose, gr. 5-20(.3- . 1.3 Gm.). Tris in bloom. ConstrTuEntTs.—Resin 25 p. c., campho- raceous body, possibly an alkaloid, fat, sugar, gum, tannin. Resin.—Acrid, soluble in chloroform, ether, hot alkalies, from this latter solution reprecipitated by acids ; represents the medicinal virtues. Supposed alkaloid is brownish, viscid ; obtained from alcoholic ex- tract by acetic acid. ; PREPARATIONS. —1. Evtractum Iridis, Extract of Iris. (Syn., Fr. Extrait d’Iris varié ; Ger. (Verschiedenfarbige) Schwertlilie-Extrakt.) Fria. 54. 118 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Manufacture: Macerate, percolate with alcohol. Dose, gr. 1-4 (.06-.26 Gm.). 2. Extractum Iridis Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Iris. (Syn., Fluid Extract of Blue Flag; Fr. Extrait liquide d’Iris varié ; Ger. Fliissiges Schwertlilie-Extrakt.) Manufacture : Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mv—20 (.3-1.3 Ce.). Unoff. Preps.: Decoction. Tincture. Irisin (iridin). This latter is the “ Eclectic’s ” oleoresin or resinoid, obtained by precipitating con- centrated alcoholic tincture with water, then mixing dried precipitate with equal quantity of liquorice root. Dose, gr. 1-4 (.06-.26 Gm.). PROPERTIES.—Cathartic, cholagogue, emetic, diuretic, alterative. Usrs.—Was much used by our Southern Indians ; now considered a good cathartic in costiveness, malarial jaundice, bilious remittent fever, dropsy, but is very nauseating and prostrating. May in some Fria. 55. Tris versicolor; joint of rhizome and section of branches. cases have a decided action on the liver, is less irritating than podo- phyllum, more purgative than euonymus ; same is true of their resins. Allied Plants: L. florenti'na, Florentine Orris (White Flag).—The rhizome official, 1820-1880. N. Italy (near Florence), Germany, France. Perennial plant, leaves radical, sword-shaped, shorter than stem, which rises in their midst (.3-.6 M.; 1-2°) high, bearing two large, white or bluish flowers ; fruit capsule, 3-celled, many-seeded ; rhizome 5-10 Cm, (2—4’) long, 12-18 Mm. (3-2’) thick, flattish, peeled, whitish, on upper side fibro-vascular bundles, below many brownish scars of roots, fracture short; odor violet-like ; taste mealy, bitter, acrid. Contains volatile oil, starch, resin, tannin. Used as stimulant, diuretic, emetic, cathartic; fresh root irritant, for diarrhcea, bronchitis, dropsy, masticatory for perfuming breath and teething infants ; for this latter the more slender pieces are peeled smoothly and whitened with chalk or magnesia. This is adulterated with the rhizomes of I. pa/llida, I. germa’nica, I. pseuda’corus, I. foetidi’ssima, all of which are somewhat darker, more astringent and acrid. CROCUS—SAFFRO N. 119 IRIDACEZ. CROCUS. SAFFRON. Crocus } : sativus, Linné. The stigmas. Habitat. W. Asia. Cultivated for commerce in Spain, France, ete. Syn. Spanish Saffron, Autumnal Crocus, Cake or Hay Saffron, Zafran, Stigmata Croci. Fr. Safran. Ger. Safran. - Cro’eus. L. fr. Gr. xpdxoc, Heb. karkom, Ax. kurkum, saffron. A Chaldean name applied by Theophrastus, after the youth Crocus, who, by mythology, was changed into this flower, fr. xpéxy, a thread, because their thread-like filaments were in such demand for saffron-colored dye. Sa-ti’vus. L. cultivated, sown ; kind used in contradistinction to the wild grown. Puawnt.—Perennial herb with solid, depressed-globular corm (bulb), 2.5 Cm. (1’) thick ; roots white from beneath ; buds (new corms) from top ; flowers Sept.—Oct.; lilac, bluish-purple, arising 15-20 Cm. (6-8’) ivus. Crocus; a, stigma, upper part, magni- Pen fied 4 diam.; b, style with stigmas ; ¢, papil ose margin of stigma, magnified 120 diam. above ground on a scape enveloped by spathe, perianth with tube 10 Cm. (4’) long, segments 6, about 4 Cm. (12’) long; leaves 6-9, radi- cal, linear, enclosing perianth tube, 10-15 Cm. (4-6’) long. BIER, 3-cleft, convolute, orange-red, attached to top of style, 3 Cm. (14’) long, flattish, tubular, thread-like, broader and notched above ; odor strong, peculiar, aromatic; taste bitter, aromatic. Tests: 1. Should not contain yellow styles, nor leave: greasy stain on filter paper be oil, glycerin, added to brighten color of inferior grades). 2. Shoul color saliva deep-orange, and when soaked in water should not deposit mineral matter, should give no color with benzin (abs. sodium a cresylate, picric acid and other coal-tar colors). 3. On drying shou not lose over 14 p. c. (abs, added water), and ash should not be Hes than 7.5 p. c. (abs. inorganic substances). Solvents: diluted alcohol ; boiling water. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.8-2 Gm.). 120 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. ADULTERATIONS.—Florets of Carthamus tinctorius (corolla 5- toothed, tubular, enclosing yellow style and filaments), Calendula officinalis (corolla 3-toothed), and Arnica montana. Also dyed stamens, _ petals, etc., of many flowers (recognized by throwing into hot water and observing the imparted color thereto as well as shape), minerals, chalk, gypsum, heavy-spar, emery (increase ash) mixed with honey and colored, alkaline salts, oil, glycerin, dried beef fibres, exhausted stigmas, coal-tar products, mixed with 75 p. c. sodium chloride, and water, in all sometimes 20-40 p. c. Commercial—Saffron was found early in Greece, Asia Minor, Italy, Persia, being cultivated in Pliny’s time; in Spain since tenth, and France, England, etc., since fourteenth century. We now have three varieties: 1. Spanish, French. 2. Grecian. 3. Chinese. The first excels in color and flavor; the second in amount of yield ; the third combines these superiorities. During Sept., Oct., Nov., when plant is blooming, women go between rows, plucking the full blooms, placing them in wicker baskets on their arms. At home stigmas are removed, quickly dried in sieves over fire for half hour, 8,000 blooms yielding 174 ozs. (+ Kg.) of fresh stigmas or 3} ozs. (100 Gm.) of dried. This is called hay saffron as distinguished from cake saffron, which was pressed between bibulous paper and formed into cakes, but is no longer in commerce. Our supply now comes from Spain (Valencia and Alicante), France (Gatinais), Austria (sparingly), and Eastern Penn- sylvania, where they grow 35 lbs. (16 Kg.) per acre, calling it Ameri- can saffron, the proper name for florets of Carthamus tinctorius. It is imported from Gibraltar, Trieste, etc., in canisters. African saffron, flowers of Carthamus tinctorius, and Cape saffron from Lype'ria cro’cea, Scrophulariacez, seldom reach our markets. ConsTITUENTS.— Volatile oil, C,,H,,, 1 p. ¢., Crocin, Picrocrocin, wax, proteids, fixed oil, mucilage, sugar, moisture 12-14 p. ¢.,ash 5 p.c. Volatile Oil.—This gives medical properties ; obtained by distilla- tion. Crocin (polychroit, from its many colors), C,,H,,O,,.—Glucoside, obtained by exhausting with ether, then with water; from aqueous tincture precipitate gum with alcohol, filter, add ether, when crocin precipitates ; it is amorphous, sweetish, yellowish-brown, soluble in alcohol, water, splits into sugar (crocose) and red crocetin (formerly called crocin), C,,H,,O,, which is soluble in ether, alcohol, and, like crocin, blue with sulphuric acid. Picrocrocin (saffron bitter), C,,H,,O,,.—Bitter principle, colorless needles, soluble in alcohol and water ; with acids or alkalies yields cro- cose and volatile oil, C,,H,,. PREPARATIONS.—Tinctura Croci. Tincture of Saffron. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Safran ; Ger. Safrantinktur.) Manufacture: 10 p.c. Macerate, percolate 10 Gm. with diluted alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Cc.). Unoff. Preps. : Infusion, 2 p. c. Known by laity as saffron tea, usually made by them from Carthamus tinctorius (safflower), owing to CARDAMOMUM—CARDAMOM. 121 ZINGIBERACEE. cheapness. Dose, for measles, etc., iv (120 Cc.) every hour. Syrup (little used). Properties.—Diaphoretic, carminative, emmenagogue, antispas- modic, anodyne, sedative, stimulant, condiment. Usrs.—Dyspepsia, colic, dysmenorrhea, to promote exanthematous eruptions in measles, etc., coughs, asthma, rheumatism, neuralgia, bruises, abrasions, sores, conjunctivitis, hemorrhoids, pains in dentition, dye, coloring, flavoring, slightly in medicine, owing to expense. Allied Plants: 1. Garde'nia glandiflo’ra, G. flo’rida and G. ra'dicans. EE. and 8, Asia. The fruits used in medicine, but more largely for dyeing yellow. 14. ZINGIBERACE. Ginger Family. Zin-ji-be-ra’se-e. L. Zingiber + acee, fr. Gr. CeryiBeorc, ginger. Herbs. Distinguished by being aromatic, with creeping rhizomes ; leaves stalked, broad, sheathing, parallel veins from midrib. Perianth superior, irregular. Each whorl 3, stamens 6, in 2 whorls, outer whorl staminodial or absent; ovary 3-celled, inferior; fruit 1-3- celled, capsule or berry; seeds many, arillate; tropics; stimulant ; aromatic, stomachic (resin + vol. oil), starch, food. Genera: 1. Elettaria. 2. Zingiber. CARDAMOMUM. CARDAMOM. Elettaria repens, (Sonnerat) Baillon. : (E. Cardamomum, Maton. ) |The fruit. Habitat. Malabar, cultivated. India, Mountains, 750-1500 M. (2500-5000°) elevation. Syn. Malabar, Ceylon or Bastard Cardamom. Br. Cardamomi Semina, Cardamo- mum (Minus) Malabari(am)-cum. Fr. Cardamomes, Petit Cardamome. Ger. Fructus (Semen) Cardamomi (Minoris), Malabarische Kardamomen, Kleine Cardamomen. El-et-ta’ri-a. L. fr. Elettari; i. e., native name of plant in Malabar. Re’pens. L. fr. repo, creep; 7. e., stem inclines to crawl on ground. Car-da-mo’mum. L. fr. Gr. «épdoc, thistle, + dzeuoc, blameless, classic name. Puant.—Perennial herb; stems green, 2-4 M. (6-12°) high, tapering, shining, covered with leaf sheaths ; leaves .3—.8 M. (1-24°) long, 2.5-12.5 Om. (1-5’) broad, lanceolate, flower stalk from stem base lies upon the ground ; flowers greenish-white occurring in rainy season ; rhizome tuberous, woody, fibrous roots below, scars above. F Rutt, ovate, oblong, 12 Mm. ($’) long, 6 Mm. (}’) thick, obtusely triangular, rounded at base, longitudinally striate, pale-buff color, 3-celled, pericarp leathery, placenta central; seeds about 20, brown, 5 Mm. (#’) long, 3 Mm. (}’) broad, angular, surrounded by a thin, membranous arillus ; odor agreeable ; taste aromatic, pungent. Seeds constitute 75 p. c. by weight, and keep best in pericarp, which (latter) should be rejected when for medicinal use. Solvents : diluted alcohol, boiling water. Dose, gr. 5-15 (.8-1 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.— With various varieties, also with orange seeds, green coffee, etc. ; powdered with starch, sodium carbonate, etc. 122 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Commercial.—Plants grow on spaces cleared in mountain forests which afford shade, or on betel-nut plantations of W. Mysore, and Fie. 58. (Ea OY Elettaria repens ; 4, leaf with ligule, b; B, bracts; C, flower, natural size; D, flower, with calyx and corolla tube partially removed ; Z, G, capsule form; H, seed with arillus, a; J, cross-section of seed eight times enlarged ; I, longitudinal section five times enlarged ; », perisperm ; em, embryo ; e, endosperm. yield the fourth year, continuing a number thereafter. Fruit-gather- ing begins Oct., lasting the dry weather of two to three months, and are dried in several ways; the entire scape may be cut, though it con- CARDAMOMUM—CARDAMOM. 123 ZINGIBERACEE.. tains fruit of variable ripeness, or only ripe fruits are plucked, then dried by sun or fire, or scapes may be cut, carried to houses, cured several days, assorted and dried by fires. We have several varieties: 1. Shorts, 12 Mm. (3’) long, 6 Mm. (4’) broad, plump, heavy. 2. Short- longs (medium), 18-25 Mm. (#-1’) long, 6 Mm. (4’) broad, paler buff, finer ribbed than shorts. 3. Long (longs), 25-31 Mm. (1-1}’) long, 4 Mm. (#’) broad, rarely imported. The growing districts also furnish variety of names: 1. Aleppo, same as shorts, greenish tint. 2. Mala- bar, shorts and short-longs, best; shipped via Bombay. 3. Madras, usually short-longs, pale-buff, shipped via Madras, and Pondicherry. 4, Mangalore. The shorts of all varieties are best and more desired. CoNsTITUENTS.— Volatile oil 5 p. c., fixed oil 10 p. c., potassium salts 24 p. c., starch 3 p. ¢., nitrogenous mucilage 1.8 p. c., yellow coloring matter 0.4 p. c., ligneous fibre 77.3 p. c., manganese 0.8 p. c., ash 6-15 p. ¢. Volatile Oil.—Mostly in the testa; has odor and taste of the drug, somewhat camphoraceous, sp. gr. 0.900. Contains terpinene, C,,H,,, possibly dipentene, a body of the composition C,,H,,O (terpineol ?), and acetic and formic acids. It is obtained by distillation or extrac- Fig. 59. Fie. 60. ~ . : Malabar cardamom; a, short; b,medium; Cardamom seed ; transverse and longitudinal e, long. section, magnified 5 diam, tion with ether. The latter method gives more durable oil, but one mixed with fixed oil, it being soluble also in ether; this latter, how- ever, can readily be separated. The distilled oil easily deteriorates by age. iene Tinctura Cardamomi. Tincture of Cardamom. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Cardamome ; Ger. Kardamomentinktur.) Manufacture: 10 p.c. Macerate, percolate 10 Gm. with diluted aleohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Ce.). “sh 2. Tinctura Cardamomi Composita. Compound Tincture of Carda- mom. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Cardamome Composée; Ger. Zusammen- gesetzte Kardamomentinktur.) a) Manufacture: 2 p.c. Percolate cardamom 2 Gm., cassia cinnamon 2, caraway 1, cochineal .5, with diluted alcohol q. s. 95 Ce., then add glycerin 5, and mix well. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Cc.). 3. Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum, 6 p. ¢. Dose, gr. 5-15 .3—1 Gm.). : 4, he! Aromaticus, 15 p. ¢. Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6-2 Gm.). 5. Tinctura Gentiance Composita, 1 p.c. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Ce.). 6. Tinctura Rhei, 2 p.c. Dose, 5ss—4 (2-15 Ce.). 124 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 7. Tinctura Rhei Dulcis,1 p.c. Dose, 5ij-4 (8-15 Ce.). Unoff. Preps. : Infusion. Dose, 5j-2 (30-60 Ce.). Compound In- fusion. Fluid Extract. PRoOPERTIES.—Carminative, stomachic, stimulant, aromatic, condi- , ment. Fig. 61. Usrs.— Adjuvant or corrective to cor- dials, tonics, purgatives, flavoring liquors, cakes, breath, etc. Allied Plants : 1. E. ma’jor, Ceylon Cardamom, 40 Mm. (12’) long, triangular, prolonged into a beak 15 Mm. (2’) long, brownish- gray color. 2. Amo’mum Cardamo’mum, A. ve'rum and A. globo’sum, Round Cardamom. Siam, Java, China; globular-ovate. A. aroma'ticum, Bengal Cardamom, 9- winged at apex. A. wzanthoi’des, Wild, or Bastard Cardamom, A. ma'ximum, Java Winged-Cardamom, 9—12-winged from base to apex, and A. Gra/num- paradi'si, Grain of Paradise. Fruit transeege sates an teeta: «mele : resemble cardamom seeds, several varie- oo of seed with embryo; magni- ties, used for ginger. 3. Mara'nta arwndina’ cea, Arrow-root. —The fecula of the rhizome official, 1820-1880. W. Indies, Bermudas, Brazil. Plant slender, 1-2 M. (3-6°) high, leaves 7.5-12.5 Cm. (3—5’) long, lanceolate, flowers white, rhizome perennial, tuberous, fleshy, scaly, 15-30 Cm, (6-12’) long. Arrow root in powder or lumps 4 Mm. (3’) thick, white, opaque, under microscope consists of oval granules of fine- Fig. 63. Maranta starch. Canna starch. lined layers, nucleus at broad end. The rhizome when one to two years old is dug, washed, deprived of scales, ground under water, kneaded, strained, and the solution allowed to subside. Root contains starch 27 p. ¢., fat 0.2 p. c Used as demulcent, nutritive food for infants, convalescents, bowel or urinary troubles; in 5 p. c. solution with ZINGIBER—GINGER. 125 ZINGIBERACES. water or milk by boiling and flavoring with vanilla, lemon Juice, ete. ; also used in puddings. The jelly is more tenacious than all other starches, except Canna. 4. Ca’nna edulis, Canna ( Tous-les-mois).—The fecula of rhizome official, 1870-1880. Peru, Brazil. Perennial herb 2.5 M. ( 8°) high ; ' stem green ; leaves parallel-veined, bluish-green ; flowers few, in pairs, red ; yellow, purple bract ; fruit round capsule, 12 Mm. (3’) thick ; rhi- zome creeping, fleshy, thick joints. Canna starch white powder, satiny, granules largest of all, potato coming next, $-qz_q Mm. (g45-347’) long, flat, ovate, hilum at narrow end, encircled by many unequally distant rings. Grind rhizome under water, knead, strain, allow to subside. Used as demulcent, nutritive food for urinary and bowel troubles, infants, invalids in convalescence. ZINGIBER. GINGER. Zingiber| Zingiber (Linné) Rusby. : (Z. officihale. Rowe, yo) *Y \ The rhizome, Habitat. India, Hindostan (cultivated in W. Indies, Africa). Syn. Black, African or Race Ginger. Fr. Gingembre (gris et blanc). Ger. Rhi- zoma (Radix) Zingiberis, Ingwer. Zin’gi-ber. L. fr. Skt. gringavera—gringa, horn, + vera, body, horn-shaped ; i. e., shape of roots, Ar., Pers. zanjabil, zenjebil, Eng. ginger. Of-fi-ci-na/le. L. oficina, workshop ; opus, work, + facere, to do; i. e., used in the shop or store. : Puant.—Perennial herb; stem barren, leafy, 1-1.3 M. (8-4°) high, entirely covered with the leaf-sheaths, solid, round; leaves 15-380 Cm. (6-12) long, 2.5-4 Cm. (1-1}’) wide; flowering stalk from stem 15-30 Cm. (6-12’) long, terminating in a spike ; flowers dingy yellow, 2-3 atatime. RuizomeE, 5-10 Cm. (2-4’) long, 12 Mm. (4’) broad, 4-8 Mm. (4-4) thick, flattish, on one side lobed or cla- vately branched, deprived of corky, epidermal layer, buff-colored, striate, fracture mealy, fibrous, showing many small, scattered resin- cells and fibro-vascular bundles, the latter enclosed by a nucleus sheath; agreeably aromatic; taste pungent, warm. Solvents: alcohol or ether ; boiling water partially. Dose, gr. 5-20 (.8-1.3 Gm.). _ADULTERATIONS.—Rhizome with fibrous, light, friable, worm-eaten pieces (all to be rejected). Powder with rice starch, brick-dust, chalk, capsicum, mustard, and partially or wholly exhausted ginger. Commercial._Rhizomes are dug after stems have withered, January, February, when one or more years old, cleaned, washed in boiling water to prevent germination, then rapidly dried, and as such constitute black, coated, unscraped ginger in contradistinction to the further pre- pared white, uncoated, scraped, race, hard ginger. May bleach artifici- ally by sulphur fumes, chlorinated lime, milk of lime, gypsum. We have several commercial varieties named after habitat : 1. Jamaica.—Official, deprived of epidermis, sometimes steeped in_ milk of lime, and covered with calcium carbonate, thus preventing insect attacks. Reaches us via England or direct from W. Indies. 2. African.—This is, as originally dried, covered with light-brown 126 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. suberous tissue, rhizome shorter than official, lobes broadly linear or oblong ; yields 8-10 p. c. oleoresin. 3. E. India.—Like African, or the edges may be coated and flat sides deprived of epidermis ; reaches us via Calcutta ; yields 8 p. c. oleoresin. 4. Chinese, Cochin.—Coated, rhizome shorter, lobes stumpy. 5. Green.—Lobed branches recently dug and marketed without dry- ing. 2 6. Preserved.—Fresh rhizome steeped in hot syrup ; it is soft, brown, yellow, translucent. ConsTITUENTS.— Volatile oil 1-2 p. c., Gingerol, Resin, starch 20 p- ¢., mucilage, ash 4 p. c. Volatile Oil Mostly C,,H,,, camphene and phellandrene ; gives the Fig. 64. sen area Ph GAR, eviemaey Se. Wee ere rei peculiar flavor, pale-yellow, ginger odor, aromatic, burning taste, sp. gr. 0.885. Gingerol.—Not a glucoside but a straw-colored, viscid, inodorous, pungent liquid, to which the hot taste is due; soluble in fat, volatile oil, alcohol, ether, slightly in benzin. Resin.— Yields protocatechuic acid. fi" PREPARATIONS.—l. Extractum Zingiberis Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Ginger. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Gingembre ; Ger. Fliissiges Ingwer-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mv—20 (.3-1.8 Ce.) ZINGIBER—GINGER. 127 ZINGIBERACEZ. Prep.: 1. Syrupus Zingiberis. Syrup of Ginger. (Syn., Fr. Siro de Gingembre ; Ger. iugsenas) ° ans — Manufacture: Fluid extract of ginger 3 Ce., precipitated calcium OR 1.5 Gm., sugar 85, water q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, 3ss—2 2-8 Cec.). 2. Oleoresina Zingiberis, Oleoresin of Ginger. (Syn., Extractum Zingiberis Acthereum, Piperoid; Fr. Oléorésine (Piperoide) de Gin- gembre ; Ger. Aistherisches Ingwer-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Percolate 100 Gm. with ether until exhausted, recover ether; yield 5-6 p. c. Dose, Mss-2 (.03-.13 Ce.). 3. Tinetura Zingiberis, Tincture of Ginger. (Syn., Teinture de Gingembre; Ger. Ingwer- tinktur.) Manufacture: 20 p. c. Macerate, percolate 20 Gm. with alcohol q. s. 100 Cc. Dose, Mxx-60 (1.3-4 Ce.). Prep.: 1. Trochisci Zingiberis. Troches of Ginger. (Syn., Fr. Tablettes (Pastilles) (i de Gingembre ; Ger. Ingwerpastillen.) oo Manufacture: Tincture of ginger 20 Cc., East India ginger ; coated. tragacanth 4 Gm., sugar 130, syrup of ginger q. s. 100 troches. Dose, 1-2 troches. 4. Pulvis Aromaticus, 35 p.c. Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6-2 Gm.). 5. Pulvis Rhei Compositus, 10 p.c. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.). Unoff. Prep.: Infusion. Dose, 3j-2 (30-60 Cc.). 5 Properties.—Like other aromatics, carminative, stimulant, sternu- tatory, rubefacient, anodyne, sialagogue. This was introduced from Asia, through Arabia into Greece and Europe. The Arabian and Greek physicians used it as a condiment, carmina- Fig. 67. tive, stimulant, aphrodisiac. Usrs.—Atonic dyspepsia, flatulent colic, atonic gout, diarrhcea, cholera, chronic bronchitis, corrective to nauseous medicines. Externally : colic, rheuma- tism, neuralgia, toothache, headache ; in cataplasms, Gingerstarch gran- fomentations. The infusion for relaxed uvula, mas- wos, “magnified 250 ticated for paralysis of tongue. Allied Plants: 1. Z. Zeru'mbet.—Java (rhizome fleshy, spongy, ginger odor and taste), and Z. Cassumu'nar. India (root 5 Cm.; 2’ long, fleshy radi- cles, white tubers, scaly, brown ; odor and taste camphoraceous). 2. Cu'reuma lo!nga, Turmeric.—The rhizome official, 1820-1880. S. Asia, Indian Ocean Islands. Plant is a perennial ; leaves radical, 1 M. (3°) long, lanceolate ; flower-scape short, spike 15 Cm. (6’) long, flowers orange-yellow, in pairs; rhizome 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2') long, 12 Mm. (3’) thick (long turmeric) to 18-25 Mm. (3-1’) thick (round turmeric), sometimes in sections, yellowish-gray, annulate, inside orange-yellow, fracture resinous ; odor ginger-like ; taste warm, aro- 128 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. matic. Powder deep-yellow, brownish-red by alkalies or borax. Have several varieties: 1. Chinese (best). 2. Bengal. 3. Madras. 4, Java. 5. Cochin-China. Contains volatile oil 1 p. ¢., viscid oil 11 p. c., pungent resin, curcumin (coloring matter) 0.3 p. ec. Used as stimulant, tonic, aromatic, condiment, for jaundice, and as ginger. Tincture, 15 p. c. (diluted alcohol) for coloring ointments, solutions, etc. Turmeric rhizome and stem. 3. C. Zedoa'ria, Zedoary—India. Rhizome (tuber) occurs as long and round, varying in size, 12-37.5 Mm. (3-13) long, usually met with in circular disks, 12-37.5 Mm. (4—-14’) broad, 4-16 Mm. (4—3’) thick ; it is orange-brown, internally pale, reddish-gray-brown, with many brownish resin cells and lighter colored wood-bundles ; fracture short, mealy ; odor and taste ginger-like. Contains volatile oil 3-1 p. ¢, resin (to which pungent taste is due), starch, mucilage. Uses similar to ginger, but less effective. Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6—2 Gm.). CYPRIPEDIUM—CYPRIPEDIUM. 129 ORCHIDACE. 4, Alpi’nia officina’rum, Galanga (Galangal)—China. Rhizome cylindrical, branched, 5 Om. (2/ ) long, 15 Mm. (2’) thick, annulate from leaf sheaths, rust-brown, fracture short, fibrous, inside yellowish, with many brownish resin cells, scattered wood bundles ; odor and taste ginger-like. Contains volatile oil % Pp. ¢, resin, fat, galangol, galangin, starch. Used like ginger in same dose. 5. Aletris farino’sa, Colic Root (Starwort).— Fie. 69. Rhizome official, 1820-1870. United States. Per- ennial .6—1 M. (2-3°) high; leaves radical, star- shaped, 7.5~10 Cm. (3-4’) long, 2.5 Cm. (1’) wide ; Fic. 70. Cureuma starch. Galanga, flowers white, as though dusted with meal; rhizome 2.5 Cm. (ly long, 3 Mm. ($’) thick, upper side flattened, root whitish, taste amyla- ceous, bitter ; contains starch, bitter principle. Used as tonic, emetic, purgative for colic, dropsy, chronic rheumatism ; in fluid extract, de- coction, tincture. Dose, gr. 5-10 (.8-.6 Gm.). 15. ORCHIDACE. Orchid Family. Or-ki-da’se-e. Li. Orchi(s)d + acee, fr. Gr. doyec, a testicle, ancient name from shape of roots. Herbs or shrubs, terrestrial or epiphytical. Distinguished by flowers being perfect, irregular, reptile shape, per- ianth 6, in 2 whorls, petaloid, superior; leaves sheathing, entire ; anthers 1—2, sessile, united to style (gynandrous) ; pollen cohering in masses ; ovary 1-celled, inferior, long, 3-angled ; capsule 3-valved ; universal ; aromatic, antispasmodic, nutrient, aphrodisiac, flavoring, beautiful flowers. Genera: 1. Cypripedium. 2. Vanilla. CYPRIPEDIUM. CYPRIPEDIUM (Lapres’ SiippEr). . : . hirsutum (pubescens), Miller. wuitie and Toots, Cypripedium parvidl eae Soy, \ The rhizome i : ica (Can., U. 8. to N. Ca.), in woods and swampy places. Sin “Sellow Ladies” oat Indian or Venus Shoe, Slipper, Umbil, or Nerve Root, Venus Cup, Moccasin Plant or Flower, Monkey Flower, Yellows, Bleeding Heart, Umble fellow Umbel or Noah’s Ark, American Valerian, Male Nervine, Rhizoma Cypripedii. Fr. Racine de Cypripéde jaune, Valériane Américaine. Ger. 1. _ ee aE an ce L. Cypris, Venus, + ae pedis, foot, ees Venus, ‘++ nodéc, foot, wédiov, a slipper ; 7. ¢., the slipper-like form of pore: s lip. Bead Hir-su’tum.’ L. hirsutus, rough, hairy, bristly ; 4. ¢, stem, leaves and inside o corolla possess this property. 9 130 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Pu-bes/cens. L. pubescen(t)s, downy, hairy; 7%. ¢., stem, leaves and inside of corolla villous, hairy. Par-vi-flo’‘rum. L. parvus, small, + florus, flower ; 4. e., the flowers smaller than the preceding, which, in turn is usually called Large Yellow Ladies’ Slipper. PLants.—Herbaceous ; stems .3-.6 M. (1-2°) high ; leaves many- . nerved, plaited, sheathing at base, acute, broadly ovate, 10-12.5 Cm. (4-5’) long, 5 Cm. (2’) wide; flowers May-June, beautiful yellow, solitary, 4-divided, shaped like Indian moccasin, lip 2.5-5 Cm. (1—2’) long. Ruizoms, horizontal, bent, 10 Cm. (4’) long, 3 Mm. (4’) thick, upper side beset with cup-shaped scars, under side covered closely with simple wavy roots 10-25 Cm. (4-10’) long, brittle, dark-brown, frac- ture short, white; odor peculiar, heavy ; taste sweet, bitter, pungent. Fig. 71. a, Cypripedium hirsutum (pubescens), rhizome and roots, natural size; b, Cypripedium parviflorum, rhizome and roots, natural size. C. parviflorum has shorter, thinner rhizome and orange-brown roots. Ihe rhizome is collected shortly after flowering in the summer, washed, dried by sun and packed for market. Solvents: boiling water ; diluted alcohol. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.— Hydrastis canadensis, Polygala Senega, ete. All easily distinguishable by having finer roots, varying interior color, etc. ConsTITUENTS.— V olatile oil, fixed oil, volatile acid, two resins, (tan- nin, starch, sugar, ash 6 p. c.). The “ Eclectics” prepare cypripedin, oleoresin, by precipitating con- centrated alcoholic tincture with water; it is a mixed substance and does not deserve the name. Dose, gr. 1-2 (.06-.13 Gm.). The virtues possibly reside in the volatile oil and an unnamed bitter princi- ple (glucoside). PREPARATIONS.—1. Eatractum Cypripedii. Fluidum. Fluid Ex- VANILLA—VANILLA. 131 ORCHIDACEZ. tract of Cypripedium. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Cypripéde jaune ; Ger. Fliissiges Gelbfrauenschuh-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with diluted alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mxv—30 (1-2 Ce.). Unoff. Preps. : Extract. Dose, gr. 2-6 (.13-.4 Gm.). Tincture, t ce. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Ce.). Infusion, 5 p.c. Dose, 3j-2 (80-60 AP PROPERTIES.—A ntispasmodic, diaphoretic, nervous stimulant. Usrs.—Was popular with our aborigines and even at the present day as a substitute for valerian. Good in chorea, hysteria, epilepsy, nervousness, hypochondriasis, neuralgia, insomnia. VANILLA. VANILLA. Vanilla iS planifolia, Andrews. \The fruit. Habitat. E. Mexico, hot, damp woods, forests ; cultivated in tropics. Syn. Vanilla Aromatica, Vaniglia. Fr. Vanille. Ger. Fructus (Siliqua) Vanille. Va-nil/la. L. fr. Sp. vainilla, formerly vaynilla, dim. of vaina (vayna), scabbard, sheath, pod, lit. ‘‘little pod’’; 2. e., pod resembling the sheath of a knife. Plan-i-fo/li-a. L. planus, flat, + folium, leaf, flat leaved ; i. e., leaves plain or flat, without prominent veins. Priant.—Succulent, dark-green, epiphytic, perennial climber ; stem long, smooth, much branched, nodes with aérial roots 12.5-15 Cm. ee ) long, for clinging to trees, frame-work, etc.; leaves 10-15 Cm. (4-6’) long, oval, tough, fleshy, veinless, dark-green, paler beneath ; flowers 5 Cm. (2’) across, pale-yel- lowish-green, loose axillary racemes of 8-10. Fruit, 15-25 Cm. (6— 10’) long, 8 Mm. (4’) thick, linear, narrowed, bent or hooked at base, rather oblique at apex, wrinkled, warty, dark-brown, glossy, leathery, 1-celled, containing blackish-brown pulp, with many minute seeds and more or less acicular crystals ; odor and taste peculiar, fragrant. Solvent : alcohol (75 p. c.). Dose, gr. 5-30 (.8-2 Gm.). Commercial.—Plant mostly cul- tivated from cuttings (sometimes seeds) in Papantla, Misantla, Vera Cruz and Oaxaca provinces, bears = fruit the third year, and continues Vanilla planifolia, thereafter for thirty to forty; col- ; . lect fruit in late autumn before quite ripe, as green begins disappear- ing into yellow, then dry and cure by sun or fire, which requires 3-4 months ; when partly dried they are wrapped in blankets to produce 132 ORGANIC DRUGS.FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. sweating or fermentation, thereby the odorous principle (vanillin), after which the drying is completed, beans coated with oil (that which exudes, also cocoa and cashew nut), tied in small bundles, wrapped in foil, and marketed. There are several varieties: 1. Mexican, Vera: Cruz, the best, but beans vary much in value. 2. Bourbon, from Isle of Réunion, resembles Mexican, but beans blacker, tapering portion shorter, less firm, surface smooth, waxy, and soon becomes coated with acicular crystals (frost) ; odor more like Tonka bean. 3. Mauritius, inferior Bourbon, from the Seychelles, pods only 15 Cm. (67) long, 6 Mm. (4’) wide, pale color, smooth, not waxy, faint odor. 4. Vene- zuelan (V. guiane’nsis), 10 Cm. (4’) long, rather thick, Tonka odor. 5. Brazilian (V. Pompo'na) called Vanillons, larger, thicker than Vene- zuelan, inferior vanilla odor (heliotrope), contains 0.5 p. ¢. vanillin. Some beans also come from Java, Honduras, Madagascar, Tahiti, Guadeloupe, ete. ; others occur on the market having had the vanillin removed by a solvent, and others still to which benzoic acid has been added. Fie. 73. ih Vanilla fruit, cross section magnified ; z, fruit flesh ; sf, opening suture ; 0, seed placente ; d, papille. ; ConstiTuENtTs.— Vanillin (Mexican 1.7 p. c., Bourbon 2 p. c., Java 2.75 p. ¢., in the two last associated with odorous oil), fixed oil 11 p.c., resin, sugar, mucilage, ash 4—5 p. ¢. Vanillin, C,H,O,.—Obtained by softening the alcoholic extract with water, agitating with ether until color exhausted, evaporating, treating residue with boiling water, which deposits it in colorless needles of vanilla odor, pungent, warm taste, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, water and carbon disulphide. In damp air oxidizes slowly to vanillic acid, C,H,O,; combines with bases, and with ferric chloride gives blue or green ; it is the aldehyde of methyl-protocatechuic acid, and is prepared artificially from coniferin (C,,H,,O, + 2H,O, in the cambium of pines), carbolic acid, eugenol and guaiacol. Dose, gr. 4-4 (.01- .02 Gm.). ; VANILLA—VANILLA. 133 PIPERACEZ. PREPARATIONS.—1. Tinctura Vanille. Tincture of Vanilla. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Vanille ; Ger. Vanille-tinktur.) Manufacture: 10 p.c. Macerate, percolate 10 Gm. + sugar 20, with alcohol 65 p. c., q. s. 100 Ce. For flavoring. 2. Trochisci Ferri, gr. + (.009 Gm.) in each troche. Dose, 1-2 troches. Unoff. Prep.: Syrup. For flavoring. PROPERTIES. — Carminative, stimulant, aphrodisiac, antihysteric, irritant. Those working in it have itching hands, face; skin covered with pruriginous eruptions, dizzi- ness, weariness, muscular pains ; eruptions due to an acarus which does not enter the skin. Usrs.—The Spanish conquerors found vanilla being used in Mexico for flavoring chocolate, etc., and while now recommended for hysteria, it is chiefly employed as a fla- voring agent, being the most general of all substances ; large quantities sometimes pro- duce poisonous symptoms. Allied Plants: 1. V. Pompo'na, Guadeloupe variety, V. Gardne’ri, Brazilian and Bahia, V. odora’ta, Orchis mascula. V. phea'ntha, Jamaica, Trinidad. 2. O'rchis ma’scula and other species, Salep. The fecula of the root, official, 1820-1830. C. and S. Europe; rich woods. Small herb 15-45 Cm. (6-18’) high, leaves parallel-veined, sheathing ; flowers pinkish, showy, nectariferous spur underneath ; root (tubers) consists of two fleshy tubers 2.5 Cm. (1’) long, deprived of epidermis by scalding in water. Yellowish-brown, hard, translucent, horny, in- sipid. Contains starch 27 p.c., mucilage 48 p.c. Starch obtained by grinding root under water, straining, subsiding. Used as demul- cent, nutritive diet for infants, children, chronic diarrhoea, cholera in- fantum, tuberculous diarrhea, in mucilage (1 part + water 50). Dose, ad libitum. ADULTERATIONS.—Tubers with colchicum corm, this latter being recognized by its side groove and sweet, bitter, acrid taste; powder with starch, flour, which can be readily distinguished by microscope. Sup-cLass : DICOTYLEDONES (Embryo with two cotyledons, stem exogenous (with pith, wood, bark), leaves net-veined). Series 1: CHORIPETALAS. Petals separate and distinct, or wanting. 16. PIPERACEZ. Pepper Family. Pip-e-ra/se-e. Li. Piper + acer, Gr. mimepe, Skt. pipala, Benga- lese, pippul, fr. Gr. zéxtw, to digest; i. ¢., it aids digestion. Herbs 1384 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. or shrubs. Distinguished by jointed stems; leaves entire ; flowers perfect, without floral envelopes, spikes ; ovary 3-5, somewhat united, 1-celled ; ovule 1, stigma 2-4; fruit somewhat fleshy, 1-celled, 1- seeded ; tropics; acrid, pungent, aromatic, stimulant (volatile oil + resin). Genera: 1. Cubeba. 2. Piper. CUBEBA. CUBEB. Cubeba Cubeba, (Linné filius) Lyons. i ; (Piper Cubeba, Linné filius. ) } The UALpe fruit. Habitat. Java, Sumatra, Borneo; cultivated in two former islands, and in W. Indies, Ceylon. : Syn. Tailed Cubebs, Tailed Pepper, Java Pepper, Fructus (Baccz) Cubebe, Piper Caudatum, Cubebs. Fr. Cubébe, Cubébe poivre 4 Queue. Ger. Kubeben. Cu-be’ba. L. fr. Gr. xovBéBa, of Actuarius ; name used since the 10th century. Pers. kababa, their native name of the plant. Pi’per. L. see etymology, page 133, of Piperace. PLant.—Climbing perennial; stem jointed, flexuous, 6 M. (20°) high ; leaves 15 Cm. (6’) long, lanceolate, leathery, shining, nerved, petiolate, flowers diccious, spikes. Fruit, 4 Mm. (3’) thick, globular, contracted at base into a rounded stipe (not a true pedicel, but stigma remnants), 6 Mm. (4’) long, reticulately wrinkled, blackish-gray ; mesocarp with many oil cells ; internally whitish, 1 undeveloped seed, hollow ; odor strong, spicy ; taste aromatic, pungent. Solvents : ether ; alcohol. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—Cubeb rachis or stalks (inodorous), black pepper and other Piperaces fruits. Rhamnus cathartica fruit (pedicellate and contains 4 seeds), allspice (rauch larger, 2-seeded, no pedicel). Juniper communis fruit (much larger, different taste). Powdered cubeb de- teriorates unless kept in tight containers, hence best to powder only when needed, sometimes mixed with powdered allspice, flour and starch. Commercial—Cubeb grows extensively in coffee plantations or on grounds reserved for the purpose, being supported usually on shade trees ; fruit is gathered when full grown, but before ripe, dried care- fully in the sun and exported from Java to Singapore, whence it enters market. ConsTITUENTS.— Volatile oil 5-15 p. ¢., Resin 3 p. c., Cubebin $—- 2% p. ¢., Cubebic acid 1-33 p. c., fat, wax, starch, ash 5-6 p. c. Oleum Cubebe. Oil of Cubeb, official—_(Syn., Oleum Cubeba- rum, Oil of Cubebs; Fr. Essence de Cubébe ; Ger. Kubebendl.) This volatile oil, obtained from cubeb by distilling with water or steam, is a yellowish-green liquid, characteristic odor, warm, cam- phoraceous, aromatic taste, sp. gr. 0.920, soluble in equal volume of alcohol ; contains a little dipentene, C,,H,,, but mostly sesquiterpene, cadinene, C,,H,,. If old, or distilled from old fruit it then has addi- tionally an inodorous stearopten, cubeb camphor, C,,H,,.H,O, which soon deposits. Test: Oil + sulphuric acid turns yellow, when warmed red ; dissolves iodine quietly. Dose, Mv—20 (.38-1.3 Cc.). CUBEBA—CUBEB., 135 PIPERACEZ. Resin.—Extracted by ether which also takes up volatile oil, fixed oil, cubebin, chlorophyll and wax ; evaporate off volatile oil, when cold cubebin and wax deposit ; decant from these, separate fat and have Fig. 75. Cubeba (Piper) Cubeba. left the resin, which is amorphous, soluble in alkalies, alcohol, not precipitated by alcoholic solution of lead acetate. Cubebin, C,,H,,O,.—This constitutes the precipitate from oleoresin upon standing ; it is white, crystalline, inodorous, inert ; alcoholic solution bitter. Cubebic Acid, C,,H,,O,—Brownish, resin-like mass, soluble in alkalies, alcohol, ether, chloroform, precipitated by lead acetate ; diuretic. Dose, gr. 5-10 (.3-.6 Sem caen Gm.). Last three are red with sulphuric ee acid. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Cubebe Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Cubeb. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Cubébe ; Ger. Flissiges Ku- beben (Cubeben) Extrakt.) 186 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mxv-—60 (1-4 Cc.). 2. Oleoresina Cubebe. Oleoresin of Cubeb. (Syn., Extractum Cubebe ZEthereum ; Fr. Oléorésine de Cubébe; Ger. Extractum Cu- bebarum (Aftherisches), Kubebenextrakt.) Manufacture: Percolate 100 Gm. with ether until exhausted, re- cover ether ; after standing deposits wax and cubebin, both of which should be rejected ; yield 18-22 p.c. Dose Mv—30 (.8-2 Cc.). Prep. 1. Trochisci Cubebe. Trochesof Cubeb. (Syn., Fr. Pas- tilles de Cubébe ; Ger. Kubebenpastillen.) Manufacture: Oleoresin of cubeb 4 Gm., oil of sassafras 1, ex- tract of glycyrrhiza 25, acacia 12, syrup of tolu q. s. 100 troches. Dose, 1-5 troches. 3. Tinctura Cubebe. Tincture of Cubeb. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Cubébe ; Ger. Kubebentinktur.) Manufacture: 20 p.c. Macerate, percolate 20 Gm. with alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Cc.). Unof. Preps.: Extract. Dose, gr. 2-10 (.13-.6 Gm.). Infusion, 5 p.c. Dose, 5j-2 (30-60 Ce.)- PRopERTIES.—Diuretic (resin + cubebic acid), stimulant, carmina- tive, expectorant, disinfectant, local irritant (volatile oil), may cause headache, giddiness, nausea, purging, paralysis; it is eliminated by bronchial mucous membrane, skin and kidneys, all being stimulated and the increased secretions disinfected; imparts to urine a peculiar odor. : Usrs.—Gonorrhea, urethritis, vesical irritability, cystitis, abscess of prostate gland, piles, chronic bronchitis, catarrh. Arabians used it similarly to black pepper, and were the first to introduce it into Europe. Allied Plants: 1. C. Lo’wong (Piper Lowong) and C. Walli’chii (P. ribeso'ides). —Fruit of both much like the official. 2. C. cani’na (P. caninum) (fruit smaller than official, contracted below into a stalk half the length of the globular portion) and C. cra’ ssipes (P. crassipes) (fruit larger than the official). 3. False Cubebs.—Origin unknown, fruit wrinkled, brownish-gray, size of the official, stalk 5 Mm. (4’) long, odor mace-like. PIPER. PEPPER (Brack PEPPER). Piper . ‘ Aiea ceo } The unripe fruit. Habitat. §. India, Malabar Coast, Philippine Islands, Sumatra, Java, Singapore, Ceylon, Penang, Luzon, Borneo, Malacca, Siam, W. Indies. Syn. Pepper Corn, Pepper Vine, African Black Pepper, Cubeb Pepper. Fr. Poivre noir (commun) ; Ger. Schwarzer Pfeffer. . Ni/grum. L. niger, black, fr. nec, to die, as seen in Gr. vexpdc, dead, nox, night ; i. e., color of the brownish-black fruit when compared with other varieties. Piant.—Perennial trailing or climbing vine ; stem 6-9 M. (20- 30°) long, articulated, smooth, woody, joints thickened, from which ad- PIPER—PEPPER. 137 PIPERACEZ. ventitious rootlets arise for adhering to support or taking root in the soil; leaves 10-15 Cm. (4-67) long, ovate, petioles 12 Mm. (3’) long, acute at base and apex, entire, smooth, leathery, dark-green, 5—7-nerved, flowers whitish, unisexual, sessile, elongated spikes. Fruit, berry- - like, sessile, green, then red, when ripe yellow, globular, 4 Mm. (3’) thick, reticulately wrinkled, brownish-black, inside lighter, hollow, 1 seed with an undeveloped embryo; odor aromatic; taste pungently spicy. Solvents: ether ; alcohol; water partially. Dose, gr. 5-20 (.3- 1.3 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.— With fruits of alliedspecies; powdered pepper with starches, mustard, husks, flaxseed, capsicum, all recognized by micro- scope. Rice starch and the starch in pepper have same shape, but Fie. 77. quantity present will aid detection. Commercial—Our supply comes from Singapore, Sumatra, and Java, where the plants are propagated by cuttings and trained to run upon support of trees planted for the~ purpose, hence name pepper vine. When the basal fruits begin chang- ing from green to red the whole spike is gathered; if allowed to remain on until ripe they are less pungent and fall off easily. Vines yield 8-10 lbs. (3.5—4.5 Kg.) annu- ally, begin bearing when 2-4 years old, and decline after fifteenth year. The day after gathering, the spikes are deprived of fruit, this latter is then cleaned of stalks by picking, rubbing, etc., and dried by sun or fire. There are several varie- ties: 1. Malabar (heaviest). 2. . Cochin. 3. Penang (strongest). Binet tieran. 4. Singapore (darkest). 5. Siam. These are often sold mixed, the weight as a rule governing quality. ConstituENnts.—Piperin 6-8 p. c., Volatile oil 1-2 p.c., Piperidine 0.56 p. c., Chavicin, fat 7 p. ¢., starch, proteids 12 p. ¢., ash 5 p. ¢. Piperinum. Piperin, C,,H,,NO,, official.—This neutral principle is obtained from pepper and other Piperacez plants by treating alcoholic extract with potassa solution which dissolves resin and forms soap of fat. Wash residue with cold water, filter, treat residue on filter repeatedly with alcohol from which piperin crystallizes. It is in pale-yellowish prismatic crystals, odorless, sharp biting taste, soluble in 30 parts alcohol, no residue. Tests: 1. With sulphuric acid get blood-red color, disappearing when diluted with water. 2. With nitric acid turns orange, then red, the acid becoming yellow then red ; add to the 138 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. solution potassa T. S., get yellow then -blood-red. 3. Alcoholic solu- tion of alkalies decompose it into piperic acid, C,,H,,O,, and piperidine, the former oxidizing with potassium permanganate into piperonal, C,H,0,, crystals (artificial heliotropin). Dose, febrifuge, gr. 1-5 (.06— .3 Gm.). Volatile Oil, C,,H,,.—Obtained by distillation with water or steam, is colorless, non-pungent, sp. gr. 0.864. Dose, Mj-3 (.06-.2 Ce.). The commercial oil of black pepper is the volatile oil, fixed oil, and pungent resin, being a by-product in making piperin, consequently is very similar to the oleoresin. Piperidine, C,H,,N.—Obtained by heating piperin with potash-lime; it isa colorless liquid alkaloid, ammoniacal, peppery odor, readily forms crystalline salts with acids (hydrochlorate, etc.). Chavicin.—-Obtained by neutralizing the potassa solution (for piperin) with an acid ; it is a soft, pungent resin upon which the pungency and medicinal virtues largely depend ; soluble in alkalies, alcohol, ether. PREPARATIONS.—1. Oleoresina Piperis. Oleoresin of Pepper. (Syn., Extractum Piperis Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Black Pepper. Fr. Oléorésine de Poivre noir ; Ger. /Etherisches Pfefferextrakt.) Manufacture: Percolate 100 Gm. with ether until exhausted, re- cover ether ; yield 5-6.5 p.c. Dose, Mss—2 (.03-.13 Ce.). This is a mixture of volatile and fixed oil, holding the pungent resin and piperin in solution ; the latter precipitates somewhat on standing, and should be rejected. Unoff. Preps.: Fluid Extract. Dose, Mv—20 (.8-1.3 Ce.). Plaster (oleoresin gr. 1 (.06 Gm.) to every 4 square inches + resin plaster q. 8.). Confection. Poultice. PROPERTIES.—Stimulant, tonic, febrifuge, irritant, rubefacient, car- minative, antipyretic. From Hippocrates’ time down asa condiment, stimulates secretion of mouth, stomach, kidneys; excessive doses give abdominal heat, thirst, vomiting, fever, convulsions, increases urine, irritates bladder, urethra, and may cause urticaria. UseEs.—Intermittents, enlarged lymphatic glands, gargles to stimulate throat, gums, plasters for muscular rheumatism, headache, colic, also for flatulence, indigestion, headlice, gleet, leucorrhcea, gonorrhea, fistula, paralysis of tongue. Next to salt the greatest condiment the world over. Allied Plants : 1. P. officina’rum (lo'ngum), Long Pepper.—Theimmature fruit dried in the sun, official, 1830-1840. Java, India, Ceylon, Philippine Islands, Bengal. Shrub like official ; leaves cordate ; flowers spikes ; fruit spike-like cone 2.5-4 Cm. (1-14’) long, 5 Mm. (4’) thick, cylin- drical, uneven, dusty, blackish-gray, the many coalesced fruits spirally arranged, each crowned with style remnant; odor, taste, properties and composition like official. The Bengal long pepper is darker, ' and shorter (2.5 Cm.; 1’ long) than that from elsewhere. 2. P. album, White Pepper.—From ripe fruits of P. nigrum, by gathering spike when fruits fully matured, cleaning same, immersing MATICO—MATICO. © 139 PIPERACEZ. in water and depriving of epicarp and sarcocarp by rubbing with the hands in baskets ; are somewhat larger than official, smooth, yellowish, hard, horny, mealy within ; taste and odor similar to but less powerful than the black. Have four varieties: 1. Tellicherry. 2. Penang. 3. Batavia. 4. Singapore. Muchusedin China. A spurious variety is made by soaking off (or using mechanical means) the outer portion of black pepper (pericarp), or simply drying the very young and imma- ture fruits ; this is smaller and ‘inferior. MATICO. MATICO. Piper angustifolium, Ruiz et Pavon. \ The leaves. Habitat. Tropical America, Peru, Mexico, Venezuela, Brazil, Cuba. Cultivated. yi West Indian Matico, Pepper Elder, Soldier’s Herb. Br. Matice Folia. Fr. Feuilles de Matico. Ger. Maticoblitter. noe L. angustus, narrow, + folium, a leaf; i. e, has narrow Ma-ti’co. A Spanish soldier named Matico, being wounded, dragged himself to- ward some of these green plants, which, when applied, stopped the bleeding ; also called in Spanish, yerba soldado or palo-del-soldado, soldier’s herb or tree. ; PxLant.—Shrub with stem 3 M. (10°) high, having enlarged joints and branches quadrangular, younger ones hairy ; flowers minute, yel- lowish, dense, on slender spike, 10—17.5 Cm. (4-7’) long; fruit size of poppy seed, hard, black, 1-seeded. Leaves, 10-15 Cm. (4-6’) long, petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, apex pointed, base unequally heart-shaped, crenulate, tessellated above, reticulate beneath, meshes small, veins densely brownish-hairy ; aromatic, spicy, bitterish. Solvents : boiling water ; alcohol (50-75 p. c.). Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—Leaves of allied species and other 8S. American plants which are also called matico, as Hupato’rium glutino' sum, Wal- the'ria glomera'ta, Pilper lanceeefo'lia, and P. adu/neum. All these have matico properties, but none are tessellated above or rough and hairy below. ConstITuENTS.— Volatile oil 14-23 p.c., artanthic acid (crystalline), pungent resin, bitter principle, tannin, mucilage. The name. maticin was given to a supposed bitter principle, which now proves to be only a potassium salt. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Matico Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Matico. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Matico ; Ger. Fliissiges Matico- Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol 75 p. ¢., gq. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mxv—60 (1-4 Ce.). ; 2. Tinctura Matico. ‘Tincture of Matico. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Matico ; Ger. Maticotinktur.) Manufacture: 10 p. c. Macerate, percolate 10 Gm. with diluted alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. » Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Ce.). Unoff. Prep.: Infusion, 5 p.c. Dose, 5}-2 (30-60 Ce.). PRoPERTIES.—Mostly due to the volatile oil ; stimulant, tonic, styptic, vulnerary, diuretic, aphrodisiac, constricts capillaries, hence controls mucous fluxes, hemorrhages, resembles cubeb. 140 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Uses.—Bronchitis, gonorrhea, menorrhagia, hemorrhoids, diarrhea, dysentery, hematuria, hemorrhage from lungs, stomach, kidneys, bowels, rectum, vesical catarrh, incontinence of urine; locally leaves to bleeding surfaces, owing to the many hairs promoting blood-clot. Allied Plants: 1. P. Be’tle—India. Climbing plant; leaves chewed by Malays ' with lime and areca-nut shavings. P. Carpu’nya, Fic. 78. Chili, Peru. Small tree. P. pelta’tum, P. umbel- A la’tum. Tropical America. Diuretic, skin dis- A eases, tumors. 2. Methy'sticwm Methysticum (Piper Methysti- cum), Ava (Kava-Kava).— Sandwich Islands. The root of this is used as a stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, tonic, has lilac odor, pungent, bitter taste; contains acrid resin 2 p. c. volatile oil, kavahin, methysticin (resembles piperin) ; its in- fusion yields upon fermentation the beverage kava; also used natively for gonorrhea, vesical and urethral troubles. 17. JUGLANDACEZ. Walnut Family. Ju-glan-da’se-e. L. Juglans, Jugland + acez, walnut tree, fr. Jovis glans, nut of Jove—Jupiter, referring to the fruit. Trees. Distinguished by alternate pinnately compound leaves, exstipulate ; flowers moncecious—staminate in catkins, pistil- late in spikes, the former with irregular, the latter with regular calyx, 3-5-lobed ; ovary 2—4-celled, inferior ; ovule 1; fruit (tryma) dry drupe with crustaceous or bony nut shell, containing 4-lobed seed ; temperate climates ; cathartic, timber ; seed oily, edible. ethene eee Genus: 1. Juglans. JUGLANS. JUGLANS (Burrzrnvr). Juglans The bark of the root collected in cinerea, Linné. autumn. Habitat. N. America (Canada, United States, Missouri to Arkansas), rich woods. Syn. Oil Nut (Bark), Kisky Thomas Nut, White or Lemon Walnut. Fr. Ecorce de Noyer gris. Ger. Graue Wallnussrinde. Jug’lans. L. classic name for the Walnut tree, Juglans regia, contraction from Jovis, Jove, Jupiter + glans, a nut or acorn =Jupiter’s nut; i. e., named by way of eminence. : Ci-ne’re-a. L. cinereus, ash-colored, grayish ; 7. ¢., the bark of young branches. PrLant.—Handsome tree, 9-15 M. (80-50°) high, trunk .6-1.3 M. (2-4°) thick ; stem 3 M. (10°) above divides into branches, produc- Matico ; natural size. JUGLANS—J UGLANS. 141 JUGLANDACEZ. ing deliquescent appearance, bark of branches smooth, grayish ; leaves .3 M. (12’) long, imparipinnate ; leaflets 5-9 pairs, sessile, oblong, 5-7.5 Cm. (2-3’) long, round base, acuminate, serrate, pubescent ; flowers April-May, moneecious, staminate catkins, 7.5-12.5 Cm. (3-5’) long, pistillate 4-5 together, forming a spike, the germ sur- mounted by two-large, feathery crimson stigmas ; fruit September— October, large, drupe, oblong, 6 Cm. (23’) long, hairy, viscid, when immature green, when ripe brown; epicarp formed from thickened perianth tube, endocarp from altered ovarian walls, hard, bony, united to rind, seed or kernel thick, oily, edible. Bark or Root, in flat or curved pieces, 5 Mm. (4’) thick, dark-gray, smoothish, or deprived of soft cork and deep-brown, inside smooth, striate, transverse fracture short, delicately checkered whitish and brown; odor feeble; taste bitter, acrid. ‘The liber or inner bark only is used, and should be col- lected May-June, or perferably autumn, when its inner surface is loosely shreddy with partly detached liber ; if taken from plant in April it is sweetish, insipid, less active. Solvents: diluted alco- hol; boiling water. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Gm.). Commercial.—lIf trees punctured just be- fore the leaves appear a saccharine juice exudes yielding a sugar equal to sugar- maple. The wood is useful, as it is durable and never worm-eaten, although it is neither compact nor strong. The fruit when half grown may be pickled; when nearly ripe the rind is juicy, which colors skin and can be used for dyeing fabrics brown or black ; when fully ripe the kernels become a desirable food, being so rich in oil (nut oil) as to replace meat. Upon removing outer bark the inner is white, but on ex- a posure soon turns a lemon color, then deep- Tnplens, Reverting Frapeliy: Gee brown; it is so tough and fibrous as to be powdered with difficulty. Has been a medicine since Hippocrates’ time for various troubles. During our Revolutionary and Civil wars soldiers used it extensively instead of rhubarb. Consrituents.—Nucin, fixed oil 14 p. ¢.,(volatile oil, tannin, resin). Nucin (Juglone, Juglandic Acid), C,,H,O,.— Occurs in orange- yellow needles, acrid, purple by alkalies, volatile with steam, decom- posed by long boiling. ; PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Juglandis, Extract of Juglans. (Syn., Extract of Butternut ; Fr. Extrait d’Ecorce de Noyer gris ; Ger. Butternussrinden-Extrakt.) ee. Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with diluted alcohol q- s. Dose, gr. 5-20 (.3-1.3 Gm.). : Unof’. Preps.: Fluid Extract. Dose, 3j-2 (4-8 Cc.) Decoction. Dose, 3ss-1 (15-30 Ce.). Spirit. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Ce.). Juglandin, 142 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. “ Kelectic’s’’ resinoid, obtained by precipitating concentrated alcoholic tincture with water. Dose, gr. 3-10 (.2-.6 Gm.). PROPERTIES.—Cathartic, tonic, rubefacient, resembles rhubarb in action, does not gripe. Usrs.—Costiveness, dysentery, with calomel in intermittent and re- mittent fevers, for dyeing wool brown or black.. Allied Plants : 1. J. re’gia, English Walnut—Persia, Himalaya, China, cultivated, Europe. Decoction of leaves used in leucorrhcea, meningitis ; decoc- tion of leaves, rind, or bark in stopping mammary secretions, ulcers, diarrhcea, sore mouth, tonsils, uterine hemorrhages, carbuncles. 2. J. ni'gra, Black Walnut.—Bark styptic, acrid ; used mostly in dyeing. The rind of green fruit removes ringworms, tetter, diphtheria. Decoction used as a vermifuge. Spirit made by distilling fresh walnuts with alcohol ; used in hysteric, cerebral, and pregnant vomiting. All of these fruits contain much fixed oil, which turns red with nitric acid, but brown with nitric and sulphuric acid. 18. SALICACE.Z. Willow Family. Sal-i-ka’se-e. Lz. Sali(a)e + ace, willow, from Celtic, sal, near, + lis, water, 7. ¢., its favored place of growth, or L. salire, to leap—its rapid growing. ‘Trees or shrubs. Distinguished by light wood, bitter bark, alternate, stipulate leaves, dicecious flowers, both kinds in cat- kins, one to each bract, no perianth; fruit 1-celled, 2-4-valved pod, many-seeded, each with long silky hairs at one end, but covering it; ovary 1-celled, superior ; stamens 2 or more ; temperate climates ; tonic, astringent, febrifuge, stimulant ; timber, basket making, seed hair for cushions. ; Genera: 1. Salix. 2. Populus. SALIX. SALIX (Witxow). Salicinum, Salicin, C,,4.,.0., official. Salix and Populus several species. ‘A neutral principle (glucoside). Habitat. Europe, N. America; cultivated. __ Syn. White or Salicin Willow, Withe, Withy. Fr. Saule blanc, Salicine. Ger. Weidenrinde, Salicin. Sa/lix. L. see etymology, above, of Salicacee. Pop’u-lus. L. poplar, fr. populus, the people, being often planted along the pub- lic ways in Rome, where it was called arbor populi, tree of the people. PxLants.—These two juxta-positioned genera are composed mostly of large trees 15-18 M. (50-60°) high, with flexible branches ; Salix leaves, long pointed, entire or glandularly toothed. Populus leaves, broad, more or less heart-shaped, ovate, toothed ; flowers May, both in catkins appearing before the leaves, dicecious, buds covered with scales, or a varnish ; barks of both genera resemble ; that of salix slips from the wood more readily. SALIX—SALIX, 143 SALICACES. ConsTITUENTS.—Salicin 1-3 p. c., tannin 12 p. c., extractive matter. Salicinum. Salicin.—Obtained by several methods. 1. Add litharge to hot concentrated decoction of bark to remove tannin, gum, extractive ; filtrate contains salicin and some absorbed lead, this latter - is separated by adding sulphuric acid and barium sulphide, now by evaporating filtrate get salicin. Can use basic lead acetate for litharge, when the free acid must be neutralized with calcium carbonate, and filtrate evaporated. 2. Boil bark with milk of lime to remove tannin, evaporate filtrate to soft extract, digest this with alcohol to take out salicin. Occurs in white, silky crystalline needles or powder ; odor- less, bitter, insoluble in ether, chloroform; soluble in 28 parts water, 30 alcohol, no residue ; by dilute acids splits into sugar and saligenin, C,H,O,, the latter by further boiling becoming saliretin, C,,H,,O,, a resinous body. Tests: 1. A little heated in test-tube until brown, + a few Ce. water + a drop ferric chloride T. 8. gives violet color. 2. With sulphuric acid get red solution, now add water, when solution becomes colorless, depositing dark-red powder, insoluble in water or alcohol. 3. A little heated with 1 Ce. potassium dichromate T. 8. + 2 Cc. sul- Fie. 80 phuric acid gives odor of salicylic aldehyde ye trcereenctoae (or of oil of meadow-sweet, Ulma'ria (Spi- re’a) Ulmaria). 4. Aqueous solution is not precipitated by tannin, picric acid or mercuric potassium iodide T. 8. (abs. and dif. from alkaloids). Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6—-2 Gm.). The White Willow (Salix a’lba) and Crack Willow (S. fra’ gilis) contain most tannin, the Purp le Willow (8. Purp nee) mosh salicin, i Willow bark ; transverse section, being even in the leaves, although largest magnified 15 diam. quantity in bark of young wood. Po’pulus a’lba, P. angustifolia, P. acumina’ta, P. tre’mula, all yield salicin to a considerable extent. PREPARATIONS.—(Unoff.) May give in powder, pill, syrup, water, or with liquorice extract, in small and frequent doses. Properties.—Bitter tonic, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antiseptic, anti- ferment. Its action is slower, weaker and depresses heart less than salicylic acid ; it is non-toxic, possibly circulates like salicylic acid in the blood as sodium salicylate, and is eliminated chiefly by the urine as salicylic, salicyluric, salicylous acids and saligenin, being first con- verted in the stomach into glucose and saligenin. Uses.—Acute rheumatism, lower temperature in fevers ; relieves pains, reduces arterial swellings, intermittents (not nearly so effective as quinine), coryza, hay fever, influenza, neuralgia, diabetes. Externally, gangrenous wounds, eczema, cancer, burns, fetid perspiration (applied in solution with borax). 144 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 19. BETULACEZ. Birch Family. Bet-u-la’se-e. L. Betul-a + acee, fr. Celtic betu, the birch, its origi- nal name. ‘Trees or shrubs. Distinguished by having astringent. resinous bark; flowers moncecious, aments, staminate in the axil of each bract, stamens 2-10, calyx 2—4-parted, pistillate pendulous, calyx none—instead have scaly bracts. -Differs from allied Fagacew (Cupuliferee) by superior ovary and absence of cupule, even yet by some included in that order; ovary 2-celled, ovules 1 in each cell ; temperate climates ; astringent, saccharine, timber, paper, charcoal. Genus: 1. Betula. BETULA. BIRCH. Oleum Betulz Volatile. Volatile Oil of Betula (Oil of Sweet Birch), official. eet ung, YA Volatile oil from the bark. Habitat. N. America (Newfoundland to Georgia, Minnesota, Indiana), forests. Syn. Black, Cherry, Mahogany, Sweet or Spice Birch, Mountain Mahogany. Bet/u-la._L. see etymology, above, of Betulacez. Len/’ta. L. lentus, soft, pliant, flexible ; 7%. e., its stems and branches. Puiant.—Tree, 12-24 M. (40-80°) high, .6-1 M. (2-3°) thick ; bark dark-brown, close, smooth, sweet, aromatic; leaves 7.5-10 Cm. (3—4’) long, 2.5-5 Ce. (1-2’) wide, ovate, acuminate, serrate, petiolate ; flowers, staminate catkins, 5-7.5 Cm. (2-3’) long; pistillate ones much shorter, thicker. The bark is not separable into layers, but the cambium, when wounded in the spring, exudes sweet, acid, edible juice ; wood reddish, strong, compact. ConstTITuENTS.— Volatile oil, gaultherin, tannin 3.3 p. ¢., betulin (camphoraceous). Oleum Betulze Volatile. Volatile Oil of Betula.—Obtained from the bark by distillation, it is identical with methyl salicylate (CH,C,- H,O,), and nearly identical with oil of gaultheria—this latter having an additional terpene. It does not preéxist in dried bark, but is formed by the action of water and an unknown compound upon the neutral principle, gaultherin, a substance analogous to amygdalin. This oil is practically methyl salicylate (99.8 p. c.), therefore has same properties, reactions, tests, sp. gr. 1.180, for which, as well as for oil of gaultheria, it is often sold. Dose, Mj—10 (.06-.6 Ce.). PROPERTIES.—Stimulant, diuretic, emmenagogue. é Usrs.—Rheumatism, gout, scrofula, cutaneous eruptions, bladde troubles, scurvy, intermittent fever. . Allied Plants : 1. B. a’/lba.—Asia, Europe, N. America (Can. to Penn.). The buds and twigs yield by distillation } p. c. colorless volatile oil; the wood and bark (in layers) yield brown birch tar, having odor of Russia leather. When this tar is distilled we get Empyrewmatic Oil of Birch. Oleum Rusci. CASTANEA—CASTANEA. 145 FAGACEZ. 2. B. papyri'fera, Paper or Canoe Birch (White Birch).—Canada, New York. This has cordate leaves, tough, white bark, splitting into papery layers. Used by the Indians in making canoes. 20. FAGACE® (CUPULIFERZ). Beech Family. Fa-ga’se-e. L. Fag-us + aces, fr. Gr. guystv, to eat, gayos, the beech, in allusion to the esculent nuts once being used as food. Trees or shrubs. Distinguished by alternate irregular leaves; fruit in a bur or cupule—pistillate involucre ; flowers moncecious, staminate, aments, stamens 5—20, pistillate, spikes 1-3, or scaly catkins, involucre ; petals none ; ovary inferior, 2—6-celled, ovules 1-2 in each cell ; fruit l-seeded nut; temperate climates, tropics; astringent, seed edible, valuable timber. Genera: 1. Castanea. 2. Quercus. CASTANEA. CASTANEA (CHEstTNUv7). Castanea The leaves, collected in September, Oc- dentata, Marshall (Borkhausen). { tober, while still green. Habitat. N. America, W. Asia, 8. Europe, rich soil. : Syn. European Chestnut, European or Sardian Nut, Folia Castanee. Fr, Feuilles de (Chitaignier) Marronnier, Chataigne. Ger. Kastanie, Kastanienblitter. Cas-ta’ne-a. L. fr. Castanea, city of Thessaly, famed as the home of the chestnut. Den-ta/ta. L. dentatus, toothed ; 7. ¢., the leaves. Chest’/nut. Contr. of chesten-nut, nuts of Castane. Puant.—Known also as C. sativa and C. vesca var. americana, is a stately tree 24-30 M. (80-100°) high ; stem .3-1.3 M. (1-4°) thick, moneecious; bark characteristic ; wood light, durable ; flowers May-June, stami- Fra. 81. nate white aments, pistillate 3-4 in ovoid involucre, becoming prickly, containing 1-3 nuts. Leaves, 15-26 Cm. (6-10’) long, 5 Cm. (2’) wide, lanceolate, acumi- nate, mucronate, petiolate, feather-veined, sinuate-serrate, smooth; odor slight ; taste astringent. Solvents : boiling water ; alcohol partially. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—C. pu'mila, Chin- quapin, Que/reus Pri/nus, Chestnut Oak, leaves, those of the latter have serratures rounded instead of sharp. Commercial. American nuts are smaller and sweeter than European. The Great Chestnut of France is 10.5 M. Hsu (35°) in circumference, is one thousand Castanea dentata. years old, perfectly sound, and bears an- i nually ; the Mt. Etna Chestnut is 48 M. (160°) in circumference, is hollow, and lives by its bark. 10 146 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. ConsTITUENTS.—Tannin 9 p.c., resin, fat, gum, albumin, ash 6 p. ¢. (mainly salts, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, carbonates, chlorides, phosphates). Fruit contains starch 35 p. c., fat 2 p.c., proteids 3-4 p. c., sugar 1-2 p. ¢. ; PREPARATIONS.—1. Hxtractum Castanece Fig. 82. Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Castanea. (Syn., . Fr. Extrait liquide de Feuilles de Chataig- nier; Ger. Fliissiges Kastanienblitter-Ex- trakt.) Manufacture: Macerate 100 Gm. with boiling water 500 Cc., express, pack and percolate with water until exhausted, evapo- rate the united liquids to 200, add alcohol 60, ae allow to subside, filter, evaporate to 70, add ss glycerin 10, and alcohol q.s. 100 Cc. Dose, Mxv-60 (1-4 Ce.). NG oA BAN Nes Be _ Uno. Prep.: Infusion, 5 p. ¢. Dose, ee 5ss—1 (15-30 Ce.). Ze ee PrRoPERTIES.—Tonic, mild sedative, as- AEE : : as “Sy — tringent. Oss : AV 5 Usrs.—Whooping-cough, controlling par- oxysms, dysentery, wood resists exposure greatly, nuts very edible, delicacy. sh ny EEN we i hy 3 EN ee) yan SRY RAPS LO eS SON Allied Plants : Vos 1. C. (Fa’gus) pu'mila, Castanea (Chin- a ae! quapin).—The ‘bark official, 1820-1860. Se a Delaware—Mississippi. Shrub or small tree, ip 6-15 M. (20-50°) high, 25-37.5 Cm. (10- 15’) thick, largest being south ; leaves differ from chestnut in having underside white, downy ; bark grayish, brownish inside; fruit rounded, conical, 12 Mm. (3’) long, 9 Mm. (2’) wide at base, same constituents and taste as chestnuts. Bark contains tannin, resin, extractive. Used. as tonic, astringent for intermittents. 2. Fa’ gus america’ na (ferrugi’/nea), Amer- Castanea; leaf one-half natural ican Beech.—Tree, 22.5-80 M. (75-100°) : high ; bark and leaves used, the latter oblong- ovate, taper-pointed, dentate, petioles and midrib soon (nearly) naked, prickles of fruit recurved or spreading ; astringent, tonic. Vy Xe i QUERCUS ALBA. WHITE OAK. Quercus |The bark. alba, Linné. Habitat. .N. America (Canada to Florida, west to Minnesota, Texas, ete. ). Syn. Tanner’s Bark. Fr. Ecorce de Chéne. Ger. Cortex Quercus, Eichenrinde. Quer’cus. L. oak, fr. Celtic ges fine, + cuez, a tree—fine, stately tree, or fr. Gr. xoipoc, a pig; t. ¢., pigs love and feed on the acorns. i Alba. L. albus, white ; 7. e, owing to its wood and bark being so light in color. QUERCUS ALBA—WHITE OAK. 147 FAGACEZ. Piant.—Stately tree 18-24 M. (60-80°) high, 1-2.5 M. (3-8° thick, branches many, spreading ; i reat cn (3-6’) a a oles 12-25 Mm. (4-1’) long, oval, tapering at base, more or less deeply pinnatifid, lobes 4—6, rounded, entire, smooth, light-green above glaucous with prominent veins beneath, when dry brownish, some re- maining on tree all winter; flowers May, monecious. Staminate in catkins 2.5-7.5 Cm. (1-3’) long; pistillate single or in groups, fol- lowed by one-seeded nut (acorn) enclosed at base in a cup, cupule formed by scaly indurated involucre ; fruit 25 Mm. (1’) long, 12 Mm. (#’) broad, ovoid. Bark, in nearly flat pieces, deprived of corky layer, 5 Mm. (4’) thick, pale-brown, inner surface with sharp, short longitudinal ridges, tough, fracture coarse, fibrous ; odor faint, tan-like ; Fig. 83. ‘Quercus alba; a, staminate catkins; b, magnified staminate flower ; ¢, pisti'late flower with stigmas magnified; d, acorn in embryo; ¢, section of young acorn ; J, cotyledon with radicte. taste strongly astringent. In shops as coarse, fibrous powder, not tingeing saliva yellow. Solvents: alcohol ; water. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). Commercial.—White oak prefers slightly moist ground. It is almost identical with the European Q. Ro’bur (L. robur, strong, hard ; 4. ¢., its wood), having in common with it variability in length of leaf petioles and acorn stalks as well as depth of leaf lobes; was first brought to England 1724. The bark is collected in spring when it is most astringent,.the outer layer discarded, the inner dried—that from young stems and small branches being preferred. ConstitveNTs.—Tannin 6-11 p. c., Oak-red, Quercin, resin, pectin. 148 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Tannin (Querci-tannic Acid).—Obtained by acetone or washed ether (+ 34, vol. water), and is not identical with gallo-tannic acid, as it gives olive-brown with ferric salts, pinkish-red with lime water, and is not convertible into gallic or pyrogallic acid; consists of two forms, one soluble in water (C,,H,,O,,), the other difficultly soluble (C,,H,,O,,). It is yellowish-brown, amorphous, precipitates with lead acetate, gela- tin, albumin, tartar emetic, alkaloids. The young bark contains most, and although it yields sugar with dilute sulphuric acid, some claim it not to be a glucoside. Oak-red, C,,H,,O,,.—Obtained by heating, under pressure querci- (querco-) tannic acid, thereby removing H,O; it is reddish-brown. Quercin.— Bitter principle, obtained by boiling bark in acidulated (H,SO,) water, adding milk of lime to neutralize, filter, add solution potassium carbonate, dissolve precipitate in alcohol, evaporate when yellow needles slowly form. Some say this is only quercit (oak sugar), C,H,,0,. PREPARATIONS.—(Unoff.) Decoction, 5 “p. c. Dose, 5ss—1 (15- 30 Ce.). Fluid Extract. Dose, Mxv—60 (1-4 Ce.). Extract. Dose, - gr. 38-10 (.2-.6 Gm.). Poultice. Fic. 84. PROPERTIES.— Astringent, tonic, heemostatic. Usrs.—Similar to tannin, anciently for dysentery, hemoptysis, uterine hemorrhages (by bark _pessaries) ; crushed leaves for relaxed parts, now used especially for bronchial flux ; Quercus alba ; bark, cross-section, magni- bathe body with decoct ion for maras= ed 10 diam. p, cork ; m, outer bark ;,ipner mus, scrofula, intermittents, chronic ark ; sz, group 3 bb, a . a is n, long tudinal Are. diarrhoea, cholera infantum ; injection for leucorrhcea, gonorrhoea; wash in prolapsus ani, hemorrhoids, ulcers ; gargle for prolapsed uvula; poul- tice in gangrene; powder in tooth powders and washes. Persons working in tan vats are said never to have intermittents or phthisis. The wood is very durable, hence, good in shipbuilding, furniture, arts, wheelwrights, coopers, ete. Allied Plants : 1. Q. veluti’na (coccinea var. tincto’ria), Black (Scarlet) Oak Quercitron).—The (inner) bark official, 1820-1880. Trees 24-30 M. 80-100°) high, 1-1.2 M. (3-4°) thick, leaves oblong, lobed, 15— 20 Cm. (6-8’) long, mucronate ; fruit, acorns, 12-18 Mm. (4—3/ ) long, 12 Mm. (3’) thick, cupule thick, shallow ; bark resembles official, only reddish-brown, gives saliva brownish-yellow color. Contains tannin 6-12 p.c., quercitrin (red-brown coloring-matter, dyeing wool, silks, etc., yellow), C,,H.,,O,,, with dilute acids yields isodulcit, C,H,,O,, and yellow quercetin, C,,H,,O,,. In the South barks of Q. nigra and Q. digitata ( falcata), used for this, although these have a much coarser texture and a deep reddish-brown color. 2. Q. Ro’bur, Common European or English Oak.—Tall tree, 24- GALLA—NUTGALL. 149 FAGACEZ. 30 M. (80-100°) high, having three forms: (a) Q. pube'scens (old leaves hairy );'\(b) Q. peduneula’ ta (leaves smooth, pistillate flowers , and fruit on peduncles); (c) Q. sessiliflo’ra (leaves smooth, flowers and fruit sessile, petioles long). These have many varieties, all resembling official. 3. Q. digita'ta (falea’ta, L. Jaleatus, i. e., leaf-lobes scythe shape), Spanish or Red Spanish Oak.—Maryland, Florida. Tree 18-21 M. (60-70°) high, leaves grayish, 3-5-lobed, finger or scythe-shaped. Bark rich in tannin, wood reddish, coarse-grained ; used in tanning, sometimes called quercitron. 4. Q. maryla’ndica (ni’gra, ferrugi'nea), Black, Barren or Iron Oak (Black Jack).—Southern States. Tree 9-12 M. (30-40°) high, leaves cuneate, 3-5-lobed, rusty, pubescent beneath, shining above. Of little value. 5. Q. virginia’na (vi'rens, L. vireo, green, fresh, flourishing), Live Oak.—Maryland, Florida. Tree 12-18 M. (40-60°) high. Bark rich in tannin, wood fine-grained ; used in ship-building. 6. Q. su’ber, Cork Oak, Aleornoque (Savanna Bark).—Mediter- ranean Basin, S. United States. Small tree, 9-15 M. (80-50°) high, leaves toothed, ovate ; bark with an elastic suberous layer 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2’) thick, collected every eight to ten years, and constitutes our cork of commerce. When finely powdered, sold as suberin for absorbent purposes, which name is applied to one of its constituents (fat). There are about 80 species of Quercus, ranging from shrubs to trees, one-half of these grow in the United States, and can, with their acorns, be used similarly. Acorns are sometimes roasted = semen quercus tostum, and used for coffee ; contain fixed oil, starch, citric acid, uncrystallized and quercit sugars. GALLA. NUTGALL. | An excrescence on this plant caused by the punc- Quercus | tures (stings) and deposited ova of Cynips Galle lusitanica, Lamarck. [ tinctorie ; Olivier (Class Insecta, order Hymen- j optera). Habitat. Mediterranean Basin eastward, Greece, Persia, Asia Minor, Syria. Syn. Galls, Aleppo-, Turkey or Mecca Galls, Mad Apple, Dead Sea Apple, Apple of Sodom, Dyer’s Oak, Galla Halepense-, Turcica-, Levantica-, Tinctoria-, Quercina. Fr. Galle de Chéne, Noix de Galle. Ger. Gall, Gallipfel, Gallen. : Lu-si-tan/i-ca. L. of or belonging to Lusitania; ancient name of the countries bordering the Mediterranean, especially Portugal, Spain, where the tree is native and he: en to-day it flourishes best. ; ; a Gala. L. ten gall, fr. Eng. gallen, galled = chafed, as a horse, or from its gallish taste. Puant.—Shrub 1.3-2 M. (4-6°) high, seldom tree-like; leaves 5-7.5 Cm. (2-3’) long, obovate, shallow, roundly lobed ; flowers May, catkins; fruit acorn, 2.5-4 Cm. (1-14’) long, September. Differs from Q. alba in being a shrub, leaves less indented, acorns longer, cupules different shaped. Gatts, nearly globular, 2.5 Cm. (1’) thick, tuberculated above, smooth below, heavy, hard, olive-green or blackish- gray, often with circular hole near the middle, communicating with 150 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. central cavity, containing either the partly developed insect or pul- verulent remains left by it; nearly inodorous; taste strongly astrin- gent. On outside of cavity have stone cells, outside of this is paren- chyma containing the tannin. Light, spongy, and whitish-colored nutgalls should be rejected. Solvents: aleohol ; water. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.8-2 Gm.). Commercial—The tender bark of shoots and the leafy buds are easily stung and punctured by horny ovipositors of female hymenop- terous insects ; into these galled places they deposit one or more eggs, which set up irritation, thus disturbing circulation and causing sur- charged sap to ooze out, which, by evaporation, deposits the solid con- stituents ; this continued, finally evolves a full-grown gall. After the gall is fully developed, but succulent, the insect egg, acting as a centre, hatches, and the larva or grub begins to feed on the juices of surround- ing tissue ; soon, however, the gall becomes hard, cavity ceases to en- large, grub becomes full grown and passes into the pupa stage, then into 4-winged fly, 6 Mm. (}’) long, when it must either die or cut itself out with its mandibles, thus making a small, round opening mid- Fic. 85. Galla; a, entire; 6, vertical section. way the gall; if this is not done, the remains will be revealed upon cracking open the unpunctured gall. There are several varieties, named according to place of production, although color is the guide to quality: 1. Aleppo. Syrian. Bluish or blackish, usually collected before fly has escaped. 2. Smyrna. Grayish-olive, intermixed with white galls (least valuable, generally with large openings). 38. Sorian. Blackish, size of a pea. These three are exported from Trebizond, Smyrna, Bassorah, Calcutta, Bombay. 4. Huropean. Light colored, more spongy, contain much tannin, produced by different cynips. 5. American. (a) Q. alba, light, spongy, little tannin; (6) Q. virginiana (virens), Texas, resembles Aleppo, not tuberculated, contain tannin 40 p- ¢.; (¢) Q. lobata, California, 5 Cm. (2’) thick, orange-brown, glossy, soft, spongy inside, contain much tannin. ConsTITuENTS.—Tannin 50-60 p. c. (white galls 20-30 p. c.), Gallic acid 2-3 p. c., mucilage, sugar, resin; in the nucleus starch. Acidum Tannicum. Tannic Acid (Gallo-tannic Acid. Digal- lic Acid), HC,,H,O,, oficial—(Syn., Tannin; Fr. Acide Tannique ; Ger. Gerbsiiure.) Obtained by exhausting powdered nutgall with warm water, cool, agitate the filtrate with one-fourth volume of ether ; GALLA—NUTGALL. 151 FAGACER. , the emulsion in ten days separates, yielding an upper ethereal layer (containing coloring matter, fat, resin, gallic and ellagic acids), which is discarded, and a lower aqueous fluid, containing tannin, which is concentrated to a syrupy consistence and spread on tin or glass plates to dry ; occurs as a light-yellowish, amorphous powder, faint, charac- teristic odor, strong astringent taste, darkens by age; soluble in water, alcohol, glycerin, acetone, insoluble in absolute ether, chloro- form, benzene ; being a glucoside splits easily into glucose and digallic acid by.acids or ferments (pectase, etc.) ; is precipitated blue-black by ferric salts ; white with gelatin, blue with lime water ; aqueous solu- tion precipitates nearly all alkaloids, bitter principles, gelatin, albumin, starch, tartar emetic (distinction from gallic acid). Test: 2 Gm. + . boiling water 10 Cc., let cool, should get no turbidity on diluting 5 Ce. of the solution with 10 Cc. alcohol (abs. gum, dextrin), or with 10 Ce. water (abs. of resin). Dose, gr. 1-20 (.06-1.3 Gm.). Impurities: Gallic acid, glucose, dextrin, gum, resin, coloring matter. : Ineompatibles: Alkalies, alkaloids, emulsions, gelatin, ferric salts, mineral acids, salts of antimony, lead and silver. Acidum Gallicum. Gallic Acid, HC,H,O, + H,O, official (Syn., Trioxybenzoic acid, Dioxysalicylic acid; Fr. Acide gallique ; Ger. Gallussiure.) Obtained by exposing to the air a mixture of nut- gall and distilled water in a thin paste for a month, adding occasion- ally water to keep semifluid, express, reject liquid, boil residue with distilled water, filter hot through animal charcoal, set aside to crystal- lize; occurs in white or fawn-colored silky needles; odorless ; astringent, acidulous taste, permanent, soluble in 100 parts water, 5 alcohol, 40 ether, 12 glycerin. It is the hydride of tannic acid from which it is often prepared by boiling with dilute sulphuric or hydro- chloric acid, or potassa solution, HC,,H,O, + H,O = 2HC,H,O, or conversely 2HC,H,O, — H,O = HC,,H,O,. It differs from tannic acid in not precipitating alkaloids, bitter principles, gelatin, albumin, starch, tartar emetic. Tests: Aqueous solution colored red by potas- sium cyanide, precipitated blue-black by ferric salts, which color dis- appears on boiling, not affected by ferrous salts, or gelatin except in presence of gum. Dose, gr. 5-20 (.8-1.3 Gm.). Impurities: Tannic acid, sugar, dextrin, resin, minerals, Incompatibles: Ferric and metallic salts, spiritus etheris nitrosi. PrEPARATIONS.—I. NuteaLL. 1, Tinctura Galle. Tincture of Nutgall. (Syn., Tincture of Galls; Fr. Teinture de Noix de Galle ; Ger. Tinctura Gallarum, Gallapfeltinktur.) Manufacture: 20 p.c. Percolate 20 Gm. with glycerin 10 Ce., alco- hol 90, finishing with latter alone q.s. 100 Cc. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Ce.). 2. Unguentum Galle. . Nutgall Ointment. (Syn., Ointment of Galls ; Fr. Pommade de Noix de Galle ; Ger. Gallipfelsalbe.) Manufacture: 20 p.c. Nutgall 20 Gm., benzoinated lard, 80. Unoff. Preps.: Fluid Extract. Dose, Mv-30 (.38-2 Ce.). Infusion, 5 p.c. Dose, 5j-2 (30-60 Cc.). 152. ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. II. Tannic Acrp.—1l. Glyceritum Acidi Tannici. Glycerite of Tannic Acid. (Syn., Fr. Glycérole de Tannin, Glycérine Tannique ; Ger. Tannin-Glycerit (Glycerol).) Manufacture: 20 p.c. Tannic acid 20 Gm., glycerin 80. Heat together until dissolved. 2. Trochisci Acidi Tannici. Troches of Tannic Acid. (Syn., Fr. Tablettes (Pastilles) de Tannin ; Ger. Tanninpastillen.) Manufacture: Tannic acid 6 Gm., sugar 65, tragacanth 2, stronger orange flower water q. s. 100 troches. Dose, 1-3 troches. 3. Unguentum Acidi Tannici. Ointment of Tannic Acid. (Syn., Fr. Pommade de Tannin; Ger. Tanninsalbe.) Manufacture: 20 p.c. Tannic acid 20 Gm., benzoinated lard 80. 4. Collodium Stypticum. 20 p.ce. Externally. III. Gauuic Actp.—1. Pyrogallol. Pyrogallol, Pyrogallic Acid, C,H,(OH),. (Syn., Acidum Pyrogallicum; Fr. Acide pyrogallique ; Ger. Pyrogallolum, Pyrogallussiure.) Triatomic phenol, obtained by heating under pressure gallic acid (dried or in aqueous solution), HC,H,O, + heat = C,H,(OH), + CO,; yield 30-75 p. c.; occurs in light, white, shining lamine or fine needles ; odorless, bitter . taste, soluble in 1.7 parts water, 1 alcohol, 1.2 ether; oxidizes and darkens by age, hence should be kept in dark amber bottles. Properties.—I. Nuteau.: Astringent, tonic ; constringes muscu- lar tissue, thus checking secretions, hemorrhages, local inflammations, ete. II. Tannic Acip: Local astringent. Internally contracts. blood- vessels, restrains peristalsis (constipates), coagulates mucous secretions, prevents secretion of gastric and intestinal juices, precipitates pepsin, etc. ; it is converted into gallic acid in the intestines, and until this change is effected it can not become absorbed to act as a remote or systemic astringent, simply being able to control locally gastric and intestinal bleeding. Externally, astringent, coagulates blood, albumin and gelatin (tans tissues), is hemostatic, antiseptic, depressant, irritant ; the salts have no astringency. III. Gaxuic Acip: Remote astringent, but not to taste, nor to raw and bleeding surfaces ; internally controls systemic hemorrhage (con- tracts blood-vessels) and secretions such as of urine and sweat; does not constipate like tannic acid, and is eliminated by the kidneys un- changed. Uses.—I. NuteGauu: Chronic diarrhea, dysentery, gleet, leucor- rheea, antidote to tartar emetic and alkaloids (emetine, morphine, col- chicine, strychnine, etc.), constringes the stomach, thus delaying absorption, forming of the alkaloids insoluble tannates. In cases of poisoning give infusion freely. Locally infusion as gargle for relaxed mucous membrane of mouth, throat, vagina, rectum ; ointment with 5-10 p. ¢. opium, good in hemorrhoids after inflammatory stage. Chiefly used for obtaining tannic and gallic acids, for ink, dyeing, tanning. II. Tannic Act: Hemorrhages, diarrhcea, dyspepsia, cholera, re- GALLA—NUTGALL. 153 FAGACEE. ‘ laxed uvula, coryza, inflamed fauces, diphtheria, toothache, aphthea, excessive salivation, leucorrhea, chapped nipples,. gleet, gonorrhea, ulcers, piles, chilblains, chronic bronchitis, whooping-cough, phthisis, influenza, ozena, fissures, hemorrhoids, prolapsus ani and uteri, vesical catarrh, hemorrhage after extracting teeth, spongy gums (contracts vessels, checks absorption, hence loosening of teeth), obtunds sensitive dentine, either alone or combined with morphine and creosote, to toughen mucous membranes, skin around nipples, conjunctivitis, erectile tumors, ingrowing toenails; aqueous solutions (1 to 50) may be injected into urethra and bladder, but should never be used hypo- dermically. III. Gauiic Act: Menorrhagia, purpura, epistaxis, hemoptysis, hematemesis, hemorrhage of stomach, intestines, lungs, kidneys, night- sweats, polyuria, Bright’s disease, dyspepsia, pyrosis, alopecia. IV. Pyroca.ow : Psoriasis, syphilitic ulcers, lupus, epithelioma, parasiticide for ringworm. Must not be applied over great surface, as absorption may poison ; not used internally ; ointment 1-5—10 p.c. Allied’ Products : / 1. Chinese Nutgalls (Rhus semiala'ta) by sting of A'phis sine’nsis. —Galls 4-5 Cm. (14-2’) long, ovate, irregular, tuberculate, grayish- downy, hollow ; shell thin, fragile, containing many insect-remains. Fic. 86. Chinese Nutgalls. 2. Japanese Nutgalls (R. semiala/ta or R. japo'nica) resemble Chinese,—The tannic acid of these differs from that of official galls. 3. Vallonea, Acorn Cups of many Quercus species (Q. Robur, Q. Vallo'nea, Q. Aigil! ops), 2.5 Cm. (1’) in diameter, with thick, spread- ing scales, strongly astringent taste, largely used in tanning. 4. Tamarisk Galls (Ta'marix articula’ta (orienta’ lis), T. africana, T. ga’ llica).—Asia, Africa, 3-12 Mm. ($-}’) thick, subglobular, knotty, contain 40-50 p. c. tannin. sity 5. American Nutgalls (Q. alba, Q. virgimana (virens), Q. lobata), first poor in tannin ; second (Texas) like Aleppo, but not tuberculate, 40 p. c. tannin ; third (California), 5 Cm. (2’) thick, glossy, orange- _ brown, rich in tannin. 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ULMACEZ. Elm Family. Ul-ma/se-e. Ulm-us + acee, fr. Saxon elm or ulm, its original name in all Celtic dialects. Trees, shrubs. Distinguished by leaves alternate, serrate, stipulate ; sap not milky ; flowers small, 3-9-parted or sepals; petals none, stamens 3-9; ovary 1-celled, superior ; fruit 1-seeded, samara, drupe or nut; universal; demulcent, nutritive, as- tringent, tonic, timber. Genus: 1. Ulmus. ULMUS. ELM (Siiprery Ex). Ulnus . . fulva, Michaun. |The inner bark. Habitat. -N. America, New England, 8. Carolina, west to Louisiana, Nebraska. Syn. Moose, Red, Indian, Sweet or American Elm; British Tea (the leaves), Cortex Ulmi Interior. Fr. Ecorce d’Orme (fauve). Ger. Ulmen rinde, Riisterrinde. UlVmus. L. see etymology, above, of Ulmacez. Ful’va. L. fulvus, deep-yellow, tawny ; 7. ¢., the color of the liber bark. PLant.—Large tree, 15-18 M. (50-60°) high, .3-.6 M. (1-2°) thick ; bark and wood reddish-brown, branches rough, whitish ; leaves large, 10-20 Cm. (4—-8’) long, 5-7.5 Cm. (2-3’) broad, oblong, acumi- nate, unequal at subcordate base, unequally serrate, pubescent ; rough on both sides, petiolate, buds covered with dense russet down ; flowers April, small, appearing before leaves, sessile, in clusters, calyx downy, corolla wanting ; fruit samara, 12-18 Mm. (3—3’) long, flat, broadly — oblong, entire, notched, 1-celled, wing yellow, silky with short fulvous hairs. INNER BARK, deprived of brown periderm, in flat pieces, vary- ing in length and width, 3 Mm. (4’) thick, tough, pale-brownish-white, inner surface finely ridged, fracture fibrous, mealy, transverse section delicately checkered ; odor slight, fenugreek-like, peculiar ; taste mu- cilaginous, insipid, powder light-fawn. Solvent: water. Dose, 5ij—4 (8-15 Gm.). : ADULTERATIONS.—With more brittle, less fibrous and mucilaginous barks ; the powdered drug with corn meal, flour, starches. Commercial.—This tree flourishes in open high places, firm dry soil ; it is distinguished from U. america’na, White Elm, by its rougher branches, leaves and buds, also by character of flowers and seeds. Bark should be collected in spring, deprived of epidermis and dried. For this, entire trees are felled in Michigan and other Western States, peeled and wood burnt or allowed to decay. ConsTITUENTS.—Mucilage, starch; European bark also contains tannin and bitter principle. Mucilage.—Resembles that of flaxseed ; is precipitated by lead ace- . tate, but alcohol separates from its solution a gelatinous liquid. PREPARATIONS.—1. Mucilago Ulmi. Mucilage of Elm. (Syn., Fr. Mucilage d’Kcorce d’Orme fauve ; Ger. Ulmenrinden-Schleim.) Manufacture: 6 p.c. Digest 6 Gm, in water q. s. 100 Ce. for one hour, on water-bath, strain; always make fresh. Dose, ad libitum. FICUS—FIG. 157 MORACES. Unoff. Preps.: Poultice. Uterine tents, etc. PRopPERTIES.—Demulcent, emollient, nutritive. Uses.—Dysentery, diarrhoea, diseases of urinary passages, bronchitis. Externally : finely ground or powdered bark mixed with hot water into pasty mass and used as a poultice for inflammations, boils, etc. ; in shape of tents to dilate fistule, strictures, os uteri, also in form of vaginal and rectal suppositories. Allied Plants : 1. U. campe’stris—Kurope. Bark thinner than official, cinnamon color, mucilaginous, bitterish, astringent. U. effu/sa, Black Elm, bark very similar. U. america’na. New England, chiefly shade tree. U. ala'ta, Wahoo. S. United States. Bark used in making ropes. 22. MORACEZ. Mulberry Family. Mo-ra’se-e. L. Mor-us + acer, fr. Celtic mor, black, alluding to the fruit’s color. Trees, shrubs, herbs. Distinguished by leaves alternate or opposite, stipulate; sap milky; flowers monecious or dicecious ; calyx 4—5-parted, petals none, staminate panicled, pistillate capitate, cymose ; ovary superior, 1-celled, ovule solitary ; fruit vari- ous; universal ; narcotic, sedative, tonic, astringent, fibres. Genera: 1. Ficus. 2. Humulus. 3. Cannabis. FICUS. FIG. Ficus The fleshy receptacle, bearing fruit upon its inner sur- Carica, Linné. [ face. Habitat. W. Asia; cultivated in sub- tropics, Italy, France, California. Syn. Ficus Passa, Fici, Fructus Ca- rice. Fr. Figues. Ger. Carice, Feigen. Fi’cus. L. fr. Celtic jigueren, Teu- tonic fiege, Saxon fic, Eng. fig, Gr. ove), Car’i-ca. L. name used by the ‘Latins for dried fig, fr. Curia, in Asia Minor ; 7. ¢., the habitat. PuLant.—Small tree 4.5—7.5 M. (15-25°) high, 10-20 Cm. (4-8’) thick, trunk divided into many spreading branches ; bark reddish or gray ; leaves 10-12.5 Cm. (4-5’) long, 3-5-palmately bluntly lobed, dentate, deep- green, downy beneath; flowers staminate and pistillate, in the hollow, thick, fleshy-walled re- ceptacle, which becomes the fruit. Frurr, compressed or irregular Ficus Catica; g, vertioal section, of fault 0, stam- shaped, fleshy, brownish-yellow, bo ob ee covered with effloresced sugar ; sweet, fruity odor ; sweet, mucilaginous. Fic. 87. 158 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. taste, pear-shaped when softened in water, 5-7.5 Cm. (2-3’) long, scar or short stalk at base, small, scaly orifice at apex ; inside hollow and covered with many yellow, hard achenes. Dose, ad libitum. Commercial. igs may dry on trees, but are usually gathered and dried by the sun, sometimes in ovens, packed with pressure into drums or boxes, under the name of natural figs ; others are kneaded, squeezed, pulled so as to be pliant, then packed under the name of . pulled figs. The largest and best are Smyrna, Turkey or Eleme figs ; the smaller and less pulpy are Greek figs. : ConsTITUENTS.—Grape sugar 62 p. c., gum, fat, salts, achenes and cellular tissue 15 p. c., water Fic. 88. 16 p.c. PREPARATION.—1. Con- fectio Senne, 12 p.c. Dose, | 5j-2 (4-8 Gm.). PROPERTIES.— Nutri- tious, demulcent, laxative, dietetic. UsEs.—Habitual consti- pation, eaten asadiet. The indigestible seeds and skin act mechanically to set up Ficus Carica ; a, vertical section of common receptacle ; b, intestinal irritation, hence ripened fruit,; c, staminate flower ; d, pistillate flower. purgation, diarrhea, pains, flatulency. May roast or boil, split open and apply as a suppurative poultice to gum-boils, ab- scesses of anus and vulva, cancerous fetor, ete. Allied Plants : : 1. Mo’rus ru'bra, Red Mulberry.—N. America. Fruit in dense spikes with coalesced perianths, 2.5 Cm. (1’) long, dark-purple, fleshy. Con- tains sugar 10 p. c., pectin, citrates, malates ; refrigerant, flavoring. 2. Dorste’nia Contraye'rva, Contrayerva.—tThe root official, 1820- 1860. W. Indies, C. and 8S. America. Acaulescent perennial ; leaves - lobed, radical, 10 Cm. (4) long ; flowers staminate and pistillate, fruit capsule, disperses seeds by hygroscopism ; root (rhizome) fusiform, 1-2-headed, 5—7.5 Cm. (2-3’) long, 12 Mm. (3) thick, reddish ; taste acrid, bitter. Contains volatile oil, resin, bitter principle, starch. Used as stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, for low fevers, typhoid, diarrhea, dys- entery, serpent bites ; in decoction, tincture. Dose, gr. 30 (2 Gm.). HUMULUS. HOPS. Humulus — : Lupulas, Dead } The strobiles. Habitat. N. Temperate Zone, in hedges, thickets; cultivated in N. America (New Eng., N. Y., Mich.), Europe (England, Germany), C. Asia, Brazil, Australia. Syn. ‘Br. Lupulus, Strobili (Humuli) Lupuli, Hop. Fr. Houblon. Ger. Hopfen. Hu/mu-lus. L. humus, the ground ; i. ¢., the plant creeps on the ground unless supported. HUMULUS—HOPS. 159 MORACEZ. Pee Be lag a wolf; i. @,; it is wolfish, because it strangles the Hops, OE. hoppen, to climb; i. ¢., plant leaps or hops from one place or support to another. : PLant.—Perennial, herbaceous twiner ; root large, thick, branched ; stems several, 6 M. (20°) long, striated, angular, rough, flexible, en- twining left to right; leaves 7.5-10 Cm. (3- Fig. 89. 4’) long, cordate, 3-5- palmate-lobed, petiolate, scabrous with minute prickles, stipulate, dark- green; flowers July—Au- gust, dicecious, axillary, the staminate yellowish- white racemes, pistillate densely leafy, pale-green, cone-like spikes, which produce the fruit (stro- bile). StROBILEs, ovate, 3 Cm. (1}’) long, con- sisting of a thin, hairy, undulated axis and many obliquely ovate membra- nous greenish scales, up- per ‘portion reticulately veined, toward the base parallel-veined, glandu- lar, and surrounding a small subglobular achene, which is likewise covered with numerous yellow, shining glands (lupulin) b 2: in which most of the «, scpal; a prac; c embryo; f lupaline plead Gugiiey drug’s strength resides ; odor aromatic ; taste bitter, aromatic, astringent. Should not be used after a year old. Solvents: diluted alcohol; boiling water. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.). : Commercial.—Hops ripen in Sept., when they are picked, dried carefully by fire in kilns, packed in hempen bales or bags and sent into market. If of good color and aroma, are usually sold in bulk for brewing and the retail drug trade, while those of off-color (brown by age and exposure) and of rankish odor (valerianic acid), hence inferior, are tightly compressed into varying-size rectangular cakes; or they may be bleached by sulphur dioxide, thus retarding oxidation, and then bartered loosely, but when thus treated must be aired for a month at least before being used in medicine or beer. Manufacturers of the beverages will not knowingly make use of such, but this seems to be without valid reason. 160 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. ConsTITUENTS.— Volatile oil 0.8 p. ¢., resin 9-18 p. ¢., asparagin, choline, tannin, C,,H,,O,,, 4 p.¢., ash 7-10 p. c. (=K, Ca, Si, H,PO,). PREPARATIONS.—1. Zinetura Humuli. Tincture of Hops. (Syn., Br. Tinctura Lupuli; Fr. Teinture de Houblon ; Ger. Hopfentinktur.) Manufacture: 20 p. c. Macerate, percolate 20 Gm. with diluted alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Gm.). Unof. Preps. : Extract. Dose, gr. 3-10 (.2-.6 Gm.). Fluid Ex- tract. Dose, Mxv—60 (1-4 Ce.). Infusion, 5 p. ec. Dose, j-4 (80- 120 Ce.). Poultice. PROPERTIES.—Tonic, sedative, anodyne, hypnotic. Somewhat dia- phoretic, astringent, anaphrodisiac, diuretic, stomachic, carminative. Increases heart action, skin circulation ; after slight cerebral excite- ment have calm, soporific effect. Tonic is due to bitter principle— lupamaric (lupulinic) acid; stimulant then sedative, due to volatile oil. Aromatic and bitter virtues reside mostly in the glands (lupulin). Usrs.—Dyspepsia, delirium tremens, priapism, seminal emissions, incontinence of urine, irritable bladder. Externally in rheumatism, abscesses, spasms, colic, toothache, bruises; for these use poultice made by moistening hops with hot water, vinegar, alcohol or laudanum, enclosing in porous cloth and applying while hot to painful part. Tincture with tincture of capsicum good in a debauch as a substitute for alcoholic drinks. Allied Plant: 1. Urti’ca dioi'ca, Nettle (Stinging Nettle), Urticaceee.—N. America, Europe. Plant .6-1 M. (2-3°) high, very bristly, stinging, leaves ovate, heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, downy beneath, upper stem downy, spike much branched. Tonic, astringent, uterine hemorrhage. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). LUPULINUM. LUPULIN. erate \ The glandular powder separated from the strobiles. Lupulus, Linné. Syn. . Lupulina, Lupulinic Glands. Fr. Lupuline, Lupulite. Ger. Glandule Lupuli, Lupulin, Hopfenmehl. . Lupulin consists of minute granules; in mass bright-brownish- - yellow, becoming yellowish-brown and resinous ; granules inflammable, under microscope subglobular or hood-shaped, reticulate; odor aro- matic ; taste bitter. Tests: 1. When agitated with water should give no sediment upon standing (sand, etc.). 2. When ignited, residual ash should not be more than 10 p. ec. 3. Ether should dissolve 70 p- ¢., and this solution when evaporated should leave soft extract of hop odor. Solvents: alcohol ; ether ; boiling water. Dose, gr. 5-15 (.8-1 Gm.). Commercial.Lupulin is separated by handling or thrashing dried strobiles or by picking off scales, then shaking and rubbing glands through a fine sieve. This powder is washed in water, to get rid of sand, ete., which always settles to the bottom, then well dried and pre- served in bottles. Hops yield of these glands 8-16 p. c. CANNABIS INDICA—INDIAN CANNABIS. 161 MORACEZ. Const1ruENts.—Choline (formerly lupuline), Volatile oil 3 p. c. Lupamaric acid, C,,H,,O,, resin, wax (myricin), ash 5 p. c. Choline.—This 1s possibly from the decomposition of lecithin, and on boiling yields trimethylamine ; it is a volatile, liquid alkaloid, having conine-like odor, alkaline, not bitter. _ Volatile Oil—Obtained by distillation ; consists of a lighter por- tion, C,,H,,, and a heavier portion, valerol, C,H,,O, from which latter by gradual oxidation valerianic acid is obtained. . Lupamaric Acid.—Obtained by treating ethereal extract with alcohol (leaving wax behind), evaporating ; dissolve residue in ether, shake solution with potassa solution (removing resin). Shaking with water dissolves potas- Fre. 90. sium lupamarate, which is precipitated by cop- per sulphate and the precipitate decomposed by hydrogen sulphide yields the acid in bitter white crystals, turning yellow and resinous by age; red with nitric acid, changing to yellow i‘ on dilution or with alkalies, soluble in alco- Lupulin (fresh). hol, ether, chloroform. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Lupulini Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Lupulin. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Lupuline; Ger. Fliissiges Lupulin-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mv—30 (.3-2 Ce.). 2 2. Oleoresina Iupulini. Oleoresin of Lupulin. (Syn., Oleoresina Lupuline, Extractum Lupulini ‘&thereum ; Fr. Oléorésine de Lupu- line ; Ger. AXtherisches Lupulinextrakt.) Manufacture: Percolate 100 Gm. with ether until exhausted, re- cover ether; yield 50-70 p.c. Dose, gr. 2-5 (.13-.3 Gm.). Unoff. Preps.: Tincture, 12 p. c. (aleohol). Dose, 3ss—2 (2-8 Cc.). © Ammoniated Tincture, 10 p. c. (ar. spts. ammonia). Dose, 3ss—1 (2-4 Ce.). Extract. Dose, gr. 5-10 (.8-.6 Gm.). Pills. The pills are best made into mass with a little ether, or by simply rubbing briskly with spatula, thus generating sufficient heat to cause cohesion. PROPERTIES.—Stimulant, tonic, anodyne. About the same as hops, but stronger, consequently is, as a rule, preferable and more reliable. Uses.—About the same as hops. CANNABIS INDICA. INDIAN CANNABIS (Inpray Hemp). Cannabis The flowering tops of the female plant, grown in East sativa, Linné. Indies. Habitat. Asia, Persia, hills ef oy . India ; oultivated in India, Europe, C. and 8. i i .and 8. United States. ae rae Wallan Hemp, Bangue, Hashish, Halish, Gallow Grass, Hemp or Nick Weed, Bang, Bhang, Gunjah, Churrus, Charas, Ganja (dried flowers). Fr. Chanvre (Indien). Ger. Hanf, Indischer Hanf. : : f Can’na-bis. L. Gr. «évvefic, hemp, fr. ganeh, its Arabicname. Celtic can, reed, + ab, small; i. ¢., its slender stems. : 11 162 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Sa-ti’va. L. sativus, that which is sown or planted; i. ¢, in the gardens and fields for use. en ; : In’di-ca. L. Indicus. Gr. Ivdixéc, pertaining to India ; 4. e., its habitat. Priant.—Annual herb ; stem 1-3 M. (3-10°) high, angular, tomen- tose ; leaves palmate-compound; leaflets 5-7, linear, lanceolate, serrate ; flowers dicecious, yellow. Tops, 5 Cm. (2’) long, compressed, brittle, with leaves, leaflets and bracts, each containing two small pistillate flowers, sometimes with the nearly ripe fruit, the whole more or less agglutinated with resinous exudation, color brownish-green ; odor peculiar, narcotic ; taste acrid. Solvent: alcohol. Dose, gr. 2-5 (.138—.3 Gm.). ~ Cr ancmiahmattie was known to the Romans, but not to the Egyp- tians. At present most of the tops are grown in the two districts, Bogra and Rajshabi, north of Calcutta, being known and called natively by the Hindustani names gunjah or ganja, and in London as guaza. Those plants richest in resin grow at an altitude of 1,800-2,400 M. (6,000 to 8,000°). The collection consists in cutting down plants, after flowering, and forming these into bundles .6-1.3 M. (2— 4°) long, 7.5-10 Cm. (3-4’) thick. Genu- ine guyjah either enters market as such or the flowering tops are simply cut off and marketed, when it constitutes our official drug. ConsTITUENTS.—Cannabin 15-20 p. c., cannabine, cannabinine (choline or _bili- neurine), cannabinon (balsamic resin, dark- brown sticky mass), cannabinol (cannabin-. don, dark-cherry-red syrup), volatile oil, C,,H,,, gum, sugar, potassium nitrate. Canuabis sativa. Cannabin.— This resin constituent (resinoid), in which the medical virtue is supposed to reside, is obtained by treating the drug with water and a solution of sodium carbonate; wash residue with water, dry, exhaust with alcohol, treat tincture with milk of lime, precipitate lime with sulphuric acid, add animal charcoal to filtrate, filter, concentrate and precipitate with water. It is a brown, amorphous resin, burning without ash, soluble in absolute alcohol, from which it is precipitated white by water. Cannabine.— Alkaloid, and its tannate, bitter yellowish powders ; hypnotic. Dose, gr. 1-5 (.06-.3 Gm.). Cannabinine, C,H,,NO,.— Alkaloid, varnish-like mass or yellowish- brown syrupy liquid, odor of nicotine, soluble in ether, alcohol, sparingly in water ; with alkalies get trimethylamine (Siebold’s canna- binine). PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Cannabis Indice. Extract of Indian Cannabis. (Syn., Fr. Extrait de Chanvre Indien; Ger. Indischer Hanf-Extrakt.) CANNABIS INDICA—INDIAN CANNABIS. 163 MORACEZ. _ Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol q. s. Dose, gr. 4-1 (.01-.06 Gm.). 2. Extractum Cannabis Indice Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Indian Cannabis. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Chanvre Indien; Ger. Fliissiges Indischer Hanf-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mij—6 (.13-.3 Ce.). 3. Tinctura Cannabis Indice. Tincture of Indian Cannabis. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Chanvre Indien ; Ger. Indisch Hanftinktur.) Manufacture: 15 p.c. Macerate, percolate 15 Gm. with alcohol q. 8. 100 Ce. Dose, Mv-30 (.3-2 Ce.). These preparations give varying results, but usually their value can be recognized by the color of precipitate formed when added to water : if olive-green, it is active ; if yellowish-brown, itis inert ; thus, whatever there is that destroys chlorophyll injures the active principle. PROPERTIES.—Anodyne, nervine, sudorific, narcotic, aphrodisiac, in- creases appetite. It excels even belladonna in perverting perception, condition, and relation of objects; some become pugnacious, others have delightful intoxicating dreams, in which time, distance, and sound are magnified—a few minutes’ dream extends over weeks, near objects as in infinite space, whispering as cannonading. Large habitual doses bloat the face, inject eyes, make limbs tremulous, weak, mind imbecilic, death by marasmus ; lethal doses cause also unconsciousness, collapse, insensible, dilated pupils, pale, clammy, insensible skin, debility, feeble pulse, catalepsis. Effects last twenty-four hours, which closely resemble opium, but differ in not constipating, and in not lessening secretions ; increases appetite. Usrs.—Neuralgia, gout, delirium tremens, tetanus, convulsions, chorea, hysteria, mental depression, epilepsy, morphine and chloral habits, softening of the brain, nervous vomiting. Poisoning : Give emetics, lemon juice to neutralize, tannin, coffee, am- monia, strychnine, atropine, electricity ; similar as in chloral or opium. Incompatibles : Strychnine, caustic alkalies, acids. Synergists: Alcohol, ether, bromides, cocaine, narcotics. Allied Native Products: These are mostly used for smoking, beverages, or electuaries, etc. 1. Bhang (Sidhee, Subjee, Siddhi)—Consists of coarsely broken leaves and fruit, dark-green, resembles gunjah in odor and taste. Used by natives in their sweet-meat (majoon), also smoked with or without tobacco ; it cold infusion as an intoxicant. 2. Churrus or Charas.—This is the resin which exudes spontane- ously from the entire plant, in minute drops. It is collected in several different ways: 1. By men wearing leather suits brushing forcibly against growing plants, when resin. adheres and is afterward scraped off. 2. By rubbing green portions between the hands and then scraping off adhering resin. 3. By frequent stirring around that put away in barns to cure, the resin is caused to rise in the form of dust, and to deposit upon the roof and sides of the building, from which it can 164 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. afterwards be collected. Owing to this being more or less impure it is not used in medicine, but solely smoked in pipes. 3. Hashish (Hasish, Haschisch, Hasash)—The Arabic name for hemp ; this is very similar to gwnjah, consisting of the dried tops, col- lected before seeds ripen. It is often formed into cakes with the resinous extract, and as such is preferred by the Russians. 4. Hemp Seed (Cannabis Semen).—These are achenes 3 Mm. ($’) long, roundish, smooth, greenish, taste sweet, oily. Used for birds chiefly ; contain fixed oil 25 p. c., suitable for painting, varnishing, etc. Hemp Fibre——Used for cordage, sacking, sail cloths, clothing, etc. The colder climates produce the best fibres, and the tropics grow that which is most medicinal and intoxicating. Russia produces most of the hemp fibre, but Italy the best ; that grown in the United States and India is inferior to that of the other two countries. Allied Plant: 1. C. america’na (C. sati’va), American Hemp.—The flowering tops or whole flowering plant, official, 1870-1890. S. United States. Plant same as official, has escaped cultivation from native country, and has slight variations due to this climate, etc. ; properties are weaker, owing to our colder temperature over Hindustan. 23. SANTALACEZ. Sandalwood Family. San-ta-la’se-e. LL. Santal-wm + acee. Pers. name sandul, useful, or fr. L. sandal, Gr. odytaiov, the classic name for Skt. chandana— chand, shine. L. candere, to shine; 7. e., polished woody surface shines. Herbs, shrubs, trees. Distinguished by leaves entire, ex- stipulate ; calyx 3-6-lobed, coherent with 1-celled ovary, superior, valvate ; flowers perfect, greenish, petals none, stamens 3-9, ovules 1-4, suspended; fruit 1-seeded, drupe or nut; temperate climates, tropics ; astringent, seed oily, fruit edible. Genus: 1. Santalum. SANTALUM ALBUM. WHITE SANDAL. Oleum Santali. Oil of Santal. (Oil of Sandal Wood), official. apt Linas \A volatile oil,- distilled from the wood. Habitat. §. India, E. Indian Islands, Malabar, Macassar (mountains) ; cultivated. Syn. White Sandal Wood (young wood), White Saunders, Saunders, Almug, Yellow Sandal (old wood), Oleum Ligni Santali, Oleum Santali Flavi. Fr. Essence de Santal, Santal Citrin (huile volatile). Ger. Santelél, Sandelél. San/ta-lum. L. see etymology, above, of Santalacez. ; Album. L. albus, white or light; i. e., the color of the sapwood. Priant.—Small tree 6-9 M. (20-30°) high, bark grayish-brown ; leaves oval, smooth, glaucous beneath; flowers small, numerous, cymes ; odorless, color variable, violet-pink, red, yellow. Wood, yellow inside (heartwood), white outside (sapwood). The heartwood should only be used, which natively is obtained by felling trees of SANTALUM ALBUM—WHITE SANDAL. 165 ARISTOLOCHIACEZ. 3 M. (12’) diameter, and allowing these trunks to remain on the ground until sapwood is eaten away by ants, thereby becoming 10-20 Cm. (4-8’) thick. This, when rubbed, rasped, or heated, gives pleasant roseate odor. ConsTITUENTS.—V olatile oil 2-5 p. ¢., resin, tannin. Oleum Santali. Oil of Santal—A pale-yellowish, thickish liquid, peculiar, strong aromatic odor, pungent spicy taste, sp. gr. 0.975 ; sol- uble in alcohol. Contains santalal, C,,H,,O, and santalol, C,,H,,O, both of which are decomposed by distilling over P,O,; the former giving C,,H,,, the latter santalene, C,,H,,. Tests: 1. It turns polar- ized light left (distinction from Australian (sp. gr. 0.953), and W. Indian sandal-wood oil (sp. gr. 0.965), both of which are dextro- gyre). 2, If to 1 Ce. oil we add 10 Ce. of alcohol 75 p. c., should get a clear solution (abs. cedar-wood oil, castor oil and other fatty oils). Dose, Mv—20 (.3-1.5 Ce.). ADULTERATIONS.—Castor oil, other fixed oils, volatile oil of copaiba and of cedar-wood, made from lead-pencil chips by distillation, etc. While that distilled in India and Germany is a good article, that made in England is considered the best and purest, hence is more expensive. PREPARATIONS.—(Unoff.) Woop: Fluid Extract. Dose, 35ss—2 (2-8 Ce.). Om: Emulsion. Wafers. Pills. Capsules. Massa. PrRopERtTiEes.—Astringent, stimulant, diuretic, disinfectant, ex- pectorant. Excreted by bronchial and genito-urinary mucous mem- branes, stimulating and disinfecting secretions of both. UseEs.—Bronchitis, gonorrhea, chronic and subacute inflammations of mucous membranes, cystitis, pyelitis, chronic diarrhea. Very much like copaiba and cubeb in action, and should be continued some time after discharges have ceased. Extensively used in perfumery. The wood is used natively for fevers, indigestion, palpitation, inflam- mations, skin diseases ; also as incense in Chinese temples, and by cabinet makers for caskets, jewel boxes, and as a perfume ; have three varieties: 1. Malabar, 2. Macassar, 3. W. Indian. Allied Plants: 1. S. Freycinetia’num and 8. pyrula’rium of the Sandwich Islands. S. Ya'si of the Feejee Islands. C. austro-caledo'nicum of New Cale- donia. All three furnish oil of good quality. 2. Venezuela Sandalwood.—Rutacee. This supplies the market with W. Indian sandal-wood oil. 24. ARISTOLOCHIACEZ. Birthwort Family. Ar-is-to-lo-ki-a’se-e. L. Aristolochi-a + acee, fr. Gr. docotoc, best, + Roysta, child-birth—once thought to ease labor. Low herbs or climbing shrubs. Distinguished by abounding in bitter principles and volatile oils; flowers perfect, dull-colored ; calyx conspicuous, lurid, tubular, coherent with 6-celled ovary, forming a many-seeded, 6-celled capsule or berry fruit ; petals none ; stamens 6-12, epigynous ; leaves cordate, entire, petioled ; temperate climates ; tonic, stimulant, acrid, cures snake bites. 166 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Genus: 1. Aristolochia. - SERPENTARIA. SERPENTARIA (VircintA SNAKEROOT). . ., { Serpentaria, Linné. . Aristolochia 4 vet culata, Nuttall. } The rhizome and roots. Habitat. United States, in hilly woods: 1. In Middle, Southern, and Western States east of Mississippi River. 2. S. W. States, Louisiana to Texas, called Red River or Texas Snakeroot. Syn. Snakeroot or Snakeweed, Snagrel, Sangrel, Sangree Root, Pelican Flower, Birthwort, Thick Birthwort. Br. Serpentarie Rhizoma (radix), Serpentary Rhi- zome. Fr, Couleuvrée de Virginie, Serpentaire (Vipérine) de Virginie. Ger. Vir- ginische Schlangenwurzel. Ar-is-to-lo’chi-a. L. see etymology, page 165, of Aristolochiacez. Ser-pen-ta/ri-a. L. serpen(t)s, serpent; z. ¢., having serpent-curing powers. Re-tic-u-la’ta. L. reticulatus, fr. rete, a net; 7. ¢., leaves strongly netted. Virginia Snakeroot. Root from Virginia, good against snake bites. Puanrs.—Perennial herbs ; stems sometimes several, slender, erect, zigzag, jointed, .8 M. (1°) high, purple below; leaves cordate, ovate, 5—7.5 Cm. (2-3’) long, pale-green, Fic. 92. entire ; flowers June-July, few, purple, due to the calyx, which is tubular, in- flated at both ends and bent like letter S; corolla absent. .A. Serpentaria has leaves petiolate, pointed, thin, pubescent. A. reticulata has leaves subsessile, obtuse, thickish, reticulate, hairy. Rutzom®, 2.5 Cm. (1’) long, 3 Mm. (4’) thick, hori- zontal, thin, bent, upper side with ap- proximate short-stem bases; on lower many thin branching roots, 10 Cm. (4’) long, dull-yellowish-brown, internally whitish, wood-wedges longest on under “side; odor aromatic, camphoraceous ; taste warm, bitterish, camphoraceous. The roots of A. reticulata are coarser, longer, less interlaced than A. Serpentaria. Solvents: alcohol ; diluted alcohol ; boil- ing water. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.8-2 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS. — Spigelia marylan- dica; not aromatic, not bitter, has no projecting stem-remnants, has in the wood indistinct medullary rays. Hydrastis canadensis ; yellow internally, no odor, upright growth. Aristolochia Serpentaria var. hasta’ta. S.Ca., La.; leaves auri- culate, stems smaller, more slender and Aristolochia Serpentaria. simple. Cypripedium hirsutum (pubescens) and C. parviflorum ; scars circular, roots coarse. Polemo’nium re'ptans and Panax quinquefolium, Ginseng ; the former resembles closely serpentaria, but is nearly white. SERPENTARIA—SERPENTARIA, 167 ARISTOLOCHIACEZ. ConstitvEnts.— Volatile oil 4-1 p.c., Aristolochine, resin, tannin starch, sugar, mucilage, albumin, ash 11 p.¢. Volatile Oil. Obtained by distilling with water ; contains a terpene (probably pinene), C,,H,,, also borneol ester, C,,H,,O, 60 p. ¢., and a green or bluish-green fraction. Aristolochine, C,,H,,NO,,.—Obtained by precipitating decoction with lead acetate, exhausting precipitate with hot alcohol, evaporating, dissolving bitter principle (alkaloid) by shaking with water ; it is yel- low, amorphous or in needles; soluble in water, alcohol, ether, pre- cipitated by tannin. : ; PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Serpentarie Fluidum. Fluid Ex- tract of Serpentaria. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Serpentaire ; Ger. Flissiges Schlangenwurz(el)-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol 80 p. ©, q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Myv-80 (.3-2 Ce.). Fic. 93. Rhizome ; transverse section. Serpentaria ; rhizome with roots, 2. Tinctura Serpentarie. Tincture of Serpentaria. (Syn., Tinc- ture of Virginia Snakeroot ; Fr. Teinture de Serpentaire ; Ger. Schlan- genwurzeltinktur.) Manufacture: 10 p.c. Macerate, percolate 10 Gm. with alcohol 65 p. ¢., gq. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Ce.).. 3. Tinetura Cinchone Composita,2 p.c. Dose, 3j-2 (4-8 Cc.). Unoff. Prep.: Infusion, 5 p.c. Dose, 5j-2 (80-60 Ce.). PROPERTIES.—Stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, aphrodisiac, antiperiodic ; like calumba promotes appetite, digestion, in- creases bronchial and intestinal secretions, heart action, mental exhila- ration. Large doses are irritant, causing vomiting, vertigo, colic, purging, tenesmus. Usrs.—As a stimulating expectorant in typhoid pneumonia, exan- thematous diseases, intermittents, dyspepsia, typhoid pneumonia, diph- theria. Fluid extract good locally against poison-oak rash, Allied Plant: 168 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 1. A’sarum canade'nse, Wild Ginger —The root (rhizome) official, 1820-1880. North America. Small plant with dividing stem ; leaves 2, reniform ; flowers brownish-purple, wooly ; fruit capsule, 6-celled ; rhizome 10 Cm. (4’) long, 3 Mm. (4’) thick, square or two edged, brownish, aromatic, pungent, bitterish. Contains volatile oil 1.5—-3.5 p- ¢., resin, asarin. Used as stimulant, carminative, tonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, for whooping-cough, colic, febrile affections; in infusion, tincture, syrup. Dose, gr. 30 (2 Gm.). 25. POLYGONACEZ. Buckwheat Family. Pol-i-go-na’se-e. L. Poligon-wm-+acee, fr. Gr. zodvc, many, + 76%, knee, joint, from stem’s numerous joints. Herbs or shrubs. Distin- guished by acrid, astringent, purgative properties, stems composed of many swollen joints, with ocreate stipules above each ; flowers perfect, on jointed pedicels; calyx 3-6, greenish or petaloid, inferior ; ovary 1-celled, superior, styles and stigmas 2-3 ; stamens 6-9; fruit 3-ang- led, seed solitary ; temperate climates ; astringent, purgative ; contain oxalic acid and oxalates. Genera: 1. Rheum. 2. Rumex. RHEUM. RHUBARB. Rheum 7 officinale, Baillon. \ The root. Habitat. W. and C. China, Thibet, Chinese Tartary. Syn. Turkey or China Rhubarb. Br. Rhei Radix. Fr. Rhabarbarum, Rhubarbe. Ger. Radix Rhei, Rhabarberwurzel. ; Rhe’um. L. Rha, the river Volga, upon whose banks it grows and was first found, fr. Gr. pjov, peiv, to flow; & e., it causes purgation. Of-fi-ci-na/le. L. officina, workshop ; opus, work, + facere, to do; % e., used in or belonging to the shop or store. Rhubarb, contraction of rheubarbarum—rheum + barbarum; i.e, barbarian plant from the Rha (Volga), whence name rha Ponticum—Pontic-rha, R. rhaponticum, fr. Pontic or Euxine Sea. PLANnT.—Large, compact, perennial herb, resembling our garden rhubarb, only larger ; stem after a few years, 10-15 Cm. (4-67) thick, persistent through winters, many branches, 25-37.5 Cm. (10-15’) long, 7.5-15 Cm. (3-6’) thick, dark-brown coat from withered ocreas and leaf bases, inside fleshy, semi-pulpy, juice yellow; leaves very large, petioles .38-.5 M. (12-18’) long, 2.5-4 Cm. (1-13’) thick, blade .6-1.3 M. (2-4°) long and wide, palmately-veined, 5—7-lobed ; flower- ing branches (stems) 1.5-3 M. (5-10°) high, hollow, thick, green, smoothish ; flowers May—June, 6 Mm. (}/) long, in clusters of 7-10, catkin-like compound panicles, greenish-white ; fruit August, in small clusters, 12 Mm. (#’) long, 6 Mm. (}’) broad, triangular, crimson-red. Root, in cylindrical, conical or flattish segments, deprived of brown corky layer, smoothish or wrinkled, covered with yellowish powder, marked with white elongated meshes, containinga white spongy tissue and many reddish-yellow strize, compact, hard, fracture uneven ; inter- - RHEUM—RHUBARB. 169 POLYGONACEA. nally white, with many red, irregularly-curved and interrupted medul- lary rays, which are radially parallel only near the cambium line ; odor peculiar, aromatic; taste bitter, astringent, when chewed feels gritty and colors the saliva yellow. Pieces that are porous, or of a mucilagi- nous taste, or of a dark-brown interior should be rejected. Solvents : alcohol ; water. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.8-2 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—Irrespective of variety, rhubarb should be mode- rately heavy, compact, bright color, brittle, broken edges with fresh appearance, red and yellow veins intermingled with white, decidedly aromatic odor, bitter, astringent, slightly gritty, not mucilaginous, Rheum officinale ; n, pistils and stigmas ; d, nectar tubes. staining saliva yellow ; powder bright-yellow or reddish-brown. To this turmeric is sometimes added, and also rubbed over unsightly pieces—recognized by adding to gr. 5 (.3 Gm.) of suspected rhubarb a few drops of chloroform on white paper ; Chinese will slightly stain paper ; European or dark colored Chinese gives deep-yellow stain ; now add a few grains of borax + adrop of hydrochloric acid, when if pure rhubarb the stain will not be changed, if turmeric present get a distinct red. Commercial.—Rhubarb grows wild and is cultivated extensively in Chinese Empire. A number of species furnish the root, but chiefly R. 170 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. officinale and R. palmatum. In Tartary the root is dug in spring and autumn, in China during September—October, from plants 8-10 years old; the lateral offsets and outer rind are cut off, roots divided into segments, bored with holes, threaded on strings, and suspended in shade or under cover to dry by circulating air, the curing lasting some- times a year, thereby losing 80 p. c.—if dried by sun, ovens, or stoves root is not so firm. The plants flourish best in light, sandy soil, and while most of our supply comes from Hankow, on the Upper Yang-tse, that from Sining (Shensi rhubarb) commands the highest price. There are three important commercial varieties : 1. Russian, Crown (R. palmatum).—This is no longer on the mar- ket; it consisted of the best rhubarb trimmed to beneath the cambium, having a very large conical hole for easy inspection; it came from Chinese Tartary via Siberia. At Kiachta it was rigorously inspected, the refuse being burned and the reserved pieces sewed in linen sacks, covered with hide, and then sent to St. Petersburg. Also known as Turkey rhubarb, from the fact of the Turkish ports once supplying it, whither it was brought from Tartary by caravans through Persia and Anatolia. 2. Chinese, E. Indian (RK. officinale, R. palmatum, ete.).—This is our official root, has inner bark present, also sometimes patches of rough corky layer, twine fibres ; color less bright and odor less aromatic than Russian. It flourishes best elevated 2,400-3,000 M. (8,000=10,000°) in the Himalaya and other mountains, on the shady side of damp ravines, with northern exposure. Exported mainly from Canton, sometimes via India. 3. European (R. palmatum, R. rhaponticum, R. compactum, R. undulatum, R. Emodi +).—Cultivated in England, France, Austria (Moravia). The roots are cut to resemble Chinese, but differ in hav- ing outside nearly or entirely without white meshes, the medullary rays interrupted, narrow, nearly straight, color paler, odor weaker, taste less gritty, more mucilaginous ; not much imported. All kinds approximate two shapes, round and flat, by which they are often desig- nated. ConstiTuENTS.—Chrysophan 0.14 p. c., Chrysophanic acid 5 p. c., Resins (pheoretin, erythroretin, aporetin), Emodin 2 p. c., Rhein Russian rhubarb ; transverse section. (theic acid, rhubarb yellow), C,,H,O(OH),, Rheotannic acid, Rheu- mic acid, Calcium oxalate, starch, ash 12-14 p. c.; ifbad = 35-45 p. e. Chrysophan, C,,H,,O,,—A glucoside with moisture, splitting into sugar and chrysophanic acid by ferments or dilute acids; it is a yel- lowish, bitter powder, soluble in water, alcohol, but not in ether. RHEUM—RHUBARB. 171 POLYGONACE. . Chrysophanic Acid, C,,H,O(OH),.—Gives most of the yellow color ; obtained by treating subsiding crystals in tincture with benzene, or exhaust rhubarb with cold water, and the residue after drying with benzene, concentrate this solution when it crystallizes out in golden- yellow needles, soluble in ether, alcohol, benzene; inodorous, nearly tasteless ; with alkalies deep-red. Resins.—These are coloring principles intermediate between resin and extractive matter ; phworetin (brown resin), soluble in alcohol, and obtained by washing alcoholic extract with water, dissolving residue in a little alcohol, adding ether; the precipitate contains pheoretin, aporetin, and resinous matter ; the liquid concentrated, gives chryso- phanic acid; erythroretin, C,,H,,O,, (red resin), is contained in the mother-liquor ; it is tasteless, and soluble in alcohol; aporetin (black - resin), insoluble in alcohol, with alkalies yields brown solution, with nitric acid is oxidized into oxalic and chrysamic acids. Emodin, C,,H,O,(OH),.—Obtained by treating crude chrysophanic acid with benzene, when, being insoluble, it is left behind ; it crystal- lizes from hot benzene in orange prisms ; deep-red with alkalies, resembles chryso- phanic acid. Rheotannic acid (Tannin), C,,H,,O.,.. —Yellowish powder, soluble in water and Fia. 96. Chinese rhubarb ; transverse section. European rhubarb ; transverse section. alcohol, decomposed by dilute acids into sugar and rheumic acid, C,,H,,O,, red, amorphous, sparingly soluble in cold water. Calcium Oxalate.—Causes grittiness, is present 2—40 p. ec. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Rhei. Extract of Rhubarb. (Syn., Extractum Rhei Alcoholicum; Fr. Extrait de Rhubarbe; Ger. Rha- barber-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate with alcohol 80 p.c. Dose, gr. 3-10 (.2-.6 Gm.). 2. Extractum Rhei Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Rhubarb. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Rhubarbe ; Ger. Flissiges Rhabarber-Extrakt.) - Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol 80 p. c., q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mv-30 (.3-2 Ce.). ' Preps.: 1. Mistwra Rhei et Sode. Mixture of Rhubarb and Soda. (Syn., Fr. Potion A la Rhubarbe Alcaline ; Ger. Alka- lische Rhabarbermixtur.) 172 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Manufacture: Fluid extract of rhubarb 1.5 Ce., fluid extract: of ipecac .3, sodium bicarbonate 3.5 Gm., glycerin 35 Cc., spirit of peppermint 3.5, water q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ij-16 (8-60 Ce.). 2. i Rhei, Syrup of Rhubarb. (Syn., Fr. Sirop de Rhu- barbe ; Ger. Rhabarbersirup (saft).) Manufacture: Fluid extract of rhubarb 10 Ce., spirit of cinna- mon .4, potassium carbonate 1 Gm., glycerin 5 Cc., water 5, syrup q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5j-4 (4-15 Cc.). 3. Pilule Rhei. Pills of Rhubarb. (Syn., Fr. Pilules de Rhu- barbe ; Ger. Rhabarberpillen.) Manufacture: Rhubarb 20 Gm., soap 6, water q. s. 100 pills. Dose, 1-5 pills. +. Pilule Rhei Composite. Compound Pills of Rhubarb. (Syn., Fr. Pilules de Rhubarbe Composées; Ger. Rhabarber und Aloe- pillen. asian : Rhubarb 13 Gm. purified aloes 10, myrrh 6, oil of peppermint, .5, water q. s. 100 pills. Dose, 1-6 pills. 5. Pulvis Rhei Compositus. Compound Powder of Rhubarb. (Syn., Gregory’s Powder, Powder Magnesia and Rhubarb, Pulves (Infantum) Antacidus; Fr. Poudre de Rhubarbe Composée; Ger. Kinderpulver.) Manufacture: 25 p.c. Rhubarb 25 Gm., magnesia 65, ginger 10. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.). 6. Tinctura Rhei. Tincture of Rhubarb. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Rhubarbe ; Ger. Rhabarbertinktur.) Manufacture: 10 p.c. Macerate, percolate 10 Gm. + cardamom 2, with glycerin 10 Ce., aleohol 60, water 30, finishing with alcohol 65 p. c., q. 8s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—4 (2-15 Ce.). 7. Tinetura Rhei Aromatica. Aromatic Tincture of Rhubarb. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Rhubarbe Aromatique ; Ger. Aromatische Rhabarbertinktur.) Manufucture: 20 p. c. Macerate, percolate 20 Gm. + cassia cin- namon 4, cloves 4, nutmeg 2, with glycerin 10 Cc., aleohol 50, water 40, finishing with diluted alcohol, q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—4 (2-15 Cc.). Prep. : Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus. Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarb. (Syn., Spiced Syrup of Rhubarb ; Fr. Sirop de Rhubarbe Aro- matique ; Ger. Gewiirzter Rhabarbersaft.) Manufacture: Aromatic tincture of rhubarb 15 Cc., syrup 85. Dose, for a child with diarrhcea, 5j-2 (4-8 Cc.). 8. Tinctura Rhei Dulcis. Sweet Tincture of Rhubarb. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Rhubarbe douce ; Ger. Siisse Rhabarbertinktur.) Manufacture: 10 p.c. Macerate, percolate 10 Gm. 4+ glycyrrhiza 4, anise 4, cardamom 1, with glycerin 10 Ce., aleohol 50, water 40, finishing with diluted alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ij-4 (8-15 Ce.). Unoff. Preps.: Vinum, 10 p. ec. Dose, 5j-4 (4-15 Ce.). Infusion, 5 p.c. Dose, 5iv-8 (15-30 Ce.). Aromatic Fluid Extract, Wxv—60 (1-4 Ce.). n RUMEX—RUMEX. . 173 POLYGONACEZ. 4 PRopErties.—Aperient, purgative, astringent, stomachic, tonic. It increases saliva, gastric juice, bile, peristalsis, vascularity and ab- sorption. The cathartic effect comes first (4-8 hours), due to resins, probably pheeoretin ; then follows astringency from rheotannic acid ; both actions being chiefly on the duodenum. The milk, urine, and sweat become colored, the first also acquiring bitterness and purgative properties. Purgation may result from its application to ulcers, abraded skin or in poultices to abdomen. Usxs.—Diarrhcea, hemorrhoids, cholera infantum, chronic dysentery, dyspepsia, thread worms. With calomel good in bilious fevers; with magnesia for stomach and bowel disorders. By association with other cathartics both are rendered more efficient ; sometimes used with opium. Allied Plants: 1. R. rhapo'nticum, Asia Minor, Siberia, Russia.—This is cultivated as pie-plant ; the leaf petioles being used, as they possess pleasant acidulous properties ; this species is the source of the cultivated Euro- a root, and that of Moravia (Austria), Hungary, England, and Ban- ury. : 2. R. palma’tum (cultivated in Germany, France, Russia), R. un- dula’tum, R. compa’ ctum, R. Emo'di, R. austra’le, R. hy’ bridum.—All produce handsome, but smaller, less valuable and lighter-colored roots. Torrefied Rhubarb.—By roasting the cathartic principle is volatil- ized and the full astringency left intact; long boiling will effect the same. RUMEX. RUMEX (YELLow Dock). Rumex crispus, Linné and other species. : } The root. Habitat. Europe, naturalized in N. America, in grassy places and along roadsides. Syn. Curled, Sour or Narrow Dock, Garden Patience, Radix (Rumicis) Lapathi. Fr. Racine de Patience frisée. Ger. Grindwurz(el), Mengelwurz. Ru/mex. L. sorrel, fr. rwmex, a kind of lance ; 1. e., from the shape of the leaves. Cris’pus. L. curled, wrinkled ; ‘. ¢., radical leaves curled on the margin. PLant.—Compact perennial, springing from a fusiform, yellow root, which penetrates far into the ground; stem rises annually 1-1.3 M. (8-4°) high ; leaves lanceolate, smooth, margins strongly wavy-curled, acute, the lower strongly petiolate, subcordate at base; flowers June, greenish, leafless above, wand-like racemes. Roor, 10-30 Cm. (4-12’) long, 6-18 Mm. (4-3’) thick, fusiform, fleshy, nearly simple, annulate above, deeply wrinkled below, rusty-brown ; internally whitish, with fine, straight, interrupted, reddish medullary rays ; bark rather thick, fracture short ; odor slight, peculiar ; taste bitter, astringent. Solvents : diluted alcohol ; boiling water (injured by long boiling). Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). i ConstirvENtTs.—Chrysophanic acid, (rumicin, lapathin), tannin, calcium oxalate, starch, mucilage. Preparations.—1. Extractum Rumicis Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Rumex. (Syn., Fluid Extract of Yellow Dock ; Fr. Extrait liquide ' de Patience frisée ; Ger. Flissiges Grindwurz-Extrakt.) 174 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with duluted alcohol q- s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mxv—60 (1-4 Ce.). Unof. Preps.: Extract. Dose, gr. 5-15 (.38— 1 Gm. ). Decoction, 5 p.¢. Dose, 5j-2 (30-60 Ce.). Ointment. Cataplasm. PRopERTIES.—Astringent, alterative, tonic, laxative, antiscorbutic. Similar to rhubarb and sarsaparilla. Uses. — Cutaneous eruptions, Fie. 98. scorbutic troubles, itch, scrofula, syphilis, hepatic congestion, dys- pepsia, intermittents. Generally used in decoction or ointment; for skin diseases, swellings, scabies, etc. Ointment may be made from pow- der, or acetous extract with lard and sulphur. The leaves are laxative ; furnish a good diet in scorbutic cases, Contain considerable oxalic acid, and when young used as spinach. Allied Plants: 1. R. brita’nnica, Water Dock.— The root official, 1820-1860, Eu- rope, naturalized in N. America. Plant 1.6-2 M. (5-6°) high, leaves Rumex crispus. lanceolate, acute, transversely vein- ed, obscurely crenate, .3~-.6 M.(1—2°) long; root more astringent but physically and medicinally similar to the official, with which it is often indiscriminately collected. 2. BR. obtusifo' linus, Broad-leaved Dock.—The root official, 1820- 1860. Europe, naturalized in N. America. Common obnoxious weed .6-1 M. (2-3°) high, leaves 15-30 Cm. (6-12’) long, 7.5-10 Cm. (3- Fig. 99. Polygonum Bistorta; rhizome, natural size. 4") wide, sometimes red-veined, ovate, heart-shaped, downy, wavy margins, acuminate ; roots similar to official, with which it is often in- - discriminately collected, both alike medicinally. 3. BR. sangui’neus, Red-veined Dock.—Leaf-veins and stems reddish. R. aqua'ticus, fruit smooth, both astringent. R. Acetose’lla, Field or CHENOPODIUM—CHENOPODIUM. 175 CHENOPODIACES. Sheep Sorrel, contains acid potassium oxalate and tartaric acid, sour taste lost upon drying ; refrigerant, diuretic, good diet in scurvy. 4, Poly’gonum Bisto’rta, Bistort—Europe, Asia, N. America, in meadows. ‘Produces an S-shaped rhizome, bent upon itself—bistorted, 5 Om. (2”) long, 15 Mm. (3’) thick, flattened or channelled, upper side transversely striate, root-scars on under side, red-brown ; contains tannin 20 p. ¢., starch, calcium oxalate ; tonic, astringent. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.8-2 Gm.). 26. CHENOPODIACE.X. Goosefoot Family. Ke-no-po-di-a’se-e. L. Chenopodi-wm + acer, fr. Gr. y7v, goose, + ov, foot, referring to the shape of leaves. Herbs, shrubs. Distin- guished by being homely, succulent; leaves exstipulate, no bracts ; flowers minute, greenish, with free calyx imbricated in the bud, per- sistent ; 2—5-lobed ; petals none; ovary 1-celled, forming 1-seeded utricle ; universal, saline places; anthelmintic, antispasmodic, aro- matic, carminative, stimulant (vol. oil). Genus: 1. Chenopodium. CHENOPODIUM. CHENOPODIUM (American WORMSEED). . ambrosioides, Linné, Chenopodium anthelminticum, Linné. } the fruit. (C. ambrosioides var. anthelminticum, Gray. ) Habitat. W. Indies, C. andS. America, waste places, roadsides. Naturalized in United States, Europe, Africa. Cultivated in Maryland for the oil. Syn. Wild Wormseed, Stinking Weed, Jerusalem or Jesuit Tea, Jerusalem Oak or Jak, Goosefoot, Wormseed Plant, Fructus Chenoa Anthelmintici; Fr. Anserine Vermituge (plante fleurie) ; Ger. Amerikanischer Wurmsamen. Che-no-po’di-um. L. see etymology, above, of Chenopodiaceex. Am-bro-si-oi’des. L. fr. Gr. a, priv., not, + Spordc, mortal, + o-cidyg, like ; 7. e., resembling that which is immortal, once thought to effect that condition when taken. An-thel-min’ti-cum. L. fr. Gr. avi, against, + é4pivfa, a worm; i. e., worm antagonizer or destroyer. Priant.—Annual or perennial, .6—1.6 M. (2—5°) high; stem angu- lar, furrowed and branched; leaves toothed, yellowish-green, gland- dotted on under surface; flowers, July—Sept., greenish-yellow, dense leafy spikes; Fruit, 2 Mm. (-';’) thick, size of pin’s head, depressed- globular, greenish-gray, integuments friable, containing a lenticular, obtusely-edged, glossy, black seed ; odor peculiar, terebinthinate ; taste bitter, pungent. All parts of the plant have this disagreeable odor and medicinal properties, both dry and fresh. It grows best in rub- bish, along fences, in village streets, vacant lots, and should be col- lected in October. Solvents: diluted alcohol; boiling water. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). me ee ADULTERATIONS.—Fruit of allied species, having like properties. Commercial.—The differences between C. ambrosioides and C. anthel- minticum (C. ambrosioides var. anthelminticum) are very slight, consist- ing in the latter being more strongly aromatic, leaves more deeply toothed, the lower ones often nearly pinnatifid, spikes more elongated, 176 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. mostly leafless ; fruit of both alike. The former is known in Europe as Herba Botryos Mexicane. Mexican tea. ConsTITUENTS.— Volatile oil, 3-33 p.c., ; from fresh herb 3-1 p. c. Oleum Chenopodii. Oil of Chenopodium, official.—(Syn., Oil of American Wormseed:; Fr. Essence de Chénopode Anthelmintique ; Ger. Chenopodiumél, Amerikanisches Wurmsamendl.) This volatile oil, obtained by distilling chenopodium with water or superheated steam, is a thin, yellow- Fie. 100. ish liquid, with characteristic cam- phoraceous odor, pungent, bitter taste; sp. gr. 0.970, boils at 180° C. (365° F.); consists of hydrocar- bon, C,,H,,, and liquid oxygenated oil, C,,H,,O. Test: 1 Ce. + 10 Ce. of alcohol 75 p. c. should form a clear solution. It should be kept cool, in well stoppered bottles. Dose, Mij-10 (.13-.6 Ce.). PREPARATIONS.—(Unoff.) Fluid Extract. Dose, Mxv—30 (1-2 Ce.). Fig. 101. Chenopodium anthelminticum. (C. ambrosi- F oides var. anthelminticum. ) Chenopodium ambrosioides. Decoction (water or milk). Dose, 5j-2 (80-60 Ce.). Expressed Juice (fresh plant). Dose, 5ij-4 (8-15 Cc.) ter die. PRoPERTIES.—Anthelmintic, vermifuge, round worms (Ascaris lumbricoides). Usres.—While mainly for worms, it has also been used in intermit- tents, hysteria, chorea, nervous affection, tenia. Can give the powder incorporated with molasses or syrup, but the oil is most popular and is well taken on sugar by children. Should be given twice daily for several days, on empty stomach if possible, and follow with a dose of castor oil. Foes ns PHYTOLACCA—POKE. — 177 PHYTOLACCACEZ. Allied Plants : ba. a i 1. C. Bo’trys, Jerusalem Oak (Feather Geranium).—Europe, Asia. Strongly aromatic; catarrh, asthma. C. Bo’nus-Henri'cus, Good King Henry. ‘Europe. Taste saline, mucilaginous. ©. a/lbum, Pig Weed (Lamb’s Quarters). Taste mucilaginous, saline. C. Vulva/ria, Fetid Goosefoot. Europe. Plant has fishbrine odor, due to trimethylamine. 27. PHYTOLACCACEZX. Pokeweed Family. Fi-to-la-ka’se-e. L. Phytolace-a + acex, fr. Gr. gurdy, plant, + It. lacca, lake color, red, alluding to crimson juice of the berries. Herbs, shrubs. Distinguished by possessing. acrid: principle ; leaves entire ; flowers perfect, 4—5’s, petals none, ovary superior, several-celled, com- posed of as many carpels united in a ring, each with undivided style, forming a berry fruit, otherwise like Chenopodiacex ; temperate climates, tropics ; emetic, purgative, acrid principle destroyed by boiling water. Genus: 1. Phytolacca. PHYTOLACCA. POKE. 1. Puyrotacca Fructus. Phytolacca Fruit. 2. PHytotaccz Raprx. Phytolacca Root (Poke Root). Phytolacea * ae Tinné. \ The fruit and root. Habitat. N. America, in waste places, naturalized ia S. Europe, W. Indies. Syn. Red Weed, Garget, Pocan, Bush, Cancer Jalap, American Nightshade, Scoke, Skoke, Coakum, Red Ink Plant or Berries, Pigeon Berry, Virginia Poke (Phy- tolacee Bacca, Poke Berry, U. S. P., 1880). Fr. Agouman, Morella 4 grappes, Raisin d’ Amérique, Racine de Phytolaque. Ger. Kermesbeere, Amerikanische Kermesbeere, Kermesbeerenwurzel. Phy-to-lac’ca. L. see etymology, above, of Phytolaccacez. De-can’dra. .L. fr. Gr. déxa, ten, + avdpdc, stamen ; 1. ¢., flowers have ten sta- mens. ; ’ Poke, corruption of Pocan, its former Virginia name. _ Piant.—Perennial herb ; stem annual, purplish, hollow, 1.3-2.5 M. (4-8°) high, 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2') thick, smooth, branching ; leaves 12:5 Om. (5’) long, 5-7.5 Cm. (2-3’) wide, smooth, rich-green, entire, petioled, ovate, both ends acute ; flowers June, greenish-white, racemes. Frurt, Aug., at first green, then purplish-black, depressed-globular, compound berry, 8 Mm. (3’) thick, composed of 10 carpels, each with one lenticular black seed, juice purplish-red ; inodorous ; taste sweet, acrid, when clusters dried resemble grapes or raisins. Dose, gr. 5-15 (.8-1 Gm.). Root, large, conical, branched, fleshy, 2.5-10 Cm. (1—4’) thick, mostly in transverse or longitudinal slices, wrinkled, grayish, hard, fracture fibrous, wood-bundles in several distinct concentric circles ; inodorous; taste sweetish, acrid, bark and cork thin. Collect both fruit and root in August. , Solvents: alcohol; diluted alcohol ; boiling water. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.3-2 Gm.). ae ADULTERATIONS.—Root: Occasionally, to a limited extent, with inula, rumex, podophyllum, ete. - 12 ; 178 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Constituents.—I. Frurr: Phytolaccic avid, coloring matter (bleached by sunlight, yellow by alkalies), sugar, gum. ; Phytolaccic Acid.—Amorphous, acrid, brownish, soluble in water, sparingly in alcohol, chloroform, ether, glycerin, precipitated by lead subacetate. ‘Fie. 102. Phytolacca decandra; 2, single fruit, showing carpels. II. Roor: Resin 1 p. ¢., fixed oil and wax .6 p. c., sugar 10 p. «., proteids 2 p. c., asparagin 1.6 p.c., starch 11.7 p.c., gum, coloring matter, ash 8-10 p. c. (mostly calcium oxalate and nitrate). Some think resin, etc., not the active constituents, but these to be phyto- laccine, phytolaccin, and phytolaccic acid ; yet Fie. 1038, none of these respond to the characteristic tests of an alkaloid, neutral principle or an acid in the separate state. The “ Eclectic” resinoid, . phytolaccin, is soluble in alcohol. Dose, gr. 1-3 (.06-.2 Gm.). PREPARATIONS.—l. Extractum Phytolacece Radicis Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Phytolacca Phytolaeca root; transverse -00t» (Syn., Fluid Extract of Poke Root ; Fr. section, natural size, Extrait liquide du Racine de Phytolaque ;’ Ger. ' Flissiges Kermesbeerenwurzel Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol 65 p. c., q- 8. 100 Ce. Dose, Mv—30 (.3-2 Cc.). Unof. Preps.: Frurr: Fluid Extract. Dose, Mxv-30 (1-2 Ce.). Tincture, Infusion, Expressed Juice. Roor: Decoction,5 p.c. Dose, ILLICIUM—ILLICIUM. : 179 MAGNOLIACES. Siv—8 (15-80 Ce.). Tincture, 10 p. c. (diluted alcohol). Dose, 1x-60 (.6-4 Ce.). Ountment (fd. extr. of root or leaves 1+ 8 lard). Decoe- tion and Fresh Juice of Leaves are also used. PROPERTIES.— Alterative, laxative, emetic, anodyne, resolvent, para- lyzes spine and muscles of respiration, death preceded by tetanic con- vulsions. Overdose (5ij-4; 8-15 Gm.) produces in two hours vomiting, purging, thirst, prostration, cold skin, feeble pulse, vertigo, dim vision, coma, convulsions, death ; similar to veratrum, except the vomiting is usually delayed. Usrs.—Rheumatism, skin diseases, syphilis. Internally and exter- nally for ulcers, scabies, tinea capitis, eczema, sycosis, mange in dogs, tonsillitis, diphtheria, pharyngitis, glandular conjunctivitis, scrofula, hemorrhoids. May prevent mastitis (gathered breasts). Poisoning: Same as for aconite, veratrum. Incompatibles: Cardiac stimulants, opium. Synergists: Cardiac sedatives, motor depressants, emetics. Allied Plants: 1. P. octa’ndra, C. and 8S. America, and P. acino’sa, N. India, are used similarly. These and the official furnish young shoots which in spring can be eaten for asparagus, spinach, etc., imparting no odor to urine, but when old none can be taken except in medicinal doses. 28. MAGNOLIACE.X. Magnolia Family. Mag-no-li-a’se-e. L. Magnoli-a + acee, after Pierre Magnol, Pro- fessor of Botany at Montpellier, France (1638-1715). Trees or shrubs; leaves leathery, pellucid-punctate, stipulate ; flowers large, sweet-scented, white or red, distinct, except the many pistils cohere ; sepals 3, and petals 3-12, colored alike, in 3 or more rows of three each, imbricate ; stamens many ; fruit aggregate, cone-like, stellate, or capsular; seed albuminous, superior; temperate climates, tropics ; bitter, tonic, aromatic. Genus: 1. Tlicium. ILLICIUM. ILLICIUM (Srar Anise). Illicitum . verum, Hooker filius. } The fruit. Habitat. N. Anam (high mountains of Yunnan in S. W. China, and to the west of Canton, entering commerce mostly through the port of Pakhoi). Cultivated. _ Syn. Chinese Anise. Semen Badiani. Badiane. Br. Anisi Stellati Fructus. Fr. Anise étoilé. Ger. Sternanis. ; : : T-li’ci-um. L. an allurement; i. e., from its odor and attractive appearance. Ve/rum. L. verus, true; i. ¢, the genuine or real type. ‘ PLANT.—Small tree, 3-6 M. (10-20°) high, branched, young twigs spotted brown; leaves evergreen, lanceolate, pointed, entire, pellucid- punctate, 5-15 Cm. (2-67) long ; flowers Jan.—April, greenish-yellow. Frurr (consisting of capsular integuments 78 p. ¢. and seeds 22 p. ¢.), pedunculate, composed of 8 stellately arranged carpels, boat-shaped, | 180 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 8 Mm. (4’) long, woody, wrinkled, straight-beaked, brown, dehiscent on upper suture ; internally, each carpel reddish-brown, glossy, con- taining one flattish, oval, glossy-brown seed ; odor anise-like (anisa’- tum) ; taste of the carpels sweet, aromatic, and of the seeds oily. Sol- vents : alcohol ; hot water partially. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.8-2 Gm.). ADULTERATION.—Mostly with its allied fruit of Idiciwm religiosum (anisatum), from which it must be guarded with much care, as it is poisonous. Fic. 104. a : b e Illicium verum ; a, flower ; b, fruit carpels of the flower magnified ; ¢, fruit. ConsTITUENTS.—Capsules: Volatile oil 5.3 p. c., resin 10.7 p. ¢., fixed oil 2.8 p. ¢., saponin, protocatechuic acid, shikimic acid, C.H,,O, (crystalline, non-poisonous), mucilage, ash 2 p.c.; Seeds: Volatile oil 1.8 p. c., resin 2.6 p. ¢., fixed oil 20 p. c. Volatile Oil— Obtained by distillation with water.or steam. It is almost identical with oil from Pimpinella Anisum in odor, taste, com- position, but congeals at a lower temperature (1°C.; 34° F.); ac quires a pale-brown color with alcoholic solution of hydrochloric acid ; sp. gr. 0.985, and consists chiefly of anethol, C,,H,,O, with small amounts of pinene, phellandrene, safrol, Fic. 105. and the ethel ether of hydroquinone. It is mostly distilled in its native country, whence it enters market in tin-lined vessels. Dose, Mj—5 (.06-.3 Ce.), on sugar or in emulsion. PREPARATION.—(Unoff.) Infusion, 5 p. ce. Dose, 3j-2 (30-60 Cc.). PROPERTIES.—Carminative, anodyne, stim- ulant, diuretic. Illicium religiosum (anisatum). Users.—Flatulent colic, indigestion, infantile catarrh, bronchitis, flavoring culinary products, cordials, elixirs, spirits, medicines. Externally: painful colic, rheu- matism, earache. Oil used mostly instead of and to adulterate official anise oil. Allied Plants: 1. I. religio’sum (anisa'tum).—Cultivated around Buddhist temples in China and Japan, being called Shikimi. Fruit very similar to offi- ‘cial, having 8 carpels, more woody, shriveled, thin, upward-curved beak ; odor faint, clove-like ; taste unpleasant. This contains 0.44 p- ¢. of non-solidifying volatile oil, sp. gr. 0.990, shikimie acid, sikimipicrin (crystalline, bitter) and sikimin (poisonous). The oil ILLICIUM—ILLICIUM. . 181 MAGNOLIACEZ. contains a terpene, safrol, C,,H,,O,, eugenol, C,,H,,O,, and liquid anethol. The fruit is used natively for killing rats, fish, etc., the: latter serving as food in spite of. the poison. Upon persons Fig. 106. it causes vomiting, epilepti- form convulsions and dilated pupils ; I. florida’num and I. parviflo'rum, Fla., Ga., La.; the former has fruit with 13 carpels, the latter with only 8; barks are sometimes sub- stituted for cascarilla. 2. Dri’mys Winte'ri (Win- te’ra aroma'tica).—The bark official, 1820-1860; S. Amer- ica; small tree; leaves coria- ceous; flowers white; fruit black berries, 4-8; bark in quills or curves, 2.5-8 Mm. (45-3’) thick, grayish-brown, striate, fracture granular, with white. stone-cells and yellow resin-cells, odor of canella and i . . . Shi cinnamon, for which drugs it fi} has. been substituted ; some- Drimys Winteri. times called Winter’s cinna- mon. Contains volatile oil (which has winterene, C,,H,,), tannin 9 _p.c., pungent resin 10 p.c. Used for colic, flatulence, scurvy; in infusion or tincture. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.8-2 Gm.). 3. Magno'lia virginia’ na Fig. 107. (glauca), M.acwmina’ta and M. tripe'tala.— The bark official, 1820-1890; United States ; trees 6-28 M. (20- 90°) high; flowers white; fragrant; fruit cones; bark in thin quills or curved pieces, orange-brown, glossy, warty, fissured, astringent, / i) HH J.\N R \ vr — NN i) \ SS ht L, Yy AWS FE YY ‘ i : : 3 ig Crag WS = bitter. Contains volatile oil, Wy con Ss LTE resins, magnolin, tannin: \d Wy Used for malaria, rheuma- tism, gout, intermittents, Magnolia acuminata, : : A catarrhs ; in decoction, in- fusion, tincture. Dose, 5ss-1 (2-4 Gm.). ; 4. Liriode'ndron Tulipi!fera, Tulip-tree—The bark, official, 1820-. 1880; United States, China; tree 18-45 M. (60-150°) high ; flowers yellowish ; fruit cone, 7.5 Cm. (3’) long. Bark in quills or curved 182 ORGANIC DRUGS. FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. pieces 2 Mm. (,},’) thick, purplish-brown, thin ridges, inside whitish, smooth, astringent. Contains volatile oil, resins, liriodendrin, tulipi- ferine, tannin; injured by boiling. Used for chronic rheumatism, dyspepsia, intermittent fever; in infusion or fluid extract. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.). 29. MYRISTICACEZH. Nutmeg Family. Mi-ris-ti-ka’se-e. L. Myristic-a + acer, fr. Gr. puptZecv, to anoint ; i. e., an ointment used for its sweet odor. Trees. Distinguished by aromatic properties ; leaves dotted, entire, stalked, leathery ; flowers regular, dicecious, calyx 3—4-cleft, leathery, inferior ; filaments 3-12, united, ovary 1-celled, ovule 1; fruit succulent, seed oily ; tropics ; aromatic, seeds the strongest ; bark and pericarp acrid. Genus: 1. Myristica. MYRISTICA. NUTMEG. on pes \The seed deprived of its testa. Habitat. Molucca Islands, cultivated in tropics, India, Philippine Islands, 8. America, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, ete. Syn. Fr. Nux Moschata, Muscade, Noix Muscade. Ger. Semen Myristice, Muskatnuss. My-ris’ti-ca. L. see etymology, above, of Myristicacez. Fra/grans._ L. fragran(t)s, sweet scented ; 7. ¢., from its fragrant odor. Nut/meg. OE. nut + muge, musk, corrupt. into meg; 2 e., from its odor. Piant.—Evergreen tree 7.5-15 M. (25-50°) high, much branched, bark brownish-gray, smooth, young branches green; leaves leathery, smooth, entire, 10-15 Cm. (4—-6’) long, acute at both ends, promi- nently veined, dark-green; flowers dicecious, small, yellow; fruit pendulous, smooth, yellow, 7.5 Cm. (3’) long, 5 Cm. (2’) wide, re- sembling a pear, but grooved by a longitudinal furrow, pericarp 12 Mm. (3’) thick, tough, fleshy, with astringent juice, yellowish- white, dehiscing from above along the furrow into fwo equal valves, which when ripe becomes dry, coriaceous, and from between these readily falls out an erect, single seed. SEED, 3 Cm. (1}/) long, 18 Mm. (?’) thick, ovoid, blunt, closely enveloped and almost completely covered by an irregularly cut, fleshy arillus (mace). When de- prived of this, the seed-testa is dark-brown, hard, thick, smooth, shining, woody, reticulately furrowed from the tightly appressed arillus ; inner seed-coat thin, membranous, pale-brown ; nucleus (nut- meg) wrinkled, circular scar and embryo on the broad end, consist- ing of the abundant endosperm, rather soft, but firm, whitish, mar- bled with numerous reddish-brown vein-like partitions into which the inner seed-coat penetrates (ruminated) ; fatty lustre, strongly aromatic, bitter. Some treat the hard testa and kernel as the seed, like peach seed, but the U. 8. P. recognizes solely (the kernel or nucleus) that central part left, after the fleshy portion, arillus, and hard testa have been removed. Solvents: alcohol ; ether. Dose, gr. 5-20 (.3-1.3 Gm.). MYRISTICACEA. MYRISTI CA—NUTMEG : 183 Commercial—Nutmeg trees prefer light soil, shade and moist cli- mate. They produce fruit when 8-9 yield annually for 60-70 years ; the fruit is collected Sept.—Dee. and April—June (when it has split on one or both sides), by means of a hook on long poles or by hand in a basket; the peri- carp and arillus are removed and seed dried by sun or fire at 60° C. (140° F:), being spread on frames for two months and turned over every few days. When ker- nels rattle in their shells these latter are cracked off with mallets, kernels are then assorted, and the best | rubbed over with powdered lime ; they are packed in whitewashed casks for mar- ket. The Chinese are sup- plied with uncracked seed ; while inferior grades are used for expressing the oil. We have several varieties : 1. Unlimed, Penang, Singa- years old, are matured at 25, and Fie. 108. Myristica fragrans, twig with the fruit. pore, as above described, sometimes oily to touch and mixed with cloves. Fie. 109. Nutmeg, with mace, and transverse section. Fig. 110. Wild nutmeg, with mace. 2. Limed, Dutch. Prepared in the Banda Islands by dipping dried seed into a mixture of salt water and lime (as a protection against insect. 184 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. attacks, and possibly to kill the embryo, thus limiting their culture to their own provinces), then exposing to sun several days, and packing for market. The ancients were unacquainted with this drug, Avicenna being the first to notice it. ies ConstiTUENTS.— Volatile oil 2-8 p. c. Fixed oil 25-80 p. ¢., starch, proteids, mucilage, ash 2 p. c. Oleum Myristice. Oil of Nutmeg, official. —(Syn., Oleum Nuciste Kthereum ; Fr. Essence de Muscade ; Ger. ZBtherisches Muskatél.) This volatile oil, obtained by distilling nutmeg with water or steam, is a pale-yellowish liquid with characteristic nutmeg odor, warm, spicy taste, darkens and thickens with age, sp. gr. 0.885, soluble in equal volume of alcohol or glacial acetic acid ; contains chiefly pinene, a ably some dipentene, also myristicol, C,,H,,O, and myristicin, C,,H,,O,. The nutmeg camphor (formerly thought to be myristin), which some- times settles upon standing, is myristic acid. Dose, Mij—3 (.13-.2 Ce.). Fixed Oil. (Oleum Myristicee Hxpressum. )—Obtained by ex- pression, often improperly called oil of mace, is an orange-brown solid, sp. gr. 0.995, melting at 45° C. (113° F.), soluble in 2 parts hot ether, 4 hot alcohol; consists mainly of myristin, with some. myristic acid, palmitin, olein, resin, volatile oil 6p. c. Dose, gr. 2-5 (.13—.3 Gm.). PreparaTions.—I. SEED: 1. Acetum Opii, 3 p.c. Dose, Mv—20 (.8-1.3 Ce.). 2, Pulvis Aromaticus, 15 p. ce. Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6-2 Gm.). 3. Tinctura Lavandule Composita, 1 p.c. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Cc.). 4. Tinctura Rhei Aromatica, 2 p.c. Dose, 5ss—4 (2-15 Ce.). 5. Trochisci Sodii Bicarbonatis, gr. 4 (.01 Gm.) in each. Dose, 1-3 troches. IT. Or: 1. Spiritus Myristice. Spirit of Nutmeg. (Syn., Essence of Nutmeg ; Fr. Alcoolat (Esprit) de Muscade; Ger. Muskatspiritus. ) Manufacture: 5 p.c. Dissolve 5 Ce. in alcohol 95. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Ce.). PROPERTIES.—Stimulant, stomachic, narcotic, flavoring, condiment, increases gastric juice, digestion, appetite ; large doses, like camphor, act on the cerebrum, causing stupor, delirium, Uses.—Flatulence, carminative, diarrhcea, dysentery, vomiting, colic, dyspepsia. Allied Products : 1. False Nutmegs, M. fa'tua, Long, Wild or Male Nutmegs.—4-5 Cm. (1}-2’) long, kernel paler, less aromatic than the official. 2. Torre'ya califo'rnica, California Nutmegs, Pinacesee.—Testa smooth, brittle, kernel oblong, marbled, terebinthinate odor and taste. MACIS. MACE. Myristica fragrans, Boatnepe: \ The arillode of the seed. Syn. Arillus Myristice. Fr. Fleur de Muscade. Ger. Muskntbliithe. Ma/cis. L. macir, Gr. péxep, Skr. Tn Beet or honey of a flower ; i. e., from its odor. HYDRASTIS—HYDBASTIS. 185 RANUNCULACEZ. After gathering the fruit its fleshy pericarp is removed, and then this thin coating (arillode) enveloping the seed is peeled off with a knife and dried by sun or fire ; or it may be left on seed until they are thoroughly dry, when it freely cracks and peels off. In fresh state it is a brilliant- scarlet, when dry brownish-orange, brittle, in narrow bands, 2.5 Cm. (1’) long, branched, lobed above, united into broader bands below, fatty when scratched or pressed, fracture short, showing many oil-cells ; odor fragrant ; taste warm, aromatic. Solvent: alcohol. Dose, gr. 5-20 (.8-1.3 Gm.). Commercial—We have two varieties: 1. Banda. 2. Bombay. ConsTITUENTS.—Volatile oil 8 p. c. (mostly macene, C,,H,,, with little oxygenated compound), resin, fat, sugar, dextrin, mucilage, pro- . teids, no starch, ash 1-2 p. e. PREPARATION.—(Unoff.) Tinetura Macidis (1 + 5 parts alcohol). PROPERTIES.—Stimulant, tonic, chiefly for flavoring, similar to nutmeg. 30. RANUNCULACEZ. Crowfoot Family. Ra-nun-cu-la’se-e. L. Ranwneul-ws + acer, dim. of rana, a frog; hence little frog, as many species grow in moist places by that reptile. Herbs or shrubs with colorless, acrid, poisonous juice. Distinguished by flowers being regular or irregular, most complete; organs all dis- tinct; no adhesion nor cohesion ; often yellow; sepals 3-15, mostly 5 (often petaloid) ; petals 3-15; only one circle ; stamens many, hypog- ynous ; pistils distinct; seed albuminous, superior; temperate cli- mates ; narcotic, bitter, tonic, poisonous. Genera: 1. Hydrastis. 2. Cimicifuga. 3. Delphinium. 4. Aconitum. 5. Pulsatilla (Anemone). -HYDRASTIS. _HYDRASTIS (Gotpen Sra). Hydrastis paradise Fe \ The rhizome and roots. ; né. Habitat. N. America, Canada, east of Mississippi in rich woodlands, mountains. Syn. Eye Balm or Root. Indian Plant or Dye. Yellow Puccoon or Paint. Jaun- dice-, Orange-, Turnieric-, Yellow- or Eye Root. Yellow Eye. Puccoon or Indian Paint. Ground Raspberry. Ohio Curcuma. Fr. Racine Orange, Sceau d’Or. Ger. Canadische Gelbwurzel. Hy-dras’tis. .L.. fr. Gr. idwp, water, + dpdw, to act; i.e, alluding to the ac- tive properties of the juice, or to the plants growing in marshy places. Can-a-den/sis. L. of Canada; i. ¢., its northern habitat limit. Golden Seal; i. ., its yellow scarred rhizome, once used as a paint and dye. Piant.—Perennial herb 15-30 Cm. (6-12’) high, simple, hairy, Q-leaved near apex, one sessile at top, the other an inch or so below with thick petiole; leaves pubescent, round, cordate, palmately 5—7- lobed, pointed, serrate, 10-22.5 Cm. (4-9’) wide ; flowers May-June, only one, greenish-yellow, arising from upper leaf on a peduncle i fruit compound red berry, 12 Mm. (3’) thick, composed of 12 or moré 1-2-seeded berries like raspberry. Ruizomn, 2.5-5 Cm. (1—2’) long, 6 Mm. (}’) thick, oblique with short branches, annulate, longitudinally wrinkled, brownish-gray ; fracture short, waxy, bright-reddish-yellow, 186 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. bark thick, reddish-yellow, wood-wedges 10, narrow, yellow, medul- lary rays and pith large; roots thin, subquadrangular, woody centre ; odor slight; taste bitter. Solvents: diluted alcohol; boiling water. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.8-2 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.— With serpentaria, cypripedium, xanthorrhiza, etc. ConsriITuENts.—Hydrastine 1.5 p. c., Berberine 3-4 p. ¢., Cana- dine, (resin, fluorescent compound, starch, sugar). Commercial.—The Cherokee Indians imparted the value of hydrastis to the American settlers, it being used by them very early as a domes- Fie. 111. ; Fic. 112. Hydrastis canadensis ; rhizome. ZAM, AS SAK t A Hydrastis canadensis; B, flower; C, Hydrastis rhizome ; etal; D, stamen; Z, fruit carpel, long- transverse section, magnified. itudinal section ; F, seed. tic remedy and dye; it did not attract medical attention until 1798 ; soon became a great ‘“ Eclectic” drug and afterwards one of our impor- tant agents. Hydrastine, C,,H,,NO,.—This characteristic colorless alkaloid is obtained by percolating the powdered root with water, adding hydro- chloric or sulphuric acid in excess, whereby the corresponding berberine salt deposits in crystals; now concentrate the mother-liquor and add water, to remove fat and resins ; to the filtrate add ammonia in excess, when crude hydrastine is precipitated, which may be purified by dis- : HYDRASTIS—HY DRASTIS. : 187 RANUNCULACEA. solving in diluted sulphuric acid, again precipitating with ammonia, and repeated crystallizing from hot alcohol; it occurs in white bitter prisms, soluble in alcohol, chloroform and acidulated water; forms several salts, as hydrochlorate, phosphate, sulphate, ete. Test: With sulphuric acid and potassium dichromate get red color (dif. from strychnine—violet). When oxidized with manganese dioxide get opianic, and finally hemipinic acid and hydrastinine ; on dry distilla- tion have trimethylamine and meconin. Dose, gr. 4-1 (.016—-.06 Gm.). Hydrastinine WHydrochloras, Hydrastinine Hydrochlorate, C,,H,,NO,HCI, oficial—_This hydrochlorate of the artificial alkaloid is obtained by oxidizing hydrastine in acid solution with potassium dichromate or permanganate; it is in dull lemon-yellow crystals or powder, saline deliquescent, soluble in 0.8 part water, 3 parts alcohol, no residue. Tests: 1. Aqueous solution (1 + 100,000) has blue fluorescence, not precipitated by ammonia, but by silver nitrate T. S. get a white precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid ; 2. 2 Cc. aqueous solu- tion (1 + 100) with excess of bromine water gives yellow precipitate, which dissolves clear in ammonia water (dif. from hydrastine—brick- red precipitate). Used chiefly for uterine hemorrhage (hypodermic- ally). Dose, gr. 4-4 (.02-.03 Gm.) in 10 p. e. solution. Berberine, C,,H,,NO,—This colored alkaloid is obtained by the preceding process for separating hydrastine ; it occurs in bitter yellow needles, or crystalline powder, soluble in hot water or alcohol ; the hot alcoholic solution with iodine gives dark-green lustrous scales ; it forms several yellow salts, hydrochlorate, phosphate, carbonate, sulphate, etc., which dissolve in water with difficulty. This alkaloid is also found in berberis, calumba, coptis, menispermum, xanthorrhiza, ete. Dose, gr. 4-1 (.03-.06 Gm.). ; Canadine, C,,H,,NO,.—This forms white needles ; in alcoholic solu- tion, with iodine get yellow crystals ; it is sometimes called tetrahydro- berberine, and differs from hydrastine in being more soluble in acetic ether and alcohol; the hydrochlorate and sulphate only are easily soluble in alcohol or hot water. The name xanthopuccine was once assigned to this alkaloid, but as such it was very likely only impure berberine. PREPARATIONS.—1. Eatractum Hydrastis Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Hydrastis. (Syn., Br. Extractum Hydrastis Liquidum ; Fr. Ex- trait liquide de Hydrastis ; Ger. Flissiges Hydrastis Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with glycerin 10 Cc., alcohol 60, water 30, finishing. with alcohol 65 p.c., q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, My—30 (.3-2 Ce.). ; 2. Tinetura Hydrastis. Tincture of Hydrastis. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Hydrastis ; Ger. Hydrastis-tinktur.) Manufacture: 20 p.c. Macerate, percolate 20 Gm. with diluted alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss-1 (2-4 Ce.). 3. Glyceritum Hydrastis. Glycerite of Hydrastis. (Syn., Fr. Glycéri @Hydrastis du Canada ; Ger. Gilbwurzel-Glycerit.) Manufacture: 100 p. c. Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol 188 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. until exhausted, add water 25 Ce. (to remove resin), reclaim alcohol, add water q. s. 50, after 24 hours filter, add glycerin 50. This is used in injections, sprays, etc., instead of colorless proprietary preparations on the market. Unoff. Preps. : Decoction, 5 p.c. Dose, 5j-2 (30-60 Cc.). Hydras- tin of “ Eclectics,” is a resinoid, prepared by exhausting the drug with alcohol, evaporating, and precipitating with acidulated (HCl) water ; it is chiefly berberine muriate, which often occasions for it the substi- tution of the pure hydrochlorate of that alkaloid. Dose, gr. 2-6 (.13-.4 Gm.). ProrertiEs.—U pon digestion, circulation, respiration and nervous system analogous to, but Fig, 114. : much milder than strych- nine. Bitter tonic, in- — creases appetite, diges- tion, gastric secretions (berberine), and the flow of bile; antiperiodic, pro- toplasmic poison, inter- fering with the white blood - corpuscle move- ment, alterative to the mucous membranes, de- obstruent to the glandu- lar system, antiseptic, cholagogue, diuretic. Hy- drastine acts on the ner- vous system like quinine, but it is non-toxic, as large doses only produce warmth in the stomach and ringing in the ears. Usrs.—Chronie dys- pepsia and cystitis, ca- tarrhs of the stomach, duodenum, gall - ducts, Helleborus viridis. 1, Receptacle, tricarpelled ovary and bladder, uterus and va- a el ; 2, a stamen ; 3, the three resulting ripened fruits ; 4, a gina, constipation, bron- chitis, malaria, intermit- tent fever, jaundice. Locally in gonorrhea, leucorrheea, otorrhea,’ gleet, chronic nasal catarrh and pharyngitis, syphilitic sores in the mouth, nares and throat, unhealthy intractable ulcers and sores, cancers, fistulas, hemorrhoids, fissured nipples, conjunctivitis, tonsil- litis, hemorrhage. Hydrastine for chronic malaria is much weaker, but next in value to quinine; hydrastinine (hypodermically) for menorrhagia and metrorrhagia. The yellowish liquids are objection- able owing to their staining properties, for which, however, the Indians valued it in dyeing their yellow fabrics ; with indigo it imparts a fine- green to wool, silk and cotton. CIMICIF UG A—CIMICIFUG A. 189 ' RANUNCULACEZ. Poisoning: Same treatment as for nux vomica and strychnine. Incompatibles: Allkalies, mineral acids, tannic and. other vegetable acids, chloral hydrate, potassium bromide, motor depressants. Synergists: Quinine and the vegetable tonics upon the stomach, ergot upon the uterus, and strychnine upon the spinal cord. Allied Plants : 1, Helle’borus ni’ ger, Black Hellebore—The root (rhizome) official, 1820-1880, C. and 8S. Europe, mountains. Acaulescent perennial, leaves evergreen, 7—9-lobed, flowers rose-like. Rhizome knotty, 5 Cm. (2’) long, 12 Mm. (3’) thick, blackish, bark thick, wood- wedges 8, medullary rays broad, taste sweet, bitter, usually from Ger- many, contains helleborin, helleborein, helleboretin, resin, fat. Used for melancholy, mania, dropsy, amenorrhea, epilepsy, skin troubles ; in decoction, infusion, tincture, extract. Dose, gr. 5-20 (.8-1.3 Gm.). 2. H. foe’ tidus, Bear’ s foot.—The leaves official, 1820-1840, Europe. Perennial herb—the most energetic of the genus. Used for asthma, hysteria, hypochondriasis, tenia ; in powder decoction, syrup. Dose, gr. 5~20 (.3-1.38 Gm.). HH. vi'ridis, Green Hellebore. The root (rhi- zome), United States, Europe. Rhizome about the same as H. niger, -but has only 4 wood-wedges, and is smaller. 3. , SHsepsAH *% . ‘syserpAy “TL | | Maonnounungy ‘20UN 'S “STOURL “T ‘SowMyUN *% “BOTISTIAW “TE 5 Mav ysMwhpr ‘(estuy 124g) TUMTIT “G “ARPONIT TE : ‘ naapyouboyy “(jooy 940g) yoo vaovpoyAy * ‘xIpel Roovpoysqg * hea eyo ‘eoduq). ynay vooepoys *S ‘sy ~Ondy BIO VAT “1 ma saaanaonopliyng: 206 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 32. MENISPERMACE. Moonseed Family. Men-i-sper-ma’se-e. L. Menisperm-um + acee, fr. Gr. pyjvy, the moon, + ozéppa, a seed ; 7. ¢., fruit (seed) kidney or crescent-shaped. Shrubs, woody climbers or herbaceous vines ; leaves exstipulate, alter- nate ; flowers dicecious ; sepals 4-12; petals 6, similar, usually in two rows, imbricate ; stamens mostly 6 ; fruit drupe, superior ; species very heteromorphous ; embryo horseshoe-shaped ; albumin scanty ; tropics ; bitter, narcotic, tonic, poisonous. Genera: 1. Menispermum. 2. Chondrodendron. 38. Jateor- rhiza. 4. Anamirta. MENISPERMUM. MENISPERMUM (YetLow Paritua, CANADIAN MOONSEED). — Menispermum -canadense, Linné. Habitat. N. America (Canada toS. Carolina, west to Mississippi), banks of streams. Syn. Moonseed Root. Sarsaparilla. Texas or Yellow Sarsaparilla. Vine Maple. Fr. Ménisperme du Canada. Ger. Canadisches Mondkorn. Men-i-sper’mum. L. see etymology, above, of Menispermacee. Can-a-den/se. L. of or belonging to Canada. Canadian. ‘Pa-ril/la. Contr. sarsaparilla=Sp. zarea, a bramble, + parilla, dim. of parra, a trained vine, or after Dr. Parillo, who first used it. \The rhizome and roots. Puiant.—Perennial climber, 2.5-3.5 M. (8-12°) long ; stem round, Fic. 128. AER Menispermum canadense ; transverse section of rhizome magnified. striate ; leaves 10-12.5 Cm. (4—8’) broad, peltate, 3—7-lobed, petioles . 7.5-12.5 Cm. (3—5’) long, pale beneath ; flowers June—July, small, in PAREIRA—PAREIRA. 207 MENISPERMACEE. axillary clusters, yellow ; fruit Sept., 8 Mm. (4/) thick, black, resemb- ling grapes. Ruizomex, 1 M. (3°) long, 6 Mm. (2’) thick, yellowish- brown, knotty, wrinkled lengthwise, with many brittle roots, fracture tough, woody, inside yellowish, bark thick, wood-rays broad, porous, and longest on lower side, pith distinct ; nearly inodorous ; taste bitter. Solvent : aleohol (70 p.c.). Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). ConsriTuENTSs.—Berberine (yellow), Menispine, starch, gum, resin, tannin. Menispine.—Alkaloid, white, soluble in alcohol, ether, insoluble in benzene and alkaline solutions ; gives with sulphuric acid brown, and with fused zine chloride brownish-yellow color. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Menispermi Fluidum. Fluid Ex- tract of Menispermum. (Syn., Fluid Extract of Yellow Parilla or Canadian Moonseed ; Fr. Extrait liquide de Menisperme du Canada ; Ger. Flissiges Canadisches Mondkorn-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol 65 p. c., q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Ce.). PROPERTIES.—Tonic, alterative, diuretic. Usrs.—Similar to calumba (owing to its bitterness), scrofulous af- fections, as a substitute for sarsaparilla. PAREIRA. PAREIRA (PAREIRA Brava). Chondrodendron . tomentosum, Buiz et Pavon. }The root. Habitat. Brazil (near Rio Janeiro, and in other parts), Peru. Syn. Br. Pareire Radix. Velvet leaf. Fr. Butua. Ger. Grieswurzel. Chon-dro-den’dron. Gr. yévdpoc, a granule, + dévdpov, a tree; @. e., from the warty protuberances on the bark. ; To-men-to’sum. L. tomentosus, fr. tomentum, woolly ; i. ¢, under side of the leaves having gray hairs. p Pa-rei/ra-bra’/va. Portg. fr. parreira, vine, + brava, wild ; i. e., from its habit and the appearance of its bunches of fruit. Puant.—Tall, woody climber, called natively Abutua ; stem 1-10 Cm. (4—4’) thick, bark rough, covered with elevated, elongated promi- nences ; leaves 12.5-30 Cm. (5—12’) long, on long petioles, ovate, cor- date, upper surface smooth, under surface covered with close, fine wool of ashy hue; flowers dicecious, small, panicles; fruit purplish-black, drupes, six in a bunch like grapes, each 2.5 Cm. (1’) long, ovoid, 1- seeded. Root, in subcylindrical, tortuous pieces 10-15 Cm. (4—6’) long, 2-10 Cm. (2-4’) thick, brownish-gray with transverse ridges, fissures, and longitudinal furrows ; internally pale-brown, the fresh cut of a waxy lustre; bark thin ; wood porous, in two or more some- what irregular concentric circles of 12 wedges, with rather large medullary rays, no distinct central pith; inodorous ; bitter ; turns inky-bluish-black with tincture of iodine. Bright yellow pieces or. those having gray wood, which is hard and nearly tasteless, should be rejected. Solvents: alcohol (70 p. c.); boiling water. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.). 208 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. ADULTERATIONS.— Roots of: 1. Common pareira brava (Cissa’mpelos parei'ra), 2. Thick false pareira brava. 3. Thin false pareira brava. These have been largely imported and used for the true; they are eccentric and have no waxy internal appearance. 4. White pareira brava (Abu’ta rufe'scens). This is concentric, medullary rays dark, interradial spaces white and rich with starch, called natively Butua. 5. Yellow pareira brava (Abu/ta ama’ra), also eccentric, wood yellow. 6. Stems of the official and any of the above-mentioned plants, recog- Fre. 129. ur Pareira brava; portion of a root and transverse section of the same. nized by being more woody, lighter in color, and having distinct central pith ; taste and virtues, however, are similar. ConsTITUENTS.—Pelosine 0.5 p. ¢., tannin, ash 4-5 p. c. Pelosine (Cissampeline), C,,H,.NO,—Identical with beberine (Necta’ndra Rodice’?), buxine (Bu’/xus sempe'rvirens) and paricine ; it is obtained by boiling the root in acidulated (H,SO,) water and precipi- tating with potassium carbonate ; purified by dissolving in water with sulphuric acid, treating with charcoal, precipitating anew with potas- sium carbonate, and then treating with ether ; it is amorphous, yellow- ish-brown, odorless powder, soluble in alcohol, ether, diluted acids. CALUMBA—CALUMBA. 209 MENISPERMACES. PrepaRations.—1, Evtractum Pareire Flwidum. Fluid Extract of Pareira. (Syn., Br. Extractum Pareire Liquidum ; Fr. Extrait liquide de Pareira Bravas ; Ger. Flissiges Pareira-~Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with aleohol 72 Ce, glycerin 18, water 10, finishing with alcohol 80 p. @, q. s. 100 Ce. Dose 3ss—1 (2-4 Ce.). ; Unoff. Preps.: Extract. Dose, gr. 10-20 (.6-1.3 Gm.). Infusion (U.S. P., 1870, 6 p.c.). Dose, 3j-2 (30-60 Ce.). Decoction, 5 p. e. Dose, 5j-2 (80-60 Ce.). PROPERTIES.— Diuretic, tonic, laxative. Similar to uva-ursi and chimaphila ; it is eliminated by the kidneys, and in passing over the tract acts as a tonic and soothent, especially on the bladder. Uses.—Cystitis, calculous affections, chronic inflammation and ul- ceration of the kidneys, gonorrhea, leucorrhea, dropsy, rheumatism, jaundice, inflammation of the urinary passages. Used natively for bites of poisonous serpents, the vinous infusion being taken internally and the bruised leaves applied to the wound. Incompatibles: Ferric and lead salts, tincture of iodine. Allied Plant : 1. Cissa’mpelos parei'ra (Gr. xaads, ivy, + dpredos, a vine).—W. Indies, C. America. Root and stem 6-25 Mm. (4-1’) thick, not con- centric, wood in 20 porous wedges, separated by narrow medullary rays, bark brownish-gray, suberous; lighter than the official, non- waxy, and the infusion gives no blue color with tincture of iodine. CALUMBA. CALUMBA (Coumso). hi Imata, (Li k) Miers. ta. Columbar (Babuyh) Mee)" }'The root. Habitat. E. Africa, Madagascar (Mozambique and Quilimani forests, along the lower Zambesi River; cultivated in Africa and E. India Islands. Syn. Kalumb. Foreign Colombo. Colomba. Br. Calumbe Radix. Fr. Colombo (Calumbé). Ger. Radix Columbo, Colombowurzel. : Jat-e-or-rhi’za. L. fr. Gr. iarfp(coc), healing,-+ Aifa, a root; i.¢., its medical virtues. Pal-ma/’ta. L. palmatus, like the open palm of the hand ; i. e., the leaves pal- mately-lobed or divided. , : Ca-lum/’ba. L. fr. native African name, kalwmb, hence Colombo in Ceylon, sup- posed to be the plant’s original habitat. Pxiant.—Resembles very closely Menispermum canadense, hairy, perennial climber, although hispidity varies, reaching the tops of lofty trees ; leaves large, 25 Cm. (10’) long, 35 Cm. (14’) wide, orbicular, cordate, 3—5-7-palmately-lobed, lobes entire, wavy, hairy ; flowers dicecious, 6’s, 12 Mm. (’) wide; stem grows from short, thick, ir- regular rhizome; Roots, arise from the rhizome, numerous, fleshy, fasciculated, fusiform, 2.5-10 Cm. (1—4’) thick ; these are dug in dry season (March), collected, washed, cut in transverse slices, and dried slowly in the shade. Occurs commercially in circular disks 2.5—6 Cm. (1-24’) wide, 6-12 Mm. (4-3’) thick, greenish-brown, wrinkled, centre depressed, internally yellowish, near the cambium gray, wood-bundles project in interrupted circles, distinctly radiate in outer portion, near 14 210 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. the blackish cambium line, which separates the bark from the wood ; fracture short, mealy ; parenchyma contains starch ; odor slight ; taste aromatic, bitter, mucilaginous. Often more or less worm-eaten. Tt enters market from Zanzibar or via Bombay ; is controlled by Portuguese, as it was when they held possession of Ceylon. Solvents: alcohol (75 p. c.); boiling water extracts most of the virtues (columbin and berberine). Dose, gr. 5-30 (.8-2 Gm.). : ADULTERATIONS.—Roots of Bryo’nia a’lba and Fra’sera Wa'lteri (American Columbo). These are sometimes dyed yellow with tur- meric or safflower, and made bitter with infusion of calumba or quas- sia, thus making a near resemblance, but recognized by their lighter or slightly off color, absence of dark cambium zone, radiating lines, ete. ; Fie. 180. Jateorrhiza palmata (Columba). the latter also precipitates with iron salts, is not affected by infusion of galls, reddens litmus, evolves ammonia with fixed alkalies, and con- tains no starch. Occasionally with slices of the stem of Cosci’nium fenestra’tum, Ceylon; these are harder, smoother, and not centrally contracted. ConsTITUENTS.—Columbin 0.8 p. ¢., Berberine, Columbic Acid, starch 35 p. c., cholesterin, mucilage, ash 6 p. ¢. Columbin, C,,H,,O,—Obtained by exhausting root or alcoholic ex- tract with alcohol or ether, evaporating and letting stand several days for crystals to form, which are white, bitter, slightly soluble in water. Dose, gr. 4-1 (.03-.06 Gm.). Berberine, C,,H,,NO,.—This is left in mother-liquor from columbin, which is evaporated to dryness, exhausted with boiling alcohol, evapo- ANAMIRTA—COCCULUS INDICUS. 211 MENISPERMACEZ. rated, allowed to crystallize upon standing. These two, constituting the drug’s activity, may be purified and berberine can be converted into yellow, bitter crystalline salts. The alkaloid is the same as first found in Berberis vulgaris, etc. Dose, gr. $-1 (.03-.06 Gm.). Columbic Acid, C,,H,,O, + H,O.—Obtained from 3 p. c. oxalic acid infusion by adding baryta and treating precipitate with alcohol ; it is in combination with berberine. Calumba contains no tannin, hence can well be used with iron salts and alkalies as a substitute for gentian, etc. ; its infusion or tincture, however, precipitates with infusion of galls or solution of lead acetate. PREPARATIONS.—Extractum Calumbee Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Calumba. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Colombo; Ger. Fliissiges Kolombo-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate Fig. 181. 100 Gm. with alcohol 75 p. ¢., q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mv—30 (.3-2 Gm.). 2. Tinctura Calumbe. Tincture of Calumba. (Syn., Tinctura Colombo ; Fr. Teinture de Colombo; Ger. Ko- lombo-tinktur.) Manufacture: 10 p. c. Macerate, percolate 10 Gm. with alcohol 60 p.c., q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Cc.). UOnoff. P, Peps. ¢ Extract. Dose, gr. | Calumba, Transverse section, natural 1-5 (.06-.3 Gm.). Infusion, 5 p. ¢ ean ee Dose, 3ss—1 (15-30 Cc.). PROPERTIES.—Tonic, stomachic, stimulant, increases appetite and digestion by stimulating the gustatory nerves, thereby dilating the gas- trie vessels and augmenting secretion, does not constipate ; externally —antiseptic, disinfectant, anthelmintic. UsEs.—Dyspepsia, debility, remittent fevers, dysentery, diarrhcea, cholera morbus, cholera infantum, hectic fever of phthisis, pregnant vomiting, bowel flatus, purging ; large doses emeto-cathartic. Allied Plant: 1. J. Colum’ba.—About the same as the official, possibly having a variety difference, in that the basal lobes of leaves are rounded, but do not overlap, and male inflorescence is hispid. In the official variety, once also called Co’cculus palma’tus, basal lobes mostly overlap, and male inflorescence is smooth. Our commercial root is collected in- discriminately from both species. ANAMIRTA. COCCULUS INDICUS. Picrotoxinum. Picrotoxin, C,,H,,O, + H,O, official. Anamirta Cocculus, (Linné) Wright & Arnott. A neutral principle ob- (A. paniculata, Colebrooke. ) tained from the seeds. Habitat. E. India (Ceylon, Malayan Islands). _ Syn. Fish foe India, Oriental Berries. Indian Cockle. Levant Nut. Le- vant Shell. Fr. Coque du Levant, Picrotoxine. Ger. Kokkelskérner, Pikrotoxin. 212 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. An-a-mir’ta. L. fr. Indian name contrasting it with a common Menispermum. Coce’cu-lus. L. dim. of coceum, a kermes berry. i : Pa-nic-u-la’ta. L. panicula, paniculatus, having panicles ; 7. ¢., the flowers. In/di-cus. L. of India. : Pic-ro-tox-i/num. L. fr. Gr. tixpéc, bitter, + roéixdv, poison ; 7. e., one of its properties. Puant.—Large, branching, woody twiner ; bark gray ; leaves 10— 20 Cm. (4-8’) long, cordate, ovate, smooth, pale-green, whitish below, nearly entire; flowers small, dicecious, panicles 20-40 Cm. (8-167) long, greenish-white ; fruit in clusters of 1-5, usually two, drupes, globular, reniform, 12 Mm. (3’) long, 6 Mm. (4’) thick, pulp scanty, endocarp thin, brittle, on the concave side projecting deeply into the interior, blackish-brown, wrinkled, basal and apical scars united by a ridge ; seeds reniform, oily, bitter, pericarp nearly tasteless ; imported from Bombay and Madras. Dose, gr. 1-3 (.06-.2 Gm.). : ConsTITUENTS.—Pericarp: Menispermine (soluble in ether), para- menispermine (insoluble in ether), both tasteless ; hypopicrotoxic acid, resin, fat, gum, ash 5 p. c. Seed: Picrotoxin, anamirtin (cocculin, not bitter or poisonous, slightly soluble in chloroform, benzene), fat. Picrotoxinum. Picrotoxin, C,,H,,O, + H,O.—Obtained by tritu- rating aqueous extract of seeds with magnesia, treating this with hot alcohol, which dissolves picrotoxin, to be deposited on evaporation ; or can exhaust seeds with alcohol, evaporate this off, boil residue with water, which takes up picrotoxin, leaving alkaloids and acid behind. As such it is not a single body but two that crystallize together—pic- rotoxin 55 p. ¢., picrotin, C,,H,.O,, 45 p. ¢.; this latter is non- poisonous and can be separated by its insolubility in benzene or chloroform, the picrotoxin being dissolved thereby. It occurs in colorless, flexible, shining, prismatic crystals or powder, odorless, very bitter, soluble in alkalies or acids, ether, benzol, alcohol, chloroform, slightly so in water. Tests: 1. With H,SO,+ NaNO, + NaOH = brick-red, fading in several hours. 2. Aqueous solution is not affected by tannic acid or mercuric or platinic chloride T. 8., or mercuric potassium iodide T. §. (abs. of alkaloids). . Dose, gr. @,—-34 (.001- .002 Gm.). PREPARATIONS.—1. Picrotoxin: (Unoff.) Ointment, 2 p.c. Pills. 2. Seeds : (Unoff.) Decoction, 24 p.c. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Ce). Tine- ture, 25 p. c. (diluted alcohol). Dose, Mij-15 (.18-1 Ce). Fluid Extract. Dose, Mj-3 (.06-.2 Cc.) Menispermine, C,,H,,N,O.,,. Dose, gr. 1-5 (.06-.3 Gm.). PROPERTIES.—Cerebro-spinal excitant, nervine, sedative, antipara- sitic. Combines the action of belladonna and nux vomica (strych- nine), affecting the medulla oblongata centres, stimulates all secretions —cutaneous, salivary, intestinal, etc.; after temporary acceleration slows the heart and respiration, causes nausea, vomiting, muscular twitching, incodrdination, stupor, delirium, ceased diaphragm motion, spasms of the flexors (tonic and clonic alternating), coma, insensibility, death by paralysis of the heart. The convulsions resemble epileptic paroxysms (circular spasms), while those of strychnine are tonic (tetanic) ANAMIRTA—COCCULUS INDICUS. 218 MENISPERMACEZ. . and alone affect the extensors ; it is quickly absorbed, and is mainly eliminated by the kidneys, though assisted by the skin. Fie. 132. Anamirta Cocculus (paniculata). Fig. 133. Anamirta Cocculus; a, staminate flower; b, longitudinal section of fruit, magnified; ¢, fruit and section, normal size. Usrs.—Paralysis (laryngeal), epilepsy, nervous diseases, chorea, eclampsia, night-sweats of phthisis, chronic spasms of the limbs, flat- ulent colic, intestinal torpor, dyspepsia, vomiting with giddiness, 214 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. headache, dysmenorrhea, migraine, morphine antidote ; externally : parasitic skin diseases, itch, lice, ring-worm (ointment or tincture of the fruit), being careful to always avoid abraded surfaces. The berries are used to stupefy fish by throwing them, in powdered form mixed with dough, upon the water. After eating this the fish whirl around, become stupefied, and lie motionless upon the surface, so that they can be readily picked up. They are also used to prevent secondary fermentation of liquors, and to add to their strength, but with danger. Poisoning: Symptoms and treatment similar to strychnine. Incompatibles : Chloral hydrate, potassium bromide, motor-depres- sants, acetic acid, anesthetics for spasms. Synergists: All motor-excitants (strychnine, brucine, ergot, etc.). 33. LAURACE. Latirel Family. La-ra’se-e. L. Laur-us + aces, bay tree, fr. Celtic blaur (= laur, the 6 dropped), signifying green, referring to plant’s foliage. Trees or shrubs. Distinguished by being aromatic (volatile oils); leaves Simple, pellucid-dotted ; flowers polygamous, calyx 4-6, in 2 rows, petaloid, regular; stamens perigynous, distinct, anthers opening by 2—4 -uplifted valves; ovary l-celled; ovules 1 in each cell; fruit drupe or berry ; tropics, temperate climates ; aromatic, stimulant (vol. oil), narcotic, sudorific, tonic, stomachic, febrifuge, astringent ; timber, some fruits edible. Genera: 1. Sassafras. 2. Cinnamomum. SASSAFRAS. SASSAFRAS. 1. Sassarras. Sassafras. 2, SassarRas MEpULLA. Sassafras Pith. Sassafras Sassafras, (Linné) Karsten. | 1. The bark of the root. 2. The (S. variifolium, S«lisbury. ) pith of the branches. Habitat. N. America (Canada, Florida to Texas) in woods, with rich soil. Syn. Saxifrax, Saloop, Ague Tree, Cinnamon Wood. Br. Sassafras (Cortex) Radix. Fr. Ecorce de Sassafras. Ger. Lignum Sassafras, Sassafrashalz, Sassafrasrinde. Sas’sa-fras. L. saxum, rock, + frangere, to break ; 7. e., grows in crevices of rocks, Sp. for saxifrage ; name given by Monardes, Spanish botanist, 16th century. Va-ri-i-fo/li-um. L. varius, varying, + folium, leaf; 7. e., leaves of several forms on the same tree, ovate, entire, three-lobed and cuneate at base. Piant.—Occurs as a shrub in the North, but a tree in the South, 9-24 M. (30-80°) high, .3-.6 M. (1-2°) thick ; wood whitish or red- dish, light, strong, durable, aromatic ; bark of stem and large branches rough, deeply furrowed, grayish, young end-twigs smooth, green ; leaves 10-15 Cm. (4-6’) long, varying shape; flowers March—May, fragrant, appearing before the leaves, small, greenish-yellow, dicecious, racemes ; fruit, oval drupe, size of pea, deep-blue, 1-seeded. Bark OF ROOT (sassafras), in irregular fragments, deprived of gray, corky layer, bright-rust-brown, soft, fragile, fracture short and corky ; inside SASSAFRAS—SASSAFRAS. (215 LAURACEZ. smooth ; strongly fragrant ; taste sweetish, aromatic, astringent. Col- lect preferably in autumn, sometimes in spring. Solvents: alcohol ; hot water. Dose, 3ss-1 (2-4 Gm.). Prru or BRANCHES (sassafras pith, or medulla), in slender, cylindrical pieces, curved or coiled, light, spongy, white, consisting entirely of parenchyma; inodorous, insipid. Collect in autumn after frost. Solvents: macerated in water Fic. 134, yields mucilaginous liquid not precipitated by alcohol or lead subacetate. Dose, 5j-4 (4-15 Gm.). ConsTITUENTS. — J. Bark: Volatile oil 5 p. c., Sassafrid 9 p- ¢, tannin 6 p. c., starch, gum, resin, wax. II. Piru: Mucilage. Oleum Sassafras. Oil of Sassafras, official—(Syn., Fr. Essence de Sassafras; Ger. Sas- safrasél.) This volatile oil is obtained by distilling sassafras (bark) with water or steam ; while the bark is preferred, in Sassafras Sassafras (variifolium ); 1, fruiting practice, the whole root is often twig; 2, flowering twig. chipped up and used, yielding only 4 p. ¢. of unrectified oil. Maryland is the centre of production. It is a yellowish liquid when from root-bark of recently felled trees, reddish from roots of old stumps; with characteristic sassafras odor, without that of camphor; warm, aromatic taste ; darkens, thickens by Fig. 135. Sassafras Sassafras (variifolium) ; a, staminate flower ; }, pistillate flower. age, sp. gr. 1.080, soluble in alcohol, glacial acetic acid and carbon di- sulphide. Contains chiefly safrol, C,,H,,O,, 80 p. c., pinene and phel- landrene, C,,H,,, 10 p. ¢., dextrogyrate camphor 6.8 p. c., eugenol, C,,H,,0,, 0.5 p. ¢., cadinene, residue 3 p.c. Tests: 1. Oil + nitric acid each 5 drops gives violent reaction, red color, finally red resin. 216 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 2. Oil few drops + sulphuric acid 1 drop gives deep-red color, soon turning blackish. Should be kept dark, in well-stoppered bottles. Dose, Mj-5 (.06-.3 Ce.). ee Sassafrid.—Supposed to be altered tannin, the result of oxidation, and is analogous to cinchonic-red ; being much more abundant in the fresh than old bark ; it is a reddish-brown, inodorous, nearly tasteless powder. PREPARATIONS.—I. Bark: 1. Decoctwm Sarsaparillee Compositum, 2p.c. Dose, 5j-4 (30-120 Cc.). 2. Extractum Sarsaparille Fluidum Compositum, 10 p.c¢. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Ce.). Unoff. Preps.: Fluid Extract. Dose, 3ss-1 (2-4 Ce.). Infusion or Tea. Dose, ad libitum. Fro. 136. II. Orn: 1. Syrupus Sarsaparillee Com- ms ms positus, giz p.c. Dose, 5j-4 (4-15 Ce.). III. Prra: 1. Mucilago Sassafras Medulle. Mucilage of Sassafras Pith. (Syn., Fr. Mucilage de Moélle de Sassa- fras ; Ger. Sassafrasmark-Schleim.) Manufacture: 2p.c. Macerate 2 Gm. in water q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, ad libitum. Mostly used externally. PropertTies.—I. Bark: Alterative, diaphoretic, stimulant, emmenagogue. II. Pitre: Demulcent, emollient. Usres.—I. Bark: To purify blood, skin diseases, rheumatism, syphilis. In- fusion good antidote for poison-oak, given internally and applied locally ; it (tea) was once popular for so called thinning the geet de et ae blood in spring ; given with sarsaparilla, medullary rays. gualacum, etc. II. Ort: Anodyne, stimulant in neu- ralgia, to dispel insects ; said to neutralize emetic and narcotic effects of tobacco and: hyoscyamus, popular as a flavoring agent in confec- tionery, drinks, soaps, ete. III. Pira: Mostly in collyria for conjunctivitis, acute gastritis, dysentery, febrile affections, throat trouble, in poisoning by corrosives ; used to suspend insoluble substances and for flavoring. _ Allied Plants : 1. Unbellula’ria califo'rnica, California Bay Laurel or Spice Tree, —Wood brownish, close-grained, esteemed for cabinet work ; leaves yield volatile oil 4 p. c., with nutmeg and cardamom odor ; seeds con- tain a fat; stimulant, anodyne in diarrhoea, neuralgia, headache. 2. Sassafras Lignum, Sassafras Wood.—Contains little volatile oil ; used like the bark, but very weak medicinally. CINNAMOMUM—CINNAMON. 217 LAURACEE. CINNAMOMUM. CINNAMON. 1. CrinnAMomMUM Cassia. Cassia Cinnamon. Cinnamomum The bark of the shoots, (of one or more undeter- aromaticum, Nees. mined species, grown in China). 2.- CrInNAMoMUM Satconicum. Saigon Cinnamon. Cinnamomum : : sativa ninamed. \The bark of an undetermined species. 3. CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICcUM. Ceylon Cinnamon. Cinnamomum : zeylanicum, Nees. \ The inner bark of the shoots. _ Habitat. 1, China, Anam. 2. Anam (Cochin China). 3, Ceylon. All cultivated in Java. Sumatra, South America, W. Indies. Syn. 1. Cinnamomum, Cassia Bark (U. 8. P., 1880), Chinese (Cinnamon) Cassia, Cassia (Flower) Tree, ee or Cinnamomea, Cinnamomum Chinense. Fr. Cannelle de Chine, Casse. Ger. Cortex Cinnamomi, Chinesischer Zimmt, Zimmtkassie. 2. Cortex Cinnamomi Saigonici. Fr. Cannelle de Saigon. Ger. Saigonzimmt. 3. Cinnamomum (U. S. P., 1880). Br. True Ceylon Cinnamon, Cinnamomi Cortex, True or Suet Cinnamon, Cinnamomum (acutum) verum. Fr. Cannelle de Ceylon. Ger. Zeylonzimmt, Brauner Canel. Cin-na-mo’mum. L. fr. Ar. kinnamon, cinnamon, probably connected with aie a reed, cane; ¢. ¢., resemblance of stems, or Malay kaju manis, sweet wood, rom its aromatic odor and taste. , Cas/si-a. L. fr. Heb. getsioth, gatsa, to cut, peel off ; 7. e., the bark. Ar-o-mat/i-cum. L. aromaticus, fragrant; i. ¢., its odor. Sa-i-gon/i-cum. L. belonging to Saigon, a country and city in Southern Anam ; 1%. ¢., its native habitat. Ze-y-lan’i-cum. L. belonging to Ceylon ; i. e., its habitat. Piants.—Handsome evergreen trees 6-9 M. (20-30°) high, trunk .3-.5 M. (12-18’) thick, young twigs slightly quadrangular; leaves co- riaceous, 3—5-nerved, but only midrib reach- ing apex, bright-glossy-green above, glau- Fig. 137. cous beneath, 10-20 Cm. (4-8’) long; » 2 flowers Jan.—March, small, hermaphrodite or polygamous, producing fleshy, black, ovoid fruit, which adheres like the acorn to the cup-shaped perianth, size of small olive. Bark: 1. Chinese Cassia (Cinnamon). In single, rarely double quills, 6-25 Mm. (j-1’) wide, about 2 Mm. (;4’) thick, variable length, deprived of corky layer, yellowish- brown, outside rough, fracture smoothish ; odor fragrant; taste sweet, warmly aroma- tic, less sweet, delicate, more bitter, astrin- gent and pungent than Ceylon; contains fewer bast-fibres, more mucilage-cells, at the same time some specimens are equally as fine and delicate; thought to be mostly from C. aroma!ticum. The “Cassia lignea” is a poor grade, the rolls “ false packed.” with broken bark, waste matter, and often sand, in the interior. Cinnamon twig, showing leaf vena- tion. 218 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 2. Saigon, Anam Cassia (Cinnamon). This is the best quality and highest priced Chinese bark; it is cultivated largely in Anam, and to some extent around the capital (Saigon) of French Cochin China, mostly from C. Loureirii (after Loureiro, celebrated botanist). The intermediate sized bark is frequently sweeter, stronger, but less permanent in odor than Ceylon, producing sweeter and less pungent oil ; occurs in unscraped quills (not deprived of corky layer), 25 Cm. (10’) long, 12 Mm. (3’) wide, 2-6 Mm. (,1,-}’) thick,“ often very much broken, grayish-brown outside, warty, transverse ridges, longi- tudinal wrinkles, inside darkish-brown, granular, striate, fracture short ; odor fragrant ; taste sweet, warmly aromatic, slightly astringent. Although like the cassia, inclined somewhat to increase astringency with age, even the thickest bark is very often of the first quality. 3. Ceylon Cinnamon. This is only the liber, occurs in closely rolled quills of eight or more layers of bark the-thickness of paper, .38-1 M. © (1-3°) long, pale-brown, outside smooth, but marked with wavy lines Fic. 188. a * Cinnamomum ; a, flower; b, vertical section of the same. of bast-bundles, inner surface striate, fracture short-splintery ; odor fragrant ; taste sweet, slightly astringent, warmly aromatic ; when distilled yields 4-1 p. ¢. volatile oil (less than two preceding—3—14 p- ¢.), the most delicate of all, only approximated by the finer grades of other kinds. Solvents: alcohol; hot water partially. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.8-2 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—1. Barks of many allied species, inferior cassia bark, thick, dark colored. 2. Clove bark ; quills 18-36 Mm. (3-14/) thick, 5 Cm. (2’) long, composed of 6-10 pieces rolled together ; odor clove-like ; taste cinnamon-like. Clove buds are larger than cassia buds. Commercial.—Cinnamon was a very early favorite spice, being brought by Arabian navigators to the Pheenicians, Grecians and Ro-- mans. The Chinese cassia was first used; Ceylon not until 1275. Grows wild, but mostly cultivated ; this was formerly done most suc- cessfully in Ceylon, where now coffee replaces it, so that at present around Colombo the principal cinnamon gardens exist. Many species CINNAMOMUM—CINNAMON. 219 LAURACEZ. contribute our official bark, as C. aroma’ticum, C. zeyla’nicum, C,-Lo- urei'rit, C. i/ners (wild Japan cinnamon), ©. ni/tidum (Ceylon, Java), C. Culi’laban, and var. ru/brum (Moluccas), C. Si/ntok (Java, Suma- tra), C. kia’mis (Massoy bark). In Bengal mountains have C. obtusi-. Jo'lium, C. pauciflo’rum, C. Burma'nni, C. Ta’mala. These and others furnish the bark shipped from Calcutta, Java, Timor, ete., under names Cassia lignea, Cassia, Cassia vera, Wild Cassia, etc., which are distinguished from Ceylon bark by yielding much mucilage with water. Plantations are cultivated by planting seeds in prepared soil, 4-5 in each hill; in six or seven years these produce stems 1.5-3 M. (5-10°) high, straight from continued prun- ing, when they are cut down with Fic. 139. catty-knives, and, by coppicing, a new crop of twigs is formed every two or three years. The barking (March—June, after which delicacy and aroma lessen) is done under cover by making two equi-distant longitudinal slits and transverse ones every few feet apart, then by mama- knife it is easily teased off; after allowing several days for partial fermentation to facilitate epidermal separation, it is laid concave down- ward upon a convex piece of wood and scraped with curved knives or entire epidermis removed with planes. Congeries of quills are formed, which, when dried (first by shade, then by sun), are made into 30-pound (14 Kg.) bundles and marketed as to quality in firsts, seconds, thirds, the inferior grades being distilled for oil. The varieties of these barks are several: 1. Cassia = Chinese, Saigon, Calcutta, _ Java, Timor, Padang, Sumatra, 2. © Cmpamons % >, ¢ Gom China; d, ¢, from Cinnamon = Ceylon, Malabar or Tinnevelly, Tellicherry, Java. These are imported loose or in bund- les with split bamboo bands from Canton, Hong Kong (Saigon), Cal- cutta, Colombo. : ConsTITUENTS.— V olatile oil 3-2 p. c., tannin, sugar, mannit, starch, mucilage, ash 2-5 p. c. Oleum Cinnamomi. Oil of Cinnamon, official.—(Syn., Oil of Cassia, Oil of Ceylon Cinnamon, Oleum Cinnamomi Zeylanici; Fr. (Essence) Huile de Cannelle; Ger. Zimmtél, Zeylonisches Zimmtl.) This volatile oil, obtained by distilling Cassia cinnamon, is a brownish liquid, that darkens and thickens by age; odor characteristic, taste 220 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. sweet, spicy, burning, sp. gr. 1.060, soluble in equal quantities alcohol, glacial acetic acid, when shaken with solution sodium bisulphite solidi- fies to crystalline mass. Consists chiefly, 75 p. c., of cinnamic alde- hyde, C,H,O (oxidizing into resin and cinnamic acid), but has cin- namyl acetate, C,H,—C,H,O,, and hydrocarbons. Fresh oil contains no cinnamic acid, and after this is formed, by further oxidation it be- comes benzoic acid.. Should be kept cool, dark, in well-stoppered bottles. ests: 1. Oil shaken with water, the clear filtrate + few ‘drops of basic lead acetate T. S., should give white turbidity, with- out yellow color (abs. oil of cloves). 2. Oil 4 drops + alcohol 10 Ce. +1 drop of ferric chloride T, S., should give brown, not green or blue color (abs. oil of cloves, carbolic acid). The Ger. and U.S. P. recognize only oil of Chinese cinnamon, while the Br. Phar. and Fr. Codex that of Ceylon cinnamon; the former is more abundant, cheaper, the latter finer flavor, more delicate aroma, contain- ing besides cinnamic aldehyde, some eugenol and phellandrene. Dose, Mj-5 (.06-.3 Ce.). ADULTERATIONS.—Oil distilled from flowers and roots, carbolic acid, oil of cloves, petroleum, colophony. PrEPARATIONS.—I. Cassia Bark: 1. Tinctura Cardamomi Com- posita, 2 p.c. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Cc.). 2. Tinctura Catechw Composita, 5 p. ec. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Cc.). 3. Tinctura Lavandule Composita, 2 p.c. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Ce.). 4, Vinum Opii, 1 p.c. Dose, Mv—20 (.8-1.3 Ce.). II. Ceyton Bark: 1. Pulvis Aromaticus. Aromatic Powder. (Syn., Br. Pulvis Cinnamomi Compositus, Compound Powder of Cin- namon; Fr. Poudre Aromatique, Poudres des (Epices) Aromates ; Ger. Aromatisches Pulver, Gewiirzpulver.) Manufacture: 35 p.c. Ceylon cinnamon 35 Gm., ginger 35, carda- mom 15, nutmeg .15. Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6-2 Gm.). Prep.: 1. Extractum Aromaticum Fluidum. Aromatic Fluid Extract. (Syn., Extrait liquide Aromatique des Aromates ; Ger. Fliissiges (Gewiirz) Aromatisches-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate aromatic powder 100 Gm. with alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mx-30 (.6—2 Ce.). 2. Tinctura Cinnamomi. Tinctureof Cinnamon. (Syn., Fr. Tein- ture de Cannelle; Ger. Zimmt-tinktur.) Manufacture: 10 p.c. Macerate, percolate 10 Gm. with glycerin 5 Ce. aleohol 75, water 20, finishing with alcohol 75 p. ¢, q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Cc.). It. Orn: 1, Aqua Cinnamomi. Cinnamon Water. (Syn., Fr. Eau de Cannelle ; Ger. (Einfaches) Zimmtwasser.) Manufacture: 4 p. ¢. Triturate oil .2 Cec. with precipitated calcium phosphate .4 Gm., water q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—1 (15-30 Ce.). Prep.: 1. Infusum Digitalis, 1.5 p.c. Dose, 4ss—1 (15-30 Cc.). 2. Spiritus Cinnamomi. Spirit of Cinnamon. (Syn., Fr. Alcoolat de Cannelle ; Ger. Zimmtspiritus.) \ CAMPHORA—CAMPHOR. 221 LAURACEA. Manufacture: 10 p.c. Dissolve oil 10 Ce. in alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, My—80 (.3-2 Ce.). “ Unof. Preps. Bark: Fluid Extract. Dose, Mv-30 (.3-2 Ce.). Syrup (bark 10, water 50, sugar 60), for flavoring. Infusion. Dose, 3j—2 (30-60 Ce.). PROPERTIES.—Carminative, stomachic, stimulant, astringent, hemostatic, aromatic, antispasmodic, germicide. The oil has no astringency. Uses.—Diarrheea, flatulence, nausea, vomiting, menorrhagia, partu- rient, to check griping medicines, for flavoring preparations, chocolate, ete. CAMPHORA. CAMPHOR. Cinnamomum Camphora, | A stearopten (concrete volatile oil), of a (Linné) Nees et Ebermaier. ketone nature, purified by sublimation. Habitat. China, Japan, Formosa. Tree cultivated in Italy as an ornament, and may yield profitably in California, Florida, ete.,. wherever frosts are light. Syn. Camphor Laurel, Gum Camphor Tree. Fr. Camphre. Ger. Kampher, Kampfer, Campher. Cam/’pho-ra. L. fr. Ar. kafur or kapur, chalk, lime; i. ¢., its resemblance. Puant.—A tree 9 M. (30°) high, much branched, resembles the Linden, growing up to 600 M. (2,000°) elevation in tropics—Cape Good Hope, Brazil, Jamaica, Madeira, Mediterranean region, ete. ; bark smooth, green ; leaves evergreen, 7.5-15 Cm. (3-6’) long, 2.5- 7.5 Cm, (1-3’) wide, attenuated toward both ends, entire, glaucous beneath, thick ; flowers June—July, small, whitish ; fruit, November— December, purple berry, 6 Mm. (}’) thick, 1-seeded. STEAROPTEN (camphor), in white, translucent masses, tough, crystalline, easily powdered with a little alcohol, chloroform or ether; odor aromatic, characteristic ; taste pungent, aromatic; sp. gr. 0.995; soluble in alco- hol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, benzin, fixed and volatile oils, slightly in water ; liquefied with equal quantities of menthol, thy- ‘mol, phenol, or chloral hydrate; volatile, inflammable, sublimable without residue. Dose, gr. 2-10 (.13-.6 Gm.). Commercial.—While all parts of the tree contain camphor, it is only obtained from the root, trunk, and branches by sublimation. 1. In Japan roots and small branches are chipped and put with a little water into large iron vessels surmounted with earthen domes, lined with rice-straw. Upon applying moderate heat, camphor, vola- tilized by steam, rises to the domes and condenses on the straw, from which it is shaken and packed in double-tubs, 100 pounds (45 Kg.) each. This is larger grained, lighter-pink, cleaner, dryer, and higher priced than Chinese variety. 2. In China the comminuted plant is boiled in water until the cam- phor adheres to the ladle, when the strained liquid upon cooling con- cretes ; this latter, with alternating layers of earth, is now sublimed. 3. In Formosa Island the chips are exposed to steam, which, taking it up, deposits it in reversed pots upon condensation. A large wooden trough, coated with clay, surmounts a furnace, water is poured into the 222 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. trough, a perforated board is luted to the top, upon which chips are placed, being covered with inverted earthen pots. When heat applied steam is produced, which, rising, passes through the openings, and also chips, thus becoming camphor-vapor, which condenses on inside of pots, from which it is scraped daily and forwarded to Tamsui, Takow, etc., in baskets 70 pounds (32 Kg.) each. In these Formosa ports it is stored in vats or packed in chests, tubs (lead or tin lined) of 100 pounds (45 Kg.) each, and before shipping is saturated with water, to prevent evaporation in transit, thereby loss of weight, hence usually reaches us moist. When stored in vats a yellowish-brown volatile oi] — camphor oil—drains out, which may be increased in amount by pressure. ADULTERATIONS. — As obtained thus may have impurities 2-10 p. c., — vegetable matter, gypsum salt, sulphur, chips, ete. Refining. — To re- move such foreign ma- terial crude camphor is mixed with = part of quicklime (iron filings, sand, or charcoal), then resublimed at 204° C. (400° F.), in iron, cop- per, or glass retorts ; this was formerly done exclusively in Europe, but now Jargely in this country; the lime re- moves resin, empyreu- matic oil, moisture, etc. rl When thus purified it is Cinnamomum Camphora. pressed into various- shaped blocks. We have two commercial varieties: 1. Japan, Tub, Dutch (they being the first to introduce it), usually from Batavia. 2. China, Formosa ; this is the cheapest, most abundant, sometimes contains ammonium chloride, usually from Canton. ConstITuENTS.—C,,H,,O. When heated with zinc chloride yields cymol, C,,H,,; with nitric acid yields camphoric acid, C,,H,,O,, and camphoronic acid, C,H,,O, ; the former acid forms colorless, inodorless prisms, melting at 180° C. (356° F-.), soluble in alcohol, slightly in water, insoluble in carbon disulphide ; the latter acid melts at 136° C. (277° F.) with decomposition and is freely soluble in water, or alcohol. CAMPHORA—CAMPHOR. . 223 LAURACES. PREPARATIONS.—1. Aqua Camphorcee. Camphor Water. (Syn., Aqua Camphorata ; Br. Mistura Camphore ; Fr. Eau Camphré ; Ger. Kampherwasser.) _ Manufacture: 4 p. c. Triturate .8 Gm. with precipitated cal- cium phosphate .5, alcohol .5 Ce., distilled water q.s. 100 Cc. Dose, 5j-8 (4-30 Ce.). 2. Linimentum Camphorce. Camphor Liniment. (Syn., Campho- rated Oil, Linimentum Camphoratum; Fr. (Liniment) Huile Camphré; Ger. Oleum Camphoratum, Kampherél, Kampher-liniment.) ; eee 20 p.c. Dissolve 20 Gm. in hot cottonseed oil q. s. Ce ; Prep.: 1. Ceratwm Camphore. Camphor Cerate. (Syn., Fr. Unguentum (Pomatum) Camphoratum, Pommade Camphré ; Ger. Kamphersalhbe.) Manufacture :-Camphor liniment, 10 Gm., white wax 30, lard 60 ; melt two latter with gentle heat, add former, stir until cold. 3. Spiritus Camphore. Spirit of Camphor. (Syn., Tinctura Cam- phore, Tincture of Camphor; Fr. Alcohol Camphoratus, (Esprit de) Aleool Camphré ; Ger. Spiritus Camphoratus, Kampherspiritus.) Manufacture: 10 p.c. Dissolve 10 Gm. in alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mv-—60 (.3—-4 Ce.). 4. Linimentum Belladonne, 5 p. ce. 5, Linimentum Saponis, 4.5 p. ¢. 6. Linimentum Sinapis Compositum, 6 p. e. 7. Pulvis Morphince Compositus, 32 p.c. Dose, gr. 5-10 (.3-.6 Gm.). 8. Tinetura Opii Camphorata, 2 p.c. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Ce.). Unoff. Preps.: Ointment, Vinum Camphoratum. Chloral Campho- ratum (each 50 p.c.). Camphora Phenolata. Camphora Salicylata, etc. Enters largely into dentifrices, camphor-ice, ete. PROPERTIES.—Antispasmodic, stimulant, carminative, stomachic, (an)aphrodisiac, antipyretic, nervine, sedative, diaphoretic, rubefacient, resolvent, antiseptic. Has great healing powers ; dilates vessels, in- creases flow of gastric juice and peristalsis. Large doses cause burn- ing, vomiting, weak pulse, giddiness, debility, pallor, cold skin, faint- ness, confused ideas, delirium, convulsions, death from collapse ; does not kill healthy adults. Uses.—Camphor was not known to Greeks or Romans, we having derived it from the Arabians, who use it solely as a refrigerant and to lessen sexuality. Now employed in hysteria, dysmenorrhea, nervous- ness, diarrhoea, colic, flatulence, rheumatism, gout, tenesmus, asthma, cough, coryza, toothache, headache, spasms, chorea, epilepsy, typhoid condition, mania. Externally as a wash, liniment or ointment for ulcers, gangrene, scabies, sprains, bruises, rheumatic pains, convulsions. Poisoning: Must vomit, then give alcohol in small but frequent doses, coffee, cold, arterial sedatives ; opium and bromides for the con- vulsions. : Incompatibles: Aconite, acids, neutral salts, water precipitates all solutions. 224 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Synergists: Antispasmodics, alcohol, opium, narcotics, aromatics, all in small quantity. Allied Products : 1. Camphora Monobromata. Monobromated © Camphor, C,,H,,BrO, official—(Syn., Bromated (Brominated) Camphor, Brom- Camphor ; Fr. Camphré Monobromé; Ger. Monobrom (Kampher) Camphor.) Manufacture: Heat in a sealed tube, on water bath, bromine and camphor in molecular proportions (preferably with a little alcohol, water or chloroform) until reaction ceases, wash crystalline mass with water, recrystallize from alcohol, or benzin. It occurs in colorless, prismatic needles or scales, having mild camphoraceous odor and taste, permanent, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, hot benzin, fixed and volatile oils, insoluble in water, volatile without residue at 274° C. (525° F.). Soluble without decomposition in sulphuric acid from which it separates unaltered when thrown into water. Dose, gr. 2-5 (.13-.3 Gm.), in pill or emulsion. Usrs.—Delirium tremens, hysteria, convulsions, coughs, insomnia, spermatorrhea. ‘To make emulsion, add to it six times its weight of oil of sweet-almond and emulsify this with acacia. 2. Borneo, Sumatra or Barus Camphor (Dryoba'lanops aroma’ tica (Ca'mphora)), C,,H,,O, has different odor from official camphor, heavier than water, less volatile, with nitric acid yields ordinary cam- phor. . 3. Ngai Camphor (Blu'mea balsam’ fera).—This is a tall weed of India, China, Formosa. Its camphor has same composition as Borneo, but is levogyre, and natively is prized higher than our official. 4, Artificial Camphor.—Although this can be made by oxidizing camphene, C,,H,,, with chromic acid mixture, yet the products terpin hydrate and terpene hydrochlorate are generally recognized under this name ; the latter being prepared by saturating oil of turpentine, dis- solved in twice its volume of carbon disulphide, with hydrochloric acid gas. 5. Oleum Camphore, Camphor Oil, official, 1870-1880.—This is a yellowish-brown volatile oil obtained from camphor by sublimation and expression ; has camphor odor and taste, sp. gr. 0.940, dextrogyre. Consists of pinene, phellandrene, cineol, dipentene, terpineol, safrol, eugenol, cadinene, and at low temperature deposits camphor. Allied Plants : 1. Nectandra Rodicei, Bebeerw Bark.—The bark official, 1860-1880, 8. America. Large tree, 18-24 M. (60-80°) high, bark ash-gray, smooth, leaves 12.5-15 Cm. (5-6’) long, 5-7.5 Cm. (2-8’) wide, coriaceous, shining; flowers yellowish-white, jasmine odor, wood strong (valuable in ship building) ; fruit, subpyriform, 5-7.5 Cm. (2-3’) long, bitter. Bark flat pieces 6 Mm. (}’) thick, .3-.6 M. (1-2°) long, 10-15 Cm. (4-6’) wide, many longitudinal depressions, inside cinnamon-brown, coarsely striate, fracture granular, with stone- cells, astringent, bitter. Contains beberine (identical with buxine and OPIUM—OPIUM, 225 PAPAVERACE. pelosine), sipirine ; wood has nectandrine. Used as tonic, anti- periodic, febrifuge for intermittents, menorrhagia, leucorrhcea, head- ache, neuralgia, dyspepsia, consumption, in infusion, decoction. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.). Beberine, gr. 1-10 (.06—.6 Gm.). 2. Coto Bark.—Bolivia. May be from Dri’mys Wi'nteri var. granate’nsis. In flat or curved pieces 12 Mm. (3’) thick, cinnamon color and odor, taste pungent, bitter. Contains cotoin, C,,H,,O,, volatile oil, resin. Dose, gr. 5-10 (.3-—.6 Gm.). Cotoin, gr. 3-2 (.05—.13 Gm.). _ 8. Para-coto Bark.—Bolivia. 12 Mm. (}/) thick, sometimes with white fissured cork, odor nutmeg-like. Contains paracotoin, C,,H,,O,, hydrocotoin, volatile oil, resin. Used like coto bark for diarrhoea of typhoid, phthisis, sweating, cholera, nasal catarrh. Dose, gr. 5-10 (.8-.6 Gm.), tincture 10 p. e. (alcohol), 3ss—1 (2-4 Cc.), paracotoin gr. 1-5 (.06-.3 Gm.). as 4. Be'nzoin (Li’ndera) Benzoin, Spice or Benjamin Bush.—N. America, damp woods. Shrub 2-4.5 M. (6-15°) high, smooth ; bark mostly used, berries and leaves to some extent ; tonic, aromatic stimu- lant, diaphoretic ; berries for allspice. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). 5. La’urus no’bilis, Laurel, Sweet Bay.—Mediterranean Basin. Leaves 5-10 Cm. (2-4’) long, pellucid-punctate, smooth, aromatic, astringent ; fruit (bayberries) oval drupes 12 Mm. (4’) long. Con- tains volatile oil, fixed oil (Oleum Lauri) 30 p. c., stimulant, astrin- gent, stomachic. ; 34. PAPAVERACEAE. Poppy Family. Pa-pav-e-ra/se-e. L. Papaver + ace, poppy, OE. papy, Gr, pjxwy, classic name, fr. papa, pap or thick milk’; formerly used for children, to nourish and cause sleep. Herbs or shrubs, with milky or colored juice. Distinguished by the 2-3 fugacious sepals and minute embryo near base of fleshy albumin; flowers large, in 2’s or 4’s; petals 4-12; stamens 16 + ; ovary compound, 1-celled ; anthers 2-celled, superior ; fruit capsule ; temperate climates ; narcotic, emetic, cathar- tic, acrid poison. Genera: 1. Papaver. 2. Sanguinaria. 3. Chelidonium. OPIUM. OPIUM. ~ } The concrete milky exudation, obtained by in- Papaver - \ anné., eo tnile away cising the unripe capsules, yielding. not less than 9 p. c. crystallized morphine. Habitat. W. Asia (Asia Minor, Persia, China, Africa, India, Italy, Greece, Eng- land, United States, cultivated). : ny. 9, _. Syn. Opium Poppy. Poppy. Black, Blue, or Maw Seed Poppy. Meconium. Suceus Thebaicus. Thebaica. Fr. Opium. Ger. Opium. Mohnsait. Pa-pa’ver. See etymology, above, of Papaveracee. Som-nif’er-um. L. somnus, sleep, + ferre, to bring ; 1. ¢., produces sleep. O’pi-um. L. fr. Gr. driv, poppy or vegetable juice. 15 226 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Puant (var. a//bum).—An annual with thick, branching, yellow root; stem .6—-1.3 M. (2-4°) high, 12 Mm. (}’) thick, smooth, glaucous, branched ; leaves 15-25 Cm. (6-10’) long, sessile, oval, tapering at base, variously-lobed and toothed, thick, dull-green, glaucous, veins prominent, midrib wide, white ; flowers February-March, few, large, 7.5-17.5 Cm. (3-7’) wide, terminal, silver-gray; sepals 2, green ; petals 4, white, yellow, violet ; fruit capsule, 3-4 on each plant, nearly globular, 2.5-7.5 Cm. (1-3’) wide, flat top and bottom, with neck smooth, glaucous, pericarp yellowish, dehiscing by small apertures beneath the stigmatic crown. Juice (opium), in irregular or sub- globular cakes, with remnants of poppy leaves and Rumex fruits on surface, plastic or harder, brownish, somewhat shining ; internally showing tears and vegetable tissue Fie. 141. fragments ; odor sharp, narcotic ; taste peculiar, bitter. Solvents: diluted al- cohol; diluted acids; boiling water. Dose, gr. 1-2 (.06-.18 Pie ADULTERATIONS. — Sand, bullets, stones, pounded poppy capsules, gum tragacanth, resins, wax, liquorice, pitch, starch, sugar, camels’ dung, pulp of figs or apricots, acacia, molasses, clay, shot, ashes, gypsum, litharge, charcoal, leaves, stems, moisture, exhausted opium. Commercial Homer mentions the poppy as a cultivated garden plant, and even now it is raised for its orna- mental flowers. Usually it does not grow wild, but is planted similar to wheat: (Sept.—Oct.), requiring rich soil, manure, and care until the yielding . _ stage. Under cultivation several va- fev eae so tanione | Sr ripened wap. Lieties have developed, all being use- seule; 3, seed; 4, longiondinal section of fy], Var. album is preferred; var. nigrum has purple or red flowers, smaller, rounder capsules, and black seeds (hence its variety name). All parts of the plant yield milky juice, but the leaves and seeds are without alkaloids, the former natively being used as spinage, the latter for its. 50-60 p. c. of bland yellow oil, which is employed in culinary, phar- macy, ete., instead of olive oil. The plant grows well in our Southern States (Va., 8. Ca., Ga., Tenn., etc.), wherever winter snows do not. prevail, and the juice develops some narcotic properties at the flower- ing period. Opium, however, is collected mainly in Asia Minor, Egypt, etc., May-July, by making, into the unripe capsule, a few days. after the flower falls, one or more transverse or spiral incisions (longitudinal in Japan, India), with a several-bladed knife (nushtur), carefully avoid- OPIUM—OPIUM. 297 PAPAVERACES., ing cutting through the inner capsular diaphragm, in which case juice would be lost by escaping into the centre of the capsule, thereby de- stroying also the seeds, as well as possibly injuring the plant. Men, women, and children do the incising in the afternoon, whereupon a white juice exudes which soon concretes into tears. By next morning this is brown, when it is scraped off with knives on to poppy or Rumex leaves, wetting the knives occasionally with saliva or oil to prevent adherence. When full the leaves are folded, wrapped with fresh leaves if necessary, and dried for several days in the shade. Small growers sell their product to interior merchants, who pack it in bags with Rumex berries to prevent sticking. These are sealed, put into baskets, and forwarded to Smyrna, Constantinople, etc., where it is sold upon physical examination ; it is then transferred to buyers’ underground warehouses, where it is cured or doctored. The growers sometimes manipulate the tears into a homogeneous mass with mortar and pestle, giving homogeneous opium (Egypt, India); or more frequently the separate masses are merely pressed together as agglutinated tears, yielding granular opiwm (Asia Minor, Persia); or an aqueous extract of spent capsules and leaves may be mixed with the pure juice. The most important commercial varieties are : 1. Turkey, Asia Minor (P. somni’ferum var. a/lbum and gla’ brum).— (a) Smyrna: best, most common in our market in round or flat lumps 4-2 lbs. (.2-1 Kg.), with tears like seeds on the inside, hence has not been manipulated or kneaded ; yield 10-13 p. c. morphine. (6) Con- stantinople : resembles Smyrna, only has no tears, and like it, also comes from the northern opium districts of Anatolia, in round or flat lumps 4-8 Ibs. (.2-1.2 Kg.); yield 10-18 p. c. morphine. From this port also come the rich opiums of Gévé, Magnesia, Salonica, Bithynia, Amasia, Malatia, in 1-5 oz. (.03-.15 Kg.) packages. 2. Egyptian (P. somni!ferum var. gla'brum).—In flat, roundish cakes 2.5—15 Cm, (1-6’) wide, 2-16 oz. (.06-.5 Kg.); has no Rumex capsules ; brittle, not tenacious like the Smyrna; hard in the centre as on the surface, fracture conchoidal, waxy lustre, redder than Smyrna; yield 6—7 p. c. morphine. : 3. India.—Seldom reaches our market, but mostly exported to China ; in round balls, 4 lbs. (2 Kg.), with 12 Mm. (3’) outside, hard coating of leaves and poppy petals agglutinated with extract of juice and washings, then dried—Provision opium; or moulded into flat, square, or in circular cakes 4-8 oz. (.12-.24 Kg.), wrapped in oil paper —Abkari opium. Juice here being kept unshaped, ferments, yielding a hard, brittle, blackish product, showing oily spots; yield 5-7 p. c. morphine, unusually rich in narcotine, 3-4 p. c. 4. Persian, Trebizond (P. somni'ferwm var. a! lbum).—In eylin- drical sticks 7.5 Cm. (3’) long, 12 Mm. (3’) thick, wrapped in glossy paper, tied with cotton thread, 4-3 oz. (15-23 Gm.) each, or usually in short, rounded cones 6-10 oz. (.18-.3 Kg.), or in flat circular cakes, slightly agglutinated, liver-brown color, like Egyptian, softens in moist 228 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. weather ; taste very bitter, oily from linseed oil, instead of spittle used on the incising knives; yield 8-10 p. c. morphine. 5. Chinese—In flat, darkish, globular cakes, in white paper, pre- pared, no doubt, by artificial heat, less oily than Persian, used entirely at ‘home, and, in addition, they consume all the Indian and much Persian. 6. French.—Consisted of agglomerated tears, no impurities, was chiefly grown by Aubergier, during his lifetime, under the name Affium ; no longer in commerce ; yield 14-23 p. c. morphine. Opium has been introduced into Algeria, Mozambique (African) for Chinese trade, and into New England. This latter product has been ruled out of trade, owing to its excessive adulteration, but at present we have the Boston opium, of high grade appearance, yet imported with admixtures, so as just to come within the U.S. P. limit. Dur- ing our civil war opium was cultivated in Virginia, Tennessee, South Carolina, Georgia, being planted in September and collected in May. Factitious opium is a blackish aqueous extract of the plant, being nearly odorless and tasteless. London is the distributing point, as the Eng- lish control its production and levy a tax upon it for the development of India, ete. Our entrepots are New York and San Francisco. ConsTITUENTS.—Morphine (1816) 2.5-15-22.8 p. c. Narcotine (1803-1817) 1.3-10 p. ¢ Codeine (1832) 0.2-0.7 p.c. Narceine (1832) 0.02-0.1-0.7 p. c. Pseudo-morphine (1835) 0.2 p. ce. The- baine (1835) 0.15-1 p. ec. Papaverine (1848) 1 p. ¢., and 12 other alkaloids all combined with either sulphuric or meconic acid, 4 p. ¢. Also contains glucose, mucilage, pectin, caoutchouc, wax, fat, coloring and odorous principles, lactic acid (1.25 p. ¢.), meconin, C,,H,,O,, meconoiosin, C,H,,O,, ash 6 p. e. Morphina, Morphine, C,,H,,NO, + H,O, official—Obtained by exhausting opium with water, evaporating until 1} times the original quantity taken, placing this into an Erlenmeyer flask adding equal quantity of alcohol, twice quantity of ether, and one-third quantity of ammonia ; shake, set aside over night for morphine to crystallize. Occurs in white, shining, bitter, odorless crystals soluble in alkalies, 36 parts boiling alcohol, 455 boiling water. Tests: 1. With nitric acid—orange-red, reddish, changing to yellow, bleached by oxidizing agents. 2. With ferric chloride T. S.—deep-blue, disappearing upon heating with acids. 3, With sulphuric acid—only faint yellow (abs. narcotine, papaverine), + potassium dichromate—only a greenish, not violet or purple (abs. strychnine). 4. Precipitate from ammonia dis- solved in soda T. 8S. and shaken with an equal quantity of ether, should upon evaporating the ethereal layer leave no residue (abs. nar- cotine, codeine). Dose, gr. 4-} (.008-.016 Gm.). Morphine Acetas, Morphine Acetate, officia/.—Y ellowish-white, crystalline or amorphous powder, acetous odor, bitter taste, soluble in 2.5 parts water, 47 alcohol, no residue on ignition. Tests: With sul- phuric acid get acetous vapors ; with soda T. S. get white precipitate soluble in excess ; should be kept dark and well stoppered. Dose, gr. 4-4 (.008-.016 Gm.). OPIUM— OPIUM. 229 PAPAVERACEZ. Morphine Hydrochloras, Morphine Hydrochlorate, official._— White, feathery needles, silky lustre, odorless, bitter, soluble in 24 parts water, 62 alcohol, no residue upon ignition. Tests: With soda T. 8. get white precipitate soluble in excess ; with silver nitrate T. S. get white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid. Dose, gr. $-} (.008-.016 Gm.). Morphine Sulphas, Morphine Sulphate, oficial—White, feath- ery, acicular crystals, silky lustre, odorless, bitter, soluble in 21 parts water, 702 alcohol, no residue on ignition. Tests: With soda T. S. get white percipitate soluble in excess ; with barium chloride T. 8. get white a insoluble in hydrochloric acid. Dose, gr. $-} (.008-.016 m.). Apomorphine Hydrochloras, Apomorphine Hydrochlorate, C,,- H,,NO,HCI, offictal—This hydrochlorate of the artificial alkaloid is prepared by heating morphine (or codeine) 2-3 hours at 149°C. (300° F.), in a sealed glass tube with about 20 parts of pure hydrochloric acid ; after cooling, dilute the liquid in the tube with water and add sodium bicarbonate to precipitate apomorphine, treat precipitate with ether or chloroform to which add a little hydrochloric acid, when crys- tals form. It is morphine deprived of H,O molecule; occurs in mi- nute grayish-white, shining, acicular crystals, odorless, bitter, greenish upon exposure, soluble in 45 parts alcohol or water, no residue upon ignition. Tests: With nitric acid get blood-red to orange ; with sul- phuric acid get violet to brown; with a mixture of these acids get dark-purple to orange ; with sodium bicarbonate get white amorphous alkaloid precipitated, greenish on exposure, bluish with chloroform (dif. from morphine). If in 100 parts water have emerald-green ~ color when shaken, it should be rejected (showing oxidation) ; should keep in dark-amber vials, and solutions should be freshly made with a little hydrochloric acid to prevent decomposition. Dose, gr. 73-3 (.004-.008 Gm.). Codeina, Codeine, C,,H,,NO, + H,O, official——Obtained from opium by precipitating infusion with chalk and calcium chloride, when chlorides of morphine and codeine crystallize out, dissolve these in water, add ammonia, when morphine crystallizes, evaporate filtrate for codeine ; if for ammonia we use potassa or soda codeine will be pre- cipitated and morphine remain in solution; may also obtain it arti- ficially by heating morphine with methyl iodide and soda or potassa, hence it is methyl morphine ; occurs in white octahedral crystals, odorless, bitter, soluble in 80 parts of water, 3 alcohol, no residue upon ignition ; forms numerous salts (hydrochlorate, nitrate, sulphate, ete.). Tests: 1 Gm. + 6 Ce. sulphuric acid gives colorless solution, add 1 p. c. sodium molybdate, get green then blue and yellow ; or 2 Ce. of this solution + 1 drop solution nitric acid (1 drop + 200 Ce. water) gives bluish-red to pale-blue; to 2 Ce. sulphuric acid solution warmed, add 1 drop of mixture (1 vol. ferric chloride T. 5. + 19 vols. water), get blue tint (dif. from morphine); 0.05 Gm. + 2 Ce. nitric acid turns erystals red, but acid only yellow (dif. from and abs. morphine). Dose, gr. $-2 (.03-.13 Gm.). 230. ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Narcotine,C,,H,,NO_.—Obtained from an aqueous solution by shak- ing, or from opium itself by macerating with ether or chloroform ; oc- curs in tasteless, colorless, shining, rhombic crystals ; soluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, hot alkaline solutions; dissolves blood-red in sulphuric acid containing some nitric acid ; heated with nitric acid gives meconine, C,,H,,O,, cotarnine, C,,H,,NO,, and opianic acid, C,,H,,0, ; 10 ~ 4? 5 forms salts (hydrochlorate, sulphate, ete.). Dose, gr. 1-3 (.06-.2 Gm.). Narceine,C,,H,,NO,.—Long, silky needles, bitter, soluble in alcohol, 375 ‘parts water, insoluble in ether; with warm diluted sulphuric acid get violet and cherry-red; with nitric acid get transiently yel- low; with iodine blue; with Fréhde’s reagent brown-yellow ; forms salts (hydrochlorate, nitrate, sulphate, ete.). Dose, gr. 4-3 (.02- .05 Gm.). The four alkaloids, morphine, codeine, narcotine and nar- ceine can be extracted from the same opium by shaking concentrated infusion with ether—taking out narcotine ; add alkali in excess to fil- trate, which redissolves morphine and narceine, leaving deposited co- deine, from filtrate, allow morphine to crystallize, and in mother-liquor have narceine, to be obtained by evaporation. Meconic Acid, C,H,O,.—Oceurs free and in combination with the alkaloids ; obtained by adding calcium chloride to opium infusion ; this precipitate of calcium meconate is washed with hot water, alcohol, and treated with hydrochloric acid; filtrate deposits meconic acid upon cooling. Test: With ferric chloride T. 8. get blood-red color, not discharged by dilute acids or mercuric chloride, but by stannous chlo- ride, or alkaline hypochlorites (abs. opium alkaloids). , Preparations.—I. Opium Pulvis. Powdered Opium, official ; contains 13-15 p. c. cryst. morphine. Dose, gr. 1-2 (.06-.13 Gm.). In purchasing this, should the strength be greater than 13 p. ¢., a proportionately less quantity can be used in preparations, thus of 17. p. ¢. opium only 763 Gm. need be used wherever U. 8. P. directs the 100 Gm.—17:13::100:x, or x = 76.47 Gm. 1. Acetum Opii. Vinegar of Opium. (Syn., Black Drop; Fr. Vinaigre d’Opium ; Ger. Opium-Essig.) Manufacture: 10 p.c. Macerate 10 Gm. with nutmeg 3, sugar 20, diluted acetic acid q. s. 100 Cc.. Dose, Mv—20 (.8-1.2 Ce.). 2. Extractum Opii. Extract of Opium. (Syn., Aqueous Extract of Opium, Extractum Thebaicum ; Fr. Extrait d’Opium or Thébaique ; Ger. Opium-Extrakt.) Manufacture: 18 p.c. morphine. Exhaust opium with water, filter, evaporate, add milk sugar q. s. Dose, gr. 4-1 (.016-.06 Gm.). 3. Tinctura Opii. Tincture of Opium. (Syn., Laudanum, Tinctura Thebaica, Tinctura Meconii; Fr. Teinture (de Extrait d’Opium) Thébaique ; Ger. Tinctura Opii Simplex, Einfache Opiumtinktur.) Manufacture: 10 p.c. Macerate, percolate 10 Gm. with precipi- tated calcium phosphate 5, diluted alcohol q.s. 100 Cc. Dose, Mv-— 20 (.8-1.2 Ce.). 4. Tinctura Opti Deodorati. Tincture of Deodorized Opium. (Syn., Tinctura Opii Deodorata.) OPIUM— OPIUM. 231 PAPAVERACES. . Manufacture: 10 p. c. Exhaust 10 Gm. + precipitated calcium’ phosphate 5 with hot water, evaporate to 10 Cc., shake when cool with ether 20, reclaim and evaporate off latter, add water q. s. 80, finally alcohol 20 Ce. Dose, Mv—20 (.3-1.2 Ce.). _ 5. Tinetura Ipecacuanhe et Opii. Tincture of Ipecac and Opium. (Syn., Tincture of Dover’s Powder.) Manufucture: Evaporate tinct. opii deod. 100 Ce. to 80, add fluid extract ipecac and diluted alcohol 44 10 Cc. Dose, Mv—20 (.3-1.2 Cc.). 6. Tinetura Opti Camphorata. Camphorated Tincture of Opium. (Syn., Paregoric, Paregoric Elixir; Br. Tinctura Camphore Com- posita, Compound Tincture of Camphor; Fr. Tinctura Extracti Opii Camphorata, Teinture d’Opium Camphrée, Elixir Parégorique ; Ger. Tinctura Opii Benzoica, Benzoésaurehaltige Opiumtinktur.) Manufacture: 2 p.c. Macerate .4 Gm. + benzoic acid .4, camphor 4, oil of anise .4 Cc., glycerin 4, diluted alcohol q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Cc.). ; 7. Vinum Opii. Wine of Opium. (Syn., Sydenham’s Laudanum, Landanum Liquidum Sydenham’s; Fr. Vinum Opii Compositum, Vin d’Opium composé; Ger. Tinctura Opii Crocata, Safranhaltige Opium- tinktur.) ‘Manufacture: 10 p. c. Macerate 10 Gm, + cassia cinnamon 1, cloves 1, with alcohol 15 Ce., white wine 85, finishing with latter q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mv—20 (.8-1.2 Ce.). 8. Pilule Opi. Pills of Opium. (Syn., Br. Pilula Saponis Com- posita; Fr. Pilules d’Opium ; Ger. Opium-Pillen.) ' Manufacture: Opium 6.5 Gm., soap 2, water q. s. 100 pills. Dose, 1-2 pills. 9. Pulyis Ipecacuanhe et Opii. Powder of Ipecac and Opium. (Syn., Dover’s Powder, Compound Powder of Ipecacuanhe ; Br. Pulvis Ipecacuanhe Compositus ; Fr. Poudre de Dower; Ger. Pulvis (Ipecacuanhe Opiatus) Doweri, Dower’sches Pulver.) Manufacture: 4410 p.c. Opium 10 Gm., ipecac 10, milk sugar 80. Dose, gr. 5-10 (.8-.6 Gm.). 10. Trochisci Glycyrrhize et Opii. Troches of Glycyrrhiza and Opium. (Syn., Br. Trochisci Opii, Opium lozenges; Fr. Pastilles Opium, P. de Réglisse opiacées ; Ger. Opium-pastillen.) Manufacture: Opium .5 Gm., extract glycyrrhiza 15, acacia 12, sugar 20, oil anise .2 Cc., water q. s. 100 troches. ‘Dose, 1-4 troches. 11. Emplastrum Opii. Opium Plaster. (Syn., Emp. Opiatum, Emp. Cephalicum, Emp. Odontalgicum ; Fr. Emplatre d’Opium, En- platre céphalique (temporal, odontalgique, calmant) ; Ger. Opiumpflas- ter, Hauptpflaster.) Manufacture: Rub extract of opium 6 Gm. with water 8 Ce., until uniform, add this to melted Burgundy pitch 18 Gm. + lead plaster 76, evaporate moisture. ; 12. Opium Deodoratum. Deodorized Opium. (Syn., Opium Denar- cotisatum ; Fr. Opium Denarcotiné; Ger. Denarcotinirtes Opium.) Manufacture: 13-15 p. c. morphine. Macerate 10 Gm. with ether _ 232 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 140 Ce. (in three divisions), discard ethereal solutions and mix dried residue with milk sugar q. s. 10 Gm. Dose, gr. 1-2 (.06-.13 Gm.). II. Morphine Sulphas.—oficial. Dose, gr. $-} (.008-.016 Gm.). 1. Pulvis Morphine Compositus. Compound Powder of Morphine. (Syn., Tully’s Powder, Pulvis Camphore Compositus Tully; Fr. Poudre de Tully; Ger. Tully’sches Pulver.) Manufacture: Morphine sulphate 1 Gm., camphor 19, glycyrrhiza 20, precipitated calcium carbonate 20, alcohol q. s. to pulverize the camphor. Dose, gr. 5-10 (.8-.6 Gm.). 2. Trochisci Morphine et Ipecacuanhe. Troches of Morphine and Ipecac. (Syn., Fr. Pastilles de Morphine et d’Ipecacuanha ; Ger. Morphinpastillen mit Brechwurzel.) Manufacture: Morphine sulphate .16 Gm., ipecac .5, sugar 65, oil of gaultheria .2 Cc., mucilage of tragacanth q. s. 100 troches. Dose, 1-3 troches, with caution. Unoff. Preps.: Liquor Morphine Sulphatis. Official, 1870 (4 p. c.). Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Cc.). Magendie’s. Solution of Morphine, 4 p.c. If benzoic or carbolic acid (% p. ¢.) be added to this latter solution, it will not spoil nor irritate hypodermically. Dose, Mv—10 (.8-.6 Cc.). Chlorodyne (morphine hydrochlorate .5 Gm., water 2 Cc., diluted hydrochloric acid 2, chloroform 6, tincture cannabis indica 4, diluted hydrocyanie acid 1, alcohol 16, oil of peppermint 1, oleoresin of cap- sicum .05). Dose, Mv-15 (.8-1 Ce.) in water, poisonous. Oleatum Morphine, 10 p. c. + oleic acid 90 p. c., use externally. PROPERTIES.—Narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic, hypnotic, diaphoretic, chiefly due to morphine. Narcotine is antiperiodic, tetan- izing, hypnotic without being narcotic, hence name should have been anarcotine. Narceine resembles morphine, but is more hypnotic, with less after-effects—headache, constipation, etc. Codeine is hypnotic, tetanic, less constipating and active than morphine, often contaminated with other alkaloids, used for bronchial coughs and in diabetes. Thebaine or Paramorphine is soporific, spinal excitant, tetanizer, re- sembling strychnine in action. Papaverine is hypnotic, sedative, con- vulsant. Opium in full doses, gr. 1-3 (.06—.2 Gm.), produces dry mouth, thirst, stimulates brain by increasing blood supply, arrests digestion by reducing bile, gastric and pancreatic juice secretion ; causes nausea, vomiting, sweating, depressed circulation and respiration, lower tem- perature, contracted pupil, retention of urine, profound sopor, or, instead, coma-vigil and delirium with delightful dreams. After-effects are nausea, depression, constipation, headache, vertigo, nasal pruritus ; excessive (poisonous) doses cause also slow, irregular, stertorous res- piration, cold, clammy sweats, slow pulse, blue face, with pupils dilat- ing as the end approaches ; death finally by paralyzed respiration. Usrs.—To relieve pain, except in acute inflammation of the brain ; to cause sleep in insomnia of low fevers; to allay irritation, to check secretions—diarrhcea, dysentery, diabetes ; to support system in low fevers, etc..; also for peritonitis, cerebro-spinal meningitis, cholera mor- OPIUM— OPIUM. 233 PAPAVERACEA, bus, delirium tremens, mania spasms, melancholia, sciatica, neuralgia, cancer, renal and hepatic colic from calculi, cough without secretion ; to lock bowels when required by inflammation, hemorrhages, dyspnea, angina pectoris, cerebral anemia; morphine hypodermically for con- sumption, chronic catarrh, asthma, diabetes, typhoid fever, dysenteric tenesmus, epilepsy, hysteria, croup, bronchitis, dysmenorrhea. Exter- nally opium applied in poultices for gout, rheumatism, ophthalmia, odontalgia, periodontitis, inflamed gums and mu- Fic. 142. cous membrane of mouth. 2 Young children are very susceptible to its narcotic effects, and to such it must be given cautiously ; women are much easier affected by it than men. Some possess idiosyn- crasy toward it, being on the one hand easily, on the other with difficulty, | . brought under its influ- Poppy capsule showing internal aeptn, ence ; others cannot tol- ‘erate the smallest dose; many animals accept it ad libitum—ducks, . chickens, pigeons, monkeys, etc. Poisoning: Give tannic acid or vegetable astringents (strong coffee or tea), then evacuate the stomach (pump, apomorphine, zinc sulphate, ipecac, etc.), or washitout with a warm solution of potassium permanganate (using twice the amount of salt as of morphine ingested), then atropine (strychnine, caffeine, cocaine, digitalis, brandy, amy] nitrite) to main- tain circulation and respiration ; faradization, cold douches, ambulation ; flagellation ; it is eliminated by the kid- Fig. 148. neys, consequently catheterize the blad- ~ der often to prevent reabsorption, and keep the patient awake. Incompatibles : Alkalies, alkaline car- bonates, lime water, tannic acid and vegetable preparations containing it, salts of lead, iron, copper, mercury Poppy seed magnified twelve times; and zinc. J owler’s solution ; atropine, Showing eabeyo,.7 Onsitudinal section strychnine, coffee, caffeine, tartar emetic, digitalis; with morphine: iodine, io- dides, bromine, bromides, sodium borate. Synergists: Alcohol, chloral hydrate, belladonna, cocaine, ipecac. Opium-habit or disease: To this thousands of weak and strong- minded have fallen prey, including such eminent characters as Cole- ridge, Robert Hall, John Randolph, De Quincy, Wilkie Collins, ete. By some thought to be a habit, when it can be cured by gradually les- sening the quantity or by stopping off abruptly, substituting for a 234 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. time tonics and stimulants—ginger, capsicum, black pepper, quassia, calumba, diluted phosphoric acid, tincture lupulin, ete. Others con- sider it a disease, when it is amenable to systematic systemic treat- ment in hospitals, ete., where hygiene, tonics, strychnine, quinine, iron and gold salts are mainly relied upon. Opium-test : Heat the gum, which, becoming fluid, runs when tilted from dung, mineral and vegetable matters, evaporate this heavy liq- uid to a powder; of this take gr. 25 (1.6 Gm.) + water 5iv (15 Ce.), triturate, if stiff or mucilaginous—starch, flour, gum, salep ; add water 5ij (60 Cc.), filtrate should be wine-yellow—no extract liquo- rice; mixture should be acid—no ashes, Fig. 144, chalk, litharge ; evaporate to 5j (380 Ce.), ‘ add potassium ferrocyanide or twice quan- tity alcohol, should get no precipitate—no heavy metal or gums ; the insoluble residue should be gr. 10-114 (.6—.7 Gm.), or 100 parts should yield 55-60 parts of aqueous extract. Allied Products : 1. Papaver, Poppy.— The nearly ripe capsules, official, 1840-1880. These are collected in: August and September, when nearly ripe, inverted to keep the juice from Papaver Rheeas. escaping, and dried in kilns about twelve hours. From these, deprived of seeds, can make an extract and syrup, and, including the seeds, a decoction. Capsules or heads are the size of hen’s egg to one’s fist and contain morphine 1-2 p.c. Syrup used for coughs ; decoction for demulcent -to sprains, bruises, etc. 2. Seed.—When black called maw seeds; not narcotic, yield 40— 60 p. ¢. fixed oil, which is used as food, for burning in lamps, paint- ers, instead of olive oil; expressed cake for cattle, seeds for birds. 3. Exhausted gum, for poultices as anodyne applications. Allied Plants : 1. P. Rhoe'as.—Europe ; flowers large, beautiful red, petals mainly used for their coloring-matter, which is yielded to water; its milky juice is sedative, demulcent, mild anodyne, probably due to rheadine. 2. Argemo’ne mexica’na, Prickly Poppy.—Capsules and leaves con- tain little morphine, seeds fixed oil 36 p. c. bland, light-yellow ; sub- stitute for castor oil. Dose, Mxv—-45 (1-3 Ce.). - SANGUINARIA. SANGUINARIA (Boop Roor). Sanguinaria canadensis, Linné. \ The rhizome collected in (summer) autumn. Habitat. N. America—Canada, United States, in open woods on rich soil. Syn. Indian Red Paint. Red Paint Root. Red Root, Indian Paint. Pauson. Red Puccoon. Tetter wort. Fr. Sanguinaire. Ger. Blutwurzel. ; SANG UINARIA—SANGUINABIA. 235 PAPAVERACE. San-gui-na/ri-a. L. sanguinarius fr, sanguis, blood ; 4. ¢., all of the plant-parts abound in, and when injured emit a blood-like juice. et, Can-a-den/sis. L. Canadian, belonging to Canada; 7. ¢., habitat, abundant ere. : Puant.—Perennial herb putting forth in spring a rounded palmate, 7-9-lobed leaf and a slender scape 10-20 Cm. (4-8’) high, bearing large, single, white flower ; leaves 7.5 Cm. (3’) long, 10-12.5 Cm. Fie. 145. (4-5’) wide, heart-shaped at base, J reniform, light-green, glaucous i beneath, whitish, veins 7-9, red- y 4 dish ; sepals 2, fugacious ; petals _ 8-12, white ; fruit June, capsule or pod, oblong, many-seeded. Ruizome, horizontal, 5 Cm. (2’) long, 10 Mm. (3’) thick, cy- lindrical, branched, annulate, wrinkled, reddish-brown, frac- ture short, waxy, whitish, with many small resin-cells, or of a nearly uniform brownish-red color, bark thin, vascular-bundles small, pith large ; odor slight ; taste bitter, acrid. All parts con- tain orange-colored sap, of deepest color in the rhizome. Rapidly deteriorates with age. Solvents: alcohol; diluted acetic acid ; water. Dose, expectorant, gr. 1—8 (.06-.5 Gm.); emetic, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). ConsTITUENTS.—Sanguinarine 1 p. c. Chelerythrine. Proto- pine. Homochelidonine, C,,H,,- NO,, resins, starch, citric and malic acids, ash 8 p. c. Sanguinarine, C,,H,,NO,.— Chief constituent, obtained by ¢ ZERGIEL EN SA), infusing the fine root (rhizome) Wy WI / with hot water, diluted hydro- ALi tS = chloric or acetic acid, precipitat- a LY, ing with ammonia ; to purify boil the precipitate with charcoal, Sanguinaria canadensis. filter, treat residue with alcohol, evaporate. It is white, soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene; yields bright-red salts (nitrate, sulphate, etc.), having acrid taste. Dose, gr. qa} —4 (.005-.008 ;—.03 Gm.), repeated in 10 minutes for three doses. Chelerythrine, C,,H,,NO,.— Considered almost identical with san- guinarine; obtained by passing HCl gas through ethereal tincture, 236 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. drying the precipitated hydrochlorate, and dissolving it in hot water, filtering and adding ammonia ; it is a reddish-yellow powder, which yields lemon-colored salts, being also found in chelidonium and opium. : Protopine, C,,H,,NO,.— White crystalline powder giving with sul- phuric acid deep-purple color ; this is also found in chelidonium and opium. Resins—these yield protocatechuic acid. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Sanguinarie Fluidum. Fluid Ex- tract of Sanguinaria, (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Sanguinaire ; Ger. Flissiges Blutwurzel-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Moisten 100 Gm. with alcohol 75 p.¢., 30 Ce. + acetic acid 5; macerate, percolate with alcohol 75 p. ¢., q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mj—5 ;—10-30 (.06 Fic. 146, —.3 ;—.6-2 Cec.). 2. Tinctura Sanguina- rie. Tincture of Sangui- naria. (Syn., Fr. Tein- ture de Sanguinaire ; Ger. Blutwurzel-tinktur.) Manufacture: 15 p. e Moisten 15 Gm. with aleo- hol 60 p. ¢, 10 Ce. + acetic acid 2; macerate, percolate with alcohol 60 p-c.,q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mv—60 ;—5j-2 (.8-4 ;— 4-8 Cc.). Sanguinaria rhizome with transverse section. Unoff. Preps. : Acetum, : 10 p.c. Dose, Mx—30; —5j-4 (.6-2 ;—4-15 Ce.). Infusion, 5 p.c. Dose, §ss—4 (15-120 Cc.). PROPERTIES.—Systemic emetic, stimulating expectorant (increasing broncho-pulmonary mucus), tonic, alterative, sialagogue, sternutatory, emmenagogue, cardiac paralyzer, violent irritant, acro-narcotic poison. Small doses excite the stomach, increase the circulation, while large doses nauseate and depress the pulse; full doses vomit actively ; ex- cessive (poisonous) doses produce violent emesis, catharsis, burning in stomach, thirst, faintness, vertigo, dim vision, dilated pupils, lower temperature, cold sweats, slow, weak, irregular pulse, great prostration, death from paralysis of heart and respiratory centres, often preceded by convulsions ; when inhaled causes violent sneezing. Uses.—Bronchitis, croup, asthma, pneumonia, chronic nasal catarrh (tincture Mx ; .6 Gm. at a dose), atonic dyspepsia with torpid liver, jaundice, duodenal catarrh, amenorrhea, syphilis. Externally the powdered drug or juice to ulcers, warts, scaly and pustular eruptions, nasal polypi. Poisoning : Wash out the stomach, give diffusible stimulants freely, amyl nitrite; morphine and atropine to antagonize depression of cir- culation and local irritation (pain and nausea). CHELIDONIUM—CHELIDONIUM. 237 PAPAVERACEZ. ; Incompatibles: Opium, atropine, tannic and gallic acid, alkalies, metallic salts. 8 Synergists: Mineral salts and emetics, vegetable emetics and alteratives. CHELIDONIUM. _CHELIDONIUM. (CELANDINE). Chelidonium : majus, Linné, \ The entire plant. Habitat, Europe. Nat. in N. America, in waste, rocky, and cultivated grounds. Syn. Great Celandine, Garden Celandine. Tetterwort. Fr. Chélidoine, Herb 4 )’Hirondelle. . Ger. Schéllkraut. _ Chel-i-do’ni-um. L. fr. Gr. yedidév, a swallow ; 1. ¢., it flowers with the com- ing of and dries up at the departure of the swallows. _Ma/jus. L. greater, larger; 7. ¢., to distinguish it from Fica’ria (Ranu’nculus ) Ficaria, which is called the lesser or small celandine. Puant.—Perennial, .6 M. (2°) high, light-green; leaves pinnate, 10-20 Cm. (4-8’) long; flowers May—September, yellow, emits saffron-yellow, opaque juice if wounded ; root several-headed, braneh- ing, reddish-brown ; fruit capsule, linear, 2- valved; seed numerous; odor unpleasant Fie. 147. when fresh ; tasteacrid. Should collect herb ‘ when beginning to flower. Solvents: water; alcohol. Dose, dried plant, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.); fresh plant, 5j-2 (4-8 Gm.). ConsTITUENTS.—Chelerythrine, Chelido- - nine, Chelidoxanthin, Sanguinarine, proto- pine, chelidonic (jervic or malic) acid, chelidoninic (ethylene-succinic) acid, gum, chlorophyll. Chelerythrine, C,,H,,NO, — Obtained from extract (alcohol 65 p. c.) by shaking with ether, which takes up this alkaloid and leaves behind chelidonine. Chelidonium majus showin flow- Chelidonine, C,H NO, — Obtained as ers, fruit, onan, and send. above, or by digesting the extract in diluted hydrochloric acid and precipitating with ammonia. Chelidoxanthin.—Bitter, neutral principle, occurring in yellow needles. Sanguinarine.—Salts are red, all the other alkaloidal salts are white. PREPARATIONS.—(Unoff.) Extract. Dose, gr. 10(.6 Gm.).. Fluid Extract. Dose, 3ss-1 (2-4 Ce.). Infusion, 5 p. c. Dose, 5j—-2 (380- 60 Cc.). Expressed juice (fresh plant). Dose, Mx-20 (.6-1.3 Ce.). PrRopERTIES.—Cathartic, diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant. Uses.—Jaundice, dropsy, intermittent fever, scrofula, skin diseases. The juice was used by the ancients exclusively for the same purposes as now. Externally good in warts, corns, eczema, urticaria, itching eruptions. Fresh herb used locally in amenorrhcea and as a vulnerary, 238 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Allied Plants : 1. Glaw/cium Glaucium (lu’tewm), Yellow Horned Poppy, and G. cornicula/tum.—Both are similar to the official; contain yellow juice and nearly identical alkaloids, hence used for about the same purposes. 35. CRUCIFERA. Mustard Family. Kru-sif’e-re. L. Crucifer, fem. pl. fr. cru(x)e, a cross, + ferre, to bear—flowers arranged in shape of maltese cross. Herbs or shrubs. Distinguished by pungency or acrid juice, cruciform flowers, tetradyna- mous stamens, and fruit a silique or silicle, 2-celled; sepals 4; petals 4; stamens 6, of which 2 are shorter and inserted lower down; pistil 1, compound, superior ; seed albuminous ; temperate, frigid, and trop- ical climates ; antiscorbutic, pungent, acrid (fixed and volatile oils). Genera: 1. Sinapis. 2. Brassica. SINAPIS. MUSTARD. 1. Srvapis ALBA. White Mustard. 2. Stinapis Nigra. Black Mustard. 1. Sinapis alba, Linné. , 2: Brassica nigra, (Linné) Koch. } The seed. Habitat. Asia, S. Europe, cultivated in gardens, wild in United States. Syn. 1, Kedlock, Yellow Mustard, Semen Eruce. Br. Sinapis Alb Semina. Fr. Moutarde blanche. Ger. Weisser Senf. 2. Red Mustard. Br. Sinapis Nigre Semina. Fr. Moutarde noire (grise). Ger. Semen Sinapis, Senf Samen, Schwarzer Senf. Si-na/pis. L. fr. G. (oi) vam, Celtic nap, a turnip. ~ Bras’si-ca. L. for cabbage fr. Celtic bresic, cabbage; %. e., the fruit resemblance. AVba. L. albus, white; 7. ¢, the seed. Ni’gra. L. niger, black; i. ¢, the seed. Mus’tard. LL. mustum, must ; 7. e., seeds were once pounded with must or vinegar. Puants.—1. Sinapis alba.—White Mustard. Erect annual, .6 M. (2°) high, branches few, ascending, stiff, green, bristly, with reflexed hairs ; leaves ‘stalked, pinnatifid, hairy, three-lobed, dentate ; flowers June, yellow, racemes ; fruit silique, 2.5-4 Cm. (1-1}’) long, 5 Mm. 4’) wide, bristly; ribbed, beak long, sword-shaped, 4—6-seeded, de- hiscing by two valves ; roots fusiform, thin, branching. SEED, 2 Mm. (q'’) thick, globular ; hilum circular ; testa yellowish, finely pitted, hard ; embryo oily, curved radicle, two cotyledons, one folded over the other, no starch ; inodorous ; taste pungent, acrid. 2. Brassica nigra.—Black Mustard. Similar to Sinapis alba, only 1.3 M. (4°) high, smooth above ; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, faintly toothed ; flowers halfas large, 6 Mm. (4’) wide, yellow ; fruit 18 Mm. (?’) long, linear, appressed to axis of raceme, somewhat quadrangular, beak short, tapering, 3-7-seeded. SEED, 1 Mm. (;’) thick, testa blackish, finely pitted, hard; embryo oily, two cotyledons, no starch, inodorous when dry, but when triturated with water of a pungent, penetrating, irritating odor ; taste pungent, acrid. Solvents: water ; alcohol slightly (for both species). Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). ‘ SINAPIS—MUSTARD. 239 CRUCIFERZ. Commercial— White mustard is mostly a wild weed, flourishing in fields of corn under tillage ; cultivated, however,in England and United States. Black mustard, though wild, is extensively cultivated natively. Both varieties of seeds yield yellow powder, of characteristic odor and taste, by grinding and sifting. When the two are powdered and mixed we then have mustard or flour of mustard, if ground with water or vinegar and spices we get semi-solid French mustard. Fig. 148. Brassica nigra; 1, flower ; 2, pistil and stamens ; 3, pistil; 4, silique; 5, cross-section of same ; 6, seed ; a, stamen ; st, stigma; g, pistil carpels ; d, nectar tubes ; 7, replum. ConstITUENTS.—1. WHITE MUSTARD : Fixed oil 22 p. c., Sinalbin, Sinapine sulphocyanide, lecithin, albumin 28 p. c., gum and mucilage 19 p. c. (mainly in testa), myrosin, other proteids, ash 4 p. c. Fixed Oil.—Obtained by crushing seeds and expressing ; it is yel- lowish-green, non-drying, sp. gr. .916, congeals— 18° C. (0° F.), slight odor, bland, mild taste, consists of glycerides of oleic, stearic, erucic and behenic acids. Fig. 149. e Sinapis, magnified ; a, transverse section ; b, embryo; c, entire seed. Sinalbin, C,,H,,N,8,O,,—Extracted by alcohol, is in colorless prisms, soluble “in “water, sparingly in alcohol, yellow by alkali, red with nitric acid; in the presence of water the ferment myrosin acts upon it, yielding sugar, sinapine sulphate, C,,H,,NO,.H,SO,, and acrinyl sulphocyanide, C,H,O.NCS (yellow, acrid, non-volatile oil), soluble in alcohol, ether. Oe os men Sinapine.—Alkaloid, here only as sulphocyanide, in colorless, bitter 240 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. prisms ; soluble in water, alcohol. Sinapine boiled with alkalies gives choline or sinkaline, C,H,,NO,, and sinapic acid, C,,H,,0,. 2, Buack musTArD: Fixed oil 23 p. c., Sinigrin (Potassium myro- nate) 0.5 p. ¢., Sinapine sulphocyanide, lecithin, albumin 30 p. ¢.,. gum and mucilage 20 p. c. (mainly in testa), myrosin, other proteids, ash 4 p. ¢. Binion: KC,,H,,NS,O,,.—Silky, white needles, or golden-yellow crystals, soluble in water, slightly in alcohol, insoluble in ether, chloro- form. With water and the ferment myrosin splits into sugar, acid po- tassium sulphate, and allyl sulphocyanide (volatile oil of mustard) 0.56 p. ¢. Olean Sinapsis Volatile. Volatile Oil of Mustard, official._— Obtained by macerating black mustard seed in water, then distilling. It is a yellowish, limpid liquid, strongly refractive, pungent, acrid odor and taste, sp. gr. 1.025, soluble in alcohol, ether, carbon disul- phide, sulphuric acid without coloration; contains chiefly allyl sul- phocyanide (isosulphocyanate), C,H,CNS, with traces of carbon disul- phide; completely volatile at 150° C. (302° F.). Tests: 1. Distil oil at 148-150° C, (298-302° F.) ; the first and last distillate should have sp. gr. 1.025 (abs. alcohol, chloroform, carbon disulphide, petro- leum or fatty oils); 2. Distil oil with alcohol 5 volumes + 1 drop ferric chloride T. S.—should not get blue or violet (abs. phenols). Dose, M4-+ (.008-.016 Ce.). ADULTERATIONS.—The seeds with those of some allied species ; the powder with farinaceous substances, wheat flour (blue with iodine), turmeric, which renders white mustard flour even whiter (blue with iodine, reddish-brown with borax or boric acid), red pepper to increase pungency. PREPARATIONS.—1. BLACK MUSTARD: 1. Charta Sinapis. Mus- tard Paper. (Syn., Fr. Papier Sinapisé, Moutarde en feuilles. Ger. Senf Papier.) Manufacture: Percolate 100 Gm. with benzin until no greasy stain ; dissolve India rubber 10 in benzin 100 Ce. + carbon disulphide 100, with this incorporate the purified, dried mustard, spread, dry ; 60 o Cm. contains 4 Gm. oilless mustard. JI. VovatiLe om: 1, Linimentum Sinapis Compositum. Com- pound Liniment of Mustard. (Syn., Fr. Liniment Sinapisé Composé ; Ger. Zusammengesetztes Senfliniment.) Manufacture: 3 p. ce. Volatile oil 3 Ce., fluid extract of mezereum 20, camphor 6 Gm., castor oil 15 Ce., alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Unoff. Preps.: Seep: Spirit. Infusion, 5 p.c. Dose, ad libitum. PROPERTIES.—Stimulant, emetic, tonic, diuretic, laxative, rube- facient, irritant, epispastic, carminative, condiment, vesicant ; dilates the vessels, causing redness, warmth, and irritates sensory nerves, giv- ing burning pain. Uses.—Atonic dyspepsia with constipation, delirium tremens, atonic dropsy, hiccough, narcotic poisoning. Externally : rheumatism, gout, atrophy, neuralgia, colic, gastralgia, inflammation of throat or lungs, spoonful to a cream with warm water is use- SINAPIS—MUSTARD. 241 CRUCIFERZ. toothache, earache, headache, vomiting, diarrhoea, dysentery, amenor- rhea, dysmenorrhea, stimulant to heart, respiration, and vascular system. For mild action: Dilute mustard with equal quantity of flaxseed meal or flour, and with water make it into a pasty plaster, poultice, cataplasm, or sinapism, so variously called. These should be applied enveloped in some very thin muslin to prevent sticking, and are almost superseded by the whole- and half-strength mustard leaves, which, in order to use, must be moistened with warm water and applied for 4-1 hour. The volatile oil may be applied locally, well diluted (5ss; 2 Cc. + Stokes’ liniment, alcohol, or almond oil 5ij ; 60 Cc.). Good in scabies, hysteria, swooning convulsions. Mustard foot-baths, good in headache, cerebral and other internal congestion, pneumonia, amenorrheea, for diaphoresis. The infusion, made by stirring a table- Fig. 150. ful for emetic in poisoning, etc., giving the entire mixture. Allied Plants : 1. Bra'ssica ju'neea, Sarepta, Indian, Russian Mustard.—S. Russia, Africa, India; from this latter country exported into Eu- rope. Seeds closely resemble the official black mustard, and have the same consti- tuents ; B. arvensis (Sinapi’ strum), Charlock, Wild Mustard. Europe, United States. An annual, troublesome weed ; seeds smoothish, dark-brown, smaller and less pungent than our official black mustard. 2. B. campes' tris.—Europe, Russian Asia. Wild annual, .3—.6 M. (1-2°) high, flowers bright-yellow. Of this we have several cul- tivated varieties which give us edible roots Brassica campestris. and seeds of some value, thus: (a) var. ; Na'pus, Turnip. Seed larger than official black mustard, 1.6—2 Mm. (7g-7y’) thick, brown or black, finely pitted, slightly acrid. (0) var. Ra’pa, Rape or Colza. Seed larger than mustard or turnip, 2- 2.5 Mm. ()-q/y’) thick, finely pitted, blue-black, slightly” acrid. Both yield a bland, yellow fixed oil under the names of turnip-seed oil and rape-seed oil. (¢) var. Rutaba’ga, Swedish Turnip. ‘Seeds also small and contain oil and pungency. 3. Rori!pa (Cochlea'ria) Armora' cia, Horse-radish.—The fresh root official, 1820-1860; E. Europe, cultivated. Plant .6-1 M. (2-3°) high, in moist places; leaves 20-30 Cm. (8-12’) long, 10-12.5 Cm. (4-5’) wide, toothed ; flowers white; fruit 2-celled pod, each 4—6- seeded ; root 30 Cm. (12’) long, 12-25 Mm. (4-1’) thick, conical, yellowish, scaly, warty, inside white, many stone-cells, central pith, pungent odor when bruised ; taste sharp, acrid, contains volatile oil 16 242 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 0.05 p. ¢. (isomeric with mustard oil, CSNC,H,), resin. Used as con- diment, rubefacient, stimulant, diuretic, for dyspepsia, rheumatism, dropsy, palsy, scurvy, hoarseness, vomiting; in infusion, spirit, cata- plasm. Dose, gr. 20-30 (1.3-2 Gm.). Fig. 151. “Fie. 152. Roripa Armoracia flower ; s, Roripa Armoracia leaves; a, radical; b, cauline. calyx; p, corolla; a, stamen ; g, fruit-carpel ; n, stigma. 4. Ra!phanus Raphani! strum, Wild Radish, Jointed Charlock, and R. sati'vus, Garden Radish.—Both contain a fixed oil resembling that from mustard, but the sulphuretted volatile oil of the latter differs in some respects. 36. HAMAMELIDACEZ. Witch Hazel Family. Ham-a-me-li-da’se-e. LL. Hamamel(is)-id + acee, fr. Gr. dpa, together with, + 7Adv, fruit (apple) ; 7. ¢., flowers and fruit together on the tree. Shrubs, trees. Distinguished by fragrant balsamic prop- erties; ovary inferior, 2-celled, consisting of 2 pistils united below, forming 2-beaked, 2-celled, woody capsule; ovules 1 in each cell, pendent from cell apex, becoming bony seed ; stamens 8, 4 perfect, 4 scale-like, sterile ; flowers, heads or spikes, sometimes apetalous ; calyx and petals 4-5 ; temperate climates, tropics ; bitter, astringent, acrid, balsamic. Genera: 1. Hamamelis. 2. Liquidambar. HAMAMELIS. HAMAMELIS (WrrcH-4zEL). Hamamelis The 1 : oer ‘ e leave 1] ; Peau vit. ves, collected in autumn Habitat. N. America, in thickets, ditch banks, Canada, United States, Minn. to La. Syn. Winter Bloom, Striped (Spotted) Alder, Snapping Hazel Nut, Tobacco Wood. Pistachio. Fr. Hamamélis. Ger. Zauberhasel. Ham-a-me/lis. L. see etymology, above, of Hamamelidacex. Vir-gin-i-a/na. L. Virginian, of or belonging to Virginia, its original habitat. Witch-ha/zel. Witch, from twigs being used in days of witchcraft as divining rods to indicate hidden springs, ores, etc., + hazel, resembling hazel tree. HAMAMELIS—HAMAMELIS. 243 HAMAMELIDACEZ. Priant.—Woody shrub 1.5-4.5 M. (6-15°) high, 7.5-15 Cm. (38-6’) thick ; stem crooked, wood whitish ; bark brown, smooth, when old gray, fissured; flowers Sept.—Oct., greenish-yellow ; fruit nut or capsule, 2-celled, 2-beaked with one bony, oily, edible, black seed in each cell, not ripening until September of following year, when new flowers are blooming, hence generic name, when ripe bursting elasti- cally by hygroscopism into 2 pieces, hurling the seed with consider- able force to some distance. Leaves, 10-15 Cm, (4—6’) long, 5-7.5 Cm. (2-3’) wide, petiolate, obovate, heart-shaped, oblique at base, Fic. 153. outtiamamelis ingininne 4. flowering tg: oy Reon (st Tous ldugtoudinal sections); 8, oral diagram. downy when young, wavy-toothed, thickish, nearly smooth ; inodorous ; taste astringent, bitter. Solvents: boiling water ; diluted alcohol. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.). _ ConstiTuENTSs.—Tannin, volatile oil, bitter principle, extractive. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Hamamelidis Fluidum. Fluid Ex- tract of Hamamelis. (Syn., Br. Extractum Hamamelidis Liquidum ; Fr. Extrait liquide de Hamamélis ; Ger. Flissiges Hamamelis-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm., with glycerin 10 Ce., alcohol 50, water 80, finishing with alcohol 40 p. ¢., q. s. 100 Ce, Dose, Mxv-—60 (1-4 Cc.). 244 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Unoff. Preps.: Tincture. Dose, 3j-2 (4-8 Cec.). Decoction. Dose, 3j-2 (30-60 Ce.). Extract. Dose, gr. 5-10 (.3-.6 Gm.). Ointment, externally; PRoPERTIES.—Astringent, hemostatic, styptic, sedative, tonic. Acts on the muscular fibres of the veins ; large doses produce severe throbbing headache. Usrs.—It was first used by our Indians for external inflammations, congestions, and now for same purposes, as also for hemorrhages of nose, gums, piles, bladder, stomach, rectum, tumors, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, diarrhcea, dysentery. The Pond’s Extract and Distilled Extract (Aqua Hamamelidis Spirituosa) are made preferably from the fresh young twigs, collected in autumn when the plant is in bloom, by macerating for 24 hours, 100 Gm. in water 200 Ce. + alcohol 15, then distilling 100 Cc.; these are colorless and are used indiscriminately as external applica- tions for sprains, bruises, excoriations, pharyngitis, rhinitis, leucor- rhea, gonorrhcea, ulcers, skin diseases, ete. Allied Product : Hamamelidis Cortex, Witch-hazel Bark.—Occurs in irregular pieces 1-2 Mm. (s4—;4’) thick, outside ash-gray, with blackish warts or scars, the thin corky layer easily removed from the cinnamon-colored, middle bark; this is fibrous, odorless, astringent, bitter, pungent. Contains gallic acid, hamamelo-tannic acid, C,,H,,O, + 5H,O, gluco- sidal tannic acid (both derivatives of gallic acid), fat, phytosterin, glu- cose, resin, bitter and pungent principles, ash 6 p. c.; tonic, astrin- gent. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.), in infusion or fluid extract. STYRAX. STORAX. Liquidambar orientalis, Miller. yA balsam, prepared from the inner bark. Habitat. Asia Minor, forms entire forests. Syn. Oriental Sweet Gum, Lordwood. Br. Styrax Preparatus, Balsamum Styra- cis. Fr. Styrax liquide. Ger. Flussiger Storax. ; Liq-uid-am/bar. L. liquidus, liquid, fluid, + Ar. ambar, amber ; 7. ¢., the color or fragrant, tenebinthinate juice or resin (balsam) resembles liquid amber. O-ri-en-tal’is. L. oriental, pertaining to the Orient, or East; i. e., its habitat. Sty’rax. L. for storax, Gr. ortpag, altr. of Ar. assthi/rak, sweet-smelling exuda- tion ; 7. e., a tree producing it. Piant.—Tree 6-15 M. (20-50°) high, resembling our sweet-gum ; bark purplish-gray ; leaves palmately 5-divided, each division obscurely 3-lobed, 5-7.5 Cm, (2-8) long, 10-12.5 Cm, (4-5’) wide, margin ser- rate, bright-green, smooth; flowers moneecious, in yellowish solitary heads. Batsaw (storax), semi-fluid, gray, sticky, opaque, on standing depositing heavier dark-brown stratum ; transparent in thin layers; odor agreeable ; taste balsamic, insoluble in water, soluble, except impur- ities, in equal weight of hot alcohol, which solution, upon evaporation, should yield brown, semi-liquid balsamic residue 70 p. c., almost com- pletely soluble in ether, carbon disulphide, insoluble in benzin. Be- comes more fluid by heat, then, if shaken with warm benzin, the STYRAX—STORAX. 245 HAMAMELIDACEZ. supernatant liquid cooled, being colorless, will deposit white crystals of cinnamic acid and cinnamic ethers. Test: Storax dissolved in warm alcohol, this exhausted with benzin by shaking, evaporated, gives a residue (45-55 p. c.) of blue opalescence, agreeable odor, but if tur- pentine present get larger residue of a yellow color and terebinthinate - odor. Solvents: alcohol; ether. Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6-2 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—Turpentine, sand, ashes, bark, mineral matter 13-18 p. c., water 10-20 p. c. Commercial.—Natives collect the resin by removing outer bark, stripping off the inner layer and throwing this into pits until quantity large, packing same into strong horse-hair bags and submitting to pressure, now throw hot water upon the bags and again express, when most of the balsam will be extracted ; or may boil the bark in water and skim balsam from surface, with final expression of the boiled bark. Fie. 154, Liquidambar orientalis. Liquid storax is then put into barrels, goat skins, etc., and forwarded to Constantinople, Smyrna, Syria, Alexandria, Bombay, and Trieste. The greatest demand comes from India and China, the English speak- ing people using but little of it. The residual bark when dried (Cortex Thymiamatis) is used for fumigation. ConstrTUENTS.—Styrol, Styracin, Phenylpropyl Cinnamate, Store- sin, Cinnamic Acid, C,H,O,, 6-12 p. ¢., benzoic acid, ethyl cinnamate, C,H,(C,H,)O,, ethyl vanillin, water and other impurities 25-80 p. c. Styrol, Styrene, Styrolene (cinnamene, phenyl-ethylene), C,Hy.— Hydrocarbon (volatile oil); obtained by distilling with water. _ is is a colorless fragrant oily liquid, sp. gr. 0.906, boils at 145° C. a F.) and when heated to 200° C. (392° F.) is converted into solid meta- - cinnamene. ie ; Styracin, Cinnamyl Cinnamate, C,H,(C,H,)O,.—This is obtained 246 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. in faint yellow crystals, by alcohol, ether, or hot benzene from the resin, after removal of cinnamic acid; with concentrated potassa so- lution yields styrone aaa alcohol), C,H,,O, a yellowish oily re- fractive aromatic liquid. Phenylpropyl Cinnamate, C,H,(C,H,,)O,.—This is a thick inodo- rous liquid. Storesin, C,,H,,0,.—This is the most abundant constituent of sto- rax ; it is amorphous, readily soluble in benzin, melts near 145° C. (293° F.), or near 165° C. (329° F.), the latter variety gives with potassa a compound crystallizing in needles. PREPARATIONS.—1. Tinctura Benzoini Composita, 8 p.c. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Cc.)—mostly used externally. Unoff. Prep.: Ointment (salve), 50 p.c., with lard or olive oil. PrRopERTIES.—Stimulant, expectorant, diuretic, antiseptic, disinfect- ant. Acts locally and remotely like benzoin, copaiba, balsams of Tolu and Peru. Styracin is antiseptic, and should be dissolved in 6-12 parts of oil or water to render it non-irritating as a dressing. Usrs.—Chronic bronchitis and catarrhs of genito-urinary passages, gonorrheea, gleet, amenorrhea, leucorrhwa, phthisis, asthma. Exter- nally in ointment as a detergent for indolent ulcers, frost-bite, as a parasiticide for scabies, phthiriasis (pediculi), ete. Allied Products : 1. Sty’rax Calami!ta.—Resinous exudation from Sty/rax officina’ lis, in agglutinated tears resembling benzoin, wrapped in leaves ; a facti- tious variety consists of the ground, exhausted bark, or sawdust mixed with liquid storax, formed into reddish-brown cylindrical cakes, brittle, friable, soft and unctuous to the touch ; contains many crystals of sty- racin, and has storax odor. 2. Sweet Gum (Liquida'mbar Styraci'flua)—United States. The balsam exudes spontaneously in hot climates and weather, or from inci- sions made in the trunk; it is a yellowish-brown thick liquid, solidi- fying on exposure, but softening by heat of the hand, odor balsamic, storax-like ; taste aromatic, pungent, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloro- form ; contains hydrocarbon 3.5 p. c. (almost identical with styrol) ; cinnamic acid 5.5 p. c., styracin, storesin. Stimulant, expectorant, diuretic. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.3-2 Gm.); in emulsion; externally in ointment, cerate. Used mainly as an agreeable flavor and in making chewing gum. 3. Heu’chera american’a, Alum Root.—Saxifragacee. The rhizome official, 1820-1880 ; United States. Plant viscid, pubescent, .6—1.3 M. (2-4°) high ; leaves 5-7.5 Cm. (2-3’) wide, crenate ; flowers pur- plish-white ; root 15 Cm. (6’) long, 12 Mm. (3’) thick, several-headed, many thin radicles, brownish-purple ; bark thin, inodorous, astringent, bitter. Contains tannin 18-20 p. ¢., starch 5-16 p.c.; used as as- tringent, tonic, in diarrhea, menorrhagia, aphthe, ulcers, hemorrhoids. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.), in decoction. RUBUS IDHUS—RASPBERRY. 247 ROSACEZ. 37. ROSACEA. Rose Family. Ro-za/se-e. L. Ros-a + aces, fem. pl. rosace-us, rose-like, fr. rosa, a rose. Trees, shrubs or herbs. Distinguished by astringency, succulent edible fruits, prickles and warts on woody surfaces ; flowers regular, 5’s ; stamens inserted on calyx tube, perigynous ; calyx 4—5-lobed— when 5 the odd lobe posterior ; anthers 2-celled ; pistil 1-many, usually distinct ; fruit often edible; seed exalbuminous. The yellow and white flowers resemble Ranunculacez, here, however, the stamens and pistils are inserted on the torus, but in Rosacee on the calyx ; tem- perate climates ; astringent, tonic, anthelmintic ; fruit edible. Genera: 1. Rubus. 2. Rosa. 3. Quillaja. 4. Hagenia. RUBUS IDZUS. RASPBERRY. Rubus : Idzeus, Linné. \The fruit. Habitat. Europe, N. Asia, as far east as Japan. Cultivated. Syn. Hindberry, Garden Raspberry. Fr. Framboise. Ger. Himbeeren. Ru/bus. L. bramble fr. rubere, to be red, fr. Celtic rub, red ; 7. e., color of the fruit. I-dee’us. L. fr. Gr. ’Idaioc, pertaining to Mt. Ida, near Troy, where it once flourished. Raspberry = rasp + berry ; i. e., rough condition of the plant-stem, leaves, etc. Puant.—Shrub 2 M. (6°) high, young shoots glaucous, bristly, spinose ; leaves imparipinnate, 1-3 pairs, sessile, ovate, serrate, whitish, - downy leaflets ; flowers white, as in follow- ing species, petals 5. Fruit, deprived of conical receptacle, therefore hollow at base, hemispherical, red, finely hairy, composed of 20-30. coalesced, small drupes, each one crowned with withered style ; juice red ; odor agreeable ; taste pleasant, acidulous. The closely allied light-red fruit, R. strigo’sus, and purplish-black fruit, R. occidentalis, can be substituted for R. Idceus. ConsTITUENTS.— Volatile oil (trace), ci- tric acid, malic acid, sugar 5 p. c., pectin, coloring matter. PRePARATIONS.—1. Syrupus Rubi Idei. Syrup of Raspberry. (Syn., Fr. Sirop de Framboise ; Ger. Himbeersaft.) Manufacture: To fresh filtered juice 40 parts, add sugar 60 parts, heat to boiling, cork tightly ; avoid iron. Dose, ad libitum. Mostly as a flavor. PropErties.—Refrigerant, mild laxative, dietetic. Uses.—Chiefly to furnish the syrup; highly prized as an edible fruit. Allied Plants : : ; ; ; 1. R. strigo'sus (L. strigilis, set with stiff, straight bristles), Wild Red Raspberry, R. occidenta'lis, Black Raspberry, Thimble-berry ; Fig. 155. Rubus Ideus. 248 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINDGOM. both grow wild and are largely cultivated in N. America. 2. villosus (R. frutico'sus, Europe), Blackberry, Dewberry.—The fruit juice of these different species will yield, by fermentation, a grateful wine or beverage (becoming by distillation brandy), which is highly recom- mended, and much used by the laity, for bowel troubles. RUBUS. RUBUS (BiackBerRy). villosus, Aiton, Rubus / canadensis, Linné, | The bark of the root. trivialis, Michaux. Habitat. N. America, in fields, thickets, etc. . Syn. 1. American or High Bush Blackberry, Cloud or Dewberry. 2. Low Running or Creeping Blackberry, Dewberry. 3. Low Bush Blackberry. Fr. Ecorce de Ronce Noir, Ronce Sauvage. Ger. Brombeerrinde. Vil-lo’sus. L. hairy, shaggy, villous; i. ¢., branches, petioles and underside of leaves hairy. Can-a-den/sis. L. Canadian, of or belonging to Canada, abundant there. Triv-i-alis. L. trivium—tri, three, + via, way, three roads; i. ¢, grows along many roads—common, trivial. Blackberry ; i. e., color of the fruit. Dewberry; i. ¢., glaucous bloom on the fruit. Puants.—All three have stems armed with stout recurved prickles. 1. R. villosus—Common or High Bush Blackberry. Pubescent perennial, viscid, prickly, 8-2 M. (1-6°) high; stem angular, woody, reddish, erect ‘or reclining ; leaflets 3-5, ovate, serrate, rough above, hairy and glandular bencath, 5-10 Cm. (2-4) long; flowers white, racemes ; fruit Aug.—Sept., of about 20 carpels ; common on the bor- ders of thickets, N. Eng. to Fie. 156. Fla., Ark. This species fur- a nishes our cultivated black- berries. 2. R.canadensis.—North- ern Dewberry, Low Run- ning Blackberry. Stemslen- der, prickly, running on : ground several yards, occa- o sionally putting forth roots ; Rubus villosus ; wraney cree mo of bark, magnified leaves with 3-5 leaflets, 2.5-4 Cm. (1—-14’) long, 12 Mm. (3’) wide, ovate, serrate, thin, nearly smooth; flowers May, large, white, racemes; fruit large, black, 12-25 Mm. (4-1’) thick, July—Aug., taste very pleasant. Common in dry, waste, stony fields, Canada to Virginia. 3. R. trivialis—Southern Dewberry, Low Bush Blackberry. Pro- cumbent shrub, bristly; leaflets 3-5, leathery, evergreen, nearly smooth ; flowers large, white, earlier than preceding species, sandy soil, Maryland, southward. Bark OF THE Root, in thin, tough, flexible bands, blackish-gray ; inside pale-brown, sometimes with strips of whitish, tasteless wood adhering ; inodorous ; taste astringent, bitter. Solvents: boiling water ; diluted alcohol. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.). RUBUS—RUBUS. . 249 ROSACEZ. ConsTITUENTS.—Tannin 12-17.5 p. c. (heated gives pyrogallol, with alkalies gives neither gallic acid, protocatechuic acid nor phloro- glucol), gallic acid 0.4 p. c., villosin 0.8 p. c., ash 3 p. c Villosin.—One of the saponins, a bitter crystalline glucoside, solu- ble in alcohol, slightly in water, insoluble in ether, chloroform ; yields villosic acid, which is soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether; both villosin and villosic acid give with sulphuric acid deep-blue or violet, with sulphuric and nitric acid yield blood-red disappearing by water. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Rubi Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Rubus. (Syn., Fluid Extract of Blackberry Bark ; Fr. Extrait liquide d’Ecorce de Ronce ; Ger. Fliissiges Brombeerrinden-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with glycerin 10 Cc., alcohol 60, water 30, finishing with alcohol Cot c.,q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mx-60 (.6—4 Fic. 157. 3 Prep.: Syrupus Rubi. Syrup of Rubus. (Syn., Fr. Sirop ‘d’Ecorce de Ronce (Noir) ; Ger. Brombeerrindensirup.) Manufacture: Fluid extract of rubus 25 Ce.,syrup 75. Dose, 5j—4 (4-15 Cc.). Unoff. Preps. : Decoction, 5 p. c. (water or milk). Dose, 5j-2 (30-60 Ce.). Extract. Dose, gr. 3—10 (.2-.6 Gm.). Wine. Aromatic Fluid Extract. Aromatic Syrup. Brandy. PROPERTIES.—Same as tannin; astrin- gent, tonic. Uses.—Summer complaint, infantile diar- rheea. Allied Plants : 1. Geum riva'le, Purple or Water Avens. —The rhizome official, 1820-1880. N. America. Perennial plant .3-.6 M. (1-2°) high, stem purple; leaves 3-foliate or 3- lobed ; flowers purplish-orange. Rhizome Potentilla Tormentilla; rhizome 5-7.5 Cm. (2-3’) long, 6 Mm. (2’) thick, and transverse section. tuberculate, wrinkled, brownish-red ; bark : thin, wood-wedges white, pith large ; aromatic, astringent, bitter. Con- tains volatile oil, tannin, bitter principle. Used as astringent, tonic, in diarrhoea, hemorrhage, leucorrhcea, phthisis, scrofula, rheumatism, intermittents, dyspepsia, menstrual derangements; in decoction, infu- sion, tincture. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). 2. Potenti'lla Tormenti’ lla, Tormentil.—The rhizome official, 1820- 1880. Europe. Plant resembles P. canadensis, Cinquefoil, peren-_ nial, 25-30 Cm. (10-12’) high, green or reddish leaves, trifoliate ; leaflets cuneate; flowers yellow; fruit achenes, reniform. Rhizome 5 Om. (2’) long, 12 Mm. (3/) thick, tuberculate, brownish-red ; bark thin, wood-wedges small, distant; pith large, inodorous, astringent. Contains tannin 25 p. ¢., red coloring matter (tormentil-red), kinovic 250 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. acid, ellagic acid. Used as astringent, tonic like kino and catechu, for diarrhea, dysentery, spongy gums (gargle), ulcers, gleet ; in decoction, infusion. Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6-2 Gm.). ROSA CENTIFOLIA. PALE ROSE. eeesias iia \ The petals, collected after expanding. Habitat. W. Asia, cultivated. Syn. Cabbage Rose, Hundred leaved Rose, Flores Rosarum Incarnatarum. Fr. Roses 4 cent feuilles. Ger. Flores Rose, Rosenblitter, Hundertblitterige Rose. Ro’sa. L. fr. Gr. pédov, Eng. rose, fr.- Celtic, rhos, red; 4. e, the prevailing color of the flowers. Cen-ti-fo/li-a. L. centum, hundred, + folium, a leaf; i. e, having a {hundred leaves, petals—Pliny’s name. : Puant.—Erect, 1-2 M. (3-6°) high, very similar to but larger than Rosa gallica ; stems covered with prickles, larger ones hooked ; leaves alternate, imparipinnate, 2 pairs of opposite leaflets, leaf-serra- tures edged with glands; flowers large, double, peduncles and calyx tube covered with sete and glandular hairs; fruit (hip) scarlet to orange-red, oblong, containing many -1-seeded achenes; calyx persis- tent. PETALS, numerous, roundish-obovate, retuse, or obcordate, pink, fragrant, sweetish, slightly bitter, faintly astringent. Solvent: boiling water. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). Commercial.—This, although often mistaken for the Damask rose, is no doubt the most anciently cultivated variety of R. gallica, and exists in many hybrid forms which are indiscriminately used. The petals are collected when blooms fully mature, and in drying become brown, losing much fragrance, which latter may be greatly preserved by packing tightly in closely stoppered vessels with alternate layers of sodium chloride (half their weight). ConsTITUENTS.— Volatile oil (trace), mucilage, sugar, tannin, ma- lates, phosphates, (quercitrin ?). PREPARATIONS.—(Unoff.) Oil (Oleum). Water (Aqua). PROPERTIES AND Uses.—Mild carminative. For distilling rose water. ROSA GALLICA. RED ROSE. Rosa gallica, Linné. Habitat. W. Asia, S. Europe. Cultivated (England, Holland, France, United States, etc. ). Syn. French Rose, Provins Rose. Br. Rose Gallice Petala, Flores Rosarum Rubrarum. Fr. Rose de Provins, Roses rouges. Ger. Franzésische Rose, Essigrosen- (blitter), Zuckerrose. Gal/li-ca. JL. gallicus, of or pertaining to Gaul, now France ; i. e., country where once it flourished extensively = French rose. \ The petals, collected before expanding. Puant.—Bushy shrub, .6-1 M. (2-3°) high, stems numerous, cov- ered with prickles and a few sharp spines; leaves alternate, impari- pinnate, 2 pairs opposite leaflets, these nearly sessile, ovate, rounded ROSA GALLICA—RED ROSE. 251 ROSACEZ. at_ base, acute at apex, serrate, stiff, keeled, rugose, with veins, pale, hairy below, leaf-serratures not edged with glands ; flowers large, on long stalks, petals 5 in the wild state, more when cultivated, rich- crimson ; fruit (hip) scarlet to orange-red, oblong, containing many 1-seeded achenes, calyx persistent. PETALs, usually in small cones, consisting of many imbricated, roundish retuse, deep-purple-colored, yellow-clawed petals, roseate odor; taste bitter, acidulous, astringent. Solvent’: boiling water. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). Commercial.—This is what constitutes the red rose leaves of the drug store. The blooms are gathered just before expansion when size of nutmegs ; the petals are then cut off with knives or scissors near the base, dried carefully but rapidly by stove heat, then sifted from stamens, etc., and marketed. Their early collection makes them more astringent, while rapid drying preserves color, as well as astringency, consequently slow desiccation impairs both _ properties. It is said that 1,000 flower buds Fig. 158. yield 50 lbs. (23 Kg.) fresh petals, which becomes 5 lbs. (2.3 Kg.) when dried. ADULTERATIONS. — With the petals of various red roses. ConsTITUENTS.— V olatile oil (trace), mu- cilage, sugar, tannin (quercitannic acid), quercitrin (astringent and coloring). PREPARATIONS. — 1. Confectio Rose. Confection of Rose. (Syn., Br. Confectio Rose Gallicse, Conserva Rosarum ; Fr. Con- serve de Rose rouge ; Ger. Rosen Conserve.) Manufacture: 8 p.c. Red rose 8 Gm., sugar 64, clarified honey 12, stronger rose water 16 Cc. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.). 2. Extractum Rose Fluidum. Fluid Ex- tract of Rose. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Rose rouge; Ger. Fliissiges Essigrosen- _ HOsa-eanin gs Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with glycerin 10 Cc., diluted alcohol 90, finishing with latter q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mxv—60 1-4 Cc.). oe 1. Mel Rose. Honey of Rose. (Syn., Mellitum Ro- satum; Fr. Mellite de Roses rouges, Miel Rosat; Ger. Ro- senhonig.) : Manufacture: Fluid extract of rose 12 Ce., clarified honey q. s. 100 Gm. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Cc.). 2. Syrupus Rose. Syrup of Rose. (Syn., Br. Syrupus Rose Gallice ; Fr. Sirop de Roses rouges ; Ger. Rosensirup.) Manufacture: Fluid extract of rose 12.5 Ce., syrup 87.5 Ce. Dose, 3j-2 (4-8 Cc.). 3. Pilulce Aloes et Mastiches, gy. } (.03 Gm.). Dose, 1-3 pills. Unoff. Preps. : Infusion, 3-5 p. ¢. Compound Infusion, 1.5 p. c. 252 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. (+ diluted sulphuric acid 1 p. ¢, sugar 4.5 p.c.). Dose, 5ss-2 (15-60 Cc.). ; ore PRoOPERTIES.—Similar to tannin ; tonic, mild astringent, carminative. © Usxrs.—Inflamed uterine hemorrhages, aphthe, ulcers of mouth, ears, anus, inflamed eyes, chapped hands, burns, flavoring vehicle, per- fumery. Allied Plants: R. cani/na, Dog Rose.—United States. Leaflets 5-7, ovate, serrate, flowers pink, white, R. bla’nda, R. ni’tida. ROSA DAMASCUS. DAMASCUS ROSE. Oleum Rose. Oil of Rose, official. eae Miller. }A volatile oil, distilled from the fresh flowers. Habitat. India, N. Africa, S. France. Cultivated in Turkey (Europe), Bulgaria. Syn. Damask Rose, Oleum Rosarum, Attar (Otto) of Rose. Fr. Huile volatile (Essence) de Rose. Ger. Rosendl. Dam-as-ce/na. L. damascenus, of or pertaining to Damascus. Gr. Aayaoxédc. Heb. Dameseg, capital of Syria, around which this rose once flourished. Piant.—Resembles very closely the two preceding species, 2-2.5 M. (6-8°) high, thought to be simply a cultivated form of R. gallica. It is grown largely in ‘hedge-like rows on the southern slope of the Balkan Mountains (the principal town, Kizanlik, of Roumelia prov- ince alone furnishing about 4,000 lbs. (1,818 Kg.) of oil annually), Egypt, Persia, Cashmere (India). ; ConstITuENTSs.—Volatile oil 0.05 p. c., fat, resin, malic acid, tar- tarie acid, and tannic acid. Oleum Rosz. Oil of Rose.—Obtained by collecting the roses, usually with calyx, in April-May, then, each day before sunrise, put- ting 30 Ibs. (13 Kg.) together with 8 gallons (30 L.) of water into a 20-gallon (80 L.) tinned-copper still, and distilling same for two hours. The distillate is again distilled, the first one-sixth being set aside sev- eral days for the oil to separate, when it is skimmed from the surface of the water, by a very small tin funnel, having fine orifice and long handle. The remainder, together with water of subsidence and ex- pression, is used for rose water, and for the menstruum on fresh roses instead of pure water. It is a pale, yellowish, transparent liquid, with strong, fragrant, odor of rose; taste mild, sweetish, sp. gr. 0.875, slightly soluble in alcohol; congeals at 16-21° C. (60-70° F.). It is composed of two portions, one liquid, the other solid; the liquid portion consists of two alcohols: 1. rhodinol or geraniol, C,,H,,O, a very fragrant liquid forming 75 p.c. of the oil, readily soluble in alcohol, yielding ethers with acetic and benzoic anhydride, and when oxidized with potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid converted into the aldehyde rhodinal or citral ; 2. citronellol, C,,H,,O, in very small quantity ; the solid portion is a stearopten, 12-14 p. c., concrete, crys- talline, inodorous, iridescent, consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons (C,H,,), one being C,,H,, which melts at 36° C. (97° F.), and re- QUILLAJA—QUILLAJA. » 253 ROSACEA. quires 100 parts of alcohol for solution. The odor resides exclusively in the liquid portion of the oil, which should consequently be kept in well-stoppered bottles, moderately cool, dark, and completely liquefied by heat and shaking before dispensing. Test: 5 drops of oil + 5 drops sulphuric acid in a test-tube gives reddish-brown, thick mixture, but no white fumes or tarry odor, while fragrant oil odor should remain ; now shake this with 2 Ce. alcohol, may get turbidity, but should be nearly colorless, and not at once reddish-brown colgr—abs. oil of ginger grass or Turkish oil of geranium (Andropo'gon Scheena’nthus), and oil of rose geranium (Pelargo/nium Ra’dula, P. capita’twm, and P. odorati’ ssimum). a ADULTERATIONS.—Spermaceti, paraffin, which crystallize in an opaque crust, oil of santal, fixed oils, volatile oils (rose geranium, etc.). In Constantinople the adulteration is carried on extensively with these named articles, and with the oil of geranium (ginger grass, Rosé, Roshé or Rusa oil) ; this latter does not solidify by cold, consequently when added to attar of rose lowers its congealing point, also renders it acid ; this again inclines the dealers to seek inferior attar (that made in the mountains, deficient in odor, but having excess of stearopten), so that the best qualitied oil will stand all the greater dilution with the ginger grass oil without crystallizing. _ PREPARATIONS.—1. Aqua Rose Fortior. Stronger Rose Water. (Syn., Triple Rose Water, Aqua Rose (U. S. P., 1880); Ger. Stirkeres Rosen wasser.) Manufacture: Water saturated with volatile oil of rose petals, ob- tained as a by-product in the distillation of oil of rose. Dose, ad libitum. 2. Aqua Rose. Rose Water. (Syn., Aqua Rosarum; Fr. Eau dis- tillée de Rose ; Ger. Rosenwasser.) ; Manufacture: Stronger rose water; distilled water, each equal quantities ; to be mixed immediately before using. Dose, ad libitum. Prep.: 1. Mistwra Ferri Composita, 89 p. c. Dose, 5j-2 (80- 60 Ce.). 3. hee Rose. 16 p.c. Dose, 5ss-1 (2-4 Gm.). 4, Unguentum Aque Rose. Ointment of Rose Water. (Syn., Cold Cream; Fr. Créme froide ; Ger. Unguentum (Emolliens) Leniens.) Manufacture: Spermaceti 12.5 Gm., white wax 12, expressed oil of almond 60, stronger rose water 19 Ce., sodium borate 0.5 Gm., mix by heat. PRopeRTIEs AND Uses.—Mild astringent, carminative, chiefly in perfumery and for flavoring. Ointment, a soothing, emollient appli- cation to the skin, chapped hands and lips, abrasions, ulcers, frost- bite, ete. QUILLAJA. QUILLAJA (Quitnara, Soap Bark). Se eeiatius Molina. \ The inner bark. Habitat. Chili (cultivated in N. Hindustan). , . ne "Panuihe: (ine or Murillo Bark. Fr. Ecorce de Quillaya. Ger. Cortex Quillaiz, Seifenrinde. 254 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Quil-la’ja. L. fr. Chilian, quillai, quillay, cullay, quillean, to wash—good in wash- ing; «@. ¢., from its soap-like properties. Sap-o-na/ri-a. L. fr. saponarius, soapy, sapo, soap; #. ¢., its mucilaginous juice forms a lather with water. PLanr.—Medium-size tree ; leaves oval, evergreen, leathery, entire or slightly dentate ; flowers white, monecious, axillary, pedunculate, apetalous, in umbels of four ; Fic. 159. fruit capsule with persistent calyx of 5 segments, many- seeded. Bark, in flat, large pieces, 5 Mm. (3’) thick, de- prived of brown periderm, out- side brownish-white, often with small patches of brown cork attached, otherwise smooth ; inner surface whitish, smooth, fracture splintery, checkered with pale-brownish bast-fibres imbedded in white tissue ; inodorous ; taste acrid, persis- tent, dust sternutatory, infu- sion foamy like soap water ; wood very hard. Solvents: hot water; hot alcohol; alcohol. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). ConsTITUENTS. — Saponin, C,,H,,0,,, 9 p.¢., starch, gum, calcium oxalate and sulphate. Saponin.—A glucoside ob- Quillaja Saponaria. tained by exhausting with hot alcohol, from which it sepa- rates upon cooling; by this process a small amount (with resinous -and oily matter) still remains in the cold tincture, which evaporated and shaken with water emulsifies. Pure saponin is a white, amor- phous pungent powder, inodorous, sweetish, causes sneezing, and consists of two glucosides: (a) quillaic acid, C,,H,,O,,, soluble in alco- hol, precipitated by lead acetates. (6) quillaia-sapotoxin, C,,H,,O,,, highly poisonous, neutral, nearly insoluble in alcohol, not precipitated by normal lead acetate. PREPARATIONS.—1. Tinctura Quillaje. Tincture of Quillaja. (Syn., Teinture d’Ecorce de Quillaya ; Ger. Seifenrinden-tinktur.) Manufacture: 20 p.c. Boil 20 Gm. with water 90 Cc. down to 60, cool, add alcohol 35, filter out precipitate, add water q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—1 (2—4 Ce.). Unoff. Preps.: Infusion, 5 p.c. Dose, 5ij-8 (8-30 Cec.). Fluid Extract. Dose, Mv-15 (.8-1 Ce.). Syrup, 15p.c. Dose, 5j-3 (4— 12 Ce.), Aqueous Extract. These can be taken internally, but mostly used as emulsifying agents, and in washing silks, cloth, etc., for which soap sometimes is unsuited. QUILLAJA—QUILLAJA. 255 ROSACEZ. PROPERTIES.—Stimulant, diuretic, expectorant, irritant, detergent. These all due to saponin, which is also found in senega and some other plants ; it is a violent irritant to respiratory passages, local anesthetic, antipyretic, paralyzant to heart and respiration, poison to voluntary muscles. Usrs.—Like senega, useful in bronchitis, coryza, dropsy, rhinitis Fie. 160. Quillaja Saponaria ; cross-section of bark. (snuff) ; syrup employed as a substitute for syrup of senega; dry ex- tract (quillain) mostly in solution for emulsifying fixed oils (castor, cod-liver, etc.) ; the infusion for eruptions, sores, fetor of feet, armpits, etc.; to renew growth of hair in alopecia, in hair tonics, washes, etc. . Allied Plants : 1. Spire'’a tomento'sa, Hardhack.—The root official, 1820-1880. Fig. 161. Fie. 162. Porteranthus stipulatus. Porteranthus trifoliatus ; rootlets, natural size. N. America; shrub, .6—1 M. (2-3°) high, stem ferruginous, tomen- tous, leaves dark-green, but rusty-white beneath ; flowers purple ; fruit 1-seeded pod ; root consists of brown, bitter, astringent bark, and hard, white, tasteless wood. Contains tannin, bitter principle, volatile oil. 256 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Used as astringent, tonic in diarrhea, cholera infantum, hemorrhages, gonorrheea, ulcers, etc.; in infusion, decoction, extract. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.). 2. Portera’nthus stipula’ tus (Gille'nia stipula’ cea), Indian Physic, and P. trifolia'tus ( G. trifolia'ta), American Ipecac.—The root official, 1820— 1880. United States; shrubs .6-1 M. (2-3°) high, stems reddish- brown, leaves trifoliate; leaflets 5-10 Cm. (2-4’) long, pubescent ; flowers white, pink ; root (rhizome) 12-25 Mm. (4-1’) thick, with thin bark and many fissured rootlets, 3-6 Mm. (4-}’) thick, bitter. Con- tains gillenin, resin, tannin. Used as emetic (substitute for ipecac), purgative, tonic; in infusion, decoction, tincture. Was very popular with our Indians. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). CUSSO. KOUSSO (BrayYErA). Hagenia : abyssinica, (Bruce) Gmelin. \ The female inflorescence. Habitat. Abyssinia, tablelands, mountainous districts, planted near towns, villages. Syn. Cossoo, Koosso, Kusso. Fr. Cousso, Kousso. Ger. Flores Koso, Kosen- bliithen. Ha-ge/’ni-a. L. after Dr. K. G. Hagen, German botanist, died 1829. - Ab-ys-sin’i-ca. L. its habitat, Abyssinia. Cus’so, Abys. name of plant. Piant.—Handsome, ornamental tree, 6-12 M. (20-40°) high ; leaves 25-30 Cm. (10-12’) long, imparipinnate ; leaflets 3-6 pairs, 7.5-10 Cm. (3-4') long, sessile, serrate; flowers Oct.—Nov., monce- cious ; staminate greenish-yellow, called when dry Kousso-esels. FE- MALE (pistillate), 6 Mm. (4’) broad, in panicles 25 Cm. (10’) long, with sheathing bract at the base of each branch; the two roundish bracts at the base of each flower, and the five obovate outer sepals are reddish color, membranous and veiny ; calyx top-shaped, hairy, en- closing 2 carpels or nutlets; odor slight, fragrant, tea-like (tea, hops, and senna combined) ; taste bitter, acrid, nauseous, often called Red- kousso. Solvents: boiling water; alcohol. Dose, 5ij-6 (8-24 Gm.). Commercial.—Cusso is gathered before the seeds are quite ripe, and suspended in the sun to dry ; it is brought from Abyssinia, packed in boxes, reaching England, via Aden and Bombay. The fresher the drug and the greener the resin the more active. ConstITUENTS.—Kosin, C,,H,,.O,, (resins), 64 p. c., Volatile oil, Tannin 24 p.c., ash 5 p.c. Latest investigations reveal : protokosin (crystalline, inactive), and kosso-toxin (amorphous, active constituent). .Kosin, Koussin, Kussin, Brayerin (koussein, kussein, amorphous). —Bitter acrid resin along with tasteless resin. Obtained by heating cusso repeatedly with alcohol to which calcium hydrate has been added, boil residue with water, mix liquids, filter, distil, treat residue with acetic acid to precipitate kosin in white, flocculent form, soon becom- ing denser and resin-like. It is yellow, crystalline ; bitter, acrid taste ; odor of Russia leather ; soluble in chloroform, insoluble in water. When pure nearly inert and tasteless, hence to act properly it must be asso- ciated with the drug’s other constituents. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.8-2 Gm.). CUSSO—KOUSSO. 257 ROSACEZ. , Kossotoxin, yellow, amorphous powder, soluble in alcohol, ether, insoluble in water ; strong muscle poison ; claimed to be the active principle, with baryta water yields a yellow, crystalline inactive sub- stance—possibly kosin, Volatile Oil— Obtained by distillation ; has odor of the drug ; by distillation with water also get traces of valerianic and acetic acids. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Cusso Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Kousso. (Syn., Extractum: Brayere Fluidum ; Fr. Ex- Fie. 163. trait liquide de Cousso; Ger. Fliissiges Koso-Ex- trakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5-6 (8-24 Ce.). Unoff. Preps. : Infusion. Dose, Siv—8 (120-240 Cc.). Compound Emulsion = In- fusion + castor oil, ether, sugar, anise oil. Hlectuary. PROPERTIES. — Anthel- mintic, tenifuge. Usres.—From time im- memorial used in Abyssinia . for both kinds of worms, especially tapeworms. It is so severe as often in large doses to produce miscar- riage, colic, vomiting, purg- ing, sometimes death, but with care becomes one of the very best remedies, pro- vided it be fresh (as the . = ; : : Hagenia abyssinica; A, branch of panicle; B, staminate resin soon undergoes change flower ; and C, pistillate flower, magnified 4 diam. and deterioration by age). One should fast the day previous to taking this medicine—preceding it, the night before, with a cathartic (castor oil, calomel, etc.), thus disarm- ing, as far as possible, the parasite of its nidus. Should the drug not act within 6-8 hours, another cathartic should be administered to remove it, as well as possibly the parasite. As a rule, the worms are dis- charged dead within 24 hours. “ The Oleoresin of Male Fern is more agreeable and reliable than cusso or any of its preparations, in doses of 5ss—1 (2-4 Ce.). 17 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 258 ‘di yo ‘ydiom *yoor, ‘09 ‘ydzoum ‘atnd ‘‘poap *o ‘due ‘0 40 “ytrso -4[8 "9074 ‘0 4a 7 i ‘oy ‘dr ‘apad “pid “ura uta) ws}emneys ‘sysnoo ‘qdureo ‘0 “13 “0 ‘070 ‘plot aTUODNUI “moT}ep : 1-90") snqiow Biepoyo ‘aufpoue | qo ‘dr ‘14 ‘poop ‘o ‘gureoreu ‘auTapood -nxe ANTON ‘Tansey | ‘undo 7% St ‘styTuo}L1od ‘vaysaierg | ‘earepes ‘orjooreyy | ay 3 ayxe yooy | ‘ourjooren ‘ourgdioy ‘vISV (M 91010009 -Tamos r9sBdeg ‘mnidg ‘T “ondostyue ‘yduiva J j _,_ ‘Serqeas ‘s190 {queaposer “worqou0tl a 3 -[n ‘gosnea ‘suusrds ‘yuotovjoqna “ydureo ido "14 ; ‘ysnoo ‘etayyse ‘orjoaoyderp | ‘oo *‘qdxorm ‘arnd SNTusete} ‘TasT}eUL ‘gutarou | ‘00 ‘ats ‘atl “des “BSOUULOT Rs (‘tay 9°-¢f")} -neyz ‘oT[oo “veoyraerp Qaepnmays [ary ‘“wopeyjeq “atl ‘uedur ‘aeydo “eroded “roydueyg '*Z O1-% ‘ssousnoaion ‘v11eysATT ‘orpousedsyyuy | ‘yds ‘100 “url “by ‘o’'H°'o ‘sulgg -IV94S OL TWINnmOMBoUty “eroqdmey “1 ‘aomeunig uopfey °Z “BIp “JUr “unotuel soz, ‘oryemoie =| ‘youTy ‘pod ‘re ‘BOLO 'S | WNWOWeNUL) *T ‘queduryse [1x0 ‘py “paod iy “yoreys “eryerung 3 “MOWBUUIO MOSIEG *Z ‘yavrnmys | “qtaids ‘enbe : 20 ‘qlee ‘resns ‘eavp | ¢ Hleq ony, ‘soroeds pourur “TANOTUOSIeg 4 “e{SvyLou ‘vasned ‘aaryeurmaiva | ‘tido rata ‘00 ‘aRy ‘UTWORY ‘TO OTTIVIO A ‘meny -1ayopun 1dy40 WNnMOWvAUID “Tt Cury 2-¢°) | ‘sous[niey ‘eoqarerp ‘orpotusedstyue “rq “00 NqIe1BwO ‘euryg pare ‘urnotueyéez “MOULBUUTD VISSED. °Z 0g-¢ ‘SUILOABH “QuoynjzAeg ‘aprTorutay *1 S00 “prea "IJ, ‘canoryeurore "BISSED l : TAINMOMBUUID TanmMoMeaUl) *f “salqnory (‘wy gI-F) | weorqy ‘Lr90qyuasdp ‘sy “md }s OY} “Ud Selyesseg “S 0FZ-09 =| -H4ys¥8 ‘styLaryounfa0D “yUoo[NMOG ‘oSe [ION + taSepronpy | otters Joud oy] cccteresterees+ | -epmpayy sesgesseg -] ‘duroo “sres “IMs 2720 5 2 (wy $-Z) sttyd ds ‘oust, “ZUB[NUITYS OTJaL 00 ‘suBs “AyxXO "py | ‘UraUyy ‘aTser ‘yoIBys “yOOI OY} *(TUNTLOJIETBA ) ‘seayesseg “Z 09-08 -vUlnoys ‘saseastp ULYS |-oydvip ‘oArqesoqyy ‘00 "sues ‘o000q] | ‘Plafessus ‘[f0 a[T}B[OA | ‘voTIOULY “NI | JO YrTVq oY, | SBryesseg svayessEs “SBdyesseg °[ 2 2 DaIDLNDT (Cut “eoysrsousmssép *(spoos mLOI}) G00'-100') | ‘orfos ‘stuseds ‘varoyo ‘oryiseredryue : erdrourad *(eyetnorued) *snoIpuy sn[no909 °Z Belt-F9/ ‘Asdoyido ‘stsAjeavg | ‘aatyepes ‘auTaToN |) cet terete “TUNUTXOJOIOLT “BIpPUT “A Terjneyy | snqne009 vyrmaeny “BIILUIBUY “TL 1 “stsrqayd ‘eaysrerp : *(oquintog) (U9 Z-8') ‘s19aoj UOTE ‘sanqpouyy | “Yyore,s ‘prow otquinjoo | “(eqranjog) eyeur equinyed *% 08-S ‘Aqrpigop ‘visdedskq | ‘orqouuoys ‘oraoy, ‘qovi,x9 PINT | ‘eutzeqzoq ‘arquinjop "BOLE Y “OL “JOOL OL -[ed eztysr100}e¢ “equanye) “T “TUST}VOL *(BABIg BIToIeg ("arg $-3) -noys ‘Asdoap ‘enyt “OATIVXB] “tanso}u9T10} elIaIe ‘G 09-08 -rou08 ‘tnoywo ‘s1W4s4D ‘oro ‘orjorniqg “qORIYX9 PIUL TL ulUUY} ‘aUISO[eg | ‘NIag ‘[Izeig ‘oor oY], | Wo1pusporpuoyD “eIIOIVd “T - *(psssuooRy werpeueD ; ; fe ‘e[[lvgq MOTTO X ) ("ry $-T) ‘orornip uraut} *s}001 paw “asMepBuBD tantmsedstaepnl °% 09-ST *SUOTJOOR snopnjoriog | ‘aaTye19y[v ‘OTTO T, “youryxe prupy | ‘ourdstuew ‘eutieqieg | ‘vorrewy ‘N | etwoztyI on. wantzedstnayy ‘untaiedstueyy “T * ‘ woonutads wayyy aoe i ‘i ; . es ‘oUMeH [eIOTYO “Bug 'S ome ‘sasn [BUTOTPEPL isi sa eae pow | “are dard rout ‘syuanqTysu09 ‘yenqey =| ‘Terowo yavg | ‘edanos oruvjog $= | ‘auren yeroygo UT “Tt ‘Py CON NOLLWIDLIC VORP ‘(zopz0 “yen:) Ape 259 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 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(ary 2-9') |eurayse'ststyyyd 4o01s ‘que10jood xo ‘dtoo d10zu0q pus deo “sI[@} MOTIO “XBIOIS °% 08-01 ‘sytrezeo ‘STITWOUOLg aes ulozueq ‘youTy, | -U1o ‘urovi4ys fordkyg | ‘TOUT, VISy | “TaEs[eq OTL requeprnbry "xe 41g “TE "SUIOA 9S00 *(jazeyL (‘wy #2) -WeAd ‘sprloy.omey ‘oTMo} ‘aATyepas “Tro optyeyos ‘opdro *BuBIUIS |-G9}TM) STOUTBTIBAL “Z 09-08 ‘sroumn} ‘sadeytowo Ly ‘quesullysy “qoUtyxXO pln -ulid Jazyiq UluUEy, | "BOLIOUTY ‘N | ‘SeAvoT OUT, “Ifa STOW AL ‘stpaTuVMER ‘T : 1 DIoDpYyIUwDUDET ‘atsorfta ‘optus : ‘ojo ‘ayoRpvoy “quoul -Ao0ydins eardeuts adoarng . “‘pAVISNT YVI *Z ‘orjoo ‘qnod ‘uIsty -Ipuoo ‘yuaTouy “"BUBYD. ‘apS1UIs ‘TIO poxTg.| Wynog ‘vISy “pees oqL “BISID VOISSVIG “BIZIN SIGBUIG “T -emmnoeys ‘Ssuraostod ~oqna ‘QATjVxt] ‘aqsordul ‘optus 5 ("wy #-T) ‘ksdorp ‘suewery ‘orgoantp ‘oTU0} -ooydns ourdvats -edoing, : “pavysnyy UTM "% 09-ST untiyep ‘eisdedsiq | ‘orjoue uepnuyyg | settee ‘GIQ[BUIS [10 pexTT | UMog ‘vis “poos ou “eqs stdeutg “Baly ae ‘Tt ; Swsafrangg ‘sosvostp ULyS “yavroyood “prov 4 : ‘(oulpuByed) (‘1D #1) ‘g[njoios ‘etrepeu -xo ‘ooroyderp © oTUOpTEyo ‘uray? “yueyd © “snfeur UWINITOPIPEYD 09-ST ‘Ksdoxrp ‘sorpunee | Oporntp ‘oyreyyeg | cont -Arapoyp ‘aUTMOprpeyD ‘odoing a11} U9 OUL wntuopTayO ‘TUNTUOPT[EYO “TL ; *styryd As ‘gproe OLyeuL : ‘sorpuncel ‘etsdeds{p ‘O1j00180 pus ofzyio ‘suTsat : "(qoorpooTg) (‘ney 2-90") | ‘etaotmneud ‘eoyyse ‘aTye107[2 ‘OTU0} ‘guidojoid ‘ourrq} ‘sistapsuto BlavuInsuRg "Z ‘que nuts ‘oneulg *youry '°19X9 "PLA ‘BOLO “N | oMOZIGL OL, slavumsaEg “BIIBUINZUBE *T Og-T ‘dnozo ‘siyrqouorg, ~Aropoya ‘guizeunsaeg 260 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 38. DRUPACEA. Plum Family. Dru-pa’se-e. L. Drup-a + acex, fr. Gr. dic, tree, + méat-ev, ripen, deumenyc, ripened on the tree; i. ¢., the stone fruit. Trees, shrubs. Distinguished by bark and seeds containing hydrocyanic acid (poisonous), the former exuding gum, bitter ; calyx 5-lobed, cam- panulate ; petals 5, on calyx, stamens many ; pistil 1, ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled ; fruit drupe ; temperate climates ; tonic, astringent, sedative, nutritious, lumber. Genus: 1. Prunus. PRUNUS VIRGINIANA. WILD CHERRY. Prunus ; serotina, Ehrhart. |The bark, collected in the autumn. Habitat. N. America (Can. to Fla., to Minn., Neb., Kan., La., to Tex. ), in woods. Syn. Black, Choke, Cabinet, Rum or Wild Black Cherry, Black Choke, Virginian _ Prune Bark. Fr. Ecorce de Cérisier de Virginie. Ger. Wildkirschenrinde. Pru’nus. L. fr. Gr. zpivy, a plum tree ; prunum, a plum ; 1. ¢., classic name. Se-rot/i-na. L. serotinus, fr. serus, late ; i. e., the latest to bloom and fruit of the ay leew aioe’ na. L. of, or belonging to Virginia—Virginian. Puant.—Large tree 9-24 M. (30-80°) high; trunk regular, straight, with blackish, rugged outside bark, that of young branches smooth, red or purplish ; leaves 5—12.5 Cm. Fie. 164, (2-5’) long, oval, petiolate, serrate, teeth . glandular, glabrous, shining, bright-green, with two small glands on the margin at the base ; flowers May—June, appearing after - the leaves, small, white, racemes ; fruit Au- gust, drupe, size of a pea, purplish-black, pulpy—bitter cherries; seed subglobular, bitter-almond flavor containing bland yel- lowish-green fixed oil 25 p.c. Bark, in curved or irregular pieces 2-3 Mm. (1,—}/ thick, 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2’) long, 12-25 Mm. (4-1’) wide, brittle, outside greenish, yellow- ish-brown, smooth, glossy with transverse pranua aerouna: scars, consisting alone of inner layer (derm), the periderm being removed ; corky layer should also be removed from old wood bark, which then has outside nut-brown, uneven, inside striate or fissured ; macerated in water gives bitter-almond odor ; taste astringent, aromatic, bitter ; powdered bark has deep-fawn color; bark of very large and very small branches a be rejected. Solvents: hot or cold water. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 m.). ADULTERATIONS.—Unrossed bark, that of old stems, also that of choke cherry ; this latter closely resembles the official, but as a rule is PRUNUS VIRGINIANA—WILD CHERRY. 261 DRUPACEZ. either thinner or thicker, and breaks with a very tough fracture like slippery elm. Commercial.—The Latin official name, from its long usage, has been retained, although misleading ; Prunus virginiana was early given by Linneus to Choke Cherry, a shrub 2.5-3 M. (8-10°) high, having more sharply toothed leaves, shorter racemes, and fruit astringents dark-red, crimson, size of wild cherry. It has received variou, names at different. times, as Prunus ru'bra, P. obova'ta, P. virginia’na, P. sero’tina, Ce’rasus sero’tina, C. virginiana. The true official Prunus serotina grows in fertile soil in fields, woods, along fences, seldom in clusters. Wood is valuable for furniture, being fine-grained, red color and easily polished. Bark after collection is (rossed) deprived of outside layer (peri- derm or ross) and then dried; while Fig. 165. that from all portions of the tree is used, that from the root is strongest, yet it all soon deteriorates, consequently only the fresh-dried should be em- ployed ; the average bark collected in April yields most tannin and starch, but least hydrocyanic acid = 0.0478 p- ¢.; in June = 0.0956 p. ¢.; in Oct. = 0.1436 p. c. or + gr. (.009 Gm.) from 100 gr. (6.5 Gm.) bark, which equals 7-8 (.5 Ce.) of official acid ; young bark may yield of acid 0.183-0.250 p. c., old bark 0.159- 0.335 p. ¢. ’ ConstiruENts.—Amygdalin, Emul- sin, Bitter principle, tannin 2—3.5 p.c., gallic acid, resin, starch, (volatile oil, hydrocyanic acid). Amygdalin. — Glucoside, obtained by the action of alcohol ; it is bitter, ea deat non-crystalline, and not precipitated by ether, hence in this differs from that in amygdala amara. FEmulsin.—Ferment, extracted by water ; white powder when pure and by its action on amygdalin, in the presence of water, develops hydrocyanic acid and the volatile oil of bitter-almond, neither of which, as such, existed previously in the bark. These two are also obtained by distilling the seeds with water, when they come over more or less mixed. The poisonous property of the oil largely depends upon the amount of acid present, so that freed from this latter it becomes a bland, colorless liquid resembling that from bitter-almond. Some think the ferment to be neither emulsin nor synaptase, but some analogous com- pound. ; Bitter Principle.—Obtained by mixing soft aqueous extract with alcohol, shaking with milk of lime, evaporating filtrate, boiling residue 262 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. with alcohol, evaporating, getting brown, bitter, gelatinous mass, which is insoluble in ether, soluble in alcohol, brownish-red with sulphuric acid. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Pruni Virginiane Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Wild Cherry. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide d’Ecorce de Cerisier de Virginie; Ger. Flissiges Wildkirschenrinden-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate 100 Gm. with glycerin 10 Cc., water 20, then percolate with alcohol 85 p.¢., q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Ce.). 2. Infusum Pruni Virginiane. Infusion of Wild Cherry. (Syn., Fr. Tisane d’Kcorce de Cérisier sauvage ; Ger. Wildkirschen-Thee.) Manufacture: 4 p.c. Macerate, percolate 4 Gm. with cold water q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, Sss—2 (15-60 Cc.). 3. Syrupus Pruni Virginiane. Syrup of Wild Cherry. (Syn., Fr. Sirop d’Ecorce de Cérisier ; Ger. Wildkirschenrindensirup.) Manufacture: 15 p. c. Moisten 15 Gm. with glycerin 15 Cc., water 30, percolate with water q. s. 45 Cc. in which dissolve (cold) by agitation sugar 70 Gm., finally adding water q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5j-4 (4-15 Cc.). Mainly for flavoring. ; PROPERTIES.—Sedative, pectoral, aromatic bitter tonic, astringent ; increases appetite, digestion. Volatile oil—local stimulant on alimen- tary canal like cascarilla, serpentaria, ete. Hydrocyanic acid—seda- tive, nervine, large doses reduce heart action. Tannin is astringent. Usrs.—Consumption, cough, bronchitis, scrofula, heart palpitation, stomach debility, dyspepsia, hectic fever. Cold infusion in ophthal- mia. It is much inferior to cinchona in intermittenis. Allied Plants : 1. Pru’nus (Ce'rasus) Lauroce'rasus, Cherry Laurel.—W. Asia, or- namental shrub 3-6 M. (9—20°) high ; leaves 15 Cm. (6’) long, oblong, serrate, bitter-almond odor ; aromatic, bitter taste. Contains laurocera- sin (almost identical with amygdalin), ferment, bitter principle, tannin, sugar. Produces hydrocyanic acid and volatile oil, consisting of | benzaldehyde, C,H,O. Sedative, narcotic. Used for making cherry- laurel water. ~PRUNUM. PRUNE. Prunus 1 : domestica, Linné. } The fruit. Habitat. W. Asia, Asia Minor, Syria. Cultivated in S. France, etc. Syn. Damson Plum, Damson, Prunes, French Plum, Saint Catherine Prunes. Fr. Pruneau Noir, Pruneaux. Ger. Pflaume(n) Zwetsche(n). Pru’/num. L.a plum, from Gr. zpovvov, rpoivoc, plum-tree; 1. ¢., classic name. . Roe eee L. domesticus, domestic, common ; 1. ¢., the familiar or common ind. : Piant.—Small tree 4.5-6 M. (15-20°) high; leaves 5 Cm. (2’) long, dentate, ovate, pubescent beneath; flowers April, 18 Mm. (?’) wide, whitish ; FRurr,a drupe, 2.6—4 Cm. (1—1}’) long, oblong, shriv- elled, blackish-blue, glaucous, sarcocarp brownish-yellow, sweet, acidu- lous, putamen hard, smooth or irregularly ridged, seed almond shape, but smaller, and of a bitter-almond taste. Dose, ad libitum. AMYGDALA AMARA—BITTER ALMOND. 263 DRUPACEZ. Commercial.—There are several varieties of dried plums or prunes ; St. Catherine and Greengage are the finer, being used as dessert fruits ; those for medicine are from P. domestica var. Juliana, called in France Prune de St. Julian. The most and best come from Bordeaux, S. France ; these ripen in the autumn and, after being pulled, are ex- posed, on alternate days, to the sun and stoves until dried. Germany furnishes an inferior variety which is only used in the absence of the French. CoNSTITUENTS.—SARcocaRP: Sugar 12-25 p. c., pectin, malic acid, salts. SEEDS: Fixed oil, amygdalin, emulsin. PREPARATIONS.—1. Confectio Senne, 7p. c. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Gm.). Unoff. Preps.: Infusion. Decoction. PROPERTIES.—SARCOCARP : Nutritious, laxative, demulcent. UsEs.—Constipation. Added to laxative confections to improve flavor and purgation; in excessive quantities they gripe, cause flatu- lency and indigestion due to indigestibility of the skins ; they are often stewed with sugar or can be eaten alone; inferior kinds may be used in pies, tarts, etc. May ferment to make brandy which contains about 40 p. c. alcohol. AMYGDALA AMARA. BITTER ALMOND. Amygdalus communis var. amara, Linné. \Th d (Prunus Amygdalus var. amara, Baillon. ) Cueeee Habitat. W. Asia, Persia, Syria, Barbary, Morocco. (Naturalized in Mediter- ranean Basin.) Cultivated in Europe ; unsuccessfully in the United States. Syn. Greek Nuts. Fr. Amande Amére. Ger. Bittere Mandeln. ‘A-mye’da-lus. L. fr. Gr. avicow, to lacerate ; 1. ¢., its fissured shell. Com-mv/nis. IL. common, general; i. ¢., it is the ordinary or common species. A-ma/ra. L. amarus, bitter ; «. ¢., the fruit. Piant.—Small tree, 5-6 M. (15-20°) high, bark purplish ; leaves bright-green ; flowers pale-pink or white ; fruit drupe, ovate, 5 Cm. (2’) long, 2.5 Cm. (1’) broad, sarcocarp green, leathery, splitting into two halves when ripe, and falling from the stone. This remaining stone is our commercial almond, and may be sold as such or may be bleached by SO,, thereby also killing any attached insects. By cracking off hard shell the kernel, or, properly, the seed, is left, which when de- prived of papery endocarp by hot water, constitutes the more desir- able blanched almond. SEED (almond), 2.5 Cm. (1’) long, oblong, brownish-yellow, with about 16 lines radiating from blunt end, inside white, oily, 2 cotyledons, bitter ; with water yield a milk-white emul- sion having odor of hydrocyanic acid. There are several varieties of these (French, Sicily, Barbary, in order of value), being exported chiefly from Mogador in Morocco. ; ConstrTvENTS.—Fixed oil 45 p. c., Amygdalin 1-3 p. e., Emulsin, (mucilage 3 p. c., proteids (myosin, vitellin, conglutin) 25 p. c., pre- cipitated by acetic acid, sugar 6 p. c., ash 3-5 p. c. = K, Ca, Mg— phosphates). 264 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Amygdalin, C,,H,,NO,,.—A crystalline glucoside, obtained from expressed cake (deprived of fixed oil) by boiling in alcohol, distilling to syrup, adding water + yeast and then allowing fermentation ; after this, filter, evaporate to syrup, add alcohol to precipitate amygdalin and gum, from which boiling alcohol takes up the former, depositing it upon cooling. Emulsin (synaptase).—Coagulated by heat, precipitated by alcohol, but not by acetic acid, is a ferment which, in the presence of water, acts upon amygdalin, forming glucose, Fie. 166. C,H,,0,, hydrocyanic acid, HCN (1 part being formed from 17 of amygdalin), and benzaldehyde, C,H,O = oil of bitter almond 1-4 p.c.; C,H,,NO,, + 3H,O = 2(C,H,,0,) + HCN + C,H,O + H,0. Oleum Amygdalze Amare. Oil of Bitter Almond, offcial—(Syn., Oleum Amygdalarum (Amararum) Aéthereum ; Fr. Essence d’Amandes Améres; Ger. Bittermandelél.) Obtained by macerat- ing bitter-almonds (expressed cake) with water and distilling. It is a clear, color- less or yellowish, volatile thin liquid, aromatic odor, bitter and burning taste, sp. gr. 1.065, soluble in alcohol, ether, ii consisting of benzaldehyde and hydro- _Amygdalus communis ; 1, flowering cyanic acid 1.5—4 p. ¢.; when freed from twigs a oF ot woe Gertived of bulls, this latter being less poisonous, but even he ee Thiet having a marked physiological action on the nervous system; neutral but by age and exposure becoming acid from the oxidation of benzaldehyde into benzoic acid, which change is more rapid when deprived of the hydrocyanic acid. Tests: 1. Few drops of oil shaken with little alcohol + soda solution + ferrous Fic. 167. sulphate T. 8., then mixed with hydrochloric acid in excess gives blue precipitate (presence of hydro- eyanic acid), 2. 5 Ce. oil shaken with 50 Ce. satu- rated solution of sodium bisulphite, heated gently, the odor of oil should disappear, solution should be clear, with no oily drops on surface of the liquid (abs. of other volatile oils and nitrobenzene). It should be kept dark, in well-stoppered bottles. Dose, 4-1 (.016-.06 Cc.). . : 3 Amygdalus aricitide: ADULTERATIONS.—The oil with alcohol, chloro- nis; fruit in the act of form, nitrobenzene. epenne: PREPARATIONS.—I. SEED: 1. Syrupus Amygdale, 4 .c. Dose Bij—4 (8-15 Co.). 7 = II. Or: 1. Aqua Amygdale Amare. Bitter Almond Water. (Syn., Fr. Eau d’Amandes Améres ; Ger. Bittermandelwasser.) AMYGDALA DULCIS—SWEET ALMOND. 265 DRUPACEZS. Manufacture: Jy p.c. Oil 1 Ce. dissolved in distilled water q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ij-3 (8-12 Ce.), mostly as a flavor. 2. Spiritus Amygdale Amare. Spirit of Bitter Almond. (Syn., Essence of Bitter Almond ; Fr. Alcoolat (Esprit) d’Amandes Améres ; Ger. Bittermandelgeist.) Manufacture: 1 p.c. Oil 1 Ce. dissolved in aleohol 80, then add distilled water q.s. 100 Cc. Dose, Mxv-30 (1-2 Ce.). | 3. Syrupus Amygdale, 4 p.c. Dose, 5ij-4 (8-15 Ce.). Properties.—Demulcent, nutrient, sedative; often produces urti- caria. Usrs.—Coughs, pulmonary troubles, flavoring. Poisoning: Here have hydrocyanic acid symptoms, hence give emetics . to vomit, galvanism, brandy, whiskey, ammonia to nostrils, etc. . Allied Products : 1. Benzaldehyde, Benzoic Aldehyde.—True artificial oil of bitter- almond is now largely made from toluene, C,H,, by heating benzal chloride, C,H,CHCI,, under pressure, with water or sulphuric acid. Chemically and physically it is identical with the natural oil, possess- ing the advantages of uniformity and freedom from hydrocyanic acid. 2. Nitrobenzene, Nitrobenzol, Oil of Mirbane.—False artificial oil of bitter-almond, is obtained by acting on benzene with nitric acid. It is very poisonous, has the true bitter-almond oil odor, owing to which substitution has been made with fatal results. AMYGDALA DULCIS. SWEET ALMOND. Amygdalus communis var. dulcis, Linné. \Th ea (Prunus Amyegdalus var. dulcis, Baillon. ) erseed. Habitat. W. Asia, same as amara. . Syn. Jordan Almond. Greek Nuts. Fr. Amande douche. Ger. Siisse Mandeln. Dul’cis. L. sweet ; 7. ¢., the fruit. Puant.—About identical in Fic. 168. every respect with var. amara. The seeds are, however, sweeter and yield an emulsion with water, having no odor of hydro- cyanic acid. Dose, ad libitum. Commercial. — Of these we have several varieties (Jordan, Valencia, Sicily, Barbary, in order of value). They are im- ported chiefly from Spain, 8. France, via Marseilles or Bor- ~ deaux (soft shelled; var. fra’- gilis), and Malaga (Jordan or ee or eine ead shelled); Amygdalus communis; a, seed; }, section through and are larger and longer than yom seed-coats and portion of cotyledon. the var. amara, with more con- vex sides. The Jordan, owing to their easy recognition, are alone used oY ey & Bor SOG 266 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. in the Br. Phar. To preserve almonds must keep dry in order to prevent decomposition of amygdalin and fixed oil. When rancid the embryo has changed into gum bassorin, which renders them unfit for medicinal use. ConstiTuENTs.—Fixed oil 56 p. c., Emulsin, (mucilage 3 p. ¢., sugar 6 p. c., proteids (myosin, vitellin, and conglutin) 25 p. c., pre- cipitated by acetic acid, ash 3-5 p. c. = K, Ca, Mg—phosphates). The testa of both varieties contain tannin. ‘ Oleum Amygdale Expressum. Expressed Oil of Almond, oficial.—(Syn., Oleum Amygdale Dulcis; Br. Oleum Amygdale. Fr. Huile d’Amande (douce) ; Ger. Oleam Amygdalarum, Mandelél.) This fixed oil is obtained by expression from Sweet and Bitter Al- mond. It is clear, yellowish, oily liquid, nearly inodorous, taste mild nutty, sp. gr. 0.915, soluble in ether, chloroform. Contains mostly Fie. 169. Fre. 170. Cydonia (Pyrus) Cydonia. Malus (Pyrus) Malus. olein, with small amount of palmitin, clear at —10° C. (14° F.), con- gealing at — 20° C.(—4° F.). Should be kept cool, in well-stoppered bottles. Test: 2 Cc. shaken with 1 Ce. nitric acid + 1 Cc. water, gives whitish (not reddish or brownish) mixture, which, upon stand- ing, separates into a solid white mass, and a scarcely colored liquid, (abs. oils of apricot, peach kernels, sesamum, cotton seed, and poppy seed.) PREPARATIONS.—I. SEED: 1. Emulsum Amygdale. Emulsion of Almond. (Syn., Mistura Amygdale. Milk of Almond. Simple Emulsion. Fr. Lait d’Amandes ; Ger. Mandelmilch.) Manufacture: 6 p. c. Triturate blanched sweet-almond 6 Gm., acacia 1, sugar 3, with water 90 Cc., strain, add water q. s. 100 Cc. Dose, 5ij—4 (8-15 Ce.). 2. Syrupus Amygdale. Syrup of Almond. (Syn., Fr. Syrupus Emulsivus, Sirop (d’Orgeat)—d’Amande—Emulsif; Ger. Mandel- sirup.) ACACIA—ACACTA, 267 MIMOSACEZ. Manufacture: 14 p.c. Triturate blanched sweet-almond 14 Gm., blanched bitter-almond 4, sugar 20, with water 40 Cec., mix these with orange-flower water 10, strain, add syrup q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ij-4 (8-15 Ce.). II. Orn: 1. Unguentum Aque Rose, 60 p.c. Use externally. PROPERTIES.—Demulcent, nutrient, laxative. Usrs.—The meal of the expressed cake as a toilet powder, and since it contains no starch it .can readily be made into bread, cake, puddings, etc., which is most excellent for diabetes. Seed very popu- lar as a confectionery. Expressed oil, employed like olive oil, also for pulmonary trouble. Allied Plants: 1. Amy’gdalus (Pru’nus) Pe'rsica, Peach.—Persia; cultivated largely in the United States, etc. The fruit is edible, kernels poison- ous, leaves mild sedative in doses of gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.), in infusion. . 2. Cyd! onia (Py'rus) Cydonia, Quince—Pomacee. The seed official, 1850-1890; W. Asia. Tree 2.5-6 M. (8-20°) high, with erooked, _ straggling branches ; leaves like pear leaves ; flowers white, purplish : fruit pear-shaped ; seed 6 Mm. (3’) long, ovate, triangular, brown, cov- ered with whitish, mucilaginous epithelium, causing seeds of each cell to adhere ; swell with water, forming heavy mucilage ; 2 cotyledons, white, oily, bitter-almond taste ; very similar to apple seeds. Con- tain mucilage (cydonin) 20 p. c. (not precipitated by borax or potas- sium silicate, soluble in cold and hot water), fixed oil, proteids; used as demulcent, protective ; fruit astringent. Mucilago Cydonii (1 part + water 50) official, 1880-1890. 3. Ma’lus (Pyrus) Malus, Apple——Plant resembles quince; fruit edible, laxative ; bark tonic, febrifuge. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). ' 39. MIMOSACEZE. Mimosa Family. Mi-mo-sa’se-e. L. Mimos-a + acer, fr. L. mimus, Gr. pipoc, a mimic; i. e., the leaves often mimic, or imitate animal sensibility, moving by slight impulse, partly closing when touched, etc. Herbs, shrubs, trees. Distinguished by leaves compound, 2—3-pinnate (sometimes phyllodia) ; calyx 3—-6-toothed or lobed, corolla 3-6’s, stamens distinct or monadelphous, ovary 1-celled, ovules several ; fruit, legume ; tropics, temperate climates ; tonic, astringent, demulcent, nutritive, dye. Genus: 1. Acacia. ACACIA. ACACIA (Gum ARasic). Acacia Senegal, Willdenow, | A gummy exudation, from stem and and other species. branches. Hobitat. E. and W. Africa, Senegal, Kordofan, Egypt, Abyssinia, India, Nubia. Syn. Egyptian Thorn, Indian Gum Tree, Babla(c)h Pods, Acacia bambolah. Gummi Mimose. Fr.Gumme Arabique. Ger. Gummi Arabicum, Arabisches Gummi. A-ca’/ci-a. L. fr. Gr. dxaxia, a thorny Egyptian tree; fr. xf, a point, tree studded with thorns. 268 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Sen/’e-gal. L. belonging to Senegal, a country and river in W, Africa ; 4. ¢., the plant’s original and present habitat. Arabic—misnomer, as Arabia produces little and exports none. Priant.—Shrubby tree, 6 M. (20°) high, with grayish-brown bark, growing’ in sandy soil, deserts, forming entire forests, with little other associated vegetation, all along the Upper Nile, bears at each leaf-node 2 spines 6-12 Mm. (4-3’) long; leaves alternate, bipinnate, paripin- nate ; pinne in two pairs ; leaflets 8-10 pairs ; flowers yellow ; pod, loment, 7.5-10 Cm. (3-4’) long, 18 Cm. (?’) wide, 2—6-seeded. Known by natives as Verek (Senegal) or Hashabi (E. Africa). Fie. 171. Acacia Senegal. Gum (acacia), is a result of the transformation of the cell contents (cellulose) in the inner bark, where it sometimes occurs in small pouches ; it forms most abundantly in hot, dry seasons, and in diseased trees. Occurs in roundish tears of various sizes, or broken angular fragments, whitish in mass, opaque from numerous fissures, fracture glass-like, sp. gr. 1.490, odorless, insipid, mucilaginous, soluble in 2 parts water; precipitated by alcohol, basic lead acetate T. S., ferric chloride T. 8., sodium borate, not blue (starch) nor red (dextrin) with iodine. Dose, ad libitum. ADULTERATIONS.—Inferior, dark colored, opaque, and insoluble gums, bdellium, rock salt, ligneous and earthy substances, dextrin in ACACIA—ACACIA, 269 MIMOSACEZ. lumps. Powdered acacia with flour, rice-flour, starch, dextrin; all recognized by the microscope, and iodine test. The gum from quince seed, flax seed, Irish moss, etc., often used as a substitute, Commercial.—Acacia enters market mostly from Egypt, via Alex- andria, Smyrna or Trieste, in bags, boxes, casks and skins. The best gum is white and opaque, the largest producers of this being A. Senegal (Ve'rek) and A. ara’bica (vera) ; both grow associated with other spe- cies and contribute, along with them toward the several commercial varieties : 1. Turkey, Egyptian Gum.—This includes (a) Kordofan (A. Sene- gal) from west of White Nile, (b) Sennaar (4. fistula, A. stenoca’ rpa) from east of White Nile (inferior, mucilage quickly sours), (¢) Suakin, Talca (A. stenocarpa, A. Se’ yal) from near Red Sea ; this is very brittle, usually semi-pulverulent, is a mixture of white and brown pieces, and only dissolves with alkali. 2. Senegal (A. Senegal).—W. Africa, north of Senegal River. It is controlled by France and shipped to Bordeaux. The juice exudes through fissures caused by dry winds after the rainy season, or through made incisions. At first it is a thick liquid, which sooner or later (whereby turns the color) hardens on the bark similar to our cherry, apple or plum gums. It is mostly collected Oct.—Dec., although some in March, by the Moors and negroes who enter the Acacia forests in caravans and gather it in leather sacks, picking from the ground the fallen pieces and detaching the adherent lumps with wooden ‘axes. This is larger than Turkey gum (some nodules being the size of a pigeon egg), less brittle, more yellow, or reddish, with fewer cracks and fracture more conchoidal. When heated with potassa does not become amber-yellow, as does the Turkey gum, and dextrin solutions. 3. Barbary, Morocco, Mogador (A. nilo'tica, A. arabiea).—Col- lected July-August; two kinds enter Mogador, one from Morocco (resembles Turkey), the other from Timbuctoo (resembles Senegal); both in more or less brownish, roundish tears, brittle, soluble in water. 4, India (A. arabica + other species)—From Somali districts, E. Africa, and conveyed by Arab vessels to Bombay. It is much mixed, resembling somewhat Turkey and Senegal gums. Often contains Bas- sora gum or allied substances (insoluble, but swelling, and softening with water into a viscid mass), also resinous products resembling the turpentines. When these are culled out this variety becomes well suited for general use. There are also gums produced from other Acacia species in Morocco, Cape Colony, Australia, Brazil, etc.; the Mezquite gum (Proso'pis juliflo'ra), Tex., Cal., N. Mex., Chili, resembles gum arabic, but is yellow, brown, not precipitated by lead subacetate, ferric chloride, or borax; also considerable gum from plants differing. in genera and family, all of which resemble the official, except are darker. Powdered Acacia occurs in two forms: 1. Granulated or sanded, which need lose only 2 p. ¢. of moisture for comminution. 2. Finely 270 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. dusted, which must lose 10 p. c. of moisture in order to be reduced, thereby rendering it more lumpy and less soluble in water. ConstituENts.—Arabic acid, C,,H,,O,,, combined with Ca, Mg, K ; sugar (trace), moisture 14 p. c., ash 3-4 p. c. Arabic Acid (gummic acid, arabin).—A glucoside obtained by add- ing alcohol to acidified (HCl) mucilage. After drying it swells with water and only dissolves upon the addition of an alkali; boiled with . acids yields arabinose Fig. 172. (arabin sugar, pectinose, pectin sugar), C,H,,O,, in prismatic crystals, sweet, but not directly fermentable, and possibly also galactose, granular and less sweet. PREPARATIONS. — 1. Mucilago Acacie. Mu- cilage of Acacia. (Syn., Fr. Mucilage (de Gom- me Arabique) Arabique ; Ger. Mucilago Gummi Arabici, Gummischleim.) Manufacture: 34 p.c. Dissolve 34 Gm. in water q. s. 100 Gm., by agita- tion. Spoils from forma- tion of acetic acid, and that very quickly if. hot water be employed, which can be retarded by using either alcohol 6 p. c., gly- cerin 10, acetanilid .4 or chloroform .5. Dose, ad libitum. Preps. : 1. Syrupus | Acacie. Syrup of Acacia. (Syn., Fr. Sirop de Gomme; Ger. Acacie arabica, Syrupus Gummo- sus,Gummisirup.) Manufacture: Mucilage of acacia 25 Cc., syrup 75 Cc. Some- times spoils in hot weather. Dose, ad libitum. 2. Mistwra Gilycyrrhize Composita, 10 p.c. Dose, 3j-4 (4-15 ~ Ce.). 2. Puc Cretce Compositus, 20 p.c. Dose, gr. 5 60 (.8-4 Gm.). 3. Emulsum Amygdale, 1 p.c. Dose, 5ij—4 (8-15 Cc.). 4, Pilule Ferri Iodidi, Pilulee Phosphori. CATECHU—CATECHU. 271 MIMOSACEZ. 5. Trochisci Crete, Troch. Cubebe, Troch. Glycyrrhizce et Opii. PROPERTIES.—Demulcent, emollient, protective, nutritive. Forms often the food of Hottentots and camels. By its viscidity sheaths in- flamed surfaces ; as a diluent lessens acrimony of irritating medicines. Usxs.—Coughs, laryngitis, gastritis, typhoid fever, dysentery, diar- rhea. Fine powder locally stops slight hemorrhage. Thick mucilage protects burns, ulcers, ete. In pharmacy used to suspend insoluble substances in water—emulsifying oleoresins, fixed and volatile oils, for adhering pills, troches, etc. In arts for giving lustre to fabrics, silks, thickening colors, mordants, suspending iron tannate in ink, etc. The bark of tree for dyeing, tanning, as it contains tannic and gallic acids. Allied Plants: 1. Acacia ara’ bica (ve'ra), bark reddish-brown, spines and fruit long ; A. gummi’fera, A. Ehrenbergia'na, A. Adanso’nii, A. to'rtilis, A. Fis’ - tula and several others give valuable gums. CATECHU. CATECHU. (Lannd tins) Walden, } An extract prepared from the wood. Habitat. India, Hindustan, Ceylon. (Naturalized in Jamaica in dry places. ) Syn. Terra Japonica (Japan-earth), Cutch, Gambier, Black China or Bengal Red Catechu, Catechu Nigrum. Fr. Cachu de Pégu. Ger. Katechu, Pegu-Catechu. Cat’e-chu. L. fr. E. Indian name of extract hutch, cutt ; Hind. kaitha, signifying ‘the juice of a tree” ; applied natively to all astringent extracts. ; Priant.—Crooked, branchy, shrubby tree, 4.5-12 M. (15-40°) high, 15-45 Cm. (6—18’) thick, bark brown ; wood whitish and red- dish ; leaves alternate, paripinnate, bipinnate, 12.5-20 Cm. (5-8’) long, pinne in 10-20 pairs, 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2’) long with a pair of hooked, brown prickles at each base ; leaflets opposite, 20-30 pairs in each pinna, 6 Mm. (}’) long ; flowers, May—June, yellow, spikes ; pod, loment, brown, flat, 5-12.5 Cm. (2-5’) long, 18 Mm. (3?) wide ; seed 8-10, brown, shining, flattened, coriageous, veined. EXxTRAcT (catechu), in irregular masses, dark-brown, brittle, porous, fracture conchoidal, little glossy, containing fragments of leaves ; inodorous ; taste sweetish, astringent. Alcohol dissolves 85 p. c., ether 50 p. c., ferric chloride T. S. turns the diluted alcoholic solution green. Solvents : water ; alcohol ; diluted alcohol. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.3-2 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—Fragments of leaves, mats or cloth, sticks, sand, ferrous carbonate, sometimes to 65 p. c. Artificial catechu is made by evaporating decoction of roasted powdered mahogany, walnut, and other colored woods, and is also used in dyeing. Commercial.—The extract is prepared by removing sapwood and bark and making a decoction, in earthen pots, of the heart-wood in fine chips ; strain, evaporate to proper consistence, and pour into clay moulds or on leaves, mats, cloths, etc., previously dusted with cow- dung ashes. In the plastic state it is divided into squares by strings, and then dried in the sun. Sometimes all woody portions are used in making the decoction; the pinkish-brown catechu is prepared. at: 272 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Kumaon, N. India, by stopping evaporation short of ropiness and al- lowing liquid to cool on twigs. It is chiefly exported from Pegu and Calcutta, packed in mats, chests, or boxes. We have several com- mercial varieties : , 1. Plano-convex (Cake).—In circular cakes, one side flat, the other convex, 5-15 Cm. (2-6’) in diameter, weighing }—2 lbs. (.12-1 Kg.). 2. Pegu.—Characterized by compactness, shining fracture, port- wine color, resembling kino ; in large masses, 50-100 lbs. (23-46 Kg.). Fig. 173. Acacia Catechu. 3. Quadrangulur (Cake), Bengal.—Rarely found in market, 5—7.5 Cm. (2-8’) in length, breadth and thickness, dark-brown, fracture dull or shining 4, Ball, Bombay.—Size of orange, round or bilaterally compressed, like opium, hard, heavy, externally ferruginous,.interior having much sand. CATECH U—CATECHU. 273 MIMOSACEZ. ConsTITUENTS.—Catechu-tannic acid 35 p. c., Catechin, Catechu- red; quercetin, gum, ash 0.6-6 p. c. Catechu-tannic Acid.—Obtained by treating catechu with cold water (this brown solution gives gray precipitate with gelatin, olive- brown with ferric salts) and evaporating the solution ; it is in reddish- brown scales or powder, soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether. Catechin, Catechuin (catechinic or catechuic acid), C,,H,,O,.—Ob- tained by boiling catechu in water, straining, allowing to settle for several days; this crude catechin is pressed dry, then dissolved in di- luted alcohol, the filtered solution shaken with ether, the ethereal so- lution evaporated, and water added from which in several days it crys- tallizes out in whitish needles. It is sweetish, soluble in ether, green with ferric salts, precipitated by albumin, not by gelatin. On dry dis- tillation yields pyrocatechin, phenol and acetic acid ; when fused with potassa gives phloroglucin and proto-catechuic acid, C,H,O,. Pyro- catechin (pyrocatechuic acid, catechol), C,H,O,, occurs in colorless prisms, soluble in water, alcohol, ether; with ferric chloride gives dark-green, by ammonia changing to violet. The mother-liquor from catechin yields quercetin. Catechu-red, C,,H,,0,,—This is contained in the deep-red liquid left behind, after the catechin has been dissolved out by ether. PREPARATIONS.—1. Tinctura Catechu Composita. Compound Tinc- ture of Catechu. (Syn., Br. Tinctura Catechu; Fr. Teinture de Ca- chou ; Ger. Katechutinktur.) Manufacture: 10 p. c. Percolate 10 Gm. + cassia cinnamon 5, with diluted alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Cc.). 2. Trochisci Catechu. Troches of Catechu. (Syn., Catechu Lozenges ; Fr. Tablettes (Pastilles) de Cachou ; Ger. Katechupastillen.) Manufacture: Catechu 6 Gm., sugar 65, tragacanth 2, stronger orange flower water q. s. 100 troches. Dose, 1 troche occasionally. Unoff. Preps.: Infusion. Fluid Extract. Pulv. Catechu Comp. Properties.—Similar to tannic acid, astringent, tonic. The dark is most powerful, acting more energetically and harshly than kino. Usrs.—Diarrhea, leucorrheea, gonorrhea, cough, chronic sore throat, phthisis, bronchitis, hemorrhage, relaxed uvula, ulcerated nipples, chronic ulcers, relaxed oral mucous membrane and spongy gums (mouth-wash). In the arts, for tanning, dyeing. Allied Plants: , 1. A. Su’ma.—Differs from A. Catechu only in its white bark, more leaflets, shorter corolla, and stronger spines. S. India, E. Africa forests), 8. America. Once furnished most of the commercial cate- chu, and still some; the bark is used in tanning. A. ara’bica, Babul Bark. India. Furnishes good extract ; the fruit contains tannin 22 p. c. 2. Ouroupa’ria (Unca'ria) Ga’mbir, Catechu, Gambir, Terra Japo- nica, Pale Catechu.—Made from leaves, shoots, ete.; occurs in 2.5 Cm. (1’) cubes, yellowish-brown, sweetish, floats on water ; itis chewed by Malays along with Penang and Areca nut, and is official in Br. and G. Phar. 18 274 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 3. Are’ca Ca’techu, Areca or Betel nut.—Palmacex (see page 88). Palm tree cultivated in India. Extract made by evaporating decoc- tion of the powdered nuts. 40. CHESALPINACE2®. Senna Family. Ses-al-pi-na’se-e. L. Caesalpin-us + acee, after Andreas Cesalpintis (1519-1603), a noted Italian botanist and physician. Trees, herbs, - shrubs. Distinguished by leaves compound, bipinnate, stipulate, stems often prickly ; flowers yellow or red, calyx 5’s, petals 5, upper one enclosed by lateral onesin bud; fruit legume, dehiscent ; tropics ; astringent, cathartic, tonic, diuretic, dye. Genera: 1. Cassia (Cathartocarpus). 2. Tamarindus. 3. Hematoxylon. 4, Copaiva. CASSIA FISTULA. CASSIA FISTULA (Pureine CassrA). Cathartocarpus Fistula, (Linné) Persoon. : (Cassia Fistula, Linné. ) : } The fruit. Habitat. TH. India, Egypt. Naturalized in Africa, W. Indies. Brazil. Cultivated. Syn. Cassia Stick Tree, Pudding Pipe Tree, Drumstick Tree, Indian Laburnum. Br. Cassie Pulpa. Fr. Casse (en Batons) Mondée. Ger. Purgiercassie, Fistelkassie, Réhrenkassie. “ oe ‘ Ca-thar-to-car’pus. -L. fr. Gr. xafaiperv, xaBaprixéc, cleansing, purgative, + kapréc, fruit; t. ¢., its medical property. . / / Fis’/tu-la. L. fistula, a pipe, cane; 7 e¢., the resemblance of the long slender fruit. £3 Cas’si-a. Gr. xaoia, fr. Heb. getsi-oth, qatsa, cut; i. e., bark of some species cut off and used ; classical name of a bark allied to cinnamon. : Piant.—Handsome tree, 9-15 M. (80-50°) high, bark gray ; leaves paripinnate, alternate, large ; leaflets opposite, 3-7 pairs, 5-15 Cm. (2-6’) long, ovate ; flowers May—June, 2.5—5.Cm. (1—2’) wide, golden- yellow. Furr, cylindrical, .5—.6 M. (18-24’) long, 2.5 Cm. (1’) thick, pericarp blackish, veined, woody, with faint transverse striations, and a pronounced ridge the entire length down both ventral (groove) and dorsal (ridge) sutures, indehiscent, internally divided into 25-100 cells, each 1-seeded ; seed flat, 8 Mm. (4’) long, imbedded in sweet, brownish pulp; odor resembling prunes, nauseating; taste sweet. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Gm.). Commercial.—Imported from E. and W. Indies, but mostly from the latter and S. America. Legumes that are heavy and do not rattle when shaken are best, as they contain most pulp (the official portion used), which should be at least 30 p.c. This is extracted by boiling in water, evaporating, or when fresh by removing pulp with knives ; it becomes mouldy and sour by age. ConstiTuENTS.—(of pulp): Sugar 60 p. ¢., mucilage, pectin, albu- minoids, calcium oxalate. 3 Prerarations.—1, Confectio Senne, 16 p.c. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Gmn.). Unoff. Prep.: Confection (Confectio Cassie), 50 p. ec. Properties AND Uses.—Laxative for costiveness, to promote flow SENNA—SENNA. 275 CESALPINACEE. of bile. Generally associated with other drugs (manna, tamarinds, salines, etc.), owing to its occasioning colic and flatulence. Allied Plants : ‘1. C.moscha'ta, Colombia. C. bacilla’ ris, Dutch Guiana (Surinam). Both have fruit, .8-.5 M. (12-20’) long, 15 Mm. (8’) thick. C. gran'dis Fig. 174. Fic. 175. Cathartocarpus: (Cassia) é Fistula; part of pod, nat- Cathartocarpus (Cassia) Fistula. ural size. (C. brasilia’na), Brazil, fruit .6 M. (24’) long, laterally compressed, 4 Cm. (14’) broad, blackish, coarsely veined, sutures prominent in three ridges. While the two former are lighter in color, all three have about the same properties as the official, except are more nauseating. SENNA. SENNA. ct, facutifolia, Delile : Cassia (angustifolia, Vahl. \ The leaflets. Habitat. E. and C. Africa, India. ; : Syn. 1. Senna Alexandrina, Alexandrian or Nubian Senna. 2. Senna Indica, Arabian, Bombay, Mecca, Mocha, or Tinnevelly Senna. Fr. Feuillesde Séné. Ger. Sennesblatter. . . A-cu-ti-fo/li-a. L. acutus, sharp, + foliwm, leaf; i. e., leaves sharp pointed. 276 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. An-gus-ti-fo’li-a. L. angustus, narrow, -++ folium, leaf; i. ¢., leaves narrow. Sen’na. L. fr. Ar. sana, sena. Hind. sena; i.e. native Arabian plant name. This is the sub-genus of Cassia, but should have held full generic rank. Prant.—1. Cassia acutifolia, Alevandria Senna. Small shrub, .6-1 M. (2-3°) high ; stem erect, woody, branching, whitish ; flowers large, yellow, axillary racemes; fruit legume, 5 Cm. (2’) long, 18 Mm. (3) wide, flat, oblong, smooth, membranous, nearly straight, indehis- cent, grayish-brown, bivalvular, 6—7-celled, each with a hard, cordate Fig. 176. £F Ila Ai i le Wee = Ma Cassia acutifolia ; half natural size; A, leaflets; B, legumes. ash-colored seed ; leaves alternate, 4—5 pairs, paripinnate, footstalks glandless, two small pointed stipules at base. LEAFLETS, lanceolate, 2.5 Cm. (1) long, 10 Mm. (2/) broad, subcoriaceous, brittle, rather pointed, unequally oblique at base, entire, grayish-green, pubescent ; odor peculiar ; taste nauseous, bitter. Should be free from Argel (Solenostem’ma A’rgel) leaves, which are thicker, 1-veined, wrinkled, glaucous, even at base. SENNA—SENNA. 277 CASALPINACER. 2. Cassia angustifolia (elongata), India Senna. Plant like acutifolia except fruit 6 Cm. (2}’) long, 15 Mm. (§’) broad, narrower, oblong, 8-seeded ; leaves paripinnate, 5-8 pairs, sessile. Lear.ets, lanceo- late, acute, 2.5—5 Cm. (1-2) long, 12-18 Mm. ($-2’) broad, unequally oblique at base, entire, thin, yellowish-green or dull-green, nearly smooth ; odor peculiar, tea-like ; taste mucilaginous, bitter, nauseous. Should be without stalks, discolored leaves and other admixtures. Solvents: water or diluted alcohol extract the active constituent (ca- thartic acid), a prolonged decoction is inert, rendered more so by the addition of an alkali or acid. Leaves percolated with alcohol retain their reliable and pleasant cathartic power, being deprived of their griping resinous constituent, also odor, taste and color ; this treat- ment, however, does slightly lessen the cathartic action. Dose, 5ss 3 (2-12 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.— Alexandria with: 1. C. obovata, leaflets, called by Arabs Senna Baladi (Wild Senna), and considered in Egypt less valu- able than Senna Jebeli (Mountain Senna, C. acutifolia). 2. Soleno- stemma Argel, leaves which have lateral veins indistinct, leathery, wrinkled, Fig. 177. bitter ; flower buds present ; fruit pear- shaped. 3. Cra’cca (Tephro'sia) Apol- li/nea, leaflets, S. Europe, uneven base, obovate, emarginate. 4. Coria’ria myrtifo' lia, leaves, and. Colu’tea arbore’ ~ scens, leaflets formerly used. 5. Pods, leaf-stalks, branches. All these are now carefully garbled out. The Arabians preferred the pods, as they contain 25 eee a p. ¢. more cathartic acid than the leaf- gyoutsatural size)? mes? leaflet, lets, and no resin or volatile oil, hence do not gripe. Six or eight pods infused in 3ij (60 Cc.) of water give adult purges. Commercial.—We have several varieties: 1. Alewandrian, Nubian. Chiefly from Nubia (Sennaar, Kordofan), but some from Timbuctoo, usually forwarded via Assouan, Darao, thence by the Nile to Cairo and Alexandria. Its botanic source has received various synonyms, as Cassia acutifolia, C. lanceola'ta, C. leniti’va, C. officina’lis, C. cethio'- pica, C. orienta/lis, etc. Tripoli Senna, from Tripoli (interior Africa), has no-doubt the same botanic source ; it is conveyed to market ports by caravans, and is as a rule much broken and discolored, being mixed with legumes, stalks and earthy matter, but no foreign leaves ; seldom reaches our country, and by some restricted to C. ethiopica (C. obo- vata, C. ova'ta). These do not grow in Arabia or India. ; 2. Indian, Arabian (Mocha), Tinnevelly—Originally produced in 8. Arabia, but entered market via India (Bombay, Calcutta, etc.). The plant, Cassia angustifolia (C. elonga’ta, C. met dica), although indigenous to Arabia, grows wild in the interior of Africa, and is extensively eul- tivated at Tinnevelly (from Arabian seeds), in S. India, where it be- 278 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. comes most luxuriant, furnishing the finest, as well as purest leaflets, owing to freedom from legumes, stalks, and other adulterations. These are mostly exported from Tuticorin, and Madras. Bombay, E. India Senna, is frequently sold as Tinnevelly, has the same source, but is less carefully dried, containing often small and discolored leaflets. Arabian, Mecca Senna, is often sold as Bombay, being col- Fie. 178. Cassia angustifolia. Half natural size; A, leaflets ; B, legumes. lected and dried with even less care, as it contains many brown leaflets and legumes. Senna yields two annual crops of leaflets; the larger (best) in September, at the end of the rains, the smaller in April, during the dry season. Natives cut the plants down, expose them upon rocks to the hot sun until dry, strip and pack the leaflets in palm-leaf bags, then convey these on camels to the market ports ; here it is garbled, put into large bales, and thus sent into other countries. ; SENNA—SENNA. 279 CESALPINACEE. ConstTITUENTS.—Cathartic (cathartinic) acid, C,,,H,,N,SO,,, Sen- napicrin, Sennacrol, Chrysophan, Pheoretin, sennit (cathartomannit, C,,H,,O,,, non-fermentable sugar), mucilage, ash 10-12 p. ec. Cathartic Acid.—The cathartic principle, being a glucoside of weak acid property existing in the plant as cathar- a tates of calcium and magnesium, a form Fie, 179. readily soluble in water. It is obtained by precipitating a concentrated infusion with an equal bulk of alcohol, filtering from mucilage and salts, and adding alcohol so long as precipitate is produced. Wash precipitate with alcohol, dissolve it in a little water, and remove albumin by a few drops of hydro- chloric:acid ; completely precipitate filtrate with additional hydrochloric acid, and purify | by dissolving in alcohol (60 p. c.) and pre-. cipitating with ether. It is black, amor- | ike, f3 a phous, nearly insoluble in alcohol or water ; ““""‘eatlet, about natural size.” salts soluble in water but insoluble in alco- hol; mineral acids split it into glucose and cathartogenic acid. Sennapicrin.—Bitter principle (glucoside), insoluble in ether. . Sennacrol.—Acrid, resinous principle (glucoside), soluble in ether (causes griping). Saat ae . Chrysophan and Phzeoretin.—These are yellow coloring matters. PREPARATIONS.—1. Confectio Senne. Confection of Senna. (Syn. Electuarium de Senna Compositum, Electuarium Lenitivum, Lenitive Electuary ; Fr. Electuaire de Séné Composé; Ger. Senna Latwerge.) Fig. 180. ; Fie. 181. Fig. 182. Argel leaf. Coriaria leaf. Cracca (Tephrosia) leaflet. Manufacture: 10 p..c. Digest cassia fistula 16 Gm., tamarind 10, prune 7, fig 12, with water 65 Cc., strain, add sugar 55.5 Gm., evapo- rate to 89.5, then add senna 10, coriander oil 0.5 Cc. . Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Gm.). za , 2, Extractum Senne Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Senna. (Syn., ‘Fr. Extrait liquide de Séné; Ger. Fliissiges Senna-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 10 Gm. with diluted alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. - Dose, 3ss—2 (2-8 Cc.). Ms j 280 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Prep.: 1. Syrupus Sarsaparille Compositus, 1.5 p. ¢. (fluid ex- tract of senna). Dose, 5j—4 (4-15 Ce.). 3. Infusum Senne Compositum. Compound Infusion of Senna. (Syn., Black Draught ; Br. Infusum Senne ; Fr. Tisane de Séné com- posée ; Ger. Senna-Aufguss.) e Manufacture: 6 p.c. Macerate senna 6 Gm., fennel 2, in boiling water 80 Cc., strain, express, add magnesium sulphate 12 Gm., manna 12, strain, add cold water q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5j-3 (80-90 Ce.). 4, Syrupus Senne. Syrup of Senna. (Syn., Fr. Sirop de Séné; Ger. Sennasirup.) Manufacture: 25p.c. Alexandria senna 25 Gm., coriander oil 0.5 Ce., alcohol 15, sugar 70 Gm., water q. s. 100 Cc. Dose, 5ss—4 (2-15 Ce.). 5. Pulvis Glycyrrhize Compositus, 18 p.c. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Gm.). Unoff. Preps.: Extract. Dose, gr. 5-20 (.8-1.3 Gm.). Tincture. _ Species Laxantes St. Germain. Properties.—Cathartic, acts on nearly the entire intestinal tract (es- pecially colon), increasing peristal- Fra. 183. sis and intestinal secretion, except biliary ; produces in four to six hours Z copious yellow stools, with griping and flatulence, does not cause hyper- catharsis nor constipation. Large dose vomits, purges, with severe tenesmus, but never poisons. The odor acts as a cathartic on some very susceptible persons. Uses.—Arabians used it in skin Cassia obovata ; a, legume ; }, leaflet, troubles ; now employed for habit- eee ay ual constipation, hemorrhoids, fis- sure ani, fevers. Its smell, taste, nauseousness, injurious effects in hemorrhoids, intestinal hemorrhage, and inflammation all check its popularity ; its purgation increases with bitters, calumba, etc., while the griping and nausea are diminished by coriander, tamarind, manna, fennel, Epsom or Rochelle salt. If leaves macerate long in water, or if the mass be pressed tightly, much acrid, resinous principle will be obtained, causing considerable griping, hence should exhaust by rapid percolation. Allied Plants : 1. Ca’ssia obova’ta.—Leaflets official, 1830-1870. This was the first senna known, being introduced by the Moors into Europe, as early as the ninth century, where even in the sixteenth it became largely cultivated. Grows wild on sandy soil in Egypt, Nubia, Abys- sinia, Tripoli, Senegal, Arabia, India, cultivated in Jamaica being called Port Royal or Jamaica Senna. Leaves 5-7 pairs, leaflets obovate, obtuse. 2. Cassia maryla'ndica.—Leaflets official, 1820-1880. United States, New England to S. Carolina, west to the Mississippi. Plant TAMARIND US—TAMARIND. 281 CHESALPINACEE. 1-1.5 M. (8-5°) high; leaves alternate, leaflets, paripinnate, 8 pairs, 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2’) long, 12 Mm. (3’) wide; flowers August, yellow ; fruit pod, 7.5 Cm. (8’) long; in sandy soil, river banks, introduced into England in 1723, cultivated for ornament, collected in August— September. Contains cathartic acid, volatile oil, and given in one- third larger doses than official ; in infusion. 3. C. pube'scens (C. holoseri’cea), Aden Senna.—Abyssinia, rarely met with now ; leaflets 2.5 Cm. (1’) long, ovate, mucronate, hairy, sometimes mixed with Mecca senna. C. bre'vipes. C. America ; leaf- lets resemble India senna, but have three longitudinal veins ; infusion non-purgative. , TAMARINDUS. TAMARIND. } The preserved pulp of the fruit. Tamarindus indica, Linné. Habitat. India, Africa, Nubia, Abyssinia (naturalized in W. Indies, Jamaica). Syn. Black (E. India) Tamarinds. Indian Dates. Fr. Tamarinier (pulpe). Ger. Pulpa Tamarindorum Cruda. Fructus Tamarindorum. Tamarindenmus. Tam-a-rin’dus. L. fr. Ar. tamr Hindi, the Indian date, tamr, date. Heb. tamar, a palm tree, + Hindi, Indian, Hind, India; i. ¢., its native name. foe di-ca: L. indicus, Gr. Ivdixée, pertaining to India; 7. ¢., flourishes natively Tam/a-rind. E. simply a contraction of the Arabic name. PiLant.—Large, handsome tree, 18-24 M. (60-80°) high, branches widely spreading, bark rough, ash-colored, twigs smooth or pubescent ; leaves paripinnate, alternate; leaflets 8-16 pairs, sessile, 12-25 Mm. (4-1’) long, 6 Mm. (}’) broad, entire, unequal at base, oblong, yel- lowish-green ; flowers yellow, calyx yellow, petals yellow with red veins, lateral racemes. Furr, indehiscent legume, pendulous, com- pressed, 7.5-15 Cm. (3-6’) long, 2.5 Cm. (1’) wide, curved, smooth- ish, chocolate-brown, pericarp thin, corky, which being removed the remainder constitutes commercial tamarind—reddish-brown, sweet, subacid, pulpy mass, containing strong, branching fibers, and polished, brown, flattish-quadrangular seeds (3-10), each enclosed in a tough membrane ; taste sweet, refreshingly acidulous. Bright iron left in contact with moist pulp thirty minutes should not yield reddish deposit of copper. Dose, 5ss—5 (2-20 Gm.). Commercial.—This beautiful tree flourishes in forests and by culti- vation for its fruit, shade, and sweet-scented flowers. We have three varieties: 1. W. Indian, Brown, Red, official. Shells are removed and the inner part of the fruit is pressed or worked into cakes with sugar or hot syrup. Sometimes alternate layers of pulp and sugar are met with, or a somewhat homogeneous mass, as a result of boiling in copper vessels ; enters market in jars. eae 2. E. Indian, Black—Firm, clammy, black masses, consisting of seeds, pulp, fibres and shell remains pressed together and dried by the sun, thus being preserved usually without sugar or syrup; has strong acid taste. ; 3..Egyptian.—Flat, round cakes, 10-20 Cm. (4-8’) wide, 2.5—-5 Cm. (1-2’) thick, firm, black, prepared by kneading the softer parts 282 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. without sugar, very acid, Peony mouldy. The last two seldom reach this country. . ConstTiTUENTS.—Tartaric aed: 5-9 p. c., Citric acid 4-6 p. ¢, Potassium bitartrate 5~6 p- ¢., malic acid, acetic acid (mostly as potassium salts); sugar, pectin, tannin (in seed-testa), insoluble matter 12-20 p. e. PREPARATIONS.—1. Confectio Sennee, 10 p. ce. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Gm.). Unoff. Preps.: Conserve (Conserva Tamarindi), 25 p. c. Infusion. Fic. 184. Fig. 185. 4 * Tamarind fruit; " eross-sec- tion; ep, epicarp ; me, mesocarp; Tamarinodus indica. a en, endocarp ; 38, seed. Whey. Tenia indien (confection of senna with oils of anise and lemon). Propertres.—Laxative, refrigerant. Usrs.—The Arabians. employed it in malaria, also to heal aphthous sores, correct nausea, quench thirst and allay febrile excitement. .Now employed mainly as a cooling drink in febrile diseases. They should be mixed with hot water (infusion) or boiled with milk (whey) and drank after the strained liquid has cooled. Usually combined with other laxatives, as a flavoring, which is claimed by. some to lessen their cathartic power. Fresh leaves and flowers being acid, are used natively for preparing cooling drinks ; the seeds as astringent in bowel affections, and the kernels as a food. HEMATOXYLON. HA#MATOXYLON (Loewoop). Heematoxylon campechianum, Dit } The heart-wood. Habitat. C. America, naturalized in W. Indies, Jamaica, St. Domingo. ; Syn. Blackwood, Campeachy Wood or Logwood. Jamaica, Honduras or St. Domingo Logwood, Lignum Ceruleum. Fr. Bois (de Campéche) de Sang, d’ Inde. Ger. Blauholz, Blutholz, Campecheholz. - H#MATOXYLON—HAMATOXYLON. 288 CESALPINACEE. Hee-ma-tox’y-lon. L. fr. Gr. aiua(r), blood, + Aor, wood; %. ¢, color of the duramen. Cam-pe-chi-a’/num. L. Campeachy, of or belonging to Campeachy Bay; 7. ¢., its habitat. | Log’wood. So-called from being imported in logs. Puant.—Small spreading tree, 7.5-12 M. (25-40°) high, .3-.6 M. (1-2°) thick ; branches crooked ; bark dark, rough, white dotted; leaves paripinnate ; leaflets 4-5 pairs, obcordate, smooth; flowers small, calyx purple, corolla yellow, perfume of jonquil, racemes ; fruit legume 2,5—4 Cm. (1—-1}’) long, flattish, both ends tapering, 2-seeded. HEART-woop, in logs 1 M. (3°) long, 15 Cm. (6’) or more thick, heavy, sp. gr. 1.06; hard, purplish-black, internally brownish-red marked with irregular concentric circles, splitting irregularly ; odor faint, agreeable ; taste sweetish, astringent ; when chewed colors saliva Fig. 186. Fia. 187, Lignum campechianum ; Hematoxylon campechianum: 1, flower; 2, fruit. cross secon magnified 4 1am, dark-pink. In shops as small chips and coarse powder, dark-brown- ish-red color, often with a greenish lustre (hematein). Tests: With alkalies have purple color; if Brazil wood red, if red saunders no change. Solvents: boiling water; alcohol. Dose, 3ss—1 (2-4 Gm.). Commercial.—Trees, growing mostly on the shores of Campeachy Bay, are felled when ten years old, deprived of bark and sapwood (alburnum), leaving the heart-wood (duramen) to be cut into logs and alone sent into market. We have four varieties according to habitat : 1. Campeachy, 2. Honduras, 3. St. Domingo, 4. Jamaica, named in order of value. The tree, by cultivation will grow in our Southern States, but there rarely ever flowers. The chips when old, from expo- sure of surface to atmosphere (having trace of ammonia), become more or less coated with a greenish substance, hematein, into which hema- toxylin has oxidized by parting with two atoms of hydrogen, conse- quently fresh and old chips yield different coloring constituents. 284 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. ConstItuENTS.—Heematoxylin, Volatile oil, Tannin, fat, resin. Hematoxylin (hematin), C,,H,,0,.—Is obtained by mixing pow- dered extract with sand, exhausting with ether; recover ether, add water, crystallize—adding a little sulphurous acid or a sulphite, to prevent oxidation ; yield 12 p.c. It is pale-yellow, sweet, like liquor- ice, soluble in alcohol, water, reddened by sunlight, yields pyrogallol when fused with potassa, by fermentation get hematein, C,,H,,O,, which can be reconverted into hematoxylin by hydrogen or sulphurous acid. The extract contains both hematoxylin and hematein ; must avoid iron vessels in all manipulations. PREPARATIONS.—1. Evtractum Hematozyli. Extract of Hema- toxylon. (Syn., Extractum’Ligni Campechiani; Fr. Extrait de Bois de Campéche ; Ger. Campecheholz-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate 10 Gm: with water 100 Ce., forty-eight hours, boil to 50, strain, evaporate to dryness; yield 12 p.c. Dose, gr. 5-15 (.3-1 Gm.). Unoff. Preps.: Decoction, 5 p.c. Dose, 3j-2 (30-60. Ce.) Fluid Extract. Dose, Mx-60 (.6—4 Cc.). , PROPERTIES.—Similar to tannin, astringent, tonic, antiseptic. Darkens feces, makes urine sweet and blood-red. Constipates less than pure astringents. | Usxs.—Cholera infantum, chronic diarrhea, leucorrhea, dysentery, dyspepsia, hemorrhage ; may cause phlebitis. Antiseptic in gangrenous sores, indolent ulcers, cancer. Mainly used in dyeing violet, blue, gray and black colors, giving to the latter a lustre and velvety ap- pearance. Allied Plant: 1. Erythrophle’wm guinee’nse, Sassy, Mancona or Ordeal Bark.—W. and C. Africa. Large tree with spreading branches, doubly pinnated leaves. Bark flat or curved, 5 Mm. (}’) thick, warty, fissured, hard, dull-red with whitish spots, brittle, transverse cut shows fawn-colored spots, inodorous, astringent. Contains. erythrophleine (heart tonic, anesthetic, poisonous), manconine, tannin. Cardiac tonic, local anesthetic, astringent, diaphoretic, narcotic, sternutatory ; occasions slow, strong pulse. Dose of erythrophleine hydrochlorate, gr. s.—3'; (.002-.004 Gm.). COPAIBA. COPAIBA (Batsam or CoparBa). Copaiva Langsdorffii, (Desfontaines) Kuntze : and other species. : , \ The oleoresin. ii Habitat. Brazil (Venezuela, Colombia), Amazon Valleys, banks of the Orinoco iver, : ; Syn. Balsam Capivi. Fr. Copahu, Oleo-résine (Baume) de Copahu. Ger. Balsa- mum Copaive, Copaiva-balsam. Co-pai/va. L. Sp. and Pg. fr. Brazil eupauba; i. e., native name of the tree and its product. Langs-dorf’fi-i. L. after M. Langsdorff, Russian Consul-General at Rio, 1829, from whom Desfontaines received his specimens. COPAIBA—COPAIBA. 285 CESALPINACES. PxLant.—Small tree, although sometimes 18 M. (60°) high, much branched, bark brown, rather smooth ; leaves alternate, paripinnate ; leaflets opposite, 3—5 pairs, 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2’) long, ovate, entire, glabrous, coriaceous, pellucid-punctate ; flowers small, white; sepals 5; apetalous; stamens 10; pod small, 2.5 Cm. (1’) long, orange- brown, dehiscent into 2 valves, 1-seeded. OLEORESIN (copaiba), vis- cid liquid, brownish-yellow, transparent, sp. gr. 0.940—-0.990; odor characteristic ; taste bitter, acrid; soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, Fie, 188, | Copaiba Langsdorfiii. benzin, carbon disulphide, fixed and volatile oils ; insoluble in water. Tests: 1. When heated should not give turpentine odor. 2. Forms clear solution (not milky) with 4 volumes alcohol, or 10 of benzin (abs. Venice turpentine, linseed oil, gurjun balsam). 3. When oil evaporated the cold residue should be amorphous, transparent, brittle (abs. fixed oils) ; if such be present have soft, sticky residue, which saponifies with potassa, leaving a greasy spot on paper ; when other than castor oil, neither copaiba nor residue gives clear solution with 286 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. alcohol. 4. 1 drop +19 of carbon disulphide, shaken with 1. of nitric and sulphuric acids mixed, should give no purplish-red or violet color (abs. gurjun balsam), which, if present, renders copaiba fluores- cent and gelatinous upon heating ; if oleoresin Hardwi’ckia pinna’ta present the same reagents give pale-greenish-yellow color. Dose, Mx-—60 (.6—4 Cc.). ADULTERATIONS.—Oleoresins of allied species, oil of turpentine and other volatile oils, resin, rosin oil, linseed oil, castor oil and other fixed oils, Venice turpentine, gurjun balsam, alcohol. Commercial—During 1625 and 1638 considerable was written con- cerning copaiba, but in 1648 Marcgrav and Piso first described its collection, also the tree; Jacquin studied the genus in 1760, as did Desfontaines some years later; while in 1827 Hayne, and in 1870 Bentham separated, in Brazil alone, 11 species by their varying foliage, all having similar flowers and Aue Nearly all the oleoresin, how- ever, is from six species, viz: C. officina’lis (Carthagena), C. Langs- do! rit (Sao Paulo), C. multyju'ga (Para), C. guiane’nsis (Rio Negro), C. coria'cea (Sao Paulo), C. niti’da (Minas Geres). Collection.—Copaiba collects in ducts, being obtained by making large auger holes or boxes (square or wedge-shaped) into the centre of the tree’s stem, near the base, from which it usually flows at once, giving 12 Ibs. (5.5 Kg.) in three hours; if none should appear the wound is closed with clay or wax and reopened in two weeks, where- upon, as a rule, it discharges abundantly. Old trees may furnish 2-3 flows yearly, and when abandoned, these ducts, sometimes the length of the stem, occasionally fill, and thus acting as high liquid columns, furnish sufficient pressure to burst the trunk with a cannon-like report. The first flow is thin, clear, colorless, which shortly becomes thicker and yellowish ; it also thickens by age. A tree may yield 10-12 gal- lons (38-45 L.) and its value turns upon the contained amount of volatile oil, We have several commercial varieties : - 1. Para.—The most limpid and pale colored; contains volatile oil 60-90 p. «. 2. Maranham.—Odor slightly different, somewhat denser, having consistence of olive oil; contains volatile oil 40-60 (rarely 80) p. c. 3. Rio Janeiro—Resembles very closely the Maranham. These three (Brazilian) form clear mixtures with one-third to one-half their weight of ammonia water, but milky if more alkali or fixed oil present. 4. Maracaibo.—This is the thickest, being dark-yellow and turbid ; contains volatile oil 20-40 p.c.; solidifies with magnesia, not clear with ammonia. Copaiba is exported not only from the above ports, but from Angostura, Cayenne, W. Indies, in casks, demijohns, cans, jugs, ete. ConsTITUENTS.— Volatile oil, Resin, bitter principle, copaivic acid, C, ayn? (oxycopaivie acid, C,,H sgh ay from Para; Metacopaivic acid, H,,0,; from Maracaibo ; all three acids crystalline). Has no ben- zoic or cinnamic acid, hence the name balsam ; is misapplied. Oleum Copaibee. Oil of Copaiba, C.,H,,, offictal—(Syn., Fr. COPAIBA—COPAIBA, 287 CHSALPINACEZ. Essence de Copahu ; Ger. Copaibaél.) This volatile oil is distilled from copaiba with water or steam, and upon it most of the medical properties of oleoresin depend. It is a pale-yellowish liquid, char- . acteristic odor, aromatic, bitter, pungent taste; consists chiefly of caryophyllene, C,,H,,; sp. gr. 0.900, increasing with age, soluble in 10 volumes alcohol, with slight turbidity ; that from Maracaibo dark- blue with hydrochloric acid gas. Oil should be kept cool, in well- stoppered bottles. Dose, Mv—15 (.3-1 Cc.), in emulsion, capsule, or on sugar. Resina Copaibee. Resin of Copaiba, offcial—(Syn., Acidum Copaibicum; Fr. Acide Copahuvique; Ger. Copaivasiure.) The residue left after distilling off the volatile oil from copaiba. It is brownish-yellow, brittle, slight odor and taste of copaiba to which it returns when mixed with its volatile oil; soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, volatile oils ; contains copaivic, or metacopaivic acid, mixed with neutral resin. Dose, gr. 5-15 (.3-1 Gm.). PREPARATIONS.—1. Massa Copaibe. Mass of Copaiba.. (Syn., Solidified Copaiba, Pilulz Copaibe ; Fr. Masse pilulaire de Copahu ; Ger. Copaiva-Pillenmasse.) Manufacture: 94 p.c. Triturate magnesia 6 Gm. + water q. s. for dampness, add copaiba 94, heat half an hour, frequently stirring. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). Unoff. Preps. : Emulsion. Electuary. Pills. Suppositories. Capsules. PROPERTIES.—Similar to turpentine ; diuretic, stimulant, expecto- rant, laxative, nauseant, disinfectant ; acts mainly on the mucous membranes (genito-urinary) by which, and also skin, it is eliminated ; increases quantity as well as solids of the urine, and imparts odor to urine, sweat, milk, breath ; sometimes erupts the skin—roseola, urti- caria, etc. Usrs.—Gonorrheea, cystitis, bronchitis, dysentery, diarrhea, hem- orrhoids, psoriasis, dropsy, leprosy. Volatile oil is not so good for gonorrheea, gleet, etc., as the oleoresin, but better for throat affections. Externally, chilblains, sore nipples, anal fissures, often added to var- nishes and vice versa. . Long usage may- cause indigestion and renal irritation. , Poisoning, Incompatibles, Synergists: Same as for turpentine. Allied Plants: 1. C Mo'rtii, C. cordifo'lia, C. Ju'ssieut, C. Jacquinii—All fur- nish oleoresin, usually poor in the amount of volatile oil. 2. Hardwi'ckia pinna'ta.—E. India. Tree yields dark-brown oleo- resin, containing volatile oil 20-40 p. ¢., resin, no copaivic acid. 3. Dipteroca’rpus ala'tus—India. Tree yields gurjun balsam or wood oil—an oleoresin resembling copaiba, containing gurjunic (meta- copaivic) acid. ; ; 4, Copal, Gum Copal_—aA fossil resin of Zanzibar or exuding from many leguminous plants of Africa, S. America, W. Indies. Occurs in yellowish-brown masses, wrinkled surface, conchoidal fracture, glossy, odorless, tasteless. When melted becomes soluble in alcohol, » 288 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. ether, and oil of turpentine. Same medical properties as copaiba, only weaker. Used mainly in preparing varnishes. 41. KRAMERIACE2. Krameria Family. Kra-me-ri-a’se-e. L. Krameri-a + aces, in honor of Drs. J. G. H. and W. H. Kramer, German botanists, of the last century. Pubes- cent herbs, shrubs. Distinguished by leaves simple, exstipulate ; flowers purplish, racemes, sepals large, 4-5, petals 4-5, smaller than sepals, stamens 3-4, monadelphous; ovary 1-celled, ovules 2; fruit spiny, indehiscent, 1-seeded ; temperate climates, tropics ; astringent, tonic, dye, ornament. Genus: 1. Krameria. KRAMERIA. KRAMERIA (Ruatany). triandra, Ruiz et Pavon, } The root. Krameria Tak. Linné. Habitat. 1. Peru, Bolivia. 2. Colombia (in sandy localities of the mountains, ele- vation 925-2,465 M. (3,000-8,000°) ). Syn. W. India, Para or Savanilla Rhatany (K. Ivina). Fr. Ratanhia. Ger. Radix Ratanhie, Ratanhiawurzel. Kra-me’ri-a. L. see etymology, above, of Krameriacezx. Tri-an’dra. L. fr. Gr. zp, three, + avdpéc, man, stamen; 7. e., flowers have three stamens. Ix-i’na. L. fr. native name Jzvine, at Cumana, Venezuela, where Leefling dis- covered the plant in 1754. : Rhat’a-ny. Fr. Peru, ratana, native name; Sp. ratania, ratana, creeping ; 1. ¢., the plant’s habit. / Pxiants.—Low shrubs with spreading, decumbent branches ; bark grayish-brown, when young hoary with erect silky hairs; leaves ses- sile, densely covered on both sides with adpressed silvery hairs, 12 Mm. (3’) long, obovate, entire ; flowers Oct.—Nov., 18 Mm. (2’) broad, red; sepals 4, scarlet, in form of a cross; petals 4, dissimilar, red ; fruit, size of a pea, 6 Mm. (}’) thick, covered with stiff, reddish- brown prickles, 1-2-seeded. Root, knotty, several-headed above, 1-2.5 Cm. (4-1’) thick, 5-10 Cm. (2—4’) long (short), here dividing into two or more spreading branches .3-.6 M. (1-2°) long (ong) ; bark smooth, or scaly in the thinner pieces, rusty-brown, 1-2 Mm. (s4—5’) thick ; very astringent ; inodorous; wood pale-brownish-red, tough, with fine medullary rays, nearly tasteless, that of K. Ivina less knotty, more slender, with bark dark-purplish-brown, 3 Mm. (%’) thick. Solvents: cold water ; boiling water ; aleohol. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.8-2 Gm.). Commercial. We have two important varieties : 1. Payta, Peruvian, Red Rhatany (K. triandra)—Abundant around Huanuco and Lima, mainly shipped from Payta. 2. Savanilla, New Granada, Antilles, Violet Rhatany (K. Ixina).—This abounds in Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil, Hayti, Antigua, Mexico. Of this species we have several varieties KRAMERIA—KRAMERIA, - 289 KRAMERIACE. collected indiscriminately and so used: 1, War. granate'nsis ; this is distinguished solely by its broader leaves. 2. War. tomento’sa; this is an extremely woolly form and thought by some deserving of specific rank (K. tomento’sa), not only shipped from Savanilla but also from Carthagena, Santa Marta, etc.), most of this is now from K. arge'ntea, Brazil. Constituents are mostly in the bark, hence the thick-barked root, with little wood, is preferred. Roots are dug after rains, mostly in S. Peru, especially in Arica and Islay provinces. ConsrituENTs.—Kramero-tannie acid 20 p. ¢., Rhatanic-red, (starch, sugar, gum, wax, calcium oxalate), Kramero-tannic Acid (krameria or ratanhia-tannic acid).—Ob- tained by treating ethereal extract of bark with alcohol and evaporat- Fig. 189. Fic. 190. _ Krameria; transverse sec- tions; root; «, Peruvian; b, Savanilla. Krameria triandra. ing this latter solution. It is a red, amorphous powder, precipitated dark-green by ferric salts and flesh-colored by gelatin ; no precipitate from tartar emetic, but fused with potassa yields protocatechuic acid and phloroglucin. Alcoholic tincture of Payta gives with lead acetate red-brown, that of Savanilla and Para bluish-gray precipitate. Rhatanic-red (ratanhia-red), C,,H;,0,,—Obtained by boiling kramero-tannic acid with dilute sulphuric acid when it splits into glucose and this coloring principle, which is similar to that found in horse-chestnut and tormentilla. ; PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Kramerie. Extract of Krameria. (Syn., Fr. Extrait de Ratanhia ; Ger. Ratanhia-~Extrakt.) Manufacture: Percolate with water. Dose, gr. 5-10 (.3-.6 Gm.). 19 290 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGD OM. Prep.: 1. Trochisci Krameric. Troches of Krameria. (Syn., Fr. Pastilles (Tablettes) de Ratanhia ; Ger. Ratanhiapastillen.) Manufacture: Extract of krameria 6 Gm., sugar 65, tragacanth 2, stronger orange flower water q.s. 100 troches. Dose, 1 troche occasionally. 2. Extractum Kramerie Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Krameria. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Ratanhia; Ger. Fliissiges Ratanhia-Ex- trakt.' Tian Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with diluted alcohol 90 Ce., glycerin 10, and finally diluted alcohol q. s. 100 Cc. Dose, Mv-30 (.8-2 Ce.). Prep.: 1. Syrupus Kramerice. Syrup of Krameria. (Syn., Fr. Sirup de Ratanhia; Ger. Ratanhiasirup.) Manufacture: Fluid extract of krameria 45 Ce., syrup 55 Ce. Dose, 5ss—4 (2-15 Ce.). 3. Tinctura Kramerie. Tincture of Krameria. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Ratanhia ; Ger. Ratanhiatinktur.) Manufacture: 20 p.c. Macerate, percolate 20 Gm. with diluted alcohol q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Ce.). Unoff. Preps. : Infusion, 5 p. c. Dose, 3j-2 (30-60 Cec.). PROPERTIES.—Similar to tannic acid, astringent, tonic. UsrEs.—Chronic diarrhcea, stomach and intestinal hemorrhage, leu- corrhea, dysentery, gleet, gonorrhoea, ozena, menorrhagia, fissure of anus or nipple, incontinence of urine. Externally, gargle for sore- throat, mucous membranes of eyes, nose, gums, epistaxis, rectal bleed- ing, relaxed uvula, tooth powder and wash. Generally used locally by injection, gargle, wash, enema (extract 2 p. c. in water). Allied Plants : 1. K. arge'ntea, Para, Brazilian, Ceara, Brown Rhatany.—Re- sembles K. Ivina, but is darker, less purple—brownish-gray, very flexible, bark transversely fissured, warty. Guayaquil Rhatany (origin unknown), root large, contorted, bark thin, fibrous, rich in tannin, reddish-brown, striated, warty. 2. K. secundiflo'ra (lanceola'ta), Texas Rhatany.—Roots valuable, thin, dark-brown, bark thick, rich in tannin. Florida Rhatany. Same source, and similar to Texas; neither on the market. 42, PAPILIONACE.E. Pea Family. Pa-pil-i-o-na’se-e. LL. Papilio(-n) + acee, butterfly ; i. ¢., alluding to the corolla being butterfly-shaped. Herbs, shrubs, vines, trees. Dis- tinguished by leaves compound, stipulate; flowers papilionaceous, ealyx 4~5-toothed, petals perigynous or hypogynous, upper one en- closing the lateral ones in the bud, stamens usually 10; pistil 1, ovary. 1-celled ; fruit legume or loment, 1—many-seeded ; universal ; astrin- gent, antispasmodic, demulcent, sedative, dye, poisonous, timber. BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM—BALSAM OF PERU. 291 PAPILIONACEE. Genera: 1. Toluifera. 2. Astragalus. 3. Pterocarpus. 4. Gly- cyrrhiza, 5. Cytisus. 6. Vouacapoua (Andira). 7. Physostigma. BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM. BALSAM OF PERU. Toluifera Pereirz, (Royle) Baillon. }a balsam. Habitat. Central America (San Salvador) in woods near the coast. Syn. Balsamum Peruvianum Nigrum, Balsamum Indicum, Black Balsam, Fr. Baume (de Pérou)—des Indes. Ger. Perubalsam. To-lu-iffe-ra. LL. tolu+fero, ferre, to bear, producing tolu or an allied balsam ; a. e., it was first brought from Tolu, now Santiago de Tolu in U. 8. Colombia. Per-ei/ree. L. of Pereira; 1. ¢., in memory of Jonathan Pereira (1804-1853), the eminent author of ‘‘ Elements of Materia Medica,’’ and Prof. to the Pharmaceutical So- ciety, who visited S. America to study these and many other plants. Piant.—Handsome tree, 15 M. (50°) high, branching 2.5 M. (8°) above ground ; leaves 6-10, alternate, 15-20 Cm. (6—8’) long, impari- pinnate ; leaflets 5 7.5 Cm. (2-3’) long, oblong-ovate, hairy, puckered margin ; flowers 12 Mm. (4’) long, whitish, tomentose, racemes ; fruit 1-seeded legume 10 Cm. (4’) long, yellowish-brown. Baxsam (of Peru), a pathologic product, thick, brownish-black, syrupy, transpar- ent liquid, non-viscous ; smoky vanilla odor; persistent bitter taste, not hardening upon exposure, sp. gr. 1.145, acrid, soluble in chloro- form, alcohol, or glacial acetic acid. Tests: 1. With 10 drops + sul- phuric acid 20 drops, should get reddish tough mass, which when washed with cold water yields a brittle resinous mass (abs. fixed oils and oleo-resins) ; 2. When distilled no volatile oil should go over (abs. volatile oils and copaiba); 3. If 2 parts + 1 part of slaked lime are triturated on water bath the mixture should not solidify nor have fatty odor (abs. rosin, fatty oils); 4. For alcohol, distil balsam with water, add to distillate while hot iodine and potassa, when cold iodoform crystals form. Dose, Mv-—30 (.38~2 Cc.). ADULTERATIONS.—Alcohol, fixed and volatile oils, castor oil, storax, gurjun balsam, copaiba, Canada turpentine, rosin. Commercial—Balsam of Peru was long considered to be from Myro' xylon perui’ ferum, a Brazilian tree, whose product reached Europe via Peru, hence its name. This, however, is a distinct species, flour- ishing in Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and yields a fragrant balsam resem- bling Tolu, called at Rio, Olea Vermelho. Collection.—The trees are in forests, but each, by its owner is scrupulously watched and treated or tapped. They do not thrive above 300 M. (1,000°) elevation and begin yielding balsam when five years old continuing for thirty or more thereafter. The aroma of the flowers can be readily perceived when several hundred feet away. The aborigines collect it in a district reserved to them, called Sonsonate or Balsam Coast, extending from Acajutla to Port Libertad. In Nov.— Dec., when the dry season begins, the bark for some distance up the trunk is beaten with a blunt mallet or back of an axe in four alter- nating sections, so as not to kill the tree. This loosened bark soon 292 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. splits, and within a week is slightly warmed, or set on fire and charred. During the next week that which has not fallen off is removed, and the bare wood covered with raw-cotton or rags to absorb exuding balsam, which when saturated are boiled in water (balsam sinking to the bottom) and afterwards squeezed in rope bags; fresh rags replace the saturated ones so long as the dry season lasts and balsam exudes. The following year alternating untouched strips are similarly treated ; the third year the first year’s spaces are again used, ete. When trees Fie. 191. Toluifera Pereira. are tapped for six consecutive seasons, a rest of two to three years is generally allowed, which renders the product more abundant and satis- factory, and a rest of five or six years in every twenty assures a con- tinuous yield. It is then put into calabashes or bladders, sent to towns, where it is purified by subsidence, straining, ete. Each tree yields about two lbs. (1 Kg.) annually. In addition to this balsam the fruit by expression yields a white, semi-fluid balsam (Balsamo blanco), which somewhat resembles Tolu Balsam, but is an entirely distinct substance ; BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM—BALSAM OF TOLU. 293 PAPILIONACES. having an aromatic odor approximating Tonka, yet unlike either balsams of Tolu or Peru; contains a crystalline resin myroxocarpin. The tree also exudes a gum-resin which contains 77.4 p. c. resin, but no aromatic principle or cinnamic acid. The natives prepare a tinc- ture from the fruit with rum, called balsamito; it is a stimulant, an- thelmintic, diuretic and used externally for indolent ulcers, freckles, etc. Balsam of Peru is exported from Acajutla (Pacific coast) and Balize (Atlantic coast) in jars, tin canisters, or metallic drums. ConsTITUENTS.—Cinnamein 60-65 p. c., Resin 25-32 p. ¢., Cin- namic and Benzoie acids, benzalcohol, C,H,CH,(OH), stilbene, C,,H,,, styrol, C,H,, styracin (cinnamyl cinnamate), C,H,(C,H,)O,, vanillin. Cinnamein.—Consists of benzylic benzoate, C,H,(C,H,)O,, and (little) benzylic cinnamate, C,H,(C,H,)O,, and separates upon shaking balsam with potassa or soda; itis a colorless, aromatic volatile oil, sometimes known as Peru balsam oil; this oily substance when sub- jected to dry or fractional distillation yields benzyl alcohol at 200° C. (892° F.), benzylic benzoate at 304° C. (579° F.) and benzylic cin- namate at 357° C. (675° F.), all being colorless, aromatic oils. After complete saponification with potassa, it yields benzalcohol 20 p. c., and cinnamic acid 40 p. ec. Resin.—Consists of peru-resinotannol combined with benzoic and cinnamic acid ; insoluble in carbon disulphide ; on dry distillation yields benzoic acid, styrol and toluol, C,H,. PREPARATIONS.—(Unoff.) Syrup. Mistura Oleoso Balsamica (ner- vine). Emulsion. Alcoholic Solution. Ointment. Capsules. Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant, disinfectant, -vulnerary, stomachic. It is eliminated by bronchial mucous membrane, kidneys and skin, stimulating and disinfecting their secretions. UseEs.—Chronic catarrh, asthma, phthisis, gonorrhoea, amenorrhcea, rheumatism, palsy ; externally on indolent ulcers, scabies, ringworm, tonsular diphtheria, bronchitis, tuberculosis of the skin, bone, or larynx, chilblains, eczema, for disguising the odor of iodoform in ointment. BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM. BALSAM OF TOLU. Toluifera Y Balsamum, Linné. 5 A balsam. Hobitat. S. America, high rolling countries. (Venezuela, Colombia, Peru. ) Syn. Fr. Baume (de Carthagené) de Tolu. Ger. Tolubalsam. : Bal’sa-mum. L. for balsam, name of balsam tree, from its characteristic secre- tion. Gr. SdAcapor, Priant.—Evergreen tree 24 M. (80°) high, often branchless for 15 M. (50°) above ground, spreading head ; bark smooth, yellowish- brown, with numerous white lenticels, differs from 7. Pereire in hav- ing leaves shorter, leaflets smaller, fewer, 4-7, recurved, margin not puckered, nor rachis or petioles hairy, glands less prominent, flowers and fruit similar. Bazsam (of Tolu), a pathologic product, semi- 294 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. fluid or solid, yellowish-brown, brittle in cold, transparent in thin lay- ers, microscope yields cinnamic acid crystals ; acrid, soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, potassa solution ; insoluble in water, benzin, carbon disulphide ; this latter, when hot, removes only cinnamic and benzoic acids, which solution upon evaporation should leave no resinous sub- stance ; odor vanilla-like; taste mild, aromatic. Test: The extract with carbon disulphide and sulphuric acid turns rose-red, but if con- taminated, brown. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.38-2 Gm.). Fig. 192, Toluifera Balsamum ; twig one-third natural size, with fruit. ADULTERATIONS.—Turpentine (soluble in carbon disulphide), sweet gum (yields to hot benzin styracin, crystallizing when cold), storax, various other resins. A factitious balsam has been found containing storax 63 p. ¢. Commercial.—The collection is effected by making V-shaped inci- sions through the bark ; below each the wood is hollowed out to re- ceive a calabash cup the size of a teacup, into which the balsam flows. So many as 20-30 incisions are often cut which extend from ground upward 2.5-3 M. (8-10°), the higher ones being made on ladders or BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM—BALSAM OF TOLU. 295 PAPILIONACEE. scaffolds. As occasion demands, gatherers empty the cups into raw- hide, flask-shaped bags (carried by donkeys) which, when filled, are sent to ports along the Magdalena and Orinoco Rivers, in Venezuela ; there it is transferred into cylindrical tins (10-25 lbs.; 4.5-11.5 Kg.), formerly calabashes or baked earthen jars, and as such enters com- merce via Carthagena. The bleeding continues July to April at the rate of filling the cups during “each moon.” ConstTITUENTS.—Resin, Cinnamic and Benzoic acids, Volatile oil 1 p. c., benzylic cinnamate, benzylic benzoate and vanillin .05 p. c., the three forming an acid, aromatic oily liquid 7.5 p. ¢. Resin.—Chief constituent, and consists of tolu-resinotannol combined with benzoic and cinnamic acid ; it is amorphous, black, brittle, similar to that of T. Percire, having a portion sparingly, while another readily soluble in alcohol. Volatile Oil.—Obtained by distilling with water; chiefly tolene, C,,H,,, hardening by exposure, odor pleasant, sp. gr. 0.858. - Acids.—Obtained by distillation—benzoic, cinnamic with benzylic ethers of both, the benzyl cinnamate predominating. Trommsdorf found resin 88 p. c., volatile oil 0.2 p. ¢., cinnamic acid 12 p. ¢., this latter to come over as a heavy oil condensing into white crystalline mass. Dry distillation gives the above acids and ethers, also styrol, phenol, toluol—this latter being found in coal tar, wood tar, organic compounds, balsams (Peru, etc.) and resins ; it is colorless, oily liquid, readily convertible into benzoic acid. PREPARATIONS.—1. Syrupus Tolutanus. Syrup of Tolu. (Syn., Fr. Sirop (balsamique)—de Baume de Tolu; Ger. Tolubalsamsirup.) Manufacture: 1 p.c. Dissolve 1 Gm. in alcohol 5 Cc., triturate this with precipitated calcium phosphate 5 Gm., sugar 15, water 50 Ce., filter, add sugar 70 Gm., water q. s. 100 Cc. Dose, 5j—4 (4-15 Cc.). 2. Tinctura Tolutana. Tincture of Tolu. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Baume de Tolu; Ger. Tolubalsamtinktur.) Manufacture: 10 p.c. Macerate 10 Gm. with alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mx-30 (.6-2 Ce.). 3. Tinctura Benzoini Composita, 4 p.c. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Cc.). Unoff. Preps.: Emulsion, Lozenges, Inhalations. PROPERTIES.—Stimulant, expectorant, disinfectant, vulnerary, sto- machic. Uses.—Much less decided than balsam of Peru, but similar, bronchial affections, diphtheritic deposits, catarrhs, conghs, flavoring, perfumery. Inecompatibles : Water and aqueous preparations with the tincture. Synergists: Balsams, aromatic drugs, volatile oils, stimulant ex- pectorants. Allied Plants : 5 1. Myro'xylon puncta'tum.—The Quino-quino tree, and MM. perui’- ferum, both of Peru; yield balsams resembling official Peru and Tolu. 296 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. TRAGACANTHA. TRAGACANTH. Astragalus gummifer, Labillarditre, and other species. Habitat. W. Asia. Syn. Goat’s Thorn, Doctor’s or Hog Gum. Fr. Gomme Adragant(e). Ger. Traganth. As-trag’a-lus. L. fr. Gr. doréov, bone, + yé2a, milk ; ¢. e., the milky then horny exudation, or from the seed squeezed into a squarish form like vertebra (ao7pdya/oc ) in some species. Gum/mif-er. L. gummi, gum, +-ferre, to bear ; 7. ¢., plant produces gum. Trag-a-can/tha. L. fr. Gr. tpayoc, a goat, + dxavfa, thorn—a goat thorn ; 7. ¢., plant thorny like goat’s head, and hedges made of it resist their onslaughts. }A gummy exudation. Prant.—Shrub .6—1 M. (2-3°) high ; stem naked with many strag- gling, much ramified branches ; bark reddish-gray, rough, and marked with leaf-scars, young Fie. 193. . twigs woolly; leaves 3 Cm. (14’) long, closely placed, pinnate, rachis hard, stiff, persistent for some years as a woody spine, yellow, very sharp-pointed ; leaflets 10-15 pairs, 3 Mm. (4’) long, obovate, grayish- green; flowers small, pale-yellow; stamens 10, upper one free, others united in a sheath ; fruit small, ob- long pod, covered with white hairs; seed 1, reniform, smooth, pale- brown. Gum (traga- canth), in narrow or broad bands, curved or contorted, marked by parallel wavy lines or ridges, white or yellow- ish, translucent, horn- like, tough, powdered more easily by a heat of 50° C. (122° F.), frac- ture short; inodorous, insipid, sometimes faint- Astragalus guminifer (natural size of branch). ly bitterish. Tests : Swells with water, forming a gelatinous mass (tinged blue with iodine T. 8.) and a fluid portion (precipitated with alcohol and lead acetate, but not changed TRAGACANTHA—TRAGACANTH. 297 PAPILIONACEZ. by ferric chloride and borax), insoluble in alcohol. Solvents: hot or cold water best. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.8-2 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—1. Cherry Gum (cherry, almond, plum, ete.), in irregular brownish nodules, insoluble portion not identical with bas- sorin. 2. Bassora or Kutera Gum. Persia. This is broken up in Smyrna and mixed with tragacanth ; occurs in yellowish-brown (some- times whitened with lead carbonate), tasteless masses, swelling with water. 38. Cashew Gum, brownish-yellow, translucent, iridescent, partly soluble in water. Commercial.—The many Astragalus species are native of mountainous districts of Asia Minor, Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia, Syria, Greece. The gum is not a simple plant juice, but the cells of the pith and medullary rays of the stem undergo transformation into this mucilagi- nous mass—degenerative product. It exudes spontaneously either through natural or artificial punctures, transverse incisions, etc., pro- duced into stem and older branches. The incisions are made July— August near the ground, and their shape, together with the rate of — flow, determines its hardened outline, while time elapsing before sufficiently hard for collection (dry weather 3-4 days) governs its color ; white if congealed rapidly, yellow to brown .if slowly, due to long exposure to changeable weather—the whiter and more translucent always being of greatest value. Enters commerce via Smyrna (Con- stantinople, Bagdad and the Persian Gulf), where it, is garbled into three varieties. oo ; 1. Flake Tragacanth or Leaf Gum.—Sometimes called Smyrna ; usually in broad, thick and yellowish flakes, prominently ridged ; the ribbon-like and white flakes are produced in Kurdistan and Persia, often being designated as Syrian tragacanth. 2. Vermiform Tragacanth or Vermicelli.—In very narrow, contorted string-like pieces or coils, these latter being mostly confluent. 3. Common Tragacanth or Sorts.—Known in Europe as traganton, results from spontaneous exudation, being incidentally collected while gathering higher grades ; occurs in tear-like pieces, rounded or irreg- ular, brownish, waxy, and, like the preceding varieties, encloses starch. ConstTITUENTS.—Traganthin 30 p. ¢., Calcium Compound of a Gummic Acid 50 p. ¢., starch, cell fragments, moisture 14 p. c., ash 3 p. c., one-half of which is calcium carbonate. Traganthin (bassorin, adraganthin), C,H,,0,.—A_ pectin-like prin- ciple ; swells into a gelatinoid mass with but is insoluble in water, soluble in diluted nitric and hydrochloric acids or ammonia water. Calcium Compound.—This is combined with gummic acid ; was formerly considered arabin or arabic acid; but the two are not identical, as this compound precipitates with neutral lead acetate and arabin does not; both are precipitated by alcohol or ammonium oxalate. PREPARATIONS.—1. Mucilago Tragacanthe. Mucilage of Traga- canth. (Syn., Fr. Mucilage Adragant ; Ger. Traganthschleim.) Manufacture: 6 p.c. Heat glycerin 18 Gm. + water 75 Cm., add ‘ 298 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. tragacanth 6 Gm., macerate 24 hours, add water q. s. 100 Gm. Dose, 3j—2 (30-60 Ce.). PROPERTIES.—Demulcent, emollient, protective, nutritious. Usrs.— Was not known to the Greeks until 4th-5th century, when its uses were as now, for cough, hoarseness, expectorant, similarly as acacia ; its superior adhesiveness over the latter renders it a better protective in excoriated surfaces, ulcers, burns, ete. Employed largely for suspending resins, oils, heavy powders, ete., in emulsion. Also to cohere pills, troches, etc. ; its partial insolubility in the stomach re- stricts somewhat its use. Allied Plants : 1. Astra’galus bae'ticus—Mediterranean basin; seeds used for coffee. A. exsca'pus. C. and 8. Europe, mountains ; root mucilag-— inous, astringent, bitter, diuretic. A. glycyphy'llos. Europe ; leaves and seed sweetish, diuretic. 2. A. erotala'rice, Loco Weed, Rattle Weed, and A. moll’issimus.— N. America (Cal., Neb., Tex.) ; poisonous to cattle, horses, etc., caus- ing spinal tetanic action. SANTALUM RUBRUM. RED SAUNDERS. Pterocarpus santalinus, Linné filius. } The wood. Habitat. Madras. Cultivated in S. India, Ceylon, Philippines. Syn. Br. Pterocarpi Lignum, Red Sandal Wood, Chandam, Chundana, Ruby Wood. Fr. Santal Rouge. Ger. Rothes Santelholz. Pter-o-car’pus. L. fr. Gr. trepév, wing, 4+ xapréc, fruit; i.e, its winged fruit pods or legumes girded with a broad crisped wing. San-ta-li/nus. L. adj. form fr. sandal, Pers. sandal, useful. Gr. cdvrudor, San/ta-lum. L. noun form; sandalwood, saunders. Ru’brum. L. ruber, red, ruddy; i. e., the color of the wood. Pianr.—Tree 6-9 M. (20-30°) high, .3-.5 M. (12-18’) thick, some trunks hollow; leaves trifoliate ; leaflets broadly oval, emargi- nate, 5-15 Cm. (2-6’) long, hoary beneath ; flowers yellow, papilio- naceous corolla, spikes ; fruit orbicular legume, wing slightly crisped, 2-seeded. Woop, in billets, logs 1-1.6 M. (8-5°) long, 10-20 Cm. (4-8’) thick, deprived of light-colored sapwood, hard, heavy, dark- reddish-brown, splitting coarse splintery ; usually met with in chips, or coarse, irregular brownish-red powder ; nearly inodorous and taste- less; does not redden water upon maceration. Solvents: alcohol ; ether ; acetic acid ; alkaline solutions ; boiling water and diluted alco- hol partially. ConsTITUENTS.—Santalin, Santal, Pterocarpin, Homopterocarpin. Santalin (santalie acid), C,,H,,O,—Coloring matter, obtained by precipitating alcoholic tincture with lead acetate ; wash precipitate with hot aleohol, decompose it with hydrogen sulphide in the presence of alcohol, evaporate, getting red needles, inodorous, tasteless, resinous ; soluble in alcohol with a blood-red color, in ether with a yellow, and in alkalies with a violet. Santal, C,H,O,, Pterocarpin, C,,H,,O,, Homopterocarpin, x. INO—K. INO. 299 PAPILIONACEZ. C,,H, ,O,.—All occur in colorless scales ; the latter is soluble in car- bon disulphide and when fused with potassa yields phloroglucin. Usrs.—Red Saunders has no medicinal properties, only being used for imparting color. Employed natively as an astringent and with sapan wood for dyeing silk, cotton, wool, giving various colored reds according to mordants used. Allied Plant : 1. Ichthyome'thia Pisci’ pula (Pisci'dia Erythri’na), Jamaica Dog- wood.—W. Indies. Well developed tree, whose bark has long been used for catching fish, orange-yellow, fissured, tough, fibrous, odor opium-like, taste bitter, acrid. Narcotic, analgesic, soporific ; neu- ralgia, nervous insomnia, whooping-cough, dysmenorrhea ; similar to opium, but devoid of unpleasant after-effects. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.), extract, fluid extract. KINO. KINO. ee at Roxburgh. \The inspissated juice. Marsupium, Habitat. E. Indies in forests. C. and 8. India, Ceylon, Bengal. Syn. Gummi or Resina Kino. Vengay. Bastard Teak. Fr. Kino de l’Inde. Ger. Kino. Mar-su’pi-um. L. marsupium, a pouch, bag, purse ; i. ¢., shape of the fruit. Ki/no. E. India name as given thefextract. PuiantT.—Fine timber tree, called natively Buja, 18-24 M. (60- 80°) high, .6-1 M. (2-3°) thick, many spreading branches ; bark brownish-gray, internally red and fibrous ; leaves alternate, impari- pinnate, deciduous ; leaflets 5— 7, alternate, 5-10 Cm. (2-4’) long, obovate, emarginate, coriaceous ; flowers May—June, pale-yellow ; ; fruit an indehiscent pod, orbicular, 25-4, Cm. (1- —1}’) in diameter ; seed 1, kidney-shaped. Jvick (kino), in small angular, dark-brown- ish-red pieces, brittle, in thin layers ruby-red, transparent, non-crystal- line, powder reddish ; inodorous, astringent, sweetish, tinging the saliva blood-red, adhering to the teeth ; insoluble in ether ; the hot water and diluted alcohol solutions gelatinize. Solvents : alcohol to the extent of 90 p. c. ; alkalies (with impairment of astringency) ; cold water slightly ; boiling ‘water dissolves 80 p.c. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.3-2 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—Inferior juices, catechu, ete. Commercial.—Juice is obtained by cutting a perpendicular incision into the tree-trunk, then lateral ones leading into this, whereupon it exudes, resembling currant-jelly, being caught in vessels placed at the bottom of main incision; it is then dried in the sun and air (inspis- sated), broken into small "fragments, and packed in wooden boxes for market. Its most permanent menstruum is water 20, alcohol 64, glycerin 15 volumes, although alcohol 50, water 25, glycerin 25 gives satisfaction. As all liquid preparations tend to gelatinize and lose as- tringency they should be kept in small bottles and seldom opened. We have several varieties. 1. Malabar, E. India. Official kind described above, but rarely found on the market. 2. African, Gam- bia (P. erina’ceus), similar to above, but not now in market. 3. Ben- 300 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. gal, Palas (Bu’tea frondo'sa), blackish-red, in transparent, light-ruby- red tears or fragments often with leaf-vein impressions, brittle, not adhesive on mastication ; does not contain pyrocatechin but yields it on dry distillation ; only one-third or half soluble in hot alcohol, the remainder being mucilaginous matter. 4. Australian, Botany Bay — (Eucaly'ptus amygdali'na, E. resini!fera and other species, Myrtacez), composition and solubility not uniform, as the amount of gum varies in different varieties but furnishes most of our present commercial kino. 5. W. India, Jamaica, Caracas (Cocco!lobis uvi'fera, Polygo- Fie. 194. + Pterocarpus Marsupium (Kino) ; A, flowering twig ; 1, 2, 3, parts of the flower ; 4, stamens ; 5, pistil ; *6, fruit ; 7, vertical section of winged fruit. nace). Obtained by boiling the violet-brown wood and bark of the large tree and evaporating the decoction ; resembles official, but has brownish tint, less glossy, bitter taste, 90 p. c. soluble in water or alcohol ; its tannin almost identical with that in the official. ConstITUENTS.—Kino-tannic acid, C,,H,,O,, 75 p. ¢., Kino-red, C,,H,,0,,, Pyrocatechin (pyrocatechuic acid, catechol), C,H,O,, Kin- oin, C,,H,,O,, gum, ash 1.3 p. ¢. _ Kino-tannie Acid.—Similar to catechuic acid, always mixed with coloring-matter and pectin in extraction; with ferric salts gives a greenish-black and with ferrous salts in neutral solutions a violet color. GLYCYRRHAIZA—GLYCYRRHIZA. 301 PAPILIONACEZ. Kino-red.—-Obtained by exposing cold aqueous solution to the air, when red precipitate slowly forms, hastened by heating ; or heat kinoin to 130° C. (266° F.); it is amorphous, tasteless, nearly insoluble in water, and is the anhydride of kinoin ; 2C,,H,,O,— H,O = C,,H,,0,,. Pyrocatechin.—Obtained by treating kino with ether, or the prod- uct of dry distillation of kino contains much of it which can be puri- fied by resublimation ; soluble in ether, water. Kinoin.—Boil kino with dilute hydrochloric acid, kino-red imme- diately separates ; now agitate clear solution with ether ; occurs in white crystals, slightly soluble in ether, cold water; red with ferric chloride. PrepaRAtTions.—1. Tinetura Kino. Tincture of Kino. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Kino; Ger. Kinotinktur.) Manufacture: 10 p.c. Macerate 10 Gm. in glycerin 15 Ce., water 20, alcohol 65, for 24 hours, filter, adding alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Ce.). Unoff. Preps.: Infusion, 5 p. ec. Dose, 5ss—1 (15-30 Ce.). Pule. Kino Comp., 75 p. c. (+ opium 5, cinnamon 20). Dose, gr. 5-20 (.3-1.3 Gm.). Pulv. Catechu Comp., 20 p. c. (catechu 40, krameria 20, cinnamon 10, nutmeg 10). uid Extract. Dose, Mv-—380 (.3-2 Ce.). Gargles. Owing to gum (pectin) coagulating, the liquid preparations are very uncertain ; therefore catechu is often used in its stead with equally good results. PRoPERTIES.—Astringent, tonic, hemostatic; similar to but less — powerful than tannin. Locally inferior to other astringents. Usrs.—Diarrhea, pyrosis, menorrhagia, dysentery, leucorrhcea, ulcers, sore throat, manufacture of wines. Useful in dyeing and tan- ning, but most too expensive. Incompatibles: Aqueous solution is precipitated by gelatin, soluble salts of iron, silver, lead, antimony, mercuric chloride, sulphuric, nitric and hydrochloric acids. GLYCYRRHIZA. GLYCYRRHIZA (Liquorice Root). Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linné. ; ao Glycyrrhiza glandulifera, Waldstein et Kittaibel. The root. (G. glabra, var. glandulifera, Regel et Herder. ) Habitat. 8. Europe, W. Asia, Syria, Persia, N. Africa. (Cultivated in Russia, Spain, England, France, Germany, United States, China.) . , Syn. Sweet Wood, Italian Juice Root, or Wood, [oe Juice Root, Radix Gly- -eyrrhize Hispanice. Fr. Bois doux, Racine douce, Bois de Réglisse. Ger. Radix Liquiritiz, Spanishes Stissholz. ‘ eee Glyc-yr-rhi/za. L. fr. Gr. yAvebppia—yhuréc, sweet, + pila, root ; 1. ¢., its sac- charine taste (Dioscorides). : ; : Gla/bra. L. glaber, smooth, hairless ; 7. ¢., leaves smooth on both sides. ; Glan-du-lif’e-ra. LL. glandula, a gland,+ ferre, to bear ; 7. e., pods covered with thick glandular spines. ? Etat : Lig’ uo-rice—Lic’ o-rice (lik’ o-ris). Fr. L. liquiritia,, corrupt. of glycyrrhiza. Piant.—Perennial herb; stem .6-1.5 M. (2-5°) high, several from the (crown) thick rhizome ; leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets 4—7 302 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. pairs, ovate, entire, smooth, glutinous beneath, dark-green ; flowers purple, pulse-shape, racemes ; fruit legume, 2.5 Cm. (1’) long, brown, ovate, flat, 1-celled, 1-6-(kidney-shape) seeded; G. glandulifera— stem somewhat pubescent; leaves hairy, glandular beneath; legumes glandular, prickly. oor, long, cylindrical, in stores 15-30 Cm. (6-12’) long, 5-25 Mm. (4-1’) thick, straight, longitudinally wrinkled, grayish-brown, warty, internally tawny-yellow, pliable, tough, fracture coarsely fibrous, bark thickish, 4 Mm. (3’), wood por- ous, dense, in narrow wedges, medullary rays linear; taste sweet, Fie. 195. Glycyrrhiza glabra. acrid ; G. glandulifera—15—45 Cm. (6-18’) long, 1-4 Cm. (4-1)’/) thick, often without corky layer ; wood soft, somewhat cleft, sweet, feebly bitter. Solvents: water; diluted alcohol. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). Commercial.—We have two varieties : 1. Spanish (Italian, Turkish, Alicante, Tortosa) ; G. glabra—This is the sweeter and the kind most generally used. : 2. Russian; G. glandulifera.—This is thicker, somewhat bitter. Roots of both are dug, washed, trimmed, assorted, cut into suitable lengths, dried, and marketed in bundles, bales, or bags; the former is GLYCYRRHIZA—GLYCYRRHIZA. 803 PAPILIONACEZ. usually unpeeled, the latter, consisting of roots and root branches, is mostly peeled. It not only grows wild and under cultivation in Russia, but also in Turkey and Hungary, being imported via Ham- burg. The English root is sometimes met with, both dried and fresh, mostly in pieces several feet long. ADULTERATIONS.—The one variety of the root with the other, as they are often collected together ; also the underground stem, which resembles the root, but has a thin central pith. ConstitvENTs.—Glycyrrhizin, C,,H,,NO,,, 6 p. ¢., Glycyramarin, C,,H,,NO,,, sugar, asparagin 3 p. c., starch, resin. Glycyrrhizin.—This is combined with ammonia, being called glycyr- rhizate of ammonium or glycyrrhizic acid. It is a tribasic acid (gluco- side) obtained from cold infusion by coagulating albumin with heat, fil- tering, precipitating with sulphuric acid, washing precipitate with water, dissolving same in alcohol to which a little ether has been added (or in very weak ammonia water, 1 to 10), filtering, evaporating. It is very soluble in water, sparingly in alcohol, ether; when boiled with Fie. 197. Fig. 196. Glycyrrhiza glabra (rhizome), natural size. Glycyrrhiza glandulifera (root). diluted sulphuric acid (by hydrolysis) splits into parasaccharic acid (glucose), C,H,,O,, and bitter resinous glycyrrhetin, C,,H,,NO,. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Glycyrrhize. Extract of Glycyr- rhiza. (Syn., Extract of Liquorice, Extractum Liquiritie, Liquorice ; Fr. Sue (jus) de réglisse, Sucre noir ; Ger. Lakriz, Lakrizensaft, Suc- cus Liquiritie.) Manufacture: Evaporate decoction to proper consistence, powder or mould into sticks 12.5-17.5 Cm. (5—7’) long, 12-25 Mm. (3-1’) thick ; has glossy-black color, fracture sharp, conchoidal, shining, peculiar sweet taste. At least 60 p. c. should be soluble in cold water. Dose, ad libitum. Preps.: 1. Trochisci Glycyrrhize et Opii. Troches of Glycyr- rhiza and Opium. (Syn., Br. Trochisci Opi, Opium Lozen- ges; Fr. Pastilles de Réglisse Opiacées ; Ger. Opiumpastillen.) Manufacture: Extract of liquorice 15 Gm., opium 0.5, acacia 12, sugar 20, anise oil 0.2 Cc., water q.s. 100 troches. Dose, 1 troche occasionally. 304 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 2. Trochisci Ammonii Chloridi, gr. 4 (.26 Gm.). Dose, 1-2 troches occasionally. 2. Extractum Glycyrrhize Purum. Pure Extract of Glycyrrhiza. (Syn., Br. Extractum Glycyrrhize. Extractum Glycyrrhizs Depura- tum ; Succus Liquiritie Depuratus; Fr. Extrait de Réglisse (pur) ; Ger. Siissholz-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate glycyrrhiza 100 Gm. with am- monia water 15 Ce. + distilled water 300 Cc., finishing with latter alone q. s. to exhaust, evaporate; yield 16-25 p.c. Dose, ad libitum. Prep.: 1. Mistura Glycyrrhize Composita. Compound Mixture of Glycyrrhiza. (Syn., Brown Mixture; Fr. Mixture de Ré- glisse; Ger. Lakritzen-Mixtur.) Manufacture: Pure extract of liquorice 3 Gm., syrup 5 Ce., muci- lage of acacia 10, camphorated tincture of opium 12, wine of an- timony 6, spirit of nitrous ether 3, water q. s. 100 Cc. Dose, 5j-4 (4-15 Ce.). 3. Extractum Glycyrrhize Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Glycyrrhiza. (Syn., Br. Extractum Glycyrrhize Liquidum ; Fr. Extrait liquide de Réglisse ; Ger. Fliissiges Siissholz-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with ammonia water 5 Cce., alcohol 30 p. c. 95 Cc., finishing with latter alone q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—1 (2—4 Ce.). Prep.: 1. Syrupus Sarsaparille Compositus, 1.5 p.c. Dose, 5j- 4 (4-15 Cc.). 4, Glycyrrhizinum Ammoniatum. Ammoniated Glycyrrhizin. (Syn., Fr. Glycyrrhizine Ammoniacale ; Ger. Ammoniak Glycyrrhizin.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate glycyrrhiza 100 Gm., with am- monia water 5 Cc. + water 95, then with water alone q. s. 100 Ce., precipitate with q. s. sulphuric acid, wash, redissolve in diluted am- monia water, again precipitate with q. s. sulphuric acid, wash, dissolve in diluted ammonia water and spread on glass to dry. It is in brown- ish-red scales, odorless, very sweet, readily soluble in water and alco- hol; adding an acid to aqueous solution precipitates glycyrrhizin. Dose, gr. 5-15 (.8-1 Gm.). 5. Pulvis Glycyrrhize Compositus. Compound Powder of Glycyr- rhiza, (Syn., Fr. Poudre pectorale de Réglisse composée ; Ger. Pulvis (Liquiritize Compositus) Pectoralis Kurellz, Brustpulver.) Manufacture: Glycyrrhiza 23.6 Gm., senna 18, washed sulphur 8, fennel oil 0.4, sugar 50. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Gm.). 6. Decoctum Sarsaparillcee Compositwm, 2 p. ce. Dose, 3j-4 (30-120 Cc.). ? Extractum Sarsaparille Fluidum Compositum, 12 p.c. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Cc.). 8. Massa Hydrargyri, 5 p.c., Dose, gr. 1-15 (.06-1 Gm.). 9. Pilule Ferri Iodidi, gr. .6 (.04 Gm.). Dose, 1-2 pills. 10. Pulvis Morphine Compositus, 33.3 p.c. Dose, gr. 5-15 (.8-1 Gm.). . of Tinetura Aloes, 20 p.c. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Ce.). SCOPARIUS—SCOPARIUS. 305 PAPILIONACEZ. 12. Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhe, 10 p.c. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Cc.). Unoff. Preps. : Syrup.—Macerate root 20 parts in water 100 + am- monia water 10, for 12 hours, boil, filter, evaporate to 10,add alcohol 10, let stand 12 hours, filter, add syrup q.s. 100 parts. Or can make from fluid extract 2+ syrup 8 parts. Dose, ad libitum, mostly for flavoring. Properties.—Demulcent, expectorant, laxative; locally slight stimulant. Increases, when chewed, the flow of saliva and mucus, which secretions are emollient to the throat. Uses.—Febrile catarrhal affections, bronchitis, bowel and urinary trouble ; here should be prepared with flaxseed, rice, barley, or gum water. In pharmacy used to cover taste of aloes, ammonium chloride, bitter sulphates, colocynth, guaiacum, hyoscyamus, mezereum, senega, senna, quinine, turpentine, etc. Mechanically as an excipient and dryer in pills, troches, ete. Allied Plants : 1. G. echina’ta.—Europe, Hungary, 8. Russia; flowers in globular heads, pod ovoid with long spines. . lepido/ta. United States (Mo., Minn.). 2. i brus precato'rius, Indian or Wild Lnquorice, Jequirity.—India, Brazil. Seeds used as standard weight, and for criminal poisoning, although inert when taken whole ; contain abrin, having the action of snake-venom, being cardiac depressant. Root contains glycyrrhizin, and becomes a poor substitute for liquorice. 3. Ono’nis spino'sa, Rest-harrow.—Europe. Root .6 M. (2°) long, 12 Mm. (3’) thick; odor and taste similar to official liquorice. 4. Gly’ cine (So'ja) hi’ spida, Soja Bean.—Japan ; cultivated S. Asia. Contains casein 40 p. c., fat 18, dextrin 10, starch 5, cellulose 5, water 10, amylolytic ferment. Owing to the beans having so little starch they are ground into flour, and this made into bread for diabetic patients, in order to reduce sugar in the urine. SCOPARIUS. SCOPARIUS (Broom). Cytisus scoparius, (Linné) Link. } The tops. Habitat. W. Asia, 8. and W. Europe (W. Siberia, Great Britain), sandy soil. Naturalized in middle and southern United States. Cultivated in gardens. Syn. Common or Irish Broom. Br. Scoparii Cacumina. Fr. Genét 4 balais. Ger. Besenginster, Pfriemenkraut. Cyt’i-sus. L. fr. Gr. «irsooc, classic name after Island Cythrus, one of the Cy- clades; «.e., where first found growing. / Sco-pa/ri-us. L. fr. scope, twigs, shoots, a broom; 7. e., made of twigs, twiggy. Priant.—Shrub 1.2-2.4 M. (4-8°) high ; stem 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2’) thick, with many pentangular, green, flexible, wand-like branches ; leaves alternate, small, oblong, downy, trifoliate ; leaflets sessile, 6-12 Mm. (}~3’) long, lanceolate ; flowers May-June, many, large, racemes, brilliant-yellow, papilionaceous ; fruit pod, 4 Cm. (14’) long, 6 Mm. (3’) wide, compressed 12—18-seeded, entire plant with nauseous taste ; 20 306 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. peculiar odor. Tops, in thin flexible branched twigs, pentangular, winged, dark-green, nearly smooth, tough, usually free from leaves ; odor when bruised peculiar; taste disagreeably bitter. Solvents: water; alcohol. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). : ConstTITUENTS.—Sparteine, Scoparin, Volatile oil, tannin, fat, wax, sugar, ash 5-6 p. c. . Sparteine, C,,H,,N,.—This alkaloid is cardiac stimulant, narcotic, and is obtained by distilling mother-waters of scoparin, or by ex- hausting plant with acidulated (H,SO,) water, distilling concentrated liquid with soda. It is a colorless, oily liquid, brown upon exposure, aniline odor, bitter, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform ; yield 5j (4 Ce.) from 25 lbs. (11 Kg.) of plant ; Fig. 198, forms salts (hydrochlorate, hydroio- date, sulphate, etc., all in crystalline form). Sparteinze Sulphas, Sparteine Sulphate, C,,H,,.N,H,SO, + 4H,0, official—(Syn., Fr, Sulfate de Spar- tein; Ger. Sparteinsulfat.) Obtained by neutralizing the alkaloid sparteine with sulphuric acid and crystallizing. It is a neutral sulphate, in white prismatic crystals or powder, odor- less; saline, bitter taste; absorbs moisture; no residue, soluble in water, alcohol. Test: Shake 0.05 Gm. + 5 Ce. potassa or soda T. 8. in atest-tube; liquid becomes turbid, and small drops of sparteine grad- ually collect on the surface; now place a strip of moistened red litmus at the mouth, heat gently; paper turns blue, but no ammoniacal odor (abs. ammonium salts). Dose, gr. Cytisus scoparius, lowering branch. i-3 (.01-.03 Gm.). Scoparin, C,,H,,O,,.—This glu- coside is diuretic, and is prepared from the concentrated. decoction which gelatinizes on standing; this jelly is expressed, purified by re- peated solution in hot water and finally in hot alcohol. It is in pale- yellow crystals, or amorphous powder, odorless, tasteless, soluble in alcohol, hot water, alkalies. Dose, gr. 1-10 (.06-.6 Gm.). Preparations.—1. Extractum Scoparit Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Scoparius. (Syn., Fluid Extract of Broom; Fr. Extratt liquide de Genét 4 Balais ; Ger. Fliissiges Besenginster-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with diluted alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Cc.). Unoff. Preps.: Decoction, 5 p.c. Dose, 5j—2 (30-60 Ce.). Succus. PropErtirs.—Diuretic, narcotic ; large doses, emetic, cathartic, ARAROBA—GOA POWDER. 307 PAPILIONACES. paralyzing respiratory and motor centres ; causes tonic convulsions, death by asphyxia; normal doses strengthen heart beats, slow the rate, (acting directly on the cardiac muscle and the inhibitory apparatus), increase cutaneous and renal circulation (flow of urine and excretion of urea); may quicken pulse when abnormally slow, acting as a regulator. Usrs.—Cardiac affections, palpitation, asthma, dropsies, chronic Bright’s disease, nephritis ; inferior to digitalis, although having the advantage of quicker action (within 20 minutes), and no cumulative effect ; must not be given in acute kidney troubles. Dropsical sheep are benefited by it, and it is sometimes substituted for hops. Poisoning: Strychnine, atropine, electricity (respiration), tannin, potassium iodide, diuretics, diluents. Ineompatibles: Tannic acid, potassium iodide. Synergists: Digitalis, strophanthus, ete. Allied Plants: 1. Spa’rtium ju’nceum, Spanish Broom.—Leaves soft, hairy ; seeds reniform, properties like official; fibres used for cordage, coarse cloth, ete. 2... Bapti' sia tincto’/ria, Wild or False Indigo.—The whole plant offi- cial, 1830-1840. N. America. Plant .6—-1 M. (2-3°) high, smooth, succulent, glaucous ; flowers yellow, root most active; has head with knotty branches ; plant has disagreeable odor when bruised ; taste bit- ter, acrid, nauseous ; contains baptisine (acrid, .poisonous), baptisin (bitter glucoside), baptin (purgative glucoside) ; used as a stimulant for scarlatina, typhus, dysentery ; locally—aphthe, ulcers, etc.; in decoc- tion, infusion. ‘Dose, gr. 5-15 (.8-1 Gm.) ; baptisin gr. 2-6 (.13—.4 ‘Gm.); large doses, emetic, cathartic. ARAROBA. GOA POWDER. ‘Chrysarobinum. Chrysarobin, C,,H,,O,, Official. ( A neutral principle, in its im- - iz ee pure commercial form, ex- youacapoua Araroba: guiar) Lyons. s (Andira Araroba, Aguiar. ) tracted from Goa Powder, a substance found in this. plant’s wood. Habitat. Brazil, Bahia, in damp forests. Syn. Araroba, Arariba, Po(h)de Bahia. Fr. Poudre de Goa, Chrysarobine. Ger. ‘Goa Pulvre. Chrysarobin. Vou-a-ca-pou/’a. L. fr. native C. American name (nomen caribeum), voicapou. Ar-a-ro’ba. L. fr. E. India name ar(ar)oba, as applied to the bark. An-di/ra. L. reproduction of its Brazilian name. Chrys-ar-o-bi/num. L. for Chry-sar’o-bin, fr. Gr. ypvodc, gold, + ar(ar)oba. | Go’a. After Port Colony of Goa, in India into which it was imported from Bahia, in Brazil, 1852. Piant.—The Vouacapoua Araroba or Po’ de Bahia is a large tree 24-30 M. (80-100°) high, closely allied to the W. Indies ‘“ Cabbage Tree” ; trunk smooth, spheroidal, head not very bushy ; leaves pari- 308 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. pinnate, with long petioles ; flowers purple, paniculate racemes ; wood yellow, with numerous longitudinal canals and many irregular trans- verse interspaces or lacune, in which the Goa Powder is found result- ing from the decay of trunk wood (medullary rays) which yields much chrysophanic acid by oxidation. Commer cial.—Tree is called natively Angelim Amargosa ; the oldest yield most powder, which is obtained by felling, splitting the tree and then scraping the powder from the clefts, those doing this often suffer- ing with irritated eyes and face. It is light-yellow when fresh, but brownish by exposure, slightly crystalline, rough, mixed with wood- fibres, inodorous, bitter ; 7 p. c. soluble in water, 80 p. c. in benzene, 50 p. c. in hot chloroform. ConstrituENtTs.—Goa PowpER: Chrysarobin 80-84 p. ¢., gum 7 p- ¢., resin 2 p. c., bitter extractive 7 p. c., woody fibre 5 p. c., ash 0.5 p. c. Cie ans Chrysarobin.—This is obtained by hot benzene; it is a pale-orange, crystalline powder ; odorless, tasteless, brownish by exposure ; completely soluble in 150 parts boiling alcohol, 33 boiling benzene, chloroform, ether, alkaline solution; no residue. Tests: 1. Dissolves in sulphuric acid with deep-red color, and this poured into water precipitates the substance unchanged ; 2. 1 Gm. + 10 Ce. po- tassa T. S. in a test-tube, upon shaking the solution becomes at first yellow, then yellowish-red, deep-red, from absorbing air thus produc- ing chrysophanic acid; C,,H,,O, + O, = 2C,,H,,O, + 3H,O. Chrysa- robin gives brown mass with melted: potassa, and is nearly insoluble in’ dilute potassa solution, while chrysophanic acid gives blue mass, and is soluble in dilute potassa solution with red color. Dose, gr. § (.008 Gm..).. P aieiaeat 4 Unguentum Chrysarobini. Chrysarobin Oint- ment. (Syn., Fr. Pommade de Chrysarobine; Ger. Chrysarobin-salbe.) Manufacture: 5 p.c. Chrysarobin 5 Gm., benzoinated lard 95. PRopPERTIES.—Irritant, in doses of gr. 20 (1.3 Gm.) gastro-intestinal irritant, causing large watery, bilious stools, vomiting, nausea. Ex- ternally, produces diffuse dermatitis, followed by follicular and furun- cular inflammation ; stains skin dark-brown, removed by chlorinated lime. Usrs.—Parasitic skin diseases of vegetable origin, ringworm, acne, fulvus, psoriasis, chronic eczema, hemorrhoids. Allied Compounds : 1. Anthrarobin (Desoxyalizarin), C,,H,,O,,—Obtained from the coal-tar product alizarin by action of nascent hydrogen ; it is a strong deoxidizing agent, miscible with fats, weaker, less irritating and toxic than chrysarobin, soluble in alcohol, glycerin. : 2. Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride, NH,OHHCI.—This does not stain the skin, hence is often preferred to the other reducing agents (chrysarobin, pyrogallol, anthrarobin, etc.) in skin diseases, but being a poison care must be exercised in not allowing too much to be ab- sorbed by the system. PHYSOSTIGMA—PHYSOSTIGMA. 809 PAPILIONACEZ. PHYSOSTIGMA. PHYSOSTIGMA (Carasar Buan). Physostigma venenosum, Balfour. } The seed. Habitat. W. Africa (near mouths of Niger and Old Calabar Rivers, in the Gulf of : Guinea. Introduced into India and Brazil). . Syn. Ordeal Bean, Chop Nut, Split Nut. Fr. Féve de Calabar. Ger. Faba Cala- barica, Kalabarbohne.' : Phy-so-stig’ma. L. fr. Gr. gboa, a bladder,+ oriyua, stigma, stigmatic appen- dage is hollow and inflated. ‘Ven-e-no’sum. L. venenosus, full of poison, poisonous; t. ¢, plant’s property. Cal/a-bar Bean ; +. e., bean from the Calabar district on W. African coast. Piant.—Woody, perennial climber; stem 12-15 M. (40-50°) long, 5 Cm. (2’) thick, smooth, resembles our scarlet runner and Spanish bean (genus Phase’ olus); root spread- ing, fibrils many, having attached small succulent tubers; leaves large, pinnately trifoliate ; leaf- lets 7.5-15 Cm. (3-67) long, stipulate, ovate pointed; flowers purp- lish, racemes; fruit June— LOA September, pod 10-17.5 - Ah : LBS ed Cm. (4-7’) long, com- Tre : pressed, pointed, pale- Le GE eat (he brown, 2-valved, reticu- iti lately veined, dehiscent, ey inside woolly, 2-3-seed- ig ed. Sep, 25 Mm. (1’) : long, 15 Mm. (2’) broad, 12 Mm. (3’) thick, ob- long, reniform, testa gran- ular, a chocolate-brown color, hilum in a broad black groove, extending over entire length of the convex edge, bordered on each side by reddish- brown ridge, embryo with a short, curved radicle, and two large, white, concavo-convex cotyle- Physostigma vehenosum. dons; inodorous; taste bean-like. The embryo on moistening with potassa T. 8. becomes pale- yellow ; embryo 72 p. c., integuments 28 p.c. Solvent: alcohol. Dose, gr. 1-4 (.06-.26 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—1. P. cylindrospe'rmum, seeds 4 Cm. (12’) long, 310 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. nearly cylindrical, groove and hilum shorter, not extending quite to the end. 2. E’ntada sca’ndens, seed 5 Cm. (2’) long, also Oil Palm Seeds and seeds of Mucuna species. None of these resembles to any extent the official. ConsTITUENTS.—Physostigmine (eserine) .1 p. c., Calabarine (es- eridine), eseramine (physiologically inactive), phytosterin, starch 48 p. ¢. proteids (albumin) 23 p. c., mucilage, fat 2.5 p.c., ash 3p.c. _ Physostigmine, C,,H,,N,O,—Chiefly in embryo; obtained by mixing powdered bean with 1 p. ¢. tartaric acid, exhausting with alcohol, evaporating ; treat residue with water, agitate filtrate with ether to remove color, add sodium bicarbonate, shake with ether, evaporate, getting colorless, amorphous physostigmine, hygroscopic, tasteless, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, carbon disul- phide, slightly in water ; forms salts (benzoate, citrate, hydrobromate, hydrochlorate, nitrate, etc.). With alkalies or chlorinated lime yields red rubreserine, with sulphuric acid gives yellow, then olive green. Dose, gr. z45-¢5 (.0005-.001 Gm.). Fie. 202. Fic. 200. Fig. 201. Physostigma ; view from the Physostigma split, showing cotyledons. Physostigma cylin- side and edge, showing length drospermum. of hilum. Physostigmine Salicylas. Physostigmine Salicylate, oficial.— (Syn., Eserine Salicylate; Fr. Salicylate d’Eserine ; Ger. Physostigmin- salicylat.) Obtained by neutralizing alcoholic solution of the alkaloid with salicylic acid, allowing to crystallize ; occurs in faintly yellowish crystals, odorless, bitter, reddish upon exposure, soluble in 150 parts water, 12 alcohol, no residue. Tests: 1. With sulphuric acid yellow. 2. With ammonia water yellowish-red color; evaporate, get blue residue which dissolves in alcohol (blue), becoming violet-red and fluorescent with acetic acid. 3. With ferric chloride T. S. get deep- violet color. Dose, gr. 74 5-g/y (.0005-.001 Gm.). Physostigmine Sulphas, Physostigmine Sulphate, offcial._— (Syn., Eserine Sulphate ; Fr. Sulphate d’Esérine ; Ger. Physostigmin- sulfat.) Obtained by neutralizing alcoholic solution of the alkaloid with sulphuric acid, allowing to crystallize ; occurs in yellowish-white crystals, odorless, bitter, deliquescent, reddening by exposure, soluble in water, alcohol, no residue. Tests: With barium chloride T. 8. get ; PHYSOSTIGMA—PHYSOSTIGMA. 311 PAPILIONACEE. white precipitate, insoluble in hydrochloric acid. Other tests same as in salicylate. Both salts should be kept in dark-amber, well-stoppered vials. Dose, gr. 74 5—¢!y (.0005-.001 Gm.). Calabarine, C,,H,,.N,O,.—Derivative of physostigmine, from which it is distinguished mainly by its insolubility in ether; obtained from its mother-liquor by precipitating with lead subacetate and ammonia, evaporating filtrate ; treat residue with alcohol, precipitate with phos- photungstic acid, decompose with baryta. It is tetanic, may cause diarrhoea, soluble in water and alcohol, insoluble in ether, by warm dilute acids converted into physostigmine. Dose, gr. 51-5 (.003- .006 Gm.). Phytosterin.—Neutral principle obtained by exhausting beans with benzin; resembles cholesterin, crys- talline, but has no rotative power. Fig. 203. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Physostigmatis. Extract of Phy- sostigma. (Syn., Fr. Extrait de Féve de Calabar; Ger. Extrac- tum Fabe Calabarice, Kalabar- bohnen-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, perco- late 100 Gm. with alcohol. Dose, gr. ;-4 (.006-.03 Gm.). 2. Linctura Physostigmatis. Tincture of Physostigma. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Féve de Calabar ; Ger. Kalabarbohnentinktur.) Manufacture: 15 p.c. Macerate, percolate 15 Gm. with alcohol q. s. 100 Cc. Dose, Mv—20 (.3-1.3 Ce.). PROPERTIES.—Sedative, myot- ic, motor depressant, paralyzant, emetic, purgative, diaphoretic, sia- |, sehen ae lagogue, poisonous. Stimulates sa- nee gathered aleweats & alten livary, gastric and intestinal secre- tions, peristalsis, acting directly upon the unstriped muscle-fibres, quickens breathing then retards it, heart becomes slow and irregular, but more powerful, finally feeble and ceasing altogether, depresses, ultimately paralyzes spinal cord reflex and motor centres, When poisoned, have nausea, giddiness, indistinct vision, diminished heart action, muscular tremors and weakness, then complete relaxation, retarded respiration, motor paralysis, sphincters contract, cold extremi- ties, skin covered with cholera-like sweat. Conscious until death, which is caused by carbonic acid narcosis and paralysis of muscles of respiration. _ Usrs.—Tetanus, chorea, epilepsy, progressive paralysis, tonic con- vulsions, gastralgia, strychnine and atropine poisoning, constipation 312 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. (combined with belladonna and nux vomica). Externally, in neural- gia, muscular rheumatism, malignant tumors. Physostigmine (4 p. c. in water, few drops into eye) for breaking up ocular adhesions (iris, cornea, lens), lessen intra-ocular tension, iritis, corneal ulcers, pro- lapsed iris, paralysis of the iris accommodation following diphtheria, glaucoma. In Africa as ordeal bean of Calabar for punishing crimi- nals and for witchcraft, the accused having to eat them until they vomit or die : if former, innocent ; latter, guilty. A paste of 20 seeds will kill. Poisoning: Evacuate stomach (emetics, pump). Give atropine hy- podermically, gr. ,4, (.002 Gm.); tannin, chloral hydrate (spine), strychnine, diffusible stimulants, coffee, ammonia, digitalis, alcohol, artificial heat and respiration, electricity. Empty bladder often (cathe- ter) as it is eliminated by kidneys (bile and saliva), and urine becomes posionous. Incompatibles: Vegetable astringents, tannin, caustic alkalies, atro- pine, chloral hydrate, motor and tetanizing excitants. Synergists: Motor depressants, conium, gelsemium, amy] nitrite, etc. Allied Plant : 1. Mucu'na pru’riens.—Hairs of the pods official, 1820-1880. . and W. Indies. Climbing plant, flowers resemble those of the pea, purple ; leaflets hairy ; pods coriaceous, shape of italic letter f, 10 Cm. (4’) long, covered with brown hairs, 2.5 Mm. (-1;’) long, stiff, filled with brown granular matter, readily penetrating the skin, causing vio- lent itching. Detached from pods (which then are eaten as also when green in India) by dipping into honey, scraping into paste. Contains resin, tannin. Used as anthelmintic for round worms; irritant in paralysis. Action on worms thought to be mechanical. Dose, gr. 1- 3 (.06-.2 Gm.), followed by calomel, jalap. Ointment also used. 43. GERANIACEE. Cranesbill or Geranium Family. Je-ra-ni-a’se-e. L. Gerani-um + acer, fem. pl. of geraniaceus, fr. Gr. 7épavos, a crane ; i. ¢., called cranesbill from resemblance of the long beak of seed capsule. Herbs or shrubs with stipules and swollen joints. Distinguished from Rutacee by leaves non-glandular, non-punctate ; axis of lobed fruit persistent; carpels distinct, indehiscent; flowers often showy and irregular; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 10; ovary lobes as many as sepals with common style, superior ; fruit capsular, seed exalbuminous ; universal; astringent, aromatic, resinous, per- fumery. Genus: 1. Geranium. GERANIUM. GERANIUM (CranespiLz). Geranium at Pind. \The rhizome. maculatum, Habitat. WN. America—rich woods, thickets (Canada, United States). Syn. Alum, American Kino or Astringent Root, American Tormentilla, Crowfoot, Spotted or Wild Geranium—Craneshill—Dovefoot. Fr. Racine de Bec de Grue tacheté, Racine de Pied de Corneille. Ger. Fleckstorchschnabelwurzel. GERANIUM—GERANIUM. 3138 GERANIACEZ. Ge-ra/ni-um. L. see etymology, on page 312, of Geraniacee. Mac-u-la/tum. L. maculatus, macula, spotted, spot; %¢, leaves acquire white spots by age. Piant.—Perennial herb ; stem green, erect, hairy, .3—-.6 M. (1-2°) high; leaves palmately 5-7-lobed, each lobe incised at extremity, wedge-shaped, hairy, pale-green with paler spots ; flowers April—June, large, 2.5-4 Cm. (1-1%’) wide, purplish, umbels; petals 5, entire, bearded, on claw 12 Mm, (3’) long; fruit long-beaked, with five 1- seeded carpels. Ruizome, horizontal, cylindrical, 5—7. 5 Om. (2-3’) long, 12 Mm. (#’) thick, sharply tuberculated, longitudinally wrink- led, dark-brown ; facture short, reddish- brown, bark thin; wood- wedges yellowish, small, in circle near cambium line, medullary rays broad ; central pith large ; roots thin, fragile ; bark thick, inodorous, astringent. Should be collected in early autumn, washed and dried. Was very popular with our Indians, but now little used. Solvents: alcohol ; water. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—1. Potenti’lla Tormenti’lla. Europe, N. Amer- ica, resembles our cinquefoil. 2. Poly’gonum Bisto'rta. United States. 3. Sanguina’ria canade’nsis. N. America. 4. Roots of all allied species. ConstiTuENTs. — Tannin 12-27 p. ¢., Gallic acid, red Fie. 204. coloring matter, (starch, pec- tin, sugar). Tannin.—Present in largest amount about April; it is avalogous to gallo-tannio acid, |, cacan yields blue-black with ferric Seni ofshsome cedaeae wince salts and pyrogallol on heating. Gallic Acid.—Mostly in the dry rhizome. The “ Eclectic” resinoid extract, geranin, is made by precipitating the concentrated alcoholic tincture with water. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Geranii Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Geranium. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Géranium maculé; Ger. Fliissiges Fleckenstorchschnabel-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with glycerin 10 Ce., diluted alcohol 90, finishing with latter alone q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—-1 (2-4 Ce.). : Unoff. Preps.: Extract. Tincture. Decoction, 5 p.c. This latter can be made with milk when preferred. PRopPERTIES.—Astringent, tonic (due to tannin); goad for infants and others having weak stomachs. Uses.—Similar to tannin: Diarrhea, chronic dysentery, cholera infantum, hemorrhages. Locally, gleet, leucorrhoea, aphthe, relaxed vagina, throat, uvula, rectum, indolent ulcers. Allied Plants : 1. G. Robertia’num.—Europe ; popular astringent, diuretic for hem- orrhages, gravel. 2. Ero! dium (Geranium) mosch'atum, Storksbi!l—Diaphoretic. 3. E. cieuta/rium, Heron’s-bill—Diuretic, dropsy. 314 "BaoyLou0s ORGANIC DRUGS. 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Flax Family. Li-na’se-e. L. Lin-wm + acee, flax, fr. Celtic dlin, a thread, whence Gr. Aivov, L. linum (classic names), Eng. linen ;- 7. ¢., its fabric. Herbs. Distinguished by flowers being regular; stamens 5, monadelphous at base; sepals 5, imbricate, petals 5; ovary 2~5-celled, styles 2—5 ; fruit capsular, seeds 2 in each cell, albuminous, superior, universal ; temperate climates; demulcent, purgative, stimulant, sedative, tonic ; fibres, oil. Genus: 1. Linum. .LINUM. LINSEED (FLaxsEep). Linum \ usitatissimum, Linné. The seed. Habitat. C. Asia, Egypt, S. Europe, cultivated in Russia, Egypt, India, United States, S. Europe, aaa Holland ; spontaneous in most temperate countries. Syn. Flax, Lint-bells, Winter lien. Br. Lini Semina. Fr. Semence (graine) de Lin. Ger. Leinsame, Flachssamen. Li‘num. L. see etymology, above, of Linacez. U-si-ta-tis’si-mum. L. sup. adj. fr. usitatus, most useful, common, familiar. Flax/seed. AS. fleax, flechten, to braid, plait, twist ; 7. e., its fibres, + seed. Piant.—An annual; stem .6 M. (2°) high, stiff, erect, solitary, round, smooth, green; leaves small, lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile, pale-green, 2-4 Cm. (#-13’) long; flowers Fig. 2065. June—July ; terminal, bluish; fruit August, OF globular capsule, size of pea, with persistent calyx at base, crowned with sharp spine, 10-seeded in distinct cells. Strep, 5 Mm. (2’) long, ovate, flattened, oblique, pointed at one end, brown, glossy, covered with trans- parent mucilaginous epithelium, which swells in water; embryo whitish, with two oily, plano-convex cotyledons, and a thin peri- sperm ;.inodorous ; taste mucilaginous, oily, bitter. Solvent: boiling water. Dose, 5j—2 (4-8 Gm.), The flax is of ancient origin, being prized for its fabric and medical properties ; most of our seeds now come from Russia and Germany, but our own country furnishes considerable. ConsTITUENTS.—Fixed oil 35-40 p. c. (in nucleus), Mucilage, C,,H,,O,,, 15 p. c. (in epithelium), proteids 25 p.c., amygdalin, (resin, wax, sugar, no starch, ash 5 p. ¢.= phosphates, sulphates, chlorides of potassium, cal- cium, and magnesium). Oleum Lini. Linseed Oil, oficial—(Syn., Oil of Flaxseed ; Fr. Huile de Lin; Ger. Leinél, Leinsamendl.) A fixed oil expressed LINUM—LINSEED. 817 LINACEA. without heat. Usually, however, the seeds are dried with heat, then crushed, and pressed; yield by cold process 16-20 p. c., by heat 25-28 p.c. It is a yellowish, oily, limpid liquid, of peculiar odor, bland taste ; by exposure thickens, acquiring a strong odor and taste ; sp. gr. 0.930—0.940 ; congeals at —20° C.(—4° F.) ; soluble in ether, chloroform, oil of turpentine, 10 parts alcohol. Consists of linolein 80 p. c., with glycerides of palmitin, myristin, and olein. Linolein is the drying property, being the glyceride of linoleic acid, otherwise same as the non-drying olein ; upon exposure is converted into oxy- linoleic acid hydrate, then finally into linoxyn, C,,H,,O,,, which is in- soluble in ether and very soon forms in the boiled oil. The oil ex- pressed with heat is darker, of stronger odor and more acrid taste. Impurities: Free acid, non-drying oils, paraffin oils, cod-liver oil. Dose, 5ss—2 (15-60 Cc.). PREPARATIONS.—OIL: 1. Linimentum Calcis, 50 p. c.; use ex- ternally. 2. Sapo Mollis. Soft Soap. (Syn., Sapo Viridis, Green Soap ; Fr. Savon (mou) vert; Ger. Kaliseife, Griine seife.) Fre. 206. Manufacture: Dissolve potassa 90 Gm. TESA in water 450 Cc., add alcohol 40; add this to linseed oil 400 Gm., heat until mixture soluble in boiling water without separation of oily drops. This is potassium oleate, as common soap is sodium oleate ; it is a soft, unctuous mass, brownish-yellow, soluble in 5 parts hot water, 2 alcohol. 5 Prep. : 1. Linimentum Saponis Molli. Flaxseed, entire, magnified 3 diam.; Liniment of Soft Soap. (Syn., H4Bsrerg fection near the etige, mag: Tinctura Saponis Viridis, Spiritus Saponis Kalinus Hebra; Fr. Teinture de Savon vert Ger. Hebra’s Seifenspiritus.) Manufacture: Dissolve oil of lavender 2 Ce. in alcohol 30, to this add soft soap 65 Gm., agitate, filter, adding water q. s. 100 Ce. Unoff. Preps.: SEED. Infusion, 5 p.c. Compound Infusion, 5 p. c.+ liquorice root 2 p. c. These were once official and are effective from the dissolved mucilage of the epithelium (testa), which is only altered starch. Dose, ad libitum. _ Decoction, 5 p.c. Poultice. — PropERtTIES.—Demuleent, emollient, diluent, diuretic. Uses.—Jnfusion or tea for inflammation of mucous membranes of respiratory, digestive, and urinary organs, renal and vesical irritation, catarrh, dysentery, calculi, strangury. Decoction, owing to the oil it contains, is less acceptable to the mouth, but all the better for enema. Poultice of ground meal to enlarged glands, swellings, boils, pneumo- nia, etc., made by adding boiling water to meal for proper consistency. Should coat skin with glycerin, olive or other oil. before applying, and place as closely to ailing spot as possible; may cover with oiled silk to retain heat and moisture, and may add olive oil, Jaudanum, or any 318 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. anodyne, stimulating, or astringent solution to poultice. The oil is laxative (3); 30 Cc.), excellent in piles (3j-2; 30-60 Ce. night and morning) ; it is sometimes added to purgative enemata, also to cover erysipelatous and irritated skin surfaces, but with the disadvantages of soon drying (thus rendering skin stiff) and becoming sour and ir- ritating. The /inimentum calcis is applied to fresh burns to modify irritation. Allied Products : ‘ 1. Lini Farina.—Flaxseed (linseed) meal, official, 1860-1880; pre- pared by grinding official seed, and for medicinal uses, should be fresh, free from unpleasant or rancid odor, and when extracted with carbon disulphide should yield not less than 25 p. ec. fixed oil. The filtered infusion has an insipid mucilaginous taste and should not be blue with iodine T. 8. (abs. starch). Adulterations: Cornmeal, starches, flour. 2. Flaxseed Cake.—Oil cake. Flaxseed when ground yields cake- meal, and this, after being deprived of oil, becomes oil cake ; it still contains all of the nitrogen, 4-5 p. ¢., and, moreover, a little oil, thus serving well as a cattle food; vields ash 5-8 p. c. 3. Boiled Linseed Oil.—Obtained by heating oleum lini to 130° C. (266° F.), when it boils, losing 6-8 p.c. by weight; it is darker in color, thicker, and dries faster, hence useful in painting, varnishing, ete. 4, Flax liber-fibres.—These furnish our linen, which, when scraped, gives lint, while the priniitive short fibre is useful as tow. 45. ERYTHROXYLACEZ. Coca Family. E-rith-rox-sil-a’se-e. L. Erythroxyl-on + acer, fr. Gr. eou8pdc, red, + €vdov, wood; 7. e, some species have red wood. Shrubs, trees. Distinguished by flowers regular, small, calyx 5-lobed, petals 5, stamens 10, ovary 1-3-celled, superior; fruit drupe; temperate climates, tropics ; stimulant, tonic, narcotic, dye. Genus: 1. Erythroxylon. COCA. COCA (ERYTHROXYLON),. Erythroxylon Coca, Lamarck. }The leaves. Habitat. Peru, Bolivia (Colombia, Brazil, India, Ceylon, J: ee cultivated. Syn. Spadic, Coca leaves, Cuca. Fr. Feuilles de Coca. Ger. Coca blitter. Er-y-throx’y-lon. L. see etymology, above, of Erythroxylacez. Co’ca. Sp. fr. native name, meaning tree or plant, par excellence. Prant.—Shrub 1-2 M. (3-6°) high, with many spreading, pur- plish-brown branches, wrinkled bark, twigs smooth; flowers yellow, small, petals 5; stamens 10; fruit reddish drupe, oval, 12 Mm. (3’) long, sareocarp scanty. LEAvEs, oval-elliptical, 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2’) long, 2-4 Cm. (#-1}’) wide, bright-green above, paler and glaucous beneath, petiole short, entire, obtuse or emarginate, both sides reticu- cy COCA—COCA. 319 ERYTHROXYLACEE. late, midrib prominent, having on each side, on the under surface, a parallel, slightly curved line, running from base to apex, due to strands of collenchyme cells; odor slight, tea-like; taste aromatic, bitter, when chewed temporarily benumbs the lips and tongue. Sol- vent: diluted aleohol. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). Commercial.—Coca, although not introduced into England until 1870, was used by the aborigines in 8. America prior to the Spanish conquest. They considered it a divine gift, used it in religious services, and spoke of it as a God-given plant, satisfying hunger, strengthening the weak, and banishing man’s misfortunes. The invaders, not liking such hom- age, forbade its use and cultivation until they observed it enabled the Fig. 207. Fic. 208. = Coca leaf, underside, Erythroxylon Coca. usual size. conquered to do more work for them. It is now largely cultivated in the Andes, at 600-1,500 M. (2,000-5,000°) elevation, on plantations © (cocales) cleared from the forests on the warm declivities, the largest being in La Paz province, Bolivia. Plant is propagated as our peach, yielding at the second year and continuing for fifty. Leaves, when bright-green above and yellow-green below, are carefully picked to avoid breaking them or injuring the young leaf buds, which form the second crop; they are carried away in baskets, spread on unroofed floors and dried quickly in the sun (if too rapidly, lose odor and green color ; if too slowly, acquire disagreeable odor and taste), and packed in bags (cestos) 25-50 lbs. (11.6-23.3 Kg.), or tin-lined boxes to bet- ter prevent deterioration in transportation, which results from fermen- 320 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. tative decomposition. There are 3-4 harvests yearly, the Sept. being best, the April next, each yielding 300-900 Ibs. (140-420 Kg.) per acre. Total annual yield 80,000,000 Ibs. (37,383,177 Kg.), chiefly exported from Lima. There are two commercial varieties. 1. Truwillo, after the N. Peru seaport. Leaves occur much broken, are thin, bright colored, fragile, fibro-vascular bundles circular, smaller, narrower, more lanceolate, and lateral lines finer than in next variety. Java and India coca (E£. Coca, var. Sprucea’num) is identical with Truxillo, but owing to inferiority is not exported. 2. Huanuco or Cuzco, after the cities of 8. E. Peru (#. Coca and var. bolivia’num). Leaves occur not much broken, thick, coriaceous, fibro-vascular bundles flat, spread out. The true Bolivian Coca has larger fruit, smaller leaves, are the best, seldom exported, being used at home. CoNSsTITUENTS.—Hygrine, Cocaine 0.36-1.67 p. c., benzoyl-ecgo- nine, cinnamyleocaine, truxilcocaine (truxilline or cocamine), coca- tannic acid, coca wax. Hygrine.— Volatile, aromatic, liquid alkaloid, yellow, burning taste, odor of trimethylamine, soluble in water, alcohol, ether, aqueous solu- tions of salts fluorescent. Some claim this not to be a constituent of coca, but to be obtained from the solvent used in the separation of the alkaloids. ; Cocaina, Cocaine (methyl-benzoyl-ecgonine), C,,H,,NO,—An alka- loid consisting of methyl alcohol, benzoic acid and ecgonine, C,H,,NO,, into which it separates by heating with strong hydrochloric acid. Obtained by moistening leaves with solution of soda, and treating with benzin, from which the alkaloids, as salts, can be transferred to diluted sulphuric acid by agitation ; upon adding an excess of soda solution the lesser alkaloids and cocaine are precipitated (hygrine remaining in solution) ; cocaine can now be separated by filtering and expressing, and purified by crystallizing from alcohol; occurs in white, bitter prisms, soluble in water, alcohol, ether ; forms salts (hydrochlorate, nitrate, sulphate, etc.). Cocaine Hydrochloras, Cocaine Hydrochlorate, C,,H,,NO,HCI, official—Obtained by dissolving the pure alkaloid in alcoholic solution of hydrochloric acid, and crystallizing the anhydrous salt; occurs in white transparent crystals or powder, odorless, bitter, with tingling and numbing sensations to the tongue, soluble in 0.48 part water, 3.5 alcohol, no residue. Tests: 1. Potassium permanganate gives a violet- purple precipitate. 2. Chromic acid gives yellow precipitate, dissoly- ing upon shaking; now add hydrochloric acid getting permanent orange precipitate. 3. Rubbed with mercurous chloride on porcelain, then breathed upon, gives grayish-black color. 4. With silver nitrate T. S. get white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid. This salt is most always dispensed under the name of cocaine, usually in (hypodermic) solutions of 2, 4, 5,10 p.c. Dose, gr. 3-2 (.008- .13 Gm.). PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Coce Fluidum. Fluid Extract of COCA—COCA. 321 ERYTHROXYLACEZ. Coca. (Syn., Br. Extractum Coce Liquidum ; Fr. Extrait liquide de Coca ; Ger. Fliissiges Cocablatter-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with diluted alcohol q- 8. 100 Ce. Dose, 3ss—2 (2-8 Ce.). Unoff. Preps. : Tincture, 20 p. c. (diluted alcohol). Dose, 5j-4 (4— 15 Cc.). Vinum,10 p.c. Dose, 5ij—4 (8-15 Ce.). Infusion. Dose, 5j-2 (30-60 Ce.). Oleate of Cocaine, 10 p. c., used externally. PRoPERTIES.—Cerebral stimulant, bitter tonic, diuretic, mydriatic, diaphoretic, anaphrodisiac, narcotic. Locally, has no action upon the un- broken skin, but acts upon mucous membranes and subcutaneous tissue as anesthetic and analgesic, producing also its constitutional effects. It increases digestion, respiration, heart action, temperature, arterial ten- sion, and the irritability of the sensory nerves, followed by mental, moral and muscular depression. It anesthetizes the gastric mucous mem- brane, thereby temporarily deadening the sensation of hunger and thirst, which, however, seem all the greater as the effects of the drug wear off ; the brain is stimulated by increasing the blood supply, producing wake- fulness, a sense of hilarity and well-being (similar to cannabis indica), increased muscular strength and endurance. Acts as a diuretic by checking waste processes, lessening the quantity of urea, but increases that of urine ; dilates the pupil by stimulating the ends of sympathetic nerve in the iris. When full amount is chewed one works cheerfully as long as the effect lasts, irrespective of meal hour, which may con- tinue 8-4 days from repeated doses—usually, however, food is taken at night, and only the meal of mid-day bridged over. Natives drink its tea like Chinese tea elsewhere, and carry a bag of leaves and one of ashes or lime ; after forming a cud of the leaves deprived of ribs (5) ; 4 Gm.) a little ash or lime is added to give pungency and to aid the secretion of saliva; each chew lasts an hour, when a new one follows. Cocaine, in general action, resembles atropine ; causes little injury to natives, but strangers become haggard-looking and idiotic. Usrs.—In melancholia, epilepsy, spinal paralysis, insanity, diabetes, headache, typhoid state, opium-habit, uterine inertia, cholera morbus, spermatorrheea, debility, poisoning by chloral hydrate, opium or bromides. Locally, to burns, painful ulcers, fissures of anus, hay fever, sore throat, laryngitis, hemorrhoids, bronchitis, coryza, and in surgical operations. Poisoning: Usually have convulsions, unconsciousness, failure of circulation, slow respiration and dilated pupils. No more than gr. 2 (.045 Gm.) should be applied at once. Empty the stomach, then stimulants—amyl] nitrite, caffeine, atropine, ammonia inhalations ; chloral hydrate, chloroform, ether or morphine injections ; strychnine, artificial respiration. Chronic poisoning (cocainism or habit) is nearly as degenerative and serious as that of opium, and may be treated simi- larly, but usage dpes not create nerve irritation to the same extent, consequently one with a strong will power can desist abruptly the use without suffering other than the want of mental satisfaction and pleas- ures the craving for which it tends to establish. 21 3822 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Incompatibles: Alkalies, alkaline carbonates and bicarbonates, mer- curic chloride, iodine, iodides, ammonia, zinc chloride, borax. Synergists: Cerebral. effects—alcohol, cannabis indica, belladonna ; analgesic—atropine, carbolic acid, conium, opium ; mydriatic—atropine. 46. ZYGOPHYLLACE. Guaiacum or Bean-caper Family. Zu-go-fi-la'se-e. LL. Zygophyll-wm + acex, fr. Gr. Cvrov, yoke, + gvidoy, leaf ; i. e., leaves foliolate, yoked and in pairs. Herbs, trees, shrubs. Distinguished by flowers, white, red, yellow with fleshy disk ; sepals 5, free, glandless ; petals 4—5, filaments 8-10, having small scales ; ovary lobed, 4-12-celled, superior, 2 filiform ovules in each, little or no albumin; beyond tropics ; stimulant, alterative, diapho- retic, anthelmintic ; wood hard, durable. Genus: 1. Guaiacum (Guajacum).- GUAIACUM. GUAIAC. 1. Guaract Lignum. Guaiacum Wood. 2. Guatact Resina. Guaiac. 1. The heart-wood of both species. 2. officinale, Linné, \ sancti: Loec The resin of the wood of first spe- cles. Habitat. 1. West Indies, South America (Jamaica, Hayti, Cuba, Colombia, Vene- zuela). 2. West Indies (Cuba, Bahamas, Florida). Syn. Lignum Vite, Sanctum or Benedictum, Rockwood. Fr. Gaiac, Gayac, Boisde Gayac. Ger. Guajakholz, Franzosenholz, Pockenholz, Lignum Guajaci. Fr. Résine de Gayac. Ger. Resina Guajaci, Guajak. ; ; Gua/ia-cum. L. fr. Sp. guayaco, guayacan; i. e., plant’s native Haytian name. Of-fi-ci-na/le. L. see etymology of (Rheum) officinale, page 168. : Sanc’tum. L. sanctus, sancere, consecrate ; 7. ¢., used as incense in worship. Guaiac. The correct S. American name of the tree. PLants.—l. Guaiacum (Guajacum) officinale—This is a tree 6- 12 M. (20-40°) high, trunk .3-.5 M. (1-14°) thick, branches knotty, stem-bark ash-gray, striated, variegated with greenish or purplish spots ; leaves 7.5 Cm. (3’) long, evergreen, paripinnate, 2—4 pairs ; leaflets obovate, 2.5-4 Cm. (1-1}’) long ; flowers large, blue, 4-10, in axils of upper leaves; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 10, about 18 Mm. (3’) long ; fruit capsule, 2-celled, each 1-seeded (black), obcordate. 2. Guaiacum (Guajacum) sanctum.—This is a tree 6-9 M. (20- 30°) high ; leaflets narrower, mucronate ; fruit 5-celled, seeds red ; wood paler and less dense. HEart-woop, heavier than water, sp. gr. 1.30, hard, in billets or logs, brown or greenish-brown, resinous, with irregular, concentric circles surrounded by yellowish alburnum, splitting irregularly, when heated emits balsamic odor ; taste slightly acrid. In shops as rasp- ings, greenish-brown with few white particles. Test: Should with nitric acid and other oxidizing agents turn bluish-green. Solvents: alcohol; boiling water partially. Dose, 5ss-2 (2-8 Gm.). ReEsIn Guaiacum { GUAIACUM—GUAIAC. 323 ZYGOPHYLLACEA. (guaiac), in irregular, brittle masses or subglobular*tears 12-25 Mm. (g-1’) thick, greenish-brown, internally of a glossy lustre, but if recent reddish-brown, transparent in thin splinters, sp. gr. 1.20; melts at 85° C. (185° F.), feebly aromatic, acrid, odor stronger upon heating ; powder grayish, but green on exposure. Solvents: alcohol ; acetone ; chloroform, ether, alkalies; the former solution blue with tincture ferric chloride, chlorine, chromic acid, and. other oxidizing agents. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.38-2 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.— While no other wood is known to be used for such purpose, yet out of a dozen shop-specimens Fie. 209. examined only one was observed to have resin. The resin being carelessly collected may contain . admixtures to 10, 15, 30 p.c.; thus rosin (heat for odor, or oil of turpentine will dissolve its own resin, leaving guaiac un- touched), damar (80-90 p. ¢. soluble in benzin), Peru guaiac resin (42 p. ¢. soluble in benzin), Carana resin (alcoholic solution not precipitated by lead acetate), also bark. Commercial. — The best lignum .vitcee (wood of life; i. ¢., its virtues thought to prolong life) comes from St. Domingo in logs several feet long, with adhering gray bark, showing on edges shining it ; crystals of calcium sul- The ieee Manone phate ; the bark and yel- low sap-wood are removed and the dark, hard heart-wood is turned and shaped into various implements, etc., the wastings being reserved for medicine. The finest resin is also from St. Domingo, although very good comes from Jamaica and Hayti ports. This is obtained: (1) As a natural exudation ; (2) by incisions made into the bark ; (3) by logs being scarified in the middle, then suspended horizontally in the air by two uprights and fire applied at both ends, whereby melted resin runs out from the centre into calabash cups. ConstITUENTS.—I. Woop: Resin 20-25 p. ¢., aqueous extract 324 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 3-4 p. «, ash 1 p. c. II. Restn: Guaiaretic acid, C,,H,,O,, 10 p. ¢., Guaiaconic acid, C,,H,,O,, 70 p. c., Guaiac beta-resin 10 p. c., gum 4 p. ¢., guaiacic acid, guaiac-yellow. Last two are crystalline and can be dissolved out by milk of lime; if residue is now treated with - hot alcohol, evaporated, and this residue in turn dissolved in hot solu- tion of soda, the sodium salt of guaiaretic acid crystallizes out, while the mother-liquor contains guaiaconic acid and beta-resin, which, after removing alkali, are separated by ether, the latter being insoluble. Guaiaretic acid has a faint vanilla odor, is crystalline, not blue with nitric acid ; guaiaconic acid is amorphous, colored blue by nitric acid and other oxidizing agents, guaiac-yellow occurs in pale-yellow quad- ratic octahedra, having a bitter taste. By dry distillation of guaiac get: 1. Guaiacene, C,H,O (odor of bitter-almond). 2. G'uaiacol, C,H,O, (a colorless aromatic oil, green, with Fig. 210. ferric chloride). 3. Creosol, C,H,,O, (resem- } bles guaiacol). 4, Pyroguaiacin, C,,H,,O, (in inodorous scales, green by ferric chloride, blue with warm sulphuric acid). PREPARATIONS.—I. Woop: 1. Decoctum Sarsaparille Compositum, 2 p. c. Dose, 5j-4 (30-120 Cc.). Unoff. Prep.: Decoction, 5 p.c. Dose, 5j-2 (30-60 Ce.). II. Restn: 1. Tinetura Guaiaci. Tincture of Guaiac. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Résine de Gaiac ; Ger. Tinctura Guajaci, Guajaktinktur.) Manufacture: 20 p.c. Macerate 20 Gm. with alcohol q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mv—60 (.3- 4 Ce.). ! 2. Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata.—Ammo- L.G. niated Tincture of Guaiac. (Syn., Tinctura sion tiBetm, F904 5 eross-seo- Guaiaci Composita; Fr.. Teinture de Gaiac heartwood; 5, sapwood,’ Ammoniacale ; Ger. Ammoniakalische Guajak- tinktur.) Manufacture: 20 p. c. Macerate 20 Gm. with aromatic spirit of ammonia q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mv-—30 (.3-2 Ce.). 3. Pilule Antimonii Composite, gr. 1} (.08 Gm.). Dose, 1-3 pills. Unoff. Preps.: Mixture (Mistura), Syrup. PROPERTIES.—Alterative, diaphoretic, expectorant, stimulant, anti- septic, astringent. Stimulates the flow of saliva, bronchial mucus, bile and gastric juice, causing sometimes vomiting and purging ; in- creases heart force and rapidity, dilates cutaneous blood vessels, and - large doses contract uterus. It is eliminated by bowels, kidneys, bronchi, but chiefly kidneys. UseEs.—The wood, owing to its weakness, is now seldom used in medicine ; was first employed in Europe 1508, and the Spaniards prized it highly at that period and since, for syphilis, rheumatism, gout, scrofula, skin eruptions. Its great service is in furnishing resin, XANTHOXYLUM—XANTHOXYLUM. 325 RUTACEZ. and (owing to its hardness, toughness, density, and durability), for making pestles, blocks, pulleys, rulers, skittle and bowling balls, hawser bearings, etc. The resin, although very strong, is becoming less used owing to the more powerful chemical alteratives as potassium and sodium iodides, etc. Good in rheumatism, gout, lumbago, syphilis, scrofula, skin eruptions, amenorrhcea, dysmenorrheea, diphtheria, tonsillitis (quinsy ). Guaiacol is often substituted for creosote in phthisis, coughs, ete. Dose, Mj—4 (.06-.26 Ce.). Incompatibles : Spirit of nitrous ether, mineral acids, water. Synergists: Sarsaparilla, stillingia, mezereum, sassafras, other dia- _phoretics, and some diuretics. Allied Plant : : 1. G. angustifo'lium.—S. Texas, Mexico. Wood hard, heavy, split- ting irregularly, yellowish-brown. Sometimes substituted for the official. 47. RUTACEZ. Rue Family. Ru-ta’se-e. L. Rut-a + ace, fem. pl. of rutaceus, of or resembling rue, fr. Gr. vty, puw, to flow, referring to medical properties (female). Trees, herbs, shrubs. Distinguished by leaves exstipulate, dotted with pellucid glands, containing aromatic volatile oil; sepals 4-5 ; petals 4-5, imbricated ; ovary connate or united by base, style, or stigma, superior ; stamens distinct, equal or double the petals ; albuminous or exalbuminous ; tropics ; antispasmodic, tonic, febrifuge, diuretic. Genera: 1. Xanthoxylum. 2. Pilocarpus. 3. Barosma. 4. Citrus. XANTHOXYLUM. XANTHOXYLUM (Prickiy AsH). americanum, Miller. es { Clava-Herculis, Linné. } The bark. Habitat. North America. 1. Canada to Virginia and North Carolina, rocky woods, river banks. 2. Virginia to Florida, westward to Texas, sandy coast, dry soil. are 1. Northern Prickly Ash, Angelica Tree, Pepper or Yellow Wood, Pellitory or Toothache Bark or Tree. 2. Southern, West India or Yellow Prickly Ash, Sea Ash, Pepper-wood, Hercules Club, Yellow Hercules, Prickly Yellow Wood. Fr. Clavalier, Fréne épineux. Ger. Zahnwehholz. Xan-thox’y-lum. L. fr. Gr. faviéc, yellow, + SbA0v, wood; % ¢, roots are ellow. : A-mer-i-can/um. L. belonging to America, American. Cla/va-Her’cu-lis. L. clava, club, + Hercules; i. ¢., resemblance of cone-like warts. Puants.—1. Xanthoxylum americanum. Shrub 2-4 M. (6-12°) high, covered with sharp scattered prickles; leaves imparipinnate, leaflets 4—5 pairs, ovate, downy ; flowers April-May, before the leaves, - yellowish-green, sessile, umbels, polygamous, sepaloid; fruit capsule, oval, punctate, greenish-red, 2-valved, 1 black seed. 2. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis. Small tree 6-12 M. (20-40°) high, bark with prickles protruding through large corky cones, larger 3826 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. prickles on branches and petioles ; leaflets 3-8 pairs, crenate, unequal- sided, shining ; flowers June, after leaves appear, cymes. Bark, curved or quilled, 1 Mm. (,4’) thick, brownish-gray, with white patches and minute black dots, faintly furrowed, with a few straight, two-edged spines 5 Mm. (4’) long; inner surface whitish, smooth, fracture short, non-fibrous, green in the outer, yellowish in the inner layer. Southern bark (X. Clava-Herculis) about twice as thick, with many conical corky projections 2.5 Cm. (1’) high, and stout, brown spines rising from a corky base; inodorous ; taste bitterish, very pungent; neither should be confounded with Ara/lia spino’sa, Hercules’ Club, bark of which is nearly smooth externally, but that of stem is beset with very sharp slender prickles in transverse rows.. Solvents: alcohol; boiling water. Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6—2 Gm.). ConsTITUENTS.—Similar in both barks but not identical: Resins (2), Bitter principle (xanthoxylin-e), volatile oil (acrid, green), tannin, sugar, ash 12 p. c. Resins.—One crystalline, white, tasteless, bitter in alcoholic solu- tion ; the other soft, acrid, constituting the brownish powder, xanth- oxylin, resinoid of the ‘‘ Eclectics.”’ Biss gr. 1-2 (.06-.13 Gm.). Bitter Principle (xanthoxylin-e)—Probably an alkaloid identical with berberine ; with sulphuric acid brown and dark-red. -PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Xanthoxyli Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Xanthoxylum. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Fréne épineux ; Ger. Flissiges Zahnwehholz-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol g. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mx-30 (.3-2 Ce.). Unoff. Preps.: Extract. Dose, gr. 3-10 (.2-.6 Gm.). Decoction, 5 p.c. Dose, 5ss—2 (15-60 Ce.). PROPERTIES.—Alterative, stimulant, sialagogue, emmenagogue, dia- Fra, 211, Phoretic, diuretic, causes salivation, tingling in tongue, in- creases cardiac action and arterial tension, also secretion from stomach, intestines, liver and pancreas; resembles mezereum, guaiac, sanguinaria, and stillingia in action. Usrs.—Chronic rheumatism, myalgia, lumbago, drop- sies, atonic dyspepsia, syphilis, pharyngitis, as a masticatory for toothache, tongue paralysis. Externally as a counter- irritant in female pelvic diseases. _ Allied Plants: — 1. X. flori’danum, Satin Wood.—Identical with X. park unehat cari’bewm ; X. ptero’ta, Florida, Texas, Brazil; wood yel- natural size, Tow, hard ; bark and leaves pungent. 2. Cuspa'ria Angostu’ra (Galipe’a Cusparia), Angustura.—The bark official, 1820-1880. Northern South America. Tree 4.5-6 M. (15-20°) high, leaves with three leaflets, 15-25 Cm. (6-10’) long, 5-10 Cm. (2—-4’) broad, spotted white, tobacco-odor, flowers white; bark in flat, curved, or quilled pieces 2.5 Mm. (,};’) thick, ochrey-gray, friable periderm, inside cinnamon-red, strie of calcium oxalate, aromatic, bitter ; contains volatile oil, resin, angusturin, four alkaloids. Used PILOCARPUS—PILOCARPUS. 327 RUTACEZ. for diarrhea, dysentery, dyspepsia, typhoid, stimulant, fe brifuge, large: doses emetic; in infusion, tincture, extract. Dose, gr. 10-30 (.38-2 -Gm.). False Angustura Bark (Stry’chnos Nua-vo' mica) has ‘stone-cells, no strie of calcium oxalate ; is very bitter, not aromatic, contains strych- nine, brucine. -PILOCARPUS. PILOCARPUS (JaBoranpt). Pilocarpus Jaborandi, Holmes. Pilocarpus pennatifolius, Lamarck. | the leaflets. (P. SeHloanus, Engler. ) Habitat. 1. Brazil, Paraguay. 2. Brazil, near Pernambuco ; in forest-clearings on the hill slopes. Syn. Br. Pilocarpi Foliata. Fr. Jaborandi. Ger. Folia Jaborandi. 1. Rio Janeiro Jaborandi. 2. Pernambuco Jaborandi. Pi-lo-car’pus. L. pilus, hair, or fr. Gr. ritoc, a cap, + xapréc, fruit; 7. ¢, fruit hat-shaped. : Jab-o-ran’di. L. fr. Pg. zha-bo-ran-de’; i. e., South American name. Pen-nat-i-fo/li-us. 1. pennatus, pinnatus, feathered, winged, + folium, leaf ; 7. ¢., leaves compound, having leaflets arranged on each side of a common petiole as the barbs (laminze) of a feather. Sel-lo-a/nus. L. after Professor Sello, German botanist, who gave the genus much study. Fic. 212. Puiants.—Shrubs 1.2-1.5 M. (4-5°) high, branches erect; bark smooth, with gray and white dots, root 18 Mm. (?’) thick ; flowers small, pinkish-purple, pedi- cellate, racemes 45 Cm. (18’) long; fruit, 5 carpels 4 Cm. (13’) long, compressed, curved ridges dotted with oil-glands, carpels 1-seeded, reniform, black ; leaves impari- pinnate, .8—.4 M. (1-14°) long, 2-5 pairs. [; Lear.ets, 10-12.5 Cm. (4-5’) long, 2.5-4 }-Y: Cm. (1-13’) broad, short stalked, oval, {/7y5 entire, slightly revolute at the margin, [7 obtuse, emarginate, unequal at base, dull- green ; coriaceous, pellucid-punctate, smooth- ish, if bruised aromatic; taste bitter, pun- gent. Solvents: diluted alcohol; boiling water partially. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). - ADULTERATIONS.—With leaves of allied species and of some piperaceous plants; these latter can be distinguished by being thin, subcoriaceous, ovate, acuminate, finely gran- ular and not pellucid-punctate. Commercial.—This plant was introduced into Europe in 1847, and is now cultivated. The names Jaborandi, Jamborandi, Iabor- andi are applied natively, in both generic and specific sense, to several dissimilar plants . : ; ; ‘andi; leaflet, nat- having sialagogue, diaphoretic, and pungent eI ee eaten ae 328 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. sudorific properties as Serro’nea Jabora’ndi, Piper Jabora'ndi (possi- bly the true Jaborandi), P. unguicula/tum, P. citrifo'lium, P. reticu- la'tum, P. Mollico!mum, Erte!la (Auble'tia) trifo'lia, Xantho'xylum e'legans. ConstITuENTS.—Pilocarpine }-} p.c¢., Jaborine, Volatile oil 3-2 p..c., malic acid, salts. _ Pilocarpine (pilocarpina), C,,H,,N,O,—Was first obtained as volatile alkaloid (jaborandine), but now as crystalline solid, soluble in water, combining with alkalies. Now prepared by exhausting with acidulated alcohol (HCl), filtering the evaporated tincture (to remove ' fat and resin), and adding ammonia; shake with chloroform to ex- tract the liberated alkaloids, concentrate to syrup, neutralize with nitric acid, take up the nitrate with alcohol, from which it erystallizes, leav- ing pilocarpidine and jaborine nitrates in solution. When heated with hydrochloric acid yields pilocarpidine and jaborine, which is only altered pilocarpine. It resembles nicotine in action. Pilocarpinze Hydrochloras, Pilocarpine Hydrochlorate, C,H, N,O,HCI, official.—Prepared by neutralizing the alkaloid with diluted hydrochloric acid and evaporating to crystallization. Occurs in small white crystals, odorless, bitter, deliquescent ; soluble in water, alcohol, no residue. Tests: 1.- With sulphuric acid to dissolve + potassium dichromate crystal get dark-green color. 2. Soda T. S. only precipi- tates in strong solutions; silver nitrate T. S. gives white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid. Should be kept in small well-stoppered vials. Dose, gr. 4-4 (.008-.03 Gm.), administered best hypodermically (2 p. ¢. aqueous solution). Jaborine, C,,H,,N,O,.—Also present in leaves, is yellow, amorphous ; less soluble in water, more so in ether than pilocarpine, is isomeric with it (same molecular formula) and antagonizes its action, resembling atropine ; it is to the presence of this, in greater or less amount, that commercial pilocarpine has such varying effects, hence this latter salt should be pure. Pilocarpidine, C,,H,,N,O,.—Is weaker than pilocarpine; deliquesces, on oxidation in air yields syrupy jaboridine (possibly identical with jaborandine, C,,H,,N,O,), having the action of jaborine ; treated with silver nitrate in excess get jaboric acid, which closely resembles jaborine. ; Volatile Oil—Obtained by distillation at 176° C. (350° F.) and is chiefly a terpene (pilocarpene), C,,H,,, with a little solid paraffin-like substance, sp. gr. 0.875. PREPARATIONS.—1. Katractum Pilocarpi Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Pilocarpus. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Jaborandi; Ger. Fliissi- ges Jaborandi-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with diluted alcohol q-. 8s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mxv—30 (1-2 Cc.). Unoff. Preps.: Extract. Dose, gr. 3-10 (.2-.6 Gm.). Tincture, 25 p- ¢. (alcoholic). Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Ce.). Infusion. Dose, 5j-2 (30- 60 Cg.). Pilocarpine nitrate (Br.), phosphate, acetate, hydrobromate. Dose, each gr. 4-3 (.008-.03 Gm.) (hypodermically). BUCHU—BUCHU. 329 RUTACEZ. PROPERTIES.—Diaphoretic, sialagogue, myotic, cardiac depressant, emetic, diuretic (repeated small doses), galactagogue, abortive. Full doses cause flushed face, quickened circulation and respiration, profuse sweating and salivation (lasting 2—4 hours, losing in perspiration 9-15 ozs. (.27-.45 L.), in saliva 10-27 ozs. (.8-.8 L.), these always being in the inverse ratio) ; increases bronchial, nasal, mammary, gas- tric and intestinal juices, lowers temperature 1—4 degrees, contracts pupils, produces chilliness and debility. The heart soon becomes slowed and arterial pressure lowered, by stimulating the terminations of the vagus, or by depressing the motor centres in the heart-muscle. Both the fluid and solids (especially urea) of the perspiration are in- creased by direct influence on the nerve-endings governing its secre- tion, while the cells of the salivary glands are directly stimulated. Usrs.—Dropsies, pleurisy, uremia, pulmonic cedema, catarrhal jaundice, mumps, rheumatism, coryza, cold, influenza, Bright’s disease, meningitis, diabetes, agalactia, parotitis, asthma, hiccough, erysipelas, diphtheria ; best antidote to atropine, hyoscyamine, daturine, ete. In ophthalmia use pilocarpine, in amblyopia (from alcohol or tobacco), detached retina, chronic iritis, keratitis, glaucoma, atrophic choroiditis, instead of eserine as a myositic. To avoid nausea may give in form of enema. Poisoning: Empty the stomach and wash it out with tannin; give atropine hypodermically and morphine to control nausea and vomiting ; cardiac stimulants if necessary. Incompatibles: Atropine, morphine, tannin,. caustic. alkalies, ferric and metallic salts. Synergists: Aconite, veratrum viride, gelsemium, sarsaparilla, spirit of nitrous ether, and drugs which paralyze the vaso-motor system. Allied Plants : 1. P. microphy'llus. 2. P. grandito'rus. 3. P. pauciflo’rus. 4. P. heterophy'llus. 5. P. spica’tus. 6. P. trachylo'phus ; all produce leaves of similar medicinal value. BUCHU. BUCHU. betulina, (Thunberg) Bartling et, Wendland, \ The leaves, Barosma { crenulata, (Linné) Hooker. Habitat. 8. Africa, Cape Colony (Cape of Good Hope, Cape Town), mountains. Syn. Bookoo, Buku, Bucku, Buceo. Br. Buchu Folia, Folia’ Bucco, Diosmz or Barosme. Fr. Feuilles de Bucco (Booko, Buchu). Ger. Bucku or Buccoblitter. Ba-ros’ma. L. fr. Gr. Bapic, heavy, + dou, odor; 1. ¢., its powerful smell. Bet-u-li/na. L. betulinus, fr. Celtic betu, their name for birch; 7. e, leaves re- sembling birch leaves. Cren-u-la’ta. L. crenulatus, crena, notched, notch; 7. ¢., leaves crenulate. Buchu (bu’ku). African plant name ; Diosma, old name, meaning ‘‘ divine odor.” Pxants.—Small bushes .3-1.2 M. (1-4°) high, branches stiff, angu- lar, bark smooth, purple; young twigs covered with immersed oil- glands ; flowers solitary, pink (betulina), white (crenulata); calyx 5 segments, deeply cut ; petals 5, glandular-punctate ; stamens 5 ; fruit, 5-cocci, adherent by inner margins, 9 Mm. (2’) long, 12 Mm. (3’) 330 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. wide, 5-seeded. Leaves. 1. Barosma betulina. Obovate, obtuse, 12-18 Mm. (3—2’) long and wide, cuneate base, serrate, each serrature with an oil-gland, cartilaginous. 2. Barosma crenulata. Obovate, 18— 30 Mm. (?-1}’) long, 6-12 Mm. (4~3’) wide, crenate, underside paler, Fig. 218. Barosma crenulata ; 1, calyx ; 2, style and stigma; 3, fruit; 4, seed ; 5, dots on leaf. having oil-gland in each serrature, making leaves pellucid-punctate, visible when held up to light. Both kinds dull-green ; odor and taste strong, aromatic, somewhat mint-like, pungent and bitterish. ¥ Solvents alcohol ; boiling water partially. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). Fie. 214. Buchu; «, b, Barosma crenulata ; c, d, B. betulina; g, h, B. serratifolia ; ¢,f, Empleurum serrulatum : b, ¢, f, g, natural size, ADULTERATIONS.— With leaves, branchlets, flowers, and non-aro- matic capsules of allied species, also with leaves of Empleu/rum serru- la'tum. Commercial.Have two market varieties: 1. Short buchu, which comes from the two official species. 2. Long buchu (B. serratifolia), linear-lanceolate, 3-4 Cm. (14~-13’) long, 6 Mm. (}/) wide, thinner, obtuse, tapers toward each end, mid-rib prominent, with four parallel veins ; contains less active constituent (vol. oil 0.66 p. ¢.). . BUCHU—BUCHU. 331 RUTACE. ConstiTuENTS.—Volatile oil 1-1.6 p. ¢., resin, mucilage, bitter principle (rutin, barosmin) ; gum, salts, ash 4—5 p. ec. Volatile Oil, C,,H,,O.—This gives the medical properties, and is obtained by distillation and rectifying over sodium; sp. gr. 0.969, contains some C,,H,,O (a body having peppermint-like odor), and upon cooling separates barosma camphor, or diosphenol, C,,H,,O,, a stearopten occurring in white needle-like crystals, blackish-green with ferric salts. PREPARATIONS.—1. Hetractum Buchu Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Buchu. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Bucco; Ger. Fliissiges Bucco- Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol q. s. 100 Cc. Dose, Mxv-—30 (1-2 Cc.). Unof. Preps.: Tincture, 20 p. ¢. (alcohol 60 p. c.). Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Ce.). Infusion, 5 p.c. Dose, 3ss—2 (15-60 Cc.). PRopERTIES.—Diuretic, tonic, stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic ; increases the fluids and solids of the urine, imparting peculiar odor ; acts as a tonic, astringent and disinfectant to the urinary tract, di- minishing secretions. Large doses emetic, cathartic, causing burning in stomach, strangury ; eliminated by the kidneys and bronchial mucous membrane. : Usrs.—Gravel, lithemia, bladder catarrh, irritated urethra, gonor- rhea, gleet, chronic bronchitis, diseased prostate, dropsy, retention Fig. 215. Fig. 216. Buchu leaf; portion of a cross-section ; pa, pali- sade cells ; sp, spongy parenchyma ; co, upper epider- mis; ew, under epidermis ; s, stomata. Ruta graveolens. or incontinence of urine, feeble digestion, flatulency, must not give if inflammation is severe, often combined with alkalies, potassa, etc. The native Hottentots, from whom the English and Dutch physicians learned its virtues, use an ointment as vulnerary and a vinous tincture in gastric and urinary troubles ; they also value it as a perfume, rub- bing the powdered leaves upon their greasy bodies. 332 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Allied Plants : 1. B. serratifo'lia, official, 1880-1890. B. Ecklonia’na.—Leaves oval, 2.5 Cm. (1’) long, rounded at base, crenate, growing from pubes- cent shoots. 2. Empleu’rum serrula’tum.—Leaves longer, narrower than B. ser- ratifolia, with sides parallel, apex acute and glandless. 3. Ru’ta grave! olens—The leaves official, 1830-1880 ; S. Europe, cultivated. Plant .6-1 M. (2-3°) high, woody; flowers yellow; fruit capsule, 4~5-lobed ; seeds black, many, all parts active ; leaflets 12-25 Mm. (4-1’) long, 6 Mm. (}’) wide, crenate, thick, pellucid- punctate, aromatic, bitter. Contains volatile oil (Oleum Rute, official, 1870-1890, greenish-yellow, aromatic), rutin (bitter, yellow glucoside). Used as stimulant, emmenagogue, and nervine, in hysteria, colic, amenorrhea. Dose, gr. 5-20 (.3-1.2 Gm.) ; oil, Mj—5 (.06-.3 Ce.). AURANTIUM. ORANGE. 1. AURANTII AMARI CorTEX. Bitter Orange Peel. 2. OLEUM AuRANTIT Fiorum. Oil of (Neroli) Orange Flowers. Citrus amara, (Linné) Lyons. \ 1. The rind of the fruit. 2. Volatile (Citrus vulgaris, Risso. ) oil, distilled from fresh flowers. Habitat. N. India, cultivated, near the Mediterranean Sea, Spain, W. Indies, Madeira, China, 8. and 8. W. United States, Florida, California, ete. , Syn. 1. Curagoa Orange, Aurantii pericarpium, Cortex Pomorum Aurantii. Fr. Ecorce (Zestes) d’ Oranges améres, Ecorce de Bigarade. Ger. Pomeranzenschale. 2. Oil of Neroli, Oleum (florum naphe) Neroli. Fr. Huile de Fleurs d’ Orange, Essence de Néroli. Ger. Pomeranzenbliithenél, Nerolidl. Cit’rus. L. fr. Gr. xizpiov, after the town of Citron in Judea, where it formerly flourished. 3 A-ma/ra. L. amarus, bitter ; 7. ¢., the decided bitter taste of the fruit. Vul-ga/ris. L. ordinary, common ; 7.¢., kind most universal. Au-ran/ti-um. L. aurum, gold; i. e., yellow color of fruit. O’range. Eng. fr. Skr. nagarange through the Arab. naranj. PLANT.—Small tree 3-4.6 M. (10-15°) high; stem branched ; bark shining, smooth, greenish-brown ; leaves 7.5-10 Cm. (3—4’) long, ‘ovate, evergreen, faintly serrate, with oil-vesicles, fragrant, petioles 12-25 Mm. (4-1’) long; flowers May, 2.5 Cm. (1’) broad, white ; fruit 5-10 Cm. (2—4’) in diameter, round, red or yellow, 9—11-celled, each several-seeded. rnp (zest), in narrow, thin bands or quarters, epidermis dark-brownish-green, glandular, with very little spongy, white, inner layer adhering ; odor fragrant ; taste bitter and aromatic. Solvents: alcohol; water. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). Ort, yel- lowish liquid, fragrant odor, aromatic bitter taste, sp. gr. 0.880, solu- ble in equal volumes alcohol, the solution neutral. Test: Strong so- lution sodium bisulphite gives purplish-red color. Solvents: alcohol ; water very slightly. SuBsriTUTIONS.— Various parts of the tree are used in medicine; the leaves (bitter, aromatic) and dried flowers chiefly, both can be given in infusion as stimulant, diaphoretic. The oil is sometimes mixed with that coming from leaves, imperfect flowers, unripe fruit, ete. AURANTIUM—ORANGE. 333 RUTACEZ. Commercial.—This bitter fruit mostly grows in Spain, Madeira, India, China, being known as Seville or Bigarade Orange. The Mandarin (C._ sine’nsis), S. Europe, has pleasant taste, but Fie. 217. is much smaller, also flattened at both ends, and has very thin rind. The celebrated Bi- zarria, of Italy, produces on the same stem, oranges, lem- ons, and citrons, and these often in mixed parts. The oil is distilled from the fresh flowers when it floats upon the water, and can be easily separated ; of this there are four commercial grades: 1. Néroli (Essence de) Pétale, most delicate, from flowers of C. Aurantium. 2. Néroli (Es- sence de) Bigarade, from flow- ers of C. amara (Bigaradia), 5 ; U.S.B. 3. Néroli (Essence de) suiiit#h 3uers alge) 2 the ong ofa tearing Portugal, from immature fruits 297700 4 Madeam'of homer’ netnainal section of C. Aurantium. 4. Néroli (Essence de) Petit Grain, from immature fruits and leaves of C. amara. Comes mostly from Grasse, Cannes, Messina, Nice. ConstTITUENTS. —I. Runp: Volatile oil (oficial, hesperidin, fixed oil, resin, gum, tannin, ash 4-5 p.c.). II. Or: Limonene 20 p.c., nerolol, C,,H,,O, 30 p. c., neroly] acetate 40 p. c., gera- niol, C,,H,,O, 3 p. ¢. PREPARATIONS. — I. Rinp: 1. Eetractum Aurantii Amari Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Bitter Orange Peel. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide d’Ecorce d’Orange amére ; Ger. Fliissiges Pomeran- zenschale-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, per- colate 100 Gm. with alcohol 65 p- ¢., q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—1 (24 Ce.). 2. Tinctuwra Aurantii Amari. Tincture of Bitter Orange Peel. (Syn., Br. Tinctura Aurantii; Fr. Teinture d’Ecorce d’Oranges améres ; Ger. Pomeranzenschalentinktur.) Manufacture: 20 p.c. Macerate, percolate 20 Gm., with alcohol 60 p. c, q. 8. 100 Ce. Dose, 3j-2 (4-8 Ce.). Fic. 218. Orange peel ; transverse section, magnified 65 diam. 38384 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 3. Tinctura Cinchonee Composita, 8 p.c. Dose, 5j-4 (4-15 Ce.). 4, Tinctura Gentiance Composita, 4 p.c. Dose, 3j-4 (4-15 Cc.). II. Ou: 1. Aqua Aurantii Florum Fortior. Stronger Orange Flower Water. (Syn., Aqua Aurantii Florum, Triple Orange Flower Water.) Manufacture: Obtained as a by-product in distilling oil of orange flowers, but can be made by collecting three parts of distillate from two of flowers. Keep dark and loosely-stoppered. 2. Aqua Aurantii Florwm. Orange Flower Water. (Syn., Aqua Florum Naphe ; Fr. Eau (Hydrolat.) distillée de Fleurs d’Oranger, Eau de Naphe ; Ger. Orangenbliithenwasser.) Manufacture: By mixing equal volumes of stronger orange flower water and distilled water. Prep.: 1. Syrupus Aurantii Florum. Syrup of Orange Flowers. (Syn., Fr. Sirop de Fleurs d’Oranges ; Ger. Pomeranzen- - bliithensirup.) Manufacture: Dissolve sugar 85 Gm. in orange flower water 45 Ce., adding the latter q.s. 100 Cc. Dose, ad libitum ; as a flavoring vehicle. PROPERTIES.—Stimulant, tonic, carminative, stomachic, bitter ; ex- cessive doses of both peel and oil cause colic, convulsions, occasionally death. Usrs.—In indigestion, flatulence, corrigent to purgatives ; aromatic when in combination with gentian, calumba, quassia, cinchona, etc.; most of the preparations are used as flavoring agents. Workmen em- ployed among the fruit have skin eruptions, nervousness, headache, gastralgia, insomnia, muscular spasms. AURANTIT DULCIS CORTEX. SWEET ORANGE PEEL. Citrus : : Anrantiuin, Tend \ The rind of the fresh fruit. Habitat. Same as C. amara (vulgaris). Syn. Curacao, Navel (Seedless) Orange, Forbidden Fruit, Golden (Orange) Apple, Nerotia Flowers. Fr. Ecorce (Zestes) d’Oranges douces. Ger. Apfelsinenschalen. Puant.—Small tree 4.5-6 M. (15-20°) high, identical with C. amara, only differing in point of variety. This has leaves and flowers more fragrant, also fruit larger, sweeter, deeper-yellow. RIND, similar to preceding, orange-yellow color, odor sweetish, fragrant, taste aromatic, slightly bitter. Solvents: alcohol ; water. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). Commercial.—This sweet fruit does not grow wild, but only by cul- tivation. Was unknown to the Greeks and Romans, being first intro- duced into Europe by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century. There are now some fifty varieties cultivated in Spain, Portugal, Madeira. Azores, China, West Indies, S. and 8S. W. United States, many of which have been given commercial names after the districts of production, as China, Portugal, Havana, Florida, California, Messina and Malta (blood-red). These are imported in boxes of 100-200, having each OLEUM AURANTII CORTICIS—OIL OF ORANGE PEEL. 335 RUTACESR. orange wrapped in tissue-paper ; to us the sweetest come from Havana, Florida, and California. ConsTITUENTS.— V olatile oil (off- cial), hesperidin, (fixed oil, resin, gum, tannin, ash 4-5 p. c.). PREPARATIONS.—1. Syrupus Au- rantii. Syrup of Orange. (Syn., Syrup of Orange Peel; Fr. Sirop d’Ecorce d’Orange ; Ger. Pomeran- zen (Orangen)-schalensirup.) Manufacture: Boil orange peel 5 Gm. with aleohol 10 Cce., filter into sugar 15 Gm.-+ precipitated calcium phosphate 5, triturate, add- ¥ ing water 30 Cc., filter, add sugar 55, and water q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, ad libitum ; as a flavoring vehicle. 2. Tinectura Aurantii Duleis. Tincture of Sweet Orange Peel. (Syn., Fr. Teinture d’Orange douce ; Ger. Apfelsinenschalentinktur.) Manufacture: 20 p. c. Macerate, percolate 20 Gm. with alcohol q. 8. 100 Ce. Dose, 5j-2 (4~8 Cc.), for flavoring. PROPERTIES AND UsEs.—Aromatic, solely for flavoring; fruit edible. Fig. 219. ‘itrus Aurantium. OLEUM AURANTIT CORTICIS. OIL OF ORANGE PEEL. : volatile oil, obtained by expressing Citrus { amara, (Linné) Lyons, Aurantiam, Linné. the fresh peel (of scarcely ripe fruit) of either species. _ _ Syn. Essential Oil of Orange Peel. Fr. Huile d’Orange. Ger. Pomeranzen- schalendl. This.oil can also be secured by rupturing the oil-glands of the rind, and sponging up exuding oil, or by the écuelle process, or by distilla- tion, when we get a less fragrant product. It is a pale-yellowish liquid, of characteristic orange odor, aromatic, and when from C. amara somewhat bitter taste; sp. gr. 0.850, soluble in 4 volumes alcohol. Zest: When old should not have terebinthinate odor or taste’ (abs. oil of turpentine and other oils containing pinene). Oil from C. amara is confusingly known commercially also as Essence de Bigarade, and is the most valuable; while that from C. Aurantium is often termed Essence de Portugal. Both are shipped in tinned-copper cans. Dose, Mj-5 (.06-.3 Cc.). _ CoNsTITUENTS.—Hesperidene (citrene, limonene), C,,H,,, with some geranial (citral), C,,H,,O, and a lower boiling aldehyde. PREPARATIONS.—1. Spiritus Aurantii. Spirit of Orange. (Syn., Fr. Esprit (alcolat) d’Huile d’Orange ; Ger. Pomeranzengeist.) Manufacture: 5 p.c. Dissolve oil 5 Ce. in deodorized alcohol 95 Cc. Asa flavoring vehicle. — 2. Spiritus Aurantii Compositus. Compound Spirit of Orange. 3386 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. (Syn., Fr. Esprit d’Orange composée; Ger. Zusammengesetzter Orangengeist.) Manufacture: 20 p.c.. Dissolve oil 20 Ce., + oil of lemon 5, oil of coriander 2, oil of anise .5, in deodorized alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. As a flavoring vehicle. Prep.: 1. Elizir Aromaticum.. Aromatic Elixir. (Syn., Simple Elixir ; Fr. Elixir Aromatique ; Ger. Aromatisches Elixir.) Manufacture: 14 p.c. Dissolve compound spirit of orange 1.2 Ce. in deodorized alcohol 25 Ce., to this add syrup 37.5, pre-— cipitated calcium phosphate 1.5 Gm., water q. s. 100 Ce., agi- tate, filter. As a flavoring vehicle. 3. Spiritus Myrcie, 35 p.c. Used externally. PROPERTIES AND UsEs.—Aromatic ; mainly for flavoring and in perfumery. LIMON. LEMON. 1. Limonis Cortex. Lemon Peel. 2. Limonis Succus. Lemon Juice. Citrus 1. The rind of the recent fruit. 2. The freshly Limon(i)um, Risso, expressed juice of the ripe fruit. Habitat. N. India (cultivated in subtropics, Mediterranean Basin, United States (Cal., Fla.), Australia, etc. Syn. Fr. Limon, Citron. Ger. Limone, Citrone. Li-mo/’n(i)-um. L. for lemon. Arab limun or limu, taken from Skr. nimbuka. PLANT.—Straggling bush or tree, 3-4.5 M, (10-15°) high, more tender than the orange, having many angular branches and sharp spines in the leaf axils ; bark gray, that of branches green, of twigs reddish or purple; leaves evergreen, 5-6 Cm. (2-22’) long, ovate, acute, serrate, 12 Mm. (4’) petioles ; flowers all the year round, sweet- scented, white to purplish-pink ; fruit ovoid berry 7.5 Cm. (3’) long with nipple-shaped extremity, smooth, depressed punctations over the oil-glands, structure like orange ; pulp acid, yellow ; seeds as in orange, only smaller. PEEL, in narrow, thin bands, with some of the spongy, white, inner layer adhering ; externally deep-yellow, ruggedly glandu- lar ; fragrant odor ; aromatic, bitter taste. The inner spongy portion should always be removed and not used. Solvents: alcohol; wine ; water. Dose, 5ss-1 (2-4 Gm.). Juice, slightly turbid, yellowish liquid, lemon odor due to accidental presence of rind’s volatile oil ; taste acrid, often bitterish ; sp. gr. 1.030, acidity due to 7 p. ¢. citric acid; ash about } p. c. ; yield 3-1 oz. (15-30 Cc.) perlemon. Dose, 5ij—5 (8-20 Ce.). Commercial.—Lemons reach us from Florida, California, W. Indies, Mediterranean region, Sicily, Spain, packed in chests, each one being wrapped in white or brownish tissue-paper. The foreign varieties are known as wax, imperial, geta. When kept several months the citric acid decomposes into sugar and carbonic acid, ‘consequently to insure preservation, they can be coated with melted paraffin, dissolved shellac, LIMON—LEMON. 337 RUTACEA. . or varnish, thus allowing long shipments. The rind should be pared thinly from the fruit with sharp knives, then dried. The juice is best rendered by softening the fruit with hands, dividing in halves, press- ing with squeezers and straining. ConstiTuENTS.—I. PEEL: Volatile oil, hesperidin, ash 4 p. ¢. Oleum Limonis. Oil of Lemon, official.—(Syn., Oleum de Cedro ; Fr. Essence (Huile) de Citron—Cédrat ; Ger. Citronendl, Limonendl.) - This volatile oil is manufactured mostly in 8. France and Italy, being obtained by expression from fresh lemon-peel ; it is a pale-yellow, limpid liquid, of fragrant lemon-odor, aromatic, bitter taste, sp. gr. 0.858, soluble in 3 volumes alcohol, in all proportions absolute alcohol or glacial acetic acid. Contains chiefly citrene or limonene, C,,H,,, 76 p. c., citral, C,,H,O, 7-8 p.c. (this latter gives the aroma and Fig. 220. value, and may also be produced by oxidizing geraniol, C,,H,,O, with chromic acid), little cymene, C,,H,,, and citronellal; should not by age become terebinthinate in odor or taste (abs. oil turpen- tine and other pinene oils); should be kept in cool, dark place in well-stoppered bottles. ADULTERATIONS. — Oils of other Citrus fruits, fixed oils, alcohol, oil of turpentine. The fragrant Oil of Petit Grain Citron- nier, from immature fruits, leaves and twigs closely resembles Néroli Petit Grain, and can be used similarly. Hesperidin, C,,H,,O,,. — A glucoside (bitter principle) from : the white, spongy part or rind by Citrus Limon(i)um ; a, flower ; 6, fruit. boiling water ; bitter, yellowish- white powder or white needles ; soluble in dilute alkalies or acetic acid, black with ferric salts, and by diluted sulphuric acid decomposed into hesperetin, C,,H,,O,, and glucose, C,H,,0,. _ IL. Juice: Citric acid 7-10 p. c., malic acid, gum, sugar 3-1 p.c., ash } p. c. (= K 45, Ca 8, H,PO, 7-15 p. ¢.). Acidum Citricum. Citric Acid, H,C,H,O, + H,0, official —A 7 p.c. solution of this acid in water with + p.c. oil of lemon resem- bles closely lemon-juice in strength, can be substituted for it and like it undergoes decomposition, becoming mouldy, forming acetic acid and other products. Preparations.—I. PEEL: 1. Spiritus Limonis. Spirit of Lemon (Essence of Lemon). (Syn., Fr. Alcolat (Esprit) de Citron; Ger. Citronenessenze. ) 22 x 7 338 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Manufacture: 5 p.c. Macerate 5 Gm. + oil of lemon 5 Ce. with deodorized alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Ce.). II. Or: 1. Spiritus Limonis, 5 p. ¢.; see above. 2. Spiritus Aurantii Compositus, 5 p.c. Dose, 3ss—2 (2-8 Cc.). 3. Spiritus Ammonie Aromaticus, 1 p.c. Dose, Mxv-60 (1-4 Cc.). nage Preps.: I. Peew: Syrup. Infusion, II. Juice: Syrup. The juice is mostly used alone or neutralized by alkali ; soon spoils, but will keep a short time by letting stand to coagulate albumin; strain- ing into hot bottles, and coating. top with almond or sweet oil ; the flavor is best preserved by making concentrated syrup. PROPERTIES AND Uses.—1. PEEL: Stimulant, stomachic ; added usually to infusions, tinctures, etc., chiefly for flavoring. II. Juice: Refrigerant, relieves thirst, febrile inflammatory affec- tions in agreeable beverages. Diaphoretic (as neutral mixture), scurvy (seamen on long voyages should take 4j (30 Cc.) daily as a preventive), acute rheumatism. Locally in sunburn, pruritus of scrotum, uterine hemorrhage after labor, gargle in diphtheria. Limones, Lemons. The fruit, official, 1830-1860. Allied Plant : 1. Al’gle Ma'rmelos, Bela, Bael, Bengal Quince.— Malabar, Coroman- del, cultivated in India. Fruit round, size of a large orange, cherry- red color, pulp firm, brittle, 12-celled, covered with hard, woody, nearly smooth rind. The dried half-ripe fruit is used, which is some- times adulterated with fruit of Garci/nia Mangosta’na, Mangosteen. Contains mucilage, pectin, sugar, tannin, bitter principle, volatile oil. It is mildly astringent. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.), in diarrhcea, dysentery. BERGAMOTTA. BERGAMOT. Oleum Bergamottz. Oil of Bergamot (Oleum Bergamii), official. Citrus A volatile oil, obtained by expression from Bergamia, Risso et Poitewu. rind of the fresh fruit. Habitat. 8. Italy, France, Jamaica, Sicily, near Reggio in S. Calabria ; cultivated. Syn. Bergamot Lemon or Orange, Adam’s Apple, Essence of Bergamot. Fr. Essence (Huile) de Bergamotte. Ger. Bergamottél. Ber-ga/mi-a. L. fr. It. bergamotta, from fruit resembling the pear of same name, originally from the Italian town Bergamo. PLantT.—Small tree resembling the lemon, orange, and others of same genus—in fact, formerly considered C. Aurantium var. Berga- mia ; by cultivation it yields smaller flowers of a delicious peculiar odor, and paler-colored fruit; fruit pyriform or globose, 5-7.5 Cm. (2-3’) thick, smooth, lemon-color, with concave receptacles (of oil) in the rind, excepting that at the apex ; pulp greenish, sourish, aromatic, not disagreeable. ConsTITUENTS.—RInpD : Volatile oil, hesperidin, ash. Oleum Bergamottz. Oil of Bergamot.—This is obtained by col- BERGAMOTTA—BERGAMOT. 339 SIMARUBACEE. lecting fruit in November—December, when full grown, but still green- isb and unripe ; the outer rind can be subjected to expression, distilla- tion, sponge process, or, preferably, to the écwelle (@ piquer) process. This instrument is bowl-shaped, 25 Cm. (10’) wide, of tinned-copper, having a raised opening in the center which forms with the outer edge a broad channel ; to this there is a heavy cover similarly shaped, whose inner surface as well as that of the machine is armed with concentric rows of short (6 Mm. ; }’) spikes or ridges ; an opening in the bottom allows the escape of oil. By a handle the cover is made to revolve rapidly one-half minute over the instrument, having between the two 6 to 8 fruits, after which they are replaced by fresh ones. About 7,000 fruits can be exhausted daily by each machine, and every 100 yield 23-3 ozs. (75-90 Cc.) of oil. It is a greenish, thin liquid, of peculiar fragrant odor, aromatic, bitter taste; sp. gr. 0.880—0.885, soluble in alcohol and glacial acetic acid. Contains the terpenes, limonene (citrene), C,,H,,, dipentene (bergaptene or bergamot cam- phor), C,H,O, (greasy or waxy solid deposited from freshly expressed oil; when fused with potassa gives phloroglucin), also an alcohol, lina- lool, C,,H,,OH, and an ester, linalool acetate (bergamiol), C,,H,,C,H,O,, 36-39 p. e.; upon this latter the value chiefly depends. Tests: 1. 2 volumes oil + 1 volume alcohol gives clear solution not turbid by additional alcohol; also clear solution in liquor potasse (dif. from lemon and orange oils). 2. When evaporated should have soft green residue of not more than 6 p. c. (abs. of fatty oils). ADULTERATIONS.—Oil from leaves and nearly exhausted rind, oil of orange and turpentine, alcohol. PROPERTIES AND UseEs.—Stimulant, excitant, aromatic. Used ex- clusively as a perfume. Allied Plant: 1. Citrus me'dica, Citron.—Small tree, but fruit very large, 20- 22.5 Cm. (8-9’) long, resembling pineapple in shape. The rind is popular as a dessert ; essence in perfumery, and juice for similar pur- poses as that of lemon and lime fruits. 48. SIMARUBACEZ. Quassia Family. Sim-a-ru-ba’/se-e. L. Simarub-a + acee; from native name in Guiana. Shrubs, trees. Distinguished by containing bitter principle, and from allied Rutacez, by leaves being exstipulate, without glands or dots, alternate; ovary stalked, 4—5-lobed, superior; ovules 1 in each cell; stamens 8-10, augmented each by one or more scales; calyx 4-5; petals 4-5; fruit drupe; seed exalbuminous ; tropics ; bitter, tonic, febrifuge. 340 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Genus: 1. Picrasma. QUASSIA. QUASSIA. Picrasma excelsa, (Swartz) Planch. \ The wood. Habitat. W. Indies (Jamaica, St. Kitt’s, Antigua, St. Vincent). : . Syn. Bitter Ash—Bark—Quassia or Wood, Lofty Quassia. Br. Quassize Lignum. Fr. Bois(amer) de Quassie. Ger. Quassienholz. Pic-ras’ma._L. fr. Gr. mxpéc, bitter; ¢. e., the plant’s chief property. ; Ex-cel/sa. L. excelsus, ex, out, + celsus, beyond, surpassing ; i. ¢, highest species of the genus. Quas’si-a. L. fr. Quassi, Quassy, Quash, name of Surinam negro slave who used bark as a secret remedy in curing malignant fevers (febrifuge). PLant.—Tree 15-24 M. (50-80°) high, .6-1 M. (2~3°) thick, erect, spreading, resembles our common ash; bark brownish-gray, smooth, Fie. 221. Y) Picrasma excelsa. wrinkled ; leaves imparipinnate, 4-5 pairs ; leaflets 5-10 Cm. (2-4’) long, ovate, petiolate, when young covered with fulvous down ; flowers Oct.—Nov. small, yellowish-green, panicles, polygamous ; fruit Dec.— QUASSIA—QUASSIA. 341 SIMARUBACEZ. Jan., black drupe, size of pea. Woop, imported in billets, logs, 1-2 M. (3-6°) long, 5-50 Cm. (2-20’) thick, dense, tough, hard, porous, minute pith, narrow medullary rays (in shops as chips, raspings), yellowish-white ; inodorous; very bitter. Solvents: water; diluted alcohol. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—With wood and bark of allied species. Its bitterness and absence of tannin (iron test) serve to distinguish it from other likely admixtures. Commercial—tThe tree, also named Quassia ewcelsa, Simaruba excelsa, is felled, cut into segments, and shipped from Jamaica, with or without the bark. The wood at first is white, but turns yellow by age. Upon reaching this country it is turned into quassia cups, ete. ; the shavings being reserved for store use. The slave Quassi became celebrated for treating fevers, and was prevailed upon to reveal his secret for compensation, in 1756, when it was taken to Stockholm, soon to become popular in Europe and elsewhere ; this was Quassia amara. ConstTITUENTS.—Picrasmin (quassin) 0.05-0.15 p.c., alkaloid (flu- orescent in. acidified alcoholic solution), resin, mucilage, pectin. Picrasmin.—Obtained by neutralizing the infusion with soda, pre- cipitating with tannin, decomposing precipitate by heating with lead oxide or lime and dissolving out with alcohol. It is a mixture of crystalline compounds (C,,H,,O,, + C,,H,,O,,), homologous with quas- sin, C,,H,,O,,, of Surinam quassia, very bitter, soluble in hot alcohol, chloroform, slowly in water. Dose, (amorphous) gr. }-1 (.03-.06 Gm.) ; (crystalline) gr. 4-3 (.002—.02 Gm.). PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Quassie. Extract of Quassia. (Syn., Fr. Extrait de Quassie (Bois amer) ; Ger. Quassia-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Percolate 100 Gm. with water until exhausted, evap- orate. Dose, gr. 1-3 (.06-.2 Gm.). 2. Ecxtractum Quassie Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Quassia. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Quassie ; Ger. Fliissiges Quassia-~Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol 35 p. c., q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mxv—30 (1-2 Cc.). 3. Tinctura Quassie. Tincture of Quassia. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Quassie (amére) ; Ger. Quassia-Tinktur.} - Manufacture: 10 p. ec. Macerate, percolate 10 Gm. with alcohol 35 p-¢., q-s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mxv—60 (1-4 Cc.). Unoff. Preps.: Infusion, 2p.c¢. Dose, 5j-2 (80-60 Ce.). Syrup, for fly poison. PrRoPERTIES.—Tonic, febrifuge, anthelmintic, simple bitter (simi- lar to calumba). Usrs.—Atonic dyspepsia, diarrhea, gastric vertigo, constipation, lost appetite, poisons flies (papier mouri), fish, dogs, rabbits. Infu- sion (5viij; 240 Cc.), patient being in the knee-chest position, as enema for thread worms (Oxyuris vermicularis) or ascarides of rectum, internally for lumbricoid worms. Large doses cause headache, nausea, vertigo, vomiting, diarrhoea, cramps, narcosis. Substituted for hops in making beer and ale. 342 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Allied Plants : 1. Qua’ ssia ama’ra, Surinam Quassia Wood.—Comes in billets 2.5— 10 Cm. (1-4’) thick ; much used in Europe. Was the original quassia, but owing to the tree’s smallness (thus limiting supply) and the great demand, it has been replaced by the much larger official tree. ; 2. Simaru’ba ama'ra (8. officina’lis, 8. medicinalis, Qua'ssia Simaru!ba).—The bark (of root) official, 1820-1880; Guiana to N. Brazil, W. Indies. Tree 15-18 M. (50-60°) high, crooked branches ; leaves 22.5-30 Cm. (9—-12’) long, leaflets 3-5 pairs, 5-10 Cm. (2-4’) long; flowers yellow; fruit drupes; bark flat, curved or quilled, .5— 1 M. (20-40’) long, 3 Mm. (}’) thick, yellowish-brown, striate, fibrous, bitter. Contains picrasmin, resin, volatile oil, calcium oxalate ; used Fic. 223. Fig. 222. - Simaruba amara (officinalis) ; 1, calyx and Jamaica quassia wood; cross-section, ovary; 2, corolla; 3, stamens; 4, stamen and magnified three diam, anther. as tonic, febrifuge, diuretic (large doses cause vomiting and purging), for dysentery, diarrhoea (dysentery bark), etc. ; in infusion, decoction. | Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6-2 Gm.). 3. Sima’ba ce’ dron and 8. ferrugi’nea.—Colombia, Brazil ; resembles simaruba, but flowers hermaphrodite ; fruit pear-shape, size of hen’s egg; used natively as febrifuge and as antidote to poisonous animal bites. 4. Mellia Aze'darach, Margosa Bark, Pride of India.—Meliacee. The bark of the root official, 1820-1890, China, India, cultivated, S. United States. Beautiful tree 9-12 M. (30-40°) high, leaves impari- pinnate; flowers lilac-color; fruit drupe, yellow, size of cherries, poison- ous pulp; never leafless. Bark curved or quilled, 5—7.5 Cm. (2-3’) MYRRHA—MYREE. 343 BURSERACEZ. long, 5 Mm. (4’) thick ; outer surface reddish with irregular blackish ridges ; inner surface whitish or brownish, striate, sweet, bitter, nau- seous. Contains resin; used for lumbricoid worms, emetic. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.), in decoction, tincture (diluted alcohol). 5. Sycoca'rpus Ru’ sbyi, Cocillana.—Meliacee. Bolivia. Bark thick, ash-colored, rough by age, inner surface grayish-yellow, odor slight, peculiar, taste unpleasant, nauseous. Contains rusbyine, two alkaloids, tannin, calcium oxalate. Expectorant (better than ipecac), laxative, emetic ; bronchitis, bronchial pneumonia, phthisis. Dose, gr. 5-20 (.8-1.3 Gm.). 49. BURSERACEZ (AMYRIDACEZ). Myrrh (Frankincense) Family. Ber-se-ra’se-e. Li. Burser-a + acex, after Joachim Burser, German botanist, at Naples, 17th century. Treesor shrubs. Distinguished by secreting fragrant gum-resinous or resinous juice; leaves compound, dotted; ovary sessile, 1—5-celled, ovules in pairs; flowers perfect ; calyx 2-5 divisions ; petals 3-5 ; stamens twice the petals; fruit dry, 1—5-celled ; seed exalbuminous, superior ; tropics; bitter, purgative, anthelmintic, poisonous ; lumber. Genus: 1. Commiphora. MYRRHA. MYRRH. © iph ; Myrene (Nees } Baglen \A gum-resin. Habitat. YH. Africa, S. W. Arabia, Somali country, around Hurrur. Syn. Gummi-resina Myrrha. Fr. Myrrhe. Ger. Myrrhe. Com-miph/o-ra. L. fr. Gr. «dup, gum, + gdpoc, pépecv, bears, to bear; 7. ¢., produces gummy exudation. : Myr’rha. L. fr. Gr. uéppa, classic name,== Ar. murr; Heb. mar, bitter; % ¢., gum-resin has bitterish taste. Piant.—Low, stunted bush or small tree 2.5-3 M. (8-10°) high ; trunk considerable size, with many irregular, knotty, abortive branches at right angles, terminating in sharp spines; bark whitish-gray ; leaves trifoliate, 2.5 Cm. (1’) long, petiolate ; leaflets sessile, 12 Mm. 3’) long, unequal, obovate, central one the largest ; flowers dicecious ; fruit 12 Mm. (3’) long, pyriform. GuUM-RESIN (myrrh), in roundish, irregular tears or masses, dusty, brownish, reddish ; fracture waxy, ‘splintery, translucent on edges, sometimes with whitish veins; odor balsamic ; taste aromatic, bitter, acrid; triturated with water gives brownish-yellow emulsion; with alcohol brownish-yellow tincture, turning purple with nitric acid. If dark-colored tears used, we get no purple with nitric acid, hence such pieces and others which dissolve completely or simply swell in water should be rejected. Solvent: alcohol. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.8-2 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.— With gum-resin of allied species (fracture more transparent or opaque, odor and taste different), vegetable fragments, sand, salt, dark gums swelling or adhesive with water. 244. ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Commercial—Trees form an undergrowth in the Red Sea coast forests, where vegetation is scanty, water scarce, temperature high, the favored elevation being 450-900 M. (1,500-3,000°). Myrrh is formed in the bark and pith, and exudes spontaneously as a juice through the stem-bark like cherry-tree gum ; at first soft, oily, yellow- ish, then golden, finally hard and reddish. Mostly collected by the Somalis, both at home and across Aden Gulf in Arabia. Formerly entered commerce via Egypt and Levant ports, hence name Turkey myrrh ; now conveyed to the great fair of Berbera, where it is pur- chased by Banians of India, thence shipped via Aden to Bombay ; here it is assorted into grades (bdellium separated) and put into chests of 100-200 lbs. (45-90 Kg.) for market. There are several varieties, all from the same genus : 1. Turkey, African, the best and is our official kind. 2. Arabian, cultivated in 8. Arabia, east of Aden, called by Arabs mur, by Somalis mulmul or heerabul ; resembles Turkey myrrh, but is more brittle, has no white lines in the fracture, and only 25 p. ce. is soluble in alcohol. 3. Indian, Myrrha Indica, called natively bissabul, by Somalis hebbakhade ; re- sembles dark myrrh, but differs in odor, re- sembling that of mushrooms; taste strong, almost acrid, and has many impurities. ConsTITUENTS. — Volatile oil 4-8 p. ¢., Resin 25-40 p. c., Gum 40-60 p. ¢., bitter principle (glucoside, soluble in alcohol, water), ash 3-4 p. c.= mostly calcium carbonate. Volatile Oil, C,,H,,O.—Also called myrrhol J or myrrhenol, Identical in formula with thymol v4 and carvol, but distinct from them; easily resin- ‘Commiphora Myrrha;1,fruit- j -Vi i iqui _ or. 0. . i apt ee teal ifies, pale-yellow, thick liquid, sp. gr. 0.980 and 4, vertical section of pistil- Resin, C,H,,O,,.— Often called myrrhin, late and staminate flowers re- “4 ° . spectively ; 5, embryo, becomes acid (myrrhic acid) when kept fused a short time, soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether ; with fusing potassa yields protocatechuic acid and pyrocatechin. Gum.—Two kinds, four-fifths being soluble in water, adhesive, making stable paste ; one precipitated by neutral, the other by basic lead acetate. PREPARATIONS.—1. Tinctura Myrrhe. Tincture of Myrrh. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Myrrhe ; Ger. Myrrhentinktur.) Manufacture: 20 p. c. Macerate for seven days 20 Gm. with alcohol, 80 Ce., filter, adding latter q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mxv-—60. (1-4 Cc.) ; mostly used externally. 2. Tinctwra Aloes e Myrrhe, 10 p.c. . Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Ce.). 3. Pilule Aloes et Myrrhe, gr. 1 (.06 Gm.). Dose, 2-6 pills or gr. 10-30 (.6-2 Gm.). MYRRHA—MYREH. 345 POLYGALACEZ. 4, Pilule Rhei Composite, gr. 1 (.06 Gm.). Dose, 2-5 pills. » 5. Mistura Ferri Composita, 1.8 p.c. Dose, 5ss—2 (15-60 Cc.). Unoff. Preps.: Fluid Extract. Dose, Mv-30 (.3-2 Cc.). Plaster. PROPERTIES.—Stimulant, tonic, expectorant, emmenagogue, astrin- gent, carminative, vulnerary. Increases circulation and the number of white blood-corpuscles; it is eliminated by the genito-urinary and bronchial mucous membranes, augmenting and disinfecting their secre- tions. Large doses vomit, purge, decrease bronchial secretion. Locally, stimulant, disinfectant and antiseptic to mucous membranes, ulcerated surfaces, etc. UsEs.—Atonic dyspepsia, amenorrhea, anemia, bronchial catarrh, cystitis, pharyngitis, chronic uterine and vaginal Jeucorrhea. Locally, ulcerated spongy gums, diseased mucous surfaces, relaxed throat, ptya- lism, ozena, unhealthy ulcers. Tincture freely diluted with water a good disinfectant gargle to ulcerated sore throat; much used in tooth powders and washes. Allied Plants : “1. Commi’ phora (Balsamode'ndron) Opoba'lsamum, Ba'lsamum Gil- eade'nse, Balm of Gilead, Mecca Gum, Indian Bdelliwm.—Greenish turbid oleoresin, rosemary-odor. C. Mu’kul and C. africa’na, Indian and African Bdellium. Occurs in tears, yellowish-brown, dusty, trans- lucent ; resembles myrrh, but does not give purple with nitric acid. Both of these contain volatile oil, resin, gum, bitter principle. 2. Boswe'llia Carte'rii, Olibanum, Frankincense—E. Africa, 8. Arabia. This gum-resin exudes from incisions made in the bark ; oc- curs in yellowish-brown tears covered with white dust ; odor balsamic, terebinthinate ; taste balsamic, bitter ; partly soluble in alcohol ; yields with water milk-white emulsion ; contains volatile oil 4—7 p. ec. (mostly olibene, C,,H,,), resin 56-72 p. ¢., gum (resembles arabin), 30 p. ¢., bitter principle, ash 3 p.c.; stimulant, expectorant. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.), in emulsion, plaster, or fumigation. 3. Cana’rium commu'ne, Manila Elemi, Elemi.—Philippine Islands. The oleoresin exudes from. incisions; it is soft, yellowish, granular crystalline, when cold friable; odor strong, resembling fennel and lemon, terebinthinate ; taste bitter, pungent ; contains volatile oil 10 p- ¢., amorphous resin (brein) 60 p. c. (soluble in cold alcohol), crystal- line resin (amyrin) 25 p.c¢., bryoidin, breidin, elemic acid, C,;H,,O, (crystalline). Stimulant, irritant ; in plaster and ointment. 50. POLYGALACEX. Milkwort Family. Pol-i-ga-la’se-e. L. Polygal-a + acee, fr. Gr. zoivc, much, + dda, milk ; i. ¢, thought to increase lacteal secretion in female animals. Shrubs or herbs. Distinguished by bitter, acrid properties and milky roots ; flowers papilionaceous ; petals 3-5, more or less united ; sepals 5, of which 2 anterior are lateral, larger ; petaloid, forming the wings to the flowers; stamens 8, monadelphous ; ovary 2—3-celled ; anthers open at apex; fruit capsular; universal ; bitter, acrid, tonic, stimu- 346 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. lant ; febrifuge, astringent, emetic, purgative, diuretic, sudorific, ex- pectorant ; fruit edible, saponaceous. Canaw 1. Polygala. SENEGA. SENEGA. Polygala Senega, Linné. \ The root. . Habitat. United States, in woods and rocky soil. Can. to S. Ca., west to Wis. Syn. Senega Snake Root, Seneca—Seneka—or Snake Root, Milkwort, Mountain Flax. Fr. Polygala de Virginie. Ger. Senegawurzel. Po-lyg’a-la. See etymology, page 345, of Polygalacez. Sen’e-ga. L. fr. the Seneca (Senega) Tribe ; one of the five N. American Indian tribes ; they inhabited W. New York and used this plant as a remedy for snake-bites. Puant.—Perennial herb; stems several, erect, 22.5-37.5 Cm. (9- Lb! ) high, smooth, round, leafy, occasionally reddish or purplish .below, green above; leaves Fie. 225. 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2’)long, 12 Mm. yea (3’) wide, lanceolate, sessile, margins rough, bright-green ; flowers May—June, small, dia- delphous, white, spike 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2) long, calyx showy ; sepals 5 (3 small, green; 2 larger, petaloid, called wings); corolla small, closed ; fruit cap- sule, 2-celled, compressed, 2- seeded, black. Root, 10 Cm. Polygala Senega. Polygala Senega ; root, natural size; b, b, the keel, , SENEG A—SENEGA. 847 POLYGALACEE. (4’) long, crown knotty, with spreading tortuous branches, keeled when dry, fleshy and round after soaking in water, externally yellowish- brown; bark thick, whitish within, enclosing an irregular, porous, yellowish wood ; odor slight, unpleasant ; taste sweet then acrid. Sol- vents: boiling water ; alcohol ; diluted alcohol. Dose, gr. 5-80 (.3-2 Gm.). Date —Ginseng (root), gillenia, cypripedium and tri- osteum (rhizome + roots), American gentians (rootlets) often to 25 p.c. —resulting from careless collecting and intentional fraud. In Europe the underground portion of Cynan’chum Vinceto'xicwm is also used ; none of these has a keel, and they all differ in odor and taste. ConstrrvEnTs.—Senegin 2-5 p.¢., Polygalic acid, Fixed oil 8-9 p. ¢.,, Volatile oil 0.12 p. c., resin, polygalite, sugar 7 p. c., pectin and albuminoids 18.40 p. ¢. , malates, yellow coloring-matter. Senegin (polygalin, saponin), C,,H,,O,.—Obtained by. exhausting root with 60 p. c. alcohol, concentrating, precipitating with alcohol and ether ; mother-liquor contains the salt of an organic acid. It is a neutral glucoside, white, amorphous, inodorous powder, insoluble in alcohol, not precipitated by nor- mal lead acetate, and forms soapy Fig. 227. emulsion with boiling water ; by hydrochloric acid decomposed into glucose and sapogenin, C,,H,,0,. Polygalic Acid. — Sparingly soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether; chloroform ; precipitated by lead acetates. Fixed Oil.— Obtained from root by ether; contains virgineic acid which gives disagreeable aroma. Volatile Oil—This is a mixture of valerianic ether and methyl salicylate. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractwin Senege Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Senega. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Polygale de Virginie; Ger. Fliissiges Senega-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with ammonia water 5 Ce., alcohol 75 p.c. 95 Ce., finishing with latter q. s. 100 Cc. Dose, Mv—30 (.3-2 Ce.). Prep.: 1. Syrupus Senege. Syrup of Senega. (Syn., Fr. Sirop de Polygale; Ger. Senega-sirup.) Manufacture: Mix fluid extract of senega 20 Ce. with ammonia water .5, after few hours filter, adding water q. s. 55 Ce. in which dissolve sugar 70 Gm. adding water q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Ce.). 2. Syrupus Scillee Compositus, 8 p.c. Dose, Mv-—60 (.3-4 Cc.). Unoff. Preps.: Tincture, 10 p.c. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Ce.). Infusion, 5 p-c. Dose, 4j-2 (80-60 Ce.). Abstract. Dose, gr. 5-10 (.8-.6 Gm.). Senega ; transverse sections magnified. 348 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. PROPERTIES.—Stimulating expectorant, diuretic, diaphoretic, irri- tant. Produces throat and gastro-intestinal irritation, some salivation with inclination to cough, increased bronchial secretion ; large doses vomit and purge. Insufflation causes sneezing, coughing and nasal catarrh. Externally, an irritant to the skin. Senegin is a violent irritant, heart depressant, likewise same to vascular, nervous, and muscular systems. It is excreted by kidneys, skin, bronchial mucous membrane, all being stimulated and irritated by it. UsEs.—Secondary stage of acute and chronic bronchitis, in typhoid pneumonia, asthma, croup, renal dropsy, promotes expectoration ; no value when mucous tough and scanty, or unless the primary acute in- flammation has been subdued. Amenorrhcea, here give decoction two weeks before each menstruation, chronic rheumatism, rheumatic paral- ysis ; senegin is given in 2 gr. (.13 Gm.) doses for uterine hemorrhage. Popular with our Indians in rattle-snake and other snake bites. Allied Plants : 1. Poly'gala a'lba, White or False Senega.—West of Mississippi River ; root 6 Mm. (3’) thick, resembling official, but has a lighter color internally, also a cylindrical wood, and is destitute of keel; contains polygalic acid 3 p. c. Yields light-colored infusion and tincture. P. Boyki'nii. Southern States ; like the alba, only thinner, and by some considered to be the same identical species. 2. P. poly'gama (rube’lla), Bitter Polygala.—The root and herb official, 1820-1880. Canada—Florida. Plant 15-22.5 Cm. (6-9’) high ; leaves mucronate; flowers purple; keel crested, shorter than’ the wings ; fruit 2-seeded, capsule oblong. Contains bitter principle analogous to senegin. Used as a tonic in bronchial catarrh ; large doses laxative, diaphoretic. Similar to P. ama’ra of Europe. 51. EDUPHORBIACEZ. Spurge Family. U-for-bi-a’se-e. L. Euphorbi-a + acee, Gr. Etgopfoc, well fed, fr. ed, well, + yépPeev, to feed, after Euphorbus, physician to Juba, king of Mauritania. Trees, shrubs, herbs. Distinguished by containing acrid, milky, poisonous juice ; flowers unisexual; calyx usually want- ing; corolla none; ovary superior, 3-celled, ovules 2 from each cell ; fruit tricoccous, 3—6-seeded capsule ; temperate climates, tropics ; em- etic, purgative, diuretic, rubefacient, poisonous, starchy food, caout- choue, aromatic, tonic, dyes, wood, edible roots. Genera: 1. Hevea. 2. Croton. 3: Ricinus. 4. Stillingia. 5. Mal- lotus. ELASTICA. INDIA RUBBER (Caovrcuovc). Hevea ee prepared milk-juice, known in commerce as Para various species. Rubber. Habitat. §. America, India, tropics. He-ve’a. L. fr. hevé, native name of tree in northern S. America. CROTON TIGLIUM—CROTON OIL PLANT. 349 EUPHORBIACEE. H-las’ti-ca. L. elasticus, elastic, gummy ; 7. ¢., its property. Ca-out/choue. S. America name, fr. cahuchu. Prants.—There are a number which furnish this substance, but most from H. brasilie’nsis and H. guiane’nsis, which are large trees, 15-18 M. (50-60°) high ; leaves trifoliate ; leaflets obovate, 10 Cm. (4’) long, dark-green above, lighter below ; flowers in racemes. RESIN (india-rubber), occurs in cakes, balls, or hollow-shaped pieces, brown- ish-black ; inside little lighter, very elastic, soluble in chloroform, car- bon disulphide, oil of turpentine, benzin, benzene, insoluble in water, diluted acids, and alkalies ; heated to 125° C. (257° F.) melts and remains soft, adhesive after cooling ; odor faint, peculiar, nearly taste- less, lighter than water, heated with 10 p. c. of sulphur becomes vulcanized, insoluble in any solvents ; if heated with 40 p. c. of sulphur, some tar, white lead, chalk, etc., we have hard rubber or ebonite. The milk-juice is obtained by making incisions through the bark, when it congeals in mass, or is dried upon clay moulds by frequently dipping these into the liquid and exposing to fire; when allowed to concrete on the tree it is yellowish-white; alum hastens, while am- monia retards coagulation. SupstirutTions.—1. H. di’ scolor, Casti'lloa ela’stica and C. Mark- hamia'na. 8. and C. America. 2. Ficus ela’ stica (so-called rubber plant of our hothouses), F. i’n- dica and F. religio'sa.—. India. All furnish an inferior caoutchouc. 3. Urce'ola ela! stica (Malay, climbing shrub) and U. escule/nta (Penang, Borneo), furnish caoutchouc as do many other plants. ConsTITUENTS.—Resin 32 p. c., volatile oil, fat, (albumin, coloring matter). Resin.—A_ solid hydrocarbon, C,,H,,; it is the elastic principle, known under the name of pure caoutchouc. PREPARATIONS.—1. Charta Sinapis, 10 parts, + mustard 100 ; ex- ternally. Unof. Prep.: Plasters. UsrEs.—Woven in fabrics to reduce varicose veins, hydrocele, hernia, eczema, psoriasis, burns, ulcers, neuralgia, rheumatism, small-pox pus- tules. Hard rubber is used for bougies, catheters, pessaries, shields, specula, syringes, tubes, surgical instruments, ete. CROTON TIGLIUM. CROTON OIL PLANT. Oleum Tiglii. Croton Oil, official. Croton . ; Tiglium, Linné. ‘A fixed oil expressed from the seed. Habitat. India, Philippine Islands (Ceylon, Borneo, Japan, Hindustan, Moluccas), cultivated. ; : Syn. Purging Croton, Croton Seeds, Grains Tigli, Molucca Grains, Jamalgota, Jepal. Br. Oleum Crotonis. Fr. Huile de (Croton) Graines de Tilly. Ger. Crotonél. Cro’ton. L. fr. Gr. epordv, dog tick ; 7. ¢., from the resemblance of the seeds. Tig/li-um. L. fr. Gr. 7Adw, to have a thin stool; i. ¢, its medical property ; croton plant seeds once called grana tiglit or grana tilli. 350 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM. THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. PLANT.—Small tree, 4.5-6 M. (15-20°) high, trunk crooked ; bark smooth, light-brown, that of branches scarred from fallen leaves ; leaves 10-12.5 Cm. (4-5’) long, 5 Cm. (2’) wide, glabrous, ovate, serrate, bright-green, veins prominent beneath, petioles 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2’) long ; flowers moncecious, racemes—staminate at upper part— pistillate at lower, greenish-white ; fruit capsule, size of hazelnut, smooth, brownish-yellow, 3-celled (tricoccous), each cell 1-seeded, dehiscent. Seeds, 12 Mm. (3) long, 8 Mm. (3’) wide, ovoid, with Fig. 228. Croton Tiglium. fine raphe, testa thin, brittle, gray-brown, mottled or blackish, albumin oily ; integuments 33-36 p. ¢., kernel 64-67 p. c. ConsTITUENTS.—Fixed oil 30-40 p. c. (from entire seeds), 50-55 p- c. (from kernels alone), proteids, albumin, etc. Oleum Tiglii. Croton Oil.—Obtained from the seeds (deprived of shell or testa) by expression ; it is a pale-yellow or brownish, viscid, fluor- escent liquid, fatty odor, mild, oily, afterward acrid, burning taste (taste cautiously), congeals at — 16° C. (3.2° F.), Applied to the skin pro- duces rubefaction or pustular eruptions, sp. gr. 0.950, reddens litmus, soluble in ether, chloroform, oil of turpentine, fixed and volatile oils, ; CROTON TIGLIUM—CROTON OIL PLANT. 351 EUPHORBIACEA. carbon disulphide ; when fresh alcohol dissolves only 20 p.-c., but when 3-4 years old 60 p.c. Contains glycerides of formic, acetic, isobutyric, tiglinic, C;H,O,, valerianic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids, also crotonol, C,,H,,O,. The purgative principle is in- soluble in alcohol; the vesicating croton-resin, C,,H;,O,, is soluble ; this latter, along with several inactive oily acids, constitutes croton- oleic acid (closely related to oleic and ricinoleic acids), which together with its glyceride is thought by some to be both purgative and vesi- eating ; it is oily, readily decomposable, slightly acid, forms salts, soluble in alcohol, severe irritant to skin and mucous membranes. Croton-resin is hard, brittle, pale-yellow, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, vesicating property destroyed by long boiling with potassa or soda solution. Test: 1. Croton oil 2 Ce., nitric acid 1 Cc., water 1 Ce., well shaken, should not in any degree solidify upon standing 1-2 days (abs. other non-drying oils). Should be kept in well-stop- pered bottles. Dose, 14-2 (.02-.13 Cc.). ADULTERATIONS.— Various fixed non-drying oils, castor oil, ete. Commercial.—All parts of the plant have been used in India from early times, the seeds are most active, and were introduced into Europe in 1630, as grana Molucca, grana. tiglia, ete. ; the root is used natively for drastic purging in Fig. 229. dropsy ; the leaves are so acrid as when chewed E and swallowed to cause inflammation of lips, mouth, throat and alimentary canal; the wood in small doses is diaphoretic, large ones pur- gative,emetic. The seeds are mostly imported Croton Tiglium ; lateral and for the oil, which is extracted by: 1. Expres- sStionor seca Oetusins sion, 2. Decoction, 3. Solution (ether, alcohol, ; carbon disulphide, etc.), the former being preferred. After the first pressing the mare can be digested with alcohol at 54° C, (130° F.),. then again expressed, distilling off alcohol ; that extracted in India is from seeds slightly roasted to separate the shells easily, using only the kernels ; this oil is pale-yellow ; that from Europe has shells removed without heat and kernels alone pressed ; this oil is a darker reddish- brown, due to greater age of seed and higher heat used in expression. PREPARATIONS.—(Unoff.) Liniment, Pill, Emulsion,’ Tincture, or may give on lump-sugar. PROPERTIES.—Powerful purgative, irritant poison, rubefacient, all due to local action. It is drastic, causing in 1-2 hours copious watery stools. Overdoses cause great congestion of intestinal canal, vomiting, purging, possibly death from gastro-enteritis. An alkali increases its purgation, which is often experienced by even smelling or rubbing the oil on the skin. UsEs.—Mania, coma, obstinate constipation, lead colic, teenie, drop- sies, dysentery, apoplexy, paralysis. Externally, rheumatism, gout, neuralgia, glandular swellings, pulmonary and laryngeal troubles, bron- chitis, ovaritis, pleurisy. Can apply the oil direct to the surface by rubbing until dry Mj-2 (.06-.13 Cc.), or the same quantity dissolved 352 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM in either chloroform, olive oil, soap liniment, alcohol, ether or oil of turpentine. Poisoning : Evacuate stomach, give milk, olive oil, mucilage, white of egg, gelatin, soup, opium, alcoholic liquids, warm stimulating baths. CASCARILLA. CASCARILLA. se ede \ The bark. Eluteria, (Linné) Bennett. Habitat. Bahama Islands, low hills, Cuba, Hayti. : Syn. Eleuthera Bark, Sweet Wood Bark. Br. Cascarillee Cortex, Cortex (Eluterie) ; Thuris. Fr. Cascarille, Chacrille, Ecorce éleuthérienne. Ger. Cascarillrinde. E-lu-te’ri-a. LL. fr. Eleuthera, one of the Bahama Islands ; 1. ¢., its habitat. ; poe cera la. L. dim. of cascara, bark, rind (cascar, to break open), native name of bark. Fic. 230. yi Croton Eluteria. Prant.—Shrub or small tree 1.5-6 M. (5-20°) high; stem 2.5-20 Cm. (1-8’) thick ; leaves 2.5—7.5 Cm. (1-3’) long, 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2’) wide, petiolate, ovate, lanceolate, under side bronzed-silver ; flowers CASCARILLA—CASCARILLA. 353 EUPHORBIACES. moneecious, white, odorous ; fruit 15 Mm. (3/) thick ; ovate, silvery- gray, 3-furrowed, 3-celled, each cell with one glossy orange-brown seed. Bark (sweet bark, as natively called), occurs in quills or curved pieces 10 Cm. (4’) long, 2 Mm. (,4,’) thick, with grayish fissured, detachable corky layer. Somewhat coated with whitish lichen, brown if uncoated, inside smooth, fracture short, with resinous and radially striate appearance, bast-fibres few. When burned emits an odor aro- matic, musk-like, and when rubbed, the friction increases natural odor ; taste warm, bitter. It is imported from Nassau in bags or casks. Solvents: diluted alcohol ; hot water partially. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.— With barks of the allied species, which resem- ble the official in appearance and medicinally. ConsTITUENTS.— Volatile oil 1.6 p. ¢., Cascarillin (cascarilline), betaine, resin 15 p. c., (tannin, pectin, gum, starch, potassium chloride). Volatile Oil.—Obtained by distillation, consists of C,,H,, + an oxygenated portion. Cascarillin (Cascarilline), C,,H,,O,.—This bitter principle or al- Fig. 231. Fia. 2382. Cascarilla ; bark quill. Cascarilla; 1, cross-section enlarged ; 2, cross- section 8 times enlarged; &, cork; m, middle bark ; ¢, liber. kaloid is obtained by precipitating infusion with lead acetate, remov- ing lead by hydrogen sulphide, evaporating filtrate, removing coloring and fatty matters with charcoal and alcohol, finally crystallizing from boiling alcohol ; it is in white, bitter, inodorous crystals, soluble in alcohol, ether, hot water. PREPARATIONS.—(Unoff.) Tincture, 20 p. c. (alcohol 70 p. c.). Dose, 3ss—2 (2-8 Cc.). Infusion, 5 p.c. Eatract. Dose, gr. 5-8 (.8-.5 Gm.). Fluid Extract. Dose, Mxv-—30 (1-2 Ce.). PROPERTIES.—Stimulant, tonic, febrifuge. Large doses nauseate. Usrs.—lIntermittents, dyspepsia, chronic diarrhcea, dysentery, flatu- lent colic, as a poor substitute for cinchona. Incompatibles: Mineral acids precipitate resin from tincture and fluid extract, consequently should only be prescribed with the infusion. Allied Plants : 1. C. lu’cidus, growing with the official plant; C. ni’veus (pseudo- chi'na), Copalchi Bark, Mexico, and C. Mala’mbo, Malambo Bark, Venezuela, All produce barks closely resembling official. 23 354 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. RICINUS. CASTOR OIL PLANT. Oleum Ricini. Castor Oil, official. eagle Bane. }A fixed oil expressed from the seed. Habitat. India. Cultivated in tropics ; India, Italy (Spain, Sicily), United States. Syn. Palma Christi, Castor Bean, Mexico Seed, Oil Plant, Bofareira, Oleum Palme _ Christi. Fr. Oleum e Semini Ricini, Huile de Ricin. Ger. Ricinusél. Ric/i-nus. L. a bug, dog-tick ; 7. ¢., from the resemblance of the seeds. _ Com-mu/nis. L. common, general ; 7. ¢., it is the ordinary common species. Puiant.—This is quite variable in habit and appearance; in trop- ical countries a tree 9-12 M. (30-40°) high ; in warm, temperate re- gions only a woody bush 3.6—4.5 M. (12-15°); in this climate her- baceous stems 1.6-3 M. (5-10°), hollow, smooth, glaucous, purplish bloom above; leaves with blade 15-20 Cm. (6-8’) broad, palmately divided (? depth) into 7-11 lanceolate, serrate segments, smooth, blu- ish-green, paler beneath, on long, curved, cylindrical, purplish petioles ; flowers July, monecious, large, apetalous, racemes, staminate being below, pistillate above ; fruit tricoccous capsule 2.5 Cm. (1’) long, blunt, greenish, deeply grooved, sometimes smooth, usually spirescent on the three projecting sides, 3-celled, each cell 1-seeded, which is ex- pelled in Aug.—Sept. by capsule dehiscing into 6 valves. Seed 12 Mm. (3’) long, 6 Mm. (4’) broad, 3 Mm. (4/) thick, size of a coffee grain, grayish, marbled with blackish spots or bands of various tints and shapes, smooth, shining. In India have two varieties of seeds, large and small ; the latter gives the best oil. ConsTITUENTS.—Seeds consist of testa 23.82 p. c., kernel 69.09 p. c.; of this latter have fixed oil 45-50 p. c., gum (mucilage) 2.4 p. c., starch and lignin 20 p. ¢., albumin 5 p. ¢., ricinin, proteids (emulsin), sugar, ash (testa 10 p.c., kernel 4 p.c.). The poisonous principle, ricin, is an albuminoid, soluble in 10 p. c. sodium chloride solution, precipitated by acids, coagulated by heat. . Oleum Ricini. Castor Oil—Obtained from the seeds by expres- sion, is a pale-yellowish, viscid, transparent liquid, faint, mild odor, bland, acrid, offensive taste, differing from all other fixed oils in its great solubility in alcohol and insolubility in benzin, sp. gr. 0.960, saponifies with alkalies. Contains mostly ricinolein (the glyceride of ricinoleic acid), also palmitin, ricinoleic acid (ricinic acid), C,,H,,O, ; ive ead Oates : : are > gtd this acid is a viscid oil which, by nitrous acid, is converted into ricine- laidic acid, crystalline, melting at 50° C. (122° F.). Tests: 1. Solu- ble in equal volume alcohol, glacial acetic acid, 3 volumes of mixture, alcohol 19 + water 1 vol. (abs. of more than 5 p. ec. other fixed oils). 2, Oil 3 Cc., carbon disulphide 3 Cc., sulphuric acid 1 Cc., shaken together, should not be blackish-brown (abs. many foreign oils). At 0° C. (82° F.) separates into crystalline flakes; at — 18° C. (—0.4° F.) congeals into yellow mass. Should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. Dose, 3j-8 (4-30 Cc.). RICINUS—CASTOR OIL PLANT. "855 EUPHORBIACES. ADULTERATIONS.—Occasionally with several fixed oils and fats. Commercial.—Plant called Palma Christi, from the supposed shape of leaves resembling Christ’s hand, is extensively cultivated in United States for the oil, which is extracted from the seeds by: 1. Expression, — 2. Decoction, 3. Solvents (ether, alcohol, carbon disulphide, etc.). The first is preferred and consists of heating clean seeds in shallow tanks to 65° C. (150° F.), not scorching, but rendering oil more fluid ; these are now put into hempen bags, placed between hot iron Fie. 233. Ricinus communis; a, stamen; 0, anther; ¢, stigmas; d, transverse section of capsule; e, seed; J, embryo. : plates, and pressed hydraulically. This white oil is run into iron vats with water, boiled to separate impurities (albumin is coagulated, removed by skimming ; mucilage and starch dissolve in water); now strain, reboil to destroy acidity, again strain, filter, put in cans or bar- rels—as such constitutes our cold-pressed castor oil on the market. By grinding mare with water and expressing may obtain additional good oil ; the yield by cold expression 25-30 p. c., with heat 35-45 _p.c. The method by decoction is not so valuable, as water extracts 356 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. poisonous ricin, and the heat increases oil’s acidity ; for this the seeds (testa or husks being removed) are crushed, boiled with water, when oil floats on top; strain, reboil to dissipate acrid principle, strain, filter. This oil is usually brownish, acrid, irritating and comes from E, and W. Indies. The method, by solution (ether, alcohol, etc.), causes oil to turn rancid quicker, though in France and Italy, such is considered to be more agreeable and efficacious. The so-called popular Italian Castor oil is produced extensively around Verona, Italy, where only fresh seeds thoroughly deprived of coating are expressed hydraulically. This oil, though just as powerful, is remarkably free from the usual disagreeable odor and taste. An ethereal or alcoholic tincture of the seeds is claimed to be less irritating and not to nauseate. PREPARATIONS.—(Unoff.) Emulsion. Capsules. Paste. PROPERTIES.—Purgative, demulcent. It is non-irritating until the duodenum is reached where the bile and pancreatic juice decom- pose it into glycerin and ricinoleic acid, this latter combines with so- dium, forming sodium ricinoleate, which mildly irritates the bowels, causing purgation, stimulating muscular glands and coat, but not the Fig. 234. a a, ricinus fruit ; 6, seed ; c and d, longitudinal sections, liver. Acts in forr to six hours, producing several liquid stools with- out pain or tenesmus, followed by sedative effect on intestines. Leaves are said to be galactagogue when applied to breast and impart ca- tharsis to the milk and various secretions. Glycerin increases its purgation. gs UseEs.—Constipation, colic, diarrhoea, dysentery, enteritis in preg- nancy, puerperal women, tape and lumbricoid worms, traumatic fever, renal calculi, night-sweats, amenorrhea, engorged liver, hemorrhoids, cystitis, gonorrhea. In dysentery may add laudanum, xx (1.3 Ce.), to each dose in order to counteract pain, tenesmus and exhaustion from frequent passages ; externally applied to warts, as a local sedative, pro- tective. Administration.—In emulsion flavored to suit, or equal quantities of oil and either heavy sarsaparilla, peppermint, or cinnamon syrup beaten together, or take with sodawater, malt liquor, orange juice, coffee, etc. All disguise very effectively the nauseating oil taste. The seeds were once employed, but action too violent ; their griping principle (ricin) is said to reside in the embryo and testa, hence to STILLINGIA—STILLINGIA. 357 EUPHORBIACEZ. make best oil most of these should be removed before expressing. Usually it needs no purification, but should it be opaque it is filtered through paper and felt, after being treated with magnesia 1 p. c. and charcoal 2.5 p. c. Allied Plants: 1. Ompha’lea olei’fera, Tambor Oil_—C. America. Expressed from the seeds ; a good purgative, does not gripe like castor oil. 2. Man’ihot Manihot (utili’ssima), Tapioca. —(See page 82.) The fecula of root (rhizome), Fig. 235. official, 1820-1880. Brazil, W. Indies. Shrub < = 2-2.5 M. (6-8°) high; stem jointed, petiolate leaves at upper portion, 3—5- to 7-lobed, glau- cous. Root fleshy, white, tuberous, 1 M. (3°) long, weighing 20-30 lbs. (9-13 Kg.). Matures in eight months; contains poisonous (HCN) y & milky juice; this is pressed out and the cassava Tapioca starch. meal is made into bread or washed for its starch, which is diaphanous, muller-shaped, layers indistinct, hilum near rounded end, only half size of potato starch, which furnishes the _factitious tapioca. Used as nutrient, demulcent, non-irritant for con- valescence, debility, low state of disease, in doses §ss—1 (15-30 Gm.) prepared with boiling water, flavored with lemon juice, sugar, vanilla, aromatics, wine, etc. STILLINGIA. STILLINGIA (QUEEn’s Root). Stillingia sylvatica, Linné. } The root. Habitat. S. United States in sandy soil, pine-barrens (Virginia to Florida, Louis- iana). ea, Queen’s Delight, Silver Leaf, Cock-up Hat, Marcory, Nettle Potato, Yaw Root. Fr. Stillingie. Ger. Stillingie. Stil-lin’gi-a. L. after Benj. Stillingfleet, English botanist, author of Miscella- neous Tracts on Natural History, 1759. Syl-vat/i-ca. L. silvaticus, fr. silva, a wood, of the woods, forests ; 7. ¢., grows in pine-barrens of the South. Priant.—Perennial lactiferous herb; stem .3-1 M. (1-3°) high, erect, smooth, simple ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, serrate ; flowers May— June, monescious, yellow, spikes—staminate above, pistillate below, cup-shaped glands among them ; fruit round capsule, rough, greenish- brown, 3-celled, each cell 1-seeded, plant when wounded emits milky juice. Root, .38 M. (12’) long, 5 Cm. (2’) thick, subcylindrical, slightly branched, compact, wrinkled, tough, grayish-brown, fracture fibrous, bark thick, wood porous, inner bark and medullary rays with many yellowish-brown resin-cells; odor peculiar, unpleasant; taste bitter, acrid, pungent. Collect in late autumn or early spring. Solvents: boiling water; diluted alcohol. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). ConstITUENTS.—Sylvacrol, Volatile oil, resin, glucoside, fixed oil, tannin, gum, starch, ash 5 p. ¢.; has no alkaloid (stillingine). 358 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Sylvacrol.—Acrid resin, to which pungency is due, soluble in alco- hol, chloroform, benzin. : Volatile Oil.—Gives acrimony, odor and taste, hence root deterio- rates with age ; that (oil) on the market is an ethereal extract. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Stillingie Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Stillingia. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Stillingie ; Ger. Fliissiges Stillingien-Extract.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with diluted alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mxv—30 (1-2 Ce.). Unoff. Preps.: Extract. Dose, gr. 2-5 (.13-.3Gm.). Tincture. Dose, 3ss-2 (2-8 Ce.). Decoction. Dose, 3j-2 (30-60 Ce.). Compound Syrup (contains stillingia, corydalis, iris, chimaphila, coriander, xan- thoxylum, sambucus, sugar, alcohol and water). Dose, 5j-4 (4-15 Ce.). ar eat antivenereal. Large doses emetic, ca- thartic. As alterative it is expectorant, diuretic, diaphoretic, siala- Fia. 236. Stillingia root, magnified 10 diam. gogue, cholagogue, increases heart action, circulation and various secretions. Usrs.—Syphilis, scrofula, skin troubles, chronic hepatic affections, intermittents, constipation. Popular in the South since 1800, when it was introduced by Dr. Simons, often associated with sarsaparilla. Allied Plants: 1. S. sebi’fera, L. sebum, tallow, + ferre, to bear.—China. Tree 6-9 M. (20-30°) high, fruit 3-celled, 3-seeded, imbedded in solid inodor~ ous fat (palmitin, stearin), melts at 44° C. (112° F.), called China or Vegetable Tallow; used for candles. Grows also in 8. Carolina, Georgia, Florida, along seacoast. 2. Euphor'bia corolla’ta, Flowering (Blooming) Spurge.—The root official, 1820-1880. S. United States. Perennial herb, .6—1 M. (2-3°) high ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers umbels, 5- (3-7-) forked, white ; root many-headed, .5 M. (18’) long, 5-25 Mm. (4-1’) thick, blackish- brown, fissured, bark thick, white inside, sweet, bitter, acrid. Con- tains glucoside, resin, euphorbon ; yields milky juice when punctured. KAMALA—KAMALA. 359 EUPHORBIACEZ. Used as diaphoretic (gr. 5; .3 Gm. } oe (gr.10; .6 Gm.), emetic (gr. 20 51.3 Gm.), expectorant (gr. 2-5 ; .13-.3Gm.), vesicant ; in infu- sion, decoction. 3. E. Ipecacuan'ha, Ipecac Spurge, Wild Ipecac.—The root official, 1820-1880. United States. Plant resembles preceding, being a green or purple perennial, 12.5-25 Cm. (5-10’) high, stem forked from the base ; leaves obovate, glabrous ; flowers inconspicuous ; fruit angled pod, smooth ; seed white, dotted ; root several-headed, .6 M. (2°) long, knotty, with stem-scars, 10 Mm. @ ’) thick, branched, ‘brown, wrinkled, bark thick, white inside, sweet, bitter, acrid. Constituents, properties, and uses similar to preceding. 4, E. piluli'fera, Snake-weed, Cat’s-hair.—Australia, W. Indies. Small, branching, wayside annual. Acts directly upon the heart, and respiration, to the extent sometimes of causing death. Chiefly used in asthma, chronic bronchitis. Dose, 3ss—1 (2-4 Gm.), fluid extract. KAMALA. KAMALA (RotrLera). Mallotus . The glands and hairs from the philippinensis, (Lamarck) Mueller Arg. capsules. : Habitat. Philippine Islands, India, China, Australia, Abyssinia, Southern Arabia, Hindustan, Ceylon, ascending 1,350 M. (4,500°). Syn. Kameela, Monkey-face Tree, Wurrus, Spoonwood, Glandule Rottlere. Fr. Kamala, Kalmie. Ger. Kamala. Mal-lo’tus. L. fr. Gr. uaddwrde, woolly, fleecy ; 7. ¢., young branches, leaves and capsules covered with fine hair or wool. Phi-lip-pi-nen’sis. L. of or belonging to Philippine Islands ; 7. ¢., its habitat. Ka-ma/la. Hindoo name of the powder as used for an orange dye i in silks." > =! ‘i aa L. after Rev. Dr. Rottler, Danish Missionary at Tranquebar, India, who ied in 1836. PuLant.—Small tree 4.5-6 M. (15-20°) high; stem .3 M. (1°) thick ; bark pale, young branches with ferruginous tomentum ; leaves 7.5-15 Cm. (3-6’) long, petioles 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2’) long, ovate, entire, coriaceous, glabrous, under side with rusty, stellate hairs; flowers Nov.—Jan., dicecious ; pistillate racemes; staminate 3 together, pani- cles, both tomentose, the former reddish, the latter yellowish ; fruit globular capsule, tricoccous, 12 Mm. (4’) thick, size small cherry ; ex- ternally 3-furrowed, covered with red powder. GLANDS AND HAIRS (kamala), glandular, mobile, brick-red powder, inodorous, nearly taste- less, reddens alkaline liquids, alcohol, ether, chloroform, tinges boiling water yellow. Under microscope appears as stellately arranged color- less hairs mixed with depressed globular glands, containing numerous red club-shaped vesicles. When thrown into fire burns like lycopo- dium, and ash should not be over 4-8 p.c. Solvents: alcohol ; ether or alkaline solutions extract most of the virtues. Dose, 3j—2 (4-8 Gm.). A cee wah powdered leaves, fruit stalks, starch col- ored with fuchsin, earthy matter, sand, in all sometimes 60 p. c. ; these detected by increasing largely the ash. 360 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Commercial.—Women and children in March collect capsules, throw them into large baskets in which they are rolled about and rubbed with hands, thus divesting them of powdered glands and hairs ; these, falling through the meshes as a sieve, are caught upon cloths spread below for the purpose ; they are then put into small bags and sent to the plains for market. Fic. 287. Mallotus philippinensis ; a, twig of staminate plant ; b, twig of pistillate plant. ConsTITUENTS.—Resins 80 p. c., Rottlerin, albuminous matter 7 p. ¢., cellulose 7 p. c., ash 4 p. c. Resins.—Contain the coloring matter; obtained by digesting with either ether, alcohol, glacial acetic acid or carbon disulphide ; one is soluble in cold, the other in hot alcohol. Rottlerin, C,,H,,O,— Extract with ether or carbon disulphide, let stand two days for crystals to deposit ; itis a resinous coloring sub- KAMALA—KAMALA, 361 EUPHORBIACES. stance occurring in yellowish needles, soluble in hot alcohol (red), ether, benzene, carbon disulphide, changing on exposure. Preparations.—(Unoff.) Fluid Extract. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Cc.). Tincture, 30 p. c. (alcoholic). Dose, 3j-4 (4-15 a, Llectuary. Syrup. Mucilage. PROPERTIES. ——Tenifuge, anthelmintic, purgative. Sometimes causes colic, nausea, seldom vomits. Usxs.—Long employed in India for tapeworm, but popularized by British surgeon Mackinnon, who had only 4 p.c. of failures with it among his Fig. 238. soldiers. There need be no preparation for its administration, although the usual fasting and purgative renders the drug’s action more certain and efficient. Soldiers of India have to take it frequently, who, as a rule, pass the worm dead, in the third or fourth stool, within four or five = hours, whereupon they immediately go Kamala, magnified 190 diam. about their military duties as though nothing had happened. If first dose fails to act on bowels, may repeat in four hours, or can follow with a dose of castor oil. May also be employed to kill Ascaris lumbricoides and Oxyuris vermicularis. Ex- ternally, in scabies, skin affections, herpetic ringworm. Ranks next to male-fern for tenia. Much better than koussoor turpentine. Used in India for dyeing silk rich-orange-brown, which dye in Aden is somewhat confusingly called Warras, Wurrus. Allied Products :* 1. Flemi!ngia rhodoca'rpa, Wars, Wurrus.—Ar. for saffron. Papilio- nacee. E. Africa. This is a powder, coarser than kamala, deep-pur- ple, turning black in water, odor slight; consists of subconical or cy- lindrical glands, enclosing oblong vesicles arranged in 3 or 4 tiers; glands usually are mixed with somewhat long and simple hairs ; con- tain flemingin, C,,H,,O, (crystalline, resembling Mottlerin), homoflem- ingin, two resins, albumin, cellulose, ash 6 p. c.; used as vermifuge, in skin troubles and as a dye. There is also an inferior kind of Wars, which consists of the altered starch from Flamingia seeds, mixed with a considerable amount of red sand. 2. Albi’zzia (Acacia) anthelmi'ntica, Mesenna, Mussena, Busenna.— Abys. names for acacia bark. Mimosacee. Abyssinia, Tuscany. Bark used in medicine, which occurs in flat or bent pieces .38 M. (1°) ~ long, 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2’) wide, 5 Mm. (4’) thick, yellowish-brown, smooth, inodorous, inner layers with nauseous sweet, bitterish, persist- ently acrid taste ; ; contains muserin (amorphous, saponin- like), bitter, saccharine, and coloring principles, ash 5.5 p. c.; infusion colored yellow by ferric chloride. 8. 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ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM 52. ANACARDIACEZ. Sumac(h) Family. An-a-kar-di-a’/se-e. L. Anasardi-um + acew, fr. Gr. dvd, alike, + zapdia, heart ; i. e., fruit heart-shaped. Treesorshrubs. Distinguished by abounding in a resinous, gummy, acrid, milky juice ; exhalations or juice often poisonous, latter black on drying; ovary 1-celled ; styles 1-3 or none; ovules solitary with long funiculus; calyx and corolla regular, 5-lobed, rarely 3-4-7; stamens same number or double the petals. Disk present or wanting; fruit drupe or nut-like, edible ; seed exalbuminous, superior; tropics; varnishes, dyes, poisonous. Genera: 1. Rhus. 2. Pistacia. RHUS GLABRA. RHUS GLABRA (SuMaAcH). Rhus ‘ glabra, Linné. } The fruit. Habitat. N. America, west to California, Idaho, on barren or rocky soil. Syn. Mountain-, Dwarf-, Sleek-, Smooth-, Upland-, Scarlet, or Pennsylvania Sumach, Indian salt (powder on the berries). Fr. Sumach, Sumac. Ger. Sumach. Rhus’. L. fr. Gr. pode; Celtic rhudd, red; %. ¢., color of the fruit, also the leaves of the same species in autumn. Gla’/bra. L. fr. glaber, smooth, hairless; i. ¢., its leaves and branches. Su/mach. LL. fr. Ar. summag ; +. e., their native name for the plant. PxLant.—Woody shrub 1.5-4.6 M. (5-15°) high; stem more or less bent, dividing into many straggling branches, pith large, wood thin, white; bark smoéth, grayish or reddish, with small scattered warts; leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 11-31, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, whitish beneath, changing to a beautiful-red in autumn; flowers June-July, greenish-red, terminal panicles. Fruit, Sept., drupes in clusters of small crimson berries 3 Mm. (%’) thick, sub- globular, densely hairy, containing roundish, oblong, smooth putamen ; inodorous; taste acidulous. Solvent: diluted alcohol. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.). ; Commercial.—Sumach grows in waste fields, along fences, woods, etc., the bark, galls, and leaves are very astringent, being collected during summer or fall for use in tanning and dyeing, while from these an ex- tract is made containing 25-30 p. c. tannin, and this is its most con- venient form for all trade and chemical purposes. For this extract sumach is cultivated in Virginia and other States. ConstiTuENTS.—I. Fruir: Acid Calcium and Potassium ma- lates, tannin (gallo-tannic acid) 6-27 p. c., coloring matter. II. Seeps: Fixed oil. III. Gauuis: Tannin 60-70 p.c. PREPARATIONS.—l. Lxtractum Rhois Glabre Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Rhus Glabra. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Sumac ; Ger. Fliissiges Sumach-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with glycerin 10, diluted alcohol 90 Cc., finishing with latter alone gq. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss-1 (2-4 Ce.). RHUS TOXICODENDRON—RHUS TOXICODENDRON. 365 ANACARDIACEZ. Unoff. Preps. : Decoction, 5 p.c. Dose, 3j-2 (80-60 Ce.) Infu- sion, 5 p.c. Dose, 3j-2 (30-60 Cc.). Properties.—Astringent, refrigerant, diuretic; resembles tannin. Usxs.—Catarrhal affections of stomach and bowels, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, mercurial aphthe, spongy gums, and other kinds of mouth troubles (as a gargle), ulcers, wounds, etc. (as a wash). Allied Plants : 1. R. aroma’tica, Fragrant or Sweet-scented Sumach.—1.5-2.5 M. (5-8°) high ; given in tincture, extract and fluid extract (alcoholic), for hematuria, leucorrhcea and enuresis, but mainly for incontinence of urine. Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6-2 Gm.). R. copalli’na, Black, Dwarf or Mountain Sumach, 1-2.5 M. (8-8°) high ; downy branches ; leaflets entire ; excels all in yield of tannin. RB. hi’rta (typhi'na), Staghorn Sumach, 4.5—9 M. (15-30°) high ; hairy ; leaflets serrate. All three indigenous to N. America. 2. R. Coria’ria, European Sumach.—Mediterranean Basin ; leaflets elliptic, woolly, serrate. 3. R. semialata and R. japonica.—China, Japan. These furnish galls which are largely used in Germany for obtaining tannic and gallic acids (see page 153). The fruits of all these are red, hairy, and acidulous, while the leaves are astringent. RHUS TOXICODENDRON. RHUS TOXICODENDRON (Poison Ivy). Rhus radicans, Linné. }'The fresh leaves. Habitat. N. America (Can., Fla., west to Wyo., Tex.), in the thickets. Syn. Poison Ash, Poison Vine, Poison Ivy, Poison Oak or Vine Sumach, Three- leaved, Climbing or Trailing Sumach. Fr. Sumach vénéneux. Ger. Gift-Sumach. Tox-i-co-den’dron. L. fr. Gr. ro&i«év, poison, + dévdpor, tree ; i. ¢., its poisonous properties, and when climbing trees (oaks) gives them a poisonous leafy armor. Rad/‘i-cans. L. radican(t)s, fr. radicare, rooting, to take root; 1. e., stems send out roots for climbing. Prant.—High climber, 9-15 M. (80-50°) long, over rocks, trees, and various supports by rootlets; flowers June-July, small, racemose, axillary, subsessile panicles, drupes smooth, roundish, pale-brown. Leaves, should be collected May-June, are long, petiolate, trifo- liate ; lateral leaflets nearly sessile, 10 Cm. (4’) long, obliquely ovate, pointed, terminal leaflet stalked, ovate-pointed, base wedge-shaped or rounded ; leaflets entire and glabrous or variously notched, downy, when dry papery, brittle, inodorous ; taste astringent, acrid; when fresh have acrid juice, black by exposure, which applied to skin swells and inflames, hence must not handle ungloved. These must not be confounded with the harmless Pte/lea trifolia'ta, Three-leaved Hop- tree, which resemble but have leaflets sessile, thicker and paler-green. Solvent: alcohol. Dose, gr. 2—5-15 (.13-.3-1 Gm.). ConstiTuENTS.—Toxicodendrol 3.3 p. ¢c., Toxicodendric acid, tan- nin, fixed oil, wax, mucilage. 366 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Toxicodendrol.—Poisonous ; obtained by distilling alcoholic ex- tract, when a black oily residue is left, which upon purification yields toxicodendrol as an agreeably odorous, viscid, non-volatile oil ; this is the active irritating principle, soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene, chloro- form, insoluble in water, decomposed by heat, slowly changes to a resin by exposure, precipitated by lead acetate. Toxicodendric Acid.—Non-poisonous ; obtained by bruising leaves with 6 p. c. slaked: lime, macerating with water, adding to ex- pressed liquid sulphuric acid in excess and distilling, when the acid comes over and condenses ; it is volatile, hence almost absent in dried = G ye S eS AAS \ eX He oS os A a EL A SF ae a as ee Nae Rhus radicans ; leaf one-half natural size. leaves, reduces gold from the chloride, soluble in water, precipitated black with silver nitrate, but white with lead acetate; resembles formic and acetic acids in reaction. Tannic acid here present gives greenish precipitate with iron salts. PREPARATIONS.—(Unoff.) Tincture (fresh leaves bruised and mac- erated with equal weight of alcohol). Dose, ™M qe! (.006-.06 Cc.). Juice (expressed from leaves and preserved with alcohol) is soluble in ether and possesses all the virtues of the plant. Fluid Extract. Dose, Mv-30 (.8-2 Ce.). Extract is not good, owing to heat used in preparing. MASTICHE—MASTIC. 367 ANACARDIACEZ. Properties.—Irritant, rubefacient, narcotic, poisonous. Internally, it produces gastro-intestinal inflammation, drowsiness, stupor, vertigo, nausea, chilliness, thirst, weak and irregular pulse, diaphoresis, muscular debility, diuresis, mydriasis, delirium, faintness, trembling, fever, sometimes convulsions; the root has occasioned death. Externally, when the fresh leaves, juice or vapor poisons the skin, we have itching, burning, redness, tumefaction, vesication, ulti- mately desquamation, lasting from one to two weeks. The inflamma- tion resembles somewhat erysipelas, and all persons are not affected by it alike, some mildly, others can handle-and even chew the leaves. without any result; the plant is most virulent during florescence. Uses.—Was first used medicinally about 1795, when a student suffering with chronic eczema was accidentally poisoned by it, and with the subsidence of the poisonous effects the eczema disappeared. Hence now used in skin affections, eczema, erysipelas, subacute rheu- matism, typhoid fever, paralysis of lower extremities dependent upon rheumatism, cold or dampness, paraplegia, incontinence of urine; éx- ternally in sprains, burns, stings, chilblains, etc., in form of a} p. c. lotion. The juice becomes so dark, non-erasable, as to be used for in- delible ink. Poisoning: At once apply locally soap: and water with scrubbing brush, then lead water, alkaline solutions (sodium bicarbonate, sulphite, chlorinated, diluted ammonia, soap-suds, alum curd), tincture or in- fusion of lobelia, grindelia or sassafras, cocaine solution 4-8 p. c., aristol, glycerite of carbolic acid, opium ; oils, vaselin, alcohol, being solvents of the poison, only serve to spread the trouble ; give internally cooling drinks, low diet and saline purgatives, quietness ; may inject Monsel’s solution into the vesicles. Allied Plants: 1. BR. Toxicode'ndron.—This properly is more or less shrubby, .6—1 M. (2-8°) high, erect, leaflets crenately-lobed, pubescent, also called Poison Oak; it is merely a variety of R. radicans. R. diversi’loba. Pacific coast ; leaves with 3—-5-lobed, pinnatifid leaflets. 2. R. Ve'rniz (venena’ta).—Canada, U.8., swamps, 3-6 M. (10-20°) high ; leaves of 7—18 entire leaflets; fruit yellow ; called poison-sumach, -dogwood, -elder, and yields most toxicodendrol. R. pu/mila. S. Ca., procumbent shrub ; leaves pinnate with 11 toothed acuminate leaflets ; fruit red, hairy. All of these are poisonous, but R. Vernia the most so; this so taints the surrounding air that sensitive persons become poisoned by simple exposure to the effluvium. MASTICHE. MASTIC. Pistacia : Lentiscus, Linné. Habitat. Mediterranean Basin and Islands (Spain, es Italy, Morocco, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Isle of Scio, Canary Islands, Somali-land, etc. . Syn. Mastich Tree, Lentisk, Pistacia Galls, Resina Mastiche. Fr. Mastic. Ger. Mastix. ‘ }A concrete resinous exudation. 368 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Pis-ta’ci-a. L. fr. Gr. wordkn, fr. Per. pistah, altered from its Ar. name foustaq, - fistag, the Pistachio tree (Dioscorides). : ar Len-tis’cus. _L. lentiscus, fr. lens, lentis, a lenticel, possessing lenticels or ellipti- cal cavities in which the resin secretes. Mas’tic. Gr. paotix7, for chewing, to chew, masticatory; 7. ¢, used in the East as a chewing-gum. : PLant.—Shrub or small tree, 3-4.6 M. (10-15°) high; much branched ; bark smooth, brownish-gray ; leaves paripinnate ; leaflets 3-5 pairs, lanceolate, entire, mucronate, sessile ; flowers April-May, dicecious, small; fruit obovate drupe, 6 Mm. (4’) thick, orange-red. Resin (mastic), in globular, elongated tears, size of a small pea, sometimes covered with whitish dust, pale-yellow, transparent, glassy lustre, opalescent refraction, brittle, plastic when chewed ; odor weak, balsamic, resinous ; taste mild, terebinthinate. Solvents: chloroform ; ether ; alcohol dissolves 90 p. c. of it. ADULTERATIONS.—1. Resins from the allied species. 2. Ca’llitris quadriva’ lvis, Sandarac, N. W. Africa, trans- Fie. 240. parent, glass-like. 3. Olibanum, larger, translucent, destitute of glassy lustre. 4. Sea salt. Commercial.—Mastic is collected in north- ern portions of Scio Islands from the stami- nate, cultivated plants ; it is exported from Scio to Constantinople, Trieste, Vienna, Marseilles, England; while Greece and her other Archipelago Islands could furnish much, they allow it to waste. It secretes in long ducts, with elliptical cavity, located in une , ___ bast-layer of bark surrounded by layers of eee Reliant pan? small cells, and is obtained by making lon- gitudinal or transverse incisions into the stem and branches during June-July, whereupon juice begins slowly to exude, and is within 2-3 weeks sufficiently hard to be carefully collected in softly lined baskets. We have two varieties: 1. In separate tears ; collected as such on the bark; it is the best and the official kind. 2. In agglutinated tears ; this exudes so fast as to run to the ground, being caught on clean tiles, rocks, etc. There are inferior kinds having tears mixed with sand, bark, and gray-brown pieces. The collection is done by women and children, and a healthy plant yields about 10 Ibs. (4.5 Kg.). ConstiTuENtS.— Volatile oil, C,,H,,, 1-2 p.¢., Alpha-resin (mas- tic(h)ie acid), C,,H,,O,, 90 p. c. soluble in alcohol, Beta-resin (mas- ticin), C,,H,,O,, white, tenacious, insoluble in alcohol, soluble in ether and oil of turpentine ; hot water dissolves the bitter principle. PREPARATIONS.—1. Pilulee Aloes et Mastiches, gr. % (.04 Gm.). Dose, 1-3 pills. PropERTIEs.—Mild stimulant, diuretic, protective (in solution). Uses.—Bronchial and urinary catarrh, filling carious teeth (satu- rated solution in ether inserted with pressure when ether soon evapo- _ EUONYMUS—EUONYMUS. 369 CELASTRACEE. rates leaving firm plug), toothache, arrests mild bleeding, masticatory to preserve teeth, fumigation. Dissolved in alcohol or oil of turpen- tine as a varnish (for maps, etc.), paint, etc. Allied Plants: 1. P. mu'tica (cabu'lica) and P. Khi’njuk, Bombay Mastic.—N. W. India, Beloochistan. Resembles Scio mastic, but tears more opaque and less clean. 2. P. Terebi’nthus (var. atla'ntica).—N. Africa, Algeria. Gives a resin resembling mastic. 53. CELASTRACE. Spindle (Staff) Tree Family. Sel-as-tra’se-e. Li. Celastr-us + aceex. Gr. xpractpoc, holly, fr.. celas, the latter season ; i. ¢., fruit remains on tree all winter. Trees, shrubs. Distinguished by containing an acrid principle ; calyx. not minute, 4—5-lobed, petals 4—5, imbricate in estivation ; stamens 4-5 ; ovary sessile, 3—5-celled; fruit colored, 2—5-celled pod, dehiscent, seed in pulpy aril; albuminous, superior; tropics; diuretic, tonic, laxative. Genus: 1. Euonymus. EUONYMUS. EUONYMUS (Waxuoo). Euonymus 4 atropurpureus, Jacquin. \ The bark of the root. Habitat. United States, Ontario to Fla., east of the Mississippi, in shady places. Syn. Waahoo, Wauhoo, Whahoo, Bursting Heart, Arrow or Indian Arrow Wood, Bitter Ash, Burning Bush, Pegwood, Spindle or Strawberry Tree. Fr. Ecorce de Fusain (de Bonnet de Prétre). Ger. Spillbaumrinde, Pfaffenhiitchen. Hu-on’y-mus. L. fr. G. ed, well, + dvoua, name ; i. ¢., well known for poison- ing cattle. A-tro-pur-pu’re-us. L. ater, dark, + purpureus, purple; 7. e, red flowers, crimson fruit. PLaNnT.—Ornamental shrub 1.5-4.6 M. (5-15°) high, branches slightly quadrangular, wood white; leaves oval, serrate; flowers June, dark-purple cymes; fruit Sept., capsule smooth, 4-lobed. Bark, curved or quilled, 2-5 Mm. (-1,-1’) thick, ash-gray, covered with blackish ridges or patches, detached in thin small scales; inner surface whitish, slightly tawny, smooth, fracture smooth, whitish, inner layers striate tangentially; nearly inodorous; taste sweetish afterward bitter and acrid—absorbs moisture, thus losing brittleness. Solvents: hot water ; diluted aleohol. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.). ConsTITUENTS.—Euonymin, Atropurpurin, asparagin, euonic acid, (citric, tartaric and malic acids), resins, fixed oil, albumin, wax, starch, ash 14-15 p. e. Euonymin.—Made by shaking diluted alcoholic tincture with chloroform ; separating chloroformic solution and evaporating ; purify by treating residue with ether, then alcohol and lead acetate, precipie tate by hydrogen sulphide, evaporate. It is yellowish-brown, bitter, 24 370 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. amorphous, soluble in ether, alcohol, water. The “ Eclectic” resinoid ewonymin is either brown (from root-bark) or green (from green twigs), both being the precipitate from throwing the evaporated alcoholic tincture into water ; instead of this, the extract or powdered extract is sometimes tised. , Atropurpurin.—Resembles a glucoside, but is identical with dulcite. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Euonymi. Extract of Euonymus. (Syn., Br. Extractum Euonymi Succum ; Fr. Extrait (d’Ecorce) de Fusain ; Ger. Spillbaumrinden-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol 65 p. c., q. 8. Dose, gr. 1-6 (.06-.4 Gm.). Unoff. Preps.: Fluid Extract. Dose, 3ss-1 (2-4 Ce.). Infusion. Decoction, 5 p. ec. Dose, 3j-2 (30-60 Ce.). Euonymin (appears in action to be identical with podophyllin, only weaker). Dose, gr. $-3 (.03-.2 Gm.). Euonymin (Eclectic). Dose, gr. 1-6 (.06-.4 Gm.). PROPERTIES.—Laxative, diuretic, tonic, expectorant, antiperiodic, antiparasitic. Usrs.—Should be associated with some of the following drugs ; aloes, rhubarb, colocynth, jalap, colchicum, ipecac, nitro-muriatic acid, ammonium phosphate, sodium benzoate, salicylate or phosphate ; hence it increases bile flow, promotes other secretions (gastric juice, etc.), and resembles rhubarb, only milder. Good for constipation, dropsy, torpid liver, pulmonary affections, pediculi, but overdoses cause gastro-intestinal irritation ; it is excreted by the kidneys and broncho-pulmonary mucous membrane. Allied Plants : : . 1. E. america’nus, Strawberry Bush.—Low or trailing bush, with crimson capsules. HE. europe'us. Common Spindle-tree of hedges, 2.5-6 M. (8-20°) high, cultivated, flowers greenish-yellow, capsules pale-red, arillus orange-red; emetic, purgative; both poisonous to cattle. 2. I'lex verticilla'ta (Pri’nos verticilla’tus), Prinos, Black Alder, Winter-berry.—llicaceee. The bark official, 1820-1890 ; N. America, swamps ; shrub, 2-2.5 M. (6-8°) high; leaves serrate, pubescent be- neath ; flowers white; fruit scarlet berry, size of pea. Bark thin, fragments 1 Mm. (,,’) thick, brown-ash color, with white patches, black dots and lines ; inner surface greenish, striate, bitter, astringent. Contains tannin, resin, bitter principle. Used for cinchona, as astrin- gent, tonic, alterative, febrifuge, in diarrhoea, fevers, sores, ulcers, etc. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.), in decoction, fluid extract. 54. SAPINDACEZE. Soapberry(wort) Family. Sap-in-da’se-e. IL. Sapind-us + aces, fr. sap(o) + ind(ic)us, In- dian soap ; 1. ¢., from its saponaceous fruit. Trees, shrubs, herbs, often twining. Distinguished by presence of a saponaceous principle; ovary usually 3-celled, rarely 2-4, united at base only; leaves compound, often dotted ; style undivided or 2-3-cleft; sepals and petals 4-5 ; GUARANA—GUARANA. 371 SAPINDACER. stamens 8-10, distinct or monadelphous, inserted on fleshy disk ; fruit fleshy or capsular ; seed exalbuminous, superior ; tropics ; astringent, aromatic, diuretic, diaphoretic, aperient, poisonous ; lumber. Genus: 1. Paullinia. GUARANA. GUARANA. Paullinia Cupana, Kunth. A dried paste, chiefly consisting of (P. sorbilis, Martius. ) crushed or pounded seeds. Habitat. N. and W. Brazil. Syn. Brazilian Cocoa, Guarana Bread. Fr. Guarana. Ger. Pasta Guarana. Paul-lin’i-a. L. after C. F. Paullini (1643-1712), a German botanist and writer. Cu-pa/na. L. after Father Francis Cupani, Italian monk and botanist, author ; did much work on this family ; died 1710. Sor’bil-is. L. sorbere, that which may be sucked or drank; i. ¢, its use as a potable beverage. . : Gua-ra’na. L. of native Brazilian name fr. guaranis, a tribe of South American Indians. Puiant.—Climbing shrub ; stem woody, angular ; leaves imparipin- nate ; leaflets 2 pairs and an odd one, 12.5-15 Cm. (5-6’) long, 5-7.5 Cm. (2-3) wide; flowers yellowish, spicate panicles 10-15 Cm. (4- 6’) long; fruit Oct., size of grape, ovoid or pyriform, 6-ribbed ; seed 1-3, resembling very small horse-chestnuts, filling the fruit; arillus white, membranous; testa thin, brittle, flattish-convex, brownish- black. PasreE (guarana), in cylindrical sticks or hard masses, dark- reddish-brown, fracture uneven, somewhat glossy, pale-reddish-brown, showing fragments of seeds invested with blackish-brown integu- ments; odor slight, peculiar, resembling chocolate ; taste astringent, bitter ; when powdered a fawn-yellow color. Solvent: alcohol (75 p-¢.). Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). Commercial—To prepare guarana the seeds are deprived of aril, powdered, exposed to the dew or mixed with water to knead into a dough, then made into cylindrical or globular masses and dried by sun or fire. ConsTITUENTS.—Caffeine (guaranine) 4-5 p.c., Tannin 26 p. ¢., resin, volatile oil, catechin, saponin, fat, starch, mucilage, ash 2—5 ae Caffeine.—Obtained by boiling powdered paste with litharge and water, adding near the end a few drops of lead subacetate solution to hasten the subsidence of insoluble matter; pass hydrogen sulphide through filtered solution to precipitate lead, evaporate filtered solution to get rid of hydrogen sulphide and sulphur, then let caffeine crystal- lize out. Tannin (paullini-tannic, catechu-tannic acid).—Precipitates ferric ~ salts (blackish-green), gelatin, alkaloidal and barium salts, but neither tartar emetic nor copper sulphate ; reduces silver and gold salts. PREPARATIONS.—1. Eztractum Guarane Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Guarana. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Guarana; Ger. Fliissiges Guarana-Extrakt.) 372 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol 75 p. c., q. 8. 100 Ce. Dose, Mxv—60 (1-4 Ce.). Unoff. Preps.: Infusion, 5 p.c. Dose, 3j-2 (30-60 Ce.). Hatract. Dose, gr. 2-5 (.13-.3 Gm.). Syrup. Dose, Sij-4 (8-15 Ce.). Tine- ture (extract 1 part + alcohol 30). Dose, 5j-4 (4-15 Cc.). Properties.—Nervine, stimulant, tonic, astringent. Similar to coffee, tea, and maté. Produces gayety, restlessness, quick perception, wakefulness ; slows pulse, impairs appetite, occasions vesical irritation. Usrs.—Chiefly in nervous sick headache (migraine), such as occurs with menstruation or a debauch, attended with bloodshot eyes and throbbing head ; diarrhcea of phthisis, convalescence, tonic in general. The native Indians use the powder mixed with cassava or chocolate as a food, or suspend it in sweetened water and allow fermentation to take place, thus furnishing a very popular yellow beverage. 55. RHAMNACEZ. Buckthorn Family. Ram-na’se-e. L. Rhamn-us + acee, Gr. pdyvoc, the buckthorn, Christ’s-thorn, fr. Celtic ram, a tuft of branches ; 7. ¢., collection of thorns, some species thorny. ‘Trees, shrubs. Distinguished by spiny habit ; calyx 4—5-parted ; petals and stamens distinct, perigynous, 4— 5, opposite each other ; sepals valvate; petals involute; ovary 2—5- celled, superior or inferior; fruit dry or fleshy, 2—4-celled, each cell 1-seeded ; universal; acrid purgative, bitter tonic, febrifuge, dyes ; fruits edible. Genus: 1. Rhamnus. FRANGULA. FRANGULA (BuckTHorRN). Rhamnus The bark, collected at least one year before being Frangula, Lainné. used. Habitat. Europe, N. Asia, hedges, bushy places. Syn. Alder (European) Buckthorn, Black (Alder) Dogwood, Berry Alder, Arrow ‘Wood, Persian Berries. Fr. Ecorce de Bourdaine, Bourgéne. Ger. Faulbaumrinde. Rham/nus. L. see etymology, above, of Rhamnacez. Frang/’u-la. L. fr. frango, to break; 7. ¢., from its brittle stems—its medieval name. Piant.—Slender, straggling bush, 3-4.5 M. (10-15°) high; bark smooth, purplish-gray, with white lenticels ; branches not terminating in spines, not thorny; leaves oval, entire, 2.5-6 Cm. (1-23’) long, rounded at base, pointed at apex ; flowers May—June, greenish to whitish-pink ; fruit July, berry, size of a pea, green, then white, pale- yellow, pink, red and finally black, 2—3-seeded. Bark, in small quills 1 Mm. (;';’) thick, grayish-brown or black, with many whitish, transversely elongated lenticels ; inner surface smooth, brownish-yel- low ; fracture of outer layer short, purplish ; inner layer fibrous, pale- yellow ; when masticated colors saliva yellow; nearly inodorous; taste sweetish, bitter; moistened with diluted alkali solution (lime water, etc.), the inner surface becomes red ; cold water gives yellow, FRANGULA—FRANQULA. 378 RHAMNACEZ. hot water reddish-brown infusion, colored dark-brown by ferric chlo- ride. Solvent: diluted alcohol. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.). |-, ADULTERATIONS.— With barks of allied species. “€ Commercial—Obtain bark in the spring from young trunks and large branches, dry carefully ; should not be taken from old trunks, as that has different taste and characteristics. The emetic action of green bark is due to an hydrolytic ferment, which is destroyed by heating. Owing to its various European names—black alder, aune noir, schwar- zerle, etc.—it is likely to be confused with the genus Alnus, to which more properly such names belong. ConsTITUENTS.—Frangulin (rhamnoxanthin) 0.04 p. c., Emodin® Fic. 242. Fie. 241. Rhamnus Frangula; bark, Frangula bark ; transverse section, : natural size. magnified 80 diam. 0.1 p. ¢., Isoemodin, frangulic acid, chrysophan, resin, tannin, ash 5-6 p. ¢. er C,,H,,0,.—Glucoside, obtained by macerating bark four days in carbon disulphide ; evaporate, exhaust residue with al- cohol, leaving fat. behind, evaporate alcoholic solution to dryness, crystallize from ether. It is in yellow crystals, sublimable, purple by alkalies ; dyes cotton, silk, wool, etc., yellow ; with hydrochloric acid yields glucose and frangulic (frangulinic) acid, by hydrolysis yields emodin and rhamnose, C,H,,O,, while emodin + rhamnose = frangulin + water, thus (1) C,,H,0, + C,H,,0, = C,,H,,0, + H,O, or (2) C,,H,0, + H,O = C,,H,,0, a C,H,,9,. 3874 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Emodin, C,,H,,0,—In reddish-orange crystals, considered to be trioxymethyl-anthraquinone ; also found in aloes, rhubarb, ete. Isoemodin, C,,H,O,—Bitter and laxative; fresh bark yields neither frangulin nor emodin, as these develop by age. ; Frangulic (Frangulinic) Acid, C,,H,O,—Glucoside, obtained by © boiling alcoholic solution of frangulin with hydrochloric acid ; yellow- ish-brown crystals, aperient like cathartic acid. Preparations.—1. Extractum Frangule Fluidum. Fluid Ex- - tract of Frangula. (Syn., Br. Extractum Rhamni Frangule Liqui- dum; Fr. Extrait liquide (d’Ecorce) de Bourdaine; Ger. Flissiges Faulbaumrinde-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol 38 p. c., q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Cc.). Unoff. Preps.: Extract. Dose, gr. 2-8 (.13-.5 Gm.). Decoetion, 5 p.c. Dose, 5ss-1 (15-30 Ce.). Ointment. Propertises.—Purgative, tonic, diuretic. When fresh emetic, se- Fig. 243. Rhamnus cathartica; 1-3, the imperfect pistillate and staminate flowers ; 2, stamens—-s, fertile, a, sterile; 4, f, fruit; g, cross-section of fruit. vere intestinal irritant, causing much pain, but when modified by age resembles rhubarb or senna, though milder. Usrs.—In dropsy, costiveness, constipation of pregnancy (fluid ex- tract M1xx (1.3 Cc.) ter die). Ointment of fresh bark for itch, para- sitic skin troubles. Allied Plants : 1. Rha!mnus catha'rtica, Buckthorn.—The berries official, 1820- 1840. Europe, N. Asia, naturalized in N. America. Small tree, 3-4.5 M. (10-15°) high, short branches thorny ; leaves 2.56-5 Cm. (1-2’) long, 2.5 Cm. (1’) wide ; flowers greenish ; fruit Sept., black berries, size of a pea, green juice, 3—4-seeded ; taste bitter, acrid ; contains rhamnocathartin, rhamnin, tannin. Used as a cathartic; in decoction, or expressed juice made into syrup. Fresh juice with alum or lime yields the pigment sap green. Dose, 5ij-5 (8-20 Gm.). 2. R. carolinia’na, Carolina (Southern) Buckthorn.—New York— Texas.. Shrub or small tree; leaves oblong, serrate ; flowers short- peduncled ; fruit purple, 3-seeded. RHAMNUS PURSHIANA—CASCARA SAGRADA. 375 RHAMNACEZ. 4 RHAMNUS -PURSHIANA. CASCARA SAGRADA (CuiTrem ~~ Barg). Rhamouus i Purshiana, De Candolle. } The bark. Habitat. N. Idaho, west to the Pacific (N. California). Syn. Sacred—Persian, Persiana or Purchiana Bark, Bearberry, Bear (Shittim) Wood. Pur-shi-a’na. L. of Pursh, after Fred. Pursh (L. Purshia), author Flora Americ Septentrionalis, 1817. Cas’ca-ra Sa-gra’/da. L. Sp. cascara, bark, + sagrada, sacred—holy bark ; i. ¢., so considered "by many natives, on account of its medical properties. PLantT.—Small tree, 4.5-6 M. (15-20°) high ; twigs pubescent ; leaves 5-15 Cm. (2-6’) long, 2.5-7.5 Cm. (1-3’) wide, thin, elliptic, Fic. 244. a Bhamnus Purshiana (Cascara Sagrada) ; A, B, ee branches ; 1, flower cluster; 2, flower, vertical sectiun, magnified ; 3, fruit, apex obtuse, base rounded, pubescent beneath, dull-green, dentate, petioles short, downy ; flowers large, umbellate cymes; fruit drupe, black, obovoid, 8 Mm. (4’)-long, 3-lobed, 3-seeded. Bank, curved, quilled, 2.5-10 Cm. (1-4’) long, 1-2 Mm. (51,-;,’) thick, periderm brownish-gray, whitish, young bark with many broad, paler warts, stone-cells in clusters; inner surface yellowish, by age brownish, smooth or finely striate ; fracture short, yellowish, fibrous in the inner layer ; colors the saliva yellow, behaves like frangula with alkali 376 = =ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. (red) and ferric chloride (dark-brown); inodorous, bitter. Solvent : diluted alcohol. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—With barks of allied species. CoystrruENts.—Purshianin (cascarin), rhamnetin, volatile oil, fixed oil, tannin, three resins, (1, brown by potassa, 2, purple by potassa, 3, reddish-brown by sulphuric acid). Composition possibly changes with age ; some claim the presence of emodin, chrysarobin and chryso- phanic acid, and that from this latter the resins to be derived. Purshianin.—Crystalline glucoside, brownish-red, odorless, taste- less, soluble in alcohol, acetone, alkalies, hot water, resembles frangu- lin, but decomposes into emodin and non-fermentable sugar; it is at least five times more active than the drug. Dose, gr. 2—5 (.13-.3 Gm.). PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Rhamni Purshiane Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Rhamnus Purshiana. (Syn., Br. Extractum Cascare Sagrade Liquidum; Fr. Extrait liquide de Cascara Sagrada ; Ger. Fliissiges Cascara Sagrada-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with diluted alcohol q.s. 100 Cc. Dose, Mx-30 (.6-2 Fie. 245. Ce.). Unof. Preps.: Tasteless (Aro- matic) Fluid Eatract (macerate, percolate 100 Gm. + calcined mag- nesia 12.5, glycyrrhiza 10, with glycerin 25 Cc. + diluted alcohol Mbpmaus Forehiane ja eeonmeeor gg, 100 Ce), Dose, Mx-30 (6-2 Ce.). Extract. Dose, gr. 2-8 (.13- 5 Gm.). Tincture, 15 p.c. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Ce.). Cordial. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Co.). PROPERTIES.—Purgative, tonic, febrifuge, increases secretions of stomach, liver, pancreas ; not usually given as a single cathartic, but where frequent repetition is required ; it operates in 6-10 hours, and wears well, as increased quantities are not needed when habitually used ; it regulates action of the bowels, and acts best on empty stomach in concentrated form. Fresh bark gripes, owing to a ferment which in time changes, so that matured official bark and its preparations should be without this property. The purgative action is due largely to resins, tonic to bitter principle. Usss.—Habitual constipation due to simple torpor of the colon, dyspepsia, hemorrhoids. _ Allied Plant : 1. R. califo’rnica.—California, Mexico. Plant, also locally called “ Cascara sagrada,” is smaller than R. Purshiana, and has bark thinner, with reddish-dull-gray color ; leaves elliptical, dentate ; flower numer- ous, abortive ; fruit purple, 3-seeded. 56, VITACE.E. Grape Family. Vi-ta’se-e. L. Vit-is + acew, a vine; viere, to twist; fr. Cel- tic gwid, the best of plants, while their word gwin means wine. VITIS—GRAPE. 377 VITACEE, Shrubs, distinguished by climbing by tendrils, having copious watery sap, nodose joints; flowers polygamo-diacious, calyx 4—5-toothed, petals 4—5, caducous ; ovary 1, fruit 1-6-celled berry ; temperate climates ; astringent, stimulant, nutritious, dietetic, refrigerant, aperient, diuretic. Genus: 1. Vitis. VITIS. GRAPE. 1. Vinum Atsum. White Wine. 2. Vinum Rusrum. Red Wine. prdde Vitis vinifera, Linné. \ The fermented juice of fresh fruit. Habitat, W. Asia; cult. in S. Europe, California, Ohio, etc. Syn. Grape Vine, Vine, Grapes; Fr. Grain de Raisin ; Ger. Weinbeere. - Vi'tis. L. see etymology, page 376, of Vitacex. Vi-nif’e-ra. L. vinum, wine, + fero, ferre, to bear, produce ; 4. ¢, its juice pro- duces wine. : PLaNT.—Perennial shrub ; stem long, tortuous, woody, brownish ; leaves 5-10 Cm. (2-4’) long, roundish, 5-lobed, cordate; flowers small, green ; fruit, ovoid berry, 12— 25 Mm. (4-1’) thick, pericarp thin, green, yellow, purple, red, pulp juicy, greenish, sweet, acidulous ; seeds few, pyriform. CoNSTITUENTS. — GRAPES: Su- gar 12-30 p. c. (most in warm cli- mates), potassium bitartrate, calcium tartrate, calcium phosphate, potas- sium sulphate, sodium chloride, tan- nic acid, malic acid, racemic acid, ferments, albumin, gluten, pectin, extractive, magnesia, alumina, silica. Potassii Bitartras, Potassium Bitartrate (Cream of Tartar), KHC,H,O,, oficial.—Obtained from argol or tartar (impure acid potas- sium tartrate, this being the precipi-. tate formed during the fermentation of grape juice into wine), by boiling it in water, filtering through char- Vitis vinifera, in fruit, coal, crystallizing. Acidum Tartaricum, Tartaric Acid, H,C,H,O,, official—Ob- tained from argol by boiling in water, neutralizing with chalk, decom- posing with calcium chloride, boiling with sulphuric acid, crystallizing. 1. Vinum Album. White Wine. (Syn. Vinum Generosum Album ; Fr. Vin blanc; Ger. Weiss Wein.) An alcoholic liquid made by fer- menting the juice of fresh grapes, freed from seeds, stems, and skins. It is a pale-amber or straw-colored liquid, pleasant odor, free from 378 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. yeastiness, fruity, agreeable, spirituous taste, without excessive sweet- ness or acidity, sp. gr. 0.995. 2. Vinum Rubrum. Red Wine. (Syn., Fr. Vin rouge ; Ger. Roth Wein.) An alcoholic liquid made by fermenting the juice of fresh, colored grapes in the presence of their skins. It is a deep-red liquid, pleasant odor, free from yeastiness, taste fruity, astringent, pleasant, acidulous, without excessive sweetness or acidity, sp. gr. 0.995. Impurities—White Wine: Tannic acid, free acid; Red Wine: Tannic acid, free acid, aniline colors, fuchsine, sulpho-fuchsine. Assay.—Both white and red wine should yield 10-14 p. c. by weight, or 12.4-17.3 p. c. by volume of absolute alcohol, and they should be preserved in well-closed casks, full as possible, or in well-stoppered bottles in a cool place. Commercial.—The many varieties of grapes are not all of one bo- tanic source. Thus most American wines are from the cultivated forms of Vitis Labru/sca—Catawba, Concord, Isabella, while Vitis estiva'lis gives us the Clinton, Vitis cordifo'lia or Vitis vulpi’na (ripa’ria) the Delaware, and Vitis vulpi’na the Scuppernong. On the other hand, quite all European wines are from Vitis vinifera varieties, which, having been introduced into California, etc., furnish us much valuable wine, in fact products difficult to distinguish from foreign vintage. Grapes are first crushed, and the clear juice, “must,” is fermented, giving light-colored wine, and, if husks, seeds, etc., be left in, dark- colored wine. The fermentation requires two or three weeks before the solution becomes clear, when it is put into other vessels, and slow after-fermentation allowed to continue for several weeks or months, during which time considerable precipitation takes place (argol, etc.). At the end of this process it is placed into casks to ripen, and to ob- tain the “ bouquet,” which is much improved after bottling. Clarifi- cation is aided by gelatin, as this combines with tannin to form an in- soluble compound and carries down with it yeast and other suspended matter. If the “must” has moderate amount of sugar, we get dry wine, if very much sugar the fermentation ceases before it is all con- sumed, yielding thereby sweet wine; when bottled before the after- fermentation, the product becomes sparkling wine or champagne. White wines are from pale-yellow to deep-amber, differ from the red in having very little color and tannin, and include the Sherry, Lis- bon, Teneriffe, Madeira, Rhenish, Hock, Moselle, French, California, ete. When white wine is prescribed without further specification a dry domestic production should be used, such as California, Riesling, Ohio, Catawba. When red wine is prescribed without further specifi- cation a dry domestic production should be employed, such as Claret, Burgundy, etc. PRopERTIES.—Stimulant, depressant, astringent, tonic, diaphoretic. The red wine contains most tannin, is more tonic and sustaining, less excitant, and is to be solely used in convalescence, excessive discharges ' ALTHAA—ALTHZA, 379 MALVACES. of blood, pus, ete. ; these are much more adulterated than white wines, and to the healthy are not only useless but absolutely pernicious, unless extremely light, as some of those made in France. ines like Sherry, Port, Madeira, etc., should not even be moderately indulged in as they induce gout, apoplexy, dropsy, tremors, stomach and liver troub- les, as well as other complaints caused by over-stimulation. Usrs.—Fevers, typhus, etc., ulceration, gangrene, tetanus, pure de- bility, irritable stomach, debility of the aged, ete. ; 57. MALVACEZ®. Mallow Family. Mal-va'se-e. Li. Malv-a + acer, fem. pl. of malvaceus, of mallows ; malva, mallow, fr. Gr. wakaxdc, soft, mild; 7. e., owing to its emollient properties or soft, downy leaves. Herbs, shrubs, trees. Distin- guished by stamens monadelphous, anthers 1-celled, seed reniform ; flowers regular ; sepals 5; petals 5; pistils several, united; albumi- nous, superior; temperate climate, tropics; demulcent, tough fibres, hairs as cotton. Genera: 1. Althea. 2. Gossypium. ALTHHA. ALTHAA (MarsH-Mattow). Althea - The root, collected in autumn from (cultivated) officinalis, Linné. plants at least two years old. Habitat. Europe, Western and Northern Asia. Naturalized insalt marshes. New England, New York, Australia, cultivated in Europe. Syn. White Mallow, Mortification root, Sweet weed, Wymote. Fr. Racine de Guimauve, Guimauve. Ger. Radix Althee, Eibischwurzel, Hibisch. Al-thee’a. L. fr. Gr. dAGevv, to heal, cure; 1. ¢, its medicinal qualities (Dios- corides ). Of-fi-ci-na/lis. L. see (Asagrea) officinalis, page 95. Puant.—Perennial herb .6-1.3 M. (2-4°) high, having several woolly stems; leaves 2.5—7.5 Cm. (1-3’) long, serrate, both sides pubescent ; flowers large, 2.6-5 Cm. (1—2’) in diameter, purple ; Root, in cylindrical pieces, peeled, 7.5-15 Cm. (8-6’) long, 10 Mm. (2’) thick, whitish, hairy from the loosened bast-fibres, medullary rays narrow ; vascular bundles, small, indistinct ; parenchyma filled with starch and contains scattered cells of calcium oxalate crystals, also larger cells of mucilage ; odor faint, aromatic, taste sweet, mucilagi- nous ; unscraped roots yellowish-brown, non-fibrous. Leaves and flowers are sometimes used. Solvents: water is best which, when cold, dissolves asparagin, mucilage, and sugar, when hot also takes up starch. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—Belladonna root, when young and peeled, resem- bles althzea, but is distinguished by the absence of hair-like bast-fibres, and by having visible yellowish wood-bundles. Old, dark-colored althea roots are sometimes whitened by calcium oxide or sulphate, which is detected by soaking in water, when calcium salts subside to the bottom. 380 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. ConstirvENTs.—Asparagin (althein, amido-succinamic acid, aspara- mide) 1-2 p. c., Mucilage (bassorin, althea mucilage, upon which value depends) 35 p. ¢., Starch 35 p.c., pectin 10 p. c., betaine, sugar 8 p.c., ash 4-5 p. ¢. Fic. 247. Asparagin, C,H,N,O, + H,0. — Obtained by putting the thick, viscid mucilage of althea into a dialyzer, with water outside; asparagin passes into the water, which upon evaporation yields the crystals. These are colorless, neutral, transparent, lustrous, sp. gr. 1.520, soluble in water 47 parts, acids, alkalies, converted by these latter into ammonia and organic acid; therapeu- tically inactive. Dose, gr. 5-10 (.3- .6 Gm.). PREPARATIONS. — 1. Syrupus Al- thee. Syrup of Althea. (Syn., Syrup of Marsh-Mallow; Fr. Sirop de Gui- mauve ; Ger. Eibischsirup.) Manufacture: 5 p.c. Macerate 5 Gm. in water 40 Ce. + alcohol 3, for one hour, dissolve in strained solution sugar 10 Gm., add glycerin 10 Cc., A water q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, ad libitum. Althea officinalis. 2. Massa Hydrargyri, 25 p. e. Dose, gr. 1-15 (.06~-1 Gm.). 3. Pilule Ferri Carbonatis, gr. 4 (.01 Gm.) in each pill. Dose, 1- 3 pills. ; 4. Pilule Phosphori, gr. 1 (.06 Gm.) in each pill. Dose, 1-5 pills. Unoff. Preps.: Decoction, 5 p.c. Ointment. Poultice. Species Al- thea. Species Emollientes. Species Pectorales. Fic. 248. Althea officinalis ; 1, expanded flower ; 2, vertical section of flower ; 8, stamen; 4, stamen after discharge of pollen; 5, fruit; 6, outside calyx as seen from beneath. PRoPERTIES.—Demulcent, emollient, protective. UseEs.—Inflammations of pulmonary, digestive, and urinary or- gans, mucous membranes; skin eruptions, herpes, psoriasis, enema (decoction) for vaginal and rectal irritation. GOSSYPIUM—COTTON. 381 MALVACES. In pharmacy, the powdered root being very absorbent, is used to harden pills, troches, electuaries, etc. Allied Plants : 1, A. ro’sea, Hollyhock.—Levant. Petals used ; frequently culti- vated in gardens. Flowers (Flores Malve Arborec) 7.5-12.5 Cm. Fic. 249. Fic. 250. . Wt 4 Malva sylvestris ; showing flowers, leaves, Althea ; transverse section, magnified 2 diam. and fruit. 2 (8-5’) broad, nearly sessile, composed of a tomentose calyx and 5 pur- ple petals. 2. Ma'lva sylve'stris, High Mallow; M. vulga'ris, Common Mallow, and M. rotundifo'lia, Low (Running) Mallow.—The flowers are rose- red, purple or whitish, but when dried bluish, green with ammonia, red with acids, slight odor ; sweetish, mucilaginous taste. 3. Abu’tilon and Hibi’scus species have similar medical properties, and can be used satisfactorily one for the other. GOSSYPIUM. COTTON. 1. Gossypm Rapicis Cortex. Cotton Root Bark. 9. Gossypium Puriricatum. Purified Cotton. 3. OLEUM GossyPII SEMINIS. Cotton-Seed Oil. 1. The bark of the root. 2. The hairs of the Gossypium seed, freed from adhering impurities and fat. cpap ee ge mné, 3. The fixed oil, expressed from the seed and - purified. Habitat. C. Asia, India, China, Arabia, N. E. Africa, Egypt, cultivated in the United States, W. Indies, C. and S. America, N. Africa, Australia, 8. Spain, etc. . 1. Fr. Ecorce de la Racine de Cotonnier. Ger. Baumwoll-wurzelrinde. 2: Gossypium, Absorbent Cotton, Cotton Wool. Fr. Bombyx, Lana (Lanugo, s. Pili) Gossypii; Coton. Ger. Baumwolle. 3. Fr. Huile (de Coton) de Semences de Coton- nier. Ger. Baumwollsamendl. ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Gos-syp/i-um. L. fr. Ar. Goz, Gothn, a soft silky substance ; 4. ¢., the hairs of the seeds. ; ' Her-ba’ce-um. L. herbaceus, grassy, herby ; 7. ¢., the plant habit. PLANT.—Small biennial or triennial shrub ; stem branching, 1.5-3 M. (5-10°) high, more or less woody; leaves hoary, palmately 3—5- lobed ; flowers large, 5-7.5 Cm. (2-3’) long and wide, yellow, purple spot near the claw; fruit capsule or boll 4-5 Cm. (13-2) long, 3-5- celled, opening by as many valves when ripe, revealing loose, white tuft of long, slender hair that surrounds each one of the numer- ous seeds. BARK OF THE ROOT, in thin, flexible bands or quills, brown- ish-yellow, slightly ridged, with black dots or short transverse lines and dull-orange-brown patches from the abrasion of the thin cork ; inner surface whitish, silky lustre, finely striate; bast-fibres tough, long, separable into papery layers ; inodorous ; taste slightly acrid, as- tringent. Solvents: diluted alcohol ; Fig. 251. boiling water. Dose, Sss—1 (2-4 Gm.). HAIrRs OF THE SEED, white, soft, fine filaments 12-37.5 Mm. (4—-12’) long ; under microscope hollow, flattened, twisted bands, spirally striate, slightly thickened at edges; inodorous, taste- less. Test: When compressed in the band and thrown on water, should quickly sink and impart to the water neither acidity nor alkalinity; ash should be no greater than 0.8 p. «. Solvent: solution of copper ammonium sulphate. OIL OF THE SEED, pale-yel- low, nutritious, oily liquid, odorless ; bland, nut-like taste; sp. gr. 0.920- = ; 0.930; sparingly soluble in alcohol, Gossypium herbapemn eelyxs — veadily in ether and chloroform ; solidi- fies at — 2° C, (28° F.), Tests: 1. Mercuric nitrate solidifies olive oil, but leaves cotton-seed oil fluid ; 2. With sulphuric or nitric acid get brownish-red, but no coloration with olive oil. , SupstituTions.—1. Bark: That from the stem sometimes em- ployed. 2. Harrs: Bohme'ria ni'vea, fibre can be used for cotton, lint, ete. 38. Ort: 1. Brazil or Para Nut oil; nuts 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2’) long, three-edged, brownish-gray kernel, white, almond-taste ; yield 60 p.c. oil. 2. Oleum Fagi, Beech Oil, from fruit of Fa’gus sylva’tica, kernels yield 22 p. c. oil; yellow, sp. gr. 0.922, congeals at —17.5° C. (0° F.). _s Commercial.—Cotton was known by Arabians, Egyptians, and Chinese in the tenth century, was carried to Spain by Moors in the sixteenth century. Ancient Egyptians possibly did not know it, as their mummy fibres are all linen. No paintings of plants nor seeds are found in tombs. In Peru, however, mummy clothing contains GOSSYPIUM—COTTON. 383 MALVACEZ. cotton from earliest date, hence here may be its original habitat. ‘There are many species now giving similar products. Our own is thought to be from G. barbade’nse, Barbadoes Island, West Indies. Chapman refers long staple or Sea Island cotton, which we cultivate, to G. ni’grum, and short staple or Upland cotton to G. a’lbum. The Bark is taken from the washed roots in late fall with knives and dried in the sun for market ; sometimes the entire root is in- cluded. The Hairs are taken from the seeds by hand or mill (cotton gin). As the seeds contain 15-20 p. c. fixed oil, some of this in growing is absorbed by the fibres, which must be removed before serving well in medicine. Purification: Boil carded cotton in a 5 p. c. solution of potassa or soda, wash with water to remove soap, express, and add to it a 5 p.c. solution of chlorinated lime for half an hour, wash, express, and add it to acidulated (HCl 5 p.c.) water, wash, express. This process may be repeated if necessary and removes 7—10 p. c. of weight, being chiefly fat. The Oil is obtained by cracking off testa, grinding kernels, and ex- pressing ; yield 15-21 p. c. At first thick, reddish-brown, turbid from mucilage and albumin ; by standing most of this subsides, yield- ing clarified oil of orange color, by treating this with boiling water or super-heated steam albuminoids are coagulated, giving lighter-colored refined oil, finally by bleaching, which consists in agitating with alkaline solution and heating, we get winter-bleached oil. The loss in refining is 5-10 p. c., and thus purified it is official. It is largely exported for olive oil adulteration, toward which end a line of tanked steamers ply regularly between New Orleans and Europe, the vessels having a capacity of from one-half to one million gallons or 12,000—20,000 barrels (189-378 M1.). ConsTITUENTS.—I. Bark : Chromogene (yellow, becoming red and resinous by age), resin (yellow), fixed oil, tannin, sugar, starch, ash 4p.c. II. Hairs: Cellulose, inorganics 1.5 p.c., fixed oil 7-10 p.c. III. Orn: Olein, palmitin and non-saponifiable yellow coloring matter. PREPARATIONS.—I. Bark: 1. Extractum Gossypii Radicis Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Cotton Root Bark. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide d’Ecorce de Cotonnier ; Ger. Flissiges Baumwollwurzel-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol 75 Ce. + glycerin 25, finishing with the former alone q. s. 100 Cc. Dose, 5ss—1 2-4 Cc.). ( Croft Thee : Decoction, Siv (120 Gm.) + Oij (900 Cc.) evaporated to Oj (450 Ce.). Dose, 3ij (60 Ce.) every half hour. II. Hatrs: 1. Pyrovylinum. Pyroxylin. Soluble Gun Cotton, Colloxylin. (Syn., Collodion Cotton, Lana Collodii; Fr. Fulmicoton soluble ; Ger. Kollodiumwolle.) Manufacture: Immerse purified cotton 100 Gm. in a mixture of sulphuric acid 2,200 Ce. + nitric acid 1,400 Ce.; wash with much water, then alcohol, and press, to make it soluble in a mixture of alco- hol 1 volume + ether 3 volumes; when thus prepared, wash with cold 384 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. then boiling water, and dry at 60° C. (140° F.). Should be kept cool, dry, remote from lights, fire, and loosely packed in well-closed vessels of 25 Gm. each. Prep.: 1. Collodium. Collodion. (Syn., Fr. Collodion ; Ger. Collodium, Kollodium.) Manufacture: Add to pyroxylin 3 Gm., ether 75 Cc.; after fifteen minutes add alcohol 25 Cc., let stand until clear. Prep.: 1. Collodium Stypticwm. Styptic Collodion. (Syn., Collodium Hemostaticum, Styptic Colloid, Xylostyptic Ether ; Fr. Collodion au Tannin, Collodion styptique ; Ger. Tannin Collodium.) Manufacture: Agitate in a bottle tannic acid 20 Gm., alco- hol 5 Ce., ether 25, adding finally collodion q. s. 100 Ce. 2. Collodium Flevile. Flexible Collodion. (Syn., Fr. Col- lodion élastique ; Ger. Collodium Elasticum, Elastisches Collodium.) Manufacture: Mix thoroughly in a bottle collodion 92 Gm., Canada turpentine 5, castor oil 3. Prep.: 1. Collodium Cantharidatum. Cantharidal Collo- dion. Blistering Collodion. (Syn., Collodium (Vesi- cans) Cantharidale; Fr. Collodion (vésicant) can- tharidé—cantharidal ; Ger. Blasenziehendes Collodium, Spanischfliegen (Kanthariden)-Kollodium.) Manufacture: Percolate cantharides 60 Gm., with chloro- form until exhausted, reclaim and evaporate to 15 Gm., dissolve this in flexible collodion 85 Gm., set aside to- clear. Keep all collodions with same precaution as pyroxylin. Unoff. Preps.: Salicylated, borated, benzoinated, chlorinated, carbo- lated, iodoform, hemostatic cottons. IIT. Om: 1. Linimentum Ammonice, 60 p. ec. 2. Linimentum Camphore, 80 p. c. PropEerties.—I. Bark: Emmenagogue, oxytocic, uterine hemo- static; similar to ergot, but less certain. II. Harrs: Protective. III. Ort: Demulcent, nutrient. Usres.—I. Bark: Dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, uterine tumors, southward for abortions, uterine hemorrhages. Incompatibles and Synergists: Same as for ergot. II. Hares: Dressing in burns, scalds, erysipelas, blisters, surgical wounds; keeps out organic germs that cause suppuration and septic disease. Cotton batting maintains local heat in pneumonia, rheumatism, and can be made into pessaries. III. Om: Like olive and almond oils in pharmacy, liniments, etc.; in culinary for lard—to adulterate olive oil, in pre- paring woollen cloth, morocco leather, lubricating machinery, etc. Cotton-seed Tea is a mucilaginous drink for dysentery and diarrhea. Allied Plants: 1. G. barbade'nse, G. arbo'reum, G. religio' sum (fibres yellow), ete. —These furnish products which can be used similarly to the official. THEOBROMA—CACAO. 385 STERCULIACEZ. 58. STERCULIACE2S. Silk Cotton Family. ‘Ster-ku-li-a’se-e. iL. Sterculi-a + acee, from stercus, excrement, Sterculius—God of ; 7. e., named from the fetid flowers or fruit of certain species.. Trees or shrubs. Distinguished from Malvacez by anthers 2-celled and flowers sometimes unisexual by abortion ; calyx 5, corolla 5, twisted ; tropics, temperate climates ; demulcent, emetic, purgative. Genus: 1, Theobroma. THEOBROMA‘” CACAO (CHocoLaTEe TREE). Oleum Theobromatis. Oil of Theobroma (Oleum Theobrome. Butter of Cacao), official. 3 Theobroma Cacao, Linné. Habitat. South America, Brazil, Central America, Mexico, West Indies. Culti- vated in the tropics, largely in some of the West Indies. Syn. Semen (Fab) Cacao. Fr. Cacao, Féves du Mexique. Ger. Kakaobohnen. Fr. Oleum Concretum e, Semine Theobrome Cacao, Beurre de Cacao. Ger. Oleum Cacao, Kakaobutter. The-o-bro’ma. L. fr. Gr. Ged¢, a god, + Bpdua, food—food of the gods; 1. ¢., its delicious qualities. Ca-ca/o. L. Sp. from Mexico, hakahuati; i. ¢., its native name. Puiant.—Handsome tree 9-12 M. (30—40°) high, round branches, bark gray, smooth; leaves 20-22.5 Cm. (8-9) long, 6 Cm. (23’) wide, lanceolate, acute, round base, entire, veins prominent beneath, petiole 2.5 Cm. (1’) long, thickened at both ends ; young leaves pink ; flowers pale-pink, calyx and corolla 2.5 Cm. (1’) broad, alike in color ; fruit large, 15-17.5 Cm. (6-7’) long, broadly fusiform, with 10 shallow furrows and blunt ridges, tuberculated, pendulous, single or 2-3 to- gether, at first yellow, then red, purple, pericarp thick, tough, 5-celled ; seeds many, closely packed in tiers, size of almonds, angular from pressure, immersed in copious, sweet buttery pulp, seed-coats two, brownish. ConstTITUENTS.—SEEDS: Fixed oil 50 p.c., starch 16 p. c., theo- bromine 1.54.5 p. c., caffeine, proteids 18 p. c., sugar 0.6 p. c., color- ing matter, ash 3.6—4.6 p. ¢. Oleum Theobromatis. Oil of Theobroma.—The seeds, taken from the fruit, are dried, thus retaining astringency and bitterness, or pref- erably are allowed to sweat and ferment in heaps for a week, then dried, thus losing astringency and bitterness ; this can also be done by burying in a box for three days. The oil is now extracted by: 1. Expression, 2. Decoction, 3. Solvent (carbon disulphide, ether, chloro- form, etc.). The former process is considered best and consists in warming the seeds and subjecting them to hydraulic pressure or feed- ing them through heated rollers. Thus nearly all the oil is squeezed out from a dryish, oleaginous pulp (expressed cake). Oil is a yellowish solid, faint, agreeable odor, bland, choeolate-like taste, sp. gr. 0.975, melts at 30-33° C. (86-91.4° F.) soluble in ether, 25 A fixed oil, expressed from the seed. 386 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. chloroform, ete. Contains stearin, laurin, arachin, olein, with glycerides of formic and butyric acids, little resin. Test: Oil 1 Gm. + 3 Ce. ether or benzin, in test tube at 17° C. (63° F.) ; when dissolved plunge into water at 0° C. (32° F.), the liquid should not become turbid, nor deposit a granular mass in less than three minutes, and after congeal- ing should clarify at 15° C.; 59° F. (abs. paraffin, wax, stearin, tal- low, ete.). Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.). : PREPARATIONS.—(Unoff.) Emulsion, Suppositories, Ointments. PROPERTIES.—Nutrient, demulcent, emollient. Usrs.—Seldom internally, only as suppositories, when it acts as an excipient or carrier for other medicine. Externally in cosmetic oint- ments, pill coating, abraded or inflamed surfaces. Allied Products : : ‘ 1, Chocolate, Cocoa.—In every 100 parts of seeds 12 are shells, 88 Theobroma Cacao. are kernels; now the expressed cake, preferably from seeds, having been deprived of testa before pressing, when reduced to paste, mixed with sugar, vanilla, cinnamon, etc., annotto for coloring, and moulded into cakes, constitutes commercial cacao, cocoa or chocolate (fr. Indian, choco- lat). To this sometimes are added starch, rice flour, butter, lard, barley flour, sassafras nuts, cloves, etc., mainly as adulterants. 2. Theobromine (dimethylxanthine), C,H,N,O,.—To obtain this ex- haust kernels with hot water, strain, precipitate with lead acetate, filter, remove lead by hydrogen sulphide, filter, evaporate, now treat residue with hot alcohol, from which whitish bitter crystals deposit. It is an alkaloid not altered by solution of potassa, slightly soluble in water, alcohol, ether, forms salts (hydrochlorate, nitrate, salicylate, etc.), and is related to caffeine, this latter being its methyl derivative—methy]- THEA—TEA. 387. THEACEE. theobromine, into which theobromine may be converted by treating theobromine-silver with methyl-iodide. Theobromine is also made synthetically from xanthine (ureous acid) ; the salt, sodio-theobromine salicylate (diuretin) containing 49.7 p. c. of this alkaloid is a stimulant and diuretic in chronic and acute Bright’s disease, the dose being gr. 10-20 (.6-1.3 Gm.) ter die in capsule or solution. Allied Plant: 1. Co’la acumina'ta, Cola Nut.—W. Africa, S. America. A large African tree, having yellow flowers which produce 5 follicles, each 1-seeded ; these are 2.5 Cm. (1’) long, somewhat flattened, brownish with blackish spots, nutmeg-odor, aromatic taste. Contain caffeine 2 p. ¢., theobromine, starch 42 p. c., kolanin, kolazym, (ferment), tannin, sugar and gum 11 p.c., proteids 6 p. c., fat, volatile oil 1.5 p. c. Properties and uses the same as coffee (but resembles coca in aiding the endurance of fatigue without food). Even the nuts are roasted and used similarly in stimulating beverage. 59. THEACEZ (TERNSTRCMIACEZ). Tea Family. The-a’se-e. L. The-a + acez, tea, fr. Chinese Téh or Toha ; i. ¢., na- tive name assimulating Dea, God. ‘Trees, shrubs. Distinguished by alternate leaves ; large showy solitary axillary flowers, sepals 5, petals 5, crenulate, stamens monadelphous ; ovary 2—several-celled, superior ; fruit 3-5-celled, woody capsule, dehiscent ; tropics; stimulant, astrin- gent, sedative. Genus: 1. Thea. THEA. TEA. Caffeina, Caffeine (Theine), C,H,,N,O, + H,O, official. A feeble basic proximate principle from the Thea sinensis, Linné, and dried leaves of the former, and dried Coffea arabica, Linné. seeds of the latter (Rubiacez), and found also in other plants. Habitat. S. E. Asia, China, India, Japan; cultivated. Syn. Thea Bohea, Black Tea, Thea viridis, Green Tea; Fr. The; Gr. Thee. The’a. L. see etymology, above, of Theacez. / Si-nen/’sis. L. (Chinensis) Chinese, of or belonging to China; i. ¢., its chief habitat. ¥ : Puiant.—Evergreen shrub, much branched, bark brown, young twigs downy ; leaves 5-10 Cm. (2~4’) long, petiolate, acute at both ends, oval, irregularly serrate, veins prominent, dark-green ; flowers in winter, 2.5 Cm. (1’) wide, yellowish-white ; fruit 3-celled trigonous capsule, with thin brown woody pericarp ; diluted alcohol or boiling water exhausts the leaves. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—Prussian blue, indigo, turmeric, gypsum; the three former impart color to water, the latter soon deposits; various leaves, recognized by shape, venation, margin, etc. Commercial.—The plant, springing from seed, begins to yield ‘satis- 388 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. factory leaves in three years, and at seven attains perfection, being about the height of aman. Three collections are made yearly (Feb., Apr., June), the first, consisting mostly of young leaves, having greatest value. Commercially we have green and black, the former being more carefully collected and quickly dried, the latter, owing to slower process, undergoing partial fermentation, thereby changing color and sacrificing quality. ConstiTtuENTS.—Caffeine (Theine) 1-5 p.c., volatile oil 0.6—1 p. ¢., theophylline (isomeric with theobromine), tannin 11-21 p. c¢., boheic acid, albumin, resin, wax, ee ash 4-6 p. c. (14 p.c. being gZ phosphoric acid); leaves yield 40 p. c. of aqueous extract. PREPARATIONS. — (Un- off.) Fluid Extract. Dose, Wxv—60 (1-4 Ce). Infu- sion (Tea). Dose, ad libitum. PROPERTIES AND USES. —Similar to coffee, under Rubiacez, which see. Allied Plants: 1. The'a (Camellia, after George Joseph Camel or Camelli, a Dutch Jesuit missionary and botanist) japo'nica.—Japan. An or- namental shrub with poison- ous seed. T" oleo’sa (Came! l- lia olei’fera) and T. drupi!- jera. Seeds resemble those of 7. sine’nsis and yield a bland fixed oil, that of T. drupi'fera being fragrant. Bi 2. L'lee parague!nsis Thea sinensis, ( paraguaye’ nsis), Maté, Pa- raguay Tea.—Ilicaces (Aq- uifoliacese). Brazil. Leaves contain caffeine 0.2-1.6 p. ¢, tannin 10-16 p. ¢., volatile oil, stearopten, wax, glucoside, proteids 5 p. c., ash 4-8 p. c. 3. Helia'nthemum canade'nse, Frostwort.—Cistacee. The herb official, 1850-1880; N. America. Perennial, 15-45 Om. (6-18) high, hoary ; leaves 2.5. Cm. (1’) long, woolly beneath; flowers 2.5 Cm. (1’) broad, yellow, 5’s, calyx pubescent, bitter, astringent. Con- tains tannin 11 p.c., bitter glucoside. Used as a tonic, astringent, alterative for scrofula, syphilis, diarrhoea ; gargle in scarlatina, sore- throat, prurigo ; large doses emetic. Dose, gr. 5~30: (.8-2 Gm.) ; in decoction, infusion, extract. CAMBOGIA—GAMBOGE. 389 GUTTIFERE. 60. GUTTIFERZ (CLUSIACEZ). Gamboge (Mangosteen) Family. Gu-tif’e-re. lL. fem. pl. Guttifer—agutta, a drop, + ferre, to bear ; i. e., plants yield gum or resinous substances (juice) in drops. Trees or shrubs, allied to Hypericaceee and Malvacee. Leaves coriaceous ; flowers perfect; stamens many, distinct, mon- or poly-adelphous ; sepals 2-8, often unequal, petaloid ; petals 2-8 x ; ovary 1-celled, superior ; fruit edible ; seed oily ; tropics; purgative, timber. Genus: 1. Garcinia. CAMBOGIA. GAMBOGE. Garcinia Hanburii, Hooker filius. Habitat. Anam, Camboja (Cambodia), Siam. Cochin-China. Syn. Gummi-resina—Gutte or Gutti, Gutta Gamba, Cambodia. Fr. Gutte, Gomme-gutte. Ger. Gummigutt, Gutti. Gar-cin’i-a, L. named after Laurent Garcin, French botanist, who first de- scribed it in 1734. Han-bwri-i. L. in memory of D. Hanbury, named by Sir J. D. Hooker. Cam-bo’gi-a. L. usually called Cambodia, a French protectorate in farther India, where it is indigenous. Gamboge. The trade name, corruption of Camboge. Piant.—A tree 10.5-15 M. (85-50°) high, with many spreading branches ; bark orange-brown, thick ; leaves 10-17.5 Cm. (4-7’) long, laurel-like ; flowers Feb., dicecious, small, yellow, in 4’s, staminate ones on pedicels (pedicula’ta) 6 Mm. (}’) long ; fruit May-June, size of crab apple, 3 Cm. (1}’) in diameter; smooth, orange-green color, with 4 dissepiments, each having one seed 12-18 Mm. (3-3’) long. GuUM-RESIN (gamboge), in cylindrical pieces, straight or bent, solid or hollow, 15-20 Cm. (6-8’) long, 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2) thick, longitudinal strie, fracture conchoidal, waxy lustre, orange-red; inodorous ; taste acrid ; powder bright-yellow, sternutatory. Solvents: alcohol or ether extract at least 75 p.c. Dose, gr. 4-5 (.03-.3 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.— Wheat and rice flour, sand, powdered wood or bark, mostly in the cake variety, giving greater hardness and coarser fracture. : Commercial.—Gamboge as it first comes from the tree is a yellow, milky juice, which is secreted in ducts of the middle bark and to a less extent in the pith, alburnum, leaves, flowers, and fruit. Itis collected by breaking off leaves and twigs of the tree, or by incisions through the bark, from which injured points the juice exudes in drops; it is caught on leaves or in cocoanut shells or in bamboo joints, where it is allowed to harden during summer. Each tree yields biennially 3 bamboo joints 50 Cm. (20’) long, 4 Cm. (1}’) thick. Trees should be tapped only in alternate years. We have several commercial varieties depending upon their shape, which enter market via Canton, Calcutta, Singapore, Bangkok, Saigon, etc. }A gum-resin. 390 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 1. Pipe or Roll.—This is the best, and results when the juice is caught in hollow bamboo joints. ; 2. Cake or Lwmp.—tThis is'in masses of 2-3 lbs. (.7-1 Kg.) usu- ally somewhat mixed with sticks, flour, etc., and results from the juice being caught in leaves and various vessels, during which more or less exposure occurs; itis less uniform, less brittle, fracture dull or brown- ish, non-conchoidal, sometimes called coarse gamboge. Tests: 1. When pure the gum-resin is completely dissolved by successive treat- ments of ether or alcohol, and then water. 2. Rubbed down with hot water yields yellow emulsion, when boiled with water, cooled, and iodine T. 8. added should not get green coloration (abs., starch, flour, etc.). Fie. 264. . Garcinia Hanburii. ConsTITUENTS.—Gum 16-26 p. c., Resin (cambogic acid) 66-80 p- ¢., moisture 4 p. c., wax 4 p.c., ash 1-3 p. c. Gum.—Soluble in cold water like gum arabic (arabin) but not iden- tical with it, as it is not precipitated by lead acetate, ferric chloride, sodium silicate.or sodium biborate. Resin.—Soluble in ether and alcohol, forming golden-yellow tinc- tures, also in alkaline solutions with red color, from which it is pre- eipitated unaltered by acids. It has acid characteristics, hence some- ; CAMBOGIA—GAMBOGE. 391 GUTTIFERZ. , times called cambogic acid, and upon it the coloring matter and medicinal properties depend. ; PREPARATIONS.—1. Pilulce Catharticce Composite, gr. 4 (.016 Gm.). Dose, 1-3 pills. _ PRopPERTIES.—Drastic, hydragogue cathartic; in small repeated doses diuretic. Usually produces much griping, nausea and vomiting when taken in full doses, so that it is generally combined with other cathartics, as calomel, jalap, potassium bitartrate or carbonate, ete. ; it greatly irritates the alimentary canal, especially the small intestine when taken in excess, and 60 grains (4 Gm.) have occasioned death ; it augments intestinal glands’ secretion, but not of bile, and mostly passes in the feces, but some is absorbed causing yellow urine. UseEs.—Liver trouble from malaria; kidney complications, vermi- fuge, tenifuge, dropsy ; very uncertain in veterinary practice. Mostly used as pigment in water-color painting. The powder when rubbed up with water shows strongly the “ Brownian movement” under the microscope. - Allied Plants: Fig. 255. 1. Several guttiferous plants of Southern India, not restricted, however, to the Cam- bodia province, as is the official, are almost identical with this latter and yield a similar juice: Garcinia More’ lla (staminate flowers sessile). Ceylon, S. India. G. travanco’- rica.. Travancore. Gt. picto’ria. Madras peninsula, ete. G. Mangosta’na, Mango Fruit. India; astringent. G. (in’dica) pur- pu'rea. India. The seeds of this are ex- posed to the sun and then boiled in water, when 10-20 p.c. of a fixed oil (kokum-but- » ter) is obtained. ; Viola tricolor. 2. Cane'lla Wintera’na (a’/lba), White Cinnamon.—Canellacee. The bark official, 1820-1880; W. Indies. Tree 9-15 M. (30-50°) high, recognized by whitish bark; leaves thick ; flowers white, aromatic ; fruit berries 12 Mm. (4’) long, blackish. Bark in quills 15-60 Cm. (6—24’) long, 3 Mm. (4’) thick, deprived of gray corky layer, orange-red, with scars, inside striate with resin-cells, cinnamon-odor ; taste bitter, biting. Contains volatile oil (having eu- genol) 1 p.c., resin 8 p. c., bitter principle. Used in gastric debility, menorrhagia, amenorrhea, as stimulant, tonic, condiment. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.8-2 Gm.). Pulvis Aloes et Cannelle, Hiera-picra, official, 1820-1880. 3. Vi'ola tri’ color, Pansy.—Violacee. The flowering herb official, 1880-1890; Europe, N. America, cultivated. _ Plant 10-380 Cm. (4— 12’) high, angular ; leaves roundish, cordate ; flowers variegated (yel- low, whitish, blue, purplish); taste bitter; contains salicylic acid 0.1 p. ¢., bitter principle, resin. Used in skin diseases, scrofula, syphilis, bronchitis, nephritis, as alterative, expectorant ; large doses 392 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. emetic, cathartic. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.) ; in decoction, infusion, extract. Vi/ola peda’ta, Bird’s-foot or Blue Violet. The herb and rhizome official, 1820-1880, Europe, N. America. Plant acaulescent ; leaves 3—5-divided ; flowers bluish ; rhizome 25 Mm. (1’) long, 18 Mm. (2’) thick, bitter, acrid. Used as the preceding. 4, Tu'rnera diffu! sa (microphy'lla) var. aphrodisi’aca, Damiana.— Turneracee. W. Mexico, Lower California, Texas. Leaves alternate, 10-25 Mm. (2~1’) long, wedge-shaped base, 6-12-toothed, obovate, light-green, with whitish hairs, aromatic, mint-like taste. Contains volatile oil 1 p. c. (amber-colored, aromatic odor, warm camphoraceous taste), two resins, tannin. Aphrodisiac, tonic, stimulant, laxative. Dose, 3ss—2 (2-8 Gm.), fluid extract. 5. Lopho'phora (Anhalo'nium) Lewi/nii, Mescale.—Cactacee. Mex- ico. This small plant yields the mescale buttons, which are used by the Rio Grande Indians to produce intoxication during religious ceremonies, also the alkaloid pellotine (pellotinum), C,,H,,NO,. This latter is unirritating, consequently can be well employed hypodermic- ‘ally as a hypnotic; resembles somewhat cannabis indica. Slightly slows the pulse, produces mental and bodily weariness, sleep without untoward symptoms ; excessive quantities produce spasms resembling strychnine poisoning. Hysteria, insomnia, angina pectoris, asthmatic dyspnea, hypochondriasis. Dose, (pellotine) gr. }-1 (.03-.06 Gm.). 6. Ca'ctus (Ce’reus) grandiflo’rus, Night-blooming Cereus.—Mexico, W. Indies; cultivated. The plant has a fleshy, green, branching stem which is used in medicine ; stem 5—6-angled, angles 5—6-spined, flowers white, sessile, large, fragrant, petals and stamens numerous, fruit white berry, size of egg, acrid taste; contains cactine. Cardiac stimulant, vermifuge, emetic, cathartic. Cardiac palpitation and weak- ness, heart failure from valvular disease, angina pectoris, aortic regur- gitation ; better than digitalis in some cases ; non-cumulative. Dose, gr. 5-15 (.8-1 Gm.), in tincture or fluid extract. 61. THYMELZEZACEZ. Mezereon Family. Thim-e-le-a’se-e. L. Thymele-a + acer, Gr. Gupedata, a plant, fr. Gupos, courage (thyme),-+ data, olive tree (oil), referring to the reviv- ing odor; or @vw, to perfume, being used in temples as incense. Trees, shrubs, rarely herbs. Distinguished by toughness and acridity of bark, due to bast-fibres. Leaves entire ; flowers perfect ; calyx regular, sim- ple colored, 4—5-lobed, inferior ; stamens perigynous, twice the calyx lobes ; ovary 1-celled, superior ; ovule 1; fruit nut or drupe ; tropics ; narcotic, poisonous. MEZEREUM—MEZEREUM. 393 THYMELEACER. Genus: 1. Daphne. MEZEREUM. MEZEREUM (Mezgreon). Daphne Mezereum, Linné, \ the bark. and other species. Habitat. Europe, mountainous regions (Siberia, spontaneous in Canada, New En- gland. Cultivated for medicine and ornament). : Syn. Spurge Laurel (Olive), Spurge Flax, Lady Laurel, Wild Pepper. Br. Mezerei Cortex, Cortex (Thymelee) Coccognidii. Fr. Ecorce de Mézéréon-, de Garou-, de Lauréole, de Thymélée, Boisgentil. Ger. Seidelbast, Kellerhals (rinde). Daph/ne. L. fr. Gr. da¢v7, the laurel or bay tree, into which a nymph, beloved of Apollo, was metamorphosed, lit. fr. daéw, to burn, + 90v#, a sound; 7. ¢., it crackles when burning. / Me-ze’re-um. L. Medieval name fr. Pers. mazariyum, which was then applied to species of Daphne. ~ Piant.—Small, slender, straggling shrub, .3-1.3 M. (1-4°) high; stem branching, smooth, but young branches tomentose; leaves 5-7.5 Cm. (2-3’) long, lanceolate, blunt, entire, smooth, dark-green ; flowers Feb.—April, in Fic. 256. small clusters, sessile, rose-red color, fra- grant, tubular, 18 Mm. (2’) wide ; fruit July, ovate, 9 Cm. (2’) long, sessile, bright-red, succulent. Bark, in long, thin bands, .6- 1.38 M. (2-4°) long, 12 Mm. (3’) wide, 1 Mm. (5);’) thick, folded or rolled into disks, yellowish-brown, transverse scars and min- ute, blackish dots. Underneath the thin cork is a parenchyma layer of light-greenish color, inner surface whitish, silky, bast in transverse layers, tough, fibrous, striated ; inodorous; taste very acrid. Solvents: boiling water; alcohol. Dose, gr. 1-10 (.06—.6 Gm.). ‘ Commercial.—The U. 8. Pharmacopcia Daphne Mezereum. recognizes several other species of Daphne besides D. Mezereum. These are chiefly D. Laure’ ola, Spurge Laurel ; and D. Gini'dium, Spurge Flax. The former has yellowish-green flow- ers, purplish-black fruit, 12 Mm. (4’) long; the latter has whitish flowers, fruit 3 Mm. (4’) long, scarlet. All of these plants bear a strik- ing general appearance in the size of their glossy, shining leaves, flowers, etc., to the extent of suggesting a relationship. The bark should be taken from stem Nov.—Feb., dried, then made into rolls or bundles. Mostly obtained from Germany. In powdering muzzle the nostrils, or occasionally add a little water to prevent inhaling poisonous dust. ConstituENTs.—Acrid resin, Acrid volatile oil, Daphnin ; by dry distillation yields umbelliferon. Acrid Resin (Mezerein).—Obtained by boiling the bark with alco- hol, distilling and treating residue with water, thus leaving resin ; it is blackish-green, hard, brittle, permanent, acrid taste ; this is the vesicant. 394. ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Daphnin, C,,H,,O,.—Bitter glucoside ; obtained by precipitating the decoction of alcoholic extract with lead subacetate, filtering, decom- posing with hydrogen sulphide, evaporating filtrate, treating residue with alcohol or water, crystallize ; soluble in alkalies with yellow color, insoluble in ether, blue with ferric salts, not acrid, by acids forms glucose and daphnetin ; little value medicinally, as that resides in the volatile oil and its transformed resin. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Mezerei Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Mezereum. (Syn., Fr. Extrait lig- Fig. 257. uide de Mézéréon (de Garou) ; Ger. Flissiges Seidelbast-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, perco- . late 100 Gm. with alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mj—10 (.06-.6 Ce.). Prep.: 1. Linimentum Sinapis ceo eta eee Compositum, 20. p. c. (fd. extr.). 2. Decoctum Sarsaparille COompositum, 1 p.c. Dose, 3j-4 (30- 120 Ce.). 3. Extractum Sarsaparille Compositum Fluidum, 3 p. c. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Ce.). Unoff. Preps.: Extract (alcoholic). Dose, gr. 1-2 (.06-.13 Gm.). Decoction. Ointment. The extract and fiuid extract are mostly used in liniments. PROPERTIES.—Similar to other drugs with volatile oils, and to san- guinaria: stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, alterative, sialagogue, vesi- cant. Large doses cause purging, vomiting, acrid poisoning, death. Usss.—Syphilis, scrofula, rheumatism, skin diseases. Externally, local irritant like cantharides, applied to indolent ulcers to make them again active, also to maintain discharges from setons, fly blisters, etc. Poisoning: Evacuate stomach with warm albuminous or mucilagi- nous drinks, follow with milk, fatty oils, and opium for depression. Incompatibles: Tannin and free acids precipitate the glucoside, and water the resin. : Synergists: Alteratives except colchicum. Allied Products : 1. Leaves of D. salicifo'lia.—Mexico. Used natively as a vesicant. 2. Fruits of the various species contain 31 p. c. of fixed oil. 62. LYTHRACEZX (PUNICACEZ). Loosestrife Family. Lith-ra’se-e. LL. Lithr-um + acer, fr. Gr. AvO oor, gore ; 7. ¢., from its purple flowers. Herbs, shrubs, often 4-sided; distinguished by con- taining astringent principle, coloring agent. Leaves exstipulate; ca- lyx tubular, persistent, bearing deciduous: petals and stamens; lobes valvate; petals 4—7, wrinkled; stamens 4-14, perigynous, inserted below petals; ovary 1—2-6-celled, superior; ovules many; style 1; stigma rarely 2-lobed; fruit capsule, membranous, dehiscent, sur- GRANATUM—POMEGRANATE. 395 LYTHRACEE. rounded by non-adherent calyx-tube; seeds many, exalbuminous ; temperate climates, tropics; astringent, dye. Genus: 1. Puniea. GRANATUM. POMEGRANATE. en Linné. }The bark of the stem and root. Habitat. ' S. W. Asia, India, Persia, Arabia, China, Japan, E. (and W.) Indies. Naturalized in subtropics, 8. United States, etc., cultivated for fruit, and as an orna- ment (flowers). Syn. Grenadier, Punic—Puncie or Carthaginian Apple. Br. Granati Radicis Cortex; Fr. Ecorce de (Granade) Balaustier. Ger. Cortex Granati, Granatrinde. Pu/ni-ca. L. punicus, of or belonging to Carthage, near which city it is said to have been first found, or fr. puniceus, scarlet ; <4. e., the color of its flowers. Gra-na/tum. LL. granatus, having many grains or seeds, fr. granum; i. ¢., the many-seeded fruit. Pome’gran-ate. L. pomum, a fruit, + granatus, grained. Puant.—Shrub or small tree, 4.5 M. (15°) high, branches angu- lar, with spiny ends ; young shoots and buds red; leaves 2.5-5 Cm. Fic. 258. Punica Granatum, flower. Punica Granatum, flowering branch. (1-2’) long, shining, lanceolate, entire, half evergreen ; flowers June— Sept., large ; calyx shining, scarlet, tubular, 3 Cm. (1}’) long ; corolla crimson, 5—7 petals; fruit (balausta), 5-10 Cm. (2-4’) broad, resem- bles an orange, quince, or tomato, 5-8-angled over the dissepiments, short-necked at top. Internally, below the median line, divided by a 396 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. diaphragm into two stories—upper with 5-8 irregular cells, lower with one or more vertical partitions ; seeds angular, 12 Mm. (3’) long, so numerous that they, with the thin surrounding edible pulp, fill en- tire fruit. Bar, in thin quills or fragments, 5-10 Cm. (2~4’) long, Fig. 260. d Punica Granatum ; 1, longitudinal cross-section; 2, transverse cross-section; a, inner rind and ovules ; ¢, the remaining calyx. 2 Mm. (;,’) thick, yellowish-gray, warty or longitudinally ridged ; stem-bark often partly covered with blackish lichens, thicker pieces of root-bark more or less scaly, inner surface smooth, finely striate, gray- ish-yellow, fracture short, granular, greenish-yellow, indistinctly radi- ate; inodorous; taste astringent, slightly bitter, Fig. 261. most efficient when fresh, chiefly imported in dry state from France and Italy, although we use much of that grown in our own country. Besides this bark the flowers, fruit, rind, and acidulous seed-coat- ing are sometimes used domestically. Solvents: boil- ing water ; diluted alcohol. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Gm.). SusstTiTuTIONS.—1. Bu/awus sempe'rvirens, Bow- wood Bark. 2, Be'rberis vulga’ris, Barberry Bark. Neither has tannin, hence infusions do not precipi- tate blue-black with iron like pomegranate bark ; they are also bitter. 3. Granati Fructus Cortex. This contains tannin 19-28 p.c., extractive 21 p.c., gum 34 p. c., and has same effect as the bark. ConsTITUENTS. — Punico-tannic (gallo-tannic) acid, C,,H,,O,,, 20 p.c., Pelletierine (punicine) 3-1} p- ¢., isopelletierine, methylpelletierine, pseudopel- letierine, mannit, sugar, gum, pectin, ash 15 p. ¢. The stem-bark has of alkaloids 0.35-0.61 p. c., Granati cortex, bark or “Hile root-bark contains 1.01-1.32 p. ¢. the root, Pelletierine, C,H,,NO (in honor of Pelletier).— This is obtained by mixing bark with milk of lime, displacing with water, exhausting percolate with chloroform. It is regarded by Tanret, its discoverer, to be the anthelmintic constituent, and is a colorless, oily, aromatic alkaloid, resinifying on exposure, soluble in water, alcohol, forms crystalline salts (nitrate, sulphate, CATUPUTUM—CAJUPUT, 397 MYRTACEE. tannate, etc.)—considered to be a mixture of several alkaloids. Dose, Pelletierine tannate, gr. 5-10 (.8-.6 Gm.). PREPARATIONS.—(Unoff.) Decoetion, 12 p.c. Dose, 5j-5 (30- 150 Ce.). Rind. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). PROPERTIES.—Anthelmintic, tenifuge, astringent. Usrs.—The ancients knew its value as a vermifuge (Celsus, Dios- corides, Pliny). In Hindustan the Mohammedan physicians used it in tenia, one of whom in 1804 made this, their secret, public. The French physicians prefer Fig. 262. the wild-grown plant. Externally and inter- nally astringent ; large doses occasion vomit- ing, purging, cramps, numbness in the legs, giddiness, dim vision, increased urine. The bs rind is also astringent in diarrhea, leucor- CT cortex. Saaip wease See rheea, hemorrhage, cancerous, and other ulcers of uterus and rectum ; intermittent fever. For tape-worm take decoction made by boiling bark 3ij (60 Gm.) + water Ojss (.7 L.) down to Oj (.6 L.); give this in three broken doses at hour intervals in the morning on empty stomach. It is well, a couple of hours after administration, to follow with castor-oil 3j (380 Cc.) or compound tincture of jalap 5j (30 Cc.). The worm should be passed sitting in a tepid sitz-bath, thus preventing the expelled portion tear- _ ing from the head by its weight. It passes usually in a knotted mass. Pomegranate can also be used for tanning, dyeing; the fruit as a refreshing, cooling article of food. 63. MYRTACEA. Myrtle Family. Mer-ta’se-e. L. Myrt-us + aceae, Gr. puetoc, myrtle, fr. pupor, perfume; i. ¢., characteristic of some species. Trees, shrubs; distin- guished by aromatic, pungent properties (vol. oil) ; stamens 8-10 + ; leaves exstipulate, opposite, dotted with marginal vein; calyx and petals 4-5; ovary inferior, 1-6-celled ; fruit dry or succulent ; seeds exalbuminous ; temperate climates, tropics; aromatic, stimulant, car-. minative (vol. oil), diaphoretic, antispasmodic, astringent, spices, per- fumery, edible fruit ; timber. Genera: 1. Cajuputi (Melaleuca). 2. Eugenia. 3. Pimenta (Myrcia). 4. Eucalyptus. : CAJUPUTUM. CAJUPUT. Oleum Cajuputi. Oil of Cajuput, official. Cajuputi viridiflora, (Grier) Lyons, \ A volatile oil, distilled from the (Melaleuca Leucadendron, Linné.) leaves. Habitat. E: India Islands (Celebes, Bouro, Amboyna, Moluecas, Philippines, Cochin-China). : ; : : Syn. Kayu-puti, White-wood. Fr. Essence or Huile de Cajeput. Ger. Cajeputél. Caj-u-pu’ti. L. fr. Malay,-kayu, tree, + putih, white ; i. ¢., the appearance of the branches. 398 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Vir-id-i-flo’ra. L. viridis, green, greenish, +,los, floris, flower; % ¢., flowers more or less greenish. é Mel-a-leu’ca. L. fr. Gr. uédac, black, + Aevxds, white; 7. ¢, bark of the trunk is blackish, that of the branches is whitish. Leu-ca-den/dron. L. fr. Gr. Aevséc, white, + dévdpor, a tree. PLaNnt.—Small tree; bark gray, brittle, splitting into thin layers ; leaves 5-10 Cm. (2-4’) long, blade twisted, lanceolate ; flowers 5—7.5 Cm. (2-3’) long, greenish to whitish, silky, pubescent, spikes ; fruit woody, hard, sessile, dehiscing in 3 valves. ConstTITUENTS.— Volatile oil, mucilage, pectin. Oleum Cajuputi, Oil of Cajuput.—A light, thin, bluish-green (due to copper usually) liquid, yellowish after rectification, odor pecu- liar, agreeable, camphoraceous; taste aromatic, bitter ; sp. gr. 0.925, does not congeal at — Fic. 263. 25° ©. (—18° F,). f Contains chiefly cajupu- tol (cineol, eucalyptol), C,,H,,O, 67 p. ¢., also terpineol, C,,H,,OH, and several terpenes—C,,H,, (cajuputene) and C,,H,,, also acetic, butyric, and valerianic ethers of ter- pineol. Tests: 1. Agi- tate oil with hot diluted hydrochloric acid, add \ potassium ferrocyanide, Cajuputi viridiflora—small branches with leaves, buds, and get reddish precipitate if ovary 8, vorlioal section of Hower.) °° °° Sf copper present, otherwise it remains nearly color- less. 2. It dissolves iodine without violent reaction, is turned yellowish by ammonia, and purplish-brown by sulphuric acid. It is mostly im- ported from Celebes, Bauro (islands) but some from Singapore, Java, Manila in glass bottles or copper cans. It is soluble in an equal volume of alcohol, and should be kept cool in well-stoppered bottles. Dose, Mij-10 (.13-.6 Ce.) in emulsion, pill, on sugar; externally in liniments. ADULTERATIONS.—Copper from its shipping cans, and owing to its value many cheaper oils are mixed with it, as rosemary, turpentine, camphor, also these sometimes colored with resin of milfoil, all of which render action with iodine more violent. PROPERTIES.—Same as oil of cloves; carminative, stimulant, dia- phoretic, vermifuge, parasiticide, rubefacient, counter-irritant. Usrs.—Rheumatism, myalgia, spasmodic affections of the stomach and bowels, catarrh of bladder, low fevers, gout, colic, cholera morbus, dysmenorrheea, laryngitis, bronchitis, toothache, chilblains. CARYOPHYLLUS—CLOVES. 399 MYRTACEZ. CARYOPHYLLUS. CLOVES. Eugenia aromatica, (Linné) Kuntze: \ The unexpanded flowers. Habitat. Molucca (Spice or Clove) Islands, five in number, N. E. of Celebes, now destroyed there but cultivated in Indian Ocean Islands, Amboyna group, Sumatra, a Penang, etc., S. America, Brazil, Guiana, Cayenne, Africa, Zanzibar, West ndies. Syn. Mother Cloves, Caryophylli Aromatici. Fr. Girofle, Gérofle, Clous (aroma- tiques) de Girofles. Ger. Gewiirznelken, Niigelein. ts Eu-ge/’ni-a. L. fr. Gr. ev, well, + yev#c, born, = noble birth ; ¢. ¢, in honor of Prince Eugene of Savoy, a great patron of Botany (died 1736). Ar-o-mat/i-ca. L. aromaticus, fragrant; 1. ¢, its aromatic, fragrant odor. Car-y-o-phyVlus._ L. fr. Gr. xdpvov, a nut, + ptAdov, a leaf; 2. ¢., referring to the appearance of flower buds. Clove. 1. clavus, a nail; 7. e., the resemblance of its dried flowers. PLant.—Handsome evergreen tree, 9-12 M. (30-40°) high, much branched, forming a pyramidal crown ; bark yellowish ; leaves 10 Cm. Fie. 264. Fic. 2665. Eugenia aromatica. ; Caryopbyllus ; a, natural size; b, lon- gitudinal section magnified. (4’) long, 5 Cm. (2’) wide, entire, smooth, glandular, parallel veins to midrib, petiolate; flowers 15-20, rose-colored, cymes; fruit berry- like. UNEXPANDED FLOWERS (cloves), about 18 Mm. (3’) long, dark- brown, consisting of a subcylindrical, solid and glandular calyx-tube, tapering below, terminated by four teeth clasping the four lighter petals, which in turn make up the head enclosing the ovary, stamens, etc. ; contain many oil-glands under the epidermis, and when scratched oil exudes ; odor. aromatic; taste pungent, spicy. Solvents: alcohol extracts the virtues (volatile oil, resin) ; water takes up the odor (part of the volatile oil), but none of the pungent taste. Dose, gr. 5-15 (.8-1 Gm.). ae Soe . « Commercial.—Trees begin yielding when six years old, reaching their perfection at twelve, thence declining until, at twenty, they perish. 400 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. At first cloves (flowers or buds) are white, then green, then bright-red, and at this last stage they are collected by hand-picking on ladders, platforms, or by beating trees with bamboos, and catching falling buds upon outspread cloths; they are now dried by sun or slowly by fire. Each tree yields 5 lbs. (2.8 Kg.), which bring on the spot about 10 cents per pound (.5 Kg.). Cloves were unknown to the ancients, being brought to Europe by Arabians and Venetians; the Portuguese and Dutch long monopolized the trade. Most of these now come direct from Zanzibar, some from Pemba, others via Bombay, although much of our supply is from W. Indies, Cayenne, Guiana, etc. We have several varieties: 1. Molucca, Amboyna; these are the thicker, heavier, darker, most oily and aromatic. In the Moluccas have two annual harvests June and Dec. 2. Sumatra, Bencoolen ; these are by some considered of equal high grade as the Molucca. 3. S. American ; these are usually not as fine as, but fresher than either of the preced- ing, yielding in volatile oil 10-15 p. c. Cloves that are light, soft, wrinkled, pale-colored, of feeble taste and smell, are inferior and should not be used direct or in obtaining oil. ADULTERATIONS.—1. Clove-stalks, 2 Mm. (-};’) thick, brown ; con- tain volatile oil 4-5 p. ce. (imported for this constituent). 2. Mother Cloves, Clove Fruit. Collected just before ripe, 2.5 Om. (1’) long, resemble cloves, but are thicker, lighter, weaker, with 4-lobed calyx, each cell 1—2-seeded ; contain volatile oil 2-4 p.c. 3. Exhausted cloves—such as have undergone partial or complete exhaustion and distillation. All these substances are more frequently ground finely and mixed with powdered cloves. It is difficult to detect such addi- tions except in the weakness of the preparations, which give unsatis- factory results in use. The volatile oil is often mixed with fixed | oils, carbolic acid, oil of turpentine, oil of pimenta, and copaiba. ConsTITUENTS.— Volatile oil 18 p. c., tannin (gallo-tannic acid) 10- 13 p. c., gum 13 p. ¢., resin (tasteless) 6 p. c., caryophyllin ; eugenol, C,,H,,0,, cellulose 28 p. ¢., water 18 p. c. Oleum Caryophylli. Oil of Cloves, offcial—Syn., Fr. Es-_ sence de Girofles ; Ger. Nelkendl.) This volatile oil is distilled from cloves with water or steam, and usually sodium chloride (3 p. c.) is added to raise the ebullition point, possibly to 109.5° C. (229° F.). It is a pale-yellow, thin liquid, darker, thicker by age; characteristic odor ; pungent, spicy taste, sp. gr. 1.065, soluble in equal volume al- cohol, glacial acetic acid, gives yellow mass with solution of potassa or ammonia. It consists of light portion—sesquiterpene termed caryo- phyllene, C,,H,, (polymeric with terpene, C,,H,,), sp. gr. 0.918, and . a heavy portion, eugenol, C,,H,,O,, 80-90 p. c., also its acetic and acetyl salicylic acid ester, furfurol, and methyl-amylketone (minute quantity, to which characteristic aromatic odor isdue). Tests: 1. 1 Ce. oil + 2 Ce. of a mixture containing 2 volumes of alcohol and 1 of water, when shaken should yield clear, perfect solution (abs. petroleum, most fatty oils, oil of turpentine, and similar oils). 2. 1 Ce, oil + 20 Ce. hot water, shaken, cooled, filtered, the clear filtrate with ferric chloride PIMENTA—PIMENTA. 401 MYRTACEZ. T. 8. should give transient, grayish-green, but not blue or violet color (abs. carbolic acid). The oil should be kept cool, dark, in well-stop- pered bottles. Dose, Mj—5 (.06-.3 Cc.). Eugenol (eugenin, caryophyllic or eugenic acid, para-ory-meta- methoxyallyl benzol).—The value of the oil depends upon this alone, which may be obtained by distilling cloves (or oil) with excess of po- tassa, when light oil of cloves (caryophyllene) passes over, while heavy potassium eugenol remains behind ; this latter is decomposed with sulphuric acid, and the separated oil, eugenol, rectified. It is colorless, oily liquid, clove odor, sp. gr. 1.076, red with sulphuric acid, blue with ferric chloride, with bases yields crystallizable salts, fused with potassa becomes decomposed into protocatechuic and acetic acids, by potassium permanganate oxidized to vanillic acid, boils at 254° C. (489° F.), should form clear solution with 1-2 p. ec. solution of potassa. Caryophyllin, C,,H,,O0.—Obtained by treating ethereal extract of cloves with water, the resulting precipitate is filtered and treated with ammonia to purify ; occurs in tasteless, inodorous silky needles, colored red with sulphuric acid, and yields crystals of caryophyllinic acid, C,,H,,O,, by oxidation with nitric acid. PREPARATIONS.—1. Tinctura Lavandule Composita, 4 p.c. -Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Ce.). 2. Tinctura Rhei Aromatica, 4 p.c. Dose, 5ss—4 (2-15 Cc.). 3. Vinum Opii, 1 p.c. Dose, Mv—20 (.3-1.3 Ce.). Unoff. Preps.: Tincture, 25 p. ¢. (Fr., alcoholic). Dose, 3ss—1 (2-4 Cc.). Infusion, 5 p.c. Dose, 5j—2 (80-60 Ce.). PROPERTIES.—Stimulant, stomachic, carminative, antiemetic, aro- matic, antispasmodic, rubefacient, germicide, antiseptic. Increases circulation, temperature, digestion, nutrition; excreted by kidneys, skin, liver, bronchial mucous membrane, stimulating and disinfecting these routes. Usxrs.—Nausea, vomiting, flatulence, colic, indigestion, condiment, corrective ; externally in rheumatism, neuralgia, toothache (oil + oil of peppermint + chloral hydrate), in liniments, etc. Allied Plant : 1. E. Jambola’na, Jambul, Java Plum.—K. Indies. Large tree pro- ducing edible fruit ; all parts astringent, but seeds and bark also arrests formation of sugar in diabetes ; capsules, fluid extract. Dose, gr. 5-10 (.3-.6 Gm.). PIMENTA. PIMENTA (ALLSPIcE). Pimenta Pimenta, (Linné) Lyons. : : (P. officinalis, Tidy) } The nearly ripe fruit. Habitat. C. and 8. America, W. Indies, Jamaica, Venezuela. Cultivated. m. Pimento or Clove (Jamaica) Pepper, Semen Amomi, Piper Jamaicense. Fr. Piment de la Jamaique, Toute épice. Ger. Nelkenpfeffer, Englisches Gewiirz, Neuge- wiirz. Y . Pi-men’ta. L. fr. Sp. pimienta, pepper ; i. ¢., first European name for Allspice ; L. pigmentum, spice. 26 402 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Of-fi-ci-na/lis. L. see etymology of (Asagrea) officinalis, page 95. All’ spice = all + spice; 7. ¢., supposed to combine cinnamon, nutmeg, and clove odor—at one time all the important spices. PiLant.—Handsome evergreen tree 9-12 M. (30-40°) high, slender trunk, bark smooth, gray; young branches quadrangular; leaves 10-15 Cm. (4~-6’) long, bright-green, entire, oval-oblong, obtuse, pellucid-punctate beneath, midrib prominent; flowers small, white, racemes. Fruit, 5 Mm. (1’) thick, nearly globular, crowned with short, 4-parted calyx or its remnants, and short style; brownish, granular, glandular, 2-celled, each 1-seeded ; seed brown, plano-con- vex, roundish, reniform ; odor and taste pungently aromatic, clove- like; pericarp and embryo contain oil-cells, the embryo also starch grains. Solvents: alcohol extracts the Fic. 266. virtues ; water absorbs the flavor, and if hot, some constituents. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.8-2 Gm.). Commercial. — When fruit full grown, but still green, the small _ twigs, bearing these arranged in bunches, are broken from trees, ex- posed to sun several days until dried ; . they are then separated from stalks and packed in bags or casks for mar- . ket. If fruit be allowed to fully ripen before gathering, its aromatic warmth is lost and the taste of juniper berries acquired ; fruit is occasionally colored with ferric oxide. ConsTITUENTS.— Volatile oil 3-4 p-¢., resin, fixed oil 6-8 p. c., tannin, sugar, gum, ash 4 p. c. Oleum Pimentze. Oil of Pimen- ta, official. — (Syn., Oil of Allspice ; Fr. Essence de Piment de la Jamai- _ Pimenta Pimenta (officinalis). que; Ger. Pimentél, Nelkenpfef- ferdl. This volatile oil is obtained by distilling with water or steam ; it comes over in two fractions, one light, the other heavy, but both mixed together. It is a pale-yellow liquid, strong, aromatic, clove- like odor ; pungent, spicy taste, darkens and thickens by age, sp. gr. 1.050, forms clear solution with equal volume alcohol, glacial acetic acid, or carbon disulphide ; forms semi-solid mass with equal volume of soda solution. Contains sesquiterpene, C,,H,,, and eugenol, C,,H,,0,, 61 p.c. Tests: 1. With sulphuric acid red, then purple. 2. Shake with hot water, cool, filter, + 1 drop ferric chloride T. S. should give grayish-green, not blue or violet color (abs. carbolic acid). Should be kept cool, dark, in well-stoppered bottles. Dose, 5 Mj- (.06-.3 Ce.). MYRCIA—BAYBERRY. , 4038 MYRTACEZ. PREPARATIONS.—I. Frurr: (Unoff.) Infusion, 5 p. c. Dose, 3j—2 (80-60 Cc.). II. Or: 1. Spiritus Myrcie, 35 p. c.; use externally. PRoPERTIES.—Similar to cloves ; stomachic, stimulant, carminative, condiment, improves digestion, increases salivary secretion. Usrs.—Flatulence, nausea, intestinal colic, corrective to griping pur- gatives and nauseous tasted medicines. May combine with Burgundy pitch or lead plaster for rheumatism, neuralgia, chilblains, etc., causing local warmth, smarting, redness. MYRCIA. BAYBERRY. Oleum Myrciz. Oil of Myrcia (Oil of Bay), official. eMerels eee. tae a yee }A volatile oil distilled from the leaves. Habitat. W. Indies, Jamaica, Trinidad, Venezuela. Cultivated in India. Syn. Bay (Rum) Tree or Leaf, Wild Clove, Black or Wild Cinnamon, Jamaica » Bayberry. Fr. Essence de Myrcie (de Bay). Ger. Myrciendl, Bayél. Myr’ci-a. L. a surname of Venus; 7. ¢., from its beautiful plants. A/cris. L. acer, sharp, pungent, fr. Gr. dxic; i. ¢., the odor of the leaves. Puiant.—Tree is beautiful, fragrant, with polished foliage, 9-12 M. (30—40°) high ; branches square ; bark grayish-brown ; leaves 5-9 Cm. (2-34’) long, ovate, obtuse, coriaceous, entire, strongly veined, pel- lucid-punctate, shining, exhaling aromatic odor when bruised, similar to cloves; flowers small, white with red tinge, dotted with glands; fruit globular berry, size of a pea, smooth, blackish when ripe, 2- celled, resembling allspice. ConsTITUENTS.— V olatile oil, tannin. Oleum Myrciez. Oil of Myrcia.—This is obtained by distillation with water or steam ; it isan aromatic, yellowish liquid, clove-like odor, pungent spicy taste, sp. gr. 0.985, only slightly turbid with equal volume alcohol, glacial acetic acid or carbon disulphide. Contains two phenols—eugenol, C,,H,,O, (chief constituent), and chavicol,C,H,,O, methyl-eugenol, C,,H,,O,, methyl-chavicol, C,,H,,O, two terpenes— myrcene, C,,H,, (secondary constituent), and phellandrene, C,,H,,, one aldehyde—citral, C,,H,,O. Tests: 1. 3 drops each of oil and sulphuric acid, corked in test-tube, gives within half an hour resinous mass; to this add 4 Ce. diluted alcohol, shake well, heat to boiling, liquid should be nearly colorless, not acquiring red, purplish-red éolor (dist. from oil of pimenta and cloves). 2. 1 Cc. oil + 20 Ce. hot water, the clear filtrate + 1drop ferric chloride T. S. should give grayish- green, not a blue or violet (abs. carbolic acid). 3. Congeals with potassa or soda. In distilling the leaves, that first coming over is light oil floating upon water, then comes an oil heavier than water; these two mixed constitute the oil of commerce. While most of the higher grades are produced natively, considerable is distilled in this country from the imported leaves. a 404 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. PREPARATION.—1. Spiritus Myreice. Spirit of Myrcia. (Syn. Bay Rum.) Manufacture: Oil of myrcia 8 Ce., oil of orange peel .5, oil of pimenta .5, alcohol 610, water q. s. 1,000 Ce. ; use externally. The so-called better grades of bay rum are imported from the W.. Indies, where the leaves and St. Croix rum are distilled together. To these are often added, in varying proportions, fruit and other kinds of leaves. In late years, however, much bay rum of fine quality has been and is distilled in our own country. PROPERTIES.— Astringent, tonic, stimulant, perfume. Uses.—The oil as a perfume and an ingredient to bay rum; the spirit as a refreshing perfume in nervous headache, faintness, nervous disorders, chafing, irritated parts, hair washes, perfumery. The dried unripe fruit forms a substitute for allspice. EUCALYPTUS. EUCALYPTUS. uiie, alain \ The leaves, collected from older parts of the tree. Habitat. Australia (Tasmania, Victoria. Cultivated in subtropics, Europe, Ny ee S. United States (California, Florida, etc. ), rich valleys, moist slopes of wooded ills). a Gum Wood, Fever Tree of Australia, Blue Gum-Tree, Wooly Butt, or Iron Bark Tree. Fr. Feuilles d’ Eucalyptus. Ger. Eucalyptus-Blatter. - Hu-ca-lyp’tus. L. fr. Gr. ed, well, good, + xatumréc, covered ; i. e., the calyx- limb covers the flower-bud before expansion and afterward, at anthesis falls off in the shape of a lid or cover—the outer operculum of the bud (not the inner of united petals). Glob’u-lus. L. globulus, globulosus, a little ball, globular ; 7. ¢., the thick button- like form of the fruit. Puiant.—Rapid-growing tree, 60-90 M. (200-300°) high, 3-6 M. (10-20°) thick (the largest being 141 M. (470°) high, 27 M. (87°) in circumference, from EH. amygdali’na); bark ash-colored ; flowers Nov.—Dec., hermaphrodite, pedunculate, whitish, buds very glaucous and consist of calyx-tube covered by conical lid (operculum) of calyx- limb and united petals ; fruit capsules 18 Mm. (2’) wide, half-glob- ular, 4—5-ribbed, dehiscing at apex, many-seeded. LEAVES, petiolate, lanceolately scythe-shaped, 15-30 Cm. (6—12’) long, rounded below, tapering above, entire, leathery, grayish-green, glandular, feather- veined between the midrib and marginal veins; odor strongly bal- samic, camphoraceous ; taste pungently aromatic, cooling, bitter, as- tringent. Solvents: boiling water ; diluted alcohol. Dose, gr. 15-60 1-4 Gm.). : ( Commercial.—The blue gum-tree of Tasmania (exudes a blue gum) was discovered by Labillardiére, French botanist, in 1792, and intro- duced into Europe, 1856. It is sensitive to cold but under favorable conditions attains the height of 15 M. (50°) in 6 years; the wood is durable, hard, resinous; there are 135 species. Leaves are picked, carefully dried, and enter trade very little broken. The aborigines knew something of its virtues, the Spaniards in 1867 used it for fever and ague, but Drs. Brunel and Ramel, 1868-1869, extolled and proved EUCALYPTUS—EUCALYPTUS. : 405 MYRTACEZ. its antiperiodic properties. The Australian leaves should alone be used as they vary less in yield of oil. ConstITUENTS.—V olatile oil 6 p. c., tannin, cerylic alcohol, crystal- lizable fatty acid, 3 resins. Oleum Bucalypti. Oil of Eucalyptus, oficial —(Syn., Fr. Es- sence d’Kucalyptus ; Ger. Eucalyptusél.) This volatile oil i is distilled from fresh leaves (as old leaves contain very little oil) of this and other species of Hucalyptus. It is a faintly yellowish liquid, of characteristic aromatic, camphoraceous odor, pungent, spicy, cooling taste, sp. gr. 0.920; soluble in alcohol, glacial acetic Fie. 267. acid, carbon disulphide. Contains cymene, C,,H,,, 20 p. c., eucalyptene, C,,H,,, 60 & c., terpene—dex- trogyrate pinene (small amount), C tty, and eucalyp- tol, C,,H,,O, also small amounts of valeric, butyric, and capronic aldehydes. With hydrochloric oo yields eucalypteol (eucalyptene hydrochlorate), C, 2HCI, in white, hygroscopic, aromatic crystals. its phosphoric oxide yields eucalyptolene, thickish liquid. Test: Oil 1 Cc., glacial acetic acid 2 Cc., + solution sodium nitrite 1-2 Cc. should not form a crystalline mass upon stirring (distinction from oils of eucalyptus — containing phellandrene). Should be kept cool, dark, in well-stoppered bottles. Dose, es (.3-1 Ce.). Hucalyptol. Hucalyptol, C,,H,,O, official (Syn., Cineol, Cajuputol.) i is the most valuable constituent of. Eucalyptus Oil; it is a neutral substance having a definite chemical . composition (which is not true of the oil), and is obtained by distilling the volatile oil (of this and other species) and placing in a freez- ing mixture that portion which comes over between 150-175° C. (302-347° F.) when it crystallizes in long needles. Also may get it by distilling the leaves and setting aside (as crude eucalyptol) that portion coming over between 170-178° C. (838-352° F.), which . to obtain pure has to be redistilled with potassa or calcium chloride ; other plants yield it as gucatyptus globulus, santonica, rosemary, curcuma, cajuput, mentha, salvia, laurus, canella, etc.; with phosphoric anhydride (oxide) get eucalyptene and eucalyptolene. It is a colorless liquid, characteristic odor and taste, sp. gr. 0.930, freezing at — 2° C. (28° F.). liquefying again at —1° C. (80° F.). Tests: 1. Optically inactive (abs. oil of eucalyptus and other volatile oils, 2. Alcoholic solution + 1 drop ferric chloride T. 8. should not give brown or violet color (abs. of phenols). Dose, Mv-15 B (.38-1 Ce.). -PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Eucalypti Fluidum. Fluid Extract 406 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. of Eucalyptus. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide d’Eucalyptus ; Ger. Flis- siges Eucalyptus-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol 75 p. ¢., q.s.100 Ce. Dose, Mxv—60 (1-4 Ce.). a Unoff. Preps.: Tincture, 15 p. c. Dose, 5ss-2 (2-8 Ce.). Infusion. Dose, 3j-2 (30-60 Cc.). Extract. Dose, gr. 2-10 (.13-.6 Gm.). Water (Aqua). Dose, 3j-4 (4-15 Cc.). PRoPERTIES.—Antiperiodic, antipyretic, expectorant, stimulant, astringent, antiseptic, dis- Fic. 268, infectant, diaphoretic ; like quinine arrests white blood- corpuscle movement; in- creases flow of saliva, gastric juice, heart action, appetite, digestion. Large doses pro- duce indigestion, diarrhea, vomiting, muscular weak- ness, low temperature, renal and cerebral congestion, paralyzed respiration, death. Destroys low forms of life, reduces arterial tension and enlarged spleen. It antag- onizes malaria thus:: 1, its dead leaves elevate moist soil; 2, being a rapid grower its leaves, roots, etc., absorb -much malarial soil water and noxious germs, thus causing the surrounding country to dry up, thereby purifying the atmosphere ; 3, its enor- mous foliage protects much soil. from direct sun-rays which favor the generation _ of animalcule ; 4, its aseptic emanations purify the air. Owing to these conditions Panax (Aralia) quinquefolium. it is largely cultivated in malarial districts, to render them sanitative, and to reclaim infected localities, as Roman Campagna, etc. It is eliminated by skin, bronchia, kidneys, lungs with more or less irritation, imparting odor to breath and urine. Usrs.—Intermittent fever, genito-urinary, pulmonary and bladder catarrhs, chronic bronchitis, mucous membrane troubles, asthma (smoked with stramonium). Used when quinine is contra-indicated, inter- mittents, typhoid, scarlatina, whooping-cough, cancer, hemorrhages. Externally, as antiseptic in ulcers, gonorrhea, spongy gums, gleet, EUCALYPTUS—EUCALYPTUS. 407 MYRTACEZ. deodorizer in troubles having disagreeable odor, preventive of putre- faction ; spray good in diphtheria, gangrene of lungs, fetid bronchitis. Tincture (1 part) added to cod-liver oil (100 parts) removes fishy flavor ; the leaves prevent moths entering woollen cloths; bark used or tanning, dyeing. oe Agents promoting waste, alkalies, mineral acids and salts. Synergists: Aromatic bitters, antispasmodics, copaiba, cubeb, turpen- tine; etc. Allied Plants : 1. E. amygdali’na, Peppermint Tree.—Australia; has peppermint- odor, and being more accessible, its foliage is much used for obtaining eucalyptus kino, and volatile oil, which oil is claimed to be almost entirely without eucalyptol. 2. E. dwmo'sa. 3. E. obli’qua (Stringy-bark tree). 4. E. Leuco’- axylon (sidero’xylon) (Iron bark tree), and 5. E, oleo’sa (Mallee tree).— The yield of these in volatile oil is varying, but Bosisto obtained the following results, which are only of comparative interest, thus for every 100 Ibs. (45.5 Kg.) of each variety : No. 1 gave 50 ozs. (1.5 L.), No. 2, 30 ozs. (.9 L.), No. 3, 8 ozs. (.2 L.), No. 4, 16 ozs. (.5 L.), No. 5, 20 ozs. (.6 L.), while the official yielded 12 ozs. (.3 L.). 6. Ara’lia spino'sa, Hercules’ Club, Prickly Elder.—Araliacee. The bark official, 1820-1880. N. America. Prickly tree, 3-9 M. (10- 30°) high, leaflets crowded at summit; flowers white; bark in quills, curves, gray, prickly, inside yellowish, aromatic, acrid ; contains araliin, volatile oil, resin. Used as stimulant, diaphoretic, demulcent (emetic, cathartic), for rheumatism, skin eruptions, syphilis, colic, dyspepsia, toothache, vomiting, nervousness; externally antidote to rattlesnake bites; in infusion, decoction, tincture, masticatory. Dose, gr. 30-60 (2-4 Gm.). 7. A. nudicaw'lis, Wild, Virginian or False Sarsaparilla.—The root (rhizome) official, 1820-1880. N. America. Small shrub, stem scarcely above ground, leaf single, petiole .3 M. (1°) high ; leaflets ovate, serrate, flowers greenish. Root .3 M. (1°) long, 5 Mm. (3’) thick, annulate, brownish-gray, inside whitish, spongy pith, aromatic odor and taste. Contains volatile oil, resin, starch. Used as stimulant, diaphoretic, alterative—like sarsaparilla, in infusion, decoction. Dose, gr. 30-60 (2-4 Gm.). 8. Pa’nax quinquefo'lium (Aralia quinquefolia), Panax, Ginseng.— The root official, 1840-1880. N. America. Small shrub, .3 M. (1°) high, smooth, leaflets 5’s, serrate ; flowers yellowish, fruit scarlet ; root 5—12.5 Cm. (2—5’) long, fusiform, annulate, branched, brownish-yellow, wood yellowish, sweetish, aromatic ; contains panaquilon, resin. Used as stimulant, demulcent, stomachic in infusion, decoction, tincture. The Chinese Ginseng (Aralia Gi’nseng) is very similar to this, slightly larger. Used natively as nervine, aphrodisiac. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Gm.). 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UMBELLIFER2&. Parsley (Carrot) Family. Um-bel-lif’e-re. L. Umbellifer-ce—umbella, umbel,+ ferre, to bear ; i.e., flowers borne in umbels. Herbs, shrubs. Distinguished by pos- sessing aromatic, stimulant volatile oils ; flowers in umbels ; stems hol- low ; leaves usually compound; fruit cremocarp, with oil-tubes (vitte), ~indehiscent ; calyx adnate to ovary ; petals and stamens 5, inserted on fleshy epigynous disk ; ovary 2-celled, inferior ; seeds 1 in each carpel, albumin horny ; temperate climates ; aromatic, carminative, stimulant, tonic (vol. oil), narcotic, poisonous (acrid juice), antispasmodic (gum- resin). Genera: 1. Foeniculum. 2. Pimpinella. 3. Carum. 4. Coriandrum. 5. Conium. 6. Ferula. 7. Dorema. FCENICULUM. FENNEL. eer eeher eer ha Habitat. S. Europe, W. Asia. Cultivated. Syn. Large—Sweet or Wild Fennel, Fennel Seed—Fruit, Semen—Fructus Feeni- culi. Fr. Fenouil, Fruits (Semences) de Fenouil. Ger. Fenchel (semen, fructus). _ Foo-nic’u-lum..- L. fennel, dim. of fenum or feenum, hay ; 1. ¢., from a resemblance ™ Op tiiatiesane L. capillaceus, hairy—very slender, like a hair; «4. ¢.,” the leaflets very long and narrow. Piant.—Large, perennial (biennial, annual) herb; stem .6-1.2 M. (2-4°) high, furrowed, green, glaucous, branched ; rootstock thick ; leaves twice pinnate, pinne very Fig, 269. narrow, often only as wide as the thin petiole ; flowers yellow, 15-20 in umbels, all parts with agreeable aromatic odor; sweet, aromatic taste. FRurr, cremocarp, oblong, nearly cylindrical, slightly curved, 4—8 Mm. (4-4’) long, brownish or greenish, separable into two prom- inent mericarps, each with 5 light- brown, obtuse ribs and 4 oil-tubes on the back, 2 or 4 on the flat face; odor and taste aromatic, anise-like. Sol- vents: alcohol (hot water partially) extracts the virtues depending upon volatile oil. Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6-2 ite ‘ ' : Gm.). , ‘eniculum Feeniculum (capillaceum) ; a, cross- . ¥ section of fruit; b, flower with stamens. Commercial.—Fennel is a very variable plant as to size, habit, shape, number of rays in umbels and shape of fruit. This results from the fact that the wild F. vulga’re has been under cultivation for centuries, consequently the natural outgrowth has been several well- marked new species. In Italy fennel is grown for the fruit and the \. | FG@INICULUM—FENNEL. 411 UMBELLIFERZ. young shoots for eating purposes. That cultivated in 8. France, Ger- many, etc., is called sweet or Roman fennel, has its fruit twice as long as the official, and often curved. This by continued cultivation re- verts, however, to the original wild form, and hence cannot properly be considered a new species, F. sati’vum ; some refer it to F. du/Ice, which, however, is a much smaller plant. There are several varieties: 1.. German, Saxon (F. Feeniculum (capillaceum)). 2, Sweet, Roman (F. sativum, F. dulce (?)). 3. Wild, Bitter (F. vulgare). Sometimes these Fie. 270. are sold as longs and shorts, the former then being 4 : preferred. We are supplied by Germany and our own country. The root has been used in medicine, but with less satisfaction. ConsTITUENTS.—Volatile oil 2-6 p. c., fixed oil 12 p. c., (sugar, mucilage, ash 7 p. c.). i Oleum Foeniculi. Oil of Fennel, official— __ Feniculum fruit, 3 (Syn., Fr. Essence de Fenouil; Ger. Fenchelél.) fen tiaa This volatile oil, obtained by distilling fruit (or entire plant) with water or steam, is a pale-yellowish liquid chemically, almost identical with anise oil, but has characteristic odor and taste ; sp. gr. 0.965, usually solidifies at 5-10° C. (41-50° F.), soluble in equal volume alcohol, or glacial acetic acid. Contains (about the same as oil of anise) pinene, phellandrene, C,,H,, (substance isomeric with oil of turpentine), dipentene, (sometimes limonene), fenchone (a camphor), C,,H,,O, and anethol, C,,H,,O, 60 p.c. This latter consists of two portions, one liquid—an eleopten—another solid—a stearopten —and the percentages of these two are Fig. 271. not always uniform, some specimens of oil having more of the solid, while others (best) more of the liquid anethol. This oil from different sources is usually with- out some of these (either phellandrene, fenchone or anethol), and should be kept cool, in well-stoppered bottles, and when congealed must be perfectly liquefied by heat before being dispensed. ests: 1. | Alcoholic solution should not be colored Dancus Carota ; magnified times. blue or dark by 1 drop ferric chloride T. . S. (abs. foreign oils containing carbolic acid). 2. Oil when dropped into water and not shaken should produce no milkiness (abs. of alcohol). 3. When triturated with sugar and water should give pure fennel-odor. Dose, Mij—5 (.13-.3 Ce.). Preparations.—I. Fruir: 1. Infuswm Senne Compositum, 2 p. c. Dose, 5j-3 (80-90 Ce.): Unoff. Preps.: Fluid Extract. Dose, Mx-30 (.6-2Ce.). Syrup. Infusion, 5 p.c. Dose, 5j-16 (4-60 Ce). - II. Om: 1. Aqua Feeniculi. Fennel Water. (Syn., Fr. Eau de Fenouil ; Ger. Fenchelwasser.) 412 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Manufacture: 4 p. c. Triturate oil .2 Cc. with precipitated cal- cium phosphate .4 Gm., adding distilled water gradually q. s. 100 Ce. © Dose, ad libitum. : ‘ 2. Pulvis Glycyrrhize Compositus, 2 p.c. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Gm.). 3. Spiritus Juniperi Compositus, jy p.c. Dose, 5j-4 (4-15 Cc.). PrRoPERTIES.—Carminative, stimulant, stomachic, galactagogue ; employed by the ancients very similarly. . Usrs.—Nausea, colic, amenorrheea, lacteal secretion, infantile flatu- lency. It increases the secretion of milk, perspiration, mucus, urine. As a corrective to griping medicines, senna, rhubarb, ete. Much used in cattle medicines ; the oil in cordials, elixirs. Allied Plants: . - 1. Daw'cus Caro'ta, Carrot (Seed).—The fruit official, 1820-1880. N. Asia, Europe ; biennial herb, 6-1 M. (2-8°) high, hispid ; flowers Angelica flowering stem and cross-section of cremocarp ; a, the seed; f, the two ribbed wings . (mericarps). July-September, white ; root fleshy, fusiform, aromatic, edible ; fruit 4 Mm. (4) long, oval, flat, grayish-brown, each mericarp with 9 ribs, 6 oil-tubes ; odor aromatic; taste pungent. Contains volatile oil, fixed oil, Used as stimulant, diuretic, excitant, for dropsy, strangury, ne- phritic affections, amenorrhcea, ulcers, sores, eczema, itching ; in infu- sion, fluid extract.. Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6—2 Gm.). 2. Angelica Archange'lica (oficina'lis), European Angelica.—The root official, 1860-1870, and Angelica atropurpu'rea, American (Purple- stemmed) Angelica. The root official, 1820-1860. Herbs, 1.8-2 M. (5-6°) high ; stems purplish, smooth, hollow, jointed ; leaves double pinnate ; flowers greenish-white ; roots 5-10 Cm. (2-4’) long, 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2’) thick, annulate, fusiform, juicy, aromatic, sweetish, pungent, bitter. Contains volatile oil, resin, valerianic acid; used as tonic, stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic, emetic, for typhoid condition, bronchitis, intermittents, rheumatism, gout, painful and swollen’ parts, ANISUM—ANISE. ic 413 UMBELLIFERZ. condiment ; in infusion, tincture, fresh juice (poisonous). Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6-2 Gm.). 3. Heracle'um lana’tum, Cow-Parsnip, Masterwort.—The root offi- cial, 1820-1860. United States ; plant 1.5-3 M. (5-10°) high, 2.5-4 Cm. (1—1}’) thick, pubescent, hollow; root resembles: parsley, dis- agreeable odor, acrid taste, fruit has each mericarp with 5 ribs and 6 oil-tubes; contains volatile oil, resin. Used as stimulant, carmin- ative, for epilepsy, dyspepsia, warts, escharotic ; in infusion, juice. Dose, 3ss—1 (2-4 Gm.). 4. Eryn'gium aqua'ticum (yuccefo’lium), Button Snakeroot.—The root official, 1820-1860. United States. Plant .6-1.8 M. (2-6°) high, leaves rigid, pointed, .8-1 M. (1-3°) long, bristly ; flowers white ; root tuberous, 6-12 Mm. (}-4’) long, branched, cup-shaped scars, central pith, aromatic; taste sweet, acrid, aromatic, resembles parsnip ; contains volatile oil. Used as diaphoretic, expectorant, sialagogue, emetic for dropsy, gravel, jaundice, substitute for senega ; in infusion, decoction, tincture. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Gm.). ANISUM. ANISE. Pimpinella ‘ Anisum, Linné. \ The fruit. Habitat. W. Asia, Egypt, 8. E. Europe, cultivated in 8. Europe, United States, in rdens. oe Syn. Aniseed, Aneys, Aunyle, Common Anise, Sweet Cumin, Fructus (Semen) Anisi. Fr. Anis, Anis vert, Graines d’ Anise. Ger. Anis, Anissame. Pim-pi-nel/la. L. Medieval name, altered from bipinnate or bipinnella ; i. e., the pinnate leaves ; lit. ‘‘ the two-winged little plant.’’ An/‘i-sum. L. fr. Gr. dvicov—advyfov, Ar. Anisum, Anise. Dill; 2. ¢., classicname. Priant.—Annual herb .3 M. (1°) high; leaves dentate, pinnatifid ;. flowers white, small, umbels 8-14-rayed. Fruit, cremocarp 5 Mm. 4’) long, ovate, compressed at sides, grayish, hairy, mericarps two, flat-faced, each with 5 Fre. 278. brownish filiform ribs (ridges), 12—20 oil-tubes ; odor, taste aromatic. Solvents: alcohol; boiling water partially. Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6-2 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—Earthy fragments, but chiefly with Conium maculatum fruit (which resembles mostly the Russian Anise), but odor and taste are not aromatic; non-hairy ; con- sisting usually of single, smooth, mericarps, ee ee grooved upon the face, crenate ridges with tudinal section magnified 3 wrinkles between them ; no oil-tubes.. | ae Commercial.—Plant was known and culti- vated by Romans; Theophrastus. writes of its aromatic properties. Now mostly grown in Malta, Spain, Italy (exported via Leghorn), C. and §. Russia (short) and Chili, The Spanish (Alicante variety), though smaller than French or German, is preferred; that grown by us supplies mostly our market. 414 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. ConstituENts.— Volatile oil 1-3 p. ¢., fixed oil 3-4 p. ¢., choline, — resin, sugar, mucilage, malates, phosphates, ash 7 p. c. Oleum Anisi. Oil of Anise, oficial—(Syn., Fr. Essence d’ Anis; Ger. Anisél.) This volatile oil, obtained by distilling fruit with water or steam, is a colorless, yellowish, thin, refractive liquid, characteristic anisic-odor ; sweet, mildly aromatic taste, sp. gr. 0.985 ; increasing with age, solidifies between 10-15° C. (50-59° F.) into white crystals. Contains a terpene—phellandrene, C,,H,,, 10-20 p. c., a stearopten—anethol, C,,H,,O (upon which the value solely de- pends), 80-90 p. c., by oxidation with nitric acid converted into anisic acid. Tests: 1. Should be clear in equal volume alcohol (abs. most fixed oils, oil of turpentine). 2. This solution is neutral and should not be blue or brownish with 1 drop ferric chloride T. S. (abs. vola- tile oils containing phenols). 3. When dropped into water should not cause milkiness unless agitated (abs. alcohol), and alcoholic solution of oil with hydrochloric acid gives pink color. Dose, Mij—5 (.13- .3 Ce.). i cai ene (5-35 p. c.), wax, fixed oils, oil of turpentine, camphor (to raise congealing point), alcohol, fenchone (fennel stearopten). The two former insoluble in cold alcohol, whereas oils and camphors are mostly soluble. Camphors recognized by odor, alcohol by giving milkiness to water. Star-anise oil is the same as this chemically, but has a slight distinguishing smell and taste, also lower congealing point. PREPARATIONS.—I. Fruir: 1. Tinctura Rhei Dulcis, 4 p.c. Dose, 3ij-4 (8-15 Ce). ~~ | Unoff. Preps.: Fluid Extract. Dose, Mx-30 (.6-2 Ce.). Infu- sion, 5 p.c. Dose, 5j-8 (4-80 Cc.). IJ. Or: 1. Aqua Anisi. Anise Water. (Syn., Fr. Eau d’Anis; — Ger. Aniswasser.) Manufacture: 4 p. ce. Triturate oil .2 Cc. with precipitated cal- cium phosphate .4 Gm., adding distilled water gradually q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, ad libitum. 2. Spiritus Anisi. Spirit of Anise. (Syn., Br. Essentia Anisi ; Fr. Alcoolat (Esprit) d’ Anis ; Ger. Anisgeist.) Manufacture: 10 p.c. Dissolve oil 10 Cc. in deodorized alcohol q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Cc.). 3. Spiritus Aurantii Compositus, } p. c. Dose, ad libitum (vehicle). 4, Elixir Phosphori, 4 p.c. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Cc.). : 5. Syrupus Sarsaparille Compositus, 745 p. c. Dose, 3j-4 (4-15 'e.),. r Tinctura Opti Camphorata, 2 p.c. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Ce.). 7. Trochisci Glycyrrhize et Opti, Mz! (.002 Cec.) in each. Dose, 1—4 troches. © PropErties.—Aromatic stimulant and carminative, stomachic, once supposed a galactagogue, now doubted, although it does impart peculiar taste to secreting milk. Uses.—Flatulent colic, bronchitis, infantile catarrh. Asa corrigent CARUM—CARAWAY. 415 UMBELLIFERZ. to griping cathartics, but here fennel is preferred ; much used for flavor- ing food, confectionery, and in veeuaty practice. ‘Allied Plant : 1. Ane’thum (Peuceda’num) grave'olens, Dill Fruit or Seed.—8. Europe, Asia. Herb .6 M. (2°) high ; leaves finely divided, glaucous ; flowers yellow ; fruit oblong, 4 Mm. (2’) long, brown, smooth, meri- carps two, flat-faced, each having 5 ribs, 6 oil-tubes, of which 3 are filiform, 2 lateral ones broadly winged, light-colored, odor, taste spicy, earaway-like ; contains volatile oil, fixed oil. Used as carminative, stimulant, stomachic; as a substitute for anise for flatulent colic, hic- cough, indigestion. Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6-2 Gm.) ; volatile oil, Mij-5 (.13-.3 Ce.). CARUM. CARAWAY. Carel (Carul), Linné. \ The fruit. Habitat. C. and W. Asia, Himalayas, Caucasus, Europe, Siberia; cultivated in England, Norway, Russia, Germany, Holland, United States. Syn. Caraway (Fruit) Seed. Br. Carui Fructus. Fr. Carvi, Cumin des Prés. Ger. Fructus Carvi, Ktimmel, Gemeiner Kiimmel. Ca/rum. L. careum, fr. Gr. képov, after Caria in Asia Minor; 7. e., its original habitat. Carui was the name used by medieval pharmacists for the drug. Car’vi. L. for curvy, carvey. Ar. Karawya, Eng. Caraway. Here frequently the word Carui is used, thus assimilating L. gen., as though for Carui Semina. Piant.—Biennial herb ; stem .3-1 M. (1-3°) high, hollow ; leaves bi- or tripinnate, deeply incised ; fiowers May—June, small, white, no involuere; root fusiform, fleshy, white, re- sembles parsnip, and used as food in N. Fie. 274. Europe. Fruit, 2-seeded cremocarp, ob- long, flattened, 4 Mm. (3’) long, brown, mericarps two, curved, narrowed at both ends, with 5 yellowish filiform ribs, 6 oil- tubes, pentagonal upon transverse section ; odor agreeable ; taste sweet, spicy. Solvents: alcohol; water partially. Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6—2 Gm. J ADULTERATIONS.— With allied and occa- sionally exhausted (drawn) fruits. Commercial.—Fruit ripens in Aug. of the second year, when plant is cut down, dried, and thrashed on a cloth. We have several varieties: 1. English, 2. German, 3. Dutch, 4, Mogador, 5. American. This last results from cultivating the plant in our gardens ; the fruit is aromatic, smaller than German, Carwin Casi (Carat, but with this latter comprises nearly our total supply. The English are the shortest, the Mogador the longest and. lightest. ConstITUENTS.—V olatile oil 57 p. c., fixed oil, resin, sugar, muci- lage, tannin, ash 5 p. ce. 416 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Oleum Cari. Oil of Caraway, oficial.—(Syn., Br. Oleum Carui ; Fr. Essence de Carvi; Ger. Kiimmelél.) This volatile oil, obtained by distilling the fruit with water or steam, is a pale-yellow, thin liquid, characteristic odor, mild spicy taste, sp. gr. 0.915, soluble in equal volume alcohol, brown by age, with ferric chloride gives reddish or violet color. Contains a terpene—carvene, C,,H,,, 35-50 p. c. (chemically identical with citrene, hesperidene, and dextrogyrate limonene), and mostly a ketone —dextrogyrate carvol, C,,H,,O, 50-65 p.c. ; this latter is a liquid of caraway-odor, obtained by, treating the oil with alcoholic solution of ammo- nium sulphide and decomposing the resulting ’ crystals with potassa. It is closely related to Carum ; fruit and longi: menthol and myristicol and identical with thymol, fea se secdin Siam? cuminic alcohol and carvacrol, this latter being obtained by distilling a mixture of caraway oil and potassa or soda, thus expelling carvene, decomposing residue by sulphuric acid, rectifying. It is a viscid, yellowish oil, creosote-odor and. taste, useful in toothache, by inserting it into the cavity. Preparations.—I. Fruit: 1. Tinctura Cardamomi Composita, 1 p-¢. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Ce.). Unof. Preps.: Fluid Extract. Dose, Mx-30 (.6-2 Ce.). Infusion, 5 p.c. Dose, 5j—2 (30-60 Ce.). Water (Aqua). Spirit (Spiritus). Fig. 276. II. Or: 1. Spiritus Junipert Compo-. ( situs, sg p.c. Dose, 3j-4 (4-15 Ce.). PROPERTIES.—Carminative, stimulant, diuretic, stomachic. UsEs.—Flatulent colic, especially for infants, corrective to nauseous purgatives, flavoring, toothache (carvacrol), as a spice \ in cakes, bread, etc. The oil is mostly used, which acts externally like other essential oils, as an anzsthetic, ete. Allied Plants: 1. A’pium (Ca’rum) Petroseli’num, Common or Garden Parsley—The root official, 1820-1880. 8S. Europe, cultiva- ted asa garden plant. Annual herb, .6— 1.2 M. (2-4°) high, with radical and, . cauline leaves, 3-pinnate; flowers yellow; Pe aie fruit 2 Mm. (-/;’) long, ovate, greenish- brown, mericarps with 5 ribs, 6 oil-tubes ; contains volatile oil, resin, fixed oil, apiin, (glucoside), C,,H,,O,,, apiol (parsley camphor), cariol ; root conical, 15 Cm. (6’) long, 12 Mm. (3’) thick, yellowish, contains volatile oil, apiin, starch. Used as diuretic, nephritic, carminative, discutient for dropsy, gravel, strangury, gonorrhcea, neuralgia, amenor- rhea, in infusion, tincture. Dose, 5ss-1 (2-4 Gm.). Apiol is an 3 CORIANDRUM—CORIANDER. 417 UMBELLIFERZ. oleoresin, obtained by percolating fruit with alcohol, reclaiming and separating oily residue from the deposited waxy solid; as such it is a greenish oily liquid, which may be made to form white crystals, C,,H,,0, known as white apiol. Dose, M or gr. 5-8 (.8-.5 Gm.), in dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, beginning 3-4 days before coming men- struation. 2. A’pium grave'lolens, Celery (Fruit).—S. Europe, cultivated. Fruit 1 Mm. (4;’) long, ovate, flattened, brown, smooth, mericarps two, 5 ribs, 12 oil-tubes; contains volatile oil, fixed oil; root, fusi- form, white,.when wild poisonous; under cultivation, harmless ; blanched stalks popular as a salad. Used as carminative, stimulant, flavoring (in infusion, juice), for bronchitis, intermittents, contusions, swollen glands. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). 2? CORIANDRUM. CORIANDER. Coriandrum ‘ sativum, Linné. \ The fruit. Habitat. C. Asia, 8. Europe (China, Italy; cultivated in United States, Europe). Syn. Coliander.. Br. Coriandri Fructus. Fr. Coriandre. Ger. Koriander. oe ey drum. L. fr. Gr. xépic, abug; 7. e., from a resemblance in odor of the Sa-ti’vum. L. sativus, sown, cultivated; 7. e., kind used in contra-distinction to the wild-grown. Puiant.—Annual herb, offensive odor of bed-bugs; stem .3-.6 M. (1-2°) high, solid; leaves bi- or tripinnate ; leaflets linear, pointed, lobed, light-green, resembling parsley ; flowers June, white, rose-colored, umbels small, 4 Cm. Fie. 27. (13’) broad, 5-8-rayed. Fruit, Aug., cremo- carp, globular, 4 Mm. (4’) thick, crowned with calyx-teeth and stylopod, brownish-yellow, with slight longitudinal ridges, two mericarps cohering, enclosing lenticular cavity, each having on the face 2 oil-tubes ; odor and taste | agreeably aromatic. Solvents: alcohol; water partially. Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6-2 Gm.). —_ . ADULTERATIONS. — Stems, fragments of gitdinal section mageitied 3 leaves ; the oil with oil of orange, oil of tur- Meveauas Beclion: mag pentine, terpenes. UN Ee 3 Commercial.—Coriander was popular with the ancients. In the fresh state all parts upon being bruised are fetid ; the fruit becomes fragrant only by drying, and when ripe, plants are cut down with sickles, dried, and fruit thrashed out. We produce largely our own supply, but they are imported from Europe, although those from Bom- bay are larger. ConstrruENTSs.—Volatile oil 3-1 p. c., fat 13 p.c¢., tannin, malic acid, mucilage, ash 5 p. c. - Oleum Coriandri. Oil of Coriander, oficial—(Syn., Fr. Essence de Coriandre ; Ger. Korianderél.) This volatile oil, distilled from fruit with water or steam, is a yellowish liquid, characteristic, aromatic 27 418 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. odor, warm, spicy taste; sp. gr. 0.875, soluble in alcohol and equal quantity glacial acetic acid. Consists of a terpene—pinene, C,,H,,, and (chiefly) an alcohol—linalool (coriandrol), C,,H,,O, from which one molecule H,O can be withdrawn, leaving C,,H,, Test: 1 Ce. oil + 3 Ce. alcohol 75 p. c., should give clear solution (abs. oil of turpen- tine, oil of orange, terpenes). Should be kept cool, in well-stoppered bottles. Dose, Mij-5.(.138-.3 Ce.).’ Preparations.—I. Frurr. (Unoff.) Fluid Extract. Dose, Mxv— 30 (1-2 Ce.). Infusion, 5 p.c. Dose, 3j-2 (30-60 Cc.). II. Om: 1. Confectio Senne, 4 p.c. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Gm.). 2. Spiritus Aurantii Compositus, 2 p.c. Dose, as a flavoring. 3. Syrupus Senne, 4 p.c. Dose, 5ss—4 (2-15 Cc.). PROPERTIES.—Aromatic, carminative, stimulant, stomachic. Usxs.—Indigestion, flatulency, corrective to griping medicines, such as senna, rhubarb, jalap; flavoring to gin and in cooking. Oil also used in colic, rheumatism, neuralgia. CONIUM. CONIUM (Hemuocr). Conium macnlatuni, Land \ The full grown fruit, gathered while yet green. Habitat. Europe, Asia, N. Africa (naturalized in N. and S. America, waste places and along streams—England, Scotland, Greece, Italy, Spain, United States). Syn. Poison Hemlock—Root—Parsley or Snakeweed, Spotted Hemlock—Conium ~—Cowbane or Parsley, Beaver Poison, Musquash Root, Water Parsley, Wild or Water Hemlock, Cicuta.. Br. Conii Fructus. Fr. Grand Cigué, Cigué officinale or ordinaire. Ger. Herba Conii, Schierling, Gefleckter Schierling. Co-ni’um. L. fr. Gr. cavecov—xwvéo, to whirl around ; 4. ¢., it produces giddiness when taken. , Mac-u-la’/tum. L. maculatus, spotted, fr. macula, a spot ; 7. ¢., stem has brown- ish-purple dots. Piant.—Biennial, stem 2—2.5 M. (6-8°) high, round, furrowed, hollow, smooth, green, mottled with port-wine colored spots, covered with white bloom; root whitish-yellow, fusiform, 12-18 Mm. (4-3’) thick, exuding a milky juice when cut; flowers June-July, white, small umbels 10-20-rayed ; leaves bipinnate, 15-30 Cm. (6-12’) long, ‘pinne lanceolate, incised, dentate, mucronate, glossy beneath, grayish- green upon drying ; odor of mice urine ; taste nauseous, saline, bitter, acrid. Fruit, cremocarp, 3 Mm. (3’) long, ovate, laterally com- pressed, grayish-green, smooth, two mericarps, each with 5 crenate ribs, no oil-tubes, but containing a seed grooved on the face; odor and taste slight, when triturated with solution of potassa or soda get disagreeable mouse urine odor. Solvent: alcohol. Dose, gr. 1-5 (.06— .3 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—With several umbelliferous fruits, especially anise, which has similar appearance but is aromatic, with two mericarps flat-faced, and 12—20 oil-tubes. , Commercial.—This was the xwyveeov of Greek writers, and the cele- brated Athenian State poison in the form of decoction or juice. By this Socrates, Phcecion, and many others died. Virgil and other Latin CONIUM—OONIUM. 419 UMBELLIFERZ. authors spoke of it as cicuta. Plants of dry, hot climates, in sunny exposures, are most active ; collect fruit in Aug., dry in the dark, and keep unexposed in tight vessels, when they will remain active several years. ConstITUENTS. — Conine 4-4 Fie. 278. p- ¢., Methyleonine, Conydrine, pseudoconydrine, C,H,,NO, vol- atile oil, fixed oil, conic (coniic) or malic acid, ash 6 p. c.* Conine (Coniine), C,H,,N.— This liquid alkaloid exists com- bined with malic or conic acid and is obtained by distilling with an alkali when it comes over with the volatile oil, or add alkali (am- monia) to the drug or the extract and distil; neutralize distillate with H,SO,, evaporate to syrup, add alcohol to dissolve alkaloids thereby precipitating ammonium ‘sulphate, evaporate filtrate, and liberate conine by distilling with alkali (potassa) when comes over with it methylconine and cony- . drine unless very careful. It is a yellowish, oily liquid, sp. gr. 0.880, boiling at 168° C. (335° F.), acrid taste, odor of cat or Conium maculatum, mice urine, forming white crystal- line salts soluble in water, aleohol (hydrobromate, hydrochlorate, sul- phate, etc.). Dose, Mj-3 (.003-.01 Cc.); salts, gr. 34-3 (.003-.01 . Gn.). Methylconine, C,H,,CH,N.—Resembles conine, with which com- mercial alkaloid it is usually associated. Conydrine (Oxy-conine), C,H,, NO.—May be separated from conine by exposing mixed alkaloids to a freezing mixture, expressing, crystallizing repeatedly from ether; occurs in iridescent scales, less poisonous than conine, with P,O, yields poisonous coniceine, C,H,,N. PREPARATIONS.—1. Eatractum Conti. Ex- = Deke _ tractofConium. (Syn., Extractum Conii Alco- dial mectioh waguitiod Balam, holicum ; Fr. Extrait Alcoolique de Semence transverse section magnified 8 (fruit) de Cigué; Ger. Spirituéses Schierlings- frucht-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with diluted alcohol 98 Cc., acetic acid 2, finishing with former alone q. s. Dose, gr. 3-2 (.08-.13 Gm.). Fie. 279. [% 420 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 2. Extractum Conii Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Conium. (Syn.,. Extractum Conii Fructus Fluidum, Fluid Extract of Hemlock Fruit ; Fr. Extrait liquide de Semence (fruit) de Cigué ; Ger. Fliissiges Schier- lingsfrucht-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with diluted alcohol 98 Ce., acetic acid 2, finishing with former alone q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mj-5 (.06-.3 Ce.). | Unoff. Preps.: Tincture, 15 p.c. Dose, Mx-60 (.6-4 Ce.). Ab- stract. Dose, gr. 3-2 (.03-.13 Gm.). #utract, Br. (inspissated juice of fresh herb, like that of aconite, belladonna, etc. ; yield 3-4 p. c.). Succus, Br., expressed juice of fresh leaves (alcohol 1 part + leaves 3, macerate a week, filter, keep cool). Dose, 5ss-2 (2-8 Cec.). Cata- plasm, Br. (powdered leaves 1 part, flaxseed meal 3, hot water 10). PROPERTIES.—Sedative, narcotic (used by ancients as such, fell into neglect and was revived by Stérck), poisonous (no effect on horses, goats, sheep), anodyne, soporific, an- Fig, 280. tispasmodic, anaphrodisiac. It mainly de- presses functional activity of all motor nerves, beginning in the peripheries, then ascending and involving spinal cord, thereby causing motor paralysis without loss of sen- sation. Poisonous doses produce vomiting, fatigue or heaviness of the legs, numbness, dropped eyelids, mydriasis, vertigo, impaired speech, slow, difficult breathing, paralysis of voluntary muscles, first of lower limbs, loss of speech and vision, and finally death from paralysis of respiratory muscles. Heart and mind not affected. Usxrs. — Spasmodic chorea, whooping-— cough, mania, melancholy, neuralgia, deli- thusa Cynapium, rium tremens, tetanus, asthma, epilepsy, convulsions, phthisis, bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, when excessive motor activity present ; externally scrofulous, glandular sores, mammary gland trouble, to dry up milk, cutaneous affections, toothache, usually in form of poultice. Poisoning: Emetics or lavage, tannin, then wash stomach again, strychnine, picrotoxin, alcoholic stimulants, coffee, atropine (hypoder- mically), external warmth and epispastics. Incompatibles : Tannic acid, caustic alkalies, vegetable acids, astrin- gents, strychnine, picrotoxin. Synergists: Motor depressants (aconite, veratrum, gelsemium, to- bacco, hydrocyanic acid), morphine, ete. Conii Folia, Conium Leaves.—Official, 1820-1880. These should be collected while plant is in bloom, foot-stalks rejected, and carefully dried by sun or fire (49° C.; 120° F.). Must then be kept tightly in tin boxes or, better, powdered and put in well-stoppered bottles, other- wise conine, being very volatile, escapes, leaving a worthless product. ASAFG@TIDA—ASAFETIDA. | 421 UMBELLIFERZ. Allied Plant : 1. Aithu'sa Qyna'pium, Fool's Parsley, Small Hemlock.—Leaves non- poisonous, and sometimes carelessly mixed with those of conium. Plants are easily distinguished, as this has leaves of different shape, darker color, leek-like odor. . Occasionally we have also mixed the pubescent ciliate leaflets of several species of Cherophy’llum. ASAFCETIDA. ASAFETIDA. Ferula : foetida, (Bunge) Regel. \ The gum-resin from the root. Habitat. Persia, Turkestan, Afghanistan. Devil’s Dung, Food of the Gods, Cibus Deorum, Gummi-resina Asafcetida. Fr. Asse-fétide. Ger. Asa foetida, Asant, Stinkasant, Teufelsdreck. Fer’u-la. L. fr. ferio, to strike; 7. ¢, stems used as rods, with which, at one time, school boys were punished. Foe’ti-da. L. fetidus, fetid, stinking, with Pers. prefix aza, mastic, forms the official and common name ; 1. ¢., the odor of the plant, and its secretion. Puiant.—This particular species was discovered by Lehmann, 1841, in Turkestan and Bokhara, and by Bunge, 1858 (Scorodo’ sma fee! tidum), in W. Afghanistan ; it is a large, perennial herb, enduring several years, but always perishes after flowering ; stem 1.5-3 M. (5-10°) high, 2.5-12.5 Cm. (1-5’) thick, greenish, erect, furrowed, smooth ; leaves few, radical and cauline, mostly near stem’s base, .3-.6 M. ce 2°) long, same width, on stout, round petioles 22.5 Om. (9) long, ex- panding below into inflated sheath surrounding one-half the stem, compound, ternately divided, each bipinnate with few pinne, leaflets few; flowers small, moneecious, pale-yellow; root conical, 45 Cm. (18’) long, 10-15 Cm. (4—6’) thick, dark-brown, inside whitish. Gum- RESIN (asafetida), in irregular masses of whitish tears imbedded in a yellowish-brown sticky mass, fracture of tears conchoidal, white color, soon turning pink, then brown ; odor alliaceous, persistent ; taste bitter, acrid, alliaceous. The tears should alone be used in medicine. Tests: 1. When triturated with water yields a milky emulsion, turning yellow with alkalies. 2. Alcohol should dissolve at least 60 p. c. of it. 3. Hydrochloric acid should produce only slight effervescence with green coloration. 4. Ash should be not more than 10 p.c. Solvent: alco- hol. Dose, gr. 5-15 (.3-1 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—In its native country at Herat, previous to reaching Bombay, there is usually added red clay, sand, stones, wheat or barley flour, gypsum, calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, cloth, bristles, wood, rosin, resins, translucent gums, in all amounting some- times to 60-80 p- ¢. Commercial.—Known in the East from early ages. In April when the leaves begin to wither collection is started by removing the soil around upper portion of the root 15 Cm. (6’) in depth and width, then pulling off the leafy stem ; this laid bare portion is now covered with leaves and earth for 40 days, as a protection against the heat of the sun. These leaves are removed in late May and aslice of root cut off, 422 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. whereupon juice slowly exudes, being scraped off on the third day, and put into leather (kid or goat) bags, then after the same interval another thin slice is taken off and juice collected, and then again another thin slice is taken off and juice collected, and then again an- other slice; these three cuttings constitute a process which can be repeated at ten-day inter- vals until the root is exhausted and perished (about two months), each succeeding process yields thicker and better juice; the root must all this while be screened ‘from the sun. The juice from many plants is nowmixed and hardened in the sun, each root yields 4-32 ozs. (.015-1 Kg.). It enters commerce via Bombay, in skins, mats (80-90 Ibs. ; 36-40.5 Kg.), boxes (200-400 Ibs.; 91-182 Kg.), and casks. The purest is usually soft, called natively hing, and from its transparency is thought to be from the stem; this is used in In- dia, while the mixed, called hingra, is alone ex- ported. Asafetida can be powdered when exces- sively cold or after dry- ing over unslaked lime for two weeks in a close vessel ; it retains pow- dered-form best when kept in paper packages over lime. We have sev- eral commercial varie- Ferula foetida. ties : 1. Amygdaloid.—This, also called the /wmp variety, is the official kind, and considered to be the most reliable. 2. Tears.—This is inferior, consisting of various-sized tears (pea to a walnut), yellowish, roundish, flattened, oval, irregular-shaped, dis- tinct or adhesive and agglutinated. 3. Stony.—Various-sized, angular or rounded pieces of gypsum and ae wns “yt N Sy ASAFG@TIDA—ASAFETIDA, 423 UMBELLIFERZ. other earthy matters, agglutinated or merely coated with the milky juice ; this should not be used in medicine. 4, Liquid.—This is white, opaque, syrupy, or semifluid mass, by age turning brown; may be the first exudation, or due to moist season. CoNSTITUENTS.—Gum 20-30 p. o., Resin, 50-70 p. ¢., Volatile oil Fic. 282. AM a 3 ava FAN ee ‘ Ferula galbanifiua. 3-9 p. ¢., vanillin .06 p. ¢., free ferulic (ferulaic) acid 1.3 p. c., ash 3-4 p. ¢. Gum.—Partly soluble in water, the residue (bassorin) dissolves in alkalies, being reprecipitated by acids. Resin.—Soluble in ether except 3-4 p. c. It is the ferulic acid ester of asaresino-tannol, and contains ferulic acid, C,,H,,O,, and 424 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. resino-tannol, ©,,H,,.O, ; upon dry distillation yields umbelliferon, C,H,O,, and blue-colored oils ; when fused with potassa gives resorcin and protocatechuic acid. ; Volatile Oil—To this the odor and stimulating property are due, and is obtained by distilling with water or alcohol, sp. gr. 0.980. It is a mixture of several sulphides of ferulyl—(C,H,,S, and C,,H,,8,), two terpenes—(C,,H,, and C,,H,,O), the latter yielding a sesquiterpene, C,,H,,, and a blue-colored oil in the higher boiling portions. ; PREPARATIONS.—1. Emulsum Asafetide. Emulsion of Asafetida. (Syn., Mistura (Lac) Asafcetide, Milk of Asafcetida; Fr. Mixture (Lait) d’Asaftetida ; Ger. Asafcetida-Emulsion, Stinkasant-milch.) Manufacture: 4 p.c. Rub 4 Gm. in a warm mortar, gradually adding water q. s. 100 Cc.; strain. Dose, 3ss—1 (15-30 Cc.). 2. Pilule Asafetide. Pills of Asafetida. (Syn., Fr. Pilules d’Asefétide ; Ger. Asafcetida-Pillen.) Manufacture: Asafetida 20 Gm., soap 6, water q. s. 100 pills. Dose, 2-5 pills. 3. Tinctura Asafetide. Tincture of Asafetida. (Syn., Fr. Tein- ture d’Asefétide ; Ger. Tinctura Ase-fotide, Stinkasant-tinktur.) Manufacture: 20 p.c. Macerate 20 Gm. seven days in a closed- vessel with alcohol g. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—1 (2—4 Ce.). 4. Pilule Aloes et Asafectide. Aloes 9 Gm., asafetida 9, soap 9, water q. s. 100 pills. Dose, 1-5 pills. Unoff. Preps.: Dewees’ Carminative. Dose, 5ss—4 (2-15 Cc.). Pil. Galbani Comp. Dose, 2-4 pills. Ammoniated Spirit. Dose, 3ss—1 (2-4 Ce.). Plaster, Suppositories, Enema (1 to 64 water). PROPERTIES.—Similar to other drugs with volatile oils; stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant, laxative (emmenagogue, anthelmintic, con- diment). Uses.—Hysteria, hypochondriasis, convulsions, spasms, whooping- cough, measles, asthma, coughs, catarrhs, flatulent constipation, chorea, nervous apoplexy, consumption. Used in India, Persia, etc., as a con- diment, for flavoring food, etc., like garlic and onions. Acts here as a stimulant to the bowels and digestion. The natives worship it not only for its agreeable effect, but for the odor and taste, the latter being acquired by usage, because at first it is often nauseous and positively disgusting. Incompatibles: Cerebral and arterial depressants, cold, acids, neutral salts ; water with alcoholic liquid preparations. Synergists : Cerebral excitants, alcohol, ether, gum-resins, balsams, aromatics, volatile oils containing sulphur and phosphorus. Allied Plants : 1. Ferula Na’rthex (Narthex assafe’tida).—Official, 1820-1890. This plant is almost identical with F. foctida, and from it much gum- resin is collected and sent in with the official. It is almost impossible to recognize plant origin by the product. 2. Ferula galbani'flua, Galbanum.—Gum-resin official, 1820-1890, N. Persia, Plant 1.3-1.6 M. (4-5°) high, 2.5 Cm. (1’) thick, solid, SUMBUL—SUMBUL. 425 UMBELLIFERE. - striate leaves radical and cauline; flowers yellow; fruit 12 Mm: (2’) long, winged near face of mericarps. Gum-resin in tears size of pin- head to that of a pea, brownish-yellow, inside milk-white, waxy, odor peculiar, balsamic, taste bitter, acrid, with water gives milky emulsion. Obtained from incisions ; contains gum 15-20 p. ¢., resin 60-66 p. ¢., volatile oil 6-9 p. c., umbelliferon. Used as stimulant, expectorant, antispasmodic, for hysteria, chlorosis, catarrh, amenorrhea, rheuma- tism, bronchitis, for church incense, tumors, boils, in pill, emulsion, tincture, plasters. Dose, gr. 5-20 (.8-1.3 Gm.). It is intermediate between asafetida and ammoniac. SUMBUL. SUMBUL. Ferula Sumbul, Hooker filius. } The root. Habitat. C. and N. Asia (Turkestan, Bucharia, E. Siberia, Russia). Syn. Musk Root; Br. Sumbul Radix ; Fr. Racine deSumbul ; Ger. Sumbulwurzel, Moschuswurzel. . Sum/bul. L. fr. Ar. Pers. Hind. swmbul, spikenard—their native name, sumboul, - aspike; 7. ¢, the appearance of the flowering stem. ” Piant.—Perennial herb dying after. flowering ; ster erect, 2-3 M. (6-10°) high, 4 Cm. (13’) thick at base, solid, glabrous, purplish, exuding milky juice when injured ; with 12 stiff, slender, divaricate branches in the ' upper half ; leaves—radical .8 M. (23°) long, with surrounding petioles, outline triangu- lar, tripinnate, leaflets ovate, deeply divided into wedge-shaped segments, dentate, bright- green—cauline few, smaller near base; flowers polygamous, umbels 10-15-rayed ; fruit 12 Mm. (4’) long, 6 Mm. (3) wide, mericarps oblong-oval, compressed, thin, 3 faint dorsal ridges. Roor, large, 10-12.5 Sumbul root, section. Cm. (4-5’) thick, 30-37.5 Cm. (12-15’) long, fusiform, usually occurs in transverse segments 2.5—7.5 Cm. (1-3’) in diameter, 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2) in length, light, spongy, annulate or. longitudinally wrinkled, bark thin, brown, bristly, fibrous, interior whitish with many brownish-yellow resin-dots, and irregular, easily separated fibres ; odor strong, musk-like, taste bitter, balsamic. Sol- vent: alcohol 65 p.c. Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6—2 Gm.). Commercial.—Plant was discovered in 1869 on the boundary between Russian Turkestan and Bucharia, at an elevation of 900-1,200 M. (3,000-4,000°) ; it has been used natively a long time as perfume, incense and medicine. We have two varieties: 1. Russian, comes to us via St. Petersburg, and is the only kind used in this country. 2. Indian, enters market via Bombay, is of closer texture, firmer, denser, and of a reddish tint. : ConstituENts.—Volatile oil (bluish, peppermint-taste), 4-1 p. c., Resin (soft, musk-odor), 9 p. c., fixed oil 17 -p. c., angelic .acid, (sum- 426 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. bulic acid), C,H,O,, valerianic acid, C,H,,O,, methylerotonic acid, bit- ter extractive, sugar, starch. Dry distillation gives bluish volatile oil, containing umbelliferon. PREPARATIONS.—1. Tinctura Sumbul. Tincture of Sumbul. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Sumbul ; Ger. Moschuswurzel or Sumbul-tinktur.) Manufacture: 10 p.c. Macerate, percolate 10 Gm. with alcohol 65 p.c., g. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Cc.). Unoff. Preps.: Fluid Extract. Dose, Mx-30 (.6-2 Ce.). Extract. Dose, gr. 2-5 (.13-.3 Gm.). Resin. Dose, gr. 1-2 (.06—.13 Gm.). PRopEertiEs.—Stimulant, carminative, tonic, nervine (resembles musk and valerian), antispasmodic. Usrs.—Hysteria, female nervousness, epilepsy, chlorosis, amenor- rhea, asthma, delirium tremens, bronchitis, leucorrheea, gleet, ty- phoid, atonic dysentery, hypochondriasis. Often combined in nervous troubles with asafetida, and in chlorosis with iron, arsenic, etc. Incompatibles and Synergists: Same as for asafetida; all prepara- tions immiscible with water. Allied Plant: 1. Dore’ma Ammoni! acum, False Sumbul of India. —Claimed by some ~ to be the true source of Indian Sumbul, but Dorema has no musk-like odor, and is more yellow. AMMONIACUM. AMMONTAC. Dorema Hv \ The gum-resin. Ammoniacum, Habitat. E. Persia, Turkestan. (On silicious soil, in deserts, barren regions. ) Syn. Gummi-resina Ammoniacum. Fr. Ammoniaque, Gomme-résine ammonia- que. Ger. Ammoniacum, Ammoniakgummi. Do-re’ma. L. fr. Gr. dépyua, a gift, benefit ; 7. ¢., its yielded product is a benefit. Am-mo-ni’a-cum. L. ammoniacus, Gr. dupuviaxdy (Dioscorides), salt of Am- monia, from its being prepared out of camels’ dung near the Temple of Jupiter Ammon, Libyan Desert, Africa, so likewise this gum-resin named, because it was said to be originally obtained (distilled) from a tree or plant near this temple. Puiant.—Striking appearance, dying after flowering; stem 1.6—2 M. (5-7°) high, 2.5 Cm. (1’) thick at base, pale-green with greenish- purple joints, hollow, dividing at apex into about 16 branches bearing the white flowers ; leaves—radical few (4), sheathing, large, .5-.6 M. (14-2°) long, bi- or tripinnate, densely covered with white down— cauline 3-4, reduced to large, pale sheaths, long, reflexed; flowers very small, sessile, immersed in dense white cottony-wool, umbels (heads) many, 12 Mm. (3) in diameter ;"grows alongside of the asa- fetida plants. GUM-RESIN (ammoniac), in roundish tears 1.5-6 Mm. (#5—-}’) thick, distinct or agglutinated, yellowish, fracture conchoidal, waxy, milky-white ; odor peculiar; taste acrid, bitter, nauseous ; with water gives milky emulsion. Test: Alcohol to moisten + hydrochloric acid gives no color change. Solvent: Alcohol. Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6- 2 Gm.). Commercial.—The entire plant in spring (May) abounds with milky juice which rapidly flows out from even every puncture and sting AMMONIACUM—AMMONIAC. 427 UMBELLIFERZ. made by animal or insect, Beetles in quest of food make most of these on the stem, while the root is fissured in many places by changes of temperature, this latter for the first five years furnishes in a de- creasing ratio all of the juice; by this time the stem is matured for the best yield, after which the plant soon dies. The juice quickly con- geals, and either adheres or falls to the ground, when in July it is collected. In order to powder should make it very cold or dry it over lime. We have several varieties: 1. Ammoniac in tears, as above described. 2. Ammoniac in cakes, which is from the root in agglutinated brown resinous masses contain- ing plant fragments, fruits, sand, and tears well incorporated. At Bombay, its chief entrepot, these are garbled, classified into various grades for different markets and sewed up in coarse canvas bales. ConsTITUENTS.—Gum 18-28 p.c., Resin 70 p. ¢., Volatile oil 1-4 p. c., moisture 5 p. c., ash 1-3 p. ¢. Gum.— This is acid calcium arabinate, contains calcium oxide and closely resembles acacia, being soluble in water or. alkalies. Resin.—This consists of an acid and an indifferent (neutral) resin, the one soluble, the other insoluble in ether, this latter, however, being readily dissolved by alcohol, volatile and fixed oils. By saponification the acid-resin yields salicylic acid and ammoresino-tannol, Ne C,H,,O, also valerianic and butyric acids. & WN By dry distillation the resin yields no umbel- liferon, but fused with potassa gives protocate- chuic acid and resorcin, C,H,O,, which is soluble in simple solvents, volatile, inflam- mable, reddened on exposure, and purplish- black with ferric chloride. The volatile oil contains neither sulphur nor phosphorus. PREPARATIONS.—1. Emulswm Ammoniaci. Emulsion of Ammoniac. (Syn., Mistura (Lac) Ammoniaci, Ammoniac* Mixture; Milk of Ammoniac; Fr. Mixture (Emulsion) de Gomme ammoniaque, Lait ammoniacal ; Ger. Ammoniak-Emulsion.) Manufacture: 4p.c. Rub 4 Gm. in a warm mortar, gradually adding water q. s. 100 Cc., strain. Dose, §ss—1 (15-30 Cc.). 2. Emplastrum Ammoniaci cum Hydrargyro. Ammoniac Plaster with Mercury. (Syn., Fr. Emplatre de Gomme Ammoniaque mercu- riel; Ger. Quecksilber und Ammoniak-Pflaster.) Fig. 284, Dorema Ammoniacum, 428 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Manufacture: 72 p.c. Digest 72 Gm. with diluted acetic acid 100 Ce., strain, evaporate ; triturate mercury 18 Gm. with oleate of mercury .8 Gm. to which add ammoniac and then lead plaster q. s. 100 Gm. Unof. Preps.: Pills. Powders. Plasters. PROPERTIES.—Stimulant, expectorant, rubefacient, acts on circula- tion and nutrition. Large doses cause skin eruptions, vomiting, colic, diarrhcea (volatile oil and resin). Action similar but less powerful than asafetida. Usrs.—Bronchitis, chronic catarrh, asthma, pleurisy ; externally as a resolvent in white swelling, indolent tumors, glandular enlargements. Allied Plants: 1. Dorema Au! cheri.— W. Persia. Yields a simi- lar product, (ammoniac), while Dorema robu’stum gives a dissimilar gum- resin. 2. Fe'rula_ tingita’na, African Ammoniac.—This is thought to be the “am- moniacum” of the ancients, it is darker than the offi- cial, odor agreeable, like benzoin, taste acrid, bitter. Contains gum 9 p.c., resin 68 p. c., and yields um- belliferon. 3. Opo'panax Opopa- nax (Chiro'nium).—S. Eu- rope. Root and stem ex- ude yellowish milk, hard- ening into reddish-brown tears, having a waxy lus- tre, and a bitter, balsamic taste. J 4, Cor’nus flo'rida, Cornus florida. F lowering Dogwood. — Cornacee. The bark of root official, 1830 1890. N.America. Small tree 4.5-10.5 M. (15— 35°) high, 12.5-25 Cm. (5-10’) thick, flowers greenish with 4 large white involucral leaves, petaloid ; fruit bright-red. Bark deprived of the furrowed brown-gray outside corky layer, in curved pieces 3 Mm. (4’) thick, reddish-brown color, striate, astringent, bitter; contains cornin (cornic acid), tannin 3 p.c., resin ; used as astringent, tonic, feb- rifuge, stimulant, as substitute for cinchona, when fresh emetic; in decoction, fluid extract. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). 5. Cor’nus circina’ta, Round-leaved Dogwood.—The bark official, 1820-1880, N. America. Shrub 1.6-3 M. (5-10°) high, branches : CHIMAPHILA—CHIMA PHILA. 429 PYROLACEZ. greenish, warty; leavés round, 10-12.5 Cm. eo. ) wide, woolly be- neath ; flowers white cymes ; fruit, blue drupe. » Bark quilled, curved, greenish, ‘brownish-gray, with suberous warts or longitudinal lines, inside cinnamon-brown. Used as the C. florida, but is more bitter and less astringent. 6. Cor’nus Amo’num (se’ricea), Silky Cornel, Stamp Dogwood.—The bark official, 1820-1880. N. America. Shrub 1.6-3 M. (5-10°) high, branches purple ; ; leaves elliptical, silky beneath ; flowers yellowish, “woolly cymes; fruit pale-blue. Bark quilled, thin, outside purplish- brown, less warty than preceding, o otherwise resembling. Used like C. florida, but is less bitter and astringent. SERIES 2: GAMOPETALA. Petals more or less united, rarely separate or wanting. 65. PYROLACEZ. Wintergreen Family. Pir-o-la’se-e. L. Pyrol-a + ace, dim. of pirus (pyrus), a pear- tree, fr. Celtic, peren, pear. Low, mostly evergreen perennials. Dis- tinguished by leaves petiolate; flowers perfect, white or pink, calyx 4-5-lobed, corolla deeply 4-5 -parted or 5 petals, stamens 8-10 ; ovary 4-5- celled, superior, stigma 5-lobed ; fruit capsule, dehiscent ; tem- perate climates ; ; diuretic, nephritic, astringent, tonic. Genus: 1. Chimaphila. CHIMAPHILA. CHIMAPHILA (PIPSISSEWA). Chimaphila tmbellata, (Linné) Nuitau, } The leaves. Habitat. N. America, N. Asia, N. and C. Europe, in dry woods. Syn. Prince’s Pine, Rheumatism Weed, King’s Cure, Wintergreen, Bitter Winter- reen, Ground Holly, Noble Pine, Pyrola, Pine Tulip. Fr. Herbe de Pyrole ombellée. he. Doldenbliithiges Harnkraut, Wintergriin. Chi-maph‘i-la. L, fr. Gr. xeiya, winter, + gitoc, loving; i. ¢, remains green all wirter, as though loving that season. Um-bel-la’ta. L. wmbellatus, umbellated’; ¢. e., flowers in corymbose umbels. Pip-sis’se-wa. American Indian name. Priant.—This is also known as Chimaphila corymbo! sa and Py’rola umbella'ta ; it is a perennial, 10-25 Cm. (4—10’ ) high, ‘with the leaves near stem’s apex; rhizome yellowish, creeping ; flowers June—July, white, tinged with red, exhaling perfume, terminal corymb or umbel. LEAVES, oblanceolate, 5 Om. (2’) long, sharply serrate above, wedge- shaped and nearly entire towards the base, coriaceous, smooth, dark- green above ; inodorous ; taste astringent, bitter. Solvents : diluted alcohol ; boiling water. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). CONSTITUENTS. ——Chimaphilin, C,,H,,0,, arbutin, ericolin, urson, tannin 4 p. ¢., resin, sugar, gum, ash 5 p-c -Chimaphilin. —Neutral principle obtained by distilling with water, when its yellow crystals deposit in neck of retort, or can shake diluted alcoholic tincture with water-or chloroform, thus ‘dissolving it out ; it 480 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. is inodorous, tasteless, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, slightly in water ; gives red with sulphuric acid. The “ Eclectic ” resinoid, chimaphilin, is a dark-brown bitter powder. Dose, gr. 2-3 (.13-.2 Gm.). Beenie Extractum Chimaphile Fluidum, Fluid Ex- tract of Chimaphila. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Pyrole ombellée ; Ger. Flissiges Doldenbliithiges Harnkraut-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, Fig. 286. percolate 100 Gm., with s diluted alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 3ss-l (2-4 Cc.). Unoff. Preps.: Extract. Dose, gr. 3-10 (.2-.6 Gm.). Decoction, 5 p. ¢. Dose, 5j-3 (80-90 Cc.). Poultice. PRopERTIES. — Astrin- gent, tonic, diuretic, neph- ritic ; locally rubefacient. About the same as buchu, uva-ursi, pareira, scopa- rius. Usrs.—Scrofula, rheu- matism, dropsy, scanty urine, gravel, hematuria, gonorrheea, skin and kid- ney troubles, diarrhea, gout; checks uric acid secretion; externally to ulcers, tumors. Chimaphila umbellata ; upper part of flowering stem. Allied Plants: 1. C. macula’ta, Spotted Wintergreen (Pipsissewa).—The leaves official, 1830-1840. N. Amer- ica. Herb, 7.5-15 Cm. (3-6’) high, leaves 2.5-5 Cm. (1—-2’) long, 12 Mm. (3’) wide, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at base, toothed, upper sur- face variegated (spotted) with white along midrib and veins ; flowers purplish-white. 2. Pyrola rotundifolia, Round-leaved Wintergreen; P. elli'ptica, Shin-leaf, and P. chlora’ntha, Greenish-flowered Wintergreen.—These three have racemes of nodding wax-like flowers; leaves resembling and containing same as the official, hence used similarly. 66. ERICACE®. Heath Family. Er-i-ka’se-e. L. Hric-a + acee, Gr. épetxy, heath, fr. épéxw, to break ; i. ¢., because some species break stone in the bladder. Shrubs or small trees. Distinguished by astringent properties ; leaves ever- GAULTHERIA—GAULTHERIA. 431 ERICACEE. green, exstipulate; calyx 4—5-cleft, inferior, corolla, regular, hypog- ynous, 4—5-cleft ; stamens as many or twice corolla-lobes, free from but inserted with it; anthers 2-celled; ovary 2—5-celled, style 1; fruit, capsule or berry, edible; universal ; astringent, tonic, diuretic, narcotic, poisonous. Genera: 1. Gaultheria. 2. Arctostaphylos. GAULTHERIA. GAULTHERIA (WINTERGREED). Oleum Gaultheriz. Oil of Gaultheria (Oil of Wintergreen), official. Gaultheria procumbens, Linné. sisting mostly of methy] salicylate, CH,C,H,O,, A volatile oil, distilled from the leaves. Con- \ and nearly identical with volatile oil of Betula. Habitat. N. America, Canada, Georgia, Minnesota, in cold, damp woods, mostly in the shade of evergreens. Syn. Spring-, Creeping-, Spicy or Aromatic Wintergreen ; Checker-, Partridge-, Box-, Spice-, Deer-, Tea-, Ground-, Grouse-, Red or Hill-berry, Wax Cluster, Moun-. tain Tea, Chinks, Red Pollom, Ivory Plum, Oil of Teaberry or Partridgeberry. Fr. Feuilles de Gaulthérie (de Palommier), Thé (du Canada) de Terre-neuve, Essence de Gaulthérie. Ger. Canadischer Thee, Bergthee, Bergtheedl. Gaul-the’ri-a. L. dedicated by Kalm to Dr. Gaulther, of Quebec. Pro-cum/’bens. L. pro, forward, + cumbere, to lie, lying down; 7. ¢., the stem. PLant.—Stem creeping on or below the surface, branches ascend- ing; leaves alternate, evergreen, spicy, obovate, mucronate, serrate, crowded at top of the stem; flowers June—Sept., few, white, on stem 7.5-12.5 Cm. (3-5’) high; fruit bright-red berries or capsules, 5- celled, spicy, aromatic. Fic. 287. Gaultheria procumbens. 432 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. ConsTITUENTS.— Volatile oil 0.5 p. c. (salicylic acid, methyl salicy- fate), arbutin, ericolin, urson, resins, tannin 6 p. c., ash 4—5 p. c. - Oleum Gaultheriz. Oil of Gaultheria.—This is a yellowish or reddish liquid; characteristic aromatic odor; sweet, warm, aromatic taste; sp. gr. 1.180; consists of methyl salicylate, CH,C,H,O,, 99 p. ¢., also a paraffin (triacontan), C,,H,,, an aldehyde or ketone, an apparently secondary alcohol, C,H,,O, and an ester, C,,H,,O, ; it is soluble in alcohol, giving with ferric chloride in alcoholic solution dark-purple; with nitric acid forms colorless prisms. Tests: 1. Heated to :80° C. (176° F.) should not give colorless distillate (abs. alcohol, chloroform). 2. Equal quantity nitric acid should not give deep-red color or dark-red resinous mass (abs. oil of sassafras). 3. Sul- phuric acid increases temperature, owing to terpene present (not so with artificial oil). Should be kept dark, in well-stoppered bottles. : Dose, Mj-10 (.06-.6 Ce.). Fre. 288. ADULTERATIONS.—Oils of sassafras and betula, alcohol, chloroform, ete. Acidum Salicylicum. Salicylic Acid, HC,H,O,, oficial.—(Syn., Ortho-oxybenzoic Acid; Fr. Acide salicylique ; Ger. Salicylsiure.) This organic acid exists naturally in combination in various plants, (gaultheria, betula, etc.) and may be obtained by fusing salicin with potassa, or by heating (saponifi- cation) oil of gaultheria with potassa until all of the methylic alcohol is given off, then decomposing the potassium salicylate with hydrochloric acid, but it is prepared synthetically on a much larger scale, from earbolic acid, by passing CO, gas through sodium carbolate heated to 220° C. (428° F.); the sodium Salicylic acid crystal. salt is now dissolved in water, decomposed by HCl, the sodium chloride solution filtered off, the salicylic acid crystals washed, dissolved in boiling water and then allowed to recrystallize. 2NaC,H,O + CO, = Na,C,H,O, (sodium salicylate) + C,H,O (phenol) ; Na,C,H,O, + 2HCl = HC,H,O,+42NaCl. It is in light, fine, white, crystalline needles or powder; odorless; sweetish, then acrid taste ; permanent ; soluble in alcohol, ether, 450 parts water; melts at 157° C. (314.6° F.); 138 grains salicylic acid correspond to 169 grains oil of gaultheria. ests: 1. Aqueous or alcoholic solution turns bluish-violet with ferric chloride T. 8. 2. Saturated alcoholic solution upon spontaneous evaporation should leave white crystalline residue (abs. iron, carbolic acid, etc.) Dose, gr. 5-30 (.3-2 Gm.). Impurities.—Iron, carbolic acid, coloring and carbonizable organic matters, creosote, hydrochloric acid. Methyl Salicylas. Methyl Salicylate, CH,C,H,0,, official.— (Syn., Artificial (Synthetic) Oil of Wintergreen; Ger. Kiinstliches Wintergriinél.) This is produced synthetically by distilling salicylic acid or a salicylate with methy] alcohol and sulphuric acid. It is a colorless or yellowish liquid, aromatic odor, sweet, warm, aromatic UV-A-URSI—UVA-URSI. 433 ERICACE. taste of oil of gaultheria, having its essential constituent as also that of oleum betule volatile ; sp. gr. 1.185, boils at 220° C. (428° F.); soluble in alcohol, glacial acetic acid. Tests: 1. The precipitate by shaking with soda should dissolve when allowed to stand in boiling water, giving faint-yellow solution, without any oily drops separating (abs. petroleum, volatile oils). 2. Alkaline solution + hydrochloric acid should give pure salicylic acid (abs. methyl benzoate). Dose, Mj-10 (.06-.6 Cc.). Impurities.—Alcohol, chloroform, volatile oils, petroleum, methyl benzoate. PREPARATIONS.—OIL: 1. Spiritus Gaultherie. Spirit of Gaul- theria. (Syn., Fr. Alcoolat (Esprit) de Gaulthérie; Ger. Bergthee- spiritus (geist).) Manufacture: Dissolve oil 5 Ce. in alcohol 95 Ce. Dose, 5j-2 (4-8 Cc.). . oe Sarsaparille Compositus, z45 p. ¢. Dose, 3j-4 (4- 15 Ce.). 3. Trochisct Morphine et Ipecacuanhe, Mz (.002 Ce.) in each. Dose, 1~—3 troches. PROPERTIES.—Antiseptic, antipyretic, antiperiodic, stimulant, diu- retic, cardiac depressant. Small doses stimulate the stomach, heart, respiration ; large doses derange stomach, causing nausea, vomiting, reduce respiration, heart action, temperature and arterial tension. By gastro-intestinal secretions converted into sodium salicylate, and as such enters circulation ; it is eliminated by kidneys and skin mainly as salicyluric acid. Usrs.—Rheumatic fever, migraine, sciatica, diabetes, cystitis, diph- theria ; externally, warts, corns, excess of epidermis. Salicylism is the result of extravagant doses of salicylates, and re- sembles cinchonism from quinine. It consists of headache, deafness, ringing in the ears, sweating, weak pulse and respiration, nausea, de- lirium, vomiting, etc., and can be prevented by preceding each dose with a small quantity of alcoholic stimulant. eaves of gaultheria official, 1820-1890. Poisoning: Diffusible stimulants, atropine, strychnine. Same as for acetanilid. Incompatibles: Arterial and cerebral stimulants: alkalies, mineral acids, metallic salts (especially ferric), spirit of nitrous ether. Synergists: Carbolic acid derivatives, anesthetics, cardiac and cere- bral depressants. UVA-URSI. UVA-URSI (BEarserry). Arctostaphylos é ‘ Uva-Ursi, (Linné) Sprengel. } The leaves. Habitat. Europe, Asia, N. America, in moyntains, on dry and rocky soil, United ‘States, south to New Jersey, thence westward to California, New Mexico. p -. Syn. Upland, Mountain or Wild Cranberry, Universe Vine, Mountain Box, Bear’s- Grape, ibary or Whortleberry, Barren Myrtle, Kinni-Kinnick, Fox or Mealberry, Rapper Dandies (the fruit), Sagackhomi. Fr. Busserole, Raisin d’Ours. Ger. Uve Ursi Folia, Barentraubenbliatter. 28 434 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Arc-to-staph’y-los. L. fr. Gr. dpxroc, a bear, + oragv7, a bunch of grapes ; i. @, the roughness of the fruit and these berries occurring in clusters like grapes. — U’va-Ur’si. L. wa, a grape, + ursus, ursi, a bear, of a bear—bear-berry ; 7. ¢., berries are rough or bearish.’ é : ie Piant.—Low evergreen shrub; stem trailing, young branches rising obliquely upward several inches ; flowers May, 3-15 together, pinkish- white, racemes, calyx reddish, corolla urceolate, reddish-white or white with red lips ; fruit autumn, 6 Mm. (}’) broad, fleshy, bright-red berry, skin thick, 5-seeded, resembles currants in appearance and clusters. Lxaves, 15-20 Mm. (3—-4’) long, 5-8 Mm. (}-4’) broad, short-stalked, obovate, coriaceous, obtuse, margin revolute, upper surface with de- pressed veins, lower surface distinctly reticulate ; odor faint, hay-like ; taste astringent, bitter; collect in autumn. Solvents: diluted alcohol ; boiling water. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Cc.). ADULTERATIONS.—1. Vacei/niwm Vi'tis-Ide’a, Wind or Cowberry, Red Whortleberry, and V. uligino'sum, Bog Whortleberry, Great Bilberry. Leaves resemble uva-ursi, but mar- Fic. 289. gins crenate, under surface bristly, pubescent. 2. De'ndrium (Leiophy’ lum) bux- ifo' lium, Sand Myrtle.—-N. J., south- ward. Small shrub; Jeaves oval, shining, margin revolute, reticulate. 3. Bu'xus sempe'rvirens, Boz, Bush-tree Dudgeon.—Cultivated in our gardens ; leaves ovate, narrower toward apex than near the base; con- tain buxine and parabuxine (both giving bitterness), tannin, volatile oil, bitter extractive. 4. Epige'a re'pens, Trailing Ar- butus (Mayflower, Ground Laurel, Gravel Plant) and Chimaphila wm- bellata, Pipsissewa.—Leaves resem- ble and both contain the three active constituents of uva-ursi. Used in Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi. lithic acid gravel. Dose, gr. 15- 60 (1-4.Gm.). ConstitvENts.—Arbutin, C,,H,,O,, Ericolin, C,,H,,O,,, Urson, C,,H,,O, Tannin 6-7 p.c., gallic acid, ellagic acid, coloring matter, ash 3 p. ¢. , Arbutin.—A glucoside obtained by precipitating the decoction with lead subacetate, treating filtrate with hydrogen sulphide, and evapo- rating to crystallize. It is in needles, bitter, soluble in alcohol or hot water, insoluble in ether, blue with diluted ferric chloride ; with sul- _phuric acid yields glucose, arctuvin (hydroquinone), C,H,0O,, and methyl- hydroquinone, C,H,O,. Dose, gr. 3-5 (.2-.3 Gm.). Ericolin.—This is left in the mother-liquor from arbutin ; it is a UVA-URSI— UV A-URSI. 4 435 ERICACEZ. bitter glucoside, yellow, soluble in water, alcohol ; yields glucose and ericinol (volatile oil). Urson.—Crystalline principle, resinous, obtained by exhausting with ether, evaporating, re-crystallizing from alcohol ; occurs in taste- less needles, insoluble in water, sparingly in alcohol, ether. Preparations.—1. Extractum Uvee-Ursi. Extract of Uva-Ursi. (Syn., Fr. Extrait de Busserole; Ger. Birentraubenblitter-Extrakt.) Manufacture : Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol 30 p. c., q.s. Dose, gr. 5-15 (.3-1 Gm.). 382. Extractum Uvee-Ursi Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Uva-Ursi. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Busserole; Ger. Fliissiges Birentrau- benbliitter-Extrakt. ) Manufacture : Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with glycerin 30 Cc., alcohol 20, water 50, finishing with alcohol 30 p. ¢., q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mxv-60 (1-4 Co.). Unoff. Preps.: Infusion. Dose, 5j-2 (30— 60 Ce.). Decoction. Dose, 5j-2 (30-60 Ce.). ProperRtTies.—Astringent, diuretic, tonic, nephritic, disinfectant (due to the hydroqui- none formed). Large dose vomits, purges, oxytocic. UsEs.—Cystitis, gravel, chronic nephritis, urethritis, incontinence of urine, dysuria, strangury, uterine hemorrhage, gleet, leucor- rhoea, menorrhagia, urinary calculi, bronchi- tis, diarrhea, cardiac dropsy. Allied Plants: 1. A. glau'ca, Manzanita.—Cal. moun- tains, small tree ; leaves 5 Cm. (2’) long ; contains arbutin, tannin 10 p.c., ash 6 p.c. A. polifo'lia, and A. mucroct'fera. Mexico. Both used like uva-ursi. Palaquium Gutta. 2. Kalmia latifo'lia, Mountain Lawrel, Calico-bush.—1.8-9 M. (6-30°) high ; flowers inodorous, Mag t une ; leavés evergreen, elliptical ; contain tannin, arbutin, resin, andromedo- nee C,,H,,0,,; astringent. Large doses poisonous. . Limo'nium carolinia! num (Sta’tice Limo'nium var. car ‘linia! na), Merah Rosemary.—Plumbaginacese. The root official, 1820-1880. N. America. Planta maritime perennial, acaulescent ; ‘leaves 2.5-4 Cm. 1-13’) long, obovate, cuniform, entire, mucronate, scape .3-.6 M. 1-2°) high, terete, corymbose panicles ; flowers lavender-color ; root .8-.6 M. (1-2°) long, 2.5 Cm. (1’) thick, annulate, wrinkled, purplish- brown, astringent, bitter ; contains tannin 14-18 p. c., volatile oil, resin. Used as astringent like catechu or kino for aphthous and ulcerated affections of the mouth, fauces, hemorrhages, dysentery ; in infusion, decoction, tincture. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.8-2 Gm.). 4, Pald' quium Gut'ta, and P. oblongifo' lium, Gutta-Percha,—Sapo- tacee. Concrete exudation official, 1880-1890. Malayan Peninsula Fie. 290. 436 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. and Islands, Singapore, Borneo. Tree, 18-21 M. (60-70°) high, .6- 1 M. (2-8°) thick ; bark reddish-gray ; leaves 10-12.5 Cm. (4-5’) long, tomentose, silky beneath ; flowers yellowish. Gutta-percha is obtained by incisions, or by felling trees, removing bark, and catching juice in plantain-leaf stalks, palm leaves, or cocoanut shells ; it soon coagulates and occurs in yellowish, grayish masses, hard, heavier than water, flexi- ble, plastic at 50° C. (122° F.), decomposes on melting ; inodorous ; tasteless ; soluble in ether, chloroform, oil of turpentine, carbon disul- phide. Contains gutta, C,,H,,, 80 p. c., fine, white powder ; fluavil, C,,H,,0, yellow resin ; albane, C,,H,,O,, white resin. Used in surgery for splints, catheters, bougies, specula, pessaries, syringes, etc. Liquor Gutta-Perche official, 1880-1890, = 9 p. ¢. solution in chloroform. Used as an adhesive and protective agent for wounds, abrasions, skin troubles, sore nipples, erysipelas, small-pox, etc. 4, Diospy'ros virginia'na, ‘Persimmon.—Ebenacee. The unripe fruit dried, official, 1820-1880. United States. Tree, 6-21 M. (20- 70°) high, much smaller northward; wood hard, blackish ; leaves 7,5-12.5 Cm. (3-5’) long, entire, glaucous beneath, elliptical ; flowers yellowish ; fruit plum-like, 2.5 Cm. (1’) thick, green, 4-lobed calyx at base ; short style at apex, 6-celled, 6-seeded ; taste astringent, when ripe orange-red, by frost sweet, edible. Contains tannin, malic acid. ‘Used as astringent for diarrhea, chronic dysentery, uterine hemorrhage, leucorrhea, sore throat ; in infusion, tincture, syrup. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). Persimmon beer made by fermenting ripe fruit with hops, as a beverage, and the bark as tonic and astringent are popular to some extent. 67. STYRACACEZ. Storax Family. Sti-ra-ka’se-e. L. Styr-ax(ac) + acee, Gr. otipat, a tree yielding gum, an alteration of native Ar. name Assthirak. Trees, shrubs. Distinguished by yielding stimulant balsamic resins ; calyx 4—8-cleft, inferior ; corolla 4—8-lobed ; stamens equal or twice the petals, united at base; ovary 2~5-celled, each 1-seeded, style 1; fruit, berry or drupe, fleshy ; tropics, temperate climates; stimulant; resins, dyes. Genus: 1. Styrax. BENZOINUM. BENZOIN. Styrax , : Benzoin, Dryander. ‘A balsamic resin. Habitat. Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Laos, Siam. Syn. Benzoin Laurel, Benjamin Tree, Resina Benz, Asa Dulcis, Gum Benjamin Fr. Benjoin. Ger. Benzoé, Benzoe. c Sty’rax. L. see etymology, above, of Styracacex. Ben-zo-i/num. L. fr. Ar. luban, jawa, = lu + ban + Join, contracted, lit., ‘in- cense of Java,’”’ in universal use. ame ’ Ben-zo’in. The original word and mostly used. Prant.—Handsome tree, medium height, with dense spreading crown; bark grayish, tomentose; leaves oblong, downy, 7.5-12.5 BENZOINUM—BENZOIN. 487 STYRACACER. Cm. (3-5’) long, acuminate, dentate ; flowers inside reddish, outside white, hairy, anthers 2-celled, Grows upon interior hills and sea- coast plantations. BALSAMIC RESIN (benzoin), occurs in lumps of yellowish-brown agglutinated tears which are internally milky-white, or in reddish-brown mass, mottled from the imbedded whitish tears. Soluble in 5 parts warm alcohol, in fixed alkaline solutions; when heated get fumes of benzoic acid; odor balsamic, agreeable; taste aromatic. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.38-2 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.— Wood, barks, etc. (in cake benzoin), but these remain behind when treated with alcohol or sublimed. Commercial.—The resin is collected from wild and cultivated trees when 5-6 years old, and trunk 15-20 Cm. (6-8’) thick. Longi- tudinal or oblique incisions are made through the bark between the ground and its first branches, when the white liquid resin slowly exudes ; this soon, by exposure to air * and sun, concretes and is scraped off Fie, 291. ‘with knives. Only unhealthy trees — yield resin, and as it is a pathologic result, they contain no resin-recep- tacles. The annual yield per tree is 3 lbs. (1.5 Kg.), for twelve years, when they are cut down; the first three years’ product is best (fuller of white tears, most fragrant), being called natively head benzoin ; the next 7-8 years’ yield contains less white tears, is browner—belly benzoin ; after trees are felled and stems split an in- ferior quality is scraped off which is dark, mixed with wood, bark and other impurities—foot benzoin. These variety names correspond to our su- perior, medium, inferior, having their Styrax Benzoin; 1, flowering twig; 2, relative values, 105, 45, 18. It is fewer, 2 fruit, with upper sertion laid received at the Sumatra ports in 287e,shpving channeled curtace; 5, anther; cakes wrapped in matting ; here it is softened by heat, packed in chests and sent to Penang and Singapore, thence into commerce ; in Siam it is conveyed on bullocks’ backs to Menam River, thence into market in cubical blocks, via Bangkok. We have several varieties : a 1. Sumatra, Penang.—This is grayish-brown, with many white tears, by age reddish-brown, partly soluble in carbon disulphide ; odor weak, storax-like ; inferior kinds have few or no tears, but many chips of wood, bark, ete. 2. Siam.—Considered best, reddish-brown, in large or small tears, soluble in carbon disulphide ; odor strongest, most agreeable, vanilla- like; taste bitter. Occurs in two forms (a) tears or lumps, (6) amygdaloid. The tears are almond-shape, often 2.5 Cm. (1’) long, 438 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. more or less flattened; when these become agglutinated with a red- dish-brown substance we have the amygdaloid. 3. Palembang.—This resembles Sumatra, but is somewhat more transparent, and is said to yield a greater percentage of bengoic acid. 4. False Benzoin, Catappa Benzoin (Bu’ceras (Termina'lia) angusti- fo'lius,—Combretacex).—This is whitish-brown, being obtained by in- cisions. The quality depends, in all these varieties, upon the amount of tears, but the Siam is the best flavored. ConsTITUENTS.—Benzoic acid 12-24 p. c., Resins (three), cinna- mic acid, C,H,O,, volatile oil, vanillin and styrol, C,H, (Siam). ° Acidum Benzoicum. Benzoic Acid, HC,H,O,, offcial.—(Syn., Acidum Benzoicum Sublimatum, Flores Benzoes, Flowers of Benzoin ; Fr. Acide benzoique, Fleurs de Benjoin; Ger. Benzoesiure, Benzoe- blumen.) It is an organic acid usually obtained by the sublimation of benzoin (sometimes having an ‘equal weight of sand added) between the temperatures 150-180° C. (302-356° F.). It is also made from hippuric acid (horse and cattle urine, furnishing the German benzoic acid), as well as synthetically from phthalic acid (naphtalin), but it is chiefly prepared artificially from toluene (toluol), C,H,CH,, by con- verting it first into benzo-trichloride and treating this with water under pressure ; it occurs in white or yellowish lustrous scales or friable needles ; slight odor of benzoin ; warm acid taste, partially volatile at warm temperature, sublimes at 100° C. (212° F.), melts at 121.4° C. (250.5° F.), at higher temperature is consumed, leaving no residue ; darkens by exposure to light. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloro- form. Test: Heat with three parts of slaked lime get benzol; when heated to 45° C. (113° F.) with potassium permanganate in stoppered test-tube, upon cooling should not get odor of oil of bitter-almond (abs. cinnamic acid). Dose, gr. 5-15 (.38-1 Gm.). Resins.—One is, extracted along with benzoic acid by boiling solu- tion of potassium carbonate in excess; another is dissolved from the residue by ether, while the third is effected by neither solvent, hence left as a residue. With melted potassa get paroxybenzoic acid, C,H,O,, protocatechuic acid, C,H,O,, and pyrocatechin, C,H,O,. Acids (two)—Usually here present in equal quantities—can be separated by their degree of volatility, benzoic acid melting at 121.4° C. (250.5° F.) and the two mixed (1 cinnamic, 2 benzoic) at 25.5° C. 78° F.). \ Vanillin, C,H,O,.—Is obtained by treating Siam benzoin with caus- tic lime, precipitating benzoic acid with hydrochloric acid and shaking liquid with ether. PREPARATIONS.—I, BEnzorn: 1. Adeps Benzoinatus. Benzoinated Lard. (Syn.,:Benzoated Lard, Unguentum Benzoini, Axungia Bal- samica—Benzoinata or Benzoata; Br. Adeps Benzoatus ; Fr. Axonge (Graisse) benzoinée (balsamique) ; Ger. Benzoe (Benzoinirtes) Schmalz.) Manufacture: 2 p.c. Heat gently for two hours 2 Gm. tied in muslin, with lard 100 Gm. When for hot-weather use can replace 5-10 p. c. of lard with white wax. ; OLEA—OLIVE. 439 OLEACEE. 2. Tinctura Benzoini. Tincture of Benzoin. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Benjoin ; Ger. Benzoétinktur.) Manufacture : 20 p.c. Macerate for seven days 20 Gm. in alcohol q:.s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Ce.) ; largely externally. 3. Tinctura Benzoin Composita. Compound Tincture of Benzoin. (Syn., Friar’s or Turlington’s Balsam, Tinctura Balsamica, Balsamum Commendatoris, Elixir Traumaticum; Fr. Teinture balsamique, Baume du Commandeur de Permes ; Ger. Persischer Wundbalsam.) _ Manufacture: 12 p. ¢. Digest gently for two hours 12 Gm. + storax 8, balsam of tolu 4, purified aloes 2, with alcohol q. s. 100 Cc., filter. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Ce. ); mostly externally. Il. Benzorc Acrp: 1. Tinetura Opii Camphorata, § 2p. Cc. Tees; 5ss—2 (2-8 Ce.). PROPERTIES.—Stimulant, expectorant, sence diuretic, anti- pyretic. It is eliminated slightly by the skin, salivary glands and broncho-pulmonary mucous membrane, but mostly by the kidneys, where it is converted into hippuric acid which renders alkaline urine acid, increases the flow, disinfects and stimulates the genito-urinary tract. Uses.——Chronic jncapiae diarrhea, dysentery. Locally the tincture as a stimulant and protective to wounds, to arrest coryza. Benzoic Acid—for bronchitis, genito-urinary troubles, uric acid de- posits, cystitis, acute gonorrhcea, phosphatic gravel, incontinence of urine, rheumatism, Bright’s disease, albuminuria, dressing to wounds, ulcers. Ineompatibles : The tinctures with all aqueous preparations. 68. OLEACE. Olive Family. O-le-a’se-e. LL. Ole-a + acexe, Gr. 2,aia, olive tree, ZAaov, oleum, oil; i. e., referring to the oleaginous fruit. Trees orshrubs. Distinguished by stamens 2—4, inserted on corolla ; ovary 2-celled, superior ; ovules 2 in each cell; calyx and corolla 4—8-cleft, regular ; fruit capsule, samara, berry or drupe, often 1-seeded ; temperate climates, tropics ; tonic, febrifuge, purgative, perfumery (vol. oil), fragrant flowers ; hardwood, dye. Genera: 1. Olea. 2. Fraxinus. OLEA. OLIVE. Oleum Olive. Olive Oil, official. ogee Linné. A fixed oil, expressed from the ripe fruit. Habitat. Asia, S. Europe (Spain, Portugal, Asia Minor, Syria, Italy, S. France), Algeria, cultivated in S. United States (Fla., Cal.), S. America. Syn. Olive Gum, Lucca Gum, Olive (Bark) Leaves, Sweet Oil. Fr. Huile d’ Olive. Ger. Olea Olivarum, Olivendl. O’le-a. L. olive, fr. Gr. eAaia, olive tree, oliva, the fruit, oleum, the juice or oil from the fruit. Eu-ro-pz/a. ..L. European ; 7. ¢., its habitat. 440 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. PrLant.—When wild a branched, thorny shrub ; under cultivation a tree 3-9 M. (10-30°) high, resembling white willow; bark grayish- white ; leaves 5-6 Cm. (2-23’) long, lanceolate, acute, entire, cori- - aceous, glabrous, upper side glaucous-green, the lower silvery-white ; flowers many, small, creamy-white, diandrous, racemes ; fruit drupe, 12-25 Mm. (3-1’) long, ovoid, pointed, olive-green then deep-purple, sarcocarp firm, fleshy, internally greenish and filled with oil; stone (putamen) thick, bony, ovoid, 1-seeded. _ » ConsTITUENTS.—F RuIT saRcocaRP: Fixed oil 70 p. ¢., water 25 . 0. Oleum Olive. Olive Oil.—Pale-yellow, oily liquid; slight odor ; nutty, oleaginous taste, afterwards faintly acrid ; sp. gr. 0.915 ; soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide ; at 0° C. (82° F.) forms a whitish, granular mass. Contains mainly olein 70 p. c.; the solid fats are chiefly palmitin 25 p- ¢., arachin and stearin; also cholesterin, C,,H,,O, soluble in alcohol. Tests: 1. 10 drops oil + 5-6 drops sulphuric acid on porce- lain slab, gives no brown-red nor greenish- brown color; agitated with sulphuric and ni- tric acid, remains pale-yellow or greenish. 2. 6 Gm. oil + 1.5 Gm. nitric acid + 0.5 Gm. water, shaken two minutes in test-tube, then heated on water bath fifteen minutes, should leave the oil light-yellow, not becoming orange or reddish-brown, and on standing twelve hours should form solid yellowish mass (abs. cotton- seed oil and other seed oils). 3. Should not turn green with sulphuric and nitric acid (abs. eS sesamum oil), The mixed fat acids, separated \ after saponification, melt at 26.5° C. (80° F.) GW and begin to solidify at 17.5° C. (63.5° F.). Dose, adult, 3ss-1 (15-30 Cc.); infant, 5j-2 Olea europea. (4-8 Cc.), in emulsion. ADULTERATIONS. — Chiefly cotton-seed oil, also poppy, sesamum, and ground-nut oils, etc.; all of these congeal at much lower temperature, and do not solidify when shaken with 12 parts mercuric nitrate, as does pure olive oil. Convmercial.—T ree has been successfully grown in California, but we depend solely upon foreign supply. Oil is obtained by crushing ripe fruit short of the putamen, and subjecting this mare, in coarse bags, to strong pressure; the oil is run into vessels containing water, from — which it is skimmed after a few days’ subsidence ; this is the first grade or virgin oil. The pressed-cake is taken from the bags, broken up finely with hot water, and again subjected to greater pressure, when both water and oil are expressed ; the latter being drawn off ron the surface to constitute our second grade oil. The remaining marc con- tains 9-12 p. c. oil, which can be extracted by carbon disulphide, or OLEA—OLIVE. 441 OLEACEZ. _ _ by mixing with hot water and allowing partial fermentation, thus yield- ing a disagreeably smelling oil on the surface, hwile denfer. Some- times inferior fruit is allowed to ferment in heaps or vats, giving us by expression also an inferior oil, huile fermentée. The oil enters com- merce in bottles, jugs, and barrels, under the brands: Provence, Flor- ence, Gallipoli, Spanish, and Sicily ; the best from S. France, but Italy furnishes one-half and Spain one-fifth of the entire output. Preparations.—1, Sapo. Soap. Sodium Oleate, NaC,,H,,0,. (Syn., White Castile Soap, Sapo Durus, Hard Soap; Fr. Savon blanc (d’Espagne) ; Ger. Seife, Spanische Seife.) Manufacture: Olive oil and soda are boiled together until saponified, C,H,(C,,H,,0,), + 3NaOH = 3NaC,,H,.O, (hard soap) + C,H,(OH),. It is whitish, hard, solid, easily cut when fresh, faint, peculiar odor, free from rancidity, disagreeable alkaline taste and reaction, soluble in water, alcohol. Impurities: Water, animal fats, metals, sodium car- bonate, silica. Preps.: 1. Emplastrum Saponis. Soap Plaster. (Syn., Em- plastrum Saponatum; Fr. Emplastrum cum Sapone, Empla- tre de Savon ; Ger. Seifenpflaster.) Manufacture: Soap 10 Gm. + water q.s. for paste, then mix with lead plaster, previously melted, 90 Gm.; evaporate slightly. 2. Linimentum Saponis. Soap Liniment. (Syn., Tinctura Sa- ponis Camphorata, Liquid Opodeldoc, Camphorated Tincture of Soap, Spiritus Nervinus Camphoratus; Fr. Liniment sa- vonneux camphré; Ger. Linimentum Saponato-Camphoratum, (Liquidum), Opodeldok, Fliissiger Opodeldok.) Manufacture: Dissolve camphor 4.5 Gm. in alcohol 75 Cc., to this add soap 7 Gm., oil of rosemary 1 Cc., shake, adding water q. 8. 100 Ce. Prep.: 1. Linimentum Chloroformi, 70 p. ¢. ; externally. Ceratum Cetacei, 55 p. c. Emplastrum Ferri, 5 p.c. Emplastrum Picis Burgundice, 5 p. ec. Emplastrum Plumbi, 60 p. c. . Unguentum Diachylon, 49 p. ec. PROPERTIES.—Nutritious, demulcent, emollient, laxative, protection to mucous membrane against acrid or poisonous substances; it in- creases secretion of bile, peristalsis and dissolves cholesterin, the chief constituent of gallstones. Like other oils, it is partly emulsified and saponified in the intestines, its glycerin being set free, and fatty acid combining with free alkalies to form soap, which with the emulsion forms molecular basis of the chyle. It enters the blood through the lacteals, being finally oxidized into CO, and H,O. Soap has same properties. Uses.—Gallstones, cantharides and other poisoning, infantile con- stipation in enema. Externally, burns, skin inflammations, to pro- tect from air, insect bites, stings, bruises, sprains, wounds, engorged . 2 Or Gobo 442 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. mamme, rectal ascarides ; facilitates removal of crusts, scales, etc., and introduction of bougies, catheters, pessaries, sounds, specula ; to lubricate machinery, in making liniments, plasters, cerates, oint- ments, etc. Allied Products : 1. Olive Gum, Lecca Gum; resinous substance which exudes spon- taneously from the trees. 2. Leaves and young bark ; used externally as astringents, antiseptics; internally as tonics in intermittents. 3. Olive Wood ; has beautiful veins, pleasant odor, capable of fine polish, highly esteemed for backs of brushes, boxes, and in cabinet work. 4. Olive Fruit ; as a dessert—for this the unripe fruit is repeatedly steeped in water containing lime and ashes, then bottled in a slightly aromatic, concentrated salt solution; the small French or Provence and the large Spanish olives are used for this purpose. MANNA. MANNA. Fraxinus } The concrete saccharine exudation. Ornus, Linné. Habitat. Mediterranean Basin, Asia Minor to Spain. Syn. Manna (Flowering) Ash, European Manna Tree. Fr. Manne. Ger. Manna. Frax/i-nus. L. for ash tree, fr. Gr. gpdoow—fw, to fence in, enclose; 7. e, the wood is used in making hedges or fences, thus protecting things and places. Or’nus. L. Wild Ash, fr. Heb. oren, Gr. opeivoc, classic name for wild mountain a na. L. fr. Gr. wdvva, Heb. man, Ar. mann, gift (of heaven) = divinely sup- plied food ; 7. ¢., to the Israelites in their journey through the wilderness of Arabia. Pxiant.—Small tree 4.5-7.5 M. (15-25°) high; stem slender, bark gray, with leaf-scars on young twigs ; leaves imparipinnate, 15— 20 Cm. (6-8’)- long; leaflets 4 pairs, 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2’) long, oval, acuminate, serrate, bright-green, petiolate; flowers May—June, small, numerous, white, panicles, petals, 4 Mm. (%’) long; fruit samara, 2.5 Cm. (1’) long, 4 Mm. (%’) wide. Juice (manna), in flattish 3-edged pieces, occasionally 20 Cm. (8’) long, 5 Cm. (2’) broad, usually smaller ; friable, yellowish-white ; internally white, porous, crystalline, or in fragments of varying size, brownish-white, surface glutinous, inside white, crystalline ; odor honey-like ; taste sweet, bitter, acrid. Manna _in brownish viscid masses, with few or no fragments of a crystalline structure should be rejected. Test: Manna 5 parts heated to boiling with alcohol 100 parts, the filtrate should quickly deposit mannit crys- tals. Solvents: hot or cold water ; alcohol. Dose, 5j-8 (4-30 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.— With products of allied species, bread crumbs, starch, glucose, wood, bark, etc. Commercial—The manna ash is so graceful as to be often planted in European gardens, yards, etc., for ornament, being introduced in 1710. In Sicily whole plantations are cultivated for the juice, which is obtained from the trees when eight years old, and stem 7.5—10 Cm. (3-4) thick, by cutting through the bark to the wood transverse in- cisions 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2’) long, and 2.5 Cm. (1’) apart, with a curved’ knife. The first cut is nearest the ground, and another-is made MANNA—MANNA. . 443 OLEACE. directly above it every day during warm weather, July—Aug. ; the next year this is repeated on other portions of the stem, and so on yearly for 10-12 seasons, when, being spent, the trees are cut down and shoots allowed to spring from the stump. From these incisions manna exudes as a clear liquid, which soon concretes on the stem, or on sticks, straws, etc., placed in the incisions for that purpose. We have several varieties: 1. Flake, Manna Canulata; obtained when juice abundant, from upper incisions, which supply a product less Fria. 293. is, Fraxinus Ornus, branch showing leaves and flowers, fatty, conseyaently dries easily in tubes or flat pieces. 2. Small, Tolfa, Sorts, Manna Communis, in tears, from lower incisions, into which leaves, etc., are placed for it to congeal upon; this is more gummy, sticky, less crystalline, inferior—some is scraped from the trees. 3. Fat, Manna Pinguis, in brown, viscid masses, non-crystalline ; flows Oct.-Nov. down the trunk, full of impurities. Manna is dried upon shelves, ‘packed for market in tin-lined deal boxes having partitions. ConsTITUENTS.—Mannit 60-90 p. c., Glucose, mucilage, fraxin, resin. 444 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM [HE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Mannit, C,H,(OH),.—Obtained with boiling alcohol and recrystal- lizing from the same several times ; occurs in white prisms, soluble in 6.5 parts water, by oxidation gives fermentable mannitose and various acids. Glucose.—Sometimes 16 p.c. Mucilage and Fraxin, C,,H,,O,,, are mostly in inferior grades ; to this latter are due the fluorescence of the aqueous solution and the green color seen in some manna. PREPARATIONS.—1. Infusum Sennce Compositum, 12 p.c. Dose, 5j-3 (30-90 Ce.). Unoff. Prep. : Syrup. PRopERTIES.—Laxative, demulcent, expectorant, cholagogue, may cause flatulence and colic; action slow and constringes secondarily. Usrs.—Usually given with other medicines, as senna, rhubarb, magnesia, neutral salts, etc., to which it adds purgative properties, and by its sweetness disguises disagreeable taste of its associates. Good in piles, genito-urinary irritation, pregnant constipation. Mostly given to children and delicate persons, for whom its sweetness pecu- liarly adapts it. Fig. 294. Fraxinus Ornus ; a, flower opened ; b, single winged fruit ; c, longitudinal section of same. Allied Products : 1. F. exce!lsior, European Ash.—S. Europe. Produces manna iden- tical with the official. 2. La’rix Larix (europe’a), Briangon Manna (Pinacee) ; Que’rcus Vallo'nea, Armenian Manna (Fagacee); Alha’gi camelo'rum, Persian Manna (Papilionaces); Eucaly’ptus gonioca'lyx, HE. Gu'nnt and E. vimina’ lis (Myrtaceze) ; Ta’marix manni!fera, Tamarisk Manna (Tama- ricacez). All these produce sweet exudations or mannas (not met in commerce), containing melezitose, C,,H,,O,,3H,O, or melitose, C,,H,,O,,, or some such saccharine principle. The saccharine products of some insects as Trehala, cocoon of Lavi’nus mellifi’cus (Syria) and Lerp, upon Eucalyptus dumosa (Australia) contain trehalose sugar, and are used as manna. 69. LOGANIACEZ. Logania Family. Lo-ga-ni-a’se-e. L. Logani-a + acer, after J. Logan, a distin- guished botanist. Shrubs, herbs, or trees. Distinguished by poison- GELSEMIUM—GELSEMIUM. 445 LOGANIACES. ous properties ; leaves entire, stipulate or raised stipular line ; calyx 4—5-cleft, inferior ; corolla 4-, 5-, 10-cleft, regular ; stamens epipetal- ous, 4,5, 10; ovary 2-, 3-, 4-celled, superior ; fruit capsule or drupe. Connects Gentianacer, Apocynacee, Scrophulariacee (from which dis- tinguished by having stipules), and Rubiacesee (which has no free ovary) ; tropics ; nervine, tonic, anthelmintic, poisonous. Genera: 1. Gelsemium. 2. Spigelia. 3. Strychnos. GELSEMIUM. GELSEMIUM (YELLow Jasmine). Gelsemium ri sempervirens, (Linné) Aiton filius. }The rhizome and roots. Habitat. United States, southward, Va. to Fla., Ala., rich, moist soil. Syn. Wild or Carolina Jessamine, Woodbine, Evening Trumpet-flower. Br. Gel- semii Radix; Fr. Jasmin sauvage. Ger. Gelsemie, Giftjasmin, Gelber Jasmin. Gel-sem/‘i-um. L. gelsomino, jasmine, altered from gelsemium, gelseminum, a form a Sea all medieval names for the jasmines (or jassamines) with which this was classed. Sem-per’vi-rens. L. semper, always, + viren(t)s, ppr. of virere, to be green, evergreen ; 1. ¢., the leaves. / Puiant.—Beautiful climber, ascending large trees, forming festoons from one to another, and when in bloom, delightfully perfuming the surrounding atmosphere ; stem twining, smooth, shining, hollow, pur- plish ; leaves perennial, lanceolate, entire, dark-green above, paler beneath ;. flowers Jan.—April, deep-yellow, Fia. 295. large ; corolla funnel-shape, 2.5—4 Cm. (1-13’) long, 7 fragrant, poisonous; fruit flat, brown, capsule, 18 Mm. (2’) long, 2-celled, 4-6 winged seeds in each cell. RuH1zoME, cylindrical, 15 Cm. (6’) long, or in sections 2.5 Cm. (1’) long, 2.56 Cm. (1’) thick ; roots thinner, yellowish-brown with purplish-brown longi- tudinal lines, tough, fracture splintery ; bark thin with Gelsemium sem- silky bast-fibres closely adhering to the pale-yellow- pervizens, Jutizome: ish, porous wood, which has fine medullary rays, and in the rhizome a thin pith; odor aromatic, heavy; taste bitter. Solvents: diluted alcohol; water partially. Dose, gr. 2-10 (.13-.6 Gm.). : E rmmagn= cated gelseminine, gelseminic (gelsemic) acid (possibly identical with zsculin), volatile oil, resin, starch, calcium oxalate. Gelsemine, C,,H,,N,O,,.— Obtained by adding acetic acid to con- centrated tincture, precipitating resin with water ; concentrate filtrate, remove gelsemic acid with chloroform or ether, precipitate alkaloid with sodium carbonate, and extract it with chloroform, ether or ben- zin. It is amorphous, white, very bitter, alkaline; with hydro- chlorie or nitric acid forms crystalline salts; with sulphuric acid + manganese dioxide get. cherry-red, becoming olive-green. Dose, gr. goss (.001-.003 Gm.). ae he - Gelseminine, C,,H,,NO,.—Small, white, bitter crystals, soluble in 446 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. alcohol, ether, chloroform, forms salts soluble in water (hydrochlorate, nitrate, sulphate, etc.). Dose, gr. +}-4~-g/y (.0005-.002 Gm.). _ Preparations.—1. Extractum Gelsemii Fluidum. Fluid. Extract of Gelsemium. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Gelsemium ; Ger. Flis- siges Gelsemium-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol q. s. 100 Cc. Dose, Mij-10 (.13-.6 Ce.). 2. Tinctura Gelsemii. Tincture of Gelsemium. (Syn., Fr. Tein- ture de Gelsemium ; Ger. Gelsemiumtinktur.) Manufacture: 15 p. ce. Macerate, percolate 15 Gm. with alcohol 65 p.c., q.s. 100 Cc. Dose, Mx-60 (.6-4 Cc.). Unoff. Preps.: Extract (alcoholic). Dose, gr. }-4 (.03-.26 Gm.). Gelsemin (resinoid). Dose, gr. $—-} (.008-.03 Gm.). PROPERTIES.—Nervine, sedative, mydriatic, antispasmodic, anti- periodic. Resembles very much in action hemlock, and somewhat digitalis, aconite, veratrum, antimony; heart action rendered slower and weaker, arterial tension lowered. Large doses paralyze sensation and motion, diminish pulse, respira- tion and temperature, dilate pupils, project eyeballs, dizziness, lower jaw falls, cannot enunciate, convulsions like strychnine, respiration ceases, finally heart is asphyxiated, then death. Consciousness is re- tained nearly to the end. Usrs.—Rheumatie neuralgia, intermittent, typhoid, and yellow fevers, lung troubles, dysmenorrhea, delirium tremens, chorea, hys- teria, epilepsy, sunstroke, tetanus, inflammation from poison-oak, coryza, opium poisoning, odontalgia, cardiac palpitation, mania. Poisoning: Give evacuants (stomach pump, mustard, zine sulphate) or wash out stomach with tannic acid solution, follow with hypodermic morphine, atropine, stimulants, ammonia, coffee, alcohol, digitalis, strychnine, external heat and rubbing. Incompatibles: Cardiac and diffusible stimulants, caustic alkalies, tannin. Synergists : Motor depressants. SPIGELIA. SPIGELIA (Prxx Root). Spigelia . marylandies, Lind, } The rhizome and roots. Habitat. United States, Maryland, southward, West to Texas, Wis., in rich woods. Syn. Maryland-, Carolina-, Indian-, or India-pink, Worm Grass or Weed, Star Bloom, American Worm Root, Loricera. Fr. Spigéliedu Maryland. Ger. Spigelie, Marylandische Spigelie. ' Spi-ge/li-a. L. Spigelius, after Adrian von der Spiegel (1558-1625), Prof. Anat. and Surg., at Padua, Flemish botanist who first gave directions for preparing an her- barium. - a! Ma-ry-lan/di-ca. L. for Maryland; i.e. its supposed habitat and one most northern. a ‘ : ‘Puant.—Perennial herb; stems several, .3-.6 M. (1+2°) high, erect, round below, square above, purplish, smooth; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 5-7.5 Cm. (2-3’) long, entire; flowers June-July, 5 SPIGELIA—SPIGELIA. 447 LOGANIACEZ. A-12, large, sessile, on one side of stem above the leaves, spike ; corolla funnel-shape, 5 Cm. (2’) long, scarlet-red outside, yellow inside ; fruit compressed, 2-celled, yellow; seeds few, yellow. Rutzome, horizon- tal, 5 Cm. (2) long, 3 Mm. (%’) thick, bent, dark-purplish- -brown, branched, on upper side cup-shaped scars; on the lower, many thin, brittle, lighter- -colored roots 10 Cm. (4’) ng, inside—whitish wood and dark-colored or decayed pith ; odor aromatic; taste sweetish, bitter, pun- Fic. 296. gent. Should not be confounded with rhizome of Phlo’x caroli/na, Carolina Pink, which is short, upright, roots brownish-yellow, coarse, straight with straw-colored wood under a readily removable bark. Solvents: diluted alcohol ; boiling water. Dose, 3ss—2 (2-8 Gm. ); children, gr. 10-20 (.6— 1.3 Gm.). Commercial.—Pinkroot very seldom grows north of the Potomac river, and flourishes in rich soil near the borders of woods. The Creek and Cherokee Indians formerly collected much of it in Georgia, by pulling up-entire plant and sending that into market in bales, 300-350 lbs. (136-158 Kg.). Now only the official portion is collected, carefully dried, packed in casks or bales, and sent into commerce via St. Louis and New Orleans, being most all from 8. W. States. That in casks is preferred, owing to it being less fre- quently damp and mouldy. CoNSsTITUENTS. — Bitter principle, Spigeline, volatile oil, resins, tannin, wax, fat, gum. Bitter principle.—This is precipi- tated by tannin, but not by lead acetate, is soluble in water, alcohol, insoluble in ether. Spigeline. — Volatile alkaloid ob- tained by distilling with milk of lime over a paraffin bath, collecting distillate in hydrochloric acid, evaporating to dryness, crystallizing from alco- -holic solution. Tests: 1. With iodine get brownish-red precipitate. 2. With Mayer’s test (potassio-mercuric iodide) white crystalline precipi- tate, soluble in alcohol, ether, acids, and its solubility in this latter makes it differ from all other alkaloids. 3. Benzin removes from Phlow carolina a. hydrocarbon (crystalline, white, tasteless), 1 p. c., fat, wax, Spigelia marylandica. 448 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. red coloring matter, thus somewhat differing from spigelia when sim- ilarly treated. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Spigelie Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Spigelia. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Spigélie; Ger. Flissiges Spigelien-Extrakt.): Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm., with diluted aleohol q. 8. 100 Ce. Dose, 3ss—2 (2-8 Ce.). Child three years old, Mx-20 .6-1.3 Ce.). : Unoff. Prep.: Compound Infusion (Worm Tea), 15 Gm. + senna 10, fennel 10, manna 30, water q. s. 500 Ce. Dose, 5ij-5 (60-150 Ce.). PROPERTIES.—Anthelmintic, toxic, mydriatic. Large doses cause narcotic poisoning, vertigo, dim vision, mydriasis, spasms, convulsions, but if it should purge as it often does, only a few of these symptoms occur—hence no danger when combined with a direct cathartic. Usxrs.—Against round worms (Ascaris lumbricoides) ; usually asso- ciated with a cathartic as senna, calomel, etc., which hastens the be- numbed worm out of the system before it has time to recover from the shock of the spigelia. Poisoning: Give wine, ammonia, brandy, diffusible stimulants. Allied Plants : 1. S. anthe'lmia, Demerara, Pink Root, Worm Grass.—W. Indies. Used for a long time by the native Indians as a vermifuge and nar- - cotic ; fresh root has nauseous odor, is bitter, acrid and kills cattle. 2. Phlo’x carolina, Carolina or Georgia Pink. This has a knotty and lighter colored rhizome with a central pith but is also a good anthelmintic, as is likewise P. glabe'rrima. NUX VOMICA. NUX VOMICA. Strychnos Nux-vomicea, Linné. \The seed. Habitat. India, Hindustan, E. India Islands (Malabar, Ceylon, Java, N. Australia). Syn. Dog-, Quaker- or Bachelor's Buttons, Vomit or Poison Nut, Dog Poison, Ratsbane, False Angustura, Columbrina, Ordeal Root, Nux Metella, Semen Nucis Vomice. Fr. Noix vomique. Ger. Semen Strychni, Brechnuss, Kriihenaugen. Strych’/nos. L. fr. Gr. orpixvoc, night shade, equivalent to L. solanum, used anciently for several poisonous plants, but not for the present one. ~ Nux’ Vom/i-ca. L. nuz, a nut, + vomere, to vomit; i. ¢., excessive doses may vomit, or require vomiting to save life, small doses may allay it. PLANnt.—Medium size tree, trunk short, thick, crooked, resembling our dogwood, branches irregular, bark yellowish-gray, nearly smooth ; leaves exstipulate, 5-10 Cm. (2~4’) long, roundish, oval; 3—5-nerved, apex acute, entire, shining ; flowers in winter, whitish, funnel-shaped, 8 Mm. (4) long, paniculate cymes ; fruit small, shining, globular berry, resembling an orange, 4-5 Cm. (14-2) thick, rind tough, thin, orange- _ yellow when ripe, filled with a harmless, gelatinous pulp in which 1-5 seeds are irregularly immersed. SExEp, 2.5 Cm. (1) wide, 3 Mm. (4’) thick, orbicular, gray or greenish-gray ; soft-hairy, silky lustre, slight ridge from centre of one side to the edge; usually flat or convex on one side, concave on the other; inside horny, somewhat translucent, NUX VOMICA—NUX VOMICA. 449 LOGANIACEZ. tough, with large, circular cavity into which the heart-shaped, nerved cotyledons project ; inodorous, persistent, bitter. It is best powdered by breaking into small pieces, drying fragments for several days with hot air, or carefully applied direct heat, when it is of a light-grayish- green color. There are several varieties: 1. Bombay, 2. Cochin, 3. Madras, 4. Ceylon, etc., the first-named being the best: Solvents: _ alcohol (75 p. ¢.) ; boiling water partially. Dose, gr. }—5 (.03-.3 Gm.). ConstITUENTS.—Alkaloids 2.5-4 to 5.3 p.c.: Strychnine +-2.p.c., Brucine }-2 p. c., Igasurine (probably impure brucine), all combined with Igasuric acid ; Loganin, proteids 11 p. c., yellow coloring matter, fat, gum, sugar 6 p.c., ash 1-1.5 p. c. Dunstan and Short found total alkaloids to vary from 2.74 p.c. in small Madras to 3.90 p. c. in large, silky Bombay seeds, of which 30-50 p. ec. was strychnine. Strychnina, Strychnine, C,H,,N,O,, official—(Syn., Strychnia ; Ger. Strychninum, Strychnin.) This alkaloid is not only found in nux vomica, but in other loganiaceous plants; it was discovered by Pelletier, 1818, and can be obtained by boiling powdered seeds with acidulated (HCl or H,SO,) water, thus liberat- ing igasuric acid, mucilage, coloring matter, ete., and forming chlorides or sulphates of the alkaloids. Add milk of lime to decompose alkaloidal salts (forming CaCl, or CaSO,) and to precipitate strychnine and brucine; wash precipitate, treat it with diluted alcohol to dis- solve brucine, or with alcohol or benzene to take out strychnine, thus leaving brucine in the mother-liquor. If diluted alcohol used for brucine, then by boiling residue with alcohol strychnine is obtained ; can purify with animal charcoal and reprecipitate with ammonia. Occurs in four-sided rhombic prisms, very bitter, soluble in boiling alcohol, 5 parts chloroform, 110 alcohol ; forms numerous bitter, soluble salts (hydrochlorate, nitrate, phosphate, — sulphate, etc.), all having the same dosage; when mixed with mor- phine can be dissolved out by chloroform. Tests: 1. With sulphuric acid + potassium dichromate get deep-violet or blue. 2. With sul- phuric acid + lead peroxide or potassium ferricyanide get deep-violet or blue, then red, yellow. 3. With nitric acid + heat get picric acid, no effect with diluted nitric acid. 4. With 0.02 Gm. + 2 Ce. nitric acid in test-tube should only turn faintly yellow (limit of brucine). Commercial strychnine contains some homo-strychnine, C,,H,,N,O,. Dose, gr. gg—y); (.001-.003 Gm.). Strychnine Sulphas, Strychnine Sulphate, (C,,H,,N,O,),H,SO, + 5H,O, offcial—(Syn., Strychninum Sulfuricum; Fr. Sulfate de Strychnine ; Ger. Schwefelsaures Strychnin.) Obtained by dissolving strychnine in hot diluted sulphuric acid (avoiding excess), setting aside to crystallize ; it represents 78 p. c. of the alkaloid ; occurs in white pris- matic crystals, odorless, bitter, perceptible in solutions (1-700,000), 29 Strychnos Nux-vomica. 450 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. soluble in 50 parts water, 109 alcohol, no residue. Tests: 1. With soda or potassa T. 8. get white precipitate of strychnine, insoluble in excess. 2. With barium chloride T. 8. get white precipitate, insolu- ble in hydrochloric acid. Should be kept in well-stoppered vials. Dose, gr. gy—s'5 (.001-.003 Gm.). _ Brucine (Brucina), C,,H,,N,O,—Named after James Bruce (1730— 1794), a Scotch traveler, and obtained in extracting strychnine ; oc- curs in rectangular, octohedral crystals, containing 4H,O, soluble in 850 parts water, readily in chloroform, alcohol, ammonia, creosote. Forms numerous salts, less bitter than strychnine, 12 times weaker, 3 times slower physiologically. By some considered to be strychnine + resin, as it has same action. Test: With nitric acid get blood-red color, going to orange-yellow, now add stannous chloride, sulphurous acid, or any deoxidizing agent, get a violet-red (this completely bleaches _ morphine-red). Dose, gr. 7,—} (.005-.03 Gm.). . Igasurine (Igasuria), fr. Malay, igasura, the nux vomica.—Ob- tained from mother-waters of strychnine and brucine after their pre- cipitation with lime; occurs in white crystals; by some claimed to be a mixture of nine alkaloids, mostly brucine; others doubt its existence. Fia. 298. Nux vomica ; whole seed, cut longitudinally, and cut transversely. Igasuric Acid.—Identical with caffeo-tannic acid, amorphous, dark- green with ferric salts, by hydrolysis yields glucose and caffeic acid. Loganin, C,,H,,O,,— Bitter glucoside, in white prisms, soluble in water, alcohol. With sulphuric acid get red, then purple, and splits into sugar and loganetin. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Nucis Vomicce. Extract of Nux Vomica. (Syn., Fr. Extrait de Noix-Vomique; Ger. Extractum Strychni, (Spirituosum) Brechnuss-Extrakt, (Weingeistiges) Krihen- augen-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Contains 15 p. c. alkaloids ; macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with aleohol 75 p.c. 100 Ce. + acetic acid 5, finishing with alco- hol 75 p. ¢., q. s., distil off alcohol, shake with ether (to remove fat), filter, evaporate, add sugar of milk q.s. Dose, gr. 4-1 (.008-.06 Gm.). Prep.: 1. Tinctura Nucis Vomice. Tincture of Nux Vomica. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Noix-Vomique ; Ger. Tinctura Strychni, Brechnusstinktur, Krahenaugentinktur.) Manufacture: Extract of nux vomica 2 Gm., dissolved in alcohol 75 p.c., q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mv-20 (.3-1.3 Gm.), NUX VOMICA—NUX VOMICA. — 451 LOGANIACEZ. : : 2. Eetractum Nucis Vomice Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica, (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Noix-Vomique ; Ger. HME Krahenaugen (Strychnossamen)-Extrakt. ) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with alcohol 75 p. c. 100 Ce. + acetic acid 5 Co., finishing with alcohol 75 p. c., q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mj-5 (.06-.3 Ce.). Unof. Preps.: Abstract. Dose, gr. 4-2 (.016-.13 Gm.). Decoe- tion of leaves used externally i in rheumatism. PRoPERTIES.—Motor excitant, spinant, tonic, stomachic, respira- tory, cardiac, muscular and nervous stimulant, antiseptic, poisonous. Strychnine and nux vomica are identical, increasing the vascularity of gastric mucous membrane, secretion of gastric juice and peristalsis by stimulating the intestinal muscular coat (purgative), stimulates direct the cardiac muscles or the motor ganglia and nerves of special sense ; strychnine, full dose, gr. 7, (.006 Gm.) gives dilated pupils, jerky limbs, spasmodic respirations, stiff lower jaw, cerebral tension, shud- dering, depression, facial smile; if toxic dose, gr. $ (.03 Gm.) have within half an hour tonic or persistent convulsions of all extensor muscles, quickly recurring at every noise or irritation, body curves so as to be supported by head and heels, face wears a ghastly grin, cor- ners of mouth turned upward, death in 2-3 hours from asphyxia, mind clear until near the end, when carbonic acid narcosis may set in. Thebaine (opium) acts similarly. The spasms of tetanus are con- .stant, of strychnine intermittent, with meaningless smile; the modi- fied lockjaw, absence of wound and rapidly developed symptoms differentiate the two. Strychnine is rapidly absorbed but slowly eliminated by urinary, salivary and cutaneous channels. Usrs.—Strychnine was first used in paralysis, and now in atonic dyspepsia, gastric catarrh, bowel atony, pregnant and phthisis vomiting, nervous coughs, bronchitis, anemia, paralytic condition, lead palsy, inebriate and diphtherial paralysis, amaurosis from lead, tobacco, al- cohol, paralysis of bladder, incontinence of urine, sexual impotence, tetanus, chorea, epilepsy, delirium tremens, spermatorrhcea, neuralgia, dysmenorrheea, diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, antidote to chloral hydrate, morphine, physostigmine. A tolerance for it is soon estab- lished, but gr. J (.005 Gm.) has killed, while gr. 4-2 (.03-.13 Gm.) is, as a rule, considered fatal ; extract, gr. 3 (.2 Gm.) has also killed. Poisoning: Remove from all noise, use evacuants (stomach-pump, emetics, purgatives), follow with antidotes ; tannin dissolved in water, charcoal, chloral hydrate and potassium bromide, by mouth or rectum, chloroform, ether, amyl nitrite (soluble iodides, tobacco, opium, physos- tigmine, atropine, conium, Indian hemp). Empty bladder often (cath- eter), give artificial respiration. Incompatibles: Chloral hydrate, potassium bromide, tobacco, chloro- form, ether, tannin, bromides, iodides, chlorides. Synergists: Motor excitants, ergot, ustilago, electricity, cold. Allied Products: 1. The bark was once (1806-1837) upon the market in England and 452 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Holland, being usually mixed with Angustura, and since then has been known as False Angustura Bark; it is poisonous, gray, cork patches rust-color, warty, inside brown, fracture smooth, no white strise (calcium oxalate); contains strychnine, brucine, etc. The wood is used in domestic medicine, all portions are medicinal. Allied Plants: 1. 8. Igna’tia, Bean of St. Ignatius. —The seed official, 1860-1890, Philippine Islands. Large climbing shrub, leaves ovate, acute at apex, smooth, flowers white, tubular, racemes ; fruit re- Fic. 299. sembles a pear, pericarp brittle ; seeds 24, imbedded in bitter pulp, 25 Mm. (1’) long, 18 Mm. (2”) broad, ovate, triangular, brownish, covered with brown silky hairs, horny, very bitter; contains more strychnine, but less total alkaloids than nux vomica—strychnine 0.5-1.5 p-¢., brucine 0.5-1.4 p. ¢., proteids 10 p. c.; used like nux vomica; in tincture. Dose, gr. $-3 (.03-.2 Gm.). 2. S. Tiew’te—Java. Seeds resemble nux vomica but smaller, whiter; contain strychnine, brucine; extract used Tenatia vertical natively for arrow poison. 8. potato’rum. India. Seeds subglobular, 12 Mm. (3’) wide, brownish-gray, not bit- ter, no strychnine ; used natively for clearing muddy water. S. colu- bri‘na, India. Yields true Lignum Colubrinum, for which nux vomica branches are often substituted. All parts bitter and contain strychnine and brucine; once used as antidote to snake-bites, hence the name. 3. 8. towi’fera (Castelnea’na), Curara, Curare, Woorara, Urari.— Brazil, Guiana. Extract of bark (South American arrow poison), blackish, hygroscopic, bitter, friable, 75 p. ¢. soluble in water; con- tains curarine, C,,H,.N (yellowish-brown, bitter alkaloid), resin, fat ; diaphoretic, sedative, irritant; best drug in tetanus. Dose, er. qo-t (.006-.02 Gm.). 70. GENTIANACEZ. Gentian Family. Jen-shia-na’se-e. L. Gentian-a + acer, fr. Gr. yevtcav7; 7. e., after Gentius, King of Illyria, who first discovered and experienced its virtues. Herbsor shrubs. Distinguished by being smooth, with bitter principles; leaves exstipulate, entire, glabrous, sessile; flowers regular, 5’s, sometimes 4, 6, 8,10; ovary 1-celled; fruit capsule, 1—2-celled, 2-valved ; seeds many ; universal ; tonic, febrifuge, stomachic. Genera: 1. Gentiana. 2. Swertia. GENTIANA. GENTIAN. Gentiana lutea, Linné. \ The root. Habitat. C. and 8. Europe, mountains. Syn. Yellow or Pale Gentian. Bitter Root or Wort, Felwort, Radix Gentiane Rubre—Lutex or Majoris. Fr. Racine de Gentiane (de Gentiane jaune). Ger. Radix Gentiane, Enzianwurzel, Bitterwurzel, Rother (Gelber) Enzian. etc., none being yellow internally. Gentisin, gentianose, C,,H,,O,, (uncrystal- GENTIANA—GENTIAN. 453 GENTIANACEA. Gen-ti-a/na. L. see etymology, page 452, of Gentianacem, Lu/te-a. L. luteus, golden-yellow ; 2. ¢., the flowers. Puant.—Large perennial herb, remarkable for beauty and size; stem thick, hollow above, .6—-1.3 M. (2-4°) high, yellowish-green ; leaves entire, 5—7-nerved, 15-30 Cm. (6-12’) long, ovate, glabrous, yellowish-green ; flowers, June—Aug., numerous, in cymes of 20 or more; corolla 5 Cm. (2’) long, orange-yellow, 6 segments ; fruit 1- celled, ovate capsule, 3 Cm. (1}/) long, with many winged-seeds. Root, in nearly cylindrical pieces or longitudinal slices, .3-.6 M. (1-2°) long, or shorter, 2.5 Cm. (1’) thick, upper portion closely annulate, lower longitudinally wrinkled, yellowish-brown, inside lighter ; flexible and tough when damp, brittle when dry, fracture un- even, bark thick, separated from the somewhat spongy meditullium by a black cambium line ; odor peculiar, faint, more prominent when moistened ; taste sweetish, persistent bitter. Solvents: water ; diluted alcohol. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.8-2 Gm.). ADULTERATIONS.—Through carelessness with roots of allied species, aconite, belladonna, white hellebore, orris, Commercial.—Gentian was used by the Greeks and Arabians; it grows in the Alps, Apennines, Pyrenees, 900-1,200 M. (3,000—4,000°) elevation, along with vera- trum, the leaves of both closely resembling. Flourishes best in France, Switzerland, Portugal, Germany, England. Roots are dug, washed, dried in mountainous dis- tricts, and exported from Germany, also Marseilles. ConstTITUENTS.—Gentiopicrin 0.1 p.c., lizable sugar), 14 p.c., pectin, fixed oil 6 p. ¢., ash 8 p. ¢. Gentiopicrin, C,,H,,O,,.—Bitter gluco- side obtained by making aqueous solution of alcoholic extract, from which it is ab- ; sorbed by charcoal ; now boil with alcohol, concentrate, treat with lead oxide to remove color, precipitate lead by hydrogen sulphide, agitate with ether, crystallize. It is soluble in water, dil. alcohol, with diluted acids splits into glucose and gentiogenin, C,,H,,O, (yellowish-brown). Gentisin, Gentianin (gentisic (gentianic) acid), C,,H,,O,.—Coloring matter, obtained by washing the alcoholic extract with cold water to remove bitter principle, afterwards with ether to remove fat, and finally crystallizing from alcohol; it is in yellow, tasteless crystals, partially soluble in alcohol, ether ; colors ferric salts dark-brown. The pectin compound is precipitated by lead acetate. PREPARATIONS.—1. Hatractum Gentiane. Extract of Gentian, (Syn., Fr. Extrait de Gentiane ; Ger. Enzian-Extrakt.) Gentiana lutea. 454 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with water q.s. Dose, gr. 2-10 (.13-.6 Gm.). ; 9. Extractum Gentiane Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Gentian. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Gentiane ; Ger. Flissiges Enzian-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with diluted alcohol q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mv-—30 (.38-2 Ce.). ame 3. Tinctura Gentian Composita. Compound Tincture of Gentian. Manufacture: 10 p.c. Macerate, percolate 10 Gm. + bitter-orangepeel 4, cardamom 1, with alcohol 60 p.c., q.s. 100Cc. Dose, 3j-2 (4-8 Cc.). Unoff. Prep.: Compound Infusion. Dose, 5ss-2 (15-60 Ce.). PROPERTIES.—Tonic, bitter, increases appetite, digestion (action local). Large doses oppress stomach, irritate bowels, nauseate and vomit. Uses.—Dyspepsia, atonic gout, amenorrhea, hysteria, scrofula, in- termittents. Allied Plants : 1. G. Ellio’ tii (Catesbee'i), Elliott’s Grentian.—The root official, 1820— 1880. United States, grassy swamps. Perennial herb, 20-60 Cm. (8-24’) high, rough ; leaves 2.5-5 Cm. (1—2’) long, lanceolate, serrate ; : flowers, Oct., blue, 4 Cm. (14’) long ; corolla 10 segments, 5 inner fringed ; root resembles the official ; constitu- ents and uses similar; in infusion, wine, tincture. G. purpu’rea (purp- lish flowers). G. panno'nica (dark- purple flowers), and G. puncta’ta Gentian root; longitudinally sliced, about (Yellow but purple-dotted flowers). Cpe EMt teeta All grow along with official, and collected for it. 2. Sabba’ tia angula'ris, American Centawry.—The herb official, 1820— 1880. United States. Plant .3-.6 M. (1-2°) high, stem branched above, square, smooth ; leaves ovate, 2.5 Cm. (1’) long, heart-shaped ; « flowers deep-rose, central star greenish, wheel-shaped, 5-parted, bitter ; contains bitter principle, fat, erythrocentaurin. Used as tonic, febri- fuge, diaphoretic, rheumatism, sore throat, fevers. Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.). S. Ellio’ttii, Quinine Flower ; 8. campe’ stris, and Erythre’a Centau/riwm, European Centawry. All these can be used similarly. Fic. 301. CHIRATA. CHIRATA. Swertia i Chirayita (Chirata), (Rozburg) Lyons. + The entire plant. Habitat. N. India, mountains, 1,500-2,700 M. (5,000-9,000°) elevation. Syn. Bitter (stem) Stick, East India Balmony, Chiretta. Fr. Chirette. Ger. Chiretta, Ostindischer Enzian. Swer’ti-a. L. in honor of Emanuel Swert, Holland florist, who published Florile- gium, in 1612. Chi-ray/i-ta, Chi-ra’ta. L. for E. India kirdtas, a race of mountaineers, among whom this plant grows, and by them extensively used. Puiant.—Large annual, 1.3-1.6 M. (4-5°) high ; stem square above, thickened at nodes, large pith; leaves ovate, sessile, opposite, 5-10 CHIRATA—CHIRATA. ; 455 GENTIANACEZ. Cm, (2-4’) long, root thick, tapering; flowers 4’s, yellow. Should collect the entire plant when flowers begin decaying, when it is brown, smooth, inodorous, bitter ; then dry and tie into bundles with bamboo, 1 M. (8°) long, weighing 1-2 lbs. (.5-1 Kg.). Enters market via Bombay, where it is garbled. Solvents: water; alcohol; diluted al- cohol. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). ‘ ConstTITUENTS.—Ophelic acid, Chiratin, ash 4-8 p. c. (K, Ca, Mg, carbonates and phosphates). Ophelic Acid, C,,H,,O,,.— Bitter, syrupy liquid, soluble in water, alcohol, ether, not precipitated by tannin. Chiratin, C,,H,,O,,— Bitter glucoside, crystalline, yellow, hygro- scopic, soluble in ether, alcohol, warm water, precipitated by tannin. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Chirate Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Chirata. (Syn., Fr. Extrait liquide de Chirette; Ger. Fliissiges Chiretta-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Fic. 302. Gm. with alcohol 65 p. c., q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mxv-30 (1-2 Ce.). 2. Tinctura Chirate. Tincture of Chirata. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Chirette ; Ger. Chi- rettatinktur.) Manufacture: 10 p.c. Macerate, perco- late 10 Gm. with alcohol 65 p. ¢., q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, 5ss—1 (2-4 Ce.). ( Unof. Prep.: Infusion, 5 p. c. Dose, ' 3j-2 (30-60 Ce.). Propertiss. — Tonic, febrifuge, stom- achic, laxative ; large doses nauseate. Good substitute for gentian, calumba and other bitters. . Uses.—Liver troubles, costiveness, dys- Neu yainitven initindaga: pepsia, debility, intermittents, bronchitis. Allied Plants: 1. S&S. angustifolia, and 8. pulche/lla.—Both have entire stems square, pith thin or wanting; less bitter than, and used to adulterate the official. 2. Fra’sera carolinen’ sis (Wal’teri), American Colombo.—The root official, 1820-1880. United States. Perennial herb, 1-2.5 M. (3- 8°) high, dark-purple stem 2.5-5 Cm. (1—2’) thick ; leaves in whorls 4-6, entire, spatulate; flowers July, yellow, purple-dotted, large ; root fusiform, fleshy, yellow. Usually in segments 2.5 Cm. (1’) thick, an- nulate, orange-brown; odor gentian-like; taste sweet, bitter; constitu- ents and uses like gentian. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). 3. Menyan’thes trifolia'ta, Water Shamrock, Buck or Bog-bean.— Menyanthaceer. The root (rhizome) official, 1820-1840. United States. Perennial herb, 2.5-3.7 M. (8-12°) high; root 12 Mm. (4/) thick, long, jointed, branching, black ; contains menyanthin (glucoside, yields menyanthol), mucilage, albumin, saccharose, fat. Used as tonic, 456 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. febrifuge, emmenagogue, antiscorbutic, vermifuge ; large doses emetic, purgative ; rheumatism, scrofula, scurvy, dropsy, intermittents, Jaun- dice, dyspepsia, worms. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). 71. APOCYNACE®. Dogbane Family. A-pos-i-na’se-e. LL. Apocyn-um + ace, fr, Gr. azo, from, away, + xvwv, a dog; i.e., drives away or kills dogs, hence dogbane. Trees or shrubs. Distinguished by being milky, acrid, poisonous ; leaves ex- stipulate, entire ; calyx and corolla 5-lobed ; from Asclepiadacee by stamens being free from style and stigma (insertion on the corolla), and granular pollen, filaments distinct; ovary 2, usually separate ; fruit 2 follicles or drupes ; tropics; purgative, tonic, febrifuge, poisonous. Genera: 1. Apocynum. 2. Strophanthus. 3, Aspidosperma. APOCYNUM. APOCYNUM (Canapran Hemp). Apocynum : cannabinum, Linné. } The root. -Habitat. United States, Canada to Florida, grassy places, fields, borders of woods. Syn. American (Black Indian) Hemp, Bowman’s Root, Amy-root, Milk-weed, Rheumatism-weed, Wild Cotton, Indian Physic. Fr. Chanvre du Canada. Ger. Canadische Hanfwurzel. A-poc’y-num. L. see etymology, above, of Apocynacez. Can-nab/i-num. L. adj. form of cannabis, Gr. xdvvaBic, hemp, so called fr. Ar. name ganah, Celtic can, reed, + ab, small; 7. ¢, from strong fibres of stem-bark, re- sembling the bast-fibres of hemp. Puant.—Perennial, abounding in adhesive milky juice; stem pur- plish, 1 M. (3°) high, bark tough, fibrous ; leaves mucronate ; flowers July-Aug., numerous, greenish-white or reddish. Root, 1.5-2 M. Fie. 308. Apocynum cannabinum ; transverse section, magnified 25 diam, (5-6°) long, 8 Mm. (4’) thick, brownish-gray, internally whitish, longitudinally wrinkled and transversely fissured; bark thick, con- taining many laticiferous vessels, by maceration furnishing a substitute for hemp, brittle, fracture short, wood porous, spongy, with delicate medullary rays; inodorous; taste bitter, disagreeable. The bitterness \ STROPHANTHUS—STROPHANTHUS. 457 APOCYNACEZ. is in the bark, which constitutes 65 p. c. of the root. Solvents : boiling water ; alcohol 65 p.c. Dose, antiperiodic, diuretic, gr. 2-5 (.13-.3 Gm.); emetic, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). Commercial.—The root on the market is that collected from three or four good species, all having similar properties. ConsTITUENTS.—Apocynin, Ap- Fig. 304. ocynein, tannin, resin, bitter extrac- ch tive, starch, ash 11 p. c. wi B Apocynin.—This is resin-like, a amorphous, yellowish-white, not a Qty ; @ a glucoside, soluble in alcohol, ether, ag NYS SB i insoluble in water. Dose, expec- NY torant, gr. 3} (.016-.03 Gm.). \ i Apocynein.—A yellowish glu- it HP coside, acts like digitalin, soluble only in alcohol or water. PREPARATIONS.—1. Extractum Apocyni Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Apocynum. (Syn., Fluid Ex- tract of Canadian Hemp; Fr. Ex- trait liquide de Chanvre du Canada; Ger. Fliissiges Canadisches Hanf- wurzel-Extrakt.) . Manufacture: Macerate, perco- late 100 Gm. with glycerin 10 Cc., alcohol 65, water 25, finishing with alcohol 65 p.c., q.s. 100 Ce. Dose, , Mij-5—30 (.13-.3—2 Ce.). AS Unoff. Preps.: Decoction, 5 p. c. (boiled to two-thirds). Dose, 5ss— 1 (15-80 Ce.). Aqueous Extract. Dose, gr. 1-4 (.06—.26 Gm.). Tincture. PROPERTIES. — Emetic, cathar- Sisceeceeeeunaininin tic, expectorant, alterative, diuretic, antiperiodic, diaphoretic, antisyphilitic, sudorific, cardiac stimulant. Usrs.—Dropsy, dyspepsia, intermittents. Allied Plants: 1. A. androsemifo'lium, Spreading Dogbane—The root official, 1820-1880. N. America. Grows with official plant, but has stem (le iN ol - more spreading, leaves broader, root bark thinner, wood porous, rhizome . with central pith, flowers pink; constituents and uses same as official. STROPHANTHUS. STROPHANTHUS. Strophanthus ‘ , hispidus, De Cundolle. \ The seed, deprived of its long awn. Frabitat. Tropical Africa (Kombé, Guinea, Senegambia), Asia, Philippines. Syn. Fr. Semence de Strophanthe ; Ger. Semen Strophanthi, Strophanthussamen. 458 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. _ Stro-phan’thus. L. fr. Gr. orpog4, turning, to turn, twist, + dvOoc, a flower ; a. é., from the twisted and tailed lobes of the corolla. . : His’pi-dus. L. hairy, bristly ; ¢. ¢., seeds covered with long, coarse hairs. PLant.—Woody climber of forests, between the coasts and centre of the continent, reaches highest trees, hanging in festoons, and in coils upon the ground ; stem emits milky juice and is several inches thick ; flowers Oct.-Nov., cream-colored, yellow at base, purple- spotted above, cymes ; corolla gamopetalous, lobes extended in narrow tail-like ends, 22.5-30 Cm. (9-12’) long; fruit June, pair of follicles, 20-37.5 Cm. (8-15’) long, each containing about 200 long awned _seeds ; collected by natives who peel off husks (epicarp and mesocarp), preserving and drying the more leathery inner covering (endocarp), which encloses the seed, as such being smooth, yellowish-brown. Sveps, 15 Mm. (3’) long, 4 Mm. (3’) broad, oblong-lanceolate, flat- tened and obtusely edged, grayish- green, covered with deciduous, ap- pressed, silky hairs, longitudinal ridge on one side, kernel white, oily, embryo straight, two cotyle- SEO eae eine * bec dong, surrounded with thin layer of perisperm; nearly inodorous ; taste very bitter. Occur in market in pods or clean seeds. Of the fruit, seeds = 37 p. c., endocarp (pod) 37 p.c., hairs 25 p. c. The lighter in color the pappus the better their contained seeds. Test: Decoction (10 p. c.) is brownish, not changed by iodine T. S., nor ferric chloride, nor potassium mercuric iodide. Solvents: alcohol (65 p- ¢.); boiling water partially. Dose, gr. $4 (.008-.03 Gm.). ConsTITUENTS.—Strophanthin, Kombic acid, choline, trigonelline. Strophanthin, C,.H,.O,,.—This bitter principle is obtained by ex-. hausting the powdered seeds with (acidulated, HCl) alcohol, evaporat- ing to soft extract, treating this with cold water, extracting aqueous mixture with chloroform to remove fat and oil; the aqueous portion now yields strophanthin in white shining crystals; when heated with diluted hydrochloric acid it is hydrolyzed, yielding no sugar, but strophanthidin, C,,H,.O,,+ 14 H,O, in silky crystals. It is neutral, - very bitter, soluble in water, alcohol, precipitated by tannin, colored green, then brown by sulphuric acid, blue by sulphuric acid + po- © tassium dichromate. While the seeds yield most, the follicles and hairs contain some. Dose, gr. 3$5-z45 (-0002-.0005 Gm.). Kombic Acid.—This is soluble in water and is precipitated by lead acetate. . PREPARATIONS.—1. Tinctura Strophanthi. Tincture of Strophan- STROPHANTHUS—STROPHANTHUS. 459 APOCYNACE. thus. (Syn., Fr. Teinture de Semences de EOE antiS ; Ger. Stro- phanthussamentinktur. ) Manufacture: 5 p. c. Macerate, percolate 5 ‘Gin, with alcohol 65 p- &, q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mj—10 (.06— a Ce.). Unoff. Preps.: Extract. Dose, gr. 7g (.0013 Gm.). Decoetion, 1 p.c. Dose, Mx-60 (.6—4 Ce.). Test: The tincture or extract + ferric chloride T. S. + sulphuric acid gives brown precipitate changing to green after one hour, and so remains 3-4 hours. PROPERTIES.—Similar to digitalis ; heart stimulant, diuretic. Acts directly on muscular tissue of the heart, increasing the contractile power. Small doses stimulate contractions, strengthen the force and lower the rate of heart beats, thus prolonging diastole without alter- Fie. 306. Strophanthus hispidus, capsule one-half natural size. ing the duration of the systole making regular an irregular heart ; large doses paralyze the heart, leaving cardiac muscle rigid. It is a better diuretic, and a more powerful cardiac stimulant than digitalis, the effect coming on much more quickly, yet being less permanent, reduces pulse and temperature, but is not cumulative, nor does it occasion gastro-intestinal troubles ; the increased cardiac action stimulates renal circulation, hence is diuretic. Usrs.—Cardiac dyspneea, chronic Bright’s, valvular heart lesions, palpitation, weak heart, pulmonary cedema from pneumonia, cardiac dropsy, endocarditis, hysteria, chlorosis, renal calculi, asthma, exoph- thalmic goitre. The effect is felt within half an hour, lasting 4-8 460 ORGANIC DRUGS FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Fic. 307. hours, reducing pulse 10- 30 beats, at the same time increasing force and vol- ume. The natives make of it an arrow poison (kombé), which is an ex- tract for coating hunting arrows to about 15 Cm. (6’). Game, when wound- ed, soon becomes exhaust- ed, but flesh is not injured by the poison. Poisoning, Incompati- bles, Synergists: Same as in digitalis. Allied Plants : 1. S. dicho’tomus, False Strophanthus Seeds.—These are chestnut-brown and less densely covered with hairs, otherwise resemble the official. 2. 8. Kombe’.—This was once thought distinct and that from which arrow poison was made, but possibly the slight differ- ences are simply due to soil, climate, etc. ; S. as’- per, seed covered with greenish-white hairs, lar- ger than official ; S. gra’- tus, seed smooth, brown, fusiform, flat. Strophanthus seed with comose awn. ASPIDOSPERMA. ASPIDOSPERMA (QuzBRAcHO). Aspidos Quevimcho-bLuien, Schlechtendal. } The bark. Habitat. §, America (Argentine Republic, Chili). Syn. Quebracho Bark. Fr. Quebracho. Ger. Quebracho. As-pi-do-sper’‘ma. L. fr. Gr. acri(¢)doc, a round shield, + oxépua, a seed, from the shape of the seed ; 7. ¢., broadly winged. Que-bra’cho-blan’co. Pg. contr. fr. quebrar, to break, + hacha, an ax, -+ blanco, white. The light-colored wood is so very hard as to break axes, etc. ; Piant.—Evergreen tree 24-30 M. (80-100°) high, wide spreading, drooping crown and branches, like the weeping willow; wood choco- late-brown, young yellowish ; leaves small, entire, callous margin ; flowers small, yellow. Bark, in flat or curved pieces 12-30 Mm. 3-14’) thick, outside yellowish-gray, deeply fissured, inner surface ASPIDOSPERMA—ASPIDOSPERMA. 461 APOCYNACE. reddish-yellow, striate ; fracture shows two strata of equal thickness— cork and bast layers; the former (outside) orange-brown, fracture’ granular with white dots in tangential lines; the latter (inside) brownish, fracture short-splintery; inodorous ; bitter, aromatic. The bark must be taken from old trees in which corky layer is usually well developed. Solvent: diluted aleohol. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). CoNnsTITUENTS.—Aspidospermine, C,,H,,N,O,, aspidospermatine, C,,H,,N,O,, aspidosamine, C,,H,,N,O, (amorphous), quebrachine, C,,H,,N,O,, quebrachamine, hydroquebrachine, C,,H,,N,O, (amor- phous), quebrachit (a peculiar sugar), tannin 3-4 p. c. Alkaloids (six).—These can be obtained by heating hot alcoholic ex- tract with soda and chloroform, evaporating the latter solution, taking up residue with diluted sulphuric acid, filtering and precipitating with soda; now dissolve in boiling alcohol the precipitated alkaloids, cool, when aspidospermine, quebrachine, and quebrachamine will crystallize, being separated by crystallization from diluted hydrochloric acid—as- pidospermine remaining in the (acid) mother-liquor. To the alcoholic mother-liquor add acetic acid and ammonia, thus getting aspidosamine, then add soda for aspidospermatine and hydroquebrachine, which pre- cipitate treated with boiling benzin dissolves out the former. Aspido- spermine, the leading alkaloid, occurs usually in commerce as a mixture, and is mostly prescribed as a salt—either sulphate or muriate. Dose, gr. 1-2 (.06—.13 Gm.). Quebrachine, the next most important alka- loid, also forms salts. Dose, gr. #-14 (.05-.1 Gm.). PREPARATIONS.—1. LExtractum Aspidospermatis Fluidum. Wluid Extract of Aspidosperma. (Syn., Fluid Extract of Quebracho; Fr. Extrait liquide de Quebracho ; Ger. Fliissiges Quebraco-Extrakt.) Manufacture: Macerate, percolate 100 Gm. with glycerin 10 Cc., alcohol 60, water 30, finishing with alcohol 65 p.c., q. s. 100 Ce. Dose, Mxv—30 (1-2 Cc.). Unof. Preps.: Tincture, 20 p. c. (diluted alcohol). Dose, 5j-4 (4-15 Ce.). Wine (Vinum), 6 p.c. Dose, 5j-6 (4-24 Ce.). Extract. Dose, gr. 2-8 (.138-.5 Gm) PROPERTIES.—Tonic, antispasmodic, antiperiodic, slows and deep- ens the breathing ; solutions protective to wounds. Usxs.—Cardiac and asthmatic dyspnea, phthisis, asthma from bronchitis or chronic pneumonia, shortness of breath. Acts best when no organic lesion, hence on functional dyspneea, by facilitating absorp- tion of oxygen in the blood. If use continued, have headache, vertigo, salivation, intolerance, and death from asphyxia. It enables one to easily endure fatigue, climb elevations, ete. The bark is used also natively for tanning. Allied Plants: 1. Quebracho Colorado (Loxoptery’gium Love'ntzii).—S. America. Bark checkered ; wood red or light-brown (Colorado) ; contains tannin 20 p. ¢., loxopterygine ; resinous exudation of bark resembles kino. 2. Quebracho flojo (Iodi!na rhombifo'lia).—S. America. 3. Copalchi Bark (Cro'ton ni'veus).—Mexico. All these are some- times collected and sold for the official drug. 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By action of sulphuric acid on alcohols, whereby water is re- moved, this is the general process, and consists in distilling together alcohol and sulphuric acid at about 130° C. (266° F.). C,H,OH+H,S0,=C,H,HS0,+H,0 Ethyl en hovinic eid, This sulphovinic acid acts upon another alcohol molecule, giving ether —C,H,HSO,+ C,H,OH=(C,H,),0+H,SO, This process, in theory, is continuous, the H,SO, last formed again acting on fresh alcohol as it is supplied ; in practice this is not true, as the H,SO, becomes, after a time, so weak from the remaining water, which never entirely goes 758 ORGANIC CARBON COMPOUNDS. over, that it will not act upon the alcohol. Each gallon (4 L.) of aleohol yields about 4 lbs. (2 Kg.) of ether. Impurities : Water, alcohol, alde- hyde, metals, sulphurous and sulphuric acids. These are removed by shaking with calcium chloride and oxide and redistilling the superna- tant liquid. It is a transparent, colorless, mobile liquid, characteristic odor, burning, sweet taste, sp. gr. 0.725-0.728, soluble in 10 vols. water, miscible with alcohol, chloroform, ete., very inflammable, boils at 37° C. (98.6° F.), very volatile. Should be kept cool, remote from lights, fire, in well-stoppered containers, preferably tin cans. Dose, Mv-—60 (.8-4 Ce.). - PREPARATIONS.—1. Spiritus ditheris, Spirit of Ether. (Syn, Liquor Anodynus Mineralis Hoffmanni ; Fr. ther Sulfuricus Alcoo- lisatus, Either hydrique (sulfurique) alcoolisé, Liqueur anodine d’Hoff- mann; Ger. Spiritus thereus, /Xtherweingeist, Hoffmann’(sche) Tropfen.) Manufacture: Mix ether 32.5 Ce., alcohol 67.5 Cc. Dose, Mxv—60 1-4 Cc.). « 2. oo Aithereum. Ethereal Oil. (Syn., Oleum Vini, Heavy Oil of Wine; Fr. Huile (volatile éthérée) d’Ether ; Ger. Schweres Weindl.) A volatile liquid consisting of equal volumes of heavy oil of wine and ether. Manufacture: Alcohol 1,000 Cce., sulphuric acid 1,000 Cc., distilled water 25 Cc., ether q.s. By distillation of the first two; when the oily drops cease to pass over the yellow ethereal liquid is separated from the distillate, washed with the water, and mixed with equal vol- ume of ether. It is a transparent, nearly colorless, volatile liquid, peculiar aromatic, ethereal odor, pungent, refreshing, bitter taste, sp. gr. 0.910. 3. Spiritus Atheris Compositus. Compound Spirit of Ether. (Syn., Hoffmann’s Anodyne; Fr. Liqueur Nervine de Bang; Ger. Zusam- mengesetzter AUtherweingeist.) Manufacture: Mix ether 32.5 Cc., aleohol 65 Cc., ethereal oil 2.5 Ce. Dose, Mv-60 (.3-4 Ce.). PRoPERTIES.—Internally, acts like chloroform or alcohol, cardiac stimulant, anesthetic, narcotic, carminative, antispasmodic. Exter- nally, irritant, local anesthetic, stimulant, refrigerant. The heart, vaso-motor and respiratory centres are much more difficult to paralyze by ether than by chloroform ; ether, however, is a greater renal ‘and bronchial irritant, also occasions greater vomiting and a more pro- tracted stage of stimulation, hence more struggling. Usrs.—Internally, nausea, dyspepsia, flatulent and biliary colic, neuralgia of the gums, earache, fainting, cardiac failure or palpitation, asthma ; here more rapid than chloroform in action, hence for these cases itis better. Ether is inhaled to blunt sensibility in surgical operations, to relax muscles in dislocations, strangulated hernia, neuralgia, biliary and renal colic, dysmenorrhea, tetanus, spasms, asthma, chronic bron- chitis, labor, extracting teeth, headache, vomiting of pregnancy, hys- teria, tenia, biliary calculi, whooping-cough, spasmodic croup, delirium ETHERS. 759 tremens, mania, lumbago, sciatica, collapse in opium and chloral hydrate poisoning, convulsions. Should inhale ether slowly through the nos- trils, on empty stomach and guard the pulse closely. If beats become slow, feeble, or quick, the sponge must be at once removed ; best inhaled from sponge fixed in a paper cone having the larger end over the face and the smaller end cut off to admit a small amount (30 p. c.) of air. It requires about 3ij (60 Cc.) and 5-15 minutes to produce insensi- bility. In recovery have more nausea and vomiting than in chloro- form, which may be checked by sodium bromide gr. 15 (1 Gm.) ; must not use it at night, near flame or fire. One death occurs from every 16,000 inhalations. Externally, headache, toothache, earache, neu- ralgia, deafness, photophobia, hernia, hiccough, malignant pustule, car- bunele, tonsillitis. Can also freeze part to be operated upon by ether, and thus deaden all pain. The two spirits are useful in sleeplessness, restlessness, nervous disturbance, hysteria, flatulent and uterine colic. ' Incompatibles: Arterial sedatives, strychnine, picrotoxin. Synergists: Arterial and cerebral stimulants, chloroform, alcohol, ete. 4ither Aceticus. Acetic Ether, C,H,C,H,O,—CH,,CO,OC,H,. — (Syn., Ethyl Acetate, Naphtha Aceti; Fr. Ether acétique, Acétate d’Ethyle, Naphte acétique ; Ger. Essigiither, Essignaphtha.) A liquid composed of 98.5 p. c. by weight of ethyl acetate, C,H,C,H,O,, and 1.5 p. ¢. of alcohol containing a little water. Manufacture: Distil a mixture of dry sodium acetate, alcohol, and - sulphuric acid —C,H,OH + NaC,H,O, + H,SO, = C,H,C,H,O, + NaHSO,+H,0. The distillate is purified from water and acid by digestion with K,CO,, or by shaking with CaCl, and redistilling. It is a transparent, colorless liquid, fragrant, refreshing, acetous odor, pe- culiar acetous, .burning taste, sp. gr. 0.893-0.895, boils at 76° C. (168.8° F.), soluble in water 8 parts, miscible with alcohol, ether, fixed and volatile oils, volatile, inflammable. Impurities: Butylic and amylic derivatives, alcohol, water, carbonizable organic substance. Should be kept cool, dark, remote from lights, fires, in well-stoppered bottles. Dose, Mxx-—60 (.6—4 Cc.). ; PROPERTIES AND Usxs.—Acts like ether, as stimulant, antispas- modic, carminative, but has a more pleasant taste; syncope, nervous agitation, colic, flatulence ; may be inhaled for laryngeal and bronchial irritation, nervous cough. Externally, same as ether. Spiritus Attheris Nitrosi. Spirit of Nitrous Ether, C,H,NO,.— (Syn., Spiritus Nitri Dulcis, Sweet Spirit of Nitre, Ethyl Nitrite, Spiritus Nitrico-Aithereus; Fr. Ether azoteux alcoolisé, Liqueur anodine nitreuse ; Ger. Versiisster Salpetergeist.) An alcoholic solu- tion of Ethyl Nitrite, C-H,NO,, yielding when freshly prepared and tested in a nitrometer not less than eleven times its own volume of nitrogen dioxide, NO. ~ Manufacture: Add to sodium nitrite 770 Gm., dissolved in a litre of water, deodorized alcohol 550 Cc., in a flask connected with a con- denser, kept cold by ice-cold water ; gradually introduce into the con- 760 ORGANIC CARBON COMPOUNDS. taining flask sulphuric acid 520 Gm., previously diluted with a litre of water; now distil, catching distillate in an ice-cold receiver ; wash distillate with ice-cold water to remove alcohol, then with Na,CO, 10 Gm. in solution to remove all traces of acid; separate ether from aqueous liquid, agitate former with K,CO, 30 Gm. in solution to re- move all traces of water, and add twenty-one times its weight of de- odorized alcohol. It is a clear, mobile, volatile, inflammable liquid, pale-yellow or greenish-yellow tint ; fragrant, ethereal, pungent odor ; free from acidity; sharp, burning taste, sp. gr. 0.836—-0.842, As- say: 5 Ce. put into a nitrometer + 10 Ce. potassium iodide T. 8. + 10 Ce. normal H,SO,, the volume of nitrogen dioxide, NO, generated should be 55 Cc., corresponding to 4 p. c. of pure ethyl nitrite. - Im- purities: Aldehyde, acetic acid. Dose, 5ss—2 (2-8 Cc.). Properties.—Diffusible stimulant, stomachic, carminative, diapho- retic, diuretic, anesthetic, antispasmodic, antipyretic. Usrs.—Febrile condition to promote sweating, strangury, urinary’ and kidney affettions, flatulence, nausea, nervous agitation, coughing, headache, chronic bronchitis, fevers, in ordinary cold, chronic Bright’s, cardiac, and pulmonary diseases. Incompatibles: Potassium iodide, ferric sulphate, mucilage of acacia, tincture of guaiac(um), antipyrine, emulsions, tannin, gallic acid. Synergists: Diaphoretics, diuretics, antispasmodiecs, potassium citrate, tincture of aconite, ete. . Amyl Nitris. Amyl Nitrite. CH; fr C;H,,NO,= CH—CH,— yaar a One (Syn., Amyl ther Nitrosus, Amylo-nitrous Ether; Fr. Azotite d’Amyl, Ether amylazoteux; Ger. Amylium Nitrosum, Amyl Nitrit.) A liquid containing 80 p. c. of amyl (principally iso-amyl) nitrite, C,H,,NO,, together with variable quantities of undetermined com- pounds. Manufacture: 1. Distil equal volumes of pure amylic alcohol and nitric acid—C,H,,OH + HNO, (deoxidizing into HNO,) = O,H,,NO, + H,0. 2. Distil sodium nitrite, amyl alcohol, and sulphuric acid— 2C,H,,OH + 2NaNO, + H,SO, = 2C,H,,NO, + Na,SO, + 2H,0. Purify the distillate from traces of acid by shaking with potassium or sodium carbonate or hydrate in solution, separate upper layer and redistil ; that portion of the liquid passing over between 95-100° C. (203-212° F,) is the amy] nitrite.. It is a clear yellow or pale-yellow liquid, peculiar ethereal, fruity odor, pungent, aromatic taste, Sp. gr. 0.870—0.880, insoluble in water, miscible with alcohol or ether, vola- tile. Assay : 0.26 Gm.+5 Ce. alcohol, put into a nitrometer+10 Ce. potassium iodide T. 8S. + 10 Ce. normal sulphuric acid V.8., the vol- ume of nitric oxide, NO, generated should be 40 Ce. (each Co, indi- cating 2 p. c, of pure amyl nitrite). Impurities: Free acid, aldehyde, amyl nitrate, water. Should be kept cool, dark, remote from lights or PHENOLS. 761 fire, in dark-amber, glass-stoppered vials. Dose, Mj-3 (.06-.2 Ce.), cautiously inhaled from a handkerchief in which a glass tear (capsule) containing the amyl nitrite has been crushed. Internally give Mss—1 (.03-.06 Ce.), dissolved in alcohol. PROPERTIES.—Irritant, sedative, depressant, antispasmodic, ano- dyne, diuretic. . Causes flushed face, rapid and violent heart beats, throb- bing head, headache, giddiness, dilated pupils, increased respiration. Usrs.—Relax spasms, angina pectoris, organic heart-trouble, asth- ma, convulsions after labor, spasmodic dysmenorrhea, tetanus, hysteri- cal convulsions, epileptical paroxysms, neuralgia, headache, whooping- cough, hiccough, pregnant vomit, syncope, faintness, hepatic and renal colic, spasm of the glottis, vertigo, pneumonia, intermittent fever, night-sweats, chorea, infantile convulsions, hydrophobia, chordee, ex- ophthalmic goitre, chloroform syncope, seasickness, strychnine, chloral hydrate, cocaine, and carbonic-acid poisoning, insomnia from opium- habit. Externally, as an anodyne in headache, toothache, earache, neu- ralgia, dysmenorrheea ; fetor of gangrene, secretions, and exudations, modified by its solution. Should not be used where there is profuse hemorrhage, or when there is organic heart or brain disease. AROMATIC SERIES. As previously stated, all organic compounds are either derivatives of methane, CH, (fatty series), or of benzene, C,H, (aromatic series), and while these two parental compounds are strictly hydrocarbons, they as well as their derivatives are thoroughly distinctive, as they cannot in any sense be substituted for or converted into one another, The fatty series, in a degree, furnish products that might be used as animal food ; the aromatic series have not this power, being simply aromatics, antiseptics, stimulants. Many compounds of this latter series are produced in the vegetable kingdom and a great number are obtained by destructive distillation. When coal-tar is distilled and the distillate carried over and caught in water, it separates into two layers—light oil floating on top of the water, heavy oil sinking below it ; from the former comes benzene, etc., from the latter carbolic acid, etc. Acidum Carbolicum Crudum. Crude Carbolic Acid, C,H,- OH+.—(L. carb(on), coal, + ol(eum), oil, + ic.) (Syn., Fr. Acide phénique cru ; Ger. Rohe Carbolsaure.) Manufacture: A liquid consisting of various constituents of coal-tar, chiefly cresol and phenol, obtained by fractional distillation of the heavy oil (dead oil) between 150-200° C. (302-392° F.), and twice rectifying this product between 160-190° C. (320-874° F.). It is a nearly colorless, or reddish-brown liquid, strongly empyreumatic, creosote-like odor, having a benumbing, blanching, caustic effect upon the skin and mucous membrane, darkens by age. Impurities: Alka- lies and less soluble constituents of coal-tar. Acidum Carbolicum. Carbolic Acid, C,H,OH.—(Syn., Phenol, 762 ORGANIC CARBON COMPOUNDS. Acidum Phenicum—Phenylicum (Crystallizatum), Phenic—Phenylic Acid, Phenylic Alcohol; Fr. Acide carbolique—phénique, Hydrate de Phényle ; Ger. Karbolsiure, Phenylsiiure, Phenylalkohol.) A con- stituent of coal-tar obtained by fractional distillation and subsequently purified. It is the alcohol of the hydrocarbon benzene, and according to the number of hydrogen atoms replaced by the hydroxyl, OH, do we have mon-, di-, tri-atomic, ete., phenols or alcohols. This hydroxyl here is acid, whereas that in methane alcohols is basic; these phenols or phenol alcohols differ from common alcohols in not yielding alde- hydes or acids by oxidation and having hydroxyl (OH) that is acid. H a H— Yay aCe —H H-Q (¢-H Ht { ff Benzene . ; Carbolie Acid Manufacture: From crude carbolic acid by agitating with warm con- centrated NaOH solution, when crystalline sodium carbolate (phenol- ate), C,H,ONa, is formed and the neutral oils are left unacted upon; these latter are poured off and the crystals freed from foreign matter by heating to 170° C. (338° F.) and treating with 10 parts water. This solution is, decomposed with HCl, thus setting free carbolic acid in an oily layer upon the surface. This is now repeatedly shaken with solution of common salt and digested with calcium chloride to remove water ; then the resulting carbolic acid distilled between 165-185° C. (330-365° F.) and crystallized. It is in colorless, or reddish needle- shaped crystals or mass, aromatic odor, when greatly diluted with water sweetish taste, afterward burning, deliquescent, soluble in 15 parts water, freely in alcohol, chloroform, ether, fixed and volatile oils, boils at 188° C.(370.4° F.; pure phenol at 178° C.; 352° F.). Assay: To convert 0.039 Gm. into tribromophenol should require 24 Ce. 75 bromine V. S. (each Ce. of V. S. corresponding to 4 p. c. absolute phe- nol). ests: 1. With ferric chloride T. 8. get violet-blue color in weak solutions. 2. Coagulates albumin, collodion, and thus chars the skin. Impurities ; Creosote, cresylic acid. Dose, gr. 4-1 (.03-.06 Gm.). PREPARATIONS.—1. Gilyceritum Acidi Carbolici. ‘Glycerite of Car- - bolic Acid. (Syn., Fr. Glycérole (Glycéré) d’Acide phénique, Glycé- rine phénique ; Ger. Phenol(Phenyl)-Glycerit.) Manufacture: 20 p.c. Stir together until dissolved carbolic acid 20 Gm. and glycerin 80 Gm. Dose, Mij—5 (.13-.3 Ce.). 2. Unguentum Acidi Carbolici. Ointment of Carbolic Acid. (Syn., Fr. Pommade (d’Acide) phénique ; Ger. Phenolsalbe.) Manufacture: 5 p.c. Mix carbolic acid 5 Gm. with ointment 95 Gm. PropErties.—Internally, sedative, anti-fermentative, antipyretic, irritant, poisonous. Externally, antizymotic, antiseptic, disinfectant, PHENOLS. 763 deodorant, anesthetic, irritant caustic. Rapidly destroys animal and vegetable organized ferments, also those of septic diseases, and pre- vents formation of their decomposition products. In the stomach is converted into a sulpho-carbolate, but may circulate as an alkaline carbolate. Diminishes the production of heat and increases its dissi- pation, renders urine dark. _ _ Uses.—Internally, vomiting, diarrhea, flatulent dyspepsia, ty- phoid and intermittent fevers, scarlatina. Externally, in spray, ul- cers, gangrene, phthisis, chronic bronchitis, whooping-cough, diphtheria, erysipelas, pain of burns, polypi, venereal abscesses, boils, carbuncles, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, goitre, hydrocele, sore nipples, granular ophthalmia, otorrheea, earache, surgical operations, freckles, acne, pru- rigo, ring-worm, warts, bee-stings, sore throat, toothache, rheumatism, bunions, diabetes. oes Poisoning : Have burning sensation, collapse, cold, clammy skin, weak pulse, feeble, shallow breathing, urine dark-green, white eschars from the mouth, vomiting, purging, insensibility, comatose, death. Give quick emétic—apomorphine hypodermically—or wash out stom- ach, follow with magnesium or sodium sulphate (5j; 30 Gm. + water Sviij ; 240 Cc.), then stimulants, ether, brandy, atropine and strych- nine hypodermically, digitalis, coffee, demulcent drinks (no oils or glycerin), opium, apply hot water bottle, bag, or blankets, ete. Incompatibles: Bromine, metallic salts, antipyrine, collodion, alka- lies, lime, soluble sulphates, atropine. Synergists: Antiseptics, motor depressants. Creosotum. Creosote, C,H,O, + C,H,,0,.—(Gr. xpéac, flesh, + owfev, to preserve ; i. ¢., its preserving properties.) (Syn., Fr. Créo- sote; Ger. Kreosotum, Kreosot.) A mixture of phenols, chiefly guaiacol, C,H,O,, and creosol, C,H,,O,, obtained during the distillation of wood- tar, preferably of that derived from the beech (Fagus sylvatica, Fagacex), which yields about 5 p. c. Manufacture: The wood-tar is distilled until one-halfis passed over, the distillate separates into a light and heavy oily layer, with an inter- vening aqueous acid stratum; to the heavy oily layer add strong Na,CO, solution (to remove acid constituents) and then distil the sepa- rated oily liquid, that portion of the distillate being collected which is heavier than water ; this distillate is treated with KOH solution, sp. gr. 1.12, whereby the creosote is dissolved, now add H,SO,, and the precipitated creosote is well washed and distilled at 200-220°: C. (392-428° F.). It is a colorless, yellowish or pinkish, refractive, oily liquid, penetrating, smoky odor, burning, caustic taste, darkens by age and light, sp. gr. 1.070, soluble in 150 parts of water, freely in alcohol, ether, chloroform, acetic acid, fixed and volatile oils. Im- purities: Carbolic acid, neutral oils, cceruligno] and other high boiling constituents of wood-tar. Dose, Mss—2 (.03-.13 Cc.). PREPARATION.—1. Agua Creosoti. Creosote Water. (Syn., Fr. Eau créosotée ; Ger. Kreosotwasser.) ; 764 ORGANIC CARBON COMPOUNDS. Manufacture: Agitate vigorously creosote 1 Cc., with distilled water 99 Ce., filter. Dose, 5j-4 (4-15 Cc.). PROPERTIES AND UseEs.—Externally, stimulant, antiseptic, para- siticide, anesthetic ; nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, pregnant and hysteria vomit, cholera morbus, cholera infantum, typhoid fever, dysentery, tapeworm, diabetes, polyuria, phthisis, burns, chilblains, erysipelas, menorrhagia, uterine hemorrhage, leucorrhcea, puerperal metritis, fetid otorrhwa, diphtheritic sore throat, chronic empyema, toothache, gleet, ulcers, cancer, gangrene, mercurial stomatitis, glanders, ozena, itching, lupus, warts, condylomata, as a preservative to animal tissue. The water (aqua) used in leucorrhea, gleet, burns, ulcers, eczema, prurigo, etc. Creosote differs from carbolic acid: 1. Creosote with Fe,Cl, gives violet color, changing to green-brown and to brown precipitate—with carbolic acid get permanent purple color. 2. Creosote is insoluble in glycerin ; carbolic acid is soluble. 3. Creosote does not precipi- tate collodion or coagulate albumin, but carbolic acid does. 4. Creo- sote is liquid, boils at 205° C. (401° F.); carbolic acid solidifies upon cooling, boils at 188° C. (370.4° F.), 5. Creosote is less poisonous than carbolic acid. Poisoning: Same as for carbolic acid. Incompatibles : Strong sulphuric and nitric acids, reduces silver salts, exploding with the oxide. Resorcinum. Resorcin, C,H,(OH),.—(Fr. res(in)+ ore(hella)+in ; a. @, resinous, and peculiarly colored substance.) (Syn., Resorcinol, i 4 HE Io H- \ —OH 4 Metadioxybenzol; Fr. Résorcine; Ger. Resorcin.) A diatomic phe- nol which should be kept in dark, amber-colored vials. Manufacture: While it can be made by fusing different resins, as galbanum, guaiac(um), ammoniacum, asafetida, etc., with caustic alka- lies, it is mostly done by heating benzene with four times its weight of H,SO,, forming benzene metadisulphonic acid, C,H,(HSO,),, which is dissolved in water and neutralized with milk of lime, the CaSO, is ex- pressed, and Na,CO, added, filtrate evaporated to dryness, which heated with NaOH forms sodium resorcin, C,H,(ONa),, boil to drive off SO, and extract residue with ether, which being distilled leaves impure resorcin ; can purify by sublimation or recrystallization from water or benzene. It is in colorless or reddish needle crystals, peculiar odor, sweetish, pungent taste, reddish-brown by age, volatile, soluble in PHENOLS. 765 water, alcohol, ether, glycerin. Impurities: Empyreumatic bodies, phenol-odor. Dose, gr. 2-5 (.13-.3 Gm.). PROPERTIES AND UsEs.—Allied to carbolic acid; antipyretic, de- pressant ; gastric ulcer, fermentative dyspepsia (an hour after food), vomiting, cholera infantum, diarrhea, rheumatism, typhoid fever, pneumonia, scarlatina, pleurisy, phthisis, cystitis, vomiting, seasick- ness. Solution in chronic otitis, gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea, whooping- cough, chronic aphonia, larynx ulcers, gangrene, morbid growths, boils, carbuncles, frost-bites, ulcers, fissures, erysipelas, erythema, eczema, psoriasis, herpes, alopecia, chancres, papilloma, myomas, diphtheria. Poisoning: Same as for carbolic acid. Salol. Salol.—(Fr. sal(icylic) + (phen)ol; i. ¢., referring to its components.) (Syn., Phenyl Salicylate; Fr. Salicylate de Phenol ; Ger. Salolum, Salicylsiure-phenyl-ether.) —H H OH H-¢ ¢(-OH H —H C,H,CH,0;=CH,=€ e COOC,H, H—-G ¢.CO og ¢-H CH Ga Manufacture: 1. Treat sodium phenol(ate)+sodium salicylate with a dehydrating agent as phosphorus oxychloride, or a slow current of phosgene (carbonyl chloride) —2C,H,ONa + 2C,H,(OH)CO,Na + POCI,= 2C,H,(OH)CO,C,H,+ 3NaCl+ PO,Na; dissolve resulting salol in alcohol, crystallize. 2. Heat salicylic acid in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide—(1) 2HC,H,O,+ heat = 2(C,H,CO,H)O + H,O, (2) a = C,H,C,H,O,+ CO,. It is first changed into its anhydride and then into phenyl! salicylate; dissolve in alcohol, crys- tallize. Salol occurs as a white crystalline powder, faintly aromatic odor, nearly tasteless, permanent, neutral, no residue, soluble in chloro- ° form, fixed and volatile oils, 10 parts alcohol, 0.3 ether, nearly insol- uble in water; melts at 42° C. (108° F.). Tests: 1. Heated with NaOH decomposes into phenol (recognized by its odor) and sodium salicylate, from which we get salicylic acid crystals upon supersaturat- ing liquid with HCl; bromine water gives white precipitate in alco- holic solutions. 2. To 10 Cc. alcoholic solution (1+50) add few drops diluted ferric chloride T. S. (1420), get violet tint ; if order reversed, get white cloudiness, but no color upon shaking. 3. Shake 1 Gm. with 50 Ce. water, filtrate should not be affected by diluted ferric chloride T. S. (abs. uncombined carbolic or salicylic acid) ; nor _ by barium chloride T. 8. (abs. sulphate, phosphate); nor by silver nitrate T. 8. (abs. chloride). Dose, gr. 5-30 (.3-2 Gm.), in pill, cap- sule, emulsion, or milk. PROPERTIES.—Antiseptic, antipyretic, anti-rheumatic. . Usrs.—Rheumatism, neuralgia, lancinating pains, diarrhea, dysen- tery, cholera, ulcers, ozena, diphtheria, gonorrhea, otorrhcea, vesical catarrh, fermentative dyspepsia, typhoid fever, cystitis, substitute for 766 ORGANIC CARBON COMPOUNDS. iodoform in surgery.. Salol in the small intestine splits into phenol 36 p. c. and salicylic acid 64 p, c., consequently it is more dangerous than salicylic acid from the presence of phenol, which latter colors the urine dark. Death has been occasioned by gr. 15 (1 Gm.), and by gr, 120 (8 Gm.), giving in each case signs of carbolic acid poisoning. NAPHTHALENE DERIVATIVES. Naphthalinum. Naphtalin. (Naphtalene.) C,,H,.—(L. naphth(a) + al(cohol) + in, referring to its components.) (Syn., Tar Camphor, Camphor Balls; Fr. Naphthaline, Naphthaléne; Ger. Naphthalin.) A hydrocarbon obtained from coal-tar. , i OH A cv Yr H— H H— \ H H y —H Naphtalin, C,.H, Naphtol, C,,H,OH Manufacture: Formed by the union of two benzene groups, so as to have two carbon atoms in common, by distilling coal-tar between 180- 250° C. (856-482° F.). The distillate of heavy oil contains the naphtalin, which is treated successively with NaOH and H,SO, (to remove acid and basic by-products), then purified by distillation in the presence of steam, further heating with H,SO, and distilling. It is in colorless, shining, transparent lamine, strong characteristic odor of coal-tar, burning, aromatic taste, slowly volatilized by exposure, insol- uble in water, soluble in 15 parts alcohol, freely in ether, chloroform, CS,, fixed and volatile oils. Impurities: Contaminations from coal-tar. Should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. Dose, gr. 2-15 (.13-1 Gm.), PROPERTIES AND UseEs.—GHOH), Manufacture: Act on alizarin with nascent hydrogen—C,,H,O,+H, =C,,H,,0,+ H,O. It occurs as a yellowish powder, soluble in caustic alkalies, glycerin or alcohol, insoluble in water or diluted acids. PROPERTIES AND Uses.—In skin diseases like chrysarobinum ; ointment (10-20 p. c.). VII. Organic Bases. Piperazine. Piperazinum.—Di-ethylene-diamine, Ethylen-imine. CH,—CH.\ 2 C,HyN,=HNC once Manufacture: By the action of ammonia upon ethylene bromide or chloride—the mixture of bases formed is fractionally distilled, that 51 802 NON-PHARMACOPGIAL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. between 130-180° C. (266-356° F.) being collected, which upo: cooling separates piperazine. It is in colorless, acicular crystals soluble in water, very hygroscopic ; dissolves twelve times more uri acid than will lithium carbonate, and its urate compound is soluble ii 50 parts water, lithium urate in 368. Dose, gr. 10-15 (.6-1 Gm.). PROPERTIES AND Uses.—Diuretic. Increases the urea but dimin ishes the uric acid in urine, gout, rheumatism. Diaptherin. Oxy-quin-aseptol.Oxychinaseptol. CoHA(S0,) { SNE CHSCOHT) Manufacture: This is made by.uniting two molecules of ortho-oxy quinoline with one molecule of ortho-phenol-sulphonic acid. It is: bright-yellow powder of hexagonal prisms, soluble in water, dilute: alcohol, non-caustic and non-toxic, owing to which it is better thai carbolic acid. PROPERTIES AND UsEs.—Antiseptic, wounds (in 1 p. c. solutions) Analgen. Benzanalgen.—Ortho-ethoxy-ana-mono-benzoyl-amido. quinoline. . = COC,H, —H u-G — C,,H,,.N,0,=C,H,NOC,H,NHCOC,H,— c - | H— —H Ny xe OC,H; This is obtained, by a very complicated process, as a white, neutral tasteless powder, soluble in hot alcohol or acids, slightly in cold alcohol insoluble in water, melts at 208° C. (406° F.). Dose, gr. 10-1% (.6-1 Gm.). PROPERTIES AND Uses.—Antipyretic, anti-rheumatic ; rheumatism neuralgia, headache. Orexine Hydrochloride. Phenyl-di-hydro-quinazoline Hydro- chloride. C,H,.NCH.CH,NC,H;HCl = C,,H,,N,HCl + 2H,0 = th CG : 4 H— ——_—§ H ea deaep ip sme base. NOS _ Manufacture : _We start with formanilid, making sodium forman- ilid, then orthonitrobenzyl-formanilid, and finally orexine hydrochlo- ride. It occurs as a white powder, or in acicular crystals, bitter, ORGANIC BASES. 803 pungent taste, soluble in alcohol, 13 parts water, insoluble in ether, very irritating to the nostrils. The tannate causes no gastric irritation. PROPERTIES AND Uses.—Stomachic. Dose, gr. 4-8 (.26-.5 Gm.) in wafers, to be accompanied with a large draught of water, Thalline, Tetra-hydro-para-quin-anisol, H q X ae H H,CO 7 CyHigN (OCH; )= { Us Ld Manufacture: Heat a mixture of para-amido-anisol, para-nitro-ani- sol, glycerin, sulphuric acid, then treat this with tin and hydrochloric acid. The free base at ordinary temperatures is an oily liquid, but on cooling gives yellowish-white crystals, soluble in alcohol, ether, ben- zene, sparingly in benzin or water, anise-like odor, nauseous, with oxi- dizing agents gives green color and forms salts with acids. Thalline Sulphate. Thallinz Sulphas, 2(C,,H,,NO)H,SO,, or 2C,H, ,N(OCH,)H,SO, + 2H,O.—This is obtained by dissolving thal- line in dilute sulphuric acid and crystallizing or granulating. This salt is that. which is mostly used, often being designated simply as thalline. It occurs as a yellowish-white crystalline powder, enise-like odor, nauseous, bitter, saline, pungent taste, soluble in hot water, spar- ingly in chloroform or ether, 7 parts cold water, 100 alcohol ; solutions darken with age and exposure to light; contains thalline 76.9 p. c. and sulphuric acid 23.1 p. ¢. Thalline Tartrate, C,,H,,NO,C,H,O,—This is also a yellowish- white crystalline powder, resembling the sulphate in appearance and taste, but is much less soluble in water, requiring 10 parts; contains thalline 52.2 p. c. and tartaric acid 47.8 p. c. PROPERTIES AND UsEs.—These are antipyretics, germicides, rarely used internally, being poisonous ; good as injections for gonorrhea in 1-2 p. c. solutions. Antipyrine. Antipyrinum. . H : 6075 om CH; (CH; )2C;HN,0 or C,,Hy,N: oo" i, : H,C—C = C—H (Syn., Phenazonum, Phenazone, Methozine, Analgesine, Dimethyl-phe- nylpyrazolon phenazon. Dehydrodimethyl-phenyl-pyrazine, Sedatin ; Fr. Anodynine, Parodyne; Ger. Antipyrin.) 804 NON-PHARMACOPGIAL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Manufacture: Aniline chloride or sulphate is treated with sodim nitrite, the resulting diazobenzene chloride or sulphate is treated wit reducing agents (alkali sulphite and stannous chloride), forming pheny. hydrazine ; this is acted on with di-acetic ether, forming phenyl-monc methyl-pyrazolon, alcohol, and water—CH,COCH,COOC,H,-+H,NN HC,H, = C,H,(CH,),C,H,N,O+C,H,OH + H,O. This monomethy compound is treated with methyl iodide and methy] alcohol, when anti pyrtine iodide results—C,H,(CH,),C,H,N,O + CH,I=C,H,(CH,)C,H N,O + HS, from which the former separates upon the addition of sod solution, as a heavy oil; now recrystallize from ether. It is in whit crystalline scales, odorless, bitter, freely soluble. in water, alcoho. chloroform. . Dose, gr. 2-20 (.13-1.3 Gm.). PROPERTIES AND Uses.—Antiseptic, anodyne, antipyretic, cardia depressant, hemostatic, diuretic, anti-neuralgic, analgesic, contracts th blood-vessels, migraine, locomotor ataxia, rheumatism, neuritis, urti caria, chorea, gout (arthritis), whooping-cough, tetanus, epilepsy, spas modic laryngitis, sciatica, labor pains, diabetes, gravel, dysmenorrhoea headache, angina pectoris, cancer, syphilitic pains, biliary and rena colic, skin diseases, eye troubles, locally to ulcers and as a hemostatic This resembles acetanilid very closely, and, owing to its larger dose must be handled with even more caution than it. Poisoning: Have collapse, cyanosis, slow breathing, irregular pulse vomiting, prostration, death. Treat as in acetanilid; give hypoder. mically alcohol, ether, strychnine, warmth to feet and body, ete. Incompatibles: Iron chloride, iodide and sulphate, copper sulphate, iodine, arsenic iodide, carbolic acid, hydrocyanic acid, nitric acid, po- tassium permanganate, salicylates, corrosive sublimate, spirit nitrous ether. All tannin preparations give white precipitate, and chloral hy- - drate decomposes it. Antipyrine Salicylate. Salipyrine. ri ile iia ac ; I co oA Ye 0 \/ H/ CH,.C =C—H Manufacture: By the direct union of molecular proportions of anti- pyrine and salicylic acid, which is accomplished by heating together 57.7 p. c. of the former and 42.3 p. ¢. of the latter, dissolving in al- ‘cohol and crystallizing. It is a white crystalline powder, sweetish taste of salicylic acid, soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, 25 parts ORGANIC BASES. 805 boiling water, 200 water, melts at 91° C, (196.7° F.). Dose, gr. 2— 20 (.13-1.3 Gm.). PROPERTIES AND Usrs.—Anti-rheumatic, anti-neuralgic ; chronic articular rheumatism, sciatica. Hypnal. Monochloral Antipyrine, CCl,,CH(OH),+C,,H,,N,O. ‘Manufacture: About equal quantities or the molecular portions of antipyrine and chloral hydrate are each separately dissolved in water, then mixed together, and the underlying oily strata allowed to crystal- lize. It is in colorless crystals, nearly tasteless, non-irritating to mu- cous membranes, soluble in 15 parts water, melts at 67.5° C, (154° F.). Dose, gr. 2-20 (.13-1.3 Gm.). PROPERTIES AND UsEs.—Hypnotic, analgesic. _ Iodopyrine. Iodantipyrine, C,,H,,IN,O. Manufacture: A hot solution of 1 part iodine in 12 parts alcohol is mixed with a solution of 1 part antipyrine in 4 parts alcohol. The mixture after several days will deposit crystals of iodopyrine. This is a substitute for antipyrine in which one hydrogen atom in the benzene nucleus is replaced by iodine. It is in colorless, silky, prismatic, tasteless needles, odorless, soluble in hot water, alcohol, slightly in cold water, melts at 160° C. (320° F.). Dose, gr. 2-20 (.13-1.3 Gm.). PROPERTIES AND UsEs.—Causes fall of temperature, perspiration, without collapse or shivering. Has no advantage over antipyrine. Iodol. Iodolum.—Tetra-iodo-pyrrol, Pyrrol Tetriodide. H x gia Tf “I-01 Manufacture: Pyrrol, which is obtained from Dippel’s oil (bone oil), is purified and acted upon with iodine in alcoholic solution for twenty-four hours, when water is added and iodol separates as a yel- lowish crystalline powder, bulky, odorless, tasteless, soluble in alco- hol, ether, fats, 50 parts chloroform, 5,000 water, heated to 145° C. (293° F.) becomes decomposed ; contains iodine 88.97 p.c. Dose, gr. 3-10 (.03-.6 Gm.). PROPERTIES AND Uses.—Antiseptic, stimulant, a substitute for iodoform externally and for potassium iodide internally ; tertiary syph- ilis, scrofula, diabetes. Cocaine. Methyl-benzoyl-ecgonin, C,,H,,NO,—Hydrochlorate (official). See page 320. Alpha-Eucaine. Eucaine Hydrochlorate.—Eucaine Hydrochloras, N-methyl-benzoy]-tetra-methy]-y-oxypiperidin-carboxylic-methylester, C,,H,,NO,HCI + H,0. . 806 NON-PHARMACOPGIAL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Beta-Eucaine. Eucaine Hydrochlorate.—Eucaine Hydrochloras, Benzoyl-vinyl-diaceton-alkamine, C,,H,,NO,.HCI. Manufacture: The former salt is obtained by treating thiacetona- mine with hydrocyanic acid, then boiling with water to produce oxy- methyl-piperidincarbonic acid ; into this is now introduced the benzoyl and methyl groups, thereby forming the base eucaine. The latter salt is the benzoyl derivative of vinyl-diaceton alkalamine. Both occur as white, neutral, crystalline powders, soluble in cold water to the extent of forming 3-9 p. ce. solutions, more soluble in hot water. For the. eye use 1-2 p. c. solutions ; for mucous surfaces 2-5 p. c. _ PROPERTIES AND Usrs.—Both are local anesthetics, intended to replace cocaine. The alpha was first introduced, but owing to its ocular irritation, and frequent toxic effects similar to cocaine, it has largely given away to the beta-eucaine. This latter salt has the ad- vantage over cocaine in that it affects heart, circulation, and respira- tion much less, does not dry the corneal epithelium, nor cause mydri- asis, or disturbed accommodation ; solutions can be sterilized by boiling. without decomposition and are permanent. It has, however, the dis- advantage of causing hyperemia rather than contraction of mucous membranes when locally applied. Poisoning: Both salts are less poisonous than cocaine, but when taken internally produce similar effects, and excessive quantities must be combated by strong coffee, alcohol, digitalis, strychnine, ammonia, ether, nitro-glycerin. Theobromine. Di-methyl Xanthine, C,H,(CH,),N,O,. Manufacture: From the seeds of Theobroma Cacao and from xan- thine, which is a substance nearly related to uric acid. It is in color- less, bitter crystals, sparingly soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. See page 385. Caffeine. Caffeina (Theine).—Tri-methyl Xanthine, C,H(CH,),. N,0,+ H,O. (Offcial.) See page 519. Theobromina Sodio-salicylas. Theobromine Sodio-salicylate. Diuretin.—Theobromio-natrium cum Natrio Salicylio, C,H,N,O,Na + C,H,OH)COONa. See page 387. Manufacture: Mix aqueous solutions of equal quantities (molecular proportions) of sodium theobromine and sodium salicylate and evaporate todryness. It contains theobromine 49.7 p. c., salicylic acid 38.1 p.c., and corresponds to the most popular caffeine salt as used in Ger- many=Caffeine Sodio-salicylate. It is in white, odorless, amorphous powder, salty, alkaline taste, soluble in half-weight of warm water, which remains clear upon cooling. Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.). PROPERTIES AND UseEs.—Diuretic. Has no heart action nor does it irritate the kidneys. Good in cardiac or hepatic dropsy. PART VL . THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS USE IN MATERIA MEDICA. ALTHOUGH it is impossible for all druggists to become experienced with the microscope, yet every one can, by a little patience, study, and tact in its use, learn sufficient to have it serve him often to good ad- vantage. One readily admits the importance of such knowledge when he observes that the skilful manipulator, in many cases, shares equal honors with the chemist in determining qualitative (sometimes quanti- tative) analysis of various substances—in fact a number of plant-con- stituents, as starches, oils, acids, sugars, crystals, alkaloids, etc., yield in the hands of chemists and microscopists similar and equally satisfactory results. While it is not the intention here to go very deeply into the subject, it is, however, desired to give that which the average pharma- cist, if so disposed, can put with profit into practice. Special labora- tory courses or various treatises pertinent to this department should be availed of for more extended information. I. DescrIPTION OF THE MICROSCOPE. Of these there are two kinds—simple and compound. The Simple Microscope is only a hand magnifying-glass or linen-tester,. and consists of a double convex lens (or several mounted in juxtaposi- tion on a common axis), giving an extensive field of view and an erect Fie. 441. ; ; Fie. 442, Simple microscope (watchmaker’s). Simple microscope (magnifier). * 808 THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS USE IN MATERIA MEDICA. image 5-30 times the size of the object. This instrument is valuable in field botanic work, crystallography, deciphering illegible prescrip- tions, recognizing various fabrics and other objects indistinctly visible by the naked eye. The Compound Microscope is a more complex instrument, and con- Fie. 448. Fia. 444, Simple microscope. (CODDINGTON.) Simple microscope (linen tester). sists of several lenses so separated at focal distances that each one serves to magnify the image transmitted by the preceding one. The higher the magnifying powers used, the smaller becomes the area of the object that is seen through the instrument, and the light being Fig. 445. Fig. 446. Folding'dissecting microscope. Tripod dissecting microscope. correspondingly spread out over a larger area in the image, the latter appears less bright. The image is always inverted and magnified 10- 4,000 times. : 1. The Ocular or Eye-piece (G).—This, in the line of vision, is the part nearest to the eye, and has several types—Huyghenian, Conti- DESCRIPTION OF THE MICROSCOPE. 809 nental, Kellner, Binocular, Solid (all negative), Ramsden, etc. (posi- tive). The first named is mostly used, and consists of two plano- convex lenses (plane surfaces upward) mounted in a short metal tube ; the one next to the eye—eye-lens ; the one farthest—field-lens. Be- tween these two a diaphragm is so placed as to cut off the blurred Fig. 447. : Ae : : is E ,. a ompound microscope. A, base; B, Pillar; C, Pillar and arm; D, body; E, nose-piece; F, objec- Wea or ooilen: H, aciabibe : I, collar ; J, rack and pinion; K, ‘coarse adjustment ae fine adjust- ment :’N;-spring clips ; O, mirror; P, mirror bar; Q, diaphragm and substage; R, substage screw ; T, pillar hinge-joint. : : : : edges of the image, thus giving a flat field and a sharp, round outline to the field of vision. The ocular magnifies the real image produced by the objective as though that image were itself the original object ; its magnifying power is inversely proportional to the length—the longer the tube the lower the power. Oculars are designated as fol- 810 THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS USE IN MATERIA MEDICA. lows : A-2 inch, B-14 inch, C-1 inch, D-? inch, E-} inch—the first weakest, the last strongest. es 2. The Objective (F).—This, in the line of vision, is farthest re- moved from the eye and is the most essential portion of the instru- ment; to its many improvements (also further susceptibilities) are Fria, 448. Fic. 449. Ocular (HUYGHENIAN). Ocular?(Continental). ened ™. 7” (and will be) due the great advancements in vegetable and animal his- tology. It consists usually of a front plano-convex lens (convexity upward), together with one, two, or three others, which may vary in shape between plano-convex, concavo-convex, and bi-convex (accord- ing to manufacture), working in combination as a single magnifier, thus Fie. 450. Fie. 451. Fre. 452. Objective, 3-inch. Objective, j-inch. Oil-immersion objective, yo-inch. producing an enlarged inverted and reversed image—this simple image being that which the ocular receives, and in turn magnifies. Objec- tives may be either dry or immersion, according as they are used with- out or with a drop of liquid between the lens and the object; if the liquid used has same refractive power as the glass lens, then it is DESCRIPTION OF THE MICROSCOPE. 811 called homogeneous immersion. Objectives are known by whole numbers and fractions, thus : 4—3—2—14—1—#-inch = lower power ; }—1- inch = medium power; 4$—}— ,—4,—,1,—.);—y/,-inch = high power, all of which are but expressions for intrinsic focal distance; a l-inch objective, hence, has. the same magnifying power Fie. 453. as a simple lens with one-inch focus, etc. The strength is inversely as these figures— smaller the fraction the greater the magnifying power, also smaller the end lens the greater the power; whereas working-distance, field of view, and amount of light are all directly as these figures— becoming less as the fraction diminishes. Objectives of low 2 ee power, 2—1-inch, serve best rer for pharmacists, as these af- Objective nose-piece. ford good working distance, hence the inspection of most objects without risk of the lower lens. The following table shows approximate magnifying powers of ocu- lars and objectives taken conjointly under the indicated combinations. Objectives. Oculars. : - z > Bin. | 2in. |1gin.|1in.| Zin] n.] din. | pin. | din. | din. | Yyin.| trin.| yy in. A—2 inch, | 11 16 23 30 55 88 | 190 | 230 | 265 | 345 382 | 580 | 820 B-1% “ 16 22 33 41 74 | 120 | 260 | 315 | 340 | 460 525 | 810 | 1100 c1 * 21 30 44 53 96 | 155 | 355 | 410 | 450 | 590 701 | 1060 | 1420 D-y% “ 28 40 56 69 | 130 | 200 | 455 | 550 | 585 | 770 900 | 1400 | 1860 E-y% “ 35 54 70 85 | 165 | 265 | 560 | 710 | 750 | 980 | 1110 | 1760 | 2350 This compilation is based upon tube length being 160 Mm.—6,8, inches ; for instruments whose tube length is 216 Mm.—8} inches—an increase of about 25 p. c. must be added in each case. Several higher objectives are made—,,—,—,-inch, which mag- nify 2,000-5,000 diameters according to ocular used. These all con- tain, in addition to the 2-4 lenses for magnifying, a combination of lenses for correcting chromatic and spherical aberrations, the most of which is, however, compensated for by the opposite aberration of the ocular. Chromatic Aberration.—The lens proper is not only a magnifier, but also a prism ; owing to this latter fact a ray of light in passing through it is bent out of its course and resolved into its elementary colors, thus giving, unless rectified, colored marginal bands around the image of the objects examined. This chromatic defect is satisfactorily overcome 812 THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS USE IN MATERIA MEDICA. by a combination of lenses having opposite aberrations, namely, a con- vex crown lens and a concave flint lens, acting together as a single convex lens. _ Spherical Aberration.—The convex lens, being in the nature of a prism, refracts rays of light towards the axis of the lens, but as the angle of the lens is greatest at the edge and gradually diminishes towards the centre where the faces are parallel, the rays of light going through the edge of the lens are refracted more and come to a focus nearer the centre of the lens; hence there is a want of focus of the ~ yays, or spherical aberration. This defect interferes with the defining power; i. ¢., the definition of the image—the image of a flat object becoming curved and blurred — Fig. 454. around its edges, so that in ex- amining netted fabrics the central fibres are straight and distinct, the outer curved and indistinct. This spherical defect may be cor- rected by a diaphragm which cuts off border light by contracting the central aperture. 3. The Body (D).—This con- sists of the two long telescoping tubes, the outer—the sleeve ; the inner—the draw tube. To the upper end of this is attached the ocular, to the lower end the ob- jective. ae (came 4. The Stand (A, B, C, ete.). Screw substage. —This is all the remaining por- tion of the instrument, but its. various parts have received distinctive names, thus: A, Base or foot— variously shaped, triangular, horseshoe or circular, should be heavy so as to guarantee steadiness ; B, Pillar—portion above and below the | stage, often jointed ; C, Arm; E, Nose-piece—double, triple or quad- ruple, into which several objectives are screwed, so that by turning either can be brought into visual position ; K, Coarse adjustment ; L, Fine adjustment, both worked by a milled screw; M, Stage ; N, Spring clips ; O, Mirror—with concave and plane surfaces, the former being mostly used; Q,.Diaphragm; R, Substage; V, Abbé condenser—gives » more light to objective, being of special service when examining stained — specimens, which are recognized chiefly by color and not by outline. II. ReEquisirEs or a Goop MIcROscoPE. _ _ Almost any make of high grade instrument will give satisfaction that has the following qualities : 1. It should possess firmness and solidity through its base, pillar, arm, etc. REQUISITES OF A GOOD MICROSCOPE. 813 2. It should have a good-sized stage, preferably square, thick, firm, of glass, metal or vulcanite. 3. It should have coarse and fine adjustments, worked by rack and pinion; both must move evenly, smoothly, promptly, without wobbling. 4, It must possess working distance, thus the higher objective when in focus should leave sufficient space above the stage for the introduc- tion of slides, etc., without danger of contact. The longer the work- ing distance, the less will the distinctness of the image Fra, 455. formed be affected by any given alteration in its focal adjustment. Lenses with greatest working distance have most focal depth. 5. A nose-piece is essential in order to economize time and ___ Abbé condenser. facilitate work. This may be either double, triple or quadruple, and is an appliance fitting the tube’s extremity for carrying two, three or four objectives, of varying power, any one of which may be quickly brought into direct position by turn- ing the arm on a pivot. 6. The penetrating power (focal depth or range of focus) should be considerable. This quality, though not necessary for very thin sec- tions, enables one to see the parts of an object not exactly in focus with sufficient distinctness to allow their relations with what lies ex- actly in that plane to be clearly traced out. Thus one lens may only for an instant give a sharp focus at Fre. 456. a limited distance from the object, while another lens may give a good image at a considerable distance above and below the best focal point ; the former prevents us from ascertaining the relation of the higher layers of an object to the lower unless we continually follow the focus with the fine adjustment; the latter lens, having greater pene- Iris diaphragm. tration, brings a thicker portion of the object into view at the same time—the greater the penetrating power the better the microscope. 7, Flatness of the field varies with the magnifying power and angle of aperture of the lens. Here all parts of the field are in focus at the same time, so that the image is distinct over the whole field at once without any marginal color. This should be tested under an eye- piece giving a large aperture. 8. The distinctness of the image (defining power) must be good ; this depends upon the complete correction of chromatic and spherical 814. THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS USE IN MATERIA MEDICA. aberrations and upon the accurate centering of the lenses, otherwise the outer borders will be blurred. 9. Reolving power, by which very minute and closely approxima- ted markings, lines, strie, dots, and apertures can be separately dis- cerned ; the maximum capacity thus far attained being the separation of 118,000 lines per linear inch. These last three qualities are very essential. III. Drrecrions ror Using THE MIcROscoPE. 1. For working select a northern window ; this insures the greatest amount of reflected light possible from white clouds. Never use direct sunlight, and if possible avoid artificial light. If southern exposure is alone available, have window-blind, and that well drawn. 2. The instrument should be placed between the operator and the window, and, all working parts being in order, the mirror and lens to- be used should be wiped with soft chamois leather. 3. The body of the microscope should be about vertical so as not to interfere with mounting in fluid media; the mirror should be adjusted to reflect light through the instrument, using plane side for parallel rays and concave for divergent rays. 4, Having inserted objectives into the nose-piece, place object for examination in the centre of the slide under cover-glass, and this as near the middle of stage as possible ; adjust light by mirror and dia- phragm, and focus with coarse adjustment. 5. Make all first examinations with low power and large diaphragm. aperture, at least the one yielding distinct vision; then follow with higher powers and smaller apertures. The power should always be increased at the objective first, observing the following combination : Ocular. : Objective. QANED cs sscsidsanpweves wendsaegiienaade 3 inch = low power. Dh se sakeea eagehid ty Mareseiaseeness 4 ‘* = medium power, Dg: Oe eatpcaSossaercasioupaeaneaivans 4 ‘‘ = high power, 6. Hold and adjust slides with thumb and forefinger of left hand, manipulate coarse and fine adjustments with right hand. 7. To focus, turn the objective down toward slide by means of coarse adjustment, short of contact ; then with eye over the ocular focus back- ward until object is in view; from this point the exact focus can be made by one turn of the fine adjustment. With high powers focus in the same way, never allowing lower end lens of objective to have con- tact with cover-glass or any liquid, as such carelessness usually results in injury to object and objective. When properly focused, work fine adjustment slightly forward and backward during observations to get a series of optical sections of the object, also move slide on stage to bring in view different parts. 8. Never lift slides from stage, but gently slide them off without upward movement. Previous to doing this the tube should be raised out of focus, especially with high powers. 9. Accustom yourself to use both eyes indifferently, and when one ACCESSORY APPARATUS AND REAGENTS. 815 is in use keep the other open—never closed ; this can soon be acquired with a little practice. 10, In examining powdered specimens a very small amount is placed upon a slide centrally, a drop of water or glycerin added with a pipette ; now put over this with forceps (slantingly to avoid air-bubbles) a cover-glass, using slight pressure on it after it is in proper position, and absorb superfluous fluid with camel’s-hair pencil or blotting-paper. 11. If specimen be tissues of which cross-sections must be taken, use for this purpose a razor or microtome (the latter only in experi- enced hands). The razor should have lower surface flat, upper slightly hollow-ground, must be sharp, opened in straight line with handle, and sections made by pulling from heel to toe, using in the sliding cut considerable edge length. Both razor and object should be wet while cutting, to prevent adhesion and admission of air ; if material is -fresh, use for it water or diluted alcohol; if material has been hard- ened, employ same strength alcohol as used in that process. 12. Hold objects between forefinger and thumb, allowing the razor to rest upon the former, when the sliding-cut can be made. Sections must be cut as thin as possible so as to include but one Jayer of cells, which can only be acquired after considerable practice. Remove these- with a camel’s-hair pencil to a watch-glass containing water, and as desired arrange a section on slide under cover-glass with a drop of water, when it is ready for examination and the introduction of vari- ous reagents. If object be too small for such handling, it should be imbedded in some relatively hard substance—dried elder pith, cork, paraffin, etc., and then cross-sections taken as before, but through the . combined mass. IV. Accessory APPARATUS AND REAGENTS. 1. A pair of fine-pointed forceps for handling cover- and: watch- glasses, small objects, etc. 2. A pair of fine scissors, shary-pointed and bent, for dividing tis- sues, etc. cn . Dissecting-forceps. 3. A pair of dissecting-needles for teasing tissues apart, etc. 4. A good razor, under side flat, upper slightly concave, edge straight, also strop and hone. 816 THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS USE IN MATERIA MEDICA. 5. A supply of glass slides 3x 1 inch, with ground edges, also cover- glasses, square or circular, }~ inch, section lifters, etc. ' 6. Watch-glasses (flat bottom) in which sections are to be bleached, stained, etc. Fic. 458. Dissecting-scissors. 7. Graduated ruler for drawing and estimating magnifying power. 8. Camera lucida for drawing, the Abbé being the best. 9. Spirit lamp, racks for holding slides and reagent bottles. 10. Pipettes, glass rods, camel’s-hair pencils, blotting paper, cha- . mois. 11. Micrometer adapted either to the eye-piece or stage, or to both. 12. Turn-table with self-centering device, for mounting and finish- ing slides. Fic. 459. Dissecting-needles. 13. Caustic potash—2-5-10 p. c. solutions, used to dissolve pro- teids, starch, to swell cell-walls, etc. 14. Acetic acid (glacial), 1-2 p. c. solutions, for defining nucleus, clearing cell-contents, in staining, and to distinguish calcium oxalate from calcium carbonate—the latter dissolving with effervescence. . 15. Sulphuric acid, 92 p. c.—dissolves starch and cellulose, con- verting them into dextrin and amyloid respectively ; diluted acid (10 ACCESSORY APPARATUS AND REAGENTS. 817 ' p. ¢.)—serves to identify crystals in cells. Thus calcium oxalate, car- bonate, phosphate, and malate are all converted into needles of calcium sulphate, while sphere crystals of inulin, resembling calcium phosphate, are completely dissolved. 16. Hydrochloric acid—as a clearing agent, with phenol, thymol, aniline chloride, etc.; also to distinguish calcium oxalate from carbo- nate (dissolves latter with effervescence, the former slowly without Fic. 460. Fic. 461. Camera lucida (brass mounted). Ocular micrometer. effervescence) ; also to modify overstained sections from hematoxylin, carmine, and aniline solutions. 17. Nitric acid, 68 p.c.—causes protoplasm to shrink from cell-wall, and when ammonia is afterward added we have the middle lamella stained yellow ; a 30 p.c. solution swells and finally dissolves amyloid. 18. Chromic acid (strong solution)—separates cells of thick-walled tissue, dissolving easily the middle lamella, finally the entire cell; a 3-1 p. cc. solution fixes cell-contents of tissues by soaking in it twenty-four Fic. 462. _ hours, then wash and stain. = 19. Compound iodine solution (tinc- ture iodine + potassium iodide) stains starch blue, proteids yellowish brown, lignified cell-walls deep-brown, kills pro- toplasm without dissolving it, is a fix- ing agent, and with H,SO, becomes a test for cellulose. 20. Chlor-zine-iodine (Schulze’s solu- tion) — colors cellulose blue, lignifiéd and cutinized tissues brown, starch is Sectional view of ocular micrometer. turned blue, swells and dissolves ; swells cell-walls and stains protoplasmic threads brown, therefore is used in studying continuity of protoplasm from cell to cell. 21. Aniline chloride, colorless, 5 p. c. alcoholic solution, or satu- rated aqueous solution + enough HCl to acidify—stains lignified tis- sues deep-yellow, but does not affect cellulose and cutinized tissues. 22. Fehling’s solution—with grape sugar a red color is obtained. If cane sugar be present, a bluish or greenish color appears. 52 : an 818 THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS USE IN MATERIA MEDICA. 93. Ammonio-ferric-alum—with tissues containing tannin gives bluish-black or greenish-black precipitate. 94. Silver nitrate, 2-3 p. ¢. solution—develops the laminz in starch grains and in thick-walled cells. Fie. 463. Section lifters. 25. Diphenylamine solution—turns tissues blue that contain nitrates. 26. Sulphuric ether—dissolves out oils, resins, fats, etc. 27. Alcohol—preserves tissue, dissolves chlorophyll, coloring-agents, — resins, oils ; also bleaches. Fie. 464. Turn-table. 28. Carbolic acid—useful clearing agent, can mount directly from this solution. 29. Glycerin—for clearing sections, preserving tissues for temporary or permanent mounting. 30. Canada balsam—for permanent mounting. ADVANCED MICROSCOPIC METHODS AND APPLIANCES. 819: - V..SomE ADVANCED Microscopic Mreruops AND APPLIANCES. 1. Estimation of magnifying power.—While the table given on page 811 is of interest and service, yet, owing to slight variations therefrom of almost every microscope, each operator always prefers to test his own by one or all of the following methods : (a) By taking absolute measurements. Ten inches is generally rec- ognized as the normal length of distinct vision with the naked eye. Now suppose the distance from an object in. focus to the upper end of ocular is ten inches, and that the two-inch ocular and one-inch objec- tive. are in service, we will then have the ocular focusing at two inches what the eye does in ten, or it magnifies five diameters—10 + 2= 5; also the objective focusing at one inch what the eye does in ten, or it magnifies ten diameters—10 + 1 = 10, consequently these two combined—5 x 10 =50, which is the total magnification of the instrument as-arranged. If we use one-inch ocular and + objective, we have 10 + 1=10 = magnification of ocular alone; 10+4=50= magnification of objective alone ; hence the two combined—10 x 50 = 500 diameters = combined magnification. (b) By a stage micrometer and a two-inch boxwood rule. -This mi- crometer is but a glass slide having 1,000 ruled lines to the inch. When this is focused and the rule placed in front of and parallel with it on the stage, we can compare the two simultaneously by looking at the micrometer through the microscope with one eye and at the ruler with the naked eye. If the micrometer spaces-now appear half an inch apart, the magnifying power is 500 diameters; if one inch apart, then 1,000. diameters. ‘(c) By stage micrometer and camera lucida. This gives greater accuracy and is accomplished by focusing stage micrometer and placing a camera lucida on the eye-piece. To one side in same plane as stage place a sheet of white paper at right angles to the object viewed, and upon this will be projected the image of the lines, which then can easily be drawn and the distance between any two measured. Suppose they are t inch apart ; now those on micrometer are z;/55 inch apart, hence magnifying power is 200 diameters—} + 7,45 = 19,02 = 200. Instead. of the camera lucida an eye-piece micrometer in conjunction with the stage micrometer can also be used with equal if not better results. Hes a 2. Hardening.—If tissues to be examined are not sufficiently firm to allow satisfactory cutting—as tender parenchyma of non-vascular plants, they should be hardened by soaking several hours in diluted alcohol, then in pure alcohol. The employment of several alcohols varying in strength prevents tissue-contraction by osmotic action. Alcohol here dissolves resins, volatile oils, chlorophyll, thus acting as a bleaching agent. It coagulates and kills protoplasm without im- pairing its structure, also renders it more opaque when it can be readily stained with the various fluids ; it also dehydrates tissues previous to being mounted in Canada balsam. 820 THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS USE IN MATERIA MEDICA. 3. Softening—All dry and hard substances must be softened before sections can be properly made. In the case of roots, rhizomes, tubers, corms, fruits, seeds, etc., they are first soaked in alcohol half an hour to expel air, then in water several hours or until saturated (hard tissues, shells, etc., may require several days) ; if now too soft for cutting, lay in alcohol twenty-four hours ; if again too hard or brittle, place in a mixture of equal parts of alcohol and glycerin for twenty-four hours. In such roots as gentian, etc., that are much shrunken, we should use for water in second stage a 1-2 p. c. aqueous solution of caustic potash or ammonia; this alkali, however, must always be washed out with water before hardening. Specimens thus prepared can be kept always in readiness by letting them remain immersed in a mixture of equal quantity of alcohol and glycerin. 4, Clearing.—It is often necessary to clarify sections by having ab- . sorbed from them such substances as would prevent transparency— starch, resins, oils, ete. To accomplish this sections must be boiled in water and put into diluted Labarraque’s solution for 15 minutes, or placed for a short while into a mixture of 4 parts oil of turpentine + 1 of creosote, or into pure oil of cloves, then mounted in Canada bal- sam. When sections have been stained must first soak them in alcohol for a few minutes and then in the clearing-mixture. © 5. Staining Fluids—These make prominent and differentiate’ thin _cell-walls, inconspicuous and uniform tissues, etc., thus making their differences in appearance very perceptible. (a) Hematoxylin. Prepared by mixing 2 parts saturated alcoholic solution hematoxylin with 75 parts saturated aqueous solution ammo- nia alum ; let stand a week in sunlight, filter, and to every 7 parts add 1 part each glycerin and methyl alcohol, allow sediment to deposit by standing, filter. Used to stain lignified and cellulose walls—not cutinized ones ; is also a good nuclear stain. Sections must soak sev- eral hours—those from alcohol should first be washed and all acids avoided. (6) Fuchsin. A solution of fuchsin in water, used to stain lignified cell-walls, as these hold color better than non-lignified ones. When sections with fuchsin staining are washed with a mixture of saturated solution of picric acid 1 part + water 2 parts, the fuchsin is removed from unlignified cell-walls while lignified ones remain beautifully stained. These may now be dehydrated and mounted, or double- stained with aniline blue, then dehydrated and mounted. (c) Methyl-green. An aqueous solution of methyl-green sufficiently strong to give deep-green color. It stains protoplasm, nucleus, also lig- nified and cutinized tissues better than it does cellulose. Tissues absorb color quicker if previously washed in weak acidified (H.NO,) water. (d) Iodine-green. Made by dissolving iodine-green in water until we get a deep-green solution. This stains lignified and cutinized tis- sues green, also proteids, amyloplasts attached to young starch grains ; acts on cellulose tissues slightly. Often used with carmine, eosin, or fuchsin for double staining. THE MICROSCOPE IN THE DRUG-STORE. 821 6. Mownting.—When for only temporary or immediate use water or glycerin, or a mixture of the two, is employed. If it is to be perma- nent, then Canada balsam is the best medium. This is accomplished . thus: The sections, if stained in aqueous solution, must first be dehy- drated by placing for a few-minutes in 70 p. c. alcohol, then in 90 p- ¢., and finally in 98 p. c.; now put for a short while in clearing medium—oil of cloves, or oil of turpentine—place a section on centre of slide, add to it a drop of balsam, apply cover-glass slantingly to avoid air-bubbles, slightly tapping same to a fixed position. If just sufficient balsam is used, we have simply to let it dry several days, then ring with a circle of colored cement around marginal contact of cover- glass with slide. VI. THE MicroscorPE IN THE DRUG-STORE. While it is true that many official drugs come to us with adultera- tions and sophistications, yet in order to identify such with the micro- scope one must be perfectly familiar with the true appearance of the pure drug. He must, in order to be certain of reliable results, examine, at least, a dozen samples taken from various portions of the substance in question. In examining cross-sections of drugs in their original . entire form we must know the arrangement as well as character of all the composing tissues, by which alone identification and recognition can be assured. In examining powders we have the most difficulty, as quite all the original characteristics are much changed or destroyed by comminution. Here, however, a sample of the crude article as pow- dered by one’s self is to be compared with that specimen under con- sideration. Should the direct observance of a powder through the various objectives give little satisfaction, then micro-chemical reagents — can, in regular sequence, be added with, as a rule, good results. With the simple examination of the microscope we can readily recognize the border pits, so characteristic of gymnospermous plants (savine, etc.), when mixed with angiospermous powders. Again a powder may con- tain, as a natural constituent, the very thing with which it is mostly adulterated (starch in black pepper, ete.); in all such cases the ab- normal quantity present will show conclusively any fraudulent addi- tion ; again, resins, oil globules, crystals, starch, etc., may be observed as present and yet not a true constituent ; such would excite suspicion and lead to further application of specific tests; again, the kind of delicate hairs as characteristic of certain plants can often be recognized whole or in part—unicellular or multicellular ; the thickness and ap- pearance of varying cell-walls ; the individual variety of tissue, etc., will also often aid in the identification. The elementary components and contents of plant tissues to be looked for are fragments of ducts, bast-cells, characteristic epidermal and stone-cells, cork, plant hairs, glands, calcium oxalate crystals, starch, etc. The adulterations that are known to likely occur in respective drugs should be studied sepa- rately themselves, so that when encountered where not belonging they 822 THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS USE IN MATERIA MEDICA. can be easily identified. Such adulterants may consist of mineral matter, as calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate, iron carbonate, iron oxide, clay, brick, sand, sawdust, starch, flour, resin, wood, bark, seeds, -beans, peas, leather, cocoanut shells, exhausted and injured drugs, ete. . The following samples are but a few of the very many which any druggist can experiment with to his satisfaction and advantage. I. Roots. 1. Senega from False Senega.—Soak suspected root in water until soft (ten hours), make thin cross-sections ; true has irregu- lar, porous, yellowish wood; false has cylindrical, porous, whitish wood. The irregularity of the structure of the cortex of senega (true) is well brought out by staining with hematoxylin. solution. See pages 346-348. 2. Taraxacum from Chicory.—Make thin. cross-sections as before ; taraxacum shows in the bark laticiferous ducts in many brown circles ; chicory has these vessels arranged radially. ‘The location of the latici- ferous ducts is readily revealed by staining with hematoxylin, as they assume a darker color than the other cells on account of the dense coagulated contents of the duct. Both have deposits of inulin (which is closely related to starch) in the soft cells, which stains yellow with iodine. See pages.555—557. = 8 3. Calumba from: Bryonia.—The former shows thick bark, small wood-bundles bright-yellow, distant near the centre, in narrow rays near the bark, medullary rays broad, parenchyma filled with ‘starch ; bryonia' has thin bark, cork thin, friable, wood-bundles small, nu- merous, in rays and concentric circles, surrounded by thin-walled ‘parenchyma. See pages 209, 551. Rs ‘4, Belladonna from Inula.—The former has thickish bark, no bast- fibres, wood-bundles central, small, distinct, surrounded in the thicker roots by broader wood-wedges, and equally wide medullary rays; inula has a broad bark of ‘small cells, radially arranged, with a distinct light circle of cambium between the bark and the wood area, which latter is made up of a large proportion of soft cells radially arranged and many large wood-vessels in rows. Both in the bark and the wood area there are many large openings of resin-ducts. Inula contains inulin deposited as spheres in the cells, while belladonna has much starch over the whole section. See pages 564-594. 5. Ipecac from Spurious Ipecacs.—Ipecac has quite a regular bark of isodiametric cells containing starch; some of the cells contain oxalate raphides (needles), particularly in inner bark. The wood is radiate, with medullary rays hardly distinguishable from the wood- -cells in shape, but containing starch grains. False roots have thick bark, no starch. See pages 520-525. 6. Pareira from False Pareiras.—The former has thin bark, wood in several concentric circles, waxy cut, wood-wedges porous, uniform, numerous, separated by wavy circles of waxy parenchyma-tissue re- sembling medullary rays, stem with central pith. False roots have hard wood in eccentric circles, fresh cut not waxy. See pages 207, 208. THE MICROSCOPE IN THE DRUG-STORE. 823 II. Rhizomes. 1. Veratrum Viride from Cypripedium.—The former has one-seventh diameter in cortex consisting of parenchyma having starch, sometimes calcium oxalate, few wood-bundles, one-eighth inch from outside has brownish wavy nucleus-sheath, centre with many wood-bundles ; cypripedium has thick cortex, indistinct nucleus-sheath, wood-bundles approximate, more distinct centrally, parenchyma has starch. See pages 92, 129. 2. Arnica from Strawberry.—The former has thick bark, thin cork, circle-of resin-cells, wood-wedges in a close circle enclosing large pith ; strawberry rhizome has no resin-cells, but starch. See pages 578, 579. 3. Serpentaria from Spigelia.—The former has thin bark containing some oil-cells, wood-wedges longest on under side, separated by broad medullary rays, pith large-celled ; spigelia has thin bark, divided into two distinct layers, an inper third and outer two-thirds ; wood circle ‘thickest on under side, radiate, continuous except usually at one end where wood is missing,-medullary rays hardly visible. Pith oval and sometimes decayed ; resin spots in wood, especially around pith. See pages 166, 446. ie. Nt Ue as 4, Hydrastis from Caulophyllum.—The former has thick bark, broad wood-wedges, not fixed in number (often 10), decidedly yellow; me- dullary rays broad, yellow, pith large, both, like the bark, contain starch ; caulophyllum has thin bark, wood-wedges not as long as in hydrastis, medullary rays broad, pith large, parenchyma contains starch. See pages 185, 199. 5. Helleborus Niger from Helleborus Viridis.—The former has bark thick, circle of 8 wood-wedges, broad medullary rays, pith large ; helle- borus viridis has circle of 4 wood-wedges, broad medullary rays.’ See page 189. III. Woods. 1. Guaiacum from Santalum Album.—The former consists mostly of: wavy interwoven wood-fibres, numerous one-rowed medullary rays, large single ducts and narrow lines of wood, parenchyma in 1-2 rows of irregular and interrupted circles—all cells contain resin; santalum album has ducts single, moderate size, wood-paren- chyma narrow, contains volatile oil or calcium oxalate, medullary rays narrow, in 1-2 rows. See pages 164, 322. - ' 2. Santalum Rubrum from Hematoxylon.—TFhe former has large ducts, one-rowed medullary rays, wood-parenchyma four-rowed in interrupted, irregular circles, cells with red resinous coloring matter, parenchyma with calcium oxalate crystals ; hematoxylon has large ducts, often in groups of two, medullary rays two-rowed, wood-parenchyma in broad, wavy, circular lines, coloring matter in wood-fibres and ducts. See pages 282, 298. : IV. Barks. 1. Cinchona Calisaya from Cinchona Succirubra.—The former has very few, if any stone- (resin-) cells, old bark with prominent secondary cork, medullary rays narrow, bast-fibres single, sometimes n groups of two, rarely more, medium sized ; cinchona succirubra has 824 THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS USE IN MATERIA MEDICA. no stone-cells, medullary rays narrow, bast-fibres medium, in lines two to five, seldom eight. See pages 527, 528. 2. Quillaja from Ulmus.—The former has crystals of calcium oxa- late on the cross-section or on the broken splintery fracture, also starch grains; slippery elm has fracture fibrous mealy, very little starch, but no calcium oxalate. See pages 156, 554. V. Fruits. 1. Anise from Conium.—The former has flat face, 5 light-brown filiform ridges, also 15 or more thin oil-tubes ; conium has 5 erenate ribs but no oil-tubes. See pages 413, 418. 2. Fennel from Caraway.—The former has 5 obtuse, conspicuous ribs, 4 oil-tubes on back, 2-4 on flat face ; caraway has 5 filiform ribs, 6 oil-tubes. See pages 410, 416. VI. Seeds. Stramonium from Black Mustard and Colchicum.—The former has albumin whitish, oily, enclosing cylindrical embryo, curved parallel with edge of seed; mustard has oily embryo, radicle curved, two cotyledons, one folded over the other ; colchicum has albumin oily, horny, tough, enclosing small embryo opposite hilum, monocotyledon- ous. See pages 238, 502. VII. Powders. 1. Starches.—Kach starch has a characteristic sized and shaped granule dependent upon its source. As these, therefore, all differ, we only have to take several } gr. (.016 Gm.) samples of a specimen and add to each a drop of water ona slide under a cover-glass —with 4-inch objective we can readily recognize the predominating starch and identify all possible starchy adulterations ; corn-starch (offi- cial, pages 80, 81) is mostly in pentagons and hexagons ; rice-starch (page 81), similar, but only one-fifth size ; wheat-starch (page 81), len- ticular layer indistinct, hilum central, third larger than corn-starch ; also notice starches of maranta (pages 81, 124), canna (page 125), cur- cuma (pages 81, 129), sago (pages 82, 88), ginger (page 127), cassava (pages 82, 357). All starches turn blue with iodine and swell with potash solution or diluted sulphuric acid. / 2. Ginger from Corn and Wheat Starch.—The former contains nor- mally about 20 p.c. of its own peculiar starch, whose granules are flat, and broadly ovate, but when seen edgewise, look long and narrow, with small hilum near narrow end, marked by many transverse lines. Resemble, but are smaller than granules of E. India arrowroot ; corn-_ and wheat-starch added increases the amount beyond 20 p. c., and can be recognized by their characteristic shapes. See pages 81, 127. 3. Cloves from Powdered Shells and Starch.—The former is very sim- ple, consisting of fragments of parenchyma-cells, having thin walls and a slight yellow color ; a few long, stout, colorless bast-fibres and some small spiral vessels; no starch; shells consist of thick-walled stone- cells, lignified, with pore canals, etc. See pages 81, 399. 4. Taraxacum from Chicory.—The former consists of clear white fragments of parenchyma-cells, with occasional large vessels approach- THE MICROSCOPE IN THE DRUG-STORE. 825 ing the scalariform in type; chicory is similar to taraxacum, except that the vessels are slightly smaller and more reticulate. Some latex tubes may also be seen. See pages 555, 557. 5. Digitalis from Senna.—The former has numerous multicellular hairs, which, having constrictions, appear to be formed of a number of elongated cells ; senna, on the contrary, has many unicellular hairs having thick and rough cell-walls. See pages 276, 277, 512. 6. Stramoniwm from Tobacco.—The former has multicellular hairs somewhat resembling digitalis, while tobacco also has multicellular hairs, some having glands at their free extremities. See pages 502, 505. 7. Kamala from Lupulin—The former consists of stellately ar- ranged colorless hairs mixed with depressed globular glands, contain- ing 40-60 club-shaped vesicles ; lupulin consists of minute granules, subglobular or hood-shaped, reticulate, lower half obtusely conical. See pages 160, 359. 8. Lycopodium from Pine-pollen.—The former consists of granules that are tetrahedral, reticulated, rounded on one side and on the edge, with short projections ; pine-pollen consists of an elliptic cell, at both ends of which is attached a globular cell. See pages 64, 65. APPENDIX. POISONS—TRHATMENT AND ANTIDOTES. Poisoning may be of two kinds: 1, Chronic, where small doses are repeated at more or less short intervals, thereby slowly establishing characteristic symptoms (arsenic, bromides, iodides, lead, etc.). A few drugs have been termed “ criminal poisons” because when thus given, they produce effects partly imitative of ‘certain diseases, hence preclude ready conviction of the guilty (arsenic, colchicum, tartar emetic, etc.). 2. Acute, where a single excessive dose is taken, which quickly pro- duces alarming conditions, and it is this form of the anes that must be understood as here considered.. Some. poisons produce specific symptoms, others have a more com- plex action, and consequently require a general treatment for antago- nization ; a few, being absorbed quickly, show almost immediate effect (hydrocyanic acid, ‘strychnine, nicotine, reptile-venom, gases, etc.), while most give evidence of gradual ingestion for at least 15-30 min- utes. All demand prompt medication and imply doubtful recovery, therefore in order to use all possible haste, both physicians and phar-— macists should consider it imperative to not only have in mind the antidotes and specific treatments, but at ready command the many combating remedies. These are called antidotes, and may be (1) mechanical, which simply protect the stomach walls from the poison (starch, flour, demulcents, oil, etc.), (2) chemical, which by combina- tion, form less soluble. and, active compounds in the stomach (tannin, sodium and magnesium sulphates, lime water, magnesia, etc.), (3) physiological, which antagonizes the action of the drug after it gets into circulation (atropine—morphine, aconite—digitalis, etc.). RATIONALE OF TREATMENT. Excessive quantities of poisons frequently from the first vomit and purge freely per se, thereby largely. correcting their own evil effects, but when neither of these conditions takes place, vomiting must at once be induced by either zinc sulphate, mustard, pump, apomorphine, ete. ; next administer the proper chemical antidote (if one exists), or physio- logical antagonists _(incompatibles) awaiting thereafter 15 minutes ; now produce emesis, and wash out stomach with warm, or warm- medicated water, finally treat functional and organic symptoms (res- piration, circulation, temperature) that may necessarily arise. In de- 828 - APPENDIX. pressing poisons, as well as corrosive substances, emetics must be used cautiously, lest by wrenching we occasion greater exhaustion and possibly a rupture of the impaired stomach-wall; here the pump or syphon-tube is to be preferred. The bladder must be frequently emptied, if necessary by catheter, and in many cases a quick acting cathartic is of considerable advantage. Diffusible (cardiac) stimulants, artificial respiration, electricity, artificial heat, etc., are all at times of great service. While it is true that most poisons claim specific and different treat- ment, yet for simplicity sake a few groups can be formed, each con- taining drugs amenable to like antagonism, thus—alkalies and alkaline salts are combated with weak acids, albumin, demulcents ; acids and acid salts with weak alkaline solutions, albumin, demulcents, oil ; alkaloidal drugs with tannin, coffee, tea; depressants with stimulants and vice versa, ete. Usvuant AGENTS EMPLOYED IN PoIsON CASES. 1. Jeaunel’s General Antidote-—Either of the following formulas can be employed when the nature of the poison is doubtful, or for arsenic, digitalis, mercuric salts, opium, strychnine, and zine salts, but is of no value for antimony compounds, caustic alkalies, or phosphorus : BR. Liquor Ferri Tersulphatis, Bijss (75 Cc.) Magnesii Oxidum, 3ij (60 Gm.) Carbo Animalis, j (30 Gm. ) Aqua Fontana, 3xx (600 Cc.). M. Keep the last three ingredients always mixed, and add liquor when needed. Dose, 3ij-3 (60-90 Cc. ). RB. Magnesii Oxidum, 3ij (60 Gm.) Carbo Ligni, 3i) (60 Gm.) Ferri Oxidum Hydratum, 3ij (60 Gm. ) Aqua Fontana, 3xij (360 Ce. ). M. Dose, ad libitum. 2. Albumin, White of Egg.—Dissolve 4 egg-whites in a quart of warm water—for mineral acids, mineral salts (corrosive sublimate, etc.), corrosive alkalies, aniline, creosote, bromine, chlorine, iodine, etc. 3. Milk, Fatty Oils, Mucilaginous Substances.—Substitutes for al- bumin—for corrosive salts, corrosive acids and alkalies (especially ammonia), but the two former never for cantharides, carbolic acid, copper salts, or phosphorus, whose absorption they promote. 4. Castile Soap.—Dissolve in 4 volumes of water, as a substitute for albumin—for corrosive acids, metallic salts (corrosive sublimate, potassium dichromate, tin and zinc salts), corrosive vegetable sub- stances ; harmful in alkaline poisoning, hence not to be used. Dose, 5ij-12 (60-360 Cc.). 5. Lannie Acid, Coffee, Tea.—To precipitate the various alkaloids as insoluble tannates; Potassium Permanganate—for morphine, co- deine, etc.; Dialyzed Iron—for arsenic ; French (Old) Oil of Turpen- tine—as physiologic antidote for phosphorus; Ammonia Water, Aro- POISONS—TREATMENT AND ANTIDOTES. 829 matie Spirit of Ammonia, Brandy, Whiskey, Amyl Nitrite, Faradic Battery, ete.—for general stimulation. 6. Vinegar, Dilute Mineral Acids.—To neutralize alkalies and alka- line salts; Magnesium Oxide, Sodium Bicarbonate, Calcium Carbonate, Sodium and Magnesium Sulphates—for various acids and acid salts ; Charcoal, animal and vegetable—for arsenic, corrosive sublimate, ete.; Chioral Hydrate, Chloroform, Ether, Potassium Bromide—as nar- cotics or anesthetics in tetanic poisons. 7. Emetics : (1) Zine Sulphate, gr. 5-15 (.3-1 Gm.), repeated twice if necessary, at 15-minute intervals, or until emesis is produced ; (2) Mustard, 3j-4 (4-15 Gm.), stirred to a cream with water ; (3) Ipecac, | gr. 15 (1 Gm.), repeated if necessary in 15 minutes; Apomorphine Hydrochlorate, 2 p. c. solution, Miij-5 (.2-.3 Cc. hypodermically); Stomach Pump, or Rubber Tubing (5-8 feet of 4 inch); Tartar Emetic, gr. 4 (.03 Gm.) in sweetened water, for children. 8. Hypodermic Solutions: (1) Atropine Sulphate, 1 p. c, Mij—6 (.18-.4)—as physiologic antidote for aconite, benzene, gelsemium, morphine, muscarine, opium, physostigmine, pilocarpine, etc.; (2) Pilocarpine Nitrate, 5 p. c., Mx-15 (.6—-1 Cc.)—as physiologic anti- dote for atropine, daturine, duboisine, hyoscyamine, etc.; (3) Morphine Sulphate, 10 p. ¢., Mv—8 (.8-.5 Ce.)—for similar use as pilocarpine nitrate ; (4) Strychnine Sulphate or Nitrate, 2 p.c., Mij-3 (.13-.2 Cc.)—as physiologic antidote for most depressants : acetanilid, aconite, chloral hydrate, chloroform, conium, physostigma. All of these should ° be used in an aseptic hypodermic syringe. In cases of specific poisoning the following treatments are recom- mended : Acetanilid, Antifebrin, Ca mx 6 Ce. Veratrum Viride, Tincture of.......... mv 3 Cea mxij .8 Ce. Doses OF RARE AND UNOFFICIAL DRUGS, SOME NOT TREATED OF IN THIS WORK. | Abrastol, gr. 15-30 Acetal, 3j-2......ccccsseeeers Acet+ortho-toluide, gr. 2-5.. Acetyl-amido antipyrine, gr. 10-30. .6-2 oo Acid anticylic, gr. pig. cece .0006 Gm. Acid cabartigie gr. 3-6........ .2-.4 Gm. Acid cubebic,- gr. 5-10........... .38-.6 Gm. Acid fluoric dil., mx-20........ .6~-1.3 Ce. Acid hydriodic dil., 3j .....:.:e:.c.++ 4 Ce. Acid hydrocinnamic, gr. 1-2. .06-.13 Gm. Acid ortho-amido salicylic, gr. 2-5. -13-.3 Gm. Acid osmic, gr. gy.sscesesssceceoeee .001 Gm. Acid picric, gr. 1-5........+.... .06-.3 Gm. Acid pol ome en ons col ag Gm. Adonin (adonidin), gr. 5 Ce ar 8 Ges, Agaricin, gr. $-2.......seeeers -03-.13 Gm. Agathin, gr. 5-10..cccccccceeee .3-.6 Gm. Alantol, gr. $.. scccsscesseeeeseeceeees -01 Gm. Ammonium embelicum, gr. 2-6. : .13-.4 Gm. Ammonium picrate, gr. +-3. .016-.03 Gm. Ammonium salicylate, gr. 5-20. ee : .3-1.3 Gm. 13-.3 Gm. Acet-para-toluide, gr. 15-30....... 1-2 Gm. Ammonol,. gr. 5-20.......+.00+0 .8-1.3 Gm. Amyl valerianate, gr. 2-3...... .13-.2 Gm. Amylum iodatum, gr. 5-30 .3-2 Gm. Antikamnia, gr. 5-10... .. 3-6 Gm. Antinervin, gr. 5-8........... .3-.5 Gm. Antirheumatin, gr. 1-1}....... -06-.1 Gm. Antispasmin, gr. $-1}.......... .01-.1 Gm. Antitetraizin, gr. 8-4........04 .2-.26 Gm. Antithermin, gr. 3.......cccccseeeee .2 Gm. Antitoxin, Aj-2.....ccesccesseeseeoee 4-8 Ce. Apocodeine hydrochlorate, gr. 1-1}. .06-.09 Gm. Aralia hispida, gr. 20-40..... 1.3-2.6 Gm. Aralia racemosa, gr. 20-40... 1.6-2.6 Gm. Arbutin, gr. 3-5........... Nedeaae .2-.3 Gm. Arecoline, gr. gy-qg........ .003-.004 Gm. Asparagin, gr. $-1},.....0..se0 .03-.1 Gm. Aspidospermine, gr. 1-2...... .06-.13 Gm. Benzacetine, gr. 5-15. ... 3-I Gm, Benzosol, gr. 4-8.........s0s000. .26-.5 Gm. Berberine, gr. $-1.............. .03-.06 Gm. Betol, gr. 5-8......ceeccseeeeeneeeee .8-.5 Gm. Bismuth albuminate, gr. 8-15.. .5-1 Gm. Bismuth benzéate, gr. 5-10...... .8-.6 Gm. Bismuth cerium salicylate, gr. 15-30. 1-2 Gm. Bismuth naphtholate, gr. 15-30, 1-2 Gm. - Bismuth salicylate, gr. 5-30..... .8-2 Gm. 844 ' APPENDIX. Bismuth sulphite, gr. 5-16 ...... .8-1 Gm. | Hydrangea, gr. 30-60.............+. 2-4 Gm. Bismuth valerianate, gr. 1-3.. .06-.2 Gm. | Hydronaphthol, gr. 1-2...... .06-.13 Gm. Boldin, gr: 1 avcsscssnecszysexdeveviees .06 Gm. | Iodo-caffeine, gr. 5......... 8G Bromal hydrate, gr. 1-15 ...... .06-1 Gm. | Iridin (irisin), gr. 1-4. 06-2.6 Gm Bromalin, gr. 30-60. Iron benzoate, gr. 1-5... 06-.3 Gm. Bromamide, gr. 5-10... Iron dialyzed, mv-30....... 8-2 Ce. Buxine, gr. 15-30. .cccesesccsseees ; Boldoa fragrans, gr. 15-30. ...... 1-2 Gm. Cactus grandiflorus, gr. 5-15.... .3-1 Gm. Cesium bitartrate, gr. 2-5...... .13-.3 Gm. Caffeine chloral, gr. 3-5......... .2-.3 Gm. Caffeine tri-iodide, gr. 2-4... .13-.26 Gm. Calcium benzoate, gr. 10... .. .6 Gm. Calcium borate, gr. 3-6 ......... 2-.4 Gm. Calcium salicylate, gr. 8-24... . 5-1.5 Gm. Camphor salicylate, gr. 1-4.. .06-.26 Gm. Cannabinon, gr. 4-14........0. .03-.1 Gm. Carniferrin, gr. 3-5.........0004 .2-.3 Gm, Carpaine, gr. Py—t............ .006-.01 Gm. Cetrarin, gr. 1-3..........c0ceeeee .06-.2 Gm. Cerium nitrate, gr. 1-2........ .06-.13 Gm. Chionanthus virginica, 4ss-1.,... 2-4 Gm. Chinoline salicylate, gr. 5-15... .8-1 Gm. Chinoline tartrate, gr. 5-15..... .8-1 Gm. Chloral ammonium, gr. 15-30... 1-2 Gm. Chlorphenol, txv—30............+.+. 1-2 Ce. Cocaine borate, gr. 4-2...... .008-.13 Gm. Cocaine lactate, gr. $-2...... .008-.13 Gm. Cocaine nitrate, gr. 4-2...... -008-.13 Gm. Cocaine saccharate, gr. 4-2.. .008-.13 Gm. Codeine phosphate, gr. $-2... .03-.13 Gm. Convolvulin, gr. 1-2........... -06-.13 Gm. Cornutine, gr. z/y-}..... «+. .003-.01 Gm. Coronillin, gr. 1-2.............. .06-.13 Gm, Cystine, gr. gy-zy...- - .003-.005 Gm. Cytisine nitrate, gr. gy-7y.. .003-.005 Gm. Curare, gr. Zy—$.wseeeeeeeeeeee -006-.02 Gm. Curarine, gr. gy—gy.. . .001-.002 Gm. Corydalis, gr. 10-80..............; 6-2 Gm. Creosote carbonate, miij-l5...... .2-1 Ce. Damiana, gr. 30-120 2-8 Gm. Dioscorea, gr. 10-30... Dita bark, gr. 4-3...... Drosera, gr. 5-10..........6665 ace 8-8 Gin, Erythrophleine, gr. ,—7;.. .002-.004 Gm. Ethoxy caffeine, gr. 3..... Eucalypteol, gr. 10-20.......... Euphorbia pilulifera, gr. 30-60.. 2-4 Gm. Ferratin, gr. 8-8..........ccceeceee -2-.5 Gm. Ferropyrine, gr. 5-15...... .38-1 Gm. Fuchsine, gr. $-4..,......c:000 -03-.26 Gm. Gallo-bromol, gr. 15-120.......... 1-8 Gm. Gold bromide, #,-7....... .003-.006 Gm. Gold chloride, 34-75. ..... .003-.006 Gm, Gold monocyanide, aya -003-.016 Gm. Gold tricyanide, 5-4 ..... -003-.016 Gm. Gurjun balsam, 3ss-2..........00.004 2-8 Ce. Hemogallol, gr. 3-5. .2-.3 Gm, Hemol, gr. 1-8........ -06-.5 Gm, Hemoglobin, gr. 1-3. «+. .06-.2 Gm, Helenin; eres. .zesccieecagnsenveventes -01 Gm. Heliotropine, gr. 5-15............ .8-1 Gm. Homatropine, gr. 145-75. .0005-.001 Gm. Homatropine hydrobromate, gr. Ty0-e0- -0005-.001 Gm. Hydracetine, gr. $-1d. .03-.1 Gm. Iron magnetic oxide, gr. 5-10.. .3-. Gm. Iron malate, gr. 5-15... 8-1 Gm. Iron pomate, gr. 5-15..... «. 8-1 Gm. Kava-kava, gr. 10-30........-..... .6-2 Gm. Kairin, gr. 2-10............ «+ 13-6 Gm. Kosin, gr. 5-30... sseasveoses «O-2 Gn, Lactol, gr. 3-8...... 0.000065 « .2-.5 Gm. Lantanine, gr. 15-30...... «1-2 Gm. Lipanin, Qj-d.....eeeecceeeceseeeees 4-15 Ce. Lithium benzoate, gr. 5-15...... .8-1 Gm. Lithium formate, gr. 3...........066 .2Gm. Lithium salicylate, gr. 10-30.,.. .6-2 Gm. Lithium sulphoichthyolate, gr. 5-8. .8-.5 Gm. Lysidine, gr. 15-60............00668 1-4 Gm. Magnesium lactate, gr. 15-45.... 1-3 Gm. Magnesium phenolsulphonate, gr. 15-30. 1-2 Gm. Magnesium salicylate, gr. 15-30.. 1-2 Gm. Malakin, gr. 10-15........ -...06 -6-1 Gm. Malt extract, 4j-2...........cceceee Mercuric naphtolate, gr. 1.. Mercuric peptonate, gr. 4......... : Mercuric salicylate, gr. 4-4. EE 8 Ga. Mercuric thymol-acetate, gr. 7-3. i hone a 01.Gm. ercuric thymolate, gr. 7-4. ee oF Te S05-.01 Gm. Mercurous acetate, gr. 3-1,... .01-.06 Gm. Mercurous tannate, gr. 1-2... .06-.18 Gm. Mercury amido-propionate, gr. 7-3. -005-.01 Gm. Mercury carbolate, gr. $-4....016-.08 Gm. Mercury formamidate (1 p. c. sol.), mv- DD pasa naavcenaoareresseseveaxonaseveses 8-1 Ce. Mercury imido-succinate, gr. 7-1. -005-.01 Gm. Mercury sozo-iodolate, gr. 1........06 Gm. Methylene blue, gr. 2-8........ .18-.5 Gm. | Methoxy caffeine, gr. 2-4..... .18-.26 Gm. | Migranin, gr. 10-15............66. .6-1 Gm. Morphine benzoate, gr. 4-1. .01-.016 Gm. Morrhuol, gr. 1-5 «2.0... 0... .06-.3 Gm. Miyrtol oT vic seuaveranvaendrareceniens 3 Ce. Naphtol, gr. 5-15............ccceee .3-1 Gm. Narceine hydrochlorate, gr. 4-1. .01-.06 Gm. Narcotine, gr. 3-10. we 2-6 Gm, | Neurodine, gr. 10-20. . 6--1.3 Gm. Oleo-creosote, MV—-15.....suseseeee « 3-1 Ce Orexine, gr. 2-60... cece .13-.4 Gm Orthine, gr. 8-8.........ccceccene 2-5 Gm | Quabain, gr. golyg--eeeeeeeceeees 00006 Gm Oxy-sparteine, gr. 3—-1}..........03-.1 Gm. Papain, gr. 2-5....cceeeseeseee .13-.3 Gm. ~ Papayotin, gr. 2-5.......cccccce -13-.3 Gm. Paracresalol, gr. 3-30... Phenidin, gr. 5-15........ DOSES OF RARE DRUGS. Phenylester of anisic acid, gr. 8-15. : .5-1 Gm. Phloridzin, gr. 5-10.... wees 8-6 Gm. Phytolaccin, gr. 2-3........00. -13-.2 Gm. Piliganine hydrochlorate, gr. }-4. -01-.02 Gm. Potassium cobalto-nitrite, gr. 4.....03 Gm. Potassium osmate, gr. gz........ -001 Gm. Propylamine, gr. 30-60............ 2-4 Gm. Pyoktanin, gr. 1-5........... 0. .06-.3 Gm. * Pyrazol, gr. 15-30........-.ccceeees 1-2 Gm. Pyridine, M,j-3........c..ceeeeeeee .06-.2 Ce. Quinine arsenite, gr. 74-1... .005-.03 Gm. Quinine salicylate, gr. 1-8.... .06-.5 Gm. Quinine tannate, gr. 3-8......... .2-.5 Gm. Retinol, gr. L.....c.ccssssseeeeseeeene .06 Gm. ’ Rubidium ammonium bromide, gr. 15-20. 1-1.3 Gm. Rubidium iodide, gr. 1-2.... .06-.13 Gm. Salicylamide, gr. 2-5........... .13-.3 Gm. Santoninoxime, gr. 1-2....:.. .06-.13 Gm. Scillain, gr. $-2........cceeeee -01-.05 Gm. 845 Scillipicrin, gr. go... eee .001 Gm. Sodium anisate, gr. 10-16........ .6-1 Gm. Sodium di-thio-salicylate, gr. 3... .2 Gm. Sodium para-cresotate, gr. 30-90 2-6 Gm. Sodium sulfo-caffeate, gr. 15........ 1 Gm. Solanine, gr. $-1.........-.4.45 .01-.06 Gm, ‘Somatose, qe Nigeacusdananeant . 2-30 Gm. Sulphaminol, gr. 2-4.......... .18-.26 Gm. ‘Tartar-lithine, gr. 5-10.......... .8-.6 Gm. Tartar-lithine and sulphur, gr. 5-10. ~ : .38-.6 Gm, Terpinol, gr. 5-15.......s.ccesseeee .8-1 Gm. ‘Thalline tartrate, gr. 2-8...... .13-.5 Gm. ‘Thermifugin, gr. 1-4.......... .06-.26 Gm. ‘Thermodin, gr. 5-16.............5 .3-1 Gm, ‘Thiol, gr. 2-10... ceseseseeees .13-.6 Gm. ‘Thymacetin, gr. 3-10.. . 2-6 Gm. Tolypyrine, gr. 8-30 ...5-2 Gm. Tolysal, gr. 15-30. .. 1-2 Gm. Tussol, gr. 2-8 .......cseeseee sees .13-.5 Gm. Uropherin, gr. 10-15 ............6 .6-1 Gm. Vieirin, gr. 1-8..... sc ceeeeees .06-.2 Gm. TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF DROPS IN A FLUIDRACHM OF VARIOUS LIQUIDS, WITH THE WEIGHT OF ONE FLUIDRACHM OF EACH IN GRAINS AND IN GRAMMES. iieape Weight of f5j in [3]. (60 mi) in grain. | !in gram. Acetum opii ‘ 90 61 3.95 Acetum sanguinarie . 78 55} 8.59 Acetum seille 68 57 3.69 Acidum aceticum : 108 58 3.75 Acidum aceticum dilutum ‘ 68 | 55 3.56 Acidum carbolicum . ; : 111 59 3.82 Acidum hydrochloricum . ; ‘ 70 65 4.21 Acidum hydrochloricum dilutum 60 56 8,62 Acidum hydrécyanicum dilutum 45 54 8.49 Acidum-lacticum j 111 66 |. 4.27 ‘Acidum nitricum - 102 77 4.98 Acidum nitricum dilutum . 60 58 3.62 Acidum nitrohydrochloricum 76 66 4.27 Acidum phosphoricum dilutum . 59 57 3.69 Acidum sulphuricum 4 : 128 101 6.54 Acidum sulphuricum aromaticum 146 53 3.48 Acidum sulphuricum dilutum 60 584 3.79 Acidum sulphurosum 59 55 3.56 | #ther fortior : 176 39 2.52 Alcohol . : ‘ 146 44 2.85 Alcohol dilutum 137 49 3.17 Aqua : : i 60 55 3.56 Aqua ammonie fortior 66 50 8.24 Balsamum peruvianum 101 60 3.88 Bromum . : ‘ 250 165 10.69 Chloroformum purificatum 250 80 5.18 Copaiba ‘ . 110 51 38.30 Creosote 122 564 | 38.66 846 APPENDIX. ar Weight of fsj in £3}. (o0m:) in grain. | in gram, Extractiim belladonne fluidum 156 57 | 3.69 Extractum buchu fluidum -« 150 474 3.07 Extractum cinchone fluidum 138 58 8.75 Extractum colchici radicis fluidum 160 «67 8.69 Extractum colchici seminis fluidum . 158 55 3.56 Extractum conii fructus fluidum 137 61 8.93 Extractum digitalis fluidum 184 62 4.01 Extractum ergote fluidum 138 60 3.88 Extractum gelsemii fluidum 149 49 8.14 Extractum glycyrrhize fluidum 133 61 8.95 Extractum hyoscyami fluidum . 160 59 3.82 Extractum ipecacuanhbe fluidum 120 60 8.88 Extractum pareire fluidum 140 57 8.72 Extractum rhei‘fluidum : : ; 158 61 3.95 Extractum sarsaparille compositum fluidum 134 60 8.88 © Extractum senege fluidum : 137 62 4.01 Extractum serpentarie fluidum 148 47 3.07 Extractum uve-ursi fluidum 137 60 8.88 Extractum valerian fluidum 150 49 3.17 Extractum veratri viridis fluidum 150 50 3.24 Extractum zingiberis fluidum 142 48 3.11 Glycerinum ~ .. , . 67 68 4.40 Hydrargyrum~*. ‘ 150 760 | 49.24 Liquor acidi arsenosi 57 55 3.56 Liquot ammonii‘acetatis _. 75 56 3.62 Liquor arseni et hydrargyri iodidi 58 55 3.56 Liquor ferri chloridi . 5 : 71 72 4.66 Liquor ferri citratis . 71 72 4.66 Liquor ferri nitratis . 59 59 3.82 Liquor ferri.subsulphatis . 73 83 5.37 Liquor ferri tersulphatis 83 72 4.66 Liquor hydrargyri nitratis 131 123 7.97 Liquor iodi compositus . 63 59 3.82 Liquor plumbi subacetatis , _ . 74 70 4.53 Liquor potasse a Ns hs 62 58 3.75 Liquor potassii arsenitis . ae gal 57 55 3.56 Liquor sode chlorate 63 62 4.01 Liquor zinci chloridi 89 88 5.70 Oleoresina aspidii 130 52 3.36 Oleoresina capsici 120 51 8.30 Oleoresina cubebse 123 52 3.36 Oleum ethereum é 125 50 3.24 Oleum amygdale amare . 115 55 3.56 Oleum amygdale expressum 108 484 3.14 Oleum anisi : 119 54 83.49 Oleum aurantii corticis 120 54 3.49 Oleum bergamotte 130 AG 9.98 Oleum cari x 132 50 3,94 Oleum caryophylli 1380 57 3.69 Oleum chenopodii 97 50 3.94 Oleum cinnamomi 126 "584 3.46 Oleum copaibee 123 494 3.20 Oleum cubebe . . 125 51 3.380 Oleum feeniculi 125 58 3.43 NUMBER OF DROPS IN 'A FLUIDRACHM. 847 Weight of f3j Drops in fj. (60 m.) in grain. | in gram. Oleum gaultherie 125 62 4.01 Oleum juniperi j 148 49 83.17 Oleum lavandule florum . 1388 52 3.36 Oleum limonis . 129 47 3.04 Oleum menthe piperite 129 50 3.24 Oleum olive 76 51 3.33 Oleum ricini 77 513 8.33 Oleum ross 182 47 8.04 Oleum rosmarini 143 50 3.24 Oleum sabinze 102 54 3.49 Oleum sassafras 183 58 3.75 Oleum terebinthine . 136 45} 2.94 Oleum tiglii . : : 104 50 8.24 Spiritus zetheris compositus 148 45 | 2.91 Spiritus etheris nitrosi 146 47 3.04 Spiritus ammonic aromaticus 142 48 3.11 Spiritus camphor 143 47 8.04 Spiritus chloroformi . 150 48 3.11 Spiritus menthe piperite . 142 47 8.04 Syrupus acacize : 44 73 4.73 Syrupus ferri iodidi . 65 77 4.98 Syrupus scille . 3 ‘ 75 74 4.79 Syrupus scille compositus 102 70 4.53 Syrupus senegee 106 70 4.58 Syrupus simplex 65 72 4.66 Tinctura aconiti 146 46 2.98 Tinctura asafoetide . ‘ . 120 54 8.49 Tinctura belladonne foliorum . 187 53 8.43 Tinctura benzoini composita 148 48 3.11 Tinctura cantharidis 131 51 3.33 Tinctura citichone composita 140 49 3.17 Tinctura digitalis 128 53 3.48 Tinctura ferri chloridi 150 53 8.48 Tinctura guaiaci 130 46 2.98 Tinctura iodi : 148 47 8.04 Tinctura nucis vomicze 140 44 2.85 Tinctura opii . ‘ ‘ 130 53 8.48 Tinctura opii camphorata . 130 52 3.36 Tinctura opii deodorata 110 54 3.49 Tinctura tolutana 1380 46 2.98 Tinctura valerian 180 52 2.36 Tinctura veratri viridis 145 46. 2.98 Tinctura zingiberis 144 46 2.98 Vinum antimonii 72 50 3.24 Vinum colchici radicis 107 55 8.56 Vinum colchici seminis 111 54 8.49 Vinum opii 100 55 .| 38.56 848 "Fr Cc 212 = 100 210= 99 208 = 98 207 = 97 205 = 96 208 = 95 201 = 94 199 = 93 198 — 92 196 = 91 194— 90 192 — 89 190 = 88 189 — 87 187 — 86 185— 85 1838 — 84 181— 88 180 — 82 178 — 81 176 = 80 APPENDIX. TABLE OF THERMOMETRIC EQUIVALENTS, (Fahrenheit and Centigrade Scales.) F. Cc. 174 = 79 172 = 78 171 =77 169 = 76 167 = 75 165 = 74 163 = 73 162 = 72 160 = 71 158 = 70 156 = 69 154 = 68 153 = 67 151 = 66 149 = 65 147 = 64 145 — 63 144 — 62 142 — 61 140 — 60 138 — 59 F, C. 186 = 58 135 = 57 183 = 56 131 = 55 129 = 54 127 = 53 126 = 52 124 = 51 122 = 50 120 = 49 118 = 48 117 = 47 115 = 46 118 = 45 111 = 44 109 = 43 108 = 42 107 = 41 104 — 40 102 — 39 100 — 38 F, Cc. 99 = 87. 97 = 86 95 = 35 93 = 34 91 = 33 90 = 82 88 = 81 86 = 80 84 — 29 82 — 28 81 = 27 79 — 26 77 = 25 75 — 24 73 — 23 72 — 22 70 — 21 68 — 20 66 — 19 64 — 18 68 =17 . F, Cc. F, Cc. 61= 16 23 =— 5 59 = 15 21 =— 6 57= 14 19 =— 7 55 = 13 18 =— 8 54— 12 16 =~— 9 52— 11 14 =—10 50= 10 12 =—11 48 = 9 10 =—12 46=—= 8 9 =—18 45 = 7 7=—14 43 = 6 5 =—15 41— 5 3 =—16 39 = 4 1=—~—17 37 = 3 —1=—18 386 — 2 — 2-19 ~ 84 — 1 — 4—__20 382 — 0 —11 —_24 30 —— 1 —31 ——35 28 —— 2 —35 —_ 37 27 =— 8 —40 ——40 25—=— 4 To convert Fahrenheit to Centigrade, subtract 32, multiply by 5, and divide by 9. To convert Centigrade to Fahrenheit, multiply by 9, divide by 5, and add 32. Ad sec. vic. Ad ter vic. Ad lib. Ad us. : Adst. febre Aeq. . Alt. hor. Agit. vas. . Alig. . Alv. adst. : PoPpuLaR MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS. . Ana . Absente febre : . Adde . Ad duas vices ; . Ad secundum vicem . Ad tertiam vicem . Ad libitum . Ad usum. . Adstante febre . Aquales . Alternis horis . . Agitato vase . . Aliquot . . Alvo adstricta. . Ampulla . Aqua . Aqua astricta . Aqua bulliens. . Aqua communis . Aqua fervens . : . Aqua fluvialis (fluviatilis) River water. . Aqua fontalis (fontana) . . Aqua lacalis . Aqua marina . . Aqua nivalis . a ee pluvialis(pluviatilis) Rain water. ut. ‘ . . Of each. . Fever being absent. . Add up to.. . At two doses. . For twice. . For thrice. . At pleasure. . According to custom. . Fever present. . Equal. . Every other hour, . Shaking the vial. . Some, a few. . Bowels confined. . A large bottle. . Water. . Frozen water. . Boiling water. - . Common water. Hot water. Spring water. | . Lake water. . Sea water. Snow water. Or. POPULAR MEDIQAL ABBREVIATIONS. 849 Cap. . Caute Chart, Chartul. Cib. Col. Coch. a Coch. ampl. Coch. infant, Coch, mag. Coch. mod, Coch. parv. Coct. ‘ Colatur. Collut. Collyr., coll Comp. Con., concis. Conf. . Contin. Cont. rem. Cuj. Coq. Cort. Crast., eras. Crast. Cyath. : Cyatho. these ven (e. y vinar. De di. i in d. D., det. De. . Deaur. pil. Deb. spiss. . Dec. Decem. Dococt. 54 . Balsamum - Bihe . Biduum . . Bis. ‘ . Bis in. die (indies) | . Bis in septem. diebus . Bolus. ‘ - Bulliat. (bulliant) Butyrum . Cum . Cras mane . Cras, mane sumendus . Cras nocte . Cras vespere . . Ceruleus . Calomelas . Capiat (Cape) . Capsula, . . Caute . Charta. . Chartula,. . Cibus . Cola, ‘ Cochleare. ‘ . Cochleare amplum . i Cochleare infantis . . Cochleare, magnum. . Cochleare modicum. . Cochleare parvum . . Coctio . Colaturee ,. . Collutorium . Collyrium., . Compositus . Concisus . . Confectio . Continueter . Continuantur remedia . Cujus . Coque, coquantur . Cortex . Crastinus Z . Crastinus (cras) . Cyathus . . Cyatho thee . Cyathus vinarius . Dosis . De die in diem . Da, detur ‘ De : . : . Deaurentur pilulee ; . Debita spissitudo . Decanta . : . Decimus . . Decoctum . Balsam. . Drink. . Two days. . Twice. . Twice daily. . Twice a week. . A large pill. . Let boil. . Butter. . With. . To-morrow morning. . Take to-morrow morning. . To-morrow night, . To-morrow evening. . Blue. . Calomel. . Let him (her) take. . A capsule. . Cautiously. . Paper. . Small paper. . Food. . Strain. . A spoonful, . A tablespoonful. . A teasponful, . A tablespoonful. . A dessertspoonful. . A teaspoonful, — . Boiling. . Tothe stained liquor, . A mouth wash. . An eye-wash, . Compound, com- pounded. . Cut. . Confection. . Let it be continued, . Let medicines be continued. . Of which. . Boil. . The bark. . To-morrow. . Early to-morrow. . A glassful, . In a cup of tea. . A wineglassful. . A dose. . From day to day. . Give ; let it be given, . Of or from. . Let the pills be gilded. . Aproper consistence. . Pour off. . Ten, the tenth. . A decoction, 850 Deglut. ‘ t. d. No. 4. Dieb. alt. Dieb. tert. . Dil. - Dim. . Disp. . D. D. or direc. prop. . D. in p. eq. Div., divid. Don. . ‘ Dur. dolor. Ead. . Elect. En., enem. . Et. Exhib. Ext. . Extr. . F., Ft. ‘ F. ft. pil. 12 Far. . ‘ Feb. dur. Ferv. . F. (Ft.) cataplasm Ft. cerat. . . Ft. chart. 12. Ft. collyr. . Ft. confec. . Ft. elect. Ft. emp. 3 x 6 Ft. emuls. . Ft. garg. . Ft. bh. (haust.) Ft. infus. Ft. inject. . Ft. m. (mist.) Ft. pil. F. L. A. Ft. linim. : Ft.. (mas.) massa. Ft. mas. div. in pil. 12 Ft. pulv. Ft. pulv. et div. i in chart. 12 . : é 5 . Fiat solutio . Fiant suppositora quatuor Ft. solut. Ft. suppos. 4 Ft. troch, 12 Ft. ung. Filtra, FI. Form. Garg. APPENDIX. . Deglutiatur . Dentur tales doses No. 4, . Diebus alternis . Diebus tertiis . . Dilue, dilutus . Dimidius. . Dispensa, dispensetur . Directione propria . . Dividatur in partes . Dividein equal parts. . Divide, to be divided. . Until. . During the pain. . The same. . An electuary. . An enema, a clyster. . And. . Let it be exhibited. . Spread. . An extract. . Make, let it be made. . Make 12 pills. . . Flour. . During the fever. . Boiling. . Make a poultice. eequales . Dividendus . Donec . Durante dolore . Eadem . Electuarium . Enema (enemata) Et : Exhibeatur . Extende (extendatur) . Extractum . . . Fae, fiat, fiant Fac pilulas duodecim Farina Febre durante . Fervens . . Fiat cataplasma . Fiat ceratum . . Fiant chartule duodecim . Fiat collyrium . Fiat confectio. . Fiat electuarium . Fiat emplastrum 3 x 6 . Fiat emulsio . Fiat gargarisma . Fiat haustus . Fiat infusum . . Fiat injectio . Fiat mistura . Fiat pilula . Fiat lege artis. . Fiat linimentum . Fiat massa . Fiat massa in pilulas duo- . Make 12 pills. . Make a powder. . Make 12 powders. . Make a solution. decim dividenda . Fiat pulvis" . Fiat trochisci duodecim . . Fiat unguentum . Filtram . . Fluidus . . Formula. . Gargarisma . Let it be swallowed. Take four such doses. . On alternate days. . Every third day. . Dilute, diluted. . One-half. . Dispense, let it be dispensed. . With proper direc- tion. Make a cerate.: Make 12 powders. . Make an eye-wash. . Make a confection. . Make an electuary. . Make a plaster 3 x 6 inches, . Make an emulsion. . Make a gargle. . Make a draught. . Make an infusion. . Make an injection. . Make a mixture. . Make a pill. . Make by rules of art. . Make a liniment. Make a mass. Make 4 supposito- ries. Make 12 lozenges. . Make an ointment. . Filter (thou), a filter. . Liquid. . A prescription. . A gargle. POPULAR MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS. 851 Gr. Grat. . Gtt. . Guttat. Habt. Haust. He! oe : : H. s. (hor. som.) H. d. ph tg Hor. interm. Ind. Inf. Infus. . Injec. . Int. Jent. . Jux. . Kali ppt. Lac. . Lat. dol. Lin. Liq. Lot. Mac. . Mag. . M., man. Manus Mas., mass Mensur., mens. . Mic. pan. M., min. -Minut. M. ‘ Mist. ‘ é Mitte. ‘ < Mit. tal. Mod. preese. More dict. Non . Non repetat. No. N. a. N. F. O. § é Omn. hor. O. m. Omn. bih. O. n. P. wx. Part. vic. P., pt. a Penicil. cam. as., pastil. P. P, A. Pil... Pocul., pocill. 7 poe. . Granum, Grana . Gratus . ‘ . Gutta, gutte . . Guttatim. . Habeat . Haustus . . Hora . Hora somni . Hora decubitus . Horis intermediis . In dies (indies) . Infunde . : - Infusum . . Injectio . . Internus . . Jentaculum . Juxta (juxtim) . Kali preparatum . Lactis : . Lateri dolenti . Linimentum . Liquor . . Lotio . Macera . . Magnus. . Manipulus .. Manus . Massa (pilularis) . Mensura . Mica panis . Minimum . Minutum . Misce . Mistura . Mittatur . Mitte talis . Modo prescripto . More dictu . Non . Non repetatur. . Numerus (numero) . . Octarius . . Omni hora . Omni mane . Omni bihora . Omni nocti . Partes zquales . Partitis vicibus . Perstetur . Penicillum camelinum . Pastillum, pastillus . Phiala prius agitata . Pilula . Poculum, pocilinm . . Grain, grains. . Pleasant. . A drop, drops. . By drops. . Let him have. . A draught. . An hour. . Before going to sleep. . Hour of retiring. . At intermediate hours. . Daily. . Pour in. . An infusion. . Aninjection. . Inner, internal. . Breakfast. . Near to. . Prepared kali =K»2COs. . Milk. . To the painful side. . A liniment. . A solution. . A lotion. . Macerate. . Large. . A handful. . The hand. . A mass—a pill mass. . By measure. . Crumb of bread. . A minim. . A minute. . Mix. . A mixture. . Send, let it be sent. . Send of such like. . Inmanner prescribed. . In manner directed. . Not. . Letitnotberepeated. . Number. . Numerical aperture. . National Formulary. . A pint. . Every hour. . Every morning. . Every two hours. . Every night. . Equal parts. . In divided doses. . Continue. . Camel’s-hair pencil. . A small lozenge. . First shaking the bottle. . A pill. . Acup, a little cup. 852 P. Pone aur. Pot. Preep. Prand. Prim. man. Pro rat. et. P.r.n. Pug. . Pulv. . Pyx. . Q.l.. Q. p. - Si op. sit Solv. . Stat. . St. « S. s,s. Sum. . Summit. Sup. Tal. . Tis d. or t. d. Tinet., tr. Trit. Troch. Ter. * Ter. bene . Ult. preese. Una Une. . Utend. Ut dict. U.S. P. Vehie. Vel. Vesp. ‘ Vom. urg. . APPENDIX. . Pondere . . Pone aurem . Potus ; Preeparat(us)-a . Prandium ~ . Primo mane ; . Pro ratione xtatis . . Pro re nata . Pugillus . . Pulvis, pulverizatus . Pyxis 7 . Quantum libet . Quantum placet. . Quantum vis, volueris - Quantum sufficit . Quaqua hora . . Quoque, quaque . Recens 3 ; Recipe . Repetatur . Scatula . Secundum artem . Secundum naturam . Semis . Semihora — ; Sesquihora . Signa . Singulorum. . Si non valeat . . Si opus sit . Solve, solvetur . Statim . Stet, stent ‘ Stratum superstratum . Sume, sumat sumendus . ; Summitates . Super, supra . . Talis . Ter (in) die . Tinctura . Tritura . Trochisci . Tere . Tere bene ‘ . Ultimo preescriptus, . Una E . . Uncia . Utendum . Utdictum . Vehiculum . Vel . Vesper, vesperis . Vomitione urgente . . By weight. . Behind the ear. . Drink. . Prepared. . Dinner. . Earlyinthe morning. . According to the age of the patient. . When necessary. . A pinch. . A powder, powdered. . A pill box. . As much as is re- quired. . As much as is re- quired. . As much as is re- quired, . Asufficient quantity. . Each, every hour. — F ‘Also——each, every. . Fresh. . Take. . Let it be repeated, . A box. . According to art. . According to nature. . A half. . Half an hour. . A hour and a half. . Mark thou, sign. . Of each. . If it does not answer, . If necessary. . Dissolve. . Immediately. . Let in stand. . Layer upon layer. Take, let it be taken. . The summits, tops. . Above. . Such, like this. . Three times a day. . Tincture. . Triturate. . Lozenges. . Rub. . Rub well. . The last ordered. . Together. . An ounce. . To be used. . As directed. . United States Phar- macopeia. . A vehicle. . Or. . The evening. . The vomiting being troyblesome. ~ ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS OF DRUGS. 853 Some LEADING OFFICIAL ORGANIC DRUGS WHOSE MEDICAL PROPERTIES DEPEND UPON ONE OR MORE SPECIFIC CONSTITUENTS. 1. Sugar. : Fig, Honey, Manna, Prune, Triticum. 2. Sugar + Acid. Cassia Fistula, Lemon Juice, Phytolacca Fruit, Raspberry, Tamarind, Rhus Gla- bra. 3. Mucilage. Althea, Cetraria, Chondrus, Elm, Sas- safras Pith, Acacia, Tragacanth. 4. Volatile Oil. Anise (1-3 p.c.), Buchu (1-1.6 p.c.), Calamus (1-2 p. c.), Caraway (5-7 p. .), Cardamom (5 p. c.), Cascarilla (1.6 p.c. ), Chenopodium (3-33 p. c.), Cinnamon (}- 2 p. c.), Oloves (18 p. c.), Coriander (3- 1p. c.), Cubeb (5-15 B ¢.), Eriodictyon, Eucalyptus (6 p. c.), Fennel (2-6 p. c.), Garlic (4 p. ¢.), Ginger (1-2 p.c.), Hedeo- ma (1 p.c.), [licium (2-5 p. c.), Lemon Peel (2 p.c.), Mace (8 p. c.), Marrubium, Melissa (} p. ¢.), Mustard, Nutmeg (2-8 p. c.), Orange Peel (Bitter), Orange Peel (Sweet), Pepper (1-2 p.c.), Peppermint (1 p c. ), Pimenta (3-4 p. c.), Rose Pale, Rose ed, Saffron (1 p. c.), Salvia (3-3 p. c.), Sambucus, Sassafras (5 a c.), Scutellaria, Spearmint (4 p. c.), Sumbul (% p. c.), 'ansy (fp. c.), Valerian, Vanilla. 5. Concrete Volatile Oil. Camphor, Menthol, Thymol. 6. Resin. Gnaiac, Mastic, Rosin, Aspidium, Cas- cara Sagrada, Caulophyllum, Cimicifuga, Cotton Root Bark, Frangula, Jalap, Ka- mala, Podophyllum, Pulsatilla, Pumpkin Seed, Stillingia. 7. Oleo-resin. Copaiba (oil, 20-90 p. c.), Turpentine (oil, 20-30 p. c.), Turpentine Canada (oil, 20-30 p. c.), Burgundy Pitch, Tar. 8. Gum-resin. Gamboge (gum, 16-26 p. c., resin, 66- 80 p. c.), Scammony (gum, 3-8 p.c., resin, 75-95 p.c. ), India Rubber (resin, 32 p.c. ). 9. Gum, Resin + Volatile Oil. Ammoniac (gum, 18-26 p. ¢., resin 70 p. c., vol. oil, 1-4 p. c.), Asafetida (gum, 20-30 p. c., resin, 50-70 p. c., vol. oil, 3-9 p. c.), Myrrh (gum, 40-60 p. c., resin, 25— 40 p. c., vol. oil, 2-4 p. ¢.). 10. Balsam. Benzoin (benzoic acid, 12-24 p. c.), Balsam of Peru (resin 32 p. c., cinnamein, 60 p. c.), Balsam of Tolu (vol. oil, 1 p. c.), Storax. 11. Volatile Oil (Resin) 4- Bitter Principle: Absinthium, Arnica, Asclepias, Chamo- mile, Cypripedium, Grindelia, Hamamelis, Inula, Iris, Lappa, Lupulin, Matico, Matricaria, Mezereum, Phytolacca Root, Pyrethrum, Serpentaria, Xanthoxylum, Cusso, Indian Cannabis. 12. Fixed Oil +. Aspidium, Cotton Root Bark, Flaxseed, Lycopodium, Pumpkin Seed, Pyrethrum, Stillingia, Sweet Almond, Vanilla. 18. Tannic or Callie Acid. Castanea, Catechu, Geranium, Hema- toxylon, Kino, Krameria, Nutgall, White Oak, Wild Cherry, Rubus, Rumex. 14. Glucoside. Aloes, Apocynum, Araroba, Bryonia, Calendula, Calumba, Dulcamara, Capsi- cum, Chimaphila, Chirata, Colocynth, Convallaria, Corn Silk, Digitalis, Ergot, Euonymus, Eupatorium, Glycyrrhiza, Jug- lans, Leptandra, Quillaja, Rhubarb, Rhus Toxicodendron, Santonica, Sarsaparilla, Senega, Senna, Squill, Strophanthus, Ta- raxacum, Uva Ursi, Vanilla, Viburnum, Cascarilla, Wild Cherry, Cetraria, Caulo- phyllum, Cloves, Cubeb, Frangula, Guar- ana, Kamala, Quassia, Phytolacca. 15. Alkaloid. Aconite, Aspidosperma, Belladonna, Chelidonium, Cinehana, Colchicum, Co- nium, Coca, Calumba, Gelsemium, Gua- rana, Hydrastis, Hops, Hyoscyamus, Ipecac, Lobelia, Menispermum, Nux omica, Opium, Pareira, Pepper, Physos- tigma, Pilocarpus, Pomegranate, Sangui- naria, Scoparius, Spigelia, Staphisagria, Stramonium, Tobacco, Veratrum Viride. INDEX. free condenser, 812, 813 Abbreviations, 840 Aberration, chromatic, 811 spherical, 812 Abies Abies, balsamea, canadensis, excelsa, Fraseri, Menziesii, pectinata, Picea, 71, 72, 73, 74 Abietic anhydride, 68 Abrus precatorius, 305 Absinthium, absinthin, absinthe, 575 Abstract aconite, 195 belladonna, 498 conium, 420 digitalis, 515 hyoscyamus, 501 jalap, 468 nux vomica, 451 podophyllum, 203 senega, 347 valerian, 544 Abstracts, Abstracta, 21 Absynthol, 574, 575 Abuta amara, rufescens, 208 Abutilon, 381 Acacia Adansonii, anthelmintica, arabica, Catechu, Ehrenbergiana, fistula, gum- mifera, nilotica, Senegal, Seyal, steno- carpa, Suma, tortilis, vera, Verek, 267, 269, 271, 273, 361 Acetanilid, 768, 791 Acetbromanilid, 791 Acetol salicylate, 798 Acetone, 70, 779 Acetophenone, 796 Acetum, Aceta (vinegars), 19 lobeliz, 554 H opli, 184, 230 -sanguinariz, 236 5 scille, 99 Acetyl-phenyl-hydrazine, 795 Achillea Millefolium, Ptarmica, 569, 570 Achilleine, 570 Acid abietic,-68, 73 absinthic, 575 acetic, 751, 752, 780 aconitic, 195 amido-succinamic, 380 anemonic, 198 anemoninic, 198 angelic, 95, 425, 569 anisic, 799 anthemic, 569, 571 Acid arabic, 270, 297 arsenous, 730 artanthic, 139 behenic, 239 benzoic, 293, 295, 488, 797 boheic, 388 boric, boracic, 623 butyric, 63, 427 caffeo-tannic, 519 cambogic, 390 camphoric, 222, 800 camphoronic, 222 capronic, 70 carbolic, 761, 762, 783 carminic, 586 carnaubic, 609 caryophyllic, 401, 790 caryophyllinic, 401 catechuic, catechinic, 273 catechu-tannic, 273 cathartic, cathartinic, 279 cephaélic, 523 cerotic, 594 cetraric, 60 cevadic, 95 chelidoni(ni)c, 94, 237 chloracetic, 780 : chromic, 646, 704 chrysatropic, 496 chrysophanic, 170, 171, 173 cincho-tannic, 530, 534 cinnamic, 102, 220, 293, 295 citric, 337, 755 columbic, 210, 211 conic, 419 copaivic, 286 cresylic, 785 crotonoleic, 351 * cubebic, 184, 135 digallic, 150 digitoleic, 513 di-iodo-salicylic, 797 ergotic, ergotinic, 56, 57 erlodictyonic, eriodyctic, 472 erucic, 239 ethylene-succinic, 237 eugenic, 401, 790 euonic, 369 ferulic, 423 filicic, filicinic, 63 filitannic, 63 flavaspidic, 63 856 Acid formic, 67 frangulic, frangulinic, 378, 374 fusco-sclerotinic, 57 gallic, 150, 151 gelseminic (gelsemic), 445 gentisic, gentianic, 453 glycocholic, 610 guaiacic, guaiaretic, 324 guaiaconic, 324 gummic, 270 hemipinic, 187 hydrobromic diluted, 633 hydrochloric, 631 hydrocyanic diluted, 261, 264, 644, 720 hypophosphorous, 629 hypopicrotoxic, 212 igasuric, 449, 450 _ ipecacuanhic, 522, 523 isobutyric, 569 isoheptoic, 478 jecoleic, 597 jervic, 94, 237 juglandic, 141 kino-tannic, 300, 301 kombic, 458 kramero-tannic, 289 lactic, 756, 780 lactucic, 559 lichenstearic, 60 linoleic, 317 lobelic, 553 lupamaric, 161 maizenic, 80. malic, 237, 496, 497, 504 mastichic, 368 meconic, 228, 230 mendelic, 496 metacopaivic, 286 _ methylerotonic, 95, 96, 426 methyl-para-oxy-benzoic, 799 methy]-protocatechuic, 132 morrhuic, 597 myrrhic, 344 nitric, 618, 619 nitrohydrochloric, 619 oleic, 752 ophelic, 455 ortho-phenol sulphonic, 784 oxalic, 753 oxycopaivic, 286 oxytoluic, 497 palmitic, 597, 600 parillic, parillinic, 115 paullini-tannic, 371 phenyl-glycolic, 496 phosphoric, 629 phytolaccic, 178 pimaric, 73 ‘ pinic, 67 / podophyllinic, 202 polygalic, 347, 791 proprionic, 70 protocatechuic, 180, 249, 278, 344, ° 401, 424, 427 punico-tannic, 396 INDEX. Acid pyrocatechuic, 300 pyrogallic, 152 pyroligneous, 752 querci-tannic, 148 quillaic, 254 quinic (kinic), 530, 534 quinovic (kinovic), 530, 534 ratanhia-tannic,. 289. rheic, 170 rheo-tannic, 170, 171 rheumic, 170 ricinelaidic, 354 ricinoleic, ricinic, 354, 356 salicylic, 143, 432, 797 salicylous, 143 salicyluric, 148 santalic, 298 4 santonic, santoninic, 577 sclerotic, sclerotinic, 56, 57, 58 shikimic, 180 sinapic, 240 sozoidolic, 784 sozolic, 784 sphacelic, 56, 57 stearic, 753 succinic, 67, 496, 575 sulphuric, 625 aromatic, 626 sulphurous, 626 sumbulic, 425, 426 sylvic, 67, 78 ft ee ie tannic (gallo-tannic), 150, 249, 313, 400 tartaric, 377, 754 taurocholic, 510 theropic, 597 tiglic, 569 tiglinic, 351 ; toxicodendric, 365, 366 tri-chlor-acetic, ‘780 valerianic, 540, 541, 544 veratric, 95 viburnic, 540, 541. ; Acipenser Guldenstidtii, Fluso, ruthenus, stellatus, sturio, 594, 595 Aconine, 194 / Aconite,; 193 Chinese, India, Japanese, 196 Aconitine, 194, 195 Aconitum Anthora, Cammarum_(varie- gatum), columbianum, ferox, Fischeri, heterophyllum, japonicum, luridum, Lycoctonum, Napellus, neomontanum, paniculatum, Stérckianum, uncinatum, 193, 196, 197 ‘ Acoretin, acorin, 90, 91 Acorn cups, 153 Acorus Calamus, 89 : ; Acrid anemone camphor, 198 Acriny] sulphocyanide, 239 Acteea racemosa, spicata, 190 Adeps, benzoatus, lane, lane hydrosus, 488, 601, 602, 608, 609 Adiantum pedatum, 64 Adonidin, adonin,. 189 Adonis vernalis, 18 INDEX. Adraganthin, 297 Aigle Marmelos, 338 4inas afer, 592 ZEsculin, 445 Asther, ether, 757 ___ acetic, 759 ZEthiops cretaceus, 722 A&thusa Cynapium, 421 Agar-agar, 54, 596 Agaric of the oak, agaric, 59 Agaricin, 59 Agaricus muscarius, 59 Agathin, 796. ; Agathis loranthifolia (Dammara), 74 Agents acting on circulatory system, 37 cutaneous system, 40 digestive system, 37 excretory system, 38 nervous system, 35 reproductive system, 40 - respiratory system, 36 employed in poison cases, 828 7 piemenng constructive metabolism, destruction of microbes, 34 destructive metabolism, 34 Agropyron repens, 85 Airol, 788 | ; Alantol, alanto-lactone, 565 Albane, 436 Albaspidin, 63 a Albizzia anthelmintica, 361 Albumin ovi, 599 : Alcohol (ethyl), 740, 741, 776 amylic, 743. . _, methyl, 70, 776 Aldehydes, 745, 776, 796 Aletris farinosa, 129 Algz, 44, 51 a Alhagi camelorum, 444 Alizarin yellow, 796 Alkalies, 34 Alkermes, 587 Allium Cepa, Porrum, sativum, 97, 98 Allspice, 401 Allyl-isosulphocyanate, 240 Allyl-propy! distIphide, 97 Allyl-sulphocyanide, 240 Allyl-thio(sulpho)-urea, 782 Almond, bitter, sweet, 263, 265 Aloe africana, arborescens, barbadensis, ferox, Perryi, plicatilis, socotrina, spi- cata, vera, vulgaris, 100, 106 ; Aloes, Barbadoes, Bonaire, Caballine, Cape, Curagao, Hepatic, Jafferabad, Moka, Natal, Purified, Socotrine, 101, 102, 106, 107 Aloin, 101 Aloresino-tannol, 102 Alpha-eucaine, 805 Alpinia officinarum, 129 Alteratives, 34. ne Althea officinalis, rosea, 379, 381 Althein, 380 Alum, 682 dried, 683 857 Aluminum, 682 4: eo ae wok and ammonium sulphate, 683 hydrate, sulphate, 683 Amanita muscaria, 59 Amber, 73 : Ambergris, ambra grisea, 601 Aminoform, ‘777 Ammoniac, 426 African, 428 Ammonium, benzoate, bromide, carbonate, chloride, iodide, nitrate, phosphate, sul- punts valerianate, 665, 666, 667, 668, sulpho-ichthyolate, ‘786, 787 Ammoresino-tannol, 427 Amomum aromaticum, Cardamomum, globosum, Granum paradisi, maximum, verum, xanthoides, 124 Amygdala amara, dulcis, 263, 265 Amygdalin, 261, 263, 264, 316 Amygdalus communis,, var. amara, dulcis, Persica, 263, 265, 267 Amylene hydrate, 776 Amyl nitrite, 760 Amylopsin, 603 . Amylum iodatum, 78, 79, 80 Amyrin, 345 Anabsinthin, 575 Anacardiacer, 48, 364 a officinarum, Pyrethrum, 572, 573 Anesthetics, 36 Analgen, 802 Analgesics, 35 Analgesine, 803 Anamirta Cocculus, paniculata, 211 Anamirtin, 212 Anaphrodisiacs, 40 Andira Araroba, 307 Andropogon Schcenanthus, (muricatus), 87, 253 Anemone coronaria, nemorosa, patens, var. Nuttalliana, pratensis, Pulsatilla, quinquefolia, ranunculoides, sylvestris, 197, 198 Anemonin, 198 Anethol, 180, 411, 414 Anethum graveolens, 415 Angelica Archangelica, American, atro- purpurea, European, officinalis, pur- ‘ple-stemmed, 412 Angiospermae, 44, 78 Angustura, false, 326, 327 Anhalonium Lewinii, 392 Anhydrotics, antihydrotics, 39 Aniline, 767 Anise, 413 star, 179 Annidalin,. 786 Anodynes, 35 Anthelmintics, 39 Anthemene, anthemidin, anthemol, 569, 571 ; Anthemis arvensis, Cotula, nobilis, 568, 569, 570, 571 oer squarrosa -| Anthrarobin, 308, 801 858 Antidotes to poisons, 827-838 Antiemetics, 38 Antifebrin, 768, 791 Antilithics, 39 Antilles, 288 Antilope Dorcas, 607 Antimony, antimonium (stibium), and potassium tartrate, oxide, sulphide, sul- phurated, 731, 732, 733 Antiperiodics, 33 Antiphlogistics, 34 Antipyretics, 33 Antipyrine, salicylate, 803, 804 Antisepsin, asepsin, 791 Antiseptics, 34 Antiseptin, 788 Antispasmodics, 35 Antitoxin, diphtheria, streptococcus, 612 Antizymoties, 34 Aperients, 38 Aphis sinensis, 153 Aphrodisiacs, 40 Apiin, Apiol, 416, 417 Apis mellifica, 592 Apium graveolens, Petroselinum, 416, 417 Apoatropine, 497 Apocynacee, 49, 456 Apocynein, apocynin, 457 Apocynum androsemifolium, cannabinum, 456, 457 Apomorphine hydrochlorate, 229 Apoquinamine, 530 Aporetin, 170, 171 Apple, 267 Aqua, Aquex, 19 fortis, regia, 618, 619 Arabin, 270, 297 _Arabinose, 270 Aracee, 44, 89 Arachis hypogea, 517 Aralia Ginseng, nudicaulis, quinquefolia, spinosa, 407 Araroba, 307 Arbor vite, 78 Arbutin, 429, 434 Arctium Lappa, 580 Arctostaphylos glauca, mucrocifera, poli- folia, Uva-ursi, 433, 435 Areca, betel nut, 88, 274 Catechu, 88, 274 Argemone mexicana, 234 Argentum, 718 Arisema triphyllum, 91 Aristol, 786 Aristolochia reticulata, Serpentaria, var. hastata, 166 Aristolochiacex, 46, 165 Aristolochine, 167 Arnica alpina, Chamissonis, foliosa, mon- tana, 120, 578, 580 Arnicin, 579 Aromatics, 38 Arrangement of drugs, 29 alphabetic sequence, 29. botanical, 41 chemical constituents, 29, 30 INDEX. Arrangement of drugs, morphologic and anatomic, 31, 32 therapeutic effect, 32-41 Arrow-root—Brazilian, Bermuda, 82, 124 Arsenic, Arsenum, Arsenicum, 729 antidote, 698 iodide, 731 Artemisia Abrotanum, Absinthium, abys- sinica, gnaphalodes, ludoviciana, mari- tima, pauciflora, ramosa, Sieberi, vul- garis, 575, 576, 578 Artemisin, 576 Arterial medication, transfusion, 24 Arum triphyllum, 91 Asafetida, 421 Asagrea officinalis, 95 Asaprol, 801 Asaresino-tannol, 423 Asarum canadense, 168 Asclepiadacer, 49, 464 Asclepias curaseavica, flesh-cdlored, in- carnata, syriaca (Cornuti), tuberosa, 464, 465, 525 Aselline, 597 Aseptol, 784 Ash, European, Manna, 442, 444 Asparagin, 303, 380 Asparamide, 380 Aspidinin, Aspidinol, 63 Aspidium athamanticum, rigidum, 64 Aspidosperma Quebracho-blanco, 460 Aspidospermatine, aspidospermine, aspi- dosamine, 461 Astacus fluviatilis, 588 Astragalus beeticus, crotalarie, exscapus, glycyphyllos, gummifer, mollissimus, 296, 298 Astringents, 34 Atropa Belladonna, mandragora, 494, 498 Atropamine, 496, 497 Atropine sulphate, 496 Atropurpurin, 369, 370 Atrosin, 496, 497 Aubletia trifolia, 328 Aurantium, 332 Ava, 140 Avena sativa, 81, 86 Avene farina, 86 Aves, 598 eee lactis, 756 Bael, bela fruit, 338 Balena australis, mysticetus, 598 Balm, 479 of Gilead, 345 Balmony, 509 Balsam apple, 549 copaiba, 284 fir, 71 Peru, 291 Tolu, 293 Balsamodendron Opobalsamum, 345 Balsamum gileadense, 345 Baptisia tinctoria, 307 Barb-aloin, 101, 102 Barberry, 396 INDEX. Barium, carbonate, chloride, dioxide, sul- phate, 679, 680 Bark, as eae 326 alse, 327, 452 babul, 273 barberry, 396 bebeeru, 224 boxwood, 396 chittem, 375 cinchona, 525 copalchi, 353 coto, 225 cotton root, 381 cramp, 540 cuprea, copper, 537 malambo, 353 margosa, 342 para-cota, 225 sassy, mancona, ordeal, 284 soap, 253 witch-hazel, 242 Barks, 31 Barley, 87 Barosma betulina, crenulata, Eckloniana, serratifolia, 329, 330, 332 Basham’s mixture, 687 Bassorin, 297, 380 Baume tranquille, 501 Bayberry, 403 Bay-laurel, 216 Bdellium, 345 Bean, buck, bog, 455 St. Ignatius, 452 Bearberry, 433 Bear’s-foot, 189 Beaver, 607 Beberine, 224, 225 Beech, American, 146 Belladonna, 494 Japanese, 498 Belladonnine, 496, 497 Bengal quince, 338 Benne, 516 Benzalcohol, 293 Benzaldehyde, 264, 265 Benzanalgen, 802 Benzanilid, 794 Benzin, 738 Benzoic aldehyde, 265 sulphinide, 797 Benzoin Benzoin, 225 Benzoinated lard, 602 Benzoinum, benzoin, Catappa, false, 436, 438 Benzo-naphtol, 800 -para-cresol, 785 Benzoyl aconine, 195 anilid, 794 ecgonine, 320 Benzylic benzoate, cinnamate, 293, 295 Berbamine, 200 Berberidacez, 46, 199 Berberine, muriate, 186, 187, 188, 200, 207, 210 Berberis canadensis, vulgaris, 200, 396 Bergamiol, 339 859 Bergamot, 338 Bergaptene (bergamot camphor), 339 Beta-colchicoresin, 110, 111 eucaine, -naphtol, 800, 806 vulgaris, 82 Betaine, 353, 380 Betol, 798 Betula alba, lenta, papyrifera, 144, 145 Betulacex, 45, 144 Betulin, 144 Bhang, 163 Bilberry, great, 434 Bilirubin, 610 Birch, canoe, paper, sweet, white, 144, 145 Bird’ s-foot, 392 Bismuth, 716 and ammonium citrate, 717 citrate, 717 oxide, 717 oxyiodogallate, 788 salicylate, 718 subcarbonate, 717 subgallate, 787 subnitrate, 716 subsalicylate, 788 tribromophenol, 788 Bistort, 175 Bitter-almond, 332 orange peel, 332 polygala, 348 sweet, 490 Bitumen, 740 Black alder, 370 haw, 541 hellebore, 189 mustard, 238 snakeroot, 189 Blackberry, 248 Bladder wrack, 54 Blatta orientalis, 592 Blisters, 41 Blood, 611 = Blue cohosh, 199 flag, 117 mass, 722 stone, 714 violet, 392 vitriol, 714 Blumea balsamifera, 224 Beehmeria nivea, 382 Bone, 611 Boneset, rough, 560, 561 Borax, 651 Borneene, 544 Borneol, 73, 489 Bornyl, 73 Boron, 623 Boro-thymol-zinc iodide, 788 Bos Taurus, 609, 610 Boswellia Carterii, 345 Bougies, 21 ‘ Boxwood, box, bush-tree, 208, 396 Brandy, 742 Brassica arvensis, campestris, var. Napus, Rapa, Rutabaga, juncea, nigra, sina- pistrum, 238, 239, 241 860 Brayera, brayerin, 256 Brein, bréidin, 345 Brimstone, 624 Bromine, bromum, 632 Bromoform, 773 Bromol, 783 Broom, 305 corn, 82, 88 Spanish, 307 Brucine, 449, 450 Brunella vulgaris, 475 Bryoidin, 345 . Bryonia africana, alba, americana, dioica, epigea, Kedrostis nana, 210, 551, 552 Bryony, bryonin, bryoresin, 551, 552 Buceras angustifolius, 438 Buchu, 329 ; Buckthorn, 372, 374 : Carolina, southern, 37 Bulbs, 31 Burdock, 580 Burnett’s disinfecting fluid, 706 Burseracex, 48, 343 Busenna, 361 Bush, Benjamin, spice, 225 Butea frondosa, 300 Butter, 611 cup, bulbous, 199 nut, 140 Butyrum, 611 Buxine, 224 Buxus sempervirens, 208, 396, 434 (re cocoa, 385, 386 Cachets (de pain), 21 Cactus grandiflorus, 392 Cadinene, 75, 76, 1384, 215 Cadmium, 710 Cesalpinace, 47, 274 Caffeidine, 519 Caffeine, 371, 385, 387, 388, 518, 519 citrate, effervescent, 519, 520 Cajuput, cajuputum, cajuputene, caju- putol, 397, 398, 405 Cajuputi viridiflora, 397 Calabar bean, 309 Calabarine, eseridine, 310, 311 Calamine, 90, 91, 708 , Calamus, 89 Calceolaria Ipecacuanha, 525 Calcium, 672 bromide, 677 carbonate, 676, 677 precip., 675 chloride, 675 hypophosphite, 677 phosphate precip., 677 sulphate dried, 678 Calendula officinalis, 120, 568 Calendulin, 568 Calico-bush, 435 Callitris quadrivalvis, 74, 368 Calomel, 727 Calumba, columbo, 209 American, 210, 455 Calx, chlorata, 673, 674 INDEX. Calx sulphurata, 675 Cambogia, 389 a; Camellia japonica, oleosa, 388 Camera lucida, 816, 817 Campanulacee, 50, 552 Camphene, 126 ; Camphor, Artiticial, Barus, Borneo, China, Dutch, Formosa, Japan, Ngai, Su- matra, Tub, 221, 224 monobromated, 224 Camphorated chloral, 223 Canadian hemp, 456 moonseed, 206 Canadine, 186, 187 Canarium commune, 345 _ Canella alba, Winterana, 391 Canellacez, 391 Canna edulis, 125 : Cannabin, cannabine, cannabinine, 162 tannate, 162 . Cannabinon, cannabinol, cannabindon, 162 Cannabis americana, indica, sativa, 161, 164 Cantharides, cantharidin, 589, 590 Cantharis atrata, cinerea, marginata, Nut- talli, vesicatoria, vittata, 589, 591 Caoutchouc, 348 Caprifoliacex, 50, 538 Capsacutin, capsicin, 492 Capsaicin, capsicine, 492, 493 Capsicum annuum, cerasiforme, , fastigi- atum, frutescens, longum, 492, 494 Capsules, 21 Caramel, 85 Caramelan, 85 Caraway, 415 Carbon, 620 disulphide, 621 Cardamom, cardamomum, 121 __- Cardiac depressants (sedatives), 37 stimulants (tonics), 37 Cardinal-flower, 555 Carex arenaria, 116 Carica Papaya, caroid, 604 Carminatives, 38 Carolina acaulis, 565 Carragheen, 51 Carrot seed, 412 Carthamus tinctorius, 120, 582 Carum Ajowan, Carui, Carvi, Petroseli- num, 415, 416 ; er conve carvacrol, 416, 481, ee aryophyllus, caryophyllin, caryophyl- Jone, $99, 400, 41" Cascara sagrada, 375 Cascarilla, cascarillin, 352, 353 Cascarin, 376 Cassia acutifolia, ethiopica, angustifolia, bacillaris, brevipes, elongata, Fistula, grandis (brasiliana), lanceolata, leni- tiva, lignea, marylandica, medica, mos- chata, obovata, officinalis, orientalis, pubescens, vera, wild, 219, 274, 275, 276, 277, 280, 281 Castanea dentata,, pumila, sativa, vesca, var. americana, 145, 146 INDEX. Castilloa elastica, Markhamiana, 349. Castor Fiber, 607 Cataplasm conium, 420 Cataplasms, cataplasmata, 21. Catechin, catechuin, 273, 371 Catechol, 273, 800 © ~ Catechu, 271, 273 pale, red, 273 Cathartics, 38 : Cathartocarpus Fistula, 274 Cathartomannit, 279 ~ Catnep, catnip, catmint, 475 Cat’s-hair, 359 Caulophylline, caulophyllin, 200 Caulophyllum thalictroides, 199 Caustic potash, soda, 637, 655 Caustics, 41 fc Cayaponia americana, 552 Ceara, 290 Cedar, prickly, red, white, 76, 77, 78 Celandine, 237 Celastraces, 48, 369 Celery fruit, 417 Centaury, American, European, 454. Cephaéline, 522, 523 pa. Cephaélis acuminata, Ipecacuanha, 520, 524 Cera alba, flava, 592, 598, 594, Cerasus serotina, virginiana, 261 Laurocerasus, 262. — Cerate camphor, 223, 594 cantharides, 69, 590, 594. cetacei (spermaceti), 441, 594, 600 Goulard’s, 713 lead subacetate, 713 resin, 69, 594 savine, 77 Ceratum, cerata, cerates, 19, 594, 602 Cerebral-depressants, excitants, 35 Cereus grandiflorus, 392 Cerin, 594 Cerium, oxalate, 684. Cervus Elaphus, 607 Cetacea, 600 Cetaceum (spermaceti), 600 Cetin, 600 Cetraria islandica, 60 Cetrarin, 60 Cevadilla, cevadillene, Cevine, 95, 96 Cevadine, 92, 94, 95, 96 Chalk, French, prepared, 672, 676 Chamecyparis spheroidea, 78 Chamomile, German, 569, 570 Roman, 568 Chamomilla nobilis, 569 Charcoal, 620, 621 Charlock, jointed, 241, 242 Charta, charte, 19 potassii nitratis, 649 sinapis, 240, 349 Chatinine, 280 Chavicin, 137, 138 Chavicol, 403 Chelerythrine, 235, 237 Chelidonine, 237. Chelidonium majus, 237 861 Chelidoxanthin, 237 Chelone glabra, 509 Chemical incompatibilities, 27 Chenopodiacex, 46, 175 Chenopodium album, ‘ambrosioides, var. anth., anthelminticum, Bonus Hen- ricus, Botrys, Vulvaria, 175, 177 Chermes, 587 Cherry-laurel, 262 Chestnut, 145. oak, 145 Chicory, 557 Chimaphila corymbosa, maculata, umbel- lata, 429, 480, 434 Chimaphilin, 429 Chinese blistering flies, 592 sugar corn, 82. | ; Chinoidine, 530, 534 Chinquapin, 145, 146 Chirata, chiratin, 454, 455 Chloral butyl, 777 formamide, 778 hydrate, 746, 777 urethane, 782 Chloralamide, 778 Chloralose, 778 Chloretone, 749 Chlorine, 630 Chlorodyne, 232 Chloroform, 747, 748, 773 Chocolate tree, 385, 386 Cholagogue purgatives, 39 Cholepyrrhin, 610 Cholesterin, cholesterol, 56, 210, 597, 606, 609 Choline, bilineurine (lupuline), 161, 240, 496 Chondrin, 596 Chondrodendron tomentosum, 207. Chondrus crispus, 51 Choripetale, 45, 133 Chromium, 704 Chromogene, 382 Chrysanthemum carneum, Leucanthe- mum, Parthenium, roseum, segetum, 569, 573 Chrysarobin, 307, 308 Chrysene, 70 Chrysophan, 170, 279 Chrysotoxin, 57 Churrus, charas, 163 Cichoriacez, 50, 555 Cichorium Endivia, Intybus, 557 Cigarettes, 22 Ciliary excitants, 37 Cimicifuga racemosa, 189 Cimicifugin,.190, 191 Cinchona australis, barbaccencis, Bon- plandia, Calisaya, var. lLedgeriana, Condaminea, cordifolia, crispa, glandu- lifera, Humboldtiana, lancifolia, mi- crantha, nitida, officinalis, peduncu- lata, peruviana, pitayensis, pubescens, purpurea, scrobiculata, succirubra, tucu- jensis, 525, 526, 527, 528° Cinchona-red, 530, 534 862 Cinchonicine, 530 Cinchonidine, sulphate, 530, 533 Cinchonine, sulphate, 530, 533 Cinchonism, 536 Cineol, 398, 405, 488, 489 Cinnabar, 729 Cinnamein, 293 Cinnamene, 245 Cinnamic aldehyde, 220 Cinnamomum aromaticum, Burmanni, Camphora, Culilaban, var. rubrum, iners, kiamis, Loureirii, nitidum, ob- tusifolium, pauciflorum, Sintok, Ta- mala, zeylanicum, 217, 219, 221 Cinnamon, Anam, Cassia, Ceylon, Chi- nese, Saigon, 217, 218 Cinnamy] acetate, cinnamate, 220, 293 cocaine, 320 Cinquefoil, 249 Cissampeline, 208 Cissampelos pareira, 208, 209 Cistacez, 388 ; Citral, 335, 337, 403 Citrene, 335, 337 Citron, 339 Citronellal, 337 Citronellol, 252 Citrullus Citrullus, Colocynthis, 546 Citrus amara, Aurantium, Bergamia, Li- mon(i)um, medica, sinensis, vulgaris, 332, 333, 334, 336, 338, 339 Civet, 608 Claviceps purpurea, 54 Clotbur, spiny, thorny, 582 Cloves, 399 s Clysters, 22 Coca, 318 Cocaine hydochlorate, 320, 805 Cocainism, habit, 321 Cocamine, 320 Coccerin, 586, 587 Coccolobis uvifera, 300 Coeculin, 212 Cocculus indicus, palmatus, 211 Coccus Cacti, ijicis, 585, 587 Cochineal, 58 Cochlearia Armoracea, 241 Cocillana, 343 Cocklebur, 582 Cockroach, 592 Cocos nucifera, 89 Codeine, 228, 229 Coffea arabica, liberica, mauritiana, zan- guebaria, 387, 518, 520 Cola acuminata, 387, 520 Cola-nut, 520 ie colchicein, colchicoresin, 110, eouoee autumnale, variegatum, 109, Cold cream, 253, 267, 594, 601 Coleoptera, 589 Collinsonia canadensis, 488 Collodion, 384 cantharidal, 384, 590 flexible, 72, 384 INDEX. Collodion styptic, 152, 384 ' Collodium, collodia, collodions, 19 Collyri-um, a, eye-washes, 21 Coloaratlh colocynthin, colocynthein, 546, Colocynthitin, citrullin, 547 Colophony, 68 Columbin, 210 Colutea arborescens, 277 Colza, 241 Comfrey, common, 512 Commiphora africana, Mukul, Myrrha, Opobalsamum, 343, 345 Common Polypody, 64 Composite, 50, 560 Compressed tablets, 22 Concentric pills, 23 Concusconine, 530 Condurango, 465 Confectio, confectiones, confections, 19 Confection cassia, 274 rose, 251, 253 senna, 158, 263, 274, 279, 282, 418 Conglutin, 263, 266 Conifer, 44, 66 Coniferin, 132 Conine (coniine), hydrobromate, hydro- chlorate, sulphate, 419 Conium maculatum, 413, 418, 420 Conquinamine, 530 Conserva tamarindi, 282 ° Contrayerva, 158 Convallariacese, 45, 107 Convallaria majalis, multiflora, 107, 108 Convallarin, convallamarin, convalla- maretin, 108 Convolvulacez,{49, 465 Convolvulin, 41 Convolvulus Mechoacanna, panduratus, Scammonia, 469 Conydrine, 419 Conyza squarrosa, 512 Copaiva cordifolia, coriacea, guianensis, Jacquini, Jussieui, Langsdorffii, Martii, ae nitida, officinalis, 284, 286, Copal, 287 Copper (cuprum), acetate, subacetate, sulphate, 714, 715 Copperas, 689 Coptis trifolia, 189 Coral, 588 Corallium rubrum, 588 Cordial, rhamnus Purshiana, 376 Coriander, 417 Coriandrol, linalool, 418 Coriandrum sativum, 417 Coriaria myrtifolia, 277 Cornacer, 428 Corn silk, 78, 79 Cornsmut, 58 Cornus Amonum, circinata, florida, seri- cea, 428, 429 Cornutine, 56, 57 Corrosive sublimate, 724 Coscinium fenestratum, 210 INDEX. Cotoin, 225 Cotton, medicated, 381, 382, 383, 384 Couchgrass, 85 Counter-irritants, 40 Cowage, 312 Cowberry, 484 Cow parsnip, 413 Crabs’ eyes, stones, 588 ” Cracca apollinea, 277 Cranesbill, 312 Cream of tartar, 377 Creolin, 785 Creosol, 324, 763 Creosote, 70, 763 Cresol, 785 Crisped-leaved, cross or curled mint, 484 Crocin, 120 Crocus sativus, 119 Croton chloral hydrate, 777 Eluteria, lucidus, Malambo, niveus, Pseudochina, Tiglium, 349, 352, 353, 461 Crotonol, croton-resin, 351 Crucifere, 47, 238 Cubeba, cubeb, 134 canina, crassipes, Cubeba, Wallichii, 136 Cubebin, 134, 135 Cucumis Citrullus, myriocarpus, 546, 549 Cucurbita Citrullus, Pepo, 545, 546 Cucurbitaces, 50, 545 Cucurbitine, 546 Cudbear, 61 Cumol, 70 Cupreine, 530 Cupressus thyoides, 78 Cupulifere, 45, 145 Curara, curare, 452 Curcuma longa, Zedoaria, 81, 127, 128 Curcumin, 128 Cusparia Angostura, 326 Cusso, kousso, 256 Cuttle-fish bone, 588 Cydonia Cydonia, 267 Cymene, 405, 481 Cymol, 222 Cynanchum.acutum, monspeliacum, Vin- cetoxicum, 347, 470, 542 Cypripedin, 130 : Cypripedium hirsutum, parviflorum, pu- bescens, 129, 130, 166 Cytisus scoparius, 305 [FEMOROBOES (Calamus) Draco, 88 Damiana, 392 Dammar, 74 Dandelion, 555 Daphne Gnidium, Laureoa, Mezereum, salicifolia, 393, 394 Daphnin, 393, 394 Datura alba, fastuosa, Metel, sanguinea, Stramonium, Tatula, 502, 505 Daturine, 504 Daucus Carota, 412 Decoction althza, 380 anamirta, 212 863 Decoction apocynum, 457 arnica, 580 asclepias, 464 calendula, 568 caulophyllum, 200 cetraria, 61 chenopodium, 176 chimaphila, 430 chondrus, 53 cimicifuga, 191 cinchona, 585 corn silk, 80 cotton-root bark, 383 dulcamara, 492 euonymus, 370 eupatorium, 561 *. flaxseed, 317 frangula, 374 geranium, 313 guaiacum, 324 hematoxylon, 284 hamamelis, 244 hydrastis, 188 inula, 565 ipecac, 523 juglans, 141 lappa, 582 pareira, 209 | phytolacca, 178, 179 pomegranate, 397 quercus alba, 148 rhus glabra, 365 rubus, 249 rumex, 174 sarsaparilla, 116 comp., 116, 216, 304, 324, 394 scoparius, 306 scutellaria, 474 stillingia, 358 ’ strophanthus, 459 taraxacum, 557 triticum, 86 uva-ursi, 435 viburnum, 541 xanthoxylum, 326° Decoctum, decocta, decoctions, 19 Delphinine, delphisine, 192, 193 Delphinium Ajacis, azureum, carolinia- num, Consolida, exaltatum, Staph sa- gria, urceolatum, 191 Delphinoidine, 192 Demulcents, 41 Dendrium buxifolium, 434 Dental anodynes, 38 Deodorants, 35 Depresso-motors, 36 Dermatol, 787 Desoxyalizarin, 308, 801 Dewberry, 248 Dewees’ carminative, 424 Dextrin, dextrinum, 82 Dextro-lichenin, 60 Dextrose, 84 Diallyldisulphide, 97 Diaphoretics, 39 Diaptherin, 802 864 = ‘ 5 ha agony Diastase, 604 Dicotyledones, 45, 133 Digestive acids, ferments, 33 Digitalein, digitin, digitogenin, 514. igieht digitoflavon, digitalosmin, 513, Digitalis ochfoleuca, purpurea, 512. Digitoxin, digitonin, digitophyllin, 514 Di-iodo-betanaphtol, 801. Dill fruit, seed, 415 — Dimethylxanthine, 886, 806 Dioscorea villosa, 541 Diospyros virginiana, 436 Dioxy-anthrol, 801 Dipentene, 123 Dipterocarpus alatus, 287. Disinfectants, 35 Dispensatories, 18 Di-thymol-di-iodide, 786. Diuretics, 39 Diuretin, 387, 806 Dock, broad-leaved, yellow, 173, 174 Dogbane, spreading, 457 Dog-fennel, 562 Dogwood, flowering, round-leaved, swamp, 428, 429; Jamaica, 299 Dorema Ammoniacum, Aucheri, robus- tum, 426, 428 Dorstenia Contrayerva, 158 Dosimetric parvules, 22 Draconis resina, 88 Dragée, 22 Dragons’ blood, 88 Drimys Winteri, var. 225 Drupacez, 47, 260 Dryobalanops aromatica, Camphora, 224 Dryopteris athamantica, Filix mas, mar- ginalis, rigida, 62, 64 Duboisia myoporoides, 502 Duboisine, 497, 502 Dudgeon, 434 Dulcamara, dulcamarin, 490 Dulcin, 782 Dulse, 54 Dutch liquid, 774, ‘BENACE, 436 Ecballium’ Elaterium, 550 Ecbolics, 40 Ecboline, 56 Eecgonine, 320 Ecuelle (4 piquer) process, 339 Egg shell, 599 Eleis guineensis, 89 Elastica, 348 Elaterid, ecballin, 551 Elaterin, elaterium, 550, 551 Elder, dwarf, prickly, 538, 5389, 407 Elecampane, 512, 564 Elemi (manila), "345 Elottane Cardamomum, major, repens, 121, 124 Elixir, aromatic, 336 elixira, elixirs, 19 red-veined, water, granatensis, 181, INDEX. é Elixir phosphorus, 414, 628 vitriol, 626 Elm, 156 Emetics, 38 Emetine, 522 Emmenagogues, 40 Emodin, 101, 102, 170, 171, 373, 374 Emollients, 4 Emplastrum, emplastra, 19 Empleurum serrulatum, 330, 332 Emulsin, 261, 263, 264, 266 : Emulsion ammoniac, 427 amygdala, 266, 270 asafetida, 424 chloroform, 748 kousso comp., 257 oil theobroma, 99 pepo, 546 Emulsum, emulsa, emulsions, 19 Endermic method, 24 Enemas, enemata, 22 asafetida, 424 Enepidermic ‘method, 24 Entada scandens, 310 Enteric pills, 23° Epidermic method, 24 Epigzea repens, 434 Epipremnum mirabile, 91 Epispastics, 41 Epsom salt, 670 Erechtites hieracifolia, 563 Ergochrysin, 57 Ergot, 54 Ergotin, Bonjean’s, 56, 57 Ergotinine, ergotine, 56, 57. Ergotism (acute, chronic) , 08 Ericacee, 49, 430 Ericolin, 429, 434, 472 Erigeron annuus, canadensis, heterophyl- lus, philadelphicus, 563, 564 Eriodictyon californicum, glutinosum, AT tomentosum, 473 Erodium cicutarium, moschatum, 313 Errhines, 37 Ertela trifolia, 328 Eryngium aquaticum, yuccefolium, 413. Erythrea Centaurium, 454 Erythronium americanum, 107. Erythrophleum guineense, 284 Erythroretin, 170, 171 Erythroxylacex, 47, 318 Erythroxylon Coca, var. Spruceanum, 318, 320 Escharotics, 41 Essence de petit grain, Bigarade, petale, Portugal, 333, 335 pepsin, 604’ Essences, essentie, 22 Ethene chloride, 774 wy hydrobromic, sulphuric, 757, 775,. Ethy] bromide, 775 carbamate, 781 chloride, 774 cinnamate, 245 nitrite, oxide, 781 bolivianum,. INDEX. Ethyl urethane, 781 vanillin, 245 Ethylated chloral urethane, 782 Ethylene bichloride, 774 bromide, 775 Ethylenimine, 801 Ethylidene chloride, 774 Eucaine, alpha, beta, 805, 806 Eucalyptene, eucalyptolene, 405 Eucalyptol, 398, 405 Eucalyptus amygdalina, dumosa, globulus, goniocalyx, Gunni, Leucoxylon, ob- liqua, oleosa, resinifera, sideroxylon, viminalis, 300, 404, 407, 444 Eucheuma gelatine, spinosum, 54, 596 Eugenia aromatica, Jambolana, 399, 401 Eugenol, eugenin, 181, 215, 400, 401, 402, 403, 444, 790 acetamide, 790 Euonymin, 369, 370 Euonymus americanus, europzus, 369, 370 Eupatorin, 560 Eupatorium capillifolium, foeniculaceum, glutinosum, perfoliatum, purpureum, teucrifolium, verbenefolium, 139, 560, 561, 562 Euphorbia corollata, Ipecacuanha, piluli- era, 358, 359 Euphorbiacex, 48, 348 Euphorin, 781 Europhen, 787 Exalgin, 792 Excito-motors, 36 Exogonium purga, 466 Expectorants, 37 _Explosions, 28 External medication, 25 Extract absinthium, 575 aconite, 195 aloes, 102 anthemis, a apocynum, 45 apne, 579, 580 aspidium, 63 aspidosperma, 461 belladonna alc., 497, 498 calamus, 91 calendula, 568 calumba, 211 capsicum, 494 cascarilla, 353 caulophyllum, 200 chelidonium, 237 chimaphila, 430 cimicifuga, 191 cinchona, 534, 535 colchicum, 111 colocynth, 548 comp., 103, 123, 471, 548 conium, 419 convallaria, 108 corn silk, 80 * eubeb, 136 cypripedium, 131 55 atropurpureus, 865 Extract digitalis, 514 ulecamara, 492 ergot, 57 erlodictyon, 473 eucalyptus, 406 euonymus, 370 eupatorium, 561 frangula, 374 gelsemium, 446 gentian, 453 glycyrrhiza, pure, 303, 304 Goulard’s, 712 grindelia, 562 guarana, 372 hematoxylon, 284 hamamelis, 244 hops, 160 horehound, 475 hyoscyamus, 501 indian cannabis (hemp), 162 ipecac, 523 iris, 117 alap, 467 uglans, 141 juniper, 75 krameria, 289 lappa, 582 leptandra, 508 Tabelia, 554 lupulin, 161 malt, 87 mezereum, 394 nux vomica, 450 opium, 230 pareira, 209 physostigma, 311 pilocarpus, 328 poder oe 202 ‘ond’s, 244 pulsatilla, 198 quassia, 341 quercus alba, 148 uillaja, 254 rhamnus Purshiana, 376 rhubarb, 171 rubus, 249 rumex, 174 sarsaparilla, 116 savine, 77 scutellaria, 474 senna, 280 squill, 100 staphisagria, 192 stillingia, 358 stramonium, 504 strophanthus, 459 sumbul, 426 taraxacum, 557 triticum, 86 uva-ursi, 435 valerian, 544 veratrum viride, 94 viburnum, 541 4 Extractum, extracta, extracts, 19 Eye-washes, 21 866 'ABIANA imbricata, 505 Factitious Oregon Balsam of Fir, 71 Fagacee, 45, 145 Fagus americana, ferruginea, pumila, syl- vatica, 146, 382 False cubebs, 136 Families (natural orders), 42, 44 Fats and fatty oils, 33 Feather geranium, 177 Febrifuges, 33 Fel bovis, purified, 610 Fenchone, 411 Fennel, dog, 410, 562 Fermentum, 58 Ferrum, iron, 685 Ferula feetida, galbanifiua, Narthex, Sum- bul, tingitana, 421, 424, 425, 428 Ferulyl sulphide, 424 Fever-wort, 542 Ficus Carica, elastica, indica, religiosa, 157, 349 Fig, 157 Figwort, 509 Filicic anhydride, 63 Filicin, 63 Filicine, 44, 61 Filix-red, 63 Flake-white, 710 ee cake, meal, poultice, 316, 317, Fleabane, Canada, Philadelphia, various- leaved, 563, 564 Fleawort, 565 Flemingia rhodocarpa, 361 Florentine orris, 118 Flowering fern, 64 Flowers and petals, 31 of arsenic, sulphur, 624, 730 Fluavil, 436 Fluid extract absinthium, 575 aconite, 195 anamirta, 212 anise, 414 anthemis, 570 apocynum, 457 arnica flowers, root, 580 aromatic powder, 220 asclepias, 464 aspidium, 63 aspidosperma, 461 belladonna, 497, 498 bitter-orange peel, 333 bryonia, 552 buchu, 331 calamus, 91 calendula, 568 calumba, 211 capsicum, 493 caraway, 416 -eascarilla, 353 castanea, 146 p caulophyllum, 200 chelidonium,. 237 chenopodium, 176 chimaphila, 430 , chirata, 455 INDEX. Fluid extract cimicifuga, 191 cinchona, 535 cinnamon, 221 coca, 820. colchicum, root, seed, 111 colocynth, 549 conium, 420 convallaria, 108 coriander, 418 corn silk, 80 cotton-root bark, 383 cubeb, 135, 136 : cypripedium, 130, 131 digitalis, 515 dulcamara, 491 ergot, 57 erlodictyon, 472 eucalyptus, 405, 406 euonymus, 370 eupatorium, 561 fennel, 411 frangula, 374 gelsemium, 446 gentian, 454 geranium, 313 ginger, 126 glycyrrhiza, 304 grindelia, 562 guarana, 371 hematoxylon, 284 hamamelis, 243 hedeoma, 478 hops, 160 horehound, 474 hydrastis, 187 hyoscyamus, 501 indian cannabis (hemp), 163 inula, 565 ipecac, 523 iris, 118 jalap, 468 juglans, 141 juniper, 75 kamala, 361 kino, 301 kousso, 257 krameria, 290 lactucarium, 559 lappa, 581 leptandra, 509 lobelia, 554 lupulin, 161 matico, 139 melissa, 479 menispermum, 207 mezereum, 394 myrrh, 345 nutgall, 151 nux vomica, 451 pareira, 209 pepo, 546 pepper, 138 peppermint, 486 phytolacca fruit, root, 178 pilocarpus, 328 podophyllum, 203 INDEX. Fluid extract pyrethrum, 573 quassia, 341 quercus alba, 148 uillaja, 254 rhamnus Purshiana, tasteless, 376 rhubarb, 171, 172 aromatic, 172 rhus glabra, toxicodendron, 364, 366 rose, 251 . rubus, 249 rumex, 173 sage, 476 sambucus, 539 sandal wood, 165 sanguinaria, 236 sarsaparilla, 116 comp., 116, 216, 304, 394 sassafras, 216 savine, 77 | scoparius, 306 scutellaria, 474 senega, 347 senna, 279 serpentaria, 167 spearmint, 484 spigelia, 448 squill, 99 staphisagria, 192 stillingia, 358 stramonium, 504 sumbul, 426 tansy, 574 taraxacum, 557 tea, 388 thyme, 481 triticum, 86 uva-ursi, 435 valerian, 544 veratrum viride, 94 viburnum opulus, 540 prunifolium, 541 wild cherry, 262 xanthoxylum, 326 Fluid-um, a, extract-um, a, Fluid extracts, 19 Fly Fungus, 59 Feeniculum capillaceum, dulce, Feenicu- lum, sativum, vulgare, 410, 411 Fomentations, fomenta, 22 Formaldehyde, 776 Formalin, formal, formol, 776 Formanilid, 791 Formica rufa, 592 Formin, 777 Foxglove, 512 Fragaria vesca, 579 Frangula, frangulin, 372, 373 Frankincense, 345 Frasera carolinensis, Walteri, 210, 455 Fraxin, 443, 444 Fraxinus excelsior, ornus, 442, 444 Frostworth, 388 Fruit sugar, levulose, 538 Fruits, 31 Fuchsin, 820 Fucus nodosus, vesiculosus, 53, 54 867 Fuller’s Earth, 684 Fungi, 44, 54 ADUS eglefinus, callarias, carbonarius, merluccius, Morrhua, pollachius, _ 595, 596, 597 Galactagogues, 40 Galactose, 611 Galanga, galangal, 129 Galbanum, 424 Galipea Cusparia, 326 Galla, 149 Gallacetophenone, 796 Gallanilid, gallanol, gallinol, 794 Galline, 598 Galls, 149 Gallus Bankiva var. domes., 599 Gambir, 273 Gamboge, 389 Gamopetale, 49, 429. : Ganja, guaza, gunjah, 162, 163 Garcinia indica, Mangostana, Morella, pictoria, purpurea, travancorica, . 338, 389, 391 : : Gardenia florida, glandiflora, radicans, 121 Gargles, gargarismata, 22 Garlic, 97 Gaultheria procumbens, 431 Gaultherin, 144 Gelatin, 53, 596 Gelatina saccharata, 61 ; Gelsemine, gelseminine, gelsemin, 445, 446 ‘ Gelsemium sempervirens, 445 Gentian, Elliott's, 452, 454 3 Gentiana Catesbeei, Elliottii, Horse, lutea-. pannonica, puberula, punctata, pur, purea, 452, 454, 542 Gentianacesr, 49, 452 Gentianin, gentianose, gentisin, gentio- picrin, 453 Genus, genera, 42 . Geraniacee, 47, 312 Geranial, 335 Geranin, geraniol, 252, 337, 488 Geranium maculatum, moschatum, Rober- tianum, 312, 313 Germicides, 35 Geum rivale, urbanum, 249, 579 Gigartina acicularis, mamillosa, pistillata, 51, 52, 53, 54 Gigartinacer, 44, 51 ‘ Gillenia stipulacea, trifoliata, 256 Ginger, gingerol, 125, 126 wild, 168 as Ginseng, Chinese, 166, 407 Glauber’s salt, 662 Glaucium corniculatum, Glaucium, lu- teum, 238 : Glucose, dextrose, 84, 86 Glycerin, 744 Glycerite of boroglycerin, 623 carbolic acid, 762 hydrastis, 187, 188 pepsin, 604 starch, 80 868 Glycerite of tannic acid, 152 yolk of egg, 599 . Glycerit-um, a, glycerites, 20. Glycine hispida, 305, 517 Glycocoll, 610 Glycyrrhiza ammoniated, echinata, glabra, var. glandulifera, glandulifera, lepidota, 301, 302, 304,305. Glycyrrhizin, glycyramarin, 303 Gnaphalium obtusifolium, polycephalum, 564 Gold, aurum, 735 and sodium chloride, 735 thread, 189 Golden rod, sweet or anise-scented, 563 seal, 185 Gonolobus Condurango, 465 Good King Henry, 177 Goosefoot, fetid, 177 Gossypium album, arboreum, barbadense, herbaceum, nigrum, religiosum, 381, 383, 384 Gourd towel, 549 Gracilaria lichenoides, 572 Graminacee, 44, 78 Granatum, 395 Granules, 22 Graphic formulas, 769, 770, 771 Gravel plant, 434 Griffith's mixture, 700, 701 Grindelia glutinosa, hirsutula, robusta, squarrosa, 562, 563 Grindeline, 562 Ground laurel, 434 Guaiac, beta-resin, yellow, 322, 324 Guaiacene, guaiacol, 324, 788 Guaiacol benzoate, 788 carbonate, cinnamate, 789 salicylate, 789 -Guaiacum angustifolium, officinale, sanc- tum, 322, 325 Guarana, 371, 520 Guaranine, 371, 519 Gum arabic, acacia, 267 Bassora, cashew, cherry, Kutera, 297 copal, 287 Mecca, 345 mesquite, 269 olive, lecca, 442 sweet, 246 Gutta percha, 435 Guttiferse, 48, 389 Gymnosperme, 44, 66 eas hematin, 284 Hematics, 33 Hematoxylin, 284, 820 Hematoxylon campechianum, 282 Hemostatics, 41 Hagenia abyssinica, 256 Halogens, haloids, 680 Halymenia edulis, palmatus, 54 Hamamelidacer, 47, 242 Hamamelis virginiana, 242 Hardhack, 255 Hardwickia pinnata, 286, 287 INDEX. Harts-horn, 607 Haschisch, hasish, 164 Hayden’s viburnum comp., 541 Heal-all, 475 Hedeoma piperita, pulegioides, thymoides, 477, 478 Hedeomol, 478 Helenin, 565 Helianthemum cahnadense, 388 Heliotropin, 138 Hellebore, American, black, false, green, white, 92, 94, 189 Helleborin, helleborein, helleboretin, 189 Helleborus foetidus, niger, viridis, 189 Helonias officinalis, 95 Hemiptera, 585 Hemlock, small, 419, 421 Hemp, American, fibre, Indian, 161, 164 Hempseed, 164 Henbane, 499 Hepatica Hepatica, triloba, 198 Heracleum lanatum, 413 Herbs, 31 Hercules’ Club, 407 Hermodactyls oriental, 112 Heron’s-bill, 313 Hesperidene, hesperidin, 333, 335, 337, 338 Heuchera americana, 246 Hevea brasiliensis, discolor, guianensis, 349 Hibiscus, 381 Hiera picra, 103, 391 Hircin, 608 Hirudo, 588 Hollyhock, 381 Homatropine, 496 Homo-chelidonine, 235 pterocarpin, 298 quinine, 530 strychnine, 449 Homoflemingin, 361 Homogeneous immersion, 811 Honey, 592, 593 Honeys, 20 Hops, 158 Hop tree, three-leaved, 365 Hordeum distichon, 87 Horehound, wild, 474, 561 Horsebalm, 488 mint, 477, 482 nettle, 492 radish, 241 Humnulus Lupulus, 158 Hydracetin, 795 Hydrargyrum, 721 Hydrastin, hydrastine, 186, 188 Hydrastinine hydrochlorate, 187 Hydrastis canadensis, 166, 185 Hydrocarbons, 738, 772 Hydrochinone, 790 Hydroelaterin, 551 Hydrogen, 615 Hydrophobia antidote, 612 Hydrophyllace, 50, 471 Hydroquebrachine, 461 Hydroquinine, 530 INDEX. Hydroquinone, 790 Hydrous Wool-fat, 608, 609 Hydroxylamine hydrochloride, 308 Hygienic agents, 18 Hygrine, 320 Hymenoptera, 592 ae ai hydrobromate, 499, 500, 501, Hyoscipicrin, 499, 501 Hyoscyamine, 496, 497, 499 hydrobromate, sulphate, 499, 500 Hyoscyamus agrestis, albus, aureus, niger, pallidus, Seopolia, 498, 499, 502 Hypnal, 805 Hypnone, 796 Hypnoties, 35 Hypocreacex, 44, 54 Hypodermic injection, needle, 28, 24 Hypodermoclysis, 24 Hyrax capensis, Hyraceum, 607 Hyssopus officinalis, 480 [ers isinglass, 594 Ichthyol, 786 Ichthyomethia Piscipula, 299 Igasurine, 449, 450 a ee a verticillata, 370, 38 Tlicacez, 370, 388 Illicium anisatum, floridanum, parviflo- rum, religiosum, verum, 179, 180, 181 Imperatoria Ostruthium, 194 Incompatibility, 27 chemical, 27 pharmaceutical, 28 therapeutical, 29 Indian cannabis, hemp, 161 corn, 78 physic, 256 turnip, 91 India rubber, 348 Indigo, false, wild, 307 Inflatin, 553 Infusion absinthium, 575 anise, 414 anthemis, 570 arnica flowers, 580 belladonna, 498 bryonia, 552 buchu, 331 calamus, 91 calumba, 211 capsicum, 494 caraway, 416 . cardamom, 124 cascarilla, 353 castanea, 146 caulophyllum, 200 cetraria, 61 chelidonium, 237 chirata, 465 cinchona, 535, 626 cinnamon, 221 cloves, 401 coca, 321 cochineal, 587 869 Infusion convallaria, 108 coriander, 418 cubeb, 136 cypripedium, 131 digitalis, 220, 515 dulcamara, 492 ergot, 57 eucalyptus, 406 eupatorium, 561 fennel, 411 flaxseed, 317 gentian comp., 454 ginger, 127 guarana, 372 hedeoma, 478 hops, 160 . horehound, 475 hyoscyamus, 501 illicium, 180 inula, 565 ipecac, 523 juniper, 75 kino, 301 kousso, 257 krameria, 290 lappa, 582 lobelia, 554 matico, 139 matricaria, 571 melissa, 479 mustard, 240 nutgall, 151 pareira, 209 peppermint, 486 pilocarpus, 328 pimenta, 403 pulsatilla, 198 quassia, 341 quillaja, 254 rhubarb, 172 rhus glabra, 365 rose, 251, 252 saffron, 120 sage, 476 sambucus, 539 sanguinaria, 236 sassafras, 216 savine, 77 senega, 347 senna comp., 280, 411, 444, 670 serpentaria, 167 : spearmint, 483 spigelia comp., 448 tansy, 574 tea, 388 triticum, 86 uva-ursi, 435 - valerian, 544 ‘viburnum opulus, 541 prunifolium, 541 wild cherry, 262 Infus-um, a, infusions, 20 Ingluvin, 604 Inhalations, 22 Injections, 22 Inosit, 85, 86 870. Insufilations, 22 Intravenous injection, 25 Inula dysenterica, Helenium, squarrosa, 512, 564, 565 Inulin, inulol, 565, 581 Invertebrata, 585 Iodantipyrine, 805 Todina rhombifolia, 461 Todine, iodum, 633 Todine-green, 820 Todo-acetanilid, 792 -antifebrin, 792 Todoform, 750, 774 Todol, 805 Iodopyrine, 805 Ionidium Ipecacuanha, 525 Ipecac, American, bastard, farinaceous, striated, undulated, white, wild, 256, 359, 465, 520, 525 Ipomea Jalapa, orizabensis, pandurata, simulans, 466, 469, 470 Iridacee, 45, 117 Iris florentina, fcetidissima, germanica, pallida, pseudacorus, versicolor, 117, 118 diaphragm, 812, 813 Irisin, iridin, 118 Iron, ferrum, 685 and ammonium citrate, 695 sulphate, 692 tartrate, 696 and potassium tartrate, 697 and quinine citrate, soluble, 535, 693, 694 and strychnine citrate, 696 arsenate, 701 bromide, 701 carbonate saccharated, 655, 699 chloride, 686 ; citrate, 693 dialyzed, 688 ferrocyanide, 701 filings, 686 hydrated oxide, 697 with magnesia, 698 by hydrogen, 686 hypophosphite, 701 iodide saccharated, 688 lactate, 689 oxalate, 690 phosphate soluble, 662, 694 pyrophosphate soluble, 662, 695 reduced, 686 subcarbonate, 700 sulphate, 689 dried, 690 granulated, 690 sulphide, 701 valerianate, 698 Irritants, 40 Isaconitine, 194, 195 Isinglass, American, 594, 595 Chinese, Japanese, 596 pipe, purse, 595 Isoemodin, 373, 874 Isolichenin, 60 INDEX. | TABORANDI, jaborine, 327, 328 eo) Jalap, 466 Jalapin, jalapurgin, 467, 468, 469, 470 Jalaps, false, fusiform, male, Tampico, 461 Jambul, Java plum, 401 Jateorrhiza Columba, palmata, 209, 211 Jeaunel’s general antidote, 828. Jelly of cetraria, 61 Jequirity, 305 Jerusalem Oak, 177 Jervine, 92, 94 Jimson weed, 502 Juglandacee, 45, 140 Juglandin, 141, 142 Juglans cinerea, nigra, regia, 140, 142 Juglone, 141 Juice chelidonium, 237 chenopodium, 176 conium, 420 garlic, 97 horehound, 475 lemon, 117 rhus toxicodendron, 366 sambucus, 539 taraxacum, 557 Juices, 22 Juniper, juniperus communis, Oxycedrus, Sabina, virginiana, 74, 76, 77, 134 Juniperin, 75 Ka latifolia, 435 Kamala, 359 Kaolin, 684 Kava-kava, 140 Kermes, 587 mineral, 732 Ketones, 796 Kino, 299 Kinoin, kino-red, 300, 301 Kinone, 534 Kolanin, kolazym, 387 Konseals, 21 Kosin, koussein, koussin, kussin, 256 Kosso-toxin, 256, 257 Kousso, 256 Krameria argentea, granatensis, Ixina, lanceolata, secundiflora, tomentosa, tri- andra, 288, 289, 290 : Krameriacez, 47, 288 Kresylol, 785 ABIATA, 50, 473 Lactophenin, lactyl-phenetidine, 793 Lactuca altissima, canadensis, elongata, sagittata, sativa, virosa, 557, 559, 560 eae garden, lettuce, wild, 557, Lactucerin, lactucin, 559 Lactucopicrin, lactucon, 559 Ladies’ slipper, 129 Lamb’s quarters, 177 Lamelle, scales, 22 Lanolin, 608 Lapathin, 178 Lapis divinus, 715 infernalis, 719 INDEX. Lappa, fructus, 580, 582 Lard, 601, 602 ei europea, Larix, siberica, 70, 72, Larkspur, 193 Lauracex, 46, 214 Laurel, mountain, 435 Laurus nobilis, laurel, 225 Lavandula angustifolia, officinalis, spica, steechas, 487, 488 Lavender, French, male, 487, 488 Laxatives, 38 Lead, acetate, carbonate, iodide, ‘nitrate, oxide, plaster, red oxide, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714 Leaves, leaflets, leafy tops, 31 Lecanora tartarea, 61 Lecithin, 239 Leech, 588 Leek, 98 Leguminose, 47 Leiophyllum buxifolium, 434 Lemon-peel, juice, 336, 338 Lemons, 338 Leontin, 200 Leptandra, leptandrin, 508 virginica, 508 Leptilon canadense, 563 Lerp, 444 Leucanthemum vulgare, 573 Leuko-alizarin, 801 Levulose, 85 Lichenes, 44, 59 Lichenin, 60 Lichen starch, 60 Life everlasting, 564 Lignum Colubrinum, 452 vite, 323 Liliacez, 45, 97 Lily of the valley, 107 Lime, burned, 673 Limon, lemon, 336 Limonene, 333, 335, 337 Limonium carolinianum, 435 Linacee, 47, 316 Linalool, acetate, 339, 481, 488 Lindera Benzoin, 225 Liniment aconite, 50 ammonia, 384, 617 belladonna, 223, 497 camphor, 223, 384 chloroform, 441, 748 delphinine, 192 lime, 317, 673 mustard comp., 223, 240, 394 soap, 223, 441, 489 soft, 317 turpentine, 68, 69 Liniment-um, a, liniments, 20 Linolein, linoxyn, 317 Linseed, 316 Linum usitatissimum, 316 Liquidambar orientalis, styraciflua, 244, 246 Liquid pepsin, 604 871 Liquid (soluble) glass, 622 Liquor, liquores, liquors, 20 Liquor acidi arsenosi, 730 arseni et hydrarg. iod., 725, 731 barii chloridi, 680 calcis, 673 ferri acetatis, 699 chloridi, 687 citratis, 692 et ammonii, acet., 687 nitratis, 699 subsulphatis, 691 tersulphatis, 691 gutta-perche, 436 hydrargyri nitratis, 728 iodi compositus, 634 magnesii citratis, 637, 672 morphine sulphatis, 232 plumbi subacetatis, 711, 712 dil., 718 potasse, 638 potassii arsenitis, 637, 730 citratis, 637, 640 sode, 656 chlorate, 654, 674 sodii arsenatis, 660 silicatis, 622 zinci chloridi, 706 Liquorice (root), 301 indian, wild, 305 Liriodendrin, 182 Liriodendron Tulipifera, 181 Litharge, 711 Lithium, benzoate, bromide, carbonate, citrate, citrate efferves., salicylate, 663, 664, 665 Lithotriptics, 39 Litmus, lacmus, 61 Liverwort, noble, 198 Lobelia cardinalis, inflata, syphilitica, 558, 555 Lobelin, lobeline, lobelacrin, 553, 554 Loganiacee, 49, 444 Loganin, 449, 450 Logwood, 282 Lonicera Periclymenum, 356 Lophophora Lewinii, 392 Losophane, 786 Lotio, flava, nigra, 726, 727 Lotions, 22 Loxopterygium Lorentzii, 461 Lozenges, 22 Luffa egyptiaca, Luffa, operculata, 549 Lunar caustic, 718, 719 Lung medication, 24 Lupulin, lupulinum, 159, 160 Lycium afrum, umbrosum, vulgare, 492 Lycopodiacer, 44, 64 . Lycopodine, 44, 64 Lycopodium annotinum, clavatum, com- planatum, inundatum, 64, 65 Lycopus virginicus, 484 Lyperia crocea, 120 Lysol, lysolum, 786 Lythracee, 49, 394 872 ACE, 184 Macene, 185 Macrotin, 191 Madder, 525 Magnesia, calcined, heavy, light, 671 Magnesium, 669 carbonate, citrate efferves., sulphate, 670, 671 Magnolia acuminata, glauca, tripetala, virginiana, 181 Magnoliacee, 46, 179 Maidenhair fern, 64 Majoon, 163 Malefern, 62 Mallotus philippinensis, 359 Mallow, 379, 381 Maltum, malt, 87 Malus Malus, 267 Malvacez, 48, 379 . Malva rotundifolia, sylvestris, vulgaris, 381 Mammalia, 600 : Mandragora autumnalis, officinalis, ver- nalis, 498 Mandrake, 201 Man of the Earth, 469 Manganese, 703 dioxide, sulphate, 703 Mango fruit, 391 Manihot Manihot, utilissima, 82, 357 Manna, mannit, 442, 443, 444 Armenian, Briangon, Persian, Tama- risk, 444 Manzanita, 435 Maranta arundinaceex, 81, 124 Marigold, 568 Marjoram, sweet, wild, 480 Marrubiin, 474. Marrubium vulgare, 474 Marsdenia Condurango, 465 Marsh-mallow, 379 Maruta Cotula, 569, 570, 571 Mary thistle, 582 Massa, masse, masses, 20 Massa copaibee, 287 ferri carbonatis, 654, 700 hydrargyri, 304, 380, 722 Masterwort, 194, 413 Mastic, masticin, 367, 368 Bombay, 369 Maté, 388 Materia medica, 17 Maticin, 139 Matico, 139 Matricaria Chamomilla, 569, 570 May apple, 201 flower, 434 weed, 570 Meconin, meconoiosin, 187, 228 Mechanical agents, 18 Medicago sativa, 495 Medicines, avenues of, 23 chemical constituents, 29 classification of, 29 conditions modifying action, dose, 25 forms of, 18 INDEX. Medicines, incompatibilities, 27 transmission of, 25 Mel, mella, mellita, 20 Mel, honey, 592, 593 despumatum, 593 rose, 251, 593 Melaleuca Leucadendron, 397. Melanthacex, 45, 92 Melia Azedarach, 342 Melissa officinalis, 479 Mella, honeys, 20 Menispermacez, 46, 206 Menispermine, 212 Menispermum canadense, 206, 209 Menispine, 207 Mentha aquatica, arvensis, canadensis, crispa, glabrata, longifolia, officinalis, piperascens, piperita, Pulegium, rotun- difolia, sativa, spicata, sylvestris, viri- dis, vulgaris, 478, 482, 484, 486 Menthol, 485, 486, 783 Menthone, menthene, 478, 485, 486 Menyanthes trifoliata, 455 Menyanthin, menyanthol, 455 ‘Mercury, hydrargyrum, 721 ammoniated, 724 bichloride, 724 biniodide, 725 corrosive chloride, 724 cyanide, cyanuret, 728 mild chloride, 727 peroxide, 728 protoiodide, 723 red iodide, 725 oxide, 727 sulphide, 729 subsulphate, 723 with chalk, 676, 722 yellow iodide, 723 oxide, 725 Mescale, 392 Mesit, 70 Messenna, mussena, muserin, 361 Meta-cresalol, 798 -cresol, 785 Methacetin, 792 Methol, 70 Methozine, 803 Methy] acetanilid, 792 benzoyl-ecgonine, 320 chavicol, 403 chloride, 772 conine, 419 eugenol, 403 green, 820 pyrocatechin, 788 salicylate, 144, 481, 432, 438, 797 theobromine, 386, 387, 519 tri-bromide, tri-chloride, tri-iodide, 773, 774 Methylal, 780 Methylamine, 65, 519 Methylene bichloride, 773 blue, 773 ditannin, 777 Methysticum Methysticum, 140 INDEX. Metroxylon Rumphii, Sagu, 82, 88 Mezereum, mezereon, mezerein, 393 Micrometer, 816, 817 Microscope, accessories, 807, 815 directions for using, 814 in the drug store, 821-825 magnification of, 819 requisites of, 812 _ Simple, compound, 807, 808 Microscopic clearing, hardening, mount- ing, softening, staining, 819, 820, 821 Milfoil, 570 Milkweed, common, swamp, 464, 465 Mimosaceex, 47, 267 Mistura, misture, mixtures, 20 crete, 676 ferri comp., 253, 345, 636, 690, 700 glycyrrhize comp., 270, 304 oleoso balsamica, 293 rhei et sode, 171, 172, 486, 655 Mitchella repens, 538 Molasses, melasses, 85 Momordica Balsamina, 549 Monarda punctata, 477, 481 Monkshood, 193 Monochloral antipyrine, 805 Monocotyledones, 44, 78 Moonseed, Canadian, 206 Moracee, 46, 157 Moringa pterygosperma, 518 Morphine, 228 acetate, hydrochlorate, sulphate, 228, 229, 232 ; Morrhuine, 597 Morus rubra, 158 Moschus moschiferus, 604 Moss Ceylon, 54 Corsican, 54 Iceland, 60 Trish, 51 Mother cloves, 400 Motor-depressants, 36 -excitants, 36 Mucilage acacia, 270 chondrus, 53 elm, 156 quince, 267 sassafras pith, 216 tragacanth, 297 Mucilago, mucilagines, mucilages, 20 Mucuna pruriens, 312 Mugwort, 576 Mulberry, red, 158 Mullen, great, 512, 516 Muscarine, 59 Musk, Canton, Tonquin, etc., 604, 606 Mustard, black, French, Indian, leaves, Russian, white, wild, 238, 239, 241, 241 Mycoderma aceti, 752 Mycose, 56 Mydriatics, 36 Mylabris cichorii, phalerata, 592 Myosin, 546 Myotics, 36 Myrcene, 403 Myrcia acris, 403 873 Myricin, 594 ; Myristica fatua, fragrans, 182, 184 Myristicacee, 46, 182 Mpyristicin, myristicol, 184 Myrosin, 239, 240, 263, 266 Myroxocarpin, 293 Myroxylon peruiferum, 291, 295 punctatum, 295 . Myrrha, myrrh, 343 Myrrhol, myrrhenol, myrrhin, 344 Myrtacee, 49, 397 2 Nae 194 ; Napht(h)alin, 70, 766, 800 Naphthyl-benzoate, 800 Naphtol, 766, 800 Naphtol-aristol, 801 Naphto-salol, 798 Narcotics, 35 ; Narcotine, narceine, 228, 23 Nardostachys Jatamansi, 545 Nardus indica, spica celtica, 545 Narthex assafeetida, 424 Nat-aloin, 101, 102 Natural orders (families), 42, 44 Nebule, sprays, 22 Nectandra Rodici, 208, 224 Nepeta Cataria, var. citriodora, 475, 479 Nerole bigarade, petale, petit grain, Por- tugal, 333, 337 Nerolol, 333 Nerolyl acetate, 333 Nervines, 35 Nettle stinging, 160 Neurotics, 35 Nicotiana Persica, quadrivalvis, repanda, rustica, Tabacum, 505, 507 Nicotine, nicotianin, 506 Night-blooming Cereus, 392 Nitrobenzene, nitrobenzol, 265 Nitrogen, 617 Non-pharmacopeial organic carbon com- pounds, 769 Nopalea cochenillifer, 586 Nose-piece, 811, 812, 813 Nucin, juglone, 141 Nutgall, 149 American, Chinese, Japanese, 153 Nutmeg, California, false, male, wild, 182, 184 Nux vomica, 448 (Ae barren, black, blackjack, chestnut, cork, English, iron, live, scarlet, Spanish, white, etc., 145, 146 Oak-red, 147, 148 Oatmeal, 86 Objectives, 810 Oculars, 808, 810 Oculina virginea, 588 Ocymum Basilicum, 488 Oil almond bitter, 264 expressed, 266 - amber, 74 anise, 180, 414 anthemis, 569 874 Oil baleena, 598 ben, behen, 518 benne, 516 bergamot, 338, 339 betula volatile, 144, 431 birch empyreumatic, 144 black pepper, 138 cade, 76 cajuput, 397, 398 camphor, 224 caraway, 416 carron, 673 castor, 354 ceti, 598 chenopodium, 176 cinnamon, 219 cloves, 400 cocoanut, 89 cod-liver, 596, 603 copaiba, 286 coriander, 417 cotton seed, 381, 382, 383 croton, 349 cubeb, 134 ergot, 56 erigeron, 563 ethereal, 758 eucalyptus, 405 fennel, 411 - fleabane, 563 fusel, 743 gaultheria, 431, 482 geranium, Turkish, 253 ground nut, 517 hedeoma, 477 horse mint, 477 hyssop, 480 juniper, 74, 75 lard, 602 lavender flowers, 487, 488 lemon, 337 linseed, boiled, 316, 318 mace, 184 maize, 80 matricaria, 571 meadow-sweet, 143 melissa, 479 mirbane, 265 mustard volatile, 240 myrcia, bay, 403 neroli, 333 nutmeg, volatile, expressed, 184 olive, 439, 440 orange flowers, 332 peel, 335 origanum, 480 palm, 89 seed, 310 peppermint, 484 petit grain citronnier, 337 phosphorated, 628 pimenta, 402 ray, raja, 598 rose, 252 rosemary, 489 roshé, rusa, 253 INDEX. Oil rusci, 144 santal, 164, 165 sassafras, 215 savine, 76, 77 sesamum, 516, 517 shark, skate, 598 soy, 517 spearmint, 483 sperm, 598 squali, 598 sweet birch, 144 tambor, 357 tansy, 574 tar, 70 teel, 516 theobroma, 385 thyme, 480 turpentine, 67, 68 -rectified, 68 valerian, 544 vitriol, 625 whale, 598 wintergreen, 431, 432 artificial, 482, 797 Ointment, unguentum, 594, 602 ammoniated mercury, 725 basilicon, 69 belladonna, 497 blue, 822 boric acid, 623 carbolic acid, 762 chrysarobin, 308 delphinine, 192 diachylon, 441, 711 Hebra’s, 711 iodine, 634 iodoform, 750 lead carbonate, 711 iodide, 714 mercury, 608, 722 nutgall, 151 - phytolacca, 179 : picrotoxin, 212 potassium iodide, 648 red mercuric oxide, 728 rose-water, 253, 267, 594, 601 savine, 77 staphisagria, 192 storax, 246 stramonium, 504 sulphur, 624 tannic acid, 152 tar, 70, 594 thymol, 481 veratrine, 96 white precipitate, 725 yellow mercuric oxide, 726 zine oxide, 709 Ointments, unguenta, 21 Old man, 575 Olea europea, 439 Oleacez, 49, 439 Oleate aconitine, 195 cocaine, 321 mercury, 726 morphine, 232 INDEX. Oleate veratrine, 96 Oleat-um, a, oleates, 20 Olein, 608 Oleoresin aspidium, 63, 257 capsicum, 494 cubeb, 136 ginger, 127 lupulin, 161 pepper, 138 Oleoresin-a, x, oleoresins, 20 Ole-um, a, oils, 20 Olibanum, olibene, 345, 368 Olive, olein, 439, 440 Omphalea oleifera, 357 Onion, 98 Ononis spinosa, 305 Opium, Abkari, Asia Minor, Boston, Chi- nese, deodorized, Egyptian, factitious, French, granular, homogeneous, In- dian, Persian, Provision, Trebizond, Turkey, 225, 226, 227, 228, 231 habit, test, 233, 234 Opopanax Chironium, Opoponax, 428 Opuntia cochinillifera, 586 Orange-peel, bitter, sweet, 332, 334 Orchidacez, 45, 129 Orchil, 61 Orchis mascula, 133 Oregon balsam of fir, 72 Orexine hydrochloride, 802 Organic bases, 801 carbon compounds, 737 Origanum vulgare, Majorana, 480 Orizabin, 469 Orthoform, 800 Oryza sativa, 81 Osmunda regalis, 64 Os sepiz, 588 Ostrea edulis, virginiana, 588 Otolithus regalis, 595 Ourouparia Gambier, 278 Ovis Aries, 608 ; Oxgall, 610 Oxyacanthine, 200 Oxyatropine, 497 Oxy-conine, 419 Oxygen, 615 Oxymella, oxymellita, 22, 593 Oxy-quin-aseptol, 802 Oxytocics, 40 Oystershell, 588 ACHYDERMATA, 601 | Palaquium Gutta, oblongifolium, 435 Palmacee, 88 Palmitin, 608 Panax quinquefolium, 166, 407 Pancreatin, 601, 602 Pansy, 391 : Papain, papayotin, papaw, papoid, 604 Papaveracez, 46, Papaverine, 228 Papaver Rheas, somniferum, var. album, glabrum, nigrum, 225, 234 Paper, mustard, 240, 349 potassium nitrate, 649 875 Papers, 19 Papier mouri, 341 Papilionacex, 47, 290 Para-acetanisidin, 792 -acetphenetidin, 793 -brom-acetanilid, 791 Paracotoin, 225 Para cresalol, 798 Para-cresyl-benzoate, 785 Paraffin, 70 Paraguay tea, 388 Para-iodo-acetanilid, 792 ‘Paraldehyde, 745, 777 Paramenispermine, 212 Para-oxy-metamethoxyallyl benzol, 401 Parasiticides, 35 ; Pareira brava, 207 Parillin, pariglin, 115 Parmeliacer, 44, 59 Parsley, common, garden, 416 fools, 421 Partridgeberry, 538 Parvules, 22 z Pasque flower, 197 Paste, 22 Pastilles, 22 Paullinia Cupana, sorbilis, 371, 520 Paytine, 530 Peach, 267 Pearl-white, 717 Pectinose, 270 Pedaliacer, 50, 516 Pelargonium capitatum, odoratissimum, Radula, 253 Pelletierine, iso, methyl, pseudo, 396 Pellitorine, 573 Pellitory, German, Persian, 572, 573 Pellotine, 392 Pelosine, 208 Pencils, 21 per American, European, 477, Pental, 772 Pepo, 545 Pepper, African, black, Cayenne, long, white, 136, 138, 492 Peppermint, 484 tree, 407 Pepsin, saccharated, 601, 603 Persimmon, 436 Petrolatum liquidum, molle, spissum, 739 Petroleum-benzin, 738 Peucedanum graveolens, 415 Ostruthium, 194 Pheoretin, 170, 171, 279 Phanerogamia, 66 Pharmacodynamics, 17 Pharmacognosy, 17 Pharmacology, 17 Pharmacopeeia, 18 Pharmacy, 17 Phaseolus vulgaris, 81 Phaseo-mannit, 85 Phellandrene, 126 Phenacetin, 793 Phenazone, 803 876 Phenocoll hydrochloride, 795 salicylate, 795 Phenols, 70, 783 Phenylbenzamid, 794 Phenylethelene, 245 . Phenyl formamide, 791 urethane, 781 Phenylpropyl cinnamate, 211 Phloroglucin, 63, 273 Phloroglucol, 249 Phlox carolina, glaberrima, 447, 448 Phosphorus, 627 - Physeter macrocephalus, 598, 600 Physetolein, 597 : Physical agents, 18 Physostigma cylindrospermum, veneno- sum, 309 Physostigmine, eserine, 310 salicylate, sulphate, 310 Phytolacca acinosa, decandra, octandra, 177, 179 Phytolaccacex, 46, 177 Phytolaccin, phytolaccine, 178 Phytosterin, 244, 311 Picea succinifera, 73 Pichi, 505 Picraconitine, 195 Picrasma excelsa, 340 Picrasmin, 341 Picrocrocin, 120 Picropodophyllin, 202 Picro-sclerotine, 57 Picrotin, 212 Picrotoxin, 211, 212 Pieree divine, ophthalmique, 715 Pigweed, 177 Pills aloes, 102 and asafetida, 102, 424 and iron, 102, 103, 690 and mastic, 103, 251, 368 and myrrh, 103, 344 antimony comp., 324, 727, 733 asafetida, 424 Blaud’s, 701 blue, 722 cathartic comp., 391, 468, 549, 727 ferrous carbonate, 380, 636, 690, 701 iodide, 304, 689 galbanum comp., 424 lupulin, 161 opium, 231 Plummer’s, 733 phosphorus, 380, 628 rhubarb, 172 comp., 103, 172, 345, 486 vegetable cathartic, 468, 509, 549 Pilocarpine, pilocarpidine, 328 acetate, hydrobromate, hydrochlor- ate, nitrate, phosphate, 328 Pilocarpus vgpanditoras, heterophyllus, Jaborandi, microphyllus, pauciflorus, pinnatifolius, Selloanus, spicatus, tra- chylophus, 327, 329 Pilul-a, 2, pills, 20 Pina acris, officinalis, Pimenta, 401, INDEX. Pimpinella Anisum, 413 Pinaces, 44, 66 Pine, Frank-incense, Loblolly, old-field, Wild, 71 Pinene, 68, 73, 75, 77 Pinites succinifer, 73 Pink, Carolina or Georgia, 447, 448 Pinus australis, Laricio, maritima, pa- lustris, Pinaster, rigida, rotundata, syl- vestris, Teeda, 66, 70, 71 Piper aduncum, album, angustifolium, etle, caninum, carpunya, citrifolium, crassipes, Cubeba, Jaborandi, lancex- folia, Lowong, Methysticum, Mollico- mum, nigrum, officinarum, peltatum, reticulatum, ribesoides, umbellatum, unguiculatum, 134, 136, 1388, 139, 140, 328 Piperacee, 45, 133 Piperazine, 801 Piperin, piperidine, 137, 138 Piperonal, 138 Pipsissewa, 429, 430, 434 Pisces, 594 Piscidia Erythrina, 299 Pistacia cabulica, Khinjuk, Lentiscus, mutica, Terebinthus, 71, 367, 369 Pitch, Burgundy, 72 Canada, hemlock, 74 Plasmodium malarie, 536 Plaster adhesive, 69 ammon. and merc., 427, 428, 711, 722 arnica, 69, 579 belladonna, 69, 497 Burgundy pitch, 73, 441 Canada pitch, 74 cantharidal pitch, 73, 590 capsicum, 69, 494 iron, 73, 441, 711 isinglass, 595 lead, 441; 711 mercury, 711, 722 opium, 73, 231, 711 Paris, 678 pepper, 138 resin, 69, 594, 711 soap, 441, 711 Plasters, 19 Platinic chloride, 736 Platinum, 736 Plumbum, lead, 710 Podophyllin, podophyllotoxin, 202, 203 Podophyllo-quercetin, 202 Podophylloresin, 202 7 Podophyllum Emodi, 203 peltatum, 201 Pogostemon Heyneanus (Patchouli), 479 Poison ivy, 365 Poisons, treatment, antidotes, 827 Poke-root, 177 Polemonium reptans, 166 Polychroit, 120 Polygala alba, amara, Boykinii, polyg- ama, rubella, Senega, 346, 348 Polygalacex, 48, 345 Polygalin, 347 INDEX. Polygonacex, 46, 168 Polygonatum commutatum, giganteum, multiflorum, 108 Polygonum Bistorta, 175, 313 Polypodiacee, 44, 61 Polypodium vulgare, 64 Polyporus fomentarius, 59 officinalis, 59 Eomegmasic, rind, 395, 396 Poppy, 2 seed, 234 yellow horned, 238 Populus acuminata, alba, tremula, 143 Porteranthus stipulatus, trifoliatus, 256 Potassa, 637 sulphurated, 636, 638 with lime, 638, 673 Potassium, kalium, 635 acetate, 639 acid sulphate, 240 and sodium tartrate, 641 bicarbonate, 637 bichromate, 645 bitartrate, 377, 640 bromide, 647 carbonate, 636 impure, 636 chlorate, 642 citrate, 639 efferves., 640 cyanide, 643 ferrocyanide, 644 hydrate, hydroxide, 655 hypophosphite, 643 iodide, 648 myronate, 240 nitrate, 649 permanganate, 649 sulphate, 646 sulphite, 640 tartrate, 642 Potato-fly, 591 Potentilla canadensis, Tormentilla, 249,313 Potter’s table of incompatibles, 28 Poultices, 21 hops, 160 Powder aloes and canella, 103, 391 antimonial, 733 aromatic, 128, 127, 220 bleaching, 674 catechu comp., 301 chalk comp., 270, 676 dalmatian insect, 573 effervescing comp., 641, 655 glycyrrhiza comp. , 280, 304, 412, 624 goa, 307 insect, 553 ipecac and opium, 281, 523 jalap comp., 468 James’, 733 kino comp., 301 morphine comp., 223, 232, 304 Persian insect, 573 rhubarb comp., 127, 172 seidlitz, 641, 655 angustifolia, 877 Premna traitensis, 91 Prescription writing, 838 oe ash, 325 poppy. y, 234 Pride of India, 342 Prinos verticillata, 370 Prophetin, 551 Prosopis juliflora, 269 Protectives, 41 Protokosin, 256 Protopine, 235, 236, 237 Protoveratrine, protoveratridine, 94 Prune de St. Julian, 262, 263 Prunella vulgaris, 475 Prunus Amygdalus, var. Juliana, domes- tica, var. amara, dulcis, Laurocerasus, obovata, Persica, rubra, serotina, vir- giniana, 260, 261, 263, 265, 267 Prussiate of potash, 654 Pseudaconitine, 195 Pseudo-conydrine, 419 -jervine, 92, 94 -morphine, 228 Psychotria emetica, 525 Ptelia trifoliata, 365 Pteridophyt(es)-a, 44, 61 Pterocarpin, 298 Pterocarpus erinaceus, Marsupium, san- talinus, 298, 299 Ptychotis Coptica, 481 Pulegone, 478 Pulicaria dysenterica, 265 Pulmonary sedatives, 36 Pulsatilla, pasque flower, 197 hirsutissima, pratensis, Pulsatilla, 198 Pulvis, pulveres, powders, 20 Pumpkin-seed, 545 Punica Granatum, 395 Punicacez, 49, 394 Punicine, 396 Purgatives, cholagogue, drastic, hydra- gogue, saline, simple, 38, Purging cassia, 274 Purple avens, 249 Purshianin, 376 Pustulants, 41 Pyrene, 70 Pyrethrin, pyrethrine, 573 Pyrethrum carneum, Parthenium, roseum, Tanacetum, 569, 572, 573, 574 Pyrocatechin, ~catechol, 70, "300, 301, 344 Pyrodin, 795 Pyrogaliol, 152, 249, 791 Pyroguaiacin, 324 Pyrola chlorantha, elliptica, rotundifolia, umbellata, 429, 430 Pyrolacex, 49, 429 Pyroligneous spirit, alcohol, 776 Pyroxylin, 383 Pyrus Cydonia, Malus, 267 UASSIA amara, excelsa, Simaruba, 340, 341,’ 342 Quassin, 341 Quebrachin, quebrachit, quebrachamine, 461 878 Quebracho Colorado, flojo, 460, 461 Queen of the Meadow, 561 Quercetin, 148, 273 Quercin, 147, 148 Quercitron, quercitrin, 149, 250, 251 Quercus Agilops, alba, coccifera, coccinea, var. tinctoria, digitata, falcata, ferru- ginea, lobata, lusitanica, marylandica, nigra, pedunculata, Prinus, pubescens, Robur, sessiliflora, suber, Vallonea, velutina, virens, virginiana, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 153, 444, 587 Quevenne’s iron, 686 Quicksilver, 721 Quillaia-sapotoxin, 254 Quillain, 255 Quillaja Saponaria, 253 Quinamine, quinamicine, quinicine, 530, 534 Quince, 267 Quinidine, sulphate, 530, 532 Quinine, bisulphate, hydrobromate, hy- drochlorate, sulphate, valerianate, 530, 531 flower, 454 Quino-quino tree, 295 Quinol, 790 Quinovin (kinovin), 530, 534 ADISH, garden, wild, 242 Raja Batis, 598 Ranunculacee, 46, 185 Ranunculus bulbosus, 199 Rape, 241 : Raphanum raphanistrum, 242 Raspberry, 247 Rectal medication, 24 Red ant, 592 lead, 712 precipitate, 727 saunders, 298 Refrigerants, 37 Remigia Purdieana, 537 Renfer, 603 Resin, 67, 68 carana, 323 copaiba, 287 guaiac, 323 jalap, 468 Kouri, 74 podophyllum, 202, 203 scammony, 471 sumbul, 426 Resina, resin, 67, 68 Resino-tannol, 293, 424 Resorcin, resorcinol, 764, 790 Respiration, 24 Respiratory sedatives (depressants), 36 stimulants, 36 Rest-harrow, 305 Restoratives, 33 Rhamnacex, 48, 372 Rhamnocathartin, 374 Rhamnose, rhamnin, 374, 376 Rhamnoxanthin, 373 rhamnetin, 373, INDEX. Rhamunus californica, caroliniana, cath- _artica, Frangula, Purshiana, 134, 372, 874, 375, 376 Rhaphidophora vitiensis, 91 Rhatanic-red, 289 Rhatany, Payta, Peruvian, Savanilla, etc., 288 Rhein, 170 Rheum australe, compactum, Emodi, hybridum, officinale, palmatum, rha- ponticum, undulatum, 168, 170, 173 Rhizomes, 31 Rhodinol, 252 Rheeadine, 234 Rhubarb, Chinese, crown, European, E. Indian, Russian, torrefied, 168, 170, 173 Rhus aromatica, copallina, Coriaria, di- versiloba, glabra, hirta, japonica, pu- mila, radicans, semialata, Toxicoden- dron, typhina, venenata, vernix, 153, 364, 365, 367 . Richard(son)ia scabra, 525 Ricin, ricinin, 354 Ricinolein, 354 Ricinus communis, 354 Rigolene, 740 Rochelle salt, 641 Rock candy, 85 Root alum, 246 . arrow, 81, 124 blood, 234 colic, 129 Culver’s, 508 Demerara pink, 448 fever, 542 gravel, 561 liquorice, 301 man, Mechoacanna, 469 pink, 446 pleurisy, 464 queen’s, 357 stone, 488 Roots, radices, 31 Roripa Armoracia, 241 Rosa blanda, canina, centifolia, damas- cena, gallica, nitida, 250, 252 Rosacex, 47, 247 Rose, Damascus, dog, pale, red, 250, 252 Rosemary, 489 marsh, 435 Rosin, 67, 68 Rosmarinus officinalis, 489 Rottlera, rottlerin, 359, 360 Rubefacients, 40 Rubia tinctorium, 525 Rubiacez, 50, 518 Rubijervine, 92, 94 Rubreserine, 310 . Rubus canadensis, fruticosus, Tdeus, occi-, dentalis, strigosus, trivialis, villosus, 247,248 Rules modifying doses, 26 Rumex Acetosella, aquaticus, britannica, ened obtusifolius, sanguineus, 173, : _ INDEX. Rumicin, 173 Ruminantia, 604 Rusbyine, 343 Ruta graveolens, 332 Rutabaga, 241 Rutacez, 47, 325 Rutin, 331 a eee cevadilla, 95 Sabadine, sabadinine, 95, 96 yt ore angularis,; campestris, Elliottii, Sabina, savine, 76 Saccharin, 797 Saccharomyces cerevisie, 58 Saccharum, crystallizatum, lactis, 85, 610 officinarum, 82 Safflower, 582 Saffron, 119 Safrol, 180, 181 Sage, 475 Sago, 82, 88 Sagus Rumphii, 88 Salacetol, salophen, 798, 799 Salep, 133 Salicacer, 45, 142 Salicin, 142, 143 Salicylic aldehyde, 143 Salicylism, 433 Saligenin, 143 Salinaphtol, 798 Salipyrine, 804 Saliretin, 143 Salix alba, fragilis, purpurea, 143 Salocoll, 795 Salol, 765, 798 Sal-prunelle, 649 Salseparin, 115 Salt common, table, 653 of lemon, sorrel, 754 Saltpetre, 649 ie Salvia lyrata officinalis, polystachya, pra- tensis, 475, 477 Salviol, 476 Sambucus canadensis, Ebulus, maderensis, nigra, 538, 539 Sandalwood, Venezuela, 165 white, 164 Sandarae, 74, 368 Sand-myrtle, 434 Sanguinaria canadensis, 234, 313 Sanguinarine, 235, 237 Sanguis, 611 Sanguisuga medicinalis, officinalis, 588 Santalacex, 46, 164 * Santalal, santalol, 165 Santalene, 165 Santalin, santal, 298 hordeatum, Santalum album, austro-caledonicum, Freycinetianum, pyrularium, Yasi, 164, 165 rubrum, 298 Santonica, santonin, 576, 577 Sap green, 374 Sapindacee, 48, 370, 520 879 Sapogenin, 347 : Saponin, 115, 116, 200, 254, 347 Sapotacese, 435 Sarepta, 241 Sarsaparilla, 112 ; false, Virginian, wild, 407 German, 116 Sarsa-saponin, 115, 116 Sassafras (lignum) wood, pith, Sassafras, 214, 215, 216 variifolium, 214 Sassafrid, 215, 216 Satin-wood, 326 Scabiosa arvensis, succisa, 543 Scales, 22 Scammony, scammonin, 467, 469 factitious, 470 Schenocaulon officinale, 95 Scilla, squill, 98 Scillain, 99 Scillapicrine, scillamarine, scillinine, 99 Scillin, scillitoxin, 99 Scillitin, scillipicrin, 99 Sclererythrin, scleroiodin, 57 Sclerocrystallin, 57 Scleromucin, 57 Scleroxanthin, 57 Scoparius, scoparin, 305, 306 Scopolamine, 498, 499, 501, 504 Scopoletin, 496, 498 Scopolia atropoides, carniolica, japonica, 495, 498 - Scopolina atropoides, 498 Scorodosma foetidum, 421 Scotch fir, 71 Scrophulariacex, 50, 507 Scrophularia nodosa, 509 : Scutellaria galericulata, integrifolia, later- iflora, pilosa, 473, 474, 541 Scutellarin, 473 ; Secale cereale, 54 Secaline, 58 Secalintoxin, 57 Sedatin, 794, 803 Sedatives, 35 Seed Chia, 477 Seeds, 32 Self-heal, 475 Semen quercus tostum, 149 Semi-alteratives, 34 Senega, 346 false or white, 348 " Senegin, 347 Senna, Alexandria, India, etc., 275, 277 Sennapicrin, sennacrol, sennit, 279 Sepia officinalis, 588 Serpentaria, 166 Serronea Jaborandi, 328 Sesamum indicum, 516 Sevum, suet, 608 bovinum, 609 Sheep sorrel, 175 Shikimi, 180 Shin-leaf, 420 Sialagogues, sialogogues, 37 Sidhee, siddhi, subjee, 163 880 Silicon, silicium, 622 ‘Silkwéed, 465 Silky cornel, 429 Silver, argentum, 718 cyanide, 720 iodide, 720 nitrate, diluted, 718, 719 moulded, 719 oxide, 721 Silybum fructus, marianum, 582 Simaba cedron, ferruginea, 342 Simaruba amara, excelsa, medicinalis, offi- cinalis, 341, 342 Simarubacex, 48, 339 Sinalbin, sinigrin, 239, 240 Sinapine, sulphate, sulpho-cyanide, 239, 240 Sinapis alba, nigra, 238 Sinistrin, 99 Sinkaline, 240 Sium latifolium, 543 Skullcap, 473 Skunk cabbage, 91 Slippery-elm, 156 Smilacex, 45, 112 Smilacin, 115 Smilacina racemosa, 108 Smilax aspera, china, glauca, medica, offi- cinalis, ornata, papyracea, pseudo-china, syphilitica, tamnoides, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116 Snake-head, 509 s Snakeroot, button, 413 Virginia, 166 Soap, soft, 317, 441 Soc-aloin, 101, 102 Soda, 655 Sodium, natrium, 650 acetate, 656 arsenate, 660 benzoate, 657 bicarbonate, 654 bisulphite, 657 borate, 651 bromide, 659 carbonate, 653 dried, 654 chlorate, 661 chloride, 653 di-thio-salicylate, 798 hydrate, hydroxide, 655 hypophosphite, 658 hyposulphite, 658 iodide, 659 nitrate, nitrite, 651, 652 paraphenol-sulphonate, 662 phosphate, 661 pyrophosphate, 662 ricinoleate, 356 salicylate, 660 santoninate, 577, 656 sulphate, 662 sulphite, 657 ‘ sulphocarbolate, 662 ? thiophene sulphonate, 788 ¥ thiosulphate, 658 a INDEX. Soja hispida, 305, 517 Solanacex, 50, 490 Solanine, solanidine, 490, 491 ; Solanum carolinense, Dulcamara, nigrum, pees tuberosum, 81, 490, 492, Solenostemma Argel, 276, 277 Solidago odora, 563 Solomon’s seal, American, false, 108 Solution boric acid, 623 boroglyceride, 623 decinormal oxalic acid, 754 Donovan’s, 725 elaterium, 551 Fowler’s, 730 hydrogen di(per)oxide, 616 Magendie’s, morphine, 232 Monsel’s, 691 nitroglycerin, 744 Pearson’s, 661 latinic chloride, 736 abarraque’s, 674 Somnal, 782 Somnificants, 35 Soporifics, 35 Sorghum vulgare, var. saccharatum, 82, 88 Sozoiodol, 784 Spanish-flies, 589 Sparteine, sulphate, 306 Spartium junceum, 307 Spearmint, 482 Species, 43 y lexantes St. Germain, 280 Speedwell, common, 509 Spermaceti, 600 Spermatophyt(es)-a, 44, 66 Sphacelotoxin, 57 Spherococcus lichenoides, 54, 596 Spice bush, 225 tree, 216 Rpige ts anthelmintica, marylandica, 166, European, Spigeline, 447 Spikenard, 512, 545 Spinants, 36 Spindle tree, 370 Spireea tomentosa, 255 Ulmaria, 148 Spirit ammonia, aromatic, 338, 617, 618 anise, 414 © ere asafetida ammoniated, 424 bitter-almond, 265 camphor, 223 chloroform, 748 cinnamon, 220 ether, 758 comp., 758 gaultheria, 433 elonoin, 744 artshorn, 617 hedeoma, 478 juglans, 141 juniper, comp., 75, 412, 416 lavender, 488 lemon, 337, 338 INDEX. 881 Spirit melissa, 479 Sucrol, 782 myrcia, 336, 403, 404 . Sudorifics, 39, nitroglycerin, 744 Suet, 608 nitrous ether, 652, 759 Sugar, 82, 84, 85 nutmeg, 184 barley, 85 orange, comp., 335, 336, 338, 414, 418 beet, 82 peppermint, 486 cane, 82 phosphorus, 628 fruit, 85 salt, 631 grape, 84 _ Spearmint, 483 of lead, 712 Spiritus, spirits, 20 of milk, 610 Spiritus frumenti, 741 starch, 84 vini gallici, 742 Sponge, burnt, vegetable, wash-rag, 549, Spongia officinalis, usta, 587: Sprays, 22 Spurge, Flax, flowering, ipecac, Laurel, 358, 359, 393 : Squalus Carcharias, 598 Squaw vine, 538 Squill, scilla, 98 Squirting cucumber, 550 Stagshorn, 607 : Staphisagria, stavesacre, 191 Staphisagrine, ‘staphisaine, 192 Staphisagroine, 192 Starch corn, bean, cassava, cucumba, eu- phorbia, oat, potato, rice, sago, sarsa- parilla, tapioca, 78, 79, 81, 82 Starwort, 129 ; Statice, Limonium var. caroliniana, 435 Steapsin, 603 : Stearin, 608 Sterculiacex, 48, 385 Sternutatories, 37 St. Ignatius’ bean, 452 Stilbene, 293 Stillingia sebifera, sylvatica, 357, 358 Stimulants, 35 : Storesin, 245 Storksbill, 313 Stramonium, 502 Strawberry bush, 370 Strontium, bromide, 680, 681 iodide, 681 ; lactate, 681 Strophanthin, 458 Strophanthus dichotomus, false, hispidus, Kombé, 457; 460 . Strychnine, hydrochlorate, nitrate, phos- phate, sulphate, etc., 449 : Strychnos Castelneeana, colubrina, Ignatia, Nux vomica, potatorum, Tieute, toxi- fera, 448, 452 Sturiones, 594 Styptics, 41 Styracacee, 49, 436 Styrax, storax, 244 Beiizoin, 436 ° calamita, officinalis, 246 . Styrol, styracin, 293 Suberin, 149 Succinum, 73 Succ-us, i, juices, 22. 56 Sulphaminol, 784 Sulphonal, 779 . Sulphur, lotum, precipitatum, tum, 623, 624 Sumach, black, dwarf, European, stag- horn, sweet-scented, 364, 365 : Sumbul, 425 false, 426 ‘ Suppositori-um, a, suppositories, 20 Surinam quassia-wood, 342 ~ Sus scrofa, 601 Sweet bay, 225 flag, 89 gum, 246 scabious, 564 spirit of nitre, 652, 759 Swertia angustifolia, Chirayita (Chirata), pulchella, 454, 455 Sycocarpus Rusbyi, 343 Sylvacrol, 357, 358 Symphytum officinale, 512 Symplocarpus fcetidus, 91, 92 Synaptase, 264 Synthetic remedies, 769 Syrup acacia, 84, 270 almond, 264, 265, 266, 267 althza, 380 calcium lacto-phosphate, 678, 757 cimicifuga comp., 191 ‘ cinnamon, 221 citric acid, 756 corn silk, 80 Cox’s hive, 100 erodictyon, 472, 473 ferrous iodide, 688 - garlic, 97 ginger, 127 glycyrrhiza, 305 uarana, 372 ydriodic acid, 635 hypophosphites, 643,. 677 ypophosp » with iron, 643, 689 ipecac, 523 : : krameria, 290 . lactucarium, 559 lemon juice, 338 peel, 338 lime, 673 matricaria, 571 orange, 335 owers, 334 peppermint, 486 phosphate iron quinine and strych- nine, 535, 695 ee sublima- 882 Syrup quassia, 126 2 quillaja, 254 raspberry, 247 rhubarb, 172 aromatic, 172 rose, 251 rubus, 249 sarsaparilla, comp., 304, 433 senega, 347 senna, 280, 418 spearmint, 484 squill, comp., 99, 100, 347, 414, 734 stillingia, comp., 358 tar, 70 Tolu, 295 wild cherry, 262 Syrup-us, i, syrups, 20 Peete comparing metric and apothe- caries’ fluid measure, 841 avoirdupois, apothecaries’ weights, 841 constituents, 853 corresponding values, 841 doses of rare drugs, 843 drops in fluidrachms, 845 Fahrenheit and Centigrade equiva- lents, 848 maximum doses, 842 measures of approximation, 842 medical abbreviations, 848-852 weight of fluidrachms, in grains and grammes, 845, 847 liquids, 842 Tablets, 22 triturates, 22 Tenifuges, 40 Tagetes erecta, patula, 568 Talc(um), 672 Tallow, beef, 609 Tamar Indien, 282 Tamarindus indica, 281 Tamarisk galls, 153 Tamarix africana, articulata, mannifera, orientalis, 153, 444 Tanacetin, tanacetone, 574 aeecchm Balsamita, crispum, vulgare, ‘Tannin, tannic acid, 150 Tannoform, 777 Tansy, double, 574 Tapioca, 82, 357 Tar, 70 Taraxacin, taraxacerin, 556 Taraxacum officinale, Taraxacum, 555 Tartar emetic, 733 Taurin, 610 Tea, cotton-seed, 384 Teleostia, 596 Tephrosia Apollinea, 277 Terebene, 68, 69, 783 Terminalia angustifolia, 438 Ternstreemiacer, 48, 387 Terpin hydrate, 68, 69, 783 Terpinene, 123 gallica, 116, 216, 280, | INDEX. Terpineol, 123 Terpinyl acetate, 73 Terra japonica, 273 Test Grahe’s, 538 Testa, ovi, 588, 599 Tetronal, 780 Thalline, 803 sulphate, tartrate, 803 Thallochlor(ophyll), 60 Thallophyt(es)-a, 44, 51 Theacem, 48, 387, 518 Thea drupifera, japonica, oleosa, sinen- sis, 387, 388, 518, 519 Thebaine, 228 Theine, 387, 388, 518, 519 Theobroma Cacao, 385 Theobromine, 385, 386, 806 sodio-salicylate, 387, 806 Theophylline, 388 Therapeutics, 18 Thimbleberry, 247 Thio-oxy-diphenylamine, 784 Thiophene-di-iodide, 783 Thioresorcin, 790 Thiosinamin, 782 Thorn-apple, entire-leaved, purple, 502, 505 Thoroughwort, 560 Thridace, 559 Thuja occidentalis, 78 Thujone, 476, 574, 575 Thymacetin, 482 Thyme, thymol, 480, 481 Thymeleacex, 48, 392 Thymene, 481 Thymus vulgaris, 480, 481 Thyroideum, thyroid, 609 Tin, stannum, 735 Tinctur-a, ee, tinctures, 21 Tincture aconite, 195 Flemming’s, 195 leaves, 195 aloes, 103, 304, 344 and myrrh, 103, 305 anamirta, 212 arnica flowers, root, 579, 580 asafetida, 424 aspidosperma, 461 belladonna, 497 benzoin, 489 comp., 103, 489 bitter-orange peel, 333 bryonia, 552 buchu, 331 calamus, 91' calendula, 568 calumba, 211 cantharides, 590 capsicum, 494 cardamom, 123 comp., 123, 220, 416, 587 cascarilla, 353 catechu comp., 220, 273 caulophyllum, 200 chirata, 455 chloride of iron, 687 INDEX. Tincture Churchill’s iodine, 634 cimicifuga, 191 cinchona, comp., 167, 334, 535 cinnamon, 220 cloves, 401 coca, 321 cochineal, 587 colchicum seed, 111 colocynth, 549 conium, 420 cubeb, 136 pypripedium, 131 decolorized iodine, 634 digitalis, 515 ergot, 57 eucalyptus, 406 fresh herbs, 198 gelsemium, 446 gentian comp., 123, 334, 454 ginger, 127 : guaiac, 324, 617 ammoniated, 324, 617 guarana, 372 hamamelis, 244 hops, 160 hydrastis, 187 hyoscyamus, 501 Indian cannabis (hemp), 162 iodine, 634 ipecac and opium, 231, 528 jalap, 468 kamala, 361 kino, 301 krameria, rhatany, 290 lactucarium, 559 - lappa, 582 lavender comp.,184, 220, 401, 488, 489 leptandra, 509 lobelia, 554 lupulin, 161 ammoniated, 161 mace, 185 matico, 139 musk, 606 myrrh, 344 Dr. Norwood’s, 94 nutgall, 151 nux vomica, 450 opium, 230 camphorated, 223, 231, 414, 439 deodorized, 230, 231 orange-peel, bitter, 333 sweet, 335 physostigma, 311 phytolacea, 179 pilocarpus, 328 podophyllum, 203 . pulsatilla, Homeopathic, 198 pyrethrum, 573 quassia, 341 quillaja, 254 rhamnus Purshiana, 376 rhubarb, 123, 172 aromatic, 172, 184, 401 sweet, 124, 172, 414 rhus toxicodendron, 366 883 Tincture saffron, 120 sanguinaria, 236 savine, 77 senega, 347 serpentaria, 167 squill, 100 staphisagria, 192 stillingia, 358 stramonium, 504 strophanthus, 458, 459 sumbul, 426 sweet-orange peel, 335 Tolu, 295 turmeric, 128 valerian, 544 ammoniated, 544 vanilla, 133 veratrum viride, 94 Warburg’s, 535 Tobacco, tabacum, wild, 505, 507 Toluifera Balsamum, 293 Pereira, 291 Toluol, 70 Tonga, tongine, 91 Tonics, 33 Tormentil, 249 Torreya californica, 184 Touchwood, 59 Tous-les-mois, 125 Toxicodendrol, 365, 366, 367 Toxicology, 18 . Tragacanth, 296 Traganthin, 297 Trailing arbutus, 434 Trehala, 444 Triacontan, 432 Tribromo-phenol, 783 Trigonelline, 458 Tri-iodo-meta-cresol, 786 Trimethylamine, 187, 597 Trimethylxanthine, 519 Trional, 779 Triosteum perfoliatum, 347, 522, 542 Tri-oxy-acetophenone, 796 Triticum, triticin, 85, 86 Triticum estivum (vulgare), 81 Triturati-o, ones, triturations, 21 Trituration elaterin, 551 Troches ammonium, chloride, 304, 667 catechu, 273 chalk, 676 cubeb, 136 ginger, 127 glycyrrhiza and opium, 231, 3038, 414 Ipecac, 523 iron, 133, 698 krameria, 290 morphine and ipecac, 232, 433, 523 peppermint, 486 potassium chlorate, 642 santonin, 577 sodium bicarbonate, 184, 655 santoninate, 577 tannic acid, 152 Trochisc-us, i, troches, 21 Tropines, 496 884 Truxilcocaine, truxilline, 320 Trypeta arnicivora, 579 Trypsin, 603 Tsuga canadensis, 74 _ Tubers, 31 Tulipiferine, 182 Turmeric, 127 Tulip tree, 181 Turnera diffusa (microphylla) var. ane disiaca, 392 Turnip, Indian, Swedish, 241 Turpentine, 66 Canada, Chian, European, Stassburg, Venice, 71, 72 Turpeth mineral, 723 Tutty, tuttia, 709 Twigs, 31 TLMACEZ, 45, 156 Ulmaria ‘Ulmaria, 148 Ulmusalata, americana, campestris, effusa, fulva, 156, 157 Umbelliferee, 49, 410 Umbelliferon, 424, 425, 427 Umbellularia californica, 216 Uncaria gambir, 273 Unguent-um, a, ointments, 21 Uragee Ipecacuanha, acuminata, 520, Ural, Uraline, uralium, 782 Urari, 452 Urceola elastica, esculenta, 349 Urethane, 781 Urginea maritima, 98 Urotropine, 777 Urson, 429, 434, 435 Urtica dioica, 160 Urticacex, 160 Ustilagine, 58 Ustilago Maydis, 58 Uva passa, 377 -ursi, 433 ee uliginosum, Vitis Idsa, Vagnera racemosa, 108 Valeriana celtica, dioica, mexicana, offi- cinalis, Phu, toluccana, 542, 5438, 545 Valerianace, 50, 542 Vallet’s mass, 700 Vallonea, 153 Vanilla Gardneri, guianensis, odorata, Be aa planifolia, Pompona, 131, Vanillin, 182, 293, 295, 438 Vanillons, 132 Vapors, 22 Venous medication, 25 Veratralbine, 94 Veratramarin, 94 Veratrine, 95, 96 Veratroidine, 92, 98 Veratrum album, officinale, Sabadilla, viride, 92, 94, 95, 548 Verbascum Thapsus, 512, 516 Verdigris, 715 INDEX. | Verine, 96 Vormialli, 2 297 . Vermicides, 40 Vermifuges, 40 . Veronica officinalis, vinginica, 508, 509 . Vertebrata, 585, 594 Vesicants, 41 Vetivert, ‘vetiveria, 87 Viburnin, 540, 541 : Viburnum obovatum, opulus, prunifolium, 540, 541 Villosin, 249 Vinegar, 752 | Vinegars, aceta, 19 Vin-um, a, wines, 21 | Viola pedata, tricolor, 891, 392 Violacer, 391 Violet, bird’s foot, blue, 392 Virgin dip, 67. Vitacee, 48, 376 Vitellin, 263, 266, 546 Vitellus, 599 Vitis wstivalis, cordifolia, a ripa- | ria, vinifera, vulpina, 377, 378 Viverra Civetta, Zibetha, 608 Vouacapoua Araroba, 307 AFERS, 21 Wahoo, 369 Walnut, black, English, 142 Waltheria glomerata, 139 Wars, wurrus, 361 washing soda, 653 ‘Washrag sponge, 549 Water, 615, 616 ammonia, stronger, 617, 618 anise, 414 avens, 249 bitter-almond, 264, 265 camphor, 223 chlorine, 630 chloroform, 748 cinnamon, 220 creosote, 763 distilled, 615 eucalyptus, 406 - fennel, 411, 412 hydrogen dioxide, 616 lead, 713 lime, 672 melissa, 479 - orange flower, stronger, 334 peppermint, 486 rose, 253 sage, 476 sambucus, 539 shamrock, 455 spearmint, 483 Watermelon seed, 546 Waters, 19 Weed bugle, 484 loco, rattle, 298 Weights and ‘amu. 838, 839 Whiskey, 741 White arsenic, 730 cinnamon, 391 INDEX. White elm, 156 flag, 118 hog, 562 lead, 710 mustard, 238 oak, 146 of egg, egg-white, 599 precipitate, 724 sandal, 164 snake, 359 vitriol, 707 wax, 594 Whortleberry, bog, red, 434 Wild cherry, potato or jalap, 260, 469 horahiennd, 561 sarsaparilla, 407 Windberry, 484 Wine antimony, 734 aspidosperma, 461 coca, 321 colchicum root, 111 seed, 111 ergot, 57 ipecac, 523 iron, bitter, 535 citrate, 696 opium, 220, 231, 401 pepsin, 604 port, 742 red, 377, 742 rhubarb, 172 sherry, 742 tobacco, 507 white, 377, 742 ‘Wines, 21 Wintera aromatica, 181 Winterberry, 370 Winterene, 181 Wintergreen, greenish-flowered, round- leaved, spotted, 430, 431 Witch-hazel, 242 bark, 244 Wolfsbane, 193 Wood, guaiacum, 322 naphtha, spirit, 776 southern, 575 Woods, 31 Worm-grass, worm tea, 448 885 Wormseed, American, barbary, Indian, levant, 175, 576, 578 Woorara, 452 Wormwood, 575 YASTEIUM canadense, echinatum, spinosum, strumarium, 582 Xanthopuccine, 187 Xanthorrhiza apiifolia, 189 Xanthoxylin(e), 326 Xanthoxylum americanum, Clava-Herculis, elegans, pterota, 325, 328 Xeroform, 788 Xylol, 70 caribeum, floridanum, ARROW, 570 Yeast, 58 Yellow adder’s-tongue, 107 dip, 67 dock, 173 jasmine, 445 parilla, 206 root, 189 wash, 726 wax, 592, 593 Yolk of egg, 599 EA, 78 Mays, 78, 81 Zedoary, 128 Zinc, 705 acetate, 709 bromide, 705 carbonate, impure, 708 precipitated, 707 chloride, 705 iodide, 706 - oxide, 709 impure, 709 phosphide, 707 sulphate, 707 valerianate, 708 Zingiber Cassumunar, officinale, Zerum- bet, Zingiber, 125, 127 Zingiberacex, 45, 121 Zygophyllacex, 47, 322 4 JAN 36 1902 ; NOY 72. SRS SFr i‘ Hath