| ex p | Cornell University Library Dthaca, New York THE LIBRARY OF EMIL KUICHLING, C. E. ROCHESTER, NEW YORK THE GIFT OF SARAH L. KUICHLING 1919 Cornell University Library TC 625.C6A2 1913 Wi 3 1924 004 974 865 engr, anx at THE DIVERSION OF THE WATERS OF THE GREAT LAKES BY WAY OF THE SANITARY AND SHIP CANAL CHICAGO A BRIEF OF THE FACTS AND ISSUES BY LYMAN E. COOLEY FEBRUARY, 1913 CLOHESEY & CO. PRINTERS 102 N. FIFTH AVENUE CHICAGO 727 F6e, fs 2 iil PREFACE. On January 8, 1913, the Secretary of War for- mally refused the application of The Sanitary District of Chicago for a permit to increase the diversion of water to 10,000 cubic feet per second through the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. The application was made on February 5, 1912, and was heard by the Secretary of War on February 28th and March 27th following. While the Sanitary District has always taken the position that it had the right to divert or flow through its Canal sufficient of the waters of Lake Michigan to take care of the needs of the inhabitants of the District, yet, in view of the blending or close relations of State and Federal governments in such matters, the District has so far sought to obtain the acquiescence of the Secretary of War with respect to the amount of the flow of water. In the recent hearings before the War Depart- ment the City of Chicago appeared and co-operated with the District. Statements were presented by the Sanitary District and by the City of Chicago in support of the application. Immediately after the hearing it became apparent that the contentions and position of the Sanitary District should be set forth in some comprehensive form, and Mr. Lyman E. Cooley at once began the preparation of the material which is here presented. Mr. Cooley became consulting engineer of the Sani- tary District December 16th last. Because of the iv early decision of the Secretary of War, it was im- possible to present this new matter, together with a legal argument upon the questions involved, pre- pared by the District’s Attorney. In view of the recent agitation and the fact that there are few people who really understand the questions involved in this controversy, the Board of Trustees of The Sanitary District has caused this work to be published and placed in the hands of persons interested in the subject-matter, so that the history of the establishment of the outlet from Lake Michigan at Chicago and the construction of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal—its present and future uses and purposes—may be better under- stood. For the Board of Trustees of The Sanitary Dis- trict of Chicago. Tuomas A. SmytH, President. Dated, Cutcaco, Illinois, February 15, 1913. v EXPLANATION. THe Sanitary and Sure CanaL of Cuicaco (Drainage Canal) is thirty miles long between the Chicago River, six miles from Lake Michigan, and the Desplaines River above Joliet, and is made for a capacity of fourteen thousand second-feet. The immediate purpose of Chicago was sewage disposal by dilution, but the underlying motive of State Pol- icy was a deep waterway, constructed in part by collateral utilities. The canal (opened 1900) has carried about cne- third its capacity, but sewage collection through ad- juncts and increased population demands a much larger volume, and a flow of ten thousand second- feet is now desired, or two-thirds the joint capacity of the new and the old canal. Such diversion is objected to as working an irreparable injury to in- terests about the Great Lakes and along their out- lets. These objections are belated and ill-advised. Some relations to the deep waterway were taken up, at convenience, in December last. An appear- ance was entered at the hearings before the Secre- tary of War and the Chief of Engineers, U. S. A., February 28th and March 27th, and a general state- ment of issues was filed March 30th, all on behalf of the City of Chicago. The need of a comprehen- sive digest was apparent for many public reasons. Identification with the formative period of the Ili- nois enterprise, professional relations to every di- vision of the route from the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Hudson River and expert service in a number of issues respecting water-rights, have made possible this document in so short a time. Cuicaco, December 9, 1912. Lyman E. Coorey. vi CONTENTS. PART I.—PRELIMINARY STATEMENT. A. THE SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO AND ITS OUTLET. Topic Page 1 Deseription of the District.......... cs cee ec eee e eee e cree ee ens 1 2 The Population .......... ccc eee cere eee eee cece eee een ences 2 8 The Organic Law..........cee eee c crete ence ener eececenrenees 4 4 The Works of the District...........: cece cere ee eee e eee eeeee 6 5 Expenditures . 2 oo... cece eee eee ccc cece eee een nen eees 10 6 The Capacity of the Main Channel or Outlet...............64- 11 7% The Determination of the Capacity........... cece eee ec eee e ees 15 8 The FPedoral Permit. 2. .ceccyseescceeacsiged tener es seeeee tees 17 9 An Emergency under State Law............. cece eee eee eeees 19 10 Tllinois and Michigan Canal, sanitary use........... eee cece eee 22 B. THE DEEP WATERWAY. 11 The Illinois Water Route......... ccc cece cece tees eee en eees 24 12 Waterway Provisions in the Sanitary District Act............ 25 13 Contemporary Waterway Legislation .............seeeee eee 28 14 Definition of State Policy........... cc cece c ee eee eee eee 30 15 Waterway Amendment to State Constitution.................. 32 16 Issues im the Courtsisssdssa.ciswes ss agsees sans smeeeea guess ewe 34 17 Recent Federal Examinations.............. ccc eee e cece eens 35 18 Message of President Taft............. 0c eee e ee ee eee eee 3% 19 Organized Promotion, Purpose of..........--.se sees cece eeeeee 38 20 The Population Concerned .......... cece cece eee eee eaee 40 21 The Solution of the Sanitary Problem..............0.0eeeeeee 41 C. THE GREAT LAKES. 22 Physical Geography, Elements of.............. 0. eee ee eee eens 45 23 Channel Improvements, History of........ a aint taoae wen ean eerie 50 24 The Davis Lock and Canal at Sault Ste. Marie................ 57 25 Permanent Changes in Lake Levels..........-..eeseeeeeeeuee 59 26 Fluctuations and Oscillations in Lake Level.................. 66 2% Discussion of Official Data......... cece eects 71 28 Effect of Chicago Diversion, History of Discussion............ 78 29 Official Estimates of Effects of Chicago Diversion............ 83 30 Damages due to Chicago Diversion...........ee+eeeeeeeeeeee 86 31 Remedies for Diversion.............ee eee eeee eee cee eeenenes 88 32 Urban Population ....... 0... cece cect e cere ence ene e tens 92 33 Federal Expenditures ..........cecee eee eee eee e cent eeeeeee 93 vil PART Il—THE ARGUMENT. D. THE ILLINOIS BIRTHRIGHT. Topic Page 34 Early History of Illinois Route.......................0- eee 97 35 Early Official Recognition .......... 0... ccc cc cece eee eee wees 100 36 The Waterway State ......... ccc cece eee eee c teen cece 104 37 The Dlinois and Michigan Canal........... 2... cee cece eee eee 107 88 Ship Canal Surveys .csisescseedesagc fe eedc ns cole ones venues 110 39 Evolution of the Sanitary District Law..................00005 113 40 Progress on the Chicago Drainage Canal...................... 115 41 State of Missouri vs. State of Illinois, ete.................-.-. 117 42 NO. AdVETsé (ACHION, isos sais scene ce neemiea aaa ev eemEeS 121 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 59 60 61 E. NO MATERIAL EFFECT FROM CHICAGO DIVERSION. Why Changes are not Material. ........ 0.0... cece eee tee eee 124 Artificial and Natural Changes in Level..................... 128 Lake Fluctuations and Oscillations...................0..005- 132 F. BENEFITS EXCEED DAMAGES. The Amount of Damage................+..-. Dennen e eee ee 136 Relative Expenditures cn ssy dee ws suis ns eosin ener gee eiond ee sieee es 137 Relative Population cis cesicii sc genes sac eeavaw ees vases ere 139 Magnitude of Benefits ........... ccc cece tc wc c eect eceereeee 141 Nature of Redress ....... pitt ene eee eet serene ete e eee 144 G. REMEDIES. Nature: of Remedies: ¢ ic. ssisce ecw na av emad 40 qa V6 male ee 145 Responsibility for Remedies ............. 0c ccc eee eens 148 PART OI.—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS. H. CANADA. Physical Effects—Relative Importance of........-...-..eeeeee 149 Treaty Provisions ........... 2... e cece cece eee cece tenet eee 152 Boundary Waters Treaty—Interpretation of...............+-- 156 The Rio Grande Precedent............ 0. cece cece eee cece eee 160 Comity «6 eee cece cere eet eter eter eee e eet e tees 163 I. RESUME. The Mssential AWacts: sar ahdie saute < sk peat eee a Heme ee ne, 165 The Argument ........... cece ec eee eee eee eee t tne en ene 168 Canad .s:i.6. soci es Gas eccinais 5 ges Seite Me Ras eae ee rete easter 170 J. CONCLUSION. AGMONIION? p. 4.6. as Sewanee eM we ieln gees Tae Eee eee Soe Meee DA RO 171 viii APPENDICES: Page 1. Statement on Behalf of the City of Chicago................ 175 2. Ruling of the Secretary of War—Application of February By OTD esis a 6 al eigaie wa eiasiie Meaaane dod eae ky. Goa Pate Oe 193 EXHIBITS: Topic 1. Sanitary District of Chicago, Topography and Population... 2 2. The Sanitary and Ship Canal, Map and Profile............. 4 3. Illinois Water Route; Profile, Chicago to St. Louis......... 11 4. Basin of the Great Lakes above Niagara, Map........... 22 5. Fluctuations of the Great Lakes, Hydrograph............. 26 The Diversion of the Waters of the Great Lakes by Way of the Sanitary and Ship Ca- nal of Chicago. PART I. Preliminary Statement. A. Tue Sanitary District or CxHicaco anp Its OUTLET. 1. The Sanitary District of Chicago is adjacent. to the south end of Lake Michigan on the west, in the County of Cook, State of Illinois. It is the ur- ban district of Chicago and its environs, with an area of 358.1 square miles. It covers the entire water front of Cook County, some thirty-three miles. by the shore line, and naturally drained to the lake, for the most part, directly and by way of the Chi- cago River and the Calumet River. The Original District was constituted by author- ity of the General Assembly under ‘‘An Act to Cre- ate Sanitary Districts and Remove Obstructions in the Desplaines and Illinois Rivers,’’ in force July 1, 1889. The original district was laid out with av area of 185 square miles and included a number of municipalities existent at the time of the passage of the law, but later annexed in large part to the City of Chicago. It was adopted by popular vote of 70,000 to 200, at the general election, November’ 5, 1889, and trustees were elected at the special election of December 12th. The Board organized. January 12, 1890, and the Supreme Court affirmed the validity of the act on June 12, 1890. The North Shore was annexed by the Act of 1903, 2 [Topic 2] thus extending the district to the northern county line. It comprised the Townships of. Evanston, Niles, New Trier and parts of three others, an area of 78.6 miles along shore and in the Chicago basin, the drainage problem of which is identified with that of the original district. The Calumet Region was also annexed by the Act of 1903, and covered the urban district south of Highty-seventh street and west of the Indiana state line. It comprised that part of Chicago south of Highty-seventh street, the Township of Calumet and parts of three other townships, an area of 94.5 square miles, wholly in the Calumet basin, the drain- age problem of which is quite independent of that of the Chicago basin, but is complicated with that of the urban district east of the state line in Northern Indiana. The Drainage Project, underlying the law, pro- vides for an enlarged outlet across the Chicago Di- vide and by way of the Desplaines and Illinois Riv- ers. The original summit or portage was near Ked- zie avenue, midway in a direct line between the Desplaines River and the Lake Shore, and was some nine feet above the mean lake level and was over- flowed in times of flood in the Desplaines River. The Illinois route was a principal route for ‘‘trade and travel’’ from the time of the discovery in 1673. 2. The Population of the Sanitary District with- in the present limits, for the decennial years, 1850 to 1910, is tabulated below. The Calumet subdivi- sion is given in a separate column, owing to its in- dependent problem and different legal position, 3 [Topic 2] hereinafter referred to. ‘The figures are original compilations from the Federal Census, except two numbers which were adopted after checking. Calumet Per Cent Sanitary Sub- in Year. District. Division. Calumet. L910; area arnweuess 2,311,810 134,370 5.81 V9OO : cties Siveeieinge.e 1,775,596 97,324 5.47 1890............. 1,150,082 49,966 4.34 TB800 ncaewece ewes 571,106 12,631 2.21 VST co cro wee kee 324,758 *4,000 *1.23 POR eeeciancnes OLAS Gdeewy seas 18502 arson eS ‘35,068 ...... dase 1840). i tdwav cece *5,330 * Approximate The State of Illinois, in 1910, had a population of 5,638,591, of which the Sanitary District contained forty-one per cent. (41%). The urban population of the state was 3,476,929, of which the Sanitary District contained 2,256,771, or sixty-five per cent. (65%). The Illinois River Basin, in 1910, had a popula- tion of 1,595,748, which together with that of the Sanitary District of Chicago was sixty-nine per cent. (69%) of that of the state. The urban popu-- lation of the Illinois River Basin was 367,331, which. together with that of the Sanitary District was: 2,624,102, or seventy-five and one-half per cent.. (753%) of that of the state. This population is di- rectly and indirectly interested in the sanitary and. waterway scheme. The Contiguous Population along the water route and within ten miles thereof, between the Sanitary District and the Mississippi River, in 1910, was 4 [Topic 3] 445,828, which together with that of the district was 2,757,638, or forty-nine per cent (49%) of that of the state. The contiguous urban population was 208,679, which together with that of the district was 2,465,450, or seventy-one per cent. (71%) of that of the state. This entire population has an identical interest in the sanitary and waterway project. The Indiana Population in the Calumet Region, east of the state line, in 1900, was 21,033 on 47.5 square miles, mostly located at Hammond and Whit- ing, and within two and a half miles of the state line. The City of Gary has since been added, and the population in 1910 was 64,948. The map attached hereto exhibits the distribution of the population within the Sanitary District of Chicago. 3. The Organic Law constitutes a quasi-munici- pal corporation, both by the intention of its framers and the decision of the Supreme Court. Its pur- pose was to provide a main channel or outlet and necessary adjuncts, in and by which ‘‘the drainage including the sewage’’ was to be disposed of by the several municipalities of the district (see Section 7 of the statute and legal opinion, July 26, 1895, page 2761 of Proceedings of Board of Trustees). A sanitary condition is prescribed by Section 20: ‘‘Any channel or outlet * * * ghall be of sufficient size and capacity to produce a con- tinuous flow of water of at least 200 cubic feet per minute for each 1,000 of the population of the district drained thereby, and the same shall be kept and maintained of such size and in such condition that the water thereof shall be neither LAKE BLUFF so Bl ht ied Ry WD XS ‘ ~ \ eras La Wi \ poe 27 DIST. BOUNDARY < SAN. oS? : : “+4 : i ' : J “ ; BELMONT Us seem of Fanr eee Th “CHIC * / . CENTER! THE SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. AND OTHER MUNICIPAL LIMITS. yy TOPOGRAPHY AND ELEVATIONS sHown BY CONTOURS, sl TOTAL, anes ee CHA 20. eee jNORTH SHorE a FESSVILEE i| Ade cirx Limits bo. cnicéco ity /LimiTs:~ ELEVATIONS REFER TO CHICAGO CITY DATUM. SCALE OF MILES. 9° 1 2 3 + 5 FEBRUARY, I9I3. POPULATION. s ‘COMPILED BY THE HARBOR AND SUBWAY COMMISSION OF CHICAGO. a EACH DOT REPRESENTS A ONIT OF 500 POPULATION, FERERAL SENSUS. 1890, 1,150,082 sHown -«; 1,150,082 INCREMENT, !900, 625,514 oo. +; 1,775,596 1910, 536,214 oo, +; 2,311,810 97 | a ‘re . Ba re: Fea]. es DEVan Al \ \ Y) Y DIST. BNby. A eermogr)! en fe ate ee r a 1 4 ° 1e@ ear ¥s MADISON! st. “9° tet sr. |* gene snl fi. ° e e “g—- e ee rent e \e 4 a st fa ane poe ena feos - *, Py KU @e,° e% © a = 2 twoooLawe Yo eeee, e Sots Sa Sees ie x CIT WIM) THE SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. C) > 1 g y Of’ 7. CONSULTING ENGINEER. oe 2 ov @ DRAWN BY THOS F. PARRY 5 [Topic 3] offensive or injurious to the health of any of the people of this state ;’’ Section 23 states: ‘‘Such channel shall be made and kept of such size and in such condition that it will pro- duce and maintain at all times a continuous flow of not less than 20,000 cubic feet of water per minute for each 100,000 of the population of such district.’’ The channel ‘‘cut through a territory with a rocky stratum”’ is to have a capacity of not less than 600,000 cubic feet of water per minute, but in the clay is subject to progressive enlargement from an original capacity of 300,000 cubic feet of water per minute. The history of the ratio of dilution is set forth at length in Appendix B, page 29, ‘‘Re- port Upon the Chicago Drainage Canal by the In- ternational Waterways Commission, 197.’’ The Dimensions of the channel, velocity of cur- rent and capacity, are everywhere expressed in min- imums, the language used being ‘‘not less than.’’ Obstructions may be removed in the Desplaines and Illinois Rivers and the channel improved in order to avoid overflow and damage, and the re- moval of the navigation dams of the State of Illi- nois at Henry and Copperas Creek is directed. Water Power Rights incidentally created be- tween the end of the channel and ‘‘a river, or natu- ral waterway or channel’’ are given to the district, and such rights were held by the Supreme Court June 12, 1890, to be a reasonable incident of other and necessary work. The Amendments made to the law since 1889 re- 6 [Topic 4] late largely to revenue, administration and defini- tion. The Act of 1903 provides for the annexation of the North Shore and the Calumet Region, here- inbefore referred to. Section 25, of the original law, provided for the organization of auxiliary dis- tricts, but this proved unworkable and led to the Annexation Act of 1903, which also provides for a branch channel through the Sag Valley, but does. not define its capacity. The same act provides for an extension of the channel for two miles for water- way and water-power purposes, and authorizes a. special tax for this work. 4. The Main Channel or Outlet extends from the waters of the Chicago River at Robey street, six miles from Lake Michigan, to the Desplaines. River at the controlling works at Lockport, a dis- tance of 28.03 miles. It is located adiacent to the Illinois and Michigan Canal and generally parallel thereto, and after entering the Desplaines Valley at Summit the river is shifted to the opposite side so- as to provide a location between the canal and river. Work was actually begun on September 3, 1892, and the channel was opened for the preliminary flow of water January 17, 1900, under a permit of the Gov- ernor, in accordance with Section 27 of the Act. The Earth Section extends from Robey street to Willow Springs, 13.1 miles, with a bottom width of 202 feet, and surface width of 300 feet for a depth of 24 feet, and with a declivity of 1 in 40,000. The Rock Section extends from Willow Springs to the Controlling Works, 14.93 miles, with a bottom width. of 160 feet and a surface width of 162 feet, between the rock and masonry sides, and with a declivity of 7 [Topic 4] 1 in 20,000. The grade of the bottom is 24.48 feet below datum at Robey street, 26.0 feet below at Willow Springs and 30.1 feet below at the control- ling works. A width of 92 feet in the earth section for 7.8 miles between Robey street and Summit was not excavated, this being outside the territory with ‘‘a rocky stratum,’’ and subject to progressive de- velopment under the law. Collateral Work was required in the Desplaines River at Joliet before the channel could be opened. Collateral work was also required in the Chicago River, to prepare the same for the preliminary flow of water under the law. The Chicago River Improvement was definitely inaugurated in 1901, with a width of 200 feet and a central depth of 26 feet for a width of 100 feet on bottom, and center opening bridges. Special au- thority was granted by the General Assembly in 1901, but the Supreme Court affirmed the power of the District before the law went into effect. The improvement is not yet completed. The Intercepting Sewer System and certain sewer diversions cover the lake front from Eighty-seventh street to the northern city limits, some twenty-one miles, and were constructed by the City of Chicago in conformity with the legal opinion of August 2, 1895, above referred to (see Topic 3), and the Re- port of the Pure Water Commission of 1897. The northern division discharges through the conduit, 16 feet in diameter, between the Lake and the North Branch on Lawrence avenue. This conduit was made larger than required for sewerage purposes in order to flush the North Branch, and is operated 8 [Topie 4] by the Sanitary District under agreement with the city. The conduit was operated in connection with the intercepting sewers from February 1, 1908, and for flushing purposes intermittently in 1908 and 1909, and regularly from May 28, 1909. The southern. division discharges through the Thirty-ninth street. conduit between the Lake and the South Fork, and is made 20 feet in diameter in order to flush the South Fork and add to the water supply in the Main Channel, and is also operated by the Sanitary District under agreement with the city. This con- duit was operated in connection with the intercept- ing sewers by a provisional plant from October 1,. 1904, and permanently from December 28, 1905, and. for flushing and water supply purposes intermit- tently from July 1, 1907, and regularly from May 1, 1908. The North Shore Canal extends from the North Branch at Lawrence avenue northerly to the Lake Shore in the Village of Wilmette, and is intended to provide an outlet for the shore towns and the territory north of the city limits, and to furnish ad- ditional water for flushing the North Branch. This channel is 26 feet wide on bottom and 12 feet deep, and is operated by pumping works at Wilmette,. and was opened November 29, 1910, but the north shore towns have not yet availed themselves of this outlet except to a limited extent in the Village of Wilmette and the City of Evanston. The flow from this channel comes by way of the North Branch to. the junction of the Chicago River and is not an ad- ditional contribution of water to the Main Channel. LAKES-TO-THE-GULF_ DEEP WATERWAY ASSOOIATION, ac Lyme bd CONSULTING ENGINEER. CHICAGO DIVIDE. . >, ————_S GALE; a3 tice MILES: CONTOUR ELEVATIONS ABOVE MEAN SEA LEVEL. ; :. Pn *~ a . $ 1912. M6 Nae a om S [e SGALE, OF, PROFILES. HORIZONTAL, a ; VERTICAL.,.... iL ten EXTENDED JOPENEO | [ "Ws67 {i960 ~SoKPOR opie Eg ! i i i t = y 0 Be ccdimenesnrreGn ge EEN, Ys 7 : PAP RA a OLEATE Lf es | OMA ol A eh Se cal EARTH... 622.864 YD EARTH, 75,952Y06| YY are 1 1 if BA > 80 o— F 6 z . HH y Any WATER __SUREA. : JOLTER Ree prev men ner Yl Ye fpf = Tt |. WA ea ROCK 12,260,851 YDS a lee Yl ij) oor Yoke iz BOTTO OF CHANNEL tin 20000 Sete 25 rR ey tye { t { \ béseelemes a. SRD ESPLAINES S26 MC.CONOUGH ST. C.RLB PRY. MEAN 40 $ g 8 ). . LEADING Sion — : - = 7k t= ) -40 +30 & peeegeeeer 3 Wor ao SPRINGS ae +30 QUANTITIES. a ] Latareos ms pe ee | i1 8 | es ee ALM EMARNEN 4 oom e a A = a | oe we? fae Eh Baboon poo EGR MES)" Oe sPLaiNEs Sp herseeernes | 2 ae EARTH EXC.33,628,645 YDS. .., He at | Oe gs | ac | eV ER perf TE oe es ee Nv ee ree pe ROCK EXG....14,589, 341 YDS. Bee ie Ao voriet EACH pot nba gy IN BS pe ea pacar Rp ae opal Fly WU ENGR H | P| ahenre an aren MASONRY ...... $81,647 YDS. so, ___ : ‘ ae a a he -THE SANITARY DISTRICT ofeco PI | — a Sa tes rt) olyension-|—4 che “1 Md | ee ne ’ i ' rv CHICAGO CITY DATUM =O RIGHT OF WAY...6,983 ACRES. Pee elo. eel eae S Es ; “DIVERSION no BS = eee edo he ie ees ae Le s e [ ; i 7 ,80l, —-DESPLAINES RIVER:=—EARTH 258.659 YDS: -10 Pe ee ee Pes eee 1 ae rr % ee = ” SUPPLEM ROSS). SKIES SAR Tee tS ES i) RRA CH ARS SENN SIRO) S : ORD 1D) Ww) ; ve ESS fe SGALE OF PROFILES. a HORIZONTAL, Ae ° VERTICAL, ...' ie 2 T tree OF ad D Ss z g pas a 5 oR ye ks | f SOUTH BRANCH oF CHICAGO RIEL Ba ga § 7 $ a8 an Or Shea, 1 R & Nz z Sy Ee phigh, Osby Bee i NN StS Nr Ered TES sau Ss bet BN tet pee N ET ( rP99) Skog ad ggeegtsss qucumieh) NY | YT | a YE | eee beer arte Steen A tl 60,851 YDS. Pe a ar MN \ OF CHANNEL tin 20000 EOGING : ‘ MISS.RIV.CONMM. FROM GULF = §79.70 z= 4,507,967 YDS. ovveTmeny OF 903. 879.98 4 COMBINED U.S. & FOREIGN, 1903 B87. 579.49 wen D ye f 7 25 20 ce 10 5 O MILES wo : 7m +30 & Pw OF LEMON i. pWOF WikLow SPRINGS Tow. OF 6 a 3 Q * i x ee WEEN RIVER ANO MAIN CNANNEK bn nnnntenmmen GROSS SECTIONS i1-¥ i Prag annem +20 MAIN CHANNEL. CHICAGO RIVER. ee is _\se¥ pF srcccs po DEGPAIWES OESPLAINES 5 OLE SPL AINES : ; OESPLAINES NS flospecames gARTH PROPOSED. Dn eae g ° RIVER RIVER Ss RIVER | VER e ff VER —— *---- +2 BOO'-+ +--+ +--+ ++ - a i ph fi NAY E ed Apo Al es recat —— th S acon teR +10 VOLUME ——> Wa i ; . = tree EW cans, ee ‘ A 7 — TSTAGEIDEPTH SARE gw fon nt = Whee R\ [S000 es orrkRSiow oF | IN |CUBIC FEET |]. Piwfesss oy SU) SI eeas/OW— =e Sis Nees i peal 570M eet er 7 CHICAGO city vaTom = 0-|[LAKE MICHIGAN|LAKE| FEET| PER MINUTE v Af. § | LOW WATER 1647|= 0.0 |24.4| 836,280 aaa aa cP ee ee aad PLAINES pe —EARTH 258,659 YDS: ~ -04f ran Leven eniiee: :; 2 saieg ae eS ; a -20 ee: eee . lal Saoinadiaelenaluy el aao-ceo Eo pare 30) ‘ HIGH WATER __ ORAWN BY THOS F. PARRY. 9 [Topic 4] The Calumet-Sag Branch has made little prog- ress, owing to the issue in the United States Court and other complications. A project has been adopt: ed for a channel with a capacity of 120,000 cubic feet of water per minute, right of way is being pro- cured and four contract sections (4.86 miles) have been let. The Extension of the Main Channel at Lockport was made under the Act of 1903, for a distance of two miles from the controlling works to the present. water power station, and put in operation December 28, 1907. The Spillway above Summit formerly divided the floods in excess of a certain volume, the same com- ing in part by way of the Ogden-Wentworth ditch to the Chicago River. The old spillway was closed and a new one opened to the Main Channel below Willow Springs in March, 1909, and fioods from the Desplaines River contributed to the flow in the Main Channel in April and May of that year and since. The plate attached hereto exhibits the location and principal features of the Main Channel or Out- let and is Supplement C, Lakes-to-the-Gulf Deer Waterway series. 10 [Topic 5] 5. The Net Revenues of the Sanitary District from its organization to January 1, 1912, have been: WARES VOUBCLEM Suyctibegeued eosedees $48,654,404.42 Bonds outstanding ................ 20,149,000.00 Miscellaneous receipts .............. 815,431.74 NCA ls oes eee a eed $69,618,336.16 The Net Expenditures for the same period have been: Main Channel and river diversion, con- struction, controlling works, bridges and, Sh Of WAT. ceads xcs ave cee wes $26,599,866.52 Chicago River improvement—bridges BiG: PS Ge WAY se xuueke vax eae 10,919,612.58 North shore canal and North Branch constn., pumping works, bridges and MSE OE WAY ceseexcaccuwsse eons 3,204,741.21 Calumet-Sag project, constn., bridges and Tight Of WEY. .icsdcescexens TORBBZ69 Joliet mprovement <4... 2s-046000 0% 1,603,035.14 Main Channel extension and water POWE! sycseege chase enieesveeuscres 4,517,925.14 Thirty-ninth street pumping station, Western avenue sewers........... 714,881.65 Maintenance, operation and damages. 1,180,440.66 Administration and general expenses. 6,955,089.95 Interest aiid taney. asc avasss .... 12,123,015.62 Motal. cheese seuye sie sovene yes & $68,524,491.16 The Net Expenditures by the City of Chicago on the intercepting sewer system along the Lake Front have WEEN. i ceohia Sage Meee ee one bees $ 6,706,804.37 The Total Expenditures hy the Sani- tary District and by the city have ECT cou a Gale nee aaa a wen eda Os $75,231,295.53 11 [Topic 6] The same ratio extended over the continental United States represents over three billion dollars. No Estimate has been made of the Sanitary Dis- trict and municipal expenditure required to com- plete the program, but the total will be increased to one hundred million dollars or more. The Sanitary Program contemplates parks and parkways along the water front, now largely ac- quired by the Park Boards, and large expenditures have been made and are yet to be made. The Waterway and Harbor Development must conform to the sanitary program, and this will in- volve a large expenditure in the near future. 6. The Capacity of the Main Channel or Outlet was determined from observations made for the Ex- pert Commission of 1901. (See Proceedings, Board of Trustees, June 19, 1901, pages 7248-50; see also Report of the Internal Improvement Commission of Tilinois, 1907, page 15; also Report upon the Chi- cago Drainage Canal by the International Water- ways Commission 1907, Appendix B, page 33.) These estimates presume a radical improvement of the Chicago River between the Lake and Robey street and the development of the Main Channel in the clay between Robey street and Summit, 7.8 miles, for a bottom width of 220 feet, all as set forth by the Expert Commission, above referred to. Depth of Volume in Channel Cubic Feet Lake Michigan. Stage. in Feet. per Minute. Low water of 1847..... 0.0 24.4 836,280 Mean level 1871-1895... 1.6 26.0 911.160 Ordinary high water... 3.2 27.6 939.280 12 [Topic 6] The low water of 1847 corresponds to the mean of eight months, April to November, of that year, and is 4.74 feet below the high water of 1838, all as determined at Milwaukee. (See Report U. S. Deep Waterways Commission, 1896, page 99.) It is the same as Illinois and Michigan Canal datum, Chicago datum and Sanitary District datum. In a cycle of years the lake has ranged above the limits given (3.2 feet) for about the same time as it has ranged below datum. The capacity of the channel based on the preliminary determination above cited has usually been given as 840,000 cubic feet of water per minute in round numbers, or 14,000 cubic feet per second. The Capacity of the Preliminary Channel in the clay for 7.8 miles, between Robey street and Sum- mit, with its normal declivity, is estimated at sixty per cent. (60%) of that of the full channel below, or 500,000 cubic feet per minute. In view of the larger capacity below, however, the declivity can be ac: centuated so as to pass 600,000 cubic feet per min- ute, pending its enlargement. The Capacity of the Chicago River upon the offi- cial plan of improvement, now nearing completion, was estimated by the Chief Engineer of the San- itary District at 480,000 cubic feet of water per min- ute, to which was to be added 120,000 cubic feet of water per minute by way of the Thirty-ninth street conduit and the South Fork, a total of 600,000 cubic feet of water per minute, or 10,000 cubic feet per sec- ond. (See Proceedings, Board of Trustees, June 19, 1901, page 7232.) The Expert Commission of 1901 estimated the capacity by the official plan, so 13 [Topic 6] modified as to give the full section at bridge open- ings at 390,000 cubic feet per minute, and the continuous working capacity of the Thir- ty-ninth street conduit at 70,000 cubic feet per minute, a total of 460,000 cubic feet per min- ute (page 7285, foregoing reference). The actual capacity of the combination of river and con- duit can only be determined by experience, as was the case with the river improvement preliminary to the opening of the Main Channel, referred to in topic 8. The Flow Through the Main Channel is deter- mined from records kept at the Controlling Works and the Power Station at Lockport. The flow for the first five years was published in the Report of the Internal Improvement Commission of Illinois, 1907, page 22. The following tabulation is compiled from the record on file in the case of the People of the State of Illinois versus the Economy Light and Power Company, 1908, and covers the years 1900-7. The four later years are furnished directly by the Sanitary District. 14 [Topic 6] Mean YeEarRty Fiow. Cubie Feet Year. No. of Weeks. Per Minute. VQOO se belo cencreyn inert be eae 49 188,136 OO esse cecha ee orscaeey 28 aed tutes 52 242,323 DOO De cia. terate sree o tots Gpsurecnhattesoav oases 52 257,006 NG 08 oo crcsivinde ane ed och horn ieste See 53 299,299 POO Gia cee crede eee Ahab oea eh Antes 52 272,723 QOD Rie Seana) abet eden arias ee a ste 52 268,703 1906 kas eto yetuarcdnon Rees aan 52 241,636 MOOG tec eek Ptah A vs eka erect 52 306,818 TOG oo caine sis Ree Se, a 319,000 TOO G tice ets raya aa eo aa ai 340,000 NON OD cscs cosme aerate iacidy Ran haidas aie ane ese: 358,000 POM ice edad tae Melani eatetel een Sed 375,000 The apparent volume at Lockport has been in- creased from a number of causes: (a) During the prevalence of the floods which were liable to back out into the lake the flow has. been temporarily increased. (b) The restriction on flow has not been rigidly adhered to during the closed season of navigation. In this connection see Permit for winter of 1903. (See Topic 8.) (c) Floods in the Desplaines River have contrib- uted to the flow in the Main Channel since March, 1909, by way of the Spillway at Willow Springs. (d) The Thirty-ninth street conduit has been op- erated intermittently after July 1, 1907, and regular- ly from May 1, 1908 (see Topic 4), and has furnished’ an extra supply by way of the South Fork, which traverses the river for 0.6 miles above the entrance: 15 [Topie 7] of the canal at Robey street, where the river has the improved capacity. -(€) The net amount which has normally passed through the unimproved stretch of the river, be- tween the Lake and the South Fork, can be deter- mined by eliminating the foregoing elements. 7. The Additional Capacity of the Main Channel, or the excess above 10,000 cubic feet per second, has been gratuitously assumed in later official state- ments and reports to have been unlawful and an abuse, and due to incapacity in the original deter- mination, and such views have filtered into United States and even International Reports. A tacit ad- mission prevails in some quarters that the extra capacity is not to be availed of, or is to be appro- priated to outlying regions, thus abandoning a part of the capacity provided at large cost for the Chi- cago River district. Such views are due to unfa- miliarity with the organic law and the considera- tions which determined that law and its interpreta- tion, and the period when the Main Channel was constructed. The Organic Law everywhere states ratios of di- lution and capacity of channels by minimums, the language in each case being ‘‘not less than.’’ The actual dilution and capacity above these minimum limits is left to the judgment of the Board of Trus- tees of the Sanitary District. The early boards and their responsible engineers held the view that the capacity should be safely above the legal limit, but did not admit the contention of the undersigned that such capacity should be 1,000,000 feet per minute 16 [Topic 7] in order to insure the legal volume (600,000 cubic feet per minute) under ice cover. The Original Computations for dimensions and capacity were made by the undersigned, assisted by W. A. Lydon, when chief assistant for the Drain- age and Water Supply Commission in 1886-7, and the investigation was continued under his direction as Chief Engineer of the Sanitary District by Prin- cipal Assistant Engineer Thos. T. Johnston, assist- ed by J. H. Spengler. The Board of Trustees called for the results respecting channels of a capacity of 1,000,000, of 600,000 and of 300,000 feet per minute, respéctively, on June 1, 1892 (see Order, page 536, of Proceedings), and the Chief Engineer reported December 28, 1892, and submitted elaborate tables covering the subject-matter of the investigation, and the same was ordered printed in a separate pam- phlet. (See Proceedings, pages 966-9.) The most conservative co-efficients were used in order to save any question under Section 27 requiring state in- spection before the Channel was opened. In con- structing the channel it was found practicable to use the channeling machine in the rock, thus giving regular and smooth sides to the channel. This led the then Chief Engineer, Mr. Benezette Williams, to suggest in his Annual Report, January 25, 1893 (Proceedings, page 1009), that the channel would carry more than the required volume, and in a spe- cial report March 1, 1893 (Proceedings, page 1066), he recommends that the grade in the rock cut be- tween Willow Springs and Lockport be reduced by two feet by raising the same at Lockport. The mat- ter was taken under advisement and is referred to 17 [Topic 8] in Proceedings of June Ist and August 2, 1893 (pages 1293 and 1360), and is finally disposed of on September 6, 1893 (Proceedings, page 1439). The original grade at Lockport was retained, and the de- clivity above so reduced as to give a depth of 22 feet in place of 20 feet, the water surface for such depth at the junction of the Main Channel with the Chicago River at Robey street being 2.48 feet be- low the legal datum plane. It was practically certain, and was so understood, that the capac- ity would exceed the minimum requirement by some twenty per cent. (20%), or reach 720,000 cubic feet per minute. The radical improvement of the Chicago River, or some equivalent feeder, as out- lined by the Expert Commission of 1901, adds 2.4 feet to this depth and gives a capacity of 840,000 feet in round numbers as set forth in the preceding topic. Such volume is a preliminary determination by the Expert Commission, and no other or final determination has been made. The history of the matter is referred to at some length in Report upon Chicago Drainage Canal by the International Wa- terway Commission, 1907 (Appendix B, page 29, et seq.), and in a paper on the Sanitary and Ship Canal of Chicago—solution of the sanitary problem, tenth and eleventh meetings of the National Conference of State Boards of Health, 1894-1896, page 166 et seq. 8. The Federal Permit of May 8, 1899, as recited therein, is granted pursuant to Section 10, Act of Congress, March 3, 1899, and on application of the Sanitary District, but such application is not found in the Official Proceedings of the Board of Trus- 18 [Topic 8] tees. The Proceedings for May 10, 1899, page 5675, note that the President of the Board presented the Permit, and it was ordered printed and placed on file. The Permit refers to an improvement of the Chicago River between the Lake and the Drainage Canal at Robey street for ‘‘a flowage capacity of 300,000 cubic feet per minute with a velocity of 14 miles an hour.’? The United States assumed juris- diction of the Chicago River by the Act of June 3, 1896, and on July 3d the Sanitary District was au- thorized to make the improvement above referred to. In substance, the Permit was for the passage of 300,000 cubic feet of water per minute through the Chicago River, or so much thereof as the river eould carry without undue injury to navigation, and was subject to modification, revocation and the will of Congress. The capacity of the river improve- ment had been over-estimated, and after experiment- ing with various volumes the Supplemental Permit of December 5, 1901, fixed the amount at 250,000 cubic feet of water per minute through the river, and no change has since been made therein other than a permit for a temporary flow of 350,000 feet per minute during the winter of 1903. The history of the Permit is set forth in the Report upon the Chicago Drainage Canal by the International Water- ways Commission, 1907, Appendix D, page 36. This Permit, on its face, relates solely to the pass- age of water through the Chicago River between the Lake and the Drainage Canal at Robey street, and is conditioned only by the capacity of said river and the protection of navigation therein. It does not necessarily apply to flow in the closed season 19 [Topic 9] and to waters received through adjuncts. (See Topic 42.) 9. An Emergency in the Operation of the Main Channel or Outlet has arisen by reason of the de- ficiency therein of the flow of water required by the State law. The President of the Sanitary District, under date of July 15, 1901, requests the Secretary of War to raise the then limit of flow of 200,000 cubic feet of water per minute, and states ‘‘that the water in the main drainage channel has become greatly polluted and very offensive both to sight and smell and is working such hardship upon the valley communities as to evoke frequent protests from various cities and municipalities along the Desplaines and Illinois valleys.’’ (See page 37, Re- port upon the Chicago Drainage Canal by the In- ternational Waterways Commission, 1907.) The Re- port of the Chief Engineer of the Sanitary District, under date of October 12, 1911 (pages 1226-1301, of the Proceedings of the Board), states that during the prolonged hot season, just passed, the water in the Main Channel or Outlet was not only unwhole- some and unsatisfactory but that such conditions extended to the Desplaines and Illinois Rivers as far as Marseilles, and that deposits of 2,338,334 cu- bic yards have occurred in the Main Channel since it was opened, in 1900. It is reported from other sources that fish life further down the Illinois River _ has been seriously prejudiced. The Population in the Sanitary District in the summer of 1911 is estimated at 2,370,000, and the minimum flow in the Main Channel should have been not less than 474,000 cubic feet per minute, or 7,900 20 [Topic 9] cubic feet per second. The flow under ‘‘Permit’’ through the Chicago River has not been increased above 250,000 since 1901 and 1903, when bad condi- tions were reported on a permitted flow of 200,000 feet per minute with an estimated population of 1,830,000 within the present limits of the District. Meantime the sewage in the Main Channel has in- creased from the following causes: (a) The population has increased by 540,000, about thirty per cent. (30%), and a larger propor- tion of the population is now tributary. (b) The sewage of the shore population between Thirty-first and Eighty-seventh streets was inter- cepted and turned through the Thirty-ninth street conduit in 1904 and 1905, and the South Fork has been flushed intermittently from July 1, 1907, and regularly since May 1, 1908. The South Fork was in effect a septic tank, receiving enormous trade wastes and the sewage of a large population, and the addition of the shore population together with the active circulation of this Fork has greatly in- creased the burden in the Main Channel. (See Topic 4.) (c) The North Side intercepting sewer system delivered the sewage of the shore population through the Lawrence avenue conduit to the North Branch from February 1, 1908, and the North Branch was flushed intermittently in 1908-9, and reg- ularly since May 28, 1909. The circulation in the - North Branch was made more active through the opening of the North Shore Canal November 29, 1910. A feeble circulation existed in the lower North Branch through the operation of the Fuller- 21 [Topic 9] ton avenue conduit, but it had a very large popula- tion and large trade wastes, and the addition of the shore population and the more active circulation by means of the Lawrence avenue conduit and the North Shore Canal has also materially increased the burden in the Main Channel. (See Topic 4.) The more active circulation in the South Fork and North Branch has brought to the Channel the bulk of the trade wastes which were before largely dis- posed of through septic action and sedimentation, and this is also true of the large tributary popula- tion, and there has been the addition of the shore population by means of the intercepting sewers. These facts, together with the growth in the popu- lation, sufficiently account for the condition in the Main Channel in the summer of 1911, and this con- dition was accentuated by the further fact that the prolonged heated season raised the temperature of the lake water above normal, thereby reducing the oxygen content. The fact that the flow in the Channel since it was opened has been so small in proportion to its ca- pacity, some thirty per cent. (30%) and upwards, has led to deposits of ‘‘sludge,’’ particularly in the broader reaches between Summit and Willow Springs, and between the Controlling Works and Power Station at Lockport, but deposits in the rock cut where the velocity is higher have been limited. The so-called sludge deposits are recognized as largely composed of fine silts coming in part from shore wash, rather than organic matter, and would not occur with a normal current in the Channel, such as would be produced by a flow in proper re- lation to the population. 22 [Topic 10] 10. The Illinois and Michigan Canal, across the Chicago Divide, was used for sewage disposal with- in its first decade and as soon as Chicago had at- tained sufficient growth to have a sanitary problem. The Canal was opened in 1848 on a modified plan with the summit level eight feet above datum, and fed from the Desplaines and Calumet rivers and from the Chicago River by a lift-wheel at Bridge- port, and this wheel was operated to cleanse the Chi- cago River. “The Completion of the Tlinois and Michigan Canal, upon the plan adopted by the State in 1836, upon the original deep cut plan,’’ was authorized by the General Assembly February 16, 1865, in order to, among other things, ‘‘most effectively secure the thorough cleansing or purification of the Chicago River’’ by gravity flow. The City of Chicago ex- ecuted the work in 1866-71. ‘‘An Act to relieve the lien of the City of Chicago upon the Illinois and Michigan Canal and revenues by refunding to said city the amount expended by it,’’ ete., approved Oc- tober 20, 1871, was passed by the General Assembly in extraordinary session immediately after the great fire, and ‘‘the sum of two million, nine hundred and fifty-five thousand three hundred and forty dollars’’ ($2,955,340) was repaid to the city. The Canal Deepening was insufficient for the growing needs of the city, and the resulting san- itary condition in the canal and valley was graph- ically set forth in the joint resolution of the Gen- eral Assembly in 1881, which provided that ‘‘if said city shall proceed without delay to cause a flow into the canal from the Chicago River sufficient to dilute 28 [Topic 10] and purify the waters and thus remedy the evils complained of, said flow to be not less than 60,000 cubic feet per minute * * * or so much thereof as in their judgment said canal can carry,’’ Chicago could continue the use of the canal for sewage dis- posal. The Improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal is reported upon by Major W. H. H. Ben- yaurd in the Report of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. A., Volume II, page 1761, for 1883. Referring to lockage, the Report says: ‘‘The water will be sup- plied by pumps now in course of construction at Bridgeport which furnish 1,000 cubic feet per sec- ond.’’ The pumping works referred to were erected by the city and had a tested capacity of 60,000 cubic feet per minute under a head of eight feet (tested and accepted in 1886). They were actually operated by the city until after the Main Channel was opened, in January, 1900, for such volume as the Canal Com- missioners directed or required, usually ranging from 60 to 80 per cent. of the limit stated in the joint resolution. The Capacity of the canal at various elevations was determined by actual observation, the stage for 60,000 cubic feet per minute being 5.7 above datum at Bridgeport, and such elevation was used by the Expert Commission of 1901. (See Proceedings, Board of Trustees of the Sanitary District, June 19, 1901, pages 7266-7.) The capacity at the orig- inal elevation of the summit level, or eight feet: above datum, would be more than fifty per cent. (50%) additional. The feasibility of operating the canal for a capacity of 90,000 feet per minute was 24 [Topic 11] determined in 1888-9, but such program was not adopted. The Pumping Works cost the City of Chicago, for construction, maintenance and operation, the sum of $1,439,769.53, up to July 14, 1900, when the works were transferred to the Sanitary District. The International Waterways Commission refers briefly to the use of the canal for sewage disposal in the opening paragraphs of its Report on the Chi- cago Drainage Canal, 1907 (see Topic 39). B. Tue Deep Waterway. ll. The Illinois Outlet of the Upper Lakes per- sisted under existing surface and climatic conditions and a remnant of the ancient stream bed still sur- vives in Lake Peoria and the non-conformable regi- men of the present Lower Illinois River. The site of Chicago in large part is the floor of the old bay bounded by the beach lines of the higher lake level. Through this floor from the present Village of Lyons coursed the Desplaines River and its channel, in large part, survived and was maintained by over- flow waters, as Mud Lake and the South Branch of the Chicago River with its ramifications. The building up of the divide at Kedzie avenue, already referred to in Topic 1, diverted the ordi- nary flow of the Desplaines River along the ancient outlet, but so recent was the change that remnants of the former stream bed survived in the pools and expanses between Lyons and Lemont, in the bare rock floor from Lemont to below Joliet and in Lakes Joliet and Dupage, much depreciated since inhab- itation. 300 200 LAKES-TO-THE-GULF DEEP WATERWAY ASSOCIATION, a CO a, a aif Vy J, ,, CONSULTING ENGINEER. Lofts v UPPER ILLINOIS,...VOLIET TO UTICA. .__._..._.._ OVERFLOW LANDS, ILLINOIS VALLEY. OTAL AREA ___11,829,0 ACRES. CHICAGO To ST LOUIS __ COMPILED FROM OFFICIAL SOURCES. SCALE, er ILLINOIS, UTICA TO MOUTH OF RIVER, AREA IN RIVER-BED_______________. 28,8114 A. MEAN SEA LEVEL. | ADDITIONAL» “ [in HORIZONTAL, a ° rat °o w 2 Le] aQ N wo MILES. 0 AREA IN PONDS & BACKWATER..49,4045 A. TOTAL 25,2150 ACRES. AREA ONDER FLOOD, 1904_______-______ we rerres 1844 (APPROx.) 63,644,0 A. T [TOTAL AREA. .349,297,0 ACRES. | —-TOTAL AREA OVERFLOW,..36!, 126,0 ACRES. VERTICAL, 3 a 8 gs a a —————— FEET. JANUARY, 1910. RIVER. i. LAKE MICHIGAN For FIGHT MONTHS (a L x eg CHICAGO CITY DATUM MIS THE MEAN \ LEVEL PRIL TO NOVEMBER) OF 1847 & 4 a | & a y TER IBIS=—-1.93. HIGH WATER 1838= 4.74 & ‘ 2 z s y S wy ‘ a x ‘ & x ; | : : N 3 & ; y 2 panera area ea 2-2 AN OFS AND LAI SS1SEYPPY-OA NAb >—— tr i o IS o 0 wl 4 w «=o z < g . (HENNEPIN CANAL) US. a 2 x. 1% > 4 < | <8 6 0 O.. 2 ie: < i—_5 —_9—~ © g i a =) t tp Sk = 3 fee ge Se 5g qi? ek | p age k 8 & fie Se Ls a 2 EU —-— S—z as Es Ww ——o — &45-3—4r S CW < = ~o are 0 oo 4 a(S} Zz F oe X09 9 Ww w oOI oS 4¢ 2 < EF OKs 5 =, ) 1 o ; 0 fig i ‘ ld wD >0 Q270 & o 3 Q { p—_¢ 65 7 13 0 aie : : : Y HIGH WATER OF 1902 _, NIGH WaTER oF /892 3 350 MILES 100 200 | | 1 STAI, FIVISNG ~ Se GPIAIS FINACHN VA GHICAGO To ST.LOUIS COMPILED FROM OFFICIAL SOORCES. SCALE, v W = z os E us ul b 002 2 Q 4 - || ® e| il? Z < * OSE NP boty - ead. © OF ws 2 Oot > |] Z I < osm SI 4 01 o ¢ | ° i13N VAM = » 3 4 a 2S Oo 3 oO < oO Biud DW Bhd o> oO US HOSIGYN foe 7 HSIT OSVOIH 2 FOTRED < Ls ea —| J | steels cebeseas bat eee tls cals el SLIWwt Ee Zz | 3-2 |g |_| YH LINWO r at | [Aye 5 js9s Wat é oo \ Ts: T + ra T +