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TO
MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
EXPLANATION OF SHEET 125,

THE GEOLOGY OF
THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE

DERBYSHIRE

AND

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE
COALFIELD.

By W. GIBSON, D.Sc. F.G.S.; T. I. POCOCK, M.A.; C. B. WEDD,
BA, F.G.S., and BR. L. SHERLOCK, B.8c., Assoc. RCS, F.G.S., with
<4 Notes' by C. FOX-STRANGWAYS, F.G.S.

 

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF HIS MAJESTY’S TRBASURY.

 

 

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1908.
Price Three Shillings.
LIST OF MAPS, SECTIONS, AND MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL
SURVEY OF ENGLAND AND WALES, AND MUSEUM OF
PRACTICAL GEOLOGY.

 

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a
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HORIZONTAL SECTIONS. VERTICAL SECTIONS,
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MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
ENGLAND AND WALES.

EXPLANATION OF SHEET 125,

THE GEOLOGY OF

THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE

DERBYSHIRE

AND

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE
COALFIELD.

By W. GIBSON, D.Sc. F.G.S.; T. I. POCOCK, M.A.; C. B. WEDD,
BA, F.GS, and R. L. SHERLOCK, B.Sc., Assoc. RCS, F.G.8., with
Notes by C. FOX-STRAN GWAYS, F.GS.

 

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF HIS MAJESTY’S TREASURY.

 

 

LONDON:
PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE,
By WYMAN & SONS, Limrrep, 109, Ferrer LANE, E.C.

 

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W. & A. K. JOHNSTON, Limirep, 2, St. ANDREW SQUARE, EDINBURGH ;
HODGES, FIGGIS & Co., GRAFTON STREET, DUBLIN ;
From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps; or through any
Bookseller from the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton.

1908.
Price Three Shillings.
PREFACE.

 

This explanation of the colour-printed Sheet 125, descriptive
of the southern portion of the coal-field of Derbyshire and
Nottinghamshire, is the first Memoir issued by the Geological
Survey giving detailed information on that important area.

The original geological survey published mainly on Sheet 71
N.W. of the old series map was carried out by W. W. Smyth,
A.C. Ramsay,and E, Hull, and published in 1855 when De la Beche
was still Director-General. A new edition of the map, with
revisions by A. H. Green and J. R. Dakyns, was issued in 1867.

The eastern portion bordering Nottingham, surveyed mainly by
W. T. Aveline on Sheet 71 N.K., was published in 1858 and, the
colliery information having been revised by him in 1878, a new
edition of the map was issued in 1879.

Small portions of the area of the new sheet with the town of
Derby were included in Sheets 71 N.E. and S.E., surveyed by
Prof. Hull and published in 1855; revisions near Beeston by
Aveline led to a new edition of 71 S.E. in 1878.

A brief account of the south-eastern portion of the coal-field
was published in the “ Memoir on the Geology of the Country
around Nottingham” by Aveline in 1861 (Ed. 2, 1880), and
analyses of the iron-ores by Mr. John Spiller were published in
Part 1 of the “Iron Ores of Great Britain,’ 1856. The New Red
rocks were dealt with by Prof. Hull in his “Memoir on the
Triassic and Permian Rocks of the Midland Counties,” 1869.

The survey of the coal-field on the six-inch scale was commenced
in 1901 by Dr. Walcot Gibson and Mr. C. B. Wedd, and completed
with the aid of Mr. T. I. Pocock and Mr. R. L. Sherlock, under the
superintendence of Mr. C. Fox-Strangways.

During the course of the work considerable modifications have
been made.

The area of the Coal-measures has been curtailed west of Heage
and Kilbourne, and the boundary between the Lower and
Middle measures has been considerably modified in the same
neighbourhood, and at Kirk Hallam on the south.

The most prominent sandstones and flagstones in the Coal-
measures have for the first time been distinguished by colour on
the map, while the shales and grits of the Millstone Grit series
have been more accurately defined.

The work in the lower Coal-measures has proved that the
sequence of rocks, coals and fossil-bands in this district agrees so
closely with that in the Cheadle Coal-field, on the other side of
the Pennine axis, as to leave no doubt that the rocks of both
areas were formed in one and the same basin of deposition.

87389. 500—Wt. 15138. 11/07. Wy. & 8S. 41107. a
v

As a matter of convenience the Black Shale Coal of Derbyshire
has been taken to mark the base of the Middle Coal-measures, so
as to harmonize with the grouping in the geological maps of the
Yorkshire Coal-field, where the equivalent Silkstone Coal occu-
that position. The adoption of this horizon as a colour-

oundary for the nap must not, however, be taken to imply an
adherence to the old classification of the Coal-measures into
definite Upper, Middle and Lower divisions.

A small portion of the lead-mining district of Wirksworth is
included within the map. After long having remained practi-
cally in abeyance, the mining industry of the locality has been
recently stimulated by the rise in the price of lead, and, since
the time of the Survey in 1903, exploration has been renewed
in the neighbourhood of Wirksworth and is still in progress, but
has not yet gone far enough to disclose new features of conse-
quence. A more important portion of the same mining field
falls within the adjacent Sheet 112, on which the Survey is at,
present engaged, so that if the new exploration should yield
results of practical importance we shall be able to discuss them
in dealing in a subsequent Memoir with the mining of the tract
immediately to the northward.

The mapping of the boulder clay and associated sands and
gravels forms a new feature in the map, but as the distribution
of the drift is not sufticiently great to obscure the general struc-
ture of the district, only one edition of the sheet is published,

During the progress of the field-work the Survey has been
greatly indebted to the colliery owners, managers and mining
engineers who have freely granted access to plans and sections.

_ The present Memoir has been written by Dr. Gibson and Mr.
Wedd, who have incorporated the notes of their colleagues. The
lists of fossils have been revised in the Paleontological Depart-
ment, but much assistance has been rendered by Dr. Wheelton
Hind, Mr. Robert Kidston and Dr. R. H. Traquair.

J. J. H. TEALL,
Director.
Geological Survey Office,

28, Jermyn Street, London,
15th October, 1907.
NOTE.

The following is a list of the six-inch geological maps included in the area
and of which MS. coloured copies are deposited for public reference in the

Library.

It is hoped that the maps will be published as soon as the survey has
been completed along the northern margin of the Derbyshire Coal-field.

Derby 39.
39.
40.
40.
41.
44.
44,
45.
45.
46.
46.
49,
49.
50,
50.
51.
51.
32.
32.
37.
37.
41.

N.E., S.E., by C. B. Wedd.

N.W., S.W., by T. I. Pocock.

N.E.,8.E., by W. Gibson.

N.W., S.W., by C. B. Wedd.

N.W., S.W., by W. Gibson.

N.E., §.E., by C. B. Wedd.

N.W.,8.W., by T. I. Pocock.

N.E., 5.E., by W. Gibson.

N.W., 8.W., by C. B. Wedd.

N.E., 8.E., by W. Gibson.

N.W., 8.W., by W. Gibson.

N.E., N.W., by T. I. Pocock.

8.E., 8.W., by T. I. Pocock and C. Fox-Strangways.
N.E., N.W., by W. Gibson and C. B. Wedd.
8.E., 8.W., by C. Fox-Strangways.

N.E., N.W., by W. Gibson.

S.E., 8.W., by C. Fox-Strangways.

N.E., N.W., by W. Gibson and R. L. Sherlock.
8.E., 8.W., by W. Gibson.

N.E., N.W., by W. Gibson.

8.E., S.W., by W. Gibson.

N.E., 8.E., by C. Fox-Strangways and W. Gibson.
CONTENTS.

Prerace by the DrrecTror -

CuaptEerR J.—INTRODUCTION - -
Form of the Ground and its relation to the Geological Structure,
p. 1. Surface Sculpture and River Development in the
Derwent Basin, p. 2. River System of the Central Region,

p. 4.

CuaprerR II.—GENERAL OUTLINE
Table of Formations, p. 5. Groups of Rocks and their Relation-
ship, p.6. Geological Structure, p. 7.

Caaprer III.—Tun Lowrr CaRBONIFEROUS ROCKS
CaRBoNIFEROUS LimesToNE: Wirksworth District, p. 11.
Crich District, p. 17.

Limestone SHaues: Western District (Wirksworth—Mug-
ginton), p.21; Eastern District (Shottle—Breadsall ; Crich),
p. 24.

Cuaprer IV.—THEe Urprrr CaRBONIFEROUS Rocks: MILLSTONE

Grit SERIES 3

Classification and Thickness, p. 27. Shale Grit Group, p. 28.

Kinderscout Grit Group, p. 29. Shales between the Kinder-

scout and Middle Grit Groups, p. 30. Middle Grit Group,

p. 30. Shales between the Middle Grit Group and the Rough

Rock, p. 31. Rough Rock, p. 31. Distribution, p. 32.

Limits of the Series, p. 35.

Local Details: West of the Derwent Valley, p. 36. The Der-

went Valley, p. 42. Hast of the Derwent Valley, p. 48.

CuarteR V.—THE UPPER CaRBONIFEROUS Rocks (continued) :
CoaL-MEASURES -
Introduction, p. 55. Lithological Characters, p. 56. Sequence,
p. 57. The Chief Seams of Coal, p. 58.

Cuaprer VI.—Tue Upper CarBonirerous Rocks (continued) :
Coat-Mzasurss (Details) - - -
The Derwent Basin: Coal-measures up to the Kilburn Coal,
| p. 62.
Coal-measures from the Kilburn Coal to the Top Hard Coal,
p. 77.

The Erewash Valley : Measures below the Top Hard Coal, p. 85.
Measures above the Top Hard Coal, p. 95.

Caaprer VII.—Fossits or THE CoaL-MEasSuRES - : s
General Distribution, p. 99. Association with the individual
Seams, p. 100.

Page
ili
1-4

5-7

8-26

27-54

55-60

61-98

99-102
Vil

Page
Cuapter VIII.—Tue Permian Rocks : - - - 103-112
Local Sequence, p. 103. Stratigraphical Relationship, p. 106.
East of the Erewash Valley: Breccia, p. 106. ‘‘ Marl Slate ”
and Magnesian Limestone, p. 107. Red Marls, p. 109.
The Derwent Basin, p. 110.

CHaptrer [X.—Tue Triassic Rocks” - - : 113-130
Introduction, p. 113. Lithological Characters, p. 114. Relation
of the Triassic to the Carboniferous Rocks, p. 114. Relation
of the Triassic to the Permian Rocks, p. 115.
The Western Margin of the Map, p. 116. The Ecclesbourne and
Derwent Valleys, p. 119. The Southern Margin of the Coal-
field, p. 123. The Eastern Area, p. 129.

Cuaprer X.—Foips anp Favtrs : - - - 131-148
The Derwent Basin, p. 131. The Wirksworth and Kedleston
Districts, p. 139. The Erewash Valley, p. 141. The North-
Eastern Area, p. 147.

Cnaprer XI.—Tue SupErriciaL DEposits - 149-168
The Western Margin, p. 149. The Derwent Basin, p. 153. The
Erewash Valley, p. 164.
Cuaprer XII.—Economic GEOLOGY - 169-182
Tronstones, p. 169. Lead, p. 172. Clays, p. 176. Building
Stones, p. 177. Moulding and Building Sands, p. 179. Mill-
stones, p. 179. Road Metal, p. 179. Gravel, p. 180. Lime,
p. 180.
Water Supply, p. 180.
APPENDIX - - : : : 183-186
Section of the — Shaft, Kilbourne ae p. 183.

INDEX - : - 187
10.

IRIS

12.

13.

14.

vill

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Figures IN TEXT.

Diagrammatic Section of Millstone Grit Series -

. Section between Chadwick’s Nick and Bullbridge Hill -
. Section between Ridgeway and Lower Hartshay

. Section through Denby Colliery

. Section at Digby Clay Pits

. Section showing the relation of the Permian to the Coal-

measures between Moor Green and Linby Collieries

. Section near Midland Railway Station, Kimberley -
. Section at Annesley Tunnel (G.C.R.)

. Section, Great Northern Railway, near Morley -

Section near Dale Abbey — - - - - -
Sections through hill North of Ambergate Station - -
Section from Derwent Valley at Ambergate - -

Section through Belper -

Section at Cinderhill = - 2

. Section through Glacial and River Deposits at Little Eaton -

PuatE, at end of Volume.

1 Section across the Erewash Valley Anticline.

2, Section across the Ripley Syncline,

Page
3l

52
65
66

96

105
108
116
125
127
133
134
135
144

161
THE GEOLOGY

OF THE

SOUTHERN PART

OF THE

DERBYSHIRE AND NOTTINGHAMSHIRE COQALFIELD.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION.
Form oF THE GROUND AND ITS RELATION TO THE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE.
(By W. Grpsoyn).

This memoir describes the geology of a tract of ground 216
square miles in extent situated in South Derbyshire and having
the old part of the town of Derby towards the southern margin.
A great diversity of scenery is met with and can be viewed from
the various lines of railway traversing the area. The Wirksworth
line from Duffield first of all passes along a broad, deep valley
with flat-topped hills and ridges on either side. Towards the
north, the hills increase in height and gradually close in till the
valley is cut off by the limestone crags which border the region
of the Low Peak.

Starting again from Duffield—Shortly after leaving the station
a deep, narrow and picturesque gorge is entered through which
the River Derwent has cut its way. Steep ridges of sandstone
extensively quarried and forming bold features, rise up on either
side and attain their maximum height near Ambergate. Both
these valleys border or form part of the characteristic scenery of
the Peak country.

This scenery presents a striking contrast to that traversed
by the Midland Railway between Stanton Gate and Pyebridge in
the Erewash Valley. This is a broad valley possessing [ew or no
distinguishing features. It is the scene of many busy industries
associated. with coal-mining, and the manufacture of iron, common
pottery, and bricks. a

A third type of scenery, as widely divergent from thui o1 vie
Erewash Valley as this is from that of the Derwent Valley, is tra-
versed by the Midland Railway between Bulwell and Annesley in

8789. A
2 INTRODUCTION.

the north-east portion of the map. This is a featureless plateau,
gently sloping eastward, devoted almost entirely to agriculture,
until near Newstead where the plain becomes diversified by
numerous ridges of stony ground, here and there beautifully wooded,
forming long cape-like promontories, suggestive of, and once
thought to be due to, marine denudation.

Yet a fourth type of scenery is met with along the southern
margin of the map. Here the ground slopes gently down to the
Trent. Pasture land, interspersed with numerous wooded parks,
occupies this tract.

The geological map, which represents the different rock-formations
occurring at the surface, shows that these divergent types of scenery
are dependent on the outcrop of the main rock formations. The
first two regions occur in the districts composed of Lower Carboni-
ferous rocks and Millstone Grits. The central region of the Ere-
wash coincides with the outcrop of the Coal-measures; while the
scenery of the north-east depends on the presence of the Permian
and Bunter formations, the first furnishing a soil eminently suitable
for agriculture, the latter giving rise to one of less fertility. The
pastoral land along the southern margin of the map follows the
outcrop of the Keuper Marl and of the alluvium bordering the
Trent.

Surrace SCULPTURE AND River DEVELOPMENT IN THE DERWENT Basin.
(By C. B. Wexpp.)

Subaerial denudation has had full play in sculpturing the surface
of the Carboniferous rocks, so favourably grouped for the produc-
tion of a varied landscape. We have masses of hard rock like the
Carboniferous Limestone, giving rise to high ground ; masses of soft
strata like the Limestone Shales and the greater part of the
Coal-measures, eroded into valleys and low-lymg plains; and in
the Millstone Grit Series frequent alternations of hard and soft beds
moulded into alternate hills and valleys when much inclined, or
rising into elevated plateaux fringed by tiers of escarpments, when
the beds lie flatter.

The landscape-features thus produced fall under different types.
We find a complete periclinal hill in the limestone at Crich,
with even slopes all round, in which the beds dip away in every
direction ; while the uniform hardness of the rock precludes the
formation of scarps, where the highest layers gradually give
place to lower layers towards the summit. Toadmoor Hill at
Ambergate gives an example of an anticlinal ridge made by the
Kinderscout Grit ; but its eastern flank is covered by the overlying
Belper Grit which crops out with a strong escarpment. In the
remarkable hill north of Ambergate Station we see an instance of an
anticlinal feature in which several beds of grit, each with its scarp
and dip-slope, are faulted against each other (see Fig. 11, p- 188).
INTRODUCTION. 3

But the commonest type of feature represents a later stage in the
denudation of folded strata—ridges with steep scarps and gentle
dip-slopes, such as The Chevin and its northward continuation,
the edge of Bowmer Rough and The Tors at Crich, that of the
Kinderscout Grit east of Crich, and many others; or a terrace-
like succession of escarpments as seen in the east bank of the
Ecclesbourne north of Wirksworth, and in the east side of the
Derwent Valley at Milford. Flat-topped, steep-sided hills or
smaller rounded knolls, formed by outliers of the grits in the north
of the district, mark the last phase of such features.

We may contrast, too, the clear-cut escarpments of the Middle
Grits, the more rugged edges of the Kinderscout Grits, the smooth
and rounded ridge of the Wingfield Flagstones at Wingfield and
Heage, and the tattered outcrops of the Bunter Sandstone where
it makes a flat capping to hills of softer shale. Often, also, we
see the denudation of the last-named rock into the combes and
lobes so characteristic of its margin where it is thicker.

Rarely we find a conspicuous feature due to a fault, as at Lane-
head, Alderwasley, and north of Horsley Park, where steep banks
mark a displacement of hard rock against softer beds.

Many of the principal streams follow the general strike of the
strata in a southerly or south-easterly direction. The Ecclesbourne
has eroded its valley entirely in the Limestone Shales. After
cutting off a corner of the Millstone Grit tract in falling from the
high ground of the limestone country, it parts the escarpments of
the Triassic sandstones and the Millstone Grit.

A study of the course of the Derwent across this district affords
an excellent illustration of the relation between a river-valley and
the rocks in which it is excavated. Flowing in a general direction
east of south, the Derwent follows a synclinal trough in the Millstone
Grits and lower beds as far as Milford. But owing to inequality
of folding and to faults, it encounters the Kinderscout Grit
repeatedly, and may be regarded for a great part of its course as
engaged in a struggle to free itself from this obstacle. It will
be seen that in every case where the Derwent cuts deeply into this
hard grit, its valley is sharply constricted; that the deeper it
excavates its channel below the grit, the more room it has to widen
its valley in the underlying shales ; but that only where it breaks
completely away from the Kinderscout Grit in the soft beds below,
or emerges into the shales above, does this valley expand into a broad
spread of alluvium. Where the river bursts across the Kinderscout
Grit, the rapids there produced are now controlled by weirs, and
mills have been built at such points at Belper Bridge and Milford.
Only near Ambergate does the Belper Grit descend low enough
to modify the width of the river-valley. At Milford Bridge the
Derwent escapes finally from the Kinderscout Grit and fashions
a broad alluvial flat, at first in lower shales of the Carboniferous

8789, AQ
4 INTRODUCTION.

and afterwards in the soft beds of the Trias. But at Burley Hill
the Shale Grit causes a slight contraction of the valley.

The course of the Amber differs materially from that of the other
streams. After following the strike of the Coal-measures southward
from Wingfield, it bends westward at Wingfield Park, and traverses
the outcrop of the Wingfield Flagstones three times. Thence it
continues against the dip of the strata, until it crosses the anticline
in the Millstone Grits and falls into the Derwent at Ambergate.
Whether this unusual course is attributable to the antiquity of the
drainage, initiated at a higher level before denudation had proceeded
so far in the Coal-measures (see below), or to later causes, we
have not found evidence within this area to show.

Bottle Brook flows approximately along the axis of a slight
synclinal bend, against the direction of dip, and joins the Derwent
at Little Eaton.

River SYSTEM OF THE CENTRAL REGION.
(By W. GrBson).

The drainage of the central region occupied by the Coal-measures
is carried off by the River Erewash which rises in Spring Woods, a
little distance beyond the northern margin of the map. The valley
trends in a general south-west direction to Pyebridge, where, after
being joined by the transverse valley of Butterley, it turns abruptly
to the south, or a little east of south, a direction maintained till its
junction with the Trent a short distance beyond the southern margin
of the map.

The main factors of the origin of this drainage system can be
satisfactorily determined. It can be shown to have commenced on
a Triassic platform which formerly extended some distance beyond
the Erewash Valley tothe west. It may even have started on a
platform of rocks newer than the Trias, but with this we need not
concern ourselves. Looking at the present system it will be observed
that few deep-cut valleys of any consequence occur in the Coal-
measure ground on the west side, while there are several on
the east side. These, as well as the main valley, commence in the
fissured and cavernous Magnesian Limestone, or in the highly
pervious overlying Bunter Sandstone. We are, therefore, looking
at the cutting back eastward by stream erosion of a platform of
Permian and Triassic rocks. The general absence of deep valleys
to the west would therefore appear to indicate that the Trias did
not extend, except along the south margin, far to the west of the
Krewash River.

 
CHAPTER II.
GENERAL OUTLINE.

(By W. Grzson.)

Formations, Groups or Rocks AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP ;
GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE.

The formations and groups of rocks represented by colour on the
map occur in the following descending order of sequence :—

TABLE or FORMATIONS.

Peat.
. Alluvium.
Recent and Post-Glacial * A Aihidal sannanee.
River terraces.
Old valley-gravels.
Glacial { Boulder - clay with contempor-

aneous sands and gravels.

RECENT AND
PLEISTOCENE.

Great Unconformity.

Keuper Marl. - Red marl and thin sandstones.
Keuper Waterstones | Marls and flags.

and Pebble Beds. pebble beds.
Lower Mottled Red and mottled sandstones with-
Sandstone - - out pebbles.

{ite marl.

Bunter Sandstone Red and buff sandstones and
Bunter | |

Magnesian limestone, shales and
thin flags: breccia at base.

Permian

Trias.
_ OTF

PERMIAN.

Great Unconformity.

Grey shales, sandstones and clays,
with many seams of coal

ie Cool-anensures ; | and clay - ironstones: gan-
BS nister towards the base.
~ (Millstone Grit Series Massive grits and shales.

(Shales with thin grits: earthy
limestones in lower part.
i [eeneeverted and massive lime-
stone with layers of chert in
\ upper part.

. (Limestone Shales’ -

CARBONIFEROUS.

Lower.

Carboniferous Limestone
(Mountain Limestone)

os
oo

| Toadstone (contemporaneous) in Carboniferous Limestone:
| Agglomerate.

IanEOUS
Rocks
6 GENERAL OUTLINE.

Groups of Rocks and their Relationship.—The table shows that
within the area included in the compass of the map four rock
systems are represented, which, in geological age, order of arrange-
ment, composition and mode of origin, differ from each other in a
very marked degree.

The strata of the Low Peak and the coalfield belong to the
Carboniferous System. This consists of sheet after sheet of rock
laid down one above another until they attain a united
thickness of several thousand feet. At the base we have the Car-
boniferous Limestone of Wirksworth and Crich. On this, thick
masses of muds and clays (Limestone Shales) were deposited ;
on these again grits and shales, the Millstone Grit Series, were laid
down, to be followed by the great accumulation of sandstones,
shales, clays and coal-seams constituting the Coal-measures.

This sequence of the Carboniferous rocks was grasped by
Farey at the commencement of last century and was subsequently
adopted by Jukes, who at a slightly later date describes the
general arrangement of the Carboniferous rocks of Derbyshire in
the following words : “ The whole of Derbyshire, then, is based on
mountain limestone which, after forming the surface of the dis-
tricts before described sinks down on every side, and is covered
by coating after coating of the superior rocks, the Limestone Shale,
Millstone Grit and the Coal-measures. All these are always con-
formable to each other, each dipping (in the same places) in the
same direction and at the same angle, and being in fact, only
different parts of one compact and continuous mass of rocks, all
the four insensibly melting, as it were, into one another and forming
one whole.’”’*

The classification and nomenclature of Farey and Jukes are
therefore adhered to except that for the old term of Mountain
Limestone the now familiar name of Carboniferous Limestone
has been substituted. With this limestone the well-known
toadstones of Derbyshire are associated and represent the only
igneous rocks met with in the district.

Between the Carboniferous rocks and the next overlying forma-
tions—Permian and Trias—one of the greatest unconformities
met with in the British Isles occurs. All the Carboniferous
rocks were subjected to severe folding and fracturing, and were
denuded on a great scale, before the Permian and Triassic strata
were laid down on them. These newer formations will therefore
be found resting on different members of the Carboniferous System ;
and though in places they accidentally conform to the dip of the
older rocks, yet as a general rule they do not do so. On the other
hand, the Permian and Triassic rocks are conformable to each
other, though the Keuper overlaps the Bunter to a slight extent

 

* “On the Geology of the Northern Part of the County of Stafford,”
The Analyst; a Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, Natural History
and the Fine Arts, vol. ix., pp. 233-240 (1839).
GENERAL OUTLINE. 7

around the southern edge of the coalfield as the original margin
of the basin of deposition is approached. Though the Permian
and. Triassic rocks cover a considerable area, it will be seen from
the index scale on the map how insignificant their thickness is
compared with that of the Carboniferous.

The next group of rocks—Pleistocene and Recent—is of even
still less consequence, both in area and thickness, when compared
with any of the other strata of the district. It bears no relation-
ship to the Carboniferous, Permian, or Triassic rocks, and is
of vastly newer geological ages Indeed, the highest member
includes the alluvia of the present rivers and streams. The
deposits of Pleistocene age were introduced into the district by
ice sheets, and perhaps also by floating masses of ice within
the submerged basin of the Trent. These masses of ice brought
material foreign to the district, to be mingled with that of local
origin; but a few isolated patches of clays, sands and gravels
seldom amounting to more than a few feet in thickness are all
that remain.

During the later stages of the Glacial Epoch the rivers and
streams possessed a larger flow than at present and deposited
wide sheets of flood-gravels, as near Beeston. From these gravels
it is frequently difficult to separate the more modern gravels of
the Trent drainage system; while these again frequently become
inseparable from the alluvia at present being formed.

Geological Structure.—TIwo dominant structures become evident
among the Carboniferous rocks. The primary structure is the
wide syncline which includes the whole of the Carboniferous, this
being the southern portion of the great syncline of the Derbyshire
and Nottinghamshire Coalfield. The section at the foot of the
map shows that this major fold is broken by the subsidiary
anticlinal folds of Crich, Swanwick and Riddings.

The fractures, known as faults, form a secondary structure. In the
main subsequent to, these may also be in part contemporaneous
with, the folding, and will be observed to cross and dislocate the
strata in several directions.

Among the Triassic rocks folding and faulting are not so evident.
The faults, though agreeing in general direction with those affecting
the older formation, are of much less intensity and not nearly so
numerous.

Note.—The representation of the Limestone Shales and the shales of the Mill-
stone Grit Series by separate colours on the map involves some inconsistency
in colouring, as the impersistence of the Shale Grits renders it impossible
to lay down a stratigraphical line of separation between the two divisions.
This inconsistency is principally noticeable east and south of Crich.
CHAPTER III.

THE LOWER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.
(By C. B. Wepp.)

A great but unknown thickness of limestone, represented at the
surface only by the highest beds of the series as seen in its
complete development, is succeeded by strata consisting almost
entirely of shale, with thin bands of limestone in its lower
part. The limestone-massif has long been known as the
Carboniferous or Mountain Limestone. For the shale series the
name ‘“ Yoredale Rocks” has been used until recently by the
Geological Survey, on the assumption of its homotaxial relationship
to beds below the Millstone Grit in Wensleydale (Yore-
dale). The term “ Yoredale,” as applied to Derbyshire, was made
to include originally not only the shale series but also the over-
lying group of grits and shales (“ Yoredale Grit”) below the
Kinderscout group of the Millstone Grit. But later, when, on
tracing the Carboniferous rocks northward, it became impossible
to maintain a distinction between these two groups of grits, the
“ Yoredale ” Grit was transferred to the Millstone Grit Series and re-
named the Shale Grit*, a name previously given to it by Farey.t
But no opportunity occurred of making the necessary change on
the Survey maps before the publication of the present one-inch
Sheet 125,

Dr. Wheelton Hind has shown that there is no justification for
the assumption previously made, that the shales above the Car-
boniferous Limestone in South Lancashire, North Staffordshire,
and Derbyshire are the homotaxial equivalents of the Yoredale
rocks of northern Yorkshire. He believes, on the contrary, that,
as the Derbyshire limestone-massif splits up northward, some of
its upper beds giving place to shale, the Yoredale rocks of the
type-district represent, at any rate in part, the upper beds of the
Carboniferous Limestone of Derbyshire. Consequently it has
been considered advisable to discard the term Yoredale for the
shales above the limestone in the Midlands. In North Stafford-
shire (one-inch Sheets 110 and 123) the Geological Survey has
adopted Dr. Hind’s term “ Pendleside Series” for these beds,
where they can be traced in continuity with the strata of the type-

 

* “Geology of the Yorkshire Coalfield,’ p. 33 (1878); and ‘“ The
Carboniferous Limestone, Yoredale Rocks, and Millstone Grit of North Derby-
shire,” Ed. 2, p. 6 (1887) (Jfem. Geol. Surv.).

+ ‘General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire,” vol. i.,
p. 228 (1811).
LOWER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS. 9

locality of Pendle Hill. In Derbyshire, owing to the greater
distance from the typical Pendleside district and the lack of oppor-
tunity to re-examine the intermediate tract above the limestone,
it is proposed to employ the term ‘‘ Limestone Shales ’’* for the
shale series intervening between the limestone-massif and the
Shale Grit Group of the Millstone Grit Series. We thus have in
this district a lithological nomenclature for all the chief members
of the Carboniferous System.

Green, following Phillips, took the base of the Millstone Grit as
the divisional line for a twofold classification into Upper and
Lower Carboniferous, and later defined this base of the Millstone
Grit as the bottom of the Shale Grit in Derbyshire and South
Yorkshire. Most subsequent writers who have ventured on a
twofold division of the Carboniferous System, have also placed the
line of demarcation below the Millstone Grit. This was done at first
chiefly on lithological grounds, but owing to the impersistence of
the individual grit-beds such a division could only be approximate.

Later Dr. Traquairf found a complete change between the
estuarine fish-faunas above and below the Roslin Sandstone
Series, which was held to be the equivalent of the Millstone Grit
in Scotland ; while Mr. Kidstont has demonstrated an equally well-
marked break between an Upper and a Lower Carboniferous flora
within that sandstone series, and has recently drawn this line of
division in North Staffordshire a few feet below the Stanley Grit,
the lowest grit of the Millstone Grit Series.§

This division into Upper and Lower Carboniferous on the evidence
of fossil fishes and plants has not yet been worked out in Derby-
shire ; but the district furnishes some suggestion of a change of
conditions at the base of the Shale Grit Group. Below the
lowest grit of that group the usual marine fauna of the Pendleside
Series of South Lancashire occurs so frequently throughout the
thickness of the shale series as to justify the impression of the
prevalence of marine conditions during its deposition. Above
the base of the Shale Grit Group, though marine beds recur in the
Millstone Grit Series and the Coal-measures, at each recurrence
their fauna is limited to a very small thickness of material. In

 

* Farey designated these beds in Derbyshire the Limestone Shale (“‘ General
View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire,’ 1811); and the terms
Upper and Lower Limestone Shales have of course been used freely for shales
in the upper and lower parts of the Carboniferous Limestone Series.

+ “Ganoid Fishes of the British Carboniferous Rocks,” part i., Pal. Soc.
(1877): “On the Distribution of Fossil Fish Remains in the Carboniferous
Rocks of the Edinburgh District,” Trans. Roc. Soc. Edin. vol. xl., part iii.,
p. 687 (1903).

{ “ On the Various Divisions of British Carboniferous Rocks as determined
by their Fossil Flora,” Vice-Pres. Address, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., vol.
xii., p. 183 (1893), also ‘‘Summary of Progress for 1903 ” (fem. Geol. Surv.)
p. 108 (1904).

§ See “Geology of the Country around Stoke-upon-Trent” (Jfem. Geol.
Surv.), Ed. 2, p. 3 (1905).
10 LOWER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

this district we have not found any trace of animal life in the Mill-
stone Grit Series below the top of the Kinderscout Grit.

Again, goniatites of the genus Gastrioceras are stated to exist
in beds below the Millstone Grit.* The base of the latter,
however, has not been drawn always at the same horizon,
and it is open to question whether these goniatites have
been met with in the Lower Carboniferous as defined above.
But they are so especially characteristic of the marine horizons
of the Millstone Grit Series and the Coal-measures as to become
an important element in the goniatite fauna of the ‘Upper when
compared with\ the Lower Carboniferous. In the roof of the
Alton Coal (pp. 64 and 100) and its equivalents elsewhere these
goniatites predominate. But they apparently do not predominate
over other goniatites in all marine beds of the Upper Carboniferous.

The Lower Carboniferous rocks come to the surface west of a
line running from Wirksworth to Allestree and Breadsall. Hast
of this they dip under the Millstone Grit Series; while to the south
they pass under a gradually thickening spread of Trias, but re-
appear occasionally in valleys. They crop out again in an inlier at
Crich.

THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE.

The Carboniferous Limestone seen in this district includes the
upper beds of blue cherty limestone together with some part of the
white limestone below, and contains associated igneous rocks, some
of which are certainly contemporaneous.

Of the two small tracts of Carboniferous Limestone occurring
within Sheet 125, that of Wirksworth forms the south-eastern
corner of the great limestone-massif of Derbyshire, while that of
Crich is part of an inlier brought up by the agency of folding.

In a future memoir on the country lying to the north of our
present district it is proposed to give a fuller account of a larger
tract of the limestone. Hence it will not be necessary to describe
in all its aspects the limited area falling within Sheet 125. We
may state, however, that the limestone exposed at the surface

 

* J. Spencer, “The Yoredale and Millstone Grit Rocks of the Upper
Calder Valley and their fossils,” Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polytec. Soc., vol. xiii.,
p. 390 (1898): W. Hind and J. A. Howe, “‘ The Geological Succession and
Paleontology of the Beds between the Millstone Grit and the Limestone-
Massif at Pendle Hill and their Equivalents in Certain Other Parts of Britain,’’
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lvii., p. 347 (1901): W. Hind, Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc., vol. lxi., p. 539 (1905) [Notes on the paleontology of marine
beds in the Coal-measures}, Horsebridge Clough, near Todmorden, the
locality mentioned by Spencer and Hind, is however clearly in shales above
the Yoredale Grit of that district. But recently Dr. Hind has adopted the
view that Gastrioceras listeri and G. carbonarium belong essentially to the
Lower Coal-measures and the Millstone Grit (‘ Life-zones in the British
Carboniferous Rocks,’ The Naturalist, No. 596, p. 334, 1906, and No. 602,
pp. 90-91, 1907).
CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE. 11

within this map does not range much below the Lonsdalia subzone
(D2) of the highest or Dibunophyllum zone of Dr. Vaughan’s
classification of the Carboniferous Limestone.*

WirkswortuH DIstRIct.
(By T. I Pocock.)

The Carboniferous Limestone-massij rises above the low-lying
Limestone Shales in two lines of cliff extending in westerly and
north-westerly directions from the old mining town of Wirksworth,
and reaches an elevation of 1,170 feet on Middleton Moor, a short
distance outside the map. Halfway between Wirksworth and
Hopton a spur projects southwards from the main mass of the
rock, ending in a steep declivity near one of the head waters of
the Ecclesbourne River. Further west the junction is less abrupt,
but it is still a-conspicuous bank with grey crags overlooking the
valley which winds through the soft shaly strata to the River
Dove at Ashbourne.

This formation occupies an unbroken tract of upland, 20 miles
in length and 14 in breadth, in the counties of Derby and Stafford,
but only two and a half square miles are included in the map here
described. The downward succession and approximate thickness
of the strata occurring in this area are as follows :—

Feet.
Thin-bedded blue limestone with chert - 40
Thin-bedded limestone without chert - - - 150
Toadstone - - - up to 80
White massive ee Giaptonyced Stone), with, agglomerate of

Hopton _—

The mapping of the chert-beds tends to show that the thickness
of the limestone in this region has been exaggerated. The estimate
given here agrees more closely with that given for Matlock than
for Wirksworth in the North Derbyshire memoir.

The crags so frequently project through the thin covering of
turf that it is easy to examine any part of the series. The finest
sections are those given by the quarries along the road between
Wirksworth and Middleton, which show the upper part of the
limestone. The chert-beds are best seen at the top of Dale Quarry
in Wirksworth and at Middlepeak, one mile to the north-west.
Both in the cherty beds and in the thin-bedded limestone below
Productus and other fossils characteristic of the limestone are

 

* See ‘‘The Paleontological Sequence in the Carboniferous Limestone
of the Bristol Area,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 1xi., p. 181 (1905); also
“Summary of Progress for 1905” (Mem. Geol. Surv.), p. 14 (1906), and
discussion on Mr. T. F. Sibly’s paper ‘‘ On the Carboniferous Limestone
(Avonian) of the Mendip Area (Somerset),” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 1xii.,
p. 379 (1906).

+ “Geology of The Carboniferous Limestone, Yoredale Rocks, and
Millstone Grit of North Derbyshire ” (Mem. Geol. Surv.), Ed. 2, p. 25 (1887).
12 LOWER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

very abundant. At Baileycroft Quarry, the first on the road to
Middleton, is a bed of shale 10 feet thick apparently in the lime-
stone. It is quite local, being scarcely traceable beyond the edges
of the quarry.

Another good section showing the strata from the chert-beds
down to the toadstone is seen in the cutting of the Cromford and
High Peak Railway, one and a half miles west-north-west from
Wirksworth. East of the tunnel the chert-beds dip E. 20° N.,
probably towards a north-west and south-east fault. They are
seen with a north-north-easterly dip of 8° close to the tunnel, beyond
which about 50 feet of limestones without chert come in below,
while at the extreme west of the cutting a bed of red and yellow
clay indicates the decomposed edge of one of the toadstones. In
ascending the Hopton incline, a quarter of a mile further on, part
of the same series is passed over in ascending sequence, but no out-
crop of toadstone could be traced.

Both near the cutting and for some distance to the west, the
limestone weathers in brown castellated forms quite different from
the common aspect of the rock. This is probably due to the pre-
sence of dolomite in greater or less quantity. The change appears
to be a local phenomenon affecting the whole series of strata which
crop out at the surface, but is not characteristic of a particular
zone. Opposite the east end of the cutting is a large quarry with
chert-beds at the top, which are probably the beds of the cutting
repeated by a north-west and south-east fault, but they are not
dolomitized.

The best section of the white limestones below the toadstone
can be seen at Hoptonwood Quarry, two miles north-west of
Wirksworth and beyond the limits of the map. Beds on the same
horizon, but much dolomitized, occur near the lane about one-
third of a mile north of Hopton.

On the hillside by Hopton there is much limestone closely re-
sembling that of Hoptonwood Quarry, but whether it is actually
at the same horizon is uncertain owing to the unknown displacement
of the Yokecliff Rake Fault north of the village.

Two sections of cherts have been examined by Mr. H. H. Thomas,
who describes them as follows :-—

4107E*. “Black chert from top of Dale Quarry, Wirksworth.
Highly siliceous rock rich in foraminifera (Valvulina, Saccamina and
others), sponge spicules, etc. All the calcium carbonate of the tests
and of the original sediment has been replaced by silica, and all
vacant spaces by silica having a radial arrangement. The spicules
and tests have a cryptocrystalline appearance. The ground mass of
the rock is iron-stained and contains very small doubly-terminated
quartz crystals (formed on small rounded quartz grains) and well
shaped rhombs of dolomite.

 

* Numbers refer to slides in the Survey collection of English rocks.
VOLCANIC ROCKS. 13

4108E. “Grey chert from Quarry at Yokecliff Wood half a
mile west of Wirksworth. Fine-grained siliceous rock without
organic remains, consisting chiefly of cryptocrystalline silica, with
a fair quantity in chalcedonic form. Minute rhombs of dolomite
are scattered through the mass. The rock is seemingly a silicified
limestone, the silicification having been more complete in some
parts than in others.”

The change of the limestone into dolomite has already been noticed.
Occasionally it is bituminous, as in the quarry east of Hopton, but
this is not characteristic of any one horizon. A specimen from
a spot half a mile south-west of Wirksworth is thus described by
Mr. Thomas :—

4111E. ‘Foraminiferal limestone, partially crystalline, with
opaque bituminous strings and patches, in some cases infilling
cavities left by small organisms, in others only following the lines
and areas of crystallisation.”

Contemporaneous Volcanic Rocks: Toadstone——The Carboni-
ferous Limestone of North Derbyshire is especially interesting on
account of the proofs it affords of contemporaneous volcanic action,
a phenomenon which played an important part in Scotland but was
much rarer in England during this period. The toadstones have
probably been known as long as lead-mining has been carried on
in Derbyshire. Indeed the term has been supposed to signify
deadstone (todt-stein), for the mineral veins are often unproductive
where they cross the igneous masses. But it has also been ex-
plained by the fancied resemblance of the rock to the back of a
toad.* The igneous origin of toadstones was recognised by Huttont
in 1775 and by Whitehurstt in 1778. But the belief that they
had been in some way intruded amongst the limestones was widely
held by geologists until De la Beche published his description in
the Geological Observer for 1851, pp. 642-645. He clearly proved
that most of these rocks had been poured out as lavas over the sea-
bed during the formation of the Mountain Limestone, but it had
still to be determined whether any of them represented contem-
poraneous intrusions or volcanic ashes. Jukes§$ noticed the
occurrence of tuffs in 1861 and they were shortly described in the
“Geology of North Derbyshire” (pp. 24 and 123), special reference
being made to the Hopton mass near Wirksworth.|| In more
recent times a detailed study of the microscopic characters of the

 

* For the following references to the earlier literature of the subject
we are indebted to Sir A. Geikie’s ‘‘ Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain,’’
Ed. 2, vol. ii, p. 8 (1900), where a fuller account may be read.

+ “Theory of the Earth,” Trans. Roy. Soc. Hdin., vol. i., p. 275 (1775).

{ “An inquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth,”
Appendix, p. 149 (1778).

§ “ Student’s Manual of Geology,” Ed. 2, p. 523 (1862).

|| “Geology of the Carboniferous Limestone, etc., of North Derbyshire”
(Mem. Geol. Surv.), Ed. 2, pp. 24, 123 (1887).
14 LOWER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

toadstone has been made by Mr. H. H. Arnold-Bemrose, who pub-
lished his results in 1894.*

In this paper the tuffs are shown to be widely distributed among
the toadstones and their characters are minutely described.
Later work by the same geologist has proved the occurrence of
intrusive sills,+ but so far these have not been discovered in the
area included in this map. Shortly before the publication of Mr.
Bemrose’s first paper Sir A. Geikie visited Derbyshire for the special
purpose of examining the tufis to determine whether any of the
vents from which the materials were ejected could be seen. He
has announced the discovery of four such vents, one of which is
the Hopton toadstone (op. cit. p. 16), to which further reference will
be made immediately.

It will thus be seen that up to the present time lava-flows, in-
trusive sills, interbedded tuffs, and coarse unstratified agglomerates
are known to exist, but the full history of these outbursts of
volcanic activity has still to be written.

In the present area there are two toadstones, one of which is a
lava flow, and the other a coarse agglomerate, perhaps occupying
the site of a volcanic vent. The former has already been alluded
to in the description of the Hopton tunnel section. It is there
entirely decomposed into clay and is much overgrown, so that
no trace of the rock was seen at the time of the survey. The
thickness is probably about 20 feet. The clay-band forms a soft
feature which can be traced along the escarpment-slope of the
limestone for rather more than half a mile towards the south,
but whether it dies out or is cut off by a fault isnot known. Three
quarters of a mile north of the railway cutting toadstone-clay,
most probably at the same horizon, can be seen at the top of Hop-
tonwood Quarry, and can be traced round the hill to the east,
following the bedding of the limestone nearly as far as Middleton,
where its outcrop is displaced by a fault. At the quarry south
of the village it is very well exposed, this being the only section
where any of the rock remains undecayed. The greater part
consists of variegated clay, in which are imbedded blocks one or
two feet in diameter of intensely hard blue dolerite. The whole
is more or less amygdaloidal, but the amygdules are much more
conspicuous near the surface of the toadstone, where they are
larger and are often thickly crowded together in masses of soft,
decayed stone. The whole mass is about 15 feet thick, but varies
considerably within the quarry itself. A section from one of the
embedded blocks has been examined by Mr. H. H. Thomas, who
describes it as follows :—

4013-4E.—“ A vesicular olivine-dolerite —The olivine is entirely

 

* «On the Microscopical Structure of the Carboniferous Dolerites and
Tuffs of Derbyshire,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 1., p. 603 (1894).

t+ See “A Sketch of the Geology of the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of
Derbyshire,” Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xvi., p. 165 (1899).
VOLCANIC ROCKS. 15

altered into calcite, traversed by veins of serpentine which
mark cracks in the original olivine crystal. The augite, which
probably existed chiefly in granules, is entirely chloritised. There
are indications also of small patches ophitically enclosing lath-
shaped crystals of felspar. The felspars which make up the bulk
of the rock give extinction indicative of labradorite-anorthite, and
anorthite. Iron ores are abundantly scattered through the mass,
and consist chiefly of ilmenite in skeleton crystals mostly converted
into leucoxene. The vesicles range from very minute dimensions
up to 1°5 cm. in diameter, and have two types of infilling, one
consisting wholly of crystalline calcite with a little chlorite on the
margin, the other of chalybite and chlorite in equal proportions,
both with a minute roughly spherical and radial arrangement.
The groundmass of the rock is permeated with calcite, due in all
probability to the rotting of the olivine and augite.

“Tn the hand specimen the two types of vesicles may be
distinguished with ease, the calcite vesicles being white and trans-
lucent, the other with an earthy yellow appearance. Some of
the vesicles show a rim of chalybite with the interior filled with
calcite.”

There can be little doubt from the character of the rock and its
relation to the contiguous strata that it is an interbedded lava.
As to the orifice from which it was discharged there is no definite
indication, but it may be observed that at the Bradhouse Mine,
on Middleton Moor, a mile and a half north-west of Wirksworth,
this toadstone reaches a thickness of 13 fathoms, which is far
greater than at any point along its outcrop. The vent may very
probably be situated near this spot.

The other toadstone, within this map, is a coarse unstratified
agglomerate which is exposed at Hopton two miles west of Wirks-
worth. It can be well examined near the corner of the roads in
Hopton, and for 200 yards thence towards the north. A smaller
exposure may be seen on the road to Carsington. The rock has been
described by Mr. Arnold-Bemrose and by Sir A. Geikie, the latter
of whom believes it to be a volcanic neck. The following de-
scription is taken from Mr. Bemrose’s paper* :—

“The fragments vary very much in size, from two feet in length
down to the size of a pea and smaller. Some are more or less
rounded, but the majority are angular. Where the surface of the
rock is weathered the larger pieces project and give it a rough
appearance..... Wherever larger pieces of the rock are seen
they are found to be included blocks. Sometimes a face of the rock
extending for several yards will look like a massive rock, but when
broken into, proves to be made up of small fragments. The lower
parts are made up of the same material as the upper. The fine-

 

* «Qn the Microscopical Structure of the Carboniferous Dolerites and
Tufts of Derbyshire,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 1., pp. 635-637 (1894).
16 LOWER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

grained parts in a hand specimen are seen to consist of black fine-
grained dolerite with felspars similar to those of the larger blocks
and of green lapilli.”

Mr. H. H. Thomas, who has examined the rock under the micro-
scope, writes as follows :—

4105E. “The Hopton agglomerate.—The rock contains lapilli of
two kinds, both of moderately small dimensions, set in a matrix
largely composed of crystalline calcite locally stained by chlorite.
The larger number of lapilli seen in the slide consist of a pale brown
olivine dolerite. Among the constituent minerals olivine exists
only in pseudomorphs in serpentine showing perfect outlines.
The augite is fresh, but exists in very minute prisms and grains
often twinned. The felspars are almost all microliths, but a few
are lath-shaped. They are twinned and give extinctions which
would indicate that they belong to the anorthite and anorthite-
labradorite groups. The groundmass is a pale brown or yellowish-
brown glass which is, as Mr. Arnold-Bemrose describes it, differen-
tiated into a darker and lighter portion. The lighter appears as
cracks in the darker, but in polarised light the whole is isotropic.
Small circular cavities filled with chlorite probably represent
vesicles.

“ A section (4106E) cut from one of the darker portions ofrock, of
which a few small lapilli were present in the slide described above,
shows olivine, augite, plagioclase felspars and iron ores set in a
glassy vesicular groundmass loaded with black iron ores. The
olivine is altered to calcite pseudomorphs, which still show good
outlines. The augite is colourless and occurs in small irregular
grains and patches with few larger porphyritic crystals. The
felspars are unaltered and exist in lath-shaped twinned crystals.
Extinctions show that they are of anorthite or anorthite-labra-
dorite composition. The groundmass consists largely of a felted
mass of felspar microliths, with a small quantity of residual glass
rich in iron ores.”

There is no other exposure of the agglomerate and the extent
of the mass is perhaps no more than a third ofa mile. It is bounded
by high banks of limestone on the north-east and north-west sides,
and extends up the valley as far as the Yokecliff Rake Fault;
for it was found in an old lead working at this spot. On the south,
however, it is in direct contact with the Limestone Shales.

Sir A. Geikie has suggested that, since the rock is intrusive,
this junction may be natural,* in which case the agglomerate
would be of later date than the Carboniferous Limestone, perhaps
contemporaneous with the toadstones of Kniveton in the Upper
Limestone Shales four miles away. There is, however, other

 

* See also Mr. Bemrose’s description, “A Sketch of the Geology of the
Lower Carboniferous Rocks of Derbyshire.” Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xvi., p. 197
(1899).
CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE. 17

evidence for the faults shown on the old Survey map; for if the
limestone east and west of the agglomerate be examined, it will
be seen that it does not dip naturally under the shales towards
the south, but that its basset edges form steep banks overlooking
the younger formation. It is clear, therefore, that there are faults
at the boundary cutting off the igneous rock from the shales. Tue
situation of the agglomerate in V-shaped form at the mouth of a:
valley in nearly horizontal strata perhaps indicates that it passes
under the limestone of the hillside. At the same time “its in-
ternal structure and composition,” according to Sir A. Gtikie,
“mark it out as a true neck.”

It may be suggested that the agglomerate accumulated over
the sea bottom was on the site of the orifice from which the materials
were ejected and was subsequently covered by the beds of lime-
stone which appear to overlie it. Hence though it perhaps marks
the site of a vent, it may be contemporaneous with the rocks among
which it is found. The exact position of this toadstone in the
stratigraphical series is not easy to fix. The limestone above is
about 150 feet thick and in its lower part resembles the white lime-
stone of Hoptonwood under the toadstone previously described,
rather than the thin beds near the top of the formation.

The upward succession is broken by the Yokecliff Rake Fault
which brings to the surface strata not far below the toadstone
of Hopton railway-cutting. The throw of this fault is not known,
but if it exceeds 150 feet (which is no extravagant supposition)
the Middleton toadstone would be very nearly on the same horizon
as the limestones in contact with the agglomerate at Hopton.
Even if this is too high an estimate, and the agglomerate is older
than the lava, still it is probable that the difference in geological
age is not very great, and that both belong to the same phase of
volcanic activity ; a conclusion which is confirmed by the close
resemblance in the mineral composition of the two rocks.

Cricu District.
(By C. B. Wepp.)

An anticlinal ridge, running in a general north-westerly direction,
brings up the small patch of limestone at Crich. A smaller anti-
clinal saddle on the east side of its southern end delays the final
eastward disappearance of the limestone. Only the south part
of the Crich mass falls within our present area, and much of this
is obscured by drift.

The highest strata consist of probably not more than 60 feet of
thin-bedded limestone of a dark or lighter blue colour, with sheets
and nodules of black or grey chert, and numerous thin shaly

8789, B
18 LOWER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

partings.* This limestone is sometimes smooth and fine-grained
in appearance, sometimes coarsely cry stalline, its crystalline aspect
being due in part to the number of crinoids and shells it contains.
Occasionally some portions are more or less silicified with an appear-
ance distinct from that of the well-defined cherts.

The blue cherty limestone is, for the most part, very fossiliferous,
some beds being crowded with fossils. Its fauna consists chiefly of
brachiopods, poor in number of species, but very rich in individuals,
crinoids and corals. The fossil most readily recognized is Productus
gigaiteus (Mart.), in countless numbers in a band. of Jimestene
about 20 feet thick near the top: Seminula ambigua (J. Sow.),
and Spirifer bisudcatus J. de C. Sow. also occur. Amongst the
corals, besides the abundant Lithostrotion martini E. and A, and
L. irregulare (Phill.), Calophyllum is found. The beds full of Pro-
ductus giganteus have a distinctive appearance even at a distance.
This brachiopod often seems to disappear almost entirely below
the cherty limestone and to be replaced by other species of the
genus ; but it is by no means confined to these highest beds, for it
is met with, though in less abundance, at many lower horizons.

The blue limestone passes down into more massive limestone
of a light grey or creamy white colour. The downward change
takes place somewhat irregularly by the intercalation of beds of
paler rock among the blue; and at about the same horizon the
cherts disappear, though an occasional impersistent band of pale
chert may be found lower.

Of the light-coloured or ‘“‘ white’ limestone about 100 feet is
seen in this area, while only about 200 feet of limestone in all is ex-
posed at the surface in the whole inlier. The thickness visible is
due chiefly to the excavation of deep quarries, without which
scarcely any of the beds below the blue cherty limestone would
crop out within this map.

The white limestone includes occasional bands of shale two feet
thick or more, and contains, besides the above brachiopods and
lithostrotions, Campophyllum?, Dibunophyllumy? Vaughan, and
other forms characteristic of D2, which comprises all the white beds
seen. Mr. Sibly has detected the Cyathaxonia subzone in the highest
cherty beds of the neighbourhood.

No toadstone reaches the surface in the Crich inlier. One was
proved in the shafts of the Glory Mine on the northern part of the
limestone-ridge at a depth of 180 feet, and at a depth of 300 feet

 

* The thickness of cherty limestone given in the i
(‘Geology of the Carboniferous Lisneatena, etc., of ion tebe
Ed. 2, p. 82) is certainly excessive, and appears to be due to a copyist’s
error (cf. op. cit., p. 28). The same work (p. 82) gives a generalized section
of all the beds known in the Crich inlier. See also H. H. Arnold-Bemrose
a A eek % a ae the Lower Carbonife ous Rocks of Derby-
shire,’ Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xvi., p. 177 (1
“ wayboard ” of clay is the ee a ees
CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE, 19

in the Od End Mine at the foot of the eastward slope. The latter
figure should give approximately the total thickness of limestone
above this toadstone. Now the “First” or highest toadstone of
the Matlock district is from 150 to 170 feet below the top of the
limestone, which contains about the same thickness of cherty beds
In 1ts upper part as atCrich. The tuff seen at Ashover is considered
to lie at about the same horizon,* while Mr. Pocock finds a slightly
greater thickness of limestone above the toadstone at Wirksworth.
But the “ Second ” toadstone of Matlock is below 300 feet of lime-
stone or rather more at High Tor. As these two toad-
stones follow the bedding, wherever they appear, in such a way
that there is no reason to doubt their contemporaneous origin, we
may reasonably infer that the Crich toadstone is the “Second”
of the Matlock district, the higher one having died out in a south-
easterly direction before reaching Crich, where a thin bed of shale
occupies approximately the same position in the limestone.

Lead was formerly worked in the Crich limestone,{ and is now
again being raised in conjunction with fluor-spar: but as the
workings lie almost entirely outside the area here described, an
account of them is reserved for a later memoir.

Local Details —The most south-easterly exposure of the lime-
stone-masstf is in a quarry about one-third of a mile east of the read
at Crich and beyond a larger quarry known as Hilt’s. The eastern
quarry shows a dissected anticline trending north-north-west, and
having a higher dip on the west than on the east side. The rock
passes on all sides under boulder-clay. The blue cherty limestone
contains occasional thin partings of shale which become more
numerous and. closer together in the highest beds at the entrance
on the south-east side of the quarry, where the topmost, or almost
the topmost, beds of the main limestone crop out. Just below the
cherty rock is a mammillated surface of lighter-coloured limestone
under a bed of ochreous marl about three feet thick. A consider-
able thickness of the more massive white limestone is exposed below.

Between this quarry and the village, Hilt’s Quarry gives an even
finer section at the south-east end of the main anticlinal ridge.
The inclination of the strata in the adjacent sides of the two quarries
points to a deep synclinal trough between them. In the tramway
at the south end of Hilt’s Quarry shale is seen, but not suffi-
ciently to show its relationship to the neighbouring limestone,
which is somewhat disturbed. In the east wall of the quarry
nearly the full thickness of cherty limestone overlies light-coloured,
‘more massive and less fossiliferous beds seen throughout a thick-
ness of about 100 feet, and reaching the lowest horizon visible

 

* “Geology of the Carboniferous Limestone, Yoredale Rocks, and Mill-
stone Grit of North Derbyshire” (Mem. Geol. Surv.), Ed. 2, p. 25 (1887).

+ Vide op. cit., pp. 24-25 and 83.

£ Vide op. cit., p. 154.

8789. B?
20 LOWER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

within this map in the Crich district. Immediately under the base
of the blue chert-bearing strata is a four-inch band of calcareous
shale, and about 23 feet lower a strongly mammillated surface of
limestone underlying a bed of shaly marl of which the top is level.
Thirteen feet below is a two-inch layer of shale marking a line of
small cavities. Sometimes along this line or on neighbouring
shale-bands a cave of larger size has been formed by solution and
opens on the preglacial slope of the hill beneath drift.

The blue cherty limestone is constantly seen in the main street
of Crich, and several old quarries expose the white rock.

THE LIMESTONE SHALES.

A series consisting principally of dark shales succeeds the lime-
stone. It contains thin beds of blue or black earthy limestone in its
lower part. Sometimes the shale conditions graduate downwards
into those of the main limestone by a more frequent development
of calcareous bands in the bottom of the shale ; but in other cases
the change from limestone to shale is more abrupt. Large cal-
careous bullions are occasionally developed higher in the series,
while layers of small ironstone nodules occur throughout. The
upper part of the series also includes thin beds of hard dark fine-
grained sandy rock, and thin flags of very hard white sandstone
of a quartzitic aspect, somewhat resembling ‘ crowstones.”
These often appear as single bands only an inch or two in thick-
ness ; but sometimes several are aggregated in a few feet of more or
less siliceous shale, and are capable of producing ridges of con-
siderable size by protecting the underlying soft beds from denuda-
tion. The shales are for the most part grey or blue in colour, but
frequently black in the lower part.

On account of these lithological differences Green provisionally
divided the series into two groups as follows* :—

Shales with thin bods of hard closely-grained sandstone (‘‘ Yoredale Sand-
stones ’’).

pide nhales with thin bel1s and nodules of earthy limestone.

But the distinction has not been supported by palwontological
evidence, neither can it be applied rigidly even in this district.

The Limestone Shales contain the usual marine fauna of
the Pendleside Series}, consisting chiefly of the lamellibranchs
Pterinopecten and Posidoniella, with several goniatites. Badly
preserved shells, which may be Posidonomya, have been noted in
the lowest shales.

 

* “Geology of the Carboniferous Limestone, Yoredale Rocks, and
Millstone Grit of North Derbyshire” (Mem. Geol. Surv.), Ed. 2, p. 8 (1887).
+ See W. Hind and J. A. Howe, “‘ The Geological Succession and Palzonto -
logy of the Beds between the Millstone Grit and the Limestone-Massif at
Pendle Hill, and their Equivalents in certain other Parts of Britain,” Quart
Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lvii., p. 347 (1901), pie ee eee ?
LIMESTONE SHALES. 21

The line of demarcation between Lower and Upper Carboni-
ferous (see above, p. 9) has not been determined in this district.
But at a fairly definite horizon a new type of grit (Shale Grit Group)
comes in. Below this horizon the usual marine fauna of the
Limestone Shales is seen repeatedly; while we have found only
occasional recurrences of certain members of it within the Millstone
Grit Series ; and each recurrence is limited to a very small thickness
of shale. This restriction of the lower marine fauna to occasional
thin bands in the Millstone Grit Series, together with the litho-
logical change mentioned above, points to a change of conditions
at a level at which the dividing line between Lower and Upper
Carboniferous might be expected to occur.

It would scarcely be possible to represent this line accurately
on the map, but it may be defined as running below the lowest grit
on the east flank of the Ecclesbourne Valley south-east of Wirks-
worth, across the valley of Franker Brook about half a mile north
of Shottle Hall, along the east flank of the Ecclesbourne Valley
below Hazelwood, immediately below the lowest grit-band mapped
at Duffield Station, and thence west of Burley Hill to Breadsall.
On the west side of the Ecclesbourne its position should be just below
the lowest grit-bed of the outlier of the Shale Grit Group at Kirk
Treton.

The district affords few opportunities of estimating the thickness
of the Limestone Shales. East of Cromford a short distance
north of our map, Green computed the amount of strata between the
Carboniferous Limestone and the Shale Grit at 400 feet, 300 feet
being passed through in the shaft of the Moletrap Mine.* Mr.
Pocock states of the western part of the district that ‘‘ no accurate
estimate of the thickness of the series is possible except near Wirks-
worth, and even here it is uncertain owing to the numerous faults
which disturb the beds. At a shaft east of Wirksworth Station
almost on the 500-foot contour-line the Carboniferous Limestone was
reached at 16 yards’ depth. Since the strata are nearly horizontal
at this point, and the grit-escarpment on the east is some 350 feet
higher, the thickness of the Limestone Shales is about 400 feet.”
But both estimates may include part of the Shale Grits.

West :rn District (WIRKSWORTH—MUGGINTON),
(By T. I. Pocock.)

The shales and calcareous beds above the massif of the Carboniferous
Limestone crop out on the slopes of the Ecclesbourne valley between
Wirksworth and Idridgehay, covered on either side by thick masses
of grit. They pass westward over the watershed near Hopton
into the basin of the Dove, encircle the sandstone plateau of Callow
and Kirk Ireton, and occupy all the valley south of Blackwall from

 

* “ Geology of the Carboniferous Limeston2, Yoredale Rocks, and Mill-
stone Grit of North Derbyshire ” (Mem. Geol. Surv.), Ed. 2, p. 75 (1887).
22 LOWER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

the source of the Shelburne Brook to its confluence with the Eccles-
bourne. On the high land of Hulland Ward pebble-beds of the
Trias overlie the shales, but the latter can be traced in the valleys
as far as the Mercaston Brook, where they gradually disappear
under a thick covering of red marl and sandstone eight miles dis-
tant from their junction with the Carboniferous Limestone at
Wirksworth. The Limestone Shales are gently inclined to the
south or sometimes horizontal for long distances, so that a com-
paratively small thickness of strata occupies an area of unusual
extent. They consist mainly of shales with numerous beds of dark.
earthy limestone containing goniatites in the lower part, together
with some intensely hard sandstones, a few inches thick, and occa-
sional traces of coal. The series is much thinner than in Stafford-
shire and Cheshire, and the quartzites or crowstones, which are
conspicuous in those counties, are almost entirely wanting here.
The junction of the shales with the Carboniferous Limestone is no-
where seen, but beds not far above the base are well exposed in the
railway-cutting between Wirksworth Station and the incline
leading to the Cromford and High Peak Railway. The shales dip
to the south-east at angles varying from 10 to 15 degrees. They
contain numerous thin beds of limestone, especially near the base,
and abundance of fossils.

Fossiliferous limestones at about the same geological horizon
are also exposed in the brook one mile south-west of Wirksworth
near the faulted mass of Carboniferous Limestone. “‘ Some good
sections were opened in the cuttings of the Duffield and Wirksworth
Railway near the latter town. The black shales were often hard
and slaty, probably owing to a calcareous cement, and contained
in plenty goniatites and Aviculopecten papyraceus of large size.”*
At the time of the present survey the cuttings were overgrown.

The next section of importance is in some old limestone quarries
a mile south of Turnditch, where fossils are also fairly abundant.
““The limestones are here unusually numerous, thick and close
together, and are largely quarried for wall-stones and burning
into lime. The ‘head’ of shale is now getting too thick to allow
of the stone being any longer raised in open work, and the quarries.
are struggling on by following the better beds in underground
galleries driven on the dip.’ The underground workings have
long since ceased. Other old quarries can be seen north of Weston
Underwood,

Near the hamlet of Biggin several thin beds of ironstone, which
at one time were worked, could be seen in the brook-section and in
the lane leading to Wardgate.

The upper beds of the shales become more sandy as the overlying
grit is approached. They are not well seen, but the best sections

 

* “Geology of the Carboniferous Limestone, Yoredale Rocks, and Mill.
stone Grit of North Derbyshire” (Mem. Geol. Surv.), Ed. 2, p. 88 (1887).
t Op. cit., p. 88.
LIMESTONE SHALES. 23

are those in the brooks which run east from Kirk Ireton towards
Idridgehay, and two smaller ones leading from Wardgate to Milling-
ton Green. In the former the beds lie at high angles, probably
in near proximity to faults.

At: the brick-works, near Wardgate, ten feet of tough shales con-
taining ochreous layers and a thin bed of sandstone were exposed
under boulder-clay. No fossils were observed. These shales are
much higher in the series than those described before, ard may
even be at the same horizon as part of the grits of Kirk Ireton.

Attempts have been made, from time to time, to find coal in
different parts of the area of the Limestone Shales. Farey
enumerates the following places where thin seams had been found :—
Alton, a quarter of an inch ; Blackwall, half an inch; south
of Hopton Hall, one inch; Idridgehay, a quarter of an inch.
Although there is no prospect of finding profitable seams in the
district, these records are of interest since they show that, long
prior to the deposition of the strata from which the Midland coal
supplies are drawn, conditions favourable to the formation of coal
had already commenced.

Wildpark Inlier.—A mile east of the village of Brailsford,
at a spot known as Wildpark, a small brook cuts through the
Triassic conglomerate into the underlying Carboniferous shales
for a distance of about one-third of a mile. The strata are not
well exposed at the present day, but in the time of Farey (1810)
some yellow limestones were quarried in the wood on the east side
of the inlier, which were supposed to be Magnesian Limestone.
Though the quarries have long been disused, the character of such
fragments of stone as can be seen, leaves little doubt that they
belong to the Limestone Shales.

Kirk Langley Inlier—The brook north-east of Kirk Langley
exposes here and there Carboniferous shales and sandstones for
a distance of three miles from its source as far as Mackworth Castle.
On the south-west side the Keuper sandstones and marls rest
normally on the older formation near Kirk Langley; but west
of the village there may be a fault as shown on the old one-inch map.
On the north-east side the inlier is bounded by a large fault, which
can be seen where it crosses the lane south of Mackworth Castle.
‘The correlation of these strata, with the main outcrop of the
Limestone Shales two miles distant, is a matter of some difficulty,
owing to the occurrence of a rock not found in the northern area.
Green, in describing the inlier, wrote as follows :* “In its south-
eastern part we find the ordinary black shales and limestones
of the Yoredale group, but towards the north-west these beds
are overlaid by a mixture of hard, closely-grained sandstone and
shale. The sandstones are not very like the Shale Grit, but do

 

* “Geology of the Carboniferous Limestone, Yoredale Rocks. and Mill-
stone Grit of Navth Derbyshire ” (em. Geol. Surv.), Ed. 2, p. 88 (1887).
94 LOWER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

in some degree resemble the Yoredale Sandstones of North Stafford-
shire, It is odd that representatives of these beds should turn up
in so unlooked-for a way, but the likeness is strong enough to lead
us to think that the rocks in question really belong to this group,
and that the area which the Yoredale Sandstones originally covered
reached at least as far as this spot.” No rock like it was seen
among the Limestones Shales further north. The hard sand-
stones just mentioned are well seen in a disused quarry north-
east of Kirk Langley. They are in thick beds, which are generally
too hard for ordinary building, but give good material for the
flooring of stable yards.

Eastern District.
(SHOTTLE—BREADSALL : CRICH.)
(By C. B. WEpp.)

East of the ground already described, we pass eastward from
lower to higher beds on the whole, but the small irregular folds into
which the shales are often thrown, mask the general easterly or
north-easterly dip of the strata, and make it impossible to recognize
a perfect upward sequence.

The greater part of the Limestone Shales seen in this area
belongs to the higher portion of the series ; but shales with few thin
limestone-bands in the streams south of Flower Lilies and at Bre-
wards Carr near The Clouds, Windley, must be assigned to the
lower half of these beds. In the latter brook just below the carr
obscure goniatites, Posidoniella and fragments of plants occur in the
shales with limestones. Posidoniella levis (Brown) is found in higher
shales above the stream flowing north-east from Newlands. Good
exposures of the latter beds, often containing plants and the same
lamellibranch, are seen in the carrs south of Farnah Hall, Duffield ;
and numerous small sections from Farnah House southward to
Quarndon also yield Posidoniella levis.

With these and higher shales thin bands of quartzitic sandstone
are associated in the rising ground capped by Bunter Sandstone, and
produce a steep bank by their dip-slopes above Farnah House and
south-eastward to Bunkers Hill.

In shales that seem to be still higher, between Duffield and.
Allestree, hard bands make small ridges, which indicate accurately
the strike of the strata.

On the eastward slope north of Windley, shales contain hard
white quartzitic bands. Dark shales are exposed in the west bank of
the Ecclesbourne, near Shottle Station. The strata in both localities
appear to belong to horizons some distance above the shales with
limestones.

On the north-east side of the Ecclesbourne, the beds seen must be
assigned, on the whole, to a higher part of the sequence. In the
wooded northern part of the valley of Franker Brook, shales, in
LIMESTONE SHALES. 25

which no fossils were detected, contain small beds of fine-grained
grit, and should probably be included in the Shale Grit Group.
Following the stream downward we reach somewhat lower beds,
but the dip is too variable to admit of the recognition of a regular
succession. About 500 yards north-north-west of Shottle Hall, blue
pyritous shale in a small tributary stream from the west
affords Glyphioceras phillipsi Foord & Crick, Posidoniella levis,
and Plerinopecten papyraceus (J.Sow.) with traces of plants. Shales
with the same Posidoniella and occasionally Orthoceras and Glyphio-
ceras frequently appear in the banks of Franker Brook, south of this
point. About 250 yards north-west of Shottle Hall large bullions of
dark limestone, sometimes two or three feet in diameter, contain
badly preserved goniatites, which occur also in the surrounding
shale. Gilyphioceras phillipst ? was found on the same lamina of
shale with carbonized stems of plants. About 200 yards above the
road from Cowerslane siliceous shale and thin flags of quartzitic
sandstone were seen. Similar beds apparently produce well-defined
features which run south-eastward above Postern Lodge, and below
The Knowle. These are indicated by single lines on the map, and
serve to show the local strike.

East of the bridge over the railway on the north-east of Windley,
in the steep wooded bank of the Ecclesbourne, grey shales with
siliceous bands contain Glyphioceras, as do shales of about the
same horizon, where the railway and the footpath cross the river
west of Hazelwood Station. Here also Posidoniella sulcata ?
(Hind) was obtained.

In the cutting of the Wirksworth Branch of the railway at Duf-
field, immediately west of the bridge by which the Hazelwood road
passes over the railway, a thin bed of pyritous shale at the top is
crowded with Glyphioceras bilingue (Salt.) and contains also Glyphio-
ceras spirale? (Phill.) It lies a very few feet below the lowest bed
of fine-grained grit assigned to the Shale Grit Group, and mapped as
a, patch of Shale Grit on the old Survey map. This is the only place
where we have been able to define the base of the Shale Grit Group
exactly.

The Limestone Shales of the Crich inlier are not naturally exposed
within the area of Sheet 125; but the tip-heaps of old shafts that pene-
trated the lowest strata of the series on the east side of the lime-
stone mass, near its south end, consist of shale, in part black, with
thin bands of dark earthy limestone. Lingula mytiloides J.Sow.,
Amboccelia carbonaria Hind, and obscure goniatites were obtained
from this shale.

Beds of the Limestone Shales, or of the Shale Grit Group,
are sometimes stained in the proximity of Bunter Sandstone.
Near an outcrop of Bunter, the clay soil is often seen to have a
rather bright crimson colour, which is confined to the neighbourhood
of the Bunter. In sections this effect is found to be due to alteration
26 LOWER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

of the shales, and can be observed in different stages. At
Croft Wood, Breadsall (see p. 110) about lft. 6in. of plastic clay,
partly bright crimson and partly pure white, lies immediately below
the New Red Sandstone, while for some distance lower the blue
shales contain occasional red laminae. The stream flowing through
Brewards Carr at The Clouds, Windley, affords the best illustration.
Here dark shales with thin limestones are changed to bright crimson
and pure white through a thickness of several feet almost immedi-
ately below the base of the Trias, a band of limestone becoming
deep red; while near the east end of the carr, where the beds ex-
posed in the stream are some distance below the outcrop of the
Bunter, the change cf colour is less regular and less complete, and a
thin limestone takes on a pale cherry-pink colour. Though not
seen in section, the same effect is observed at the surface near
Quarndon, Weston Underwood and elsewhere. As this red and
white colour is never seen in the weathered shale away from an
outcrop of Bunter, it is evident that the red staining is in some way
connected with the presence of the Bunter, either as directly due
to infiltration from it, or as indicating an old red, desert land-surface
protected and preserved by it.

 
27

CHAPTER IV.

THE UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.
MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES.
(By C. B. Wepp.)

Alternations of coarse-grained grits and finer-grained sard
stones with beds of shale make up the series known as the Millstone
Grit, with a preponderance sometimes of arenaceous, sometimes
perhaps of argillaceous, strata. As the sequence does not consist
entirely of grit, we shall speak of it here as the Millstone Grit Series.
The several beds of grit and shale have now been mapped out more
completely and distinguished by colour and symbols.

The whole makes up a mass of strata which by reason of the
bulk and hardness of its sandy members gives rise to elevated
ground, and by reason of its individual beds of grit: intercalated
with softer shales produces the most varied and picturesque scenery
to be found in Carboniferous districts.

The classification and nomenclature adopted in the following
table are in the main identical with those employed in the former
Survey memoir treating of this part of Derbyshire.* But it seems
preferable to use local names for the more important. members
of the Middle Grit Group, and thus to avoid the assumption of
their continuity with grits of this group in neighbouring districts.

TABLE OF CLASSIFICATION AND THICKNESS OF THE MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES.

 

 

Character of Strata. aes
Rough Rock, Hep © or First Grit up to 100
Shale : - about 50
Middle Coxbench Grit - - - varies up to 120 ft.
Grit { Shale |xbout 270
eon Belper Gritf - - - up to 80 or 90 ft. 7150 ft.
P- \ Shale with thin grit at base

Shale, with coal up to more than 2 ft. in thickness at bottom - |/30 to 100

pg Upper Kinderscout aca Grit - 80 to perhaps 300 ft.

Grit Shale - - 75 ft. or more.down to o| up to? 500
Group.: | Lower senderioous Grit (where present) up to 200 ft.
Shale Grit Group ; "shales with thick and thin grits, perhaps - up to 350

 

 

 

* “Geology of the Carboniferous Limestone, Yoredale Rocks, and Mill-
stone Grit of North Derbyshire,” Ed. 2 (1887).

+ This may be expected to prove identical with the Chatsworth Grit
(see ‘‘ Geology of the Carboniferous Limestone, Yoredale Rocks, and Mill-
tone Grit of North Derbyshire” (Mem. Geol. Surv.), Ed. 2, pp. 8 and
‘67, 1887), also known as the Third Grit.
28 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

The sum of the maximum thicknesses of the different groups is
probably in excess of the thickness of the series Im any one
place, though this actual thickness may amount to 1100 feet or
more locally. Thus where the Kinderscout Group reaches its
maximum in the south-east and all the succeeding groups are well
represented, the Shale Grit Group, the thicker grits of which seem to
have died out, may be but feebly developed. In the north-east
only the diminished upper rock of the Kinderscout Group Is seen,
while the Shale Grits are not exposed, if present. For some distance
north of our district the whole Millstone Grit Series, at its eastern
outcrop, may have lost temporarily much of its thickness. It
should be pointed out that the whole sequence, especially the
Kinderscout Group, has reached a great development at one of its
extreme south-easterly outcrops.

The Millstone Grit Series occupies in the north the broad tract
of elevated ground between the valleys of the Ecclesbourne and
Derwent, and extends beyond the latter eastward of Crich, being
interrupted only by the inlier of Lower Carboniferous at Crich.
An outlier of its lowest member caps the high ground west of the
Ecclesbourne at Callow and Kirk Ireton. _ Its main area tapers
gradually south-eastward, as the gentle folds of the strata die out.
North-east of Breadsall it passes under Trias.

A description will now be given of the different members of
the series, beginning with the lowest.

Shale Grit Growp.—Dark grey or blue shales, with occasional
layers of small ironstone nodules, contain lenticular beds of fine-
grained grit or sandstone. These grits reach their greatest local
development immediately south ard south-east of Wirksworth,
where Mr. Pocock finds them making four ridges in successive
tiers at Gorsey Bank, but diminishing northward towards Bole
Hill. When traced southward most of them become thin or die
out; but one generally remains much thicker than the others
and may attain a thickness of 30 or 40 feet. The Shale Grits all have
a characteristic appearance. They are yellow at the surface,
seldom partly red or purple. They have a uniformly fine grain
and contain mica in rather large flakes. They seem always to
be separated from the lower Kinderscout Grit by an interval of
shale. There occur also thin bands of hard fine-grained dark
grey muddy sandstone and occasionally bluish-grey and rather
calcareous flaggy beds.

No fossils except fragmentary remains of plants have been
detected.

The impersistence of the grits makes it difficult to estimate the
thickness of the group and to lay down a consistent base-line on
the map. A boring west of Belper (see p. 37), starting below the base
MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES. 29

of the lower Kinderscout Grit, passed through 200 feet chiefly of
shale before reaching the bottom of a thick bed of grit. If this
is their lowest member, the Shale Grits probably do not exceed
270 feet. But near Wirksworth they may be fully 350 feet.

Kinderscout Grit Group.—A massive grit always forms the upper
part of this group. In the north-east it is the only conspicuous
arenaceous member, but in the north-west another thick bed of
similar grit comes in below, separated from the upper grit by shale.
In the south the two grits thicken and tend to coalesce, while the
intervening shale dwindles. The division of the great escarpment
at Little Eaton into three principal parts suggests the presence there
of a still lower grit-bed not recognized further north.

The Kinderscout Grits are not of uniform appearance throughout
their thickness ; but in general character the rock is a coarse, some-
what pebbly current-bedded quartzose grit with felspar, but less
mica. Usually some beds are coarser-grained and more pebbly
than the rest of the rock, the pebbles being sometimes confined to
thin seams, and exceptionally reaching an inch in length in con-
glomeratic lenticles. Intercalated with the pebbly grit are beds of
finer grain, often flaggy and highly micaceous, with bands of
micaceous shale, especially near the top. These beds closely
resemble the Middle Grits. The upper Kinderscout Grit is
generally in part very hard, massive, and wide-jointed.

The pebbles are chiefly quartz, rounded, but of irregular outline.
Pink felspar occurs, and is sometimes angular owing to the cleavage
of the mineral.

The colour of the rock varies. In unweathered sections it is
often purplish-white or light purple with darker streaks, the shaly
beds being of a deeper purple. Surfaces longer exposed are usually
white, buff, or yellow blotched with red or purple.

Parts of the grit are decidedly fossiliferous. They contain numer-
ous casts of plant-stems, but almost always decorticated and so
roughly preserved in the coarse rock that their specific determination
is impossible. No fossils have been found in the dark shale separat-
ing the grits; but it is rarely exposed.

In the north-east the upper grit seems to be less than 100 feet
thick, while the lower is thin. But at the Be per Water-works,
where the beds lie practically flat, a boring passed through 153
feet of upper grit, almost or quite the full thickness, 75 feet of
dark shale, and 112 feet of lower grit, underlain by more thick
shale. On Duffield Bank a boring went through rather
more than 309 feet of the upper grit without reaching its base,
but it is not certain how far this thickness may be influenced by
dip or small faults.

At Little Eaton and Breadsall Moor the group consists of so
great a mass of grit, with apparently some northerly inclination
30 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

throughout its outcrop, that it would seem to be quité 500 feet thick,
while its highest member can be correlated with the upper grit of
Duffield Bank and may account for 300 feet or more of the amount.

Shales between the Kinderscout and Middle Grit Groups.—Resting
almost or immediately upon the upper Kinderscout Grit, a coal-.
seam has been proved in the northern district southward beyond
Belper. It varies, but has been found to be more than two feet
in thickness. The beds above are chiefly blue shales with thin
hard bands and layers of small ironstone nodules. But for scanty
traces of fragmentary plants, the shales are almost unfossiliferous.
North of Whatstandwell, however, Glyphioceras bilingue (Salt.) occurs
in shale a few feet above the Kinderscout Grit, and some distance
below the Belper Grit a thin band is full of Lingula mytiloides J. Sow.
in blue micaceous shale of soapy texture, such as often contains
Lingula-beds elsewhere.

These shales probably decrease slightly northward, but the
decrease is masked by the inclusion of the whole sequence of shale
up to the Belper Grit north of Belper, owing to the disappearance
of the lowest of the Middle Grits. The thickness is slightly
less than 100 feet at Whatstandwell, while at Milford, where the
last-named grit is present, the shale below it seems to be about
90 feet thick.

Middle Grit Group.—Fine-grained grits or sandstones, massive,
or flaggy and highly micaceous, of a fairly uniform lithological
character throughout the district, are separated by beds of dark
shale. The principal grits of the group are two or three in number,
one being always more prominent than the others. In the south
the highest rock (Coxbench Grit) is the dominant member, a
massive, fine-grained grit sometimes flaggy and shaly in its upper
part. It often includes large ferruginous concretions. Its colour
is generally white or buff, more or less streaked with red and purple.
It appears to diminish northward, but remains the most important
of the Middle Grits nearly as far as Belper, beyond which it is
seldom seen owing to incompleteness of the sequence through
denudation and faulting.

A lower and smaller grit in the south is seen in passing northward
to consist of two separate members, the upper of which (Belper
Grit) develops at Belper into the most conspicuous rock of
the group, the Coxbench Grit being scarcely ever seen, and
the lowest grit-bed apparently dying out northward. The
Belper Grit closely resembles the Coxbench Grit in general char-
acter and colour. From Ambergate northward, however, it some-
times becomes in part a little coarser in grain, and even contains
an occasional small pebble. But in this district it never approaches
the appearance of the coarse beds of the Kinderscout Grits or the
Rough Rock.
MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES. 31

_ We seldom see the intervening soft strata. Near Belper abundant
blocks of very hard and fine-grained white gannister-like rock, with
Stigmaria ficoides (Sternb.), occur in the soil at the foot of the dip-
slope of the Belper Grit, and suggest the presence of a bed of this
material in the overlying shales. Other thin beds of flaggy grit
show themselves in these shales below the Coxbench Grit south of
Belper.

Shales between the Middle Grit Growp and the Rough Rock.—
These beds are scarcely ever exposed, but have been proved near
Holbrook to be blue shales in part sandy and micaceous. They
do not vary much in thickness.

Rough Rock, Top or First Grit—The Rough Rock consists usually
of coarse-grained, massive grit, frequently rather porous, with
pebbles of quartz and sometimes pink felspar scattered sporadically
or in seams. The rock is white, yellow, purplish, red, or brown in
colour, and is often strongly current-bedded. In some places it is
hard, in others it disintegrates to a loose red sand at the surface.
North of Ambergate it loses its pebbly. character and becomes
finer in grain like the Middle Grits.

The accompanying diagrammatic section (Fig. 1) illustrates

Fia. 1.
Diagrammatic Section of Millstone Grit Series between Derby and Crich.
N. S.

 

Belper

 

   

Scale: horizontal, one inch=2 miles; vertical, one inch=1,000 feet.

(a) Shale Grit Group. (d) Middle Grit Group.
(b) Kinderscout Grit Group. (e) Shale.
(c) Shale. (f) Rough Rock.

the changes of thickness that take place in most of the groups of
the Millstone Grit Series from south to north in this district.

It will be gathered from the foregoing descriptions that the
general constancy of lithological character in the different groups
of the Millstone Grit Series within this district is sufficient to be
of assistance in identification. Thus we have a group of fine-
grained grits, the Middle Grits, intercalated between the usually
32 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

coarse-grained Rough Rock and Kinderscout Grits, the last under-
lain by the fine-grained Shale Grits. But it cannot be expected
that this lithological uniformity will be maintained over a larger
area. Already the Belper Grit is beginning to show signs of ap-
proaching change, though easily distinguishable from the Kinder-
scout Grits for some distance further north, and the Rough Rock
has become finer-grained near Crich.

The course of outcrop of the different members of the Mill-
stone Grit Series will now be traced.

Outerop of the Shale Grit Growp.—In the south the first important
grit-bed to indicate the Shale Grit Group is seen at Burley Hill,*
though thin beds of grit probably belonging to this group occur in
streams near Breadsall. Between Burley Hill and Duffield Station
the Shale Grits do not appear at the surface, but the group can
be traced from the latter place continuously with an outcrop
widening in a north-westerly direction, until at Idridgehay it
expands westward beyond the Ecclesbourne. We find no sign
of this group northward along the Derwent Valley, where beds
below the Kinderscout Grits are scarcely exposed.

Outcrop of the Kinderscout Grit Group.—The Kinderscout Grits
ris? with a broad outcrop east of Little Eaton in a series of escarp-
ments culminating in Breadsall Moor. From Little Eaton north-
ward the lower grit soon ceases to be conspicuous, and seems to
die out for a time not far north of Duffield Church ; but the upper
grit makes the steep edge of Duffield Bank. At Milford the latter grit
passes to the west side of the Derwent, its base rising to form
the bold escarpment of The Chevin and the ridge which continues
it northward beyond Belper-lane End. The top of the grit, bent
up in.a shallow syncline, underlies the Derwent Valley as far as
Belper, where it rises locally in high banks on each side of the river.
South of Ambergate it reappears in anticlinal form in Toadmoor Hill.
Its western outcrop persists north-westward as an elevated plateau
brought up by a fault at Whitewells and continuing by Milnhay to
The Fishpools south of Alderwasley, but cut through by a valley
between Milnhay and Street’s Rough. At The Fishpools its base
is thrown up again by a fault and makes a feature. From here
its steady north-easterly dip takes it under an outlier of shale,
capped by patches of the Belper Grit, down to the river-valley
north of Whatstandwell. Hast of the Derwent and north of Amber-
gate it runs on the west side of the anticline with a bold escarpment
above Crich Chase to The Tors, beyond which itis faulted against
the limestone. It descends gradually westward with a gentle slope

L

* In the former Survey memoir treating of this district it is implied that
the Shale Grit is not seen south of Duffield :—‘‘ Geology of the Carboni-
f2rous Limestone, Yoredale Rocks, and Millstone Grit of North Derby.
shire,” Ed. 2, p. 88 (1887).
MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES. 33

to the river, passing under another outlier of shale and Belper
Grit. On the east side of the saddle, it strikes northward above
Fritchley, and, beyond the Southern Crich Fault, swerves round
east of the Crich limestone (see below, p. 53).

The lower Kinderscout Grit, after disappearing between Duffield
and Milford, reappears on the west flank of The Chevin. It gradu-
ally increases north-westward, and diverges further from the
escarpment of the upper grit, until it makes a separate ridge
striking by Blackbrook to Handley Wood. Here it departs still
further from the feature of the upper rock, its outcrop being deeply
notched by the stream in Handley Wood. Continuing north-
westward by Newschool, it is then cut off by an upthrow fault and
repeated further to the north-east. There its outcrop is thrown
by a north-easterly fault into line with that of the upper grit between
Belper-lane End and Crowtrees, to which latter place the lower
bed passes north-westward, dipping north-east under the upper grit
of Milnhay. From Crowtrees the lower grit shows a weak and inter-
mittent escarpment, owing to numerous small faults, until it rises
in Alport Hill. Northward, beyond a valley eroded in the under-
lying shales, it forms the high ground of Wirksworth Moor, and is
faulted against the upper rock at Lanehead.

In the lower part of Shiningcliff Wood on the west bank of the
Derwent the lower Kinderscout Grit crops out again, diminished
in thickness and making but a small feature on the slope. It is
probably present in Crich Chase on the east side of the river, but
has not been recognized with certainty below the escarpment of
the upper Kinderscout Grit further east.

Outcrop of the Middle Grit Group.—kEast of the Horsley Fault
(see p. 136) and north of Morley the Middle Grits make two features,
the lower bed a small one, the higher Coxbench Grit a larger. West
of the fault they are thrown further north and raised, so that both
give rise to conspicuous edges, that of the Coxbench Grit being the
lofty ridge on which Horsley Castle stands, while the lower grit
makes the north bank of Horsley Carr. West of Bottle Brook,
whence the Coxbench Grit carries on a bold scarp by Coxbench
Wood, the lower rock being much less distinct, the outcrops bend
round northward and are partly obscured by drift. But the Cox-
bench Grit can be traced as a continuous feature to Bargate, while in
the neighbourhood of Milford the lower grit is represented by two
separate beds, each marked by an escarpment, sometimes small,
but always distinct. Beyond a fault which slightly displaces
the outcrops at Bargate, the Coxbench Grit proceeds by Pinchom
Hill, until the Horsley Fault cuts it off, while the lower two grits
descend with well-marked profile to the stream-valley on the south
side of Belper.

8789. C
34 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

North of this valley the upper of these two grits appears to con-
tinue as the Belper Grit,* which forms the highest part of Belper.
It runs northward in the ridge of Swinney Wood above the cemetery,
and further by Heage Firs with an escarpment along the east crest
of Toadmoor Hill down to the Amber.

The lowest of the Middle Grits vanishes north of Belper, buat
may be the rock seen to make a feature on the slope west of the
river at the north end of Chevinside.

The Coxbench Grit, cut out for some distance by the Hors'ey
Fault, is perhaps represented by a small ridge of fine-grained rock
on the west side of the fault at Whitemoor, and probably by a
low hillock of similar rock at Heage Common, where that grit appears
to lie not far below the Rough Rock, and to dip under it.

Undulation of the strata brings in the Belper Grit as an outlier on
the west side of the river between Mount Pleasant and Belper-
lane End (see Fig. 13, p. 135), while the same grit recurs
in a steep bank further north, pierced by the Ambergate tunnel
and faulted against the upper Kinderscout Grit. North of the
Amber the outcrop of the Belper Grit continues through Hag Wood,
andabovethe Kinderscout Grit by Fritchley, but beyond the railway
it is slightly displaced against the Kinderscout Grit. West of this
again a fine-grained rock, probably the Belper Grit, is faulted in,
and makes the highest ridge of the curious anticlinal hill north of
Ambergate Station. (see Fig. 11, p. 133). Hast of Crich the
Middle Grits succeed the Kinderscout : the Belper Grit maintains
its thickness and makes a good feature; while a higher rock of

 

* In the formerSurvey memoir on North Derbyshire and on the old one-
inch map a misunderstanding of the gentle folding that affects the strata
(see below p. 131) led to a failure to correlate the Belper Grit (‘‘ Bull Lane
Rock,” below which the Kinderscout Grit with its overlying coal lies at the
usual distance) with the same bed on the other side of the river. Hence
the introduction of a hypothetical fault down the Derwent Valley beyond
Belper, and the relegation to the Coal-measures of a part of the Kinderscout
Grit and all the higher Millstone Grits on the east side of the Derwent.
Another hypothetical fault (“‘ Holbrook Fault”) was required to account for
the termination of these supposed Coal-measures against what was believed
to be the Kinderscout Grit. See one-inch map, 71 N.W. (Old Series), Re-
vised Edition (1867), and ‘‘ Geology of the Carboniferous Limestone, Yore-
dale Rocks, and Millstone Grit of North Derbyshire,” Ed. 2, p. 89 (1887).

The mention by Farey of the working of the “1st Coal” (that overlying
the Kinderscout Grit) at “Swinney, half a mile N.E. of Belper Bridge,” and
of the “ 2nd Coal” (that overlying the Rough Rock) at “ Belper Gutter, half
a mile E. of Belper,” and at “‘ Bent, near Whitemoor, one mile N.E. of Belper,”
shows that he understood the structure of the ground, and realized that
the complete upward sequence of the Millstone Grits crops out on the east
side of the Derwent in this neighbourhood. See J. Farey, Sen., ‘“ General
View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire,” vol. i, pp. 212 and
190 (1811). So also he speaks of Toadman (Toadmoor) Hill as capped by the

‘2nd Grit,” counting upwards (op. cit., p. 59). In fact here, and elsewhere,
we can only return to Farey’s knowledge of the ground, as he knew it a
hundred years ago.
MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES. 35

like character, probably the continuation of the Coxbench Grit,
can be traced above.

Outcrop of the Rough Rock.—The Rough Rock is seen as a coarse-
grained grit of the usual type above the Coxbench Grit north of
Morley. West of the Horsley Fault its outcrop adheres to the dip-
slope of the latter grit at first; then crosses the valleys of Park
Brook and Bottle Brook, and bending round northward runs
with a strong dip-slope, scarcely interrupted by one or two small
faults, until it is intercepted by the Horsley Fault west of Rowson
Green, and concealed for nearly a mile and a half. It reappears
in the ridge on which the water-works reservoir stands near Bessy-
loan,* and follows on with a well-marked dip-slope to Ridgeway,
where it gives rise to a bold feature before being cut out by a fault.
The uppermost of a soquence of four rocks all having the app2ar-
ance of Millstone Grits, seems to represent the Rough Rock east
of Crich.

Limits of the Series.—The lower limit of the Millstone Grit Series
in this district has been defined above (see p. 9). It remains to
discuss its upper limit. We shall show later (pp. 72-4) that a close
correspondence exists between the lowest Coal-measures of Derby-
shire and North Staffordshire, in which a coal with a roof
containing a marine fauna, and a floor of gannister, can be correlated
throughout the Central-Midland coalfields. This coal lies at
similar distances in Derbyshire, North Staffordshire, and elsewhere
above a coarse-grained grit, the highest persistent rock of this
character in the Millstone Grit Series of the Midlands. Hull,
Green, and others have found this rock, the Rough Rock or First
Grit, to continue at the base of the Coal-measures throughout
North Staffordshire, South Lancashire,t and South Yorkshire,t
and have traced it southward nearly to our district. They
find that on approaching this district it is always separated
by a group of fine-grained grits from the Kinderscout Grits. ||

We have demonstrated above that such a sequence continues
through the area of Sheet 125, and that its highest member is a
gtit which is usually coarse, and often pebbly. Moreover, this grit
is followed by the same succession of beds in the lowest Coal-
measures from north to south—a succession discernible in spite of
a steady southerly decrease of thickness, and including a coal that

 

* Wrongly placed on the one-inch map. It is the wooded hill close to
the south end of the patch of Middle Grit at Heage Common.

{ Hull and Green, “‘ Geology of the Country round Stockport, Macclesfield,
Congleton, and Leek” (Mem. Geol. Surv.), p. 18 (1866).

{ Green and others, ‘‘ Geology of the Yorkshire Coalfield” (Mem. Geol.
Surv.), pp. 17 and 27 (1878). ;

§ Green and others, “ Geology of the Carboniferous Limestone, Yoredale
Rocks, and Millstone Grit of North Derbyshire’ (Mem. Geol. Surv.), Ed. 2,
p. 77 (1887).

|| Op. cit., pp. 8 and 10.

8789. c2
36 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

can be identified with confidence wherever seen. Hence we have
every reason to believe that, in drawing the upper boundary of
the Millstone Grit Series at the top of this grit, we have placed
it at the same, or approximately the same, horizon as in North
Staffordshire.

Quartz and felspars, with mica in the finer-grained sandstones,
predominate in the composition of the Millstone Grits. Sorby long
since proved the derivation of these rocks in South Yorkshire
from the degradation of a granite mass.* The freshness of the
felspars in the coarse grits suggests the deposition of these sand-
banks under very different climatic conditions from those prevail.
ing now in these latitudes.

Local Details.

Some account will next be given of local features and
sections. For this purpose the ground will be divided into three
areas, viz., west of the Derwent, the Derwent Valley, and east of
the Derwent. In each case the description will proceed from
south to north.

West of the Derwent Valley.—On the north-west side of Duffield
Station a strong bed of fine-grained yellow grit with mica runs
down to the Derwent Valley, and is exposed in the railway-cutting
(Wirksworth Branch). It is only a few feet above shales containing
the marine fauna of the Limestone Shales (see p. 25). Thin
beds of fine-grained grit occur above in the northern part of the
village. The Hazelwood road runs along a ridge made by astill higher
grit, locally the thickest of the Shale Grit Group. A quarry in the
garden of ‘“‘Hazelbrow” shows 30 feet of fine-grained yellow and
white grit with large flakes of mica and ferruginous concretions,
some parts of the grit being soft and loamy. The rock bends down
steeply southward owing to a local disturbance. It is seen again by
the roadside south of the branching of the road at Hazelwood.
On the north-west side of the village more than eight feet of similar
grit, perhaps a lower bed, caps a buttress of shale jutting out
into the Ecclesbourne valley. Similar grit, probably the same,
is seen by the roadside northward, while a small outlier makes
Round Wood, south-west of Shottle Gate. This or a neighbouring
grit of this group probably forms the ridge along which the
road runs north-westward from Shottle Gate, but it seems to
be covered by drift.

; Higher beds, chiefly dark shales with thin micaceous flags, occur
in several streams below the outcrop of the lower Kinderscout
Grit northward from Hazelwood Hall.

* “On the Structure and Origin of the Millstone Grit in South Y i
orkshire,”

Proc. Geol. and Polytec. Soc. W.R. Yorks., vol. iii., p. 669 (1849) ; a eae

Address Pres. Roy. Micro. Soc., Monthly Microscop. Journ., p. 20 (1877).

See also G. Barrow, ‘“ Geology of the North Staffordshi > .
Geol. Surv.), p. 30 (1905). 8 ordshire Coalfields’? (Mem.
DETAILS : MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES. 37

The Depth o’ Lumb and its tributaries, a group of ravines
cut deeply into these soft strata, afford numerous sections of
grey unfossiliferous shales with thin grey or yellow micaceous
grits. One of these, freshly exposed in the lower part of the
Lumb, appears to be calcareous. The largest and most westerly
tributary exposes lower beds of the group with grits of the usual
type and blue shales of soapy texture.

In the angle between the streams from Depth o’ Lumb and
Black Brook at their junction, a boring passed through the following
strata :—

SEcTION oF No. 2 BoREHOLE, BELPER WaTER-WoRKS, AT BLack BROOK.*

(Height above O.D., 265 feet.)

 

 

 

Character of Strata. Thickness.

Ft. in.

Soil 10
Sandy clay = - 4 0
Soft black shale - - - 72 0
Shale, becoming harder, with more sand - ’ 5 0
Shale, much harder : 5 30
Hard grey sandstone 1 2
Soft black shale - - - ‘ 34 10
Shale, less hard and less sandy -_—- 17 9
Hard sandy shale; indications of lime e 20
Soft black shale, with sand - E 14 1
Sandy shale, much harder - - - - ll 4
Soft grey sandstone, very jointy 15 5
Hard grey sandstone z 17 9
Black shale - - - - - ; 7 31 10
Total - - - z S ‘ a 231 2

 

Shipley Brook, flowing into Black Brook from the west, exposes
shales with thin sandstones and occasional large sandy concretions.
The dip is very irregular and the Shale Grit Group probably covers
a wider area than usual. West of Handley Wood a yellow fine-

rained micaceous grit 14 feet or more in thickness has been quarried
north-east of White House. Beds of similar grit seen near the
north end of Franker Brook not far below the lower Kinderscout
Grit can be traced north-westward to the top of Doves Wood,
a wooded ravine which runs down by Holehouse Farm. Some
20 feet of the higher and stronger of them has been quarried
south-east of New Buildings. The rock has the usual fine-grained
character. These grits seem to be above that of Shottle Gate.

 

* Details of strata taken from 8. Barwise and J. 8. Story, “ Report upon
the Water Supplies of Derbyshire,” Derbyshire County Council (1899).
38 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

The stream of Doves Wood in the higher part of its course shows
grey shales and sandy micaceous shales with thin beds of fine-
grained flaggy grit and traces of plants. At the head of the wood
the stream crosses a hard fine-grained yellow grit about 11 feet
thick. Below this the strata consist of shales and sandy shales,
with occasional bands of hard fine-grained dark muddy sandstone
for a thickness of 100 feet, more or less, before the next important
grit is reached.

North of the meeting of the roads at Wirksworth Moor one or
two beds of fine-grained Shale Grit cap the steep escarpment
of the Limestone Shales east of the Wirksworth valley.

To return southward, west of Franker Brook a thick grit of
similar type, but partly purple in colour, and containing purple
shale in its upper part, lies at or near the base of the group.
It has been quarried by the roadside and runs north to the wood
at Hilltop, where it crosses the stream-valley.

Mr. Pocock supplies the following description of the Shale Grits
of Callow and Kirk Ireton :—

At Beightonhill, a mile and a half south of Wirksworth, where
the lowest grit is a continuation of that of Hilltop, the stone was
used for the bridges of the railway. It is a fine-grained rock in thick

beds of varying hardness. At the time of the present survey no
quarries were in use.

On the east bank these stone-bands are impersistent and
broken by faults. The upper beds are thin and soft. But old
quarries can be seen all along the outcrop of the more massive lower
beds.

On the opposite side of the valley the corresponding beds of
grit form the plateau of Callow and Kirk Ireton, four square miles
in extent. The strata are on the whole nearly horizontal, but to-
wards the north they incline upwards in a bold escarpment facing the
Carboniferous Limestone massif. At Stainsbro’ quarry, one-third of
a mile north of Callow, the rock is a soft fine-grained sandstone with
shale partings a foot thick containing leaf-fragments. At Callow
Quarry, half a mile south of the village, it appears rather more
massive. Towards Kirk Ireton broad bands of shale split up the
rock into at least three parts, of which the middle and most massive
bed constitutes the platform on which the village is founded. Less
than a mile further south the plateau is cut off abruptly by the
Blackwall valley upwards of 200 feet in depth. The sandstones are
last seen at Blackwall in a quarry which is still in use. The rock is
much jointed and the bedding obscure as though there had been
some distortion in the vicinity of a fault. Besides those mentioned
there are numerous old quarries in different parts of the plateau,
and the rock is exposed in most of the combes cut by the atroams,
DETAILS : MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES. 39

descending into the valleys. It is of the same general character
throughout.

Thus as has already been stated, the Limestone Shales are
covered on both sides of the Ecclesbourne river by thick beds of
sandstone which extend southward several miles from Wirksworth.

On the southern side of the Blackwall valley, where it might be
expected that the beds would correspond to those on the north,
scarcely a trace of sandstone is to be seen. And yet there is no
sign of any large fault disturbing the horizontal extension of the
strata round the valley slopes. Hence it is probable that the rock-
beds of Kirk Ireton never stretched much farther south than the
point where they are last seen. South of Blackwall, with one
doubtful exception, there are no massive sandstones to interrupt the
succession of soft shaly strata. The doubtful case is at an old
quarry at Black Carr, one mile south of Wardgate, where a bed of

sandstone, probably Carboniferous, has been worked under gravel
beds.

The material excavated in the most southerly air-shaft over the
railway-tunnel at Milford contains some fine- and coarser-grained
grit evidently belonging to the thin representative of the lower
Kinderscout Grit. From Courthouse Farm northward this grit
can be traced continuously below the escarpment of the upper
grit. At the Chevin Quarry the latter is seen for a thickness of
about 70 feet and has its usual character. Below the steep escarp-
ment a small pit near the north end of the quarry shows a rather
coarse-grained massive yellow and purplish grit, which makes a
small but distinct feature at the surface. Still lower, a soft coarse-
grained red and purplish grit with few pebbles is seen in an old
quarry close to Hazelwood Hall. Purple micaceous shale dips
steeply below it in a roadside cutting. This lowest bed of the
Kinderscout Group can be traced northward by a slight feature, but
near Goodwin’s Lane leading to Hazelwood it becomes inseparable
from the middle bed described above, while in the same neighbour-
hood purple shale is seen between the latter and the escarpment of
the upper grit. Where the two escarpments of the Kinderscout
Grits diverge northward, the lower increases in size.

Further north a quarry on the south side of Black Brook near
Cross-roads Farm gives a fine section of the upper Kinderscout
Grit. A boring at the Pumping Station of the Belper Water-works
a little further east, where the strata are approximately horizontal in
the trough of a shallow syncline, and where the surface of the ground
practically coincides with the top of the upper grit, furnishes an
accurate estimate of the thickness of the Kinderscout Grits at that
place. It passed through the following beds :—
40 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

Suction or STRATA PASSED THROUGH IN No. 1 BorEnOLE, BELPER WatER-
WORKS, NEAR CHEVINS MILL.*

 

 

 

 

 

Thick-
Character of Strata. TeaS:
_ Ft. in.
Soil - 1 0
Gravel and broken sandstone 18 0
Soft millstone grit 9 3
Millstone grit, coarse open grain 10 3
* ,», , red in upper part; signs of iron 10 6
3 » > very coarse, with much quartz 10
es » , sandy and yellow 2 3
sg »» » open grain with black streaks ; signs of
iron; strong vertical fissures 17 5
Millstone grit, light yellow, with much sand, coarse-
grained - : ll 9
Upper | Millstone grit, darker colour - 2 0
Kinder- z5 » » very coarse, with much quartz 10
scout 59 » , darker colour, very porous -| 11 0
Grit #9 » » very coarse; lighter colour, with much
sand - 22 4
Millstone grit, grey colour - - - 21
sy », » darker colour, with faint black lines at
bottom - - 15 6
Millstone grit, black lines much developed, dying out
at bottom - - 13 8
Millstone grit, grey colour ; indications of lime 10 6
“3 »» » much darker, with strong indications of
shale 11 9
Black bastard shale 2 Zi = 7K 6
ea Millstone grit, streaked with black lines, dyi t at
Kinder- Gekeaee 8 = ; : | GYINE OUb sa ia 3
oe Millstone grit, streaked with black lines at bottom 52 0
Black bastard shale 10 8
Total s 3 369 8

 

 

The lower grit is exposed in a sharp ridge south of Black Brook.
North of it, near Holly House and in Handley Wood, this rock
is seen to be a massive coarse-grained grit with small pebbles.

The coal above the upper Kinderscout Grit was once worked
in the valley at the foot of the dip-slope of that rock at Dalley
Gutter and at Belper-lane End,} where it is said to be soft and
pyritous.

North-west of the last-named place faults bring up the lower
Kinderscout Grit and the base of the upper. Here the occurrence

 

* Details of strata taken from 8. Barwise and J. S. Story, “‘ Report upon
the Water Supplies of Derbyshire,” Derbyshire County Council (1899).

y J. Farey, Sen., “‘ General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derby-
shire,” vol, i., pp. 195 and 190 (1811).
DETAILS : MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES. 41

offine-grained grits of the Shale Grit Group below the grit of Crow-
trees shows the latter to be the lower Kinderscuut. Its north-
easterly slope has all the appearance of a dip-slope passing below the
upper grit at Milnhay, where a well 36 feet deep was sunk in the
intermediate soft beds, chiefly blue shale. On the other hand the
form of the feature that bounds the Milnhay patch of grit on its
north-east side, together with what is seen of the dip, indicates
that this bed does not pass under the grit-tract of Street’s Rough.
Both appear to belong to the upper Kinderscout, the intervening
valley being cut through to the underlying shale.

An old quarry on Alport Hill gives a good section of the lower
Kinderscout Grit, consisting of coarse- and finer-grained, white, and
purplish grit. Veins of barytes with well-developed crystals line
the joints. A column of grit, left standing when the surrounding
rock was quarried away, is known as the Alport Stone. A small
lead-vein has been found in the grit near here.*

A wide valley in shale at The Bent runs eastward to The Fish-
pools. The continuity of the highest Shale Grit across its western
end, where the strata are almost flat, shows that this part of the
valley is excavated in the soft beds between that grit and the lower
Kinderscout ; while the eastern part, beyond a fault, seems to be
eroded in shale below the upper Kinderscout. The grit-features that
bound this valley, especially on the south, have not the usual clean-
cut aspect of such escarpments ; but this may be due to the short-
ness of the valley, and the absence of any through drainage to re-
move the weathered material. A narrow tongue of shale is mapped
as running southward into the lower Kinderscout Grit east of
Broadgates. Here blue shale, lying nearly flat and apparently below
the grit, occurs in a well under the cottage known as Coldaston.

The lower Kinderscout Grit is exposed in quarries on the high
ground above Gorsey Bank and near Lanehead, where it is faulted
against the upper grit. It is but little seen further north along
the western outcrop of the Kinderscout Group within the map.

Several quarries in the outliers of the Belper Grit, especially on the
north side of the largest at Alderwasley, show little or no tendency
on the part of this grit to become coarser. Numerous old trial
shafts point to the former working of a coal in the shales above the
Kinderscout Grit, around this outlier and the large one north of
the Mere Brook.

At the present time a coal-seam and its underlying fireclay are
worked at the Whatstandwell Sanitary Pipe Works,t west of
Hankin Farm, by a “ footrill”’ under the Alderwasley outlier. At
the north end of Well Lane, which crosses this hill, a boring
sunk in the floor of a quarry on the east side of the lane, near an

 

* “Geology of the Carboniferous Limestone, Yoredale Rocks, and Mill-
stone Grit of North Derbyshire ” (Jfem. Geol. Surv.), Ed. 2, p. 122, footnote

(1887).
+ Information by Messr:. P. Wharton & Co.
42 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

air-shaft, passed through the following strata from the base oof
the Belper Grit. * :—

Ft. in
Blue bind - 60 0
Batt 0 3h
CoaL - 2 0
Batt - 0 2
Clunch, clay with cank 3.0
Sandstone - 0 3

The coal is soft, and usually contains three or four inches of cannel
at the top. The clunch or fireclay underlying the coal is a soft
light grey shaly marl containing some carbonate of lime. The
coal was long since worked out west of Well Lane. It is said to
decrease to one foot at Spencer Gate, east of the Knob Farm, near
the south side of the grit-outlier. Bands of gannister-like grit below
it at the pipe-works contain Stigmaria.

It is not impossible that this coal may be a local seam higher than
the one usually found just above the Kinderscout Grit (but see
below, p. 48). Its outcrop at the footrill below the north-east
end of the Alderwasley outlier places it a considerable distance
above that grit unless some disturbance has raised it. For
directly below the footrill the Mere Brook exposes shale with
Glyphioceras bilingue behind a farm-house. This shale must be
just above the Kinderscout Grit, lying almost flat. Moreover,
around the northern outlier of the Belper Grit there are indica-
tions of a coal some distance above the Kinderscout Grit.

Plans of the old Wigwell Colliery and Brick-works just beyond
the margin of the map, below the east end-of the northern grit-
outlier, give the following section of a footrill in the floor of the
brick-pit :—

Ft. in.
Shale - —
Coa, average thickness - I 2
Clunch - 2 6
Gritstone —

The coal of the above section is, of course, the seam usually
found just above the Kinderscout Grit (see also p. 48). The
blue shales of the brick-pit contain a thin bed full of Lingula
mytiloides about 20 feet above the Kinderscout Grit. A band of
LIingula, probably the same bed, occurs also in a section below the
smallest grit-outlier west of Hankin Farm.

The Derwent Valley.—In the Derwent Valley, along which the
Midland Railway and the main road run northward, at Burley
Hill on the west side fine-grained yellow flaggy micaceous grit
of the Shale Grit Group dips at a high angle under the river. About
100 yards east of the river at this point, one of the borings of the
Derby Corporation Water-works found grit under the river-gravel,

* Information by Messrs. B. Wharton & Co.
DETAILS : MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES. 43

probably a higher thin bed, as shale occurred a very short distance
east and west of it. Other borings through the river-gravel further
east reached shale alone.

In the east bank of the Derwent, just below the reservoir of the
sume waterworks, a rock evidently belonging to the Shale Grits
was proved under drift-gravel, and in the footpath running down
the northerly slope to a small valley thin beds of fine-grained grit
of the same group may be seen.

On the north side of this valley the lowest member of the Kinder-
scout Grits rises in the steep bank of Camp Wood and is partly
coarse-grained with small pebbles, partly finer-grained. Beyond a
shallow valley which may represent a small thickness of shale
another escarpment, in Cotter Wood, consists of massive and com-
pact finer-grained grit, separated by a smaller depression from a
ridge of higher grit. North of this, beyond a deeper valley in
which shale probably occurs, the upper Kinderscout Grit crops
out at the road to Morleymoor in a series of scarps culminating in
Breadsall Moor. The rock, as seen in several quarries on the east
side of Bottle Brook at Little Eaton, is a coarse- and finer-grained
massive grit, more or less pebbly throughout, with thin conglo-
meratic seams of small pebbles.

The character of this sequence in the Kinderscout Grits is of
importance for the correlation of the beds on both sides of Bottle
Brook. The upper grit on the west makes a strong escarpment
running down to the brook, where it is a coarse pebbly grit as seen
in quarries. Below it a depression in shale appears to correspond to
that below the upper grit east of the brook. South of it a bold
feature rises with two distinct scarps, the lower of fine-grained
micaceous grit. This feature with its two scarps seems to repre-
sent the two adjacent ridges of fine-grained grit at Cotter Wood,
while beneath the feature at Little Eaton a slope behind the church
may denote shale, as in the depression between Camp Wood and
Cotter Wood. A still lower grit can be seen in the foundations of
houses in Little Eaton and produces the small bank that rises
from the alluvial valley under the church and the school. It is
probably the top of the Camp Wood rock. Thus the different
members of the Kinderscout Grits can be correlated across the
mouth of Bottle Brook,* but the lowest, that of Camp Wood, is
not recognized northward, and for some distance could not be
exposed at the surface, if present.

The occurrence of a lower member of the Kinderscout Group
than any found further north makes it likely that the great in-
crease of thickness in these grits hereabouts takes place in part
at the expense of the Shale Grit Group; so that the Camp Wood

 

* On the old map the base of the Kinderscout Grit was drawn at the
bottom of the escarp nent of the upper grit west of Bottle Brook, but below
the Camp Wood grit east of it, so that markedly different horizons were
thrown together.
44 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

grit, while essentially a part of the Kinderscout Group, may be
homotaxial with shales included in the Shale Grit Group else-
where.

That the shales between the Kinderscout Grits decrease
here south-eastward, while the grits increase, is shown by the
diminution of the intervening depressions. In this respect
there is a marked difference between the east and west sides of
Bottle Brook. But whether these intermediate shales die out
completely east of the brook, as the depressions eroded in them
do in receding from its valley, it is impossible to say. For beds of
soft material intercalated with harder rock are naturally picked
out more distinctly by denudation on approaching a transverse
valley: and here the soft shales are relatively thin. Moreover,
drift comes on shortly and obscures the ground eastward.

From Little Eaton the escarpment of the upper Kinderscout
Grit extends northward as the steep edge of Duffield Bank, in
which numerous quarries exhibit good sections of the rock. A
boring at Outwoods, not far from the margin of the bank, passed
through the following beds without reaching the base of the upper
grit :—

SrecTIoN OF BOREHOLE AT OUTWOODS, DUFFIELD Banx.*

 

 

Character of Strata. Thickness,
Fe. in.
Red clay with stones [Glacial drift] 17 0
Coarse grit, not pebbly ; bedding disturbed 53 0
Soft coarse grit, variable - 151 6
Silver sand 0 6
Soft grit - 19 0
Soft red sand 1 6
Soft grit ll 6
Sand 2 0
Soft grit - 24 0
Soft red grit or sand - 20
Very hard millstone grit - 38 0
Bed of “ pyrites ” =
Total - 320 0

 

 

The lower scarp of the Kinderscout Group, as seen at Little
Eaton, soon ceases to make a recognizable feature in the slope
of Duffield Bank below the steep edge of the upper grit. But
at Little Eaton House, north of the Paper Mills, a fine-grained grit
with westerly dip in the lower part of the bank, resembles the
middle rock of Little Eaton and Cotter Wood. The river-valley
perhaps cuts completely through this grit; for it is said that a
well sunk to a depth of 80 feet on the flat at the Paper Mills passed

 

* Information by Mr. J. Mason,
DETAILS | MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES. 45

through no grit. Hence the Camp Wood rock may have thinned
away northward, unless a fault bounds the valley. The absence
of any indication of the lower Kinderscout Grit from Duffield
northward to The Chevin does not necessarily mean that the rocks
assigned to this part of the Kinderscout Group belong to different
beds in the north-west and the south. For, owing to a north-
easterly attenuation of the lower grit, they may have been con-
tinuous on the west before the outcrops of the Kinderscout Grits
were cut back so far.

The escarpment of the upper grit in Duffield Bank runs north-
ward to Milford. It descends gradually to the bottom of the
valley. But south of Makeney a fault checks its downward ten-
dency, and throws it up again to the north. A cutting in the lane
ascending the bank north of Makeney showed the highest beds of
the upper Grit to consist of a considerable thickness of fine-grained
micaceous sandstone, passing down into coarser pebbly grit and
underlying buff sandy shale, without any indication of the coal
seam, which has apparently died out southward.

At Milford the Derwent crosses the outcrop of the upper Kin-
derscout Grit in a narrow and deep valley, with a quarried cliff on
the east side. The grit, rising gradually westward beyond the river,
is seen in quarries near Milford Bridge and above Milford House to
be a strong coarse-grained massive rock, with pebbles scattered and
inseams. Northward on the east side of the river the upper beds of -
the grit descend rapidly to the valley beyond Hopping Hill, on which
a small spoil-heap marks the position of a trial digging in search of
the overlying coal ; but no workable seam was found.*

Above this hill the lowest of the Middle Grits is seen in small
exposures to be a fine-grained micaceous grit with partings of purple
shale. Brick-pits south of Cowhill give good sections of the shales
between this rock and the Kinderscout Grit.

On the west side of the river the upper Kinderscout Grit rises
with a strong dip-slope to the crest of The Chevin. Some of its
pebbles are an inch in length in the railway-cutting at the south
end of Chevinside. Farey records the working of the overlying coal
at this locality.t At the north end of Chevinside a rock, apparently
the lowest of the Middle Grits, crops out in crescent form upon
the dip-slope of the Kinderscout Grit. Dark shale between the
two grits was exposed in the roadside.

At Cowhill, east of the river, the lower two Middle Grits are
slightly displaced by a fault with southerly downthrow. It is
probably this fault that brings up the highest beds of the Kinder-
scout Grit at Belper. The latter rock is seen in the railway a quarter
of a mile north of the station to be a rather coarse grit with
pebbly seams. Northward it rises high above the river in a quarried

 

* Information by the Hon. F. Strutt. /
“General Viewof the Agriculture and Minerals of Deibyshire,’’ vol. i.,
p- 193 (1811).
46 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

cliff at Quarry Bank, but falls again gradually below the alluvium
of the Derwent.

From Belper Bridge northward it is seen in quarries west of the
tiver before passing beneath shales. In Belper Lane near its south-
east end, the coal above the grit was proved recently during sewerage
excavations to be more than two feet thick. It was also traced
under thin alluvium for some distance southward from Belper Bridge
along the tow-path.* Hence it appears that between the bridge and
the Water-works Pumping Station the top of the Kinderscout Grit
scarcely drops below the level of the valley.

As on the east side of the river, the Kinderscout Grit sinks north-
ward again to the bottom of the valley ; but it rises further on
in a strong bank running north-west to Whitewells and probably
bounded by a fault. At Dairywood Farm its highest beds seem
to dip eastward under the overlying shales.

The Belper Grit is seen in several old quarries in the higher part
of Belper, and along its scarp-like outcrop in Swinney Wood ; also
at the north-east corner of the Belper Lane outlier on the other side
of the river. It has always the fine-grained character typical of
the Middle Grits. North of Broadholm it runs down to the valley
in the west flank of an anticlinal saddle, but soon returns to the
east side of this saddle on Toadmoor Hill. In this hill the upper
Kinderscout Grit rises in the anticline and passes eastward under the
Belper Grit. The steep westward slope appears to be less steep
than the westerly dip, so that higher beds reach the surface
towards the bottom of the hill. The grit seems to bend up
suddenly to a much slighter westerly inclination in a shelving
ledge at the foot of the slope, where the rock is seen to be shattered ;
and this upward bend is probably accompanied by some dislocation.

The ledge ends in a steep river-cliff in which coarse-grained pebbly
grit is again found to be shattered and slickensided close to the
railway-bridge. The dip of the rock would scarcely take it far
enough below the escarpment of the Belper Grit on the west side of
the river; hence there probably is a small fault running for some
distance down the river-valley.

The Kinderscout Grit is here a massive coarse-grained pebbly grit,
with still coarser seams containing more numerous pebbles, and
finer flaggy beds with current-bedding.

The Belper Grit west of the river is pierced by the Ambergate
tunnel, at both ends of which it is well exposed in cuttings. In the
south cutting it is a massive compact grit of fine grain, with a thin
coal-seam at the top underlying dark shale.t The coal is not seen
elsewhere, except that the only other section exhibiting the top
of this grit shows an inch of coal near Parkhead (see p. 54);
but a coal usually overlies the Chatsworth Grit further north.

* Information by Mr. T. Fenn, Sen., foreman.

f The exposure of grit in the cutting is too small to be shown on the
one-inch map, on which shale alone is represented.
DETAILS : MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES. 47

A fault crosses the cutting obliquely and throws the grit against
shale, probably the underlying shale. In this way it may be that
the same rock is brought again to the surface in the [bank above
the cutting, for a fine-grained grit there makes a distinct feature.
The Belper Grit is faulted on the north against the Kinderscout by a
north-easterly fault.

The railway-cutting on the south-east side of Ambergate Station
presents a rather complicated section. The base of the coarse
pebbly upper Kinderscout Grit appears to rise north-eastward above
dark shales from the tunnel piercing the north-west corner of
Toadmoor Hill. Beyond an apparent fault near the goods-shed a
group of fine-grained weak grits and shales with a three-inch coal
seam is arranged anticlinally and intersected by several small faults,
one of which brings in a coarse-grained massive grit with a high
north-easterly dip at the north-east end of the section. It is pro-
bable, but not certain, that the whole section represents in a dis-
turbed state a sequence from the upper part of the lower into the
lower part of the upper Kinderscout Grit. The coarse-grained rock
at the north-east end most likely belongs to the upper grit.

From the west side of the Derwent at Ambergate the outcrop of
the upper Kinderscout Grit gradually rises northward and runs
round the top of the wooded slopes and valleys of Shiningcliff
Wood, before sinking again to the river-valley north of Whatstand-
well. It is often a steep escarpment and shows many natural and
quarried sections throughout this distance. Haytop, the rounded
hill east of Alderwasley Hall, is capped by an outlier of this grit.

The lower Kinderscout Grit, which seems to have diminished
eastward, has been quarried at the mill near Oakhurst, where it
is a rather coarse purplish and brownish grit with small pebbles.
Other small exposures occur further north in rills coursing down
the lower slope of Shiningcliff Wood. This grit may be repre-
sented by a small feature on the slope in Crich Chase east of the
river.

Along the top of Crich Chase the upper Kinderscout Grit shows
a steep scarp-like feature, gradually descending northward to the
valley at Whatstandwell, but not falling quite so low as on the west
side of the river owing to the westerly dip. On this account also
it might be expected that its base overlying shales on the east side
of the Derwent would have slipped. Such slips have taken place
chiefly at the south end of Crich Chase, where the most noticeable
one leaves a vertical wall of grit, dying out northward, along the
north-east side of the clearing at the top of Crich Chase between the
two tracts of woodland. The grit as seen in sections in Crich Chase
is a coarse-grained pebbly rock of the usual type.

A coal is said to crop out in Shiningcliff Wood at the old corn-mill
below the mill-pond on the stream that runs past Alderwasley Hall.
This coal must be some distance below the upper Kinderscout Grit,
and seems to lie close to the attenuated lower grit. Coal, evidently
48 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

the same seam, is stated also to have been met with in laying the
foundations for the railway-bridge at Whatstandwell.

The upper Kinderscout Grit is well exposed in the Duke’s Quarries,
Oxhay Wood, on the north side of Whatstandwell. The upper
part of Bridge End Quarry, north-east of the bridge, shows the
highest beds as follows :—

Ft. in
Yellow and white marl soil with coal-fragments 1 6
Weathered CoaL - 0 6
Yellow weathered clay - - 0 8
Alternate yellow shaly micaceous sandstone, and buff sandy mica-
ceous shale, with a dark brown gritty ferruginous deposit of
slaggy appearance filling joints 1 10
Weak yellow current-bedded sandstone - - 5 6
Variable beds of purple and grey shaly micaceous sandstone and
sandy micaceous shale- 4 6

Rather fine-grained buff yellow and light purplish-grey massive
micazeous grit passes down into coarse-grained pebbly grit - —

As the general form of the ground required the top line of the
grit to be drawn further east, it is probable that the coal and the
underlying soft strata should here be regarded as a thin outlying
patch. There are indications that the seam has been proved
above the grit at Crich Carr also. A trial hole on the line of the
Derwent Valley Water-works aqueduct, above the north end of
Oxhay Wood, proved a coal from 1 foot 6 inches to 1 foot 9 inches
thick, underlain by two-and-a-half feet of grey marl with streaks of
coal, above a two-inch seam, the latter being the little coal at the
top of the above quarry-section. The water-works trenches
afforded no evidence of any higher coal in traversing the shales, *

The main part of the upper Kinderscout Grit, as seen in the
quarries on both sides of the river at Whatstandwell, consists of
rather coarse-grained massive hard grit, usually of a pale purple
or purplish-white colour, and often wide-jointed, with coarser
pebbly seams, and finer micaceous beds. Rough casts of plant-
stems are very abundant in certain beds.

The outliers of the Belper Grit are seen from the valley north
of Whatstandwell as prominent isolated hills. The rock of the
Benthill outlier above the valley on the east is on the whole a fine-
grained grit, but contains rather coarser beds with occasional
small pebbles in the lower part. But it still retains enough of its
characteristic appearance to be readily distinguishable from the
Kinderscout Grit, when a sufficient thickness is seen.

East of the Derwent Valley—tIn the tract east of the Derwent
Valley, where in the neighbourhood of Breadsall the few thin bands
of fine-grained grit exposed amongst shales in streams leave the
lower limit of the Shale Grit Group uncertain, a small exposure of the
coarse-grained Kinderscout Grit in the railway south of Broomfield
appears to dip south-eastward under Trias. The shales and thin

 

* Information by Dr. H. Lapworth.
DETAILS : MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES. 49

grit-bands seen in the streams further west have an irregular, but on
the whole an easterly dip.

The escarpment of the lowest Kinderscout Grit of Camp Wood
gradually fades away eastward under boulder-clay ; but the rock
is said to reach the surface close to the high-level reservoir of the
Derby Corporation Water-works, west of Breadsall Priory. On
the west side of the grounds of the latter a ridge of coarse-grained
grit strikes east of south, and should be the lowest rock of the
Kinderscout Group. The escarpment of the upper grit appears to
emerge from beneath drift east of the Priory and runs south-east-
ward across the road to Breadsall before passing under Trias.
In old quarries, west of the road and just outside the Priory grounds,
its lower beds are a massive rather coarse-grained grit with coarser
pebbly seams. Higher beds of similar rock may be seen in Horsley
Carr, where the grit seems to bend down rather steeply northward.

East of the Horsley Fault the Kinderscout Grit is thrown down
out of sight, but the Middle Grits make inconspicuous ridges.
At the Morleymoor Quarries the Coxbench Grit is a white or buff
fine-grained grit, sometimes reddish or purplish, with some mica,
and passes upward into purple shale, dipping east of north. A
few yards further north a slight rise appears to denote the outcrop
of the Rough Rock, for the soil is full of coarser-grained and some-
what pebbly grit. In the Heanor Water-works Shaft at Smalley
106 feet of the Rough Rock was passed through with 45 feet of
shale below.

The grit that crops out between Stanton-by-Dale and Dale
Moor is considered by Mr. Gibson to be in all probability the Rough
Rock. In the large quarries at Stanton-by-Dale, Thackers Wood,
and Baguleys Wood, near Grove Farm, the rock presents the same
lithological characters, being a massively-bedded coarse, highly
felspathic grit, with a few scattered pebbles of quartz seldom
exceeding one quarter of an inch in diameter. The outcrop is
complicated by faulting, and in part concealed by Bunter Sandstone.
(see Fig. 10, p. 127.)

At the junction of the roads north of Morley a low mound consists
of coarse and rather pebbly massive grit, seen in a pond by the
roadside. It looks like an inlier surrounded by Keuper Marl.
While probably the Rough Rock, its position is difficult to explain
without faulting.

A small pit on the south side of the road at Horsley Park between
the main Horsley Fault and a small branch-fault on the east,
shows grit, in part coarse-grained and pebbly. This seems to be
the Rough Rock raised slightly by a small step-fault before it is
brought up and thrown much further north by the Horsley Fault.
West of the latter, numerous old quarries in the Coxbench Grit
are to be seen in the ridge on which Horsley Castle stands, but the
best section is that of the Coxbench Quarry, opened on the dip-
slope near Coxbench Station. Here the grit, of which a thickness
of more than 100 feet is visible, has its usual compact fine-grained

8789. D
50 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

character, and is for the most part white or buff. Tt lies in even
courses from four to seven feet in thickness, and contains occasional
large ferruginous concretions.

The Rough Rock, where it clings to the dip-slope of the Coxbench
Grit, is seen in The Warren to be a coarse-grained reddish grit.
The intermediate shales, where exposed in a small pit, are faulted
against the Coxbench Grit. The outcrop of the Rough Rock,
running down the dip-slope of the Coxbench Grit, crosses Park
Brook with numerous exposures of coarse-grained and somewhat
pebbly rock, and dips under the Coal-measures in Coxbench. It
leaves a small detached mound on the south side of the brook.

The shales associated with the grits are seldom seen in the south
of the district. Dark shale above the Kinderscout Grits was
observed in a ditch 250 yards north of Eatonpark House, Little
Eaton; also black shale in the same neighbourhood immediately
above the lower grits of the Middle Grit Group.

Many quarries from Coxbench northward as far as Belper illus-
trate the uniform character of the Coxbench Grit, which varies
but little, except in colour. Some of the principal sections are in
the quarries of Coxbench Wood, Shaw Lane (west of Holbrook
Moor), and Pinchom Hill.

At Daypark, a well sunk on the basset edge of the Rough Rock,
passed through :—
Yards.
Sand and rock, thin - —
Blue sandy micaceous shale 12 or 14
Rock (Coxbench Grit) —

Near the hall at Coxbench, the Rough Rock becomes a coarse
sand. North of Daypark, in Holbrook, on Holbrook Moor, and
east of Pinchom Hill sections show a coarse and more or less pebbly
grit, usually soft and porous. In this part of the district it seems
to be somewhat thicker than further north.

The stream flowing from Whitemoor is held up by a lock at the
foot of an alluvial flat, on the east side of Belper. Here in the
stream and inthe north bank above it, the lowest of the Middle
Grits is a fine-grained micaceous rock underlying grey shale: below
the outcrop of the Belper Grit.

Beyond the Horsley Fault, in Bessyloan* and again in a small
pit a quarter of a mile further north-east, the Rough Rock is seen
to be a coarse-grained white and yellow grit with felspar and small
pebbles. The quarry at Ridgeway gives the best section, in massive
whitish current-bedded grit, rather coarse in grain, with coarser
seams and pebbles of quartz and pink felspar. Its escarpment

 

* See footnote, p. 35.
DETAILS : MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES. 51

dies out south of Ridgeway, where a small exposure of very hard
and fine-grained white grit near the roadside may be in the lowest
bed of the Rough Rock, or the representative of the Coxbench
Grit faulted against it.

A quarry south of the cross-roads at Heage Firs exhibits fine-
grained white and purple micaceous Belper Grit bending over in
the east flank of the anticline with increasing dip. This rock,
when followed northward to the Amber, is seen to become slightly
coarser, with here and there a small pebble. Its continuation
beyond the Amber has been quarried near the road, and where
cut through by the railway at Hag Wood shows the following
sequence :—

Feet.
Hard massive white and purplish fine-grained grit with
rather coarser seams, occasional small pebbles, large
ferruginous concretions, and in the lower part shaly
partings; top notseen - - about 70
Blue shales with thin beds of fine-grained grit about 21
Smooth blue shale with thin ironstone-bands in*upper
part, seen for - - - about 48

This grit is thrown by a fault against a ridge of rock, apparently
the Kinderscout Grit, which continues northward above Fritchley
for about a mile. Numerous exposures in the southern part of it
show a coarse- and finer-grained grit with strong seams of quartz
and pink felspar pebbles. The rock is white or yellow, often
streaked with red.

The grit faulted against the south end of this on the west is seen
in a quarry by the bridle-path above the canal to be a fine-grained
yellow and white rock, including rather coarser s2ams, and flaggy
beds in its upper part with shaly partings. It appears to be the
Belper Grit much bent and shattered at the fault, but having a
high easterly dip throughout. A little further west a less con-
spicuous ridge strikes south-west, evidently with westward dip,
and consists also of fine-grained grit as seen in fragments at the

surface.

The section Fig. 2 (p. 52) is baszd on an almost continuous
exposure of the strata opened in laying the pipes for the Ilkeston
and Heanor Water-works along the lane from Bullbridge Hill to the
western escarpment of the upper Kinderscout Grit at Chadwick’s
Nick. The lower part of this grit there consists of massive coarse-
and finer-grained yellow and white grit with felspar and mica, few
pebbles and streaks of carbonaceous matter. The lowest bed,
coarse-grained, is underlain with a sharp line of junction by grey
nodular micaceous shale. In many quarries along the escarpment
of Bowmer Rough and The Tors as far as Crich, the upper Kinder-
scout Grit maintains its usual pebbly character. The overlying
coal is said to have been worked at Bulling Lane on the west side

8789. D2
“poq[ney A[qeqoad pue poreoys ‘ourorue yo qiaiuins *x = -qynez “gq
‘(dnory 4149 e[ppIq) 419 sedjeg (9)

“eAOGe [BOO YPM 4IEH qnoosrepury seddq (g)

“‘WI) ynoosepury seddy (»)

 

VaAg1 vas

 

UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROOKS.

‘A.0L'S

e
‘sprvk Qog¢=serpur g “(TeoyzeA pure Teyuozr104) afeog

“(PpeM “ag ‘O 4q) TH e#pruaqyng PUR “YIN JO *g “YIN sYorapegg woomzoq soyouery, odid-10}8\4 Uo peseq uoroeg

BDL

52
DETAILS : MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES. 53

of The Tors. In the eastern part of the above section (Fig. 2)
the pebbly Kinderscout Grit is the rock that forms the steep bank
above Fritchley. But its lithological character does not distinguish
it from the Rough Rock of Ridgeway: and faults obscure the
Sequence in the anticline (see Fig. 11, p. 133). The pebbly grit,
however, is succeeded by a finer-grained rock, of the type of the
Middle Grits, and almost in unbroken continuity with the Belper
Grit. This higher rock is not ordinarily exposed on the eastward
slope. But it was laid open recently in the trenches for the water-
pipes, and was seen to be a hard white and purplish, fine-grained
grit with thin beds of grey and purple shale in its upper part.
Moreover this rock and the lower pebbly grit, above which the
overlying coal was worked a few years ago at Fritchley, agree
precisely with the lowest pair of grits mapped east of Crich (see
below) from which the Southern Crich Fault, with much diminished
throw, scarcely severs them.

East of Crich the ridge of Cawdor and Culland woods marks
the outcrop of the Kinderscout Grit,* and curves round the anti-
clinal limestone. At the south-west end of Cawdor Wood the
rock is a hard coarse-grained, more or less felspathic, white grit with
pebbly seams, and, like the Kinderscout Grit elsewhere, contains
casts of plant-stems. Frequent sections expose the rock along
its outcrop northward, with strong easterly dip. It keeps the
same general character, but varies in colour, and sometimes in-
cludes softer and finer flaggy beds. The usual coal-seam overlies it
and has been proved a little further north. It is said to have a
thickness of only 4 inches at Edge Farm beyond the border of sheet
125, though at Hollins Farm, not much further on, a boring passed
through 3 feet of coal, where however the strata are highly inclined.

The succeeding Belper Grit makes a somewhat smaller ridge on
the east. A cutting in the road to Wingfield displays nearly the
full thickness of this grit. It will be noticed that the lower part of
it has become somewhat pebbly.

 

* At the time of the former survey of the district this grit was regarded
as the Rough Rock or First Grit (‘‘ Geology of the Carboniferous Limestone,
Yoredale Rocks, and Millstone Grit of North Derbyshire,”’ Ed. 2, p. 84, 1887),
separated from the Crich limestone by the “Trinity Chapel Fault.” But
the recent re-survey of the neighbouring ground to the north has demon-
strated that both this rock and the succeeding fine-grained grit are continu-
ous respectively with the Kinderscout and the Belper Grit, round the north
end of the limestone and across the crest of the anticline, without the inter-
vention of any such fault (see “Summary of Progress for 1905” (Mem.
Geol. Surv.), pp. 14-15, 1906). Farey appears to have regarded the lowest grit
here as the Kinderscout. For, numbering his grits in ascending order, he
mentions “ Fritchley Hill, E. of the Village, in Crich” as capped by the
“1st Grit’ (“‘ General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire,”
vol. i, p. 38, 1811).
54. UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS,

Section in Roap to WINGFIELD NEAR PARKHEAD, CRICH.

 

 

 

Character of Strata. oe
Ft. in.

Hard yellow flaggy rather coarse-grained quartzose grit, topnotseen| 4 6
Dark-grey shale, lowest part only seen | 10 0
Coal J 0 1
Hard light-grey and yellow gannister, flaggy and massive ; soft part-

ings ; numerous rootlets | 1.8
Similar rock, but rather softer, with partings and rootlets - | 3 4
Alternate fine-grained shaly micaceous sandstone and hard quartzose

sandstone, both light-grey or yellow - - : | 3 1
Soft pinkish-grey and yellow sandy micaceous shale, with hard flaggy|

bands 0 10
Very hard purplish-grey and yellow, fine-grained, quartzose and

micaceous grit, with soft partings - | 1.0
Purplish-grey and yellow quartzose and micaceous flaggy and shaly

grit, with partings of sandy shale; softer in upper, stronger in

lower part -| 16 0
Hard brownish-yellow fine-grained compact quartzose and micaceous

sandstone with pellets of purple marl | 1.0
Purple shale and shaly sandstone | 0 3
Fine-grained massive current-bedded grit, white and yellow, in part

reddish and purplish, with shaly partings, becomes coarser in

lower part - -| 10 0

(Slight displacement with horizontal slickensides.)

Yellow and reddish-brown coarser-grained massive quartzose and

felspathic grit with seams of small pebbles, seen for 10 0

 

A higher bed of the Middle Grits makes a small and impersistent
feature. It seems to represent the Coxbench Grit.

The Rough Rock has here become a finer-grained grit, white,
yellow, or purple in colour. It resembles the Middle Grits, but is
quite unlike any of the sandstones in the Coal-measures of this
district. It has, however, changed considerably since its last
appearance at Ridgeway, but maintains its newly-acquired fine-
grained character northward to Alton, the most easterly locality
at which the complete sequence above the Kinderscout Grit is
shown on the old Survey map (82 SW., 0.s.). At the south end of
its outcrop east of Crich it approaches unusually close to the Wing-
field Flagstones. Possibly some part of the intervening beds may
be faulted out.
CHAPTER V.

THE UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS (continued).
COAL-MEASURES.
(By W. Gipson.)

Introduction.—While the rocks surrounding the coalfield have
been described in numerous papers, the Coal-measures have re-
ceived less attention from geologists, the previous Survey memoir
dealing mainly with the rocks newer than the Coal-measures. A short
account of these rocks was given by Sir W. W. Smytb, as an intro-
duction to his description of the iron ores * and a few papers dealing
with particular and local phenomenat have been published,
but no general account of the structural features, or of the
paleontological contents of the Coal-measures has been attempted.
There are also comparatively few published records of the nature of
the strata passed through by the numerous shafts sunk to win the
valuable seams of coal. So long as the mining engineer is certain
of his relative position in the sequence, he has no need to pay
especial attention to the grouping of the rocks, their fossil contents
or lithological sequence. But the coal-workings are now being
extended into regions where the fullest information concerning the
structure of the visible coalfield, and the details of the Coal-measure
sequence, prove of great value to him. A shaft or boring com-
mencing in the unconformable Permian or Triassic rocks may enter
any portion of the Coal-measure sequence beneath them. It may
reach an horizon above or below, the workable seams of coal.

The portion of the coalfield included in the map is the southerly
continuation of the Yorkshire Coalfield. The lowest measures
crop out along the southern margin between Morley and Stanton
Gate. The same measures extend along the western margin, and
trend in a general north and south direction into Yorkshire, their
lower limts being fixed by the bold outcrops of the Millstone Grits.
Along the southern margin of the coalfield they are faulted
down and thrown to the south-east, where they become immedi-
ately covered up by the newer and unconformable Triassic rocks.
To the east of the Erewash Valley newer rocks also conceal the
extension of the coalfield in this direction.

While the connexion of the Derbyshire and Yorkshire coal-
fields is obvious, recent explorations to the east of the area

 

* W. W. Smyth, “The Iron Ores of Great Britain” (Jfem. Geol. Surv.),
Part IT. (1856).

+ G. E. Coke, ‘On a ‘dumb fault’ or ‘ wash-out’ in the Deep Hard
Coal at Coton Park and Denby,” Mid. Count. Inst. Eng. (1888): J. Ship-
man, ‘“ Lectures on Local Geology,” Trans. Nat. Assoc. Coll. Managers (1862).
56 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

now under description show that the Yorkshire-Derbyshire Coalfield
was originally a portion of one large coalfield which included the
whole of those of the midland counties, and which was separated
into distinct coalfields by post-Carboniferous movements and
denudation.

Up to this period of great earth-movements, the Carboniferous
rocks were being continuously or almost continuously laid down
all over the Midland area on an irregular pre-Carboniferous floor.
First, the Carboniferous Limestone, an open water deposit, then
the Limestone Shales followed by the shales and grits of
the Millstone Grit series in more enclosed waters. The period of
the Coal-measures succeeded. Subsequently the region became
ridged up by earth-movement and the Yorkshire-Derbyshire
coalfield was formed; with its boundary limited on the west by
the upfolding of the Lower Carboniferous of the Peak District ;
by rocks of the same or older age on the south, while the position
and character of its eastern boundary are still unknown.

Lithological Characters —To anyone acquainted with the Coal-
measures of Yorkshire one of the first differences he would notice
among the Coal-measures of the Erewash Valley, the main valley
of the coalfield, would be the absence of sandstone quarries and
of bold features of sandstone. Between Swanwick and Dale on
the west, and Pinxton and Wollaton on the east, including an
area of exposed Coal-measures 60 square miles in extent, there is
not a single quarry excavating sandstone at the present day. A
few old disused quarries, mostly of shallow depth, constitute
the sole representative of an important industry in Yorkshire.

This absence of quarries is due to the lithological composition
of the sandstones, which renders them unsuitable for building
and other purposes. They are friable, finely grained, laminated
and current-bedded micaceous rocks, very irregular in occurrence,
existing as wedge-shaped masses which thin away very rapidly.
They vary very slightly in composition, but have a great tendency
to shade away into sandy shale. Massive sandstones, indeed, form
only a small proportion of the Coal-measures in this district.

Argillaceous rocks on the other hand form a large and important
group, and are excavated on a considerable scale for the manufac-
ture of bricks, drain pipes, and coarse pottery. They are for the
most part of a sandy nature, known to the colliers as “‘ stone binds ”’
or “rock binds.” The purely argillaceous shales which are fre-
quently of considerable thickness are known to the colliers as
“blue binds,” ‘‘ soft binds,” or “ binds.”

The most important members of the Coal-measures are of course
the seams of coal which occur at intervals, but are thickest
and most numerous towards the middle of the sequence. The
individual seams are of wonderful persistence though subject
to local deterioration. The Top Hard Coal, one of the highest and
most important seams, is not only recognised over the whole area,
COAL-MEASURES, 57

but under the name of the Barnsley Seam has been traced
throughout the Yorkshire Coalfield. On the other hand, the Silk-
stone, Blocking or Barcelona Coal of Yorkshire deteriorates in
Derbyshire and is scarcely recognisable in the extreme south of
the area. The Kilburn Coal again is essentially a Derbyshire seam.

Nodules of clay ironstones, termed ‘“‘ Rakes,” occur at intervals.

Sequence.—The total thickness of Coal-measures amounts to
over 3,000 feet. The summit is not visible since the Permian and
Triassic rocks bury up the measures on the east or in the direction
of general inclination.

The following table gives the chief members of the Coal-measures
series :—

THE CoaL-MEAsURE SEQUENCE.

 

 

 

Character of Strata. Thickness in feet.
Clays, marls, shales, thin sandstones and thin seams
of coal including the High Hazles Coal of ening
Colliery 700 3
Top Harp Coa - = 6 to 8
Clays, marls, shales 80 ——
Dunst Goan - _ 3 t0 4
Clays, shales and thin sandstones 10 ess
WATERLOO GoaL = 4
Shales, clays, sandstones 300 =
Ett Coan os 3
Shales and thin sandstones 40 eae
Deep Sort, Sort, on Mary Sort Coat — 4 to 5
Clays, shales and ironstones - 80 —
Lower or Deer Harp Coat, or Lowsr, Bottom, or
Matn Coa = 5
Shales with thin sandstones 70 ae
PreeR CoaL — 3 to 4
Shales, thin sandstones and ironstones 40 mol
Hospirat, Lower or Borrom Pirer Coan — 2 to 3
Shales and thin sandstones 100 _
Furnace, Turton, Lowsr Matin, or Low Main Coan — 4
Shales and marls with many ironstones - 150 os
Ciop, Buaok SHALE, or SILKSTONE CoaL es 5 to 10
Shales, clays, thin sandstones and small coals 110 as
MicKLEY CoaL - - - - —_— 2 to 3
Shales, thin sandstones, seal coals and Kilburn Rock 290 =
Kitpurn, BuckLanD-Hotiow, or Hace Coan — 4 to 5
Shales, sandstones and numerous ironstones - 440 —
Naveuton (Norton) Coan ase 2
Shale and some gannister 130 =
ALTON CosL - - - : —_— 2 to 4
Gannister, sandstone and shale - - 30 cae
CoaL - - - - - : : _— 2 to 3
Shales and sandstones increasing pieakly northward
up to - - 200 _—
GoaL - - - : - _ 1 to 2
Shales 40 —_
“ BELPERLAWN’”’ CoaL - — 2 to 4
Total - 2,900 _

 
58 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

The Chief Seams of Coal.—The table shows the presence of a
considerable number of different seams, but in the upper part of
the sequence far less than in the sister coalfield of Yorkshire or
of that of North Staffordshire, on the western side of the Pennines.
There is also little tendency for two or more seams to unite to
form thick beds of coal as in the South Staffordshire or Leicester-
shire coalfields, the average thickness of the individual coals
remaining very much the same over the whole area. Of those given
in the table, the Top Hard, Deep Soft, Lower Hard, Furnace,
Black Shale, and Kilburn are the most extensively worked.

Kilburn Coal.—This seam, which furnishes First Class House Coal,
is of excellent quality over nearly the whole area, but locally de-
teriorates in thickness towards the eastern margin of the map. The
roof is a prolific horizon of fish-remains, mostly of Megalichthys
hibberts. Along the southern margin of the coalfield the outcrop can
be traced almost continuously from Morley to Stanton Gate.
Throughout this distance a strong red sandstone occurs at about
100 yards above the coal. On the western margin of the coalfield
the outcrop can be traced from Buckland Hollow, north of Heage,
nearly all the way to Mount Pleasant, west of Kilburn Station.
It is here cut out by the Horsley Fault, but reappears south
of Horsley.

The red sandstone again overlies the coal but at a much less
vertical distance than along the southern margin of the coalfield.

Very little attention has been paid by miners to the seams below
the Kilburn, though it will be seen (p. 64) that some of these might
be advantageously worked.

Black Shale Coal—known also as the Silkstone, more rarely as the
Clod Coal. It produces Best House and Gas Coal. It is frequently
of poor quality, and as its name implies contains several layers of
shale, sometimes amounting to half the thickness of the seam.
It has been found impossible to follow its outcrop for more than
very limited distances.

Furnace or Tupton Coal.—This seam is recognised in most of
the shaft sections. Associated with it are several layers of ironstone
nodules, containing numerous casts of shells (Carbonicola robusta,
C. turgida, C. aquilina, C. nucularis). It furnishes a house and
steam coal.

Piper Coal.—Has not been extensively worked. Around Ilkeston
the top portion furnishes House Coal, the lower part Steam
Coal.

Lower or Deep Hard Coal.—This coal forms one of the important
lower seams of the area. The roof consists of shale with ironstone
nodules containing numerous casts of Carbonicola. Along the
western margin of the coalfield it usually has a strong sandstone
just below it. A House and Steam coal.
COAL-MEASURES. 59

Deep Soft Coal.—This is also an important and persistent seam
furnishing Best House Coal. It is closely associated with the
Deep Hard Coal occurring at a distance varying from 20 to 80 feet
above it. The roof consisting of dark shale contains casts of
Carbonicola.

Ell Coal.—Not extensively worked.

Waterloo Coal.—Only crops out in the Shipley and Ripley syn-
clines (p. 88) on the west side of the Erewash Valley. Recognised
in most shaft sections on the east side of the valley, but has not
been much worked.

Dunsil Coal.—A seam of little importance.

Top Hard Coal.—This is one of the most important seams of
the Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire Coalfield. On the west
side of the Erewash Valley it has only been preserved from de-
nudation in the Heanor and Ripley synclines and to the south
of Swanwick. On the east side of this valley large areas have
been worked out between its outcrop and that of the Magnesian
Limestone. Numerous collieries reach the seam within the out-
crop of the Permian, and in the north-east this seam becomes
practically the only one raised. The overlying shales contain
numerous casts of Carbonicola aquilina, and it would appear that
the abundance of this fossil, almost to the exclusion of any other,
will be found to afford a local means of identification. A few feet
above this a group of sandstones or shaly sandstones invariably
indicates the approximate position of the outcrop. The seam con-
sists of several qualities of coal, yielding House, Blast-furnace,
Steam and Manufacturing coal. These different kinds of coal are
met with in separate layers of the seam. The House coals are
furnished by the portions termed “Softs,’? and the other by the
‘*Hards.’’ The latter, besides being the most valuable part of the
coal, is the most persistent. A bed of bright streaky coal named
the “ Rifler ’’ is usually recognised above the ‘‘ Hards.” A valuable
cannel coal varying much in thickness, sometimes occurs at the
bottom of the seam.

No seam above this is worked in the present area, but one known
as the High Hazles is now being extensively raised at Gedling, and
proves to be a good house coal, burning with the formation of very
little ash. This coal must crop out within the area included in
Sheet 125, and is probably that seen in Millington Springs (p. 97).

Since the Derbyshire Coalfield is only the southerly continua-
tion of the Yorkshire Coalfield any classification of the Coal-
measures of Derbyshire should be applicable to Yorkshire. In
the memoir and on the published maps of the Yorkshire Coalfield
the Silkstone Coal was taken as the divisional line between the
Lower and Middle Coal-measures.* On the geological map of the

 

* « The Geology of the Yorkshire Coalfield” (Jfem. Geol. Surv., 1878).
60 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

Derbyshire Coalfield the Black Shale or Clod Coal, which we have
stated to be the equivalent of the Silkstone Coal of Yorkshire,
was similarly taken as the base of the Middle Coal-measures, and,
as in Yorkshire, used as a colour boundary. In the present area
the Top Hard Coal affords a more suitable horizon for delineating
the structure of the Coalfield, but for the sake of uniformity it
has been necessary to adhere to the colour scheme of the published
Yorkshire maps. Its adoption, however, should not be taken to
imply an adherence to the old scheme of classification. This
classification has of late years been much modified by Mr R.
Kidston and Dr. Wheelton Hind, but the new nomenclature has
not been applied in detail to the Yorkshire and Derbyshire coal-
fields.

 
6L

CHAPTER VI.

THE UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS (continued).

COAL-MEASURES (Detailed Account).

From the general considerations of the previous chapter we
now pass to details. Taken as a whole, the Coal-measures in-
cluded in this map form part of a broad syncline broken by the
subsidiary folds of the Erewash Valley anticline and the Heanor
and Ripley synclines. These subsidiary structural features might
have been used in describing the detailed account of the coal-
field; but the manner in which the ground was surveyed makes
a geographical boundary preferable. The description therefore
commences with the Coal-measures of the Derwent basin,
for here the lowest Coal-measures crop out. Afterwards the
area included by the Erewash Valley is described.

THE DERWENT BasIN.

(By C. B. WeEpp.)

The Coal-measures of the Derwent basin form a tract seldom
rising much above 400 feet o.p. The higher ground of the Mill-
stone Grit dominates the coalfield on the west and south-west.
Almost throughout the district strike-valleys, excavated in the
soft beds succeeding these hard grits, emphasize the physical
differentiation into Coal-measures and Millstone Grit, and afford a
geographical delimitation of the coalfield. This arises from the
scarcity of strong sandstones in the lowest Coal-measures and
from the low inclination of the strata, which facilitates the erosion
of broad and deep valleys. The physical distinction is obscured
only where the Horsley Fault and another north of Ambergate
bring higher sandy beds of the Coal-measures against the Millstone
Grit and thus interrupt the marginal valley of the coalfield.
62 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

A coal-seam, which we shall speak of as the “‘ Belperlayn ”
Coal,* traced at intervals as far south as Horsley Park, rests
with its underclay, where present, upon the highest of the
series of massive gritstones, the upper limit of which has
been taken as the base of the Coal-measures. This appears
to be the horizon adopted as the divisional line on the old Survey
map, but not consistently applied ; and it has the advantage of
satisfying stratigraphical, physical, and economic conditions.

The correlation of the Alton Coal of Derbyshire with the Crab-
tree of North Staffordshire (pp. 72-4), both separated from the
uppermost Millstone Grit by a small thickness of strata similarly
increasing northward, strengthens the probability that the same
base has been taken for the Coal-measures in both districts.

From this horizon the Coal-measures of the Derwent basin may
be considered as extending upward as far as the Top Hard Coal at
Ripley. The measures exhibit the usual alternations of strata,
with a tendency to the development of more and stronger beds of
sandstone northward. This tendency shows itself in the greater
surface-relief of the neighbourhood of South Wingfield and Pent-
rich as contrasted with the district further south, where sandstone-
features are fewer, generally smaller, and often impersistent.

The dip, on the whole easterly within this area, scarcely ever
diverges so far as to point west of the meridian. It veers from
north-east or even north in the south to due east northward, chang-
ing to south-east between Marehay and Pentrich, whence it becomes
easterly again to Wingfield.

Coal-measures up to the Kilburn Coal.

Incompleteness of evidence rendered it difficult until lately to
estimate the thickness of the measures between the Rough Rock
and the Kilburn Coal. Widely divergent estimates previously
made illustrate the difficulty; viz., 481 feet by Smyth,t for the
southern part of the district (Stanton and Dale Moor), and 1,778
feet by Hull and Greent for the northern area. But a shaft

 

* The “2nd Coal,” J. Farey, Sen., ‘‘ General View of the Agriculture
and Minerals of Derbyshire,” vol. i., p. 190 (1811). Smyth speaks of the
“Bottom Coal” “resting almost immediately upon the coarse grits com-
monly called Millstone Grit ” (“The Iron Ores of Great Britain ” (Mem. Geol.
Surv.), Part I., p. 39, 1856) in the southern district, but it is not certain
that this is the same coal. The Home Office List of Mines (1901) calls the
seam resting upon the highest Millstone Grit at Gun Lane in the northern
district the “ Norton Coal,” a name, however, there applied loosely to more
than one seam below the Kilburn Coal.

+ “The Iron Ores of Great Britain” (Ifem. Geol. Surv.), Part T.. p. 39
(1856).

{ “ Explanation of Horizontal Sections, Sheet 60” (Mem. Geol. Surv.), p. 4
(1869).
DETAILS : COAL-MEASURES. 63

recently sunk at the Kilbourne Colliery* below the Kilburn Coal
has proved the thickness of measures between that seam and the
Alton Coal to be 572 feet, while the distance of the latter seam
from what appears to be the Rough Rock is there only 82 feet.
The total thickness of the Coal-measures below the Kilburn Coal is
655 feet at the Kilbourne shaft, where the strata are unfaulted
and flat. There is certainly a general increase of thickness north-
ward, but, except in the lowest measures, not nearly to the
extent implied by the estimates quoted above.

The measures between the Millstone Grit and the Alton Coal
at Kilbourne agree closely in detail with those occupying the same
position in the Smalley shaft (see p. 74), where their thickness
is a little less, being only 68 feet; and there is some reason to
believe that they remain equally thin throughout the southern
margin of the coalfield. But, as in North Staffordshire, they in-
crease rapidly northward in the Derwent basin. They are probably
quite 280 feet thick at Bullbridge, near Ambergate, where the cut-
ting on the Ambergate and Pyebridge branch of the railway
shows in unbroken succession about 170 feet of Coal-measures
below the Alton Coal, without exposing the top or the lowest part
of the sequence (see Fig. 3, p. 65).

The following section, based on the fine exposures in the above
railway-cutting and the adjacent clay-pit of the Ambergate Brick-
works, and on evidence obtained from the shafts of the Gun Lane
Colliery, gives a general idea of these strata in the northern part
of the district. The vertical distance of the Alton Coal at the
brick-works from the seam visible in the railway has been proved ;
and it is clear that the coals at the colliery, with which the Alton
Coal cannot be confused owing to the rich marine fauna of its roof,
lie some distance below the sandstones of the railway. Between
the latter two places it will be shown below (p. 137) that a fault
intervenes, cutting out the Rough Rock and the lowest beds of the
Coal-measures. The thickness of shale between the lower sand-
stone of the railway-cutting and the upper coal-seam of the Gun
Lane Colliery can only be estimated approximately.

 

* See Appendix. We are greatly indebted to Mr. M. Fryar, of the Denby
and Kilbourne collieries, for placing at our disposal all geological information
obtained in sinking this shaft, and for much trouble taken to secure all
available paleontological evidence. The plants collected were submitted
to Mr. R. Kidston, F.R.S., the lamellibranchs to Dr. Wheelton Hind, and
the fishes to Dr. R. H. Traquair, F.R.S. Their determinations are embodied
in the section as given in the Appendix. The results obtained add largely
to our knowledge of the fauna and flora of the lower Coal-measures in Derby-
shire, where but little was known of the fossil-contents of those measures.
64 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

GENERAL SECTION or CoAL-MEASURES FROM THE ROOF OF THE
Auton CoaL To THE Roven Rock BETWEEN NETHER
HraGe AND BULLBRIDGE.

 

 

 

Character of Strata. Thickness
Ft. in.
Grey shale with ironstone nodules; at the
base 2 ft. of pyritous shale with nodules
of pyrites and abundant marine fossils:
Gastrioceras carbonarium, G.“ listert,”’ Pteri-
Ambergate Brick- nopecten papyraceus, etc.; about -| 20 0
works, Bullbridge.| Auton Coat ; thickness varies up to (rarely) 6
ft., with thin shaly parting ; generally 3 to 4 0
Light-grey siliceous rubbly gannister with
plant-remains - a 09 5
White fireclay | 17 0
Gap - ; 5 {
Sandstone - - - 6 0
Dark carbonaceous shale - 8 0
Sandstone - 2 0
Dark sandy shale with nodules 3.0
Coan - - . : - 2 9
Light grey rather hard sandy fireciay - 4 0
Section in Midland| Alternate fine-grained yellow sandstone and
Railway (Amber- light grey shale; about - - . -| 41 0
gate and Pye- Grey and black shales with hard bands and
bridge Branch) thin sandstones ; about - - -| 20 0
from Brick-works | Sandstone - 2 10
at Bullbridge west-| White sandy fireclay < 2 6
ward to River Hard fine-grained white flaggy and massive
Amber. micaceous sandstone, current-bedded and
ripple-marked, with light grey shaly part-
ings, Stigmaria and coal-smuts; about -| 56 0
Grey shales with thin hard sandstone-beds
in upper part, seen for about aay -| 30 0
Chiefly shale, with at least one small Coat
in upper part ; blue and pyritous in roof of
underlying coal; about - -| 45 0
Coat, variable, generally not more than- - 2 0
Gun Lane Colliery,! Soft white clay, floor of coal
Nether Heage. Dark shale, rather sandy and I about | 43 0
| micaceous in lower part
| CoaL (BELPERLAWN), resting almost directly
| upon First Millstone Grit; varies in
\ thickness: generally from 3 to - 4 0

 

 

The “ Belperlawn” Coal has been worked in the past at several
localities, and lately at Gun Lane, Nether Heage, but is not raised
now. Its roof of blue micaceous shale contained no fossils, where
it could be examined. At Gun Lane and east of Belper a
seam of poorer quality and somewhat thinner lies from 16 to 22
yards higher. Its roof of pyritous shale at Gun Lane is full of
small flat discs of pyrites, which at first were taken to represent
pyritized goniatites. But their organic origin is very doubtful.
05

COAL-MEASURES.

DETAILS ;

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8789.
UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

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DETAILS : COAL-MEASURES. 67

A little higher than these two coals a thick sandstone is well ex-
posed in the railway to Pyebridge eastward of the road from Ridge-
way (see Fig. 3). Itis doubtless the rock that makes a strong but
evanescent feature just east of the Gun Lane Colliery. Southward
neither this nor the shaly sandstone still higher in the railway could
be traced, while the breadth of the valley excavated in the lowest
measures suggests the weakening of these rocks. But locally north-
east of Belper and east of Holbrook Moor sandy beds appear again
about this horizon and two sandstones, not necessarily the same
beds, crop out in the attenuated measures below the Alton Coal
south-east of Horsley.

No fossils occur in the roof of the coal exposed in the railway at
Bullbridge (see Fig. 3,b). This seam has been proved under the
floor of the adjoining brick-pit, below the Alton Coal there seen
with a roof containing a marine fauna (see pp. 100, 185).* Re-
cently Mr. Gibson has found the latter coal at Alton, in a similar
stratigraphical position, to have a roof with the same marine
fauna, preserved in the same manner, and a similar floor of
gannister. There can be no doubt as to the correlation of the
coal at Bullbridge with the Alton Coal, but that name has been
used for more than one seam in this neighbourhood. The same seam,
with a bed of marine fossils in its roof, has been found at two or three
places in the intervening ground. Further south, the shaft recently
sunk at the Kilbourne Colliery has demonstrated its presence there
also, but the marine shale was less prolific in fossils. Comparison of
the Kilbourne section with that of the Smalley shaft south-east of
Horsley (see p. 74) carries the correlation of this coal further ; but
we have no record that the characteristic fauna was observed.
Its marine fossil-bed provides a most valuable clue to the re-
cognition of the Alton Coal throughout the district. The occur-
rence of a bed of Lingula, situated about 20 feet below this coal
at Kilbourne, and preceded by a non-marine deposit containing
Carbonicola, shows that the Alton Seam, besides being followed
immediately by marine conditions, was laid down in the midst of
an episode of such conditions.

The strata between the Alton Coal and the higher group of the
Wingfield Flagstones are seldom exposed, but the railway-cutting
north of Wingfield Park shows some beds in the middle of this
sequence to consist of shales, gannister, and thin sandstones with
a six-inch cannel. The Kilbourne shaft-section (see Appendix)
illustrates the sequence, mainly shales with occasional bands of
fireclay, some gannister, and hard beds approaching it in character,
chiefly in the lower part. One or two small coal-seams are
included, the highest of which, | foot 11 inches thick, lies about
442 feet below the Kilburn and 127 feet above the Alton Coal. It
is the “Norton” Coal of an earlier boring at the Kilbourne

 

* “Summary of Progress for 1902” (.em. Geol. Surv.), p. 12 (1903)—Coal
at Ambergate Brickworks, Sawmill.

8789, E2
68 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

Colliery, the “ Naughton” of the Smalley shaft, and probably the
seam worked at the old Naughton Colliery near Stanton Gate. But
the name Naughton (Norton) has been used indiscriminately in the
northern part of the area here described for any coal below the
Kilburn.

The group of the Wingfield Flagstones* has a stratigraphical
importance, as it forms the boldest topographical feature of the
lower Coal-measures—a feature that can be traced from the
northern margin of the map southward beyond Horsley Wood-
house, whence it passes out of the Derwent basin. The Wing-
field Flagstones are coloured as a bed of sandstone on the map,
but it should be stated that they do not as a rule constitute a single
mass of sand-rock, but an alternation of sandstones, flags, and sandy
binds with variable beds of shale. The greater part of the group
usually gives rise to a conspicuous ridge of rounded contour, in
the lower part of which there is a gradual downward passage into
shale. Generally the upper part makes a separate and smaller
feature. Southward the mass sometimes splits into several minor
escarpments. In the northern region this arenaceous group comes
within 50 feet of the horizon of the Kilburn Coal; but in the south
by the disappearance of its upper and probably of its lower sandy
members, the remnant falls further below that coal. It is often
difficult to define the base of the Wingfield Flagstones. In the
north of the district there is evidence of a coal immediately below
the bottom of the sandy group. A small amount of shale succeeds
up to the floor of the Kilburn Coal, usually white clunch.
iu, Thus, in the measures below the Kilburn Coal, we find three
coal-seams, each locally of some importance in the past, though
not worked extensively, and each persistent throughout and
beyond this area. These are in descending order, the Naughton
(Norton), the Alton, and that which we have here called the
“ Belperlawn,” from the old colliery at which it was principally
raised. They are usually two feet or more in thickness, but variable
in quality from place to place. Of other seams, mostly thinner, two
that lie at short distances below the Alton and above the “ Belper-
lawn ” respectively, seldom attain a thickness of much more than
two feet ; the lower is said to be of inferior quality, and is, perhaps,
not persistent.

Coal-measures from the Kilburn Coal to the Top Hard Coal.

This sequence contains the Kilburn Coal at its base and, a little
more than 400 feet higher, the important group of seams from the
Black Shale or Clod up to the Top Hard Coal. It also includes many
ironstones formerly worked. The following section (see also
Fig. 4, p. 66), gives a general idea of all but some 300 feet at the top
of the sequence in the northern district, where the total thick.
ness of these measures amounts to about 1,360 feet. Details vary
locally.

 

* Hull and Green, “ Explanation of Horizontal Sectio S >
Geol. Surv.), p. 4 (1869), ns, Sheet 60” (Mem,
DETAILS : COAL-MEASURES.

SECTION OF STRATA AT THE DENBy Hatt CoLuiery.*
(Condensed ; remarks added in square brackets.)

69

 

 

 

 

* From Mr. F. C. Corfield.

Character of Strata. Thickness
Ht. in.
Clay and ratchel - - - 2 9 0
CANNEL CoAL - 2 0
Dark clunch 4 0
Blue and dark bind with thin rock near top, and ironstones 105 2
Strong bind with ‘“ cockles ” -| 13° 3
Dark bind with ironstones and strong grey bind -| 8 2
Brown Rake Coau -+ 2 0
Clunch and strong stone clunch 4 6
Stone bind with thin ‘“ leather-beds,’’ some rock and cank, andl
white bind with chitters at bottom -| 23 8
Black bind with “ cockles ” z 110
Cank and black bind with ironstones - 7 0
Et Coan 110
Clunch with 1-inch coal 3 11
CoaL - 1 2
Soft clunch 14
CoaL 2 6
Soft clunch and stone clunch 5 2
Stone bind with cank balls and rock-bands ; dark bind and infest
bats at bottom - -| 35 ©
Main Sort Coan + 4 4
Soft white clunch --| 2 0
Stone clunch 33 2
Black bind, strong canky rock, stone iad, aad blue hind with
ironstone - -|, 23 2
Dark bind with “ cockles ” 1 0
Thin dank; blue bind with ironstone; strong bind and chitters,
and soles bind at bottom - 40 0
Deep Harp Coan 3 11
Clunch 1 0
Rock and stone ‘ital 18 2
Blue bind with ironstone balls 22 1
Piper Coat with dirt parting - - 6 9
Black rock, dark soft clunch, and grey stone clunch Eo
Blue and black bind with thin beds of soft sloom and ironstone 10 1
Strong bind and rock - -| 7 8
Blue and black bind with ironstone =} 327)
Borrom Prierr Coat [Hospirar]} - 2 3
Batty clunch and stone clunch - -} ll 5
Blue bind, stone bind, and black bind with thin ironstones - -| 23 8
Bock and stone bind - -| 15 9
Bind and stone bind with ironstone -| 10 6
Furnace CoaL 4 Of
Clunch and black clunch 6 lk
Black bind with ironstones and black init below - 9 8h
CoaL - 1 0
Black ein with thin batty coaL below | 7 8
Rock - - - al 9» 32
Blue bind and blue stone with thin rock in upper, and thin iron -
stone and soapy bind in lower part | 49 3
70 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

SECTION OF STRATA AT THE DENBY HALL CotLiERy—continued.

 

 

 

Character of Strata. Thickness
Ft. in
Strong bind and dark bind with ironstones ; soft dirt and white
bind in middle - - - | 24 5
CoaL - - - - 0 7
Fireclay + 6 O8
Stone clunch with thin rock, clunchy bind, and dark smutty
clunch _ 8 64
Rock with bind -| 20 103
Batts- | 2 8h
Buack SHALE Coat with clunch partings -| 11 74
Clunch - = - 2 6 3
Clunch bind and bind with ironstone | 7 9
Bind and rock - 10 6
Rock and cank -| ll O
Stone bind - - -| 14 6
Bind with 3-foot rock in upper part, and ironstones ; thin black
shale at base - - - - - - | 25 13
CoaL - - | 0 7
Clunch - at | Oe
Bind - 10 6
Coat - - at aor 36
Black bind and clunch bind - : 6 0
Coau [MickLry] - x 2 7
Stone clunch, grey rock, and stone bind with thin sloom at top 385 0
Black bind and ironstone - - - 18 3
CoaL - - - 1 2
Clunch - : 7 0
Dark shaly bind with ironstone and stone-bands : 51 94
CoaL - - : : 1 5
Stone clunch, clunch bind, and stone bind, with 4-inch ironstone at
bottom - a\ Spat 7.
Dark shaly bind, bind with ironstone and soft dirt, and shaly bind
with coal - - s 16 2h
Clunch, stone, grey rock and stone bind 1 30 8
Blue and dark bind with thin ironstones, and black bind 25 43
Batty coaL - 411
Stone clunch, cank and rock, and stone bind with 3-inch ironstone} 32 6
Rock with some cank - | 27 8
Blue and black bind with ironstone -| 39 11
Kinpurn Coan - ge Re
2
1,059 103

The Kilburn Coal, the chief seam of the district, often has a
thin bed of fish-remains (mainly Megalichthys) immediately above
it. This fish-bed is known at Horsley and Denby, but appears
not to be present universally and is absent at the Oakerthorpe
shaft, South Wingfield (one-inch Sheet, 112).

A rock of variable thickness (Kilburn Rock) lies at slightly
different distances above the coal—about 23 feet at the Horsley
Colliery, and 40 feet at Denby Hall; while at the Oakerthorpe
Colliery a sandstone occurs only 16 feet from the coal. The rock
DETAILS : COAL-MEASURES. 71

has a thickness of 27 feet at Horsley, and nearly always makes a
distinct feature, strongest in the neighbourhood of Heage, where
the sandstone is quite 50 feet thick in the railway.

The measures between the Kilburn Rock and the Black Shale
Coal for the most part make no persistent escarpments, but at
about two-thirds or three-quarters of the distance from the Kilburn
Coal upward to the Black Shale a sandstone forms a ridge, with a
strong dip-slope and a coal at the foot of the latter at Horsley
Woodhouse. A sandstone-feature persists at this horizon for some
distance to the north. The rock is doubtless that described as 35
feet thick about 110 feet below the Black Shale Coal at the Denby
Hall Colliery, where there is a coal-seam just above it, the Mickley
Coal of the Denby Colliery. Here in the overlying shale Lepido-
dendron and other plants abound, while beds from 20 to 30 feet
below the Black Shale Coal yield Lepzdostrobus and Lepidodendron.

Between the Kilburn and Black Shale coals several ironstones
were formerly worked at Morley Park, viz., the Yew-tree, Black or
Ketlands, Holly Close, and Green Close rakes, in ascending order
in a Sequence of measures overlying a thin coal 66 feet above the
Kilburn, and terminating 37 feet below the Black Shale Coal.*

The Black Shale or Clod Coal varies much in thickness and quality,
and usually consists of several beds separated by clunch or shale.
In the Denby Hall shaft a sandstone, more than 20 feet thick, and
shaly in its lower part, is met with close above the coal. The
outcrop of this rock generally makes a feature. North of the
Amber the sandstone, probably more than 40 feet thick, lies a
short distance above the coal, while more sandy beds are developed
between it and the Furnace Coal in that neighbourhood.

About 25 feet below the Furnace Coal the Nodule Rake was
worked at Morley Park.t At Salter Wood an ironstone, there
known as the Dog-tooth Rake, occurs six feet below the same coal.

The Furnace or Lower Main Coal at the Salterwood and Marehay
Main collieries has a bed of ironstone resting immediately upon
it and apparently oolitic (see p. 171). The ironstone bears Carboni-
cola acuta and some plants on its upper surface. This stone,
or another close above it,! was called the Dog-tooth Rake at
Morley Park.

A small rock a short distance above the Furnace Coal at Denby
Hall does not produce a distinct outcrop-feature south of Heage.
But from there northward it increases in prominence, and near
South Wingfield always forms a bold escarpment.

The Bottom Piper Coal of Denby Hall or Hospital Coal of Denby
Colliery, some 60 feet above the Furnace Coal, isnot worked. Iron-
stone formerly dug at the surface along the outcrop of this coal

 

* W. W. Smyth, ‘The Iron Ores of Great Britain” (Mem. Geol. Surv.),

Part L, p. 38 (1856).
+ W. W. Smyth, Joc. cit.
72 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

contains Carbonicola robusta. The Piper Coal, some 38 feet
higher, is also not raised.

The Deep Hard Goal lies about 41 feet above, and usually has a
strong sandstone just below it. In the shale and ironstone
nodules overlying the coal Carbonicola and entomostraca are
often found. The measures between the Deep Hard and Deep Soft
coals, both important seams, make no conspicuous features at the
surface, The thickness of 99 feet between these coals at Denby Hall
is unusually great, and it has been suggested that this is connected
with the presence of a wash-out (see p. 137) in the Deep Hard Coal
in that neighbourhood. The thickness of these measures is usually
about 60 feet.

The Deep Soft Coal has a soft white fireclay immediately under-
lying it, and a roof of dark shale containing Carbonicola, entomo-
straca, and Spirorbis. At Denby, south of Bottle Brook, and
again northward from Hartshay, a sandstone forms an escarpment
above this coal, but in the intermediate ground it is absent or poorly
developed. The Ell Coal and two small coals below it are not
worked. The Black Rake occurs four feet above the former.

The measures containing the Brown Rake Coal and the Cannel
Coal are illustrated by the Denby Hall section, while the upper-
most 100 feet of a new shaft at the Marehay Colliery (Butterley Co.)
should be in beds immediately above, and shows grey shale with
ironstone-bands and occasional Carbonicola; also a little black shale
at a depth of 60 feet, with layers of crushed Carbonicola and fish-
scales. Of these measures and of the remaining thickness up to
the Top Hard Coal, probably about 200 feet, very little is seen in
this district.

Comparison of the lower Coal-measures of Derbyshire with those
of North Staffordshire.

The lower part of the Coal-measures of Derbyshire corresponds
so closely with that of the Cheadle Coalfield as to justify the following
comparison :—

Cheadle Coalfield.* Thick- Derbyshire Coalfield. Thick-

ness in ness in

feet. feet.
Atrcs or STINKING CoAL, with Biack SHALE or CLop CoaL

several dirt partings. with several dirt partings.

Measures, chiefly shale, with 6 Measures, chiefly shale, with 6
small coats, the lowest 94 ft. small coats, the lowest 100 ft.
above the Woodhead Coal, about 450 above the Kilburn Coal,

about 400-420

 

* See G. Barrow, “‘ Geology of the Cheadle Coalfield” (Mem. Geol. Surv.
(1903), and “Geology of the North Staffordshire Coalfields’ (Ifem. Geol.
Surv.), Appendix IIT. (1905).
DETAILS :
Cheadle Coalfield. Thick-
ness in
feet.
Fish-bed resting on Woodhead
Coal, contains numerous
species of fish.*
WoopHEaD CoaL.
Measures, chiefly shale - 50
Woodhead Sandstones (flaggy

sandstones with shaly partings,
usually making a characteristic
escarpment of rounded contour)
about —- - -

Measures, chiefly shale, with one
or two small coaLs, about

Thin shale with calcareous nodules
and Gastrioceras carbonarium,
G. “listeri,” Orthoceras, Pterino-
pecten papyraceus, etc., resting
on—

CRABTREE COAL.

Gannister, or fine-grained pebbly
sandstone, making floor of coal.

Measures, chiefly shale, with some
sandstones, one or two small
COALS, a band of Lingula, and
below it a bed of Carbonicola
(Wetley Moor and Biddulph
Valley), increase northward
between Cheadle and the Bid-
dulph Valley from 120 to about 280

Coat.

Rough Rock or First Grit.

220

280

COAL-MEASURES.

73

Thick-

ness in
feet.

Fish-bed resting on Kilburn
Coal: most of the species
occur in the roof of the
Woodiead Coal.

KOLBURN COAL.

Measures, chiefly shale 46

Wingfield Flagstones (flaggy
sandstones with shaly part-
ings, usually making a charac-
teristic escarpment of rounded
contour) from perhaps 150-226 f

Measures, chiefly shale, with one
or two small coats 300

Thin shale with calcareous
nodules and Gastrioceras car-
bonarium, G. “‘listert,” Ortho-
ceras, Pterinopecten papyra-
ceus, etc., resting on—

ALTON CoAL.t

Gannister, floor of coal.

Derbyshire Coalfield,

Measures, chiefly shale, with
some sandstones ,one or two
small coaxs, a band of Lingula,
and below it a bed cf Car-
bonicola robusta, increase
northward from 70 to about 280

Coat.
Rough Rock or First Grit.

Further we may note the comparative scarcity of freshwater or
estuarine shells below the Winpenny (which Mr. Gibson regards
as the representative of the Woodhead in the Pottery Coalfield),
Woodhead, and Kilburn coals. While the lower measures were
known to contain two or three beds of Carbonicola in North
Staffordshire,§ no such record existed for Derbyshire, but the
new shaft of the Kilbourne Colliery (see Appendix) has demon-
strated that these lamellibranchs are quite as well represented
below the Kilburn Coal as in North Staffordshire. The general
occurrence of gannister in the lowest measures is, of course, well
known.

 

* See J. Ward, ‘“‘ The Geological Features of the North Staffordshire
Coal-fields,’’ Trans. N. Staff. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. x., p. 92 (1890): “* Con-
tributions to the Geology and Paleontology of North Staffordshire : No.
VI.—Paleontology of the Cheadle Coalfield,” Trans. N. Staff. Field Club,
vol. xl, pp. 185-136 (1905-6).

+ At the Kilbourne Colliery.

{ “Summary of Progress for 1902,” p. 12 (1903) : “ Geo!ogy of the country
around Stoke-upon-Trent”’ (Mem. Geol. Surv.), Ed. 2, p. 14 (1905).

§ W. Hind, “‘ Monograph on Carbonicola, Anthracomya, and Naiadites,”’
Part i., p. 58, Pal. Soc., vol. xlviii. (1894): “ Geology of the North Stafford-
shire Coalfields ” (Jem. Geol. Surv.), pp. 57, 81, and 308 (1905).
74 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

There is thus a very close agreement, even in detail, between
the lower strata of the Derbyshire and Cheadle coalfields, and
we may confidently correlate the Alton Coal, the Wingfield Flag-
stones and the Kilburn Coal of the former respectively with the
Crabtree Coal, the Woodhead Sandstones, and the Woodhead Coal
of the latter coalfield; while there is a strong probability also that
the Black Shale Coal is the equivalent of the Alecs Coal of Cheadle.

The Crabtree Coal of Staffordshire has long been held to be
the same as the Bullion Coal of Lancashire, and the Halifax Hard or
Cannister Coal of Yorkshire. Hull and Green noted the similarity
of succession of the lower measures of Derbyshire and Lancashire,
and correlated the Wingfield Flagstones with the Upholland Flags.*

The above comparison affords the strongest confirmatory evi-
dence of formation in one basin of deposition.

LOCAL DETAILS.

Coal-measures up to the Kilburn Coal.—In the south a coal-seam,f
evidently the ‘‘ Belperlawn,” cropping out by the roadside 400 yards
north-west of Brackley Gate, was once dug with its underclay in
the field on the north side. A trial shaft 120 yards from the
road passed through 30 or 40 feet: of shale above the coal, which
seems to lie close above the Rough Rock, against which it must
be faulted on the west. A feature indicates a sandstone-bed just
above the shale.

Further east, by Cloveshill Lane, Smalley, the shaft of the
Heanor Water-works proved a sequence of strata agreeing closely
with the lower part of the succession in the Kilbourne shaft (see
Appendix), as noted by Mr. Fryar. But the thickness of the
measures below the Alton Coal is slightly less (68 feet) at Smalley.
The principal data of this section are as follows :—

Sucrion oF THE HEANOR WaTER-WORKS SHAFT, SMALLEY (CONDENSED).

Character of Strata. Thickness.
Ft. in.
Blue and black shales 78 il
Navucaton Coan 1 10
Shale with thin coal at bottom - 2 27
Sandstone and canky rock 18 5
Shale 87 3
Coat [Atton] - 2 5
Clunch and bind 20 #1
Coat, with 1 ft. rock parting 31
Gannister and bind - 9 6
Batt and coAL - - b 1. «6
Bind and clunch with 4-inch coat in the middle 30 11
Batt and inferior coat [‘‘ BrLpERLAWN” Coat] 2 O
Sandstone, millstone grit, and gritty sandstone
{Rough Rock] - = 106 8
Hard marl and shale 45 O
Total 435 0

 

* “ Explanation of Horizontal Sections, Sheet 60” (Mem. Geol. Surv.), p. 3
(1869). ;

+ “Geology of the Carboniferous Limestone, Yoredale Rocks, and Mill-
stone Grit of North Derbyshire ” (Mem. Geol. Surv.), Eid. 2, p. 89 (1887).
DETAILS : COAL-MEASUBES. 75

The sandstone and the gannister below the Naughton and
the 3 feet 11 inches coal respectively can be recognized at the sur-
face, as well as the outcrop of the latter coal in Cloveshill Lane.

The ground falls rapidly northward with the dip to the Park
Brook, beyond which a ridge runs above Horsley Lodge north of
west, and marks the outcrop of the Wingfield Flagstones.

West of the Horsley Fault one or more sandstone-beds make
a sharp rise not far above the Rough Rock, while Horsley Church
stands on the higher escarpment of the Wingfield Flagstones,
cut off east and north by the fault. In the valley of Bottle Brook,
on the east side of the road to Kilbourne, the outcrop of the “ Belper-
lawn” Coal has been proved, as also that of a higher seam a
little further north.*

West of the brook the “ Belperlawn ” Coal crops out by the road
at Netherlea, south of Holbrook, and can be traced at intervals
for a mile northward. In Stony Lane running east from Holbrook,
in excavations for the sewage-works, the same coal was three or
four feet thick, under shale and above white “ clunch.” Thin beds
of coarse grit occurred a short distance above it. Eastward to
the new sewage-tank the measures consist of shale with ironstone
nodules and a nine-foot bed of rather coarse sandstone. At the
tank a section showed grey marl and shale with thin bands of
gannister. A thin weathered coal was found a few yards to the east,
whence the measures, with a slight easterly dip, consist of shale to
the railway. Farey mentions the working of the Alton Coal or
the seam below it (“ 3rd Coal ’’), a third of a mile east of Holbrook.

Further north the old Muddy Island Shaft, 270 yards south of
the small stream Ben’s Well Water, and 100 yards west of the
railway, is believed to have worked a three-foot seam, probably
the “ Belperlawn”’ Coal, at a depth of 40 yards. Immediately north
of Locko Wood this coal was dug at the surface. A little further
on the Horsley Fault throws down the lowest measures.

The lower part of the Wingfield Flagstones is faulted against
the Coxbench Grit at Openwoodgate, and an old shaft worked the
“3rd” (Alton ?) Coal, according to Farey.t The flagstone-group,
here split into several sandy members, becomes difficult to define
both at top and bottom; yet even here its lower part makes a
strong feature. The wide divergence of this feature from the
outcrop of the Kilburn Coal near the fault suggests a flattening
of the strata.

At Whitemoor, on the north side of Whitemoor Lane, just east
of the Horsley Fault, was the old Nibble and Clink Colliery.§ Here

 

* Information by Mr. C. P. Proctor.

+ “General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire,” vol. i.,
p. 201 (1811).

t Op. cit., p. 206.

§ Information about these old workings was supplied by Mr. M. Fryar,
of Denby Colliery from records based on the evidence of an old miner.
76 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

an upper coal, 3 feet 3 inches thick, lies at a depth of 22 yards, the
same distance above a lower seam (“Belperlawn”’ Coal) four feet
thick. A level course in the latter coal runs north-north-west from
this colliery to the old Belperlawn Colliery,* situate behind Farlawn,
on the outcrop of the coal. Here also the lower coal, the seam
chiefly worked at the two collieries, had a thickness of about four
feet.

A coal-seam was cut open recently to a depth of 1 foot 8 inches
in the road from Kilbourne at Whitemoor about 150 yards south-
east of the school. In Whitemoor Lane to the north the same
coal was said to be overlain by four or five inches of gannister with
carbonaceous shale above.t No fossils occurred at either locality.
The seam may be expected to be the one below the Alton Coal
in the railway at Bullbridge. Calculating from the position of
the bottom coal at the Nibble and Clink Colliery, and the resultant
dip, we may estimate the seam at Whitemoor as a little more than
200 feet above the Rough Rock.

Northward from the Belperlawn Colliery old shafts indicate the
“ Belperlawn”’ Coal and the overlying seam, while the dip-slope of the
Rough Rock and other evidence closely fix the outcrop of the lower
coal as far as the Gun Lane Colliery, where the position of both
seams is proved.

North of Openwoodgate the bold feature of the Wingfield Flag-
stones consists of several smaller escarpments, which tend to coalesce
northward, until the whole consists of two distinct ridges, the
upper sometimes dying down. In the road to Hartshay at Heage
we find some evidence of a coal immediately under the lowest
sandstone.

In the valley from Whitemoor to Heage irregular sandstone-
ridges and glimpses of shale in the streams give no clue to the
sequence. There are indications of the working of a coal at Nether
Heage close to the junction of the two roads west of the brook.
The Alton Seam no doubt crops out about here. Farey mentions
this and a point further south (‘“‘ Heage-bent, west and south-west
of the town ’”) as places where the “ 3rd coal ” was obtained.t

At Ridgeway the lowest measures are let down by a fault, cutting
out the Rough Rock (see p. 137). Yet they rise into a prominent
hill north of the stream, owing to the strong development of sand-
stones below the Alton Coal and the increasng uplift in the flank of
the anticline (see p. 132). The feature made by the lower of these
sandstones continues north of the Amber and is then lost. through
faulting. The Alton Coal forms an inlier in the brick-pit at Bull-
bridge, its final outcrop lying a little further west (see Fig. 3, p. 65).
Its roof of pyritous shale, with calcareous and pyritous nodules,

* Information about these old workings was supplied by Mr. M. Fr f
Denby Colliery, from records based on the evidence of te old miner. oe

T Information by Mr. T. Fenn, Sen., foreman of the sewerage works.

{ “General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyhire,” vol. i
p. 200 (1811). 2
DETAILS : COAL-MEASURES. 17

is well exposed in the brick-pit, which affords the only favourable
opportunity in the district for studying the abundant marine
fauna of this horizon.

From Heage the Wingfield Flagstones run northward to the
Amber and reach their greatest development as a physical feature
(see Fig. 3). The railway exhibits nearly the whole sequence,
and there are suggestions of a coal at the base.

A small part of the sequence between the Alton Coal and the
Wingfield Flagstones is exposed in the North Midland branch of
the railway at Wingfield Park. Here west of the tunnel beds of
gannister alternate with softer sandstone and shale, while east of
it a six-inch cannel lies two feet above the highest gannister seen.

The Wingfield Flagstones reappear in the park in a conspicuous
hill with two peaks, probably faulted. A smaller feature on the
dip-slope seems to correspond with that of the upper beds of the
group at Buckland Hollow. The flagstones bend abruptly from
a northward to an eastward course of outcrop in the park, and
immediately re-cross the Amber, making a bold ridge for a short
distance on its east side. Returning again to the north bank
almost immediately, they form Coalburn Hill, and continue north-
ward as the ridge on which Wingfield Manor, Wingfield Hall, and
the village of South Wingfield all stand. In the road north of the
hall there is further evidence of a coal immediately below the
flagstones.

Coal-measures from the Kilburn Coal to the Top Hard Coal.—The
outcrop of the Kilburn Coal, entering the district from the south-
east, traverses the high ground south of Horsley Woodhouse below
a feature due to the Kilburn Rock. Beyond a stream the coal
was proved at a depth of 20 yards in Golden Valley. Its position
at the surface could not be traced westward, but at the Horsley
Colliery it comes within five yards of the surface, dipping locally
west of north. It is said not to crop out immediately. The over-
lying measures at Horsley Colliery are as follows* :—

.Ft. in.
Rock 27 0
White bind 12 ft. to 10 6
Blue bind with thin fish-bed at bottom 10 ft. 6 in. to 12 0
Kitzurn Coat, with one-inch parting in lower part 5 1

Farey records the former working of the Kilburn (“4th”)
Coal a quarter of a mile north-east of Horsley Church, and at
Slackfields, half a mile east of Horsley. In the shaft of the Kil-
bourne Colliery this coal lies at a depth of 387 feet. It is thrown
out west of Horsley by the Horsley Fault.

Northward from the Horsley Colliery the ground rises to the
ridge at Horsley Woodhouse, formed by the sandstone below the

 

* Information by Mr. Hall.
+ “General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire,” vol. i.,

pp. 201, 209 (1811)
78 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

Mickley Coal, which crops out at the foot of the northerly slope.
The sandstone-ridge runs to Kilbourne, where it is broken by faults.

From Horsley Woodhouse the ground falls northward with the
dip to a brook, the Black Shale Coal cropping out beyond, not far
below a sandstone. Nearly 550 yards east of Bottle Brook Houses
blue shale with ironstones and a large Carbonicola contains a bed
of sandy shale with cone-in-cone structure, on a horizon close to
the Furnace Coal.

From Bottle Brook the sandstone above the Black Shale Coal
crosses Rykneld Street north-westward to the Denby Iron-works,
and makes a prominent feature, a smaller sandstone coming on
above. The outcrop of the Furnace Coal is proved further east,
while that of the Deep Hard was seen in a ditch by the footpath
to Denby, the underlying sandstone forming a scarp. The Soft
Coal crops out below a sandstone curving northward to the brook
east of Denby Station, while the Ell Coal rises to the surface
behind the pottery.

West of Kilbourne Station the Kilburn Coal and Rock reappear
at the surface, with easterly dip, the rock making a conspicuous
hill at Mount Pleasant. The feature, intersected by a stream,
continues northward (see Wig. 4, p. 66) by Openwood through
Heage. At Cinderhill, near Kilbourne, débris of shale dug at
the surface just above the Kilburn Rock contained Carbonicola.

The measures between the Kilburn Rock and the sandstone
below the Mickley Coal are seldom seen, but Maddocks’ Brick-pit
at Rowson Green displays a small part of this sequence :—

Ft. in.
Blue shale with fish-scales and few ironstone nodules 9 0
Coan 20
Grey fireclay seen for 1 foot, said to be 5 0
Blue marl, about 3 0
Layer of large ironstone nodules 0 6
Blue shaly mar] and marly shale with ironstone band and layers of
nodules - 11
Total 30 0

In the floor of the pit a little lower is a bed of hard ferruginous
marl with cone-in-cone structure on a large scale. The coal is one
ot the next two seams below the Mickley Coal in the Denby Hall
section—probably the lower.

About 100 yards to the east the sandstone below the Mickley
Seam makes a small feature and can be traced northward. The
northern part of the clay-pit at Denby Colliery shows the strata
for a distance of 30 feet or more below the Black Shale Coal, which
crops out in the north-east corner of the pit. Ironstone nodules
DETAILS : COAL-MEASURES. 19

in the lower beds contain plant-remains (see p. 101). In the more
northerly shaft at Denby Colliery the above coal is at a depth of
six feet, the Kilburn at 480 feet (see Fig. 4, p. 66).

The rock above the Black Shale Coal is seen in the railway at the
colliery and makes a feature northward, until intersected by a
fault.

The Furnace Coal has been proved at the surface a short distance
east of the colliery.

Further east the Hospital Coal can be traced by the surface-
workings of associated ironstone, with Carbonicola robusta. The
sandstone below the Deep Hard Coal comes on under High Park
Farm, and can be followed northward to Morley Park.

The Deep Hard Coal is said to lie at a depth of 16 feet in a well
by the roadside south-east of this farm.

The Deep Soft Coal crops out south and west of Salter Wood,
and the underclay is dug at the surface. A section 150 yards
south of Salterwood Farm shows the following beds :—

e

RPONFWOCCOOrF:

Soil -

Light grey mar

Inconstant ironstone band

Light grey shaly marl

Ironstone band

Dark shale with entomostraca, Carbonicola, and Spirorbis
Deer Sort CoaL -

Soft dark shaly marl with coal-films

Soft white fireclay with small scattered ironstone nodules, about
Thin bands of dark coaly shale and white marl

Soft white fireclay, seen for

e

OCwNooONONANSOS

The ironstone of oolitic appearance, two inches thick on the top
of the Furnace Coal at Salterwood Colliery, is described fully on
p. 171. Its uneven upper surface bears numerous specimens of
Carbonicola acuta, fragments of plants, and markings in relief
suggestive of worm-casts. At Marehay Main Colliery, a mile further
north, it varies in thickness from two to six inches or more. The
upper part is seen there to be a distinct layer, sometimes separated
from the oolitic lower part by a thin marl parting.

In the shaft near the engine-house at Salterwood Colliery the
Lower Hard Coal lies 270 feet deep. On the north-west side of the
shaft this coal is absent throughout a belt of ground, here approxi-
mately 300 yards wide, for a great distance in a north-easteriy
direction. This “ wash-out” is known as the Dumb Fault (see
p- 137). As the coal approaches it from the south-east, it thickens
in a remarkable manner within a horizontal distance of about 40
80 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

yards. A normal section of the seam at this colliery is compared
below with one of the abnormally thick coal :—

Szctions or tar Lower Harp Coat at SALTERWOOD CoLLIERY.*

 

(b) ABNORMAL SECTION aT WELL BY
(a) Norma SECTION. PuLsoMETER IN Main Roan,
LowrErR Harp LEvEL.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total thickness from top to bottom of seam - 3

Character of Strata. aig Character of Strata. aes,
Ft. in. | Ft. in
Blue binds - 9 ft. to) 12 0 | Grey rock roof, about 2 6
“Gees”? (impure cannel)-| 0 3 | “ Gees”. - - 0 3
Soft bright coal + 1 3 | Soft bright coal 1 3
Hard coal - - 3 4 | Hardcoal - , 4 4
Bottom soft coal 1 7 | Soft bright coal - | 1 8
“ Scuds ” (inferior coal) 0 @ Dirt (soft blue shaly marl with
Clunch- - - 0 8 thin layers of coal) 4 010
White rock floor — Soft bright coal | 0 5
——— | Dirt (soft grey shale) 0 3
Total thickness of coal 7 “ Gees ”’ (thins away a few feet
to west) 1 0 3
Soft bright coal ; 1 Qh
“* Gees ” - j 0 23
Soft bright coal + O 64
Hard coal - 4 0%
ce Gees a 0 3
Soft bright coal 1 3
Hard coal | 7 0
Soft bright coal 0 8
Black bat (holing) - 0 2
“ Seuds ”’ | 0 10
Clunch - | 0 2
Rock, about - | 20
|

 

North of Salter Wood, beyond the wash-out, a shaft (New Shaft,
Salterwood Top Colliery) has lately been sunk, the Soft Coal being
294 feet deep in it.

At Marehay Main Colliery, where the dip is south-easterly at
about five degrees, the depths to the principal coals in No. 1 Shaft
are given in feet, as follows :—

Sorr - 390
Harp - - 462
Low Main (Furnace) 648
SILKSTONE (BLACK SHALE) 780
Kinpurn 1,218

West of this colliery, to the outcrop of the Kilburn Rock, the
ground is almost featureless, partly owing to the number of small

* Information by Mr. C. P. Proctor.

 
DETAILS : COAL-MEASURES. 81

north-westerly faults and partly perhaps to a weakening of the
few persistent beds of sandstone. Nevertheless, the absence of
drift enables us to determine the slight variations of strike by
the succession of low ridges and shallow troughs.

North of Heage the Kilburn Coal has been worked near its out-
crop by a shaft close to the rectory, and a little further east by
the disused Bondlands Colliery.

By the stream south of the eastward road at Heage, a trial digging
recently exposed the Black Shale Coal, showing the usual alterna-
tions of coal and clay, with six feet of shale above containing occa-
sional calamites. The outcrop strikes northward below a small
sandstone-feature, while another under Hartshay House marks the
rock above the Furnace Coal, and a third further east, at the
branching of the roads at Upper Hartshay, shows that above the
Deep Soft Coal. A few yards further west an old shaft reached
the Deep Hard Coal 27 feet down.

At the Marehay Colliery (Butterley Co.) the last-named coal is
at 435 feet in No. 1 Pit and at 342 feet in an old shaft a little further
west.

At the Hartshay Colliery, on the northward slope, the Deep
Soft Coal is at a depth of 225 feet.

North of the Porters Barn Fault, evidently dying out westward,
the Kilburn Coal is but slightly displaced. The Kilburn Rock
‘runs with a good feature down to the railway east of Buckland
Hollow, and is seen in the cutting.

Further east the Furnace Coal and the overlying rock appear in
the mineral line at Lower Hartshay, west of Bridle Lane, close to
which on the south side of the valley the old Ambergate Silkstone
Colliery worked the Silkstone Coal. The section of the seam is there
as follows* :—

Ft. in.
Roof, soft blue bind —

Coa - - - 28
Clunch - 3410
CoaL - = - # 1.8
Clunch - - 010
CoaL - - - 02
Partings - - - - O01
Coat - - - 211
Clunch - : . - - 0 8
Coau (TINKERS) - - 011
Clunch - - - 0 4
Coau < - - - = 22
Bat ; : 2 3 0 6

Total - Coal, 10 ft. ; Clunch, 6 ft. 3 in.

In the railway north of Lower Hartshay the Furnace Coal and the
overlying sandstone are seen again, striking northward for a short
distance before the outcrops sweep round to north-east. About

* Information by Mr. G. E. Coke.
8789. F

 
89 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

100 yards east of the George Inn the old Ripley Spelter Colliery
mined the Furnace Coal at a depth of 60 feet, the section being as
follows* :—

Ft. in.

Soil and clay - - - - 6 0
Bind - : = : . : . 5 0
Blue bind - + - #« B®
Strong stone - - 13 0
Grey rock - - 18 0
FurNAcE Coa - = 8 4 0

East of the outcrop of this coal the railway-cutting showed a
one-foot seam of coal at a higher horizon with a grey marl parting
and a floor of light grey marl, below six inches of similar marl under
yellow flags. These beds strike locally along the railway.

Tn an old shaft on the south side of the canal at the Ripley Sewage
Farm, north-west of Ripley, the Deep Soft Coal is at a depth of 54
feet. In another 130 yards further west, on the north bank of the
canal the Deep Hard lies 60 feet down.

Northward the outcrop of the Kilburn Coal must run by the east
side of Wingfield Park and close to Amberley Farm. It must
shortly cross the Amber and crop out on the lower eastward slope
of the ridge of the Wingfield Flagstones, for it has been proved
close to the school at South Wingfield (Sheet 112).

East of the Amber, from Lower Hartshay northward, the group
of sandstones between the Black Shale and Ell coals shows promi-
nently in more or less persistent crescentic ridges. The Furnace
Coal was worked by a “ footrill” and several old shafts at Pentrich
Lane. The sandstone above the Black Shale Coal makes a
strong feature, and is quarried near Coneygrey House.

The Furnace Coal, cropping out on elevated ground, below the
escarpment of the overlying rock, can be traced almost continuously.
There is some suggestion that this rock separates further from
the coal northward. A shaft 300 yards south-by-east of Coneygrey
House reached the coal at a depth of 90 feet. In Shaw Wood numer-
ous trial pits mark the outcrop beyond the border of the map.

The Deep Hard Coal, having as usual a sandstone below but no
strong rock above it, crops out along a drainage-valley. The
coal was exposed in the bottom of this valley, 400 yards south-:
east of Coneygrey House, the overlying shales containing entomos-
traca in ironstone nodules.

The sandstone above the Deep Soft Coal makes the highest and
most continuous ridge, and the coal lies apparently just below the
rock. Upon, and east of, the ridge numerous shafts reached the
Deep Hard Coal at depths ranging from 100 to 250 feet. At the
foot of the escarpment northward of Coneygrey House; coal, iron-
stone, and shale with Carbonicola acuta and entomostraca, are seen
at intervals in old diggings ; while below the dip-slope north of Pen-

trich, old workings indicate the outcrop of the Ell Coal and the
Black Rake.

* Information by Mr. G. E. Coke.
DETAILS : COAL-MEASURES.,

83

At the Oakerthorpe Colliery, just outside the map, the Tupton
(Furnace) Coal lies at a depth of 135 feet, the Black Shale at 324 feet.
The Kilburn was recently proved 450 feet lower, the beds dipping
east-south-east at ten degrees.

Thickness and Nature of Coals at Different Collieries.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CoLLIERY. SEAM. THICKNESS. Se OF  |Roor & Fioor.
EAM.
Ft. in.
Marehay Main] Ell = Not worked.
(Messrs. Fords,| Soft _ Worked out
Ltd.)* Hard _— earlier.

Low Main 4 4 House and gas ;
(Furnace) fairly good coal,
but soft; the
wholethickness

of seam used.

Silkstone 1l 0 In7 or 8 layers ;

(Black Shale) | (including | not worked;

dirt part- | very poor coal
ings=half | and much sub-
the thick- | ject to gob-
ness) fires.

Kilburn Asat Denby] As at Denby.

Salterwood | EIl 2 10 At New Shaft,

(Denby Coal & SalterwoodTop

fron Co.)t Colliery; not
worked,

Soft 5 0 Best house.

Lower Hard 7 1 Soft parts, in-

with ferior house,

(for details see| partings, | burning to

p- 80) to white ash; hard
25 5 parts all good
with part- steam and fur-
ings(excep- | nace coal.
tionally)

Furnace, 4 2 Roof, blue
bind on 2-in.
ironstone.

Floor, soft
holing, 2-in. -
clunch (hard
gritty grey

consisting of:— marl), 2 ft.
Jerries 09 First class soft
house.
Hard List 0 3 Good house
_ (bard).
Softs 2 10 1 ft. 8 in. at top,
good house; the
rest inferior.
Hard List 0 4 Good house
(hard).
* Information by Mr. C. Lawton.
+ Information by Mr. C. P. Proctor.
8789, F2
84

UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

Thickness and Nature of Coals at Different Collieries—continued.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

COLLIERY. SEAM. THICKNESS. a oF | Roor & FLoor
Denby * Black Shale, 4 84 | Quality not yet
(at New proved.
Winnings
consisting of:—| Shaft)
Coal 1 54
Clod 0 3}
Coal 2 44
Coal 07
Mickley 27 House ; not yet
worked.
Kilburn 4 9 Best house.
consisting of:—
Coal 3.9
paleo 0 4
Coal 1 0
Horsley +. | Kilburn, 5 0 Good house.
consisting of:—
Chief coal 4 0
Sloom part- 01
| ing
Floor coal 1 0
Gun Lane,-{ | Belperlawn 2 6
Nether Heage | (locally Nor- to
(ceased ton) 6 0
working) (exception-
ally)
Belperlawn,§ | Belperlawn 4 0 Good coal.
near Belper ?
(disused)
Nibble &: | Top seam 3.3 Said to be not
Clink,§ to very good coal,
White moor 3 4 burning with
(disused) much black ash.
Belperlawn 4 0 Said to be good | Roof, strong
bright coal, | bind.
burning well,
with brown ash.
Muddy Island | Belperlawn ? 3.02
Shaft, Hol-
brook (disused)

 

* Information by Mr. Mark Fryar.
+ Information by Mr. Hall.

t Intormation by Messrs. Thorpe & Beecrott.
§ Information by Mr. Mark Fryar.
DETAILS : COAL-MEASURES. 85

THE EREWASH VALLEY.
(By W. Ginson.)

The Erewash Valley runs through the central portion of the
coalfield. On either side numerous collieries, mining towns and
villages, attest the presence of a prosperous industry. In former
years the coal was conveyed to market by a system of canals,
but to-day by a plexus of railway lines. Except in the extreme
north, the river forms a convenient boundary line. On the west
side coal-mining is restricted to the seams below the Top Hard
Coal; while on the east side considerable areas of this coal remain
untouched, and still larger areas of the lower coals stand outside
the zone of exhaustion.

Owing to subsidiary folding the dip on the western side does not
remain constant. In the south-west it is to the north. Around
Shipley, Heanor, Ripley and Swanwick, a shallow syncline breaks
the general easterly dip; while between Trowell and Langley
Mills and at Codnor Park and Riddings, a somewhat sharp anticline
disguises the general synclinal structure. On the east side of the
valley the inclination varies from north-east to north-east by
east, and remains fairly constant.

A general absence of physical features characterises the area as
a whole with a consequent almost total lack of natural sections.
Coal mines, however, honeycomb the district and furnish exact
information,

Measures below the Top Hard Coal.

Stanton and Dale.—Numerous pits and spoil heaps of open-cast
workings alone remain as witnesses of the former extensive ex-
traction of local ironstone. The Hagg Rake, Honeycroft Rake and
Dale Moor Rake, were in much request during the early portion
and middle of last century. The Stanton Iron-works then used
these local ores, but those of Mesozoic age are now imported. The
nodules of ironstone forming the rakes yielded numerous remains
of plants and fishes (Rhizodopsis sauroides, Celacanthus elegans,
Platysomus tenuistriatus) a shoal of the last having apparently
been met with in the Dale Moor Rake. The Dale Moor Rake and as-
sociated shales with a thin seam of coal are to be seen in the open-
cast workings north of Grove Farm; the Honeycroft Rakes and
shales in some old excavations near Stanton Bridge, where the
main road from New Stanton to Little Ha‘lam crosses the canal.
86 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

The Hagg Rake and the Hagg Coal (Kilburn Coal) and shales con-
taining fish remains, are clearly exhibited in the quarries near the
mineral line south of Ladywood Farm. The Kilburn Coal, over
five feet thick, and the shales and clays above crop out in the quarry
near Dale Abbey Colliery. About 70 feet above the Kilburn Coal
at Dale Abbey a massive but rapidly disintegrating red sandstone
can be traced along the summit of the ridge from the sand-pit near
the Hagg to Ladywood. It has been quarried at Dale Windmill
and north of the road near the Hagg sand-pit. At Ladywood the
outcrop is thrown an unknown distance to the south-east by a
fault, and is probably again thrown to the south-east, first by the
Lowcote Fault (p. 146) and again by the Ilkeston Fault (p. 147).

Between Dale and Morley, The Hagg (Kilburn) Coal has been
traced at intervals. The red sandstone above has been extensively
quarried by the road side near the Manor Farm.

The only pits working the Kilburn Coal are those of the
Dale Abbey and Derby Kilburn collieries, both winning the seam
by levels starting on the outcrop at the old Dale Abbey Colliery.
At 400 yards south-east of Ladywood Farm the Kilburn Coal is
at a depth of 40 yards. The seam consists of :—Top Coal, 2 ft.
3 in.; Middle Coal, 2 ft.; Bottom Coal, 1 ft. 3 in.

At Dale Abbey the Kilburn Coal is made up of the following
constituents* :—

Ft. in.
Top Coal - - 20
Middle Coal - - - 20
Bottom Coal = 2 ‘ 18

At the abandoned Kirk Hallam Colliery the Kilburn Coal lies 82
yards below the surface.

Itkeston, Shipley and Heanor.—A shallow local syncline forms a
well-defined area between Heanor on the north and Ilkeston on the
south. On the east and west the syncline is bounded by faults
(p. 146). The centre of the syncline lies near Marlpool Railway
Station. Within the trough all the seams from the Top Hard to
the Kilburn occur, but it is only near the centre of the syncline and
along the southern margin that the Kilburn Coal has been exten-
sively worked. The Shipley Colliery (Kilburn Pit), reaches this
seam at 487 yards beneath the surface: the Manners Colliery at
380 yards, and the Oakwell Pits at 230 yards.

The following section gives the depth to the chief seams a
Shipley.

 

* From Mr. W. Fowler.
DETAILS ; COAL-MEASURES,

SECTION OF THE KiLBuRN Prt, Sutptey COLLIERY.

(From Mr. C. S. Sebastian Smith.)

87

 

 

Character of Strata. Thickness.| Depth.
Ft. in. Ft. in.
Measures. 2
CoaL S 2 - - = - 2 0 68 0
Measures.
CoaL - - - - - : 20 102 2
Measures.
OoaL - - - - - - - 1 6 105 8
Measures.
Top Harp Coat and gob - - - - - 5 6 lll 0
Measures.
Dunst Coan - - - - - - - 2 7 161 0
Measures.
WATERLOO CoaL - - - . - - 211 262 6
Measures.
CoaL - - - - - - - 2 0 305 0
Measures.
CoaL - 2 - - . - - - 20 343 6
Measures.
Coa - - - : ” : - : 2 6 404 10
Measures.
Mar Sort Coat - - : - - - 4 0 652 11
Measures.
Harp Ooan - - : - - : - 3 0 705 11
Measures.
Preer Coan : - - - - - - 4 0 745 11
Measures.
CoaL - - - - : - : - 2 0 812 3
Measures.
Furnace Coat - : : - - : - 3 6 870 9
Measures.
Doa-tootH CoaL - - - - - 2 0 882 9
Measures. .
Brack SHALE OoAt (mixed) - - : - 5 9 1039 0
Measures.
CoaL - - - - - - - 20 1142 4
Measures.
Coan - - - - - - - - 20 1153 4
Measures.
KILBURN CoAL - - - : - - - 4 6 1463 4

 

 

 

The lowest portion of the sequence visible at the surface consists
of the measures associated with the Deep Soft, Deep Hard and Furnace
coals. Since the accompanying clays and marls form valuable
deposits they are being excavated near the Oakwell Pits and
88 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

on the east side of Ilkeston Town. In the Brick-pits south of
Ikeston Mill the following section occurs :—

5

White clay - -

Yellow and black shales -

Ironstone with Carbonicola

Black shales

Coal -

Grey marls

Thin flags and bands of grey marl

Grey ironstone - -

Black papery shale, ironstone band in middle -
Grey marl

_

waKronRocoune
conscoancoo

The depth to the Deep Soft Coal in the disused Grove Colliery,
200 yards to the south-east or in the direction of general rise, is
7 yards, and in the abandoned Carr Close Colliery, 250 yards to
the west of the brick-pits, the depth to the same seam is 56 yards.

The brick-pits near the Oakwell Colliery are in measures associated
with the Furnace or Tupton Coal, which lies 40 yards below the
surface in an old shaft situated 50 yards to the north of the ex-
cavation, the inclination of the strata falling at a rate of 1 in 3
between the marl-pit and this old shaft. Two seams of coal are
visible in this marl-pit, one near the top, and another, locally
considered to be the Furnace Coal, in the floor. The lowest seam
has a gannister bed beneath it.

The section of the Piper Coal at the old Park Colliery, Ilkeston,
gave:—Soft Coal, 2 ft.; Hard Coal, 2 ft.

The Great Northern Railway at Ilkeston Station cuts through
the measures about 1,050 feet above the Kilburn Coal, or about
250 feet above the horizon of the Main Soft Coal, which is 336
feet deep in the Manners Colliery. They consist of grey and black
shales with thin bands of grit.

The Waterloo Coal and the shales above are being excavated
ina pit about one quarter of a mile south of Langley Village. This
seam lies 46 yards beneath the surface in the abandoned shafts
of the Peacock Colliery, and at a depth of 38 yards in the Nut-
brook Colliery, and 87 yards in the shafts of the Woodside Pits.

At Loscoe Grange, a marl-pit, about one half a mile north-wes’ of
Heanor Station (Midland Railway), gives the following section at,
about the same horizon :—

White clay ; 4 E 0
Coan - - - - - - I 0

Dark clay - : - - : 2 6
_ Grey mar! with ironstone nodules : %- ITO
Coan - - - - 3 6

Fireclay  - a si 2 5 ; é
DETAILS : COAL-MEASURES. 89

Mapperley District.—In this district there are few surface ex-
posures, and for information we depend upon the shafts and
workings of the West Hallam and Mapperley collieries.

The following table gives the depth in yards to the chief seams
at these collieries :—

DrptHs To THE CHIEF Srams, Marrertey District.

 

Mapperley| Stanley | W. Hallam

 

Pits. Pits. Pits.
Ell Coal - 120 — —
Soft Coal 125 — 106
Deep Hard Coal 133 — 125
Piper Coal 158 — 137
Furnace (Tupton) Coal 196 8 174
Black Shale Coal 248 36 _—
Cannel Coal - 358 102 =
Kilburn Coal 393 2A 377

 

The Kilburn Coal with its overlying sandstone crops out near
Morley Hays Farm and can be traced northward for about one
quarter of a mile. The rock is also cut through in the by-road
to Morley Park Farm to the south of Morley Hays. At West
Hallam Colliery the seam is made up of the following parts* :—

Ft. in.
Duns 1 0
Bat o me
Coal 3.4
Fireclay 0 3
Bottom Coal 1 0
Fireclay @ 2

A good exposure of the measures about the horizon of the Silk-
stone Coal is afforded by the railway cuttings to the west of West
Hallam Station. In that part of the section where the road from
Stanley village crosses the line, nodules of ironstone underlying a
seam of coal, probably the Silkstone, contain Anthracomya sp.

Several small seams from six inches to two feet in thickness crop
out in the small stream flowing past Whitehouse Farm. Their
horizon is a few feet above and below the Waterloo Coa’. Two
thin seams also crop out in the stream flowing into Mapperley
Reservoir. A little north of the road crossing this stream a small
local anticline becomes visible.

Denby and Ripley Synclines.—Between Mapperley and Denby
a belt of ground about a mile broad containing the villages of
Woodhouse and Smalley intervenes. Of this there is very little

 

*From Mr. 'T. Williamson.
99 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

information to be obtained either at the surface or underground.
An old “sough” 1,000 yards south-east of Flamstead House
shows the measures to be inclined eastward at 94 degrees, the
Hard Coal being about 96 yards beneath the surface. There
are indications of old workings immediately to the west of Carring-
ton Coppice. In the stream flowing south of Flamstead Farm
towards Denby grey flags and shales are seen dipping to the north,
showing that we have reached the outskirts of the Denby syncline.
In the stream to the north exposures are more continuous. The
dip is again to the north. Around Denby sections are poor. The
Deep Hard Coal is stated to crop out in the churchyard, and old
workings on this coal exist on the south and north of the main
road.

The depths to the chief coals are given in the following section
of the Denby Colliery :—

SEcTION oF THE New WINNINGS SHaFrt, DENBY COLLIERY.
(From Mr. M. Fryar.)

 

 

 

Character of Strata. Thickness. | Depth.
Ft. in. Ft. in.
Measures.
Sorr Coa - - - 3°47 44 5
Measures.
Harp Coan - - - : - 5 0 145 74
Measures.
Prrer CoaL - - - : : - - 6 44 196 1
Measures.
HospitaL CoaL - - : . : : - 2 2 230 32
Measures.
FURNACE CoaL - - . - : . 4 2 316 62
Measures.
Brack SHALE or SILKSTONE Coa4L 2 94 454 9}
Measures.
CoaL - - - - - - - 24 3
Measures. oe
CoaL - - - - . . 2
Measures. Ht ee
KingurN GoaL - - - - - - 5 1 872 64

 

 

Between Denby Common and Ripley Town, the depths in feet
to the Deep Soft Coal is given by the following pits—Old shaft
near Denby Common Farm, 210; Old shaft near the Bushes Farm
171; Denby Hall Colliery, 231; Whiteley Pits, 342; Ripley
Colliery, 489.

South of the Waingroves Colliery, in which the Deep Hard in
the shafts is 100 yards from the surface, the mineral line cuts
through some flaggy sandstones, overlying a coal one foot thick.
The shales at a slightly higher horizon have been quarried for
brick-making near the village of Waingroves.
DETAILS : COAL-MEASURES.

91

The following section gives the depths to the seams a little north
of Ripley and near the Butterley Iron-works :—

Section oF Branp’s CoLLiery.*

 

 

Character of Strata. Thickness.| Depth.
Ft. in. Ft. in.
Measures.
WaTERLOO CoaL - - - - - - 2 6 92 8
Measures.
KENNEL CoaL - : - : - - - 1 4 113 6
Measures.
Tunnet Coat - - - - - - - 1 5 140 6
Measures.
CoaL - - - - - - - 2 0 193 2}
Measures.
KENNEL CoaL - - - - - - - 1 5 293 24
Measures
Ext Coan - - - - - 21 451 5}
Measures.
Sort Coan - - - - eee 3 6 493 9}
Measures.
Harp CoaL - -— - eo - - 3 11 568 14
Measures.
Preer Coat - - - - - - 2 3 635 44
Measures.
Furnace Coan - - - - - 4 0 775 0%
Measures.
Yarp CoaL~- - - - - - 3 0 897 8}
Measures.
Crop CoaL - - - - - - 54 919 7h

 

 

 

At Denby, the Deep Hard Coal is subjected to an extensive
‘‘wash-out”’ or “dumb fault’? which has been traced by Mr.
Elmsley Coke to near Alfreton, beyond the northern limit of the
present map. Its width varies from 200 to 500 yards (see below,

p. 138).

Swanwick and Somercotes.—The Ripley syncline (p. 141) is
continued across the Cromford Valley Fault (p. 143).
Shafts of the Swanwick Collieries are situated toward the centre of
this portion of the trough, and prove the seams at the following

depthst :—
Thickness.

Ft. in.
Coombe Coal - - 2 10
Top Hard Coal - ta
Dunsil Coal - - : 3.464
Waterloo Coal - - 5 4
Ell Coal - - 1 1
Main Soft Coal - 4 0
Deep Hard Coal - - - 4 47

Depth.
Ft. in.
195 0
253 4
295 11
410 9
780 0
886 3
966 4

The Deep

 

* From a section in the possession of the Survey communicated by Mr.

Bean.
{ From Mr. J. W. Eardley.
92 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

The Waterloo Coal consists of the following components :—

. Ft. in.
Hard List 0 5
Bright Soft - 1 4
Cannel - 3.4
The Main Soft Coal contains the following subdivisions :—

Ft. in.

Coal - - - - 3 6
Dirt - 0 2
Coal - 0 3
Dirt - 0 4
Coal - 0 1k

On the upthrow side of the Riddings Fault (p. 147), the shafts
of the Lower Birchwood Colliery prove the seams at the following
depths* :—

Ft. in.
Main Soft Coal . 175 0
Lower Hard Coal 234 10
Tupton Coal 429 0
Black Shale Coal 618 0

Codnor Park and Riddings.—The northern rim of the Heanor-
Ripley syncline is bounded by the Godkin Fault (p. 146). On
crossing this fault the strata are found to rise up in a well-defined
anticline forming the elevated ground of Codnor Park. At the
southern end of Codnor Park the anticlinal structure, though
clearly proved by mining, cannot be satisfactorily determined at the
surface owing to paucity of exposures. The anticlinal axis, close to
and parallel to which runs the Riddings Fault (p. 147), could be
located during the excavation of a storage reservoir for the Heanor
Water-works, near the road one quarter of a mile south of Jessop’s
Monument. The beds consist of grey shales containing a thin
seam of coal and lying perfectly horizontal.

The anticlinal structure can, however, be best made out along
and in the neighbourhood of the Butterley Mineral Line on the
south side of the Cromford Valley. A little to the north of Codnor
Park Station the beds are seen to dip to the east at 25 degrees, the
high dip being partly due to the proximity of the Cromford Valley
Fault (p. 143). This easterly dip continues up to the Riddings
Fault. On the west side of the fault, approachirg Go'den Dale,
the dip becomes westerly and continues so up to another fault to
the west of which the dominant easterly dip of the coalfield prevails.
Where the anticline emerges from the alluvium of the Erewash
Valley, the Langley Mills and Aldercar Brick Pits afford two
sections. In the Langley Mills Brick Pits dark blue clays and
shales with ironstone nodules overlie a seam of coal three feet
thick. At Aldercar a coal four feet six inches thick lies in shales
containing numerous ironstone nodules. The horizon of these
seams is uncertain.

 

* From.Mr, G. E, Coke,
DETAILS ; COAL-MEASURES. 93

One mile to the north in the old Stonyford Pits the Deep Soft
Coal occurs at a depth of 78 yards, and the Deep Hard Coal at
93 yards. The Deep Soft Coal consisted of three feet nine inches
good coal, and the Deep Hard of two feet nine inches. The
Brown and Black Rake Ironstones were extensively worked by
open cast to the west of Stoneyford, but the sections are now
grassed. A large brick-pit to the north of Jessop’s Monument
gives the following section on the horizon of the Furnace Coal :—

Ft. in.
Soil - - - - 5 0
Coat (FuRNACE CoAL) - - 4 0
Grey shales and ironstone nodules 5 0
Coan + - 3.0
Grey shales and ironstone nodules 20 0

On the north side of the valley the only section of any account is
that exposed by the Ambergate and Pyebridge Mineral line north
of Ironville. This section is situated on the north or downthrow
side of the Cromford Valley Fault, and the horizon is a few feet
below the Lower Hard Coal.

Erewasn Vary (E. Sipe).

Wollaton, Cossall, Awsworth.—The most southerly exposure
affording any information about the Coal-measures on the
east side of the Erewash Valley is that in a small brick-pit,
the Albany, north of Stapleford. Here some black and grey shales
with a six-inch seam of coal resting on fireclay can be observed
dipping to the east. In the shafts of the disused Stapleford Colliery
a few yards south of the exposure the Kilburn Coal lies at a depth
of 60 yards from the surface. In the workings of the Trowell Moor
Colliery, the Kilburn Coal is at 195 yards trom the surface close
under Stapleford Fields. The general dip between this point and
the Stapleford Colliery therefore amounts to six degrees.

By boring in the workings of the Trowell Moor Colliery, the
distance between the Kilburn and Naughton Coals was ascertained
to be 154 yards.

At Trowell Moor Colliery the Kilburn Coal consists of the
following components* :—

Ft. in
Top Brights - ‘ S = 10
Main Brights - - 2 : 07
Best Brights - - - - = és 08
Open-grained Hards’ - “ : ° -10
Bottom Coal - - 3 = 0 5

Between Trowell Moor Colliery and Pasture House, west of
Short Wood, an orange-coloured massive sandstone forms a con-
spicuous feature. The rock has been quarried near the Trowell
Moor Colliery, and again somewhat extensively in a quarry near the

* From Mr. E. Prime.

 
94 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

Canal west of Swancar Farm and in Grange Wood north of Trowell.
The position of this sandstone would appear to be the same as
that elsewhere met with above the Clod or Black Shale Coal.

In the Cossall Colliery a sandstone 27 feet thick lies seven feet
above this seam, and another massive sandstone, 91 feet thick,
occurs at 81 feet below the seam.

In the brick-works close to the canal, north of Cossall Marsh,
the following section occurs of the measures associated with the
Furnace Coal :—

Ft. in.
White clay - - - - - - 3 0
Yellow shales and thin beds of grit : -12 0
Grey marls and ironstone nodules - - 6 0
Black shales with Carbonicola acuta : - - 30
Coa (FuRNACE Coat ?) - - - 4 6

Fireclay and shales
In the north-west corner of the excavation the beds are dis-
turbed, evidently owing to the proximity of the Cossall Fault
(p. 147).

The following section gives the depths to the chief seams between
Awsworth and Wollaton :—

Dertus To Carer SEAMS In Yarps In THE Soutu-East.

 

 

Name of Seam. Wollaton. Cossall. Awsworth.
Top Hard : ll Bhs
Dunsil - - - 23 _ =
Waterloo : - : 46 —_ —
Main Soft - - . 18t —_— —
Main Hard - - . 198 — —
Piper ‘- : — 10 33
Furnace - . —_— 44 15
Dog-tooth - - - - - — 48 _
Black Shale = : - _— 100 132
Kilburn - - - - _ 254 —

 

 

 

 

_Eastwood.—Between Awsworth and Langley Mill several marl
pits afford opportunities for studying the character of the measures
about the horizon of the Main Soft Coal. The most southerly is

that of the Erewash Valley Brick Works in which the following
section was measured :—

Ft. in.
White clay - - - Ss 2 s - 40
Grey marl and ironstone nodules - : - - 15 0
Cannel shale - - - . 2 3 Si = 0 3
Coal - : - 2 2 es S = - 20

White clay with ironstone nodules
DETAILS | COAL-MEASURES. 95

In the Lodge Colliery, 500 yards to the north-west, the Deep
Soft is five yards beneath the surface.

In the Eastwood Brick-pits the following section occurs :—

Ft. in
White clay - - : ; 3 2 eS
Coal = = “ 2 - 10
Grey sandy shale - : - - 5 10
Grey shale - - - - - - 8 0
Sandy shale - = - -20 0

Pyebridge.—Between Langley Mills and Pyebridge a large portion
of the measures is concealed by the alluvium of the Erewash, but
reappears in the railway cutting near Pyebridge Station where
the following measures above the Dzep Soft Coal can be examined.

Ft. in.
Black shales with Carbonicola acuta - - - 20
CoaL - - - 0 8
Grey shales with denture nodules - - i2 0
CoaL - - - - - 0 8
Grey shales - - : - - - 40
CoaL - - 0 6
Fireclay - - - 10
CoaL - - - 2 4
Grey flags and shales (full thickness not seen)
Deep Sorr Coan 4 0

Measures above the Top Hard Coat.

Shipley and Heanor Syncline.—The whole of the Top Hard Coal
has been exhausted by means of shallow shafts. The position of
outcrop can be fairly well determined by the feature made by a
group of sandstones and shales occurring about 100 feet above the
coal. In a marl-pit to the north-west of Shipley Common some
grey marls a few feet below the Top Hard Coal contain numerous
ironstone nodules, many of which enclose plant-remains in an
excellent state of preservation. In addition, Dr. L. Moysey of
Nottingham has obtained a specimen of the curious fossil named
Fayolia and more or less perfect specimens of Belinurus. A marl
pit near Nelson Street, Heanor, has been opened in the marls
immediately above the Top Hard. The coal crops out in Station
Street with a thin seam, probably the Dunsil, 50 feet vertical
distance below it.

Ripley Syncline.—The measures above the Top Hard cover a
limited area around the town of Ripley. The coal, which has long
been exhausted, lies about 80 yards beneath the surface towards
the centre of the trough. The coal is visible near the top of the
cutting at Ripley Station and also near the Butterley Iron-works,
where over 4 feet of coal can be seen. The railway cutting to the
south of Ripley Station affords the best section of the associated
measures to be seen anywhere in the southern part of the coal-

field. (Pl. 1, Fig. 2.)
96 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

In its extension north of the Cromford Valley Fault, the Ripley
syncline includes a considerable area of the Top Hard Coal, which
has here not reached exhaustion. The Deep Shafts of the Swan-
wick Collieries (p. 91) give the depth and thickness of the seam
towards the centre of the trough. On Alfreton Common at the
centre of the syncline the coal lies 120 yards beneath the surface.
Towards the western margin of the syncline it is 40 yards deep
in a new sinking (1903) situated south of Lilly Street Farm, on
the upthrow side of the Swanwick Fault (p. 147).

East of the Erewash Valley.—The outcrop of the Top Hard Coal
can be traced almost continuously from its emergence from
beneath the Trias of Wollaton Park on the south to Pinxton
on the north. The chief guide to the position of the coal
is that afforded by the feature formed out of the group of sand-
stones and shales lying between 50 and 100 feet above the coal;
in addition we get several actual outcrops visible, or the depths
to the coal in pits sunk only a few yards within the outcrop.
From its outcrop eastwards this coal becomes the most valuable
and sought-for seam in the Nottinghamshire Coalfield, but very
little of the coal remains outside the outcrop of the Magnesian
Limestone.

Fic. 5.

Section at Digby Clay Pits (by W. Gibson).
Height of Section, 30 feet.

  

 

ae KZ

In the shafts of the Wollaton Colliery (p. 94) the Top Hard is 11
yards from the surface. The dip would cause it to crop out a little
west of the spot where the main road to Trowell crosses the Midland
Railway, but here and for about two miles to the north its surface
position cannot be satisfactorily determined, From Spring Wood,
Strelley, northward to the Digby Pits the position of outcrop can
be fixed with some certainty by the depths to the seam in
numerous old shafts. The coal crops out in the floor of the Digby
Clay Pits, of which the section (Fig. 5, p. 96) shows the character

 

 
DETAILS : COAL-MEASURES. 97

of the associated measures. As the Deep Soft Coal is only 56 yards
from the surface in the Digby Pits a fault or faults with a considerable
united downthrow to the east must intervene between the shaft
and the brickpits. The workings of the Digby Colliery show that
the vicinity of the shafts is greatly affected by faulting, while from
Spring Wood northward a fault with a downthrow east has been
touched in the Deep Soft Coal. In the Digby Clay Pits, the main
fracture is not absolutely visible, but its proximity becomes evident
from the sharp bending upward of the strata on the western side
of the excavation. From Kimberley to Eastwood the outcrop
of the Top Hard can be traced with much accuracy. The seam
is visible in a level at the brick-works near Brookhill Leys, which
gives the following sequence :—

7)

QOD Ww Pee st
Se

ecoooooos

. White clay
Coal smut
Sandy grey shales
Black shale—Carbonicola acuta, C'. aquilina
Flaggy sandstone
Grey sandy shales (base not seen)
Top Harp Coat (in level)

i

From Eastwood to the northern margin of the map, the outcrop
of the coal can be fixed with certainty by the overlying beds of
sandstone and shales which form a marked feature in this part of
the coalfield. The coal can be seen for a considerable distance
in the bed of the stream south of Dove Green. It also forms the
floor of the quarry of the Stone Road Brick Works west of Brinsley,
where the following section was measured :—

Ft. in.
Grey sandy shales and beds of rock - - 25 0
Coal 1 0
Grey clay and ironstone nodules 20 0
Tor Harp Coan 4 6
Grey clay and ironstone nodules 5 0

No seams of any consequence ate recognised above the Top
Hard within the area of the map. In Millington Springs (Bag-
thorpe) a nearly continous section of measures lying between 450
and 600 feet above the Top Hard can be made out in the deep
gully. Towards the head of the stream a dark shale contains
Carbonicola aquilina in fair abundance. Further down, the stream
exposes a seam of coal with thin shale partings, the united thickness
being a little over four feet. This may represent the High Hazles
Seam of the Gedling Colliery.

The following table gives the depths to the chief seams at some
of the collieries situated within or near the outcrop of the Top
Hard and outside the escarpment of the Magnesian Limestone.

8789. G
98 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.

Depras To Oster SEAMS BETWEEN DiaBy AND PINXTON.

 

 

 

 

Colliery. Top Hard. | Deep Soft. | Deep Hard.
Yards. Yards. Yards.

High Park - - 194. — =

Hill Top : 99 = =
Mexboro’ - 153 _ -_-
Moor Green - 113 _— _
New London’ - —_— 165 _—
Old Willey Lane - - 182 _— =
Plumtree - 21 205 222
Pollington 2 202 219
Underwood - 160 —_ —_

 

 

Leen Valley—Within the outcrop of the Magnesian Limestone
and the Trias several pits are sunk to the Top Hard Coal and a
few reach the deeper seams. Beyond the record of the shaft sec-
tions we possess no information about the character of the measures
passed through. The following table gives the depths to the seams
reached in the more important collieries.

DEPTHS TO THE CHIEF SEAMS BENEATH THE MaGNESIAN LIMESTONE.

 

 

 

 

Name of Colliery. Top Hard. | Deep Soft.| Deep Hard.
Yards. Yards. Yards.
Annesley - 471 <= _
Broxtowe - 99 245 254
Bulwell - - 307 = —
Catstone Hill - a 110 124
Cinderhill - 216 368 —
Hempshill - 233 = oes
High Holborn Pits - — 154 —_
Hucknall - 385 539 558
Kimberley - 107 269 283
Linby - 430 — =
Newstead : 456 _— —
New Watnal] - 321 _ es
Watnall 123 —_ —

 

 

A thin coal, known as the Coombe or Comb Coal, overlies
the Top Hard throughout the Leen Valley, and over the coalfield
generally. In the Leen Valley the two seams are separated by a
parting of clod, varying from one foot six inches at Kimberley to
two inches at Hucknall; the tendency being for the seams to
become wider apart when traced from north to south. In the
Swanwick area (p. 91) to the west several feet of shale separates
the two seams.

 

* An old shaft, 230 yards to the north-east, gives the depth to the Top
Hard as being 46 yards,
99

CHAPTER VII.

FOSSILS OF THE COAL-MEASURES.
(By W. Gipson.)

As in the case of the fossils of the Lower Carboniferous Rocks and
Millstone Grits the following account must be taken as a preliminary
report. It will be mainly restricted to the distribution, in relation
to the different seams of coal and ironstone, of the fossils found
during the re-survey. As a rule the horizons of fossils hitherto
collected from the coalfield and exhibited in the local museums
are given with vagueness and possess little stratigraphical value.

Chief attention will be paid to the distribution of the Lamelli-
branchiata; the plants will be only incidentally mentioned, as
these are still under investigation by Mr. R. Kidston.

Regarded as a whole, the distribution of the Lamellibranchiata
reveals a general sequence similar, in the main, to that established
by Messrs. Hind and Stobbs in North Staffordshire. Except in
the case of the lower seams, where paleontological contents,
lithological characters, and relative stratigraphical position
of the associated rocks closely agree with the North Staffordshire
sequence, it would be rash at present to attempt a correlation
between the higher seams of the two coalfields. A more prolonged
and exhaustive study of the associated fauna and flora will first
be necessary.

So far the parallelism between the distribution of the lamelli-
branchs in the two regions amounts to this :—

(1.) Below the Kilburn Coal of Derbyshire, as below the Win-
penny Coal of North Staffordshire, the genus Carbonicola is com-
paratively scarce.* Further, a marine bed towards the base of
the Coal-measures occupies about the same horizon in both regions ;
but, asin Staffordshire so in Derbyshire, the same marine species
occur at more than one horizon much higher in the Coal-measure
sequence.

(2.) Between the Kilburn Coal and the Top Hard Coal large forms
of Carbonicola are abundant. Of these Carbonicola robusta appears
to be most abundant in the lower seams and does not pass
above the Deep Soft Coal, just as this species is common in the
measures between the Winpenny and Moss coals in North
Staffordshire. It should, however, be stated that opportunities
for collecting between the Deep Soft and Top Hard are extremely
rare.

* For fossils obtained from the new shaft at the Kilbourne Colliery,
below the Kilburn Coal, see Appendix.

8789, G2
100 COAL-MEASURES.

(3.) A marine bed with Pterinopecten papyraceus, goniatites and
Lingula mytiloides occurs at an horizon not definitely fixed but
lying a few feet above the Deep Soft Coal. Similar marine fossils
occur above the Seven Feet Bambury Coal and below the Yard
Coal in North Staffordshire, but so far this is the only marine bed
known between the Kilburn and Top Hard coals.

(4.) Another marine bed containing a unique fauna, very rich
in species in the Mansfield area but poorer elsewhere, has been met
with between 500 and 600 feet above the Top Hard Coal, in associa-
tion with the Clowne Coal. This horizon does not crop out
in the present area but was passed through in the shafts situated
towards the eastern margin. In North Staffordshire a similar
fauna, associated with the Gin Mine, occurs about the same distance
above the Moss Coal. Nucula gibbosa is abundant in both coalfields
at this horizon. The curious ichthyodorulite Listracanthus wardi
is common to both coalfields at this horizon.

(5.) So far Anthracomya phillipsi has been met with only in
the highest measures, which, however, do not crop out, but were
passed through in the shafts of the Gedling Colliery. In North
Staffordshire and elsewhere in the Midlands this fossil, as is well
known, indicates a high horizon.

Bearing in mind the imperfect data at hand, and the fact that the
coals are far more numerous in Staffordshire than in Derbyshire,
while the plants and fishes are imperfectly known in the last-named
coalfield, it appears to be unsafe to draw up a correlation table
indicating the parallel horizons for individual seams from data
supplied by the Lamellibranchiata alone.

The fossils associated with the different Derbyshire seams will
now be given, commencing with the lowest horizon.

“ Belperlawn’’ Coal.—No shells have been found in the shale
above this coal, but Lepidodendron lycopodioides Sternb., occurs in
the roof shale in the new Kilbourne shaft, where fish-remains (Cola-

canthus elegans Newb.) were obtained two or three feet above
the succeeding small coal.

Alton Coal.—The shale above this coal, which increases from 70
to about 280 feet above the First Grit, contains a marine fauna.
In the Bullbridge brick-pit at Ambergate the following fossils
were obtained for the Survey by Mr. J. Pringle: Stigmaria ficoides
(Sternb.) ; Lingula mytiloides J. Sow. ; Posidoniella minor (Brown) ;
Pterinopecten papyraceus (J. Sow.) ; Gastrioceras carbonarium (von
Buch); G. “esters” (Mart.); Glyphioceras bilingue % (Salt.) ;
Megalichthys intermedius A. 8. Woodw. This fossiliferous band
has been found at Alton in the map to the north (Sheet 112).
Besides the above, Orthoceras sp. and Spirifer occur there. There
can be little doubt, as before stated (p. 74), owing to the similarity of
the fauna, and the stratigraphical position and lithological character
FOSSILS. 101

of the strata above and below the coal, that itis the equivalent of the
Bullion Coal of Lancashire, the Crabtree Coal of North Staffordshire,
and the Halifax Hard Bed Coal of Yorkshire.

Dale Moor Rakes.—These nodular bands of clay-ironstone occur
some distance below the Kilburn Coal. The Dale Moor Rakes of
the Stanton district were a prolific horizon for fossil fishes. At
one time “the workings at Stanton reached a shoal of them, so
numerous were they in one comparatively limited spot.’’*

The fish-remains, beautifully preserved, were found in the
ironstone nodules. Although the abandoned open-cast workings
still remain, it does not appear as if any attempt had been made,
of recent years, to collect fromthem. Two type forms, Rhizodopsis
sauroides Will., and Platysomus tenuistriatus Traq., are preserved
in the Survey collection. Calacanthus elegans also occurs.

Kilburn Coal.—The roof shale of this coal is a prolific horizon
for fossil fishes. As in North Staffordshire it is found “ that re-
mains of fishes are not often found over large areas. Even when
found to occur in abundance in one locality and on a horizon which
extends over a wide area, it does not follow that such remains
will be uniformly distributed over that area. On the contrary, the
fishes are discovered in certain districts, whilst in others the same
bed, on the same horizon, is unproductive.” t This is peculiarly the
case with the horizon we are now dealing with. Not only are
the fish remains more abundant in the Denby district, but Mr.
Mark Fryar, Manager of the Denby Colliery, has found that the
remains are only abundant in a certain direction, and although
the workings in this coal are very extensive and Mr. Fryar has
for many years carefully searched for fish-remains, yet it is only in
one direction that he has met with occasional fragments.

The following specimens are in the possession of Mr. Fryar
and have been determined by Mr. E. T. Newton: Megalichthys
labbertt ‘Agass. (several large and good specimens, including
head) ; Rhizodopsis sauroides Will. (scale) ; Sphenacanthus hybo-
doides Egert. (spine) ; Acanthodes wardi Egert.; Paleoniscid
scale. Fragmentary remains occur in the quarry near the Dale
Abbey Colliery, and at Horsley.

Mickley Coal.—At the Denby Colliery the roof-shale yields
Lepidodendron and other plants. Lepidodendron and Lepidostrobus
occur from 20 to 30 feet below the Black Shale Coal.

Black Shale, Clod or Silkstone Coal.—The ironstone nodules
(Striped Rake and Dog-tooth Rakes) contain many Lamelli-
branchiata including :—Carbonicola robusta (J. de C. Sow.);

 

*W. W. Smyth, “ The Iron Ores of Great Britain” (Mem. Geol. Surv.),

Part I. (1856).
+ John Ward, “Geology of the North Staffordshire Coalfields” (Jfem.

Geol. Surv.), p. 296 (1905).
102 COAL-MEASURES.

C. turgida (Brown) ; C. aquilina (J. de C. Sow.) ; C. nucwlaris Hind ;
as determined by Dr. Wheelton Hind, to whom the specimens were
submitted. This horizon is especially prolific at the Mapperley
Colliery.

Furnace or Tupton Coal.—The shales and rakes above this coal
contain Carbonicola acuta, C. robusta.

Hospital or Bottom Piper Coal.—The associated ironstones yield
Carbonicola robusta in the abandoned open-cast workings of the
Denby district.

Deep Hard and Deep Soft Coals.—A “ mussel band” made up
largely of Carbonicola acuta and C. aquilina lies above each of these
coals. Beyrichia arcuata Bean, and Spirorbis also occur.

Waterloo Coal.—A prolific horizon for plants in the Shipley
district, but they have not been determined by Mr. Kidston.

Dunsil Coal.—In the Mansfield Colliery (Sheet 113) the roof shale
contains Anthracomya modiolaris, Naiadites modiolaris, Carbonicola
aquilina. This assemblage has not been detected in the present
area, but attention should be drawn to it, as according to Dr.
Wheelton Hind it possesses a zonal value.

Top Hard Coal.—The shales and ironstone nodules above this
seam contain Carbonicola aquilina. This fossil has been found to be
abundant at this horizon all over the district and to the exclusion
of any other form. Plant-remains are common, but the list has
not been completed. From a clay-pit to the north-west of Shipley
Common Dr. L. Moysey, of Nottingham, has obtained a specimen
of the curious fossil named Fayolia, and more or less perfect speci-
mens of Belinurus and Eurypterus.* The horizon lies a few feet
below the Top Hard Coal. It is doubtful if Fayolia is a portion of
a plant or the egg-case of a fish.

High Hazles Coal.—It is doubtful if this coal crops out within the
present area.

Mention may be made of the marine band a short distance
above the Deep Soft Coal exposed in the railway cutting near Doe
Mill, just beyond the northern margin of the map, and to which
reference has been made (p. 100). Also of the band above the
Clowne Coal, recognised in the shafts of the Gedling Colliery and
around Mansfield and Worksop, to which references have also been
made. ‘The Clowne Coal does not crop out or, at any rate, has not
been recognised, and it is most probably concealed under the

Magnesian Limestone, except perhaps in the neighbourhood of the
Portland Collieries.

 

* Geol. Mag., Dec. 5, vol. iv., p. 277 (1907).
103

CHAPTER VIII.

THE PERMIAN ROCKS.
(By R. L. SHERiock.)

Introduction.—The Permian rocks represented on the map
belong, though in an attenuated form, to the prevalent type
which extends from Nottinghamshire, through Yorkshire, to the
coast of Durham. South of the Trent this type does not exist,
and it would appear as if in the latitude of Nottingham the original
margin of the basin of deposition were reached. The Permian
rocks of the present area have been described by Mr. W. T.
Aveline * and Mr. E. Wilson,} and several other geologists have
written on the subject. It is not, however, intended to discuss
in detail the more general problems raised by previous writers,
but to limit the descriptions, as far as possible, to local details.

Local Sequence.—The following different types of rocks occur
in descending order of sequence :—

(4) Red Mazrls.

(3) Magnesian Limestone.

(2) Argillaceous calcareous flags, ‘Marl Slates.”
(1) Breccia.

Of the above types the ‘“‘ Marl Slates” of Mr. Wilson, and the
Magnesian Limestone are inseparably linked together and have not
been distinguished by colour on the map. The breccia constitutes a
mere local and impersistent band at the base and never exceeds
five feet in thickness, while generally it is only a few inches thick.
The red marl seldom exceeds 20 feet in thickness, but is of con-
siderable importance as a brick-clay. The total thickness of the
Permian is very small in comparison with that of the underlying
Carboniferous rocks although owing to their dip agreeing closely
with the inclination of the ground they cover a considerable area.

General and Lathological Characters.—The salient features of the
different rock groups shown in the table above, will now be given.
(1) Breccta.—In composition the breccia consists of numerous
angular blocks, seldom exceeding a few inches in diameter, set in
a sandy calcareous matrix. The whole rock is intensely hard,
quite unlike the loose and coarser so-called Permian breccias of

 

* “Geology of the Country around Nottingham” (Mem. Geol. Surv.),
Ed. 2 (1880).

+ “On the Permians of the North-east of England at their Southern
Margin,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. .xxxii., p. 5383 (1876); Midland
Naturalist, vol. iv. (1881).
104 PERMIAN ROCKS.

other localities in the Midlands. In fact, in this respect, it closely
resembles the marginal dolomitic conglomerates of Triassic age of
the Bristol and South Wales areas. The best exposures are to be
seen in the railway cuttings at Kimberley Stations. Elsewhere the
outcrop is rarely visible though the band is recorded in most of the
shaft-sections piercing the Magnesian Limestone Series.

(2) “Marl Slates.”—In the railway cuttings at Kimberley,
the breccia is succeeded by about 17 feet of grey shales with inter-
calated grey, argillaceous, calcareous flags containing fragmentary
remains of plants. These beds are not exposed elsewhere, though
they probably give rise to a narrow belt of swampy ground at
the foot of the Magnesian Limestone escarpment; but as they
weather into a light-coloured clay soil like that of the Coal-measures
they cannot be separated, in the absence of exposures, from the
weathered Coal-measure shales and clays. From the cutting
at Kimberley some shells referable to Mytilus squamosus J. de
C. Sow. and Schizodus have been obtained. These beds are
also noticed in most shaft-sections.

(3) Magnesian Limestone.—The “Marl Slates” are followed by
the Magnesian Limestone, which forms a tableland from two to
three miles broad, sloping gently eastwards. South of Hucknall
the limestone seldom exceeds 30 feet and: has nowhere been proved
to be over 40 feet thick.

Throughout the district the Magnesian Limestone is a brown
flagey, granular rock resembling a sandstone in appearance,
for which it has sometimes been mistaken in borings and shaft-
sinkings. A hand lens, however, shows that the grains consist of
thombohedra of dolomite, and the porous character of the rock
is doubtless due to the leaching out of the more soluble, calcareous,
interstitial material by percolating water.

The Magnesian Limestone forms a prominent escarpment facing
the west and has been cut back into numerous valleys, which
expose the Coal-measures in narrow tongues. To the south,
however, the escarpment dies away, when the boundary of the
Permian becomes very indefinite.

(4) Red Marls.—These consist of from 10 to 20 feet of bright
red marls with layers of green marl and thin bands of sandy mag-
nesian limestone. The boundaries are extremely difficult to define
accurately, as the summit appears to graduate upwards into the
Trias ; while both the Magnesian Limestone and the Red Mazl
weather down into a red clay soil. The red marls, like the in-

- ferior limestones, possess a width of outcrop quite out of proportion
to their thickness owing to their occurrence on a long dip-slope.

These red marls are considered to be the Middle Permian, and
the limestone to be the Lower Magnesian Limestone of Yorkshire.*

 

* W. T. Aveline, “The Magnesian Limestone and New Red Sandstone in
the neighbourhood of Nottingham,” Geol. Mag., Dec. 2, vol. iv. (1877).
105

DETAILS.

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106 PERMIAN ROCKS.

But this correlation cannot be considered to be firmly estab-
lished (see p. 115).

Stratizraphical Relationships.—The close of the Carboniferous
period witnessed an extensive regional upheaval. The rocks were
thrown into numerous folds and their exposed surfaces planed down.
On this very irregular platform the Permian rocks were deposited
so that within even short distances they are found superimposed on
widely separate horizons of the Carboniferous rocks. Thus at
Cinderhill Colliery the basal breccia rests on an horizon 650 feet
above the Top Hard Coal (p. 144); whereas within two and a half
miles to the west the Permian immediately overlies this coal.
The inclination of the Permian is usually lower than that of the
Carboniferous rocks (fig. 6, p. 105). Faults of considerable dis-
placement in the Coal-measures are also found to possess only
a few feet throw in the Permian. The relation of the Permian
to the Carboniferous rocks is therefore one of complete discordance.
On the other hand, the Permian and Triassic Rocks can be
observed in several sections to be intimately connected ; a fact
pointed out several years ago* and of which the Survey has recently
found fresh examples (see p. 116).

East oF THE EREWASH VALLEY.T

Breccia.—Except in the cuttings of the Midland and Great
Northern Railways at Kimberley the basal bed of breccia seldom
appears at the surface. It is, however, recorded in many shaft-
sections and is doubtless persistent over the entire area.

In the cutting along the Great Northern Railway the breccia
remains visible for nearly three-quarters of a mile. At the present
day its relation to the underlying Coal-measures cannot be satis-
factorily made out, but Mr. E. Wilson (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol.
xxxli., pp. 533-537, 1876) describes it as resting in a series of very
gentle undulations on a planed-off surface of Coal-measures, the
latter being inclined over 15 degrees, and the Permian rocks between
3 and 4 degrees. Faulted sections of the breccia appear in the
railway-cutting south of Holy Trinity Church.

In the cutting of the Midland Railway the breccia varies from
4 feet 8 inches thick at Watnall tunnel to about 6 inches in thickness
near the station. The breccia is repeated by a fault near the
western end of the platform, but it is not seen elsewhere in section
in this region.

Further north, in a quarry south of Callis Hage Wood, east of
Beauvale Abbey, and in the northern side of the brook in Davis’s

 

* K. Wilson, “On the Permians of the North-east of England at their
Southern Margin,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxii., p. 533 (1876).

t South of Hucknall Torkard by W. Gibson, the north-eastern region by
R. L. Sherlock.
DETAILS. 107

Bottom, the lower beds of the Magnesian Limestone contain lenticles
of breccia. In both these localities it appears as if the marl slates
were locally absent.

“ Marl Slate” and Magnesian Limestone.—The “ Marl Slates”
of the Kimberley district have been exhaustively described by
Mr. Wilson (op. cit.) and we have little to add to his account.

The most southerly appearance of the limestone is in a small pit
at Radford Woodhouse, about one-fifth of a mile north of the
Midland Railway, Ilkeston Branch, and south of Aspley Hall. The
rock consists of about eight feet of strongly arenaceous dolomite
having a flaggy structure. Shells occur, in the form of casts, but
too imperfect for determination. A small quarry at Bilborough,
on the south side of the Nottingham Road, also shows a very sandy
red limestone. The sandy nature of the limestones in these two
exposures suggests the proximity of the ancient shore line..

In an old coal-shaft situated in a coppice near the lodge gates of
Strelley Park, fifteen feet of calcareous flags are visible.

Apart from these three exposures, the presence of the limestone
is indicated only by the character of the soil; but from
Strelley village northward, the limestone forms a low escarpment
which gradually increases in magnitude.

Numerous artificial sections occur over the entire outcrop, but

only the chief exposures will be mentioned.
. Between Kimberley and Kirkby, numerous quarries extend along
the crest of the escarpment. The composition of the stone is the
same in all, being an earthy dolomite with an occasional sandy
phase. In an old quarry near the roadside between Watnall
Ghaworth and Bogend the limestone is intensely fissured with
gypsum filling the main cracks.

At Cinderhill, quarries, road and railway cuttings show the full
thickness of the limestone. The irregular surface of the top band
can be seen over the floor of the large quarry near the Great Northern
Railway. These inequalities, as noted by Mr. Shipman,* do not
indicate a local erosion of the limestone, before the deposition of
the overlying Permian Red Marls, but are due to the tendency of
the limestone to become concretionary at this horizon.

The middle and upper beds of limestone are being extensively
quarried for lime and building-stone around Bulwell. Casts of
shells (Schizodus) are plentiful along a thin band in the quarries
north-east of the Midland Railway but are rare in the main body
of the stone. At Agar Terrace a by-road cuts through a narrow
anticline, which, however, is of local significance, and is not the
southern end of the more easterly roll coming from Bulwell Hall.

 

* «< A gontribution to the Geology and Natural History of Nottinghamshire.”
Handbook, British Association, Nottingham Meeting (1893). Edited by
Professor J. W. Carr.
108 PERMIAN ROCKS.

Around Kimberley the limestone has not only been extensively
quarried and cut through by the Midland and Great Northern rail-
ways but it forms the banks of almost every lane, and is never more
than a few feet from the surface. It is faulted (Fig. 7 ) and
thrown into gentle rolls in the vicinity of the two railway stations.

Fic. 7.

Section near Midland Railway Station, Kimberley (by W. Gibson).

 

 

 

Horizontal Scale, three inches = one mile. Vertical scale three times the
horizontal.

Northwards of the latitude of Bulwell and Kimberley several
quarries, road-cuttings, and numerous fragments of limestone
scattered over the fields, show how thin is the soil furnished by
the limestone. The gentle easterly dip of one or two degrees is
occasionally interrupted by sharp monoclinal folds. The chief of
these forms a marked ridge, rising from 20 to 30 feet above the
general level of the limestone plateau, extending from Aldercar
Wood through Linbyhill Farm and along the Great Central Railway
through Hucknall, finally dying out to the east of Bulwell. Lesser
and more local rolls also occur. The one at Agar Terrace has
been previously mentioned and is exposed at Broomhill in the
Nottingham to Hucknall road. These ridges have a general
north-westerly direction but other folds occur at right angles to
them, e.g. on the south side of Linby village and at intervals
between Wyburn Farm, and on the Annesley Road where the road
to Linby branches off from it.

The Great Central Railway from Hucknall to Newstead and the
Great Northern Line from Hucknall to a mile beyond Linby cut
through the Magnesian Limestone. A large quarry, opposite
Wighay Farm on the Annesley Road near Hucknall, is worked
at times for lime, and there are also extensive quarries in the woods
at Quarry Bank, Linby. Two old quarries occur in the lower part
of the limestone at the apex of the tongue of Coal-measures
which are exposed on the west side of Annesley Park. At
the north side of Parr’s Bottom a quarry shows a dip at one
DETAILS, 109

point of 20 degrees. A little further north on both sides of the
road west of Annesley Woodhouse there are also extensive old
quarries along the escarpment.

Red Maris.

The large brick-pits in the neighbourhood of Bulwell afford
the best sections of the Red Marls. The following section was
obtained at the Cinderhill Brick-works :—

Ft. in
Soft, red, mottled sandstone (Lower Bunter) 12 0
Magnesian flagstone 2 0
Red marl - 110
Magnesian flagstone 2 0
Red marl - : 3 6
Red marl, with thin bands of magnesian flags —- 12 6
Red marl, with sandy partings 5 0

Magnesian Limestone

It is extremely difficult to determine the extent of outcrop of
the marls owing to the Magnesian Limestone weathering down
into a red clay almost identical with that furnished by the Permian
Marls. Such red clay ground is met with between Kimberley and
Strelley and south of Bilborough, and though represented on the
map as Magnesian Limestone may in reality be due to a thin
cover of Permian Marl.

South of Hucknall Common the Permian Marl js again repre-
sented as covering a considerable area. It is probably very thin
and of little importance. Attempts to work the marls have been
made here and there, but apparently with small success. In a
disused brickyard to the east of the New Watnall Colliery, about
six feet of red marl overlain by a bed of red and yellow sandstone
three feet thick is exposed. In the New Watnall Pits the record
gives 17 and 18 feet of red and white marls lying above the Mag-
nesian Limestone.

During the building of the Hucknall Viaduct for the Great Central
Railway the following section was noted by Mr. Allen, the company’s
engineer, in the foundations for the pier at the south abutment of
the bridge :—

|

Soil

Ballast

Sand

Marl

Red and white sandstone <
Magnesian Limestone -

Band of white clay and marl <
Marl - - - E - : s

aAwonenwod
DUORRWDOOE

This section seems to indicate the presence of the top beds of
the Permian Marl where it begins to pass upwards into Bunter.
110 PERMIAN ROCKS.

A small outlier of Red Marl is shown between Linby Station
and the Annesley Road. An old brickyard by the roadside gives
the following section :—

Ft. in.
Mixed red and yellow clay 3 0
Red marl 1 0
Micaceous sandstone 2 0
Red marl - 1 0
Magnesian limestone, compact 1 3
Red marl 1 0

The details vary considerably within the limits of the excavation.
The boundary of the outlier is indefinite, and it is possible that it
may extend somewhat farther in a northerly direction. It lies on
the flanks of the sharp anticline in the Magnesian Limestone already
referred to.

In the wood round the Annesley Duck Ponds, a little north-east
of Thurland Hall, three feet of red marl was seen in an excavation,
and also at the spring called the Holy Well, which supplies the
lake in Annesley Park. A drain, running in an east and west
direction through Aldercar Wood, showed two feet of red marl.

There is no section now in the small area of Red Marl on the
west side of Annesley Park but a temporary pit proved the marl
to be at least four feet thick.

Most of Newstead Park west of the Lower Lake lies on Red Marl,
which may be seen at the bottom of the ha-ha which runs in a
north-westerly direction across this section of the park.

Where the narrow outcrop crosses the road from Nuncargate
to Kirkby Woodhouse, a sewer midway between the two places
showed eight feet of red marl.

Tue DERWENT Basin: Base oF THE NEw Rup Rocks.
(By C. B. Wepp.)

On the east side of the Derwent, near Breadsall, basement-beds
of a type showing a certain affinity with the Permian series of the
eastern district are developed at the base of the Bunter. These
were at first regarded as an attenuated development of the Permian,
but it is altogether uncertain whether they belong really to that
formation, or to the Trias. Owing to the narrowness of their out-
crop, they are not represented separately on the one-inch map.

A small rill in Croft Wood, west of the railway and 250 yards
south-west of Breadsall Station, gives the following section :—

Ft. in.
Soft yellow sandstone (weathered) with a few small quartzite
pebblesin lower part, about 10 0
Coarse-grained grit-conglomerate blotched and speckled with
yellow, red and green, and crowded with small pebbles
ranging from mere grit-grains to the size or walnuts. Pebbles
consist chiefly of yellow, green, red and purple grits and hard
marls, and weathered igneous rocks: seen for about 4 0
junconformity).
DETAILS. 11

Ft. In.
2 ~( Red, buff and white plastic laminated clay (stained and
° 3 weathered shale) with thin sandy bands, seen for 1 6
a &| Bluish-grey shales with thin red-stained tenting 2 in DEF part
3 B| and with sandy beds throughout - —

In the same wood, 100 yards further south, close to the point
where the base of the group crosses the railway, a crag shows
nine feet of ochreous yellow fine-grained calcareous, more or less
magnesian sandstone, hard and compact, with occasional seams
of small pebbles, and a marly parting. At the top is a band of
coarse breccia consisting chiefly of blocks of Permian dolomite
and sub-angular quartzitic sandstone in a dolomitic sandy matrix
The rock appears to be on the horizon of the yellow sandstone of
the above section, part of which is probably its weathered represen-
tative.

In the southern half of Croft Wood, 180 yards beyond its inter-
section by the railway, and east of it, another incomplete section
is seen, partly in the same beds. It shows yellow pebbly sandstone,
under a red soil with Bunter pebbles, some feet above a band of
dolomitic breccia, probably in place.

About 500 yards further south in the bank behind the platform
of the Derby Racecourse Station the following descending sequence
was made out, but the section is now rapidly becoming overgrown
with vegetation :—

Ft. in.
Thin red shaly marl —
Dull purplish brown and yellow, compact, very fine-grained sand-
stone weathering into lamine  -
Pink shingly sandstone of Bunter type, seen oe - -
Partly red shaly beds (obscure) about -
Weathered, and probably dolomitic, fine-grained, ochreous-yellow
and dull purplish-brown, flaggy and laminated sandstone, seen for 2

now
oO owe

A slight risein the field above denotes pebbly and shingly
Bunter. The sandstone of the section at the station seems to be
in part the same as the fine-grained calcareous sandstone of Croft
Wood. The whole section should represent the upper part of the
sequence in Croft Wood and slightly higher beds.

It is probable that a small outlier of the same beds also caps
the ridge at the north end of Croft Wood, on account of the form
and position of the ground and the occurrence of fragments of
purple sandstone in the soil similar to the sandstones at the Race-
course Station.

No further evidence of this group was found for some}; distance
eastward ; but south of Broomfield, near the crossing of the brook
by the road, pebbly Bunter is seen in the railway-cutting under
a bridge, while fifty yards further east, at a lower level in the
112 PERMIAN.

south bank of the cutting, a fine-grained compact and probably
magnesian sandstone is scantily exposed and recalls that of Croft
Wood. It appears to rest against Millstone Grit, which is seen with
south-easterly dip in the opposite side of the cutting.

West of the Derwent, Bunter gravel overlies the Limestone
Shales, in an old pit near the road east of Park Nook Wood, Quarn-
don, with an interval of only two or three feet obscured. This
suggests the absence of the beds described above. But such
an inference may be misleading owing to the possibility of a down-
ward creep of the gravel. In the stream north of Ireton Farm,
Kedleston, a loose block of dolomitic breccia similar to that of
Croft Wood was noticed, just below the outcrop of the Bunter,
and may denote the westward continuation of these strata.

We have then at the base of the Triassic series a small con-
glomerate of unusual type, succeeded by compact, dolomitic,
somewhat pebbly sandstone, with a dolomitic breccia, and a gradual
upward passage, through alternations of calcareous flags and red
shaly marl into normal Bunter Sandstone; below which these
beds, persistent at least as far west as the Derwent and probably
further, may attain a thickness of 15 or 20 feet.

The basement beds above described have no resemblance to the
Lower Mottled Sandstone of Morley and elsewhere (of which there
is no lithological equivalent in the western district), except in so far
that they contain a breccia composed of fragments of Magnesian
Limestone. On the other hand there is no evidence of a bed of
magnesian limestone similar to the fragments contained in the
breccia.
113

CHAPTER IX.

THE TRIASSIC ROCKS.
(By W. Gipson.)

Introduction.—Whereas the Permian rocks described in the
previous chapter belong to a type whose full development is restricted
to the regions lying east of the Pennine Chain, the Triassic rocks
met with in the present area belong to one of the most widely
distributed geological formations in central England. Although
several thousand feet thick in the typical region of Cheshire,
the Trias, around the southern and eastern margins of the Derby-
shire and Nottinghamshire coalfields does not much exceed 800
feet in thickness; while some of the subdivisions, several hundred
feet thick in Cheshire, are absent or but feebly represented.

The Triassic rocks met with in the present area have been
carefully examined and described in much detail by the late Mr.
James Shipman. Previous to his researches the main sub-
divisions had been detected and mapped by Messrs. Hull and
Aveline, and Dr. A. Irving had also contributed papers on the
subject.

The following groups of rocks in descending order of sequence
are represented :—

5. Keuper Mazl.

4. Keuper Waterstones, ana
3. Basal conglomerate.
2
1

. Bunter Pebble Beds.
. Lower Mottled Sandstone.

Groups 1-4 are very feeble representatives of the same formations
in Cheshire and in the Central Midlands generally. In fact, the
total thickness falls short of 100 feet in the Dale District, but each
member gradually increases in thickness eastward, though not to so°
marked an extent as in a westerly direction. The Bunter Pebble
Beds are the most persistent, while both the Lower Mottled Sand-
stone and the basal conglomerate beds disappear locally within the
short limits represented by the map. The Waterstones in this
district never exceed 30 feet in thickness. The Keuper Marl
covers a large area north of the Trent to the west of Beeston ; but
nothing like its full thickness falls within the area of the map.

8789. H
114 TRIASSIC ROCKS.

Lithological Characters.—The distinguishing characters of the
rock groups shown in the table are as follows :—

(1.) Lower Mottled Sandstone This term has been applied
to some bright red or crimson sandstones, blotched with brown
or yellow patches and free from rounded pebbles. They are
very impersistent along the southern margin of the coalfield, but
appear to be generally present above the Permian Red Marls in
the east, with which they appear to be inseparably linked. Not
infrequently the Lower Mottled Sandstone contains lenticles
of breccia but not at any definite horizon. Partings of red marl,
a few inches in thickness, also occur.

(2.) Bunter Pebble Beds. The character of these rocks varies
from place to place. Generally the group consists of a light yellow
coarse-grained sandstone with a few scattered well-rounded -pebbles
of quartz and other rocks. More local phases include beds of
light-coloured grey sandstone with bands and lenticles of con-
glomerate ; while occasionally the same coloured sandstone con-
tains few pebbles. Rarely, the sandstone is of a reddish tinge,
and occasionally assumes a mottled appearance on weathered
surfaces, when it resembles the Lower Mottled Sandstone.

The Bunter Pebble Beds constitute the most persistent member of
the Trias in the district, the Lower Mottled Sandstone being,
as previously mentioned, frequently absent; while the Upper
Mottled Sandstone, which comes above the ‘‘ Pebble Beds” of
Cheshire, is unknown here.

(3.) Basal Conglomerate. The band in this map seldom exceeds
five feet in thickness, and may be best described as an irregular
stratified gravel occurring locally at the base of the Keuper sub-
division.

(4.) Keuper Waterstones. These consist of thin red and greyish
flags interstratified with red marls often only a few feet in thickness.
They form, in fact, merely a flaggy sandy base to the lower
portions of the Keuper Marl from which they are stratigraphi-
cally almost inseparable.

(5.) Keuper Marl. This group consists of bright red marls
with intercalated bands of greyish or greenish sandy and micaceous
shales (skerries), frequently very hard, and occasional thin beds of
red sandstone. The skerries and sandstones form low features and
often contain pseudomorphs of rock-salt. The bands of red sand-
stone become of common occurrence towards the base, rendering
it frequently uncertain where to draw the dividing line between the
groups 4 and 5. The Keuper Marl shows little or no variation in
character within the district and departs but little from the Central
Midland type.

Relation of the Triassic to the Carboniferous Rocks —On the plateau
composed of the often highly inclined Limestone Shales west
of the Derwent Valley, the gently inclined Bunter fills up the
RELATION TO PERMIAN. 115

hollows and masks the irregularities carved by denudation in these
rocks in pre-Triassic times. The Bunter therefore varies greatly in
thickness even within short limits. It is thinnest on the summit
of old ridges and thickest in the ancient valleys.

To the east of the Derwent, the Bunter is banked up against the
Kinderscout Grit at Morleymoor; and a little to the east of this
spot Keuper Marl appears to wrap round an inlier of Millstone Grit.

At the Hagg, Bunter rests on the horizon of the Kilburn Coal
(see table, p. 57); between Dale Moor and Stanton-by-Dale
on a coarse grit many hundred feet below this.coal; while at
Wollaton Park it overlies measures above the Top Hard Coal.
Thus, in a distance of six miles the Trias transgresses in a most
irregular manner over the whole Coal-measure sequence. Also,
while the Coal-measures are inclined to thé east, north, or north-
east, the Trias dips to the west or south. The unconformable
relation of the Trias to the Carboniferous rocks has a practical
bearing, for borings put down through the Trias along this line
of outcrop would enter very different horizons in the Coal-
measures even within short distances. Inferences drawn from a
single bore-hole would thus give a very false idea of the value
of a property in the neighbourhood of the southern margin of the
coalfield, The same unconformable relationship prevails to the
west of the Derwent (p. 116).

Relation of Triassic and Permian Rocks.*—It was formerly
thought that these two formations were unconformable, but the
consensus of opinion now tends the other way, and instances of
sections showing the close relationship of the two formations will
be found in the detailed account (pp. 129-130). One of the most
instructive sections is figured on the next page (Fig. 8).

In Yorkshire an upper and a lower division of Magnesian Lime-
stone are present with an intervening group of marls, known as
the Middle Marls, but in the vicinity of Nottingham the se-
quence is reduced to two members, viz.: (b) Marls overlying (a)
limestone with basement breccia in places; and it is generally
considered that these two divisions represent the Lower Lime-
stone and the Middle Marls of Yorkshire.t

The fact that the Lower Mottled Sandstone rests on the Upper
Marls in Yorkshire and on the Middle Marls in South Not-
tinghamshire, has been taken to indicate an overlap between
Trias and Permian.

It is not, however, certain that the Marls of South
Nottinghamshire are of the same age as the Middle Marls
of Yorkshire, and it may eventually be found that none of
the boundaries of the subdivisions of the Bunter and Permian
possess a chronological value, but merely indicate a change of

 

* By R. L. Sherlock.
+ W. T. Aveline, “The Magnesian Limestone and New Red Sandstone
in the neighbourhood of Nottingham,” Geol. Mag., Dec. 2, vol. iv. (1877).

8789. ise
116 TRIASSIC ROCKS.

conditions of deposition at the particular place observed. In
this case the Trias and Permian would not be distinct formations
in the usual acceptation of the term, but would represent
merely different lithological facies of one series, although in any
one locality the ‘‘ Permian” conditions preceded those of the
“ Bunter.”

A full discussion must, however, be postponed until the ground
to the north has been examined.

Fic. 8.

Section on the Great Central Railway, N.W. of Annesley Tunnel
(by R. L. Sherlock.)
Vertical Scale three times the horizontal.
The aqueduct is about 110 yards from the mouth of the tunnel.

 

 

 

 

 

a. Red Marl, 2 feet 9 inches. e. Red Marl, 8 feet.
6. Red Sandstone, 6 feet 6 inches. Ff. Red Sandstone, 6 feet 2 inches.
c. Red Marl, 1 foot 9 inches. g. Red Marl, 13 feet.
d. Red Sandstone, 6 feet 6 inches.
(lower, 1 foot greenish) h. Magnesian Limestone, 7 feet.

Tue Western Marain oF THE Map.
(By T. I. Pocock.)

Bunter Pebble Beds.—About one mile south of the Millstone Grit
plateau of Kirk Ireton, the elevated tract of Carboniferous strata
on the right bank of the Ecclesbourne river begins to be covered
by pebble beds of Triassic age. The first appearance of this for-
mation is a steep bank extending west for nearly a mile from the
village of Turnditch, and facing northwards across the valley of
Blackwall. Although they are now deeply furrowed by denudation
it is clear that these gravel beds once formed a continuous plateau
about 700 feet above the sea with a gentle inclination to the south.
How far this plateau extended cannot be determined with certainty
but since no remnants of Trias have been found further north, it
WESTERN MARGIN. 117

may be conjectured with some probability that the sandstone mass
of Kirk Ireton formed the upland region at the foot of which
the Bunter gravels were laid down.

From Turnditch southward, as far as the Mercaston valley, the
Bunter formation consists chiefly of stratified beds of quartzose
pebbles with lenticles of sand sometimes hardened into sandstone.
Over this area the “ rilled”’ surface-slopes produced by denudation
of beds of this character arevery conspicuous. As shown on the map,
the Bunter gravel is partially covered by drift, and where this is the
case the two formations are so much alike that it is sometimes
difficult to determine how much of the material has been trans-
ported and redistributed in Pleistocene times. In many of the
quarries the top beds have lost their bedding as though they had
been disturbed by the passage of ice across them. The best sections
are to be seen in the quarries where the gravel is obtained for road
metal, viz.,at Cross-o’-th’-hands, near Turnditch; a quarter of a mile
north of Muggintonlane End; half way between Muggintonlane
End and Weston Underwood; half-a-mile north-east of the latter
village, and in an outlying mass of the same formation one mile
south of Wardgate. A short distance east of the main road near
Muggintonlane End is an interesting section showing _ highly
disturbed drift gravel resting on compact red sand and gravel of the
Bunter. Near the edge of the map a mile and a half south of
Wardgate is a gravel-pit showing quartzite pebbles, and a few
igneous rocks lying at various angles in a somewhat clayey matrix.
This is shown on the map as Bunter gravel, though there is much
resemblance to drift.

The maximum thickness of the pebble beds in the more elevated
tract 1s about 130 feet.

A short distance north of the Mercaston brook the surface of the
Carboniferous shales under the Bunter falls somewhat steeply.
The latter formation changes its character, and gradually diminishing
in thickness dies out entirely at Kirk Langley. Along the right
bank of the Mercaston brook only a narrow strip of Bunter crops out
between the basal sandstones of the Keuper and the Carboniferous
shales. It appears to extend down-stream for some distance,
perhaps to a point south of Weston Underwood, where it appears
to die out.

At a small pit between Wildpark and Brailsford, close to the
western angle of the Carboniferous inlier at the former spot, yellow
false-bedded sand was exposed at the time of the survey, containing
irregular seams of unstratified gravel. At the eastern side of the
same inlier some old. quarries show yellow sandstone with a few
pebbles belonging to this formation. One mile to the west, the
more common type reappears. In a large pit at Brailsford the
beds consist of quartzite pebbles, thickly crowded together with
little or no sand. in the middle of the pita small fault was

noticed.
118 TRIASSIC ROCKS.

Half a mile south of Brailsford the pebbly beds are lost under
the marls and sandstones of the Keuper formation.

There are three inliers of Bunter shown on the map. One of
these, a mile north of Kirk Langley, is in a deep hollow, where
‘some small brooks seem to have cut through the marls into the
sand and gravel beds underneath. But there are no sections to
prove the point.

Another large inlier on the north side of a brook at Kirk Langley
is mapped on the evidence of some obscure sections of sand and
gravel, on the north side of the road opposite the hall. These
have more resemblance to Bunter gravel than to drift. A little
further down-stream is another inlier almost in contact with the
last. This is well attested by a small disused quarry close to the
stream where soft sandstone with pebbles overlies Carboniferous
shales and sandstones.

In the inlier north of Mackworth there are no sections; but
sandstones in a nearly horizontal position, probably at the base of
the Keuper Marl, are exposed high up the brook bank. It is be-
lieved that the loamy ground with pebbles on the lower slope marks
the outcrop of Bunter.

Keuper Waterstones.—The massive beds of sandstone and con-
glomerate which characterise the lowest division of the Keuper
in Cheshire are not represented between Derby and Ashbourne.
It is possible that there are 15 or 20 feet of sandstones alternating
with marls near the base of the formation all along the outcrop,
but frequently no indication of their existence could be found
and in this case they are not shown on the map.

At the time of the first geological survey the Keuper Waterstones
and Marl were exposed in a quarry at Kirk Langley, resting un-
conformably on the hard sandstones of the Limestone Shales
referred to on p. 23. This can no longer be seen, but a figure show-
ing the section is given in the memoir on the Permian and Trias of
the Midlands (p. 95.)

East of Kirk Langley the sandstone is strongly developed and
was at one time quarried for building at Bowbridge, half way
between that villageand Mackworth, as is also the case at Brailsford.
Although no more than 15 feet of sandstone is visible at the former
place the dip-slope of the rock spreads out half a mile beyond
the base of the overlying marls. Elsewhere this division of the
formation is represented by thin beds of sandstone alternating
with marls, probably of no value as building-stone. Of such kind
are the beds seen in the brook section, a mile north-east of Brailsford,
which are traceable down the valley as far as Mercaston Hall, and
appear again on the north side in a small outlier at the village
of Mugginton. Similar strata, probably belonging to this division,
can be seen inthe ponds at Lower Vicarwood Farm, one mile
north of Mackworth, and appear to pass through the hill northward
ECCLESBOURNE AND DERWENT VALLEYS. 119
and to crop out again near Kedleston Hall. A small inher of
sandstone has also been shown a mile west of Kirk Langley.

Keuper Marl.—The Keuper Mazl rises with a steep slope above
the underlying formation, whether it be Keuper Waterstones, Bunter
or Carboniferous shales. Exceptionally, however, where it is
faulted against the older strata, the boundary makes but little
feature at the surface. Thus at Quarndon a fault brings the Keuper
against Limestone Shales, cutting out entirely the intervening
Bunter Pebble Beds. Contorted shales can be seen in the lane in the
lower part of the village close to the line of fault, and on the other
side thin sandstones, about 10 feet thick, dip gently to the south.
Again at Weston Underwood the marl is brought down by faults
to a lower level than the adjacent pebble beds and appears to be
in immediate contact with the Limestone Shales. There is also
a fault in Brailsford Village and perhaps one north-west of Kirk
Langley. All these as well as the fault along the north side of the
Mackworth brook point in a direction between west and north-
west. The well-marked slope mentioned above, which forms the
boundary of the Keuper Marl landscape, is clearly due to the presence
of thin beds of sandstone or “ skerry,”’ one or two inches thick, not
far above the base. In the region here described there are no thick
upper sandstones, but the skerries are important as a source of
water in the outlying districts. The usual inclination of the Keuper
is a few degrees to the south, somewhat greater than the general
slope of the ground surface. Hence the highest beds are found
in the extreme south near Radbourne. But probably the total
thickness here does not exceed 150 feet. Though the marl covers
so wide an area in this region, it israre to find sections. Numerous
old marl pits occur, but the practice of “ marling” the ground for
agriculture had ceased even in the time of Farey.*

The base of the skerry sandstones has been shown where they
‘could be clearly traced. They are of considerable thickness and
cover all the high ground south of Kirk Langley. They seem to
dip below the surface near Radbourne, but it was not possible to
fix an upper limit for them. Wherever they are seen in section
they are marked by a dip arrow on the map. The best exposures
both of the skerries and the underlying marl are to be seen in the
brooks south-west of Kirk Langley. Beautiful examples of ripple
marks occur on the surface of the marl lamine.

Tue EccLESBOURNE AND DeRWENT VALLEYS.
(By C. B. WeEpD.)
The Trias from Windley eastward to Morley falls into
two natural divisions; a lower of pebbly sandstones, generally
buff in colour, with lenticles of shingle (Bunter); and an upper

 

* “General view of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire,” vol. ii.,
p. 407 (1811).
120 TRIASSIU ROCKS.
of red and variegated clays containing subordinate sandstones
(Keuper Marl). Thin passage-beds between these two divisions
consist of fine-grained brown sandstones or red marly flags, and,
where present, are all that can be assigned to the Keuper Waterstones
of other districts. Patches of Bunter, either detached or connected
together as the ragged remnants of a once continuous sheet, usually
cap the highest ground from Windley to the Derwent Valley near
Darley Abbey. The Bunter reappears on the east side of the river,
but is probably overlapped northward by the Keuper Marl at
Morleymoor. West of the Derwent it lies flat or dips at a low
angle in a general southerly direction, under the plateau of Keuper
Marl intersected by the Derwent and its tributaries.

The New Red rocks, ¢.e., the Trias, together with the basement
beds described above (p. 110), where these are present, pass eastward
uncomformably across the Carboniferous from a horizon low down in
the Limestone Shales at Windley on to the Millstone Grit at Morley-
moor, and rest upon an unevenly denuded Carboniferous surface.
At The Clouds, Windley, they appear to fill a slight depression
in the Carboniferous shales. At Morleymoor and in the railway-
cutting east of Breadsall, the Trias abuts against the Millstone
Grit, while at Morley a small inlier of the latter seems to be sur-
rounded by Keuper Marl.

West of the Derwent the scattered relics of the Bunter are all
that remains of a Triassic escarpment, which ran roughly parallel to
that of the Millstone Grit, but was separated from it by the broad
and deep valley of the Ecclesbourne. There is evidence, however,
to suggest that originally the Bunter was banked against the
Millstone Grit, without overspreading it. Streams flowing eastward
into the Ecclesbourne have effected the destruction of this Triassic
escarpment, while the tributaries of the Cutler Brook, flowing
southward with the inclination of the Triassic plain, have dis-
sected and denuded away the greater part of that plain north of
Kedleston. East of the Derwent the Trias has been eroded in a
less degree.

Bunter Pebble Beds.—Kastward as far as Morleymoor the Bunter
is a soft buff cross-bedded sandstone with scattered pebbles and
lenticles of shingle, in which the pebbles are characteristically
pitted. The sandstones often degenerate into loose gravel, especially
in the thin sheets of Bunter in the western district. Bands of
reddish loam and marl are sometimes intercalated. The absence
of red sandstone is a noteworthy fact.

The pebbles consist chiefly of well-rounded quartzites, sometimes
reaching the size of a coco-nut, in the shingle-beds. Vein-quartz,
light green marl or shale, and white or buff limestone are often
fairly frequent as pebbles, while felsites and other igneous rocks
also occur. The quartzite-pebbles exhibit different types and
colours, white, pinkish-grey, and purple predominating ; -but black
ones are not uncommon. A white speckled felspathic quartzite,
ECCLESBOURNE AND DERWENT VALLEYS. 121

sometimes banded, is very abundant, and in the hand-specimen
closely resembles that of the Lickey Hills. Dr. Flett, however,
finds that a slice (E. 4198*) of a typical specimen from Flower
Lilies, south of Turnditch, differs from examples of the Lickey
rock in several minor points. But these Bunter quartzite-pebbles
as a group certainly bear a strong resemblance to the Hartshill,
Lickey, Wrekin, and other pre-Cambrian quartzites of the
Midlands.

Near the road south of the lodge of Breadsall Priory the lowest
beds of the Bunter are rather coarser in grain than usual, and
contain little pebbles of quartz and pink felspar, doubtless owing
to the incorporation of material derived from the Millstone Grit.

The Bunter varies greatly in thickness}, and probably seldom
exceeds 30 or 40 feet within this district. Such variation is not
surprising in view of the great inequality of the pre-Triassic surface
especially in the neighbourhood of the Millstone Grit, where the
amount of surface-relief may often be in excess of the average
thickness of the Bunter.

We shall now discuss briefly in detail the local development of
the formation. An old gravel-pit in the outlier at Flower Lilies
shows about 15 feet of coarse shingle and buff sandstone with
pitted pebbles. Road-sections in Gunhills Lane expose buff
pebbly sandstone, while in a pit on Gun Hills gravel composed
of Bunter shingle seems to have been re-arranged as a drift-deposit
capping the Bunter. The margin of the Bunter is for the most
part well defined by a distinct feature, except in the neighbourhood
of Moseley, where drift obscures the southern boundary. Between
Newlands and Champion, west of Duffield, the extent of the forma-
tion is not clear, owing to the presence of drift-gravel, but a small
pit in the indented feature between the two westerly ends of the
wood west of Farnah House shows undoubted Bunter—eight feet
of incoherent sandstone with lenticles of shingle, in which only
the closely packed pebbles are pitted. The drift-capped ridge
extending south-westward from here on the north side of the
plantation north of Ireton Farm has been mapped as Bunter for
the following reasons: it would require some unusual disturbance
to enable the base of the Bunter seen on the south side of the
plantation to have passed above this hill; moreover, the latter
makes a bolder feature than drift-gravel resting upon Carboniferous
shales might be expected to produce, while in sandy material on
its flanks fragments of friable Bunter Sandstone were noticed.

There is reason to believe that the Bunter hereabouts
thins out temporarily south-westward. Some 20 feet of pebbly
sandstone with beds of shingle is seen in an old quarry on the
south side of the plantation. But this rock cannot be traced

 

* Number of slide in the Survey collection of English rocks.
+ E. Hull, “ The Triassic and Permian Rocks of the Midland Counties of

England” (em Geol. Surv.), p. 53 (1869).
122 TRIASSIC ROCKS.

much further westward. Close to the road north of Kedleston
Park, Keuper Marl has been dug in old pits, while in the stream
100 yards further west traces of Carboniferous shales and flags
occur. Again on the west side of the same stream the Bunter
seems to thin away gradually south of Hall Close. Eastward
it caps the high ground beyond Quarndon, its margin being often
denuded into combes.

South of Allestree pebbly Bunter is seen in an old cutting a short
distance north-east of the cross roads. The outcrop of the rock
appears to run southward to the river-valley near Darley House,
where it is probably cut off by a fault.

East of the Derwent normal Bunter succeeds the basement-beds
described above. It rises into a conspicuous hill at Hilltop ;
whence the base of the Trias can be traced eastward with charac-
teristic outline above the south bank of the brook at Breadsall.
Further on in the railway-cutting buff pebbly Bunter Sandstone
passes under thin marly flags (Keuper), which are also seen to
overlie about 14 feet of Bunter shingle-beds and pebbly sandstone
in an old pit by the roadside east of Broomfield. West of that
place the Bunter is not exposed ; but the form and altitude of the
plateau lying between visible outcrops of the rock afford strong
evidence of its presence. Thus the continuous outcrop of the
Bunter south-east of Breadsall is below 300 feet o.p.: but further
north the base of the formation, where the pebbly sandstone and
shingle are exposed in sections south of Breadsall Priory, lies at
more than 300 feet, while the intervening high ground west of
Broomfield rises also above this altitude, and evidently forms a
part of the sheet of Bunter with a slight southerly inclination. The
Bunter is banked against the Kinderscout Grit at Morleymoor.
West of Morleymoor Farm red sand appears at the surface—the
first indication of the red-sandstone phase of the Bunter in passing
eastward (see p. 123). There is some reason to believe that this
rock is overlapped northward by the Keuper Marl.

Keuper Waterstones.—A few feet of fine-grained brown sandstone,
with occasional little quartz-pebbles of irregular shape, is seen
in the south-west corner of Allestree Park and on the west side
of the village. In an old pit at the cross roads south of the
village, beds of red marl alternate with red marly flags and thin
whitish sandstones. The group of sandy beds is little more than
a passage from the arenaceous conditions of the Bunter to the
argillaceous type of the Keuper Marl. It can seldom be recognized
at the surface, owing to the absence of sections and definite features,
though the sandy base of the marl series sometimes makes a slight
rise above the Bunter. In the Great Northern Railway cutting
east of Breadsall the Bunter is succeeded by a few feet of even-
bedded brown marly flags, a similar sequence being exposed in
the Bunter gravel-pit east of Broomfield.
SOUTHERN MARGIN. 123

Keuper Marl.—The Keuper Marl, as far as it is seen, consists
of red stratified clays with frequent light green bands and blotches,
numerous intercalations of more sandy strata, thin flags of hard
greenish-white sandstone with rippled surface, and at intervals
thick beds of buff or light brown fine-grained sandstone, sometimes
containing a few little quartz pebbles. The last-mentioned
rocks often give rise to strong features which can be traced for
some distance.

North of Kedleston a slight rise above the Bunter and a red
soil mark the sandy base of the Keuper Marl, which falls south-
westward towards the Cutler Brook. Red and green marls and
beds of fine-grained sandstone are seen in old pits at the north-east
corner of Kedleston Park. Several exposures of red shaly clay
with light green bands and sporadic hard sandy flags appear
in the Duffield Road south of Allestree, while one of the sandstones
oceurs at Darley.

East of the Derwent a broad tract of undulating ground is devoid
of drift and affords numerous indications of the presence of Keuper
Marl at the surface. Near the base the red clays and two beds
of buff and light brown sandstone (“skerries”’) with occasional
little pebbles are exposed in the road south of Breadsall. A sand-
stone makes a bold feature running southward from the fever-
hospital to Derby. From the railway east of Breadsall northward
beyond Morley the Keuper Marl occupies an elevated plateau with
slight southerly inclination, but is seldom exposed in section.
It appears to overlap the Bunter northward, but its boundary
is doubtful and may be faulted on the west.

Tur SouTHERN MARGIN OF THE COALFIELD.

(By W. Gipson.)

Bunter Pebble Beds.—In the railway cutting of the Great Northern
Railway at Morley on the south-western border of the coalfield
the Bunter formation consists of two subdivisions—a lower
portion of extremely false-bedded red sandstone with bands and
lenticles of breccia, resembling the bands in the Lower Mottled
Sandstone (see p. 126). Conformably to this there succeed some
false-bedded pebbly sandstones. The lower portion is about 100
feet thick; the upper about 25 feet thick. The unconformity
of the Trias to the Carboniferous rocks is here very marked, for
the former rocks are inclined at 15 degrees to the south-west ;
the latter at 17 degrees to the north-east. In a small gully
called the Gripps, north of Morley Church, the breccia in the lower
portion is exceptionally coarse and angular. The illustration
124 TRIASSIC ROCKS.

(Fig. 9), reduced from a detailed section made by Mr. EH. Wilson
and deposited at the Nottingham University College, shows
the composition of the two portions of the Bunter and their
marked unconformity to the Coal-measures.

The area round Morley admirably illustrates the relation of
the Keuper to the Bunter. Thus at the village and northward,
the Keuper Marl rests on the lower portion of the Bunter, and it
is not till the railway-cutting is reached, half a mile to the south,
that the Keuper Waterstones, consisting of about 15 feet of
flags and marls, appears from below the overlapping Keuper Marl.
In the cutting the Waterstones can be observed to overlap the
upper portion of the Bunter.

Several springs burst out in the cutting to the west of the tunnel,
at the junction of the impervious marls with the highly porous
Bunter which would appear to have been deposited in a pre-Triassic
hollow excavated in the Coal-measures.

South of Manor Farm, the Keuper Marl again overlaps on to
the Bunter; but the latter reappears near Locko Grange and
from thence forms a marked escarpment along the entire southern
margin of the coalfield.

At Morley the Bunter consists of two portions. A lower
non-pebbly brecciated subdivision (Lower Mottled Sandstone),
above which comes the pebbly sandstone of the Bunter Pebble
Beds. About two miles to the south-east in a quarry at the
Hagg, a slightly brecciated pebbly sandstone rests directly on
Coal-measures. The Lower Mottled Sandstone is, therefore,
locally absent. In a quarry 150 yaras to the south-east the Lower
Mottled Sandstone is again absent and the pebble beds rest directly
on Coal-measures, but the Lower Mottled Sandstone reappears from
underneath the Pebble Beds at Dale Village. Between Dale and
the western margin of Wollaton Park the Lower Mottled Sand-
stone appears at intervals, but as often as not the pebbly condition
of the Bunter is carried down to the base.

From Dale to Sandiacre the Bunter is inclined to the south,
while the Coal-measures dip to the north; between Stapleford
and Lenton Park the Trias likewise dips to the south, but the
Coal-measures are inclined to the north-east.

The idea of the Bunter being a marginal deposit along this line
at once enforces itself, just as the examination of the Magnesian
Limestone on the eastern side of the coalfield conveys the same
impression (p. 103). The southern and eastern margins of the
Fie. 9.

Section on the East side of the Tunnel on the Great Northern Railway near Morley (after Mr. E. Wilson).

w.sW.

SOUTHERN MARGIN.

 

 

Bunter Conglomerate & Sarudstones with bands of Brecaa

Coal Measures

 

 

ENE.

Length of Section, about 700 feet, measured along the level of the rails.

125

coalfield thus plainly
show the gradual de-
pression of the pre-
Triassic hilly region of
Derbyshire, first be-
neath the waters of
the Magnesian Lime-
stone period, followed
by its gradual burying
up by the Trias. The
burying up of a low
pre-Triassic hill by
the Trias and its sub-
sequent emergence
owing to post-Triassic
denudation is admi-
rably illustrated by
a low ridge of sand-
stone south of Dale
Moor. Against the
southern and eastern
slopes the Bunter,
here a slightly brec-
ciated extremely false-
bedded red sandstone,
has been irregularly
deposited in hollows
of the older rocks
(Fig. 10, p. 127).

The pebbly  sub-
division of the Bunter
forms conspicuous
crags south of Dale
Abbey and at Sandi-
acre. To the east of
the Erewash Valley
at Bramcote and in
Wollaton Park the
Bunter has been cut
back into deep combes
with intermediate
rounded lobes, form-
ing the class of lands-
scape so characteristic
of this formation
throughout the Mid-
lands. The higher
portion of the Bunter
of the Stapleford
126 TRIASSIC ROCKS.

and Bramcote Hills is a hard conglomerate with barium sulphate as a
cement. The same conglomerate forms the summit of the Hemlock
Stone and occurs again at Bramcote and in small outliers between
the Bramcote Hills and in Wollaton Park. This conglomerate
was considered to be of Lower Keuper age by Mr. Shipman, and
in this conclusion he was subsequently followed by Mr. Aveline,
who, however, considered it to belong to the Pebble Beds in the
first edition of the memoir. *

We revert to the opinion of Professor Hull and Professor Blake
that the conglomerate is of Bunter age. The presence of barium
sulphate as a cement has been used as an argument in favour
of the Keuper age of the conglomerate. Barium sulphate acts
as a cement in the Bunter, around Dale, while in the Keuper
conglomerate of the same neighbourhood it is absent. Similar
conglomerates with barium sulphate also occur in the heart of
the Bunter near the Ha!l on Bramcote Hills. The Hemlock Stone
furnishes a good illustration of the effects of subaerial denudation.
The shaft of the pillar is composed of soft red sandstone which
has been undercut by atmospheric agencies, while the hard capping
of conglomerate has longer resisted the same action, and now
overhangs and protects the shaft.

In pebbles collected from a small quarry in Bunter on the outskirts
of Wollaton Park near Thompson’s Wood, Mr. Shipman mentions
the following fossils: Orthis flabellulum, Rhynchonella, Atrypa (allied
to A. reticularis), Retzia sp., Orthis calligramma, Phacops.

That the Bunter formation formerly extended northward of
Wollaton Park and concealed the present outcrop of the Permian
is shown by the outliers in Balloon Wood near the brickyard at
Wollaton, in Broomhill Wood near Oldpark Farm, in the Catstone
Hills, near Kimberley, and again at Bulwell. The Catstone Hills
are capped by a hard conglomerate similar to that forming the
summit of the Hemlock Stone, and considered to be of Keuper
age by Mr. Aveline (op. cit.), but this opinion has not received
general acceptance. At the Knowle, near Kimberley, the Bunter
contains lenticles of coarse breccia six to seven feet thick, inter-
calated between beds of soft red sandstone.

The Lower Mottled Sandstone has not been represented along
the southern margin of the coalfield west of Wollaton Park owing
to its thinness and the capricious nature of its occurrence. In
Wollaton Park the mapping of the Lower Mottled Sandstone agrees
closely with that adopted by Mr. Shipman.

 

* “Geology of the Country around Nottingham ” (Mem. Geol.
Ed. 2 (1880). sg ( eol. Surv.),
Fia. 10.

By W. Gibson.

Sectuon near Dale Abbey shewing the burying up and. emergence of a pre triassic Landscape

Horizontal Scale siactnches -une mile
Vertical Scale - three times the horizontal

Dale Moor Fargy

OUL ironstone workings

Coal Measure Grit.

~~ a
~ = e
Lower Carboniferous Rocks

 

 

127
128 TRIASSIC ROCKS.

A non-pebbly false-bedded sandstone underlies the conglomerate
of the Catstone Hills and is well shown in a quarry by the roadside.
A similar false-bedded red sandstone occurs below the pebbly
sandstone of Hempshill, and can nowhere be better studied than
in the quarries for moulding sand close to the Great Northern
Railway, near Hempshill, west of the Cinderhill Brick-pits.

Keuper Waterstones.—The lowest beds of the Keuper appear
in the railway cutting near Morley tunnel where they con-
sist of thin flags interstratified with red magls. They are seen
again in the top part of the sand-pit south of the Hagg ; but here
the basement bed is a loosely compacted conglomerate or shingle-
beach from 3 to 4 feet thick. The same beds, overlain by Keuper
Marl have overlapped on-to the Lower Mottled Sandstone—or
what may be regarded as such—in a quarry by the roadside north
of Dalemoor Farm. Elsewhere the Keuper Waterstones consist
of flags and red marls, never exceeding 20 feet in thickness,
and but rarely seen in open section.

The faulted areas of Waterstones and Keuper Marl at
Lenton are more fittingly described in connexion with the
faulting (p. 142).

Keuper Marl.—This formation covers the whole of the range of
hills along the southern edge of the map between Derby and Beeston.
It consists of the usual red marls with many thin beds of grey
skerry sandstone; which are, in most cases, too thin to trace
across the country. A band near the base of the formation is
rather more persistent than the others, and forms a feature that
may be followed more or less easily from Derby to the Erewash
Valley. In Chilwell brickyard a thick mass of this sandstone
is brought up on the south side of a fault. This bed has a
thickness of from 20 to 30 feet or more, and is of greater im-
portance than any of the skerry sandstones elsewhere in this
district. Although it resembles these in lithological character,
its great thickness suggests that it might be the upper part of
the Keuper Waterstones. Through a part of its course, the
Keuper Marl comes on regularly above the Keuper Waterstones ;
but in many cases its northern boundary is very abrupt, and
it is either faulted or banked against the lower formations.
It dips regularly to the south; but whether the beds are
broken by faults, as shown on the. old map (71 8.W.) there is
not sufficient evidence to prove. These faults were probably
put in on the strength of the breaks in the features formed by the
thin skerry sandstones, but these beds are far too impersistent
to be a reliable guide in the matter.*

 

* From notes supplied by Mr. C. Fox-Strangways.
EASTERN AREA. 12)

Tue HAsTeRN AREA,

(By R. L. SHEeRtock.)

Lower Mottled Sandstone, and Pebble Beds.—At Two Mile Houses,
at the four cross roads south of Basford Hall, the Lower Mottled
Sandstone is well shown in a quarry formerly worked for moulding
sand. There are no exposures north of this point until Bulwell
Church is reached. Here, about 12 feet of red non-pebbly sand-
stone, without mottling, crops out in the side of the path leading
to Bulwell Forest.

Further north the cuttings of the Midland and Great Central
railways at the ends of the tunnels through the Robin Hood Hills
(where the road from Derby to Mansfield meets the northern bound-
ary of the map) give the best exposures of the Bunter. The generai
dip of the rocks is about one degree to the south-east, but the hill
over the tunnel coincides with a slight sag, so that there is a gentle
dip towards the tunnel at both ends. This is important as it
causes the bed which occurs at the top of the section at the north-
west end of the tunnel to be repeated at the bottom of the cutting
at the south-east end, with the result that an almost complete
section is seen from the Magnesian Limestone through the Permian
marls into the Bunter. The Permian marl is seen to pass by the
intercalation of very fine-grained lenticular bands of red sand-
stone into sandstone only (Fig. 8, p. 116), the change being a com-
plete one. The appearance of the first definite sandstone band has
been taken as the beginning of the Bunter. The boundary is
entirely conventional but should be of economic service, as the
marl below is of considerable commercial value. In the cutting
to the south-east the lowest part of the Bunter contains much
water held up by the marly partings. Two wells have been dug,
one for the Great Central Railway and the other to supply the
parish of Selston. The upper half of the cutting (about 34 feet deep
at the mouth of the tunnel) is in thick-bedded red sandstone.
The Midland Railway cutting alongside the Great Central Railway
continues the section in massive red fine-grained sandstone, so
friable as to be broken up between the fingers. Near the mouth
of the tunnel a little marl is seen at the bottom and a few marly
films occur between the thickly bedded sandstones higher up.
The combined sections include about 100 feet of red sandstone.

As the lower boundary of the Bunter is of an indefinite character
it is not possible to assert that exactly the same horizon has been
taken in exposures half-a-mile or a mile away. It is in fact
certain that the sandstones are of a lenticular and inconstant
character so that the boundary line is entirely a lithological one. At
Nuncargate a sand-pit behind the houses shows red (occasionally
yellow) sand-rock with a little red marl towards the top. In the plain
at the foot of the Robin Hood and Mosley Hills a strong spring called

8789.
130 TRIASSIC ROCKS.

Hollin Well, east of the Great Central Railway cutting, forms the
source of the River Leen. Here a few inches of red marl are seen
passing downwards into fine red sand-rock. The section is about
four feet deep and the rocks are identical in appearance with the
water-bearing sandstones seen in the Great Central Railway cutting.
The plain at the foot of the hills has therefore been regarded as
composed of Bunter.

The road from Annesley Station to Annesley Grove cuts through
the range of Bunter hills mentioned above. The section, which
has been described by Mr. Aveline* and is still clear, shows some
15 feet of massive soft sandstone with thin partings of red marl
and small angular pebbles. These brecciated partings, generally
from one to three inches thick, are common in the more massive
beds of the lower Mottled Sandstone.

The Great Northern mineral line to Annesley Colliery shows
some 20 feet of red sandstone, and on the Midland Railway just
north of Annesley Station eight feet is seen with a parting of red
marl.

The cutting at Butler’s Hill Station on the eastern border of the
map shows a capping of drift lying on soft red marly sand-rock,
with marl bands throughout and resting on Permian Red Marl.
About 12 feet in all can be seen, but the cutting is obscured by
grass.

At the eastern termination of the Long Hills, Hucknall Torkard,
a small quarry shows :—

Ft. in.
Pebbly Drift - - 1 6
Red sandstone - 6 0
Breccia : S ws 0 6
Red sandstone 10
Breccia . Z 2 10

Red sandstone

The breccias here are the same in character as those occurring
at Annesley. The reservoir 300 yards to the east, shows 12 feet
of red sandstone.

Two small areas of Bunter hidden by drift, occur at Broom-
hill, which cannot be shown on the one-inch map.

 

* « Geology of the Country around Nottingham ” (Mem. Geol. Surv.), Ed. 2,
p. 26 (1880).
131

CHAPTER X.
FOLDS AND FAULTS.

. The Pennine system of folding, trending on the whole north and
south, dominates the whole district. It determines the structure
of the coalfield, but almost ceases to be recognizable to the east of
the Erewash Valley. It is this system of folding that produces
the anticlinal axis of the north of England, and brings up the
Carboniferous Limestone of Derbyshire in an elongated dome upon
this axis, a dome of a general periclinal form, but composed of
several minor undulations.

THe DERWENT Bas-y.
(By C. B. Wepp.)

Folds.—In the western part of the district we see the passing of
this system on its south-eastern side into a series of shallower
wrinkles.

The corner of thelimestone-mass7f that enters the district at Wirks-
worth belongs to the south-eastern limb of the great compound
anticline of the limestone. But its axial direction of folding, where
it enters the area of this map, is little south of east. Off the elevated
mass of limestone the succeeding shales and the Millstone Grits
dip south and east. Further east a long sinuous anticlinal saddle
first shows itself in the neighbourhood of Belper. Continuing
northward beyond the region with which we are at present con-
cerned, it brings up the Carboniferous Limestone to the surface
at Crich, and. again further north at Ashover, in two locally
periclinal elevations.* The Derwent Valley runs along the
intervening syncline. The axis of this trough lies slightly
west of the river in the extreme north of the district
(see hor. sect., one-inch Sheet 125), but appears to approach
it in a south-easterly direction at Ambergate. Here a south-
westerly fault seems to displace the syncline westward, for the
latter is clearly seen in the Kinderscout and Belper grits around
Belper Lane (see Fig. 13, p. 135). But it cannot be recognized
south of Belper, and soon dies out.

West of the Millstone Grits near Belper the Limestone Shales
tend to roll in irregular wrinkles of short “ wave-length,” 80
that the general strike of the different horizons is scarcely in-
terrupted, while a comparatively small thickness of strata covers

* Further discussion of this folding is reserved for a future memoir on
Sheet 112. An account of it is given in “Summary of Progress for 1905”"

(Mem. Geol. Surv.), p. 16 (1906).
8789. -
132 FOLDS AND FAULTS.

a wide area. South of Wirksworth, Mr. Pocock finds the latter
effect produced by the slight southerly dip of the strata.

At Crich the anticline seen in the main mass of the limestone
inlier (see hor. sect., one-inch Sheet 125) both trends and pitches
down south-eastward with a rather high dip on its south-west side.
The Crich Stand and Hilt’s quarries show the crest of the saddle.
East of the latter quarry another exposes the limestone, com-
pletely surrounded by drift, in a second anticline of merely local
extent, with approximately the same trend and downward pitch.
A fault, of which there is evidence in the north-west corner of
the quarry, where the beds have a high westerly dip, appears to
run northward between the two saddles.

These two anticlinal folds at Crich may be regarded as the key
to the structure of the neighbouring ground on the east and south.
They influence the arrangement of the outcrops of higher strata
for a considerable distance. Thus the uplift of the more easterly
anticline produces a series of concentric curves in the escarpments
of the Millstone Grits and Coal-measures eastward beyond Pentrich.
Again the western or main anticline at Crich, diverted to a southerly
direction, where the Southern Crich Fault (see below, p. 138) crosses
it—a change of direction perhaps correlated with the westward
displacement of the syncline west of Ambergate,—continues as a
definite saddle as far as Belper, and brings up the lower Millstone
Grits to the surface east of the Derwent (see Figs. 12, 13). The
evidence for this continuation of the anticline is as follows :—

West of Crich Common the Kinderscout Grit dips west. But
in the bank above Fritchley, east of the common, this and the
succeeding grit in the road descending Bullbridge Hill have a
strong easterly dip. Fig. 2 (p. 52) is based on a section exposed in
the lane from Bullbridge Hill to Chadwick’s Nick during the
laying of the water-pipes. From a point on the top of the bank
at the east end of this lane to the western Kinderscout escarpment
all the beds dip west, at a high angle in the eastern part, but more
gently further west. Hence the crest of the anticline lies at the
top of this bank, where the beds are much sheared and perhaps
faulted. A very short distance south of the lane two fine-grained
grits, dipping away from one another, meet close to the crest of the
hill at Smith’s Rough (see Fig. 1la., p. 133), and these anticlinal
dips continue in adjacent strata on both sides. Thus the axis
of the saddle has been shifted westward by a fault.

The same anticlinal arrangement, disturbed by small faults, is
seen again in the cutting at Ambergate Station, and with less
disturbance in Toadmoor Hill, in which the Kinderscout Grit
everywhere dips west on the west flank, but must bend over on
the top. For on the east flank the Belper Grit, which may be
separated from the Kinderscout for a short distance by a small
fault, dips strongly eastward (Fig. 12, p. 134). In a quarry south
of Heage Firs this dip decreases rapidly westward from 55 to
DERWENT BASIN. 133

Fig. 11. ;
Sections through Hill N. of Ambergate Lime-works and River Amber
near Ambergate Station (by C. B. Wedd).
Scale (horizontal and vertical), one inch = 500 feet.

 

L

 

a. Belper Grit (Middle Grit Group).
b. Upper Kinderscout Grit.

c. Belper Grit ?
d, Fine-grained grit, ? lower Kinderscout, or Shale Grit.

e. Belper Grit (Middle Grit Group).
F,, Fo, Fs, faults.
The :ecti ns ron from W. to E. along lines 500 yards, 215 yards, and 75
yards respectively N. of the northerly bend of the Amber at the Lime-works.
Secticn A crosses the strike obliquely, so that slopes and dips appear less

thar they are actually.
FOLDS -AND FAULTS.

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136 BAULIES,

15 degrees on approaching the crest of the fold, and the Belper
Grit shortly passes over to the west side of the saddle, for it runs
down to the river. The anticline continues with diminished inten-
sity to Belper (Fig. 13, p: 135), beyond which it probably dies out in
small irregular wrinkles. Thus along the Derwent Valley to
Duffield the low dip seems undecided; but below Little Eaton
House, north of the Paper Mills, the lower Kinderscout Grit has
a marked westerly dip, while the upper grit at the top of the bank
dips east; so that there is some indication that the anticlinal
condition has not yet completely ceased.

The synclinal trough between the two anticlines in the Crich
limestone, continuing south-eastward, is marked by are-entrant angle
in the outcrops of the grits and sandstones, which becomes blunter
in higher beds, as they recede further from the limestone, by Fritch-
ley and Wingfield Park to Lower Hartshay. It probably persists
as a slight and curving synclinal flexure through Denby to Little
Eaton where the abrupt bend in the outcrops denotes a shallow
trough which can be traced north-eastward.

The lower Coal-measures are slightly arched between the Kil-
bourne Colliery and the Horsley Fault to the south-west of it,
the Kilburn Coal being at a depth of 138 yards at each end of a level
driven from the shaft to the fault.

Faults.—Numerous faults trending between north-north-west
and west-north-west intersect the district. In the north they
tend to converge towards the region of greatest uplift at the
point where it is intersected by the Southern Crich Fault. In the
south they pass the southern termination of this uplift without
any such tendency. The more important of those that havea
direction oblique to the folds, accentuate the effect of the folding
by throwing down in the direction of relative depression produced
by it. Thus they suggest for themselves an origin contemporan-
eous with the folding.

The chief of these faults in the western part of the coalfield has
already been referred to as the Horsley Fault. It is a well-marked
dislocation running north-north-west with easterly downthrow
amounting to about 550 feet between Kilbourne and Openwoodgate,
but diminishing rapidly both ways. Its course, as we have drawn
it, agrees approximately with its position on the old Survey map,
except in the south, where there is clear evidence that it throws the
Middle Grits against the Kinderscout Grit at the east end of Horsley
Carr and Breadsall Moor. At Horsley Park a small branch-fault
seems to bring the base of the Coal-measures against the Rough
Rock. At Lower Kilbourne the Horsley Fault was touched in the
workings of the Kilbourne Colliery. Northward it has a well-
defined course beyond Belper, north of which town the Rough Rock
is thrown against the Belper Grit. Thence its position is uncertain
ind it probably dies out shortly.
DERWENT BASIN, 137

A small, but well-defined, fault runs west-north-west through
Bargate and Cowhill with southerly downthrow, displacing the
outcrops of the Rough Rock and the Middle Grits.

South of Kilbourne two minor faults of irregular north-westerly
direction let down a narrow strip of ground between them.

A fault at the Denby Colliery, with a general north-westerly
trend, has a north-easterly downthrow of 38 yards at Smithy
Houses, where it splits south-eastward into two branches, which die
out. It decreases also north-westward, and has a throw of only
19 yards near High Park Farm. Other faults in the same neigh-
bourhood also diminish in both directions as they leave the
trough of the shallow local syncline (see p. 136).

An important north-westerly fault proved in the workings of the
Marehay Main Colliery has a north-easterly downthrow of 50 yards.
West of the colliery it sends off an offshoot of 20 yards’ downthrow
on the opposite side, and splits into two smaller faults under Ryk-
neld Street.

Few faults in this neighbourhood persist so far north-westward
as to displace perceptibly the outcrop of the Wingfield Flagstones.
One, however, with south westerly downthrow, does so north of
Heage.

Further north the Porters Barn Fault (see p. 145) bends to a
more westerly course, and appears to die out. It has a throw of
32 yards down south-west near Ripley, diminishing to 28 yards at
Hartshay. West of Ripley a fault with north-easterly downthrow
leaves it in a north-north-westerly direction towards Pentrich, and
decreases from 24 yards’ displacement to 16 yards at the canal.

At Ridgeway a fault throwing down north-east, in conjunction
with another fault already mentioned, must cut out the Rough
Rock. For the escarpment of this grit, a rather coarse and pebbly
rock here and for a long distance southward, ends abruptly at the
stream-valley, beyond which, on the same line of strike and far
below the Alton Coal, is a fine-grained and fissile sandstone with
intercalated shaly beds—a sandstone typical of the Coal-measures
but unlike even the finest-grained of the Millstone Grits in this
district. The two coals above the Rough Rock at Gun Lane have
been mistaken locally for the Alton Coal of Bullbridge and the
seam below it. But the Alton is readily distinguishable from any
other seam.

While describing the faults affecting the Coal-measures, we
may notice here the “Dumb Fault” or wash-out in the Deep
Hard Coal. The coal is absent throughout a belt of ground vary-
ing in width from 200 to 500 yards in a north-easterly direction
from the outcrop of the seam at Salter Wood, where the wash-out
is accompanied on its south-east side by a remarkable thickening
of the coal (see p. 79). This thickening takes place at Salter
Wood within a horizontal distance of about 40 yards, while at the
same time a bed of sandstone comes in above the coal and the
138 FAULTS.

underlying rock diminishes. Mr. G. E. Coke * finds on tracing the
wash-out north-eastward, that its course is marked by a general
increase of the measures between the Hard and Soft coals, from a
normal thickness of about 18 yards, up to as much as 34 yards at
Denby ; that isolated patches of coal occur within the area of the
wash-out ; that the beds undulate in crossing it; that there is a
certain amount of disturbance, and sometimes of repetition, of the
coal at its margins ; and that the surfaces of partings when followed
across:the wash-out are highly polished and suggestive of lateral
movement.

In the anticlinal area from Crich southward most of the north-
westerly faults seem to fail, and the direction of faulting is less
regular. But the Southern Crich Faultf crosses the anticline and
runs north-westward out of the district. It throws down the
Belper Grit nearly to the level of the limestone. Hence it seems
to have a maximum south-westerly downthrow of not less than
600 feet. South-eastward however, it dies out rapidly and pro-
duces but a slight displacement of the Millstone Grits near Fritchley.
The squeezing of the grits in the anticlinal hill north of Ambergate
Station is accompanied by faulting. A small fault appears to inter-
sect the Belper Grit above the canal, and to bring it close against
the pebbly Kinderscout Grit (sce Fig. 11, p. 133). Another
throws the latter against the fine-gramed rock of Smith’s
Rough on the west (Fig. 11, a and s). This fault must
cross and displace the anticlinal axis (see above, p. 132). It
appears to traverse the lane to the north at a point where
a gap in the section Fig. 2 marks an interval of broken ground
in the water-works trenches (p. 51). There is, moreover, another
fracture on the crest of the anticline between the two fine-
grained grits, which dip in opposite directions.

While a displacement with easterly downthrow, the Ambergate
Fault { of the old map and memoir extends south from Crich
Common as far as the Derwent Valley at Ambergate, it is im-
possible that any large dislocation can continue far down this
valley (see Figs. 12, 13), though one or two small faults, not
shown in Fig. 12, do run a short distance along the valley
below Ambergate. The main fault apparently crosses to
the west side of the Derwent at Ambergate, and trends
south-westward. For a fault with south-easterly downthrow
has let down the outlier of Belper Grit against the upper Kinder-
scout Grit west of the river, while south-westward along its line the
low ground of the highest beds of the latter grit, passing under
shales, is brought against the rising ground formed by the lower

 

* “On a ‘dumb fault’ or ‘wash-out’ in the Deep Hard Coal at Coton
Park and Denby,” Mid. Count. Inst. Eng. (1888).

+ “Geology of the Carboniferous Limestone, Yoredale Rocks, and Mill-
stone Grit of North Derbyshire’ (Mem. Geol. Surv.), Ed. 2, p. 81 (1887).

+ Op. cit., p. 89.
WIRKSWORTH AND KEDLESTON. 139

part of the same grit on the west. South of Milnhay the lower
Kinderscout Grit on the north-west is thrown into line with the
escarpment of the upper grit, aswampy gap intervening. It will be
noticed that this fault also throws up in the direction of elevation
produced by the folding. Its relation to a north-westerly fault
at Whitewells is obscure. Both appear to bend abruptly where
they may be expected to meet.

In the neighbourhood of Alderwasley and Ashleyhay north-
westerly and west-north-westerly faults become frequent again
The most important in the Millstone Grit district are a north-westerly
‘one that throws down the upper against the lower Kinderscout
Grit at Lanehead, and a west-north-westerly dislocation. running
by Dannah Farm with south-westerly downthrow, which repeats
the Shale Grits and lower Kinderscout Grit to the north. It will
be noticed that of these two north-westerly faults that which points
east of the uplifted limestone mass throws down east, while that
which points south of it throws down south, both faults acting
in the same direction as the folding.

So also easterly and north-easterly faults in the neighbourhood
of the Wirksworth limestone usually have a southerly downthrow.

Tue Wirkswortu AND KepLeston Districts.

(By T. I. Pocock.)

The ‘boundary between the Carboniferous Limestone and the
adjacent strata in this region is in all cases a fault with perhaps
one exception. This is very clearly proved, although the actual
junction is seen nowhere within the map. For example, the road
from Wirksworth north-westward to Middleton coincides very
nearly with one of these faulted junctions. On the south-west
side is a cliff of limestone with chert beds at the top dipping gently
to south-east. On the other side the low ground is occupied
by Limestone Shales and the limestone is buried deep below
the surface. The displacement of the rocks can _ scarcely
be less ‘than 200 feet. Near the railway station another fault
begins, almost at right angles to the first. It runs by the church-
yard and brings shales in the lower part of the town against lime-
stone in the upper. It is probably cut off to the south by the
great Yokecliff Rake Fault which passes from the grit escarpment
east of the town to Hopton and beyond the limits of the map.

At the foot of Yokecliff, a quarter of a mile from Wirksworth,
limestone was struck in digging the foundations of the houses.
It was not seen to what part of the series the beds belonged, but
as they seem to pass normally under shales a little farther south,
it seems probable that they are nearly the highest in the series,
and that the throw of the fault is approximately equal to the height
140 FAULTS.

of the cliff. The spur of limestone already mentioned is bounded
by a zigzag line of fault, at the southern side of which, where the
limestone and Shale Grit escarpments stand face to face across the
ravine, the throw is probably 300 feet. If, however, this line be
produced westwards beyond the boundary of the limestone it
appears to mark no displacement in the Limestone Shales.
In the other direction the fault seems to cross the Ecclesbourne
River to the gritstone heights on the east.

At Hopton the boundary fault must be more than 200 feet in
throw, for limestone beds, at least 200 feet below the top, are
brought into contact with shales some distance above the base
of the Limestone Shales.

There is probably another fault with displacement of 100 feet
or more beginning near the tunnel north-east of Hopton, on the
Cromford and High Peak Railway, and extending south-eastwards
towards Wirksworth, by which the chert-beds at the top of the
limestone are repeated. Like many others in this region, this fault
coincides with an old lead vein, as shown on the old one-inch map.
Outside the tract of limestone there are no faults of any great
magnitude in the Wirksworth district.

Several faults pointing west-north-west and east-south-east,
are shown on the map west of the Derwent Valley.

Quarndon Fault.—This fault begins in Kedleston Park and
extends through the village of Quarndon to Allestree Park, throw-
ing the Keuper Marl down against the Limestone Shales
and cutting out the Bunter Pebble Beds over almost its whole
length. The line may be fixed very closely by the sudden change
in the colour of the soil on the two sides, and in the cutting of the
road from Quarndon to Derby contorted Carboniferous shales may
be seen in juxtaposition with marls and thin sandstones of the
Keuper. The disturbance of the latter is not nearly so great as in
the former, so that it is possible that the sandstones and marls
may be banked against a pre-existing fault in the older rocks.

Brailsjord Fault.—This fault is not seen in section, but is inserted
to explain the relative positions of the Bunter Pebble Beds, Keuper
sandstones and marls. The red marls, which overlie thick beds
of sandstone in the village, abut against Pebble Beds occupying
higher ground to the north-east. As there is no proof of an over-
lap in this direction, it appears more probable that the boundary
is a fault with downthrow to the south-west.

Kirk Langley Fault.—This fault throws in the opposite direction
to the last. It begins about half way between Brailsford and
Kirk Langley, bringing Keuper Marl in the low ground of Meynell
Langley against Limestone Shales and Bunter Pebble Beds
occupying high ground to the south-west.
EREWASH VALLEY. 141

Mackworth Fault. —At Mackworth this fault is seen in Cold Lane,
the short lane connecting the upper and lower parts of the village ,
where one of the hard beds in the Limestone Shales is ex-
posed on the south side of the fault, and the overlying beds are
much disturbed. The throw of the fault, which is not great,
may be judged by the difference in the position of the Keuper
Waterstones on the two sides. On one side it is at the level of the
main road through Mackworth, and on the other nearly at that of
the brook. Between here and Derby there is no means of tracing
this fault, but it is probably the same disturbance as that seen
in the brickyards on the south side of the Great Northern Railway,
and possibly also is the same as that seen in the brick-
yard south of Stockbrook Lane. Although there is no means
of tracing them across the intervening ground, these faults all
point in the same direction.

Tue Ertwasu VALLey.
(By W. Gipson.)

Folds.—The folding affecting the Coal-measures partakes ofa
very simple character in comparison with that met with on the
western side of the Pennine System. First, there is the great but
gentle synclinal fold which includes the whole of the Derbyshire
and Nottinghamshire Coalfield. The western margin is well-
defined, and so is the southern between Dale and Stanton. At
Stanton the strike changes to the south-east, which rapidly brings
the Coal-measures beneath the Trias. To the west of the Erewash
Valley the general easterly dip is observed to be much higher
than on the east of this valley, where it gradually lessens, until
on the eastern margin of the map the inclination of the Coal-
measures rarely exceeds three degrees.

Within this major fold two distinct subsidiary folds, but relatively
of small size, break up the simple synclinal structure. One of
these lesser folds forms the Shipley, Ripley and Swanwick syn-
cline, of which faulting along the Cromford Valley has disguised
the original continuity. A further fold consists of a well-marked
anticline, the axis of which closely corresponds with the alluvium
of the Erewash Valley between Trowell Station and Langley Mills,
at which point it would appear to sag down. When it reappears
it does so further to the west and becomes the well-marked anticline
of Oodnor Park and Riddings. The axis here, though having
again a general north and south direction, coincides with a tract
of elevated land on the west side of the Erewash Valley. In both
instances a belt of fracture trends along the crest of the anticline.

On the east side of the Erewash Valley the folds are of a quite
subsidiary character, scarcely more than mere local rolls interfering
hardly at all with the general easterly dip.
142 FAULTS,

_Faults—The folding just mentioned was accompanied by fault-
ing. The faults may in fact be said to be due to the adjustment
of the beds during folding. To consider some of the dislocations
resulting from the folding of the measures as a whole, along
the southern margin of the major syncline we have the belt of
fracture extending from near Sandiacre to Dale, roughly parallel
with the general east and west strike of the strata. Then at Dale,
where the beds change their strike northward, we get the belt of
faults having a general north-north-west and south-south-east
strike around Mapperley and continued northward to Denby.
Again, approaching the central portion of the major syncline, we
have the belt of fracture extending from Annesley Park on the
east, through Pyebridge, across the Cromford Valley until it
breaks through the scarp of the Millstone Grits, but dying out
before it reaches the anticlinal disturbance of Crich. These
instances all seem to point to the close connexion existing
between the faulting and folding.

A consideration of the minor folds conveys the same idea. Thus
the Shipley and Ripley synclines are bounded by faults parallel with
the axis of the folds, while the latter syncline is crossed by several
faults also parallel with the axis of folding. As before stated,
faulting accompanies the Erewash Valley and Codnor Park anti-
cline. On the contrary, on the eastern side of the Erewash Valley,
where we have seen that the folding is on a smaller scale, the
area is remarkably free from large faults.

Movement has no doubt taken place long after the completion
of the folding, for the Triassic rocks become frequently involved
in the faulting though in a less degree.

We will now describe some of the main faults of the coalfield,
commencing with those having a general east and west trend.

enton Hall Fault.—Although the workings of the Wollaton
Colliery have not reached this fault, which at present is only known
in so far as it affects the Trias, there can be no doubt that it
will be found to affect the Coal-measures; and from analogy
with the post-Triassic faults of Cinderhill it may be found to possess
a greater throw in the Coal-measures than in the Trias. The
throw in the Trias is uncertain, but at Lenton Hall, just beyond
the eastern margin of the map, it must exceed 150 feet in throw
to the south. Near Lenton Abbey the displacement is much
less, and a short distance to the west it enters the ground occupied
by Coal-measures, and would appear to be the 50 yards fault of the
Cossall Moor workings, though we have no evidence for its occur:
rence on Brdmcote Moor. The actual fracture is visible in Cut-
through Lane, and its position north of Lenton Abbey can be
determined within a few feetby the section seen in the main road,
where the Bunter can be traced up to within a few feet of the
Waterstones in the high bank by the roadside.
EREWASH VALLEY. 143

Stanton Fault.*—Near Stanton this fault splits: one branch
turns northward and can be seen in the quarry on the north side
of the road about one quarter of a mile west of Stanton. Another
branch continues the westerly direction and is visible in the quarry
on the south side of the road. On the east side of Stanton a well-
marked fault occurs on the south side of the road, which brings
the Carboniferous rocks against the Trias. It runs in an easterly
direction past the foot of the Bunter crags known as Stony Clouds
across the alluvium of the Erewash Valley to Stapleford. Here
it appears to split into two branches enclosing the eastern portion
of the town. The southern branch passes through the Church-
yard and strikes up the hill behind the crag called Bob’s Rock,
where it brings the Keuper Marl seen in the cemetery in juxta-
position with the Bunter. Continuing behind the quarries seen
in this part of the town it probably unites again with the northern
branch somewhere near Cloud House, and passing to the south of
Bramcote can be easily followed by the change in soil as far as
Beeston. The course along here is rendered very evident by the
marl-pits which have been worked within a short distance of ex-
posures in Bunter Sandstone. It crosses the town of Beeston,
but is obscured by the overlying gravel; and the information
that we have been able to obtain from wells is not sufficient to
enable us to indicate its exact position on the map.

Dale Abbey Faults—Between Dale and Locko Park a belt of
east-and-west faulting undoubtedly exists, but there are no data
to determine the amount of throw.

Cinderhill Fault.—This fault affords an excellent example of
the differences in intensity between the pre-Triassic and post-
Triassic movements (Fig. 14, p. 144). A fault of nearly east and
west trend and with a downthrow south of 87 yards has been
proved in the Coal-measures of the Cinderhill Collieries. On
emerging at the surface of the brick-works adjoining the Colliery it
can be seen to have only a few feet throw in the Permian and
Triassic Rocks.

The Cinderhill Fault appears to keep a nearly east and west trend
to near Verge Wood, where it bends to. the north and becomes
one of the faults formerly visible in the Kimberley railway cutting.

The Cromford and Annesley Park Fault.—Between Swanwick
Grange and Jack’s Dale a fault having a general easterly trend
and with downthrow north can be proved to extend along the
northern slopes of the Cromford Valley, though its exact surface
position cannot be determined. Between the Hayes the throw
varies between 135 feet and 50 feet in the Deep Soft Coal. A little
to the west of Golden Valley the Lower Hard Coal on the south
of the fault is brought against the Whetstone Rake on the north,

 

* The description east of Stanton by C. Fox-Strangways.
l4t

The throw is, therefore, here about 160 feet.
north of Codnor Park Iron-works the fault can be seen.

g, (by W. Gibson).

NE

Fie. 14. Section at Cinderhill, shewing the relation of Post-Carboniferous to Post-Permian faultin

sw.

Cinderhill

Great Northern Ratlyay

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COAL MEASURES

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FAULTS.

Horizontal scale, 6 inches =one mile.

Vertical scale = three times the horizontal.

In the mineral line
South
of the Pye Hill Pits
the fault has a throw
of 285 feet in the
Deep Soft Coal, but
its surface position is
uncertain. In Bag-
thorpe Brook, at West-
wood, some highly
inclined shales in-
dicate the proximity
of the fault, and
again near the en-
trance of Millington
Springs. !Between
Millington Springs and
Newstead Abbey a
fault, varying in throw
between 26 and 28
yards, with a north-
east-by-east direction,
has been proved in
the Top Hard Coal.

A fault is shown
Tunning from New-
stead Village towards
Newstead Abbey
parallel to the under-
ground faults. The
point where it crosses
the Great Central
Railway is fixed by
an observation of Mr.
Allen’s, the company’s
engineer, who saw it
during the construc-
tion of the line. The
fault explains the
apparent cutting out
of the Permian Red
Marls between Hazel-
ford Cliff and the lime-
stone,
EREWASH VALLEY. 145

The faults belonging to the north-north-westerly system run im
belts. One of these occurs in the Ripley synclinal area. A second
encloses the Shipley and Heanor syncline, while a third coincides with
the Erewash Valley anticline between Trowell and Langley Mills,
near which the faults cross the valley and afterwards accompany
the Codnor Park and Riddings anticline. A fourth belt extends
from Trowell Moor and is continued through Kimberley and
Eastwood to Brinsley; but to the east the ground remains
practically unfaulted up to a line joing Bulwell on the south-
south-east and Annesley on the north-north-west. We then meet
with a clearly defined belt of fracture indicated at the surface by
a small monoclinal fold in the Magnesian Limestone and
coinciding with several faults of small throw, but of considerable
linear extension in the Coal-measures.

Hagg Fault.—From its first appearance in the Trias
south of Boyah Grange to the Hagg the surface position
of this fault can be fixed with considerable certainty by
the juxtaposition of rocks of different horizons, and by the
workings in the Kilburn Coal of the Dale Abbey Colliery.
Between the Hagg and Stanley Village its surface position becomes
a matter of inference.

It seems evident that the sandstone seen at Stanley is the same
as that cropping out to the south of Baldock Mill, and is not im-
probably the rock associated with the Kilburn Coal. If this
view is correct a fault has shifted the outcrop about 500 yards,
though the magnitude of the fault need not be large, as the beds
have a low dip and closely agree with the slope of the ground
south of Baldock’s Mill. In the direction of the line of dislocation
a fault is stated to have been intersected by the Great Northern
Railway, 700 yards west of West Hallam Station.

Porters Barn Fault.—This fault is the easternmost of a pair of
trough faults crossing the southern portion of the Ripley syncline
(p. 141). It has been proved in the Deep Soft and Deep Hard coals
a little north of Codnor Breach and Ripley.

The direction is at first south-east to north-west, but turns
westerly a little to the north of Waingroves. South of Ripley
the throw is about 100 feet to the south-west. The surface position
south of Waingroves is indicated by the discontinuity of some thin
sandstones. In the railway-cutting south of Waingroves the frac-
ture becomes visible at the bridge north of Waingroves Hall.
The repetition of the measures associated with the Top Hard Coal in
the Ripley railway cuttings points to a fault, but the exact position
cannot be definitely fixed. We consider this fault to be splitting
up northwards as the northern escarpment of the Ripley syncline

8789. K
146 FAULTS.

shows a series of small faults throwing the escarpment repeatedly
forward.

The southernmost of the trough faults receives no name at
Ripley, but it is probably the Roby Hall Fault shown on an old
plan of the workings south of Denby Common. North of Codnor
Breach the throw in the Deep Soft Coal amounts to 42 feet to the
north-east, decreasing to six feet in a short distance. A parallel
fault to the south with a throw of 99 feet represents the same belt
of fracture. It decreases to 60 feet a little north of Greenhillocks,
but increases again to 72 feet north of the tower of the Ripley
water-works. As shown on the mining plans it here crosses the
Porters Barn Fault and appreciably alters its general north-west
and south-east direction. The surface position cannot be
determined with accuracy.

Pentrich Fault.—This fault, with a downthrow to the north-east,
is the southernmost of a pair of trough faults crossing the northern
portion of the Ripley syncline (Pl. 1, Fig. 2), and has been touched in
the Lower Coals between Waingroves and Greenwich. The surface
position is shown by the break in the northern escarpment near
Hammersmith, but it cannot be determined for the rest of the
area. A fault with a downthrow to the south-west bounds the
north-eastern rim of the Ripley syncline, but it has only been
touched in the mine workings. As Codnor Gate is approached
the fault appears to break up into two or more faults, with an
aggregate downthrow to the south-west.

Godkin Fault.—A fault known under this name has been touched
in the lower seams between the northern end of the Heanor syn-
cline (p. 95), and the southern termination of the Codnor Park
anticline. We have no information as to the amount of throw.

Mapperley Fault—A fault commencing near the Mapperley
Colliery and trending north-west and south-east has been proved
at various points in the lower coals. South of the mineral line
the throw amounts to 90 feet north-east which has increased to
150 feet in the Kilburn Coal 600 yards further to the south-east.
It would appear to be the fault breaking through and shifting. the
outcrop of the sandstone above the Kilburn Coal to the east of
Ladywood.

Lowcote Fawt.—This fault bounds the western side of the Shipley-
Heanor syncline (p. 95). The amount of throw has not been
determined. It would be reasonable to expect that the maximum
throw would be reached near Shipley Hall towards the centre of
the syncline. At Heanor, near the north end of the syncline, the
throw, which is to the north-east, is known to be small; while to
the south the workings of the Oakwell Colliery prove no large fault
having this direction of throw. The surface position passes close
to the shafts of the West Hallam Colliery, and the fault can be
seen in the small brook in Mapperley at a point 200 yards to the
south-east of the reservoir,
NORTH-EASTERN AREA. 147

Ilkeston Fault-—Thongh this fault has been proved in several
places and for considerable distances in the lower seams, it has
not been found possible to locate its exact surface position. The
throw is to the north-east, and in the neighbourhood of Ilkeston
varies between 120 and 130 feet in amount.

Erewash Valley Faults—To the west of Langley Mills a fault
throwing to the south-west, or in opposite direction to the Ilkeston
Fault, has been touched in the Deep Soft Coal, but without the
amount being proved. Further south two faults, throwing 75
and 45 feet respectively in the same direction, have also been
proved in the Deep Soft Coal. A fault in the same direction
and of 150 feet throw has heen proved in the workings of the
Cossall Colliery. Itdies out southward, but a fault then commences
further to the west, and attains a throw of 54 feet to the east of
Soughclose lock.

Swanwick Fawt.—A fault maintaining an almost persistent
north-west and south-east trend and with a downthrow to the
east has been touched at intervals underground between Alfreton
and Golden Valley. Half a mile east of Longcroft, south of Alfre-
ton, the throw in the Top Hard Coal is estimated at 88 yards.
Further south the amount of throw has not been determined.
The fault appears to cross the Cromford Valley disturbance without
either fault undergoing any lateral shift.

Riddings Fault.—This fault with a downthrow of 90 yards down
to the west to the east of Riddings, remains closely parallel to the
axis of the Codnor Park anticline (p. 141) between Codnor Park
Farm and Riddings Park. The direction in this portion is north-
north-west. North of Riddings Park the fault runs to the west
and maintains a north-westerly direction for the rest of its course.
The surface position cannot be fixed, but it has been touched in
the underground workings along the entire length shown on the
map.

Tur NortH-EastERN AREA.

(By R. L. SHERLocK.)

In the north-eastern area the Top Hard Coal has been veryexten-
sively worked, but no very important faults have been found. One
of the most important runs (in the Top Hard) from Newstead Village
in a direction south-east-by-south as far as the Great Central
Railway at Wighay Farm. The downthrow is 28 yards to the east
between Newstead and Aldercar Wood. Beyond the wood it is
replaced by two small faults both throwing eastwards. An
especial interest attaches to this fault as it is represented at the
surface by a visible anticlinal ridge in the Permian (see p. 110
and Fig. 6, p. 105). A trough fault parallel with Farley’s Lane
may be regarded as a continuation of the same fracture dying
away in this direction.

8789. K2
148 FAULTS.

A fault with a maximum downthrow of 26 yards on the
north-west side is proved to run from Newstead in a north-east-
by-east direction under the Upper Lake, at Newstead Abbey.
This is the fault seen in the Great Central Railway (see p. 144).

A number of small faults proved under Annesley parish are of
considerable interest, as they seem to show the relative ages of the
faults in this district. Two sets of faults will be seen on the map,
one set converging ina fan-like manner to the south-east, and the
other set with a tendency to converge to the south-west. Although
it is impossible to be quite certain, there is evidence that the first
series (converging to the south-east) has thrown the other series, and
is therefore the younger of the two.

The surface faults shown are all more or less doubtful as regards
their exact position, and they are therefore indicated by broken
lines. An unimportant fault runs through Davis’s Bottom, causing
the base of the Permian on the north side to be a few feet lower
than on the south side. An old quarry on the north side shows
in one corner a dip of 20 degrees in the limestone, indicating the
near neighbourhood of a fault. The surface fault has a down-
throw to the north, whereas the downthrow in one proved in the
Top Hard is to the south. It is likely that the fault with a
downthrow to the south occurred during the time represented by
the unconformity between the Carboniferous and Permian systems ;
and that later, movement took place along the same fracture in
the opposite direction after Permian times, which would diminish
the already existing fault and produce a throw in the opposite
direction in the Permian above. A parallel fault to the south
is introduced to account for the absence of the whole of the Per-
mian Marls and most of the Magnesian Limestone between the
Coal-measures and the Bunter.

The fault running into Annesley Park east of the Dumbles is
required to explain the sudden narrowing of the Permian outcrop
between the head of the Dumbles and the Bunter escarpment.
Red marl was seen in a small temporary pit at the foot of the
scarp, proving the fault here. No fault with this direction has
been met with underground, but one has been proved in the Top
Hard, crossing the one at the surface at a high angle. It is, how-
ever, a very small one (five to nine feet) and is probably pre-Permian,
in which case it need have no relation to the one at the surface.

A fault having a north-north-west direction has been proved in
the Top Hard Coal to have a downthrow of 67 feet to the east-
north-east at Home Farm, Annesley Hall. Its surface position is
very doubtful, but it may join the fault shown east of the
Dumbles.

Some interesting surface evidence of the position of underground
faults is given by certain anticlinal ridges in the Magnesian Lime-
stone. These have already been referred to (p. 145).
149

CHAPTER XI.
THE SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS,

The small area at present examined in the Derwent Valley does
not permit any general conclusions being drawn as to the part played
by different ice-sheets in the distribution of the drifts. In the
following account we therefore réstrict ourselves to the description
of the development of the drift, its local character and local dis-
tribution.

THe WerstEeRN Marcin.
(By T. I. Pocock.)

Glacial Drift.—The ground on the western border of the map
lies near the watershed between the two principal rivers of south
Derbyshire, the Dove and the Derwent ; a small part being included
in the drainage system of the former. The glacial deposits cover
a considerable area near Brailsford, seven miles from Derby in the
direction of Ashbourne, and also further north, at Hulland Ward
and south of Hopton, but they do not extend into the basin of
the Derwent any great distance. In the two former places they
are widely distributed near the heads of the small streams feeding
the two rivers, 7.¢e., on the watershed itself. Elsewhere they have
been largely denuded away. The red Triassic marls are furrowed
by numerous small streams flowing into the Derwent and the
Trent, and the glacial drift is only left in small outliers on the tops
of the ridges separating the streams. Several of these are shown
on the map in the south-western corner.

At Brailsford the drift is likewise cut round by valleys of post-
glacial denudation except on the north side, where it abuts against
Tising ground of Triassic conglomerate. The western boundary
of this area of drift lies beyond the edge of the map. It appears
from the distribution of these deposits that the glaciation to which
they are due is of very ancient date, since the face of the country
has been almost entirely remodelled by post-glacial denudation, the
erosion effected by the small streams south-west of the village of
Kirk Langley being about 100 feet below the level of the base of the
glacial drift. No sections of the small isolated patches of drift
are to be seen, but about three-quarters of a mile east of Brailsford
in Wildpark a section of the drift was seen in an old gravel pit
showing pebbles lying at all angles in a clay matrix finely contorted.

At the well dug in 1903 for the supply of Brailsford Hall, eight feet
of gravel with a clay matrix were passed through. Elsewhere this
gravelly clay is difficult to distinguish from the Bunter in the absence
150 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS.

of sections, and the boundaries drawn on the map are merely
approximate. Farther to the north-east, half a mile from Brails-
ford, the drift overlaps on to the marls and sandstones of the Keuper,
but no other sections are to be seen. This mass of drift ends at
about 500 feet above sea-level two miles north of the village.
It appears to be largely made up of Bunter pebbles and
forms a light clay ground at a level varying from 470 feet to
500 feet. Among the stones brought up in digging the well just
mentioned, a considerable number of Carboniferous sandstones, and
cherts possibly from the same formation, were observed. The
sand and gravel below the stony clay in the well probably belong
to the Bunter formation.

Farther north the drift was noticed in the bottom of the valley
at Hulland Ward Intakes, and up the slopes to the watershed at
Crossways. A good section could be seen at the brick-works at
Crossways. On the west side of the pit the blue Carboniferous
shales rise to the surface and are covered by two or three feet of
yellow soil, but no glacial drift. The other side of the pit shows
nothing but drift. At the top is four feet of loam with quartzite
pebbles and Carboniferous sandstones lying at all angles. Below
this comes 10 feet of contorted red clay with green streaks and
irregular seams of light-coloured sand containing coal-fragments.
The red glacial clay is mixed with blue Carboniferous clay for making
bricks. The sand of this pit is said to be an excellent material for
moulding.

The distribution of the drift to the west is obscure, but it seems
to have been brought up from the west or south-west and to have
been lodged in the hollow where the lower layers of the ice-sheet
were held between the high ground of Bunter conglomerate on
either hand. On the north side this mass of drift ends abruptly at
the top of the steep slope of the Biggin valley.

But though the lower part of the ice was confined by the Bunter
hills the upper part over-rode them. Accordingly we find the
Bunter plateau one mile north of the village of Mugginton covered
by gravelly clay at more than 600 feet above the sea. Some
obscure sections of red clay full of pebbles could be seen near Leasows
Farm. A short distance to the north there is a bed of sand which
appears to be intercalated in boulder-clay. The whole of the
Biggin valley appears to be free from drift, though drift is found
on the heights nearly all round. The north side of the valley at
Kirk Ireton is an undulating plateau of Carboniferous sandstone
and shale, which appears to be covered by thin gravelly drift.

In the lower ground, between Kirk Ireton and Callow, a consider-
able quantity of drift is shown on the map, but it is probably very
thin. In the valley south of Hopton, boulder-clay can be seen
in the stream-section. It consists of clay with pebbles, chert, and
other stones, and seems to extend up to the limestone west of
WESTERN MARGIN. 151

Wirksworth. Again, on the top of the limestone, clay of the
same character is found, and may be seen in an old pit by Hopton
Bone-works.

The drift in the Wirksworth Valley, 7.c., the valley of the
river Ecclesbourne, is of a slightly different character. For two
and a half miles southward from Wirksworth, drift is found in
the bottom of the valley, extending a short distance up the
slope to the east, but not covering the heights of Millstone
Grit. At the time of the survey a section of this drift
was opened in a field drain by Water Lane south of the town.
About 10 feet of clay was seen, full of quartzite pebbles, chert, and
subangular sandstone, the last of which showed faint traces of strie.
Four or five feet of the clay near the bottom was blue, but the rest
was weathered to a rusty yellow. 1t is probable that the limestone
fragments have been dissolved out, as thie rock can hardly fail to
have been present in the clay, seeing that so much chert isfound there.
Besides this some obscure sections in the railway-cuttings were all
that could be seen of the drift. They showed about eight feet of
stony clay resting on an uneven surface of blue Carboniferous shales.
The included fragments were mainly sandstone ; some of them were
slightly worn at the edges and perhaps striated, but by far the
greater number are angular fragments which must have fallen
from the neighbouring escarpments. Quartzite pebbles also occur in
considerable numbers. The sections were too obscure to determine
whether the angular sandstones are part of a talus laid on the
top of boulder-clay, but the drift, as far as could be seen, has more
the character of a terminal superficial moraine than till, and was
perhaps formed by a group of hanging glaciers protruding from
the ice-sheet on the high ground west of the valley. These glaciers
occupied the tributary-valleys on the west side, which coalesced
in the main valley and stopped short of the sandstone escarpments
on the east. Thus a considerable quantity of local material dropped
upon its surface, and became incorporated in the moraine with
that transported from a distance. At what stage of the Ice Age
this took place is not quite clear, but the deep weathering of the
drift points to its being an ancient deposit. The valley in which
it is found has been eroded very little in its upper reaches since
the epoch of the ice. Low banks of shale under drift can be seen
along the river north of Idridgehay, but elsewhere the drift seems
to reach the bottom of the main valley. This is in striking contrast
to the tributary valley at Biggin, which appears to have been
largely excavated after the drift had been deposited, since it covers
the plateaux all round but does not occur in the valley, though it

is 150 feet deep.

To the east of Idridgehay, where the heights of Millstone Grit
are somewhat lower than farther north, the drift extends from
the river-level up the slopes of the valley. It seems to change
152 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS.

in character, as it is traced southwards from the Millstone Grit
towards the Bunter hills, for quartzite pebbles become much more
prominent. In the cutting a short way north of Idridgehay Station,
near the place where the drift goes up the slopes to the east, quartzite
pebbles were observed mixed with limestone, sandstone and chert.

Fluvio-glacial Drift—On the edge of the Blackwall valley,
especially atits head, are mounds of current-bedded gravel and sand,
which bear a strong resemblance to the Bunter formation. Two
pits have been opened at Blackwall, one of which shows gravel
resting on pink Carboniferous sandstone. In the other 20 feet
of gravel and sand have been dug out without reaching the bottom.
They contain a mixture of quartzite and sandstones and are well-
bedded in the middle, but unstratified at the top and bottom.
Though at first sight strongly resembling normal Bunter beds,
there is little doubt that the materials have been re-deposited by
water-currents during the Pleistocene period. These gravels
occupy an exposed position west of Blackwall on the spur of a hill
looking over the valley which leads to Ashbourne. On the south
they overlap the boundary of the sandstone and block up the
head of the Biggin valley, separating the waters flowing into the
Ecclesbourne River from those of the Dove basin. A series of
deposits, probably of the same character, can be followed along
the heights towards the east at gradually lower elevations as far
as the eastern slope of the Ecclesbourne valley, where they are
well exposed about 250 feet above the bottom of the valley, near
Idridgehay Station. The top of the deposit shows little trace
of stratification, being a confused mixture of quartzite pebbles,
chert, sandstone, and limestone. Underneath, however, it is
very evenly bedded.

Besides the drift here described there is some in the valley
of the Markeaton Brook at Kedleston Park. Half a mile
north of its confluence with the Mackworth Brook the stream
flows past a low bank which appears to be composed of reddish
clay containing stones, but no good section was seen. At the top
of the bank is an old gravel pit consisting chiefly of small pebbles.
Both up and down stream, the bank passes down into an old gravel
alluvium which is well exposed at Markeaton Stones, close
to. the confluence of the two streams. The bedding of the gravel
was seen to be strongly contorted, the pebbles in places being
turned up on end. They consisted of quartzite pebbles from the
Bunter with a good many cherts, all of which perhaps came from
the Carboniferous Limestone. The gravel is very slightly raised
above the level of the river and extends under its bed. It is pro-
bably the equivalent of the low-level terrace of the Trent which
yielded mammalian remains, and which has been traced in the
map to the south (Sheet 141) up the valley of the Derwent as
far as to the town of Derby. The contortion of the gravel is a
common phenomenon in this river-terrace, and has been attri-
DERWENT BASIN. 153

buted with much probability by Mr. Deeley to the action of ice.
To the west of Kedleston Park a stony clay overlying a bedded
gravel has been found by Mr. Wedd near the river-level. This
passes through the park and is apparently connected with the
Markeaton gravel. The clay bank described above also extends
to the river level and may be connected with the river gravel
in the relation of moraine and fluvio-glacial deposits.

Of later Pleistocene deposits there is little to be seen, but there
is much talus on the hill-slopes all over the ground. Thus in the
brook east of Quarndon there is about six feet of loam with gravel at
its base on the Triassic sandstone.

Tur DERWENT BASIN.
(By C. B. Wepp.)

Glacial Drift.—Drift is found both on the high ground and in
the valleys, but chiefly on tracts of intermediate altitude. Its
small extent and general thinness indicate much less deposition
than on the west side of the Pennine ridge in North Staffordshire.
Moreover an appearance of greater freshness in the soft strata at the
surface in comparison with similar beds in North Staffordshire
suggests a greater glacial abrasion of the high ground. Thus the
shales seem less frequently to have decayed to yellow clay, and
retain at the surface the details of their stratification and contortion,
while the basset edges of coal-seams are often quite fresh.

At Crich a mass of drift fills and levels up the trough between
the two limestone saddles (see p. 132) at about 650 feet o.p. In
the quarry east of Hilt’s some 50 feet of drift is seen, banked against
the steep dip-slope, while its full thickness may be 100 feet or
more. Itconsists of brown sandy clay, more loamy and lighter-
coloured in the upper part, and is full of stones of all sizes. In
Hilt’s Quarry the clay contains small lenticles of current-bedded
sand and gravel. Most of the boulders are of more or less local
origin. The largest are blocks of the limestone, often well striated,
grits of the Millstone Grit, and gannister. Chert, bleck earthy lime-
stone, and shale-fragments are abundant, also Bunter quartzite-
pebbles, often pitted. Red and grey marly flags, hard green sand-
stone, toadstone, barytes and fluor-spar are represented. Small
foreign boulders occur sparingly and include coarse white and pink
granites, probably Scotch and Eskdale respectively, and dark
green basic andesites of Lake District type. A single boulder of
pink spherulitic felsite with circular spots of a dark green mineral
was found by Mr. Arnold-Bemrose, but so far has not proved capable
of identification.

Where the drift has recently been stripped off in quarrying,
glacial s¢rie@ can be found on the limestone on each side of the drift-
filled trough. At the south-east end of Hilt’s Quarry their observed
154 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS.

direction was 8. 35 E., in the eastern quarry S. 25 E., in both some-
what more southerly than the axes of the ridges.

In Hilt’s Quarry several small caves formed above a marl
parting in the limestone have been broken into In quarrying.
One of these, opening on the pre-glacial surface of the limestone,
was certainly sealed by drift. Its floor is thickly covered with
clear amber-coloured stalagmite, under which a red cave-earth
has so far yielded no organic remains. :

Boulder-clay extends to uncertain distances beyond this trough,
chiefly northward, in the shallow valley above Fritchley. In
a ditch by the road about 150 yards east of the fourth milestone
from Alfreton eight feet of stony clay, tough and black in its lower
part, with small boulders of limestone and grit and fragments of
shale, rests on red boulder-clay—an incidental proof that the red
colour of drift in this district is not always a result of post-glacial
weathering. Stony clay is seen further north in the same valley,
and occurs south of the quarries near the southerly bend of the road
to Fritchley.

Drift on the Kinderscout Grits at Sandyford south-east of
Alderwasley,* at about 800 feet 0.D., consists of brown gravelly
loam with Bunter pebbles and fragments of Carboniferous
Limestone, chert, grit, and gannister. The plateau on which it
occurs forms but a very small gathering ground for drainage ;
yet valleys run down from it north-eastward, south-eastward, and
south-south-eastward. One in a south-easterly direction is a
broad deep trench cut apparently through the upper Kinderscout
Grit between the elevated tracts of Milnhay and Street’s Rough,
with a fall of more than 400 feet to the Derwent. The lower part
of its course is strewn with boulders of the Kinderscout Grit. It
is probable that these valleys were excavated by torrential drainage
from ice melting on the plateau and perhaps blocking other outlets
from the neighbouring higher ground on the west.

In Shottle and Postern a tract of drift fills the valley of Franker
Brook, thus seen to be pre-glacial, and appears to obscure
much of the higher ground on the east. On the west it seems con-
tinuous with that of the Ecclesbourne Valley described by Mr.
Pocock (see p. 151). North of Loudbrook Farm red clay with
grit-fragments and Bunter pebbles at one point is more than 15 feet
thick, and for some distance is not cut through by the stream.
It does not extend much further north, but east and west it rises from
the valley. On the west the same stones with occasional boulders of
Carboniferous Limestone in the soil point to its extension nearly
up to the lcwest Shale Grit on the highest ground; but not

* See “Geology of the Carboniferous Limestone, Yoredale Rocks, and
Millstone Grit of North Derbyshire ” (Jfem. Geol. Surv.), Ed. 2, p. 92 (1887) :
also J. Farey, Sen , “‘ General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derby-
shire,” vol. i., p. 134 (1811).
DERWENT BASIN. 155

over the top of the ridge at its south end above the 500-foot contour-
line. Shale appears in Franker Brook less than a quarter of a mile
north of Loudbrook Farm; and from here southward to Shottle
Hall the stream cuts through drift, red stony clay showing above
shale in the banks. On the east the drift probably spreads thinly
over the ridge above the hall, for the soil is full of the usual
rock-fragments and pebbles. It descends into the valley of Shipley
Brook, where a small rounded boulder of Buttermere granophyre
and one or two of other extraneous igneous rocks were noted,
but it does not completely cover the high ground to the north. At
the west corner of Handley Wood, where the lower Kinderscout
Grit is bent down southward near a fault, about seven feet of
drift was seen, banked against its dip-slope. It consists of tough
sandy clay and loam, both full of stones, with some stratified sand.
A tongue of stony drift had been forced under a block of the
grit, partly disintegrated and bent upward, but not completely
detached, while other large fragments were severed from the parent
mass. The section afforded a good illustration of a rock-surface
in the process of destruction for the formation of drift.

The drift of the Ecclesbourne valley extends to the junction of
that stream with Franker Brook at Cowerslane, where, on the
slope above the road, is some gravelly loam with the usual local
fragments and pebbles.

West of Belper a little drift lies at the north end of Chevinside
below the 400-foot contour-line. Gravelly soil is full of Bunter
pebbles, grits, and cherts. In the roadside a boulder of coal and
grit five feet in length was seen partly disintegrated and embedded
in yellow stony clay—probably a block of the coal above the
Kinderscout Grit, not transported far from its source. Ten feet
of red stony clay was exposed in a pond below the road.

At Hazelwood a tract of stiff boulder-clay caps the high ground
of the Shale Grits at 566 feet o.D. It contains as usual Bunter
pebbles, grit, limestone, and chert, with occasional fragments of
foreign rocks, including a dark green garnet-bearing andesitic rock
of a Lake District type.

A little gravel, chiefly of Bunter pebbles, with grits and sand-
stones, has been dug on Hopping Hill,* Milford, just above the
300-foot contour-line.

From Makeney to Little Eaton a flat sheet of boulder-clay
covers the Millstone-Grit plateau, mostly above 400 feet o.p.,
and obliterates all rock-features. It consists of stiff red or brown
clay with local fragments including Bunter pebbles, limestone,
and chert. The Outwoods boring (see p. 44) near its margin passed
through 17 feet of stony clay. Below Hilltop, Makeney, and
near Hatonpark House, gravel containing pebbles of the same rocks
probably passes under this clay.

* J. Farey, Sen., ‘General view of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derby-
shire,” vol. i., p. 138 (1811).

 
156 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS.

A well-defined patch of red boulder-clay at least 10 or 12 feet
thick at its south end, with occasional included patches of sand,
caps the Coal-measures above 400 feet 0.D., between Kilbourne and
Horsley.*

North of Breadsall drift-clay obscures the escarpment of the
Kinderscout Grit and spreads south to Breadsall, apparently
not quite to the bottom ofthe valleys. The greater part of it at
the surface is red or brown clay with Bunter pebbles and grit, and
some chert and limestone. But on the west side of the tract yellow
and more sandy clay with similar stones frequently appears at the
surface, probably from beneath the red clay. Thus a trial sinking
at the high-level reservoir of the Derby Corporation Water-works,
east of Little Eaton, showed :—

Ft. in.
Soil - - - - - - - - 1 0
Red clay with stones > 7 +O
Yellow sandy marl with patches of coal-detritus and
stones - - - 10 6
Rock - - - - _-—- =

But at the settling-pond south of the reservoir eight and a half
feet of red clay rests on grit.

The section of a pump-well at the Glebe Farm a quarter of a
mile further south was :—

Ft. in.
Soil - - - - 1 0
Red marly stony clay - 7 #0
Yellow sandy marl with coal-detritus and stones 37 or 38 0
Sand-rock with pebbles - - 2o0r3 0

Total depth 48 0

South-east of Little Eaton, nearer to the margin of the drift, a
boring at the low-level reservoirs of the water-works, in the
reservoir east of the filter-beds, passed through :—

Ft. in.
Marly soil - - - - - 4 0
Yellow, sandy, stony marl with patches of coal-defritus 14 0
Gravel and sand - - 4 6

In a pit ten yards west of the semicircular reservoir on the
west side of the filter-beds gravel and sand at the surface were
proved to a depth of 19 feet 6 inches.t

This gravel makes a feature (see Fig. 15, p. 161), the base of which
is about 70 feet above the alluvium, on the flank of the valley, but
from its upper margin the boulder-clay rises in a slight slope. The
gravel at the surface runs roughly parallel to the river-valley and
is proved (see above) to extend a short distance further from
the river under boulder-clay. It is said also to continue beneath

 

* J. Farey, Sen., “ General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derby-
shire,” vol. i., p. 138 (1811).
} Information concerning these sections by Mr. Freeman, foreman.
DERWENT BASIN. 157

clay down the slope into the river-gravel underlying the alluvial
silt (see below p. 160 and Fig. 15).

A comparison of this glacial gravel with the river-gravel shows
a decided difference of composition. Analyses of a large shovelful
of each gravel are appended, all pebbles not less than half an inch
in length being included :—

 

 

Guact4L GRaveL at Low-LEVEL Reser- | RivER-GRAVEL FROM WATER-
vorn, DERBY CORPORATION WATER- | WORKS-TUNNEL WITHIN Loor
WORKS. oF River, SoutH oF RAILWAY

Brivaz, Littte Eaton.
Per cent. Per cent.
Carboniferous Limestone - -| 23:4 |- - -| 52-2
35 55 »  Silicified - — - z | et3

Carboniferous chert - -| 15:9 |- - - 9-2

Toadstone - - - - —_— - : - : - 18

Millstone Grits - : -| 149 |- - - : -| 10°5

Coal-measure sandstones 20°4 |- - - 13

Carboniferous sandstones of less

definite character - 12:8 |- = é : 8-1

Other sandstones, probably Car-

boniferous - - 15 = |- : 2 21
Sandy ferruginous nodules from

Coal-measure sandstones or

Millstone Grits -| — 5 |- - = A =

Carbonferous ironstone nodules - 4:5 |- < 1:3

Carboniferous grey marl - — |. - - - | —3

Carboniferous claystone - eat lg - - - 10

Bunter quartzites = - - 35 |- - - - - 8-9

Bunter vein-quartz - 25 |. - - - 2-9

Pebbles of doubtful origin - 10 = |- - - - < -

 

 

 

 

Thus the river-gravel contains a much greater amount of
Carboniferous Limestone, the glacial gravel more grit and sand-
stone, especially from the Coal-measures. This difference is natural,
if we consider that the drift-material must have been collected
from a wider area, including the western part of the coalfield on
the north, while the Derwent and its tributaries have drained
a smaller proportion of Upper Carboniferous ground ; the rocks of
which, moreover, are not likely to stand attrition in the rounding
of pebbles so well as the compact limestone. The greater per-
centage of chert in the drift, at first sight anomalous, is not really
so. It is chiefly the upper cherty limestone, forming the surface
along the eastern margin of the limestone-massi/, that would be
laid under contribution for the production of the drift; while
at Crich scarcely any but cherty limestone is exposed natur-
ally at the surface. On the other hand the river-basin drains a
large area of limestone without chert, and, where cherty beds are
present, obtains much of its rock-débris from gorges cut through
158 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS.

into lower beds. The small quantity of Bunter pebbles is sur-
prising in view of their great prominence in drift-areas
further north within this district. But the proportion of these
practically indestructible Bunter quartzites at the surface may be
exaggerated bythe solution and disintegration of limestone and
gtit-fragments. The complete absence of foreign stones from
the samples analysed is an indication of the very small part they
play in the composition of the local drift.

On the south-east side of a brook flowing south-west to Breadsall
drift-gravel of the same type, with abundant limestone, chert, and
grit, occurs in an analogous position, parallel to the valley and
along the top of its slope. Between this valley and that of Ferriby
Brook further south the elevated tract of Trias is partly covered
by drift, as shown by its red stony clay soil with numerous frag-
ments of Carboniferous grits, sandstones, limestone, and chert,
occasional green andesitic rocks of Lake District type, and Bunter
pebbles where the underlying beds are Keuper Marl. Several
vague remnants of similar clay are left in patches near Morley.
Gravel west of Broomfield is poorly exposed. Its pebbles, as far
as seen, consist of grit and sandstone with flakes of chert(?), but
no limestone.

The plateau of Keuper Marl around Chaddesden Common is
covered with boulder-clay, but further west is entirely driftless.
In the north-eastern part of this tract the superficial drift
is chiefly yellow clay with Bunter pebbles, grit, limestone, and
chert. The south-western part shows red clay, in which Carboni-
ferous material is perhaps less abundant. At Stonyflats a
rather deep and broad valley runs south-south-east, and ends
somewhat abruptly northward, receiving scarcely any drainage from
the neighbouring ground. Parallel to it along the top of its eastern
slope a short ridge of gravel makes a feature on its lower side
but passes eastward gradually under boulder-clay. The gravel
is exposed to a depth of 12 feet in a mineral tramway. It is current-
bedded and includes thin beds of sand, streaks of coal-detritus,
and irregular patches of stony clay. It is very similar in appear-
ance and composition to the limestone-bearing drift-gravel at
the Derby water-works, but exhibits several blocks and slabs of
unworn Keuper Sandstone and “ skerries ” from the Keuper Marl,
also probably a greater percentage of Bunter pebbles. Traces
of limestone-gravel appear in the railway-cutting south-west of
Broomfield.

On the higher ground between Dale Abbey and the southern
edge of the map there are several patches of drift, resting on the
Keuper Marl. The largest and most important of these is that
at Spondon, which Mr. Decley states is 60 feet thick.* A well

 

*“The Pleistocene Succession in the Trent Basin,” Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc., vol. xlii., p. 448 (1886),
DERWENT BASIN. 159

recently sunk on the eastern side of the village to a depth of
43 yards is said to have passed through 30 yards of blue clay.
Thick deposits of gravel crop out at the southern end of the
village, and abut against this clay, but what relation the one has
to the other there was no evidence to show.

West of the Ecclesbourne and the Derwent remnants of drift
are found at intervals from Windley to Kedleston. East of Yew-
tree Farm, Windley, red and yellow clay in the valley contains
Bunter pebbles, angular fragments of grit and débris of shale.

From Windleyhill Farm north-westward a ridge of gravel runs
along the upper margin of the valley and was opened to a depth
of nine feet. It consists of coarse material rudely stratified, with
thin beds of clean sand. The pebbles are chiefly of Bunter quartzite
and quartz with a few sub-angular grits and fine-grained sand-
stones and a little rotten fossiliferous chert or silicified
limestone. No calcareous fragments were found. The ground
on the south-west of the gravel seems to be largely covered with
boulder-clay, full of Bunter-pebbles and grit with some
limestone-boulders. In the roadside north of Gunhills Farm,
red stony clay is banked against Bunter. The pebbly Bunter
of Gun Hills is capped by coarse gravel or shingle exposed for
about seven feet in a large pit. It shows slight traces of rude
bedding and irregular streaks of red loam with few pebbles. The
pebbles of all sizes are nearly all derived from the Bunter and are
set in a loamy matrix. They are inclined at all angles and their
irregular disposition proves that the gravel is not undisturbed
Bunter. It suggests the ploughing up and reconstruction of a
bed of Bunter shingle by glacial action, the material having been
moved but little from its source. But the Bunter Sandstone
close at hand contains comparatively few pebbles. The shingle
seems to have protected the softer Bunter below from denudation.
A small patch of similar gravel on Bunter makes the knoll known
as the Sugar Loaf west of Cockshuthill, in Weston Underwood.
Red stony clay with Bunter pebbles and occasional boulders of
limestone occurs around Moseley and has probably obliterated
the Bunter escarpment. Lenticles of Bunter-quartzite gravel with
sparse pebbles of Millstone Grit, in stratified sand, make a spread
of drift-gravel on Cockshuthill and the high ground north of
Treton Farm.

Some drift, both clay and gravel, flanks the north side of Cutler
Brook at Kedleston. Stony clay descending to the stream-valley
overlies gravel, which may be a stream-deposit over which boulder-
clay has slipped (see above, p. 153).

There is evidence of the passage of ice over other parts of the
district including the highest ground. Thus large blocks of Kin-
160 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS.

derscout Grit on the plateau of this rock near the northern margin
of the map seem to be transported boulders at an altitude of about
850 o.p. But large travelled blocks even of native rocks are rare
except in the north of the district. Small boulders and pebbles
of local rocks, other than those upon which they are found, have
been noted in many places at all altitudes. They usually consist
of abundant Bunter pebbles, with Carboniferous Limestone and
chert, various grits, and gannister. There are few, if any, parts
of the district on which these boulders cannot be found, except
perhaps in the western part of the coalfield. There we have
noticed them on the hill between Bullbridge and Ridgeway, in the
valley at Nether Heage, and south-west of Wingfield Manor.

Though nearly the whole of the drift-material in the district
is derived from Carboniferous and Triassic rocks, there is evidence
of the presence of some north-country rock-débris at least as far
south as Morley and Breadsall and on both sides of the high ground
of the Millstone Grit. On the other hand we have not found any
proof of the presence of the eastern Chalky Boulder-clay, though
it comes close up to the district. Fragments of siliceous nodules
often occur, of which it is difficult to say whether they are Chalk
flints or Carboniferous cherts,in the absence of fossils; but while
they are always associated with undoubted cherts even at Breadsall
and Kedleston, where any chalky drift would be most likely to have
extended westward, none have been found associated with chalk
or containing Cretaceous fossils.

The presence of Bunter pebbles in the drift further north than
any occurrence of Bunter sandstone in the neighbourhood seems
to imply either that the ice removed the last lingering patches
of it further north, or that these practically indestructible pebbles
had remained on the surface ever since an earlier denudation
of the Bunter and had been picked up by the ice, or that the latter
brought them a greater distance from the north-east or north-
west and that they are really foreign to the district.

Alluvial Deposits —The Derwent, the Ecclesbourne, and the
Amber make broad stretches of alluvium, which have been con-
verted into rich pasture-land by artificial drainage.

Natural exposures in the banks of the Derwent and the Eccles-
bourne show that this alluvium consists of a superficial sheet
of fine silt or loam usually underlain by coarse gravel. The tunnels
and borings of the Derby Corporation Water-works illustrate the
sequence and depth of the Derwent alluvium near Little Eaton
(see Fig. 15, p. 161), where the following sections show a uniform
thickness of the upper deposit, though the gravel below is more
variable and increases away from the margin of the valley.
161

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‘Avpo ulgy, ‘a “Aepo-rapqnog: -p ‘PARIS [eR “9 “4113 snorapuoqaeD *Q ‘ayeys snorejtuoqieg ‘pv

 

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DERWENT BASIN,

 

"}0°F QOO'T = soyour ¢ “(jfeon104 pue Te}uoztIoy) speog

“(PPPAA “a ‘0 Aq) uoyeRy opsgry ‘syIOM-1098 A uonerodioy Aqraql Jo stoarosoy zoMorT 40 sysodog Jeary pur [eloe[y ySnoryy uoroeg ‘eT “OL

8789.
162 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS.

Sections or Bosincs iv Tae Darwen anp Borris Brook VaLLeys
*
wear Littce Eaton (Dersy CorpoRATIoN WATER-WORKS).

1. 3.
East side of loop in river, 1,000 | North side of Bottle Brook, in angle
yds. NE. of Darley Abbey. between the railway-lines at
Little Eaton Junction.
Ft. in ;
Soil - - : - 4 0 Ft. in.
Gravel - - 6 0 Earth = - - 4 40
Black “rotten soil,” with Gravel and sand 14 O
nuts and other plant- Blue shale - 5 (0
remains - —_—
2. 4.
East side of road, 170 yds. N. of In north-west angle of loop of river
circular basin of Water-works. near Burley Hill.
Ft. in. Ft. in.
Soil : - 4 O | Earth - - - 4 0
Gravel and sand 10 =O Graveland sand - 14 +O
Blue shale - - 23 O | Grit - - 2 6

 

~

oO.

Valley of Bottle Brook, 25 yds. N E. of Jack 0’ Darley’s
Bridge, Little Eaton.

Ft. in.
Strong brown soil - 2 6
Clay, yellow at top, blue below - - 7 6
“ Ratchelly ” gravel (clay, gravel and sand ites) 6 0
Sand and gravel as in Derwent Valley 1 6
Coarse grit sand = - 2 6

Bastard rock - —

At Belper, near the bridge and below the river-terrace, the allu-
vium was found to consist of 5 feet 6 inches of soil and loam resting on
gravel of unproved thickness about 120 yards west of Christ Church.
The surface of the gravel slopes westward towards the river and
the loam above increases in amount.f

The thickness of the alluvium—about 18 feet near Little Eaton
close to the river, where the latter is quite shallow—shows that the
Derwent in this lower part of its course has filled up or “ aggraded ””
its bed, as indeed is suggested byits winding course and low gradient;
for it falls only about 30 feet in five miles below Milford Bridge.
The same process of aggradation has taken place in the valleys
of the Ecclesbourne, the Amber, and other tributary streams.
For instance, at Little Eaton the alluvium of Bottle Brook, a small
and shallow stream, is as thick as that of the Derwent.

 

* Information by Mr. ‘Freeman, foreman.
+ Information by Mr. T. Fenn, surveyor.
DERWENT BASIN. 163

This aggradation of the valleys in their lower courses points to a
diminution of carrying-power in the past. Hence we find that
the fine-grained upper alluvium is underlain usually by a greater
quantity of coarse gravel. The loss of carrying-power must be
attributed partly to deeper excavation of the channels in the higher
courses of the streams, partly no doubt to decrease of the volume
of drainage. Of the latter phenomenon a gravel delta, where the
Windley Brook enters the valley of the Ecclesbourne, gives a good
illustration, for the present puny stream could not have formed
such a deposit.

To what extent these coarse gravels may be due to torrential
waters set free by the melting of the ice at the end of the Glacial
Epoch, we have no evidence to show. Pleistocene mammalian
remains discovered in the higher river-terraces near Derby* prove
that the older river-deposits at any rate are of great antiquity.
South of Little Eaton we seem to find a suggestion of an early stage
of tranquil conditions, before the formation of the overlying coarse
gravels, in a lower carbonaceous deposit with plant-remains (see
section 1, p. 162).

The almost complete cessation of deposition in these stream-
valleys is no doubt due to artificial drainage, which, while in-
creasing the scour of the channels, has checked the silting up of the
valleys by floods.

The composition of the river-gravel at Little Eaton has been
discussed above (see p. 157). While more than half its pebbles are
of Carboniferous Limestone, a cursory examination of gravel ex-
posed in the Ecclesbourne Valley showed very much less limestone.
Hence it seems that the bulk of this material in the Derwent gravel
at Little Eaton came down the main stream and its tributaries
from beyond Cromford.

Older river-terraces are comparatively few north of Derby.
Remnants of coarse gravel, too vague to map, flank the alluvial
flat of the Ecclesbourne, near its junction with the Derwent Valley.
At the south end of Chevinside a small terrace rises a few feet above
the river on its inner curve, while above it, on the south, a slight
recess in the grit-slope seems directly attributable to erosion by
the river at a higher level on its outer curve, and has the appear-
ance of an older terrace.

The lower part of Belper stands upon a well-marked terrace,
beginning as a steep bank eight or ten feet above the alluvial
flat, and gradually attaining an additional altitude of several feet.
It lies just below Belper Bridge and evidently dates from a time
when the river had not cut so deeply into the Kinderscout Grit
above the bridge as to produce tapids there. It has been eroded
by the deeper excavation of the channel at the foot of these rapids,

 

+ See H. H. Arnold-Bemrose and R. M. Deeley, “* Discovery of Mammalian
Remains in the old River-Gravels of the Derwent, near Derby,” Part I., Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc.,.vol. lii., p. 497 (1896).

87289. He
164 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS.

and owes its preservation to its position on the inside of the bend.
In recent sewerage excavations in Bridge Street the following
deposits were exposed in this terrace near its upper margin and.
were proved southward to the bottom of King Street* :—

Ft. in.
Sandy marl. mixed with stone - - - - - 56 7
Alluvial mud, compressed - - - 1 6
Gravel - - - «eS

Peat.—Though a little further north peat 1s more extensively
developed on the gritstone moorlands, in this district deposits of
peat are for the most part conspicuously absent both in valleys
and on elevated tracts of Millstone Grit.

Tur ErewAsH VALLEY
(By W. Gipson.)

Glacial Drijt—The almost comp'ete absence of drift from the
Erewash Valley and from the southern portion of the Derbyshire
and Nottinghamshire Coalfield has been long known to glacialists,
and in the map showing the distribution of these deposits in central
England a wide area in Derbyshire is represented as void of drift.
The re-survey of the coalfield, so far as it has yet been carried on,
confirms this view; but glacial deposits of considerable thickness,
which appear to have hitherto escaped notice, have been found both
on the east and west sides of the valley. The fresh evidence
obtained shows that we are not here dealing with an entirely
unglaciated area but with a phase or certain condition of the
glaciation of Mid-England. At the same time it was natural to a
geologist, who had previously examined the western or Cheshire side
of the Pennine Range, to regard the Derbyshire side as practically
free of drift. On the western side the glacial deposits are wide-
spread and of great thickness, or when absent the country is strewn
with erratics ; on the eastern side, the deposits are generally thin
and local in distribution, while the general absence of boulders
cannot fail to strike anyone fresh from the study of the drifts of
Cheshire and North Staffordshire. To understand the local distri-
bution of the drift in Hast Derbyshire it will be necessary to state
briefly the general conditions of the glaciation of Mid-England, while
the reason for the local distribution must be left till wider areas
have been investigated.

In the glaciation of Mid-England two great  ice-sheets
were concerned. One of these advanced over the Midlands
from the north and north-west; a second came from the north-
east. The first, from its filling up the Irish Sea, is known as

 

* Information by Mr. T. Fenn, surveyor.
T “Geology of the Carboniferous Limestone, Yoredale Rocks, and Mill-
stone Grit of North Derbyshire ” (Mem. Geol. Surv.), Ed. 2, p. 97 (1887).
EREWASH VALLEY. 165

the Irish Sea Glacier. Receiving contributions from the ice of
Southern Scotland and The English Lakes, the united mass swept
over the Cheshire plain, leaving behind it rocks brought from these
regions. The ice was drained of its extraneous material on meet-
ing with the Derbyshire and North Staffordshire hills; but a lobe
from the Lake District found its way over the pass of Stainmoor
and entered Western Yorkshire and thence appears to have ad-
vanced south-eastwards of the Pennine Chain, as so ably shown by
Mr. J. G. Goodchild.*

Thus, while foreign boulders are generally absent over central
Derbyshire, we again meet with occasional boulders in the Derwent
and Erewash Valleys. Besides this great ice-sheet from the
west and north-west, another from the north-east seems also to
have reached the southern part of the district. During some
part of the Glacial period the Derbyshire hills nourished also a
local glacier system, which spread out in various directions and
scattered the material obtained from these regions within a limited
distance of central Derbyshire. The effect of these ice-sheets upon
the pre-existing drainage system must have been considerable
both by diverting the original channels and by initiating the
excavation of fresh valleys, but exactly how much was effected
in this way remains for future consideration.

Beyond a few scattered boulders to the west of Locko
Park no deposits of the Irish Sea Glacier occur on the western
side of the Erewash Valley. On the slopes, of the eastern
sides of the valley, relics of this glacier again seem to be absent,
but on reaching the plateau further east conspicuous mounds of
sand and gravel form the high ground in the neighbourhood of Bag-
thorpe and Selston. These esker-like mounds do not appear to
have been hitherto noticed. In the shape of a crescent-shaped
line of hills, about three-quarters of a mile long, they extend from
Shipton Hill Farm to a little south of Friezland, forming the highest
ground of Selston Common. Their maximum height is a little
over 500 feet at Shipton Hill Farm, and falls only a few feet below
this altitude along their whole range. Useful as the nearest
source of building sand in a district where the population rapidly
increases, they have been extensively quarried. One of the pits
south of Shipton Hill, near the main road to Brinsley, gives the
following section :—

Ft. in.
Soil, with an occasional flint = - 2 0
Clayey red gravel - Sef aS S ABS sen Be AO
Sand with lenticles of gravel, with small boulders of Lake
District rocks - - - e - 10 O

The sands and gravels are horizontally stratified and show little
false bedding:

* “The Glacial Phenomena of the Eden Valley and the western part of the
Yorkshire Dale District,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxi., p. 55 (1875).

 
166 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS.

A similar sand, overlain by red clay with stones, is quarried a
little south of Underwood village, but separated from the esker-
shaped mounds by ground void of drift and consisting of white
clay formed by the weathering of Coal-measures, though in
part, no doubt, composed of local material glacially reconstructed.

Sand and gravel, underlying red clay with stones, forms the banks
of Millington Springs to the north of Selston Common. W.G.

In Annesley Park a prominent ridge, forming the highest ground
anywhere near Nottingham, extends from Patrick Plantation
along the Avenue Walk to Diadem Hill. A large deep pit in
Patrick Plantation shows a remarkable section described by
Mr. Aveline.* Masses of pebbles and sand derived from the
Bunter together with lumps of Carboniferous Limestone, etc.,
are cemented into a conglomerate, with a large block of
Bunter Pebble Beds in the midst of it. In other parts of
the pit sand with some pebbles occurs. Of especial interest
is the occurrence of Jurassic limestone, proving that the deposit
is really drift and not a Triassic conglomerate as was thought
to be the case by Mr. Shipman. The presence of Jurassic
limestone indicates some transference of material from the
eastern ice. A second pit in similar materials occurs midway
along the ridge. A thin capping of clay overlies the sand in the
middle portion. The thickness of drift must be considerable
as shown by the depth of the pits, but the lower part of the hill
is probably Bunter.

The small patches of drift sand and gravel mapped between Bul-
wel] and Hucknall Torkard in the Leen Valley are composed of Bunter
material, They occur as thin outliers, for the most part elongated
in a north-west and south-east direction. R.LS.

_ A thin deposit of white clay containing very few stones caps
the Bunter Sandstone of the Long Hills. It overlies a thin im-
persistent layer of sand of glacial origin. Around the foot of
these hills large boulders of Lake District rocks are more abundant
than usual in this portion of the Midlands.+ By far the most
interesting occurrence of drift occurs south of the Portland
Colliery near Pinxton and to the east of Underwood. This
deposit can be best seen in the deep sand-pit south of No. 4

Shaft of the Portland Colliery where the following section was
obtained :—

Chocolate clay with small stones 7 o A
Red sand with a few small coal fragments 30 0
Leafy, brown, sandy clay - - 60
Light-coloured sand with lenticles of fine gravel and
streaks of clay +15 0

 

* “ Geology of the Country around Nottingham ” (Me 7
p. 38 (1880). gham ” (Mem. Geol. Surv.), Ed. 2,

t J. F. Blake, “Excursion to Nottingham,” P ii
ee gham,”’ Pree, Geol. Assoc., vol. xii,
EREWASH VALLEY. 167

No shell fragments were obtained, and the pebbles and boulders
were mainly derived from the Coal-measures and Triassic Rocks,
but several rocks of Lake District.origin are represented.

The capping of sand and gravel on the hill east of Strelley Hall
is considered to be drift from the occurrence of a few small pebbles
of foreign erratics, but there are no sections to prove its thickness.
It may overlie Bunter.

A thin deposit of drift covers the ground west of Locko
Park. It is largely made up of rocks derived from the
Lower Carboniferous rocks of the Pennine Chain, but it also con-
tains a few small boulders of Lake District rocks near the south-
western margin of Locko Park. The Carboniferous Limestone
boulders are frequently scratched. W.G.

On the high ground of Risley Park, lying just above the
400-feet contour-line, there is an outlying patch of boulder-
clay and gravel containing large numbers of flints besides
the usual quartzite pebbles. No section was seen in these beds
but the general aspect of the soil is very similar to that over the
districts to the south-east which came under the influence of the
eastern glaciation ; so that in all probability we have here one
of the furthest limits of the Chalky Boulder-clay. O.F.S.

Old Valley Gravel.*—Along the valleys of the Trent and
Derwent in the country to the south there are important beds
of gravel which have been called High-Level Valley Gravel, and
were noted in the description of that district. These gravels
consist principally of quartzite pebbles and flints, varying in size
from a few inches in diameter to that of a walnut or even smaller.
They are usually clean and well stratified; in some cases they
contain lumps of clay and the bedding is disturbed, as if ice were
floating about at the time of their deposition. They occur princi-
pally on the north side of the Trent Valley and occupy positions
considerably above the ordinary river terraces, being in some
cases as much as 100 feet above the level of the river.

These gravels come into this map at two points, along the Der-
went at Derby, and along the Trent at Beeston. At Derby they
cap the ridge behind the Infirmary, and are more than 50 feet
above the present alluvium. They form here a well-defined plateau
rising abruptly from the slope of the Derwent Valley and its tribu-
tary the Markeaton Brook. Along this latter valley gravel terraces
also occur but they are at a lower level and appear to be of later

date.
* This account is supplied by C. Fox-Strangways.
168 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS.

At Beeston these gravels occur in great force, and the greater
part of the town is situated on them. They are here not more
than five and twenty feet above the level of the river and are con-
sequently declining in the direction of its flow, so that further
east it does not appear possible to separate this gravel from the
ordinary terraces of the Trent. One or two good sections occur
at Beeston, which show stratified sand and gravel with quartzite
pebbles and flints, many of those in the upper part being on end
and showing disturbance, while the lower beds are quite horizontal.

Alluvium.—The alluvial deposit of the Erewash Valley, though
covering wide areas on either side, calls for little comment. It
is of considerable thickness and consists of a fine clayey silt derived
from the soft rocks of the Coal-measures.
169

CHAPTER XII.

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.

Introduction.—From the Carboniferous Limestone upwards there
is not a single group of rocks represented on the map which has not
been turned to some economic use, while several of the beds are of
exceptional value. The numerous seams of coal with their varying
qualities suitable for house, manufacturing, steam-raising, or gas
purposes need not be mentioned, for, as is well known, they consti-
tute the staple industry of the district. On the proximity of coal,
cheaply got, the extensive clay and iron industries depend.

The purity of the Carboniferous Limestone of Crich has lead to its
being extensively quarried for the local iron-works, as well as its
being burnt for lime. The Millstone Grits afford abundant building
stone, also material for the construction of reservoir embankments
and for engine beds. They also afford millstones, grindstones, and
occasionally whetstones.

The Coal-measures below the Kilburn Coal have yielded iron-
stones in the past, though the raising of the stone has ceased owing
to the importation of cheaper ores. At South Wingfield the sand-
stones furnish paving and building stone.

The remaining portion of the Coal-measures beside coal, yields
valuable beds of fireclay and clays for bricks, common pottery, and
drain-pipes.

The Magnesian Limestone is extensively quarried round
Bulwell for lime as well as building stone, while the overlying
Permian marls produce excellent bricks.

The Bunter Pebble Beds and Lower Mottled Sandstone become
of importance in an iron-making district like this as a source of
moulding-sand. The Keuper Marl, if producing bricks of some-
what inferior quality to those made from the Coal-measure clay or
Permian mazrl, possesses the merit of furnishing abundant material,
cheaply got, and ready to hand in those districts where a new
population is rapidly growing up.

The chief products of economic value exclusive of coal will now
be described under their several headings.

Tronstones (Erewash Valley).—The use of local ironstone has been
practically abandoned and replaced by the imported Jurassic
ores of Northamptonshire, Leicestershire and Lincolnshire. The
furnaces at work are situated in the Erewash Valley and belong
to the Butterley, Stanton, and Bennerley iron-works.
170 ECONOMIC PRODUCTS.

The local ores, consisting chiefly of rows of

ironstone nodules

termed ‘“‘rakes,” were obtained by the “ bell pit” method or by
open-cast workings, the relics of which remain in the Stanton, Butter-

ley, and Morley Park districts.

The chief ironstones lie below the Top Hard Coal.

Their relative

positions with respect to the chief seams of coal are given in the

following table :—

 

 

 

 

TABLE SHOWING THE OCCURRENCE OF THE CHIEF IRONSTONES.
Name of Ironstones and Coals. Locality.
Brown Rake - Butterley.
Black Rake - +
Ell Coal.
Blue Rake Butterley.
Deep Hard Coal
Piper Coal.
Old Mans: Rake - Butterley.
Whetstone Rake 3
Wallis’s Rake bs
Furnace Coal.
Dog-tooth Rake Butterley.
Striped Rake Kirk Hallam.
Clod Coal.
Kilburn Coal.
Honeycroft Rake 5 Stanton.
Civilly Rake - os
Dale Moor or Hagg Rake — - - - : - 5
The nodules are capricious in their occurrence. The yield per acre

varied from 2,000 to 6,000 tons.

The following table gives the analyses of the chief ores :—

ANALYSES OF TRON ORES.*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Honey- 6 Dal
‘ : Brown Black y Civill we
VOnsiInEntS: Rake. Rake. oe Rake, Pai
Protoxide of iron 37°99 33°56 40°01 33°31 | 39-55
Peroxide ofiron 1:04 1:66 1:60 1°47 2-71
Protoxide of manganese 1°51 0:96 1-26 2°18 1-50
Alumina 0°41 0°73 0°58, 0:95 1°14
Lime - . : 4°53 3°02 2°78 2°32 3°32
Magnesia - - 3°30 2°81 2°88 2°44 2°85
Carbonic acid | 29°92 25° 63 29°72 24°83 28°63
Phosphoric acid -| 0°80 0:79 0°34 0°62 1-12
Sulphuric acid -| trace trace trace trace trace
Bisulphide of iron - 0°06 0:26 0°09 0°13 0°05
Water, hygroscopic . 0:74 0-74 0°45 0°70 0°51
» » combined "| 1:47 1°51 1:12 1:87 1:24
Organic matter - : 1:42 1°57 1°38 1°85 1:14
Insoluble residue mad 35 26°46 17°84 27° 42 15°80
99°54 | 99°70 | 100-05 | 100°09 | 99-56
Metallic iron - -| 30°60 | 27°61 32°73 27°79 33-20

 

 

 

* “The Iron Ores of Great Britain” (Mem. Geol. Surv.), Part I, (1856).
IRONSTONES. 171

Tronstones (Derwent Basin).—The Brown and Black rakes were
formerly worked at Salter Wood. The following is the section
of the Black Rake there*:—

Srection or Brack RAKE aT Satter Woop.

Ft. in.
Hard rock 0 9-10
( Brown ironstone - 0 4-5
LACK RAKE) Binds with chance balls of ironstone 1 6
| Blue ironstone 0 9-10
Binds - - a 4 0
Ell Coal.

The “ Dog-tooth Rake,” from three to four inches thick, lies
close above the Furnace Coal at Morley Park. It is a heavy ore
containing dog-tooth cale-spar.f

At the Salterwood and Marehay Main collieries an ironstone,
two inches thick at the former colliery and varying from two to six
inches or more at the latter, rests directly on the Furnace Coal.
It is perhaps the same ore as the Dog-tooth Rake of Morley Park,
which, however, is obviously not the same as the Dog-tooth Rake
of Butterley (p. 170) the latter lying below the Furnace Coal.

This ironstone above the Furnace Coal presents interesting
characteristics. Its upper surface has an uneven botryoidal ap-
pearance, with markings in relief suggestive of worm-casts, numer-
ous specimens of Carbonicola welded on to it, and impressions of
plants. For the greater part of its thickness it is full of small white
spherical bodies, but these scarcely extend into the upper botryoidal
part. An examination of a sample (HE. 3754){ by Dr. Flett shows
that many of these have a black (coaly ?) centre, and pieces of
fossil wood are also seen. Dr. Flett finds no siderite in the white
bodies, but it forms the matrix of the rock, occurring in grains and
very small rhombohedra mixed with other garbonates and a little
siliceous matter; while small crystals, probably quartz, are found
in the chalcedonic patches. He believes that, while some of the
white rounded bodies are probably chalcedonic quartz, with which
they agree in refractive index and irregular weak double
refraction, others, which are carbonates, do not show the radiate or
concentric: structures of perfect oolitic grains, but consist of a
mosaic of imperfect rhombohedra. He considers that the rock
may have been an oolitic ironstone; but that the original
structure of the oolitic grains has vanished and has sometimes
been replaced by structureless chalcedony.

A good ironstone, six feet below the Furnace Coal, used to be
worked at Morley Park. This is the Dog-tooth Rake of Butterley.

Some ironstones known as the Green Close Rake, Holly Close
Rake, Black or Ketlands Rake, Yew Tree Rake, occur in descend-
ing order in a group of measures between 37 feet below the Clod

 

* Information by Mr. C. P. Proctor.
+ Information by an old miner.
{ Number of slide in the Survey collection of English rocks,
172 ECONOMIC PRODUCTS.

Coal and 66 feet above the Kilburn Coal. They were formerly
raised at Morley Park.*

Lead.—Wirksworth was once an important lead-mining centre.
The spoil-heaps which are scattered over the limestone upland bear
witness to the former prosperity of the region. But for a long time
the industry has been almost in abeyance, owing to the great fall
in the price of lead. The recent revival in the trade has now,
however, caused the re-opening of mines throughout the lead-mining
field of Derbyshire. Where fluor-spar, the demand for which has
increased greatly, occurs in conjunction with lead, the two minerals
are worked together. But at Wirksworth the former is not known
to exist in commercial quantities, and the latter alone is raised.
Broadly the mining may be said to be restricted to the limestone,
although the veins occasionally extend into the shales and grits
immediately adjacent, and in some cases shafts have been sunk
through the shale to work the lead in the rock underneath. “ The
ore occurs in Rakes or Rake-veins, Pipes and Flats. The Rake is
usually a nearly vertical fissure, resulting apparently from the
widening of a joint in the limestone by the solvent action of water.
The walls, however, not infrequently show slickensides, running
horizontally or vertically or at any intermediate angle, while the
strata are found to have suffered displacement, so that the same
bed occurs at different levels on opposite sides of the rake, this
displacement varying in different veins from an inch or two to
many yards. Where the displacement is considerable, the vein
usually hades or underlies (slopes) in the direction of the down-
throw, and is in short not to be distinguished from an ordinary
fault, except in the commercial value of its contents. The greater
number of the Derbyshire rakes, however, are merely vertical
cracks, running for a limited distance either across country or down-
wards. A small rake’ is known as a scrin.

“The ore in a rake usually occurs in ribs, separating layers of
calc-spar, barytes, or fluorspar, and more or less parallel to the walls
of the vein, the ‘ growth’ of the mineral deposit appearing to have
commenced on the walls of the vein and extended inwards till the
vein was filled. Frequently, however, the galena is found in
isolated crystals, scattered through a mass of spar, or in thin con-
centrically arranged layers, alternating with barytes, in the
spherical masses often formed by this mineral. In some districts
the galena has been found to occur with little or no spar, in a net-
work of scrins traversing a mass of limestone.

“The Pipe or Pipe-vein has yielded a large part of the Derbyshire
ore. It is formed by the widening out of a rake or scrin in one
or more beds of limestone, sometimes owing to their greater solu-
bility, at others owing to their resting upon an impermeable rock.
The cavity thus formed takes the shape of a Pipe, inclined as the

 

* “The Iron Ores of Great Britain ” (Mem. Geol. Surv.), Part I, p. 38,
LEAD. 173

beds are inclined, and enclosed on all sides by solid limestone,
except where the rock is cut through by the rake or narrow scrin.
The crack so caused is known as a ‘ leader,’ and is followed by the
miner in search of another pipe. The thinnest leader of spar or
clay, or a slight oozing of water, has frequently proved a true
guide from one pipe to another. The ore in the pipes is frequently
found in lumps, lying in a confused mass of calc-spar, barytes,
limestone blocks, and clay, as though the mineral had been broken
up, after its original deposition. In some cases, however, the
galena occurs as a fairly regular bed, following the inclination of
the pipe, and enclosed in calespar that has been crystallised out
in concentric layers upon the walls, floor, and roof of the pipe.
It may be suppdsed that the pipe was originally formed by the
action of water following a joint; that, the volume of the water
having found another course, the pipe became filled, or partly
filled, with ‘ mineral ;’ but that in many cases, owing to the water
running again along the old channel, the mineral contents of the
pipe were undermined, and allowed to fall into a confused mass.

“ The Flat, or Flat-vein, is of less common occurrence. It appears
to differ from the pipe in being of indefinite width, though like the
pipe it is bounded above and below by limestone. Flat-veins have
been usually formed along the junction of two beds, and may be
compared to the lines of hollows which may be seen to follow such
junctions in the faces of cliffs.

“‘ From what has been said above, it will be seen that almost every
variety of hollow in the limestone, whether joint, fault, or old
water-channel, has been found to contain ore under suitable cir-
cumstances. The nature of the contents of such hollows depends
partly upon the rock in which they occur, and partly on the locality.
It has been found by long experience that, though lead-ore occurs
in all the beds of the Derbyshire Carboniferous Limestone, yet the
bulk has been obtained from the top of this formation (the 1st Lime
of Farey).* The lodes are not only more numerous in the upper
than in the lower beds of the limestone, but they have proved far
richer. In the case of the rake-veins, particularly, most of the
rich deposits of ore have been found immediately beneath the
Yoredale Shale.”

“A great deal of work has been done in this neighbourhood, [of
Wirksworth], but, it is said, without a corresponding profit. Two
old soughs are alluded to by Short,j one on the east side
of the town about a mile long, and one on the west side, made
about 1693, beginning on the south side of the town, and carried

 

* “Tt ocours also in the Yoredale Shale, and more rarely in the Kinder
Scout Grit (Alport Heights, near Wirksworth) and even in the Coal-measures
(Memoir on the Geology of the Yorkshire Coal Field, 1878, p. 44: see also
Binney, Mem. Lit. and Phil. Soc., Manchester, Ser. 2, vol. ix., p. 125), but in
such small quantities as not to affect the truth ot the above generalisation.”

[A. S.]
+ ‘‘ The History of the Mineral Waters of Derbyshire,” etc. (1734
174 ECONOMIC PRODUCTS.

close up the west side; both yielded warm water (p. 116). The
last mentioned is probably the Hannage Sough which drains into
the Ecclesbourne at Millhouses, a few hundred yards south of
Wirksworth Station, and runs thence to the Ratchwood Mine,
between Wirksworth and Middleton; this sough was finished
about 1740 (Farey, p. 329).* These were followed by Cromford
Sough, which, starting near Cromford Market Place, runs up to
the Gang Mine and others near Wirksworth. Farey states that
it brought down much warm water, and cost 30,000]. (op. cit.
p. 329).

“The last driven was the Meerbrook Sough, which runs from the
Derwent, three-quarters of a mile above Whatstandwell Bridge,
to a shaft at Hag Wood, and thence by Bole Hill to
Meerbrook Sough Mine, a distance of 2} miles. It was begun
in 1773, was still driving in 1811, and is said to have cost more
than 45,0007. Boats were used in it (Farey, p. 330). It has since
been driven to a point about 100 yards south of the church. The
yield of lead in the Wapentake of Wirksworth in 1782 was 1,306
tons according to Pilkington (op. cit. p. 125).t

“The greater part of the mining of late years has been in the
hollow north-east of Wirksworth, and in the limestone to the north
of this hollow. It will be seen by the map that the shale, by which
the hollow is occupied, is thrown down by a fault running from
Wirksworth to Middleton. This fault is known as the Gulf-fault,
and his had an important influence on the veins, the greater number
of which are parallel to it, with the direction N. 10°-40° W.; the
ptincipal of these are the Rantor (or Raventor), the Bage, and the
Wall Close. The Gang Vein, however, towards the north, and
the Yokecliff Rake, on the south of Wirksworth, run nearly east
and west. Each is a powerful vein, throwing the beds down to
the south.

‘The Wall Close Vein,t running nearly south-east, gathers a num-
ber of scrins from the south under Bole Hill, the principal being the
Bage, Waller’s Vein, and the Flint Vein. These are worked in
the Bage Mine, the shaft of which is 50 fathoms deep, or 17 fathoms
short of the Méerbrook Sough. No toadstone has been seen in
this mine. The galena occurs associated with caulk, and a little
blende, very little fluorspar, and some white ore. Towards the
north the Wall Close Vein crosses the Gang Vein and north of this
point has lately yielded ochre. The Bage Mine in 1879 was employ-
ing 20 men and yielding 170 tons of lead a year.§ There was a
hot spring in this mine (Farey, p. 252).

‘“‘Dinah’s Rake, about 300 yards west of the Bage Mine, was very
rich in caulk. In the Rantor Vein also, which was worked for

 

* “General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire” (1811).
+ “A view of the present state of Derbyshire ” (1789).

+ “ For this information I am indebted to Mr. Alsop, of Wirksworth.” [A. 8.]
§ M. Leon Lecornu, Ani. des Mines, Ser. 7, vol. xv., p. 5, 1879.
LEAD. 175

about 1,000 yards, Farey enumerates caulk, ochre, iron-pyrites,
blende, white ore, and much galena, as having been got (op. cit.
p. 265). The Ratchwood Mine was worked on a very rich branch
of ore in a scrin, parallel and close to the Gulf-fault ; the shaft
was 70 fathoms deep. Gell’s Norcliff (or Twentylands) Mine was
in a similar position further south ; the shaft was 50 fathoms deep,
the upper 14 fathoms being through the Yoredale Shale. The
Meerbrook Sough Mine, in the bottom of the hollow, and by the
side of the railway, was on the sough and on a small vein known
as the Goodluck; the shaft was 50 fathoms déep, and reached
the limestone through 17 fathoms of shale.

“The Gulf is the name applied to the strip or wedge of shale let
down by the Gulf-fault on the one side and by the Rantor Vein
onthe other. The Gulf-fault* runs at the foot of the limestone-cliff
in which the quarries are worked, and ranges to the Railway Station.
The Rantor Vein, which forms the east side of the Gulf, app2ars
to have been proved in a trial, 500 yards north-east of the station.
A shaft was sunk all in shale, and a cross-cut driven from it towards
the south-east, in which direction the cover of shale would nor-
mally be thickening. In a few yards, however, the cross-cut
entered limestone from which the water boiled up with great
rapidity, and the trial had to be abandoned.

‘* Two veins, running north-west, have been worked under Wirks-
worth, namely, the Bailey Croft, a little south of the Moot Hall,
and the Blackman Croft, which runs under the west end of the
church. In the churchyard there is more than one old shaft, and
there was formerly a warm spring (Farey, p. 505).

“ The Yokecliff (or Oakcliff) Rake is a powerful fault throwing the
Yoredale Shale down on its south side. As in the case of the
Gulf-fault the limestone of the upthrow side makes a marked feature
a a The vein has been proved to be 10 yards wide
under the dining-room of Gate House, and has been exhaustively
worked thence westwards. It has yielded much galena and cala-
mine, the ore being found in one place in the top of the vein, and
scattered (under the soil), over a field on the south side of the vein
and known as California. The rake runs nearly due west, passing
a little north of Carsington, and terminating 700 yards west of
the church.

«A small patch of limestone occurs on the south side of the Yoke-
cliff Rake, and contains several veins. The Dream (or Stafford’s
Dream) Mine is on a vein running about east-north-east ; it was
worked with great profit formerly to 60 fathoms depth, but not
followed more than 140 yards west, where the shale comes on.
The Sandhole Vein runs east and west through the Foxhole (an
open chasm from which calamine and ochre have been raised),

 

* “The Gulf-fault appears to be the same as the Taylor's Vein described
by Farey as having ‘the S.W. side highest by 162 yards; skirts dropped
dvwn, a cavern.’ ” (Op. cit., p. 265.) [A.8.]
176 ECONOMIC PRODUCTS.

and through a huge cavern discovered in the working of the mine.
It takes its name from a hollow in the limestone, doubtless formed
by the collapse of a cavern, and filled with sand (glacial), containing
pebbles of quartzite, &c., and lumps of galena. The vein was
unwatered by a level running to near Miller’s Green Mill. Other
veins, of which the Blobber is the principal, run west-north-west.”’*

The previously-mentioned revival in mining has caused some
new exploration of old workings at and just beyond the edge of the
present map near Wirksworth, but no new features of consequence
have as yet [September, 1907] been disclosed. Work is in progress
at the ‘‘ Chance Mine,” just on the margin of the map west of Hopton
Works, and at the “ Upper Golconda ”’ (where promising results
are reported), 700 yards farther north-west, slightly beyond the
map-limits ; also at “‘ Hopton Pipe,” exactly on the margin of the
Sheet, west-south-west of Ivet Low; and at the “ Bage Mine,”
Bolehill, which falls across the edge of the Sheet, north-north-east
of Wirksworth.

At Crich, where the limestone is exceptionally rich in fluor-
spar, that mineral is now raised together with lead. But the
mines scarcely fall within the area of this map.

Zinc.—As already mentioned zinc ore is found in association
with lead ores in the Wirksworth district.

Wad or black oxide of manganese has been obtained from a
hollow in the toadstone at Hopton.

Ochre has been obtained from the Foxhole (see above).

Clays——In the neighbourhood of Hulland Ward where drift
rests on the Limestone Shales, the boulder-clay is mixed with
the shale for brick-making. Elsewhere shales below the Kinder-
scout Grits are seldom utilized in the district; but those over-
lying these grits are dug for the manufacture of bricks, etc. At
the brick-works belonging to the Eagle Iron-works at Cowhill, near
Belper, the blue shale, when worked up with the overlying
sandy rain-wash, is said to make good red bricks. The same blue
shales below the Belper Grit were employed for brick-making at
the Wigwell Brick-works, Whatstandwell. In that neighbour-
hood, at the Whatstandwell Sanitary Pipe Works, a three-foot bed
of “clunch” (see p. 41), the underclay of a coal-seam above the
Kinderscout Grit, is raised for the production of drain-pipes. It
contains some carbonate of lime, which renders it liable to fuse
in glazing. The overlying coal is used for firing.

Probably few persons realize the economic importance of the
arenaceous and argillaceous members of the Coal-measures, though
in reality they give rise to important industries, employing a con-
siderable number of persons, in all the coalfields. Within the
area of the present map the sandy members of the Coal-measures

* The parts in inverted commas are extracted from the general account of
the mining of Derbyshire by A. Strahan, “ Geology of the Carboniferous

Limestone, Yoredale Rocks, and Millstone Grit of North Derbyshire ” (Mem,
Geol. Surv.), Ed. 2, pp. 121-122, 149-151 (1887).
CLAYS, BUILDING STONES. 177

are not so valuable as the beds of clay and shale, though
further north they become of considerable importance ; but the
various beds of marl, shale and clay are extensively quarried.
The chief horizon lies a few feet above and below the Top Hard
Coal, but the clays and shales associated with the Deep Soft and
Deep Hard coals, more especially around Ilkeston, are also utilized.
Sections of various marl pits using the clays associated with the
Top Hard are given on pages 94-7. The absence of drift and of
intercalated thick beds of sandstone facilitates the excavation of
the clay as there is consequently little quarry waste formed.

In the Coal-measures of the Derwent Valley a fireclay under
the coal that crops out at Horsley Park, south of Horsley (see p. 74)
is said to have been used for the manufacture of pottery at Denby.
Bricks are made from the shales associated with the Alton Coal
at the Ambergate Brick-works, Bullbridge. The five-foot bed of
fireclay seen beneath a small coal at Maddocks’ Brick-pit, Rowson
Green (see p. 78), has been used for the manufacture of brown
pottery at Denby, while the blue shale below, either by itself or
mixed with weathered material at the surface, is worked for making
red bricks. The white fireclay underlying the Deep Soft Coal has
been largely worked and is used at the Denby Pottery. It con-
tains a little carbonate of lime.

Permian Marls.—The bright red Permian Marls are extensively
quarried round Bulwell for the manufacture of bricks and flower
pots. It is said that the bricks and pots made from this clay
have a better colour than those made from the Keuper Marl and
are less liable to have a buff-coloured deposit formed on them when
burnt at a high temperature. The localization of the trade around
Bulwell is due partly to the proximity of the pits to the railways.
also to the full thickness of the marls being found here. Since
the marls have a very low dip, they frequently cover wide areas.
although they seldom exceed 20 feet in thickness. To ensure a
sufficient thickness of marls to pay for working, pits should there-
fore be situated close to the outcrop of the Bunter Sandstone.
It will be observed that the chief pits around Bulwell have this
position.

Building Stones.—The upper Kinderscout Grit and the Coxbench
Grit furnish the principal building-stones in the Derwent Valley.
The former has been, and is still, quarried at frequent intervals
along its outcrop from Little Eaton to Milford, along The Chevin
to Blackbrook ; formerly in the Derwent Valley near Belper, and
in Shiningcliff Wood and Crich Chase ; and especially at the present
time at and north of Whatstandwell; also along its escarpment
near Crich. It is in request for building-purposes which require
a strong freestone, capable of standing much weight and strain.
It is used less for house-building, for which its great hardness in

8789. M
178 ECONOMIC PRODUCTS.

some places makes it too expensive to work; while it often has
not a uniform colour. It sets harder after quarrying. At What-
standwell parts of it that make a very durable and hard free-
stone are in great demand for dock and railway work. At The
Tors, Crich, it is quarried for kerb-stones. On The Chevin
the Chevin Quarry and others raise it chiefly as a building-
stone, also for gate-posts, kerb-stones, hearth-stones, and paving-
stones. Here the lower and softer beds are mainly used. The
Milford Mills were built of stone from the Hopping Hole Wood,
Milford, where, however, the grit is difficult to work.

The Coxbench Grit is extensively employed as a building-stone,
but from fewer quarries, as its outcrop covers a smaller area, and
moreover it is as a rule not so conveniently situated for transport
by road or rail. At the Morleymoor Quarries it is said to be less
suitable for a building-stone than at Coxbench, but is raised exten-
sively for other purposes. The Coxbench Quarry produces a first-
class building-stone, largely used for building in Derby. The grit
is wide-jointed and lies in even courses from four to seven feet thick,
so that it can be quarried as a freestone. Besides setting harder,
it becomes whiter after quarrying. From Coxbench northward
many old quarries occur along its outcrop; but it is now worked
only at the Shaw-lane Quarry, near Holbrook, which furnishes
good building-stone for house- and bridge-building, and at
Pinchom Hill.

Other Lower Carboniferous grits are of less value. Thus the
Shale Grits near Callow and Kirk Ireton are employed, but much
less than formerly. The lower beds, being thicker and harder,
are most used. Further south the only thick bed of the Shale
Grits has been quarried between Duffield and Hazelwood for
house-building, but the stone is said not to last well.

The lower Kinderscout Grit was formerly quarried on Alport
Hill, Ashleyhay, and on Wirksworth Moor. At Camp Wood, Little
Eaton, the lowest grit of the Kinderscout Group has been worked
recently for building. The Belper Grit has been quarried at
Belper and on most of the outliers of this rock from Belper north-
ward, but it is not now worked in the district. The Rough Rock,
though it has been opened frequently in the neighbourhood of
Holbrook, appears to be generally too soft to make a good building-
stone in the south of the district ; and is now quarried for house-
and wall-building only at the Ridgeway Quarry, Ambergate,
where it is harder.

The sandstones of the Coal-measures are scarcely utilized for
building purposes in the western part of the coalfield. But a
strong sandstone some distance below the Alton Coal has been
worked at Bullbridge, and the Wingfield Flagstones seem to have
been used long ago in building Wingfield Manor. They furnish
good flags. The rock above the Black Shale Coal, near Coneygrey
House north of Pentrich, now alone quarried for house-building,
SANDS, ROAD METAL. 179

is said to be a very good building-stone, but rather hard. It has
the appearance there of being a somewhat sharper and more
quartzose. sandstone than the generality of rocks in the Coal-
measures of this district.

At Crich and Wirksworth the Carboniferous Limestone has been
used for building, and is still used for walling, as are all the Millstone
Grits locally.

To the east of the Erewash Valley the Magnesian Limestone
affords the only available stone for buildings. Though not com-
parable with the Magnesian Limestone of Mansfield, as it does not
yield the famous red and white sandstones of that area, it never-
theless furnishes useful material for walling and for the erection of
dwelling houses. Many of the farm houses and cottages and the
walls for estates have been built out of the stone at hand. At the
present day the most extensive quarries occur round Bulwell, and
the stone is used for walling in and around Nottingham. A
similar stone is worked at Quarry Banks, Linby, the upper flaggy
portions being used for paving at Hucknall Torkard. There is a
general tendency for the stone to split up into flags at the surface
and to become porous, apparently due to the solution of the calcite
cementing the dolomite crystals.

Moulding and Building Sands.—The non-pebbly portions of the
Bunter Sandstone form excellent moulding and building sands
wherever barium sulphate does not occur as a cement. At
the Flourish, near Dale, a large quarry works a bed of non-
pebbly sandstone over 20 feet thick. Around Dale Village the
same bed becomes useless owing to the presence of barium
sulphate. To the south-east of the Grove Farm the lower part
of the Bunter, on the south of the Stanton road, consists of a
loamy sand of good quality, but the quarry, on being extended to
the south, will encounter much quarry waste owing to a fault
bringing in the Keuper Marl. By far the best quality of moulding
sand is furnished by a bed of bright red highly false-bedded loamy
sandstone, over 25 feet thick in a quarry in the Bunter close to the
Great Northern Railway to the east of Nutthall.

Soft and weathered parts of the Coxbench Grit are crushed for
moulding-sand at the Coxbench Quarry.

Millstones, Grindstones, etc.—The upper Kinderscout Grit was
formerly used for the manufacture of millstones ; butit is said that
the importation of foreign stone killed the industry. In Shining-
cliff Wood and Grich Chase millstones may still be seen, left where
they were fashioned on the spot.

The Coxbench Grit at the Morleymoor Quarries is worked chiefly
for scythe-stones and grind-stones. It is soft when quarried, but
sets very hard.

Road Metal.—The Carboniferous Limestone is used extensively for
road-metal in the north of the district, as are also occasionally the

8789, M2
180 WATER SUPPLY.

inferior parts of the Kinderscout and Coxbench grits. In the Trias-
sic areas Bunter quartzite pebbles are dug for this purpose, chiefly at
Brailsford and near Turnditch in the western district, and are much
used on second-class roads. In the south they are worked a little
near Breadsall; while at Gun Hills, near Windley, the same
quartzites are obtained for road-metal from a thin drift-deposit
capping Bunter Sandstone and consisting almost entirely of these
pebbles.

- Gravel.—Drift-gravel is dug for local purposes at Cockshuthill
near Duffield, and soft parts of the Bunter Sandstone are also em-
ployed. The river-gravel of the Derwent valley and drift-gravel
above the valley are both used for filter-beds at the reservoirs of
the Derby Corporation Water-works at Little Eaton.

Lime.—The Carboniferous Limestone is extensively quarried for
lime-burning at Crich and near Wirksworth, where the quarries
extend along the roadside to the north-west as far as Middleton.
The limestones in the Limestone Shales have also been used for
this purpose near Turnditch (see p. 22).

In the eastern area the Magnesian Limestone becomes an im-
portant source of lime, especially around Bulwell.

WATER SUPPLY.

~The Derwent Valley.*—The Millstone Grits are almost the only
water-bearing rocks of the district, as the Bunter Sandstone gener-
ally has its surface sealed by boulder-clay. The Kinderscout
Grits are chiefly drawn upon for underground supplies, but surface-
water is largely used. Recently a scheme has been carried out
for supplying the towns of Ilkeston and Heanor from deep springs
in the Carboniferous Limestone, issuing through the Merebrook
Sough, which opens into the Derwent north of Whatstandwell.
This old adit has a length of two and a quarter miles, and was
driven through to Wirksworth to drain the lead-mines. It taps
springs from the limestone which yield about 15,000,000 gallons a
day, the water emerging from the sough at a temperature of 61
degrees (Fahr.). The water is pumped up to a reservoir on the
escarpment of the Kinderscout Grit at Chadwick’s Nick, south
of Crich, and distributed thence by gravitation.

The Derby Corporation obtains its supply from water col-
lected in tunnels, parallel to the Derwent, and at a fixed distance
from it, at the lowest practicable level, before it reaches the river.

The water thus filters through silt and gravel before it enters the
tunnels.

 

* In these notes we have drawn freely on Messrs. S. Barwise and J. 8.

Story’s “Report upon the Water Supplies of Derbyshire,” Derbyshire
County Council (1899).
WATER SUPPLY. 181

Duffield, Belper, and Wirksworth draw their public supplies
from the Kinderscout Grit. The Belper water comes from a boring
through the upper and lower Kinderscout Grits in the Derwent
Valley in the trough of a synclinal fold. Wirksworth is supplied
from springs in the Millstone Grits east of the town, with a yield
of about 48,000 gallons a day in dry weather. Besides these
public waterworks numerous springs and wells are utilized along
the Derwent Valley and elsewhere, chiefly in the Millstone Grits.

Quarndon alone obtains a public supply from the Bunter Sand-
stone. In the following table analyses of some of the principal
waters and those of the Derwent are given for comparison :

TaBLE oF WATER ANALYSIS. EXPRESSED IN PARTS PER 100,000*.

 

 

=| 3 gi) oe) ea tS
ae| £ | Se lee | we | se
oe | 8 | E/ S52 | §¢
& oO a a a |e G
River Derwent )Dry weather) 5 “9° 32 |
above | “002 | 006 | —
Derwent Chapel } Wet weather) 7 1-1] 2-8 J
River Derwent above Matlock 22 1-8} — | :003] -006| —
River Derwent above Derby 26°5 | 1°8 | 24 *008 | -O1 _—
Merebrook Sough 34°5 | 1°6 | 25 *000 | -001 | +08
Belper Supply = - 20°8 | 1:7] 13:3] :000 | -003 | -16
{Duffield Supply - 11-5] Ul] 4°71) °000} -004| -11

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

It is expected that the Derwent Valley Water-works scheme for
impounding the head-waters of the Derwent and its tributaries
will, when completed, afford an abundant supply of good water
to those parts of this and neighbouring districts, that are at present
in need of it.

The Coalfield.—On the west side of the Erewash Valley there
are few springs and only very limited areas free from dwellings.
It may be confidently stated that the Coal-measures on the west
side of the Erewash Valley cannot be looked to for a satisfactory
supply either for the towns or villages. The Triassic rocks along
the southern margin of the coalfield might reasonably be expected
to yield a satisfactory supply for the southern villages—Morley,
Stanley, West Hallam, Kirk Hallam, Dale, and Stanton-by-Dale.
Thus the Bunter to the west of Morley lies in a pre-Triassic hollow
and, as shown in the cutting of the Great Northern Railway, is
saturated with water. A boring put down in Risley Park yields
an abundant supply of good water, and as the ground is here at a

 

* These analyses are all taken from the “ Report upon the Water Supplies
of Derbyshire.”
¢ Analysis by Mr. J. White, County Analyst.
182 WATER SUPPLY.

greater elevation than any of the villages above mentioned, ex-
cepting Morley, they could be supplied by gravitation. On the
east side of the Erewash Valley the Coal-measures again would not
yield a good supply. Many fine springs of clear, but hard, water
issue from the Magnesian Limestone escarpment. The greater
part, however, drains into the reservoir of the Great Northern
Railway. Owing to the fissured nature of the limestone there is
always a danger of pollution from surface drainage.

Gaugings of springs in the Magnesian Limestone kindly
supplied by Mr. W. Swann, the Surveyor for Hucknall Torkard,

are given below :—
Dob Park or Farm Spring - 163,960 gallons in 24 hours.

Wyburn Paddock Spring 32,760 > ”» >
Starr’s Spring 89,230 a ”» ”»
Granger’s Spring - 36,990 53 ” ”

The above were taken in April, 1876, by Mr. Kirkland.

To show the variation of the springs, the following figures for
1876 are given. They represent the sum of the four springs.

April - 332,940 gallons in 24 hours.
August 210,330 a 3 ve
September 188,690 9 5 55
October - 219,740 39 ag sy
November - 245,260 55 3 5

December = - 289,040 ” ” ”
Section of New Shaft at Kilbourne Colliery

APPENDIX.

188

(Situated on No. 91, 25-inch Ordnance Map of Kilbourne, 1900),

from the Kilburn Coal downward.

Communicated by Mr. Mark Fryar.

[Names of fossils and other remarks added in square brackets.]
Numbers (42-130) refer to entries in the books of the colliery, and

to a series of specimens kept there.
Character of Strata.

42, KinBuRN CoaL- - 7 -
43. Lumpy underclay

44. Ironstone -

45. Black shale with strong shell-bed at bottom :
[Sprrorbis sp. ; Carbonicola acuta (J. Sow.) ; C.
robusta? (J.deC. Sow.) ; C.tuigida (Brown) ;
Naiadites modiolaris (J. de C. Sow.); few
obscure fish-remains] — - -

46. Ironstone

lagstones.

 

48.
49.

50.

51.

52.
{Wingfield 58.

54,
55.

56.

57.
58. Strong, light grey, banded, sandy

47, Fine brownish-grey sandstone
Grey shale* . :
Light grey underclay [St¢gmaria

Jicoides (Sternb.)]

Strong, light grey, banded, shaly

sandstone [boles and roots of
trees: Calamites sp., cf. schutzer
(Stur) ;  Stigmaria _ficoides
(Sternb.)] - -

Strong, light grey, banded, sandy

shale [Legrdodendron lycopo-
deordes Sternb. ; also streaks of
coal] - -

Fine-grained, light grey sandstone
Hard, light grey shale or stone

bind: [Carbonicola nucularts
Hind ; shells replaced partly by
chalcedonic silica, partly by
galenat] - - ee

Fine-grained,grey,micaceoussand-

stone [contains large septaria]

Strong, light grey, banded, sandy

shale with shells [Carbonicola
nucularis Hind] :

Fine, light grey,micaceous, banded,

shaly sandstone [with small
nodules ; some Carbonicola]

Fine, light grey, micaceous,

banded, shaly sandstone -

shale

4

20
11

29

4
4
4

Thickness.
Ft. in.

9
3

we

5
3
7

Depth.
Ft. in.

387 5

* Some of the shales described as “ grey” would be called locally “blue.”—

(M.F.)

+ Sedgwick found shells of Productus replaced by galena in the Carboni-

ferous Limestone of Swaledale :

Rev. H. H. Winwood (quoting letter of

Sedgwick), “Charles Moore, F.G.S., and his Work,” Bath Nat. Hist. and
Antiq. Field Club (1892).
184

APPENDIX.

Character of Strata.

59. Fine-grained, light grey sandstone
(containing whitish nodules] -

60. Strong, light grey, banded, sandy
shale - - -

61. Fine, irregularly bedded, grey sand-
stone [with cank balls: Stig-
maria ficotdes (Sternb.),and other
fragmentary plant-remains]

62. Striped, light and dark grey,
banded, shaly sandstone [alter-
nations of interlaminated buff
sandy and grey micaceous shaly
layers with thicker bands of
shale : current-bedding frequent]

63. Fine, irregularly bedded, grey

[Wingfield sandstone -
Flagstones.]\ 64. Fine, laminated, grey sandstone

70.
71.
72.
73.
74.

75.
76.

Th
78.
79.

80.
81.

[bedding wrinkled along certain
planes, as if by differential move-
ment] - -

65. Massive, fine-grained, light grey
sandstone with joints [abundant
fragmeuitary plant-remains : also
hard, finer-grained, sandy con-
cretions}]  - -

66. Light grey, banded, shaly sand-
stone with joints filled with spar

67. Very strong grey shale - :

68. Strong, light grey, banded, shaly
sandstone - -

69. Compact, heavy, fine-grained,
brownish-grey sandstone

Strong light grey sandy shale

Tronstone -

Dark grey shale

Black shale

Dark grey clunch or shaly underclay with

grains of sphzerosiderite -

Dark grey chine or shaly underclay -

Dark grey shale [Paloniscid clavicle ; Rhzzo-

dopsis saurortdes (Will.) (scale); Rhizodopsis ?
(tooth)] - -

Dark grey shale with Carbonicola

Hard, dark grey, ferruginous shale -

Dark grey shale with Carbonicola [strong shell-

bed: Anthracomya cf. laevis Dawson, var.
scoteca R. Eth. Jun.; Carbonicola acuta (J.
Sow.) ; C. nucularts Hind ; C. robusta (J. de
C. Sow.); C. allied to C. robusta (J. de C.
Sow.); Maiadetes modiolaris (J. de C. Sow.);
Coelacanthus elegans Newb. (jugular plate

and clavicle)] -

Soft, dark grey shale

Hard grey shale with ironstone [abundant fish-

remains: Acanthodes sp. (portion of man-
dible) ; Coelacanthus elegans Newb. (jugular
plate, operculum, and angular bone of man-
dible) ; Megalichthys hibberti Ag.; Ralwoniscid
clavicle and operculum; Platysomid scale ;
Khizodopsis sawrordes (Will.) (jugular plate
and scales)] - se -

 

Thickness.
Ft. in.

8 4
2 0

14.5

17. 7

19

45

<1
_
wT BORO o> On bo

8 10
10 10

10 10

Depth.
Ft. in.

|

659 8

Pe odbid
APPENDIX.

Character of Strata.

Batt - — ft. 1 inch to
— ft. 3 inches.
Coan - 1 ft. 10 inches
to 1 ft. 8 inches
83. Strong, dark grey clunch or sandy underclay
84. Dark grey shale
Batty coat, — ft. 44 inches \
85. CoaL {Dark shale, — ft. 24 inches
Batty coat and shale, 1 ft. 2 inches J
86. Soft grey shale -
86a.Strong, light grey, sandy fireclay, approaching
gannister, with rootlets
860. Soft grey shale -
86c. Light grey, sandy fireclay
86d.Grey, sandy fireclay -
87. Dark grey shale
88. CoaL
89. Lump f Srey shale with nonabons balls -
90. Very light grey, nearly white, micaceous and
carbonaceous sandstone - -
90a.Grey banded sandstone, softer - .
91. Very hard, light, brownish- -grey gannister sand-
stone with some mica
92, Grey banded, sandy, micaceous shale -
93. Strong, grey banded, sandy, micaceous shale
94, Dark grey shale [fragments of Calamites ;
Lepidodendron lycopodioides Sternb. ; Lepido-
strobus sp.;  Sphenophyllum cuneifoliwm
(Sternb.) ; "Diteenractd maxilla ; Rhizodopsis
sawrordes (Will.)] -
95. Fine, dark grey shale [Hlonichth: s sp. (scales) ;
Palzoniscid scales ; ‘Rhadinschaions sp. (scales) |
96. Grey pyritous shale with irregular ironstone
bands and thin marine bed immediately over-
lying coal [Calamites sp.; Anthracomya cf.
laevis Dawson, var. scotica R. Eth. Jun.;
Carbonicola acuta (J. Sow.) ; Acanthodes sp.
(spine); Coelacanthuse legans Newb. ; Elonz-
chthys sp. (scales); Megalichthys hibberti
Ag.; Paleoniscid maxilla; Rhadinichthys
monensis (Egert.); RAzzodopsis sp. (scale) ;
also Lingula myteloides J. Sow., but not
associated with the above shells ; the lowest
bed, forming the roof of the underlying coal,
contains :— Plant - remains ; Posidoniella
laevis? (Brown) ; Pterinopecten ee
J.Sow.) ; Gastrzoceras carbonarium (1 . von
uch) ; Glyphioceras sp.; Llonichthys sp.

(scale) }

82. NauGHTON CoaL |

CoaL, containing nodules of
pyrites, — ft. 7 inches. |

Irregular band of pyrites, w
97, ALron COAL. yoy eo i, a PY P
Coat, containing nodules of
pyrites, 1 ft. 64 inches

98. Hard, light, brownish-grey, Brliceens underclay
with plant-remains

99. Rather harder, light, brownish- grey, silicaous
underclay with spheerosiderite

Thickness.

Ft. in.

111

14
14

Oo Do

1

—_
CSCONWwWwowWwW +

| ow Dr WwWHol]

He
Hw

me obo
mon

16 0
24 0

25 2

411

185

Depth.
Ft. in.

831 8

|

Pie i

Lt |

961 4
186

100.

101.
102.

103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.

109.
110.

111.
112.
113.

114.
115.
116.

117.

126.

127,
128.
129.

130.

APPENDIX.

Character of Strata.

Strong, light grey, siliceous shale, with brown
srains like spherosiderite: about 9 inches
from the bottom of this is a bed of hard
siliceous rock with cone-in-cone structure,

varying in thickness from 9 inches to 1 foot

Fine greenish-grey shale (the ences shade is ae
distinct)

Dark grey shale with Lingula ih imytiloides a
Sow. ; Coelacanthus elegans Newb. (jugular
plate) ; Hlonichthys sp. (scale)]

CoaL, inferior

Hard grey sandy shtie: hamel

Coau -

Light grey impure gannister-like sandstone

Inferior coax and batt -

Hard brownish siliceous underclay with sphwero-
siderite -

Thickness.
Ft.

or

tte

e

1
Soft, fine, light grey under clay [with rootlets] 1 in. to -

Very hard, compact, light grey, siliceous under-
clay, very full of sphzrosiderite

Hard light grey siliceous shale -

Dark grey shale with ironstone

Inferior coaL

Very hard grey under clay approaching gannister

Softer grey sandy shale -

Dark grey shale full of Carbonicola shells
[Spirorbis sp. ; ostracods ; Carbonicola robusta
(J.deC. Sow.) ; C. sp. ; Rhizodopsis sp. (tooth)]

Fine compact light grey gannister-like sand-
stone in darker and lighter bands, with veins
of calcite =

. Strong grey sandy shale

. Fine grey shale [Coelacanthus Clesnias Newb. ;
Rhizodopsis sawroides (Will.) (scale)] -

. Hard, fine, streaky grey, muddy-looking, ae

aceous sandstone
. Coa, inferior -

. Grey underclay [with rootlets] - -

. Very light grey sandstone with dark bedding-
planes

. Strong grey sandy shale with rootlets appearing

yellow -

. Strong grey sandy shale with rootlets and ‘other

lant-remains [Lepidodendron lycopodioides
ternb. ]

[BetpEr- (Batty coat—tt. 5 inches) average
LAWN] } Inferior coat—ft. 7 inches} thick-
CoaL Coat -- 1ft.8 inches) ness

Fine siliceous underclay with rootlets
Whitish grey sandstone with rootlets -
Fine grey muddy sandstone with small pockets
of red oxide -
Rather coarse- erained light grey to reddish sagt
pa micaceous badded sandstone [Boneh
OC. - :

Pe Pee pe

il

bo

in.

—
ee

Dee Ww
be

ve

e
COOWOD we amo

x1

6

Depth.

Ft. in.

|

PEa gtd

| |

Cae Tita

1,042

ll
187

INDEX.

Acanthodes wardi, 101.

Agar Terrace, 107, 108.

Alderwasley, faults near, 32, 139;
glacial deposits near, 154; also 3,
41, 42.

————— Hall, 47.

Alecs Coal, reference to, 72, 74.

Alfreton, 91.

———— Common, 96.

ALLEN, 109, 144.

Allestree, 10.

———— Park, 122, 140.

Alluvial deposits, 160.

Alport Hill, Kinderscout Grit at,
33, 41, 178.

——— Stone, 41.

Axsop, 174.

Alton, coal in Limestone Shales, 23 ;
Rough Rock at, 54.

——- Coal, see coals.

Amber, River, alluvium of, 160;
grits at, 34, 51; also 4,76, 77, 82.

Ambergate, Coal-measures at, 61,
63; faults near, 61, 138; folds
near, 131, 132 ; fossils, 100 ; grits
near,” 30, 31, 34, 46; section
near, 133.

Brick-works, 63, 64, 177.

————— Colliery, see collieries.

Amberley Farm, 82.

Ambocoelia carbonaria, 25,
Annesley, Trias near, 130; faults
near, 145, 148 ; a/so 1, 110.

——— Colliery, see collieries.

———— Park,Coal-measuresat,110;
faults at, 142, 143, 148; glacial
deposits at, 166.

———— Tunnel, section of, 116.

———— Woodhouse, 109.

Anthracomya, 73, 89.

—_————— modiolaris, 102.

phillips, 100.

Ashbourne, drift at, 149, 152 ; Keu-
per at, 118; also 11.

Ashleyhay, 139 ; quarries at, 178.

Ashover, 19, 131.

Aspley Hall, 107,

Atrypa, 126.

Aveting, W, T., 103, 104, 113, 115,
126, 130, 166.

Avenue Walk, Annesley, 166.

Aviculopecten papyraceus, 22.

Awsworth, 93, 94.

Bage Vein, 174, 176.
Bagthorpe, 165.
—_—-—— Brook, 144.

Baguleys Wood, 49.

Baileycroft Quarry, 12.

Vein, 175.

Baldock Mill, 145.

Balloon Wood, 126.

Bargate, fault at, 137 ; Middle Grit
at, 33.

Barium sulphate, 126, 179.

Barrow, G., 36, 72.

BaRWISE, 8., 37, 40, 180.

Barytes, 41, 172.

Basal Conglomerate, 114.

BEAN, 91.

Beauvale Abbey, Magnesian Lime-
stone at, 106.

BEECROFT, 84,

Beeston, faults near, 143; gravels
near, 168 ; Trias near, 113; also
7, 123.

Beightonhill, 38.

Belinurus, 95, 102.

Belper, alluvium at, 162, et segg. ;
boring at, 28 ; coal at, 30 ; drift
near, 155 ; fault near, 45, 136 ;
folds near, 131, 132, 1386; grits
near, 32, 33, 50; quarries near,
177 ; river terrace at, 163 ; water

supply of, 181 ; also 29, 67.

Belper Bridge, Kinderscout Grit at,
46 ; also 3.

— —— Grit, coal near, 42, 46; faults
in, 47, 136, 138; folds in, 131,
132 ; quarries in, 41 ; also 2, 3,
30-34, 46-48, 50, 53.

——— Lane, 46.

—————— End, coal above Kin-
derscout Grit, 40; Kinderscout
Grit at, 32, 33.

———Water-works, 29, 37, 40.

“Belperlawn” Coal, see coals.

— Colliery, see collieries.

Benross, H. H. Arnotp, 14, 15, 18,
153, 163.

Ben’s Well Water, 75.

Bent, The, 41.

Benthill, 48.

Bessyloan, Rough Rock at, 35, 50.

Beyrichia arcuata, 102.

Biggin, 22.

——— Valley, drift of, 150, 152.

Bilborough, 107, 109.

“ Binds,” meaning of, 56.

Black Carr, 39.

Black Shale Coal, see coals.

Blackbrook, grits near, 33, 39, 40;
also 177.

Blackman Croft Vein, 175.

 
188

Blackwall, Bunter at, 116 ; coal at,
23; drift at, 152; also 21, 38,
39.

Brake, J. F., 126, 166.

Blende, 175.

Blobber Vein, 176.

Bob’s Rock, 148.

Bogend, 107.

Bole Hill, 28, 174.

Bondlands Colliery, see collieries.

Bottle Brook, grits at, 33, 35, 43, 44 ;
section near, 162 ; also 4, 72, 75.

—————— Houses, 78.

Bottom Coal, see coals.

Bottom Piper Coal, see coals.

Bowbridge, 118.

Bowmer Rough, 3, 51.

Boyah Grange, 145.

Brackley Gate, 74.

Bradhouse Mine, 15.

Brailsford Fault, see faults.

————- Village, fault in, 119, 140 ;
glacial deposits near, 149, etc. ;
Trias near, 117, 118 ; also 23.

Bramcote, fault near 143 ; Trias at,
125, 126.

————- Moor, 142.

Brand’s Colliery, see collieries.

Breadsall, drift near, 156, 158 ; grits
near, 48, 49; Trias, 120-123 ;
section at, 110 ; also 10, 26.

Moor, 29, 32, 43.

Breccia, description, 103 ; also 108,
130.

Brewards Carr, 24, 26.

Bridge End Quarry, 48.

Hill, Belper, 135.

——— Street, Belper, 164.

Bridle Lane, 81.

Brinsley, coal near, 97 ; drift near,
165 ; faults near, 145.

Bristol, 104.

Broadgates, 41.

Broadholm, 46.

Brookhill Leys, 97.

Broomfield, Bunter near, 111; drift
near, 158; Keuper near, 122;
Kinderscout Grit near, 48.

Broomhill, 108, 130.

——_——— Wood, 126.

Brown Rake Coal, see coals.

Broxtowe Colliery, sce collieries.

Buckland Hollow, 58, 77, 81.

—— Coal, see coals.

Building-stones, 177, et segq.

Bullbridge, coal at, 137; brick-pit
at, 76, 100 ; drift near, 160 ;
grits at, 51, 63, 64, 76.

————— Hill, section at, 52; also

INDEX.

Bulling Lane, 51.

Bullion Coal, see coals.

Bullions, 20. ;

Bulwell, faults near, 145; glacial
deposits near, 166; limestone
at, 107, 180.

———— Colliery, see collieries.

———— Forest, 129.

———— Hall, 107.

Bunkers Hill, 24.

Bunter, Derwent Basin, 119 ; eastern
area, 129; economics of, 169 ;
southern area, 123; western
area, 116 ; also 3, 24, 25, 49, 113,
140, 142, 143, 148-153, 166, 167.

Burley Hill, boring near, 162 ; grits
near, 4, 32, 42.

Bushes Farm, 90.

Butler’s Hill, 130.

Butterley Iron-works, 91, 95.

Mineral Line, section in,

 

92.
Buttermere granophyre, 155.

Calamine, 75.

Calcium carbonate,
silica, 12.

Callis Hage Wood, 106.

Callow, drift at, 150; grits at, 28,
38 ; quarries near, 178 5 also 21.

Calophylium, 18.

Camp Wood, Little Eaton, quarries
at, 178; also 43, 49.

—————— rock, 43, 45.

Campophyllum, 18.

Cannel Coal, see coals.

Carbonicola, horizon of—Alton Coal,
67; Deep Hard Coal, 58, 72;
Deep Soft Coal, 72, 79; Kilburn
Rock, 78 ; also 67, 73, 88, 99, 171.

acuta, horizon of—
Furnace Coal, 71, 79, 102 ; Top
Hard Coal, 97 ; also 82, 95.

aquilina, horizon of—
Furnace Coal, 58; Top Hard
Coal, 59 ; also 97, 102.

————- nucularis, horizon of—
Black Shale Coal, 102 ; Furnace
Coal, 58.

replaced by

 

 

robusta, horizon of—
Black Shale Coal, 101 ; Furnace
Coal, 58, 102; Hospital Coal,
72, 79,102 ; aiso 73, 99.

——_—— turgida, horizon of—
Black Shale Coal, 101 ; Furnace
Coal, 58.

Carboniferous, description of, 8, 27 ;
also 2,114.

—— clays, 150.
INDEX,

Carboniferous Limestone, boulders
of, 166, 167 ; description of, 10 ;
economics of, 169 ; faults in, 131,
139; pebbles in drift, 152;
pebbles in river gravels, 163 ;
volcanic action in, 13 ; also 2, 8,
56, 74.

—_—————— sandstones, 151, 152.

—————— — shales, 150, 151.

Carr, J. W., 107.

Carr Close Colliery, see collieries.

Carrington Coppice, 90.

Carsington, toadstone at, 15.

Catstone Hill Colliery, see collieries.

Catstone Hills, Bunter of, 126, 128.

Caulk, 174, 175.

Cawdor Wood, 53.

Chaddesden Common, 158.

Chadwick’s Nick, 52, 132; reservoir
at, 180.

Champion, 121.

Chance Mine, 176.

Chatsworth Grit, 46.

Cheadle Coalfield, 72, 73, 74.

Chert, micro-descriptions of, 11, 12,
13 ; also 152.

Cheshire, drift of, 164 ; Trias of, 113,
118.

Chevin, The, Kinderscout- Grit at,
32, 33, 45 ; quarries at, 177 ; also
3.

pine Quarry, Kinderscout Grit in,

39.

Chevinside, drift near, 155; Kin-
derscout Grit at, 45 ; Middle
Grit at, 34; river terrace near,

163.

Chilwell Brickyard, 128.

Cinderhill, faults at, 142,143 ; Mag-
nesian Limestone at, 107 ; section
at, 144 ; also 78.

——-—-— Brick-works, 109, 128.

>--——— Colliery, see collieries.

Clays, economics of, 176.

Clod Coal, see coals.

Cloud House, 143.

Clouds, The, 24, 26, 120.

Cloveshill Lane, Smalley, 74, 75.

Clowne Coal, see coals.

Coals :—

Coal, Alecs, reference to, 72.

——, Alton, at Bullbridge, 76;
compared with Crabtree Coal,
62 ; fossils above, 10, 100 ; posi-
tion of, 57, 74; also 63, 67, 68,
75, 77, 137.

——, Barnsley, reference to, 57.

——, “Belperlawn,” at Gun Lane,
64 ; at Smalley, 74 ; outcrop of,
62 ; position of, 57, 62 ; also 75,

76, 84.
——, Black Shale, see Silkstone.

189

Coal, Bottom, footnote, 62.

——, Bottom Piper, at Denby Hall
Colliery, 69 ; fossils above, 102 ;
position of, 57 ; also 71.

——, Brown Rake, 69,72. ___

——, Buckland Hollow, see Kilburn,
57.

——., Bullion, reference to, 74, 101.

—-—, Cannel, 69, 72, 89.

——., Clod, see Silkstone.

——, Clowne, 100, 102.

——, Coombe, a/so Comb, 91, 98.

——., Crabtree, reference to, 62, 73,

74, 101.

——, Deep Hard, Brands Colliery,
91; Denby Colliery, 90 ; Denby
Hall Colliery, 69 ; faults in, 137,
138, 145; fossils above, 102 ;
Mapperley district, 89 ; position
of, 57; Shipley Colliery, 87 ;
also 57, 58, 69, 71, 72, 78, 79, 81,
82, 83, 92, 93, 94, 138, 177.

—, Deep Soft, faults in, 143, 146 ;
fireclay under, 177; fossils
above, 72, 99, 102 ; position of,
57 ; also 59, 78, 81, 82, 83, 88, 89,
90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 138.

——, Dog-tooth, 87, 94.

——, Dunsil, fossils above,
position of, 59, 87, 94, 95.

——, Ell, Brands Colliery, 91; Denby
Hall Colliery, 69; Mapperley
district, 89 ; also 59, 72, 78, 82,
83.

——, Furnace, Brands Colliery, 91 ;
Denby Colliery, 90; Denby
Hall Colliery, 69 ; depths to, 83,
88, 89, 93; description of, 58 ;
fossils above, 102; ironstone
above, 171 ; position of, 57 ; also
71, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 87, 88, 89,
94.

——, Gin Mine, reference to, 100.

——, Hagg, see Kilburn, 57, 86.

—--, Halifax Hard, reference to, 74,
101.

——, Hospital, 71, 79, 102.

——, Kennel, 91.

—,, Kilburn, compared with
Woodhead Coal, 73, 74 ; depths
to, 79, 83, 93; description of,
58; faults in, 145, 146; fossils
above, 70, 99, 101; Ilkeston
district, 86 ; Mapperley district,
89; position of, 57; Stanton
district, 86; also 62, '75, 77, 78,

-81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 90, 94, 115,
136.

——, Low Main, see Furnace.

——, Lower Hard, see Deep Hard.

——, Lower Main, see Deep Hard
and Furnace.

102 ;
190

Coal, Main Soft, see Deep Soft.

——, Mickley, Denby Hall Colliery,
70 ; fossils above, 101 ; also 57,
71, 78, 84.

——, Moss, reference to, 99, 100.

——, Naughton or Norton, 57, 62,
67, 68, 75, 93.

——, Piper, Brands Colliery, 91;
Denby Colliery, 90; Denby Hall
Colliery, 69; Mapperley district,
89; Shipley district, 87; also
88, 94.

——, Rifler, 59.

——,Seven Feet Bambury, reference
to, 100.

— —, Silkstone or Black Shale, 90 ;

enby Colliery, 90; Denby
Hall Colliery, 70; description
of, 58; fossils above, 101 ;
Mapperley district, 89 ; position
of, 57; section of, 81; Shipley
district, 87 ; also 59, 60, 68, 71,
78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 92, 94, 178.

——, Soft, see Deep Soft.

——., Stinking, reference to, 72.

——, Top Hard, Derwent Basin, 62 ;
description of, 59; Erewash
Valley, 85 ; faults in, 144, 145,
147, 148 ; fossils above, 99, 100,
102; Ripley syncline, 96 ;
Shipley syncline, 95; also 56,
57, 58, 60, 68, 72, 86, 87, 94, 96,
97, 98, 106, 115.

--—, Tunnel, 91.

——, Tupton, position of, 57 ; also,
83.

——, Waterloo, Brands Colliery, 91 ;
fossils above, 102; Mapperley
district, 89; position of, 57;
Shipley district, 87.

——, Winpenny, reference to, 73, 99.

——, Woodhead, reference to, 73, 74.

——, Yard, Brands Colliery, 91.

Coalburn Hill, 77.

Coal-measures, comparison of, 72,
73; details of, 61; description
of, 55; fossils of, 99; litho-
logical characters, 56; section

of, 64; sequence of, 57; also.

50, 156, 167.
—————, Derwent Basin, 61,
et segg.; Erewash Valley, 85, et
segqg.; east of Erewash, 93, et
segq. ; Leen Valley, 98, et seqy.
Cockshuthill, 159.
Codnor Breach, faults at, 145, 146.
Codnor Park, Coal-measures of, 92.
93; faults near, 145, 146, 147;
folds near, 141, 142; also 85.
————-—— Farm, 147.
—————— ITron-works, 144.
Coelacanthus elegans, 85, 100, 101.

INDEX.

Coxs, G. E., 55, 81, 91, 92, 138.

Cold Lane, 141.

Coldaston, 41.

Collieries :—

Colliery, Ambergate, 81.

————, Annesley, 98, 130.

———W—, Belperlawn, 76, 84.

————, Bondlands, 81.

————, Brands, 91.

————., Broxtowe, 98.

————, Bulwell, 98.

———-—, Carr Close, 88.

————, Catstone Hill, 98.

————, Cinderhill, 93, 106, 143.

————, Cossall, 94.

————, Dale Abbey, 86, 101, 145.

ae Denby, 71, 79, 84, 90, 101,
137.

————, Denby Hall, 71, 79, 90.

————., Derby Kilburn, 86.

————, Digby, 96, 97.

—_———, Gedling, 97, 100, 102.

—_———., Grove, 88.

————, Gun Lane, 63, 64, 76, 84.

———~—, Hartshay, 8].

————, Hempshill, 98.

————, High Holborn, 98.

————, High Park, 98.

—_———, Hill Top, 98.

————, Horsley, 84.

————, Hucknall, 98.

————, Kilbourne, 67, 136.

————., Kimberley, 98.

———-—, Kirk Hallam, 86.

————, Linby, 98.

——— , Lodge, 95.

————., Lower Birchenwood, 92.

————, Manners, 86, 88.

————, Mansfield, 102.

————., Mapperley, 89, 102, 146.

————, Marehay, 81.

ao Marehay Main, 71, 79, 83,
137

————, Mexboro’, 98.
—-——-—, Moor Green, 98.
————., Muddy Island, 75, 84.
--————, New London, 98.
————, New Watnall, 98, 109.
—-———, Newstead, 98.
——— —, Nibble and Clink, 75, 76,
84,
————., Nutbrook, 88.
————, Oakerthorpe, 83.
————, Oakwell, 86, 87, 88, 146
————, Old Willey Lane, 98.
————, Park, Ilkeston, 88.
—~———, Peacock, 88.
————, Plumtree, 98.
————,, Pollington, 98.
————, Portland, 102, 166.
————, Pye Hill, 144.
————, Ripley, 90.
INDEX. 191

Colliery, Ripley Spelter, 82.

————, Salterwood, 71, 79, 80, 83.

——~——, Shipley, Kilburn Pit, 86,
87.

—--—— , Stanley, 89.

————, Stapleford, 93.

————, Stonyford, 93.

- , Swanwick, depths to coals
at, 91; also 96.

—_——, Trowell Moor, 93.

————, Underwood, 98.

————, Waingroves, 90.

————, Watnall, 98.

————, West Hallam, 89, 146.

————, Whiteley, 90.

————, Wigwell, 42.

————, Wollaton, 96, 142.

Cone-in-cone structure, 78.

Coneygrey House, 82.

Coombe Coal, see coals.

CorFIELD, F. C., 69.

Cossall, fault at, 94; also 93.

——— Colliery, see collieries.

--—— Marsh, 94.

——— Moor, 142.

Coton Park, footnote, 55, 138.

Cotter Wood, 43, 44,

Courthouse Farm, 39.

Cowerslane, 25, 155.

Cowhill, 45, 137.

Coxbench Grit, character of, 49 ;
economics of, 178 ; also 30, 33,
34, 35, 50, 54, 75.

eee a Wood, 33, 50.

Crabtree Coal, see coals.

Cretaceous fossils in drift, 160.

Crich, description of, 17, 24; drift
near, 153, 157; faults near, 138,
142 ; fluor-spar at, 19, 176 ; folds
near, 131, 132, 136 ; Kinderscout
Grit near, 51, 53; lead at, 19,
176 ; Middle Grit at, 34 ; Rough
Rock at, 32, 35 ; section near, 54 ;
also 2, 6,7, 10, 25, 28, 169.

——- Carr, 48.
—-—- Chase, Kinderscout Grit at,
32, 33, 47 ; quarries at, 177.
Croft Wood, plastic clay at, 26;
section at, 110, 111, 112.

Cromford, Limestone Shales at, 21 ;
also 163.

———— and High Peak Railway,
section in, 12, 140.

———— Svugh, 174.

———— Valley, faults in, 91, 92,
96, 141, 142, 143.

Cross-o’-th’-Hands, 117.

Cross Roads Farm, 39.

Crossways, 150.

Crowstones, 20, 22.

Crowtrees, 33, 41.

Culland Wood, 53.

Cutler Brook, 120, 159.
Cutthrough Lane, 142.
Cyathaxonia Subzone, 18.

Dairywood Farm, 46.

Dale, Coal-measures at, 56 ; faults
near, 142; folds near, 141 ;
general description, 85; Trias
of, 113 ; quarries at, 179; water
supply, 181 ; also 86, 124, 126.

—— Abbey Colliery, see collieries.

—— Moor, Bunter near, 125 ; Mill-
stone Grit at, 49 ; also 62.

Dalemoor Farm, 128.

Dale quarry, chert in, 11, 12.

indmill, 86.

Dalley Gutter, 40.

Darley Abbey, 120, 162.

——— House, 122.

Davis’s Bottom, 106, 148.

Daypark, well section at, 50.

Dretey, R. M., 153, 158, 163.

Deep Hard Coal, see coals.

De La Becue, H. T., 13.

Denby, Deep Hard Coal at, 78 ;
Deep Soft Coal at, 72 ; descrip-
tion of, 89; faults near, 142 ;
fish-remains at, 70 ; folds near,
136 ; fossils at, 101; also 90,
138, 177.

——— Colliery, see collieries.

——— Common, 90, 146.

———————— Farm, 90.

——— Hall, 71, 78.

————— Colliery, see collieries.

—— — Iron-works, 78.

——— and Kilbourne Collieries, see
collieries.

——— Pottery, 177.

———- syncline, 89.

Depth o’ Lumh, 37.

Derby, drift near, 152; Trias near,
118; river gravels near, 167 ;
river terraces near, 163 ; also
123, 128.

—--— Kilburn Colliery, see collieries.

——— Racecourse Station, 111.

——— Water-works, alluvium at,
160, 161, 162; boring at, 42;
drift at, 150, 157, 158, also, 49,
180.

Derbyshire Coalfield, 55, 56.

Derwent Basin, alluvium of, 160, et
seqq.; Coal-measures of, 61 ; drift
of, 153; faults and folds of,
131; peat of, 164: Permian of,
110.

————, River, alluvium of, 160 ;
development of, 1, 2, 3; drift
of, 157; gravels of, 167; Per-
mian of, 111 ; Shale Grit in, 43 ;
also 149, 154,
192

Derwent Valley, boulders in, 165 ;
description of, 42, 48 ; drift of,
149, 151, 152; faults of, 136;
folds of, 136 ; Kinderscout Grit
of, 32; section across, 134;
Shale Grit of, 28 ; Trias of, 119,
et segg.; water supply, 181.

—————-—— Water-works, sec-
tion at, 48.

Diadem Hill, 166.

Dibunophyllum, 18.

——— Zone, 11.

Pits, section at, 96.

——— Colliery, see collieries.

Dinah’s Rake, 174.

Doe Hill, fossils at, 102.

Dog-tooth Coal, see coals.

Dolerite, 14.

Dove Green, 97.

——, River, 11, 21, 149, 152.

Doves Wood, 37, 38.

Dream Mine, 175.

Drift, Derwent Basin, 153, et seqgq. ;
Erewash Valley, 164, et segg. ;
Western area, 149, et segg.

Duffield, sections in railway-cutting
at, 22, 25, 36; water supply,
181 ; also 24, 121.

———-— Bank, boring at, 29 ; Kin-
derscout Grit at, 32, 44, 45.

Dumb Fault, 79, 137.

Dumbles, 148.

Dunsil Coal, see coals.

Durham, 103.

Earpiey, J. W., 91.

Eastwood, 95, 97, 145.

———— Brick-pits, 95.

Eatonpark House, 50, 155.

Ecclesbourne, River, alluvium of,
160; faults of, 140; Trias of,
116 : also 11, 24, 174.

Valley, drift of, 151,
et segg.; Limestone Shales of,
21, 24; Millstone Grit of, 28,
32, 36; Trias of, 119 ; also 3.

Eden Valley, footnote, 165.

Ell Coal, see coals.

Entomostraca, 72, 79, 82.

Erewash Valley, alluvium of, 168 ;
Coal-measures of, 55, 56, 59,
85 ; drift of, 164 ; faults of, 142-
146 ; folds of, 141; ironstones
of, 169; Keuper of, 128; valley
gravels of, 167 ; also 4.

—__————— Brick-works, 94.

—— , East side, Coal-
measures of, 93-97; Permian
of, 106.

Eskdale granite, boulders of, 153.

Eurypterus, 102.

INDEX.

Fargy, J., quoted, 8, 9, 34, 53, 62,
76, 174, 175; reference to, 23,
40, 45, 75, 77, 119, 154, 155, 156.

Farlawn, 76.

Farley’s Lane, 147.

Farnah Hall, 24.

——— House, 24, 121.

Faults :—

Fault, Ambergate, 138.

, Annesley, 143.

—-—., Brailsford, 140.

—-—, Cinderhill, 143.

——-, Cromford Valley, 91, 92, 96,
148.

—-—, Cossall, 94.

—-—, Dale Abbey, 143.

——-, Dumb, 79, 137.

—-—, Godkin,-92, 146.

——-, Gulf, 174, 175.

—-—, Hagg, 145.

——-, Horsley, in Kilburn Coal, 58,
77 ; also 33, 35, 49, 61, 75 136.

—_—, Ilkeston, 86, 147.

—~---, Kirk Langley, 140.

—--—, Lenton Hall, 142.

——-, Lowcote, 86, 146.

—-—, Mackworth, 141.

——-, Mapperley, 146.

—-—, Pentrich, 146.

——-, Porters Barn, Derwent Basin,
137; Erewash Valley, 145 ; also
81.

——,, Quarndon, 140.

——-, Riddings, 92, 147.

—-—, Roby Hall, 146.

——-, Southern Crich, Derwent
Basin, 136, 138 ; also 8, 33, 53,
132.

——-, Stanton, 143.

—-—, Swanwick, 96, 147.

——-, Trinity Chapel, 53.

——-, Yokecliff Rake, 12, 16, 17, 139,
175.

Faults, Derwent Basin, 136; de-
scription of, 131; Erewash
Valley, 142-147; Kedleston
district, 139, 140, 141.

Fayolia, 95, 102.

Felspar, 29, 31, 36.

Fenn, T., JUN., 162, 164.

————, SEN., 46, 76.

Ferriby Brook, 158.

First Grit, 27.

Fishpools, The, 32, 41.

Flamstead House, 90.

Frert, J.8., 121, 171.

Flint Vein, 174.

Flourish, The, 179.

Flower Lilies, 24, 121.

Fluor-spar, 19, 172, 176.

Folds, general description, 131,

Foraminifera, 12.

 
INDEX.

Fow er, W., 86.

Foxhole, 175, 176.

Franker Brook, drift in, 154, 155 ;
grits in, 37, 38 ; Limestone
Shales i in, 21, 24, 35.

FREEMAN, 156, 162.

Friezland, 165.

Fritchley, well at, 53; drift near,
154; faults near, 138 ; folds
near, 132, 136; grits at, 34, 51,
53.

Fryar, M., 63, 74, 76, 84, 90, 101, 183.

Furnace Coal, see coals.

Galena, 172, 178, 174, 175, 176.

Gang Vein, 174.

Gastrioceras carbonarium, 10, 73,
100.

—— “listerv”, 10, 73, 100.
Gedling Colliery, see collieries.
Gerxig, A., 14, 15, 16, 17.

Gell’s Norcliff - ‘Mine, 175.

George Inn, Lower Hartshay, 82.

Gin Mine Coal, see coals.

Glebe Farm, 136.

Glory Mine, 18.

Glyphioceras bilingue, 25, 30, 42,
100.

ee ere phallipst, 25.

—-—— —-— sptrale, 25,
Godkin Fault, see faults.
Golden Vale, 92.

——— Valley, 77, 143.
Gontatites, 10, 22, 24, 25, 100.
Goopcxrzp, a G,, 165.
Goodluck Vein, 175.
Goodwin’s Lane, 39.
Gorsey Bank, 28, 41.
Grange Wood, 94.
Gravel, economics of, 180.
~Great Central Railway, cuttings of,
144, 147, 148.
Great Northern Railway, cuttings of,
145, 179, 181, 182.
Green, A.H., 9, 20, 21, 23, 35, 62, 68,
74,
Greenhillocks, 146.
Greenwich, 146.
Gripps, 123.
Grove Colliery, see collieries.
——-— Farm, 49, 85.
Gun Lane, 62, 64, 137,
Colliery, see collieries.
Gunbills Farm, 159.
Lane, 121.

Hag Wood, 34, 51.
Hage, 115, 128.

———- Coal, see coals.
——— Fault, see faults.

8789.

193

Halifax Hard Coal, see coals.

HALtt, 77, 84.

Hall Close, 122.

Hammersmith, 146.

Handley Wood, drift in, 155 ;
33, 37, 40.

Hankin Farm, 42.

Hannage Sough, 174.

Hard Coal, see Deep Hard.

“ Hards,” meaning of, 59.

Hartshay, Deep Soft. Coal at, 72;
faults near, 137; folds near,
136 ; also 76, 81, 82.

Colliery, see collieries.

House, 81.

Hartshill, 121.

Hayes, 143.

Haytop, 47.

Hazelbrow, quarry at, 36.

Hazelford Cliff, 144.

Hazelwood, drift at, 155; Lime-
stone Shales at, 21, 25 ; ’ also 36.

Hall, 36, 39.

Heage, fault at, 137 5 Kilburn Coal
at, 58, 71; "also 4, 76, 77, 78, 81.

——— Common, 34,

—--— Firs, 51, 132.
Heanor, Coal-measures of, 86, 88,
95 ; Top Hard Coal at, 59.
——-—- syncline, general descrip-
tion of, 95; faults in, 145, 146.

———- Water-works, section of
shaft, 74 ; also 49, 92.

Hemlock Stone, 126.

Hempshill, 128.

-——-———— Colliery, see collieries.

High Hazles Coal, see coals.

High Holborn Colliery, see collieries,

High Park Colliery, see collieries.

High Park Farm, 79, 137.

High Peak Railway, 12.

High Tor, 19.

Hilltop, Bunter at, 122; drift at,
155 ; grit of, 38.

Hill Top Colliery, see collieries.

Hilt’s Guar drift in, 153, 154;
folds in, 132 ; limestone in, 19.

Hunn, W., 8, 10, 20, 60, 63, 73, 99, 102.

Holbrook, 75.

————- Moor, 50, 67.

Holehouse Farm, 37.

Hollin Well, 130.

Holly House, 40.

Home Farm, 148.

Hopping Hill, 45, 155.

Hole Wood, 178.

Hopton, drift near, 149, 150; faults
near, 140 ; adso 11, 12, 13, 21, 176.

—~—_—- Bone-works, 151.

———- Hall, 23.

-~—_—~ Pipe Mine, 176.

Hoptonwood, 14, 17.

als
194

Horsebridge Clough, 10.

Horsley, fish-bed at, 70, 101; Wing-
field Flagstones at church, 75 ;
also 67, 71, 77.

———- Carr, faults near, 136 ; grits
of, 33, 49.

———- Castle, 33, 49.

———- Colliery, see collieries.

———- Fault, see faults.

——-—- Lodge, 75.

——_—~ Park, coal in, 62; fault
near, 136 ; also 3, 49, 177.

—-——- Woodhouse, 71, 77, 78.

Hospital Coal, see Coals.

Howe, J. A., 10, 20.

Hucknall, Magnesian Limestone at,
104, 108 ; also 98.

—_———- Colliery, see collieries.

--——-— Common, 109.

————- Torkard, glacial deposits
at, 166; also 108, 130.

————- Viaduct, 109.

Hutt, E., 35, 62, 68, 74, 113, 121,
126.

Hulland Ward, 22, 149, 176.

——— Intakes, 150.

Hurrtoy, J., 13.

Ice Age, 151.

Idridgehay, coal at, 23 ; Shale Grit
at, 32; also 21, 151, 152.

Ilkeston, Coal-measures at, 86, 88 ;
Piper Coal at, 58.

——— — Fault, see faults.

———— Mill, 88.

—— Station, section at, 88.

———— and Heanor Water-works,
section exposed at, 51.

Ireton Farm, Kedleston, drift near,
159 ; Bunter at, 121 ; also 112.

Trish Sea, drift, 164.

Ironstone, Black Rake, section of,
171 ; also 71, 72, 82.

————-, Brown Rake, 171.

——-——, Dale Moor Rake, fossils
in, 101 ; also 85.

epee , Dog-tooth Rake, 71, 101,
170, 171.

Sanne , Green Close Rake, 71,
171.

————- , Hagg Rake, 85, 86.

——— —-, Holly Close Rake, 71,171.

————- , Honeycroft Rake, 85.

——— , Nodule Rake, 71.

—_———-, oolitic, 22, 79.

——-—— , Striped Rake, fossils in,

————-, Whetstone Rake, 143.

——-—— , Yew Tree, 71, 171.

Jronstones, analyses of, 170; se-
quence of, 170; also 169.

INDEX.

Jack 0’ Darley’s Bridge, 162.
Jack’s Dale, 143.

Jessop’s Monument, 92, 93.
Jukes, J. B., 6, 13.

Jurassic limestone, 166.

Kedleston, drift near, 159; faults
near, 139 ; Trias near, 120, 122 ;
also 112.

-_——~—- Hall, 119.

———— Park, Keuper at, 123 ;
fault in, 140; drift in, 152, 153.

Kennel Coal, see coals.

Keuper Marl, Derwent and Eccles-
bourne Valleys, 123; descrip-
tion of, 114, ; drift on, 158;
southern area, 128; western
area, 118 ; also 49, 122, 124, 140.

———- sandstone, 140. .

—-—— Waterstones, Derwent and
Ecclesbourne Valleys, 122, 124 ;
description of, 114; southern
area, 128; western area, 118 ;
also 120, 141.

Kivston, R., 9, 60, 63, 102.

Kilbourne, faults near, 75, 78, 136.

Kilbourne Colliery, see collieries.

Kilburn Coal, see coals.

Kilburn Rock, 70, 71, 77, 78, 80, 81.

Kimberley, faults near, 143, 145;
Magnesian Limestone near, 107;
Mar! Slate at, 104, 107 ; also 97,
98, 108.

————— Colliery, see collieries.

Kinderscout Grit, coal near, 30, 40,
45, 47, 53; description of, 29 ;
drift on, 154, 155, 156; econo-
mics of, 177, 178; faults near,
136, 138, 139; folds near, 131,
132; boulders of, 160; also 3,

_ 10, 30, 32, 115, 163.

King Street, Belper, 164.

Kirk Hallam, 181.

--——--—-- Colliery, see collieries.

Kirk Ireton, drift at, 150; grits at,
28, 38, 39; Trias of, 116; also
21, 23.

—— Langley, drift at, 149 : also
23, 117, 119.

——~— ——— Fault, see faults.

Kirkby, 107, 110.

——-— Woodhouse, 110.

KIRKLAND, 182.

Kniveton, 16.

Knob Farm, 42.

Knowle, 25, 126.

Ladywood Farm, 86.

Lake District, drift from, 163, 165
166, 167. ‘

Lamellobranchiata, 99, 100, 101.
INDEX.

Lancashire, 101.

Lanehead, faults near, 139; grits
near, 33, 41 ; also 3.

Langley Mills, faults near, 145, 147 ;
folds near, 141 ; also 85, 94, 95.

——-———— Brick-pits, 92.

—— —- Village, 88.

Lapworth, H., 48.

Lawton, C., 83.

Lead, economics of, 172-176; also
19, 41.

Leasows Farm, 150.

Lrcornv, L., 174.

Leen, River, 130.

——- Valley, description of, 98;
glacial deposits of, 166.

Lenton, 128.

—— —-- Abbey, 142.

--—-— Hall Fault, see faults.

—-—~— Park, 124.

Lepidodendron, 71, 101.

————--—— lycopodioides, 100.

Lepidostrobus, 71, 101.

Lickey Hills, 121.

Lilley Street Farm, 96.

Lime, 180.

Limestone Shales, description of, 9,
20; Derwent Basin, 108 ; faults
in, 139,140; foldsin, 131: west
of River Derwent, 36, 39;
Wirksworth area, 11, 13; also
56, 118, 120.

Linby, 108, 110.

——-— Colliery, see collieries.

Linbyhill Farm, 108. ;

Lingula, 67, 73.

———— mytiloides, 25, 30, 42, 100.

Listraconthus wardi, 100.

Lnthostrotion irregulare, 18.

—————— martini, 18.

Little Eaton, alluvium near, 160,
161; drift near, 155, 156 ;
Kinderscout Grit at, 32, 43, 44;
Shale Grit at, 29 ; also 4, 177.

———— —— House, 44, 136.

—-— Hallam, 85.

Locko Grange, 124.

——- Park, drift near, 165, 167;
fault in, 143.

—-— Wood, 75.

Lodge Colliery, see collieries.

Long Hills, 130, 166.

Lonsdalia subzone, 11.

Loscoe Grange, 88.

Loudbrook Farm, 154, 155.

Low Main Coal, see coals.

Low Peak, 1, 6.

Lowcote Fault, see faults.

Lower Birchenwood Colliery, see
collieries.

——— Hard Coal (Deep Hard), see

coals.

195

Lower Main Coal, see coals.

—---- Mottled Sandstone, descrip-
tion of, 114; eastern area, 129 ;
southern area, 123, 124, 126.

Lumb, Depth 0’, 37.

Mackworth, 118.

---~------- Brook, 119, 152.

—--------- Castle, 23.

----------- Fault, see faults.

Maddocks’ Brick-pit, Rowson Green,
78, 177.

Magnesian Limestone, description
of, 104 ; eastern area, 129 ; east
of Erewash Valley, 96, 97, 109 ;
economics of, 179; faults in,
148 ; folds in, 145 ; Leen Valley,
98; water in, 182; also 103,
109, 124, 125.

Main Hard Coal (Deep Hard), sd
coals.

—-—- Soft Coal (Deep Soft), see
coals.

Makeney, 45, 155.

Mammalian remains, 163.

Manners Colliery, see collieries.

Manor Farm, 86.

Mansfield, marine bed at, 100.

—— Colliery, see collieries.

Mee cney: depths to seams at, 89 ;

escription of, 89; faults near,
142, 145, 146.

— Colliery, see collieries.

——--—— Fault, see faults.

————— Reservoir, 89.

Marehay, 62.

-— Colliery, see collieries.

MainColliery, see collieries.

Markeaton Brook, 152, 153, 167.

--—- Stones, 152.

Marl Slate, 104, 107.

Marlpool Railway Station, 86.

Marls, Permian, 104, 105.

Matlock, toadstones of, 19.

Megalichthys, 70.

habberti, 58, 101.

———-- —— intermedius, 100.

Meerbrook Sough, 174.

———————— Mine, 175.

Mercaston Hall, 118.

Valley, 117.

Mere Brook, 41, 42.

Mexboro’ Colliery, see collieries.

Meynell Langley, 140.

Mica, 36.

Mickley Coal, see coals.

Middle Grit, description of, 30, 33 ;
faults in, 45, 136, 137, 138 ;
also 3, 46, 49, 50, 54.

Middlepeax, chert at, 11.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
196

Middleton, faults at, 139; lead-
mines at, 176 ; limestone at, 11,
180 ; toadstone at, 14, 15, 17.

Milford, Kinderscout Grit at, 32, 33,
39, 45 ; Middle Grit at 30 ; also
3, 177, 178.

———— Bridge, 45, 162.

—--——~-House, 45.

Millhouses, 174.

Millington Green, 23.

Springs, coal at, 59, 97;

fault at, 144; glacial deposits

at, 166.

Millstone Grits, description of, 27 ;
drift on, 151, 152, 153, 155, 159,
160; faults in, 142; folds in,
131, 1382; fossils of, 28, 31 ;
limit of, 35; relation to Trias,
106, 115, 116, 120, 121; also 2,
8, 9, 55, 56, 74, 99.

Milnhay, drift near, 154, ; fault near,
139; Kinderscout Grit at, 32,

* 33, 41.

Moletrap Mine, 21.

Moor Green Colliery, see collieries.

Morley, breccia near, 112; coal at,
58 ; drift near, 160; Middle Grit
at, 33 ; Rough Rock at, 49 ;
Trias near, 119, 128 ; also 55, 86,
123, 124, 181.

——-— Hays Farm, &9.

--—--— Park, 71 79, 171, 172.

Farm, 89,

——-— Wood, 43.

Morleymoor, Coxbench Grit at 49;
Kinderscout Grit at, 43; quar-
riesat 179 ; Trias near, 115, 120,
122.

Moseley, 121, 159.

Mosley Hills, 129.

Moss Coal, see coals,

Mount Pleasant, 34, 58, 78.

Moysgy, L., 95, 102.

Muddy Island Shaft, see collieries.

Mugginton, description of, 21; drift
of, 150; Trias near, 117, 118.

Afytilus squamosus, 104,

Nuiadites, 73.

——~—-— modiolaris, 102.

Naughton or Norton Coal, see coals.

Nether Heage, coals at, 64 ; boulders
at, 160.

Netherlea, 75.

New Buildings, 37.

Newlands, 24, 121.

New London Colliery, see collieries.

Newschool, 33.

New Stanton, 85.

Newstead, 2, 144, 147,

INDEX.

Newstead Abbey, faults near, 144,
148.

———-— Colliery, see collieries.

——.- --~ Park, 110. a o2

New Watnall Colliery, see collieries.

Nibble and Clink Colliery, see
collieries. :

North Staffordshire, drift of, 153,
164, 165 ; fossils of, 99, 100, 101 ;
also 8, 35, 36, 73.

Nottinghamshire, Permian of, 102 ;
Trias of, 115.

Nucula gibbosa, 100.

Nuncargate, 110, 129.

Nutbrook Colliery, see collieries.

Nutthall, moulding sand at, 179.

Oakerthorpe Colliery, see collieries.

Oakhurst, 47.

Oakwell Colliery, see collieries.

Ochre, 174, 175, 176.

Old End Mine, 19.

Oldpark Farm, 126.

Old Willey Lane Colliery, see col-
lieries.

Openwoodgate, fault near, 136; also
75, 76, 78.

Orthis calligramma, 126.

——— flabellulum, 126.

Orthoceras, 25, 73, 100.

Outwoods, 44, 155.

Oxhay Wood, coal in, 48.

Park Brook, 50, 75.

Valley, 35.

—— Colliery, see collieries.

—-—- Nook Wood, 112.

Parkhead, coal at, 46, 54.

Parr’s Bottom, 108.

Pasture House, 93.

Patrick Plantation, 166.

Peacock Colliery, see collieries.

Peat, 164.

Pebble Beds, 129.

Pendle Hill, 9.

Pendleside Series, 8, 9, 20.

Pennine Chain, 113, 153, 164.

--—-— System, 131, 141.

Pentrich, Coal-measures at, 62 ;
faults near, 137; folds near,
132; also 178.

———— Fault, see faults.

Lane, 82.

Permian, description of, 103 ; faults
of 143, 144, 148; relation to
Trias, 115 ; also 147.

——_—— marls, economics of, 177;
also 129, 180. :

Phacops, 126.
INDEX.

Pups, J., 9.

Pinchom Hill, Coxbench Grit at, 33,
50, 178.

Pinxton, Coal-measures at, 56 ; drift
near, 166 ; also 96, 98.

Piper Coal, see coals.

Platysomus tenuistriatus, 85, 101.

Plumtree Colliery, see collieries.

Pollington Colliery, see collieries.

Porters Barn Fault, see faults.

Portland Colliery, see collieries.

Posidoniella, 20.

——--—-— levis, 24, 25.

———-— minor, 100.

-—_——-— sulcata, 25.

Posidonomya, 20.

Postern, 154.

Lodge, 25.

Prime, E., 93.

Prince, J., 100.

Proctor, C. P., 75, 83, 171.

Productus, 11.

———-— giganteus, 18.

Pterinopecten, 20.

———-—---— papyraceus,

25, 64,

73, 100.

Pyebridge, Coal-measures at, 63, 67,
95 ; faults near, 142 ; also 1, 4.

Pye Hill Colliery, see collieries,

Pyrites, 64, 175.

Quarndon, drift near, 153; faults
near, 140 ; Limestone Shales
near, 24, 26; water supply of,
181 ; also 112, 119, 122.

———--— Fault, see faults.

Quarry Bank, 46, 108.

Quartz, 36.

Radbourne, skerries at, 119.

Radford Woodhouse, 107.

“Rakes,” meaning of term, 57.

Rantor Vein, 174, 175.

Ratchwood Mine, 174, 175.

Red Marls, 109.

Retzia, 126.

Rhizodopsis sawrovdes, 85, 101.

Rhynchonella, 126.

Riddings, Coal-measures of, 92;
faults near, 145, 147; folds near,
141; also 7, 85.

-——_—— Fault, see faults.

———— Park, 147.

Ridgeway, drift near, 160; faults
near, 137; Rough Rock at, 50,
51, 53, 54, 178 ; also 76.

“ Rifler” Coal, see coals.

Ripley, Coal-measures of, 59, 62, 82,
89; faults near, 137, 141, 142,
145, 146 ; also 85.

197

Ripley Colliery, see collieries.

——— Sewage Farm, 82.

——-~- Spelter Colliery, see collieries.

—--— syncline, 89, 92, 95.

Risley Park, boring at, 181 ; also 167.

Road metal, 179.

Robin Hood Hills, 129.

Roby Hall Fault, see faults.

Roslin Sandstone, 9.

Rough Rock, coal above, 74; des-
cription of, 31, 54; faults in,
76, 136, 137; outcrop of, 35;
quarries in, 178; also 30, 34,
49, 62, 63, 75.

Round Wood, 36.

Rowson Green, 35, 78, 177.

Rykneld Street, 78, 137.

Saccamina, 12.

Salter Wood, coals of, 71, 79; iron-
stones of, 71, 171 ; also 137.

Salterwood Colliery, see collieries.

Farm, section of Deep
Soft Coal near, 79.

Sandiacre, faults near, 142; Trias
of, 124, 125.

Sandhole Vein, 175.

Sands, economics of, 179.

Sandyford, 154.

Schizodus, 104, 107.

Scotland, reference to drift of, 165.

SEpGewIck, A., footnote, 188.

Selston, 165, 166.

Seminula ambiqua, 18.

Seven Feet Bambury Coal, reference
to, see coals,

Shale Grit Group, description of,
28-31; drift on, 154, 155;
faults in, 140; meaning of
term, 8, 9; outcrop of, 32;
also 21, 25, 37, 41, 43.

Shaw Lane, 50.

—-— Wood, 82.

Shelbourne Brook, 22.

Shiningcliff Wood, 33, 47.

Shipley, Coal-measures of, 86 ; fossils
at, 102 ; also 85.

——-—- Brook, 37, 155.

——- Colliery, see collieries.

——-—- Common, 95.

———- Hall, 146.

—-~-—-—- syncline, 95, 141.

SHIPMAN, J., 107, 113, 126, 166.

Shipton Hill Farm, 165.

SHort, T., 173.

Short Wood, 93.

Shottle, drift near, 154 ; also 24.

- Gate, 36, 37.

——-— Hall, fossils in shale near,
25 ; also 155.

SIBLY, a. F., 11, 18.

 
198

Silkstone Coal, see coals.
“ Skerries,” 114, 119, 123, 158.

Smalley, shaft at, 63, 74 ; also 67, 89.

Smiru, C.§S. S., 87.

Smith’s Rough, 132, 138.

Smithy Houses, 137.

Smyta, W. W., 55, 62, 71, 101.

Soft Coal, see Deep Soft.

“ Softs,” meaning of term, 59.

Somercotes, 91.

Sorsy, H. C., 36.

Southern Crich Fault, see faults.

South Wales, conglomerate of, 104.

SPENCER, J., 10.

Spencer Gate, 42.

Sphenacanthus hybodoides, 101.

Spirifer, 100.

———- bisulcatus, 18.

Spirorbis, 72, 79, 102.

Spondon, 158.

Spring Wood, coals at, 96, 97 ; also
4

Stainmoor, 165.

Stainsbro’ Quarry, Callow, 38.

Stanley Grit, 9.

Stanley Pits, see collieries.

Village, water supply of,
181; also 89, 145.

Stanton, folds near, 141 ; fossils at,
101 ; also 62.

—~— —— Bridge, 85.

——~— — -by-Dale, water supply of,
181 ; also 49, 115.

———— Fault, see faults.

——-—~ Gate, coals at, 55, 58, 68,
also 1.

———— Iron-works, 85.

Stapleford, fault near, 143; Trias
near, 124, 125.

————— Colliery, see collieries.

Stigmarta, 42.

—— Jicoides, 31, 100.

Stinking Coal, see coals.

Stosss, J. T., 99.

Stockbrook Lane, fault near, 141.

Stone Road Brick Works, 97.

Stony Clouds, 143. ‘

Stony Lane, 75.

Stonyflats, 158.

Stonyford Colliery, sce collieries.

Story, J. 8., 37, 40, 180.

STrRaHAN, A. 176.

Street's Rough, drift at, 154; grits
at, 32, 41.

Strelley, Magnesian Limestone at,
107 ; also 109.

——-—-~ Hall, 167.

Strive, 153.

Srrott, F., 45.

Sugar Loaf, drift on, 159.

Swancar Farm, 94.

Swann, W., 182.

INDEX.

Swanwick, 7, 56, 85, 91.

— Colliery, see collieries.
—_———— Fault, see faults.
——_——— Grange, 143.

ee , syncline at, 141, 142.
Swinney Wood, 46.

Thacker’s Wood, 49.

Tuomas, H. H., 12, 14, 16.

Thompson’s Wood, 126.

THORPE, 84.

Thurland Hall, 110. .

Toadmoor Hill, folds at, 132; grits
at, 32, 46, 47 ; also 2.

Toadstone, Crich district, 18 ; Wirks-
worth district, 11, 12, 13, 174,
176. :

Top Hard Coal, see coals.

Tors, The, Kinderscout Grit at, 32,
51; also 3.

Traquair, R. H., 9, 63.

Trent, River, 103, 113, 149.

——- Valley, gravels of, 167, 168.

Trias, description of, 113, et segq.
drift on, 149, 153, 158°; Der-
went Valley, 119-123 ; eastern
area, 129, 130; faults in, 143,
145 ; lithological characters of,
114 ; relation to Carboniferous,
114, et seg. ; water supply from,
181 ; also 10, 22, 48, 49, 55, 96,
104, 142, 167.

Trinity Chapel Fault, see faults.

Trowell, faults near, 145; folds
near, 141; also 85, 96.

——~—- Moor Colliery, see collieries.

Tutt, in toadstone, 14; also 19.

Tunnel Coal, see coals.

Tupton Coal, see Furnace Coal.

Turnditch, 22, 116.

Two Mile Houses, 129.

Underwood Colliery, see collieries.

—— Village, glacial deposits
near, 166.

Upholland Flags, 74.

Upper Golconda Mine, 176.

Valvulina, 12.
VaucuHan, A., 11.
Verge Wood, 143.
Vicarwood Farm, 118.
Volcanic rocks, 13.

Wad, 176.

Waingroves, faults near, 145, 146 ;s
also 90.

Waingroves Colliery, see collieries,

Wall Close Vein, 174.
INDEX.

Warp, J., 73, 101.

Wardgate, Bunter of, 117 ; grits of,
39; Limestone Shales at, 23;
also 22.

Warren, The, 50.

Water Lane, 151.

Water Supply, Derwent Valley, 180,
181; the coalfield, 181, 182.

Waterloo Coal, see coals.

Watnall, 106.

Watnall Chaworth, 107.

Colliery, see collieries.

Well Lane, 41, 42.

Wensleydale, 8.

West Hallam Colliery, see collieries.

————— Station, fault at, 145.

Weston Underwood, Bunter of, 117 ;
drift near, 159; limestone
near, 22, 26 ; also 119.

Westwood, 144.

Whatstandwell, coals at, 41, 48;
fossils at, 30; grits at, 32, 47;
quarries at, 177 ; also 180.

——---——-— Sanitary Pipe Works,
41, 42, 176.

Waite, J., 181.

Whitehouse Farm, 89.

WHITEHURST, 13.

Whiteley Colliery, see collieries.

Whitemoor, grits at, 34, 50 ; also 75,
76

Whitewells, fault near, 139; grits
at, 32, 46.

Wighay Farm, 108, 147.

Wigwell Brick-works, 42.

———— Colliery, see collieries.

Wildpark, 117, 149.

———-— inlier, 23.

WILLIAMSON, T., 89.

Witson, E., 103, 106, 107, 124.

Windley, drift near,159 ; Limestone
Shales near, 24, 25, 26; Trias
near, 119.

——-—— Brook, alluvium of, 163.

Wingfield, Coal-measures at, 62 ;
grit at, 53; also 3.

199

Wingfield Flagstones, description
of, 68 ; faults in, 137; quarries
in, 178; also 3, 54, 67, 68, 74,
75, 77, 82, 178.

Hall, 77.

——-~—-~-—~— Manor, 77, 178.

= Parl, 4, 67, 77,82; 186:

————— , South, Coal-measures at,
62, 71, 82; flagstones at, 77.

Winpenny Coal, see Coals.

Wirksworth, description of, 11, 21 ;
drift near, 151; faults near,
139; folds near, 132; grits at,
28, 33, 38; lead at, 172, 176;
toadstone at, 19 ; water supply
of, 181 ; also 1, 6, 10, 131, 178.

Moor, 33, 38, 178.

Wollaton, description of, 93; Coal-
measures at, 56.

————— Colliery, see collieries.

--——~-— Park, Trias of, 96, 115,
125, 126.

Woodhead Coal, see coals.

————— Sandstones, 74.

Woodhouse Village, 89.

Worksop, marine fossils at, 102.

Wrekin, 121.

Yard Coal, see coals.

Yewtree Farm, 159.

Yokecliff, 139.

Yokecliff Rake, 174.

—_—— Fault, see faults.

—-——-—-- Wood, 13.

Yoredale Rocks, explanation of, 8 ;
also 24, 74, 154, 173, 175.

Yorkshire Coalfield, comparison
with, 35; connexion with, 55,
56,; drift of, 165 ; Permian of
103 ; Trias of, 115.

Zine, 176.

 
Puatk.
Fia. 1.
Section across the Erewash Valley Anticline (by W. Gibson).
Scale 3°- ane mile

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

W.7.N Golden Valley Monument Grounds Water Works Bagthorpe E7S
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Section across the Ripley Syncline (by W. Gibson.)

N.4.W Butterley Hiu Ripley Railway Station Station Road. $.14.€

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: A x * 1 Mie
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Scale of |--T 7-1-7117 7-F T T T T |
Feat suv0 S00 a 1008 2000 1o00 10008 g000  9n80 Feat
GENERAL MEMOIRS.

Sues OF PROGRESS of the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY for 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1908, 1904, 1905 and 19U6.

PLIOCENE DEPOSITS of BRITAIN. By C. RED. 5s. 6d.

CRETACEOUS ROCKS OF BRITAIN.—Vol. I. GAULT AND UPPER GREENSAND OF ENGLAND. 98. Vol. II.
LOWER AND MIDDLE CHALE. 10s. Vol. III. UPPER CHALK. 10e. By A. J. JUKES-BRowNE and W. Hib.

JURASSIC ROCKS OF BRITAIN.—Vol. I. YORKSHIRE, 8s. 6d. Vol. II. YORKSHIRE, Fossils, 128. By C. Foxe
STRANGWAYS. Vol. III. LIAS OF ENGLAND (Yorkshire excepted). 7s. 6d. By H. B. WoopwaBp. Vol. IV.
The Lower Oolitic Rocks of England. 10s. By H. B. Woopwagp. Vol. V. The Middle and Upper Oolitic Rocks
of England. 7s. 6d. By H. B. Woopwarp.

BRITISH ORGANIC REMAINS. Dxcapzs I. to XIII., with 10 Plates each. Price 4s. 6d. each 4to. 3 2s. 6d. each 8vo.

MONOGRAPH I. On the Genus PTERYGOTUS. By T. H. HUXLEY and J. W. SALTER. 7s.

MONOGRAPH II. On the Structure of the BELEMNITID&. By T. H. HUXLEY. 23. 6d.

MONOGRAPH III, CROCODILIAN REMAINS found in the ELGIN SANDSTONES. By T. H. HUxLEY. 14s. 6d.

MONOGRAPH IV. On the CHIMHROID FISHES of the British Cretaceous Rocks. By EH. T. Newron, 58

VERTEBRATA of the PLIOCENE DEPOSITS of BRITAIN. By E. T. Newron. 4s.

Museum Catalogues, &e. :—

HANDBOOK TO BRITISH MINERALS. By F. W. RupLer. 1s.

HANDBOOK to the MUSEUM of PRACTICAL GEOLOGY. 6d.

FOSSILS :—CAMBRIAN and SILURIAN, 2s. 6d.; CRETACKOUS, 2s. 9d.; TERTIARY and POST-TERTIARY, 1s. 8d.

DISTRICT MEMOIRS.
MEMOIRS of the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Vol. I. ESSAYS by DE LA Baouwk and Others. 21s
: Vol. II. Part 1. MALVERN HILLS. By J. Pamsips. 21s. Part 2. ESSAYS. 2is. Vol. III. N. WALES.
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CAMBRIDGE. By W. H. PENNING and A. J. JUKES-BROWNE. 4s. 6d.
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DERBYSHIRE, NORTH. By A. H. Green, C. Le Nev» Fosrze and J. R. Dakyns. 2nd Ed. By A. H. GREEN and
A. STRAHAN. 58. 6d. :
FALMOUTH AND TRURO, AND MINING DISTRICT OF CAMBORNE AND REDRUTH. By J. B. Huy and D. A.
MAGALISTER. 78. 6d, ,
PENLAND. By 8S. B. J. SKERTOHLY. 368. 6d.
HOLDERNESS. By C. Rerp. 4e.
ISLE OF MAN. By G. W. LAMPLuGH. 128.
TERTIARY FLUVIO-MARINE FORMATION of the ISLE OF WIGHT. By Epwarp ForBes. 5s.
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ISLE OF PURBECK AND WEYMOUTH. By A. STRAHAN. 108. 6d.
GUIDE TO GEOLOGICAL MODEL OF ISLE OF PURBECK. By A. STRAHAN. 6d.
LAKE DISTRICT, NORTHERN PART OF. By J. C. Warp. 98.
LANCASHIRE, SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS OF SOUTH WEST. By C. E. De RANoE. 10s. 6d.
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Iron Ores of Great Britain :—~
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SOUTH WALES. (See under Sheet Memoirs, New Series.)
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“WATER SUPPLY OF SUFFOLK. By W. WHITAKER [and Others]. 3s. 6d.
“WATER SUPPLY OF EAST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE. By C. Fox-STRANGWaYs, with contributions by H. R. Miz. 3s.
‘Gun Flint > —
MANUFACTURE OF GUN FLINTS. By S. B. J. SKERTOHLY. 168.

SHEET MEMOIRS OF OLD SERIES MAPS.

get. Guide to the GHOLOGY of LONDON and NEIGHBOURHOOD. By W. Warraxer. 6th Ed. 1s,
Ppndon Sheet. ARTS of WILTS, and GLOUCESTERSHIRE. By A. C. Rawsay, W.'. AvELiNe, and E. Rone ed.

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48 SW - - COLCHESTER. By W. H. DanTon. 1s. 6d.

y
48 SE - BASTERN END of ESSEX (WALTON NAZE and HARWICH). By W. WaHrraker. 94.
48 NW, NE - IPSWICH, HADLEIGH, and FELIXSTOWE. By W. Warraxsr, W. H. Daron, & F. J. BENNET?. 28.
49 8, 50 SE - ALDBOROUGH, &. By W. H. Datron. Edited, with additions, by W. WHITAKER, le.

49N - + SOUTHWOLD. By W. Wurraker. 22. 6d.
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BO NW- - DISS, BYE, &. By F. J. BENNETT. 2s. :

-  « HALESWORTH and HARLESTON. By W. WHITAKER and W. H. DALTON. ls.
92SE -
93 NW -
93 NE -
93 N

o4 NW -
94 NE

95 SW, SE
95 NW -
98 SE -
96 NE -
96 NW, SW
97 SW -
97 NW -
98 NE -

SW -
104 SW, SE
108 SE -
108 NE -
108 SW -
110 SW -
110 NW -
110 NE -
110 SE -

e
»
ee

Co

eeae

w
=
©
OR ee a Eso gh
.

351 and 358
353 - :
355 & 356
357 & 3860

SHEET MEMOIRS OF OLD SERIES MAPS—continued.

- BURY ST, EDMUNDS and NEWMARKET. By F. J. BENNETT, J H. BLAKE, and W. WHITAKER. 1s.
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- S.W. NORFOLK and N. CAMBS. By W. WHITAKER, S. B. J. SKERTOHLY, aud A. J. JUKES-BROWNE. 3+
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- E. DEREHAM. By J. H. BLAKE. 1s. 64.
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- CROMER. By C. REID. 68. és
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SHEET MEMOIRS OF NEW SERIES MAPS.

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: FALMOUTH aud “00, and MIN —
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