lis spe Cony ys (it Oty Hr gon iS et i i‘ vans Site + ai tas BAe LAE es nes Anant) Mts Pe IONE See eee eee a se GTS \Q 78 Cornell Mniversity Library BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME _ FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henry W. Sage 1891 AND DS ceri eon aso rnc BPS oe Ca GBRRBY ENGINEERING LIBRARY Cornell University Library QE 262.Y8G79 1878 Wie AT 3 1924 004 543 710 engr | “AOSIdSILNOUS MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ENGLAND AND WALES. THE GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. BY A. H. GREEN, M.A., F.G.S., PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN THE YORKSHIRE COLLEGE, LEEDS; R. RUSSELL, C.E., F.G.S. ; J. RB. DAKYNS, M.A.; J. C. WARD, F.GS; C, FOX STRANGWAYS, F.G.S.; W. H. DALTON, F.GS.; anp T, V. HOLMES, F.GS. le Bey “ . PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF HER MAJESTY’S TREASURY. LONDON: PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE. AND SOLD BY Loneman & Co., Paternoster Row; Trisner & Co., Ludgate Hill; Lzrts AND Son, 33, King William Street; Epwazp Stanrorp, 6, Charing Cross ; and J. Wyxp, 12, Charing Cross : ALSO BY Messrs. Jounston, 4, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh : Hopezs, Foster, & Co., 104, Grafton Street, and A. Taom, Abbey Street, Dublin, 1878. | Price Two uineas. QE Alok YSC,74 BI8+ NOTICE. _Iy the following Memoir on the northern or Yorkshire half of the coalfield that extends from Nottingham to Leeds, the subject is treated in a masterly manner, both in a broad geological sense, and also in the number and accuracy of those local details which give a value to the book that will be easily understood by those practically interested in the Yorkshire coalfield. The woodcuts and larger sectional drawings of themselves show how minute is the knowledge of the ground described. While the work was in progress I was Director of the Geological Survey of England, and therefore had frequent opportunities of inspecting;the country mapped by Mr. Green, Mr. Russell, and others, and thus I was a personal witness of the labour bestowed on the working out of the district. The exhaustive way in which ‘the subject has been treated, not only involved a vast amount of work in mapping the coalfield and adjacent strata, but also great skill and judgment in reducing to a con- sistent whole the information communicated by coal owners and others, joined to that which skilled Geolo- gists made out for themselves while surveying and laying down the lines on 59 sheets of maps on. a scale of 6 inches to a mile. It is much to be regretted that the southern half of this great coalfield has not yet been mapped by the Topographical Survey on the same large scale. Every one personally interested in coalfields is anxious to possess maps on that scale, without which the geological and mining data cannot be accurately laid dowh. It is to be hoped that the day is near when steps will be 42513. Wt. B 806. a3 iv taken to place all the mining districts in England, south of Lancashire and Yorkshire, in the same position with regard to maps, as the counties in the north of England and in Scotland. ANDREW C. RAMSAY, Director General. NOTICE THE area described in this memoir consists of the northern part of the great Central Coalfield of England which lies within the county of Yorkshire. The description has necessarily been restricted to that portion of the Coalfield situated north of the boundary between the counties of Yorkshire and Derbyshire ; as that portion of the district only is comprised in the Ordnance maps on the scale of six-inches to the mile, on which scale no maps of the country south of the boundary in question have yet been published. The maps on the one-inch scale, to which the memoir relates, are as follows :—viz., Quarter-Sheets 81 N.E., 82 N.W. and N.E., 87 N.W., N.E.,S.W., and 8.E., 88 N.E. and 8.E., 92 8.E., and 93 S.W. A complete list is given at page 8 of the present memoir of the corresponding maps on the six-inch scale, and of the hori- zontal (or longitudinal) and vertical sections illustrating the maps, as also of the short explanatory memoirs on the separate quarter-sheets of the one-inch map. The geological survey of the Yorkshire Coalfield was made by ProFEssoR GREEN, and by Messrs. RUSSELL, Dakyns, Warp, STRANGWAYS, DALTON, and HoLMes ; whose names will be found engraved on the margins of the maps for which they are per- sonally responsible, and who have also written the descriptions of those parts of the district for which they are respectively answerable. Mr. Lucas had a share in the survey of the country around and north of Bradford. Although the greater part of the memoir is the work of PRoFESsOR GREEN, who has also acted as Editor of the whole, a considerable portion (more than four tenths, 325 pages) has been written by Mr. Russs1t, who has also contributed 36 of the woodcuts and four of the ‘plates i in illustration of the text. Mr. RusseLL has given most valuable assistance in facilita- ting and hastening the completion of and publication of the memoir, as well as of the numerous maps and sections relating to it. a4 vi A complete list has been drawn up by Messrs. WHITAKER, Green, and RussELL of the various books and papers that have been published at different times and by,various authors relating to the geology of the Yorkshire Coalfield, which will form a useful addition to the memoir by those who may wish to make themselves acquainted with the works and opinions of previous writers on the subject. Mr. Darton bas compiled the copious index to the volume ;—- a work of considerable labour that will prove of much use to those who may have occasion to refer to the memoir. Mr. Best has given much time and attention to the superin- tendence of the engraving of the illustrations, as well as generally in passing the book through the press. The present memoir will be found to contain a clear, exhaus- tive, and trustworthy account of all that is known up to the present time of the geology of the Coalfield of which it treats ; and will be welcomed by the owners of mineral property, colliery managers, mining engineers, and in fact by all those who may be interested in, or wish to make themselves ac- quainted with, the geological structure and mineral resources of the important district of South Yorkshire. Tt is a pleasant duty to acknowledge the valuable assistance which the officers of the Geological Survey have received from colliery proprietors and others, who have given information without which the memoir could not have been made as com- plete as it now is. In most cases the information was imparted with the utmost readiness. In some cases delay occurred through a misappre- hension as to the purpose for which the information was required. In only a very few instances has information been withheld, and in fewer still actually refused. H. W. BRISTOW, Geological Survey Office, Senior Director. 28, Jermyn Street, S.W. December, 1878. CONTENTS. Cuarter I, InrRODUCTORY. Boundaries of country described, p. 1; drainage and physical features, p. 2; scope ot the work, p. 3 ; acknowledgment of help, p. 7; publications of the Geolo- gical Survey, p- 8; ; share of each author, p. 10. Caarter II. LitHotocicat Descrietion of THE Rocks. Page Section 1—GerNERAL SKETCH OF THE CARBONIFEROUS Rooxs. The Carboniferous Limestone and Yoredale Rocks - 12 The Millstone Grit and Coal measures - - 138 Physical conditions under which the Carboniferous Rocke were deposited - - - - 22 Section 2.—Muuistone Grit anp Yorevate Rocss. -(1.) Sub-divisions of the Millstone Grit - - 27 Lower Boundary of the Millstone Grit 33 (2.) The Millstone Grit of the country south of the Rivelin Valley - 34 {3.) The Millstone Grit of the “conntty between ihe: Rivelin Valley and the Ewden Beck - - - 38 (8a.) Western part of the district - - 89 36.) Eastern part of the district - 45 (4.) The country between the Ewden Valley Pe Valley of the R. Colne - 47 (5.) The country between the R. Colne ana the Oxenhone Moors - - 59 (6.) The Basin of the Rivers Aire and Wharfe - - 64 Section 3.—GrENERAL SKETCH OF THE YORKSHIRE CoAL MEASURES 75 Section 4.—THE Lower Coat MEAsvREs. (1.) Measures between the Rough Rock and the Soft Bed Coal - 85 ((2.) The Soft Bed or Coking Coal : 98 (3.) Measures between the Soft Bed and Ganister Coals - - 100 (4.) The Ganister or Hard Bed Coal - 107 (5.) The Measures between the Ganister Coal ‘and the Elland Flagstone - - - - - il (6.) The Elland Flagstone 123 (7.) The Measures Resween the Elland Flagstone and the Silk- stone Coal - - 127 (7a,) The Better Bed Coal 128 (7b.) The southern type of the Measures ‘between the Better Bed and Silkstone Coals— The Grenoside Sandstone - - 135 The Penistone Flag Group - - - - 1387 The Whinmoor Coal - 142 _ The beds between the Whinmoor and Silkstone Coals - 147 (7e.) The northern type of the Measures between the Better Bed and Blocking Coals - - - - 149 The Thick Stone - - - - 150 The Black Bed Coal - - - - - 151 The Black Bed Ironstone - 154 The Crow Coal - 165 The beds between the Chow Coat anal the Oukensiany Rock - - - - - - 172 Missing Page x GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSUIRE COALFIELDS. Page District 37.—The country around Woolley = - - - 758 » 988,—The country from Crigglestone and Horbury on the south-west through Wakefield, Normanton, Featherstone, and Castleford to Ledstone and Fairburn on the north-east - - 760 Cuarter IV. GuactaL, RIVER, AND OTHER SUPERFICIAL Deposits. Section 1.—Guaciau DrErosits. i = - = - i - 774 Moraines - . - - 775 Bedded Drift - - - - - 775 Distribution of the Drift - - - -~ 775 High Level Eskers - i - - a 3S Gravel Mounds in the Aire Valley - - - - 780 Drift east of Baildon - 781 Section 2.—River Deposits. Wharfedale - a “789 Airedale - we - - - - 783 Valley ofthe Calder - - - 784 The Don Valley - - - - - - 785 LIST OF WOODCUTS. Fig. 1.—Section showing the peneral outline of a county composed of Sand- stone and Shale - 3 » 2.—Section to explain the way.in which the posidions of faults at the surface and in beds of coal are shown on the six-inch map 9 3-6.—Instances of irregularity of bedding in Sandstones and Shales 15, 16 7.—Contour of the bottom of the water in which the Millstone Grit ” was deposited - 31 » 8.—Diagram to explain the thinning away of fhe Tawar Kinder Scout Grit on Bamford Edge - : - - - 35 » 9—Section on Spout House Hill - - ab » 10.—Section in Crowden Clough a interlacing “of Shales and Sandstones - - 49 » 11.—Section showing an regular junction of the Coarse Grit, and the Basement Flags of the Rough Rock “63 » 12.—Replacement of F Tngatone by Bhale, in a Quarry near Cuckoo Park - - 73 » 18.—Section in the Little. Don near Midhopestones showing the junction of the Lower Coal Measures and the Rough Rock - - 88 » 14,—Sketch-section of the Railway cutting between Idle and Thackley 91 » 15.—Sketch-section of the New Laithes cutting - - 91 » 16.—Section in Newlay and Goole Quarries . 91 » 17.—Bramley Fall Quarry - - 93 » 18.—Section showing interlacing Shales and Sandstones - 94 19, 20, 21.—Sections in Marsh Quarry, Gledholt - - 95 22. "Diagram to explain the probable relation of the Grit of Little London to the Measures containing the Hard and Soft Coals - 97 .23.— Diagrammatic section of the Measures between the Ganister Coal and the Brincliffe Edge Rock in the neighbourhood of Sheffield 114 24.—Section at the north-western end of Well Wood Tunnel, Penistone -- 140 25.—-Comparative sections of the Coals on the horizon of the Whinmoor in the neighbourhood of Shelley and Whitley - 147 » 26.—Section from Gange Lane to Mortomley, showing the changes in he Measures between the Whinmoor and Silkstone Coals - 149 » .27.—Section showing the posage of the Churwell Beds ate the Beeston Beds = 188 » -28.—Section showing the passage of the Churwell Coals into the ‘Beosion Bed at Churwell Colliery - - - 189 4 29.—Comparative sections of the coals hetaeens: the Silkstone and tha Flockton in the neighbourhood of Barnsley and of the coals between the Flockton and Blovising, in Wie aejgnbaurhoog, of. Hlockton - _ - : - = 245 CONTENTS, . 80, 81—Wedged-shaped intercalations nf sandstone in the Two mene Coal at Smithies - 32 and 33.—To illustrate the probable method of the formation of Fenton's 8 Coal is - 84.—Average sections of the measures between the Wath Wood and the Barnsley Coals - . 35.—Sketch-map showing the probable boundaries of “the area withjn which the Woolley Edge Rock was deposited - . 7 36.—Diagram showing the probable unconformity that exists between the Sharlston and Glasshoughton ‘Top Coals - 2 . 87.—Section showing an unconformity between the Pontefract Rock and the Magnesian Limestone, Pontefract - 2:2 to Coal, small but clean - 18 2:10 Dark shale - - - 06 Rivelin Grit. Beds between the Rivelin Grit and the Rough Rock.—In the beds between the Rivelin Grit and the Rough Rock two sandstones, which we will denote by ihe letters a and 4, can be followed almost continuously from Stanage Pole and Lord’s Seat on the west’s up to the faults already mentioned, which bring in the Coal Measures on the east. See Fig. 1, Plate 2. The lower of these sandstones is variable in its thickness. A reference to the map will show that it either thins away altogether for a while, or becomes so feeble as not to be traceable, east of Redmires Reservoirs on the northern outcrop and on White Moss on the southern outcrop. To the west of these points the bed reaches a maximum thickness of some 50 feet. On the southern side of the basin it has been quarried west of Ringinglowe, and was found in. the shaft of Ringinglowe Colliery, a section of which is given below. Section of Ringinglowe Colliery, corrected for dip. ft. in. Shale - - - - - 81 0 Closely grained sandstone (a) - - 17 (0 Shale - - - - - 98 0 Coa. - - - - - 4 6 Underclay - - - - - 1 °0 Rivelin Grit - - - -_ A sandstone which seems to correspond in position with the bed (a) covers a broad spread on the north side of the basin to the west and south of Bennet Grange. Ina quarry close by that house the bed is a closely grained grit, furnishing a good building stone. The upper of the two sandstones is more constant. It is usually finely grained and flaggy, the only exception noted being around Stanage Pole, where it puts on the form of a closely grained blocky grit. It is very largely worked at Brown Edge Quarries and about Fulwood Head; here it consists of finely grained sandstone in thick and thin beds. The former yield fair building stone, the latter flags, and some parts are fissile enough to serve for tilestone. In some cases it is its excessive and miunte current bedding that rendersit suitable for the last purpose, the surfaces of the thin slabs being planes of current lamination. : 38 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Near Wigley Farm a thin coal lies on the top of this bed. Tt was found in a well of wfieh the following is a section :— Shale - - - - - } 30-0 Black shale, Goniatites and Aviculopecten - Coal smut - - - - -_— Under clay - - - - - 26 Flaggy sandstone - - -_— In the broad spread formed by the rock west of Fulwood Church shale bands are seen here and there, but none were noticed possessing sufficient regularity to allow of their being mapped. Sections are plentiful and show mostly finely grained flaggy sandstone; occasionally closely grained blocky grit. Rough Rock:—The Rough Rock occurs only on Rood Hill. It has its usual character. (3.) The Millstone Grit of the Country between the Rivelin Valley and the Ewden Beck, In this area the Millstone Grit begins to depart, and, by the time the northern part of it is reached, has departed very materially from the type to which it has conformed for so long a distance on the south. The divergence takes a different form according as the beds are traced to the north or to the east. In the first direction the most important changes take place in the Rivelin Grit and in the beds between it and the Rough Rock. There is good reason to think that the rock of Strines Edge and Bole Edge is the same as the grit.of Crow Chine, but on the two first-named ridges it has lost much of its coarseness and regular jointing, and with the disappearance of these characters much of its striking individuality of character is lost too. When we turn to the beds between the Rivelin Grit and Rough Rock we find them as a whole much increased in thickness, and the sandstones show numerous rapid changes in thickness and position, so that the absolute identification of the several beds at points only a little way removed from one another becomes a matter of impossibility, and the sections can be correlated only on the supposition that the sandstones thin and thicken in an arbitrary and rapid manner, and that some of them are wedge-shaped masses of limited extent. , The changes of the grit series as it is traced to the east are of a, totally different nature and are of a twofold character. The thickness of the group as a whole is very largely diminished, and there is besides a general disappearance of the coarse element, and the various beds pass into finely grained flaggy sandstones. To anyone fresh from the Millstone Grit of the moorland country, where coarseness and massive bedding and as a necessary result bold escarpments are the invariable accompaniments of the group, it requires some courage to call the fine thinly bedded rocks of this district, with their low feeble escarpments, Millstone Grit at all; and indeed it took some time to convince us that this view was the true one, and we were for a long time inclined to reckon these beds as Lower Coal Measures, in spite of the fact that, if they were placed on this horizon, that subdivision must be here- MILLSTONE GRIT. 39 abouts far thicker than it is known to be anywhere else in the coalfield. Butas extended observation detected cases where typical beds of Millstone Grit could be actually traced, losing by degrees their coarseness and passing into fine sandstones, this natural reluctance was removed, and the conviction gained strength that the reading we have adopted was the correct one. _ The difference in the type of the Millstone Grit on opposite sides of the present district will be best described if we subdivide the district into two parts. One includes the western and larger portion where the grits appear under their normal form; the other takes in the exposures of the Millstone Grit on the east, where the series decreases in thickness and the sandstones lose to a great degree their characteristic coarseness. (3a.) The western part of the Country between the Rivelin and Ewden Valleys. Beds below the Kinder Scout Grit.—These beds are exposed in the upper part of the valley of the R. Derwent, and consist of a band of shale under- laid by a thick mass of alternations of sandstone and shale, which forms the Yoredale Grit of our old nomenclature. The following section of them in the Abbey Brook is by far the best which the district affords. Section in Abbey Brook. Approximate thickness in feet. Kinder Scout Grit - - - - - -_— Grey sandy shale with tilestone in the lower part - -_— Flaggy sandstone - - - - - 100 Coarse massive sandstone and conglomerate - - } Grey sandy shale and tilestone - - - - 100 Flaggy sandstone and shale - - - - } 80 Bed of coarse conglomerate - - - - Shale, sandstone, and tilestone - - - - 20 Massive sandstone, coarse in the lower part - - - 150 Grey sandy shale and tilestone - - - - - 80 Massive sandstone (Berrister’s Tor rock) - - - 100 Shales and thin sandstones - - . - - 120 Thick mass of sandstone with scarcely any shale, probably quite 200 Kinder Scout Grit.—The Kinder Scout Grit undergoes little change, if anything it has become even coarser and more massive than in the country to the south. The lower bed extends over a broad spread of moorland, and ter- minates on the west in a line of magnificent escarpments crowned every here and there by piles of fantastically weathered rocks; the district has a wild and rugged face which harmonises singularly well with the rough character of the rock, and scenery and geological structure evidently stand in the closest relation to one another. Good sections of the lower bed are given by Sand- hill Clough and Great Grain Clough. A coal 2” thick was seenon the top of the bed in Flint Hill Dyke. Where the easterly dip finally carries this bed out of sight in the upper part of the Ewden Valley, the rock shows a tendency to become finely grained and shale bands come in. Both at the top and the bottom of the Upper Grit beds of flagstone occur, but the body of this rock is coarse and massive. The lower flagstone is worked at Foolstone Delph, the upper may be seen in Strines Dyke; Blackhole Brook gives a good section of the whole bed. Like the Lower Grit, this bed shows a tendency to become more finely grained and mixed up with shale towards the east. This change in character will be detected if the bed be followed from its escarpment on Flint Hill and Candlerush Edge into the gorge of Ewden Bottom, where it consists mainly of thickly bedded sandstone not very coarse, and contains here and there bands of shale. . A thin bed of coal was noticed on the top of the Upper Kinder Scout Grit. 40 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. In Strines Dyke, at Raddle Pit Rushes close to the county boundary, the following section of this coal was seen :— Black shale, with plants, Goniatites, Aviculopecten papyraceus. Hard stony bind - - - - 0 6 Coan - - - - - 01 Light grey underclay. Grit not seen, but must be close below. In the brook above Strines Bridge, the black shale with the same fossils and the thin coal were shown a few feet above the. top of the Grit, the upper surface of which had been most distinctly waterworn before the overlying shale was deposited. The same measures can be traced up Hollindale Brook; at one spot the following section was shown :— Shale - - - - 60 0 CoaL - - - - 0 0% Sandy underclay - - - 29 Upper Kinder Scout Grit - - 2 6seen Indistinct plants occur in the roof of the coal, and a foot or two up in the shale Goniatites, Aviculopecten papyraceus, and Posidonomya (2). Another section of these beds on Emlin Clough showed— Shale, Goniatites, Aviculupecten papyraceus, Posidonomya (?) Coat and coaly shale - - - 4th to # inch. Underclay - - - - - 1:6 Sandy shale - - - - - 7:0to09°0 Grit, upper surface waterworn. There are few sections on the moorlands covered by the Kinder Scout where the dip can be measured with any accuracy, and it is therefore difficult to form any trustworthy estimate of the thickness of the group. Perhaps the following measurements taken from Horizontal Section, Sheet 69, are as near approxi- mation as can be arrived at. Chatsworth or Rivelin Grit - - - 250 Shales - - - - - 220 Upper Kinder Scout Grit - - - 120 Shales - - - - 120 Lower Kinder Scout Grit = - - - 450 Along the course of Hollindale Brook the shales beneath the Rivelin Grit do not seem to be more than 130 feet thick, but if our measurements are to be trusted, this must be a mere local variation. The Upper Kinder Scout Grit possibly swells out to a thickness of some 200 feet towards the north. Chatsworth or Rivelin Grit.—Along the northern flank of the Rivelin Valley the Rivelin Grit has exactly the same character as on Crow Chine; but along its western outcrop it undergoes, as has been mentioned, very con- siderable changes. From the shafts sunk for a tunnel of the Sheffield Water- works its thickness in the Rivelin Rocks was calculated to be 174 feet. The marked character of the jointing comes out very conspicuously in these crags ; one set of joints, which are very approximately parallel to one another, have u mean bearing of S. 52° W.; the other set, which are not so regular, range from S. 22° BK. to 8. 52 E, The coal on the top of the rock was found in one shaft to be 1’ 11” in thickness. The same seam was sunk to in a pit ata depth of eight yards, due north of Rivelin Paper Mills, and was said to be there about three feet thick. It has been also worked at a day hole about a mile east of Revill Grange, where the following section was given us :— Dark shale. ; CoAL with a parting of shale - - 26 Shaly underclay - : - 4°0t05°0 Rivelin Grit. When we turn to the western outcrop of the Rivelin Grit, the following are the chief noticeable points. MILLSTONE GRIT. 41 Along Strines Edge the lower part is certainly fine and flaggy, and along the section in Strines Dyke there seems to be little else but’ fine sandstone from top to bottom. Flagstone again forms Bole Edge, and in the quarries on Thornseat Hill is mixed with sandy shale: coarse grit however was seen along Old Mortimer Road and to the east of it. On Emlin Hill the base is flaggy, but the rock above, shown in the lower part of Emlin Clough, is coarse grit. The rock of Smallfield Ridge, which we are inclined to refer to this bed, consists of coarse massive grit in the lower part, while the top beds, shown in Rocher Head Brook, are fine and flaggy. The bed maintains the same lithological character in its further course towards Wightwistle. The lower coarse part forms a conspicuous scarp along Herculean Edge, while most of the exposures of rock over the spread of moor between that ridge and Wightwistle show finely grained flaggy sandstone banded with shale. If, as has been suggested, we are here approaching the northern edge of the basin in which this rock was deposited, these irregularities are caused by the dovetailing of coarse and fine sediments into one another, which is just what we should expect at such a spot. The rock may be followed with fair certainty as far as Broomhead Park; thereabouts the features which indicate its presence gradually fade away; exposures of sandstone along the line where it might be expected to run on are seen here and there, but there is nothing to indicate the presence of a continuous bed of rock of any thickness, and pro- bably it is about this spot that the Rivelin Grit finally dies away. Beds between the Rivelin Grit and the Rough Rock.—The measures between the Rivelin Grit and the Rough Rock are in the present district so variable that any attempt to trace out their changes systematically is quite hopeless. At a few spots where the data seemed sufficient, we have made approximate estimates of their thickness, and have embodied the results in the group of sections in Figs. 2-7, Plate 2. These, however, give only a faint idea of the irregularity of the group; variations besides those recorded in the sections were detected, but could not be measured ; and there are doubtless many more which have escaped notice from the absence of sections, We will now give shortly the results, such as they are, of our attempts to unravel the complica- tions of this group. At the south-west corner of the present district the measures contain a pair of well-marked sandstone beds marked (a) and (0) on Fig. 2, Plate 2, and the section conforms in a general way to that around Rood Hill. Horizontal Section Sheet 69 give the thicknesses as follows :— Rough Rock. Shale - - - - - 190 Sandstone (b) - - - - - 90 Shale - - - - - 70 Sandstone (a) - - - - - 80 Shale - - - - - 230 Rivelin Grit - - - - - 250 A thin coal, and a fireclay said to be of poor quality, have been worked to a small extent on the top of the upper sandstone at Moscar Plantation. The same coal was seen at the mouth of an old day hole near Moor Lodge to be 1 foot thick; and there were traces of workings in it a little further to the north above Coo House. In the brook to the south of Sugworth both the sandstones can be recognised; the upper, however, has grown much thinner, perhaps it is not above 20 feet thick; the lower is much cut up by inter- bedded shale, its section being— Sandstone mixed with shale. Shale. Sandstone and shale. Both sandstones are again well laid open in Holes Clough; they are apparently here of no great thickness, perhaps not more than 25 feet. Here- about we begin to find the first traces of 4 lower sandstone bed called the Woodseats Rock on the sections on Plate 2, and of a Ganister and thin coal which lies on the top of it. Ganister was seen in Dale Dyke just below the s 42 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. junction of the Strines Brook, and sandstone at the junction of Holes Clough, and 50 chains lower down the valley a very thin coal with Ganister beneath it were shown resting on a thin sandstone bed. Going on down the valley two faintly marked features in the hill side seem tq indicate the continuance of (a) and (6), while the Woodseats Rock gradually becomes more distinct. The general section of the beds between Holes Clough and the Dale Dyke Reservoir is shown in Fig. 3, Plate 2, the approximate thickness being— Rough Rock. Shales - - - - - - 180 Sandstone (b} - - - - - 40 Shales - - - - - - 80 Sandstone (a) « - - - - 60 Shales - - - - - 140 Woodseats Rock - - - - 50 Shales - - : - - 150 Grit of Bole Edge (Rivelin Grit) - - 190 The bed (0) ceases to be traceable near. Doe House, but (a) seems to continue and to be represented by a mass of sandstone occupying the bottom of the valley up to a fault crossmg Plumpton Lane. The Woodseats Rock was laid bare at a sufficient number of points to be traced with fair certainty up ,to Dale Dyke Reservoir, on the south side of which it was clearly shown in the cuttings, which gave the following section :— Black shale. Black shale with very thin layers of coal. Ganister - - - . - Hard sandstone in thin wavy beds with Woodseats Stigmaria - - - - - 38°6 Rock. Shales and thin sandstones - - - 34°0 Flaggy sandstone mixed with shale - - 17°0 Black shale - - - - - 45°0 seen. Hence the rock runs down to the brook at Walker’s House, where the following section was noted :— Sandy shale - - - - - Bright and shaly coal mixed - - 0°6 Hard Ganister, thickness variable, averages - 2°0 Soft do. do. do. - 2°0 Sandstone with plants (Woodseats Rock) - Even in the short distance between the Reservoir and this spot many changes can be noticed in the sandstone. Shale partings come in and thin out again, and the composition of the bed is never exactly the same for many feet. ; On the north side of the valley the rock runs up with a clear escarpment, and forms a broad spread in the middle of which is the farmhouse Woodseats, from which we have taken the name assigned to this sandstone. We will next consider these beds as they occur in the Dale Dyke Valley, between Low Bradfield and Dam Flask Bridge. They are here extremely obscure, and no details can be made out with certainty, but such approximate results as we have been able to arrive at are shown in Fig. 4, Plate 2, and in the following table :— 10. Rough Rock ° 9. Shales - . x - 180 8. Sandstone (b) - - < 230 7. Shales - - = = - 40 6. Sandstone (a!) - - . - 90 5. Shales - - - - - 60 4. Ton Coan - - - - 3. Sandstone (a) - - - - 650 2, Shales - - - = - 20 1. Sandstone - Of these beds (8) corresponds well enough to (b) of the former sections 3 it can be traced from Upper Bradfield by Watt House to Nether House: south MILLSTONE GRIT. 43 of the latter its escarpment fades away. No. (6) is altogether a newrock; it is more a mixture of hard sandy shale with thin layers of sandstone than a true sandstone; it makes, however, a fair escarpment. Sections of it may be seen in Mailey Wood, and again in Ughill Brook a little way above the junction oe Dale Dyke; cuttings for the Dam Flask Reservoir showed at the latter spot— Black shale with Goniatites. Thin coal smut. Underclay, a few inches. (6.) { Hard closely grained sandstone. ‘? | Do. mixed with hard sandy shale. Dark shale. The bed is also seen in the plantation hard by between Dale Dyke and the New Road. The sandstone No. 4 perhaps corresponds to (a): the course laid down for it on the map is in the highest degree uncertain; where best seen in Dale Dyke a little above Roebuck House it is a hard closely grained rock, and just above it there is a thin coal which has been worked. The lowest sandstone No. 1 seems to occupy the whole of the bottom of the valley up to Low Bradfield, and stratigraphically it appears as if the rock bared in the Agden Reservoir, which runs up Windy Bank and round the hill down to Haychatter, is merely a continuation of the same bed. This broad spread of rock appears to be bounded on the west by a fault down west of whose presence a little way to the north there can be little doubt. If this view be correct it seems likely that it is a repetition of the Woodseats Rock on the upcast side of the fault, but on this supposition we must suppose that bed to thicken very considerably to the south-east, so that its upper surface comes very close tv the base of (a). These speculative correlations are the best we have been able to arrive at, but to tell the truth they have so little certainty about them that we doubt whether they are worth the labour that has been expended on them. We may now pass to the north of Upper Bradfield. The section here, Fig. 5, Plate 2, is fairly distinct, and runs as follows :— 9. Rough Rock - - - - 8. Shales - - - - - 175 7. Sandstone (b) - - - - 385 6. Shales - - a5 = - 655 5. Sandstone of Harcliff Rocher - - 170 4. Shales - = - = - 3. Tun CoaL - - - - » 265 2. Shales - = - - - 1. Rock of Smallfield Ridge and Herculean Edge, probably Rivelin Grit - - 150 Here No. 7 again corresponds well to the old (b). The Harcliff Rocher rock fits on with (a) and (a!) of the last section ; and all the lower sandstones which occurred in the former sections have thinned away. , The coal No. 7 was shown in the following section seen in the brook S.E. of Rocher End. Shale and sandy shale - - Coal and coal and shale mixed - Ganister about - - - Sandy shale - - - t ' 1 u WOON Its exact position in the series cannot be fixed, but it may possibly be the same bed as that above the Woodseats Rock. The rock of Harcliff Rocher is a finely grained sandstone in thick beds, subdivided by numerous planes of lamination, along which, where weathered, it splits into flags. It is traversed by long regular master joints, and hence it forms a very bold escarpment. The sandstone No. 7 is apparently a very feeble bed and barely traceable. Beds which conform pretty closely to those of the section last described crop out along the northern slope of the Ewden Valley, sweep round down the 44 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. valley of the Don, and thrust a tongue up the valley of Tinker Brook. Their general section is as follows (Figs. 6 and 7, Plate 2) :— White Lee Valley of Be Paley. Tinker Brook. Rough { Coarse Grit - - - Of Spout i fas) Rock \ Flaggy micaceous sandstone House Hill. 6. Shales - - - - - 110 100 5. Sandstone (6), very variable up t - 55 100 4. Shales - - - - - 100 65 8. GANISTER AND CoAL. 2. Sundstone of White Lee Moors. Bank Side, Bitholmes House, and Howe Wood, = Rock of Harcliff Rocher - - 170 125 1, Shales. It is impossible to form any trustworthy estimate of the thickness of the shales No. 1, because the hill side where they crop out is so buried in landslips that no dips can be measured. They would seem, however, to be thicker than the band of shale between the rock of Harcliff Rocher and that of Small- field Ridge, and yet we find nowhere any trace of a sandstone which could represent the latter grit. This fact is quite in accordance with our supposition that the grit of Smallfield Ridge is the last appearance to the north of the Rivelin bed. In the section of these shales on Raynor Clough there was a bed of hard black micaceous shale containing Goniatites bilinguis, Posidonomya, and fish scales, and associated with the bed were nodules of earthy limestone with Goniatites. In the Ewden Valley these shales present the somewhat unusual feature of lodes of galena. Two veins have been worked near Moor Hall Bridge, but the mines have been long abandoned. Bits of galena may be picked up on theold mine heaps, mixed with a hard closely grained sandstone stained with manganese (?), which seems to have formed the vein stone. Again in the lower part of Lee Wood a little galena was noticed lying about. There were no traces of working, but a section in the brook showed a disturbance of the beds such as might occur near a lode or fault. There has also been a mine at Broomhead Mill, and some of the old pump trees, formed of hollow cylinders of solid wood, are still lying about. Whether any metal was found here we have not been able to learn. The sandstone No. 2 agrees closely in position with the Harcliff Rocher Rock, and on White Lee Moor has almost exactly the same character as that bed; it is thickly bedded, but the beds are subdivided into numerous thin lamine, so that when weathered it splits into flags. This seems to be the character of the bed here from top to bottom, but by Bitholmes House, just at the junction of the Ewden and the Don Valleys, its lower part at least is formed of coarse massive grit. This grit does not extend westwards up the Ewden Valley beyond Lee Wood, for the base of the rock was there exposed in the stream and was flaggy sandstone. To the south, however, the grit would seem to be more continuous, for in Howe Wood in the valley of the Tinker Brook the following section is laid bare :— Ag roxiantn thickness. Flaggy sandstone - - - - eas (2) { Gomme massive grit - : < 20 Dark shale - - - 1 Hard sandy shale - - - 5 Hard flaggy sandstone - - 5 (1) < Dark shale - - 7 2 1 Hard flaggy sandstone - - - 3 Hard sandy shale and tilestone - = 10 Dark shale - - = . a MILLSTONE GRIT. 45 The beds No. 3 were seen at two spots. In the upper part of Raynor Clough the following section was seen :— Thin coal. Ganister - - 2 < - 26 Flaggy sandstone - - 76 Shale, about = - - 20°0 Thickly bedded sandstone (No. 2 of section on p.)* Again in a quarry 100 yards west of New Thorn House there is the following section :— Sandy shale with a little flaggy sandstone _ Hard closely-grained sandstone, rather thickly bedded - - - Ganister and Ganister-like rock - - Coax about one foot seen. The remaining beds of the section call for no special remark. Rough Rock.—The Rough Rock presents in the portion of the present district we have been hitherto dealing with scarcely anything which calls for special notice. It has almost everywhere its usual coarse massive character, and we rarely find any finely grained or flaggy sandstone in any part of it. The only important exception is on Spout House Hill; on the upper part of this hill there is an outlier of grit, very coarse occasionally, but the great mass of the bed consists of sandstone, thickly bedded and not very coarse, and in parts micaceous and flaggy. In fact here we see the beginning of the change in character which is more fully developed a little further to the east. The two divisions of the rock seem to dovetail into one another in an irregular manner; an instance was actually seen where this must be the case, just to the south of the Trigonometrical Station, and is shown in Fig. 9. 8-0 4:0 Fig. 9. Quarry close by the Trigoncmetrical Station on Spout House Hill. 1. Thinly bedded, finely grained Sandstone. 2. Coarse massive Grit, conglomeratic in parts. (3b.) Eastern part of the Country between the Rivelin and Ewden Valleys. Having now traversed the western part of the present district, where the Miilstone Grit group appears under what may be called its normal form, we will turn to its eastern side, where the sub-formation undergoes a large decrease in thickness and other important changes. The evidence of these changes is furnished by several sections, which we will consider in order from south to north. The first bit of ground where the alteration becomes manifest is the country immediately to the north of the Rivelin Valley. The Rough Rock here maintains its typical character up to the farmhouse Old Hollow Meadows; in a quarry 30 chains to the east of this house and again in a quarry by Moorwood it can be seen that, though thickly bédded, it has become much finer in grain. This alteration in texture increases to the east and at the same time the rock becomes more thinly bedded, till at last it 46 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. passes into a finely grained flaggy sandstone, which it would be scarcely possible to believe is the representative of the coarse grit of Lodge Moors, if it had not been that a perfect passage from one form to the other can actually be traced. The presence of the same bed of fireclay on the top of the rock at both places is a further proof of the identity. : At the same time the thickness of the beds between the Rough Rock and the Rivelin Grit comes down to little more than one half its value at Moscar Cross. The shafts of the tunnel of the Sheffield Waterworks give us the means of determining the section about the farmhouse Flash very accurately, and furnish the following results :— 5. Rough Rock - - - - 73 4, Shales - - % = 80 3. Sandstone (b) - - 20 2. Shales - - - - 90 1. Rivelin Grit - - - - 175 This section which is marked la on Plate 2 should be compared with section 1 of the same plate, in order to see how materially the beds have changed in a distance of three miles. Another section of the same beds a little further to the east has been con- structed partly from calculation and partly from a sinking and boring made in the angle between Bingley Lane and Coppice Lane; it is as follows (Sect. 1.°5, Plate 2). Rough Rock. Shales - - . - 50 Catoutaed | Sandstone (b) - - - 60 Shales - 29>) Shales - 30 Sunk { Sandstone (a) 7 { 2 os a 150 Shales - 42) Bored Shales 42) Rivelin Grit, The two sandstones here may possibly represent (2) and (b) of the Moscar Cross section, and if so, No. 3 of the section at Flash is (0). Exactly similar changes may be noticed along the valley of Dale Dyke between Bradfield and Damflask. The Rough Rock is coarse and massive for some half mile to the south-east of the Castle Hill; here flaggy and fine beds begin to. make their appearance, and for another three quarters of a mile the beds consist of a mixture of these with coarser parts. At the Damflask Reservoir the coarse element has altogether vanished, and the bed consists of fine and often flaggy sandstone throughout its entire thickness. The puddle trench and cuttings of the reservoir gave the following section of the beds :— Sandstone (Rough Rock) - - - 35 to 50 Shale - - - - - 60 Sandstone (b) - . 7 In the inlier of Millstone Grit in Storrs Brook and the adjoining part of the Loxley Valley, the beds agree exactly with the section Fig. 1b, Plate 2; a thin coal and Ganister were seen resting on the top of (8) a little to the south-east of Beacon Wood, with the following section :— Black shale. Coal - - - - 0:03 to 0°03 Ganister - - - 10 tol6 Sandy underclay - - - 40 This bed is not noticed in the section just given of the puddl p the Damflask Reservoir, and Mr. J Sibaek pane whom our ee states that neither coal, ganister, or clay was present there. ; The change in character of the Rough Rock along the north side of the valley of Tinker Brook is of exactly the same nature as in the two localities just treated of ; but this example possesses special interest because we can here trace almost every step of the passage from the extremely coarse and massive type into the fine and flaggy form. In fact it was the instance we are about to describe which finally set our mind at rest on the question whether those MILLSTONE GRIT, 47 fine sandstones could be the equivalent of the gritty Rough Rock, by showing us the way in which a coarse massive grit became gradually replaced to a greater or less extent by finely grained flagey sandstones. On Bent Hill, about a mile and three-quarters west of Oughtibridge, the Rough Rock is ex- ceedingly coarse and in places conglomeratic and very thickly bedded. As far as can be seen this is the character of the rock from top to bottom; about 15 chains however west of Hill House.a belt of flaggy sandstone puts in below the coarse rock ; the escarpment formed by this finer rock is certainly lower than the base of the coarse bed, and the latter can be distinctly traced on over the fine flagstone ; everything in fact shows that a bed of flagstone, of which there is no trace a very little way to the west, sets,in here beneath the coarse portion of the Rough Rock. Going on in an easterly direction coarse grit continues to form the upper part of the rock, but we have no sections in the lower part till we come to Delf Hill Quarries. Here the uppermost portion of the bed is somewhat coarse, but by no means so rough as on Bent Hill; below this there comes a fine sandstone, thickly bedded when first cut into, but which on exposure to the weather splits up into flags; at the base is a band of finely grained very evenly laminated micaceous tilestone. This continues to be the general character of the bed hereabouts; here and there coarse lenticular masses come in, and in some of the quarries the middle portion becomes generally somewhat coarse, and loses its tendency to weather into thin slabs. The occasional increase in the coarseness of the grain allies the rock somewhat to the excessively rough bed of Bent Hill, but the change in character upon the whole has been so complete that anyone who had been carried from Bent Hill to Delf Hill Quarries without examining the ground between, would find it hard to bring himself to believe that the rock at the two places belonged to the same bed, so thoroughly has the lithological cha- racter been transformed, and that too in the short distance of less than a mile. The bed is found to maintain the character it has now assumed around Oughtibridge, and along the east side of the Don Valley, in the few cases where sections allow of its being seen. (4.) The Country between the Hwden Valley and the Valley of the R. Colne. In the district last described the Millstone Grit was passing from the type to which it conforms in Derbyshire into the form it puts on and maintains for a long distance to the north. In the district to be now described the change is complete, and though numerous local variations in the number, thickness, and character of the Middle Grits will call for notice, the sub-formation as a whole conforms fairly well to one and the same type. The Kinder Scout Grit is but little altered in lithological character ; the main change in it consists in a somewhat increasing complexity of its subordinate parts. Bands of shale make their appearance at various horizons, and are most irregular in their range and extent, thinzing out and setting in again in the most fitful manner, so that in the place of two beds only of grit with a tole- rably persistent shale band between, the subdivision is split up over nearly all the district into grit beds which vary in number from place to place to such an extent and in such an irregular manner that it is impossible to lay them down separately on a map. For similar -yeasons the base of the whole mass shifts up and down, according as the lowest bed of grit replaces or is replaced by shale. In spite of this general complexity, however, it is often possible to 48 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. trace a tendency of the various subdivisions to group themselves into two well-marked and separate grit beds. The Middle Grits maintain their usual character for changeable. ness. At the south-east corner of the district they contain a couple of sandstones ; the upper of these soon dies away, and the group for a while becomes represented by a single sandstone bed, the con- spicuous rock of Ewden Heights. This bed can be traced on over nearly the whole of the district, and over the greater part of the area where it is present is the most important rock of the series; it forms the bold line of escarpments stretching from Ewden Heights to Holme Moss; it is distinguished in our description as (B). Between Bolsterstone and Ewden Wood this is the only sandstone of note in the group, but further to the north-west other beds come in beneath it. For the most part these sandstones are very variable, locally they are often well marked, but over the greater part of the district they cannot be traced continuously. In the valley of the R. Colne, however, two beds which keep a fair degree of regularity are present below (B) ; we have distinguished them as (C) and {D). Lastly, in the northern part of our district a very important sand- stone makes its appearance above (B), and is then the leading rock of the series ; we have distinguished it as (A). A coal, called the Upper Meltham Coal, is found about Meltham on the top of A ; and coals also exist, at some spots at least, on (B), and on a sandstone beneath it. The average section of the Middle Grit group, as it is most fully aprelaped in the north of the present district, is given in Fig. 11, ate 2. The Rough Rock on the whole retains its usual character. The flagstone at its base is, however, very largely developed at some spots. Whe Kinder Scout Grit.—Main mass.—The Kinder Scout Grit on account of its great general uniformity of character presents few points which call for special notice ; but the following deserve mention. For some distance to the west after entering the present district the division into two main beds of grit with a band principally composed of shale between them is fairly well maintained. The division is well shown by the clear escarpment made by the Upper Bed on Flint Hill, beneath which shale was seen in Flint Dyke and at other spots. The shales were again seen in Candle- rush Dyke and on Candlerush Flat on the north side of Margery Moor. For some way to the north-west a double escarpment is still recognisable, the higher having its base running under Hoar Stones and Outer Edge; but ex- cepting in Far Small Clough, where we get a section, we saw no shale, bu’ merely a suggestive flat between the two escarpments. Further to the west and north the division of this bed into two distinct parts is lost owing to the coming in of numerous irregular shale bands, When this occurs, a subordinate escarpment is formed above each shale band, and a large ene of aes are oe which are very deceptive, as sometimes one and sometimes another stands out so boldly as to loo i i the base of the whole rock. ee Hee ane A bed of flags, which is quarried, occurs in the rock at Glossop Low. Passing to the north side of the Woodhead Valley, we find in the lower part of Little Crowden Clough beds of sandstone and shale, which must be near the base of the Kinder Grit. The upper parts of both Great and Little Crowden Cloughs are occupied by beds of massive grit containing in the higher parts interstratified bands of shale. The sections given by these streams are the finest by far we have seen in the Millstone Grit country, bare MILLSTONE GRIT. 49 rock of the most massive description being exposed for a mile and a quarter. The curious interlacing ‘of shale and gritstone figured in Fig. 10 was observed in Crowden Clough. Heyden Brook presents the same general character of rock as the Crowden Brooks. Fig. 10. Section in Crowden Clough showing interlacing of Shales and Sandstones. The Greenfield moors on the west consists of massive beds of grit. The cliffs of dark grit which form the heights above Chew Clough and Greenfield Brook are singularly wild and striking. A good succession of the beds is seen in Birchin Clough, one of the feeders of the Greenfield Brook ; in ascend- ing this clough we cross successive beds of massive grit and sandstone with interbedded shales. Again in Holme Clough, the chief branch of the Green- field Brook, we have a series of coarse grits with shale partings. Coal on top of the Kinder Scout Grit.—In Hordron Clough a thin coal was seen on the top of the Kinder Scout Grit, and at one spot a trace of coal five or six feet above it. In Shiny Brook Clough a coal was seen near the top of the Kinder Scout Grit, and another some way down in the series. A coal smut was seen also in Pudding Real Clough near the top of the series. Kinder ScoutGrit. Inlier in valley of the R. Holme.—An inlier of the Kinder Scout Grit occurs beneath Holme Moss in the country drained by the branches of the River Holme. In the river three well-marked beds of grit separated by shale can be seen. The lowest occupies the bed of the stream from Holme Bridge.to the waterfall below Holme; this bed is in the neigh- bourhood of Holme Bridge and Brownhill Mills a conglomerate. Just above Brownhill the river bifurcates and the branch from Rake Mill runs between steep walls of shale, from 10 to 20 feet thick, overlying the bottom grit. Above the waterfall the stream runs in the second bed of grit as far as a spot just above Rake Mill. We then get into shale, and shortly above the weir of Rake Mill come upon a third and still higher bed of grit; this extends up to the great mass of shale beneath the Middle Grit of Holme Moss. This topmost bed seems sometimes to consist of two portions separated by shale; the upper of these is thin, and either coalesces with the lower by the thinning out of the shales, or else itself dies out at times, or possibly so changes its character or otherwise becomes so insignificant as to have got itself included in the mass of shales and sandstones that lie between the Kinder Scout and the Middle Grits. About four to six feet below the base of the topmost grit is a seam of coal very thin and variable, four inches being the thickest we have seen it. At Long Walls Dam below Holme Bridge the two upper beds of grit seem to run together. Netherby Clough, which is the branch from Holme Wood, gives a similar section to that just described. 42518. D 50 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD,. Hey Clough, as the lower part of Isaacs Clough is called, gives the following section from the top of the Kinder Scout Grit to Bilberry Reservoir :-— . Grit and sandstone, Shale. . Conglomerate, reaching as far as the confluence of Hart Hill Dyke. ‘ Shale. . Conglomerate as far as the beginning of Good Bent Hey Plantation. . Shales and sandstones for 12 or 13 chains. . Conglomerate to near Bilberry Reservoir. In Dean Clough we have the following section :— . Grit, the base just above the confluence of Loadley Clough. Shale. . Conglomerate, base near foot bridge, close to 1,200 contour. . Shales and sandstones. . Conglomerate, base at west end of Bradshaw Wood. Shale. . Conglomerate, base not seen, top comes down to stream at Bilberry Reservoir. et wh oon Prom hoa Owing to the changeable character of the topmost grit we cannot keep to an accurate geological horizon in tracing the top of the Kinder Scout Grit. There is a bed of rather peculiar blue flagstone, which has been' quarried near Digley Royd, and a similar rock is said to have been found in the foun- dation of Digley Mill. If the,two sandstones are really the same, this bed must be placed in the Kinder Scout Grit, for we are well in that rock at Digiey Mill. There is, however, some doubt about the exact position of these flags, because it depends on the exact determination of faults which there is good reason to believe traverse the country, and whose position and direction cannot be accurately fixed. They have been provisionally reckoned as Kinder Scout Grit. The Shales above the Kinder Scout Grit and the Middle Grits.—In considering these beds it will be convenient to subdivide our present district into two parts; one takes in the Ewden valley and the upper part of the valley of the Little Don; the other extends from the latter up to the valley of the Colne. (4a.) The Ewden Valley and the head of the Little Don Valley. On the northern flank of the part of the Ewden valley below Bolsterstone two sandstone beds crop ont which correspond fairly well with those already described on the south side of the valley; the section is shown on Fig. 8, Plate 2. In some borings that were made for Mr. S. Fox, of Stocksbridge, a fireclay about two feet thick is said to have been found on the top of the upper sand- stone. A bed of Ganister is very generally present on the top of the lower sandstone, and is often accompanied by a thin coal, as in the following section of one of the borings :— ft. in Coal - - - - - 08 Dirt - - - - - 28 Coal . - = z - 08 Ganister - : Tracing the beds to the west the upper sandstone seems to die away, but the lower thickens out into the rock that makes the conspicuous escarpment which runs from the south of Bolsterstone by Ewden Heights to Range Moor. For some distance to the west of Bolsterstone this sandstone is the only representative of the Middle Grits. A lower rock, however, puts in beneath Ewden Heights, and can be followed to the west. (Fig. 9, Plate 2.) On Ewden Heights the base of this bed is formed by a hard closely grained sandstone, with a tendency to become flaggy; westwards it passes into an ordinary flaggy sandstone. MILLSTONE GRIT. 51 The thin coal on the top of this bed was seen in Wind Hill Wood, and in Hage Wood. At the first spot attempts seem to have been made to work it, and the following section was observed :— ft. in. Flaggy sandstone - - - Shales, a few feet - - - Coal - - - 010 Bastard Ganister - - - 010 Hard underclay - - - In Thickwoods Brook, close by Rushy Lee, 4 inches of coal lay on the top of the sandstone. The same bed comes up in a little inlier of the rock in the Little Don valley by Langsett Bank, when we found— ft. in, Black shale s “ z Ganister - . - - 10 Soft sandstone - - - 3-0 Flagstone and shale No sandstone of note has been recognised in the shales below the rock of Ewden Heights between Bolsterstone and the north-western end of Ewden Wood. Thereabouts, however, the lower rock already mentioned becomes recognisable. A section of it was shown in the road leading up the hill from Ewden Bridge ; it consists there of sandstone mixed with hard sandy shale. Westwards from this spot it runs on with a fairly marked escarpment, and probably increases in importance to the west. A coal, said to range from 1 ft. 1 in. to 1 ft. 8 in., was found a little east of Batty’s Plantation, and seems to lie on the top of this rock (see Fig. 9, Plate 2). Between Ing Cliff or Hingcliff Hill and Mickledean Clough we have the following section of the Middle Grits and the beds below them :— feet. Sandstone of Hingcliff Hill - - - Shales - - - - ‘40 Sandstone of Calf Knoll - - - 40 Shales - - - - - 70 Sandstone - - - - - 380 Shales : Sandstone and shale } . 2 = ao Shales 60 Flagstone and shale } z 7 7 Shale with beds of sandstone - - 140 Kinder Scout Grit - - - - The topmost bed, which may be fairly looked upon as the equivalent of the rock of Ewden Height, is a flaggy sandstone. The rock of Calf Knoll isa white, hard, closely grained, blocky grit, very siliceous. It differs materiall: in character, and if our calculations are correct in position, from the tan stone below Ewden Height, and the probability seems to be that the latter bed has thinned away, and that the Calf Knoll bed is a new rock on a slightly higher horizon. On the northern side of the Little Don two distinct beds of sandstone parted by shale were seen in Fox Clough and Long Moor Clough, but the boundaries between the two could not be traced over the open country, and both have been mapped together. These beds may be looked upon as the equivalents of the rocks of Hingcliff Hill and Calf Knoll; they form the broad spread over Border Hill, and consist of fine flaggy grit and sandstone with bands of shale, two of which from 10 to 18 feet thick were seen in the upper part of Longhow Clough. In this clough there is also a very hard, closely grained, siliceous, ganister-like bed, with plant remains. At the foot of Wogden Clough the rock is massive sandstone. (4b.) From the head of the Little Don Valley to the Valley of the Colne. As we go from the district last mentioned towards the west and north-west, the Middle Grit series become complicated by the coming in of additional beds of sandstone. : . fe . One bed, distinguished below as B, which corresponds in position with the rock of Ewden Heights, can be traced with fair regularity over the greater D 2 52 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. part of the district. It occasionally, as for instance in Ramsden Clough, passes very gradually into the underlying shales. Up to Holmfirth the following are the main variations in the beds below B. For the space of about a mile above Dunford Bridge Reservoir a lower bed seems to exist. Here and there, moreover, there are traces of a third sandstone apparently below the horizon of this last bed. This lowest sandstone we have not been abie to follow out continuously, but there are places on the western side of the main watershed where it takes the form of a hard, white or grey rock, and it then makes a good feature.’ On the eastern side of the watershed there are, in the basin of the Holme, beneath Holme Moss, two sandstones between (B) and the Kinder Scout Grit; they are irregular, and both become thin and apparently disappear in Ramsden’s Clough, but for the most part one or other is present over the country up to Holmfirth. North of Holmfirth a new and important bed, distinguished below as (A), puts in above B. This rock is sometimes, as on Wolf Stones, very coarse and massive. There is also an irregular sandstone below B; it may be seen at Binns Wood, where it is largely quarried for flags. Round Meltham we have been able to map only the bed A. There are sandstones below the rock, but they are too thin and irregular to allow of their being traced out. When we get into the valley of the Colne the Middle Grits seem to become better marked and more persistent; they are still changeable in character and thickness, and any of them may occasionally die out, but, speaking generally, there are four distinct beds of sandstone (distinguished below as A, B, C, D) ‘between the Rough Rock and what is believed to be the Kinder Scout Grit, from the latitude of Marsden up to the Oxenhope Moors. In the south of the present district the shafts of the Woodhead tunnel give useful sections of a portion of the Middle Grit series. The accounts of them are given below, and No. 4 forms Fig. 10 of Plate 2. Sections of the Shafts of Woodhead Tunnel, arranged in order from W to E No.1. ft. | Rock - - - - 4 Blue shale - - - 25 | Rock bands” - - - 27 Brown raggy grit - - 38] Rock - - ~ - 8 Blue shale ~ - - 35 | Rock bands - - - 46 Layer of fossils - - - Blue shale - - - 8 Sandstone - - - 22 | +Rock in beds 2 to 6 ins. thick 223 Rock bands - - 20] Shale - - - - 29 Blue shale - - 8] Rock - - - - 7 Grit and rock bands - - 47 | Shale - “ - 34 Sandstone - - - 380] Stone - - < - 2 *Sandstone = - - - 31 Rock bands - ‘ - 150 No. 3 é Shale, with a bed of fossils - 60 | Sandstone (C) : | 8 27 Sandstone - - - 40 | Shale @ 42 Shale - é a - 20 | Sandstone 95! @ 4 Sandstone - s - 25 | Shale (2) = 49 Shale - . 2 - 33 | Sandstone (D) 7 - § 45 Sandstone - - 25 | Shale 20 Sandstone and shale 73’ 19 No. 2. Black shale 34 Blue shale - - 18 | Bed with Goniatites and Aviculo- Rock bands - - - 12 pecten, Flaggy sandstone - - 21 | Sandstone - Ds 8 Black shale = - - - 25 | Shale - - “ 5 16 Sandstone - - - 26] Rock bands with shale | @-3 Rock bands with shale partings 27 partings < a b 5 &- 160 Sandstone - - - 15 hale - = ats QV Rock bands’ - - - 6 | Sandstone - -} 20 * We were in doubt whether to put the top of the Kinder Scout Grit here, or where the layer of fossils occurs higher up: we think it is here. : + Probable top of the Kinder Scout Grit is here. MILLSTONE GRIT. 53 No. 4. ft. ft. | Sandstone and shale 74! 36 Peat and loose stones - - 5 | Dark blue shale } 38 Strong coarse loose) ) Bed with Goniatites and Aviculo- sandstone - - 20 pecten. Blue soft shale - 5 | Sandstone and sandy) Kinder Rock bands - - | (B) 5 shale - “t Scout {12 Strong coarse sand- $3! Black shale - -J Grit. 7 stone - : 45 Blue shale - - 4 No. 5. Brown raggy sand- Peat and shale - - - 5 stone - - '. 4] Sandstone 3 12 Strongblackunctuous 8 Shale 4 = 38 shale - - % 25 | Sandstone 7 So 9 Brown raggy rock - 99’ +» 10] Black shale & 50 Shale and laminated 3 Flaggy sandstone (C) -|S 45 sandstone - - S 20) Black shale - - -|S 50 Strong black shale - 37 | Sandstone (D) - 20 Strong bright sand- Shale - . 23 stone - Sandstone - - 9 Hard, compact do. - ( (C) 50 | Shale - - 74 20 Bright striped flaggy ( 67’ | Sandstone - - | 4 do. a 5 J Black shale- = - L 18 Compact softish rock ) 17 | *Sandstone ~- Dg 26 Black shale - = - 42| Shale - - - (S38 6 Strong sandstone (D -J 35 | Sandstone - -f 88 & 78 Coal - - - - Shale - - J 10 Measures between the Kinder Scout Grit and the Sandstone B.— We will now give details of the measures just described. We have already mentioned that in the south of our present district the sandstones below B are traceable only locally. One of these beds is bared in Loft Shaw Clough. Below the word “Clough’’ ganister-like sandstone crops up, and sandstone, containing two beds of shale respectively 2 and 10 feet thick, continues down the brook to the bend to the south, where the under- lying shales are shown. This rock forms Cloudberry Moor, and possibly Round Hill, and it may be the bed which is quarried at Salter’s Brook, and which may be followed from there for a mile to the west along the brow above Longside End, but we could not connect the sandstones of these different spots with certainty. A coal 6 to 8 inches thick is said to have been found in the measures above the rock in Little Moor Plantation, half a mile S.W. of Dunford Bridge. The coal rested on rag. There are some 450 feet of shale between the rock of Cloudberry Moor and the Kinder Scout Grit. Further to the west there is again a bed of sandstone lying between the Kinder Scout Grit and the rock B, which can be traced for a considerable. distance. It forms Greystones Edge above the Woodhead tunnel, and runs parallel to the escarpment of (B) round the head of West Withen Clough, forms a feature above Withen Moor, crosses Stable Clough below the high road, and then forms the brow called West End, where it ceases to be traceable, possibly owing to disturbance of the beds and a fault hard hy. A similar rock appears at Greystones on Sliddens Moss, which may possibly be the same bed. From Greystones westward the escarpment is traceable by Red Rotcher to the top of Far Broad Slate. The bed is a peculiar hard grey rock, as is indicated apparently by the names of hills where it is conspicuous. We have in Withern, Heyden, and the Crowden Cloughs many sections in the beds both above and below this grey rock; they consist chiefly of shale with some sandstones. In the sections to be next described wé are able to recognise two beds of sandstone in that part of the Middle Grit series which lies between the Kinder Scout Grit and the rock (B). * Probable top of Kinder Scout Grit. 54 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The beds crop out on the flanks of Holme Moss, and the two following sections serve to establish their general character. Cloughs descending from Holme Moss. Holme-Clough on north side of Owls- head, Clodberry, and Green Hills. : Sandstone (B) of Holme Moss. Shale. (6) Sandstone (seems to thin away towards the Cheshire border). Shale. (a) Sandstone. —— ' (a’) Sandstone. Shales and: sandstone. Kinder Scout Grit. ~The sandstone (a’) in the second section seems to correspond with (a) of the first, and so by combining the two sections we get the entire succession of - the beds we are considering. A similar succession is shown in the cloughs running northwards from Holme Edge. The two sandstones (a) and (d) can Clough. There the lower seems to die away. be traced up to the head of Ramsden There is some little uncer- tainty about the continuation of the upper; it becomes thin and indistinct, and perhaps it too dies out. However, a little further to the north a sand- stone bed makes its appearance on the eastern flank of the valley and runs up to Dearn’s Hill. or a new bed on a slightly different horizon. We may safely say that this is either (a), swelled out again, The rock may be seen north of High Gate. What is probably the same bed becomes an important rock on Moss Edge; it is quarried on Crow Hill. The clough running nearly due north from Moss Edge gives the fol- lowing section :— (6) Grit of Moss Edge Shales - (a) Sandstone Shales - Tronstained shales Thin Grit - Shales - Kinder Scout Grit. The bed marked (a) may be the representative Approximate thicknesses. - 75 - 75 - 50 at least. =} 100 =} 50 of the bed denoted by the same letter in the section below Holme Moss, which after having thinned out sets in here again for a while. The following calculated sections will give an approximation to the thick- ness of the beds above the Kinder Scout Grit hereabouts :-— From Wilmer Hill to From Snailsden Pike ‘Holme Woods Dyke. across northern end of |. Ramsden Rocks to Kaye Edge End Holme Moss. ft. Flags. ft. | Shales - - 150 Sandstone (B), at . Sandstone (B) - 112 least - - 175 Shales and Shales and . sandstones J. abt. 50 0 sandstones f.. 7 990 Kinder Scout Grit. Kinder Scout Grit. Tinker Hill, Harden Moss, and Dunford Bridge. ft. Sandstone, at least 100 Shale - - 200 Rough Rock - 50 Flags - - 60 Shales - - 75 Sandstone (B) - 112 Shales « - 175 -| Sandstone. MILLSTONE GRIT. 55 _ We get our next good section between Hill House and Hinchcliffe Mill; it is as follows :— . Sandstone of Hill House Edge . Shales - - - . Sandstone - - Shales - - . Sandstone and shale . Shale and sandstone . Sandstone and shale Shale - - . Kinder Scout Grit - The sandstone beds here are not traceable in the immediate neighbourhood of the section, but on the north side of the River Holme there is a bed of sand- stone at Burnlee, and above it another sandstone which has been quarried for flags at above Park House, and it is possible that these are the equivalents of Nos. 8 and 5 of the above section; but it was not found possible to carry on the Burnlee and Park House sandstones up to the section below Hill House. A pair of sandstones probably corresponding to these beds are found in the country between Black Sike and the R. Holme. The bed 7 is possibly the same as the Moss Edge Grit, but it is not possible to prove the identity, because, though the rock can be followed as far as Lower ‘Woodhouse, it ceases to be traceable thereabouts. In the opposite direction towards Holmfirth it is continuous, and it is found in great force up the valley of the R. Ribble. It consists of sandstone and grit with a little shale. A thin coal lies somewhere about the top of it. The seam was seen at Nabs; a heading has been driven into it from the bassett nearly opposite Dover Mill; the seam was here smutty and roofed by rag. The same bed was noted with a sandstone roof in the beck that crosses Dover Wood, and there has been a coal pit, now closed, near Green Lane Mill. Before we leave the valley of the Holme, we may mention that at its extreme western end the beds probably lying between the Kinder Scout Grit and the rock B are shown in the upper part of Snape Clough called Reaps Clough. They consist of shales and sandstones, and on the hill to the north some of the latter are sometimes good enough to be quarried. If we now turn northwards towards Marsden we find the beds we are con- sidering well shown in three cloughs running into Wessenden Valley. They are generally shales with some sandstones, but in Leyzing Clough the sandstones seem to preponderate. Below are the sections :— 125 ro G9 HS on NI 00 10 » 8@ 6 @ #@ @ g@ @ 8 aeons 0 bp 8 et bo or Great Hey Sike Leyzing Clough. Winter Clough. Clough. Rough Rock. Rough Rock. Sandstone. Shale. [ Sandstone (A). Sandstone (A). Sandstone (A). Sandstone and shale. | Shales. Shale. Middle Sandstone. Grits. 4 Shales. Sandstones. Shale and sandstone. Shale. Sandstone and shale, | Sandstone. L Shale. Kinder Scout Grit. Kinder Scout Grit. Kinder Scout Grit. Descending the valley of the Colne from Marsden we find between the fault at Wood Bottom Mill and the group of faults at Holmes Mill that the sandy beds in the measures overlying the Kinder Scout Grit begin to-strengthen and stand out in features, but not in a decided manner till we get about half a mile east of Marsden. East of Holmes Mill we find two well-marked sandstones between the Kinder Scout Grit and B of the Middle Grits, which can be followed with more or less certainty in the direction of Huddersfield. The lowest seems to die out a little east of Slaithwaite. The bed above is a mass of sandstones and shales which have been all lumped together on the map notwithstanding 56 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. the existence of minor features, owing to the want of visible continuity in the subordinate escarpments. Some of the sandstones are quarried in many places for building stone. The Sandstones (B) and (A).—We now come to the upper part of the Middle Grit series; in the southern part of the present sub-district this sub- division consists of two parts only, the sandstone already distinguished as B, and a band of shales lying between it and the Rough Rock. On the north an important bed of grit and sandstone, which we shall denote by the letter (A), makes its appearance above (B). In some places both A and B are present, the band of shales between them is clearly traceable, and the two sandstones have been mapped separately ; elsewhere it is possible that the shale band ae away, and that the two rocks have in consequence been mapped as one ed. About a mile and a half to the north of Meltham the rock we look upon as the equivalent of (B) thins away, and (A) becomes the only sandstone of importance. The rock (B) may be fairly looked upon as the continuation of the sand- stone of Ewden Heights and Ing Cliff Hill, which we have already traced up. to the broad spread of rock around Border Hill; it can be thence followed by Dunford Bridge, Dead Edge End, Withern End, round Holme Moss, by Holme Edge and Ramsden Edge to Holmfirth. In this long run the following points regarding its character may be mentioned. In Windleden Quarry, 14 miles 8.W. of Dunford Bridge, the following section was seen at the base of this bed :— ft. in. Shale - - - - - 7 0 Hard grey sandstone with plants - - 12 0 Shale and coal - - - - 0 8 Blue shale - - - - - 210 In Great Grain the rock is a sandstone cross bedded, sometimes hard, and containing ganister; it is in places mixed up with sandy shales towards its base. On the north side of Great Clough the bed is subdivided by the coming in of a wedge-shaped mass of shale. The upper part is a cross-bedded grit with shale bands; it contains a coal six inches thick in Swiner Clough, and there is a Ganister on the top of it. In the shale wedge a thin coal was seen near Snailsden. Ramsden Clough gives an excellent section; we see there very well how gradually the grit passes by interstratifications of sandstone and shale into the underlying shales. On the south side of Holmfirth the bed is a somewhat massive sandstone, and is quarried in many places. To the west of Holmfirth the rock which we take to be this bed runs by Binns Wood, where it isa fine flaggy sandstone, some 50 or 60 feet thick, and is quarried for flagstones. Aé the head of Black Sike the rock is a massive fine grit, very false bedded. Near here a thin coal was noticed on the top of the rock not far from the Ford Inn. ; It is in the neighbourhood we have now reached that we find for the first time a sandstone of any importance between the bed (B) and the Rough Rock. The shape of the ground clearly indicates a band of shale above the spread of (B), which extends from Holmfirth to the Ford Inn, and the shales were actually seen near Newland Wood beside the road leading to Nether Thong. Between these shales and the escarpment of undoubted Rough Rock there is an excellent escarpment of rock forming Child Edge and Wolfstones Height. * This then is the new rock which has not been noticed in the country to the south; even hereabouts it shows signs of growing thinner to the east, though it cannot be seen to die away because it is cut off by a fault on Hagg Wood before it has actually wedged out. The rock is quarried for flags between Thongs Bridge and Lower Hagg; on Wolfstones Height it consists of sand- stone and coarse grit. Over the remainder of our district, by Harden Moss, Flake Moss, along the flanks of the Wessenden valley, and round Meltham Edge to Leuthwaite, this rock is the most conspicuous of the Middle Grits, and plays the same part as is taken by B in the southern portion of the district. Over a great part of MILLSTONE GRIT. 57 the district just defined both rocks are present, though B has come to occupy a subordinate place. Near a spot called Blackman Pool, however, B thins away, and A then becomes par excellence the Middle Grit. Good sections of the group are shown in Harden Clough and Middle Clough to the nerth of Harden Moss ; they run as follows :— Harden Clough. Middle Clough. Grit of Harden Moss (A). Sandstone Shale } (A). Sandstone Shales - - - 100. Sandy shales. Shales and sandstones. Sandstone Sandstone and shale (B) 25° Sandstone and shale bw. Sandstone Shale - . 75° Shale. e Sandstone, probably C. On the top of the mass of sandstone and shale which has been taken to represent B a ganister was seen above Royd Plantation, and on Banister Edge a coal which lies some little way down on the rock was seen in a quarry. ~ Upper Meltham Coal.—A coal and ganister, which is known as the Upper Meltham Coal, has been noticed at several spots in the neighbourhood of Mel- tham, on the top of the sandstone (A), and has been occasionally worked. The Ganister was seen in Bank Dyke both to the north and south of Bank Wood, and coal and ganister in a little brook that enters Bank Dyke at the top of Brook’s Reservoir. Near Meltham the surface of the ground fre- quently coincides very nearly with the top of the sandstone (A), and patches of the coal are found here and there on the hill slopes above the town. The River Colne cuts down through its alluvium and the shales above A to this coal; at some spots below Meltham, just below Crossland Mills for instance, the coal was seen a foot thick lying on the rock. Again, there has been a day- hole to the coal in Elm Wood, and a little further to the north the seam was well laid open in the puddle trench of the Black Moor Foot Reservoir, which gave the following section of it :— Coal - - - - - 09 Clay - - - - - 0°2 Coal - - - - - 14 Irregular seam of coarse ganister - 0°03 to 0°] Underclay’ - - - - 5:0 to6'0 Sandstone (A). A very curious deposit has been formed by the surface disintegration of the underclay of this coal in this neighbourhood. It was worked on Black Moor Foot in the field south of that in which Newland House stood. It consisted of the weathered clay mixed with the rain-washed sand derived from the de- composition of the underlying sandstone, and its peculiar value consisted in this. A clay largely used for pottery purposes had one failing; when large sanitary tubes were made of it, they always were lable to the production of flaws or “air chinks” during the baking. This defect was remedied com- pletely by an admixture of the weathered clay from Black Moor Foot. The same clay, when extracted underground, did not produce the same effect, nor would artificial mixtures of clay and sand suffice to remedy the mischief, the natural compound alone served the purpose. The explanation seems to be, that the slope of the ground being here nearly the same as the dip of the beds, the clay over a considerable area lay only just below the surface, and was gradually broken up by the action of the weather, and at the same time inti- mately mixed with the sand furnished by the disintegration of the rock, and that the slow working of natural agents produced a compound which it was impossible to imitate by artificial means.* Syn Coal has been gotten from a number of pits in Greasy Slack Wood. It would seem likely that this is the Upper Meltham coal, but if the account of * We are indebted to Mr. E. Brooke for these particulars. 58 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. , the depth of the pits which was given us be correct, it seems hardly possible they could have gone down to the top of the sandstone (A). It is therefore possible that the coal may be another seam rather higher up in the measures. The coal on the top of A has been also found beneath Shooters Nab, and worked from the outcrop. The section there is— ft. in. Grey shale - - -_ = Coal - - - °-1:0 Clay - - - 0°6 The Rough Rock.—On the north side of the -Ewden valley the Rough Rock appears under the form of a coarse massive grit, of which numerous examples may be seen at Bitholmes Wood and Bolsterstone. The only point in which this sandstone differs at all from typical Rough Rock is, that it is frequently a more solid and less crumbly bed than the generality of the Rough Rock. About 27 chains west of Bolsterstone Church there is a quarry in a bed of flaggy sandstone, apparently a little way below the base of the coarse grit and separated from it by a band of dark shale. ‘This is, no doubt, one of these patches of flaggy sandstone which are so common at the base of the Rough Rock, but it must be here very limited in extent; it passes east- ward into a body of sandy shale with thin sandstone, and westwards dies away altogether. J Over the long stretch of the Rough Rock from Bolsterstone to Hazelhead Station the bed keeps its usual character. Flaggy fine sandstone occurs oc- casionally at the base, butit could seldom be separated from the grit.on the map. A very good section of the flaggy base can be seen in the Little Don above Midhope Bridge, and again at How Rocher about a mile and a half higher up the stream. At Hazlehead Station the basement beds swell out into some importance, and can be mapped separately ; a section by the station showed— ft. in, Coarse massive grit - - x aay Black shale - - - a - 03 Coal - - - - ~ - 0 3 Black shale © - - . 2 - 03 Sandstone with Stigmaria - - 06 Dark shales and flagstones, about 30 feet, seen without reaching the bottom. These flagey basement beds become still more important to the west, and are extensively quarried at the Magnum Bonum Quarries of Harden Moss and on Snailsden Moss. A coal lies immediately beneath the coarse grit, then comes a thin band of shale, and then the flagstone which itself contains shale bands. The rock is excessively false bedded, and the quarries are well worth a visit, if it be only to obtain an idea of false bedding carried to an extent that we have never seen equalled elsewhere. The lamine of false bedding are not only steeply inclined, but curved in places, and at first sight the beds seem to he rolling violently, and at one spot to be actually on end, so as to suggest that a fault must be close by; but no, the base of the rock runs round the hill without break, and what seem to be highly inclined strata are -overlaid by other beds which are quite flat. There are also pockets of shale amid the beds of sandstone, which rapidly pass into solid rocks. The flags and tilestones from these quarries are of excellent quality, and are carried to Manchester and elsewhere for sale. In Ellen Tree Quarry the following section was noted :— Grit - - - - - - 7 Shale - - - - - - 9 Rag and sandstone - - - - 32 The flaggy base of the Rough Rock continues distinguishable from the coarse grit above as far as Greeve. Northwards of that spot, though fine sandstone forms not unfrequently the lower part of the rock, there is no continuous and separable band of flagstone. MILLSTONE GRIT, 59 On Honley Moor the Rough Rock consists partly of coarse grit and partly of flags, the lower part being mostly flags; but there is no good line of division between the two kinds of rock; in some quarries the coarse grit seemed to be very irregularly mixed up with flaggy beds; this may possibly be due to the flags having been denuded before the deposition of the grit, which was thrown down in and over the hollows previously scooped out of the flags. Mr. Hull considers that there is proof that this has happened in Lancashire to the corresponding beds. In the streams descending from Netherton and Crosland the coarse part of the Rough Rock is underlaid by a set of sandstones and shales, into which the grit passes so gradually that it becomes at times almost impossible to draw a line between it and the underlying shales. In the outlier of the Rough Rock on Binn Moor, the bed consists of a coarse grit, which forms fine weathered masses, underlaid by flagstones, which are largely quarried under Shooters Nab. (5.) The Country between the River Oolne and the Oxenhope Moors, which form the Waterparting between the Valleys of the Calder and Aire. The narrow strip of country which forms this district is physically a continuation of a broad spread of Millstone Grit lying in the eastern half of map 88 N.W., which has been described in Chapter V. of the Memoir on the Burnley. Coalfield. For an account of the rocks of the western part of this tract the reader may refer to that work. We add here a description of the rocks of that portion which lies within and immediately adjoining the map 88 N.E. The following estimated sections will give an idea of the general character of the Grit group: About Holmfirth. ft. Rough Rock - - - = 75 Shales - - - - - 100 Grit (A) - - : - 75 Holestone Moor, west of Huddersfield. Rough Rock - - - ; Shales - - - 200, thickening eastward to 225. Grit (A) - - - 150 Shale - - - 85 Grit (B) = - - 25 Shale - - - 110 Grit (C) - - - 85 Shale - - - 150 Grit (D) - - - 60 Shale - - - 145 Kinder Scout Grit - - 350 about, Greetland Moor, Halifax. Rough Rock - - - more than 100. Flags - - - 75, thinning out eastward. sit Shale - : - Grit(A)- . "¢ 245 250 105 Shale - - - 105 75 75 Grit (B) - - - 80 60 45 Shale - - - 36 75 35 Grit (C) = - - 70 65 90 60 GEOLOGY OF .THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. High Road Well Moor, W.N.W. of Halifax. Rough Rock - - - - - - = Shale - - - - - - - 175 Grit (A) i s 2 = = - 7 Shale - - - - - - - 50 Grit (B) - - - - - - 45 Shale - - - - - - 50 Grit (C) 3 a = i ‘ - 55 Shale - - - - ° - - 120 Grit (D) : : « A z - 30 Childwife Moor and Ovenden Moor. Rough Rock - - - - - 100 Shales - - - - - - 160 to 260 Grit (A) - - - - - = The Kinder Scout Grit.—The Kinder Scout Grit is exposed in four inliers; it presents its usual lithological character, and calls for no special notice. A thin coal was noticed on the top of the bed in the valley between Slitheroe Bridge and Ripponden. The Middle Grits.—Over the greater part of the present district four distinct beds of sandstone, which correspond to those distinguished as A, B, C, and D, in the account of the last district, can be recognised in the middle subdivision of the Gritstone group. Here and there, however, some of these rocks die away, or two of them run together into a single bed. The following are the more important points respecting the lithological. character and variations of this group. Middle Grits between the R. Colne and the Dean Head Valley.— West and south of Slaithwaite the lowest bed D is a sandstone seen above the railway ; there is an irregular coal, running up to 5 inches thick, in it near Hill Top; and in the railway cutting at Shaw Carr, near Slaithwaite, the following section occurs :—— Shale - - - - Coalsmut - - - - 6 inches. Clay = S = - 3 to 4 inches, Sandstone - s = ” The rock appears to thin away both to thé east and the west; in the first direction it can be traced to Holywell, beyond which point it rapidly gets too thin to follow. , ; This bed sets in again on the west at Holme, whence it runs westward to Follingworth, getting thinner, until finally it dies out as we reach the beck beneath Merrydale. This rock again setsin on the eastern flank of the valley of Dean Head Brook, but only for a limited space; it thins away both to the south-west and north-east. The sandstone C is found everywhere along the northern flank of the Colne valley. Itis massive sandstone, with occasionally a little shale in it, as at Pickle Top. There is a good section of this bed on the railway. There is no representative here of the bed B; it will be recollected that this rock is also absent on the opposite side of the valley. About Blake Clough a rock which corresponds to B does occur, and hence both B and C can be traced along the eastern flank of the valley of Dean nee Clough till they apparently run together into one bed near Sowood reen, Above Blake Clough and Rough Hey B is a flaggy sandstone; at Delf Hill, where it is quarried for flags, it is a micaceous flagstone, very false bedded, Below this rock C occurs under the form of a massive grit. The beds B and C are here separated by some 110 feet of shale; but this band seems to thin away to the north-east, and the sandstones appear to unite and form one massive, finely grained, compact rock, very false bedded a-top ; the lower portion is a thickly bedded massive sandstone, much quarried as a building stone. . MILLSTONE GRIT. 61 The topmost of the Middle Grits (A) is well laid open in a cutting of the London and North-western Railway east of Golcar, and may be traced continuously thence over the country lying between the R. Colne and the Dean Head brook. It is a mass of sandstone and frag, false bedded in places, and contains shale bands. Near Pole Chapel a coal, 11 inches thick, corres- ponding to the Upper Meltham Coal, was once gotten on the top of this bed. A coal, presumably the same, was once worked from the day between Low Platts and Spring Royd, and in the hollow southwards. A coal which probably lies some way below this rock was seen above the stream by Bowers Mill 23 miles W. by 8. from Elland: the section was— Coal smut - - 7 - °6 Clay - - - - 1:0 Sandstone - - = 7 What is probably the same coal was seen higher up the stream in Milner Wood, just above the elbow in the brook above Stainland and Barkisland Road. The section shows-— Sandstone and shale - Coal - - Clay - - - Sandstone - - - Middle Grits of the district round Barkisland.—In the country round Barkisland the Middle Grits are somewhat complicated and changeable; the following table shows the main variations and the probable correlations :— 1:0 10 Section west from Section south of Section north of Beestonely. Barkisland. Barkisland. Grit of Beestonely (A) | Grit of Bottomley Hill Shale. Shale, Flags. Grit Cross ~ bedded _ grey | J Shale thinning away to flags. the west. Thin sandstone. Shale. Shale. Shale. Coal. Grit. Grit of Barkisland Clough. The grit of Bottomley Hill appears to be divided in the neighbourhood of Clough House by a bed of shale ; it is doubtful whether the shale thins out of the west or is cut off by a fault passing south of Hazelgreave Hill. At Hazelgreave Hill this bed is a flagstone, and forms a fine escarpment on the west. The Beestonely Grit is a massive red sandstone. In the part of the Dean Head valley below Bowers Mill the corresponding bed is a hard, cross-bedded, gritty sandstone on the north flank, and contains some beds of shale on the south flank. The coal on the bottom sandstone was shown in the following section in Milne Wood, just above the elbow in the stream above the Barkisland turnpike. ft. in. Sandstone and shale - - 2 Coal - - . - 10 Clay - - - - 10 Sandstone . - - Middle Grits of the Ribourn Valley.—Along the whole of the eastern flank of the Ribourn Valley, from Ringstone Edge down to Sowerby Bridge, four beds of sandstone can be traced in the Middle Grit group. They may be thus correlated in the neighbourhood of Ringstone Edge :— Grit of Ringstone Edge = A. Flags of Beacon Hill = B. Grit of Foxstones = C. Sandstone of Folly =D. A and C are generally the most important rocks. About Sowerby Bridge D is shown at the railway station as a very coarse and massive grit; the base is seen at the western end of the tunnel to consist 62 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE OOALFIELD. of sandstones and shales. A seam of coal was seen in this rock in the river bank at the bend below Old House Mill. The section showed— : Shaly wash - Coal - - - - 0°2t00°3 Yellow sandy clay - - 2°0 Rag - - - - 0°8t00°10 Sandstone - - - 1°6 to 2°0 Coal smut - - - Clay - - - - 06 Grit - - - - The bed Cis seen at intervals along the flanks of the valley, and is well displayed in the railway cutting east of Sowerby Bridge station, where a coal 6 inches thick lies on the top of the grit. The next bed, B, is shown in the same cutting; it consists of sandstone in its lower and grit in its upper part. A rapidly dwindles down from 50 to 25 feet in thickness, and eventually dies out or becomes too thin to be traced. Middle Grit of the Luddenden Valley.—In this valley and the valley of the Calder about Sowerby Bridge the following details call for notice. The bed D is well exposed along the canal near Sowerby Bridge, where it is asandstone. We see it also on the roadside near Gate Head, where it is a fine grit; further on, above High Royd Wood, it is a reddish yellow sandstone. C is displayed along the side of Warley Clough, where the underlying shale is also shown, and in some old quarries in Sowerby Bridge east of Warley Clough, where it is a grit. On the west we have a quarry in it at the hamlet of Friendly, and it forms an escarpment above Upper Long Bottom. We have also quarries in massive gritty sandstone near Butt’s Green, and the rock, a sandstone, is again seen in Load Clough and in the beck that runs down to the Luddenden. ‘The overlying shales were seen in the same beck, and in Load and Warley Cloughs. B is seen on the hillside above Warley Clough, and also near Causeway Head, where the rock is a grit; it forms a good escarpment of grit near Old Field, and is again seen at the roadside by West Greve. It appears as a sand- stone in Load Clough and in the next brook, and is again seen in a quarry of fine grit at the side of Stock Lane. The shales above B are to be seen in the brook running down to the Luddenden and in Warley Clough. In the latter section their upper part is a shaly sandstone, which forms a passage into the topmost bed A. y. Spencer, of Halifax, gives the following account of this rock, as it occurs on Warley Moor :—“ It is a most beautiful clean white stone; part of this whiteness is due to the bleaching action of the weather, but its fine crystalline nature may be seen even in the heart of the quarries. One or two of the upper layers of this rock seem to be almost entirely composed of pure quartz in minute grains, and in specimens which have been exposed to the air they sparkle like brilliants.”’* A coal 2 inches thick was seen on the top of this bed at The Hill. According to Mr. Spencer this coal is generally present hereabouts. Middle Grits of the Valley of the Hebble Brook.—The main pomt we have specially to notice in this valley Ue the occurrence of bands containing marine shells in the shales below the Rough Rock. They have been described by Mr. Spencer in the paper just quoted, and his section is as follows :— Rough Rock and Flagstone. . Shale, 90°0. . Band with marine shells, 0°4, . Shale. . Band with marine shells, Shale. Coat. . Grit Rock. . Shales. . Marine band. SNWRTAN DWE * Transactions of the Geological Society of Manchester, XIII. 112. MILLSTONE GRIT. 63 The bed No. 8 was noted below Wheatley Scar ; it was only 4 inches thick and contained Goniatites Listeri and Aviculopecten in plenty. Modiola was the next most abundant shell, and parts of a Nautilus and Orthoceras were met with. Mr. Spencer noted the same bed in Ogden Clough, where Aviculopecten was abundant, and in the Carrs near Withen’s Hotel. On Cold Edge Mr. Spencer was shown a marine band, which he considers to be on a lower horizon, and which is No. 6 of the above section. The rock No, 3 appears to agree with the upper bed of our Middle Grits, and below it, according to Mr. Spencer, there is a third marine band, No. 1, con- taining Goniatites reticulatus. Mr. Spencer seems to think that in this neigh- bourhood at least this species is confined to No. 1, and that Goniatites Listeri is in like manner confined to beds above the grit No. 3. A coal was seen in the shales above the topmost Middle Grit in the part of the valley of the Hebble north of Illingworth; it seems to be the coal No. 4 of Mr. Spencer’s section. The Rough Rock.—This bed is here, as usual, a coarse massive grit forming a bold escarpment. Mr. Spencer, in the paper already quoted, states that in the neighbourhood of Halifax the first three or four yards are usually false- bedded, rough, worthless sandstone; then come from 8 to 12 yards of massive grits, largely used for paving. This grit becomes finer in grain towards the base. Below the coarse part of the rock, and sometimes separated from it by a band of shale, comes the Flagstone, called locally the “ Flatstone Rock.” There is a great development of this band in North Dean Wood. The coarse grit is there underlaid by a band of flagstone something like 100 feet thick, which is largely wrought in several quarries. Westwards from this spot a band of shale seems to come in between the flags and the upper coarse portion of the bed; at least we judged this to be the case from the shape of the ground, but we could nowhere get sections to show the actual nature of the beds. A little further in the same direction the flags themselves seem to thin away, and that rather rapidly, or rather we think it probable that they pass into shale. Between the Calder Valley and Illingworth the lower part of the Rough Rock is a finely grained sandstone, but as we could not trace a line of subdivision between this portion of the bed and the coarse grit above for any distance, both have been mapped as one bed. — Near Illingworth the flags again begin to be developed and thicken north- wards, till above Fly Flat they form a mass of sandstone, which is largely quarried. There is in places a certain amount of unconformity between these flags and the overlying grit, as in the section in Fig, 1]. Fig. 11. Section showing an irregular jungtion of the Coarse Grit and the Basement Flags of the Rough Rock. avis test J Bo aretha net are 2 © aide es Sale Teese ee: 1, Coarse Grit. 2. Flagstone. 3. Shale. At Milham Head, Mixenden, we estimate the thickness of ,the beds’ as follows :— ft. Rough Rock . - . Flags . - - » 60 Shale - - - - 160 Grit (Middle Grit) 64 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. (6.) The Basin of the Rivers Aire and Wharfe. In this district the Kinder Scout Grit has its usual character and calls for no special remark. ‘The Middle Grits in their course northwards become more and more complicated and variable. In the valley of the Worth and its branches three sandstone beds are frequently recogni- sable, but these are subject to considerable variation ; and partly for this reason, partly on account of the broken state of the country, and partly from the fact that large tracts are obscured by Drift, it is not possible to correlate these rocks individually with the beds either on the south or the north, of which they are in a general sense the equivalents. In the neighbourhood of Keighley this group becomes a little less irregular, and the Middle Grits put on a form which they keep with a fair degree of constancy over the remainder of the country described in this Memoir. About the middle of the series there is a mass of coarse gritstone, sometimes in one and some- times in two beds. This is a fairly persistent and very striking rock, and its outcrops form the most conspicuous of the edges and escarpments of the Middle Grit group. It plays in fact very much the same part in the present district as the Rivelin and Chatsworth Grit in South Yorkshire and Derbyshire. It may be distinguished as the Addingham Edge or the Chevin Grit, from two of its boldest escarpments. In the shales below the Addingham Edge Grit several sand- stone beds occur. These occasionally come out strongly and can be traced with fair certainty, but they are all liable to great variation in number, thickness, and quality. They are also parted by considerable thicknesses of shale, so that usually there is more shale than sandstone in this part of the series. Other sandstones vuccur above the Addingham Edge Grit. These, too, are variable, but they are on the whole more regular than the sandstones below that bed, and are not parted by such large thicknesses of shale. It is possible that the Addingham Edge Rock and the sandstones above it may be the equivalent of the four Middle Grits A, B, C, D, which we have had with more or less regularity from Dunford Bridge up to the Oxenhope Moors. But the intervention of the tract of obscure ground south of Oxenhope makes exact correlation impossible. It is also possible that the Addingham Edge rock may correspond on the west with the bed distinguished by the Survey in Lancashire as the Third Grit, and on the east may be identical with the Grit of Plumpton and Brimham. Some thin coals, which have been worked in bygone times, occur among the Middle Grits, but none of them can be said to have an economical value at the present day. Of the Rough Rock it is necessary merely to note that the Flagstone at its hase is very generally present and is largel developed at many-spots.- In the neighbourhood of Keighley the rock on this horizon puts on a somewhat peculiar form. We find thereabouts below the upper coarse grit a band of hard; blue closely grained rock, used for road metal, and known local] as “The Blues.” The Rough Rock is in places coarse grit from cap to Me ow Mw AWIOY Xx + * 2007 *%! uopdry ee puwo x pyboy & AYPY POY] wo] puo NE PYQ) ef uaa Un f? 3 prnag proypooy x POF NYS PYRBT UME ie aie pun * Seay LED HPT SS PUAPSLIDSTOT NIG Aa Usp SOoLLY YS YT Yoamzsryeey wk Scale, 200 feet toan inch. ‘ s + + +7007 3708 + +t so 4o0N + bas FIQF SINIHLS ye IO HOY wb a foe eee ae SR Ea + of England & Wales. irvey Ci al SL qt YOALT aLlaye pew WH edgy geno « Geol 4102 Y sn0as TON IH Dancearivuo Lit ».€2.Beorors S* Covent Gancen MILLSTONE GRIT. 65 bottom, and sometimes consists of two or three beds, each making a separate feature, with bands of softer material between them. The following is as near an approximation as can be made to a general section of the Millstone Grit and Yoredale Rocks between Keighley and Skipton :— ft. Rough Rock - - a a Shales with a Coat occasionally - - 190 Flagstone - - - - e } Shale - . - - - 60 Coat. Shale - - = = . 20 Sandstone - - - - “ 55 Coat. Shale - - - - Ss 40 Sandstone - te a . = 67 Coa. Shale - - : - - 45 Sandstone - - - - - 70 Shale - - - - - 60 Addingham Edge Grit - - - 100 Coa. Shale - - - - - 150 Shale with Sandstone beds occasionally - 150 Shales and sandstones’ - - - 690 Kinder Scout Grit in several beds - - 1,200 Variable sandstones and shales, Yoredale or Pendle Hill Grit - - - 600 Shales with earthy limestones, base not seen - - - - - 700 The word coal must be taken to mean only an horizon on which coal. occurs in some one or more localities. None of the coals are known to be persistent, and the probability is that all are local in their occurrence. The Kinder Scout Grit and the Yoredale Beds.—We will take first the country west of the River Aire. The Yoredale beds occupy so very small a space in the present district that it is hardly worth while giving them a section to themselves, and we will take them along with the Kinder Scout Grit. The lowest bed seen in the district is a limestone quarried about three- quarters of a mile south of Skipton. This is probably the same as the band of limestone of the Carlton Synclinal, noticed on p. 46 of the Memoir on the Burnley Coalfield. This bed is well laid open in a large quarry beside the railway to the south of the station. It consists there of thin beds of limestone, many of which are very earthy, with partings of shale. This limestone is overlaid by calcareous shales, with bands of thin, impure limestone, and these gradually pass up into black sandy shales. (These beds are probably as much as 800 feet thick. . Above these shales there lies a well-marked band consisting mainly of finely grained sandstones, which are occasionally calcareous. The sandstones are sometimes thickly bedded, but they are not unfrequently flaggy and much split up by irregular shale bands. an i This band of rock corresponds in character and position with the thick mass of sandstone and shale, which in Derbyshire occurs beneath the lowest coarse grit. In the nomenclature hitherto used by the Geological Survey this lowest coarse grit has been called the Kinder Scout Grit, and has been taken as the base of the Millstone group, while the sandstone below was placed among the Yoredale Rocks under the name of Yoredale Grit. Aa the work has been carried northwards, it has been found impossible in many cases to keep up the distinction between the Kinder Scout and the 42513. E 66 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Yoredale Grit,* and hence it has become necessary to include this lower sand- stone in the Millstone Grit series, and either to reckon it as part of the Kinder Scout Grit, or, where it can be separated, to distinguish it as the Grit of Pendle,” of which hill it forms the capping. The sandstone group just described is overlaid by shales containing many thin beds of flagstone. ‘The thickness of this belt of shale is very variable, but it and the Pendle Grit together probably average about 600 feet. We next come in ascending order to the great sandstone mass which has been distinguished as the Kinder Scout Grit. This group consists of coarse massive grits and conglomerates at the base, with very finely-grained white siliceous sandstones in the upper part. The whole is split up by shale bands irregular in number and thickness, and three or four thin irregular seams of coal occur in the group. Some of the conglomerates are excessively coarse, and contain pebbles of vein-quartz one or two ounces in weight, the inter- stices being filled with smaller pebbles and coarse sand. Occasionally pebbles of sandstone are found. : . The group of rocks just described crops out on the west of the River Aire to the north of Cononley. The lowest sandstone (Pendle Grit) is there very concretionary towards the bottom; the two next beds are coarse grits, and then there follows a bed composed of grit in the lower part, and of a peculiar, fine, white, closely grained flagstone in the upper. A seam of coal, 15 inches thick, was found in the Cononley Lead Mine north of Weasel Green, but the proximity of veins and faults renders it doubtful which bed of sandstone it accompanies. The fault bounding this tract of grit on the south-west is a mineral lode, worked by the Duke of Devonshire. The most abundant ore is Galena; Blende occurs sparingly ; and Smithsonite (Carbonate of Zinc) has also been found. The vein stuff consists of Witherite (Barium Carbonate), Heavy Spar (Barium Sulphate), and Calcite. The section of the Deep Adit Level at this mine on Plate 3 is reduced from tracings kindly made for us by Mr. W. Smith, by the permission of Mr. Eddy. The adit enters the hill on the south side of Cononley Beck, and runs W. 24° S. (magnetic) till it strikes the vein. The section is useful here as showing how very variable the beds near the top of the Kinder Scout Grit are in this locality. On the east of the River Aire the Kinder Scout Grit may be examined about Kildwick and Low Bradley. Some of the highest beds are well shown in the beck that runs past Kildwick Grange, which gives the following section :— : Sandstone. Shale and flaggy sandstone. Hard, closely grained sandstone, with shale partings. Shale and flags. A thick mass of false-bedded, flaggy grit. Thin band of shale. Thick band of massive grit. Grit with beds of flagstone and hard sandy shale. Beneath this group there is probably some thickness of shale. The sand- stone mass next below ranges to the east of Kildwick Hall. I¢ consists for the most part of flaggy cross-bedded sandstone, not coarse, with shale partings. ‘There is an old quarry, 15 chains E. by S. of Kildwick Hall in the rock, Another quarry in the plantation, 30 chains N. by E. of Kildwick Hall, showed very hard, closely-grained, evenly-bedded flags, with partings of dark shale. Beneath this last bed there is another belt mostly shale and scaly flagstone, and we then come on to a great body of very massive coarse grit and conglo- merate, which is well shown in the quarries between Low and High Farnhill and which spreads over the rough ground of Farnhill Moor. This grit makes a number of subordinate escarpments, and is probably divided by several shale bands. * See The Memoir on the Burnley Coalfield, p. 98. Geological. Survey of England & Wales. Plate 3. Section of the Deep Adit, Canonley Lead Mine, 1647. Sale. 40 fathoms to an inch. Dang To face page 66. J + | oe Wales. Plate 3. Section of the Deep Adit, Canonley Lead Mine, 1647. Scale, 40 fathoms to an inch. Dangerfleld Jath.22 Bedtord St Covent Garden MILLSTONE GRIT. 67 On Skipton Moor, again, there are good opportunities for the study of the Kinder Scout Grit. The various beds of coarse grit and fine sandstone rise one from beneath another in a succession of sharp escarpments. Numerous shale bands are either seen in section, or indicated by swampy flats between the sandstone ridges. As far as the evidence, however, will allow us to judge, it seems that the shale bands, and therefore the number of the separable sandstones, vary very much from place to place. Coals in the Kinder Scout Grit east of the Aire.—The following thin iia seams of coal occur in the Kinder Scout Grit on the east of the ire. The lowest ranges from near Edge, through High Bradley, to the road near Bradley Height. Numerous old pits occur along the outcrop, but no in- formation was obtained about the thickness of the seam. There are reports of the existence of another seam about 55 feet above the one just described, but the evidence for its presence is but slight. The next seam lies about 125 feet above the bed at High Bradley, It was found to be 2 feet 6 inches thick at Low Bradley, but thins away to 4 inches near Bradley Mill, and is wanting on Low Bradley Moor. Some 70 feet higher up is another seam, which has been observed at Kild- wick Hall, on Farnhill Moor, on Low Bradley Moor, and near New House on High Bradley Moor. It is nowhere worked and is probably worthless; the only account of it we have been able to obtain is the following report of the section of a pit sunk for stone on Farnhill Moor :— ft. in. Shale - - - - - 15 0 Coal - - - - - 18 Smut and ironston - - - 38 0 Rag. Middle Grits and Measures up to the Rough Rock.—We will first say what there is to be said about these beds over the country to the south-west of Keighley, where, as has been pointed out, they are variable and obscure, and will then take them under the somewhat more constant form which they assume to the north of Keighley. Middle Grits south of Oxenhope.—To the south of Oxenhope the Middle Grit group is so changeable and so much interlaced with sandy shales that it is quite hopeless to attempt any strict correlation of the individual beds of sandstone with the rocks of which they are the general equivalents on the south and on the north. We can only say in a general way that we have groups of irregular sandstones and shales, which lie below the Rough Rock and above the Kinder Scout Grit and must therefore belong to the Middle Division of the Grit series. Middle Grits of the Valley of the Worth above Oakworth,—In the upper part of the Worth valley we meet with very much the same difficulties as beset us in the country south of Oxenhope. It is impossible to correlate the beds with any certainty, but four main beds of sandstone can often be recognised, and the following is as near an approximation as can be made to a general section :— . Sandstone. Coal (?). Shale. Sandstone. Coal. . Sandstone. Shale. Coal. . Sandstone. The coal No. 2 was reached in a bore hole in Clogger Wood 105 feet deep, which started near the base of the sandstone (5); it was 5 inches thick. BE 2 FD wh AAN HM © 68 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The northern end of the puddle trench of the Ponden Reservoir, of which a figure is given on Plate 4, showed— ft. Grit of Scar 'Top (? 9). aa - Shales, very black, containing Gontatites and Aviculopecten, _ with lenticular thickly bedded sandstones - 7 3 Sandstones - - - - - - - 6to7. Shales - - - - - - - 607. Thick mass of sandstone, A group of faults runs across the middle of the trench, on the south side of which is the following section :*— ; ft. Flat Rag Rock - - - - 20 Freestone - - - - - 30 Shale - - - = a - 20 Coal smut. Sandstone with Ganister-like top. The coal smut is probably the seam reached in the bore hole in Clogger Wood ; it is also seen at Rough Top, Oxenhope, where it is 8 inches thick. The Grit on which Stanbury stands is probably No. 6. Near the bottom of this grit a coal, No. 5, was seen alongside Waterhead Lane and in Clough Hole. A coal 20 inches thick, probably the same, was once gotten a little further to the north by a shaft, and a water level was driven to drain the workings from near Sladen Bridge. Our only evidence for the existence of the Coal No. 8 is a row of shallow holes marked “ Old Coal Pits”? on the Ordnance Map. They may be “ Bell Pits,” but they look very like a row of small quarry holes. Middle Grits on east fank of the Worth Valley north of Oxenhope.— _As we pass northwards and eastwards from Oxenhope, the Middle Grit group becomes somewhat more uniform in character, and three beds of sandstone can usually be recognised and traced in it with some degree of certainty. On the east of Oxenhope the two uppermost of these sandstones have been reached in the bore holes whose sections are given below. Bore Hole between Leeming Bore Hole in the Lodging © and Oxenhope Station, Hills Delf. commencing 195 below the base of the Rough Rock. ft. in. i ey Drift es a 3 0 ase of Row, uarried 42 0 Rock. 7 } Flagstone Bored - 45 O (Grey shale - - 63 0 Black shale - -12 0 Shales between | CoaL - - 0 6 Rough Rock | Very hard Iron pyrites 0 6 an < Underclay - - 15 0 Middle Grits | Grey shale - - 45 0 ft. in. 238 feet. Black shale - - 27 0 Reddish yellow clay 9 0 White shale - - 24 0| Black shale - - 21 6 { Black shale - - 51 0 | White clay - - 38 0 Beek - - 3 6 . : andy shale - 10 fe ids Sagerons oe aL Rock (6) - a € Middle Grits -< inc | eee Black shale - ~ 51 0] Black shale - 27 6 Fine white flagstone not Rock (a) - - 32 0 bottomed (a) -12 0 * We are indebted to the engineers ‘of the Bradford Waterworks for the above information, and our thanks are specially due to Mr. Ellis for a copy of the section of the puddle trench, and for permission to examine the sections. Geological Survey of. England & Wales. Ib face page 68. SS a ee Fig. 4. Vv RY Public toad to toad Ftush Isles. Stream Freestorie Shale pee OS SS Coal Smut : Ganister—Uike Sandstone, oO 50 100 200 Scale of Feet. Jection in the Puddle Trench of the Ponden-Reservoir. Dancerrievo.Lith.22.Beororo S’ Covent Garoen. MILLSTONE GRIT. 69 The bottom sandstone of these borings is seen in the Leeming Brook above Oxenhope Mill, and the sandstone above it in the lane east of the mill, and in a roadside quarry near Royd House. -Between Royd House and Sugden End a band of flagstone comes in between the Rough Rock and the sandstone (d) of the last two sections. The general order of the beds hereabouts is as follows: in. Shale of Lord’s Aliotment. Lower Coal Measures. Coarse Grit - - 30 0 Shale on Brow Moor - Rough 50 0 Flagstone - - Rock 50 0 Shale - “ -| °°" 8 Ot09 O Seenin | Flagstone : -J 20 0 avertical | Shale - - - - - 25 0 cutting | Coal - - - - - 0 2 near Hard sandy shale - - - 30 Sugden | Sandstone - - - - 5 0 “End. Sandy shale - - - - 1 6 Carbonaceous shale - - - 0 2 Flagstone of Royd House’ = - 25 0 Shale. Sandstone (b of last sections). The bottom sandstone may be seen in a roadside quarry near North Ives where it is accompanied by shale bands. Between Cullingworth and the Worth valley the section becomes somewhat more complicated. The order and calculated thicknesses of the beds are as follows :— feet. 1l. Grit of Catstones Ring - Rough — 10. Shale - - Tt Rock 75 9. Flagstone - - 25 8. Shale - - - - - 225 7. Grit of Lees Moo . = = 275 6. Shale - - - - - 100 5. Grit of Whins Delf - - - 180 4. Shale - - - - - 115 3. Sandstone - - *s - 55 2. Shale - - - - - 125 1. Grit in the river below Damems - ee tes The flagstone (9) passes into a fine white massive sandstone at Back Shaw. The grit of Lees Moor splits into two beds further to the north. Middle Grits of Keighley and the Valley of the Glusburn Beck.— The Middle Grit group in this neighbourhood has put on very nearly the more constant type which, as we have already mentioned in the general account of the Grits of the Aire basin, prevails near Keighley and thence along the valley of the Wharfe. The general section in the valley of the Glusburn Beck is as follows :— 8. { Begeone } of Spencer Nursery. 7. Shales. 6. Sandstone. 5. Shales. 4. Sandstone. 3. Grit of Earl Crag = Addingham Edge Rock. 2. Shales with beds of sandstones. 1. Kinder Scout Grit. In (2) two beds of saridstone can be recognised south of Weasel Green, and can be followed on the north flank of the valley of Glusburn Beck. We have not been able to trace out these beds on the south side of the valley, as the ground is there thickly covered with Drift, which reaches as high as Crag Side 800 feet above the sea. Above Crag Side comes the escarpment of the Addingham Edge Rock. This rock here consists of two beds, parted by shale, the upper of which forms . 70 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. the bold feature of Earl Crag. The beds run together due south of Sutton, but in its further course to the east the rock becomes split up into three heds. A coarse rock which from its character probably belongs to this part of the series is quarried at High Utley, and parts of it furnish excellent examples of a pritstone which is evidently pounded-up granite. It consists of quartz and large lumps of partially decomposed pink orthoclase, and a block of it might at a casual glance be easily mistaken for a bit of weathered granite. Some of the felspar crystals were scarcely at all rounded and half an inch in length. It was not found possible to trace these grits and the sandstones above them all the way round to Keighley, as the ground is much obscured by Drift, particularly in the basin of the Laycock Beck. . A coal lying at the base of the Addingham Edge Grit has been worked immediately north of Keighley. BLiddle Grits of the east flank of the fire Valley.—A section carried from Rivock Edge through Silsden gives us the following approximate estimate of the order and thickness of the Middle Grits in that aeighopusners — eet. Rough Rock - - - -_ = Shales - - - - - ( Sandstone - - - - - + 240 Coa - - - - - Shales - - - - = Sandstone - - - ” -+ 50 Shales - - es - ad) Coarse Grit of Pinfold Hill - - 70 Shales - - - - - Sandstone - - - - “| 110 . Shale - - - - - Middle : “ . < Fine flaggy sandstone 15\ Addingham ; Cee Coarse Gat - apy Edge fan 100 Shales with irregular beds of flaggy sand- stones - - - - - 310 | Gap - - - - - 3800 Dark shale with thin beds and nodules of earthy limestone containing Goniatites, Posidonomya + - - - 60 Thickly bedded hard Grit - - = 49 | Flaggy. sandstone with shale partings - Shales with a little flaggy sandstone - 260 Top beds of Sandstone - - - - - 650 the Kinder Shales a . ie 7 e - 20 Seout Grit aggy sandstone and shale - - = * \ Flaggy Grit - - — The boundary between the Kinder Scout Grit and the Middle Grits is some-. what arbitrary, and it is questionable whether the bed of grit 40 feet thick baad the fossiliferous shales ought not to be included in the Kinder Scout Grit. The fossiliferous shales with earthy limestones may be examined in the brook between Silsden and Throstle Nest, a farmhouse 20 chains N.W. of that village, and near Low Marchup between Silsden and Addingham. A coal lying beneath the Addingham Edge Grit has beeri worked on both sides of Elam Wood. It has been worked nearly as far to the east as The Airedale Heifer on the Bradford Road, but has not been proved beyond the north-west fault occurring there. At West Riddlesden Hall it was found to 5 feet thick, and 3 feet on the north side of the canal at High Cote. It must disappear to the north for there is no trace of it in the fine section of Holden Gill.* It is present on Oxenhope Moors and near Hebden Bridge. * Prof. Phillips seems to consider this seam to be the same as a coal which is said to have been found at Addingham (Geology of Yorkshire, Part 2, p. 74). The measures at Addingham are much lower than those at Riddlesden Hall, so that this identification cannot be correct. It is besides doubtful if there is a workable coal at Addingham. We could never hear of coal having been worked there; and in an account of a bore hole 206 yards deep, furnished by Mr. Lister of Addingham, nm coal is mentioned. MILLSTONE GRIT. 71 The measures below the Addingham Edge Grit consist in Holden Gill of shales containing irregular and ill-defined beds of flaggy sandstone; these rocks form considerable features and have been quarried east of the road from Silsden to Addingham, on Addingham Middle Moor, and in other places. The Addingham Edge Grit is the most conspicuous of the Middle Grit group; it is well shown in Holden Gill and in the escarpment of White Crag, Brunthwaite Crag, and Spring Crag, and also in Elam Wood. The coal beneath the topmost sandstone of the Middle Grit has been worked on Silsden Moor by numerous dayholes and pits known as Holden Colliery. It is some considerable time since the pits were opened, and very little is known as to the thickness of the coal or the extent of the workings. This seam occurs also at Summer House near Cowling (beyond our dis- trict) as smutty shale 1 foot thick ; at Cullingworth Nook, 2 inches thick on 15 feet of seat-earth ; and at Nab Water (see below). Its underclay is repre- sented by the ‘‘ White Shale’? of the Lodging Hills boring, p. 68. It loses its covering of rock near Cullingworth. A coal, which may possibly be the same bed, has been worked by “ bell pits” below Sconce Crag north of Baildon. Middle Grits of the Valley of the Wharfe.—The slopes of the southern flank of the valley of the Wharfe are occupied by the outcrops of the several beds of the Middle Grit series from Addingham on the west to the escarpment of the Magnesian Limestone on the east. The group conforms more or less closely to the type last described. The Addingham Edge Grit runs in an -almost unbroken line of cliff from Addingham High Moor to Ilkley, and east of that town forms Ilkley Crags, Hanging Stones, the Cow and Calf Rocks, and Pancake Ridge, while still further in the same direction it appears in the escarpment of Otley Chevin. Throughout this range it maintains the character of a coarse massive gritstone. The measures below this rock include three or four sandstone beds parted by thick masses of shale. Above the Addingham Edge Rock two or three important sandstone beds are recognisable; they are perhaps rather stronger in Wharfedale than in Airedale. The shales between them are not so thick as those that separate the lower sandstones of the Middle Grits. Of the belt of Middle Grit that extends from the north of Leeds eastwards to the Magnesian Limestone, we are sorry to say we can give only a very in- complete account, for the following reason. The officer who made the final survey of the ground has resigned his post on the Survey, and has left behind him scarcely any notes that can be made available for the description either of the rocks or geological structure of the district. The beds conform in a general way to the type which is maintained along the south side of the Wharfe Valley west of Ilkley. A more or less coarse massive grit can generally be recognised in the middle of the group, which probably corre- sponds to the Addingham Edge Grit. This rock may be seen about Eccup, Wike, and Bardsey.: The sandstones above and below this grit are very irregular both in number and thickness. An important rock near the base of the series occurs at Harewood, and another noticeable rock, which is pro- bably the uppermost of the group, forms a very broad spread on Black Moor, east of Addle. The detailed working out of the Middle Grits north and north-east of Leeds is difficult, because the country is comparatively low and feebly featured, and very much covered by Drift. Coals belew the Rough Rock.—The Middle Grit group is overlaid to the south-east of Oxenhope by about 280 feet of shales, and in these, at a distance of 105 feet from the uppermost of the Middle Grit sandstones, there is a seam of coal, which has been traced from Nab Water to Solomon’s Temple. The maximum thickness of the coal is 4 inches;, it rests upon an underclay 5 yards thick. South of the watershed the underclay is but 1 foot thick. A coal in a higher position in the series occurs at Park Wood, Thwaites, and Long Lee (east of Keighley). It varies in thickness from 8 inches to 2 feet ; at Park Wood it is 30, and at Thwaites 80 feet below the base of the Rough Rock. Edmondia and other fossils occur at Long Lee with the coal. Coal cccupying a similar place in the series has also heen noticed south 72 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. of the Worth valley. The following boring made by Mr. G. Metcalf, of Stan- bury, shows its position below the Rough Rock of Stanbury bage i— . in Flags and grey shale, about - 39 0 Rough Rock { Grit 8 vy ‘ es - 30 0 Black shale - - - 39 0 Rock - - - - 6 0 Coa - - - - 10 Seat earth - - - - 9 0 Rock and shale bands, about - 60 0 -Coau - - - - 04 Shale, about - - - 90 O The lower coal in this section corresponds to the one we are now describing. The same coal was found 6 inches thick in the boring at Lodging Hill Delf, given on p. 68. The thin coal seen in the vertical cutting at Sugden End (p. 69) may be this bed. There are two other spots at which coal occurs that may correspond to the seam under consideration. At Sykes Head, two miles from Keighley, on the road to Colne, a coal, said to be 14 inches thick, was once reached by shafts at a depth of about 18 yards below the Rough Rock of Branshaw Moov. Again, to the west of Keighley, the Middle Grits are overlaid by shales containing Goniatites, in which a thin seam of coal was once worked above Spring Gardens. Rough Rock on West Side of the Worth Valley.— We now come to the Rough Rock itself, and we will take first its exposures on the west side of the Worth Valley, and then those on the opposite side, The chief point to notice will be the character of the base, which is often formed by a considerable thickness of flagstone, and in some places by a peculiar stone known locally as “the Blues.” There is not unfrequently a coal between the upper coarse and the lower more finely grained portions of the rock. The nature of the rock on Stanbury Moor is given by the boring above. The foot seam of coal has been worked both by shafts and from the outcrop. The position of the base of the rock is very uncertain in some places, as the beds on that horizon are very changeable. On the south flank of Keighley Moor “the Blues” are well shown above Hare Hill on the road leading from Keighley to Colne. ‘The section at Blue- stone Delf, near Hare Hill, is-- Shale. Stone, 3°0 and more. Coal, 0°2 to 0°3, not persistent. Seat earth of white clayey sand, used for scouringstone, 3°0, but not persistent. Hard blue stone, “the Blues,” 15:0. Shale. Coarse grit comes on over all. The beds are very changeable. Where the coal dies out, the blue stone sets in rather abruptly, and to the west coarse grit appears below the seat earth. The changes seem however to be real alterations in the beds, and even where the coal disappears there is no sign of any fault. As we go westwards from Hare Hill the blue stone seems to lose its peculiar character and to be replaced by flagstone, which is seen west of Dean Clough. It has not been found possible to separate on the map the coarse grit from the flagstone all along the escarpment. On the highest part of Keighley Moor the Rough Rock appears to be divided by a band of shale, and an outlier of shale, which may belong to this band, or may possibly be Lower Coal Measures, occurs south-west of White Hill. “The Blues ” appear again beneath the outlier of Rough Rock north-west of Keighley ; they may be seen in a quarry near the Tarn, two miles north- west of the town. A bed of shale here parts the coarse grit of the Rough Rock from the Blues. Rough Rock on the East of the Worth Valley.—Beneath Nab Hill the shales overlying the Middle Grits become flaggy at the top and pass upwards into flagstone, which is extensively quarried on the hill. MILLSTONE GRIT. 43 A section of the upper coarse portion and of the flaggy base of the Rough Rock was furnished by a tunnel driven beneath Thornton Moor to convey water through the water parting from the Leeming Reservoir into the Den- holme District. Faults and the irregularity of the measures make exact correlation of the beds in the different shafts somewhat difficult; there seems reason, however, to think that the Flat Rock of Shafts Nos. 3 and 4 is the same bed,,and putting the section together on the hypothesis, we get the following result :— No. 3. Soil and clay - 9 Coal Measures { EP clay Grit rock Shale - Coarse beds of Pine cee Rough Rock, Grey bind Grey rock Grit rock Shale - Flat rock Shale - Grey rock Shale - Rock - Shale - - To the north the Flagstone at the base of the Rough Rock still continues in great force. At Elm Laith on Black Moor above High Binns a well passed through— om & NOOCNSOSOWSS e © bo Dr to Or Flat rock - Shale - - = = SCODTOAMARORAMOOSE Rag rock Rough Rock. n. i } Flaggy base of 0 Shale - 9 a por @ 8b t bt © @ be 8 6 8 oe _ So ft. in. Coarse grit - - - - 33 0 Shale - - - - - 16 Flagstone - - - - - 104 0 Shale bands are of frequent occurrence in the Flagstone, and in a quarry near Cuckoo Park the remarkable interlacing of shale and sandstone figured on Fig. 12 was seen in 1868. The shale band between the Grit and the Fig, 12, Replacement of Flagstone by Shale. Quarry near Cuckoo Park. Flag- Shale. stone. 74 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Flagstone extends to the large quarries (Lodging Hills Delf) near the Keighley and Halifax {urnpike road, where its lenticular termination was seen resting on a denuded surface of flagstone and covered by irregular cross- bedded sandstone. A section of the boring made in these quarries has already been given on p. 68. The section on page 69 of the beds about Sugden End shows that the band of shale between the grit and the flagstone has there very much increased in thickness, apparently at the expense of the grit. ; There is an outlier of sandstone very much false bedded, which is extensively worked for flags at Penistone Quarries. This probably belongs to the flaggy base of the Rough Rock. Going on still northwards a band of flagstone occurs beneath the coarse grit of Catstones Ring (see section, p. 69) on the west of the hill, but cannot be traced on its southern flank. : Flagstone again crops out beneath the coarse grit of Harden Moor on the west. The bed, however, seems to lose its distinctive character to the north, and to pass into coarse grit, for at Druids Altar, on the north-eastern flank of Harden Moor, though we find two escarpments, the upper of which seems to correspond to that of the coarse grit and the lower to that of the flagstone, the bottom bed is no longer finely grained but exceedingly rough. Another escarpment occurs still higher up, indicating that the Rough Rock consists here of three beds of grit parted by bands of something softer. The grit of Harden Moor is everywhere very coarse; at Druids Altar it contains pebbles of quartz, felspar, and (?) hornstone. Rough Rock of Rumbles Moor.—On the broad flat summit of Rumbles Moor the division of the Rough Rock into three beds, of which indications were seen to the north-west of Bingley, becomes more distinctly marked. The bottom bed crops on Bingley Moor, and forms the escarpments of Coopers Cross, Buck Stones, and Rivock Edge. No distinct band of flagstone exists below this grit. The middle bed forms the broad spread in the centre of Rumbles Moor. The upper bed, which is the least important of the three, occurs in small outlying patches at Thimble Stones, Reva, and Todda, above Hawkesworth. In thé two latter localities it is quarried for building puyposes. To the south these three beds run together and form the great mass of coarse grit east of Bingley, south of Baildon, and at Shipley. COAL MEASURES. SEcTION 3. Genera. Sxetcn or tHE Yorxsuire Coat Measures. 75 The main members of the Coal Measure group are shown in the following table. - The names borne by coals and sandstones in different parts of the field are arranged as nearly as may be in geographical order, beginning on the left-hand side with the names current in the south-eastern districts. In the same way the average thicknesses in feet of the various groups on the south are given in the left-hand margin, and those on the north in the right-hand margin. Taser of the YorxsHirE Coat Measures. ? Upper 20 0 Dark shale - = = = i Grit - - - - - - 25 0 There is no coal visible. In New Leeds Quarry only the sandy shales appear. In Bramley Fall Quarries we find the following section (Fig. 17) :— Dark shale - - - - - 12 0 (seen) Black line, say - - - - 0 6 Clay - - - - - - 2 6 Shale - - - - - 60 Sandstone - - - - - 1 0 Dark shale - - - - - 20 Sandstone - - - - - 16 Dark shale - - - - - 20 Sandstone - - - - - 20 Dark shale - - - - - 16 Grit - - - - - - 380 0 (seen). The black line seen in the section looks like a coal smut, but is inaccessible. In these sections we have a group of variable beds overlying the Rough Rock, which correspond in a general way to those described in the section of the New Laithes cutting. Crawshaw Sandstone or Soft Bed Flags.—In the measures which lie between the Soft Coal and the Fireclay which we have just traced round the coalfield, there is little to call for notice beyond the variations in thickness ae Ehinecest of the rock which we call the Crawshaw Sandstone or the Soft ed Flags, BEDS BETWEEN ROUGH ROCK AND SOFT COAL. 93 This bed is very largely deyeloped on Ughill Moors; here it is for the most ; part finely grained and flaggy, but here and there, at Gibraltar Rocks for Fig. 17. Bramley Fall Quarry. instance, it puts on the form of a coarse, well jointed, falsely bedded grit, closely resembling some of the Millstone Grits. ‘The whole of the hill top on which Crawshaw Wood: stands seems to be formed of this rock, and, if this be the case, it cannot have a thickness of less than 150 feet, without the top being reached, at that.spot. We know of nowhere else where this bed is anything like so thick. North-east of Ughill, where the whole of the bed is shown, it does not seem to be more than 40 or 50 feet'thick. The section hereabouts is given in No.1, Plate5; the Crawshaw Sandstone has been taken at its maximum thickness. In the valley of Storrs Brook and on the south-west side of the Loxley valley above the junction with Storrs Brook, the Crawshaw Sandstone seems to be absent, for nothing but shale is seen between the Rough Rock and the horizon, where the Coking Coal would be expected; No. 2, Plate 5. On the north side of the Loxley valley, however, a sandstone corresponding in position to this bed puts in. os The rock makes a broad spread on Onesmoor and around Onesacre, and a long tongue of it runs down to Middlewood. It is largely quarried ‘in Middlewood and Hagg Stones Quarries, where it is a very thickly bedded, coarse gritstone; it changes, however, rapidly in character, and over Ones- moor and’ around Onesacre it becomes a finely grained flaggy sandstone. This alteration in texture is very sudden, and is one of the most’ striking instances of the inconstancy of Coal Measure sandstones that have come under notice. It yields an eloquent protest against the custom, so common among “ practical men,” of attempting to identify sandstone beds by mineral character alone. In the Measures beneath the Hagg Stones rock a section, showing a remark- able interlacing of shale and sandstone, was laid open by the side of the road 94 -G@EOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. from Wadsley Bridge to Oughtibridge, 100 yards north-west of the “ Corpora- tion Arms” public-house. It is figured below. Fig. 18. Section showing interlacing Shale and Sandstone. . Hard sandy shale. . Sandstone mixed with and passing into sandy shale. . Sandy shale ending in concretions to the left hand. : . Dark shale with thin layers of coal, dovetailing into the beds on the right hand. Height of section six feet. mode On the eastern side of the Don the Coking Coal rests directly on a flaggy sandstone, which is well shown in the Sough Dike at Oughtibridge, in Water- fall Clough, and in the railway cutting half a mile to the north-west. No. 3, Plate 5. To the north this bed becomes parted from the overlying coal by a band of shale. Thus in the section at Black Rocher, near Stocksbridge, we find— ft. in. Grey, hard clay, probably underclay of Coking Coal - — Dark sandy shales with thin bands of sandstone - 30 0 Hard, closely grained sandstone (Soft Bed Flags) -_ = No. 4, Plate 5, shows the average section around Stocksbridge. After leaving Stocksbridge we get no good section below the Coking Coal till we come to Langsett. Here the measures between the coal that has been worked on Gilbert Hill, which we believe to be that seam, and the Rough Rock are about 100 feet thick, and all shale. No. 5, Plate 5. From Langsett the outcrop of the Lower Coal Measures bends northwards and runs down into the valley of the Don. In Sledbrook Dike, on the north side of that valley, the measures immediately beneath the Coking Coal are seen to consist of alternations of sandstone and shale. They pass northwards into shale, and this continues to be their character as far north as Honley, where they consist merely of 100 to 80 ft. of shale. (See Section 6, Plate 5.) North of Honley flaggy sandstone comes on beneath the Soft Coal, and increases rapidly in thickness near Huddersfield, where a bore hole at Mold Green gives the following section of this series. (See Sect. 7, Plate 5.) , BEDS BETWEEN ROUGH ROCK AND SOFT COAL. 95 Thickness. ft. in. Sort Coan, SEAT-BARTH. Blue stone, called Soft Bed stone - - 9 0 Rag and stone. (Soft Bed Flags.) - 102 0 Black shale - - - - 33 0 Fireclay - : - - - 6 0 Coan - - - - - 0 4 150 4 Rough Rock. These Soft Bed Flags are largely worked for flagstones, and exhibit some remarkable instances of false bedding, well seen in Marsh Quarry near Gled- holt, Huddersfield, of which the following cuts (Figs. 19, 20, and 21) are examples. Fig. 19. Section in Marsh Quarry, Gledholt. a. Hard, falsely bedded sandstone. 6. Black clayey shale with roughly rounded blocks of sandstone not unlike (a). c. Flaggy micaceous sandstone. x to z' 36 feet. Fig. 20. Section in Marsh Quarry, Gledholt. a. Sandstone. 0. Sandy shale. v. Sandstone. d. Flaggy sandstone. Fig. 21. Section in Marsh Quarry, Gledholt, Huddersfield. eee : ROOM ee Sie Li Hi _ vil =f i i x to x}, 22 feet; y to y), 1 foot; y to x, 55 feet. Just north of Lindley a large east.and west fault cuts off the flags, and when the mesures are again seen, rather more than a mile to the west, there 96 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. is little or no flagstone: the whole thickness seems to have died out very abruptly. From Elland, northwards to Swill Hill, a distance of 7 miles, the measures are almost wholly represented -by shale, from 60 to 100 feet in thickness, and the thin coal above the Rough Rock is found here and there. At Catherine Slack a sinking gives the following section (No. 8, Plate 5) :— Thickness. ft. in. Sorr Coan - - 3 « I 8 Seat-earth - - - a - 20 Stone (Soft Bed Flags) - - - 12 0 Shale - - - : - 81 0 Coa - - 2 a - 06 Seat-earth - - - @ - 10 Shale and rag - - = - 30 0 Grit. In this section it is doubtful whether the 30 ft. of shale and rag belong to the Millstone Grit or to the Coal Measures. From sections between Thornton and Denholme Clough the following account of the measures now under consideration has been drawn up :— ft. in. 1 6 18 0 Low Brep Coat - - zm Low Bed Stone - - - Strong grey shale - - - 66 0 Sand or Rough Rock - - - 180 0 Near the north-west corner of the coalfield there is a thin coal called the Crow Coal which is 10 yards below the Soft Bed Coal; a good section of it is seen for some little distance along the banks of Cottingley Beck, where the following thicknesses were observed :— ft. in Shale - - - - - 8 O Coal - - - a - 04 Clay - - - - - 8 0 Shale. But little is known of these measures in “this district, as their outcrop is much obscured by faults, especially to the south of Wilsden- and Shipley, where the Rough Rock is thrown directly against beds higher than those now under consideration. The outlier of Lower Coal Measures at Baildon shows the following section of the zone of measures now under consideration. (See Sect. 10, Plate 5.) ‘ ft. in. Sort Bep Coat. Calliard - - - - - Shale - - - - 7} bo 8 Rough Rock. This section shows a continuance of the decrease in thickness northwards of these beds, which we have found to take place along the whole of their range op south to north. ou complete section of these measures as seen in the new cutting near has been given on p. 90, Fig. 14. See also Sec. 11, Plate 5. Ore HE Rough Rock coal there are about 30 feet of dark shales. Above these come about 15 feet of very thinly laminated grey sandy shales with alternate dark stripes. Over these there lies a dark band of about a foot thick, and this is succeeded by a sandstone 5 feet thick, underlying a coal smut, which there is every reason to suppose is the soft coal.. This coal smut is ahout 54 feet above the Rough Rock. eh _ Inthe Rawden Outlier the general section of the beds under ‘consideration’ is as follows :— uo Sort Bev Coat - - - - “ il’ Sandstone - - - - - Shale - - - - = } 40 0 Rough Rock. BEDS BETWEEN ROUGH ROOK AND SOFT COAL. 97 The sandstone under the Soft Coal, known as the Soft Bed Seatstone, has been noticed in the section at Swaine Wood on p.90. Itisa thin rock and cannot always be followed accurately, and apparently it dies out in places. The portion immediately under the coal is close, finely grained, hard, and quartzose, approaching a ganister in character; this passes downwards into an ordinary sandstone. The bed corresponds with the Low Bed Stone and Calliard of the Denholme and Baildon sections (p. 96). Such is the general character of these beds round the outlier, but on the west side about Little London the following exceptional section occurs :— feet. 4. Grit of Little London - - - 60 3. Shales - - - - - 50 2. Grit Rough 1. Flagstone J Rock. The bed (4) is a coarse massive grit closely resembling the Rough Rock It is seen in quarries at Little London, where it appears to be some 50 feet thick. To the north of the village it forms a well-marked feature up to North Yeadon ; the beds are there shifted by a fault, but to the north of this fault a corresponding escarpment appears above the Rough Rock, and from this escarpment the plateau on which Benton Park stands stretches away to the east. There can be little doubt that this feature is formed by the grit of Little London. The bed is here probably not less than 60 feet thick. The grit, however, cannot be recognised north of this plateau. To the south of Little London the grit may be followed to a fine group of crags above Buckstones House; it is here extremely massive and coarse. The escarp- ment terminates abruptly at the crags, but it is not possible to say whether the ending off is owing to the sudden thinning out of the bed, because there is a fault pointing exactly to this spot, and the termination may be due to the bed being thrown down and the escarpment cut off by the fault. There is no corresponding escarpment, however, on the downcast side of the fault, and the probability seems to be that the termination of the bed is produced by the rapid thinning away of the grit; and it is by no means unlikely that the line of weakness, which the sullen substitution of shale for grit has given rise to, has determined the position of the fault. It is, there- fore, probable that this grit formsa lenticular mass extending from Buckstones Crags on the south to a little beyond Benton Park on the north. It will further be noticed that this grit occupies the position which is else- where taken hereabouts by the Soft and Hard Coal and the measures between them ; it is also significant that these coals have not been worked over the ground where this grit occurs, so that though we have no actual proof of their absence, it is not unlikely that they are wanting over that space. Putting all these facts together it seems likely that, when the rocks were in the process of formation, this grit stood up as a sand bank, and that the measures which contain the Soft and Hard Coals were deposited around it and abutted against it somewhat in the manner shown in Fig. 22. Fig. 22. Diagram to explain the probable relation of the Grit of Little London to the Measures containing the Soft and Hard Coals. = we a ee ee Te a a” 1. Rough Rock. 2. Shale. 3. Soft Bed Seatstone. 4. Soft Bed Coal. 5. Hard Bed Coal. 6. Grit of Little London. Some 35 feet of shales above the Rough Rock are shown in Goole Quarry. The lower 25 feet are sandy and the upper 10 dark, reversing the 42513. G 95 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. order of the Idle cutting. In Bramley Fall Quarry (Fig. 17) the lower part of the sandy shales is S pnescated by sandstones and shale bands, and what looks like a coal smut lying on a clay appears at the base of the dark shales. From Headingly Moor, north-west of Leeds, to Carr House, an east and west fault throws out these basement beds of the Lower Coal Measures ; then they are seen on the north side of the fault for a couple of miles, as some 120 feet of shale (see Sec. 14, Plate 5); east of Roundhay Park, however, they are once more thrown out and do not appear again between the Park and the Magnesian Limestone on the east. 2. The Soft Bed Coal. Coking Coal. Soft Coal. Low Bed. Halifax Soft Bed. This is a thin bed of coal, which we cannot actually affirm to be present over the southern portion of the coalfield, but which can be certainly traced from Oughtibridge round the western and northern margin of the Coal Measures to the north of Leeds. Over a great part of the range of its outcrop its average thick- ness may be put down at 18 inches; in places it swells out to 3 feet, only a part of which however is a clean coal, and here and there it dwindles down for a space to three or four inches. North of Leeds where it is last seen its thickness is only 3 inches. It has been largely worked at many places and found to be of fair quality. . We have not learned that the Coking Coal has been proved to the south of Sheffield, and the known traces of the bed in the neighbourhood of that town are few and uncertain. There are no grounds, however, for supposing that this coal is absent around Sheffield, and the uncertainty as to its presence arises merely from a want of exploration. In the quarry at Ran Moor Cliff there is a coal immediately below the gritstone. If weare right in identifying the latter with a well-known sand- stone bed, lying between the Clay and Coking Coals and known as the Middle Rock, this seam must be the Coking Coal. It is a rather slaty coal, mixed with hard black shale, altogether 2 feet thick. Turning westwards from Sheffield we find, on the north side of the Rivelin valley, a ganister, which may possibly be the representative of this bed. We were told that it was found in a well 10 chains west of Roscoe Plantation ;: and, as it lies apparently about 50 yards below the Ganister Coal, and as ganister is sometimes found underneath the Coking Coal, it may be that this ganister represents that seam. Again still further to the west a coal, said to between 15 and 16 inches thick, has been worked in bygone times north of Ughill. It seems to lie directly on the Crawshaw Sandstone, and is probably the Coking Coal. Retracing our steps eastward we should next look for the outcrop of the Coking Coal on the slopes leading down from Dungworth into the valleys of Storrs Brook, the R. Loxl2y, and the lower part of Ughill Brook; there are, peRere no signs of the bed over the ground, and possibly it may be wanting ere. On the north side of the Loxley valley, however, a coal has been gotten between Loxley House and Lee Bank, which is probably this seam. Still further north there is a little outlying ring of a coal, about 10 inches thick, at Greaves Bush south-west of Onesacre. There can be little doubt that this is the Coking Coal, but it is the only place where we have seen the bed over the tract of Coal Measures bounded by the Loxley on the south, the Don on the east, and the Ewden Beck on the north. There is indeed a thin coal seen in the brook, about 10 chains west of the new South Yorkshire THE SOFT BED OOAL. 99 Lunatic Asylum near Wadsley, which may be the Coking Coal, but the ground is bounded on all sides by faults, and itis impossible to identify any of its rocks with certainty. On the north flank of the valley of the Ewden Beck a coal crops in Bank Lane, and the same bed has been proved about 25 chains to the south-east of that spot. We were told that it was 1 foot 6 inches thick, and was underlaid by 2 feet of ganister. It is most likely that this is the Coking Coal, but a pes of any exploration makes it impossible to speak with certainty on is point. _ Again, a coal crops in the grounds of Town End House, which there can be little doubt is the Coking Coal. The bed was laid bare for some 300 yards, and the section was very instructive, as showing the great variation to which Sg Measure rocks are liable. At one end of the cutting the section was as ollows : ft. in. ft. in, Hard Sandstone - - - Black Shale - - - Coal = - - - 12 Bastard Ganister and Underclay - 2 Oto 3 0 Sandstone, about - -12 Oto 15 0 The coal for the first 300 yards varied in thickness down to one or two inches ; a little further on there was only one inch of coal, one foot of ganister, and a few feet of sandstone; still further on the coal and ganister disappeared altogether, and the sandstone was reduced to 2 feet: soon afterwards the coal set in again and the sandstone thickened slightly. Turning to the east side of the valley of the Don, we have no sections that cut low enough to show the Coking Coal till we come nearly to Oughtibridge. Here we were informed by Mr. T. Young that the bed has been proved to be a foot thick. Its outcrop may be seen in the railway cutting 23 chains south of the station. Between Oughtibridge and Deepcar Station we have no information about this seam. From Deepcar the outcrop of the Coking Coal runs along both sides of the valley of the Little Don, and we come into a district where the bed has been extensively worked. The coal is here largely used for making the soft coke employed in smithy work at Sheffield. It is burnt in large heaps in the open air, and when the gaseous constituents are driven off, the fire is put out by smothering it. with fine cinders. This bed has also been worked by Mr. S. Fox, for the Stocks- bridge Works, and the way in which this large establishment has been supplied with fuel from so thin a bed is an admirable instance of what skill and energy can make out of a seam apparently insignificant, and gives good grounds for the hope that, even after our thicker coals have begun to fail, good use may still be made of these thinner and inferior beds, which we are now in the midst of our plenty apt to look down upon. The following account of the coal in these workings was given us. Coal 9 inches to 2 feet 10 inches, average 1 foot 9 inches; where thickest the coal is much split up by bands of shale, only about half of it being fit for coking ; the remainder, however, can be used for engine purposes. The crop was again seen in Sheephouse Wood, by the turnpike road, 20 chains east of Midhopestones Toll Bar; it showed there—- ft. in. Coal with dirt partings - - - 16 Coal, clean and solid - - - 12 Coal, soft and dirty - - - 0 5 In Hand Bank Plantation, a little to the west of the Toll Bar, there is a day hole at the outcrop of the Coking Coal, and it there reaches the thickness of 3 feet. . A coal, which we believe to be the Coking Coal, has been worked beneath Gilbert Hill and Brown Edge, north-west of Langsett, and the crop was again seen in the road on the south of the farmhouse Ranah, about a mile further to the north; at Ramah Cote, near Hazelhead Bridge, it was found G2 100 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. 1 foot 3 inches thick, and but 9 inches in the stream below Sledbrook Hill. A little farther west, just north of Carlcotes, it was found to be but 3 inches thick. North of Tinker Hill the seam again thickens ; at Berristall, south of Hep- worth, it is 10 inches, at Barnside 1 foot, and north of Hepworth 1 foot 6 inches ; here it is much worked on account of its good quality. A little north of New Mill it is 2 feet thick, but northwards again diminishes to 1 foot 6 inches. It is worked along the bank above Salford, with thickness of from 1 foot 2 inches to 1 foot 4 inches. ; : About Huddersfield its thickness is 1 foot 6 inches, its quality at Far Town better than to the south of Huddersfield, while at Field House Colliery, just north-east of Far Town, it was found not to be worth working. Round Elland, and as far as Halifax, the average thickness is still 1 foot 6 inches, though at one spot just north of Elland it is 2 feet 2 inches. At Quarry House Colliery, Northowram, north-east of Halifax, it is 1 foot 3 inches; north of Halifax 1 foot 6 inches, and about Clayton and Swill Hill 1 foot 4 inches. The deepest shaft to this coal between Midhopestones and Swill Hill is one by Marsh Lane, just south of Halifax, which is 190 yards. The Soft Bed Coal is worked in most of the pits about Thornton, and along its outcrop from Denholme to Shipley, it varies from 1 foot 4 inches to 1 foot 6 inches in thickness. In the Baildon outlier it is 1 foot 6 inches thick and has been worked. It has been worked from two day holes east of Windhill, and by shafts, the deepest of which was 70 yards, under Wrose Hill. All the workings had ceased before 1868. After passing Crag End, near Shipley, it is not seen till we come to Thackley, near which place it was laid open in the cutting at Crag Hill; it is here a mere smut, probably never more than 6 inches thick, and is often very nearly, and in one case entirely, nipped out. From this point to near Greengates this bed terminates on the north against a fault and so has no outcrop. In the half mile between Albion Mill and Carr Beck it again outcrops, but was nowhere seen. Some pits have been sunk to it below the bassett of the Hard Bed, and in the neighbourhood of Park Cottage its thickness was stated to be 3 feet. It iss aid, however, that this swelling out was quite local, and that the seam thinned away rapidly on all sides. As the workings are now abandoned no opportunity occurred of verifying these statements. iis seam is present in the Rawden outlier, and at Rawden is 10 inches ck. Over the small area north of Leeds where this coal has an outcrop, it is quite valueless, being but 3 inches thick. It is underlaid by 3 feet of galliard. 3. Measures between the Soft Bed or Coking Coal and the Ganister or Hard Bed Coal. Plate 6. This is a well-defined zone, bounded above and below by coals that can be traced through the whole of the coalfield, and con- taining a thin coal, also of very constant occurrence over a part of the range, known as the Clay or Middle Bed Coal. The thickness of the zone decreases from south to north. The maximum in the former quarter is as follows : GANISTER CoaL - 3 - ‘ 2 Measures - - - - - 60 Cuay Coa - fe z = oe Measures - - - - - 90 Coxine Coau This thickness is maintained to about the neighbourhood of ne North of that place the average section for some istance 1s— BEDS BETWEEN THE SOFT AND HARD COALS. 101 ft. Harp Coat - - si 7 ere Measures - - . ms - 380 Mippie Bep “ - i a es Measures - - i 7 - 40 Sorr Bep - 7 2 eo The decrease in thickness is still greater further to the north, and at Rawden the Hard and Soft Coals are only 30 feet apart. The Ganister Coal will be described in the next section. The Clay Coal, with one or two exceptions, has never been found worth working, though occasionally the clay beneath it is of some value. The intermediate measures contain much sandstone. Most of the sandstone beds are not continuous, as will be seen from the detailed description which follows. One bed however lying between the Clay and Coking Coals, though subject to very great variations in thickness, and here and there wanting altogether, can be very generally recognised. It is often known by the name of the Middle Rock, and is of unusual hardness in the neighbour- hood of Huddersfield and Halifax. (1.) Sheffield to Deepcar.—In the neighbourhood of Sheffield the follow- ing section, laid open in the cuttings made by the Gas Works Company at the south-west corner of Old Park Wood, may probably be taken as an average section of these beds :— Estimated ft. in. thicknesses. 14. GANIsTER CoAL - - - 12 13. Bastard Ganister - - - - 6 07 12, Gap - - - = eee 11. Black shale - - - -_ 43 0 10. Sandstone - - - - 4 0 9. Black shale —- < : = 20) 8. Coan - - - - - O12 7. Very hard nodular Ganister - - 0 1to0 6] 6. Hard sandy underclay- - - 20 5. Sandstone - “ - - 40 L 32 0 4, Hard sandy shale - - - _ 3. Dark shale - “ - _ 2. Cuay CoaL - - Oll 1. Sandstone. “ Middle Rock.” We have no section in this neighbourhood directly down to the Coking Coal, but it is not unlikely that that seam lies immediately underneath the sandstone No. 1. The bed No. 1 is of considerable thickness in the neighbourhood of Sheffield. It is possible that the rock in Ranmoor Quarry may belong to it; and, if this be the case, it here puts on the form of a coarse, well-jointed gritstone. Whether our interpretation of the geology of the neighbourhood of Ranmoor be right or not, there is no doubt that No. 1 forms the bold hill running northwards from Tapton Hill. It is here a thickly bedded, gritty sandstone, not very coarse, and is largely quarried. Along the north flank of the Rivelin valley, and on both sides of the Loxley valley, it is a thick mass of flaggy sandstone, especially conspicuous to the south and east of Dungworth. Ina bore hole rather more than a quarter of a mile south-east of the farm house, the Yews, near Worrall, the rock was found as below :— ft. in. Strong freestone - - - ~ 43 6 Stone and shale - - - - 12 2 Grey stone - - ” - - 4 8 Grey stone and shale - - ~ 23 6 To the north-west of Worrall this sandstone seems -to die away. So far there seems reason to believe that the Middle Rock fills up the whole of the space between the Clay Coal and the horizon where the Coking Coal 102 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. would be looked for. On the eastern side of the Don valley, however, from Oughtibridge northwards, this sandstone-is of smaller thickness, and a belt - of shale comes in between its base and the Coking Coal. The section below shows this change. Section at Oughtibridge, partly from the Account of Mr. J. Young. ft. in. GANISTER COAL - - - -_ = Ganister and clay - - - -_ = Measures mostly shale - - - 60 0° Cuay Coau - - - - 06 Clay and Bastard Ganister - - 20 Bind - - - - - 6 0 Sandstone, “‘ Middle Rock ’”’ - - 380 0 Shale - - - - - 52 0 Cox1ne CoaL - - - 10 The Middle Rock may be traced from this section on through Wharncliffe Wood, and is seen in the railway cutting south of Deepcar Station. Our information about the Clay Coal in the neighbourhood of Sheffield is scanty, but it seems to be represented there by a bed known as the Rattlers. This is, in whole or part, a hard, dicey, carbonaceous shale approaching a Cannel Coal, and the name seems to have been given either from the rattling sound of the cubical fragments as they are shovelled out, or from the cracking and flying of the mineral when it is burnt. Mr. Hadfield, of Ashdell, has lately sunk to what is believed to be this bed on the hill side below Greystones. It was there found to be a strong carbonaceous shale, with thin streaks of coal, 3 feet 8 inches thick. The crop was seen in the Porter Brook, a little west of Spur Gear Wheel; it seemed here to be a mixture of coal and car- bonaceous shale, the latter scarcely deserving the name of a stone coal. It had apparently been worked a little. A similar seam was seen in the brook course in the grounds of Tapton Grove. . Descending into the Rivelin valley a seam, which is probably the Clay Coal, was shown in the graves of the Roman Catholic Cemetery, at the spot formerly occupied by Spooner Wood. The section is— ft. in. Sandy shale - - _ = : Black shale about - - - 3 0 Coat, Cuay Coan - - 0 5tol O Bastard Ganister - Sandstone. Middle Rock - fa ar Ae The seam was again shown a little north of the junction of the Rivelin and Loxley Brooks in a road cutting a little east of the Yew Tree public-house. The section was— ft. in Bins ae mei shale - - = rey sandy shale - - - 8 Black shale - - - - 1 ” Cray Coan = - - - 0 8to0 9 Irregular band of Nodular Ganister, up to - 0 3 Underclay = - - - - 1 8 Hard sandy shale and thin sandstone, about - 5 0 Hard, evenly bedded sandstone, Middle Rock - — Over the ground between the Rivelin and Loxley valleys thi is sai to have been found 10 inches thick at Little Matlock , aii nage ge Dae. worth Mr. Jeffcock tells us it was proved to be in places as much as 1 foot inches. About half a mile south-east of Worrall the bed i i clay beneath, with the following section :— gr cece tan the : ft. in. - 010t0 011 20 Coal s e Clay - On the east side of the Don a the Cla; 1 in th Coal was seen in the rai cutting in the south-west corner of Old Park Wood as a fed of aloe oe BEDS BETWEEN THE SOFT AND HARD COATS. 103 11 inches thick, resting on sandstone. In some cuttings however close by, on the western side of the railway, only a bed of black shale was seen in the corresponding position, and, though the section was clear and carefully examined, no trace of coal could be found. : _ The seam is known to be present at Oughtibridge, and its smut was seen in the railway cutting south of Deepcar Station, but we have no certain details of it at either of these places, or over the ground between them. The thin bed of coal and ganister, Nos. 7 and 8 in the section on p. 101, which may be called the Little Ganister Coal, seems to be very generally present round about Sheffield, but we have not certainly recognised them elsewhere. It was seen in the old workings between Crookes and Spring Vale, in the brick pits and quarries near Rawson Spring Farm, half a mile oun of Owlerton, and in the cutting from which the section on p. 101 was aken. The same bed was sunk to in wells and opened out in quarries in some allotment gardens on Walkley Bank, the section being— ft. in. Hard flaggy sandstone - - - Shale - - - - - 3 0 Coat - - - - - 0 4 Ganister - - - - - There seems here to be a bed of sandstone immediately below the coal here. ‘The cuttings in the allotment garden north-east of the junction of the Rivelin and Loxley brooks also bared this bed. They showed— ft. in. Dark shale - - < - 2 Hard flaggy sandstone - - 6 0 CoaL - - - - - 038 Ganister, thickness not seen. The ganister below this bed is very irregular in thickness, but seemed of good quality. : The measures between the last coal and the Ganister Coal call for no special notice. (2.) Deepear to Midhopestones.— We have now completed our account of the zone of measures under consideration up to Deepcar station, and their general character is shown in sect. No. 1, Plate 6. We will next consider them as they are found along the valley of the Little Don, between Deepcar and Midhopestones. The general character of the measures over this ground is shown in sections 2 to 7, Plate 6. No. 2. Section by Deepear Milt ft. in. GanisTER CoaL - = - % Ga 7 = = 2 a Black shale and ironstone - 7} about 45 0 B. Coal and shale, with trace of fireclay underneath 1 0 Hard sandstone - - - - - 14 0 A. Coal - - - - - - 10. Underclay - - = % - 40 Hard sandstone, Middle Rock - = = We look upon the two beds A and B as the parted representatives of the Clay Coal, No, 3, Section in Heywood Quarry. ft. in. Flaggy sandstone, seen about - - - - 10 0 Dark shale - . - - = : 2 Coal - - = - 5 < Trace of Aveta | oe Coal - : - - ~- 15 Trace of fireclay - 2 z é z 2 Dark grey shale - - 2 - 20 Hard, closely grained, thickly bedded, well-jointed sand- -stone, Middle Rock, not bottomed —- : - 30 0 104 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE OCOALFIELD. No. 4. Section in Clough Dyke. ft. in. ease ne - - - - Cray Coau - - - - Seen in the brook 1 fs underclay and bastard ganister Black shale - . - - 15 0 Hard sandstone, Middle Rock - 12 0 cay Dark grey shale - - 39 0 Colliers’ account (jean black shale ; - 1b 0 Coxine CoAL - - - 14 No. 5. Clay Works, 700 feet N.N.E. of Watson House. ft. in. Sandstone - ” - - - Shale - - - - - 6 0 Cuay Coau - = z - 10 Clay - - - : » 2 9 Dark shale - - - - 16 0 Black shale - - - - 10 Sandstone, Middle Rock - - -~ 24 0 Shale - - - - - 38 0 Coxine CoaL - No. 6. Coal Pit beside Pit Lane, East of Spink House. Colliers’ Account. ft. in. Rubble and sandstone - - - 18 0 Cuay Coan - - - - 10 Underclay - - - - - 2 0 Bastard ganister - - - - 10 6 Shale - ~ - - - 21 0 Sandstone, “ Middle Rock” - - 18 0 Shale - - a * - 381 6 Black shale, Anthracosia, fish - - 7 6 Coxine CoaAL - - - - 10 No. 7. Section by Red Rocher. ft. in, Sandy shale and sandstone - - Black shale - - - - 5 0 Coal - - - - 1 5 Dirt jeux Coan - - - 0 8 Coal - - - - 10 Black shale - - - - 01 Hard sandstone - - - - 02 Sandy shale = 7 x - 26 Hard sandstone, not bottomed, Middle Rock 18 0 In these sections we still have the Middle Rock between the Clay and the Coking Coals, but its thickness and position in the measures varies consider- ably. We have the Clay Coal showing great variations in thickness, and we have in addition a bed of sandstone overlying the Clay Coal, not noticed in the country to the south. As we trace the beds up the valley the sandstones both above and below the Clay Coal thin away and finally disappear. The latter, however, we shall see comes in again from Hazlehead northwards. The under- clay of the Clay Coal has been worked in this neighbourhood for brick and pe purposes. The following section of the bed was given us at the Stocks- ridge works of Mr. 8. Fox :— : ft. in. Clay Coal, very good in places - - 10 Underclay, making good fire bricks - 010t02 6 The Clay Coal seems to have been gotten in Sheephouse Wood, and in an old dayhole there was seen to be underlaid by ganister of fair quality. BEDS BETWEEN THE SOFT AND HARD COALS. 105 (3.) Midhopestones to Swilling Hill.—About Midhopestones, if our infor- mation is corrrect, these measures run as follows :— Plate 6, No. 8. GanistER CoaL Shale - - Cuay or BAND CoaL Light Clay - Bastard Ganister - - Shale, with a little sandstone at top Sort Bep Coa. - - The Clay Coal has been worked. To the north of Langsett we get the following section, No. 9, Plate 6 :— 211 3 oowoo ft. GANISTER CoAL - - - - -_— Shales - - - - - -_— Sandstone at Hoodlands’ - - - -_— Shale - - = = - -_— Black shale - - - - _— Coan, Ciay Coan - - - - 2 Underclay - - - - - - 3 Hard sandy shale and Ironstone - - - 38 Hard sandstone of Gilbert Hill, Brown Edge, and Ranah Stones, Middle Rock - - - 380 Shales - - - - - - 650 Coat. Coking Coa - - - - Shales - - - - - - 100 Rough Rock - - - - -_— The seams, which we have here identified with the Coking and Clay Coals, are nearer together than in the Midhopestones section, and also than in the sections immediately to the north, but their general position in the measures agrees so well with that of these beds, that we have little doubt of the correct- ness of our interpretation. The Middle Rock is a very hard closely-grained sandstone. The sandstone at Hoodlands seems to be a lenticular bed, extending for a distance of about three quarters of a mile, and thinning away both to the east and the west. In the district of Hazlehead and Carlcotes the thickness is about thus :— Plate 6, No. 10. ft. in. GanIsTER CoAL - 7 a Shale - . - - - 60 0 Cray CoaL - - - O8tol 2 158 2 Sandstone. Middle Rock ~ - 12 0 Shale - - - . - 8 0 Sort Bep Coat - = hte es Passing northwards, the Clay Coal is seen but 4 inches thick at Berristall Head, and a little hard sandstone capping Berristall Top is probably the stone usually underlying it, though not elsewhere traceable hereabouts. From Hepworth to New Mill the section is the following :— Plate 6, No. 11. ft. in. GANISTER CoAL - - - ap anc Shale’ - ~ - - - 27 0 Cray Coan - - - O'8to 010 75 10 Sandstone (hard). Middle Rock - O°0to12 0 Shale - - - - 48:0 to 36 0 Sorr Bep Coan ~ - 106 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. North of New Mill. Plate 6, No. 12. ; ft. in GanisTER CoaL - - - a Shale - ” - - - 24 0 Cuay Coau - - - - 0 6lee «6 Sandstone. Middle Rock - - - 8 0 Shale - - - - - 34 0 Sorr Bep Coat - a = = ee Boring at Mold Green, Huddersfield. Plate 6, No. 13. / ft. in. GANISTER CoAL - - - - — Black shale - - - - 30 07 Cray Coau - - - - 0 6 Stone. Middle Rock - - - ll 6 \79 6 Black shale - - - - - 12 Of Hard bands - - - - 21 0| Shale : - - - 4 6) Sorr Bep Coat - - - -_ = High Field Pit, Halifax. Plate 6, No. 14. ft. in GanIsTER Coat and seatstone - — Grey shale - - - 15 0) Black shale - - - 13 6 Ciay Coa - 7 - 010 | Stone. Middle Rock - - 4 0 Black shale - - - 24 0}$69 3 Shale, with freshwater shells - 10 Black shale - - - 10 0 | Ironstone - . S - 03 Black shale - - - 0 8J Sort Bep Coat - These sections show the gradual decrease in the distance between the Ganister and Coking Coals which has been already mentioned. In all of them the Middle Rock is usually present below the Clay Coal; but this bed seems to disappear north of Halifax, and is not again traceable till we come to Swilling Hill, on the north part of which there is the following section :— Plate 6, No. 15. ft. in. GaANISTER Coau - - _— = Shale - - - - - 380 0 Ciay or Ratruers Coan - 1 8to 2 6 Sandstone. Middle Rock - - 8 0 50 6 Shale - - - - - 10 0 Sorr Bep CoaL - Up to this point the Clay Coal has, as far as we have been able to learn, seldom, if ever, been found worth working. The thickness it reaches here is quite exceptionable, and allows it to be wrought under th f th Rattlers or Black Rattlings. e Pierre (4.) Thornton to neighbourhood of Yeeds.—A section of Thornton Colliery, furnished by Mr. Isaac Wood, Headley, shows the zone of measures under consideration to be there as follows :— HARD BED COAL. 107 Section at Thornton Colliery. (No. 16, Plate 6.) ft. in. Harp Bep Coau_ss- - - - 2 0 Coal seat - - - - = ] 5 0 Grey shale - . - - - Black shale - - - - - 20 Mipp.e Bep Coau « . - 0 lto 0 5 Middle Bed Stone or Middle Rock - - 9 0 Snailhorn scale . - - - 18 0 Rough band - : - : - 12 0 Low Brep Coan - - - - 1 6 An exactly identical section was furnished by Mr. Thos. Cowlton (York Road, Leeds), as having been obtained by boring at Queen’s Head, south-west of Bradford. In it the Rough band is described as Black shale. In the outlying patch of Coal Measures at Manywells the section is— ft. in. Hard Coal - - . : - 10 Measures - - - = - 60 0 Soft Coal - . és - 1 6 An underclay representing the Middle Band Coal occurs between the Hard and Soft Seams. In the Baildon outlier we have the following section of these measures, obtained from the pit near the summit of the hill :— Section at Baildon. (No. 17, Plate 6). ft. in. Harp Bep CoaL - - - - 16 Seat clay - - - - - 24 0 Whetstone scale - - - - 18 0 MIDDLE Bep CoaL_ - - - 0 4to 0 6 Rough Band Stone. Middle Rock - - 18 0 Measures *. - - - - 12 0 Sorr Bep Coan - - - - 12 To the west of Baildon the Middle Bed Coal seems to disappear. At Whinny Hill and Frizinghall the sections are— Frizinghall. Whinny Hill. ft ft. Hard Coal Seat - Measures Soft Coal A sinking in the Rawden outlier showed the measures now under considera- tion to be there as follows, No. 20, Plate 6. | 30 ft. in. Harp Coan - - - - Jt Seat : - - - - 60 Shale - - - - - 24 0 Sort Coa - - - - 010 These measures have a very limited outcrop north of Leeds. No Clay Coal has been recognised, and the series seems to consist of some 50 feet of shale. No. 21, Plate 6, 4. The Ganister Coal, Hard Coal, Hard Bed Coal, Halifax Hard Bed, Pecten Coal. This bed can be clearly traced and identified from the point where it enters Yorkshire through the whole of the coalfield. Its floor consists generally of very hard ganister underlaid by fireclay ; the thickness of both ganister and fireclay is very variable, and here and there the ganister is wanting altogether. The roof is 108 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. generally Black Shale, with Goniatites Lister, Orthoceras Steinhaueri, Aviculopecten papyraceus, and other marine fossils, and it sometimes contains large calcareous nodules in which these fossils are not squeezed flat, as is usually the case when they occur in the shale. The bed ranges from a maximum thickness of 4 feet, which it seldom reaches, to 1 foot ; perhaps 2 feet 6 inches may be taken as its average over a large part of the coalfield. Northwards how- ever it falls off very considerably, and to the north of Leeds it is only 4 inches thick. Among the seams of the Lower Coal Measures this bed ranks fairly high ; it is largely gotten for engine purposes, and is used as a house coal in out-of-the-way districts. The outcrop of the Ganister Coal crosses the River Sheaf, and enters York- shire a little to the north of the Ecclesall Station on the Midland Railway. We have no account of the bed till we come to Ecclesall Church, opposite which it was worked some few years ago. It was here 2 feet 3 inches in thickness, and underlaid by fireclay without any ganister. The bed has also been worked in the valley 25 chains N.W. of Hill Top, and in a brook section 15 chains to the S.E. of Whitely Wood Hall was 2 feet 5 inches thick, with a ganister floor. The bed is now being gotten at a dayhole on Greystones Cliff, with the following section :— ft. in. Black shale . - Coal - - - 2 6 Ganister - - - 20 From this point we have no sections of the bed till we come to Crookes. It was found in a well 18 chains 8.S.E. of the church 2 feet 2 inches thick, and an openwork 12 chains N.E. of the church showed— ft. in. Black shale - - - 12 0 Coal - - - - 1 6 Ganister - - - - 30 The coal and ganister have again been largely gotten in the valley leading from Crookes to Spring Vale. The following section at these pits was given by one of the workmen :— ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - - - 1 Otol 6 Very hard, dark grey ganister - - - 0 8to2 2 Sandy bastard ganister, sometimes replaced by clay, upto - - - - - - Report does not speak very highly of the quality of the ganister about Crookes; it seems to be principally used for road metal. The Ganister Coal was once worked near Rawson Spring Farm, south of Owlerton, where it was about 1 foot thick. On the opposite side of the Don Valley, in the south-west corner of Old Park Wood, its outcrop showed the following section :— ; ft. in. Dark grey shale - - z . Black shale - 5 ie - 01 Underclay - - ws = - Oll Coal - - 7 cs - 12 Bastard ganister - - - - 6 0 To the north of the Loxley Valley a long outlier of the Ganister Coal and some overlying measures stretches by Stannington Wood, Loxley, and Wadsley up to Low Ash and Spitewinter. As the bed nowhere over the area lies at a greater depth than 40 or 50 yards, it has been largely worked. The following account was given bya collier of the average section over Stannington Wood :— ft. in. ft. in. ft. in, Coal ~- - - - 1 8to2 0 Ganister = - - 0 6to5 O averages3 0 Geological Survey of England & Wales. Plate 6. Comparative Sections of the Measures between the Ganister and Coking Gals. Sheffield N?7 Gughiion idge 2 CANISTER. inn coma, F SHALE, |}. THIN COAL @ CANISTER. SANDSTONE, |". “mippLe | Rock, |. SHALE, coxinc coa,_F-——— a: _ N25 N°G Scale, 100 feet to an inch, XN 3 & : ye SY SX iS \ § s SiR oS Sh fe & u } HOne eae NN°7 N?°10 Wet =N°72 N°73) =N°M N75 = =N° Ry N°17 To face page 108. 8 y : NeW =P é LV? 20 P2/ "DaNcERP! eu, Lita.22, Broroap st Covtwt Ganoin, HARD BED COAL. 109 An openwork 30 chains S.S.W. of Malin Bridge showed— ft. in. Coal smut - . - Ganister - - - - 3 0 Bastard do. - - - 40 Hard, closely grained sandstone proved toadepth of - - 16 0 _ The ganister was here of excellent quality, and ground down to be used as a lining for steel furnaces and converters. An openwork near the Cottage, Wadsley, showed— ft. in. Coal - - - - 110 Ganister - - - - 29 In Bull Piece there was— ft. in. = ft. in. Coal - - - 1 6to2 0 S Very hard ganister - - 2 6 } eens Hard, white, sandy clay - 0 4 Bastard ganister - - } Workman's account. - East of Stubbing was a similar section, with an inch or two of beautifully bright, clean coal at the top of the bed. The workmen gave the following account of the floor :— : fi. in. Ganister - - - - 29 Bastard ganister - - - 38 0 Sandstone - 40 At the farm house, Haighen Field, the coal was 2 feet 7 inches thick according to the collier’s account. There is again a small outlier of the Ganister Coal on the south side of the Loxley valley, at, Dungworth, which must be now nearly worked out. At one of the pits the following section was given :— ft. in. Coal - . - - 2 38 Ganister - - - - 0 6 White clay - - - 6 0 We next find an outcrop of the Ganister Coal ranging along the east side of the valley of the Don from Beeley Wood to Deepcar Station. The bed is worked at Oughtibridge by Mr. J. Beaumont, who has kindly furnished the section of it below — ft. in. ft, in. Ganister coal - - - 2 2to2 6 Ganister - - - - 0 6toi 6 Fireclay - - - - 0 2t00 4 Strong clay or stone - - 6 Oto8 0 The black shale roof contains here large calcareous nodules of clay ironstone, in which uncrushed specimens of Aviculopecten papyraceus and Goniatites Listeri are plentiful. The same fossils are found flattened in the shale itself, with fish remains. In Waterfall Clough the following section was seen :— ft, in, Coal - - - - - 2 8 Ganister - - - - - O11 Underclay, with layers of ganister - - 3 0 The coal has again been largely worked in the wood to the 8.S8.E. of Deepcar Station; it was there 2 feet 4 inches thick.* The outcrop may occasionally be seen in the railway cutting, four chains south of the station. An outlying patch of the Ganister Coal lies on the northern part of Town End Common; it is said to be 3 feet thick at a dayhole near Allman Well. * Information about these workings was furnished by Mr. J. Swift, of Thurgoland. 110 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. From Deepcar the outcrop of the Ganister Coal ranges along the northern flank of the valley of the Little Don. . At Hen Holmes the following section was given by Mr. Armitage :— ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 2 3 Ganister - . - - 1 Oto3 0 At Stocksbridge the bed has the following section where worked by Mr. 8, Fox :— fi.in. ft. in. Coal - - - - 110to2 8 Ganister - - - - 010to3 0 An openwork a little to the west of the house called Croft showed— fi. in. ft. in. Black shale, Aviculopecten, and Goniatites. Coal - - “. - 2 6t03 0 Ganister - - - 0 38t00 9 Light-coloured underclay. The next section seen was in Sheephouse Wood, where the coal seemed to be about 3 feet thick. At Midhopestones the coal is said to be 3 feet thick, and to be underlaid by a foot of ganister. The seam has been largely worked at Bullhouse Colliery, near Hazelhead, where the following section was given by the proprietor :— ft. in. Coal - - - - 3 0 Ganister - - - - 10 Underclay - - - 3 0 Balls of iron pyrites coated with coal, and large calcareous nodules, called bullions, full of Goniatites and Aviculopecten, occur here in the roof of the coal; the former have been used for the preparation of “green vitriol,” and the latter have been occasionally burnt for lime. The coal itself is used in the neighbourhood as a house coal. Tracing the bed northwards we find it from 2 feet 3 inches to 2 feet 6 inches thick at Hepworth Ironworks, where it is used for household purposes. Between Hepworth and New Mills it decreases to 1 foot 6 inches; just north of New Mills it is 2 feet ; at Top Hill Colliery, Thurstonland, ] foot 8 inches ; at Newsome, south of Huddersfield, 2 feet 3 inches, and of fair average quality. Below are sections of the Ganister Coal in the neighbourhood of Huddersfield. : . Boring at Boring at | Field House. — Z -| Cuckold’s Mold Green.| Colliery.* Clough. Coal - - 2 2 2 4 2 3 Ganister - 2 1 0 10 10 Underclay - 8 0 3 0 9 0 The seam has been worked above Holywell Brook and in Jagger Green Lane, a dia three and four miles W.N.W. of Huddersfield, where it runs as under :— ft. in. Shale - - * “i Coal - 7 - -20 Ganister - - 7 - 06 Underclay - - mia NG * From Mr. E, Brooke, BEDS BETWEEN HARD COAL AND ELLAND FLAGS. 111 South of Elland we have— ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - 2 4to2 7 Ganister - - - 10 Underclay - - 3 0 At Highfield Pit, south of Halifax— ft. in. Coal - - - - 2 3 Ganister - - iz eo 10 Clay, with plant remains - - 6 0 North of Halifax the coal ranges from 2 feet 2 inches to 2 feet 4 inches, but the thickness decreases to about 2 feet at Swilling Hill. At Manywells, north of Denholme, the coal is 1 foot thick. About Thornton the Hard Bed Coal is 2 feet thick, and rests on a bed of clay, changing into. shale, 15 feet thick. There is generally about a foot of ganister under the coal. Between Shipley and Heaton this clay has a thickness of about 6 feet, and is extensively worked for the manufacture of bricks and tiles. There is a good section in Royd’s Cliff Wocd, showing coal 2 feet, clay 6 feet. At Wrose Hill the underclay is 5 feet thick, and is used for making fire- bricks and sanitary tubes. The clay is here quite white. The coal is 1 foot 10 inches thick, and rests immediately on the clay. In the Baildon outlier the seam has decreased to 1 foot 6 inches in thickness, but rests on 24 feet of clay, the under part of which is white, and used for making tiles. In the Rawden outlier the Hard Coal is 1 foot 4 inches thick, and is probably nearly worked out. North and north-east of Leeds the Hard Coal ends off against faults every- where except at Moor Allerton, where the following section of it is given by the late Mr. George :—* : ft. in. Clay (probably surface clay) - - 6 0 Shale, with Goniatites at base - - 38 0 Shale, Aviculopecten papyraceus - 1:0 Coal - - - - - 0 4 Calliard = - - - - - 6 0 5. The Measures between the Ganister Coal and the Elland Flagstone. Plate 7. We have next to take in hand a belt of measures bounded below by the Ganister Coal and above by a singularly well-marked and persistent bed of Sandstone, which goes by various names in different parts of the coalfield, but is best known as the Elland Flags. This is a somewhat complicated and very variable group. It contains sundry coals and sandstone beds, seme of which are per- sistent for considerable distances, but not one of them extends throughout the whole exposed range of the coalfield. In the table below every one of these is noticed, and a short explanation is added of the general range of each, which, with the detailed description and the sections in Plate 7, will, it is hoped, enable the reader to follow the numerous changes that occur. * Transactions of the Leeds Lit, and Phil. Society, Vol. I., p. 146. 112 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Gryerat Tasze of the Measures between the Elland Flagstone and the Ganister Coal. Elland Flagstone. Measures niostly shale. / Upprr Banp or “80 yarps” Banp Coat. “80 yards” Rock. Measures mostly shale. “46 yvyarps” Banp Coat, | « Wharncliffe Rock. with accompanying sand- nee Quarrel stones occasionally, ; Measures mostly shale. Harp Bep Banp, 40 varps, 36 yarps, or 32 yarDSs Banp Coan. Loxley Edge, 40 yards, 36 yards, or 32 yards Rock. Measures mostly shale. GANISTER OR Harp Bep Coat. We may first mention that all the sandstone beds of the above table die away every here and there, and are replaced by shale. Coming to individuals, we find the Loxley Edge Rock one of the most persistent of the sandstones. Its changes in thickness are however excessive, and it is occasionally wanting. Nor is it any more constant in quality ; usually it appears as an ordinary sandstone, frequently it is a hard, closely grained rock, and every now and then a very coarse massive gritstone. It is curious that the sandstone, which holds the same position as this rock in the Lancashire Coalfield, has also the habit of becoming every now and then very coarse. This bed has been named by Mr. Hull the “ Helpet Edge Rock,” and he says of it that “in one quarry it “ was so like Rough Rock, that it was only the fact of its over- “ lying the Ganister Coal that prevented it from being mistaken “ for that formation.” (Memoirs of the Geol. Survey; Geology of the country round Oidham, p. 17.) The Hard Bed Band Coal is very generally present. In the extreme south of the field it has been noticed under a thin form at only one or two spots. At its best it is seldom more than a foot in thickness; on the extreme north it is wanting. This coal has usually a good pot- or fire-clay beneath it, and occasionally one above it as well. In some parts ironstone, which has been worked, lies directly above the coal. The measures between the last coal and the “80 yards Band” are the most changeable and difficult to deal with in the whole group. In the south a rock often most conspicuous, which we have called the Wharncliffe Rock, is the only member worth notice. This bed passes from an ordinary flaggy sandstone, near Sheffield, into the highly siliceous, closely grained, thickly bedded, and well- jointed grit, that stands out so boldly in the escarpment of Wharn- cliffe Crags. A short distance to the north of this spot it thins rapidly away. For some distance further north the corres- ponding measures seem to be mainly shale. The first change from this form consists in appearance near Halifax of a coal known as the “46 or 48 yards” Band. This seam seems to be absent in the southern part of the field, unless a thin bed seen in the railway cutting north of Deepcar Station represents it. Still further north, about Clayton and Thornton, a sandstone bed, the “60 yards Quarrel,” puts in somewhere about this horizon, BEDS BETWEEN HARD COAL AND ELLAND FLAGS. 113 apparently without any coal accompanying it. This bed becomes, like the Loxley Edge Rock, very coarse in places. On Old Allen Moor, for instance, it is quite Millstone Grit-like in character. In the Bradford valley we have about this horizon very thick masses of sandstone, somewhat higher up in the measures than the 60 yards Quarrel at Thornton, but apparently representing sometimes that rock, and sometimes that rock and the 80 yards rock as well. Lastly, about Leeds there is little else but shale between the Flagstone and the Hard Bed Band Coal. That these very different forms of measures all occupy some- where about the same place in the series we may safely say, but it would be idle to attempt any minute correlation of the several members. During the formation of this group very different physical conditions obtained at different parts of the area where they occur, so that at the same time banks of sand were piled up at one spot, accumulations of muddy sediment were laid down at a second, and growths of coal went on at a third. The Upper Band or 80 yards Coal is unknown in the south of the field. The rock on which it lies first makes its appearance about Stocksbridge, and the coal is shortly afterwards recognisable. This seam is seldom a foot in thickness, and very often cannot be traced at all. The clay beneath it is seldom a fire-clay. The- * 80 yards” Rock is generally but a poor flaggy sandstone, yet it. often makes a fair escarpment. (1.) Country south and west of Sheffield._-These measures make their first appearance in Yorkshire in a belt which sweeps round the southern and western environs of the town of Sheffield. To this tract we will first turn our ae On the south, about Ecclesall, the section is as follows (Plate 7, ig. 1) :— ft. in. Brincliffe Edge Rock - - - - Measures principally shale - - - 230 0 Sandstone. Wharncliffe Rock - - 70 07 Measures principally shale - - - 50 0> 500 0 Sandstone. Lo«ley Edge Rock - - 40 0 Measures principally shale - - - 110 0 GaNISTER CoAL - - A pit nearly opposite Ecclesall Church gave the following section of the lower part of these beds :— ft, in. Shale - - - - - 36 0 Hard white clay, weathering soft - - = (Underclay of 40 yarps Coa) - . 2 3 White rock (Lorley Edge Rock) - - 51 0 Shale - - - - - 15 0 Greystone “ - - - 9 6 Shale - - . . - 100 0 GanistTeR CoaL - - - 2 3 Near Tapton the following are the observed members, and their calculated thicknesses (Plate 7, Fig. 2) :— ft. in. Brincliffe Edge Rock - - 7 -_ — Measures principally shale - - - 380 0 Sandstone. Lozley Edge Rock - - 120 ol 530 0 Measures principally shale - - - 380 0 GANISTER CoAL - 2 42513. H ~~ 114 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. A section across Crookes Moor gave the following results (Plate 7, Fig. 3) :— rt a Oo g . on i i ft. in. ‘ | Brincliffe Edge Rock - _ oo Measures principally shales- 260 o} so ‘ ld. “Old Park .. Wood. Sandstone (Lowley Edge Rock) 190 0 Measures principally shale - 60 0 GanIsTER CoaL - - _— Crossing the Don we find sections of these S measures in Old Park Wood, which show a (Plate 7, Fig. 4)— : ft. in. 300 07 BO OT haa 70 0 $600. 0. 130 Of 50 OJ | Coal. ti ~* Brineliffe Edge Rock Measures principally shale Wharneliffe Rock - Measures principally shale Loxley Edge Rock - Measures principally shale GANISTER CoaL - neighbourhood of Sheffie These sections show that while the belt of measures keeps a fairly uniform thickness as a whole, considerable variations occur among ‘the several members of it. 4 The Wharncliffe rock thins away for a while, ) “ dying out a little to the north of Porter Brook, * and so does: not appear either in the Tapton or the Crookes sections, but becomes recog- nisable again north of the Don. It is worth notice that the disappearance of the Wharncliffe Rock is accompanied by an increase in the thickness of the Loxley Edge Rock, and this _ fact seems to throw some light on the manner ‘Sin which the irregularities were caused. In & Fig. 23 the variations in the beds have been & plotted to scale, the heights being necessarily ‘a very much exaggerated. It will be seen that about Crookes the Loxley Edge Rock swells up into a great bank, leaving hollows or depres- sions on either side, and it is in these hollows that the Wharncliffe Edge Rock lies; but it does not pass over the crest of the bank. Now the tale this section tells is unmistakeable. It speaks to us first of a sand bank heaped up by currents or tidal action in shallow water, which is now the Loxley Edge Rock. The . Summit of this bank appears in the section S below the word “ Crookes.” The hollows on either side of this bank became afterwards nearly filled in with mud, which now forms & the shale between the Wharncliffe and Loxley i] & Edge Rocks. The filling in, however, was not ‘g complete; depressions were still left at each 3 end, which gradually shallowed away up to the ", edges of the underlying sand bank. In these depressions sand accumulated in two wedge- shaped masses, which are now the detached portions of the Wharncliffe rock. A tolerably even bottom was thus produced, on which steady uniform deposition of mud went on for along period, and ‘gave rise to the thick belt g Ae of shale which parts the Brincliffe Edge from go Oa the Wharncliffe Rock. ley Edge Rock. Fig. 23. Diagammatie Section of the Measures between the Ganister Coal and the Brineliffe Edge Rock in the arnclil 2. Whi BEDS BETWEEN HARD COAL AND ELLAND FLAGS. 115 é The following details deserve notice in the district now under considera- ion :— The Loxley Edge Rock is, as usual, most variable both in character and thickness. Its general nature is fine and flaggy, but here and there, specially about Greystones, it becomes a thickly-bedded, closely-grained rock, very coarse in parts. In the quarries at Bole Hill and about Upper Walkley it is thickly bedded, but not particularly coarse. A large quarry has been ee out in it in Old Park Wood, which yields an excellent closely-grained stone. : ae ieee of the Forty-yards Coal have been noticed at the following two spots :-— ;: An old quarry in the grounds of Endeliffe Hall showed— ft. in. Sandstone rubble. . Coal and dirt,40 yarps Coan 0 7 Grey underclay /. ‘. ‘0 Loxley Edge Rock. The quarry just mentioned in Old Park Wood gave the following section :— ' ft. in. ft. in. Grey shale. ‘ ame Thin band of sandstone, sometimes wanting, :: under surface covered with impressions. of large Calamites and Sigillarie - = 2 0to0 O Coal and black shale, 40 yarps Coau | - 0 1to0 8 Grey stony clay, mixed with, and sometimes replaced by, sandstone - - - 1 O0to2 0 Flaggy sandstone - . Thickly, bedded sandstone } Lontey Hifge Rock 2 Oto 4 0 The Wharncliffe Rock is, in the immediate neighbourhood of Sheffield, an ordinary finely grained sandstone. (2.) Neighbourhood of Stannington, Loxley, and Dungworth.—We will next turn to a long tongué of ground underlaid by the Ganister Coal, which stretches by Stannington Wood, Wadsley, Loxley Edge, and Low Ash, and an outlier of the same measures which occurs at Dungworth, The following are sections of two pits in Stannington Wood :— : ‘ft. in. ft. in. Sandstone (Loxley Edge Rock) - 30 0 _ Bind - - - - 389-0 39 0 Grey stone - - - - 9 0 12 0 Bind - - - - 42 0 39 0 GanisTER CoAuL. The Loxley Edge Rock is here an ordinary sandstone, but on Loxley Edge it becomes a coarse massive grit, very regularly jomted. This little escarp- ment is noticeable for its sharp, cliff-lke form, and for the large quantity of angular blocks of rock, that strew the slopes below it. The blocks, for a dis- tance of about 10 chains from the edge, lie so thick that a person might step, without a jump, from block to block for more than half a mile and never touch the ground. The jointing has given rise to the sharpness of the edge; as the underlying shale is weathered. away portions of the rocks become deprived of support, and it is along the straight joints they break off. The hardness of the fallen masses enables them to resist disintegration, and to remain as monuments of the waste that has gone on. On the edge of the escarpment the hill top is like an ill-laid pavement, the joints yawning, and the whole looking so loose and unsettled that we instinctively keep away from the verge, lest the mass we are standing on should topple over and hurl us down on to the stony ground below. And all stages of the process may be noticed. Here a joint has just ‘begun to‘open, another mass has already slipped a little and begun to turn on its lower edge, while a third has so far tilted over that before long it must go to join the heap below. H 2 116 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The Loxley Edge Rock retains its rough, massive character about Low Ash, as may be seen in the quarries thereabouts. : The distance between the base of the Loxley Edge Rock and the Ganister Coal decreases from between 30 and 40 yards in Stannington Wood to from 10 to 15 yards on Loxley Edge and about Low Ash. In the little outlier of the measures now under consideration around Dung- worth the two following pit sections were obtained :— ft. in. Loxley Edge Soiland rubble 7 6 ft. in. Rock. Rock - - 9 0 Rock - - - 42 0 Shale - - 41 0 Dark shale with thin bands Hard bind - 48 0 of stone - - - 84 0 GaNISTERCOAL2 3 GANISTER CoaL - - 23 (3.) Ground between Sheffield Barracks and the West Riding Asylum. —We may next notice a tract of ground lying between the Sheffield Barracks and the West Riding Asylum, the place of whose measures in the series we cannot precisely determine, because it is bounded on all sides by faults. It is possible that the sandstone on which Wadsley House and Wadsley Hall stand, which is quarried by Limerick Wheel, and which crops out in the bank on the north-east of the Barracks, may be the Loxley Edge Rock. It is remark- able at the two last-named spots for its evenly bedded, daggy nature, which approaches that of a tilestone. : (4.) Eastern Slope of the Don Valley, from Beeley Wood to Deepcar. We will next return to the east side of the valley of the Don. In Old Park Wood the measures now under consideration are thrown out of sight by faults, but they reappear in Beeley Wood, and a long belt of them crops out along the eastern slope of the Don Valley as far north as Deepcar. An average section of these measures is as follows (Plate 7, Fig. 5):— ft. Greenmoor or Brincliffe Edge Rock - - - Measures principally shales - - - - 190) Wharncliffe Rock - - - - - 90 Measures principally shales, with a coal seam - 100 $540 Torley Edge Rock - - - - - 60 Measures principally shales - - - - 100) GANISTER CoaL - - - ‘ is The Loxley Edge Rock is most conspicuous in Wharncliffe Wood, where the Old Yew Gate runs on the top of it. It is here an extremely close, well-jointed rock ; elsewhere it has nothing remarkable about it. The 40-yards Coal has been nowhere recognised in this neighbourhood. The coal in the shales beneath the Wharncliffe Rock was seen only in the railway cutting to the north of Deepcar Station. The section showed— ft. in. Wharncliffe Rock - - - - - : Dark sandy shale, with thin bands of sandstone - 15 0 Black shales, with ironstone - - - - 35 0 Well-jointed black shale, approaching a Srons Coan - 0 6 Shivery black shale, with thin seams of coal in the upper part - - ” - - - - 3 6 Grey underclay - - - - - - 26 Dark shale and ironstone - = 5 - 10 0 Hard sandstone, with Stigmaria rootlets - - 2 83 Dark sandy shale - - : s < This seam may possibly correspond in a measure to the 46-yards band of Halifax, but we have already pointed out the uselessness of atioupting close correlation of the members of this part of the series at localities any distance from one another. It is in this district that the Wharncliffe Rock puts on its most striking form Where we last saw it in Old Park Wood it was an ordinary saiclapante: and, owing to interruptions in the continuity of the outcrop due to faults and a BEDS BETWEEN HARD COAL AND ELLAND FLAGS. 117 want of sections, we have not been able to trace the steps in the change it undergoes befWween that spot and the point where it reappears clearly in Wharncliffe Park. But there, and along the magnificent escarpment of Wharncliffe Crags, it suddenly breaks out under the alias of a highly siliceous sandstone, thickly bedded, very hard and closely grained, and well jointed. No such striking instance, perhaps, can be found of a sandstone suddenly rising from insignificance and becoming almost all at once the most con- spicuous bed in its neighbourhood. No one would imagine that the rock, which crowns with the beetling crags of Wharncliffe the beautifully wooded slope of the Don Valley, is the same as forms the paltry escarpment winding round Ecclesall Church; but there can be no doubt about the fact, and it is one which brings forcibly home to us the very variable conditions under which the rocks of the Coal Measures were deposited. The process of escarpment making, that we noticed in the case of Loxley Edge, has gone on here on a much larger scale, and the hill slope is thickly strewn with enormous blocks of rock, the ruins which fell from the cliff as it has been slowly worked back by subaérial denudation. A thin coal and underclay has been detected on the top of the Wharncliffe Rock east of Oughtibridge. Traces of it are to be seen in the Sough Dike, and the following section of it in Wilson Spring Wood has been kindly furnished by Mr. E. Brooke, of Huddersfield :-— ft. in. Coal . - - - - O11 Fireclay, with ironstone nodules’ - - 5 0 cet sandstone in thin beds - - 10 0 € - - . = - (5.) The Country between Deepear and Huddersfield.—The outcrop of the belt of measures now under consideration turns to the west at Deepcar, and forms the northern flank of the valley of the Little Don up to Midhope- stones, whence it continues in a fairly continuous band along the eastern slope of the valleys of New Mill Dyke and the River Holme to Huddersfield. This zone we will now take up. The following section, taken at Stocksbridge, will represent a fair average of the measures at the southern end of the district (Plate 7, Fig. 6). ft. Greenmoor Rock - - - - - Shale with irregular beds of sandstone - - 305 40-Yarps or Harp Bep Banp CoaL - variable 430 40-Yards or Lorley Edge Rock - - - 55[- Measures principally shale —- - - - 70 GANISTER COAL. The Loxley Edge Rock calls for no special remark. The Hard Bed Band Coal was noted at two spots. At a pit 19 chains north of Deepcar Bridge Mr. John Swift found— ft. in. Coal . - - - Ol Potclay - 5 ei - 4 6 The same bed has been worked by Mr. Armitage at the Hen Holmes Pit Works. The measures between the Loxley Edge and Greenmoor rocks undergo between Deepear and Midhopestones important changes. The Wharnclifie Rock can be followed across the Don, and may be seen in the bed of the river at Soughley Bridge and in some old quarries in the north-east corner of Burnt Stones Plantation. At these spots it still retains in some degree the character which makes it so conspicuous along Wharncliffe Crags. Westwards from here however it thins rapidly away, and becomes quite undistinguishable in the distance of about a mile. A sandstone bed, rather higher in the series, sets in about the same time, and becomes noticeable about the farmhouses Low Laithe and Old Park House, but this also before long thins away. A little further to the west we first meet with traces of a still higher rock, which swells out to the west, and, under the name of the “ Upper Band ” or “ 80-yards ’”’ Rock, can be 118 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. traced forward with a fair degree of certainty over the whole of the remainder of the coalfield. A thin coal, known as the “80-yards Band,” is frequently found on the top of this rock, and there is sometimes another sandstone above the coal. The “ 80-yards Band ” coal, and the sandstones above and below it, were well shown in the cutting of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway at Ecklands Bridge, two miles west of Penistone. The coal was there about a foot thick. : On the north of Midhopestones the following details may be noticed. The stone beneath the Hard Bed Band Coal is very hard, close-grained, and pretty largely worked at some quarries. It thins away northward. The fire- clay upon it is used for the manufacture of fire-bricks. The ironstone above the coal was formerly wrought for use in the Hepworth Ironworks, but we believe the manufacture has been abandoned. The Upper Band Rock is very shaly in parts, but gives rise to a good escarpment. The Upper Band Clay has been worked south of Gate Head turnpike. East and north of Hepworth these measures run thus (Plate 7, Fig. 9) :— ft. in: Shale - - - . - - 150 0) Upper Bann Cuay - - - - 3 0 Sandstone (Upper Band Rock) - - 10 0 Shale, with ironstone at base - - - 156 0 +391 0 Harp Bep Banp Coa - . - 0 7 Fireclay (best) - - . > - 2 0 Shale - - - - - - 75 0 GANISTER CoaL - . - - Both ironstone, coal, and fire-clay were worked by the Hepworth Iron Company. About New Mill the Hard Bed Band Coal is 26 yards over the Ganister, and the stone below it again comes on. The Upper Band Rock appears to have thickened out much on Snowgate Hill, and is largely worked for flags at the Horn Hill quarries. The general thickness of these measures between Midhopestones and Hazel- head is as follows (Plate 7, Fig. 7) :— ft. in: Shale - - - - 150 0 ) Upper Banp, or 80-varps Coau 1 0 Sandstone (Upper Band Rock) - 20 0 Shale, with ironstone at base - 140 0 } 160 0| 488 0 Harp Bep Banp, or 40-yarps Coau 0 10 Fireclay = - “ - Sandstone (40-yards Rock) - Black shale, with ironstone - GanisTER CoaL - - 150 0 3 0 25 0 Lara 0 A little to the north-west, about the Hepworth Ironworks, the following is the section beneath the position of the Upper Band Coal, which is here wanting (Plate 7, Fig. 8) :— ft: in. ft: in, Uprer Bann FirE-cLay - - -~ 3 O0to4 O Flaggy sandstone (Upper Band Rock) - - 30 0 Shale - - - - oe - 86 0 ae - - - - - 0 5 hale - - - - - - 39 Tronstone - - - - - 0 8 125 0. Shale - - - - - - 2 8 Tronstone - - - - - 04 Shate - - - - - - 2 0] Harp Bep Banp Coan - - - 07 Fireclay Ss = - - - - 4 0 Hard stone (40-yards Rock) - - - 12 0 Shale = : 3 ‘ - 98 o f 110 0 GanisTER CoaL - ee Se BEDS BETWEEN HARD COAL AND ELLAND FLAGS, 119 A little farther north, east of Mytham Bridge, the general section is the following (Plate 7, Fig. 10) :-- ft. in. Shale (about) - - - 160 0 Upper Band Rock - 0 Oto 25 Shale - - - 0 ‘ 225 - ae 0 } 460 6 ee te 0 Os cy yg 8 28 ES vse Eg a3 § e 38 BS os Dancerrieco. Lith, 22, Beororo ST Covent Caroen. ELLAND FLAGSTONE. 125 as far as we can judge, to consist throughout essentially of fine, bluish, closely grained sandstone. The planes of bedding have usually hereabouts a smooth, creamy look, which is very characteristic. A well at the Work- house on Brincliffe Edge passed through 35 yards of this rock. Its average thickness in the neighbourhood of Sheffield is probably about 100 feet. About Wadsley Bridge the rock again becomes much split up by shale, as will be seen from the following section of a well and boring at the Wadsley Bridge Works, kindly supplied by Messrs. Leather and Co. Strata in Well at Wadsley Bridge Works. ft. in. Loose earth and clay - - - 60 Shale - - - - - 6 0 ( Stone bind and stone - - - 43 6 White rock - - - - 6 6 Stone bind - - - - 12 0 White. and brown rock, - “ - 10 6 Blue stone bind - - - - 37 0 Flagstone White stone - * = - 10 Measures. \ Blue bind - - * J - 20 Strong stone - - - - 20 Blue stone bind - - - - 10 Grey stone - - - - 20 Blue stone bind - - - - 9 0 Grey stone . - - - 40 Bind - - - - - 88 0 Black shale - - - - 8 0 The shaly interstratifications are well shown in the cutting immediately south of Wadsley Bridge Station. Northwards the rock runs on regularly as far as the farm house Hallfield Head between Wortley and Grenoside. It is here well marked, but seems to have decreased considerably.in thickness. On the other side of a fault, which shifts its outcrop at the spot, it becomes very feeble indeed, and seems to be represented by one thin band of sandstone, which makes so slight a feature that it is traceable only with great difficulty and much uncertainty. In a little space however this bed, though still thin, comes out more decidedly, and can be followed to the middle of Wharncliffe Moor, where the signs of it are so indistinct that the rock may die away for a while. In a very little distance, however, the bed begins to recover strength, and we find two thin, but perfectly traceable, bands of rock putting in on its horizon. In the cutting south of Wortley Station we find three beds of sandstone, the middle one of some thickness, parted by shale bands. The gradual increase in bulk which has gone on since the middle of Wharncliffe Moor, now becomes extremely rapid, for immediately on the opposite side of the Don Valley these comparatively feeble representatives of the Flagstone swell out into the thick rock mass that forms the broad spread and magnificent escarpment of Green Moor. The Greenmoor Rock: is perhaps the most beautiful and valuable stone of the Yorkshire Coal Measures. The best parts of it are very finely, evenly, and closely grained, and of a pale blue colour, thickly bedded, and with no tendency to split into flags. This is the character of the stone raised in Well Hill Quarry, and cut, by saws driven by steam power, into blocks and slabs at a mill by Wortley Station. This blocky stone seems to be made up of a large number of very thin lamine of grains of sand, but the deposition must have gone on steadily and without interruption, so that no one layer had time to harden before the next was laid down upon it, and no planes of division were established between the layers. We very frequently can observe the same minute division into layers of sand in the Flagstone, but in the inferior kinds the layers do not adhere so closely together, and the stone, when exposed to the weather, scales off in thin flakes. The total thickness of the rock on Green Moor is not less than 100 feet, and may be as much as 140. Following the course of the Flagstone to the north-west we get a section of it in the following deep bore hole at Penistone. We shall have to refer to 126 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. this section again, and give here the portion down to the base of the Flagstone. ft. in. Earth and clay - - z “ - 15 0 Blue bind si i Z - 26 7 Black shale - - si 5 - 80 Stone - - 7 < - - 86 Stone bind and grey shale - - - 386 7k Black shale - - : - - 7 4 Hard blue stone - é 3 “i - 5 1 Black shale - - : é « JF 0 Stone bind 7 “ < < - 5 2 Licut BLUE CLAY - F 4 - 27 Ganaton® | Grenoside Rock, 75 ft. QR in. oa A of 75 23 Gritstone Bind - “ - . - - 8410 IRoNSTONE - - : - - 08 Bind - - - - - - 21 0 Hard stone - - 16 63 Blue bind and ironstone | 14 8% Hard stone - - pFlagstone - -< 11 103 > 54 44 Gritstone . = f 9 10 Hard stone - - 15 J The bed in this bore hole is again divided by a band of shale, but it only appears at the outcrop under this form at one spot, Brock. Holes, north-west of Midhopestones. In the bold headland of Hartcliff there seems to be but one sandstone, which is-closely grained and yields-good flags. The rock con- tinues to be largely worked at intervals along its outcrop, and reaches a thick- ness of about 50 feet. At Cheese Gate Nab a band of shale again comes in, put continues northward only for about a mile, At Thurstonland the flagstone is largely worked, but in parts it becomes very shaly. In the valley below Kirkburton and Highburton the flagstone is very shaly and of variable thickness; perhaps its average is about 40 feet, South-east of Huddersfield the flagstone is split up into two variable beds by a shale band some 30 feet thick. In all cases, however, the rock is finely grained and flaggy. Between Fenay Bridge and Huddersfield the flagstone consists of three separate beds most variable in thickness, some parts, however, “always furnishing good flagstone. Between Bradley and Elland the flagstone commonly consists of two beds, though sometimes three occur. The lower bed is from 120 to 130 feet thick. About 120 feet of shale separate this from the upper bed, which probably averages not more than 25 to 30 feet; the. thickness is very great about Rastrick. The bottom bed is the more important. It is very largely worked on Elland Edge for flags, and in large quarries at Rastrick. The upper division is more or less of a shaly nature, but. nevertheless forms a good escarpment running by Toothill above Rastrick. Between Brighouse and Halifax the flagstone consists of one bed nearly 150 feet thick in places; parts are apt to be shaly and poor. It is largely quarried, specially about South Owram. Between Norwood Green and the country north of Halifax two beds of sandstone occur on the horizon of the flagstone. The lower and more important is largely worked on Swales Moor, in the neighbourhood of North Owram, and at Hipperholme. About 35. feet: above this rock is a thinner band of somewhat abel sandstone, with a coal from two to three inches thick a short way below it occasionally. Round Queen’s Head the flagstone is from 50 to 60 yards thick. The upper sandstone just mentioned occurs above it. Between Thornton and Bradford the flagstone varies from 30 to 60 yards in thickness. Usually the lower part, termed ‘‘rag,” has no good planes of lamination and is unfit for building purposes; the middle portion splits into slabs some feet in length, and varying in thickness from one to fifteen inches ; it forms a valuable building and flag stone; the upper part, which is capable of being split into plates 4th of an inch in thickness, is used as a roofin slate, ; BEDS BETWEEN ELLAND FLAGS AND SILKSTONE COAL. 127 In the neighbourhood of Leeds the flagstone is not upon the whole so valuable as around Halifax, In the quarries on Woodhouse Ridge much of the stone is very scaly. Good stone however for ashlar work. has been obtained from these quarries, and from the quarries about Chapeltown and Roundhay. 5 7.—MEAasuURES BETWEEN THE ELLAND FLAGSTONE AND THE SriLxsTong, Brocxine, or Barcetona Coat. Plates 8 and 9. No group of measures in the whole of the Coal Measure series offers so many and such important changes as this we are now coming to. However, if we neglect minor variations, we shall find that there are two well-marked and strongly contrasted types, to one or other of which the rocks of this group everywhere conform, and that one type prevails over the whole of the southern por- tion of the coalfield, while the other is confined to the northern part. The change from one type to the other takes place in the neigh- bourhood of Huddersfield and is somewhat abrupt. South of the line of transition the group everywhere follows in its main features the southern type; north of that line its general correspondence with the northern type is equally well maintained. The following may be taken as the typical section of this group in the southern area :— ' 10. Sinxstone Coan. 9. Measures mostly shale, with thin irregular coals. 8. Wurnmoor Coat, with sandstones occasionally-above and below it. 7. Shales. 6. Penistone Flags, a very variable. group of sandstones and shales with thin seams of coal. 5. Shales, 4. Grenoside Sandstone, a thick mass of gritty sandstone, with a thin coal frequently on the top. 3. Tinker Coat, the equivalent of the Low Moor Black Bed, not found south of Kirkburton. 2. Shales with representative of the Better Bed Coal. 1. Elland Flagstone. The most characteristic members of this group are the Greno- side Sandstone, which is very regularly present, and maintains its gritty character over a large part of the area, and the Penistone Flags, which, though excessively variable in lithological character and thickness, can be always recognised under some form or other. The only coals of any value are the Whinmoor, a seam a little way above it called the Black Band Coal, and occasionally a bed a little way below it called the Thin Coal, and even these, where workable, are of second-rate quality. Under its southern form then this group is distinguished by its conspicuous sandstones, and by the small value of its coals. When we pass to the northern type we find its characteristics to be just the opposite. None of its sandstones can compare in im- portance with the Grenoside Rock or the Penistone Flags, while its coals are some of them of the highest economical value. The first change which we notice in passing to the northern type is the coming in of the important seam known as the Better Bed. Over a large portion of the southern area an underclay with occasionally thin coal smuts above it occurs some way over the Elland Flagstone, but the coal is nowhere of the least value. 128 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. About Kirkburton, however, to the south-east of Huddersfield, this underclay becomes capped by a bed of coal which is persistent over the whole of the rest of the field. It is thin, but of great value on account of its purity, whence it has received the name of the Better Bed. - Another coal also makes its appearance about the same locality. Where it is first seen it lies at the base of the Grenoside Rock ; it is there of indifferent quality and is known as the Tinker Coal. It improves however to the north, and under the name of the Black Bed is continuous through the remainder of the coalfield. A little to the north of the spot when the Tinker Coal first puts in, the Grenoside Rock thins away and is replaced by shale, and in the shale a group of Ironstone Measures makes its appearance some way above the Black Bed. This ironstone is largely wrought. to supply the furnaces of Low Moor, Bowling, and Farnley, and is of great value. The next change consists in the entire disappearance of the Penistone Flags, which die away somewhat to the south of the spot where the Better Bed and Black Bed Coals come in. The only sandstone of any importance in the measures on the north is the Oakenshaw Rock, which corresponds in a general way with the rock which occasionally occurs on the south below the Whinmoor Coal. The contrast between the southern and northern types is perhaps shown in no respect in a more striking way than in their sandstone beds. Of the numerous striking rocks of the southern area, one only, and that a bed of second-rate importance, has any representative on the north. Lastly, the coals about the horizon of the Whinmoor undergo numerous changes in their northward course, and at last pass into the Beeston Bed, one of the most valuable seams of the northern part of the field. In dealing with this group it will be convenient to take the Better Bed Coal and its representative underclay first, and then to consider separately the two types under which the measures above that horizon present themselves. Our subdivisions then will be— 7a, The Better Bed Coal and its representative underclay in the south. 76. The measures between the Better Bed and the Silkstone Coals, southern type. 7c. The same measures, northern type. 7a. The Better Bed Coal. ‘We have mentioned that this seam for a considerable distance southward of the point where it ceases to be workable, is still represented by an underclay, or an underclay with thin smuts or black shale above it. This representative of the Better Bed can be traced with fair certainty as far south as the neighbourhood of Midhopestones. Whether it extends further south than this we cannot say, for, with one doubtful exception, we have not been lucky enough to meet with sections of the measures above the Flagstone anywhere over the country south of that place. The only evidence we have to give of the presence of this bed between Sheffield and Midhopestones is furnished by a section in Great Roe Wood, 65 chains north of Pitsmoor Church, where a thin band of coal and black shale was seen lying on the top of a rock which is probably the Flagstone. From the point just mentioned up to the farm house Brock Holes north west of Midhopestones we have no evidence respecting the presence of this bed, but near the latter spot we find 3 feet of clay and bastard ganister with coal smuts in a position corresponding to that occupied by the Better THE BETTER BED COAL. 129 Bed further to the north, viz., a little way above the Flagstone. ‘This is the clay we look upon as the equivalent of the Better Bed. Our next section is given by a bore hole near the Blue Ball Inn, Thurlstone, which shows— ft, in. Grenoside Rock. Shale - - 7 - - 33 0 Firecntay - - - 6 0 Shale - 7 < - 20 0 Flagstone. Jn the section given on p. 126 of the Penistone bore hole an “ Ironstone,” 8 inches thick, occurs at exactly the same distance above the Flagstone. It is possible that the bed thus described may be a ganister, or some:similar rock, which corresponds to the fireclay of the Thurlstone bore hole, and the clay and ganister of Brock Holes. me aoe at Mill Bank Hall, Denby, gave the following section (Plate 6, ig. — ae ; ft. in. ft. in, Shale - - - - —_ Strong Grit rock, Grenoside Rock 64 6 Dark shale - - - 33 5) VERY HARD FIRECLAY - 8 3 Very hard white delf Rock - 2 1 \ 104 2 White shaly bind, with bands of hard stone and ironstone - 60 43 Delf Rock, top of Flagstone 6 0 Here the fireclay occurs at exactly the same distance below the Grenoside Rock as at Thurlstone, but the distance between it and the Flagstone has increased from 20 to 60 feet. . »- We again get a section showing the fireclay in a bore hole at the mill of Messrs, S. and B. Armitage at Shepley (Plate 6, Fig. 9). The account is— ft. in. ft. in, Grenoside or Farnley Rock - 37 8 Blue bind, with thin layers of rock 41 103 51 04 Rock - - - -9 2 } Dark ScALE - - - 12 SEATSTONE - - - 5 3 Light blue bind - - - 07 Rock, Flagstone. The “ dark scale” and “seatstone ” here most likely represent the “ fireclay” of the preceding sections, A corresponding section is seen in Wood Lane, where it descends through Stone Wood, where a coal smut is exposed very nearly on the top of the Flagstone. At Height Green, near Thurstonland, 6 inches of ganister, probably the equivalent to the “ seatstone ” of the last section, overlie the Flagstone. Black clay and a coal smut also occur in the cutting at the east end of Thurstonland Tunnel, but the Flagstone itself is not exposed. North-west of Farnley Tyas neither coal nor clays have been detected on the horizon of the bed we are considering, but northwards towards Highburton and Rowley the thin smut above the Flagstone developes into a respectable seam, which still further to the north receives the name of the Low Moor Better Bed. The general section about Kirkburton and Highburton is as follows (Plate 6, Fig. 10) :— ft. in. 7 GRENOSIDE SANDSTONE CoaL - - 0 6 Grenoside Rock - - ie - 40 0 Coal 9 in. TINKER CoAL { Dirt 3 ,, } 2 ae Hebd Coal 9 ,, Shale " - - - - 50 0 Sandstone (A) - - - - 20 0 Shale - - - - 30 0 Berter Bev Coat (at Rowley) - - 16 i Elland Flagstone - . 7 - 40 0 42513. I 130 GEOLOGY. OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The sandstone A, which appears for the first time in this section, is the equivalent of an irregular mass of sandstone and shale, which is pretty con- stantly found north of the spot above the Better Bed Coal, and is known in the Low Moor District as the “Thick Stone.” From this point forwards the Better Bed can be traced over the whole of the remainder of the coalfield. Along a line running from Kirkburton towards Halifax it gradually increases from some 18 inches in thickness up to Norwood Green, where it is 3 feet thick. If we take another line running more directly north we find its changes to be as follows :-— Between Addle Croft and Horton Bank it varies from 1 ft. 6 in. to 2 ft. 5in. in thickness, and reaches at the latter place a thickness of 3 feet. Between Horton Bank and Beeston the seam thins away till about Farnley, Churwell, and Beeston, it is only from 9 to 10 inches thick. It would here be unworkable if it were not for the Fireclay below it, which is very valuable, and at Farnley and other places is gotten along with the coal. From Beeston by Leeds to Seacroft the bed.is 1 ft. 4 in. to 1 ft. 6 in. thick, but has not been worked so extensively as in the district to the south-west. This seam is a “ bituminous” coal, dense, bright in colour, and singularly free from sulphur, phosphorus, and the other impurities which unfit a coal for smelting purposes. It burns to a white ash, of which it contains 0°75 per cent. It is chiefly used by the iron companies for the purposes of the furnace and the forge, and it is to the purity of the coal that the excellence of the bars known as Low Moor, Bowling, and Farnley iron is largely due. The high value.set on this coal is shown by the care with which even the “smalls” are collected; none of it is ever allowed to go to waste. The following determinations by Mr. J. W. Westmorland formerly of the Bowling Ironworks show the freedom of this coal from sulphur :— Better Bed Coal. Per-centage of sulphur. Sample taken from forge, Bowling - "45 * Hunting” Coal, Bowling - - "38 F Pit Coal, Bowling - - - "42 Holme Pit Coal, Bowling: - - 46 Wiser. pit belonging to J. Tordiff & Co. ~ - is < = 57 Wibsey, pit belonging to J. Tordiff & Co.’ - - - - “52 Mean - : - ‘47 Between Fenay Bridge and Huddersfield the Better Bed rests immediately on the topmost bed of the Elland Flags, but at Kirkheaton it lies some little way over it ; the seam.is 18 inches thick, and is worked every here and there along its outcrop by dayholes. Between Bradley and Elland the Better Bed is some 80 or 90 feet above the upper division of the Flagstone; it is worked at Bradley Park, where its thickness is 19 inches. Near Brighouse the Better Bed is found 18 inches thick, some 80 feet above the Flagstone (Plate 8, Fig. 11). Between Norwood Green and the country north of Halifax the Better Bed reaches a thickness of 3 feet; it lies some 20 feet above the shaly sandstone alrealy mentioned as forming in this neighbourhood the upper division of the Flagstone (Plate 8, Fig. 12). The Better Bed has a similar thickness and position around Queenshead, where it is largely worked. THE BETTER BED COAL, 131 Along a line ranging northward from Kirkburton the coal has been found to have at the under-named collieries the following thicknesses :— ft. in. ft. in, Addle Croft - - 14 Clifton Common* 1 6 High Mor Lane - - 2-3 Wike - -- - “ft l0to 2 2 Low Moor - - - 2 °3 Bowling} - - 25 Horton Bank § - - 3 0 Bunkers Hill, Bradford|| - 1 9to 2 0 The fireclay under the Better Bed Coal at Horton Bank Top is 1 foot thick ; and in an old quarry at Upper Green, Great Horton, we measured the follow ing section :— ft. in. = ft. in. Better Ben Coat - - —, Fireclay - - - - 11 Black shale - - - - 12 Hard dark underclay - - 24 Hard light underclay - - - 1 8 Sandstone - - As this Fireclay in the country lying between Bradford and Leeds becomes of considerable importance, we shall give here a few details illustrative of its la character, before proceeding further with the description of the Coal itself, . , ft, in. ft. in. ft. in. BetTer Bep Coan 2 0 Brick works, Mill Lane, | Fireclay - 1 4tol 6 Bradford, Messrs. Samuel< Ironstone - 02 Pearson and Son. — | White sandy fireclay - 1 3tol 5 5 Beds ft. in Clay Pit, near Laister Dyke Station, { GETTER DED UVoaL a eee south of the Leeds and Bradford ae ganister . - 20 Branch G. N. Railwa: Hard fireclay = - = 8 ACER y: Grey sandy shale - _— : 2 ft. in. ft. in Clay Pit, near Laister Dyke Station, ; Better Bep Coat 1 0 north of the Leeds and Bradford Gametr - - 2 6 Branch G. N. Railway. Fireclay - - 4 0 Sections of a similar character are seen in the cutting west of the station, and in the cutting south of Tewet Hall for the Bradford and Ardsley Branch G. N. Railway. The ganister is used for the purpose of making bricks for lining the iron furnaces, though not equal in quality to the ganister under the Halifax Hard Bed Coal; the bottom fireclay is employed for making ordinary firebricks, sanitary pipes, &c. Around Low Moor there are several places where the coal also rests on a hard ganister floor, but the quality of the ganister seems to be inferior. * Communicated by Mr. S. Anderson. ca t 9 » Mr. E. Woodhead, Low Moor Co.’s Collieries. t ‘ » Mr. F. H. Pearce, Bowling Iron Co.’s Collieries. § a » Mr. C. Bennet. ll as », Mr. J. Raper. 12 132 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. In the Clay Pit, Gain Lane, Calverley Moor, worked by Mr. S. Dalby, the following section was seen :— ; ; : ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Coal and dirt 0 3 Berrer Bep Coan Coal z 25 = ae Fireclay - - - - 24 Ganister - - - - 0 5 Sandy fireclay containing a few nodules of ironstone - 4 6 This fireclay contains 73 per cent. of silica, At The Heights, Pudsey, the ganister seems to have disappeared entirely ; and in the Cemetery, Farnley, the fireclay, which is 1 foot 10 inches thick, lies immediately below the coal, An underclay with ironstone nodules also occurs below the fireclay as in the section given above. The fireclay which is worked from No. 2 White’s day hole, Farnley Iron- works, runs as follows :— ft. in. ft. in. Better Bep Coa : ay as Shale - - - - 0 Otol 2 Fireclay = - - 2 - 0 7to4 0 To the south of Farnley Park, where the Better Bed Coal lies at a greater depth, the fireclay becomes so thin that it cannot be profitably worked. East of Farnley, and on the opposite side of the valley of Farnley Beck, an outcrop of the Better Bed Coal occurs at Lower Wortley. Here the fireclay was exposed in open work, and the section as measured ran thus :— ft. in. ft. in. Better Bep Coat - - - -_ = _— Fireclay - - - - - 0 8to2 3% Other sections about Wortley are as follows :— ft. in. : Berter Bep Coat - - -_ Lane Pit, Wortley { Firelay . Fok oe _ 8 4 ft. in. ft, in. Clay Pit,near Queen’s Hotel, f Better Bep Coau Upper Wortley. Fireclay - - 2 9to3 0 . ft. in. Berrer Bep Coau - -_ = Dragon Pit, Worley | Breday - - - - 20 , Seatstone - a = - 30 The following analyses of Wortley fireclay have been kindly furnished to us by Mr. Stubbins—Messrs. Ingham and Sons. Engine Pit, Wortley. Fireclay. Water and Bitumen expelled by strong heat - 10'0 Silica - - - - - ~ 49°0 Alumina - - - - - - 81°0 Oxide ofiron - - - - - 6°83 Lime - - - - - - 3:2 Magnesia - - - - - trace 100°0 Gin Pit, Wortley. Fireclay. Water and Bitumen expelled by strong heat - 11°0 Silica - - 56°0 Alumina - - - ~ . = ; Oxide of iron - - - e - 80 Lime - - - - - - 3:0 Magnesia - - - = - trace THE BETTER BED COAL. 133 Church Pit, Wortley. Fireclay. Water and Bitumen expelled by strong heat - 7°95 Silica - - - - - 56°65 Alumina - = ~ - 31°61 Oxide of iron - - s - - 3°34 Lime - . - : 7 - 0°45 Magnesia - - - - - trace 100°00 _ Dragon Pit, Wortley. Fireclay, almost stone. Silica - 7 - « “ - 75°78 Alumina - - - - - 21:60 Oxide of iron - = - - - 212 Lime - x - - - - 0°50 100°00 This fireclay is highly refractory; the bricks made from it are very infusible, and yet not too brittle. Bottom fireclay. Water and Bitumen expelled by strong heat - 11°0 Silica - - : - - - 36°0 Alumina - - - - - - 27:0 Oxide of iron - - - - - 24:0 Lime - - - - - - 2°0 Magnesia - - - - - trace 100°0 Eastwards through Leeds the fireclay continues to be present. About Hare Hills it is from 1 foot to 1 foot 6 inches thick, and is worked. The fireclay of Farnley and Wortley is of most excellent quality, and suit- able for every operation in which fireclay is employed. In this locality it has been largely worked. The very extensive brick and sanitary pipe manufactories of the Farnley Iron Co., Messrs. Ingham and Sons, and‘ Messrs. Joseph Cliffe and Son, obtain the chief supply of their best quality of fireclay from this seam. i Returning to Bradford, we will now resume the account of the Better Bed oal. At Bunker’s Hill, on the west of Mount Pleasant, the coal is 2 feet thick, and on the east of the same place it is 1 ft. 9 in. in thickness. In a clay pit between Swaine Green and the Leeds and Bradford Railway, and near Laister Dyke Station, where the underlying fireclay is worked by Mr. E. Gittins, the following section of the coal was seen, clay and boulders resting immediately on the coal. ft. in. ft. in. a ft. in. ft. in. Dirt 0 0 toO0 1 : irty Clay Pit Coal 0 0: es { Gat 0 0t00 38 Laister Dyke ) Dirt 0 0 to0 2 : Coal 2 5 Coal 1 6. The following collieries give the thickness thus :— ft. in. ft. in. Tong Street* - - 1 6 East Brierleyt - - - 17 Hunsworth* - - - 1 Oto 1 2 * Communicated by Mr. F. H. Pearce, Bowling Iron Co.’s Collieries. 5 », Mr. E. Woodhead, Low Moor Iron Co.’s Collieries. 134 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. In several borings where the coal has been reached on the south side of Blakeup Beck, and at Lower Rawfolds Liversedge, the coal has diminished much in thickness. ft. in. Boring near Cartwright’s Mill - =f 0 6 Boring Blakcup Beck - - 7 011 The Bowling Iron Company’s Collieries at Tong, where the coal has been much worked, show the coal to be 1 ft. 6 in. thick. © : The collieries of the Farnley Iron Company give us the following series of sections :— ft. in. ft. in. Webster Pit - - 1 23 No. 2 Wood, Pit 10 Clayton Pit - - 1 3 No.3 Sowden - - 1 38 Prince Albert’s Pit ~¢t 1 Shaw Pit - - - 1 2 “White’s Day Hole - 1 8 tol 53 No. 1 Royd’s Pit - . 1 0 In a few cases in the same collieries the coal is as thin as 9 in. In the Cemetery between Beulah T. P. and Crumack Lane, where this coal ~has been proved near the outcrop, it is ] ft. 5 in. thick. At “The Heights,’’ Pudsey, where the coal caps the hill top, it is 2 ft. in thickness. At Upper and Lower Wortley, where the coal is worked along with the fireclay, we measured the first two of the following sections :— c ft. in. Lower Wortley - 1 33 Upper North side of Oldfield Lane, } 12 Wortley. | near the Queen’s Hotel t ce Lane Pit,Wortley = - - 12 Boring, Dragon Pit, Wortleyt - - 010 Boring, No. 13 Pit, Churwell§ - - 0 9 Boring, No. 3 Pit, Beeston Manor|| - 0 9 Boring, Beeston - - - - 010 In several places in the valley of the River Aire and in Leeds this coal has been proved by borings and well sinkings; these show an increase in thick- ness eastwards, as proved by the following sections :— ft. in. Boring, Wellhouse Foundry - - 1 2 Do. Oriental Baths, Cookridge Street ta 4 Do. Merion Square Mill - - 1 0 At the north end of Woodhouse Moor, where this coal was proved in the ene down of the sewerage pipes along the Headingley Road, it was 1 ft. thick. a In a boring at the east end of Leeds Industrial School the thickness of this coal is also given as 1 foot. The section at Neville Hill Colliery shows the coal to be 1 ft. 5 in. Borings at Gipton and the north end of Fox Wood, Seacroft, put down by He ae Moor Iron Company, gives the coal as 1 ft. 4 in. and 1 ft. 7 in. thick. By: This coal has also been proved by borings, just south of Church T. P., and at Grange Farm, Roundhay ; in the former it is shown to be 1 ft. 4 in., and in the latter 1 ft. 8 in. * Communicated by Mr. E. Woodhead, Low Moor Iron Co.’s Collieries. t - » Mr. R. Robertshaw, Farnley Iron Co.’s Collieries. ‘ 5 » Mr. Stubbins, Messrs, Ingham and Sons. - I ‘5 » Mr. H. Wormald, mining agent to the Earl of Dartmouth. § as » Messrs. J. Harding and Sons. a 5 », Mr. H. Tempest, Low Moor Iron Co.’s Collieries. te 5 » Mr. G. Hudson, well sinker. GRENSIDE SANDSTONE. 135 The roof of the seam is for the most part a finely laminated carbonaceous black shale, with teeth, scales, and other remains of fish in abundance, and a variety of plants, of which Jsepidodendron and Calamites are the most plentiful. The fish remains from the bed have been described by Mr. Davis (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., XXXII. 332.) Not unfrequently the black shale is wanting, and then the overlying argillaceous shale rests directly on the coal. The coal itself has been shown to be in some cases almost entirely made up of spores of Lepidodendron or other lycopodiaceous plants. pi a Measures between the Better Bed and the Silkstone Coals, Southern type. ate 8. i we will arrange our description of these measures under the following 1eads :— (761.) The Grenoside Sandstone and the coal on the top of it. (762.) The Penistone Flag group, including the measures between the Grenoside Sandstone and the Penistone Flags, the Penistone Flags themselves, and the measures between the Penistone Flags and the Whinmoor group of coals and sandstones. (763.) The Whinmoor group of coals and their associated sandstones. (764.) The measures between the last group and the Silkstone Coal. The shales which separate the Elland Flagstone from the Grenoside Rock call for no particular notice, and sections have already been given which show their thickness at various spots; we may therefore pass on at once to the Grenoside Rock itself. (7b1.) Grenoside Sandstone.—The rock to which we have given the name of the Grenoside Sandstone is a recognisable though not a conspicuous bed, on the south of Sheffield; it is dis- tinectly traceable up to and across the valley of the River Sheaf, but dies out half a mile east of the river. Northwards from Sheffield the rock gradually increases in importance northwards, and as far as Farnley Tyas is one of the most striking of the Coal Measure sandstones; itis also over this part of its range very constant in character, wearing almost everywhere the form of a thickly bedded, rough, gritty sandstone, and contrasting in this respect very strongly with the evenly and finely grained Flagstone below. This rock, however, though it has so far been conspicuous for its regularity, dies away somewhat suddenly east of Huddersfield, and north of this spot no representative of it has been met with. A thin coal, which we have called the Grenoside Sandstone Coal, is frequently found on the top of the rock. It seldom reaches a thickness of a foot and is of no value; it may possibly be represented in the northern part of the field by the Crow Coal, a bed locally of excellent quality and worked to some extent. At Kirkburton, where the Grenoside Rock begins to show signs of dying away, a coal makes its appearance below the sandstone. It is there known as the Tinker Coal, and is the same as the Black Bed of the northern part of the field. To pass to details. Commencing at the county boundary south of Sheffield (Plate 8, Fig. 1), we find a sandstone which corresponds in position with the Grenoside Rock, on the western bank of the River Sheaf at Broad Field Plan- tation opposite Lower Heeley. The rock can be recognised on the opposite side of the valley, but seems to thin away to the east and disappear altogether in a space of halfa mile. Returning to the valley of the Sheaf we find the rock of Broad Field Plantation running with a good escarpment along Machen Bank and thence down into the valley of the Porter Brook, on the northern side of which it was well laid open in a quarry beside the Ecclesall New Road south of Tom Wood ; the junction with the overlying shales was here bared, but no coal was seen on the rock. Between the valley of the Sheaf and the 136 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Porter Brook the rock has a thickness of about 50 feet, and the shales between it and the Flagstone are some 140 feet thick. The rock can be traced on through Sheffield and in Old Park Wood; on the northern flank of the Don Valley we get the following results from a calcu- lated section (Plate 8, Fig. 2) :— ft. in. Sandstone, part of Penistone Flag group - 60 0 Shales - - - - - 160 0 Grenoside Rock - - - - 100 0 Shales - - - - - 90 0 Greenmoor Rock - - - - 50 0 From the neighbourhood of Sheffield the rock may be traced steadily north- wards ; there is a large quarry in it on Sorrel Hill, north of Wadsley Bridge, where it is coarse and thickly bedded in the lower part. The marked and typical rough and massive character which the rock has now put on, is main- tained with great constancy through the remainder of its range. It may be seen in numerous quarries over the broad spread which it makes around Grenoside. The overlying coal was bared in the cutting just north of Wortley Station, which showed— ft. in. Coal - - - - - 04 Stony underclay - - - - 3 0 Sandstone, Grenoside Rock. In Huthwaite Quarry and along the escarpment of Huthwaite Wood the massive character of the rock is well brought out. The cuttings at the ends of Huthwaite Tunnel give the two following sections of the coal above the rock :— South end. North end. ft. in. ft. in. Black shale. Coal - - - 0 8 Coal - - - 0 6 Underclay = - 2 6 Underclay. Grenoside Rock. Grenoside Rock. The coal was again seen near Edge Hill, about a mile 8.S.W. of Penistone, where it was about 1 foot thick. In the deep borehole at Penistone this coal is not noticed, but the “light blue clay ” on the top of the rock is most likely its seat. The rock is largely quarried for building in the neighbourhood of Thurlstone. South of Ing- birchworth the Grenoside Sandstone Coal was again seen, 8 inches thick, with a little shale between it and the top of the rock. This coal was also shown north-east of Shepley, where it was at least 1 foot thick. In the neighbourhood of Kirkburton and Highburton the coal already men- tioned as underlying this rock makes its first appearance. It goes by the name of the Tinker Coal, and at Box Ings Colliery, Kirkburton, has the following section :— ft. in. Engine Coal - - < - 09 Dirt - - - - - 0 3 Stone or Gas Coal - - - - 09 Just beyond Highburton the same seam is worked froma day hole; it is there an engine coal 1 ft. 4 in. thick. A little further to the north at Rowley the seam assumes the name of the Black Bed, by which it continues to be known over the northern portion of the coalfield. The Grenoside Rock here begins to fall away, and thins rapidly northwards till it disappears altogether. The Black Bed Coal around Fenay Bridge occurs at the base of the rock, lying about 30 yards above the Better Bed. The Grenoside Sandstone Coal was seen in the same neighbourhood, in a quarry just north of Highgate, with the following section :— ft. in Coal - - - 04 Dirt - - - 0 4 Coal - - “ - 0 e Shaly clay. PENISTONE FLAGS. 137 It was again seen, as a smut 6 inches thick, in a quarry beside Gawthorpe Green Lane, near Whitley Willows. Between Bradley and Elland the Black Bed Coal lies 48 yards above the Better Bed; it is 2 ft. 9 in. thick, a fair house—and good gas—coal. Near Brighouse the Black Bed is 2 ft.6 in. thick, and lies 37 yards above the Better Bed. Around Queenshead the Black Bed is 3 ft. thick. We have now traced the Grenoside Rock and its accompanying coals through the range of the southern type of the measures on this horizon. By the disappearance of the rock and the coming in of the Black Bed Coal these beds have now assumed their northern type, and we will leave the account of them as they are found in the country to the north till we come to the descrip- tion of the northern type. (762. Penistone Flag Group.— The next member of the southern type of the beds under consideration, which calls for notice, is the Penistone Flags. This group reaches its largest. development around Penistone, and its section there may be considered typical. In that neigh. bourhood it consists of two or three beds of flaggy sandstone separated by bands of shale. A thin coal is frequently found on the top of each of the sandstones. The sandstones occasionally furnish good flags, but for the most part they are very poor and shaly. The coals are worthless. The following section shows the position and main subdivisions of this group with the average thickness of the latter, around Penistone (Plate 8, Fig. 7). ft. in. WuHInMooR CoAL - - - Sandstone often absent - - 90 0 Tutn CoaL- - - - Shale - - - - CuaRLton Brook CoaL - - 0 9 Sandstone (c) - - - - 30 0 Shale - - - - 30 0 Penistone } PENISTONE GREEN CoaL - 0 9 Flags. Sandstone (0) - - - 20 0 Shale - - - - 25 0 Lower PENISTONE COAL - - - 0 6 Sandstone (a) - - - - - 60 0 Shale - - - -40 0 Thin Coat and bastard Ganister in places. Shale - - - - - 50 0 Grenoside Rock. Southwards from Penistone the Penistone Flags maintain a con- siderable though variable thickness down as far as the north of Sheffield. It has not been always found possible to map the several sandstone beds with accuracy, but, as far as we can judge, the number and thickness of the latter varies very much from place to place; at some spots the group appears to be essentially sandstone from top to bottom, at others it is split up by bands of shale into separate sandstones whose number varies from place to place. Thin coals are seen here and there, but we have not been able to trace them continuously nor to identify them with the seams of the Penistone section; it is extremely likely that these coals do not run on regularly, but occur only here and there, sometimes on one horizon and sometimes on another, South of Sheffield, on the horizon of the Penistone Flags, we find a groun of sandstones; they are very variable in character, sometimes shaly and teebly marked and sometimes swelling out locally into more solid and 138 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. conspicuous rocks; thin coals and seams of black. shale occur among them. (Figs. 1-6, Plate 8.) To the north of Penistone the Penistone Flags may be followed as faras Denby Dale. The whole group of measures, however, between the Whinmoor Coal and the Grenoside Rock thins rapidly in that direction; the Penistone Flags partake in the general thinning away, and before reaching Kirkburton they run out com- pletely and never reappear again to the north. In a word, the Penistone Flags are a local group of sandstones, shales, and thin coals, which is recognisable on the confines of Yorkshire and Derbyshire, increases in importance northwards up to Penistone, maintains its thickness and distinct character for some way to the north of that town, and then gradually thins till it at last disappears altogether. “To the west, south, and south-east of Sheffield we find above the representa- tive of the Grenoside Rock certain irregular sandstone beds whose position entitles them to be looked upon as the equivalent of the Penistone Flags, They are very frequently of a feeble shaly nature, and then seldom form trace- able escarpments; at other places, as for instance east of Upper Heeley, stronger sandstones occur, which can be followed for a limited distance, but soon become obscure, as if they thinned out and were replaced by shale. The difficulty in tracing these beds is further increased by the great extent to which the ground is covered by buildings, and all attempts to map them were found to be attended by such uncertain results that they have not been laid down on the map. Thin coals were also noticed among these sandstones; one, for instance, 10 inches thick, runs through Upper Heeley. There were many sections about Heeley, and also in the brook which forms the county boundary east of that village. (Plate 8, Fig. 1.) To the north of Sheffield beds, which seem to correspond in position to the Penistone Flags, cover a broad spread of country. The general arrangement of the beds is in the form of a basin, the village of Ecclesfield being about in the middle. The high ground around that place is capped by an outlier of the sandstone above the Whinmoor Coal, and round this the Penistone Flags sweep ina broad belt, by Southey and Whitley on the west, and through Sheffield Lane Top and Shire Green on the east. There is little worth special notice about these rocks; they seem to be very irregular, in some places traceable bands of shale are met with, in others the bulk of the rock seems to be sandstone and no subdivisions can be mapped. Thin coals are seen here and there, but cannot be followed for any distance; some were laid bare in Sheffield Lane Dyke, another was seen in the road a little north of Blackburn, and another in Windmill Hill Lane, three quarters of a mile south-west of Chapeltown, which showed 9 inches of coal without the top being reached. (Plate 8, Fig. 3.) Between Chapeltown and Howbrook we get the following average section of the beds between the Whinmoor Coal and the Grenoside Sandstone. (Plate 8, Fig. 4.) Wuinmoor Coat. ft. Shale - - - - 10 Sandstone = - - 50 Shale - S ig - 10 Coau. THin Coan. Shale - - - = ‘ 30 Cuar-tron Broox Coau. Sandstone (3) - - ' - 30 Shale - - = - = - 70 Penistone } Coan. Lower Penisronn - 0 1t00 7 Flags. Shale - - 10 Sandstone (2) - - 50 Shale - = ; ft - 30 Sandstone (1) - - é 50 Shale - - - “ < - 30 Grenoside Rock. PENISTONE FLAGS. 139 Good sections of the above beds may be seen in Hall Wood Dyke and Charlton Brook, and in Mark Brook. __ In its upper part this section corresponds fairly well with the typical Penistone form, he sandstone (3) representing the bed marked (c¢) in that group. The bed (4) of the Penistone section seems to be absent here, but (2) agrees in position with the Penistone Sandstone (a). The sandstone (1) is wanting in the Penistone section. Between the spot where the last section is taken and the ground where the Penistone Flag group assumes its typical Penistone form we can say but little in the way of identification of the sandstones. Bands of sandstone have been traced across the country and laid down on the map with as much accuracy as was attainable ; but when we come to calculate the thicknesses and positions at different points, the results are so contradictory, that we are forced to the conclusion that the position of the rock-beds in the series undergoes constant alteration, and that Fare perhaps more than anywhere else the Penistone Flag Group shows the irregularity which is its distinguishing characteristic. Some of the changes can be readily detected; thus the topmost sandstone to the west of Wortley is so poor as to be barely recognisable, while both to the north and south it passes into a well-marked rock. Again, north of Huthwaite Tunnel in Roper Lane the shales above the Grenoside Rock contain so many beds of sandstone that the base of the Penistone Flag Group may be almost said to coincide with the top of the Grenoside Sandstone. “There are doubt- less many other changes of a similar character, which take place so gradually that they are not readily detected. For a general representation of these measures, see Plate 8, Figs. 5 and 6. We now come to the typical section around Penistone, already given on p. 137, and in Fig. 7, Plate 8. The following details are worth notice. About midway between the top of the Grenoside Rock and the lowest sand- stone of the Penistone Flags, there occur some thin sandstones and beds of bastard Ganister with a coal smut occasionally ; these measures have not been recognised in the country to the south, they may be seen in the bank just below Work Bank Lane, Thurlstone, and in one or two places between Thurlstone and Ingbirchworth. Of the three sandstone beds which here form the Penistone Flag group (a) is the thickest ; it is finely grained, flaggy, and micaceous. A thin coal, the Lower Penistone Coal is found here and there on the top of this bed. A well . at the Queen’s Hotel near the ironworks gave the following section :— ft. in. Shale - - - - - 6 0 Fireclay, seat of Lowrer Penistone CoaL- 6 0 Hard stone, Penistone Flags bed (a) -45 0 Sandstone (0) is very thin and variable. The Penistone Green Coal, which rests ‘upon it, has been met’ with in two or three wells at Penistone Green; its thickness is from 9 inches to 1 foot, and 3 feet of clay lie beneath it. This coal, however, is not traceable everywhere where the rock is present. Sandstone (c) is perhaps the most constant of the three beds. At High Lee Inn Quarry near Penistone it is a hard finely grained rock; 4 feet of shale and underclay, capped by 9 inches of coal, rest upon it. The measures between this last sandstone and the Whinmoor Coal consist sometimes wholly of shale; frequently, however, there is a sandstone bed immediately or at a short distance beneath the Whinmoor; the Thin Coal is generally found at or about the base of this sandstone. For some little distance both to the north-west and north-east of Penistone the Penistone Flags maintain with aYair degree of constancy the character they bear about that town, and the three sandstone beds can be recognised with more or less certainty. The two lower sandstones run on regularly to Ingbirch- worth, and (a) reappears towards the east from beneath (0) in the valley around Gunthwaite Park. he Lower Penistone Coal was seen lying on the rock, 9 inches thick, in the railway cutting just east of Ingbirchworth Lane turn- pike. The Penistone Green Coal was seen in the railway cutting close by the fish pond of Gunthwaite Hall ; westwards of this it apparently dies out. The bed (e) caps the hill through which Well House Tunnel is cut; in the cutting 140 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. at the north end of the tunnel the section sketched in Fig. 24 was laid bare. It is instructive as illustrating the very variable character of the beds under con- sideration, and the changes it shows on asmall scale will prepare us for the more important variations of the group as a whole, which we shall have shortly to consider. Fig. 24. Section at the north-western end of Well Wood Tunnel, Penistone. z ; 1, Sandstone and Sandy Shale. 2. Grey Shale. 8. Black Shale and Coal. 3’. Underclay. 4. Grey Shale. 5. Hard Black Shale. 6. Grey Shale. 7, Current-bedded Sandstone. 8. Sandstone and Sandy Shale. Weagain find a threefold group of sandstones on the horizon of the Peni- stone Flags north of Cat Hill, one mile and a quarter north of Penistone; in the valley of Ochre Dyke, west of Daking Brook; and to the south-west of Jowett House, near Cannon Hall, So far the Penistone Flags have conformed fairly well to the section around Penistone which was taken as their normal type. We have now to trace them tothe north-west in the direction of Denby, and in doing this we shall find the beginning of that series of changes which ends in the group dying away altogether. The bed (a) can be followed to the north-west of Ing- birchworth up to a fault at Summer Ford Hill; beyond that fault a sand- stone, which is probably the equivalent of this rock, is again met with, but it thins away rapidly to the north-west and disappears in the space of half a mile. The bed (0) seems to tail out still earlier; a reference to the map will show that it seems to wedge away about three quarters of a mile to the north- west of Ingbirchworth. There remains the sandstone which forms a broad spread between Castle Hill and High Flats and runs on through Denby Delf; the disappearance of the two lower rocks leads us to look upon this as the representative of (c). The following boring shows that this rock is underlaid by | thin coal, which is probably the representative of the Lower Penistone coal. Boring at High Flats. ft. in. Delf Rock, Penistone Flags, bed (c) - 21 0 Shale - - - - 3.0 Coal, Lower Penistone Coan - 0 10 The rock is largely quarried for flags at Delf Hills. The beds just described are cut off by a large fault north of Upper Denby, and the next section we get, which cuts down below the Whinmoor coal, is in Denby Dale for a mile or so above Scissett. On the south side of the valley we have a section corresponding to that at High Flats, which shows a bed of sandstone, probably identical with that of Denby Delf, and a coal, most likely the representative of the Lower Penistone Coal. Assuming these identifica- tions to be correct, we get, by putting together a boring at Mill Bank Hall and another at Bagden, the following general section of the Penistone Flag group hereabouts (Plate 8, Fig. 8) :— PENISTONE FLAGS. 141 veces Coau. ft, in, andstone, not always present ‘ Shale soe at i gee Tun Coan - - - - 1 3 Sandstone . - - - 2 0 Shale - - - - - 65 0 Sandstone, Penistone Flags, bed (c) - 15 0 Lower PEeNIsTone Coan. Shale with bands of stone Ss - 42 0 Delf Flagstone - - - - 9 0 Shale - - - = 76 0 Grenoside Rock. The following sections of the coal, which we have identified with the Lower Penistone Coal, have been obtained hereabouts. Putting Hill. Near Bagden Hall. Bore hole at Bagden. ft. in. ft. in. ft, in. Coal - - 0 6] Coal - - 0 8] Coal - - 0 8 Dirt - - 0 6 Dirt - - 1 4] Bind - - 0 4 Coal - - 1 8{ Coal - - 0 8] Coal - - ou On the northern side of the valley a somewhat different group of rocks is met with. A coal, which corresponds to our supposed equivalent of the Lower Penistone Coal, is found, and above it a great mass of flaggy sandstone, extending up to Skelmanthorpe, caps the hill top. A thin coal is occasionally found in the middle of the sandstone. It is possible that this may be the equivalent of the Penistone Green Coal. Owing to the faulted nature of the district we again lose sight of the Penistone Flags a little to the west of Skelmanthorpe, but sandstones on their horizon are found to the east and south-east of Shepley Station. Two sand- stone beds can be traced, and in the railway cutting, half a mile east of the station, a coal was seen lying beneath the lower, with the following section :— ft. in. Coal - - - - - O 43 Clay - a - - - 1 4 Coal - - - - - 05 Black clay - 7 - - 0 3 Whitish clay - - - - 1 0 Bastard Ganister - - - O08 Further north about Shelley and Kirkburton the only representatives of the Penistone Flag group are a thin sandstone, which is only present here and there, and sometimes a coal smut. The average section between the Whin- moor Coal and the Grenoside Rock in that neighbourhood is (Plate 8, Fig. 10) :— Wuinmoor Coat. fe in Sandstone, not always ey - 60 0 Shale - - - Tuin CoaL - - - - 1 6 Shale - - - - - 2 0 Coat = one of the Penistone Coals - 04 Shale - - - - 120 0 Grenoside Rock - = 2 = oe Here then we may say practically the Penistone Flags have disappeared ; there is, however, one spot some way further north where we meet with a sand- stone apparently on the horizon of this group. On Park Hill, Bradley, some three miles N.N.E. of Huddersfield, there isa massive gritty sandstone, lying from 120 to 140 feet above the Black Bed Coal. Without wishing to push the correlation of such variable deposits as we are considering too far, we may yet look upon this rock as marking the site of an ancient sandbank, which was probably heaped up about the same time as the Penistone Flag group was being deposited further to the south. 142 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. (763.) The Whinmoor Coal, with its associated Coals and Sand- stones.—The group of coals we are now coming to appears in different parts of the coalfield under a variety of forms. As far ‘as the number, character, and separation of the seams go, the variations from place to place are of a most extreme character ; still the group as a whole keeps everywhere pretty much the same position in the general section of the measures, and on this ground we may fairly look upon it, in spite of its excessively changeable character, as marking an horizon, and, in the limited sense in which we have agreed to use the expression, say that the Whinmoor Coal of the neighbourhood of Penistone, the Beeston Coal around Leeds, and all the various forms intermediate between these two under which the group occurs, belong to one and the same seam. It will be convenient also to notice here certain sandstones, very variable in their occurrence, which overlie, underlie, or separate the members of this group of coals. South of and around Sheffield our information about the Whinmoor is very meagre. Old coal workings have been noticed in Buck Wood between Heeley and Intake. Their position is about 70 yards below the Silkstone Coal, and the seam wrought therefore agrees in position with the Whinmoor. Above the apparent outcrop is a sandstone which may be traced in one direc- tion to Gleadless up to the county boundary, and on the other toa point between Park Spring House and Park Grange, where its course becomes obscure, possibly on account of a fault seen at the south end of the tunnel on the Midland Railway south of Sheffield Station. This sandstone may well be the rock that so frequently overlies the Whinmoor Coal. In the railway cutting just mentioned a coal comes out on the south side of the fault, with the following section :— Coal, 11 inches seen without reaching the top. Clay, 8 inches. Coal seemed to be about 3 feet. It is likely that this is the Whinmoor, but the section is obscure, and the thicknesses cannot be guaranteed as accurate. Going northwards the next evidence we have been able to obtain of the presence of the Whinmoor Coal is at Pitsmoor, where according to rumour a coal, which was probably this seam, was once worked. At Nether Wincobank the crop of a coal which is probably the Whinmoor was bared in the foundation of some buildings; only a small part of the seam was shown. Beneath the coal there is a sandstone apparently about 150 feet thick, and at the base of the sandstone a coal 1 foot 6 inches thick. Old crop workings apparently on this seam were noticed about 20 chains south of Blackburn; there is a thick sandstone bed here a little way above the coal, and another some distance below it, the calculated thicknesses being— ft. Sandstone - - - - - 85 Measures ° - - - 25 Wuinmoor Coau - = Measures - - - - 75 Sandstone - - 5 - 105 The two sandstones just mentioned range along the northern flank of the valley of Blackburn Brook, and the crop of the coal was seen 20 chains to the east of Butterthwaite. An outlier of the Whinmoor Coal and the measures above it caps the top of the hill on which Ecclesfield stands. The coal has been worked, but we have not been able to obtain any account of it. A thick sandstone immediately overlies the coal. pe WHINMOOR COAL. 143 The crop of this seam was shown in the brook 20 chains south of Green Head near Chapeltown; th section was as follows :— : ft. in. Coal, top not seen - - 13 Clay - . - 2 - Ol1 ?Very thin Coal. Sandstone. The following section of the coal was given us at a little colliery by Charlton Brook, where it was being worked: — ft. in. ft, in. Bind. Rock - - - 560 Bind - 7 -12 0 Coal - - e - 0 2 Dirt = 2 < ~- 04 Coal - - 7 - 2 2to 2 4 The coal has been worked from a pit 25 chains south-west of Mortomley, in Mark Brook, near How Brook, and on Mill Moor Plantation near Wortley, but we have not been able to learn its thickness at any of these spots. Sand- stones are found above and below the seam from Charlton Brook to Mill Moor Plantation; the following table shows their estimated thickness in feet at various spots over this ground : — Tee Charlton | Mortom-| Mark How Brook. ley. Brook. | Brook. Wortley: Sandstone - - 40 60 50 100 100 Measures - - 50 30 20 50 0 Wuinmoor Coan - — _ — —_ _— Measures - - 50 10 20 30 50 Sandstone - - 40 60 30 90° 0 Tutn CoALAND BLack — —_ _— _— — SHALE occasionally. The coal has again been wrought about Pule Hill north-west of Thurgoland. The Black Band Coal is here also present. The general section is :— ft. in Measures - - S * wees ia Buiack Bann Coau - - - 20 Underclay - - - - - 30 Measures - - - - 9 O Wuinmoor Coat - - eee Sandstone - - - - -50 0 The total thickness of the Whinmoor Coal and partings was said to be here about 5 feet, and of this from 1 ft. 7 in. to 2 ft. 4 in. was reckoned workable coal. The following account of part of a boring at Hadley House, some 45 chains S.S.W. of Silkstone Station, shows the nature of the Whinmoor measures in that neighbourhood :— ft. in. Sandstone 7 . 2 - 90 Blue Bind - - e - - 3 0 Coal, Buack Banp - = - oll Bind and Stone - - - -13 7 ; Sandstone - = s - - 8 7 Bind - - - - - 16 10 WuHINMOOR COAL - - - - 3 0 At the West Silkstone Colliery, close to Silkstone Station, the thickness given to us was two feet eight inches. In a boring made in 1804 a little way 144 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. south of Banks Hall, north-west of Silkstone, the following account of the coal is given :—* ft, in. Coal - - - - 1/7 Dark grey metal and foul coal - - 04 Coal - - - - - 010 Blackish metal scared with coal = - - 04 Coal - - - 3 - 10 The outcrops of the Whinmoor, and occasionally of the Black Band and Thin Coals, have been seen at a sufficient number of spots to prove the con- tinuity of the coals for a considerable distance to the north-west of the spots last mentioned. At Tinker House, east of Hoyland Swaine, we find— ft. in. Sandstone - - - -_— Measures - Buiack Banp Coat Measures - - Sandstone - - WHINMOOR COAL - Measures - Tuin Coa Sandstone - - } 30 0 - 40 0 - 50 0 A boring above Fell Lane House, in the same neighbourhood, gave the following section of the Whinmoor :— ft. in. Coal “ - - 0 6 Dirt - - - - 0 3 Coal - - - - - 1 3 Dirt - = - = 0 4 Coal - - - - - 010 At Clough Green, one mile south-west of Cawthorne, the thin coal was 1ft. 2in. thick, with 3 feet of underclay below it. The Whinmoor coal was formerly wrought in Deffer Wood, where its section was said to be— ft. in. Coal - - - - - 20 Dirt - - - - - 1 2 Coal - - - - - 10 The workings have been abandoned, probably because the coal was not good enough to bear the cost of carting. ‘The thin coal was seen in one place, 1 ft. 8in. thick. The sandstones above and below the Whinmoor coal are hereabouts thin and unimportant. There are some coals in the neighbourhood lying a little distance above the Whinmoor, of the presence of which we have obtained no evidence to the south, but which may possibly correspond to a poor seam, called the Lousey Bed, which is occasionally worked about Whitley and Hopton on the north- east of Huddersfield. It will be convenient to notice these here. In a little colliery by Bagden Lane a seam was worked with the following section :— On west side of small fault. On east side. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. = ft. in. Bad coal - - 0 9 | Coal - - 110to2 6 Coal - - 1 lttol 5 | Muck - - 09 Coal - - 0 9 * From a paper read before the South Yorkshire Viewers Association by Mr. Le Maddison, March 5th, 1860, a copy of which was kindly lent to us by Mr, R. orp. WHINMOOR COAL. 145 This bed seems to be about 80 feet above the Whinmoor, and agrees fairly well in position with the Lousey coal just mentioned. Again, the upper part of Pe brook through Bagden Wood gives approximately the following section :— ft. Coal in two beds ? Lousgey Coa - -_ Sandstone - 7 - - - 20 2 Thincoal - - - - -_— Measures - - - - ~ 25 Coal ? Buack Banp - - -_- Measures - - - - - 45 Wuinmoor Coat - The identifications are doubtful, and the coals of trifling value, but they call for a passing notice. 3 The following is the account of the Whinmoor coal in the neighbourhood of Bagden Wood furnished to us :— ft. in. Coal - - - - 0 6 Dirt - - - - 0 9 Coal - - - - - 10 Dirt - - - - - 0 6 Coal - - - - - 22 The Whinmoor coal has again been largely worked around West Clayton. At a day hole in Riding Wood, where it was being wrought for engine coal by Messrs. Norton, of Nortonthorpe, the following section was measured :— ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - 0 7to0 8 Black coaly shale - - - 0 4to0 6 Coal - - - « 1 2 Gray clay with thin layers of black shale - - - - 2 1 Coal, top 4 inches, sulphurous - 1 5 Clay and coal - - - 0 6 Clay - - - - 0 38 Sandstone with Stigmaria rootlets — Sandstone and sandy shale - = Above the coal the section is :-— Thin coal smuts. Sandstone - - - 600 Measures - - - 1000 WuHinmoor Coa. The Black Band coal was not recognised, but possibly this is only owing to a want of clear sections. To the west of the outcrop we have been following, the Whinmoor coal is thrown in again by faults with downthrows to the west, and underlies, mostly in detached patches, a tract of country reaching from Hoyland Swaine by Denby Dale to Cumberworth. Lying at moderate depths it has been largely worked, and the following are sections of it over this area. On Hoyland Swaine Heights the seam is exceptionally thin, and contains not more than 15 inches of actual coal. Cumberworth Lane, Denby Colliery. Denby Dale Station. Denby Dale. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Actual coal - 2 0° Coal - 1 0° Coal - 14 Dirt - 010%$ Dirt - 0 4 Coal - 1 3. Coal - 1 6 Dirt - 010 Dirt - 0 8 Coal - 1 8 Coal - 18 42513. K 146 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Kirk Stiles Colliery, Pingle Nook, Denby Dale. Lower Cumberworth. ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - 010 Coal - 1 0 Dirt - - 0 8 Dirt - 10 Coal - - 1 4 Coal - 1 5 Dirt - - 0 6 Dirt = 1 2 Coal - a LF Coal - 18 The Whinmoor coal hereabouts has usually, but not always, a sandstone a little way or immediately above it; there is also frequently another sandstone between it and the Thin coal. We may now return to the main outcrop of the Whinmoor coal. It abuts -against a fault north of West Clayton, and sets in again some two miles and a half to the west against the same line of fault near the village of Shelley. The general section hereabouts may be gathered from the pit sections in Fig. 25. ‘The section at Whitley is added for the sake of comparison. The following are two sections of the Whinmoor near Shelley :— ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. + Coal - 1 4 Coal - 0 6 Bind - 2 2 Dirt - 10 Coal - 1 5 Coal - 1 2 Dirt - 4 Oto 36 0 Coal - 1 2 The seam is here sometimes known as the Lousey Bed, and the miners look upon it as the same as the coal which bears that name further to the north about Whitley. The Black Band coal is about 18 inches thick, and lies some 11 yards above the Whinmoor. The Thin or Sump coal is 14 inches thick, and is 10 yards below it. There are sandstones both above and below the Whinmoor, but they are very irregular, and often thin away altogether. About Hallas, about half a mile north-east of Kirkburton, the measures run as follows. (No. 3, Fig. 25) :— ft. in. = ft. in, 7. Buack Banp CoAL - - 1 6 6. Measures - - -.27 0 to 30 0 5. Coal 05t006 -) 4. Dirt - i Wuinmoor Coau. 2, Measures 240 - 1. Coal, drubby, 1 2 “| The beds 3 and 7 have both been gotten. The Black Band coal has again been wrought from a day hole east of Linfit Mill; it is there called the Cinderhill coal; it averages 18 inches in thickness, is a fair engine coal, and when carefully picked can be used for household purposes. There is a coal in a sandstone quarry at Little Lepton, which shows the following section :— ft. in, Coal . - - - - 1.3 Shale - - - - - 6 0 Sandstone. It is possible this may be the Black Band; but if it is, there must be a fault we do not know of, throwing it up into its present position ; if there is no such fault, the bed must lie above the Black Band, and would seem to bea local seam not recognised elsewhere. To the north of Hallas there is a tract of unproved ground, and in the absence of exploration it is impossible to say whether the WHINMOOR COAL 147 Whinmoor Coal is present there or not. Where we next get infor- mation of coals on this horizon, we find two beds known as the Upper and Lower Lousey Coals of Hopton and Whitley, which are of indifferent quality ; under one form or other these seams can be followed over the remainder of the coalfield, and they at last become the Beeston Bed of the neighbourhood of Leeds, The details of the numerous changes which the equivalent coals undergo in their course northward will be given when we come to describe the northern type of the measures now under considera- tion. The probable relations of the Whinmoor and Lousey coals are shown in Fig. 25. Fig. 25. Comparative Section of the Coals on the horizon of the Whinmoor in the neighbourhood of Shelley and Whitley; scale, 100 feet to an inch. im 2 3 4 5 Blocking Coal. Black Band Coal. Top Lousey Coal. Whinmoor Coal. Low Lousey Coal, 1. Pit east of Standing House, Shelley. 2. Pit at Thorncliffe ae ft. in. . Me Thin Coal Band - Blocking Coal - - 16 Measures - 84 0] Measures - - -74 0 Black Band Coal- 1 6 | Coal - - - - 1 0 Measures - 33 0] Measures’ - - - 51 0 ( Coal - - 0 6 ce ~ - - - ae ; : Dirt - - 10 easures - - - WhO Com) - 1 2| Black Band Goal - 17t01 8 oa" | Dirt up to - 4 0 «(Coal - - 12 3. Section at Hallas, see p. 146. 4, Cupola Shaft, Linfitt Mill. 5. Whitley and Hopton. ft. in. ft. in. Measures - - - 18 0] Top Lousey Coal up to - 27 Smut - - - 0 5) Measures - - - 60 0 Measures - - - 55 6 | Low Lousey Coal - - 010 Coal - - - O11 Dirt - - - 1 3 Coal - - - 0 4 Measures - - - 22 6 Black Band Coal - - 1 6 (7 54.) whe Beds between the Whinmoor Measures and the Silk- stone Coal.—There is little that calls for special notice in this belt of strata in the southern part of the coalfield. It contains K 2 148 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. thin irregular seams of coal, and sandstones which here and there swell out to a considerable thickness. We shall content ourselves with calling attention to one or two noticeable sections. The following section was laid bare in a roadcutting a little to the east of the Farm Bridge on the south-east side of Sheffield :— ft. in. Silkstone Coal - - - -_ = Measures, about - - - - 70 0 2? Coal smut. Shale passing down into sandstone - 20 0 Black shale - - - - 0 8 Coal and Black shale - - - 0 5 Stony Spavin - - - - Thin bed of sandstone - - - } re a Grey shale with layers of ironstone nodules Black and dark shale - - (. 0 6 Grey shale - - - - 06 Sandstone - - - - - = The following account was given us of the measures in a well at the Brewery in Earl Street, on the south side of Sheffield :— ft. in. 4, Measures - - - - 60 0 3. Coal and dirt - - - - 30 2. Measures - - - - 24 0 1. Coal smut - - - - 0 6 The top of the well is a little below the outcrop of the Silkstone Cval, The next section to be noticed is 53 chains north-west of Grange Lane Station, in a lane leading from Butterwhwaite to Butterthwaite Common. Combining it and a little calculation we get the following account :— ft. in. 7. Siikstone Coal - < ee hee (Shale - -} Sandstone ” Shale - 6.< Sandstone 7 - 60 0 Shale - | Coalsmut - Shale - = 5. neue and coal - J 2 4. Shale - - 30 3. Sandstone - 60 | 2, Shale - - 70 1. Whinmoor Coal —_ oP © 8 rbhebhy a ee} ob phos Coca The mixture of coal and dirt, No. 5, agrees in position with the bed of similar character, No. 3, in the well at the Earl Street Brewery, Sheffield. The sandstone No.3, of the last section, is the conspicuous bed which, we have already mentioned, overlies the Whinmoor coal along the northern flank of the valley of Blackburn Brook. To the north-west of the spot where the last section is shown, the sandstone rises into a bold hill crossed by the road from Coit Lane turnpike to Chapeltown. On the south-eastern side of the hill a coal has been sunk to at a depth of 12 yards in a pit 30 chains soutn-west of Cowley; this bed was supposed to be the Whinmoor, but it is almost certainly No. 5 of our last section. The summit of the hill is capped by an outlier of sandstone worked in Hunshelf Quarry; this seems to be the equivalent of the group of beds No. 6, but the character of the group has changed from a mass of shale with thin sandstone beds into a thick body of sandstone, with little, if any, shale in it. On the opposite side of the valley about Cowley still more remarkable changes have taken place, and there seems to be nothing but sandstone from the valley bottom almost up to the Silkstone Coal. To the Geological Survey of England & Wales. WHINMOOR COAL Flags. ee Plate SG. Scale 100 leet t an inch. Brudge. 4, Chapeltown to Grenoside. 8. Wortley ighburton. 11. Bradley, Elland, and Brighcuse. TN. of Habfac: and, Queenshead. id. 2.NWof Sheffield. 3.Eeclestield to Wads 7. Naghbourhood of Penistone. 8, Bagden and Denby, I.Shepley. 10. Kirkb LSE and. S. of Shoffie wim and Hi 48, Average section. around Leeds, Greenmecr | 10 ut 2? to Wharndiftfe . 6. Thurgoland and Greeranovr: To tace page 149. Comparative scetions of the southern type of the measures from the Whinmoor Coal to the Elland Flagstone. 13; NB. Section 13 is added. to shew the general. comection between the southern and. northern types of these measures, For the detuils of the northern. type see Plate 8. at BEESTON COAL “Ld stack BED. Thick Stone — SETTER BED. ——t Dangerfield. Lith.22. Bedford S! Covent Garde? BEDS BETWEEN WHINMOOR AND SILKSTONE COALS. 149 west of Chapeltown a sandstone bed comes in between the Whinmoor Coaland the base of No. 8; and as we follow the measures still further to the north- west, No. 3 thins and the new sandstone thickens, till in the end it becomes the important rock which has been already noticed (p. 143) as overlying the Whinmoor Coal from Charlton Brook to Wortley. The curious changes in the character of the measures just described have been plotted on a zigzag line of section in Fig. 26. Fig. 26. Section from Grange Lane to Mortomley, showing the changes in the Measures between the Whinmoor and Silkstone Coals. West of Grange ! : ‘ ' 1 , ’ ! 'SILKSTONE COAL Cito Mortomley. Chapeltown. Cowley. Lane. Lane, I J Pao WHINMOOR COAL Vertical scale much exaggerated. To the north-east of Wortley a fault prevents us from getting a complete section of the measures between the Whinmoor and Silkstone Coals; but a thick sandstone immediately overlies the former on Mill Moor Height, and another sandstone bed, which forms a broad spread around Crane Moor, reaches nearly up to the base of the Silkstone Coal; probably, therefore, the belt of strata we are considering consists in this locality very largely of sand- stone. A thin coal, which seems to lie a little below the upper of the sand stones just mentioned, crops in High Wood Dike, Wortley Park. This great sandstone mass, however, thins away to the north-west, for in the boring near Hadley House (p. 143) the measures are mainly shale. Still further to the north-west sandstone beds of a somewhat irregular character again come in between the two coals, specially between Cannon Hall and Deffer Wood. 7ce.—The Measures between the Better Bed and the Blocking or Barcelona Coal, Northern type. Plate 10. When we come to examine this group of measures in the northern part of the coalfield, we find the following to be the main points calling for notice. A band of no very great thickness, consisting of sandstone or a mixture of sandstone and shale, known as the “Thick stone” in the Low Moor district, comes in below the Grenoside Rock at Burton (see Fig. 10, Plate 8), and continues to run on above the Better Bed Coal with considerable persistency over the remainder of the coalfield. ‘The sandstone part of this bed is hard fine, icsely grained, and thinly bedded; from its flaggy nature it is apt to pass into shaly beds. Though this bed never attains a great thickness and is liable to considerable variations, it is very rarely unrepresented under some form or other. It can be followed nearly all the way from Burton past Bradford to Leeds ; and even when the rock is too thin or too shaly to allow of its 150 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. being recognised at the surface, sinkings or borings show that it is present, and that it consists of bands of sandstone with incon- stant shale partings, or of stone bind with thin layers of sandstone. In the event of a better building stone not being at hand, the sandstone from this bed is sometimes used for that purpose, but its chief use is as rubble for dry stone walls. The next. new feature in these measures is the Black Bed Coal. This is the name by which it usually goes ; it is also known as the Cowmes Coal, Northmoor Coal, and Royds Coal. The value of this coal is much enhanced by the fact that the shale containing the ironstone so largely worked for the supply of the Low Moor, Bowling, and Farnley furnaces, lies either imme- diately or a little way above it. From the fact that the ironstone is usually worked in conjunction with the coal, this seam has come to be one of the most extensively wrought beds in the northern part of the field. Ata distance above the Black Bed, which varies from 6 to 22 yards, there is a thin seam of coal, known usually as the Crow Coal, which is locally of some value. It seems to be the equiva- lent of the Grenoside Sandstone Coal. There are two thin bands of coal above the Crow Coal known as the “(22 yards Band” and “the 34 yards Band.” ‘They are of no value, but they are found in all the sections from Clifton by Low Moor to Bradford ; eastwards from the last place they are still represented by underclays and smuts. The next measure calling for notice is the Oakenshaw or Clifton Rock, a bed.of sandstone, variable but often of considerable im- portance, which lies below the Shertcliffe Coal. It may be looked upon in a general way as the equivalent of one of the sandstones which are occasionally met with to the south below the Whinmoor Coal. “The Thick Stone.”—The “Thick Stone” is represented by a band of sandstone below the Grenoside Rock at Burton (Fig. 10, Plate 8), and can be traced thence by Cowmes and and Lascelles Hall. East of the last place it is lost, and northward from Levy Mill to Heaton Moor and Tib Netherend Wood no sandstone is found between the outcrops of the Black and Better Bed Coals, nor is the bed traceable at Clifton Common. The rock is repre- sented, however, in the borings near Cartwright’s Mill, Liversedge, by a sandstone bed 15 ft. thick. At High Moor Lane this rock has increased to a thickness of 38 ft., and at Popplewell, near Scholes, it consists of two bands of sandstone with intermediate beds of sandstone and shale 34 ft. thick, the full thickness being 53 ft. 2in. Other sections show similar variations in the thickness and character of this rock. It is found at Reevy Beacon Hill, South Field, Great Horton, and Chapel Green; between the latter place and Quaker Lane it has been quarried to some extent, being locally used asa building stone. In the section of Foot Road Pit, Bowling, this sandstone is 920 ft. thick, but in the railway cutting at Bowling Hall Lane, it is only 10 ft., the upper portions of the rock consisting of beds of shaly sandstone and shale. At Bunkers Hill near Bradford it has diminished to 6 ft. 9in. 1¢ can, however, be followed eastwards from Tong Park through North Wood and along the west side of Farnley Park to Farnley, and thence by Gilbert Royd, Little Wood, and Whin Cover to Birks Wood, where it becomes of a very shaly nature. At Wortley it does not seem to exist, and at Woodhouse Moor, Leeds, it is principally sandy shale containing thin sandstone bands. That portion of “Leeds constituting the North Ward stands upon this rock; at Merion Square Mill there is 32 ft. of this sandstone, but several sections show the rock to be BLACK BED COAL. 151 flaggy and of an inferior quality. East of Leeds it is not seen at the surface, but it was found in the sinking of Park Pit, Harehills Lane; in a boring near Gipton, where it was 36 ft. thick, and consisted of two sandstone beds of nearly equal thickness with 9 ft. 8 in. of shale between; and in a boring at Fox Wood, where it was 33 feet thick, including three interstratified bands of sandy shale. This is the last place where we have any account of it. The Black Bed Coal.—The variations in the thickness of this seam are very nearly the same as in the case of the Better Bed. From the Cowmes Colliery and High Moor Lane Pit it ranges from 1 ft. to 2 ft.2in. It attains its maximum thickness, 3 ft. 1 in, at Popplewell, and seems to continue nearly of an equal thickness through Low Moor and: Wibsey to Great Horton. East of the last place, at Bowling and Bradford, it varies from 2 ft, 5 in. to 1 ft. 10in., while inthe Tong district its average thickness is about 2 ft. 3 in. The thickness is nearly the same about Farnley. Here, how- ever, the lower portion of the seam is composed of a stone coal called “The Johnnies,” very inferior in its quality, and the good coal amounts only to 1 ft. 3 in. and 2 ft. “The Johnnies” ranges through Beeston, where it is 1 ft. 4 in. thick, the best coal being 1 ft, 4in. tol ft.6in. This coal does not, like the Better Bed, increase in thickness on the east of Leeds, but maintains a thickness of 1 ft. 7 in. to 2 ft. 3 in., and an average of about 1 ft. 9 in. as far as we have been able to trace it. This coal is soft, friable, and duli in appearance ; it burns to a red ‘ash, of which it contains about 15 per cent. It furnishes a second-class house coal; it is extensively used in the local factories as an engine coal, and is considered very good for this purpose ; as a soft coal for gas-making it produces between 4,000 and 5,000 cubic feet of gas to the ton, though it also yields a large proportion of gas tar. The Stone Coal at Farnley and Beeston is of no value, and tends only to the deterioration of the seam, as it reduces the thickness of the soft coal and increases the expense of working. The Cannel found at Dewsbury Moor and Mirfield associated with the coal is of a better quality, and burns well in the retort, which the “ Johnnies” of Farnley does not. The bed is now beginning to be worked at greater depths than formerly ; when carefully screened it makes a good house coal, but it is chiefly used for engine purposes. We will now give a series of sections showing in detail the variations of this coal :— ft. in. = ft, in. Addle Croft - - - «~ Coal 1 0 Ledgard Bridge and Helm Colliery - Coal* 2 0 to 2 3 Bleak Law Quarry - - - Coal) 2 2 Green Lane Pit = - - - Coal hi 29 High Moor Lane Pit - - CoalJ 210 In the next section at Whitaker Pits, the coal is 3 ft. 4 in. thick, but con- tains a parting of flat nodules, locally named “ Black Stone” or “ Blotches.” These nodules are concretions of hardened mud containing iron pyrites; they do not form a continuous or regular parting, but occur at various heights in the coal seam. * Communicated by Mr. Armitage, bottom steward to Mr. Charles Wheatley, » Mr. E. Woodhead, Low Moor iron Co,’s Collieries. » ‘ 152 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. -ft, in. ft. in, Breaks Pit* - - Coal - 380 Popplewell Pitt —_- - Coal - 3 1 Popplewell Pit, Scholes - Coal - 210 Upper Cow Close Pit - Coal - 2 8 Engine Pit, Hunsworth - on } = 27 No. 2 Pit, Hunsworth - Coal - 2 2 Coal - 1 8 Brierley Colliery Coal | Bating 0 it 2 6 » LCoal - 0 9 Low Moor Collieries - Coal - 2.10 Wibsey Slack Colliery - Coal - 2 8 to 210 Bowlingt : - Coal - 2 5 Bunkers Hill,t near Bradford Coal - 110 to 2 0 In the railway cutting at Cutler Heights we measured the following section :— Black Bed Coal {Oe Goat 20 Bt 2 4 South of this at Liversedge, where the coal is worked at Strawberry Pit by the Liversedge Coal Company, at a depth of 500 ft., the coal is from 2 ft. 3 in. to 2 ft. 6 in. thick. At Park Colliery, 440 ft. deep, the coal is 2 ft. 4 in. in thickness, and makes a good house coal if carefully screened. It is also used as a gas coal, yielding about 4,600 cubic feet of gas per ton. As an engine coal it is of a very good quality. The coal in both of these collieries is slightly deteriorated owing to the presence of the “ Black Stone” parting, above mentioned. These flat nodules usually have a coating of compact lustrous coal surrounding ‘them. They also require to be carefully picked out of the coal, as they fuse in the furnace and adhere to the bars, and in gas-making give off much sulphurous, vapour. ’ Messrs. G. and J. Haigh have also sunk to the coal in the new winning at Dewsbury Moor, the depth being about 600 ft. The coal has the following section§ :— ft, in. Coal - - a . »~ 24 Cannel Coal - - - - 0 5 The Cannel is of good quality. Another recent sinking, at Dark Lane New Pit, by the Mirfield Coal Com- pany, has proved this coal at a depth of 588 feet ; it was found to agree very nearly with the coal at Dewsbury Moor on the other side of the valley, as the following section shows] :— ft. in. Black Bed Coal { oo ae : 3 And the coal varies from the thickness given above up to 3 feet. At Thornhill Colliery, a new winning, Ingham Pit, has just been put down to this coal, reaching the seam at_a depth of 273 yards 1 foot 9 inches, and as all the deeper shafts in this neighbourhood have proved the coal to be of an average thickness and good quality, it is certain that ere long when the higher seams are exhausted, this coal will be sunk to at many other places, where it lies at greater depths than has yet been attained. The thickness of the seam at Ingham Pit is 274 inches 7 :— * Communicated by Mr. E. Woodhead, Low Moor Iron Co.’s Collieries. T i » Mr. F. H. Pearce, Bowling Iron Co.’s Collieries. ie 3 » Mr. J. Raper. § ” » Mr. J. Haigh, managing partner. fi 33 » Mr. J. Niven, viewer. “{— From Mr. Maddison. BLACK BED COAL. 153 Returning again to the Tong district, where the coalis at a much less depth, we find the thicknesses to continue, thus :— ft. in, ft. in. Tong Street - - Coal) 2 2 to 2 4 Charles Pit, Tong - Coal| 2 3 N., Pit, Tong - - Coal +* 2 0 F. Pit, Tong ¢ - - Coal 24 Miller Lane Pit, Tong - Coal) 2 4 On the south of the turnpike road, and between Green Lane and the road, we found this section exposed :— ft. in. ft, in. Coal - a a ~ 21 27 Coal and Dirt - is - 06 _ Crossing the Tong Beck, we obtain the following sections from the workings in the collieries belonging to the Farnley Iron Company :— - ft. in. ft. in. - ee 12 ‘ Troughton Pit Merete o ar 2 oF ae Coal - 16 No. 2 Walsh Pit Stone Col. o af 2 2 The Stone Coal of the last section seems to die out southwards along a line running between Low Moor Side and the north side of Farnley Park, Lower Wortley, and Wortley Station, for on the north side of Farnley Park, at the east end of Hall Lane, we saw a section of the coal, which was as follows :— ft, in. Coal - - < x - 24 Clay with Coal - - - - 0 33 Underclay. And again, south of Nutting Grove, though a complete section of the coal was not seen, the lowest part of the bed was soft coal, similar in character to the rest of the seam; also at Wortley the coal is worked on the top of Blue Hill, and in open works to it we measured the coal to be 2 ft. thick ; in the cutting of the London and North-western Railway at Wortley Station there is 2 ft. 6 in. of soft coal. ; The following group of sections shows still more distinctly the coming in and disappearance of a stone coal in the lower part of the seam :— 7 Guat ft. in ft. in s : 0 - 13 Dixon Pit - Haicet . oi} 2! | oal - - 14 No. 2 Royds Pit - { Bad Coal - 0 5 } 2 8 q Stone Coal - 0 5 Coal - - 1 6 Geldard Pit - pt | Bat Coal -.0 6 } 2 4 Stone Coal - 0 5 Coal - - 15 Ellis p# - - {Bat coal - 0 5 } 2 2 Stonecoal - 0 4 Farnley Wood Pit Coal - - 1 7% Cliff Pit - - Coal - - 23 These sections show that, eastwards from Tong Beck, a band of “Stone Coal” comes in and forms the lower portion of the seam. This Stone Coal is of very inferior quality, approaching more nearly to’a Black shale-than a Cannel coal. ft. in. No. 13 Pit, Churwellt - - Coal 1 6 No, 3 Pit, Beeston Manor Colliery§- Coal 1 6 * Communicated by Mr. F. H. Pearce, Bowling Iron Co.’s Collieries. t 35 » Mr. S. Robertshaw, Farnley Iron Co.’s Collieries. t +s » Mr. H. Wormald, mining agent to the Earl of Dartmouth. § 44 » Messrs. J. Harding and Sons. 154 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. There is no mention made here of “ Stone Coal ;” it is certainly absent in No. 13 Pit, Churwell, for there the coal 1 ft. 6 in. rested on the underclay. We again meet with the Stone Coal at Beeston, where it is very much thicker, as for example— a . . ft.in. . ft. in. Coal - 1 4tol 6 Beeston Colliery” | Seer Stone 0 1 Stone Coal 1 4. , Here the “Stone Coal” is very similar in composition to what it is at Farnley, and owing to its earthy nature is of no value as a gas coal. It burns, but the ash left is almost equal in bulk to the original coal. Under the alluvium of the River Aire this coal is shown by a boring at Wellhouse Foundry to be 1 ft. 2 in., and in a well at South Brook Street Brewery to be 1 ft. ll in. thick... ; Crossing to the other side of the valley we find the coal to be thinner than its average on the west side of the river. ft. in. ft. in Knowsthorpe Collieryt - - ‘Coal 1 9to2 3 Neville Hill Collieryt- - - - Coal 1 Osmondhorpe oe Pontefract Lane Pit, Black Bank|| - Coal 147 Coal Pit, Black Bank Farm|| - - Coal 1ll Broom Hill Colliery( - - - Coal 1 8 In the Burmantofts Cemetery, Leeds, where the coal outcrops, it is 2 ft. thick. ; : ‘ “g hd dee The section of Park Pit, Hare Hills Colliery,t gives the coal 1 ft. 6 in. thick, and the thickness shown in the boring at Fox ‘Wood, Seacroft, is only 1 ft. 3 in. ‘ Black Bed Xronstone.—When the Tinker Coal first becomes clearly recognisable the Grenoside Rock forms: the roof of the coal, and there is no trace of the ironstone-bearing shale which becomes so valuable a measure a little further to the north. North of Gawthorpe- the Grenoside Rock dies away; but on account of the paucity of sections between Gawthorpe and Mirfield, it is scarcely possible to fix exactly the spot where the shale which takes its place begins to bear ironstone. At Clifton a black shale containing ironstone, and closely resembling the ironstone measures of Low Moor, is found between 29 and 30 feet above the Black Bed, and this band may be traced by sections and workings nearly all the way from Green Lane Pit, Clifton, to High Moor Lane Pit, where it has assumed all the character of the Black Bed Iron- stone, and is separated from the coal by only 4 ft. 104 in. of measures. The bed may be followed thence through Popplewell Pits, where the intervening measures are still less, up to Scholes Pit, where it lies immediately on the coal. We have no difficulty in now following it to the north and north-east throughout the rest of the coalfield ; the numerous old rubbish heaps and coal pits around Low Moor, Bowling, Farnley, Beeston, and Black Communicated by Mr. H. Tempest, Low Moor Iron Co.’s Collieries. * T 3 », Mr. T. Willis, formerly of Farnley Iron Co.’s Collieries. . t 2 », Lhe Norwegian Titanic Iron Co. ‘ § a9 » Mr. G. Foster, Low Moor Iron Co.’s Collieries. \| = » Mr. Reid. gq a » Messrs. Garside & Co. 2 BLACK BED IRONSTONE. 155 Bank, Leeds, testify to the continuation of this ironstone, and show how very extensively it ‘is worked, and how much it is valued by the various iron companies in the district. _ The ironstone lies in a carbonaceous shale partly in thin con- tinuous layers, and partly in bands of nodules or in nodular beds. The layers occur chiefly in the higher part of the belt. The com- bined thickness of all these layers at their greatest thickness never amounts to more than 1 ft. 10 in.; but as the uppermost of the bands are but of inferior quality, the workable layers only give about 10in. of iron ore, diminishing’ in some few cases to only Zin. or 3in. At Beeston the aggregate thickness of the three workable layers is about 5 in. and the yield is about 5 cwt. of ore to the square yard. Each of the layers is generally known by some local name, derived from the shape or appearance of each individual seam; thus we have “Checks” for some of the thin upper layers containing such an abundance of joints that the surface appears chequered like a Roman pavement; “ Rough measure,” arising from the rough exterior or notched appearance of some of the beds, which are semi-nodular in character; ‘ Top Balls” and “ Middle Balls,” for those ironstone beds which are composed of nodules of ironstone, each nodule often having as a nucleus a fossil shell. “Flat-stone,” the ironstone lying in regular layers or seams of uniform thickness, and with jointing less abundant than in those layers called “Checks.” The shale in which the ironstone is embedded contains plants, Lepidodendron, Ulodendron, Calamites, and ferns in abundance; teeth, scales, spines, and coprolites of fish, and the remains of Labyrintho- donts. This ironstone cannot be said to be a particularly rich ore ; the per-centage of metallic iron is given in “’'The Iron Ores of Great Britain” *(p. 70) at 29°12 per cent. Analyses by Mr. J. W. West- morland of samples taken from six pits on the Hunsworth side of the Bowling Colliery give for the per-centage of metallic iron— Minimum - s - 29°15 Maximum - - - 30°79 The different layers also vary considerably in quality. The “Middle Balls” is the richest band. The ironstone above the “Top Rough Measures” is very inferior to that obtained from the layers below, and when mixed to any extent with the best ore tends to deteriorate the quality of the iron. These upper bands are therefore not worked... oo iene The excellent quality of the iron produced from this ore is due partly to the purity of the Better Bed Coal which is used for smelting it, and also in large measure to the extreme care taken that the ironstone is thoroughly cleaned from all the shale which adheres to it when it is brought out of the mine before it is put into the furnace. The ironstone is spread out ina flat heap that the shale may weather off, and is repeatedly turned and carefully picked clean. Long practice has also supplied skill in calcining, smelting, and forging, which still further conduces to the produc- tion of an iron of the best and toughest description. At Beeston, and east of Leeds, the per-centage of metalliciron in 156 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. this stone is higher than elsewhere, but the ironstone itself is not so thick. In the section of Green Lane Pit, Clifton, which is our first accurate section between Addle Croft and Clifton, there is no ironstone bearing shale imme- diately overlying the coal, and the coal is worked by itself. ‘There is, how- ever, a black shale containing ironstone lying about 29 feet about the coal, and we shall be able to show that the measures which here separate this ironstone bearing shale from the coal thin away to the north, and that this bed is the equivalent of the Black Bed Ironstone of Low Moor. Beginning with the section of Green Lane Pit, which it has been necessary to correct for dip, as the inclination is as much as ] in 33, we find the section from the Black Shale and Ironstone to the Coal to be as follows :— ft. in. ft. in. Black Shale and _ Jronstone (Black Bed Ironstone - - 46 White muck - - ~ 6 64 Shale - - - 7 5k Galliard - - - 310 29 4 Shale - - - -ll 6 Buacx Bep Coa. Almost due east of Green Lane Pit, sections similar to the last are found, at Strawberry Pit, Liversedge, and at Dewsbury Moor Colliery. The section at Strawberry Pit is as follows :—t ft, in. Black Bed f Black Shale, withfour Beds of Ironstone - 2 8 Tronstone. | Shale containing bands of sandstone - 30 3 Buack Bep Coan, And at Dewsbury Moor Colliery we have—} ft. in. ft. in, ft. in. ft. in. cal 4 0 0 2 0 Dark Bind oe Dark Bin Bak Bet Fontan * | Dark Bind Tronstone Dark Bind Shale with bands of hard sandstone Shale and Ironstone - - Dark Shale - - - Buack Bep Coat. we’ 8 ve 0 0 0 oma hte 0 4 2 2 In these sections the Ironstone-bearing shale is but very thin when com- pared with the thickness it assumes further north, In the section of a boring near Windy Bank Farm, there is no mention made of shale and ironstone, but some shales with thin bands of strong stone and galliard are noticed, lying about 12 ft. 9in. above the Black Bed Coal; they are most likely the equivalent of the “ Black Bed Warrells”? of the Low Moor and Bowling district.§ At High Moor Lane Pit, from which our next section is obtained, the mea- sures ha aig te Coal and the Ironstone Shale have come down to only 4 ft. 103 in. :-— : * Communicated by Mr. E. Woodhead, Low Moor Co.’s Collieries. t os » the late Mr. T. Bottomley, Liversedge Coal Co. § ew Dias » Mr. J. Haigh. “ Warrells ” is a local term for a shale containing thin bands of hard sand Se See Vert. Sects., Sheet 43. e Sea Black Bed Tronstone, We are informed b BLACK BED IRONSTONE. Shale Ironstone Shale Tronstone Shale Ironstone Shale Tronstone Shale Tronstone Shale Tronstone Shale . Shale - White earth Buacx Bep Coat. Inferior Ironstone onm ft. in. bon pres oes “~~e og eo oe oo DO me bole bow se 0 7h ft. in.! 1 6 1 $1 i | ff 1 i 11 0 10 6 8 157 ft, in. y Mr. Woodhead that in the workings from this pit, which extend half a mile to the south, the measures between the ironstone and the coal thickened gradually in that direction. If we go east from High Moor Lane Pit to Lower Rawfolds, we obtain some further information from borings along Blakcup Beck, and at Lower Rawfolds. In the boring east of the foot path from Thornton Hill to Upper Blakcup, and close to Blakcup Beck, we find the following account of these ironstone Measures :—* Black Bed Ironstone. From the boring near the Gasworks, Cleckheaton, we have—* Shale Tronstone Shale, brown Ironstone Shale, brown Tronstone Black Shale White earth Buack Bep Coan. Black Bed Ironstone. And the boring near Cartwright’s Mill, Liversedge, gives us—* Black Bed Tronstone. Scale - Stone - Scale - Stone - Scale - Galliard Scale - White earth Black Shale Ironstone Black Shale Ironstone Black Shale White earth - Buack Brep Coan, Buack Bep Coan. aonb tp ye sg ft. in. ft.in. ft. in. - - 1 6 - O01 és = 0 3 - 01 : 5 54 - - 0 5 - 0 48 - “ 29 é 7 - 04 0 64 #411 ft. in. ftin. = ft. in. - - 1 2 - 0) - - 0 3h - 0 1 4 1 - - 0 114 | - 0 2 - - 14 J) - : - - 0 8 0 4 38 9 ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. a 2 3 114 - 01 - - 0 53 5 5E - 01 < - 0 102 = - - 1 0 Q 2 5 3k * Communicated by Mr. E. Woodhead, Low Moor Collieries. 158 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Here we see that the 30 feet of strata which separated the coal from the Black Bed Ironstone has largely decreased; at High Moor Lane it is 6 ft., while in these borings there is only from 4in. to 1 ft. of white earth between them. The Ironstone seems thin and poor, compared with what we find farther north. We obtain our next section from Breaks Pit, Clifton,* which shows an increase in the thickness of these intermediate measures, but as the pit is sunk in close proximity to a fault, a portion of the increase may be due to high dip, or there may possibly be a local thickening which does not interfere with the: general thinning out of these measures. : ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. (Shale - q 2 a oe 1 Galliard - - - 01 Shale - - - 0 5 Bik Bey Pomens eT 4 11h Tronstone. | Shale - : - : oe * | Ironstone - - -.0 2 Shale - - - - 1 6 . Ironstone ~ - - 0 13 Coal - - - - - O OF 10 o f 10 0% Strong white earth Brack Bep Coan. 0 5 4 6 The account of the boring from the Popplewell Stone.Coal to the Black Bed in the Old Coal Pit, near High Popplewell Mill, Scholes,* belonging to the Low Moor Iron Company, gives only the. following details of the ironstone bearing shale :— ft. in. Black Bed Ironstone (Shale and Ironstone) 4 2 White earth - - - - - 0 8 ‘ Buacx Bep Coat. The Popplewell Pit, belonging to the Bowling Iron Company, Limited, shows a more complete section, which is given below :— fi. in. ft.in. — ft.in. oa Black Shale Ironstone - : - 01 Black Bed ee Shale - - - j 5 2 0j : Ironstone. } pron Stale i 3 7a Black Shale - - - - 11 Ironstone - - - 08 Black Shale - - - - 1 8) White earth - - - - - 110 Buiack Bep Coan. 0 44 69 Our next section at Scholes Pit, just north of Scholes, shows the Black Bed Tronstone Shale resting directly on the coal :—* ft. in. ft. in. ft. in, Shale - - - : - 38 Tronstone - - - Ol oo - - - - - 1 6 ronstone - - - 0 13 Bing Peal. isirale : : ~ - ee BiG ‘| Ironstone - Ol Shale - : - - 0 | Ironstone - - = O Of f Shale . = : - 0 2J Buack Brep Coat, 0 4 6 6 _* Communicated by Mr. E, Woodhead, Low Moor Iron Co.’s Collieries. ‘3 » Mr. F. H. Pearce, Bowling Iron Co.’s Colligries: BLACK BED IRONSTONE.- 159 In this section we have an ironstone-bearing shale resting directly on the coal; in Green Lane Pit we had an ironstone-bearing shale of very similar character 29 feet above the coal. The sections between Green Lane and Scholes Pits all show an ironstone-bearing shale, and the belt of measures which separates it from the coal decreases as we pass from the first colliery to the second. There can therefore be no doubt that the Shale and Ironstone of Green Lane Pit is the same bed as the Black Bed Ironstone of Scholes, and that it has been gradually brought down into contact with the coal by the wedging out of the strata that lie between them at Green Lane. The character of the ironstone measures is also all along so constant, and so distinct from that of the strata above and below them, that we might rely on it alone to establish the identity of the bed, even if evidence as tothe gradual change in its distance from the Black Bed Coal were not forthcoming. Over the whole of the remainder of the northern part of the coalfield the ironstone measures continue to rest directly on the Black Bed Coal, and the two are worked together. : We will now give a series of sections, along the northern edge of the coal- field, of the ironstone measures themselves, which will illustrate their thickness, and the way in which the stone is distributed through the shale. Engine Pit, Hunsworth.* ft. in. ft. ( Black Shale - - 1 Tronstone, Rock Measure Black Shale - 1 Ironstone, Double | ; 1 Black Shale Black Bed Ironstone. Tronstone, Checks Black Shale Ironstone, Checks Black Shale Ironstone, Checks - +Black Shale and Ironstone 4 0 | White Earth - - - —- J 04 Biack Bep Coat. a) oS bot 0 42 1011 Royds Hail Wood. is B ( Black Shale Ironstone - Black Shale Ironstone - Black Shale - eae - lack e- ae Ironstone - Black Shale - Tronstone -- Black Shale - Ironstone - Black Shale - Ironstone - | Black Shale - Buacx Bep Coau. oboe t @ @ 8 ee tog t . 1 ! t ' 1 ' 1 1 ' ‘ ' 1 ' oooeoceeoe fF Pome Oe NO aa on o A Ph BD BD u o — o or ~ * Communicated by Mr. F. H. Pearce, Bowling Iron Co.’s Collieries. + These are the “ working measures,” or thoe from which the iron ore is extracted which supplies the blast furnaces at the Bowling Iron Works. , 8 + Communicated by Mr. E. Woodhead, Low Moor Iron Co.’s Collieries. 160 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. No. 6 Pit, Hunsworth.* ft. in. ft. in. ff, in. (Black Shale - - - - 210) Ironstone = - - 0 2 Black Shale - - - - 1.0 Ironstone - = - 0 144 Black Shale - - - - 110 Ironstone - - - 0 2 Black Shale - - - - oOll Ironstone - - - 01 Black Shale - - - 6 ; 011 Tronstone - - - Bier Bet. Black Shale - - : - 0 8 1211 * | Ironstone - - | 0 2 Black Shale - - - 0 10 Ironstone - - - 0 2 Black Shale - - - 0 10 Tronstone - - me 0 2 Black Shale - - - 0 8 Ironstone - - 0 3% Black Shale - - - 0 6 Ironstone - - - 0 1 _Black Shale - - - 0 5) Buack Bep Coat. 1 6 1165 Bowling Colliery.* ft. in. ft, in. ft. in. (Black Shale - - - O 82) Jronstone - - - 0 4 Black Shale - - - - 0 72 Ironstone - - - 08 Black Shale - - - - 2 08 Tronstone - - - 0 Black Shale - - - - 0 4 Ironstone - - - 0 2 Black Shale - - - - 0 81 Ironstone - - - O 18 Hee Shale - - - - 0 7% ronstone - - - 0 Black Bed’ Black Shale- = - OARS 1 0 : Ironstone, Rough Measure 0 14 Black Shale - - 0 5 Ironstone, Flat.stone - 0 2 Black Shale - - - 1 QB Ironstone, Middle Ball - 0 23 t Black Shale - - 0 72 Tronstone, Low Rough stone 0 14 | Black Shale - - - 0 93 Ironstone, Low Flat-stone 0 123 Black Shale - - 0 38 Ironstone, Coal-head Sinne 0 1 L (Black Shale - - - 07) Buack Brep Coau. 1 7 9 5 * Communicated by Mr. F. H. Pearce, Bowling Iron Co.’s Collieries, } These are the “‘ working measures,” or those from which the iron ore is ex- tracted which supplies the blast furnaces at the Bowling Iron Works. { Measures which furnish the richest portion of the iron ore, and constitute the “ working measures.” BLACK BED IRONSTONE. Boring at Bradford. ft. i fl e (Black Shale - Ironstone - Black Shale - Tronstone - Black Shale - Ironstone - Black Shale - Ironstone - Black Shale - Ironstone Biack Bed } Black Shale Tronstone. 4 Tronstone Black Shale Tronstone Black Shale +* Tronstone Black Shale Tronstone Black Shale | bor bOn ms wie m1 Bs io ee i 2 Tronstone Black Shale Brack Bep Coau. Cs ee Cr ae a nee ee a oe . a mee 1 So tie Charles Pit, Tong.t ft. in. ( Dark Shale Tronstone Dark Shale Tronstone Dark Shale Tronstone Dark Shale Tronstone Dark Shale Ironstone Par Shale ronstone pe : < Dark Shale * | Ironstone Dark Shale Ironstone Dark Shale Ironstone F Dark Shale (, Tronstone Dark Shale Tronstone Dark Shale Ironstone Dark Shale Buack Bep Coat. _ oS S's! Se peetateat te eng mr vie ooo oO OC OOo OS Og bor ms Wa No <> > > a — a) bole om om 1 3 bel g al ft. in. 1 07 - Oo = _ o °° co rf CO KF OCF FS = nan ovo fk DC DB Oo a Ff Oo aA aA N @® oR do cw oO s o “I o = Le u an a , 161 ft. in. . 1193 ft. in. * Measures which furnish the richest portion of the iron ore, and constitute the “¢ working measures.” ¢ Communicated by Mr. F, H. Pearce, Bowiing Iron Co.’s Collieries. 42513. L 162 Black Bed Tronstone. Black Bed GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. A\... Ironstone Shale Shale Ironstone Shale Ironstone Shale Ironstone. Shale Tronstone Shale Tronstone Shale Ironstone Shale Ironstone Shale Dark Shale Dark Shale Dark Shale Dark Shale Dark Shale | Dark Shale ~Buack Brep Coan, (Shale Ironstone Shale Tronstone Shale Tronstone Shale Ironstone Shale Jronstone Shale Ironstone Shale - Tronstone Shale 2 Tronstone Ironstone. ). Shale- Tronstone’ ( Rock Measure Light Shale - Ironstone, Double ee o Peta e ror be Yo ee ps Ironstone, Top-Balls Tronstone, Rough Measures Tronstone, Flat-Stones Ironstone, Middle Balls = Tronstone, Low Measures Ironstone, Rough Mensuies ef eae tes hc ee es ee a as ee N. Pit, Tong.* ft. 0 me mae eG Ot Or Ou es BIH oe Loe O11 NIE WO, O1 Oe me m1 Bie NIK 1 3% Grayson Pit, Farnley. . ft. in. ° So Pie ot vie O:1 O11 ws vole a ore oo co co co om hlwOlUCSl!lUO 1 Oi wie 08 ft. in. 0 6 07 1 2 oo ocmUmOUlCUCOOUCOOUC COUCUCOUCOOUCOUCOCO N TO SO WwW aN —_ —_ no o> ft. in, . 10 7% 9 4 ft. in. 11) 09 0 45 0 8 011 oo.lh68 »H NH ft. in. > ll 14 * Communicated by Mr. F. H. Pearce, Bowling Iron Co.’s Collieries. + Measures which furnish the richest portion of the iron ore, and constitute the working measures.” { Communicated by Mr. S. Robertshaw, Farnley Iron Co.’s Collieries. BLACK BED IRONSTONE. 163 ft. in. ft. in. Black Shale - - - 0 8 Tronstone, Checks - - 0 08 Black Shale - - - 0 9 Tronstone, Top Balls - 0 03 Black Shale - - 0 65 Ironstone, Rough Measure 0 0% Black Shale - a - 0 8 Ironstone, Flatstone 2 0 14 Black Shale ss - 0 8% Ironstone, Rough Measure 0 03 Black Shale - - - 0 9% Tronstone, Low Measure 0 0% Black Shale - -J : 0 5 J Buack Bep Coa.. 0 72 10 5% No. 2 Walsh Pit, Farnley.t ft. in. ft. in. ft. in Sandstone. (Black Shale - - - 0 5) Tronstone - - - 0 02 Black Shale - : - - 011 Ironstone - - - O 02 Black Shale - S - Pa Ironstone - . - 0 08 Black ae ; - : < 10 Ironstone, Checks - - 0 O08 Black Bed J Brack Shale ae een ee Tonstone. | Tronstone, Top Balls : 0 03 Black Shale = - - 011 Tronstone, Flatstone - 0 13 Black Shale . Me - 0 6 Ironstone, Middle Balls -f* 0 1 Black Shale - . | - 0 4 Tronstone, Rough Measure 0 04 | Black Shale - -J - 010 4 Buack Bep Coan. 0 44 6 4 Geldard Pit, Farnley.t ft. in. ft. in ft. in Black Shale. Jronstone, Top Balls - 0 Of Black Shale - - - 0 5 Tronstone, Flatstone - 0 13 Black Bed < Black Shale - - O 53 2 08 Jronstone. | Ironstone, Middle Balls - O 02 Black Shale -. - - 0 34 Ironstone, Rough Measure - 0 0% Black Shale - - - 0 7% Buacx Bep Coat. 0 3% 1 9% * Measures which furnish the richest portion of the iron ore, and constitute the “ working measures.’ + Communicated by Mr. S. Robertshaw, Farnley Iron Co.’s Collieries. L 2 164 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. No. 13 Pit, Churweil.* ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. (Dark Shale - - - : 07>} Jronstone - - - 0 08 Dark Shale - - - - 0 8% Ironstone - - 6 1 Dark Shale - - - a 0 5 Tronstone - - - 0 13 Black Bed .' Dark Shale - 0k, os. a Fe eer eede Tonstone. | Tronstone - - - - 0 Dark Shale - - - - 0 5 | Jronstone -. - - 0 2 Dark Shale - - : - 0 8 Jronstone -- - - 0 14 Dark Shale - - - - 07 Buacx Bep Coat. 0 7% 38 2 Beeston Manor Colliery.t ft. in. ft. in ft. in. Dark Shale. | Ironstone, Checks - - 0 O08 ) Dark Shale - - - - 0 93 Black Bed } Ironstone, Flatstone - 0 Ironstone. \ Dark Shale - - : - 0 9 2 5}: Ironstone, Low Rough Mea- sure. 0 1 Dark Shale - - - - 0 8 Buack Bep Coat. 0 38 2 23 Beeston Colliery.t ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Dark Shale. Ironstone - - - 0 Black Bed Dark Shale - - - - 07 Tronstone.} 1onstone 2 aoe 2.28 * | Dark Shale - - : - 07 + Ironstone - = - 0 14 Dark Shale ~ - - - 0 8 Brack Bep Coau. 0 42 +1210 Pontefract Lane Pit, Osmoendthorpe, near Leeds.§ ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Black Shale - - - 11 Tronstone, Checks - - 01 Black Shale - - i 0 9 Ironstone, Checks - 0 0% Black Shale - - : 0 2 Ironstone, Checks - Oo 1 Black Shale = - - 0 8 Black Bed < Ironstone, Checks - - 0 14 6 0 Ironstone. | Black Shale : - - 01 * Communicated by Mr. H. Wormald. t i » Messrs. J. Harding and Son. t S » Mr. H. Tempest, Low Moor Iron Co.’s Collieries. § ss », The Bowling Iron Co. THE CROW COAL. 165 ft. in. ft. in Ironstone, Top Balls “| 0 23 { Black Shale - - - 0 6 Ironstone, Middle Balls - \. 0 2 Black Shale - = - 011 Ironstone, Low Measure - 0 Black Shale - - 1 07 Buacxk Bep Coan. 010 5 2 Kendell Pit, Osmonthorpe, near Leeds.t ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Shale and Ironstone (in- ferior). Ironstone - : - 0 23 Shale s s - 7 07 Black Bed } lronstone - - - 0 3 14 Tronstone. ‘} Shale - * 5 - 0 6 a Ironstone -- - - 0 2 Shale 7 = - = 0 54 Ironstone - - - 014 Shale - - - - 011 Buack Brp Coat. 0 8 2 5% Park Pit, Hare Hills Lane.t fi. in. ft. in. = ft. in. Shale and Ironstone (in- ferior). Ironstone - - - 0 13 Black Bed } Shale : - - - 0 5% 2 6% Ironstone. ) Ironstone - - - 0 3 * Shale : - - - 0 6 Ironstone - - - O 23 Shale : - - - 1 03 Brack Bep Coat. 0 62 2 0 Some of the preceding sections, those, for example, of Bowling Colliery and N Pit, Tong, give a much greater number of layers, and a greater total thickness of ironstone than others, such as Geldard Pit, Farnley. The dif- ference between these sections is, however, due ouly to the fact that some are given in greater detail than others. In some every single layer and band of nodules is noticed without regard to its ecohomical value. In others only that portion has been taken into account which lies below the “Top Balls” and goes to make up the working measures, and the higher inferior bands have been passed over. The Crow Coal.— The next seam we have to notice is the Crow Coal, known also the 14-yards Band and the Three Coal Bands. This bed, the equivalent of the Grenoside Sandstone Coal, is present under some form or other over the whole of the northern portion of the coalfield. It consists generally of several bands of coal, separated by partings of underciay or shale, and varies in thickness according to the number of the bands present. Where only one band exists, as at Scholes Pit, it is reduced to 4 inches ; * Measures which furnish the richest portion of the iron ore, and constitute the « working measures.” tal { Communicated by Mr. T. Willis, formerly of the Farnley Iron Co.’s Collieries. 166 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD, sometimes it consists of five bands, from 3 inches to 1 foot thick, with partings from 4 inches to 1 ft. 10in., and the total thick- ness then reaches 2 ft. 9 in. The name “Three Bands ” is given to the bed about Low Moor, where it consists of three layers of coal. The quality of the seam is very variable. At Fagley, near Bradford, and at Black Bank, Leeds, where it is at its best, the coal is largely jointed, so that it is tender and friable and of bright lustre. It cakes and gives off abundance of gas in burning. It makes a good house coal, and is also much used for gas making. The Leeds Gasworks are supplied from this bed by the collieries east of the town. As far as we know the seam has been worked at only three places; toa small extent at Shelf Moor and Fagley, near Bradford, and much more largely to the east of Leeds. Possibly, when the thicker seams are exhausted, this coal may become of value ; it seems to keep a fairly uniform thickness to the east of Bradford, and between Bradford and Leeds it is practically untouched. The name “Fourteen Yards Band” was given to this bed because in the Low Moor district it is supposed to lie 14 yards above the Black Bed ; the distance between the two coals is, how- ever, very variable; at Addle Croft it is nearly 22 yards, at Green Lane Pit, Clifton, about 124 yards, at Strawberry Pit, Liversege 20 yards, at Bowling 114 yards, at Tong 6 to 7 yards, at Farnley 10 yards, at Churwell 16 yards, at Beeston 10 yards, and at Black Bank, Leeds, 9 yards. The following analysis of this coal at Ellerby Lane Pit, Leeds, has been kindly furnished to us by Mr. J. W. Westmorland, formerly of the Bowling Ironworks :— Coke - - - - - 60°93 Volatile matter - - - - 39°07 Sulphur - . “ = - 0°85 Ash - - - - - 1°42 102° 27 The Grenoside Sandstone Coal, which we have already mentioned as very generally present above the Grenoside Rock, is found at Cowmes Bank, and in the section at Addle Croft there is a coal 10 in. thick, and 65 ft. 4 in. above the Black Bed Coal, which corresponds to it. (See Vert. Sects. Sheet 42.) Whether this is the 14 yards Band of Low Moor is not quite certain, as we have been unable to trace it through North Moor to Kirklees, but it is probable that itis. Weagain meet with the 14-yards Band in the section of Green Lane Pit, where it lies 37 ft. 10 ins, above the Black Bed Coal, and has this section. (See Vert. Sects, Sheets 42.) ft. in. ft. in. Black coal - - - 10 Underclay - - a es 110 Coal - - = - 06 Underclay - - - - - 0 4 Coal - - 7 - 06 Underclay - - - - - 0 6 Coal - - - - 03 Underclay - - - s ei 0 6 Coal - - - - 0 6 2 9 301 Following the same line of section as we did in the case of the Black Bed THE CROW COAL. 167 Tronstone, we have at Strawberry Pit, Liversedge, a coal, with the following section, lying 60 feet above the Black Bed :— ft, in. ft. in. Coal - - S - 08 Shale - - - - s 10 Coal - - - - 05 11 1 0 And in the Dewsbury Moor section there is a band of coal 6 in. thick, having 58 ft. 4 in. of measures between it and the Black Bed Coal, which is evidently the same as that in Strawberry Pit, given in last section. At Dark Lane Pit, Mirfield, there is 1 ft. 2 in. of coal and dirt, 47 ft. 6 in. above the Black Bed, which corresponds to the Crow Coal of the preceding sections. At High Moor Lane Pit there is 37 ft. 8 in. between these two coals, and the Crow Coalis of little value, as the section shows :— ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - = 0-6 Underclay - - - - - 41 Coal - - - - 01 Underclay - - - 3 - 22 Coal - - : - 04 Underclay - - - - - 1 5 Coal - . 4 - 0 8 12; 7 8 The boring near the Gas House, Cleckheaton, only shows a coal band 4 in. thick, 29 ft. 11 in. above the Black Bed Coal. It is here to be noticed that in the section from Green Lane Pit to High Moor Lane Pit, the distance between the Black Bed and Crow coals does not vary with the variation of the Black Bed ironstone from the coal, but remains very constant. Such is not the case with the distance between the supposed Crow Coal and Black Bed Coal at Addle Croft, Dewsbury Moor, and Strawberry Pit, which seems to partake of nearly the whole increase due to the greater distance between the ironstone-bearing shale and the Black Bed Coal at the two places last named. At Green Lane the thickness of the intermediate measures is only about two thirds that at Dewsbury Moor. The distance at Rawfolds is only half of that at Strawberry Pit, but as this last is obtained from a boring it cannot be taken as a perfect certainty. The sections which follow show the general character of this coal, and the variations to which it is liable along the northern edge of the coalfield from Bradford eastwards through Leeds to Seacroft. Breaks Pit, Clifton.* ft.in. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 13 Underclay «= - - - - 20 Coal - - - - - 010 21 2 0 Popplewell Pit, Bowling Iron Company.t ft.in. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 15 Underclay - = - - - 2 2 Coal - - - - - 010 Underclay - - - - - 1 3 Coal - - - - - 04 27 3 5 * Communicated by Mr. E. Woodhead, Low Moor Iron Co.’s Collieries. » Mr. F. H, Pearce, Bowling Iron Co.’s Collieries. 168 GEOLOGY OF .THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Popplewell Pit, Scholes, Low Moor Iron Company.* ft.in. ft. in. ’ Coal - - - - - 09 Underclay - - - - - 011 Coal - - - - 0 2 Underclay - - - - - 110 Coal - - - - - 0 2 141 209, Upper Cow Close Pit.* ft. in Coal - - - - 0 9 Apple Tree Pit.* ft.in. ft, in. Coal - = - - - 010 Shale - - - - - 10 Coal - - 7 é «10 Shale - - - - - 6 0 Coal - - - - - 01 lll 6 0 Section south end of Wike Tunnel. ft.in. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 10 Underclay - - - - - 1 6 Black Shale - - - - - 0 3 Coal - - - - - 0 6 Underclay = - - - - - 1 3 Coal - - “- - - 04 110 30 Section north end of Wike Tunnel. ft.in. ft. in. Coal - - 2 3 - 05 Underclay - - - - 3.0 Black Shale - - - - - 0 1 Coal - - - = -0-} Shaly Coal - - - - 0 33 Coal - - - - - 0 0% Shaly Coal - - - - 0 9 1 3 +t Engine Pit, Hunsworth Colliery.t ft.in. ft. in Coal - - - - - 04 Underclay -- - - - - 3 1k ‘Coal, bad -- - - - 0 Q& Underclay -- - - - 0 8 Coal - - ‘S - - 010 1 44 #4 7 * Communicated by Mr. E. Woodhead, Low Moor Iron Co.’s Collieries. » Mr. F. H. Pearce, Bowling Iron Co.’s Collieries. THE CROW COAL. 169 No. 2 Pit, Hunsworth Colliery.* ’ ft.in. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 010 Underclay = - - - - - 16 4 Black Shale - - - - - 0 4 Coal - = = 2 ~ 0 7 Underclay - - - - - 19 Black Shale - - - - - 0 3 Coal - - -* - - 01 1 18 8 No. 6 Pit, Hunsworth Colliery.* ft. in. Coal - - - - - 12 Low Moor.t ft, in. Coal - - = s - 16 At Stonage, Shelf Moor, this bed has increased very much in thickness, and is worked, but its extent as a workable coal in this district is limited. ft. in. Coal - - oN - - 110 The section of this coal which we measured in the Clay Pit, worked by Mr. E. Gittins, on the west side of Wakefield Road, at its junction with Hey Lane, Bowling, is as follows :— ; ft. in. ft.in. ft.in. = ft. in. Coal - - 0 64 to 0 7 Dirt - - - - 0 Oto 0 03 Coal - - 06 , 0 5 Dirt - - - - 00,08 Coal - - 03 , 04 / 1 3 , 1 4 Underclay - - - - 3 6 Measures - - - - 3 1 Coal - - - - O07 Here we have from 1 ft. 33 in. to 1 ft. 4 in. of good coal, divided by dirt partings in one part of the clay pit, and in another part of the same clay pit the top bed of this coal contains none of these partings of clay. Bowling.* ft. in. ft. in, Coal - - = = - 0 8 Blackish Clay - - - - O08 Coal - - - - - 05 Blue Shale - - = : = 10 Coal - - - s - 038 1 4 1 3 Blue Shale - - - 4 = ek Grey Shale - 5 s = ~ 2 2 Coal - 5 = 2 - 0 6 In the cutting of the Great Northern Railway on the west side of Wakefield Road, Bowling, we found this section :— icated by Mr. F. H. Pearce, Bowling Iron Co.’s Collieries.. ; rer z Mr, E. Woodhead, Low Moor Iron Co.’s Collieries. 170 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. ft. in. 0 we mR TNARwWdee AE Dirt - Coal - Coaly Clay Clay - Dirt - Clay - Underclay Shale Dark Shale Coal - Dark Shale Coal - eo © @opee bb t 8 bog 8 of pope te ft eb eg tt Pr a re rs oO ofrncocoo oF Nie a1 Ger.srenrp ae Wi 0 0 2 5 7% which shows how very much the upper part of this seam is split up at this place when compared with that given in our last section. There is even a variation in the coal exposed in the same cutting on the east side of the Wake- field Road, illustrating how very liable this coal is to change both in thickness and character. We again find this coal workable at Bunkers Hill Colliery, (Old); and at Fagley, in a little colliery where it is at present worked, it is of a superior quality, lustre bright, friable, bituminous, caking; it is used as a gas coal as well ag a house coal in the neighbourhood— Bunkers Hill Colliery (Old).* ft.in. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 1°55 Parting - - - - - 0 6 Coal - - - - - 0 6 111 0 6 Fagley Colliery.t ft.in. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 12 Underclay - - - = - 1 6 Coal - - - - - 0 6 1 8 1 6 This is the most northerly point where the coal occurs in this locality. The cutting of the Great Northern Railway at Cutler Heights, furnishes another section south of Fagley— Cutler Heights. ft.in. ff. in. Coal - - - - - 10 Dirt - : - - - - 0 3 Coal - - - - - Oo | 4 11 0 3 Charles Pit, Tong.t ft.in. ft, in Coal - - - - - Ooll Underclay - - - - = 1 0 Coal - - - - - 06 1 5 1 0 ; * Communicated by Mr. J. Raper. t rr », Messrs. Waterhouse & Co. t 3 » Mr. F. H. Pearce, Bowling Iron Co.’s Collieries. THE CROW COAL. 171 N. Pit, Tong.* fi. in. ft. in. Coal - = = - “= 1 4 Underclay = - - - - - 12 Coal - - - - - 07 1ll 1 2 We measured the following section in some bell pits to the black Bed Ironstone at Cockers, between Springfield Lane and Mill Lane, Tong :— ft.in. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 12 Underclay - - - é : 0 6 Coal - - - - - 0 4 Underclay - - - - i 0 6 Coal - - - - - 07 2 1 1 0 No. 4 Sowden, Air Shaft.} ft.in. ft. in, Coal - - - - - 14 Underclay - - - - - 40 Coal - - - - - 0 6 110 40 No. 13 Pit, Churwell.t ft. in, Coal - - - - - 10 Cross Flats, Beeston.t ft.in. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 0 4 Underclay - - - - - 2 3 Coal - - - - - 16 110 2 8 Neville Hill Colliery.§ ft.in. ft. in. Coal . - - - - 15 Underclay - - - - - O11 Coal and dirt - - - 0 6 111 0 11 Pontefract Lane Pit, Black Bank, Leeds.|| ft.in. - ft. in. Coal - - - - - 16 Underclay - - - - - OO 9 Coal - - - - - 04 110 0 9% Section in Stone Rock Beck. ft.in. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 18 Clay - : = - - - 10 Coal - - - - - 0 65 a 1 10 * Communicated by Mr. F. H. Pearce, Bowling Iron Co.’s Collieries, t » Mr. J. E. Mammatt, Farnley Iron Co.’s Collieries. t 45 » Mr. H. Wormald. § 3, Lhe Norwegian Titanic Iron Co. ' » Mr. Reid, Bowling [ron Co. |’ ” 172 Park Pit, Hare Hills Lane, Burmantofts.* ft. in. Coal - - - - - 1 5 Clay - - - - - = Coal - - - - - 0 6 111 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. ft. in. 0 63 0 6% At Black Bank and Broom Hill, east of Leeds, this coal is again worked to some extent ; the last four sections show the general thickness of the seam in this locality ; in quality it much resembles the coal at Fagley, and is one of the coals used for the manufacture of gas at the Leeds Gasworks. It is also of good quality as a coal for domestic purposes. Measures between the Crow Coal and the Oakenshaw Rock.—This series of strata is composed of argillaceous shales containing nodules and thin nodular bands of impure ironstone, thin bands of sandstone, a few layers of underclay, and an ogcasional band of black shale. It also contains two or three seams of coal, two of which, known as the “ 22 yards band ” and the ** 32 yards band,” are very constant in the southern and western portion of this district, but seem to be but feebly represented to the east.. They are only thin bands, generally from 3 in. to 6 in. thick, and rarely attain a thickness of 1 foot. The coal of these bands is sometimes bright and bituminous, but most frequently soft and earthy; at least such is the case where we have had an opportunity of seeing them in situ. They are princi- pally interesting from the regularity of their appearance in all the sections from Clifton by Low Moor to Bradford, but we find that eastwards, in the neighbourhood of Tong they are only represented by the underclays and “Coal Smuts,” soft earthy carbonaceous matter, 1 in. or 2 in. thick, in which shape they appear at Leeds, and as far as we have been able to trace them. The Oakenshaw or Clifton Rock.—It will be recollected that in the southern part of the coalfield it was by no means un- common to have a rock of considerable importance below the Whinmoor Coal. A sandstone, occupying a corresponding position below the Shertcliffe Bed, extends over a large part of the northern portion of the coalfield. We will call this bed the Oakenshaw or Clifton Rock, but it may be well to note that it frequently can be divided into two beds, and that locally the name Oakenshaw Rock is applied only to the lower bed, while the upper is distinguished as the Shertcliffe Bed Seatstone. On sheets 42 to 45 of the vertical sections, the term Oakenshaw Rock has been restricted to the lower sandstone. This rock, though sometimes thin bedded and flaggy, is for the most part a massive false bedded sandstone much divided by joints or “ backs,” close in grain and gritty in texture. It furnishes an abundant .supply of excellent and durable stone, which does not yield readily to the weather, and it is largely used as a building stone. As a distinctly recognisable rock this bed is first met with in the neighbourhood of Snowdrop Hill, east of Kirkheaton, where it occurs on the downcast side of the Heaton Moor fault, in the little valley between Carr Mount and Cockley Hill. A sandstone lying immediately above it, seen under the coal in Carr Mount quarry, is the Shertcliffe Bed Seatstone. Northwards these two sandstones can be followed in distinct beds, or as one massive rock, as at Round About, Kirkheaton ; Stocks Bank, Mirfield ; and Clifton. The section of Green Lane Pit, Clifton, shows that the rock occurs * Communicated by Mr. T. Willis, formerly of the Farnley Iron Co.'s Collieries. THE OAKENSHAW ROCK, 173 there in three beds of sandstone separated by shales (see p. 207), yet we were not able to trace separately each band through Clifton Wood, or on the surface generally. Naturally, a massive sandstone like this makes a very con- spicuous feature, and forms good escarpments at its outcrop. Between Clifton and Great Horton the sandstone occasionally seems to die out altogether, as is shown to be the case by the boring at Windy Bank, and by our not being able to find any trace of it in the valley north of Whitwood Farm, while the two sections at Popplewell (p. 210), which are but a very short distance from each other, show a considerable variation in the thickness of the lower bed of sandstone. Over this lower sandstone we find a coal bed, in the quarry near Carr Meunt, and again in aquarry near Wibsey Bank. It has -been seen only at those places, and no notice is taken of it in any of the pit sections. In the quarries it is seen to be a “swilley” coal, being very changeable in its thickness and not continuous over any very extensive area. In the country east and south-east of Great Horton the upper and lower divisions of the Clifton Rock can generally be traced separately, as at Oakenshaw, Toftshaw Bottom, and Holme Wood. In the neighbourhood of Farnley the rock becomes of a very shaly nature, and it has not been possible to follow the various thin bands of sandstone into which the sections of sinkings and borings pes that it is divided from Farnley through Leeds to Sea- croft. Locally it is much used as a building stone, for which its durability makes it well fitted. It is somewhat coarse in grain and massive, but much intersected by joints running nearly at Tight angles to the plane of stratification. On Snowdrop Hiil, where the bed first becomes clearly recognisable, the Shertcliffe Bed Seatstone is found in the ered north of Carr Mount, and in the valley below the quarry is the lower or Oakenshaw Rock proper. These two beds together form the band of rock we have now to describe. They sometimes run together into one thick mass of sandstone; elsewhere shale bands divide the rock. In many cases it was not found possible to trace the outcrop of each belt of shale, and the whole has then to be mapped as one sandstone bed. At Heaton Moor both sandstone beds run together and form the ridge eastwards from Moor Top, which grows much less distinct as you approach the River Calder. The rock is quarried in Hopton Lane; good flags are got from the quarry on the south side of the lane; in the quarry on the north side the bedding is somewhat irregular, and there are shale bands in the stone. Under the same form the rock makes the gentle slope east from Helm Common, the bold ridge on the east of the River Calder from Hail Bank to Snake Hill, the striking feature from Cooper Bridge west to Mankin Holes and Bradley Park, and the conspicuous escarpment through Kirklees Park upon which the village of Clifton stands; here the total thickness of the united sandstone beds is more than 100 feet. The Oakenshaw Rock is the surface rock also from Low Hall through The Doles to Birkby Lane Head. We have this rock again in the valley of Blakcup Beck, and a part of the town of Cleckheaton is situated upon it. In the auaenics south of Thornton Hill, Cleckheaton, the upper sandstone is thin bedded and flaggy with partings of dark shale. A thick bed of shale separates the upper from the lower sand- stone ; the thickness of this shale as given in the section of the boring on the opposite side of the Beck is 37 ft. 8 in., the lower sandstone being 18 feet and the upper 17 ft. 6 in. thick. The rubbish from the shale partings is put through a clay mill and made into clay for brick making, while the sandstone, 174 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. which is hard, close grained, and flaggy in the upper part, but massive and coarsish in the lower, is largely used as a local building stone. The section of Green Lane Pit (p. 207, sect. 14, plate 10), north of Kirkless Park, shows that at Clifton the rock occurs in three distinct sandstone bands with shales between them ; corrected for dip, the section is as follows :— ft. in. Sherteliffe Bed seatstone - 28 3% Measures - - - 25 113 Clifton Rock ~ Sandstone - - 21 41 Measures \ Oakenshaw Rock 15 4 Sandstone) - - - 28 9 The boring at Windy Bank (sect. 15, plate 10), seems to indicate that a very gyeat alteration has there taken place in the character of these sandstones; the upper is only present in the shape of several thin bands, and the lower consist of sandy shales and shales with beds of stone an inch or two thick. At High Moor Lane (p. 208, sect. 16, plate 10), the rock again resumes more of its usyal character, thus :— ft. in. Shertcliffe Bed seatstone - 12 1 ‘ Sandy Shale - - = 9 9 Cian Fark Measures - - - 38 9 Oakenshaw Rock - - 42 1 In the Popplewell Pit, Bowling Iron Company, the rock is 40 feet, and in the Old Coal Pit near High Popplewell Mill, it is 29 feet thick (sections 20 and 21, plate 10), but in the valley north of Whitwood Farm shales seem to take the place of the sandstone; and as this is quite near to the Popplewell Pit, it shows the rapid variation both in thickness and nature to which this rock is subject. In Low Wood its place is occupied by shales and sandy shales containing thin bands of sandstone, while in Jaggar Park Wood, where it is cut through by the valley of Royds Hall Beck, it is a thick massive sandstone similar in appearance to the general character of the rock. It forms the level plateau of Wike Common, but between Upper Cow Close and the Whitehall Road it again becomes of a more shaly nature and splits up into sandstone bands. Sects. 22 to 39, plate 10, exhibit the local variations to which these sandstones are liable throughout this district. To the north-west through Royds Hall, the ridge from Delf Hill through North Brow Wood to Beck Hill is made by this rock. Tn a quarry at Carr House the rock is a massive, false bedded, hard, coarsish sandstone, much divided by joints nearly at right angles to the planes of bedding. A coal occurs in the quarry overlying this sandstone. Where the coal is at its thickest its section is :— ft. in. ft. in. Coal - ~ - é - 22 Hard Black Shale - - - - 0 7 Coal - - - - 02 Black Shale - - - - - 0 5 Dark underclay - - - - 1 3 Sandstone. The coal is not constant in thickness and thins away towards Carr House- We have noticed acoal on this horizon only in one other instance, which will be given shortly. The lowest portion of this sandstone forms the little ridge from Beck Hill north-east to Buttershaw Parsonage. The rock, which is irregularly bedded with shale partings, is white in colour, close grained, slightly gritty in texture, and is almost entirely composed of grains of quartz without cement. The rock in fact is so clean and so little consolidated that by passing it through a mill a sand is obtained suitable for moulding and for the purposes of the forge. Further we have the prominent escarpment from Haycliffe Hill through Wibsey Bank to Odsal Wood composed of this sandstone, which is likewise cut through from Wibsey Bank Foot by the valley of the Dean Beck. It is quarried in various places along this line. In the quarries between Wibsey THE BEESTON BED COAL, 175 Bank and the Independent Chapel, we finda coal similar to that occurring in the quarry at Carr House. The following section was measured by us :— ft.in. ft, in. Coal - ~ - - 0 33 Dirt - - - - 0 03 Coal - - - - 1 4 Black Shale - - = os 0 5% Hard Coal - - - 0 42 Clay - - - - 0 0% Black Shale - - =o 1 0 Sandy Underclay - - - 1 0 to 1 6 Sandstone. 214 2 6 We do not find this coal mentioned in any pit section, nor have we seen it anywhere but at the two points mentioned ; there can be little doubt that it occurs only here and there in nests, and that it grew in local depressions on the top of the old sandbank. To the south, the little village of Oakenshaw stands upon the upper portion of this rock, which here seems to be developed to a considerable extent, while the lower is shaly and thinner. Northwards this rock extends with little interruption from Oakenshaw Mills to Bowling; in this space it is partly cut through by the valley of High Royd Beck; Upper Woodlands, ‘Woodhouse Hill, and the mansion of Bowling Hall, famous as the head quarters of the Duke of Newcastle, at the siege of Bradford, 1642, all stand upon it. Eastwards by Marsden Fold and Holme Bank to Holme Wood the Shertcliffe bed coal rests nearly on a thin band of rock, which is 4 ft. 3in. thick in the section of Charles Pit, and under this comes 50 feet of shale, and then the lower rock 29 feet thick. (Sect. 39, Plate 10.) The upper rock seems to be thicker than 4 ft. 3in. in Holme Wood, and the shales between the two sandstone beds less than 50 ft. We again find this sandstone at Wood End east of Upper Moor Side, but it is here mostly composed of sandy shales with sandstone bands. Farther east by Beeston and Leeds, several thin worthless bands of sandstone, which cannot be traced with certainty, are all that represent this rock, so conspicuous on the west. (Sects. 44 to 68, Plate 10.) To the south-west, south, and south of Leeds our knowledge of this rock is obtained almost entirely from sinkings and borings, for there is scarcely anything on the surface to indicate its existence. Thus in No. 13 Pit, Churwell (p. 218, sec. 45, Plate 10), we have—- ft, in. Shertcliffe Bed Seatsione - - - 2 6 Measures - - - - - 12 0 Sandstone - - - - - 23 Measures - - - - - 385 4 eee - - - - - a t easures - - - - - Pak eiaw Sandstone - - - - - 6 8 OCks Measures - - - - - 21 0 Sandstone - - - - - 12 2 The other sections show the beds of sandstone occurring in a much similar way throughout, no changes of any very great importance taking place (see pp. 219, 221) until in the section of Park Pit, Hare Hills Lane (sect. 68, Plate 10), it would seem as if the middle sandstone of the series is alone represented (see p. 225), the rock consisting of three bands of sandstone with thin beds of shale lying between them. Beeston Bed Coal——We now come to the very variable group of coals which, we have already mentioned, are found on the horizon of the Whinmoor on the northern part of the coalfield. The sections in Plate 9 show the changes in thickness and relative position of the different members of this group, and we give below 176 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. summary of the chief names they bear in different parts of the eld. Black Churwell Hand. Upper Lousey Coal. Thin, | Coal Little Coal. Band), Beeston Bed. Whinmoor | Lower Shertcliffe} Blakcup and Churwell Lousey: | Bed. Popplewell Thick. Stone Coal. Holme Lane , Bed. J In taking leave of the Whinmvor Coal it was mentioned that Hallas is the place where it was last seen, and that north of that village there is a gap of unproved ground, over which we cannot say whether the Whinmoor is present or not. Beyond this blank we find at Whitley and Hopton -two coals on somewhat the same horizon as the Whinmoor and Black Band Coals, known as the Upper and Lower Lousey Beds (Fig. 25). The Lower Lousey Coal may be safely identified with a coal worked some way further to the north under the name of the Shertcliffe Bed, for both occupy the same position with regard to the Black Bed and the Oakenshaw Rock. There can again be no doubt about the identity of the Shertcliffe Bed with the Blakcup and Popplewell Stone Coal. In spite of the marked difference in character between the two, the sinkings at Blakcup and Popple- well show clearly that they are both on the same horizon. The change in character of the seam at Popplewell furnishes a good instance of the danger of identifying a coal seam in one district with a coal seam in another district some distance off, simply because the two coals are alike in appearance or nature. To the north of Clifton Pit a coal band, lying at a distance above the Shertcliffe Bed varying from 19 to 4 feet, makes its appearance. At Hunsworth Colliery this band is only a few feet above the Shertcliffe Bed, and becomes known as the Little Coal. It can be followed thence northwards, till at Tong there is only 1 ft. 2 in. of underclay between the two coals. At Churwell we find a coal worked under the name of the Churwell Thick, which lies about the same distance above the Black Bed Coal as the Shertcliffe Bed at Tong, and the total thickness of coal in the Churwell Thick is somewhat greater than the total united thickness of coal in the Shertcliffe and Little Coals. There can therefore be no doubt that the Churwell Thick Coal represents the Little Coal and Shertcliffe Bed Coal united into one seam. Owing, however, to the continuity of the seam being broken by faulting, and the want of a detailed section of the coal given as 8 ft. thick at No. 4 Sowden Air Pit, Farnley (p. 218), we cannot say exactly where the two coals run together. BEESTON BED COAL. 177 We now come to the Upper Lousey Coal. ‘This seam seems t0 lie on the same horizon asa coal band, marked (a) on Plate 9, varying in thickness from 4 in. to 2 ft. 5 in., which we find between Clifton and ‘Tong above the Shertcliffe Bed. The dis- tance between the two coals varies, but averages about 30 ft. This coal band is of poor quality, and, except at Hopton, has not been thought, worth working anywhere south of Tong. At Churwell, however, there is a coal worked under the name of the Churwell Thin Coal, which, as far as we know, is never more than 30 ft. above the Churwell Thick, a seam which has been already shown to be the equivalent of the Shertcliffe Bed. The coal band therefore of the country between Clifton and Tong just mentioned occupies a place corresponding to the Churwell Thin Coal. In Churwell Colliery the measures between the Churwell Thick and Thin Coals are proved to diminish eastwards from Geldard Road Pit until at the Engine Pit, near the Tannery, they are only 2 ft. thick. In the workings at Farnley Wood they are found to thin out to a few inches of clay or soft shale, and the two coals actually constitute one seam on the north side of the wood above Dixon Pit. The Broad Oaks Colliery, Churwell, and the Beeston Manor Colliery, show the decrease in the thickness of the measures between the two coals to be from 29 ft. to 5ft. 4in. These three cases justify the conclusion, though the second only gives absolute proof of it, that the Churwell Coals run together to the north into what is practically one seam, a parting of clay, 2 in. in thickness, being all that separates them. The seam formed by the union of the two Churwell Coals goes by the name of the Beeston Bed. Itis found around Leeds, Garforth, and Manston, and is the principal and most extensively worked coal of that district. The changes both in thickness and character which this coal undergoes as it is traced from Great Lepton northwards to Shelf Moor, and thence eastwards to Beeston, render it difficult to describe the variations in thickness without entering upon details, but the following are the main facts. The Lower Lousey Coal from Whitley Park northwards to Robert Town, is from 1 ft. to 2 ft. thick, and is sometimes divided into two layers of coal by a parting of shale from 6 in. to 1 ft. 6 in. in thickness. At High Moor Lane a 3 in. coal band is all that seems to represent this coal. From Primrose Hill Colliery, Liversedge, north-east through Popplewell Collieries to Lower Wike, the bed becomes a stone coal. Its total thickness varies from 1 ft, 2 in. to 2 ft. 6 in, but the best part of the cannel is only 8 in. to 1 ft. 4 in. thick, the top bed being inferior. ; After passing Popplewell this coal again becomes a soft coal, and north-westwards at Jaggar Park Wood we find it from 1 ft. 9 in. to 2 ft. in thickness. From Cleckheaton northwards through the Hunsworth Collieries to Tong the total thickness of coal in the Shertcliffe Bed ranges from 1 ft. 9 in. to 2 ft. 10 in., and with the addition of the Little Coal, which lies at a distance above it varying from 21 ft. to 1 ft. 2 in., the total thickness varies from 2 ft. 6} mm. to 4 ft. 6 in.; 42518. M 178 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. the greatest thickness of coal being attained where the measures between these two coals are thinnest, as at the Tong Old Colliery. Eastwards the three beds of the Churwell Thick Coal contain a thickness of coal amounting to 4 ft. 2 in. at Churwell, and 2 ft. 8in. to3 ft. 4 in. at Beeston Manor Colliery, where the underclay between the “tops” and “bottoms” does not contain any thin bands of coal, which at Churwell add to the total thick- ness of coal in the seam. At Churwell the thickness, including partings, is from 5 ft. to 5 ft. 5 in., and at Beeston Manor Colliery 6 ft. to 6 ft. 2 in. The Churwell Thin varies in thickness from 1 ft. 8 in. to 2 ft. 9in. Where the Churwell coals come together the com- bined thickness of coal in the two is from 5 ft. 1 in. to 7 ft. The total thickness of coal contained in the Beeston Bed, where seen on the north side of the site of Farnley Wood in two different sections, varies from 6 ft. 5 in. to 6 ft. 92 in., and the total thick- ness of the seam including partings is from 7 ft. 4 in. to 8 ft. So that the total thickness of coal in the Beeston Bed Coal is from 7 in. to 24 in. less than the maximum, and 1 ft. 4 in. to 1 ft. 82 in. greater than the minimum combined thickness of coal in the two Churwell beds. From Beeston through Leeds to Black Bank, this coal becomes a most important and valuable seam, and contains from 6 ft. 14 in. .at Beeston to 5 ft. 53 in. at Gibraltar Colliery, and 6 ft. 8 in. at Pontefract Lane Pit, of coal, while the total thickness of coal and partings is from 7 ft. to 8 ft. 10 in. East of Austhorpe to Manston and Garforth the thickness of coal is only from 4 ft. 2 in. to 5 ft. 5 in. The partings are here so thin that the bed is practically one seam, but different layers can still be distinguished by their difference in quality. The following are the main variations in quality of the group of coals now under consideration. The Lower Lousey Coal is soft and generally worthless. Northward by Mirfield Moor it improves in quality as well as in thickness, and is worked to a small extent for local consumption; it is used both as a house coal, though it is of a very second-rate quality for that purpose, and as an engine coal at the neighbouring factories. ‘lhe lowest portion of the Stone Coal of Blakcup and Popplewell is a cannel of a fair quality, and in a district where cannel is scarce is considered very good, though it would not com- pare favourably with the best quality of cannel coal. It is used at Bradtord and other places in the neighbourhood for gas making. When we again have definite information in regard to this coal north of Popplewell an. Cleckheaton, it is a soft black coal, tender and friable, though hard and bright in the upper portion, and contains a rather large proportion of ash. The collieries working this coal at Tong Street and Tong afford a supply of second-class house coal which has a considerable “land sale,” but it is princi- pally used as an engine coal by the local factories. The Churwell Thick Coal yields a good engine coal, which is Se used as a steam-producing coal; it burns to a red ash. The Coal Band (a) is all but worthless till it becomes known as BEESTON BED COAL. 179 the Churwell Thin Coal. That seam yields both a house coal of fair average quality, a smithy coal, and a good coke which is used for iron smelting at the Beeston Manor Ironworks. The quality of the Beeston Bed Coal may be said to combine all the qualities of the two preceding coals. From the collieries east and south- east of Leeds, where this coal is worked, a large supply of good second-class coal for household purposes is obtained. The “ Hards” or “ Tops” furnish an excellent steam coal ; the “ Middle Bed” a steam coal of the second class ; while the “ Bottoms” are considered as a superior coal for the smithy or forge. At Garforth a second- oe house coal is obtained from the “ Middle and “Bottom” eds. In the valley of Rods Beck at Hall Wood, Lower Whitley, we have a section of the bed already mentioned, under the name of the Lower Lousey Coal. The ae is as follows, though it varies considerably within a very short istance ‘— ft. in. = ft. in. Coal - - - - 011 Black Shale - - - - 0 13 Dark Shale - - - - - 1 8 _ The section of this coal is also seen in the quarry north of Carr Mount, where it lies immediately over the sandstone, thus :— ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - 1 0 Underclay - - = - - 0 3 Shaly sandstone. The coal has been worked to a small extent near to Mount Pleasant by Mr. Walker for local consumption. It was only 10in. to 1 ft. thick, and difficult to get, owing to the floor and roof being both hard sandstone; the working was abandoned after a short time, although the coal was said to be of a good uality. . The new sinking to the Black Bed Coal at Dark Lane Pit, Mirfield, proves this coal at a depth of 352 feet, and gives the thickness of coal as 1 ft. 6in. We next find this coal worked at Moor Top, Mirfield, and at the Warren House colliery belonging to Messrs. Walker and Son, Mirfield, the following section was furnished to us by the steward, Mr. Joseph Heeley :—* ft.in. ft.in. = ft. in. Coal - - = - - 0 6 2 (c) | Unersey - - - - - 9 6tol 6 Coal - - - a - 16 The deep collieries to the east give us information about both the Shertcliffe Bed, the equivalent of the Lower Lousey Coal, and the coal band (0), which we have mentioned as probably representing the Little Coal (sect. 3-6, Plate 9). Dark Lane Pit, Mirfield (No. 3, Plate 9).t ft.in. ft. in. Coal - - - = - 02 Coal (6). { Muck and Coal - - e = 1 7 Coal - - - = - 02 Measures - - - - -. 14 4 Ssrrtciirre Bep Coat (ce) - 16 *The more complete information supplied by the sinking at Dark Lane Pit would seem to indicate that the coal worked at the Warren House Colliery was the equivalent of the Upper Lousey, and not the Lower Lousey, Coal, as had been hitherto supposed. ¢ Communicated by Mr. J. Niven. M 2 180 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Dewsbury Moor Colliery (No. 4, Plate 9).* ft.in. ft. in. Coal (4) - - - - 09 Measures - - - - 19 0 SHERTCLIFFE [ Coal - - 2 e - 0 2 ; Bep Coa. { Disk Shale - - 7 ws 3 1 6 (ec). Coal and Shale - % - lil Park Colliery, Liversedge (No 5, Plate 9). ft.in. ft. in. Black Shale=Coal (6 - - 38 0 Measures - - : - - 15 0 SHERTCLIFFE BED Coat (c) - 14 Strawberry Pit, Liversedge (No. 6, Plate 9).t s Gaal te ie ft. in. tone Coal - - - - Coal (2). A aheenies (inferior Stone Coal) - 14 Measures - - - - - 4 9 SHERTCLIFFE Brep Coat (c) - 16 Green Lane Pit (No. 8, Plate 9).§ ft.in. ft. in. Coal (2) - - . - 01 ae - - - = es 3 10 Soft Coal. - - - 0 8 SHERTCLIFFE : Bep CoaL. | Soft Pasting hbo e A 7 1 4 0 6 This coal is worked from the colliery belonging to Messrs. Mann, Robert Town, by cutting through the Grove Cottage Fault and getting the coal on the upcast side of the fault, Itis 1ft.4in. to 1 ft. 5in, thick, and of fair quality. : At this colliery several pebbles have been found imbedded in the coal ; one of those we saw was a pebble of trap rock 7in. long and 5in. broad, and another was a small quartz pebble slightly darkened in colour. Boring at Windy Bank, Clifton (No. 9, Plate 9).§ ft.in. ft. in. Coal (4) - - - - 0 2 Measures - . - - - 10 4 Shertcliffe Bed Coal (c) - - 0 5 High Moor Lane Pit, Clifton (No. 10, Plate 9).§ ft.in. ft. in. SHERTCLIFFE [ pick R Shal cas - Bep Coau BC WAG OF ee = 2 : 1 0 (0). Coal - - - = - 0 8 Our next sections exhibit a complete change in the character of this coal, which now becomes a kind of cannel coal, and is known by the name of Blakcup Stone Coal. The upper division of the seam is very inferior stone coal, but the lower portion is a cannel of fair quality, and is used asa gas coal. * Communicated by Mr. J. Haigh. VE ‘3 » Mr. J. Mann. t 5 » Mr. J. E, Mammatt, § 9 », Mr. E. Woodhead. BEESTON BED COAL. 18] Old Colliery, Quaker Lane, Blakcup.* 3 ft.in. ft. in. tone Coal - - - - 08 Buakcup : : Shale - - - - - 0 33 sri la ie Coal - - - - 0 4 : Stoney Coal - - - - 0 18 1 13 There is a stone coal of an inferior quality 1 ft. 6in. thick, lying from 6 yards to 8 yards above this coal at Blakcup, witich is possibly the coal band (a). Primrose Hill Colliery.+ ft.in. ft. in. Buaxkcup / Johnnies, inferior Stone Coal - 0 4 Stone Coau { Sha - - - - - 0 2 (c). Stone Coal - - - - 010 1 2 Boring near Cartwright’s Mill, Liversedge (No. 7, Plate 9). “ ft.in. ft. in. Coal (4) Stone Coal - - 24 Measures - ; - - - 16 10 Suertcuirre Bep Coan (c) - 18 In this boring the lowest coal is described as “very soft.’ At Lower Wike and Popplewell we still find the bed a stone coal, and named Popplewell Stone Coal. The following sections are sections of it :— Breaks Pit, Clifton (No. 11, Plate 9). ft. in. PopPpLEWELL STONE Coat (c) - 21 First Drift Pit, Lower Wike. (No. 12, Plate 9.)¢ ft. in. PopPpLEWELL Stone Coau(c) - 2 6 Popplewell Stone Coal Pit.§ ft. in. = ft. in. Johnnies, inferior Stone Coal - 04 Shale and earth - - - - 0 6 PorppLEWELL | Stone Coal - - - - 09 Stone Coats Shale - - - - : 0 0% (c). Coal - - - - 4 Shale - - - - - O 0% Stone Coal - - - - 0 4% 1 72; 0 5% Old Popplewell Pit, Low Moor Iron Company (No. 13, Plate 9). ft. in. PoprLEWELL STONE Coat (c) - 110 * Communicated by Mr. J. Sheard. t o » Messrs. T. H. Jackson & Co. + ‘9 », Mr. E. Woodhead. § 9 » Messrs. Holt & Co. 182 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Popplewell Pit, Bowling Iron Company. (No. 14, Plate 9.)* ft. in PorpLewe Lu [Roof Coal - - - - - 04 Stone Coan | Batng Coal - - - - 04 (ec). Stone Coal - - - - 1 4 2 0 ‘Fhe stone coal extends as far north as Westfield, but when we next see this coal at Low Wood, Wike; Jaggar Park Wood, and in the cutting of the Cleckheaton Branch Railway at Oakenshaw, it has again become a soft coal ; the section of the Engine Pit, Hunsworth Colliery, alsc shows it to be a soft coal; so that north of Westfield it appears to be similar in character to what it is south of Haw Crofts, Clifton, and the Stone Coal seems to occupy a space of country about one mile and a half broad, extending eastwards from Bailiff Bridge, Clifton, to Lower Rawfolds, Liversedge, but how much further east along this line we cannot say as it has not been proved. Boring at the South End of Royds Hall Great Wood.t ft. in. SHERTCLIFFE BEep Coat (ce) - - 19 Boring at the North End of Royds Hall Great Wood.t R ft. in. Coal and Trub (c) - - - - 20 We measured the following sections in Royds Hall Beck, between Jaggar Park Wood and Royd’s Hall Great Wood :— ft. in. = ft. in. Coal, hard - - - - 0 33 Dirt - - - - - O O08 | Coal, hard - - - QO 2% | Dirt - - - - - 0 Qf SHERTCLIFFE | Coal, hard - - - 0 63 Bep Coan Clay - - - - O14 (ce). Coal - - - - 01 Clay - - - - - 0 2 Coal - - - - 0 3 Dirt with pyrites - - - - OO 03 Coal - - - - 0 6 1lli 0 43 ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - 0 2 Dark Shale - - - - - 01 Shaly Coal - S - - Ol e Coal - - = - 06 SHERTCLIFFE j Parting = - - - - - O 03 Brep Coa Coal - - - - 0 2 (c.) Parting = - - - - - OL Coal - - - - 02 Clay - - - - - 02 Coal - - - 0 8% 0103 O 43 The boring (No. 15, Plate 9) in old coal pit on east side of Jaggar Park Wood, gives 2 ft. 2 in. as the thickness of this coal. Although this coal is seen in the railway cutting at Oakenshaw, we were unable to measure a complete section, and the next definite information we have in regard to it is from the Hunsworth Colliery. * Communicated by Mr. F. H. Pearce. os » Mr. E. Woodhead. BEESTON BED COAL. 183 Engine Pit, Hunsworth Colliery. (No. 16, Plate 9,)* ft. in. SHERTCLIFFE Bep Coa (ce) - - 20 No. 2 Pit. (No. 18, Plate 9.)* ft.in. ft. in. Stone Coal - - - - 13 Underclay - - = ss 3 Coal (d) Little Coal - - - - 010 Underclay - - - 2 - 40 (c) SHeRtcuirre Bap Coat - - 2 7 The stone coal given in this section is only local, as we do not find it mentioned in any of the other sections. No. 6 Pit. (No. 17, Plate 9.) ft. in. ft. in. Coal Coal - si - - 09 (2). Coal and Shale - - mL Measures - - - - - 4 3 SHERTCLIFFE [ Coal and Shale - - - 12 Bev Coa { Coal - - - 2 3 (ce). The following section was measured in a quarry near Clifford Pit, Hunsworth :— ft.in. ft. in, 2 3 “ = 8 16 0 7 Coal Coal (8). | Undercty - “ Coal - - i - 08 ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. 1! Dark Shale - - - - - 19 Hard Underclay = - - - - 3 8 Dirt - - « z ; - 02 Underclay - - - - - 010 Dirt - - - Z ~ © 8 SHERTCLIFFE ne : 7 ; 7 0 ° e-4 Brep Coan 4 Casi 3 : : > bb teh. | Dirt a an eS eee Coal = 2 = - 010 3 The coal which we have marked (4) continues as a very regular coal band from No. 2 Pit, Hunsworth, northwards and eastwards, until it forms the upper band of the Churwell Thick, though it seems to be wanting between No. 2 Pit and Strawberry Pit, Liversedge. Old Collieries, Holme Lane End, ‘Tony Street.t , ft. in. ft. in. Coal (8). Coal - - = a «= } @ Blue Shale - - “ ‘ < 15 0 ( Coal - - U0 4 SHERTCLIFFE | Clay - - < a) Bep Coat < Ccal - - - 0 10 (c). Coal and Cla - - - 04 Coal - - - 0 9 3 4% * Communicated by Mr. F. H. Pearce. 3, Mr. J. Tillotson. ” 184 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Gittin’s Colliery, Tong Street.* . ft. in. ft, in. Coal (4.) Coal - - - - - O11 Soft Shale - - - - - 9 0 ( Coal - - - 0 3 Suertcuirre | Shale - - - - - 0 13 Bep Coa J Coal - - - 010 (e). Shale - - - - 0 4 Coal - - - - 0 105 2 10% Broadbent’s Colliery, Tong Street.t ft. in. ft, in. Dawson Lane. Coal (2). Coal - - - - - 09 Measures - - - - - 21 0 ( Coal - - - - O 2 Susertcuirre | Dirt - - - - - - 0 2 Brep Coat < Coal - - - - 09 (ec). Dirt - - - - - - 0 3% Coal - : - - 010 2 63 Parratt Fold. * Coal (8). Coal - - - - 010 Measures - - - - - 15 0 ({ Coal - - - 0 23 SHERTCLIFFE | Dirt - - - - - 0 2 Bzp Coa. Coal - - - - 0 9 (c). | Dirt - - - - - 0 3% {Coal - - - - 010 2 7% No. 1 Pit, Tong, Bowling Iron Company, Limited. (No. 20, Plate 9.) ft. in. ft. in. Coal (0). Little Coal - - - - 010 Underclay - - - - - 5 6 (c). SHeRTcLIFFE Bep CoaL - - 24 The next section is compiled from measurements taken in Holme Beck, at Holme and through Holme Wood. ft. in. ft. in. ft.in. ft. in. Coal - - 0 2 Shale - - 011 Coal - - O OF Shale - - - 0 6 Coal - - 0 08 0 3 Shale - - - 0 1 Dirt - - - 0 3 — 19 Coai (4). Little Coal 1 2 Dark Underclay - - 2 0 Shale - - - 3 6 5 6 * Communicated by Mr. D. Hall, Messrs. E. Gittins and Son. t i » Mr. S. Broadbent, t ” » Mr. F. H. Pearce. BEESTON BED COAL 185 ft. in. ft, in. Coal - - 0 6 pnteteley - 05 j ‘0 - 0 10 ea Dirtand Coal - 0 7 (c). Coal ~ - Ol1 210 Dirt - - - Ol , Underclay. Charles Pit, Tong, Bowling Iron Company.* (No. 21, Plate 9.) ft. in. ft. in ft. in. Coal - - S - 0 8 Underclay = - - - - - 17 Coal (2). Coal - - - - 1 3 Underclay = - - - - 211 Shale - - - - - 22 61 (c). SHERTCLIFFE Bep CoaL - 210 Rush Pit, Westgate Hill.t ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Coal (8). Little Coal - - Ol1 Shale - - - - 3 6 (Coal - - - 04 SHERTCLIFFE | Dirt - - - - O 23 Brep Coat < Coal - - - 010 (e). Dirt - - - - O88 Coal - - - 010 2 0 Booth Holme Colliery, Tong Lane. (No. 22, Plate 9.)t ft. in. ft.in. ft. in. Coal (6). Little Coal - - Ol1 Shale - - a “ 2 2 Coal, mixed - - - 0 SHERTCLIFFE ct : 2 : : 0 01 Bep Coa. Coal . : . < 0 9% (ce). Dirt - s ‘ - O02 Coal - - - - 0 103 2 3 * Communicated by Mr. F. H. Pearce. * » Mr. W. Rushfirth, Messrs. W. Terry & Co. | ” », Messrs. Holliday and Clough. 186 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Tong Old Colliery. (No, 23, Plate 9.)* : ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Coal (5). Coal - - - - 1 6 Dirt - - - 7 = 0 5 Coal - - - = © 2 1 8 Underclay - - - = 1 2 (Coal, mixture - - - 05 Surnrciirrs | C08! - = ~ « OF Bep Coa Dirt . ms a : >. 0 6 (c) Coal - - - - 1 3 : Dirt - - - - - 0 1 Cannel Coal - - - 0. 7 2 10 4 6 22 Having now followed the Shertcliffe Bed Coal and the Coal Band (4), which from Hunsworth has been known by the name of “ Little Coal,” until the two coals are only separated by 1 ft. 2 in. of underclay, we will now leave them at the long Old Colliery for a little, and going back to where we find the coal band marked (a), we will also trace it up to this point, and then carry on the three seams together until they unite in forming the thick coal of Beeston. The position of the Upper Lousey Coal of Whitley Park and Hopton, in relation to the Lower Lousey and Blocking Coals, would seem to indicate that it corresponds to Coal Band (a), of the district to the north, more nearly than it does to the Lousey Coal of Hartshead, Liversedge, and Popplewell, to which it has hitherto been taken as equivalent. (See sect. 2, Plate 10 and p. 202). We have therefore adopted this correlation. At Royd’s House, Hopton, the distance between the Upper Lousey and Blocking Coals is about 117 feet, while the distance between the Upper and Lower Lousey Coals of that neighbourhood is only 67 feet, which agrees with the positions of Coals (c) and (a) as given in the boring at Mirfield and the section of Dark Lane Pit. (See’sects. 3 and 4, Plate 10 and pp. 202, 203.) The section seen of this coal in the Gregory Spring Railway is as follows :— ft. in. ft, in. { Coal - - - 14 Upper Loussy Coat | Clay - - - - oO 13 of Hopton Coal, hard - - 7 ? Coal Band (a). Clay - - - - 01 Shaly Coal - - 0 4 2 33 O 2% Having thus indicated the apparent identity of this coal with Coal Band (a), we will now givea number of sections which show the variations in the character of the section and thickness of coal, over the country between Mirfield and Tong. . ft.in. ft. in. Boring at Mirfield - (No. 2, plate 9.) Coal (a) - - 0 8 +. Ws . Coal 011) a gi Be a i (No. 3, ,, )} Coal (a) { Dir 0 a7 1 8 Coal O 6 Dewsbury Moor ® Colliery - (No 4, 5 ) Coal (a) - . 2 3 Boring 5% chains ; se north of Jill Lane, Northorpe, Mir- . field - - + - - Coal (a) = “ 21 * Communicated by Mr. E. Day. BEESTON BED COAL. 187 Park Colliery, Liver- ft. in. ft. in. sedge - - (No. 5, Plate 9.) Coal (a) - - 0 10 Strawberry Pit, Liversedge (No. 6, 4, ) Coal (a) “ - 1 0 Old Colliery, Quaker Lane, Blakcup- - - Coal (2) Stone Coal - 1 6 Boring near Cart- wright’s Mill - Liversedge - - (No. 7, 5 ) Coal (a) - - 0 11 Green Lane Pit, Clifton - (No. 8, 4, ) Coal (a) : , 1 6 Boring Windy Bank, Clifton - - (Ne 9, ,, ) Coal (a) - - 2 5 Breaks Pit, Clifton - (No.11, ,, ) Coal (a) - 1 6 2nd Drift Pit, Wike - - - - Coal (a) - - 09 Ist Drift Pit, Wike (No. 12, ,, ) Coal (a) - - 10 Coal 1 2 Popplewell Pit - Under- 2 3 Low Moor Iron Co. (No. 13, ,, ) Coal (a) clay 0 10 Coal 0 3 Popplewell Pit - Coal 010 Bowling Iron Com- (No. 14, ,, ) Coal (a) Under- 2 pany (Limited), clay 1 0 Coal 010 Boring at the south end of Royds Hall Great Wood - - - Coal (a) - 2 21 Boring in Old Coal Pit on the east side of Jaggar Park Wood - (No. 15, ,, ) Coal (a) 0 Coal 021 Engine Pit, Huns- (No. 16, _,, ) Coal (2) Under- 2 8 clay 1 7 worth. Coal 0 2 No. 6 Pit, Huns- worth = - - (No. 17, ,, .) Coal (a) - - 0 7 No. 2 Pit, Huns- — worth - - (No. 18, ,, ) Coal (a) - = 010 ) Coal (a) ted ee No. 1 Pit, Ton - (No. 20, ,, oal (a nder- Boe | clay 1 3 } 1 43 Coal O 1 Charles Pit, Tong - (No. 21, ,, ) Coal (a) - - 0 10% Booth Holme Col- liery, Tong - (No. 22, ,, ) Coal (a) - - 011 The distance between the Shertcliffe Bed Coal and Coal Band (a), in these twenty-three sections, varies from 6 ft. 10 in. to 60 ft. 8 in. (see plate 9 and pp. 203, 207), and the average is 29 ft. 10in., which is nearly the same as the greatest distance between the Churwell Thick and Thin Coals. The changes in the thickness of the measures between the two former coals take place irregu- larly over the district through which we have now traced them, and quite independent of latitude. Coal band (a) is not worked at any of those places between Mirfield and Low Moor where it is proved, it being generally soft and poor in quality, but that such is not always the case in regard to this coal we will presently be able to show. ; Therefore resuming the description of the Shertcliffe Bed Coal at the place where we left it, viz., at Tong Old Colliery, we will now carry it on along with Coal Bands (a) and (2). The section of No. 4 Sowden Air Pit, Upper Moor Side, Farnley (p. 218), mentions an 8 feet coal on the same horizon as the Shertcliffe Bed Coal of Tong ; bui as there is no detailed section of the coal given, we are unable to say how much of this 8 feet is coal and how much partings. 188 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. On the site of what used to be Farnley Wood, there are the remains of a number of old coal pits; those on the south went through two coals separated from each other by about 10 yards of shales, but as the workings are very old we were not able to obtain a correct section of the coals. In the Farnley Wood Little Colliery, worked by Messrs. Clayton Brothers and Speight, we find the same coals, on the downcast side of a continuation of the Ellis Pit Fault, and as this little colliery is only a few hundred yards from the old coal pits mentioned above, and the distance between the coals is the same in both, we may assume the sections to be also thesame. The seams referred to are the Churwell Thick and Thin Coals. The section is as follows :— Farnley Wood Little Colliery.* (No. 24, Plate 9.) ft.in. ft. in. ft. in. = ft. in, CHURWELL THIN CoaL (a) - - - 1 6 Measures - - - - - - - 30 0 Top Coal (5) - 1 5 Dirt - - - 05 Coal - 0 2 Dirt — - - - 05 CuHURWELL ; Coal, Felling Bed - 0 10 Trick Coa Tike & 7 = 7 01 Baring Coal - >(c) 0 8 Dirt - - - Ol Bottom Coal - 138 44 1 0 5 4 We measured the two following sections, on the hill side south of Dixon Pit, of a coal worked under the name of the Beeston Bed, which we have already shown is formed by the union of the two Churwell seams. Fig. 27. Section showing the passage of the Churwell Coals into the Beeston Bed. Farnley Wood Brown Hill Dixon’s Little Colliery. Fault. Day Hole, a= ——S aaa c ie ® Churwell Thin Coal. Churwell Thick Coal. Section at Dixon’s Day Hole, Farnley Wood. ft. in. = ft. in ( (Coal (a) - - - 12 CHURWELL a parting - oo 0 0% - = a 4 . Tun Coat. Di parting * - ~ @ UR ‘oal - - - 0 23 aoe Gry lO : (Coal, hard,(6) - - 1 gs Cuurweur | Clay - Z . 0 4 ee: Turck Coat. Dirty Clay, sulphurous = - & 0 43 L Coal(c) - - - 2 8 6 5 011 * Communicated by Messrs. Clayton Brothers and Speight. Fig. 28. ng the passage of the Churwell Coals into the Beeston Bed at Churwell Colli BEESTON BED COAL, 189 Section west of Dixon’s Day Hole, Farnley Wood. (No. 25, Plate 9.) - ft. in. ft, in. Coal(a) - - 13 pi Dirt parting 7 - 0 03 oal - - 0 3 ae Dirt parting - Of Coal - - 04% Shale - ae ee : Coal (b) = - 18 Brsston Bep ae Shale as a - oO 2 a3 Coal - - 05 x : uate 0 3 7 -01 Se = - 0 04 Sg - 110 < - 028 - 12 CHURWELL THICK COAL. Section showi Geldard Road Pit. Gene 08e0-- > Cuur- Sra Sa HI : : Co ea Dirt parting Coal (c) Shale L Coal 6 92 1 2 These sections give the evidence for the passage of the Churwell coals into the Beeston Bed. Wortley Colliery, Air shaft north of Highfield ; House.* ft. in. ft. in, (Coal (a) 1 8 Blue Shale - 0 2 Coal (0) 110 aoe Blue Shale - 01 * | Coal 0 6 Blue sate} c) - 0 5 Coal oe 5 7 In further proof of the Churwell Thick and Thin “Coals running together and forming the Beeston ' tox hob Bed Coal, we will take the workings of the Churwell Colliery, information in regard thereto having been kindly furnished to us by the proprietor, Mr, W. Ward, and Mr. H. Wormald, mining agent for the Earl of Dartmouth. Geldard Road Pit, Churwell Colliery. (No. 26, Plate 9).t ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. 1 8 CHURWELL THIN Coat (a) - Measures - (Coal (2) Clay CuurR- oe al - - 30 0 NSN So WIE WELL Cost oe Clay OAL. | Coal > (c) Clay | Coal J oclUlUhcCmlmlmlmUmUCOCOUlUCOCUCUrL 4 2 * Communicated by Mr. Stubbins, Messrs. Ingham and Sons. ” » Mr. William Ward. 190 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Engine Pit, Churwell Colliery.* (No. 28, Plate 9.) ft. in. = ft. in. Churwell Thin Coal - - 8 BEESTON Underclay - - 20 Bep Coau. Churwell Thick Coal, with 5 or 6 partings - - 5 0 These details supplement the general sketch already given in our introductory notice of this group of coals. In further illustration of this point we give the following sections :— Boring in ground opposite the Fleece Inn, Churwell.t ft. in. ft. in. CuuRWELL THIN CoAL - - 22 Measures - - - - - 30 6 CyHURWELL THIcK CoaL - - 56 8 5 Victoria Pit, Churwell.t ft.in. ft. in. CuuRWELL THIN CoaL = - 111 Measures” - - > - - 26 7 CHuRWELL THICK CoaL - - 56 8 7 2 No. 13 Pit, Churweil.+ (No. 27, Plate 9.) ft. in. ft. in. ft.in. = ft. in. CuurRwELu THIN Coan (a) 2 0 Measures - - : _ i : - 923 6 Coal (5) 2 tk Dit - : = oy ie 0 2 Coal - - - - OU 6 Cuveweur ) BEt 7 : a cate, 0 4 Tuick Coat. oe : : : Ds 0 43 Coal $(c) : - - Oo7 Dirt - - - a - 0 4 LCoal J - - - - 19 4 2 — 6 2 Boring N.E. corner of the Field behind Broad Oaks.t ft. in. ft. in, CuuRWELL THIN CoaL . - - 19 Measures - - - - - 29 0 CuurweL_t Tuick Coat, with several shale partings - 5 0 6 9 * Communicated by Mr. William Ward. ” » Mr, H. Wormald. od BEESTON BED COAL. 191 No. 10 Pit, Beeston Manor Colliery.* (No. 29, Plate 9.) fi. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Cuurwe i Tarn Coat (a) 29 4 - 5 Measures Coal (8) Dark Metal Coal - CHURWELL Turck Coau. Coal Shale ¢(c) Coal - Shale | - Coal - Norge ma Ore 0 0 0 3% 0 0 Q oO 25 4 ooaob oe ob 8 boa ab Fak 1 0 0 0 0 1 tterrewpe ue ees Ao bolt CS ee ee ee oo 2 | So The thinning out takes place very rapidly on the west and south-west of No. 10 Pit, for at A Pit the coals are separated by 5 yards of intermediate measures, and at the township boundary, in a straight line with No. 10 Pit and A Pit, and 8 chains south-west of A Pit, the thickness of strata separating these two coal seams has increased to 10 yards, which is nearly the maximum thickness. It will be observed that in these last sections the intermediate measures thin out to the south from the Fleece Inn, through Victoria Pit to No. 13 Pit, while in the Old Coal Pit, in the field behind Broad Oaks, they are nearly as thick as they are at the Fleece Inn, so that this thinning to the south of these strata cannot be made out quite satisfactory from the preceding sections, but that it does take place will be seen from our next sections. (See sections 30, 31, and 32, Plate 9.) No. 4 Pit, Beeston Manor Colliery.* (No. 30, Plate 9.) ft. in, ft. in. ft.in. ft. in, CuurweE.t Tun Coat (a) - 21 Measures - - : - é es 12 7 Coal (6) - - - 1 8 Dark Metal - - : : 2 4 Coal - - - - (RHURWELL | Dark Metal) — - a es ee HICK COAL. } Gog] (c) 5 = oo 8 Dark Metal - - - : 0 Coal - - - 0 9 3 64 — 5-5 Bore Hole, No. 1, Beeston Manor Colliery t (No. 31, Plate 9.) ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. CHURWELL THIN Coat (a) - - - ~ 25 Gant (By - - - . : - 8 0 Coal (8) - 7 - ie ai { Waders - - - : - 86 HICK COAL. | Cog] (¢) ° 5 - 16 — 2 8 5 1 * Communicated by Mr. H. Wormald. t ” 3, Messrs. J. Harding and Son. 192 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Here we see that in the space between Broad Oaks and No. 4 Pit, Beeston Manor Colliery, there has been a diminution of the measures separating the two coal beds analogous to that occurring between Broad Oaks and No. A Pit, and again between No. 4 Pit and Bore Hole No. 1, the analogy between No. A Pit and No. 10 Pit is also maintained. The shale containing thin coals which in the preceding Churwell sections lies between the Coals (4) and (ce), in the fast two sections consists only of shale or underclay, and is thicker than the united thickness of the shale and thin coals just mentioned, so that the actual thickness of coal in the Churwell Thick and Thin Coals is less than at Churwell. When next we meet with this coal, which is in the Beeston Park Side Old Collieries, the section very nearly resembles that in Farnley Wood, now no longer : a as the greatest part of it has been cleared and converted into arable Jand. Wood Pit, Beeston Park Side Colliery.*' (No. 32, Plate 9.) ft. in. ft, in. ft, in, CuHURWELL THIN CoaL (a) - - 2 8 Parting - - - - - - - 0 3 (Coal (6) - - 14 Parting - - - - 02 er inferior - - O07 arting - - - 0 2 oe CHuRWELL | Coal, inferior - - 0 6 - THIcK < Parting - - - 02 Coa. Coal P(e) - - 010 Parting - - - 01 Coal - - 07 Parting - - - O 03 L LCoal - - 09 6 10 We have now traced this group of coals from Whitley Hall northward to Tong and Churwell, till the three seams are united in the valuable and thick coal of Beeston, further sections of which we will now give; and we will first La the coal as it is found in the deep collieries of Middleton and Rothwell aigh. New Hall Colliery, Middleton.t ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - 2 0 Underciay - - - - - 0 8 Coal, drubby - - - 1 38 Underclay - - - - - 0 5 Coal - - - - 0 5 BEESTON Uadealey 7 5 i he 18 Bep Coa. Underclay - - - - - 02 Coal _. - - - 02 Underclay -- - - - - 07 Coal - - = - 0 2 Underclay - - - - - 0 2 Coal ~ - - - 1 8% 6 2 * Transactions of the Leeds Lit. and Phil. Society, Vol. I. + Communicated by Messrs. Charles Grosvenor and Sons. BEESTON. BED COAL, 33 193 Bye Pit, Rothwell Haigh.* ft. in. ft, in, Raven: Coal - - - - 02 Brzston } Coal - - - - 2 5 Bep Coat, ) Clay - z . ‘ - 02 Coal - - s - 19 Te Beeston Pit, Waterloo and Woodleaford Caleergt : . in, ‘ Beeston Brep Coan - - ~49 > * The coal in the last two sections seems to consist only of the two upper layers of the seam, and the portion below the “coal drubby” _of the previous section is apparently wanting... Even the thickness of the part that is present is not constant, for in some places at. Rothwell Haigh the seam is not more than 2 feet thick. These. being the last places south of Beeston where we have any information about the Beeston Bed Coal, we will now take it up from Beeston and trace it to the north-east. Section measured near the Foot Bridge, in the Cutting of the Great’ Northern Railway at Beeston. ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - «92g " Clay - - - - - 0 2 Coal - - - -14n ae - - - - - O11 BEESTON oal ‘ y is - 0 5 Bep Coat. a S z : 7 0 4h 02 Clay . - : - - 03 Coal - - - - 12 Clay - - oe - - 0 2 Coal, soft - - - - O11 z 6 13 _ Boring at Hunslet Carr. ft. in. ft, in. Col - - - = 2 O8 BEESTON a 7 : . 1 4 = BeEp Coa. Dirt 2 . E 7 -o01 Coal - - - - 3 0 - 6 44 Section measured in the Clay Pit, Jack Lane Pottery, Leeds. ; : : ft. in. ft. in. (Coal - - - - 0 1: Black Shale - - - - - 0428 Coal - : - - 2 35 Clay - - ” - - 0 8 Coal - - - - tig Clay - - - - - 0 O08 Coal : - - - 0 8 oe i BEESTON J a 7 7 : - 0 5 3 Bep Coa.) 4° 2 = 7 Clayey Shale - : - - 0 15 Coal - - - - 09 Shale : . - - - O 0} Coal - -~ 7 - 0 3 Shale - - - - - 0 03 Coal - - - - 0 4 Clay - - - - - 01 | Coal - - - - 1 7.0 * Communicated by the late Mr. J. Hargreaves, manager for Messrs. J. and J. Charlesworth. » Mr. M.S. Hall. ” 42513. N 194. GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Gibraltar Colliery, Hunslet.* ft. in. ft. in. (Coal - - - - 110 Shale - - - - - 0 8 Coal - - 7 - 12 Underclay - - - - - 0 6 Coal - - - - 0 33 Besston j Shale - - - - - 02 Bep Coat. ) Coal - - - - 0 3% Shale - a! = - - 02 Underclay - - - - - 0 Coal - - - - 0 103 Shale and coal - - - - 1 ik Coal - - - - 10 5 53 Pontefract Lane Pit, Black Bank, Leeds.t (No, 33, Plate 9.) wr ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - 2 6 Parting - - - - . - 0 2 Coal - - - - 14 Parting - - - - - 02 Coal - - - - 07 BEEston rai = . 2 ae 07 Bep Coa. Parting —- . ~ ~ os Coal - - < - 02 Parting = - - - - - 010 Coal - - - - 010 Parting - - . - - 01 Coal ° - - - 0 8 6 8 Neville Hill Colliery, Pontefract Lane, Leeds.t (No. 34, Plate 9.) ft. in. ft. in Coal - - - - 2 6 Parting - . - - - 02 Coal . - - - 14 Coal and dirt . . - - 0 7 Coal = = - - 0 43 . RreTON < Coal and dirt = - . - +02 eet Cela - - - 213 Dirt - : - : - 02 -] Coal = - - - 0 8 Dirt and coal - - . - 09 Coal : - - - 1 3 6 113 Nursery Pit, Waterloo Main Colliery.§ Ga Se in. ft. in. oa - - fs s femme 2 5 Fe ON * LCoal - . . s 2 3 3 6 * Communicated by Mr. T. R. Gainsford. + i 5 Mr. Reid. t »» Messrs. The Norwegian Titanic Iron Co. § 33 » Mr. T. Pickersgill. gland & Wales. n ev ev tcal Survey of f: Geolog Sections wu UPPER LOUSEY COAL : = es i ~ i og i Seen ' ' es i) S | / I ' / a | rr % & a qssc = H a eee as eA ay phe x : -~-~__8 eS 4 % Societys eae ' Se aerate 1 wT > fe | [i 1 8 < in N LOWER LOUSEY COAL RR.De. Plate 9. Sections illustrating the variations in the group of Coals on the horigon of the Shertclitte Bed Coal wn the northern pr (oal-Field, and showing the way iv which the several Coals uluimately unite and term the Beeston Bed Coal. yo V4. UM Te face pa rt of the Yorkshire ‘Coal. CHURWELL THIN COAL = Ss o a ly Q 6 - % la Wy a \ \ HW \ ‘ovent Garden Dangerfield .Liuh.22 Bedford St ( SESE BEESTON BED COAL. 195 The section at Nursery Pit seems to consist only of the Upper and Middle beds, as is the case at Bye Pit, Rothwell Haigh. Boring in the South Corner of Killingbeck Park. ft.in, ft. in, Coal - - - - - 10 ets Shale - - - - - 0 3 Brzston | Coal - * 5 - - 29 Black Shale - - - - 5 0 3 Bep Coau. Coal = i ie - 08 Underclay - - - - - 1 0 Coal. - - - = ~ 1 0 5 5 Boring near Cross Gates. ft. in Breston Beb Coa. - =" - 5 0 Victoria Pit, Manston. ft. in. Begeston Bep Coan - - - 4 Austhorpe Colliery. ft.in. ft. in. ne ise aa - - - - 2 0 to 2 6 Bep Coat. } poe VOe : zi ri es ; Baring Coal + = - - 1 4 410 Bye Pit, West Yorkshire Colliery, Austhorpe. ft. in. Beeston Bep Coan . - - 5 9 Garforth Colliery, Isabella Pit. fit.in. ft. in. Dirt - - : - - 0 6 Coal, hard - - - - 3 4 Middle Coal - - - - 010 Coal - - - - - 07 49 Sisters Pit. ft. in. Coal - - - - - - 310 Middle Coal - - : - - 010 Coal - - - - - - 07 5 Section at Garforth Bridge. ft. in. ft.in. Coe 6 a oe CEO Mixture - - ws - - 7 0 Coal - - - * - 110 6 10 The last section, which was given to us by Mr. T. R. Gainsford, might be thought to indicate a splitting up of this coal seam eastwards, ay is the case west of Beeston, but such slight evidence does not warrant any such con- clusion, and the Garforth collieries show the coal to continue without any great variation eastwards as far as yet worked. N 2 196 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. We know of only two points where the seam has been proved towards the’ centre of the coalfield. At Messrs. Hudson’s, Stanley Victoria Collieries, it was found to be*— ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - <« 2 Dirt - - - - - - 04 Coal - - - - - 1oiil The coal was of fair, but not first-rate, quality; and made a good deal of ash. The seam has also been proved at Messrs. Pope-and Pearson’s West Riding Colliery, Normanton ; it was found to bet— ft. in. ft. in. Black Shale. Coal - - - - 0 4 Dirt - - - - - 12 Coal _ “. - - - 11 Dirt - - - - - 15 Coal - - = = Pf 8 The bed was considered here unworkable, Wfeasures between the Shertcliffe Bed and the Upper Lousey Coal. —The Trub Coal.—These measures consist of shale with bands of Black Shale, Underclays, and-several coal -bands of small thick- ness. One of the coals, the Trub Coal of Shelf, calls for a passing notice, because it has been at one time worked. The term Trub Coal is applied to a variety of Stone Coal more nearly allied to a Black Shale than to a true Cannel Coal. On the horizon of the Trub Coal there is usually a coal band present, but at most places it is only a few inches thick ; at Popple- well Pit for instance it ranges from 3 to 5 inches. In the valley of the Royds Hall Beck, however, this seam is an inferior kind of Stone Coal, which we are able to trace with great certainty to Shelf, and at Riding Hill near Shelf it has improved so much in quality as to have been considered worth working at one time, but is now abandoned. Had there been any extent of this coal at Shelf it would have been of some value, as its quality is about equal to that of the Popplewell Stone Coal. We will now give some details-of this coal to show the changes through which it passes, from where it.is first seen in Royds Hall Beck until it reaches its most valuable quality near Shelf. At south end of Royds Hall Great Wood, just below the word “Wood” on map, it has the following section :— fi.in. ft. in. Black Shale - - - - 1 6 Hard Black Shale (bright) - 0 8 Cla = 4 Soe - - - OO 03 Cannel Coal (inferior) - - 0 8 In Royds Hall Beck, between the words “Royds” and “ Hall,” we have this section :—. * From Mr. J. O. Greaves. + From Mr. Hopkinson. THE LOUSEY COAL. 197 ft. in, ft. in. ft. in. Black Shale. : Black Shale (bright) - - 10 Dirt ~ - . - - 01 Cannél Coal - - - 0 3 Ernne - - - - . 0 Of Black Shale . - - - 0 53 | 4 9b Shales - - - - = 4 ik 4 Black Shale - - - E 0 2 Coal - - - - 07 In Royd’s Hall Beck, below the word “ Hall,’ we measured the following section :— = ft.in. ft,in. ft. in, Black Shale . - - : 2 0 Cannel Coal (very inferior) - 1 Parting - - - - Cannel Coal (good) - Parting - - Hard Black Shale - Shales - - - -. Coal - - . - 0 6 A boring near the north end of Royds Hall Great Wood gives us the following section :— 0 08 0 0 0 03 1 0 4 - - 6 0 ft.in. = ft. in. Trub Coal - - - - 14 Underclay - - - - . 1 4 Coal - - - - 0 6 We obtain the next section from the coal exposed in the continuation of this beck northwards, and between Munnerley Lane and St. Michael and All The Angels Church, Shelf, which is similar to that of the coal in the old workings near Riding Hill, at the south end of Munnerley Lane. ft.in. ft. in. Black Shale - - - - 1 5 Shaly Cannel Coal - - 1:0 Cannel Coal - - - 010 The Trub Coalin some of the Hunsworth sections is only given as 4in. thick, but in No. 2 Pit we find a section closely resembling, without the minor details, the section measured in the Royds Hall Beck, below the word “ Hall,’ already given. ; ft.in. ft. in. Trub Coal - - - - 1 6 Measures - - . - - 6 6 Coal - - - - 0 6 With two other sections our knowledge of this coal band is exhausted, and further east it seems to be wanting altogether, as none of the sections give any account of it, nor have we seen it in section. At Booth Holme Colliery the Trub Coal is only 9in., and at Charles Pit, Tong, it is 1 ft. 6in. in thickness. The Lousey Coal. — We have already shown that the Upper Lousey Coal of Whitley corresponds probably with the Coal Band marked (a) on Plate 9, which becomes ultimately the Churwell Thin Coal. There is a seam which is called in the Clifton, Liver- sedge, and Popplewell districts tne Lousey Coal; and this bed is generally supposed to correspond to the Upper Lousey Coal of Whitley. This seam, however, seems to lie above the Coal Band (a), and it is possible to trace it as an independent seam over the northern part of the coalfield. ; This coal can be traced lying in various detached portions north- north-west from Clifton to Shelf, and throughout this district it 198 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. generally has a workable thickness, and has been worked at various places, OwJet Hurst Wood, Liversedge, the very old workings in Lawn Wood, Kirklees Park, and at Primrose Hill, Scholes, and is at present worked on the north side of Hightown, Liversedge, by a day hole west of Spring Field Chemical Works. At Kirklees it is only about 1 ft. thick, and the detailed sections will show that through the Clifton Collieries and in the valley of Royds Hall Beck to Shelf, it is mostly in two beds with a parting of clay between them ; the top bed varies from | ft.2 in. to 1 ft. 8in.; the parting from 7 in. to 1 ft. 6 in., and the low bed from 1 in. to 6 in. From Hunsworth to Manston, east of Leeds, our knowledge of this coal is obtained mainly from sinkings and borings. Between Hunsworth and Leeds it seems generally to vary from 2 to 5 inches, and at some places to be represented by a band of black shale only. In one of the Hunsworth sections, however, it is given as 1 ft. thick. : At Neville Hill Colliery it-is 1 ft. thick, and from there to Manston it ranges from 10 in. to 1 ft. 6 in. The quality of this coal does not change with the thickness, for even in those cases where it is thick enough to be workable it is of a very soft and inferior nature, and contains a considerable per- centage of ash. And though it has been used locally both as a house and steam coal, it supplies an inferior coal for either purpose. In the boring at Mirfield there is a coal 4 in. thick, which lies about on the horizon of this coal, and probably is its equivalent. We also find a coal exposed in the south side of the turnpike road near Middle Row, Mirfield Moor, 1 ft. in thickness, which is most likely the continuation of this coal, but this is not quite certain. In the section at Green Lane Pit, Clifton, the coal is said to be 11% in. thick, and is described as a soft coal. On the east side of Lawn Wood, Kirklees Park, this coal was worked nearly 70 years ago, by an adit near the little brook which runs along the east side of Lawn Wood. The coal which was seen in the brook section was 1 ft. thick. In the section of Dark Lane Pit, Mirfield, we have avery thin coal band lying about 88 ft. below the Blocking Coal, possibly the representative of the Lousey Coal. ft. in. ft. in. Dark Lane Pit, Mirfield = - - Coal and Scale - 0 38 Coal - - 0 2 Boring, 53 chains north of Jill Lane | Baring 2 ro. fea 0 2 Coal - - 0 4 Coal - - 1 1 Boring, Dewsbury Moor Colliery { Soft earth - - - 086 Coal - - 0 2 Park Colliery, Liversedge - - Coal - - 1 0 At Owlet Hurst Wood, Liversedge, this coal was worked at a small depth ‘by the Messrs. Mann, of Robert Town. The section was as follows :— ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - 0 10 Lousgy Coan Underlay - - 1 9 to7 6 Coal - - 0 6 ft. in. = ft. in, . Coal - 0 8 Strawberry Pit, Liversedge { Uadery - 1 4 Coal 7 THE LOUSEY COAL. 199 __ This coal is worked between Primrose Hill Colliery and Hightown near to its outcrop by T. H. Jackson & Co., and the following section was furnished to us by the bottom steward :— . ft. in. ft. in, Coal - - - - 0 2 Clay - - - - - 01 Coal, tops - - - 1 9 Lousry Coan< Clay - ” - - - O05 Coal - - - - 1 Clay - - ° - - 0 6 Coal, bottoms - - 0 4 Coal - 0 6 Boring near Windy Bank, Clifton { Siat - - 26 Coal - 0 2 rh From a section exposed in the little brook west of Walton Cross, Clifton, we obtained the following section of this coal :— ft. in. ft. in. Shaly Coal - - - 0 3 : Coal - - - - 0 63 Lousry Coat¢ Dirt - - - : 0 0% | Coal - - - - 0 23 (Black Shale - - : - 0 3 which in all probability corresponds to the 6-inch coal forming the top band of coal, given in the boring near Windy Bank. ft. in. ft. in. Coal - 16 Breaks Pit, Clifton | Undentay- 7 16 Coal * - 1 6 Popplewell] Pit, Bowling Tron Uclerclay” 0 8 Ge a Company, Limited. Coal* £ ie ae Coal - - 14 Dark Underclay - - 010 : Coal - - 02 Popplewell Pit, Low Moor lron Ware Underciay’ : 6g Company. Coal* ‘ ae Dark Underclay - - 010 Coal - 3 04 The coal bands marked with an asterisk in the last two sections are very likely the same, the upper and best portion of the coal being wanting in the Popplewell Pit on the west. . : This coal has been sunk to at Primrose Hill, Scholes, but has not been much worked ; the section of it which we measured at the east end of New Laneruns thus :— = fi. in. ft. in. Coal - - : - 1 0 — Lousey CoaL agi 7 7 SL ; : Black earthy shale To the north-west of Popplewell we again meet with this coal in the valley of the Royds Hall Beck, where it is seen in section on the west side of the ravine, nearly all the way between a point in the Beck, due east of Birks Close, to a point, east of Ox Heys, in the small Beck on the west side of Jaggar Park Wood. The following sections exhibit in a striking manner the many little changes which take place in the thickness of this coal and the associated 200 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. strata within a distance of half a mile. The sections run from south to north. ft. in. = ft. in, Coal - . - - 1 8 LousEy Cons | Gas - - - - - 0 7 Coal - - - - 0 23 Coal - - - - 1 (5 LousEY Coas| Underlay - - - - 08 Coal- - - - 0 1- Undercla Shale e }- = . 70 Black shale - - - - 0 9 Coal - - - - 0 3% Underclay - - - - 0 5 Coal - - - - 0 4 Black earthy shale - - - 0 3 Coal - - - 1 2 Lousey Conn Underey - - - - 010 Coal - - - 0K Underclay - - - - 1 0 Black shale andironstone - - 3.0 Coal - - - 0 2 Shale - - - - 0 8 Coal - - - 0 3% Shale - - - - 0 0% - Coal - - - 0 2 The next section is in the small Beck on the west side of Jaggar Park Wood and east of Ox Heys. ~ ft. in. ft. in. Coal - : Z - 04 Lousry Conn Parting 7 a = ss 0 o£ Coal - - - - 14 Underclay. We obtain another section of this coal in Parish Wood, Riding Hill, of which the following are the details :— ft. in. ff, in. Coal - - - - 0 42 Clay - - - - 0 22 Lousry Coau< Coal - - - - 0 2 Clay - - - - - 01 (Coal (earthy) - 0 22 Underclay. The coal in this section bears a close resemblance to the little band that is given in two of the preceding sections in the valley of Royds Hall Beck a few feet below the true Upper Lousey Coal, but we were unable to prove that it ot this coal, as we could not find any trace of the upper and thicker and. We again meet with this coal in the Hunsworth sections, where we will once more take up the description and give details of it to the east and north-east. It will be noticed that it becomes only a thin band of coal and is not known under any name, neither is it worth working in any one instance, so far as our knowledge goes. ft. in. Engine Pit, Hunsworth Colliery - Coal 0 4 No. 2 Pit, ditto - - Coall 0 In the boring at Westgate Hill, there is a Black Shale 1 ft. 2in. thick, occupying the position of this coal, and in all probability representing it. MEASURES BETWEEN BETTER BED AND BLOOKING COALS, 201 At No. 13 Pit, Churwell, we also find a Black Shale 2 ft. 6in., lying about the horizon of the Lousey Coal. ae ies ft, in. ft, in. No. 4 Pit, Beeston Manor Colliery Coal - - 0 3 No. 1 Boring, do. do. Black Parting - 0 2 No. 2 Pit, do. do. Coal - - 0 3 Coal - - 0 5 No. 10 Pit, do. do. { Dank Metal - - 2 0 Coal - -04%43 Wood Pit, Beeston Park Colliery- Coal - - 0 8 (Coal - - 0 3 : Dark Drub~ - - 0 13 Bye Pit, Rothwell Haigh Colliery 4 Drubby Coal - 0 4 Dark Drub - - 01 | Drub and Coal- 0 3 Boring at Hunslet Carr, Leeds - Shaleand Coal- 2 2 Neville Hill Colliery, near Leeds Coal - - 10 . Coal” - - 16 Nursery Pit, Waterloo Main Colin {Dis - - - 0 38 “tCoal” - - 0 2 penne: iste Cole eae ae - Coal .- - 10 e Pit, West Yorkshire Colliery, Phat, near Leeds - a Coal - 2 Victoria Pit, Manston Colliery - Coal - - 010 These sections show that this coal is almost always represented, either as a Black Shale or thin Coal Band, in the country between Hunsworth and Leeds, but that, even at the best, it is so thin as to be perfectly worthless. On Plate 10 we have given a series of sections of the measures now under consideration, and in illustration of them we add a few notes :— No. 1, a boring at Four Lane Ends, Addle Croft, gives the beds from a thin band of sandstone—the only representative of the Oakenshaw Rock in this district—to the Better Bed. (hy Thickness. Total. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Measures - - - - -17 0 Sandstone, Oakenshaw Rock. - = - 3 0 20 0 Measures - - - - - 64 7 Crow Coat - - - - - 010 85 5 Measures - - - - - 65 4 Biack Bep CoaL - - - - 10 151 9 Measures - - - - - 4 0 Sandstone - - - - - 6 0 Measures - - - - - 39 0 Sandstone - - - 3 6 Shale and Sandstone, Thick Stone] 23 el 34 6 235 3 Sandstone - - - 7 6 Measures - - - - - 39 6 Berrer Bep CoaL - -' - 1 3 276 0 In this section the measures between the Crow Coal and Black Bed Coal are much thicker than the average, and the ironstone measures of the Low Moor district are not representéd. ; ea The Black Bed Coal is thinner than it is in the neighbouring collieries. The Sandstone beds which represent the Thick Stone of the district to the north, lie at a greater distance below the Black Bed Coal than is generally the case. 202 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The Better Bed Coal is given as 1 ft. 3 in., but it attains 1 ft. 6 in. in the neighbourhood, and is of good quality. ; Our next section is wholly from calculation, in a line from Royds House by North Moor House to Heaton Hall; the results are probably very approxi- mately correct :— (2.) Total Thickness. depths. ft, in. ft. in. Biocxine Bep Coat - - 20 Measures - - 2 -117 0 Upper Lousry Coat (a) - 2 6 121 6 Measures, principally Sandstone - 67 6 Lower Lousry Coat (c) - 010 189 0 Measures - - - - 10 2 Sandstone, Oakenshaw Rock. - 120 0 3820 0 Measures - ~~ - - - 120 0 Buack Bep Coan - - 23 442 3 Measures - - - - 126 0 Betrer Bep Coat - - 1 6 569 9 The Upper Lousey Coal has been worked to some little extent, owing to its being near the surface and much thicker than it is generally found to be, but its quality is inferior. The Lower Lousey Coal has also been worked for land sale at Mount Pleasant, though it is only 10 in. to 1 ft. thick ; both the roof and the floor of the coal are sandstone, and this circumstance together with the small thickness of the seam rendered the’ working difficult and expensive. It was described as a bright hard coal. : / The Oakenshaw Rock has now become a thick sandstone. The sandstone between the Better and Black Bed Coals is not traceable from Whitley Willows northward to our line of section, its place being wholly occupied by shale. Section No. 3 is obtained from the depth of Helm Colliery, a Boring at Mirfield, and the little colliery at Warren House, Mirfield Moor :— (3.) Total Thickness. depths. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in, Buockine Coa - - - 20 Measures - - - - 123 3 Coat (a) - - - - 0 4 125 7 Measures - - - - 7 4 CoaL-. = - - - G 4 133 3 Measures - - - - 16 0 Coax (bd) - - - - 0 3 149 6 Measures - - - - 39 2 Coa! - - 0 2 Coars Underclay - 12> 2 0 190 8 oe Coal - ts 2 8 easures containing a band of Sandstone - : - ‘} 47 4 Measures - - - - 74 Sandstone, Oakenshaw Rock. - 83 5 338 9 Measures - - - - 125 0 Buiack Bep Coa - - 2 3 466 0 The two coals (a) and (c) deserve particular notice, as we will be able to show that they are the equivalents of those coals which afterwards unite and form the Beeston Bed Coal. MEASURES BETWEEN BETTER BED AND BLOCKING COALS. 203 Sections Nos. 4 and 5 are those of the Dark Lane Pit, Mirfield Coal Com- pany, and of a Boring from the Blocking Bed to the Black Bed Coal, in ewsbury Moor Colliery. (4.) (5.) Dark Lane Pit. Daas Vfoor. Thickness.) Total. [Thickness.| Total. ft. in. | ft. in,f ft. in.) ft. in. Biockine Coan - - - - 1 8 - 1 6 Measures - - -} 88 4} - -]| 96 0 Lovussy Coan - - - - 0 8| 90 8 1 8] 98 2 Measures - - - - -| 8211 80 3 ft. in. Coal 1 11 Coat (a) - - -/ Di 0 at 1 8 | 174 10 2 3/181 8 Coal O 6 Measures - - - - - 9 0 - - Coa - 0 5; 184 8 } ll 5 Measures - - - 5 2 - Coat (6) - - - o 14189 6 0 193 10 Measures - - - - 29 9} - - i - ft. in. Coal 0 2 Coa - - {Mek and Coall 7 } 111 | 221 2]f20 8 Coal 0 2 Measures - - - - -| 14 4] - - - - SHERTCLIFFE BED Coat (e) - - 1 6 | 237 0 111/216 5 Measures” - = - - ~| 68 3] - -]{ 91 38 Sandstone, Oakenshaw Rock. - -} 50 9/851 Of 53 8} 360 11 Measures containing some thin Coal Bands- | 76 0| - 37 «6 Crow Coa - - 1 2] 428 2 0 6/ 898 I1 Measures” - - - -]| 29 2 Briacx Bep IRonsToNE - i 45 0 2 6 Measures - - - -| 30 2 Brack Bep Coat - - - - 2 6] 475 8 2 4/460 1 The Coal Band (a) has here increased in thickness, but contains one or more partings of clay. ‘The Coal marked (4) is a thin band which seems to be the first indication of a thin seam which afterwards unites with the Sher- cliffe Bed and forms the Churwell Thick Coal. The Dark Lane Pit section shows a much greater distance between Coal (6) and the Shertcliffe Bed than is the case at Dewsbury Moor; two thin coals with a band of shale between them occurs in the former, nearly the same distance under Coal (4) as the Shertcliffe Bed lies below that coalin the latter. (See Sections 4 and 5, Plate 10.) Both of these sections when. compared with the last show a considerable in- crease in the thickness of the shales between the Shertcliffe Bed and the top of the Oakenshaw Rock, and also a corresponding diminution in the thickness of the sandstone itself, the upper portion of the rock in the present instances being almost entirely replaced by shales. Even in our present sections there is some difference in the thickness of the measures separating these beds, while the Oakenshaw Rock is nearly the same thickness in both though they are about a mile apart; but what is lost above the Oakenshaw Rock in Dark Lane Pit is made up by the increase in thickness of the measures between that rock and the Crow Coal in the section at Dewsbury Moor, so that there is only 8 ft. difference in the distance between the Shertcliffe Bed and Crow Coal in the two sections. 204 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. _ The most noteworthy feature, however, is the band of shale containing iron- _ stone nodules, given in the Dewsbury Moor Section, which we have already shown is the equivalent of the Black Bed Ironstone. Sections 6 and 7 are those of Park Colliery, and Strawberry Pit, Liver- sedge. 4 (6.) (7.) Park Colliery. Strawberry Pit. Thickness.| Total. Thickness.| Total, ft.in.| ft. in. ft. in. | ft. im.) ft. in. Buiocxine Coat - - 2 0O/- = [Ks _ = 26 Measures - - -| 100 O| - -|- - -| 7111 Lousey Coan - - 1 0] 108 Of - ° - 2 7| 77:0 Measures - - -| 74 Of] - -|- - 73 11 Coat (a) 0 10{ 177 10] - = 2 1 O| 151 11 19 3 ft. in. Measures ~ -13 0 ‘Coat (6) Black : 2 Shale - z 3 0 31 O07; = - - 2 4/173 6 Measures - -15 0 14 Suertciirre BepCoat(c)} 1 4/210 2] - = - 1 6/189 9 ft. in. | Measures - 15 0 0 7 Sandstone - 7 0 82 0] - - 48 69 2 Measures - = 60 0 63 11 Sandstone, Oakenshaw Rock.| 54 0] 346 2] - - -| 46 6] 3805 5 Measures containing some 61 7 thin Coal Bands és 1 (Coal 0 8 Crow CoaL - -/|U88 2] - -]4 Shale 1 0} 2 1/369 1 Coal 0 5. Measures - - - 27 2 Biack Brep [RONSTONE -|- -|f- s = 28 Measures - - -|e -|- - 80 3 Buack Brep Coan 2 4) 486 8] - - 2 62) 481 382 In Park Colliery the coal (6) seems to be absent, its position being indi- cated by a‘band of black shale 3 ft. thick, while in Strawberry Pit it is 2 ft. ‘4 in, thick, but the lower part 1 ft. 4 in. is described in the detailed section as “ Johnnies,” which is the local term for a black shale, the lamination being so indistinct that the bed resembles in appearance Cannel Coal. vs The Shertcliffe Coal is worked at Robert Town about a mile from Strawberry it. The Ironstone Measures are either absent in Park Pit or have not been noticed, but in Strawberry Pit they lie about the same distance above the Black Bed as they do at Dewsbury Moor. Our next section (Nos. 8, 9, and 10)is from a boring near to Cartwright’s Mill, Liversedge, and a boring near the Cleckheaton Gasworks, with a piece at the top added on by calculating the thickness of the measures which crop out in the district between Little Gomersall and Hightown, s MEASURES BETWEEN BETTER BED AND BLOCKING COALS. 205 4 le Bo wee hee cote ef eres Oa aH q Ha - - - - |- : - - . 7 euoRg YoMYT ‘euogspunsy 3 9% 2 : - = [lbs : : : : - oe 08 401 1” ¥0 993 $ 3 : e : ry : 7 : 7 g = TVD ese Ts : ‘ . - - - - |- - - - - : aNomsNouy aug mOVIg 1S) aS b a : z - saansvoyy 8 9% = 9 9T = = = . fa eo ck 2 2 p09) Bi 80 - fe * aa | } aoe 6 8é6L y 0 OT 188 T 8. fe i i = z : : 7 4 an ° Tyo9 oO C0 - 7 Ter Te0p, tur * > 0g ‘ : 6 FB 7 = . | eee - . _spuvg T80D UrIgy oMOS SuTUTeyTOD SoINsvATT Hs - - : - |- - : - “420m manystisy0Q. ‘a104SpuBy OL L4T $ 8g O S&L : ey : é . ; : : : c : somniuoye oe : - - - - - - : - - - spung oreus pus anoyspusg oo : ; - . : < : : : . . - SOINSvTL et : T - = = < : - = : - @) TYOD dag saarTOMEHg wi oo ot 9T . * * * ube + > # - Samsvoyl 6 8 8 8 o = : ey se . : - = - . (2) T¥OD 8 § SsounseoyT IL 8t - - - : foo) ILO - [woge- : - - Ssamsvoyl 6 6 semMsvoyy. § 0 - Teop Z 41 . = = = “TL0 = MIG Z- 7 : : 1VOO _¥ 0 - = yeog ne ‘8 AUTUTG{UOD SoANSBOTT - - : 7 SuoyspuEg Jo paq i is" t e = = - - e SdutyTed YIM 'T¥OD ANSNO'T 0 ss ‘s - - - — OUOYSpuvg Jo pog v SuTUTe_UOO sansvaTL “ar “4g “at "43 “Uy "9y “ur *4y “Or “93 Ur “4g “TVOO ONINOOTY | “18900, “BSOUNONYL | MO, “SSO HOTT, TIO, “SsOUOTTT ; “SYIOM A “OSPOSIOATT A cae moquansisouy we aug TE §.qqS11M4189 tt Sursog ToHeS poyemnorsD Cor) (8) - (6) 206 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The band of Sandstone under the Blocking Coal, which was hardly repre- sented in our preceding sections, is here of some thickness; it caps the ridge at Hightown, and forms the bold feature on the opposite side of the valley at Walsh House. The Sandstone Bed under the Lousey Coal is only a thin band. The Shertcliffe or Stone Coal rests directly on the Shertcliffe Bed Seat Stone. The ironstone-bearing shale is only separated from the Black Bed Coal by a very thin parting of shale; the intermediate measures given in sections 5 and 7 have entirely thinned out. (See sections 5, 7, 8, and 9, Plate 10.) We derive further information about the lower portions of these measures from two borings in close proximity to the last two, one at the south side of Old Robin Beck, near to Brook’s Mill, and the other on the south side of Blakcup Beck, west of the footpath from Thornton Hill to Upper Blakcup. (i1.) (12.). Boring near Brook’s | Boring on south side Mill. of Blakup Beck, Thickness.| Total. [Thickness.) Total. ftein. | ft. in. | ft. in. | ft. in. SHERTCLIFFE Bep Coat (c). Measures - | - - - -|- -|- -| 17 6 Sandstone - - - Measures - - } Be, BE =| or 8 Sandstone, Oakenshaw Rock. - - 2310); 79 1] 18 O| 73 & Measures containing some thin Coal Bands | 83 8 | - -| 73 8 Crow Coat - - as 0 6/163 38 2 5/149 8 Measures - - - - - 82 5 Buack Bep Ironstone - - - 7 4/202 0 Measures - - - 0 4 Brack Bev Coat - - - - 2 4/204 8 Measures - - - - - 28 10 {Meamee 3 } Sandstone - -4 Measures 18 38 23 7 Sandstone 2 3 Measures - - - - - 72 3 Berrer Bep Coan - - - 011] 330 8 These borings when compared with the preceding and following sections show that the Oakenshaw Rock is very variable in thickness. Here we have also the Black Bed Ironstone measures lying directly on the coal. The next section is furnished by a boring in Bleak Law Quarry, the sinking of Green Lane Pit, Clifton, corrected for dip, which is about 1 in 34, and a boring east of Windy Bank, Clifton. 207 MEASURES BETWEEN BETTER BED AND BLOCKING COALS. fo Lv8\ 4, 6 € 68 @ oe e ¢ OT GLI If 981 ¢ 0 y OL @ 9ll 6 0 y Il 8 #01 G & I 66 2&8 ‘ar “9f | “UL YF 0 ¥ Avy pure [80D ¢ 1 Z- O- "1g Fg Z98 ATON EL Bes PL ey Sbl | &@ g9 TLL Ss Ee 8% 9 SL G OT I i t = BAOON ‘mr “ay “ur oe) AeqQ pure peop soreqg auoyspuEg keg i - yeoy auojyspueg I 9 883|% IT OL OIT vb OT 0 OT 0 9S1)/%& & ? -|]6 & T 611 |}% 9 = “1s &8 - -|9 62 ‘or yg [cur “a 1vop aug astLLag - saINsvoyL 1 1. - 9euoyspueg)_ ‘nani e 'S | oI 9 oreds } you, ‘auopspung ¢ @ ~ 9 spueg = : - - - somsvey{ = = 7 - TVOO aag MOVIg * - - - - somsvayy {: - - NOLSNOY] agg WOVIg = = am - sommseayy | 9 0 1809 } 6 ¢ SOINSBIPL p- TVOD AOU) 8 0 MIC pus [won spuvg [eOK UI} ouOS SuLUTe}UOD SaInsvVOyT *yo0ur mnyneYeO ‘guoyspueg “yoouy somnsva yl uO; 19 *auo2zs -ynag PPT adnorsoys, *auoyspuRg = . - soinseoyl @ 1v09 aag saat saan sommseayy - = = | TKO 2 - i - - samsuayy 2 = = - - (») Tv09 = = = - - samsveyy] IvOO 2asn20'T ‘ur “y *somnsea yl ‘T0L [eeowrora 1B put, A ae08 Cs) 4 ‘TOO, | 'ssouHOIG, “woo "41g OUvrT WOOL Cr) “TeqOT, | SsOUHOITL “£iren' ABT Yuol_ Sug Cet) 208 |. GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. - Although in the MS. of the section at Windy Bank, and in Vert. Sects., Sheet 43, the coal (a) is named “ Shertcliffe Bed Coal,” it is more probable that the thin Coal (c).corresponds to this seam, and that coal (a) is the band which afterwards we shall be able to correlate with the Churwell Thin Coal. : We take our next section fom the sinkings of High Moor Lane and Breaks Pit, with the part from the Lousey Coal to Blocking Bed Coal added on from calculation :— (6) an) High Moor Lane Pit. Breaks Pit. Thickness.| Total. Thickness.| Total. ft. in.| ft. in, ft. in.| ft. in, Brocxine Bep Coan - | - = ols = - 1 10 a M a Measures with Sandstone { s ire } 90 0 band. Measures - Lousry CoaLs- -|- -|- - - 1 6] 93°74 Measures ~- - -|- ih -|- = -] 94 6 Coat (a) - - -J- - -]- - - 1 64189 4: Measures = Coat (8) - -| 720 3] - -[- ~ -| 28 6 Measures - - - SHERTCLIFFE Bev Coat (c) 3] 20 6]- J 2 2 1/219 11 Measures - - - 6|- -]- - -) Sandstone. Sherteliffe Bed | 12 1 -|- = S Seaistone. Measures - -|} 48 6] - -]- - “| Sandstone,Oakenshaw Rock.| 42 1{| 125 8] - “ a 7 1 Measures containing some | 83 11 thin Coal Bands. | ft. n. Coal 0 6 | Underclay 4 1 J Coal - 0 13 fCoal- 1 3 Ono" 4d Underclay 2 21$8 103] 218 53 Din -2 olf 4 1] 399 1 OAL. | : Coal - 0 4 Coal- 0 10 Underclay 1 5 Coal - 0 8{J Measures - - -| 24 4]- -|- = -| 16 6 Buack Brp Ironstone -| 10 64] 253 4] - - 6 5 | 422 0 Measures - - 3 94] - - -| 10 0 Buiack Bep Coan 2 103] 259 Of - 5 = 8 01435 oO Measures - - =| 25 0 Sandstone. Thick Stone. -| 38 0 Measures - - -| 63 10 Berrer Bep CoaL - 2 3] 888 1 MEASURES BETWEEN BETTER BED AND BLOCKING COALS. 209 In these seztions the coal which we have marked (b) seems to be wanting, and the Shertcliffe Coal at High Moor Lane is only 3 in. thick ; the coal (a) is a stone or cannel coal, which is worked in this district. The section of Breaks Pit not being a detailed section, does not show the separate thicknesses of the rocks between the Shertcliffe Bed and Crow Coals. The distance between the Black Bed Ironstone and the coal is much less . than it was in the section at Green Lane, and the Ironstone is now, and has been, very extensively gotten by the Low Moor Iron Company. en next section is furnished by. borings in the first and second Drift Pits, ike :— qs.) (19.) - Second Drift Pit. First Drift Pit. Thickness.| Total. Thickness.| ‘Total. ft. in) ft. in. ft. in, ft. in| ft. in. Measnres. Coat (a). - - 0 9]- -|- és 10 Measures - - - Coat (0) - - -| 33 O|- -|- - -| 80 6/ 381 6 Measures - - SHERTCLIFFE Bep Coat(e)) 1 6] 35 3 | - - - 2 6} 34 0 Measures - - | - -|- -|- - -1|156 5 Coal - 1 8 Crow Coat 154 6 | - -| Parting 0 7 810/194 8 Coal - 2 0 Measures - _ = VS -|- - -| 26 0 Coal - 0 9 Brack Bep CoaL - 1 6/191 84] Parting’0 6 2 3] 222 6 Coal - 1 0 Measures - - -| 111 7 Berrer Bep Coat - 1 0 /303 10 In these sections the Oakenshaw Rock is wanting, and there is no trace f this sandstone north of Whitwood, where the measures below the Shertcliffe Coal are cut through by the Whitwood Beck and the brook from Westfield, though it occurs again in both of the following sections. In the second Drift Pit the distance between the Shertcliffe Bed and Black Bed Coals is much less than the average in this neighbourhood. The section of Popplewell Pit, Bowling Iron Company, and the- sinking and boring at the old Colliery near High Popplewell Mill belonging-to the Low Moor Company, together with an addition at the top from the section exposed in the Clay Pit at Scholes Chapel, and the depth of the old Colliery at Primrose Hill, give us our next section :— 42513. Oo GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. 210 O 487 fz + - 3 < =) _|. i 1. a Sie = x c - | 4 qvop asg saLTag 9 gs¢ |- - 2 - _|- Ses -|- 7 Lh . 2 < . - = soinseoy] dg 8 6 - - 9u0oyspurg: Te Sg ,2 ve - yg pus saoioces | - -|- -|- 2 = fie - ‘ - - ‘auo1g Y9Iy,L, “auospung Lye 6: * + atiospueg . for 6 - - -]- ee las af. 3 a he = = i = - - —- sarnsta yy 76 89 cS : o = - -Is page] I ¢ - - -|- - - - - -- Ivop aig MOvIg : . : -T- -Jort [- ee ee : - : 7 . : ereqs § soe ls F = = 7 -[6 698|]2 6 = = ae - - - - GNOLSNOUY] agg MOVIg ol ge |* a - ops =) 9 Th ys Seale = = - . * Sernseayy B O- - yeop ( yO v0) Olt - - &eIp el fepxopay € géé| OL $ 6 0 - = 1209 ¢ I 678 ]0O 9 = = = oro - Teo ¢ - . = - TIVO) MOU) Ilo - - £29 eB Asaaye 6 0O- - [op ¢ 1 t3eop J € GOT | - ei = -|- -|¢ 06 - > -f- - - spueg [vod ulq} eutos Surureyw09 somseoyl G 666 | 4 626 - = -18 zZSc|1 OF - - -|- - - - *yooar SEO ‘auojspung ie = = - semmsveyy ¢ Ig |- - - - - -|9 ¢9 f- - - { - - ‘ouaysipog par aGienous ‘auojspung z 2 = = - samsvoyy G SPT | OLT = es = -TT Zt] o @ - - -{- - - - =i ¥O5) aig GiaAlIOLugHg 3 = = 2 - - samnsvoyy e se |- - - -]- -|0 928 |- - \: = s ; = (HG / = - - - - - - samseayl € 0- - [20D oro - Teo) r tle 2 ot 0 - - Avpspun rp} t 6ir]}s 2 | - - -14 0 1 4Seposopun + - e - @) 109 6 1- e - [eon oro - Teo ow i|- - - - -|- -|3 en |- = -|- - - - - - - =: sammsvoyy I 8g | ¢ O 3 = = = -|e& &F | 8 0 = - -|- - - - oo - - IvoQ s0gy, 1% 98 |- - e 7 -J- o7]9 68 | - a aS : : = - : = Beansee, € 0- TeoD yt = - -|[- -19 & * - - { og Hepa - - - 1VOO AMS20T & 0 Teop 0 ss jo ss |- = - pULY VUOIspUVY TIA sarnsvoyy ITt- Teo) 0 ¢ i 8 0 - AeIQ ¢- - - TVOQ DNIHDOT ‘ @.- jeog “Ur “yf | Ur “UL “UL “9F UL YF POT ay | “UL “ag “ur “TeqO, | SSoUHOIGL ‘Te9OL |SsoUMOIT] “peyoy, |-ssouyoryy, basher bea — aoe —_ a wor] SUTTAO . 1 ee lod WE Te aeiaiog eee C18) (03) MEASURES BETWEEN BETTER BED AND BLOCKING COALS. 211 The Trub Coal.—Trub being a local term for a stone or inferior cannel coal, which in this section is noticed along with some dark shales, is the repre- sentative of a stone coal exposed in the valley of Royds Hall Beck, and has been worked near Shelf, though not of very good quality. A comparison with the section at Royds Hall Wood (No. 29) will show the change in this coal band between Popplewell and Shelf. The Crow Coal is represented by three coal bands. The parting of whitish shale, locally named white earth, which here separates the shale and ironstone from the Black Bed Coal, has now become only a few inches thick in one of the sections, and northwards it altogether disappears. The Thick Stone, together with partings of “Rag” or Sahdy Shale, is thicker than usual. Our next section is obtained from Scholes Pit, Wall Pit, Upper Cow Close Pit, and Apple Tree Pit (see p. 212). In a line from St. Mary’s Church, Wike, eastwards between Upper Cow Close and Whitaker Pits to Wall Pit, the Black Bed Ironstone is wanting over @ space several chains broad, and its place occupied by the beds which overlie the Black Shale and Ironstone; a similar replacement also occurs at Beeston, where the sandstone overlying the ironstone bearing shale comes down and rests directly on the coal. Our next section (see p. 213) is obtained from three borings made by Messrs. Hird, Dawson, and Hardy, Low Moor,* one in Royd’s Hall Great Wood, near the bottom of Horse Pasture, one near the top of Royds Hall Great; Wood, and another in the old Coal Pit on the east side of Jaggar Park Wood, and from the section which is exposed in the valley of Royds Hall Beck. The Trub coal, to which we drew attention when it was first mentioned in the Popplewell sections, has now reached a thickness of 1 ft. 10 in., the upper portion, 1 ft. in thickness, being a black shale partly unlaminated,. and the lower 10 in. being a cannel coal of a second-rate quality. It has been worked at a depth of 30 yards north of Riding Hill, Shelf, but only to a small extent. The Oakenshaw Rock does not seem to attain its average thickness until north of Horse Close Bridge, for in the brook section through Low Wood it is thin and consists in great part of sandy shales with alternating thin bands of sandstone; however, in the boring near the bottom of Royds Hall Great Wood it is 36 feet thick. * Communicated by the manager, Mr. E. Woodhead, who furnished us with much information besides. 0 2 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. 212 6 PTI SZ & = = -— 4 LST | OL-T = Shee -|- male Se agin 5 - ‘Tvo) dag aiLag ct 9 09 |- 2-7 = Ge -|3 19 |- -|- -|- -|- ~|- eat 7 - 7 somnseoyy 0s auoyspueg Iu - auojspueg : 7au0ng 6 If 140 GF - Sepp}- -| 24 9p J- -|- -f- -|- -lh6 at - = Sey pyar, ‘sbuysnd 6 ot auoyspueg ears 6 91 Bey pue ouojspueg J yz2m auojspuny 8 8 = - -|J- -|0 OT - -j- -|- -|- -}- - = ” = ~ Sainseayy 8 Ww ]oe j|- ‘ -[9 48 }/8 @ [> -J- -fe 62 fe s | - = : : ‘TVOD aag HOvIg . : - 7 = - - 284g 8 8E 6 08 |- * a -|T 8 - 7 =) “| L 9% or 9 - = *« - HNOLSNOUyT Gag Movig - -|¢ 6t {- - - - - sons] {Tt 0 - . [209 lo ¢ Agporspuy, Il £ ie I - TOOr;- -16 0 |e wele o J- -J}r 0 [- = - ? - TYOD Mo¥D ot - keg oI 0 - y3eon J , ( sputg [eoD Wy} ems Surureyu0D senses - - ‘yoo mpysusynQ ‘auojspung 0 GLTT- ES - = = = = sounseoyy = ‘auozsynag pag affyaiiayg ‘auojspung L - - - - samsveyy 0 zz ijog ee -|- - - TV0Q aug qaarILaaHg ; / 0 on I- -|- -|- = - - = Sornseeayy “Oy FOE “Uy iy (UE CW Or aye Pur ay por ap por ay uk ag ‘Tey0y, | ssouyormL THOT, [sour] “TeOY, | ssouyorag) ‘Teqog, - |-ssomyory, “Ha cary, eddy itd aso]Q Mog saddq “Hd TAA “We SOTTO C98) C68) C82) C3) | MEASURES BETWEEN BETTER BED AND BLOCKING COALS. 213 0 sve}6 6 Jo -]- =f- - = -]6 “ge; 4 6 | - - TOD ang SOWIE (fj a5 lore aes = 3 « |= ots wo | ow - - somseoyl il es ee 2 = -|- -|3 9 - aNOISNOU] agg MOVIG GS es as 3 “qo -|@ £46) - = = SeInsveyy e ¢ T> 09 eur, e -}- -f- 7 - -16 123] 1L% 4/0 3 Aeposepag ¢ IVOD mop “ = 9 T- [809 : = SUE “a 5 e:ps2 Sly S i -|- -!o 22 ]- - ~ spueg Te09 « 4 ; ary} 9u0s Surureyw09 Sommseoyl ‘ 0 08% |e 98 SG 802; ZL 81 = = = -| OL 681 | Ze | - yoo are eO ‘auojspung - -|¢@ 19 - -|T 66 - - - - IL 89 7 3 Solmsveyl 9 g euojspueg "auoj}szDIg - 168 J- -jar |- - -[- o-|% ax 29 “a peg affyo 8 9 SMOYSpUG ) pLayG‘auojspung “Ur “y Sg pe ee eye ee -f- -]@at f- - —_ sammsvoyy G OF1 1/3 & oh 8 - -[oré6it|e o Jorg, jo « j- - - 0 0 |6 t |- ()a700 sag maarioraaES f : 1 - samnsveyy 2 . : eM? 2S - -|8 9tsl- = - (9) Tvo9 ee s -le ait- = 2 = : - somseoyt 9 OLI4}- - -[% 18 |% 0 Th “|t @ [|e - — @) Tv0D 90- 09 Ly - -lo - -|- -|- we - -[- -]- - - SBI 6 48 [9 9 09 - saraeor ae eee @ te lott {\ot ae ae } - oef- -]- ze fF fi a) aVOQ SOX, 0 of ey Pi x 7) e . 0 T [80O euoig Afeqs bi quay, 1 f8 26 | . o a ees -[- eile oem - ~|- -|- - - somseoyy : T 0 - Teo) z% { 8 o- wc} - -|- - -|- - = : -1- @ |- : : = 5 @ oe es 9 ¢ - - es - - sormmsvoyy fe se}oro |- : : = = = @ aye) ear 0 o€§ |7 = i = - 7 sommsveyy EL L-5 = Teo) f 1 (if 2s Avjoropay, : 7 (») T¥OD 70 0 - = Teo) ‘somnseoyy “Ure | UE ae POE ae UE a pur cy yur cy aE Op [R40], Pee ‘73407, | ssouyormy, ‘Tejo7, | sseuOTYL, -Saya0: qe Tor09 "01409! eno: 3 ‘Md mass | regen rou agen MEASURES BETWEEN BETTER BED AND BLOOKING COALS. 217 We get our next section from the sinkin, Holme Colliery and N, Pit, Tong. gs of Charles Pit, Tong, Booth T (39.) a : (40.) ; Charles Pit, Tong. Booth Holme Colliery. - | Thickness. | . Total. vw. | Thickness,| Total. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in, ft. in, Measures. és i TRUB CoaL - . - . .1 6 16 . - 09 i 3 Measures _- : - : . 66 2h - : . 73 11 Coat (a),CHURWELL THIN - - 0 104 68 7 . - 011 75 7 easures < - : - - 22 6 - - - 33 4 Litttx Coat (8) - - 18 92 4 “ - in “ = SoIMsvayL or - - = S -|- =] < sb - - - - “owen youy, ‘auojspung g Zt = = = a i = =i ee sae Pew “: a - - - Solnseoyy 9 688/19 T = . = - -]0 O1@|9 & = - - 7 z - TVO) aag HOVIG - |OLP - - - - -f- -|9 6 - - - - a SNOISNOU] Gag WOVIg fe see | Or 6t | - * - = -|o serjo gst |- = : = x - — auojspung b 8 | - = = > “T° -{0 9 |[- * ol = . . = Seanseeyy 9 0- s Teop fo 063 /0 TI - - = 2 -}0 ‘241 | O1 ¢ {s y- “swe | : > - TvOD Moxy yp.t: 3 Te0p 4 68 |- - - 7 -]- -|% 9¢ |- - - spueg [eop um} owos Zurmreyu0o samsveyy {& st ss vi ieee 0 sl - ereqg Apueg | 1 0 1@ Tey S - auojsyea lio, eve | 11 19 8g - - suoyspueg t]o str}o 6g 4? & Si. - "yoo mnysuaynQ ; 0 61 - - areng | Ci ee Lre- - auojspueg J or - - auojyspueg “Or “35 y os | - = 7 - -{- -[-* -|f- - - - - - - —- soansvayy € 3 |- - - - -f- -{o 8 |y- - : m : = 7 auojspung 9 91 3 e = = -|- - |= - es a - - - = = sommsvoyl (eur- 2 - Teo: rOo- - = WIG 40- = - Teo) fy 0 - - - Wig 6 s¢ |}o ¢ [fs ser}s gs £0 - - -ToOr}- -|os |- cs = (2) pue (9) TvOD HOY, TIEMEAHD: f 0 - - - WIG 90- : - ToD @0- - - wid Lit.t- - ~ Teo) 0 6% |- -|9 3 |- - - = oP eps -|- - : = z - - —- samseoyy 6 tT {89 #01 z - - - - -|- -|- e|[- = = im - (») aye) NIB], TIAMANHSD fo OT | - - - = ~J- ete fe . - - - - —- sornsevayy 96 |9 8 |- - - eyg yo} - -|- -]- - - 5 = TVO,) 2E800'T *“sornsevoyy “IVOD) ONTHOOTG: ‘Ory UE FUE POL a “Ur "WY far "yy Ur a TOL fssouyoryy| ToL, | ssouonyy, TeOL | ssouyorgy, ee ‘Teaanyo =: “Tepaog any ‘dulog “41d. ST ON * ON Na UV 9%) Csr) CrP) MEASURES BETWEEN BETTER BED AND BLOCKING COALS. 219 (47.) (48) (io Calculated Victoria Pit, Boring, Fleece Section. Churwell. Inn, Churwell. Thick- Thick- Thick- ness. | Total. | ‘ness, | Total. ness. | Total. ft. in ft. in} ft. in ft. ing) ft. in. ft. in.| ft. in. BLOCKING Cost - - - 18 Measures - - : -| 100 0 Lovusry Coan : - . 0 7} 101 10 easures = : - -| 92 0 CHURWELL THIN Coat (a) - 1 6/185 4 1n|- -| - - 22 Measures - - . =|. «|= «| 26 7| - -|- - 30 6 CHURWELL THICK Coat (0) & (c)} - -|- - 5 8] 83 OF - . 5 8] 38711 Measures - - - -|- «|. -] 2 7]- -T - - 45 3 Sandstone - - : . -|- - 7 6\- -|- . 9 0 Measures - : ft. in. | - =|. -7] 15 O[- -p- - 17 0 Sandstone 38 0 5 8) Measures 21 0 38 0 Oakenshaw |Sandstone 6 0 5 0 Rock, Measures 27 0>| = ey}. -[ 738 51155 8] 89 6 67 9/176 11 Sandstone 210j|- -l- -|- ele easures 10 7]|)- [+ -{- -|[- « } 15 0 a Sandstone ae OO|- -f- «fe «le - easures containing some thin Coal Bands - pie Bee OR Riles ei see Gere | ate g Crow Coan - - -l- w]e - 011} 210 4] - . 1 0 | 230 8 Measures. Sandstone - - - -|- “]- -[- “|. - - ”m 0 BuacK BED IRONSTONE - -]- -|- -|- -|- -[- : 6 4 Buack BED Coan - - -[- -|- -|- -|- -T- . 2 0| 263 0 Measures - : . -[- =|- -|- -|- -—T- . 12 5 Sandstone, Thick Stone. - -|- -|- -|- -|- -| - . 18 2| 298 7 Measures - . - - -|- -|- “4° -[- - The coal marked (a), which we have traced almost continuously through the preceding sections as a band of coal of little or no value, is now seen to lie on the same horizon as the Churwell Thin Coal, a coal 1 ft. 9 in. to 2 ft. 2 in. thick, lying about 8 to 10 yards above the Churwell Thick Coal, and worked at Churwell tc some considerable extent. It is a coal of good quality. The Little Coal and the Shertcliffe Bed Coal now form one seam, which, together with a few dirt partings, is more than 5 ft. thick, the thickness of coal being greater by 1 ft. to 1 ft. 6 in. than when these two beds were separated from each other by a greater thickness of shale. This coal, known as the Churwell Thick Coal, is also extensively worked in the neighbourhood of Churwell. The Oakenshaw Rock is replaced by shales with a few thin bands of sand- stone. In the section of the Air Pit No. 4, Sowden (No. 44), the only trace of this sandstone is a band 4 ft. thick, and a still thinner band overlying some sandy shale. In No. 13 Pit, Churwell, its representative is three thin sandstone beds, the intermediate shales occupying most of the space where the rock ought to occur; while in Victoria Pit, Churwell, we have its equivalent in four or five bands of sandstone, the thickest of which is only 7 ft. 6 in.; and in the boring opposite Fleece Inn, Churwell, three or four thin sandstones are all that remain of this rock. The sandstone over the Black Bed Ironstone is still present in these sections, and is worthy of notice, inasmuch as it sometimes rests upon the Black Bed Coal, displacing the Ironstone Measures, and forming a rock roof to the coal, somewhat in the way already noticed at the Wike Collieries. We obtain our next section by combining the sections of No. 3 and No. 4 Pits, No. 2 Pit and No. 1 Boring, Beeston Manor Colliery :— 6 71S }16 0 - -19 POL. f9 607 | 9 1 - -|9 ¢ - -|e 66 Rl sze|e . : -16 691 1809 - Tvop arg auoxmg) - sornsvoy | - ‘Ivop aig HOVIg GNOLSNOU] aag HOVIG - salnseayq - TYOD MOUD - serusvoyy) * *ATOOD 1oUue TT uoysaog “Hq € ‘ON GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIFLD. 220 Cag) . r 6 0 ft o areqg TI - yeop 6 0 qe0D 0 Z4811% 9 8 Aeprpug rp}- -|- -fit pozjo 9 4 & 0 aTeyg ¢ @)pue(q) TvoD HOMY, TIaMuOHD T - Teoy | 4 0 T0990 4 ¥& areqs L $ ot jeop “Ur “9g 0 8 - . -j- - | - -/2 &1 - - - samsvoyl OI Z4T|¢ &@ = ¥ 981/9T fo ser]. & - (2) VOD NIH], TIZAXOHD " -|fr 96 : - somnszoyy & 691 * OL #81 | 4 S8t { 98 § 0 . - IVOOD AGSnO'T 7 “| IT 82 = : sammsveyy Teog) - & tT = &€ T st It ¢ Il ¢ 0 F TRUS Wr pr - = IvOQ SNIMDOTG Teop Ur “9 pur ye Ur “UY | Ur ag ssouyoryy, ‘yeqor, |ssousormg| ‘Te0%, |ssouyomy, *£1071109 TOUR “£10T{100 IOURTL Aomarcsostyn mae ae “ON TOyseeg “Id °Z ‘ON awit: = “ON ‘eg .~ 0g) C1) MEASURES BETWEEN BETTER BED AND BLOCKING COALS, 221 The distance between the Churwell Thin and Thick Coals is only 8 ft. in the Boring No. 1, Beeston Manor Colliery (No. 53), and our next sections will show a further diminution until these two coals join and form the Beeston Bed. , As the section of No. 3 Pit (No. 51) is not detailed, we do not know for certain whether the Oakenshaw Rock is there represented or not, but it is probable that it continues to be represented by several thin sandstone bands, as in the Churwell sections. The next section which we give is important, inasmuch as it enables us to show the union of the Churwell Thin and Thick coals in the Beeston Bed Coal. It is furnished by the sinking of No. 10 Pit, Beeston Manor Colliery ; a boring at Beeston ; the sinking of Wood Pit, Beeston Park Colliery; arid the boring for the Dragon Pit, Wortley :— 4) (55.) No..10 Pit, Wood Pit, Beeston Manor Beeston Park Colliery. Colliery. Thick. Thick- ness. Total. ness. Total. B ae ft. in) tt. in. i in ft. in, LOCKING CoaL- - - . - -|- o|- =|. @ “ a Measures - - . - - -|- -|- -]- - - =| 93 2% Coal as 0% - LovusEy Coan - - -{ Dark met 2 a} 2 64} - -|- - - -| 0 8] 94 6% M pe NE na a 86 5 easures - - - . . : -|- “ - . CHURWELL THIN Coat (a) - : - . 2 9/115 11 Measures « - - - * * - 5 4 ft. in. (Coal. == 2 8 Coal \1i1 4 Parting - 0 8 Dirt - 0 2% @|Coak. - 1 4 Coal - 06 © | Parting - 0 2 Dirt - 0 4 q|Coal - 07 Coal - 0 4 | Parting - 0 2 CHURWELL THICK Coax (&c) 4 Dirt - 0 3 5 4) 126 7] F< Coal - 06 7 8 90 8 Coal - 0 7% zg | Parting - 0 2 Dirt - 0 14 {Coal ~ = 010 Coal - 02 a|Parting - 0 1 Dirt -0 B | Coal - 07 a (Coal - 1 6% io eae - : oT in. 0 o 3 Sandstone, 18 ss ‘s 2 . -| 387 8 te *. | Measures HS | Sandstone - - : - : -| 8 4 ee pandas Sandstone é - = 1 0 alee rae pit S38 | Oakenshaw ) veasures - - - - 46 0 51 0] 242 8 ley. Fee aiccmaconce otis ond reds 8? | ae oe aes easures containing some sa : c eS lon 9 “cA \ueces. uf =| 16 7 Thick- | mota) 03 na = = e 7 ness. " s Sandstone . - - . - ~ 81t =" Brack Bep IRONSTONE - . - - 4 a $80 112 - AQ Brack BED Coa ay - - - - | tt, in. | fh in. Measures - - “ “ - ~ (Se astone 2 : . Thick Stone. . . = a]. “|. - ale . 9 Sancetone 8 a Sandstone - 2 0 Measures + © - . - . -|* “[- -|- ® . ~| 80.0 BETTER BED CoaL_ - . . - Se copies: « 207iae : - -| 010] 102 10 The underclay and shale between the Churwell Thin and Thick Coals in the section of No..10 Pit (No. 54) is 5ft. 4in.; these shales have thinned away before we reach. Wood Pit (No. 55) to a parting of 3in., and the Churwell Thin Coal is now the top bed, and the Churwell Thick Coal the lower part of the Beeston Bed, the thickness of which, 7ft. 8$in. is equal to the combined average thickness of those two coals. 222 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Several bands of sandstone, so thin as almost to be unworthy of notice, are all that appear now to be left of the Oakenshaw Rock. To the east and south-east of our last section the lower portions of the sinkings at Newhall Colliery, the Bye Pit and Beeston Pit, Rothwell Haigh Colliery, furnish us with the main source of our knowledge of these beds south of the Aire :— (57.) (58), (59.) Newhall Bye Pit, : Beeston Pit, Colliery. Rothwell Haigh Colliery. Thick- Thick- Thick- ness, | Total. ness, | Total. ness, | Total. ft. in, | ft. in.| ft. in. a‘ ft. in. | ft. in. | ff, in. ft. in. | fi. in| ft, in. | let) | Seley’ ndere nderc! 4 ues OB BARCELONA | 3 39/- =~] Goal ay o abl asl. -|2 Coal a : A % Underclay 0 6 Underclay 0 4 Coal - 0 343 Coal - 0 7 : Vie tte ce 7S - = [77 1 |e -ye es oss m1 Lovusry Coan - ee ee 103) 81 1}- - - - 1.2] 7% 9 - - -7|170 10/172 8]- - : - - a) - - - 21 5} - siike calle Cee ee cay ep ioe Sp teh 12] 99 4% - ste efe tp se FDP ete ete ee | 8 oF oal - 2 ON/- -|- +] Coal - 255/- -J]- -|(Coal - 2 6B Underclay 0 3 - -|- -] Clay - 0 2 4 4/160 6))Dit -0 Drubby 5 1} 155 6b Coal - 1 8 “ - -]| Coal - 1 9 . -|+ -|\Coal - 2 5 Undorelay 0 ; Berson | 735 ate. | 7 Raneroly <8 9 33] 181 113 Coat. 2 | Underclay 0 2 | Coal - 2:2 Underclay 0 7 | Coal - 02] Underclay 0 2 | \Coal - 1 8 In returning again nearer to the line of outcrop of these strata, a Boring at Cross Flats, Beeston, a Boring to the Beeston Coal at Hunslet Carr, a Boring at Wellhouse Foundry, Leeds, and the section of Pontefract Lane Pit, Black Bank, Leeds, furnish us with the next section. Along this line of section the outcrops of the beds below the Beeston Bed Coal are covered by the alluvium of the River Aire, and our information is wholly obtained from the borings and sinkings. The Beeston Coal is exposed at Beeston in the cutting of the Great Northern Railway, again in the Clay Pit at Jack Lane Pottery, and also at Richmond Hill, so that the line of outcrop can be followed with tolerable certainty; the coal has also been very extensively worked, and at Hunslet there has been some very old workings to this coal, the date of which is unknown. , : These sections show the Beeston Bed to remain a thick Coal, attaining at Pontefract Lane Pit, together with the dirt partings, a thickness of 8 ft. 11 in. If we compare the distance between the Blocking Coal and the Shertcliffe Bed at Dewsbury Moor, with the corresponding distance between the Blocking Coal and the Beeston Bed Coal in this section, both being good average sections, it will be seen that the intermediate measures are less by 32 ft. 10 in. at Beeston than they are at Dewsbury Moor, which is exactly the distance between the Coal marked (a) and the Shertcliffe Bed Coal in bed mereio the measures between these two Coals at Dewsbury Moor being . 10 in. MEASURES BETWEEN BETTER BED AND BLOCKING COALS. 22 3 9 TL] FB - ouojspueg | - - . . . - - - - - Tvoo Gag waLLag - = 9 94 = = eS - = - - - - = = salustayy - - 9 8 - : -T- - - - - - - - - “ouong YUU ‘auoyspuny - - War |: “ “Tes - - - - - - - SOL NSvO TL . -| ot < : -] 200 623] OL 3 7 7 is * TvoOp akg OVI ‘OT “97 | “UL “ay , : ‘Teqog, | *ssouyorgy, . . *spoa! ecepaniog | eeranie AA 7 “sUlLOg, (89) » wr] 4tT 99 08s : - * : : - SNOLSNO] aig HOVIg 9 & 0 6 2 2 = 5 = * 7 Ssolnsvoyl nee 06 < é = % = a . - . euogspuny 0 St 06 . 7 i = 7 : - - - somsvoyl % 0 -_ TeO9 ae 9 or] $4 & 6 ase = "Ts el- * -| 4 46L] 9 T - - : : : : : + TVOD Mou 3 ea |- i eh se “|e -|[- 7 2 po of: ., . = Spuvg [OH UITTy otMos SUTUTe}N09 so.msve. {a someon} : : fi B euogspuug pec ae be 4 901] 8 TS & 9p sein : -|- -|- : -| Hot] 6 29 0 Tg samsve - : - - — "yoosr avpysuayn, . 9 T 9moyspues 0 FT wena oe e 9 @ salmsteyy 6 Fb fo ST SmOqspuBg co s = : : : somMsveyL so sp | - - a] se = |s a np Se » Fe somsvoyy 9 F = i = - . : - - euoyspusg $ 0° ys0p 0 AL = “ - = : : : - - sommsvoyl L 0 > Suyseg ILO - Teog OLO - yeop 20- £219 OT 0 - Suyseg B.I- yeog 20- [809 08 = yeop €0- £81) G0 - Sayieg rT O- 4g 0° 0F) es OL - _ Toot Str zst| 8 9 ® T- [809 HI9 BO: 1D $= - : - - ‘TVOD axgq NorsETg £0 suqaeg $0 - WIG g0- 1809 40°, {809 Wo 3 - [e0p To- IQ S30 - Suryseg Tt: 00) o L = 1809 8O0- tap 6 0 > Suyied BB - = [809 l9 > peed) 8 4 |- - “Eo = a - - - : - - - somseOTL 4 88 & 8 = . eye 2 - + [- - - : - - - - TVOO AXSN0T is = * ofS s+ fe : - - - - - - - someway | - - - . oe = ca - 7 - e . - . x . ce} * 4J "ar "93 ‘OL “43 ‘UL *93 ‘uy ur 4 ‘ur “ay “un “ay m1 qq TYOD DNIHOOTE, ‘Tejoy, |‘ssouyorL, [B40], | ‘ssouxory, ‘TSO, | ‘ssouyorqy, “que Your oo "1104890 ‘Ud ‘ on ‘S981 sen euvry JoerjoyUOT , *SuLtog (29) (09) / (10) 224 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. An average of the distances between the Beeston Bed and Black Bed Coals as given in these last sections is 200 ft. 10in. At Dewsbury Moor we have a thickness of intermediate measures, between these two coals, amounting to 241 ft. 4in. The difference between the two distances is 40 ft. 6in., showing a thinning away to the east of these strata to that amount. If we add this to 32 ft. 10in., the difference of the distance between the Blocking Bed and the Beeston Bed Coal at Hunslet, and the Blocking’ Bed and Shertcliffe Bed Coals at Dewsbury Moor, we find that the distance between the Blocking Bed and the Black Bed Coals is less by 73 ft. 4in., nearly 24% yards, at Hunslet than it is at Dewsbury Moor. The Crow Coal which we have shown in all the sections now begins to get much thicker, and eastwards of Leeds becomes a workable coal, being used for gas-making purposes to some extent. The coal, together with a parting, is from 1 ft. Gin. to 2ft.10in. thick, but the upper seam, or tops, which is the best part of the coal, is only 1 ft. 5in. or 1 ft. 6 in. thick. The Black Bed Coal is in some cases thinner than at Low Moor,” but ‘is worked along with the ironstone bearing shale very extensively. The iron-' stone, though not producing so many tons to the acre, is rather superior in. quality to that at_ Low Moor. . ; teh Our section (No. 63) does not show any Better Bed Coal, but only a sand.. stone band about the position where the coal ought to be, which is very probably | the “seatstone ” of the coal. gash Our next section is from borings at Leeds, and the section of Neville Hill Colliery, Osmonthorpe :— =< oo SS , (64.) oe On oi Neville Hill aT want Colliery. eee Thick- Thick- mesa: Total. ness: Total, ft.in.| ft. in. ft. in. | ft. ins} ft. in, Buocxine Coat. Measures. Coal - . 6 Lousy Coan . . ~ . * * : 1 O}- i {Dir - - 08 111 Coal - : 2 Measures ~ mi - ? - - , 7 {107 8]- -f- : : -| 105 2 ft. in, Coal. : - 26 Parting - - 0 2 Coal - “2.4 Coal and Dirt - 07 Coal : ~ 0 4 Coal - » 2 BEEsTON BED CoaL - - 4 Coal and Dirt - 02 8 93117 532 Dirt - - ont 4 5/111 6 Coal - - 13 Coal - - 138 Dirt - - 02 Coal . - 08 Dirt and Coal ~ 09] Coal Bs “4 3J Measures - - - : - co . -| 18 8]- - Sandstone - - 16 Sandstone * % -4 Shale - - 10 3 13 0|- - si Sandstone - - 16 ie easures = - - - : - - - o|- ‘ . Sandstone - - 13 0 ae i), | Oakenshaw Rock. . +4 Measures - - 88 4 52 9 | 289 103) Brook | Merrion M ea thi ee astoner: ee Street | Square easures containing some thin bet Ss - * 5 § f Brewery.| Mill. Crow CoaL - - - “ae are - on} 210 | 286 34 ‘oal and Di: . Z Measures - ie - ” . 7 . 7 40 x Thick- | Thick- Sandstone - is “ be A re “ as 5 o!|- ‘ ness. ness. Measures - * - = = . * 3 wo]. - an Buack BED IRONSTONE - * # * » * ft. in, ft. in. | Brack Bep Coat - - * x * - 1 8} 310 114] - - - . Lil ‘ Measures - fs . = . < > = 8 0]- -f- - - 6 6 ft. in. ; Sandstone 5 0 ! Sandstone, Thick Stone. - : - - - -| 86 7] - - ]5 Sandy Shale 4 0 } 20 6 38 0: is Sandstone’ 11 6 |. Measures. = si - . 5 : - ~| 65 0] - -|- - - -|- “ 48 7 BETTER BED CoaL . a . - : . 5 | 416 13 - - . -|- 10 MEASURES BETWEEN BETTER BED AND BLOCKING COALS. 225 The top of part of the Beeston Coal is the same at Neville Hill Colliery as at the Nursery Pit; but at the latter the lower part of the seam seems to be wanting. We can still distinguish the Oakenshaw Rock by its equivalents, the two bands of sandstone with intermediate beds of shale, but these thin bands are not, nor have been, traceable at the surface for some distance west of Leeds. The average distance between the Black Bed and Better Bed Coals in this section is 104 ft. 3in., which is 22 ft. 7 in. less than the corresponding distance at High Moor Lane (No. 16), Clifton, so that here also we have a thinning away of the measures to the east; our last section showed a similar diminution of 73 ft. 4in. in the overlying strata below the Blocking Coal, which taken together with 22 ft. 7in. make a total of 95 ft. 11in., so that the thickness of the measures between the Blocking and Better Bed Coals on the east side of Leeds is 32 yards less than the distance between these two coals on the western side of the coalfield. ‘The section of Park Pit, Hare Hills Lane, Burmantofts, No. 1 Boring, Gipton, and a calculated section to bring us up to the Beeston Bed Coal, supply the next section :— (68.) ° (69.) Calculated.Section, and Park Pit, No. 1.Boring, at Hare Hills Lane,. . Gipton. Burmantofts. Thickness] Total. [Thickness Total, ft. in. ft. in.| ft. in] ft. in,] ft. in. Beeston Bep CoaL - - - 6 0 6 0 Measures - - -} 38 0 Measures with thin beds of sandstone -| 25 0 Sandstone - -6 0 Shale - -4 0 Oahenshaw ) Sandstone - 3 0 $| 25 6| 94 6 och. | Sandy Shale -8 0 Sandstone - -9 6 Measures containing a thin Coal Band =- | 92 25 Coal - -1 5 Cuow Coan Whitest -0 6} 2 53) 189 2 Coal - -0 6 Measures - - - - 3.9 Sandstone - - 6 1 Sandy Shale - - - - 7 6 Sandstone - - - - 3 6 Measures - - - 5 9 Brack Bep IrRonsToneE - - - 8 0 : Brack Bep Coat - - - - 1 6] 225 8 1 5 15 Measures - - - - 2 9/- -] 12 7 Sandstone and Sandy Shal Thick | 12 © | - 138 g Measures - - - Stone 17 6|- - 9 8 Sandstone - - - : 3 9]- -}| 1210 Measures - - - 29 4 Sandstone - - - - “} 65 0 - 1H 0 Measures - - - - 27 0 Betrer Bep Cos. - - | 5] 826 8 14/117 5 In the section of Park Pit (No. 68) three beds of sandstone with shale bands between, forming a total thickness of 25 ft. 6 in., occupy the position of the Oakenshaw. Rock. As this is the most easterly point where we have definite information about this rock, it is impossible to draw any inference as to whether this indicates a return to the more massive character which the rock possesses in the Clifton and Hunsworth districts. 42513. P 226 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The distance between the Beeston. Bed and Black Bed Coals is rather greater here than it is in some of the preceding sections, while between the Black Bed and Better Bed Coals the distance is a little less. aah The boring near Gipton shows that the decrease in the distance between the Black Bed and Better Bed Coals, to which attention has just been drawn,. is subject to slight variations, the increase in this case probably arising from the shale band which divides the Thick Stone into two beds, and the appearance of a sandstone, 27 ft. above the Better Bed, which only occurs in isolated cases. That this is only a local increase in the thickness of these beds will be seen by referring to section (No. 76) still further to the east. . : ‘Iwo borings in Killingbeck Park furnish us with our next information: about the measures above the Beeston Bed Coal. ; 70. 71. Borings, Killingbeck Park. Thick- Thick- ness, | Totel. et ness. | Total. ft.in.| ft. in. “ 7) ftein. |) ft. ins Measures. = . - - . Si be, -|[- -{- . cas tlle a Sandstone - . = . * -| 87 9] -|- - -| 25 9 Measures = - - - - a 5 9]. -|- - -{| 1611 Sandstone + - - . . -| 68 2/- -[- . #1 BB OS Measures + . . . . =| 1811] - -[- - -| 18 113 ft. in, ft. in. (Coal - -10 - 10) oo - 08 0 8 Coal - - 29 BEESTON BED CoaL -4 Flack Slate - : 611] 182 6]- 37 710 | 118 103 : loal - - ; [ Uinderainy -10 - 11 Coal - - 1 0 - 1 6 Here we have to notice a sandstone more than 100 ft. thick, overlying the Beeston Bed Coal, which we nieet with for the first time. This rock, which is: split up into beds to the north-east, appears from these borings to replace the Lousey coals at Killingbeck Park. / 7 , In further illustration of the measures above the Beeston Bed Coal a boring at Cross Gates, and the lower portion of the section at Bye Pit, West Yorkshire Colliery, are added. (72.) e a Boring, Cross a Gates. i; liery. Thick- |. Thick- ness, | rotal. | ness Total. : ft. in.) ft. in| ft. in.) ft in| ft, in. i : -¢Coal 0 74 BLockine Coat - - - - +f) 2 6/-

> : . -| 21 5] - -T- . . 70 Measures. + - * . - -| 22 21+ -[- . -| 89 8 Lovusey Coan : : : - -| 1.0] 66 of- > =! 1 Oh 68 OF Measures - - - . ee { 8111 ft. in. = 4 2 - 10 - 138 = 18 Sandston “ - : 86 4 104.1 ~ 40 is = 64 = 810. Measures - . 7 . . ~} 87 8 BEESTON BED CoA: . . . - 5 0; 176 11] - . - 5 9 | 152 10} Geological Survey of England & Wades. fA) (2) (8) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8 & 9) Ao) (11) (12) (43) (14) (15) (16): (17) (18) Aa) (20) i 32 oF : wince ntes BLOCKING COAL .........------..- Beaecet a SS, — a pea cee ee oes ta pa A Bene ee - Lousey COAL 2. ots ead Ae Naat PPER LOUSEY. COAL ....._...---..- BLACK BED COAL | | fngiorne {ee acfren BEO COAL end... ---- ae ieaetfie ute. cso HS et nnees Liebe. apnea paeee RRDG Plate 10. Comparadive Sections of the northern type of the measures between the Better Bed and Blocking Coals. Db tae page 226. my) foo) faa ss) 8) 5) fix) 8) = fn) fy a8) ts) (an) fts),—S )Sem)tytt) tw i BLOCKING OR sae BARCELONA COAL. __-- | LOUSEY COAL __. MEME BEESTON BED COAL Dancerrigeo. tura22.Beorono S' Covent Canoes MEASURES BETWEEN BETTER BED AND BLOCKING COALS. 227 ‘The Lousey Coal has here reappeared. The sandstone which replaced it at Killingbeck Park occurs partly above and partly below the coal. At Cross Gates the lower part is much split up by shale. In the Bye Pit the upper bed is only 7 ft. thick, and the lower part is wholly replaced by shale. These variations show the very changeable nature of the rock. The last sections which we have of these measures are the Sinking of ae Pit, Manston, a Boring at Manston, and a Boring at Fox Wood, near eacroft. _ (74) (75.) (76.) Victoria Pit, Boring, Boring near Manston. Manston, Seacroft. Thick- Thick- Thick- ness: Total. TiGaa: Total. TiGaS Total. ft. in, ft.in.| ft.in.|ft.in.| ft.in.| ft.in[ft.in) ft.in.| ft, in. BLocKine Coab = - 2 4/6 «[- - 29 Measures - : - -| 22 @2)- -]- -| 1910 Sandstone . . es 21\|- «le «| 156 Measures : - =| 2210} - -T- -| 24 8 Lousry Coan - - - 010) 50 87- - 0 8| 68 6 Measures - - - -| 380 8|- -]- -| 85 5 : Sand- Sees “v5 10} és 1 2 easures = gi. .2]2 6 stone, Sandstone -11 6 f i) ve Measures - - : -~| 81 0] - -[- -| 62 1 BEESTON BED Co. - . 4 2/157 OF- - 6 0/173 5 Measures. Brack Bev Coan . -|- Pa orf cash a || -[- = 1 8 Measures - - - wfe o-]- «fe -f- +]. -]- -] 18 6 . Sandstone =] - | aw «Ve a fx wl -fly 9 Thick Stone 4 Sandy Shale - | - =| < -[- -|- o[e 10 Yas 9 Sandstone =e alae «f- -|- =|. ->5 0 Measures - - - ale ale oS ee e]e -J- -| 641 BETTER BED Co. = -]- sa | oe Nie ele ede dell as oe 17/104 2 In both Victoria Pit and the Boring at Manston the Lousey Coal is repre- sented by a thin band of coal. In the former the bed of sandstone above this seam is 2ft.1lin.; the lower bed is, however, more fairly represented, for together with 5 ft. 10in. of sandy shale the total thickness is 41 ft.8in. In the Boring, which is a little north of the colliery, the rock has thinned away very much, and only consists of two thin sandstone bands, with an intermediate bed of sandy shale. 228 . GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE -COALFIELD.- SEcTION 5. Tue Mippie Coat Measures. (1.) The Silkstone Coal. South of the village of Cawthorne this seam is known as the Silkstone Bed, and bears also the following local names: Clod or Black Shale Coal in Derbyshire, Sheffield Coal, Bromley Coal, Thorncliffe Deep Coal, Stainborough Coal. North of Cawthorne the bed. which we look upon as corre- sponding to the Silkstone, goes by the names Blocking, Cookson’s, Toftshaw, Furnace, or Barcelona Coal. Over the southern part of the Yorkshire Coalfield, as far. north as the village of Cawthorne, the Silkstone Coal, though subject to local variations, maintains a fairly constant character.. As far as workings have extended, it has been always found to consist of two beds of coal separated by a dirt parting. The upper bed ranges from one to three feet in thickness, its average being about two feet six inches. The average thickness of the lower bed may be put at two. feet. The dirt parting is for the most part thin, being sometimes as little as an inch, and with one exception never exceeding a foot in thickness. The only place where the parting has been as yet met with thicker than this, is between Kimberworth and Chapeltown. In that neighbourhood it swells out to 30 feet. ‘As we approach the village of Cawthorne the parting again increases in thickness, and further changes come over the seam. Additional partings come in and split up the coals, and the several beds into which it becomes divided seem to decrease in thickness to the north-west in a way that leads us to believe that, if the seam were followed further in that direction, the coal would gradually wedge out and finally disappear altogether. The deterioration of the seam in the neighbourhood of Caw- thorne has, however, put a stop to all attempts to work it, and for a distance of about two miles to the north-west of that village nothing is known about the bed. Workings have however been carried, on around High Hoyland and West Clayton in a group of inferior coals which occupy somewhat the same position as the Silkstone and the overlying seams. Very little is known about these coals, and their exact correlation with the seams to the south-east is a matter of much uncertainty. Still farther to the north-west, about Emley and Flockton, we come upon a group of coals, which differ in thickness and quality from the Silkstone and the beds above it, but which show a general agreement with the coals between the Silkstone and the Park Gate in their position in the series and in their distances apart. The grounds for looking upon this Emley and Flockton group as the equivalent, in the qualified sense in which we use the term, of the Silkstone and overlying coals, will be explained when we come to consider the group as a whole (see p. 245). For the present we need only say that the lowest bed, known as the THE SILKSTONE COAL. 229 Blocking Coal, corresponds in position with the Silkstone, and is taken to be its representative. From Emley through Lepton, Hopton, Mirfield, and Dewsbury the Blocking -Coal varies from 1 foot 4 inches to 2 feet in thick- ness. It occasionally contains a parting of shale about an inch thick, lying very nearly in the middle of the seam, and separating it into “tops” and “ bottoms.” This parting seems to occur very regularly around Liversedge, all the sections of the-coal in this neighbourhood varying but very slightly from each other. In the northern portion of Clifton and at Gomersall the bottom coal is frequently split up by another thin parting of shale, and the seam becomes divided into three beds, the “top coal,” “baring coal,” and “bottom coal,” but the total thickness of coal very rarely exceeds 2 feet 2 inches ‘or 2 feet 4 inches. At Tong Moor, Toftshaw, and Westgate Hill the seam maintains its general character. However, when we again meet with this coal east of Churwell at the Beeston Manor, Beeston Park Side (old) Collieries, it does not reach a greater thickness than 1 foot 3 inches, but this decrease in thickness does not continue for any great distance, for at Roth- well Haigh and Temple Newsam the section is very similar to that at Gomersall, with the exception that the clay partings are some- what thicker than around that place. The total thickness of coal is very nearly the same in both cases. In the district around Manston the seam is rather thicker, but in no single instance that we are aware of has this coal been, or is it now being, worked. The Silkstone Coal is perhaps the most highly prized of the seams of the Yorkshire Coalfield. Where at its best, it is “ bitu- minous,” very pure, and has the highest reputation as a house coal. Very little of it is offered for sale in the district where it is raised, the bulk being sent to the London market. The “Smalls” are washed and converted into coke of excellent quality. The Blocking Coal is one of the best known and most largely worked coals along the western margin of the Coalfield. It has seldom as yet been gotten at a greater depth than 100 yards, but over a great part of the district where it lies near the surface it has been already nearly worked out. It is for the most part of fair quality, and is chiefly disposed of by “land sale” for house- hold and engine purposes. The following are sections of the Silkstone Coal in the district south of Sheffield and the adjoining part of Derbyshire. At Renishaw Colliery :* ft. in. ft. in. Roof Coal - - - - 0 6 to 0 7 Dirt - - - - 0 2 to 0 5 Hard Steam Coal Bright Gas Coal } Top Coal - O11 to 1 1 Dirt - - - - 0 OF to O 4 Bottom Coal - - - 16 to 2 0 Dirt - - - - 1 3 to 18 O Low Coal - - - - 19 to 2 0 * From Mr. Appleby. 230 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Top Coal. Dirt. Low Coal. ft. in. ft. Renishaw Park* - 1 2 - 0 Moor Helet- - - 210 - 0 Intaket - - 3 0 - 0 Birley Vale :§ *» 00 00 8" 1 e =) ee B Inferior Coal, not worked - Cannel Coal (Branch Coal) Hard or Steam Coal - Bright Coal - Brown Clunch~ - Bright Coal - Coal with shreds of stone, used as engine coal - - - 83 . At Woodthorpe Colliery, where the seam would appear to be at its best, the bottom steward, Mr. Higginbotham, gave us the following section :— RPONncooty whe eran aeas CHAONO@ 1 o ft. in. vopbed (Baphomt Ta Dirt = : : 207 Low bed - - - - 8 7 From Mr. E. Bainbridge we have the following account of the seam at the Nunnery Colliery :— North side. South side. Branch Coal - 0 8 to 0 9 Tophed 4 Goad - 111 to 2 % Dirt and Coal pipes - - 0 9 to 0 9 Bottom Coal = - - - 1 9 to 110 Dandies,” inferior Coal - 0 2to 0 8 The “ Branch Coal” of these sections has a deep-black pitchy look, and is very lustrous. It is said to be singularly pure, and is much valued as a house coal, and for gas making. The coal has been worked beneath Sheffield, but the following are the only accounts we were able to obtain of it. At an old colliery by Springfield House south of the public baths on the Glossop Road the following account was given by a well sinker, Mark Hackney :— i : ft. in. Coal - - - - 38 0 Dirt, about - - - 08 Coal - - - - 44 An excavation made by the Waterworks Co., in Siddal Street, opposite St. George’s Church, showed :|| ft. in Coal - = 3 - 30 Clay - - - - 0 4 Coal - - - - 01 Clay - - - - 04 Coal - - - -~ 1 3 seen, but not bottomed. Over the ground between -the Northerly and Southerly Don faults the coal has been worked at Pitsmoor and Brightside Collieries, and sunk to at Jordan Colliery. * From Messrs. T. and G. Wells, through Mr. T. W. Jeffcock. } From the papers of the late Mr. W. B. Mitchell, { From Mr. J. Brown. § From Mr. Gainsford. || Information from Mr. Heaton. THE SILKSTONE COAL. 231 a Pitsmoor, a section furnished by the late Mr. Shaw gives its divisions us :— ft. in. Coal - - - - 38 1 Dirt - - - - 13 Coal - - - - 18 Floor Coal - - - - 0 6 Mr. Jeffcock gave us the following section at Brightside ;— ft. in. Top Coal - - - - 21 Dirt - - - - 18 Bottom Coal - - - 18 At the Jordan Pit there is a great increase in the thickness of the dirt, the divisions given us by Mr. P. Cooper being— ft. in. Coal - - - - 27 Dirt - - - - 40 Coal - - - 20 Crossing the Northerly Don Fault we find the increase in the thickness of the dirt parting still continues. A section of one of the Winterhill Ironstone Pits, 20 chains W.S.W. of Kimberworth Church, gave :— ft. in. Coal - 19 Stone yaad (Sandy shale) - - - 21 0 Coal - - 20 At Messrs. George Chambers and Sons’, Gani Collieries, the following infor- mation was given by the manager. Average section of Silkstone Coal. ft. in. ft. in. Coal, hard and very fierce ee 20 Coal, variable, often pyritous Parting of shale and atone - - 8 0 to 27 0 Coal, all goo. = 2 0 Section of Silkstone Coal, in a boring at Clough Bottom, Bradgate ;— ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - > - - 27 Ball - - - : - 0 4 Spavin - - - - 8 abs 6 Dark bind - - - « 2 2), Coal - - - - - 21 Section of Silkstone Coal in a boring at’ Hudson’s Rough :— : ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - 210 Grey spavin and spavin stone - 4 10% Blue stone inet 3 - - - 4 ; Strong light bin - - - Blue gone. = : s - 06 e 4 Blue stone bind - - - 9 3 Light bind - - - - 1113) Coal - - - - - 2 4 Section of Silkstone Coal in a boring about 15 chains S.S.W. of Kimber- worth Park :— ft. in. ft. in, ss Coal - 7 : - - 27 Spavin - - - - 9 3 Strong stone . - - 3 2| 16 8 Strong bind - - - - 4 3 Coal - : - - - 20 232 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Silkstone Coal in pit on west side of Grange J.ane :— ft. in. Coal - - - - 24 Strong bind and rock’ —- - 33 0 Coal - 7 - - 17 Dirt and Coai - - - 0 2 Coal - - - - 0 565 The following sections are from Mr. H. Cooke of Chapeltown :— Coal. Parting. Coal. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Pit in the middle of Smithy Wood - 2 2 30 0 2 0 Pit in Hesley Park - - - 20 18 0 2 0 At Messrs. Newton and Chambers’, Thorncliffe Collieries, the parting again comes down to an inconsiderable thickness; the following account of the seam was given us by Mr. Stuart Wardell. : At the Newbiggin Pit the Coal was found as follows :— : i ft. in. Top bed. Hard steam Coal - 2 6 Parting = - = 7 e, 0: 1. Bottom bed. Soft Coal - - 2 | After crossing a small fault between the New Biggin and Norfolk Pits the lower bed begins to fall off in quality. The south levels have been driven from the latter pit nearly under the Station Inn, and about 60 yards beyond the Inn, the lower bed had passed into black bind with coal pipes, so that the seam is reduced to the Top bed alone. The sections already given show that this is a very local accident, for the Low Bed is 2 feet thick in Hesley Park. At Messrs. Newton and Chambers’, Rockingham Pit, the coal runs thus :— ft. in. Branch Coal - - - 1 0 Top Softs - - - 15 «| Dirt - - - - 0 7 Bottom Softs - - - 1 8 The section of the Silkstone at Hoyland Colliery is :—* ft, in. Branch Coal - - - 11 Soft Coal - - - - 11 Dirt parting - - - 0 5 Bottom Softs - - - 2 0 In the Barrow Company’s sinking near Worsborough the section of the Silkstone bed is :—tT : ft. in. Branch Coal - - - 0 93 Top Softs - - - - 110 Band - - - - 0 4 Bottom Softs - - - 20 Seat Coal - - - - 0 6 We get our next section at the Wharncliffe Silkstone Colliery. The os as given us by the managing partner, Mr. Walker, are as ollows :— ft. in. Branch Coal, dull, hard, and slaty 1 2 Tender bright Coal - - 1 3 Dirt - - - - 0 8% Soft bright Coal - - - 1 5 Seat Coal, not worked - - 0 3 * The section of this coal has been furnished by Mr. John Higson. Mr. W. H. Peacock supplied us with a section of the sinking. { From Messrs. G. and A. Kell, who also furnished us with a section of the entire sinking. oS : od THE SILKSTONE COAL, 233 At the time the survey was being made, the Silkstone was being worked from a day hole, just outside the north-east corner of Wortley Park. Here the colliers gave the following account :— ft. in. Coal - - - - 29 Dirt - - - - 09 Coal - - - - 110 Again at a little colliery, helonging to Messrs. Andrews, Burrows, and Co. south-west of Hermit Hill, the bed was found to be— ft. in. Coal - - = - 26 Dirt - - - - 010 Coal - - - - 10 At a day hole in Toad Hole Wood the following section was roughly measured :— ft. in. | Coal - - - - 20 Whitish clay - : - 0 3 Soft dirty coal and black shale - 0 6 Coal - - - - 2 6 In the collieries hereabouts the coal is said to run about 4 feet 3 inches of good coal with from 9 inches to 1 foot of dirt. In a little colliery north of Penfold Hill the section is— ft. in. Hard Coal - - - - 14 Dirt - - - - 09 Soft Coal - - - - 8 The following section was measured in an open work-on Berry Moor :— ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 210 White clay - - - - 0 13) Black coaly shale -- - - O71 White clay - - - - 0 2 L, 9 Black coaly shale - - - 01 Dark clay - - - - O 23 White clay - - - - 0 03 Coal, thickness not seen. In Messrs. Coopers’ Silkstone Collieries the two following sections have been obtained :-— Brammah Bank. ft. in. Top Coal - - - - 2 7 Dirt - - - - 09 Bottom Coal - - - 110 Wentworth Colliery. ft. in. Top Coal -. - - - 2 8 Dirt - - - - 0 8 ‘Bottom Coal - - - 110 Seat coal - - - - 0 6 At Strafford Main Colliery the following section of the Silkstone Coal was given us by Mr. Steer, formerly manager :— ; ft. in, Top Coal - - - - 2114 Dirt - - - - 0 4 Drub - - - - 0 4 Bottom Coal - - - 2 7% Seat Coal - - - - 04 234 GEOLOGY QF. THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. _Mr. Mammatt informs us that the Seat Coal, which is not worked, is full of Stigmaria. a oe : ik At Mr. Clarke’s Collieries we have from Mr. Potter the following sections of this bed :— ; Ee ft. in. “Coal ~ - - = - 3 0 At New J Dirtand shale - - - 0 8 Sovereign Pit ] Coal * -" - < ~ 24 Seat Coal - - = - 06 AtMoor [pm 2 2 2 198 End Colliery | Goay : : E 2 8 The sections at Messrs. Charlesworth’s Silkstone Collieries have been furnished by Mr. G. Kell, and are as follows :— Top 7 Low | Seat ‘ Coal. Parting.) Coal. | Coal. ft. in. | ft. in, | ft. in. | ft. in. Higham Colliery - - -~| 2 1 011 21 Church Lane Colliery - - 2 2 0 6 111 0 3 For the following details at a number of pits, now worked out, between Dodworth and Cawthorne we are indebted to the late Mr. Thomas Wilson of Leeds, and to Mr. Booth of Barnsley. : To : Low Seat Coal. Parting. Coal. Coal. ft. in. | ft. in. | ft. in. | ft. in Van Diemen’s Pit - - - 27 0 6 2 6 Pit 11 chains E.N.E. of Silkstone Church 3.0/0 8 210 Oo 6 Greenland Pit - - - 2 0 0 9 19 0 6 Pall Mall Engine Pit (Top Coal bad) -| 16/1 6 2 0 0 6 Waterloo Colliery - . - 24 0 9 2-5 Boring about half a mile §. by E. of Caw- thorne - -| 2 0 4 0 20 . 7 : to 5 0 Old Engine, 12 chains S.W. of Barnby Furnace - wo ef 2 4 12 1 8° In the sections hitherto described the dirt parting of the Silkstone Coal has, except in a limited’ district about Kimiberworth and Grange Lane, never exceeded a foot in thickness, and generally has fallen considerably short of that amount. The last table shows, however, a decided tendency towards a thickening of this. measure, and the old colliers who worked in the abandoned pits between Silkstone and Cawthorne, describe the parting as a wedge-shaped mass with its thick end in the direction of-the latter village. At Silkstone Main or Stanhope Silkstone Colliery an additional parting comes in and splits up the bottom bed of the Silkstone seam. ‘The section at the bottom of,the shaft is as follows :— : 4 gM aes ft. in, Top Coal - - si - 283 ' Dirt - - - - - 10 - (Coal (pyritous) - - - Oll Bottom J Dirt - - - - - 26 Coal | Coal - - - 3, 2 3 Inferior Coal - 04, 0 6 2 5.4 2 9 * From Mr. T. Willis. {| From Mr. H. Wormald. tT From Mr, J. Simpkin. § From Mr. S. Whitehead. THE MIDDLETON LITTLE COAL. Coal (rough) Hard Coal East Ardsley Colliery* -| Soft Coal - Middleton Collieryt -{ Baring Coal Roof Coal (coarse) Hard Steam Coal 277 ft. in, 0 2 17 0 8 2 5 ft. in. 0 6 0 9 1 3 2 6 The Baring Coal is sometimes divided into two by a parting about 6 inches from the bottom of the seam, and when thisis the case the lower portion occasionally contains iron pyrites :— ({ Coal - Grey stone Mrpp.eton Litre Coan ean = at Old Adit, Q Coal : West Wood, Har a Coal East of Owlers. Coal (bright) Dirt - (Coal (tender) Dirty Coal Mipp.eton Litrie Coat | Coal (tender) in Railway Cutting west < Hard Coal of Brown Hill. Coal (bright) (Coal (tender) : Coal - Wood Pit,t Beeston Park Side. { Unesay : Coal - Newhall Colliery§ - - | Hard Coal Baring Coal Bye Pit,|| Rothwell Haigh Colliery - Victoria Pit, do. do. - Peace Pit, do. do. = Beeston Pit, Woodlesford Colliery - Boring near Swillington Bridget - Coal Coal Coal Coal Coal ft. in. ft. in, 0 5 oroco Paaw ie od ie fé. in. ee oF oO NP w a a iS “N io © tO OY DY OR HOF w A dH # OF pPWOR a * From Messrs. R. Holliday, & Sons. { From Mr. M. Nicholson. t Trans. Leeds Lit. & Phil. Soc., vol. 1. From Mr. B. Keighley, bottom steward to Messrs. Chas. Grosvenor & Sons. || From the late Mr. J. Hargreaves, | From Mr. M.S. Hall. 278 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. ft. in. ft, in. 3 6 : Coal - - Fleakingley Bridge Colliery* {Bie Shale - - 10 , ; Coal - - 4 6 ft. in. ft. in (Coal = - 1 6 Boring in Old Pit near eat : y 6-4. a3 Pease Croft Wood,t Great and Little Preston. | Measures - . -ll 9 MiIppLeTton LitTLe CoaL ~ -~ 110 ft. in, ft. in. (Third Brown Meta! | Coal - - 4 1] Dam Pit,t Waterloo Main Colliery. 1 ees ane oe - 28 10 L CoaL - = 2 8 : ft. in. ft. in. ( Third Brown Meta Coal - - 4 1 Oak Pit,§ , eee Be ures - - - 7 8 Waterloo Colliery. _,| Mrippievon LittTie CoaL - - 29 The following section was measured in the clay pit south of Halton Whitkirk :— ft. in. ft. in, Coal " - - 3 0 ; Clay - - - - 10 Coal - - - O 08 Clay = é - s Oa Shaly Coal - - - 0 5 Parting - - - - O 0% Harp Bann Coat -< Coal - - - 04 Parting = - - - - 02 Coal | - - - 0 8 Underclay, with thin layers of Coal - - - - 1 3 Coal - - - 14 Hard Coal - - - 12 6 64 210 ie ft. im ft. in. ‘ 08, ” - = 2 Boring of coltonsl { Dave shale mixed with coal - 08 HUSIERs Hard band coal - ~- 37 5 10 The sections just ‘given show that between Gildersome and Swillington Bridge the coal continues of a very regular thickness throughout, but at Fleakingley Bridge it has attained a much greater thickness, and is made up of two main beds of coal with a shale parting 1 foot thick between them. Whether this increase in the thickness of the seam arises from the running together of the Third Brown Metal Coal, or Crow Coal of Robin Hood, as it ‘ * Trans. Leeds Lit. & Phil. Soc., vol.1. { From Mr. T. Pickersgill. + From Mr, B. Bickerdike. § From Mr. J. W. Clay. || From Mr. C. Fenton. THE HARD BAND COAL. 279 is sometimes named, or by the appearance cf a new coal band in connexion with the original Middleton Little Coal, is a question which, in the present state of our knowledge, is very difficult to answer. The sudden appearance of the upper bed of the coal at Fleakingley Bridge, there being no previous indi- cation of any thinning away of the measures between the two seams first mentioned, would tend rather to favour the second view, although we find the lower and upper beds of the Hard Band Coal separated from each other, by 11 feet 9 inches of intermediate strata, in the boring, from the bottom of the old pit near Pease Croft Wood. However, when we come to consider another set of sections, it would really appear as if the first supposition was the correct one. In Dam Pit, Waterloo Main Colliery, the measures separating the Third Brown Metal Coal from the Hard Band Coal are 28 feet 10 inches in thick- ness, but at Oak Pit, Waterloo Colliery, which is situated nearly two miles to the east of Dam Pit, that thickness has diminished to 7 feet 8 inches. In the clay pit at Halton, fully 14 miles north-east of Dam Pit, the beds between the top and bottom coals, including several thin coal bands, are 4 feet 4 inch thick, and at Colton there is only 8 inches of dark shale separating the one from the other. In dealing with these two coals alone there is no difficulty in thus showing that the Hard Band Coal is formed by the thinning out of the strata which generally lie between the two, but there is a difficulty when we come to correlate the Brown Metal or Firthfield Series which overlies the Hard Band Coal in this neighbourhood, as we do not find that they coincide very well on either side of the area within which the change from the Middleton Little into the Hard Band occurs. These beds are, however, so very irregular that much weight cannot be attached to the mere want of coincidence in these upper seams. If we turn to Plate 13, and look at the sections from Nos. 71 to 05 what we have stated above will be apparent at once, viz., the formation of the Hard Band Coal from the union of the Middleton Little and the Third Brown Metal Coals, and the extreme variability of the Firthfield group. As far as our knowledge extends to the east, it does not seem as if any very marked change takes place in the nature or thickness of this coal in that direction. The few sections which now follow will illustrate this :— ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - 10 Bye Pit,* Dirt - E « 2 0 5 West Yorkshire Coal ~ - -20 Colliery, Austhorpe. | Dark underclay - - - Og (Harp Banp Coa. - 3 2 6 2 1 2 ft. in. = ft. in. Coal - - - 12 Black shale - - - 0 5 Boring, Garfortht < Coal - = - 21 Black shale - - - 0 5 Harp Banyp Coan - 3 6. 6 8 0 10 ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - 11 Boring near any metal 7 3 1 7 0.5 Peckfield Farm. Black slaty metal - - O9 Coal 7 7 - 8 2 5 10 1 2 * From the Manston Coal Co. ¢ From Mr, T. RB. Gainsford. 280 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. ft. in, ft. in. Coal - - - 010 Band - - - i j 0 10 : ; Coal - - - Boring a Coal with blue metal and pyrites © - - - 0 Coal - - 37 5 10 14 A few thin and irregular coals are found between the Thorncliffe Thin and Park Gate. In the boring in Hudson’s Rough there is a bed 8 feet thick, described as a Branch Coal, 9 feet below the Park Gate. The name is sometimes used for Cannel Coal. In the railway cutting a quarter of a mile north-east of Silkstone Station is the following section :-— . ft. in. Park GatE Coan - - - Light grey shaly underclay - - 5 0 Hard sandstone - - - - 09 Sandy shale and thin sandstones. - - 22 0 Coal - - “ - - 2 0 Mention also is sometimes made of ironstone measures, called the Yellow Mine, immediately helow the Park Gate Coal. In one of the many versions of the compiled ‘“ Wentworth Section ” that have passed through our hands we find— ft. in. Park GaTE CoaL - - é Spavin - - - - - 10 Yellow Mine - - - - 8 0 The only other notice of this bed we have lighted upon is in the section of Wharncliffe Silkstone Colliery, which shows— ft. in. Park Gate Coal - = i . Spavin - - - S - 66 Ironstone mine - - - - 40 We have already mentioned several times a belt of obscure ground around High Hoyland and Clayton West which separates the district where the band of measures just described wears its southern type, from the district where it puts on its northern type. We will now give what little we have been able to learn about the measures of this tract. The general section, with the estimated thicknesses of the subdivisions, is as follows:—* ° ft. in. ft. in. Park Gate Coat of Winter Hill Colliery Measures - - - - - Sandstone of Bank End - - af 90 0 Shale - - - - - 4 6 Coal and black shale, “Scauz Coa,” - 11 Measures - - - - - 30 0 oo CoaL” - - 1 3to2 6 easures - - - - = Sandstone - - - - } 145 0 Measures - - - - 20 0 CuayTon Common Coa - - 110 Measures - - - - - 115 0 Turin Coat. * Most of our information comes from Mr, Hargreaves. ; THE PARK GATE COAL. 281 If our estimates of the thicknesses are correct, the Clayton Com- mon Coal would agree fairly well with the Silkstone and Blocking. The “Scale Coal” may represent the Thorncliffe, and the “ Un- known Coal” the Swilley. These are, however, questions of very little importance. The coals, as far as existing trials have gone, have been found to be too poor in quality to be likely to be ever worked, and their correlation is only a matter of curiosity. It is curious that all the coals from the Silkstone to the Park Gate should apparently fall off in quality and change so totally in character in crossing this tract, and it looks as if the conditions, whatever they may have been, that caused the change were repeated during the growth of each one of the seams of coal in this group. (3.) Park Gate, Manor, Old Hards, Dawgreen Coal, Brown Metal Series, Two-yards Coal, Firthfield Series. We have good grounds for considering that the coals which go under the above names, variable as they are in character, thickness, and the amount of subdivision they exhibit, occupy all very nearly the same position in the series of the Middle Coal measures, and we therefore look upon them as equivalents. The term Park Gate is usually employed over the district south of High Hoyland, but the bed that goes under the name varies mauch over this area. Between Sheffield and Thorncliffe there is generally besides the smaller subdivisions from 3 to 4 feet of coal in one bed in it, and this is in part at least of a “hard” or semi-anthracitic character, adapted for smelting or locomotive purposes. About Thorncliffe the seam becomes still further subdivided, but a portion is still “hard coal,” and the seam is yet of consider- able importance. The next form which the seam puts on is that of two beds of coal averaging say 2 ft. 6 in. each, parted very frequently by as much as three yards of spavin; this type appears about Dodworth and is maintained with considerable regularity as far as Cawthorne. The few notices we have of the seam north of the last spot, seem to show that it now becomes split up into three or more beds, and from the little attention that has been paid to the coal, it may be inferred that it has deteriorated in quality. From the neighbourhood of Emley northwards for some con- siderable distance, this seam goes by the name of the Old Hards, a bed which in spite of its moderate thickness is very largely wrought. It varies from 1 ft. 4 in. to 2 ft.; from 4 inches to 6 inches of the upper portion is of an inferior quality, and in the more detailed accounts is generally designated as Lime Coal. Occasionally, as at Emroyd and Thornhill Collieries, there are instances where the coal is absent, and the measures which overlie the coal come down and rest on the floor of the seam. Again at several places in Emroyd Colliery vacant spaces were found where the coal was wanting, and it is said that its place was taken by waterworn and rounded pebbles and boulders. These spaces, if the 282 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE: COALFIELD, account be correct, must be the channels of running water by whose means the coal was removed, and the rounded gravel of this ancient brook tells us by what agency the denudation was effected. ‘ We had no opportunity of examining any of these cases, and it is possible that concretionary lumps and nodules of sandstone may have been taken for boulders and pebbles ; but the cases that are known in which watercourses contemporaneous with the growth of coal beds are still to be traced are so plentiful, that there is no reason to doubt the accuracy of the observations. In other cases the coal occurs as a double seam, a new band of coal coming in above the Old Hards Coal and forming a seam corresponding to the Two Yards Coal of White Lee. This additional band is no doubt the first indication of the incoming of those coals which afterwards form along with the Old: Hards that group known as the “ Brown Metal Coals,” which we propose to consider in the present section. At Thornhill we have a coal band lying both above and below _ the Old Hards, and this is the first spot where we find the Brown Metal Coals existing in the typical form of three separate and dis- tinct beds. The lowest of these seams we will pass over without much comment as it is only a thin band, varying from 1 ft. to 1 ft. 4 in. in the district between Thornhill and Gildersome, neither is it so intimately connected with the Old Hards as the uppermost band of the series. In following the First Brown Metal and Old Hards Coals from Thorvhill to Smithies, Birstal, it will be observed on referring to Plate 11 that the 13 ft. 5 in. of strata that lie between these two coals at Thornhill, gradually thin away through Thornhill Lees, Dewsbury, Dewsbury Moor, and White Lee, until at Smithies the distance between the two seams is only 1 ft. 6 in., the total thick- ness of coal and partings being 6 feet, and hence is known under the name of “Two Yards Coal.” Under this form it is found to occur throughout the country north and west of Birstal, the thick- ness of the parting between the “top and bottom” coals varying from 6 inches to 8 feet. There are places where this coal is of very great thickness, notably at White Lee and Smithies ; at the former we have 10 ft. 4 in., and in the latter 9 ft. 14 in. of coal. For the- manner in which this great development takes place, and for the general character of the coal, the reader must refer to the detailed accounts on p. 293; the sections there will show how the beds of coal in connexion with this seam are multiplied, and how the lenticular masses of sandstone which occur at Smithies split up and interfere with the continuity and regularity of the various layers which go to make up the total thickness of the Two Yards Coal in this locality. These lenticular beds of sandstone, of which we have such good examples at Smithies, are portions of the Birstal Rock, and are doubtless tongues protruded from the margin of the great sand bank that now forms the massive sandstone at Birstal and Carlinghow. While the coal, in the instances given above, attains a greater thickness than usual, in other cases it is cut out altogether and replaced by sandstone, especially where the rock is most largely developed. ‘The absence of this coal is, however, not always due to the existence of the Birstal Rock, for in the neigh- bourhood of Howden Clough, where this sandstone is hardly THE BROWN METAL COALS. 283 represented, the only indication which we have of the coal, in several places, is the underclay on which it generally rests. = Throughout the whole of the country between Staincliffe and’ Drighlington, the First and Second Brown Metal Coals seem to appear under the form of the Two Yards Coal, but at Gildersome Street we find these seams separated by an interval even greater than that which parts them at Thornhill, and the Brown Metal group again consists of three coals a considerable distance apart. This continues with variations one way or the other in the thickness of the dividing bands of measures to be the general type of the group from Gildersome Street to Woodlesford. At the latter place’ the two upper seams come within 2 ft. 4 in. of one another and assume once more the character of the Two Yards Coal; while the Third Coal is 3 ft. 5 in. thick, and lies at an increased distance below the Second Coal, a fact which taken in conjunction with the other data which we possess enables us to show the probability that this seam ultimately forms the upper bed of the Hard Band Coal. None of these coals have been worked, or at all events not beyond a very small extent, in any part of the area lying between the places just mentioned; and in this respect they contrast un- favourably with the Old Hards of Thornhill and the Two Yards Coal of Smithies. -The two upper cvals do not continue to lie close together for very long. At Garforth they are 23 ft. 7 in. apart, and this distance diminishes near Micklefield to 13 ft.9 in. Here these coals are known as the “Firthfield Coal,” which name seems to be ap- plied indifferently to whichever of the seams becomes on account of the thickness or quality the more important of the pair. We have placed them both in a Firthfield group which includes the First and Second Coals of the. Brown Metal Series. It is evidently impossible to frame any character that would apply to the whole of the variable group of coals just described; we will therefore take each of the separate types by itself. In the Old Hards the “Top Coal” is soft and of an inferior character; the “Bottom Coal” is hard, bituminous, and of an excellent. quality, and when burned leaves a small residue of red ash. The “Two Yards Coal may be said to consist of coal similar to the fore- going, together with a new seam called the “Top Bed,” which is also a very good coal, burning to a white ash; the “Low Bed” burns to a red ash similar to the Old Hards. In some instances the coal is very strong and hard, and in others very bituminous, splitting up into thin layers having a very bright lustre, and which burn away leaving scarcely any residue at all. The Brown Metal Coal about Drighlington, where it exists in the same form as the Two Yards Coal, is rather terider and has‘to be worked with care in order to obtain a fair quantity of round coal fromit. We scarcely know anything about the quality of the First and Second Brown Metal Coals of Morley and Rothwell Haigh; and the same remark applies to the Firthfield Coals east of Leeds, but it is probable that they are inferior and earthy, because had their excellence and purity been equal to the Old Hards of Thornhill, the thinness of the seams would hardly have prevented their being worked in many instances. The top or soft portion of the Old Hards Coal is only fit to be 284 GEOLOGY. OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. classed as a very second-rate engine coal, but the Lower or Hard Coal is one of the very best house coals. An excellent house coal is also obtained from both the Top and Low Bed of the Two Yards Coal, and certain layers in this seam yield an engine coal of a first-rate quality. The Park Gate Coal being a seam in which dirt partings not only occur but also vary much from place to place, it is necessary in order to form an estimate of the value of the seam to know accurately all its divisions. Unfortunately most of the pit sections in the neighbourhood of Sheffield state only the total thickness of the seam, and hence our knowledge of this bed in that district is very imperfect. ‘The following sections are detailed enough to be worth recording. Nunnery Colliery, from Mr. Emerson Bainbridge. On the south. On the north, ft. in. ft. in. Top Coal, good - - - 07 0 6 Dirt - - - - 0 3 0 6 Bad Coal - - - 02 0 ilk Good Coal : - - 311 3 8L Batt and Bad Coal - - 04 0 3 In the cutting of the Midland Railway below St. John’s Church, Sheffield, the following section was seen :— ft. in. Sandstone, Park Gate Rock. Shale and sandstone with irregular coaly atte - - - - - 5 0 oal - - - - - 10 oo {se blue clay : a 20 6 onus Coal, not accessible, about - - - 4 6 Shale — Black shale ‘ Hard stony shale Coal, 6 ee about - - - 70 0 Sandstone Hard stony shale Watxer’s TH1In Coan - - - 110 Mr. Jeffcock gave us the following section of this coal in Brightside Colliery : E ft. in. ft. in, Coal - - - - - 0 9 Dirt - - - - - 0 6to0 8 Smut : - = - 08 Hard Coal - - - - 3 6 A cutting alongside the South Yorkshire Railway at Meadow Hall gave the following section : ft. in. Sandstone full of ironstone nodules at the bottom, Park Gate Rock. Black shale - - - - - 0 0 Coal -' - - - - 0 6 Coaly shale - - - - - 0 2 Grey spavin and black shale - - - 09 Coal - - - - - 30 Soft drub - - - > - 0 2 Coal - - - - - Oll , Soft drub - - - - - 0 6 Shaly Coal - - - - - 0 5 Spavin - - - - -~ 26 Sandstone - - - - - Oll Grey shale THE PARK GATE COAL. 285 In the Garrow Tree Hill Pit the coal was found to be— ft. in. Roof Coal - - - - - 09 Clod - - - - 2 - O11 Main Coal - - - - - 46 Clod - - - - - - 010 Bottom Coal - - - - - 10 And at Greaves Colliery— Coal - - - - 2 = - 0 9 Dit - - - - - - 10 Coal - - 7 ‘ . - 40 Dirt - . : - zi - 02 Coal - - - - - - 0 1 In the old collieries in Wentworth Park, one mile west of Greasborough (Fenton’s Colliery) the section shows,— ft. in. Roof Coal - - - - - 10 Clod - - - - - 10 Main Coal - - - - - 5 0 At the Old Haggs Pit, a mile north-east of Chapeltown, the following section was given us by Mr. H. Cooke :— ft. in. Brazils (Pyritous Coal) - - - oll Hards (Semi-anthracitic Coal) - - 22 Dirt - - - - - - 0 2 Softs (Bituminous Coal) - - - 1 8 At the Thorncliffe Collieries the bed is very much divided, as the following section shows :— ft. in. Roof Coal, not good - - 7 ae 6 Dirt - - - - = - og Coal and dirt, not good - ‘ - 06 Brazils - a < = - 010 Hards - - - = - 28 Parting - - - z - 04 Bottom Coal - - - a « | -4 Dirt - - - 7 - - 04 Seat Coal - - - - 0° °6 The coal is largely worked, the Hards being used in the smelting furnaces. At Wharncliffe Silkstone Colliery the section of the bed is as follows :— ft. in. ft. in. Soft Coal - - - - 16 Spavin mixed with Co - - 1 103 Brazils - - - - 010 Hards or Steam Coal - - 2 4to210 Fire Clay = - - - - 0 6t00 8 Soft or House Coal - - - Olltol Il The bed is again worked at this colliery. At the Barrow Co.’s Pit near Worsborough the section of the Park Gate Coal is— ft. in. Top Soft - - - - - 16 Clod - - - - - - 38 2 Drub - - - ” - - 010 Roof Coal . - - - - 0 104 Brazils - - - r - 10 Hard Coals - - - - - 2 6 Dirt - - - - - 0 6 Bottom softs - - . . = 1 6 286 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. At Hoyland Silkstone Colliery the Park-Gate was found thus :— ft. in. Coal 15 Dirt Lime Coal Brazils Hards Dirt Coal 2 The outcrop of this coal was seen in the cutting of the branch railway leading to Wentworth Colliery, and the following section measured :— fj. in. ft, in. Thinly bedded shaly mle Pavk Gate Rock toe © pon gos ahenrana re ee ee | etree HeoNoon — WwWNowsd mixed with sandy shale Sandstone : - - - - 5 0 Sandy shale - - - - - 0 6to03 0 Coal - - - - - - 3 6 Soft grey shaly aay | Park Gate Coan - 1 9 Coal - - s - - - lil Biack spavin - - - - - 0 3 Grey spavin - - - - - 29 Hard stony spavin passing down into sand- - stone - - - - - 26 Thin sandstones and shale - - - All the complicated subdivisions of the last few sections have here dis- appeared, and the bed taken the form of two seams of coal and a parting between. This form it keeps for some distance to the north-west. Strafford Main Colliery.* , ft. in. Coal, hard, strong, and hot, good for iron smelting - © - ~ = - - 27 Spavin - - - - - 3 0 Coal, house Coal - - - - 13 New Sovereign Colliery.+ ft. in. Coal - - - - - - 26 Dirt - - - - - - 17 Coal - - - - - - 1 3 Messrs. Haynes and Lawton’s Hall Royd Colliery, near Silkstone Station. ft. in. Shale with ferns, Sigillaria, Calamites, and Lepidodendron. Coal - - - - - 3 0 Rough spavin . e : . 9 o| Park Gate Cal = - - - -« .3 0f Coan Shale and sandston - - - 27 0 Coal - - - - - 16 The bottom bed is probably a mere local thickening of one of the thi that occur below the Park Gate. e of therGhin seam Silkstone Fall Colliery (Mr. E. Booth). Coal,good - - ° ~ : _ o _ Blue spavin - = x : a Coal, inferior - < 7 ‘ CaS * From Mr, Steer. * ; + From Mr, Potter. THE PARK GATE COAL. 287 Church Lane Colliery (Mr. G, Keil). ft. in Coal - - - - - - 2 4 Spavin - : - - - 3 0 Coal - 7 - - - - 18 Spavin - - - - -12 2 Coal - - - - - - 0 8 Van Diemen’s Pit (the late Mr. T. Wilson). ft. in. Coal - a S “ z - 29 Spavin - - - - - 4 8 Coal - - - - - - 3 0 Spavin - - - - - 510 Coal - - - - - - 0 9 Higham Colliery (Mr. G. Kell). ft. in. Coal - - - - - - 28 Spavin - - - - - 2 8 Coal - - - - : - 17 At the Furnace Main Colliery, by Barnby Furnace, Mr. E. Booth gave us the following section :— Z ft. in. Coal - - ag - 2 9 Dirt - - os - - . Coal and dirt, of which about 1 ft. 4in. is coal 2 0 This coal has been worked from a day hole on the opposite side of the brook to Silkstone Main Colliery ; two accounts of it are— Collier’s account. Account in Bretton Park Office. ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - 20 Coal - - - 20 Dirt - - - 3 0 Dirt - - - 310 Coal - - - 1 2 Coal « © - - 3 0 In a small working beside the road from Cawthorne to Mill House, the coal ran— ft. in. £. in. Coal - - - - - - 2 1to3 0 Dirt - - - - - - ill Coal - - - - - - 2 8 The bottom bed was the better. ' Borings in Cawthorne Park (Bretton Park Office). ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 20 3.0 Dirt - - - - - 310 1 7 Coal - - - - - 8 0 2 4 Falconer Colliery (Mr. J. E. Mammatt). ft. in, Coal - - - - - - 24 Shale and spavin - - - - 16 Coal - - - - 2 5 In the next group of sections the Park Gate Coal begins to be further sub- divided. 288 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Boring at Darton (Mr. J. Brown). tt. in. Coal - - - - - = 2] Muck - - - - - - 10 Coal - - - - - - 1ili Muck - - - - - - 0 4 Coal - - - é “ sity In a boring by the River Dearne, half a mile east of Birthwaite Hall, this seam is again divided into three beds, but the boring account does not give . the thicknesses of each. A coal which corresponds in position with the Park Gate has been worked at Winter Hill Colliery, half a mile south-west of High Hoyland; the follow- ing account of it is from Mr. W. Hargreaves :— ft. in. Coal - = - Fs Z - 15 Dirt - - - - - - 010 Coal - - % * = -~ 04 Dirt - - - - - - 4 6 Shale - - - ‘fe 7 - 04 Coal - - - - - - 2 0 In the district where this coal takes the name of the Old Hards we find its thickness to be from 1 ft, 2 in. tol ft.6in. A “stone” or impure cannel coal is occasionally found a short distance below the Old Hards in the neigh- bourhood of Flockton ; thus a boring at the bottom of Sir J. Kaye’s Victoria Colliery gives us— # in, Oup Harps Coat - - - - 12 Spavin - - - - - 9 0 Shale - : i - - -ll 7 Stone Coat - - - - - 10 This bed was being wrought at the time the survey was made from a da hole in Palace Wood, Flockton. It was described as 17 inches thick, the lower part being cannel, and was said to be seven yards below the Old Hards., The same bed was found in a boring at Flockton Moor, an account of which was given by Mr. J. Wood. 1t showed— ft. in. Coal. Oip Harps - - - - 16 Seatstone , - - - - - 42 Blue bind = - - - -16 0 STonE aND Buack Coau - - - 12 The following are further sections of this bed in this neighbourhood :— arias ft. in. ; . ime Coal - 0 6 Sir J. Kayes Flockton Colliery { Chal « Cae { Lime Coal - - 0 4 . eae - - - 0 02 5 ‘ ood Coal - - 1 93 Lane End Colliery: Salle. : - 0 08 Bad Coal - - 0 5 Hard Scale - - 0 12 Pit west of St. James’ Church - 1 2tol 6 yo Coal 1 6 a ae by Mr. R. Brown, Flockton Dirt 0 2 ° Coal 0 4 : Top Coal - - - 0 5 Shuttle Eye Pit < Scale - - - O11 Best Coal - - - 15 In borings on Lord Whayrncliffe’s estate at Overton the thick of th Old Hards is given at 2 ft. 4 in. and 2 ft. 5 in, Sone - BROWN METAL COALS. 289 ft. in. ft. in. Messrs. Lockwood and (BadCoal 0 4 to 0 6 Stockwell’s Colliery,*< Shale 0 08, O 0% 1 6 Grange Moor. GoodCoall 4 ,, 1 8b, 2 08 No. 1, Plate 9. ft. in : Lime Coal - - 0 5 Grange Moor Colliery+ Coal «138 1 83 ft. in. ft. in. Hunt Royd Pit,t Coal - - 1 4tol 6 . . Bad Coal 0 8 Brothers Pit,t Emroyd Colliery { Coal 2 2 8 Engine Pit,§ Emroyd Colliery, Coal - 1 5 Hunger Hill Colliery, Upper Whitley, Coal 1 2 : : x Priest Royd Wood { vee 2 zy a Thornhill Colliery, || Coal 110%02 0 If we turn to Nos. 1 to 9 of Plate 13 we shall see that at some of the localities already mentioned a thin band of coal is recorded sometimes above and some- times below the Old Hards. These bands have been, however, in all the cases yet noticed local and irregular, and in no instance have we had three coals on this horizon in the same section. In the new sinking at Ingham Pit, Thorn- hill Colliery, however, such a triple group of coals was met with. It appears here for the first time, and from this point forwards all three seams are usually present, and the group takes the name of the Brown Metal Coals. The section at Ingham Pit is— No. 2, Plate 11.|| ft. in. ft. in. First Brown Mertat Coan 2.2 Measures - - a - 13 5 Outp Harps Coau - 2° Measures - - - 21 9 Tuirp Brown METAL Coan - 14 In the cutting for the L.and Y. Railway at Coalpit Lane a section of the twa upper seams was obtained, and is as follows :— No. 3, Plate 11. ft. in. ft. in. First Brown Metrau Coat 2 0 Measures - - : - - dl 42 Coal - - - 0 63) O H Dark shale - - - 0 14 BY SeeEUe 2 Coal 0 7 kde 2 9 Coat. Soft Coal parting - - 0 03] Coal. - --1li1J In the quarry near Headfield Mills on the east side of the road from Dewsbury, through Saville Town to Thornhill Lees, one of these coals was seen ; and in the east bank of the River Calder at Headfield Mills another band was exposed in the excavations for some new buildings (see p. 624), but the exact thickness of the measures between the two coals could not be ascertained. ° * From Mr. B. Lockwood. {+ From the late Mr. H. Holt. { From Mr. J. Roberts. § From Mr. J. Wood. || From the late Mr. W. P. Maddison. 42513. T 290 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE First Brown Mera Coa? Outp Harps Coa? Coal - Measures Dirt - Coal - - - {Yellow clay with coal smuts COALIIELD. The quarry on the south-east side of Burgh Mill Lane, during the construction of the Heckmondwike Branch of the L. and Y. Railway, laid bare another section in connexion with these coals, which we now give :— Measures { Coal Carbonaceous clay Dirty Coal - Underclay - Dirt Underclay Coal - Cannel Coal Underclay - Dirty Coal - Underclay - Coal - Dirt tee v kop a ow em 4 1 ft. 1 0 a ) in, 43 2 NIH wet OMr ay ms ft. in. ft. in. 04 = 11 - 210 2 0 0 6% - O 24 which was opened ft. in. ou Io] 0 2 11 0 43 02 0 3 Again, north of St. John’s Church Boothroyd, the coal was recently exposed in the construction of a new street, ’and from that exposure we obtained a section as follows :— Oup Harps Coat. No. 5, Plate 11. Surface with coal Coal - Clay - - Coal - - Clay with dark streaks Black shale Coal - - Underclay - - - Shale with a few ironstone nodules - - - Shale with streaks of car- bonaceous matter - Dark shale - Coal - 7 3 i Dark clay - - Coal - - ft. 0 0 in, eee wt Wa mo oe om WwW -& OC CO oS Pie ao wm ble Popa oo Oot Eo aged “NI bo . S ft. in. ° oof bate toe 27 The boring near Northfield House, Dewsbury, gives the three beds of coal lying closer together than at Thornhill. No. 4, Plate 11.* First Brown METAL Coat Measures” - - Oup Harps Coat - Measures” - - Tuirp Brown METAL Coan o*# tte ft. 1 ma Ww in. 1 mH. O1,08 ft. in. 9 0 9 6 * From Mr. J. Haigh. TWO-YARDS COAL. 291 In Staincliffe Quarry one of these coal bands was 2 ft. 3 in. thick, and was seen to thin out altogether within a very short distance. Under the name of the Two-Yards Coal a thick seam of coal occurs on the same horizon as the Upper Brown Metal Coals (see secs. 33 and 34, Plate 13, and secs. 6, 7, and 8, Plate 11,) at White Lee and Smithies; and although the fact has never been actually proved in any of the workings to this thick coal, yet it seems to be extremely probable that it is equivalent to the First Brown Metal Coal and to the Old Hards, as is represented on Plate 9, The sections which we were able to obtain of the coal in this district will show that it generally exists in two beds with a layer of underclay between them, and that in some places we find an enormous increase in the thickness , of the coal. In the colliery worked by Mr. J. Sheard at White Lee the section of the coal was— No. 6, Plate 11.* ft. in. ft. in. Two Yarps re = 2 27 3 Coat. ae Fi : . 7 Coal - - - - 110 4 5 In another section in the same colliery, the coal was stated to be as follows :— ft. in. — ft. in. Coal - - - - 2 7 Dirt - : z hae ae Two YaRDs ao 7 7 : ie 7 a Coa. Coal - - : 27 Dirt - - - - - 1 0 Coal - - - - ~ 29 10 4 ‘When we were engaged surveying the district this colliery was worked out, so that we had no opportunity of verifying the section just given. A similar instance, however, which will be described shortly, has been met with in opening out some old adit workings at Smithies, where the coal swelled out to much beyond its usual thickness. This case, by the kindness of Mr. West, of the firm of Messrs. Bastow and Crossley, we had the satisfaction of examining ourselves, and it affords reasonable grounds for supposing that the section last given is correct. The details of the coal seam at Mr. J. Kellet’s Colliery, White Lee, now follow :— No. 7, Plate 11.f ft. in. = ft. in. Coal - - - 0 4 Dirt - - - - - 0 04 Coal - - - - 14 Dirt - - - - - O 0% Coal = - - 0 8 Two Yarps } Shale . - 0% Coat. Coal - 7 - 2-0 3 Dirt - - - - 2 3 Black shale - - - 0 1 Shoddy Coal - - - 0 9 Shale - - - - O Of Coal - - - - 1 2 4 1 * From Mr. J. Sheard. + From the bottom steward, by Mr. J. Kellet’s permission, T 2 292 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. In the excavations for the Rifle Range east of Castle Hill House the outcrop of this coal was proved, but a complete section was not obtainable, the top only of the lower coal having been touched. ft. in. ft. in. ( Coal - - 7 = “= 29 9 Parting - : a. Two Yarps ae Z ‘ 0 25 Coan. —\ Coal - aa e Underclay - - 2 6 Coal, full ritaletieey ‘nett ascertained. If we combine the section at Smithies Colliery with that of the measures proved under the ‘l'wo Yards Coal in sinking to the Middleton Main at Little Gomersall, and with sections already given, we shall be able to connect this seam with ‘the two Upper Brown Metal Coals (see Secs. 2 to 8, Plate 11), as follows :—* ft. in. ft. in. Inch Coal - 01 ‘| First Brown METAL. 1a d Shoddy 05 Top i best - ; Baring Coal - ca Whiteearth - - 1 5 webs Black Shale - - Ol SECOND Bee ee onaday 0 5 Grey stone - - 02 Oxuv Harps Coa. foe Bel-Geal = 1-6 4 4 Measures - - - - - ll 5 Tsirp Brown METAL - - - 1 3 We now give the particulars of the case already mentioned, when in working from the old adit at Smithies the coal was found to reach an unusual thickness. The section is as follows :— ft. in. ft. in. (Coal - - - 20 Shale - - - 2 44 Coal - - 0 6 Parting with small reaiilon y pieces of soft sandstone - - ol Coal (4) - 1 8 Shale - - os 0 7 Coal (5) - 0 9 Passing, mekers fe 6 aiehing anal s a sandstone band (a) (see Fig. 30) oe < _ tails in above the following coal - - 0 14 CL : Coal - - - 0 9 White clay he - - 01 Coal - - - 0 9% White clay - - - * 1 0 Black oe and ironstone medules - 0 9 Coal - - 0 43 Black stone - - - - - 0 1 Coal - - - - 19 Parting - - 038 Coal - - - 0 6 9 14 +454 * From Mr. A. West. TWO-YARDS COAL. 293 The woodcut Fig. 30 will illustrate the nature of other singular changes that take place here in the seam. The clay parting (b) between the coals (5) and (6) keeps fairly constant in thickness; the change is produced my the gradual coming in of a wedge-shaped mass of fine white sandstone (a). This sandstone is sharply marked off both from the clay above and the coal below, its boundary being clearly defined up to the very edge of the wedge. Fig. 30. Wedge-shaped intercalation of Sandstone in the Two Yarvs Coat at Smithies. Coax (5 “2 Coax (5) OAL (5) ea e< L Coan (6) ... - @ Coat... » Coat (6) - CoaL Similar instances occurred in other parts of the workings, where tongues of sandstone ran in among the coal, and thickened out within a distance of a few yards to 10 or 12 feet, and occasionally cut out a portion of the coal itself. A very remarkable instance of this is shown in Fig. 31. Fig. 31. Sudden coming in of a mass of Sandstone in the Two Yarps Coan at Smithies. ae ee (4) » &@ - Coan (5) » ec + + Coast (6) -@ Here the clay band (2) between the coals (4) and (5) runs regularly through the section, but a very obtuse wedge of sandstone (a) is intercalated below the band, and for some space entirely cuts out the-coal (5); the clay band between (5) and (6) increases in the same direction as the sandstone to twice its original thickness. The thickening of the sandstone is at first so rapid that it swells out to 2 ft. 4 in. in a distance of 2 feet from the point when it first appears. The sections at opposite ends of the Figure are— ft. in. = ft. in, 6 3 i ft. in. 4.) Coal - - 18 cal ~ aaa d 4 Clay (3) - - 0 8 (8) Clay - : ee D { Sendstond (a) . 24 5.) Coal - - § 8 Coal - B) Clay - ° - O6 Shale - - 1 0 (6.) Coal - 2 1 3 Coal - = 22 (d) Shale - - 0 4% Shale - - 0 4% Coal Coal The ending in which this section was shown had not been driven far enough at the time of our visit to show what became of the intercalated sandstone mass; but detached sections were seen where a corresponding sandstone 294 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. occurred much thicker than at this spot, and others where the sandstone was absent altogether. An outlier of the Two Yards Coal caps the top of the ridge at Robert Town, and the following sections were furnished to us at the small collieries where it was being worked :— No. 9, Plate 11. Messrs, Mann’s Colliery, Robert Town. ft. in. = ft. in. ft, in. Coal - - - 28 Two Yarps ) Underclay - - - 3 6 to 4 0 Coau. Hard Coal - - 110 Coal - - - 0 5 Measures - - - - - 15 0 Tuirp Brown Meta Coat - - | 7 Mr. T. Parkin’s Colliery, Robert Town. ft. in. ff. in. Coal - - - 2 3 eee eens Underclay - - - 5 0 ORM: Hard Coal - - 20 At Birkenshaw we measured the following section of the Two Yards Coal, near Upper Birkenshaw Colliery, which, however, does not show quite the full thickness of the coal. ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - Oi] Brown sandstene - - 01 Coal - - - - 07 Dirt - - a - - ol Coal - - - - 0 8 Two Yarps vie : 7 s . 1 1 OMe Coa.. Dirt if ‘ = : 01 Coal - - - “ 0 8% Dirt - - - - - 0 4 Coal - - - - O 8 Dirt - - - - 0 14 Coal - - - The section of the coal furnished to us by the late Mr. W. Harrison supplies what is wanting in the above. No. 10, Plate 11. ela ft. in. = ft. in. 08. = - - - 3 0 ee {Dis S . . é : 06 : Coal - 2 - - - 6 If we turn to sections (Nos. 31 and 32, Plate 13 and p. 363) it will be noticed that the coal which we have been able to trace so regularly from White Lee to Birkenshaw does not seem to exist at Cross Bank and Carling. how, Batley. At Cross Bank a band of “ Bind and Coal”? 8 ft. 8 in. thick may probably be the equivalent of this coal, and at Carlinghow it would appear as if the Third Brown Metal Coal was the only one of the three seams that was present. It is possible that the Birstal Rock, which is so largely developed here cuts out the coal. For this bank of sand may well be supposed to fill up a hollow formed by denudation of the measures previously deposited. And the lenticular tongues of sandstone which occur in the coal at Smithies, may very possibly be offshoots from the edge of this bank which reaches so great 2 thickness at Birstal. _At Howley Park Colliery the section resembles very nearly that already given on (p. 292), with the exception that the Third Brown Metal Coal is represented by a band of “‘ dark drub.” Coal {Baa Two Yarps Coan. Measures = TuHirp Brown MrEra Underclay 0 TWO-YARDS COAL. 295 No. 11, Plate 11.* ft. in. ft. in. z = i - 2 9 - - - - - 1 8 : 2 -27 - - - - - 13 1 L Coat, dark drub_= - < - 0 4 , This coal has also been worked at Howden Clough under a form something similar to the foregoing, but it does not lie very constantly and regularly over the area in the immediate neighbourhood. At the West Yorkshire Colliery, Birstal, there was only the underclay to mark the place which the coal should have occupied, and in several other instances in this locality it has been found to be wanting. We will now give several sections of the Two Yards Coal between Howden Clough and Drighlington. No. 12, Plate 11. Howden Clough Colliery. é ft. in. ft. in. ft, in. coal + - - 1 8 Teg SABUE hates we, eS Coal - - - 2 1 3 9 Horse Riggs,{ Drighlington. ft. in. ft. in. - { Coal - - - - 24 Two Yarps Perens ‘ 0 7 aay Coau. a c ° | Clay : - - - - O04 Coal: - - - - 20 411 2 4 +s Newmarket Colliery,§ Adwalton. ft. in. ff. in. Coal - - - oll Dirt - - - = 0 2 Two YARDS cal oh 2 2 = y i 011 Coa. Coal - - - 0 7 Dirt - - - - - 0 5 (Coal - - - 1 4 . 3.9 1 6 No. 13, Piate 11. Britannia Colliery,|| Drighlington. . ft. in. = ft. in Coal, tops - - - 2 3 Clay - S = = . 1 Two Yarps Chey - . - : 8 0 Coat. Coal - - - - 0 6 Dark shale Coal, bottoms - - - 2 2 5 8 * From Mr. T. White. { From Mr. Wm. Gledhill. { From Messrs. Asquith & Co. § From Mr. J. Parker. || From Mr. T. Willis. 296 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Engine Pit,* Netherton Colliery, Drighlington. ft. in. ft. in. (Coal - ae ~ = 2 25 Two Yarps | Dirt - 7 s " oe O1t Coa. os : : . 0 95 ceva Dirt - - - - - - 0 3 Coal - - - -1 3 4 3 1 2 Spring Gardens Colliery, Drighlington. ft. in. ft, m. {Coal - - - - -liil Soft shale = - - - ‘ ; 01 . | Coal - - - < ais Siac Underclay - - = 0 10 i Coal - - - 2 -~0 7 Blue shale - - 2 : 0 4 Coal - - -1 8 4 5 1 3 The preceding details of the Brown Metal Coal would seem to indicate the continuation of the Two Yards Coal, throughout the entire district where these sections have been obtained, in the same form as it has been shown to exist at Smithies, Birstal, and near Birkenshaw; at Gildersome Street, however (see section 14, Plate 11), we have again three coal bands corresponding to those which we bave already seen were found to occur in the neighbourhood of Thornhill (see section 2, Plate 11). No. 14, Plate 11.* : ft. in. ft. in. First Brown Mrtau Coat - -1 8 Measures - - - - - - = 2) 7 SEconp Coal - -0 6 Brown ' Grey Metal - - - - 010 Metat Coat. t Coal - - - -2 4 Measures - - - - - 14 8 Tuirp Brown Meta Coau - 1 0 Between Gildersome Street and Woodlesford there do not occur any very great changes in these coals, and it will only be necessary to give a few of the many accounts of them which we have in the intermediate country, so that the Brown Metal series may be traced eastwards as far as Woodlesford. Here ancther most marked variation appears to set in (see section 21, plate 9), which, so far as we can make out from the evidence before us, is analogous to the change that gives rise to the formation of the Two Yards Coal at White Lee. If we follow the sections given below and the corresponding ones on plate 9, the relationship between this series of coals west of Gildersome Street, and in the district mentioned above will be more clearly established. No. 15, Plate 11. Morley Main Colliery.* ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - -0 1 es = - & = Q 3 oal - ” -0O0 2 oe Brown ) Underclay - ‘ i 27 ETAL. t Gaal : s ~ 43 } Dark shale - - = ) 9 {Coal - - -0 2 Measures . - - - - - 86 Sreconp Brown Metau Coan -1 8} Measures os - - - o1 2 Trurp Brown Marat Coat - - -1 3 * From Mr, H. Wormald. { From Mr. T. Willis. BROWN METAL COALS. No. 16, Plate 11. West Ardsley Colliery.* ft. in First Brown Metau Coan -2 0 Measures - ~ - - SEeconp Brown Mertau Coau - 110 Measures - - - - Turrp Brown Meta Coan ~0 9 No. 17, Plate 11. Last Ardsley Colliery.t ft. ( Inferior Coal and shale - 0 | Underclay = - - S First Brown Pee] Al 7 . = “Q Mera Coa, : Coal Poe 2 e ae | Shale - - “ (Coal - - : = AT Measures - - S 2 2 Seconp Brown METAL Coa - - 2 Measures = = & Tuirp Brown METAL Coan 2 0 No. 18, Plate 11. West Pit,t Middleton Colliery. ft. in. First Brown Metau Coau - - 010 Measures - = S ws Seconp Brown Meeks; Coat -2 6 Measures - = Turro Brown Mera Cons: - 110 No. 19, Plate 11. o Newhall Colliery.§ ft. in First Brown Mera Coau -1 6 Measures - - = Seconp Brown Merat Coan -2 0 Measures - - - - - Tarrp Brown MetTaL CoaL - -l 2 No. 20, Plate 11. Bye Pit,|| Rothwell Haigh Colliery. ft. in. First Brown Merau Coan - - 1 0% Measures - - - - Srconpn Brown Mara: Coa -1 8 Measures - - - - Tuirp Brown Mera Coa 1 8 * From Mr. Eagland, of the W. Y. I. & C. Co. {+ From Messrs. R. Holliday and Sons. + Trans. Leeds Lit. & Phil. Soc., Vol. I. § From Mr. B. Keighley. || From the late Mr. J. Hargreaves, ft. in. 22 9 12 1 Or We Bi ae ar os — ft. in. 18 10 ft. in. 29 2 ll 3 ft. in. 55 114 12 4 ft. in. 1 il ao ex, LH 298 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. No. 2], Plate 11. Beeston Pit,* Woodlesford Colliery. ft. in. ft. in. First Brown Metau Coa Two- 1 0 Measures’ - - } YARDS } - 2 4 Sreconp Brown METAL Coa Coa. 1 6 Measures) - - - - - « 22° 7 Tuirp Brown Merau Coau - - 8 65 No, 22, Plate 11. Boring near Swillington Bridge.t ft. in, ft. in. Frrst Brown METAL Coan - -2 4 Measures - - - - : - 3 6 Seconp Brown Merat Coat - -2 8 Measures - - - 26 9 Tuirp Brown Mera Coat (Black Shale) 2 1 No. 23, Plate 11. Boring, Old Coal Pit near Pease Croft Wood,{ Astley Colliery. ft. in. ft, in. Seconp Brown. Metau Coau - 2 8 Measures - - - - - - 66 2 Tuirp Brown Metat Coat - -2 1 No. 24, Plate 11. Boring, Garforth.§ fas 1 ft. ft. in. First Brown { On ‘i : > 3 Underclay - - - 04 Mera Coa. Coal - - - | Firtu- 0 43 Measures - - - - - Pp FIELD . - 6 7 Coal - - - - Coats. 0 10 Measures + - - - - - 16 2 Seconp Brown Mzrat Coan - -J 29 No. 25, Plate 11. Boring, Peckfield Farm, Micklefield. ft. in. ft. in. (Coal - - - - (2 3 finer Buoww | vo : 7 ' e - 0 METAL. Ones : 0 10 Metal - - - - Firru- - 3 Coal - - - - FIELD 0 3 Measures - - - - = Coats. i 5 6 Coal - - - - - 7 10 Measures - * - - = a 7 3 Sreconp Brown Mzrtat Coan J 2 3 The more important of the sections just given have been plotted to scale i Plate 11, in which the Second Brown Metal Coal, which eamernondle to the ‘Old * From Mr. M. 8. Hall. t Trans. Leeds Lit. & Phil. Soc. { From Mr. B, Bickerdike. § From Mr. T. R. Galneford. bs Geclogical Survey of England & Wales. r Plate 11. M15 A | oy "| i = if Jam 1 i | ih 72 8 @# §& ; et | \ ee. I | it | | | | | | Pw 769 wN a xl| | || | ‘ fie ee | Ps i | | to } | . = | oe = fe a a om li _ i: © ‘ee oe iy/ ft THIRD BROWN, al METAL COAL. Scale 32 feet -One inch. RR Del. Sections showing the connection between the First and Second Brown Metal (oals and the Variations in de Brown Metal Series uv the district between Thornhill and Dri through Morley to Swillington,also their relation to the Firth-Field Series of Coals in the neighbourhood of Whitkirk and Garforth. 1 /7 = | ; | Hl i | ea To face page 29h hkington, thence eastwards x0) rm I ti | 1% 19/| * et tt | i itty tots at 5 Fy it. a i bel Ai fT ! iy heel) suern- B ” | foams. a oe TT | 1 ‘ ‘ ' t ' ' ‘ ' ‘ ‘ \ 1 t 1 ' 4 { y HRD BROWN META OR UPPER BED OF WARO BAND COAL. as MEASURES BETWEEN THE PARK GATE & FLOCKTON COALS. 299 Hards, is taken for a conventional datum line; though it may be observed this bed would by no means lie ina horizontal position if the Middleton Main Coal were taken as a basis of comparison (see Plate 13, and Vert. Sects. Sheets 40 and 45). While they observe a general agreement, none of these sections tally in every particular, and the differences in some cases are very considerable ; at the Bye Pit, Rothwell Haigh (sect. 20), for instance, the distance between the First and Second Brown Metal Coals is greater than in any other instance that has come under our notice ; but when the same beds are traced to Woodles- ford (sect. 21) we find that the large thickness of strata, amounting to nearly 56 feet, which parts them at Rothwell Haigh, has come down to 2 ft. 4 in., and the combined seam has almost the same section as the Two Yards Coal of Smithies and White Lee. But while the measures between the First and Second Brown Metal Coals have thus decreased in thickness, those which part the Second and Third Brown Metal Coals have suffered a corresponding increase, and this seems to be the beginning of a gradual thickening, which in the end brings the Third Brown Metal Coal down to the level of the Middleton Little Coal. At Swill- ington (sect. 22) the Third Brown Metal Coal seems to be represented by a band of Black Shale, which occurs in a position nearly corresponding to that occupied by the coal at Woodlesford. In the section near Pease Croft Wood (No. 23, Plate 11) the Third Brown Metal occurs at a still greater distance below the two upper members of the series, and still further in the same direction this seam and the Middleton Little run together to form the Hard Band Coal ina way shown in sects. 66 to 74, Plate 13. e local nomenclature of the coals which correspond to the two Upper Brown Metals becomes now rather confused. The name of Firthfield Coal is applied to one or other of the group, according as the fancy of the sinker or borer dictates, or as its superior importance seems to demand. We may, how- ever, usefully retain the name and designate the whole group as the Firth- field Series. (4.) The Measures between the Park Gate or Old Hards Coal and the Flockton Group of Coals. The following are the more special features in this belt of strata :— In the southern part of the coalfield a thick bed of somewhat coarse and massive sandstone lies immediately above the Park Gate Coal. To this the name of Park Gate Rock is given. This rock is most conspicuous round about and south of Sheffield, but it puts in now and again with more or less of importance at several spots to the north-west of that town. Toa rock which occupies a corresponding position above the Old Hards Coal in the northern part of the coalfield we have given the name of the Birstal Rock. The only other measure we have specially to notice in this belt is an irregular group of coals and ironstone called Fenton’s Coal. Over that part of the explored portion of the coalfield which lies south of Strafford Main Colliery near Dodworth, the Flockton Thick Coal lies fairly regularly at a distance of 80 yards above the Park Gate, and throughout a large part of this tract Fenton’s Coal is met with in all the sections we have obtained. It lies about 40 yards above the Park Gate around Kimberworth and Greasborough, and 70 feet over that coal at Thorncliffe, Wharn- cliffe Silkstone, and Strafford Main Collieries. The next sinking going northwards which passes through the Flockton Coal is Church Lane Colliery, a little more than a mile to the north-west of Strafford Main, and here the Flockton and Park Gate:Coals are ‘ é / 300 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD, only 40 yards apart. For a considerable distance to the north- west the distance between the two coals varies between 40 and 50 yards, and over the district where they have drawn together, Fenton’s Coal is with one exception absent; in fact it never appears again over any part of the northern portion of the coalfield. Even over the area where it is present Fenton’s group of coals exhibits the most extreme variations. In the immediate neigh- bourhood of Sheffield the Park Gate Rock reaches an unusual thickness, and the place where Fenton’s Coal elsewhere appears is occupied by the upper part of that sandstone bed. As the rock decreases in thickness northwards the coal makes its appearance as a single bed on the top of the sandstone ; then two seams are found, and further north the group is made up of several beds, which vary in number and thickness from section to section. All accounts agree in representing the coals as of the worst possible quality. Over a portion of the district where the group is thickest, a band of Ironstone Measures, known as the Black Mine, lies among the coals. We have endeavoured to realise and illustrate by Figs. 32 and 33 the manner in which the variation just described may have been produced. After the growth of. the Park Gate Coal subsidence ensued, and as it went on, irregular banks of sand, shown by the dotted pattern in the woodcuts, were piled up on the top of the coal. The largest of these banks lay around the present site of Sheffield ; it reached a thickness of 60 yards in the neighbourhood of that town and gradually tailed away to the north. A supply of muddy sediment was then poured into the water, which filled up the hollows between the banks and produced a gently undulating flat, B C D, Fig. 32. The surface of this flat was some 40 yards - above the Park Gate Coal on the south at B, sank down northwards till it was not much more than 30 yards above that seam, and then about C rose again to a small extent. ‘The measures then emerged from the water, and in the shallow central depression B C, Fenton’s Coal and the Black Mine Ironstone were formed in a series of swampy hollows. No accumulation of vegetable matter went on over the slightly elevated spaces B ACD. The deposits formed up to this point must have occupied some such relative positions as in Fig. 32. Further subsidence then ensued, but did not affect the whole area to the same extent. The portion between C and A went down faster than that between C and D, turning as it were round C as a hinge line, so that the newly formed strata came into some such position as is shown in Fig. 33. While the sinking went on deposition of sediment filled up the hollow between C and A, and then additional beds were laid down over the level surface so produced till the even flat E F was produced. Sediment would evidently accumulate in the greatest thickness when the sinking went on fastest, and the result of this was that the surface of the flat came to be 80 yards above the Park Gate between A and C, and only 40 between Cand D. Then the growth of the Flockton seam went on with great uniformity over E F. It is important to bear in mind in looking at the figures that it has been necessary to make the vertical much larger than the horizontal scale, or the changes in thickness would not have been perceptible to the eye. ‘The slopes are consequently enormously 301 eh [Sy “PHOS i : (MOM POC “TON 8,uOPE YL “pPweUs 0) suomuag fo uornusof ayy fo poyzau apqngosd a2 a700;8N]]2 OT, "ge pun oe ‘shut 302 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. exaggerated; had the figures been drawn to a true scale they would have been scarcely sensible. For instance a change in thickness of from 80 to 40 yards in a mile means a slope of 1 in 44 on the surface of the deposit, or a little over one degree, an inclination that could not be distinguished by the eye from perfect horizontality. Park Gate Rock, Cropper Gate or Birstal Rock.—Where the outcrop of the Park Gate Coal enters the county this is a conspicuous rock, and it increases in thickness and importance as we follow it towards Sheffield. In the Castle Pits it was found to be 80 feet thick, and in the Nunnery Sinking the whole thickness of the bed was about 90 feet, of which a large portion was sandstone, and the remainder alternations of sandstone and sandy shale. At the cld Pitsmoor Collieries nearly 170 feet of sandstone lies above the Park Gate, and this is not quite the full thickness of the rock here. The rock continues in great force northwards, and was found to be 30 yards thick in the old Garrow Tree Hill Colliery. It is largely quarried at the village of Bradgate, and hence William Smith gave to it the name of the Bradgate Rock. At Scholes Colliery there is more than 80 feet of sandstone above the Park Gate, but the bed thins away on the dip, for in the old Fenton’s Colliery near Greashorough, the section is— ft. in. Stone. Park Gate Rock - - - 21 Q Bind - - - - 15 0 Park Gate Coau. As we follow the outcrop of the coal to the north-west, there is still a good deal of sandstone above it, but the rock is evidently becoming gradually feebler, and at last it dies out insensibly at Hesley Park. Some time, however, before all traces of the sandstone vanish, it becomes too ill marked to be laid down on a map. When at its thickest this rock is thickly bedded, rather coarse, and open jointed. This last character makes it very unwelcome to the collier, when it forms, as it often does, the roof of the coal, for it yields an abundance of water, and entails heavy pumping. In fact the presence of the thick water-bearing stratum immediately above the coal detracts very much from the value of the Park Gate seam, wherever it comes down directly on to the top of the coal. There is now for some distance but little rock above the Park Gate Coal at the outcrop, and no very great amount was passed through in the sinkings at Thorncliffe and Wharncliffe Silkstone Collieries ; fortunately too what there is, is parted from the coal by some thickness of bind. Between Stainborough Fold and Hood’s Green the rock again puts in, and was seen in a quarry by Bagger Wood Road to form the roof of the coal; it again, however, dies out northwards before the outcrop of the coal crosses the upper part of Worsborough Dale. There is very little of this rock in the sinkings at the New Sovereign and Strafford Main Collieries. Again for some distance no sandstone shows above the outcrop of the Park Gate; but about Barmby Furnace and Barmby Hall sandstone puts in once more, but only to disappear again very shortly. The thickness of this zock too in the sinkings at Silkstone Fall, Church Lane, and Higham Collieries is insignificant, and in Falconer Colliery it is absent altogether. The borings too at Darton and Birthwaite show nothing but very thin bands of sandstone over the Park Gate Coal. The occasional appearances of sandstone above the Park Gate rock north of Hesley Park are perhaps just worth mentioning, but in none of these cases are the rocks in the least degree comparable with the thick mass that overlies this seam between Sheffield and Bradgate; in fact it is only as the degenerate representatives of this great rock that they attract attention. No sandstone of any note has been noticed above the Park Gate Coal between the point where we left off our account and the neighbourhood of Emley and Flockton ; but in that district we begin to find the first traces of the coming in of a bed which grows northwards into the important Birstal Rock. In the boring at Sir J. Kaye’s Victoria Colliery a large part of the interval BIRSTAL ROCK. 803 between the Old Hards and the Flockton Thin is occupied by alternations of sandstone and sandy shale. In the Prince of Wales Colliery in New Hall Wood on the other hand scarcely any sandstone was met with above the Old Hards. A little further to the west, however, a well-marked bed of rock sets in and remains persistent over a considerable area on the horizon. In the boring on Emley Moor this rock is described as— ft. in. Sandstone Measures } G . 5 . 61 0 Sandstone - fe - - 22 8 The sandstone appears at the surface in force at Flockton and sweeps round by Cropper Gate, Hunt Royd, and Grange Moor to Gozley Wood. Sections at Flockton describe it as— ft. in. Sandstone - - - 27 6 Measures - - 1 0 Sandstone - : - 27 6 But though it is so largely developed at the village of Flockton as to fill up nearly the whole space between the Old Hards and the Flockton Thin Coals, it thins away so rapidly to the south that there is scarcely a trace of it on the south side of the valley of Flockton Beck. The sandstone is opened out in Cardwell Delf and Cropper Gate Quarry. At Gozley Wood there are two beds of sandstone some 20 and 50 feet thick respectively, and about 16 feet of shale between them. At Hazel Grove and Emroyd the rock has been proved to occur under a similar form, viz. in two beds, whose thickness is variable, separated by a band of shale, but at Hostingley, though this threefold division can still be traced, the sandstone beds are, as the following section shows, much split up by shale. Sandstone Sandy shale >Upper band Sandstone - Shales - - Sandstone Birstal Rock. < Shales | - Sandstone | Sandy shale >Lower band - Sandstone | - - Sandy shale (Sandstone J -17 There is not much trace of this rock in the immediate neighbourhood of Thornhill, but it is probably represented by the beds of “Stone and stone- bind” that are found below the Flockton Thin Coal in the Ingham Pit, Thorn- hill Colliery. It, however, is again found near Ouzelwell Hall, and in the vicinity of Lower Whitley. The sandstone at Slaithwaite and the various different bands at and near Headfield are all portions of this rock; they become more fully developed to the north of Ravens Wharf and Daw Green, and the ridge on which this portion of Dewsbury is situated is made by this rock. It thence extends through Boothroyd to Anroyd Hill, in which locality it has been and is most extensively quarried for building purposes. It also caps the top of the high ground from Knowles Hill to Kilpin Hill. On both sides of the valley of the Batley Beck it forms good escarpments ; that on the east side runs from The Carrs through Common Side to Cracken Edge, and the rock is well exposed in the cuttings for the London and North- western Railway between Dewsbury and Batley; that on the west side ranges from Purlwell Hall through Batley Carr; finally both escarpments run down into the valley near Spink Well Mill. The borings at Dewsbury, which hardly show the full thickness of the sandstone, give as much as 46 ft. 6 in., and we calculate from the section seen on the east side of the valley that it is about 78 ft. thick. Along the Jine of the railway from Cracken Edge north- wards the quarries are numerous and extensive, and a quantity of excellent building stone is easily obtained from the rising ground on the east side of the railway. J, — ~ WH WNAK ADA WNTOAGHODNAB 304 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The Birstal Rock comes up again in the bottom of the valley near Carlinghow Old Hall, where it has recently been opened out at Carlinghow. It is there a massive, fine-grained, white sandstone of a very superior kind, and it has been proved at Cross Bank to be about 113 ft. in thickness, while at Howley Park, about a mile to the east, it is only 17 feet thick. The striking escarpment on which the main portion of the town of Birstal stands is formed by this rock, and here we estimate that it is not less than 100 ft. thick ; but on the south-west side of the valley at Muffatt Lane the following section represents all that exists of this sandstone, aud shows how very rapidly it thins out, as the distance from Birstal across the valley to Muffatt Lane is not much more than half a mile :— ft. in. ft. in. Birstal ; a oe - - - 1 4 : Rock. ae rs 7 : 2 - 3.0 Sandstone - - - 7 0 Owing to the fact that no account was kept of the measures passed through in sinking the Howden Clough and West Yorkshire Collieries, we have no accurate means of judging as to how far this rock may extend north-east from Birstal; but in the valley between Howden Clough and Gildersome Street there are only some thin beds of sandstones, and at Gildersome Street Pit it has almost completely died out, a band 4 ft. 7 in. thick being apparently all that exists of the thick and massive sandstone that forms such a prominent feature at Birstal. The quarries at Brown Hill, also those on the north side of the Leeds Road, on the north-east side of Birstal, show a great thickness of fine-grained, regular bedded, massive, white and brown sandstone of an excellent kind, an abundant quantity of the finer quality of stones required in building, and also blocks of large size for heavier kinds of works are obtained out of these quarries. A very good quality of flags is obtained when the solid blocks are sawn up, parallel to the planes of bedding, into layers from 2 to 4 inches thick. We can trace this rock northwards to Birkenshaw, and in the Britannia Pit, Drighlington, it was proved to be 28 ft. in thickness, but in the country eastwards from Morley we can only detect a thin bed of sandstone, which in no single instance becomes of any thickness or importance, until at Austhorpe the section of the Bye Pit, West Yorkshire Colliery, gives 53 ft. of sandstone on the same horizon as the Birstal Rock. This seems, however, to be only a local thickening, for no other sections in the neighbourhood show any such thickness of sandstone, nor do we find at the surface any trace of a rock so massive in character among the measures above the Firthfield Coal in this district. If we compare sect. 75 with sects. 31 and 32, Plate 13, it will be observed that in those instances where the sandstone reaches the great thickness just mentioned, it appears to replace the coals which elsewhere lie below it. Fenton’s Coals, and the Black Mine Irenstone.—The account of this very local group will not detain us long. We can say nothing for certain about the absence or presence of this bed to the south-east of Sheffield, because, with the exception of the Castle Pits, no account has been kept of the measures in any of the sinkings deep enough to have passed through it if it be present. No coal is noticed on its horizon in the accounts of the Castle Pit and of the Nunnery Colliery. At Pitsmoor Colliery the Park Gate Rock is so thick that it reaches far above the position which this coal occupies when it -is present, but in Mr. Chambers’ old collieries near The Helmes, where the rock is diminished in thickness, Fenton’s Coal makes its appearance on the top of the sandstone, It is possible, as we have already suggested, that the great sand bank, which now forms the thick Park Gate Rock at Pitsmoor, may have formed the southern boundary of the swamp in which Fenton’s Coal grew, and that the coal may never have existed south of Sheffield. From the point where they make their appearance these coals are now very regularly present for a considerable distance to the north. ‘The following sections show their changeable character :— FENTON’S COAL. 305 ft. in. Mr. Chambers’ ct 7 A ; F No ironstone Collieries. Coal : 7 0 8 mentioned. © ft. in. Coal - - - 23 Fenton’s Colliery, Greas- [ Spavin, with four beds of borough, south side of e _ Lady Rockingham Wood. pe onneme a “ ft. in. Coals - - ~ 2 8 Greasborough Colliery | Black mine measures - 3 0 Coal - - - 19 ‘Sandstone - -75 0 Scholes Colliery - { Gea - - - 2 6 Black mine measures - 5 6 The sandstone over the coal in the last section, though it reaches so great thickness, is a most local bed; it first appears at Greasborough Colliery, and thins away altogether between Scholes Colliery and Thorpe Hesley. ft. in, (Coal - : - - 09 Dirt - - - - 01 Coal - - - - 25 Dirt - - : - 010 Coal. - - - 0 5 Thorncliffe Collieries. < Black mine Ironstone measures 4 6 Black shale - - - 010 Cannel coal, not good - - 12 Spavin - - 19 Black shale’ - - - 0 5 Coal - - - - 1 8 The ironstone has been largely worked to the north-east of Chapeltown. It consists of beds and nodules of a dark colour and deep black outside; the look of the stone, from which the name is evidently derived, is very characte- ristic and easily recognised. The black shale in which the ironstone is em- bedded contains Anthracosia in countless numbers, Cypris, and plants. Anthracosia occurs also in the stone, but not so plentifully as in the shales. The following are three rough accounts of the ironstone measures given us by colliers :— Black Mine Ironstone in Hesley Park Wood. ft. in. Tronstone (white) in two beds - - - 0 4 Strong white bind - - - - - 6 0 Ironstone (white) bed - - - - 04 White earth - : - - . - 1 6 Black shale - - - - - - 1 6 Tronstone (black) bed - - - - 0 4 Black shale with large black balls of ironstone - 0 63 The black ironstone is said to be richer than the white, but does not smelt well alone, and 4 mixture of the two works best in the furnace. Black Mine Ironstone at the New Haggs Pit, half a mile north-east of Chapeltown Station. ft. in. Coal - - - - - - - 26 Black shale crowded with Anthracosia, containing large balls of ironstone = - : = - 40 Ironstone - - - - - - 0 38 Black shale crowded with Anthracosia - - 06 Tronstone - - - - - - 0 2 Spavin - - - - - - 1 Cannel Coal - - - . - - 2 0 Sandstone - : - - - - 42513. U 306 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Black Mine at the Thorneliffe Park Gate Colliery, Tankersley Park. ft. in. Coal - - . - - - - 40 Bind - - - - - - - 0 4 Bind with Ironstone balls - - - - 3 0 Black Ironstone - - - - - 0 2%00 4 Strong Bind - - - - - - 4 6 Ironstone - - - - - - Ol Wharncliffe Silkstone Coliiery. ft. in. Bind mixed with Coal - - - - 2 2 Soft Coal - : - - . - 38 7 Spavin - - - - - - 010 Brasses - ‘. - - - - 07 Black Ironstone Mine - - - - 4 0 - Black shale - - - - - - 0 9 Cannel Coal - - - - - - 12 Spavin - - - - - - 20 Coal - - - - - - - 24 Fenton’s Coal is present in the sinking of jthe Barrow Company near Wors- borough, and in the shaft of the Hoyland Silkstone Colliery, but there is no mention of the Black Mine Ironstone in either of the sections. ft. in. ( a = - - 80 ‘ pavin =~ - - 2 4} No mention Beenie? Main J Coal and “ brasses ” - 20 of any aoe Spavin- - - 0 6{ Ironstone. Coal “ , =f 8] ft. in ( Coal - - - 3 2 Spavin - - = Saf New Sovereign Colliery. Coal ~ . - 26 Spavin - . - 04 Coal . 2 - 16 It is hereabouts that the decrease in the distance between the Flockton and Park Gate Coals takes place, and with this change Fenton’s Coals seem to dig- appear. The seam is, however, present in one case where the Flockton and Park Gate are only 40 yards apart, viz., at Higham Colliery, where its sec- tion is— ft. in. Coal or drub - - - 17 Spavin - - - - 2 6 ‘Coal or drub . ° 2 28 North of the last point we have found no trace of this coal either in sinkings or at the surface. (5.) The Flockton Group of Coals. The leading member of this group is the seam which is known inthe southern part of the field as the Flockton or Flockton Thick Coal, in the northern part as the Adwalton Stone Coal, and which under some form or another can be traced through nearly the whole of the explored portion of the coalfield. This bed lies-on the south of Dodworth some 80 yards above the Park Gate, the distance between the two coals then decreases somewhat suddenly to 40 yards, and it varies from this value up to 60 yards over the rest of the coalfield. THE FLOOKTON THIN COAL. 307 A band of ironstone measures known as the Tankersley or “* Mussel bed” Stone is present over a large part of the field a little way above the Flockton Coal. The stone is one mass of Anthracosia shells, very largely mineralised by carbonate of lime. It is one of the most characteristic and easily recognised ironstoues of the coal measures. Sandstones of some importance occur not unfrequently above the Flockton; the two most notable are the Manor Rock to the south- east of Sheffield, and the rock of High Hoyland. In the neighbourhood of Flockton a seam makes its appearance some 20 yards below the Flockton Thick Coal, which is persistent from that district northwards over the remaining portion of the coalfield. It is known near Flockton as the Flockton Thin Coal, then as the Adwalton Black Bed, then as the Middleton 40-Yards, and lastly as the Middleton High Main. When the Flockton Thin Coal is present the Flockton bed is generally distinguished as the Flockton Thick. Between the Flockton Thick and the Flockton Thin Coals, or their equivalent, there is generally present a sandstone, to which the name of the Emley Rock is given. It is of very variable thickness, sometimes filling up the whole space between the two coals, and at others being only represented by a few feet of sandstone. About 20 yards above the Flockton Coal there is a thin seam, known as the Joan Coal, which runs with very great regularity through very nearly the whole of the coalfield. Plockton Thin, Dewsbury Bank, Yard, Adwalton, Black Bed, Dogey, Middleton Forty-yards, or Middleton High Main Coal.— This coal, which can be hardly said to exist over the great portion of the southern part of the coalfield, becomes first recog- nisable as a workable seam to the east of Flockton. It there seldom exceeds, and sometimes falls short of, a thickness of 17 inches ; but it is so highly esteemed on account of its great purity as a house coal, that it can be wrought to a profit, and is very extensively worked. Between Flockton and Thornhill the seam varies from 1 ft. 5 in. to 2 ft.2 in. in thickness ; it still maintains its high character and is one of the most extensively wrought seams of the district. At Dewsbury Bank and Chickenley Collieries it has a similar thickness and quality. North of Dewsbury a thin coal, called the Top Coal, comes in a little way above the main bed, and this band is very regularly resent over the whole district from Dewsbury by Adwalton io Rothwell Haigh. The seam now becomes known as the Adwalton Black Bed, and its section is— ft. in. ft. in. Top Coal - - (© 2 te 0 7 Parting - - 7 0 I4to 1 8 Low Coal - - - 2 0 to 2 9 Between Dewsbury and Adwalton this coal lies for the most part in detached portions at no great depth, and though its quality is not so good as at Thornhill, it has been very largely wrought, and it is now practically worked out in the country round Batley, Birstal, and Adwalton. U2 308 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. From Morley eastwards through Ardsley and Middleton the bed is almost exactly the same both in section and character as between Dewsbury and Adwalton, but it usually goes by the names of the * Dogey” or ‘‘ Middleton Forty Yards,” because in the Middleton district it lies about that distance above the Middleton Little Coal. At Rothwell Haigh the seam appears to assume a form closely corresponding to that of the Flockton Thin at Thornhill. It has here recently received the name of the Middleton High Main. At Rothwell Haigh it varies from 1 ft. 9 in. to 2 ft. in thickness. A thin coal band, which may possibly represent the Top Coal of the Adwalton Black Bed, lies here about 14 feet. above it, and a similar band is found 22 ft. 8 in. above it at Woodlesford. Little is known about this seam between Woodlesford and Garforth. In the boring at Swillington Bridge and the sinking at Fleakingley Bridge this coal] is said to lie in two bands separated by a shale parting, and the total thickness is given as 4 ft. 3 in. and 7 ft. 7 in. respectively, but its usual thickness in that neighbourhood is from 2 ft. to2 ft. 3 in. No mention is made of ihis bed in the Bye Pit of the West Yorkshire Colliery at Austhorpe ; but even if the bed he really absent here, this is only a local occurrence, and does not indicate the disappearance of the coal over the whole of the surrounding district. ‘ This seam is usually a soft coal, with bright black lustre, an burns to a reddish, dark, or brown ash. The Flockton Thin is singularly pure and makes an excellent house coal. The Adwalton Black Bed is duller, softer, and more earthy than the Flockton Thin, and contains a larger percentage of ash. The seam improves slightly at Ardsley, Middleton, and Rothwell Haigh, but never again attains to the high character of the Flockton Thin. In the southern part of the coalfield, though thin coal bands constantly occur in the measures below the Flockton Coal, there is no persistent bed which we can identify with the Flockton Thin Coal of the Flockton District. A seam, however, makes its appearance in the Thorncliffe sinkings, about 30 yards below the Flockton Coal, and appears in several neighbouring collieries, which may be a representative of the Flockton Thin. The following are sections of this bed :— ft. in. Coal - - - - - 0 4 Spavin - - : - - 110 Thornclife J eames > TD Colliery. Coal and shale - - - - 0 2 Measures - - - - -15 4 Coal - - - - - O11 {Bad Coal - - - - - 18 Wharn- Spavin : - - - 110 cliffe Silkst Coal - - - - - - 09 Stone | Measures - - - - -21 3 Colliery. | Goal - > 4 : - 09 Barrow Co.’s Colliery, Seco Hoyland Silkstone Colliery. . In. ft. in. Cannel Coal - - - 0 11} Coal - - ms - 0 10 Shale with ironstone - - 1 1 | Bastard cannel - - 119 Soft Coal - - - 1:0 FLOCKTON THIN COAL. 309 r ft. in. Cannel Coal - - - - - 17 Strafford | Spavin < 5 . Ae 8 Main Coal - - < s - 10 Colliery, ! Spavin - Z = - - 39 (Coal and spavin - - : - 12 New Coal - - i - ° - 111i Sovereign | Measure - - - - - 8 8 Colliery. {Coal - - - - - - 010 Church Lane Colliery - - - Coal - O 8 Falconer Colliery - - - Coal - 010 ne coal is mentioned on the corresponding horizon in the section of Higham lery. A seam which corresponds very closely in position with the Flockton Thin Coal is mentioned in the three following boreholes :— ft. in, Boring at Darton - - - Coal - 0 9 Boring at Birthwaite Lower Haggs Coal - 1 3 Boring in High Wood, Snapethorpe Coal - 1 0 The following are sections of this seam in the district when. it first becomes workable :— ft. in. ft. in, Borehole on Emley Moor - - 13 Sir John Kaye’s Victoria Colliery - 1 5 tol 6 Prince of Wales Colliery - - 15 Hartley Bank Colliery - - 1 8 Overton Colliery (Old)* = - - 1 5 tol 6 At the Victoria Colliery the bed was followed along the south levels till it came down to a thickness of only 11 inches. A section which we measured in How Royd Beck near Mug Mill gave this coal as follows :— ft. in. ft. in, Dirt and Coal - - - - 0 33 FiocxTon J Coal - - - - 14 Tun Coax. } Clay - - = = - O12 L Coal - - = - 038 Underclay - - - 7 0 4 Dirt - - - - - O 03 Undercla: - - = é 0 3 Coal 7 - < - 01 Dirt - - - - . 01 % Coal - - = - 01 Clay - - - S - OL Coal - = - - 0 38 The following sections, arranged as near as may be in geographical order, show the gradual increase in the thickness of the seam between Flockton and Dewsbury. ft. in. Emroyd Colliery+ - - - Coal - 1 8 Hostingley Collieryt - - Coal - 1 6 - Thornhill Colliery§ - - Coal - 1 8 ft. in. ft. in, Bunker’s Hill Colliery,j| Lower Whitley Coal - 2 2 Dewsbury Bank Colliery - - Coal - 2 2 to2 3 * Mr. M. Sykes. ft From Mr. J. Wood. t Tal the late Mr. H. Holt. § From the late Mr. W. P. Maddison. || From Mr. L. Kitson. ¥ From Mr. C. B. Cawthorne. 310 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. We measured the outcrop of the coal in the clay pit between Flats and Garden Cottage, Dewsbury (a), and also at another exposure in the same strip of coal near Upper Boothroyd (8). t. in. = ft. in. { Coal - - - - 0 2 Underclay: - - - - 0 103 Dirt - - - - 3 01 Fiocxton J) Dirty Coal - - - 0 2 Tun Coat) Dirt - - - - - 01 (a). Coal - - - 22 Clay - - - - - 0 03 Coal and dirt - - 0 2 2 8 11 Coal - - - 0 2 p FLocxTon Ga Shale g 7 i . : a Tan ae Black parting = - - - - 0 0% Shale - - - - - 0 34 Coal - - - - 26 28 0 8 In these two sections the thin band known as the “ Tops,” which forms so constant a feature in the Adwalton Black Bed, makes its first appearance. A few additional accounts will now be added, following the same order as the preceding, and it will be seen that the thickness of the seam now remains very regular and constant over a considerable area. ft. in. ft. in, ft. in. ft. in, Clark Green ¢ Fuocxron THIN or} Top Coal 0 2 Colliery,* { ADWALTON Brace | White earth - 0 38 to0 8 Batley. BEp.. Bottom Coal- 2 3to02 6 Batle FLrocxton THIN or (Coal- 0 2 t00 3 C aiey | Abwauon Brack { Din - - - 0 8 to0 10 sae Bep. Coal- 2 2 Coal- 0 4 Howden Firocxtron THIN or {| Dirt - - - 0 2 t00 3 Ging h +3 ADWALTON Bracks Coal 2 4 to2 5 PSE Brp. | Dirt - - 0 0 to0 0% LCoal- 0 1 toO 2 The following section is from an exposure of this coal in the Batley branch of the Great Northern Railway east.of Fox Hall. ft. in ft. in, ADWALTON Coal = : > we Buack Brp. } ly e Fi “ - 0 7 a * L Coal : 3 - 28 211 0 7 We give next another section, measured at the old adit on the south side of the Howden Clough Beck; it differs slightly from the above. ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - 04 Clay . - - - 0 2 ADWALTON Clr : = - 7 ti Buiack Bep. Goal : S 0 0} Dirt - - 7 is 0 2 Coal - o 29 3 2 7% O 6 * From Mr. J, Lockwood and Mr, R. Hemingway. } From Mr, J. Critchley. { From Messrs. Asquith & Co. THE ADWALTON BLACK BED. 311 ft. in. ft, in Green- | hough’sAd- Top Coal - O 6 walton ADWALTON Buacx | Chay - - - OW Moor Col- Bep. Bottom Coal- 2 9 liery.* canoe a 33 O 1g Newmarket Coaltops - 0 4 Collings | Anwaugon PHO Gi i Pp’ " Se oe Adwalton. ‘ Coal bottoms 2 0 24 O 8 : (Coal - - 0 4 Adit, | Dirt - - - O11 Drghting- | Anwautos Buacké Clay - - - O 2% ton. Bep, Dirt - - - 01 Coal - - 2 38 27% 0 4 Britannia Collery.t | ADwauzon Buack ae eal a 0 7 03 Page sail Bottom Coal- 2 2 29 0 3 Adit, west Coal - - 06 of Street LApwatron Brack } Clay - - - 1 3 Lane, Gil- Bep. Coal - - 2 33 dersome. Dirt - - - O 4 29 1 7% The last account was from actual measurement at the entrance to the mine; when compared with the section given at Morley Main it will be seen that they are almost exactly alike. ft. in. ft. in. (‘Coal aa - - 4 Morle: Dirt and Coa - 2 Mae ADWADEON Light underclay = - - 1 3 Colliery.§ Brack Brp. ) Coa] - - 2 38 Soft dark underclay - - O 2 “ 29 1 5% The following are sections of the seam on the east of Morley, where it becomes known under the name “Middleton Forty-Yards Coal,” but they show that there‘is no change in the character of the seam. . ft. in. ft. in. West Apwa.tton Buacx ( Coal - 0 8 Ardsley $Bxp, or MippLETon< Dirt = 1 06 Colliery. || Forty-YARDS. Coal - 2 2 25 O06 * From Mr. J. Greenough. ¢ From Mr. J. Parker. { From Mr. T. Willis. § From Mr. H. Wormald. || From Mr, Eagland, 312 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. East Coal - - 04 Ardsley } Racca Underclay - - 010 Colliery.* * (Coal - - 29 301 0 10 Middleton MIDDLETON er : o 4 0 4t.0 9 Colliery. J Forty-Yarps. | qo) - = ae 2 29 At the Adit, Hole End, Middleton, the “Top Coal” is apparently repre- sented by the band of dark shale in the section which is given below. ft. in. ft._in. ( Dark shale - - 0 3 Adit, Hole MIDDLETON pon ebale : 1 9 0 6 End. Forty-YARDs. Clay a = a 01 Coal - - O 43 2 1h Newhall Coal - - O04 4 MIDDLETON Colliery,t Clay - - - 11 scale} Forty-Yarps. { Ge “ 24 In some of the more recent sinkings to this Coal at Rothwell Haigh it has been designated the “‘ Middleton High Main.” With the change of name a considerable change in character comes over the seam; the “Top Coal” is either entirely absent or is represented by a thin band separated from the «Bottom Coal’? by more than 14 feet of intermediate measures. We shall also see that there is here a considerable increase in the distance between the Middleton Main and the Middleton 40-Yards (p. 374). ft. in. ft. in. Cousins’ ( Coal = = ts - 0 68 Pit, Roth- } Underclay - - - 2 5 well Haigh Blue Shale - - - - ll 8 Colliery.§ Coal, “ HicH Main” - - 2 08 14 #13 , [Coal 5 2 ; 0 4 Haich 2 Blue shale and Ironstone nodules - - 2 0% CG lig Grey shale - - - - lio olliery.§ Coal, “High Main” - - 19 147% In the new winning to the Beeston Bed at Woodlesford the section of this seam is—-|] ft, in. Coal - - - = 2 - 16 Band - - ~ - 7 - 02 Coal - - - 2 S - 010 A 2-inch coal occurs here, 22 ft. 8 in. above this. The bed is here about the same distance from the Middleton Main as in the country to the west of Rothwell Haigh. * From Messrs. R. Holliday & Sons. + From Mr. M. Nicholson. { From Mr. B. Keighley. § From the late Mr. J. Hargreaves. || From Mr. M. §, Hall. THE FLOCKTON COAL. 313 Yn the boring near Swillington Bridge and the section at Fleakingley Bridge this coal is stated to reach a greater thickness than we know it to possess anywhere else in the neighbourhood, but these accounts must be accepted for the present with a certain amount of reserve. : At Dam Pit, Waterloo Main Colliery, the seam is given as 2 feet thick, and although we know that it exists in the country between Temple Newsam and Austhorpe, there is no mention made of any coal that would represent it in the section of the Bye Pit, West Yorkshire Colliery, Austhorpe. e again meet with it at Garforth, where the thickness is 2 ft. 3in., and in the boring at Peckfield Farm, the coal that seems to agree most closely with this seam has the following section :— ft. in. ft. in. Coal, inferior - 16 MIppLeTON Forty-Yarnps< Grey shale - - - 17 Coal - - 010 The foregoing is, however, the most that we know of this coal to the east of Leeds, as it has not been worked, and we therefore depend mainly for our information on the records of borings and sinkings that have been placed at our disposal. The Emley Rock.—The only place in the part of the coalfield south of Emley where sandstone of any note occurs below the Flockton Coal is to the north-east of Chapeltown, (see p. 316). The rock there is of very limited extent, and was recognisable only between West Field on the south-east and New Biggin Plantation on the north-west. To the south-west of Emley, however, a sandstone which makes a broad spread between that village, Thorncliff, Brooni Hall,-and Warburton, puts in immediately above the outcrop of the Flockton Thin Coal. This is the first appearance of the rock which we call the Emley Rock, and which from this point northwards is very generally present in greater or less thickness over the remainder of the coalfield. There is not much trace of sandstone seen between the outcrops of the Flockton Thick and Flockton Thin Coals on the northern side of Flockton Moor, and in the boring on Emley Moor the rock is represented by three thin bands of sandstone parted by shale. The rock is well represented in the Adwalton district, and at its outcrop forms a little feature that is a very useful guide in laying dewn the outcrop of the Adwalton Black Bed on both sides of the watershed in that neighbourhood. Pit sections in the country around Morley, Middleton, and Rothwell Haigh furnish proof of the existence of this sandstone in a district where it does not come tv the surface ; and by similar aid we are able to follow it for some con- siderable distance to the east of Leeds. The Emley rock is a finely-grained, thin, and regular bedded sandstone, and usually contains bands or partings of shale. The quality of the stone is not very good, and it is principally used for wall stones in the districts where it comes to the surface. Heward, Flockton Thick, Briestfield Stone, or Adwalton Stone Coal, —But little is known of this coal to the south-east and for some little distance to the north-west of Sheffield. It seems to be repre- sented in that neighbourhood by a single bed of coal about a foot thick, and we know of no mention of the Tankersley [ronstone. In the old sinking in the neighbourhood of The Holmes the seam becomes distinctly recognisable under the form which it maintains as far north as Flockton, viz, in two seams of coal parted by a variable thickness of spavin and shale. The coals do not appear to have been much esteemed on the south, but at some spot not definitely determinable they begin to improve both in character and thickness. The top bed is usually as much as 2 ft. and frequently runs up to 2 ft. 6 in. in thickness, and yields a good house coal ; the low bed does not seem to have been much worked, 314 GEOLOGY. OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD, The Tankersley Ironstone has been also very largely wrought in this district. Around Flockton the seam maintains the same form, but the coal is on the whole somewhat thinner than to the south of that village. Here too we find patches of Cannel Coal coming in here, and again on the top of the upper coal. These fitful appearances of Cannel are the harbingers of a very important change that comes over the bed to the north of Flock- ton. At Briestfield a portion of the upper seam is replaced by Cannel Coal, and from this point northwards the Cannel is. con- tinuous throughout the whole area over which the coal has been proved, and only disappears in the extreme north-eastern corner of the coalfield, where indeed the entire seam thins away shortly afterwards. Between Briestfield and Thornhill the Cannel forms the upper half of the thickness of the “Top Coal,” and is from 10 in. to 1 ft. thick, the lower half being coal of the ordinary bituminous class. At Thornhill and Dewsbury Bank this lower half seems to be absent altogether; the Stone Coal has the same thickness as between Briestfield and Thornhill ; and the thickness of the shale between the top and bottom layers of the coal has increased very considerably, being at Thornhill as much as 6 feet, and at Dewsbury Bank from 2 feet to 3 feet, The “Bottom Coal” hardly alters anywhere in the district, unless it be at Gildersome Street where it is a little thicker than usual, being 1 ft. 6 in., whereas the general thickness is from 10 inches to 1 ft. 4 in. The increased thickness of shale between the “Top” and “Bottom” Coals.at Thornhill and Dewsbury Bank renders the working of the seam at these places unprofitable, but this does not continue over a very large area, for at Batley and Howley Park there is only a parting of from 6 inches to 1 foot, separating the upper and lower portions of the coal from each other, and here again the lower portion of the “Top Coal,” known as the “Middle Bed Coal,” which had apparently disappeared at Thornhill, is once more seen to exist. The seam goes by the name of “Adwalton Stone Coal” and ts well known in the surrounding locality. The “Stone Coal” is from 6 inches to 11 inches, the ‘Middle Bed Coal” or * Blendings” from 5 inches to 1 ft. 2in., and the “ Low Bed Coal” from 10 inches to 1 ft. 6 in. in thickness. From Morley eastwards the thickness of the Stone Coal is only from 6 inches to 3 inches, and in some cases, as at Morley Main and West Ardsley Collieries, there is a similar diminution in each of the three beds, and at both places the “ Bottom Coal” is converted into a thin band of Cannel Coal, the total thickness ranging only from 11 inches to 1 ft. 6 in.; at East Ardsley, although the Cannel Coal is only 3 inches thick, there is a considerable increase in the thickness of the lower portion of the seam, so that altogether we now have 2 ft. 3 in. of coal. Somewhere in the neighbourhood of Middleton the Cannel Coal dies out, nor do we find that it ever puts in again on the east; at least none of the sections, many of which were taken with great care, record the existence of any cannel coal in connexion with this seam in the district between Middleton and Woodlesford. This coal over the Rothwell Haigh district consists of a “Top Coal,” from 4 in. to 1 ft. 6 in, a parting from 5 in. tol ft. 5 in.; and a THE FLOCKTON COAL. 315 “Bottom Coal” from 4 inches to 8 inches thick ; at Woodlesford the parting and the lower bed of coal seems to be somewhat thicker than in the preceding case, but this may possibly be due to the soft and faulted character of the ground through which the upper part of the shaft was sunk. We know exceedingly little about this coal farther to the north-east ; in the sections between Woodlesford and Garforth it seems to-be either represented by a black shale or to be absent altogether on the horizon where it would naturally have been expected to be present, nor have we had any opportunity of seeing it in situ, unless the coal band that occurs on the top of the ridge at Mount Pleasant, Swillington, is equivalent to this seam. Over the country north of Flockton the following is the general character of this seam. The cannel that lies at the top though only a thin band is very pure, unlaminated and has a sharp clean conchvidal fracture ; it is generally of a very good quality, and in some instances, as at Batley and Howley Park, it is especially good, yielding a supply of excellent gas coal, for which purpose it has been very largely worked. It has also been used together with a band of black shale which overlies it as an oil-producing shale, but it only yields from 20 to 24 gallons to the ton, and although the oil is a light one the success of the experiment has not been great. The bituminous coal obtained from the “ Middle Bed” and “Low Bed” is of a very ordinary kind and has only a local demand, it being used both as a house and engine coal in the dis- trict where it has been, and is now being, worked ; it is, however, a second-rate coal for both purposes, and in burning leaves a con- siderable residue of white ash. . We have scarcely any information to offer about the Flockton Coal over the country to the south-east of Sheffield. None of the sinkings pass through it, and there is not a single section to show whether it is present or not till we come to The Manor Collieries. In the tramway leading northwards from Manor Wood Pit the outcrop of a coal lying some 80 yards above the Park Gate, and therefore'in the exact position of the Flockton Coal, was seen. The coal was 1 foot thick. This coal has above it a well-marked sandstone, which we have distinguished as the Manor Rock. This sandstone dies away shortly towards the north-west, but it runs on continuously to the south-east as far as the county boundary. The Flockton Coal, if present, will be found somewhere near its base, but if the seam be not better to the south-east than it seems to be in the neighbourhood of Sheffield, there will be but little inducement to seek for it. The first section that passes through this coal is the Nunnery Colliery, which gives the following section :— ft. in. White post - - -) - -15 5 Do. with threads of Coal ‘Mone 2 0 Grey metal . - - P Rock 1 7 White post, with threads of Coal 35 Grey post - - - 7 - 60 Grey metal - - - - - 68 Cosy. Fiockton on HEWARD-~ - - Oll The coal lies perhaps a little nearer the Park Gate than is usually the case with the Flockton seam, but it is the only coal in the sinking that can represent that bed. ; On the north side of Sheffield the following section was seen 15 chains south of Pitsmoor Colliery, east of the Gardeners’ Arms. 316 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. ft. in. Thick mass of sandstone and sandy shale very irregularly mixed together. Sandstone. Coal - - - - - - 0 Of Sandstone = - - - - - 10 Coal - 7 - = = - 0 0+ Dark shale - - - - - 0 7 Coal - - - - - 0 6 Underclay = - - - - - 0 6 Grey shale - - - - - 10 Black shale with a little ironstone = - -12 0 Grey shale - - - - - 10 Tronstone - - - - - 01 Sandy shaleand sandstone - - - 8 8 Coal - - - - - - 10 The coal is about the right distance from the Park Gate for the Flockton, and may very possibly represent that seam. The coal which corresponds in position with the Flockton in the cutting of the Midland Railway, west of the Holmes Station, is 1 ft. 2 in. thick. So far we have found no traces of any ironstone above the seam, but in the sections of Mr. Chambers old Collieries near the Holmes, the overlying iron- stone is for the first time mentioned :— ft. in. IrRonsTONE. TANKERSLEY MINE - - 20 Spavin - - - - - 20 rene - - - - - - 13 0 oal - - - 14 i Hewarp or Spavin - - 5 - 22 Shale and sandstone F cae - 31 6 Coal - - ‘ - 18 Both the ironstone and the coal have been largely worked to the south and south-west of Greasborough; the pits have been long abandoned, but the marked character of the fragments of ironstone lying on the old spoil banks makes it an easy matter to decide what seam it was they wrought. The following section of the coal was seen in a brook 13 chains east of White Hall :— ft. in. Coal, thickness not seen. 2 Clay - - - - - - 0 9 Coal - - - - “ - 16 In Fenton’s Old Colliery, near Greasborough, this seam was found to be— ft. in. Coal - - - - - - 0 6 Spavin - - - 7 - 06 Coal - - - - - - 18 About the village of Thorpe Hesley there is a sandstone of some note which lies just above the position where the Flockton Coal would be expected, but there are no sections to give any information about the coal itself. This overlying sandstone soon becomes very feeble to the north-west; there is probably some hard rock above the outcrop of the coal to the north-east of Thorneliffe Collieries, but it is too ill defined to be laid down onthemap. But with the disappearance of this overlying sandstone we find a sandstone which for a short distance makes a considerable figure coming in below the coal. This bed runs from West Field, through White Lane, to New Biggin Planta- tion, in which it dies out. While it lasts it is a thickly bedded rock, making a sharp and bold little escarpment. The crop of the coal was seen above the Tankersley Pit of the Thorncliffe Collieries ; there is here again a sandstone a little way above the coal, which every now and then comes out with a well-marked escarpment, but whichcould not be traced continuously. THE TANKERSLEY IRONSTONE. 317 The ironstone has been largely gotten in Tankersley Park, and is now being wrought by Lord Fitzwilliam to the east of the park, where the following section of the measure was given us by Mr. Jobn Fisher :— ft. in. ft. in. Tronstone - - - - 0 8to0 5 Bind with a few balls of ironstone - 3 0 Ironstone - - - - 0 2to0 3 At Hoyland Silkstone Colliery the probable equivalent of the Flockton Coal has the following section :— i ft. in. Cannel Coal - - - - - 010 Bind - - - - - -14 0 Coal - - my Fe - - 1 7 No Tankersley mine is mentioned. ue the Barrow Company’s pit near Worsborough the Flockton Coal runs thus :— ft. in. TAaNKERSLEY IRONSTONE MINE 13 Bind and Ironstone - - Black shale - Cannel Coal Coal - Dirt - Coal - Spavin Coal - The ironstone has been largely wrought at Pilley and thence along the outcrop into Stainborough Park. The following account of the Ironstone and Coal at Rockley is from the sections in Lord Fitzwilliam’s office:— ~ wosSanwnuaw Hweooonmn ft. in, White bind - - - Tronstone - - - Black bind with Ironstone balls Ironstone - - - Holing clod Bind - - Black shale - Coal eae : — ee ° Se Spavin Coal Coat. The coal has here put on the form of a double seam, which it keeps for aconsiderable distance to the north. ‘The Ironstone has been recently gotten by Messrs. Cooper & Co., of Wors- borough Dale, not far from Rockley, but they refused to give any information to the officers of the Survey. : The Coal has been gotten froma day hole in Lowe Wood, on the west of Stainborough Park, for the supply of Wentworth Castle, and the following section of it here was given by the workmen :— er ee ee ee _ KHwnMoooowne AACOAAWOHNW . ft. in. Coal - - - - - ~ 28 Dirt - - - - - - 20 Coal - - - - - 12 Strafford Main Colliery gives the following section :— ft. in. TANKERSLEY IRONSTONE MINE - - 40 Bind with Ironstone - - - a ! Spavin| FLockTon z : P 2 8 Coal Coat. . < a e 318 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The top bed has been worked here and furnished a good house coal. About Rockley Abbey a sandstone bed puts in some little way above the coal, and increases in importance to the north-west; it is a very massive rock under Stainborough Castle, and forms an unusually bold escarpment through Lowe Wood. On the north side of Worsborough Dale, however, it rapidly changes into an insignificant mass of sandy shale and sandstone. The Flockton Coal has been worked beside the railway about half ajmile north-east of Silkstone Station, by Messrs. Haynes and Lawton, who gave us the following section of it :— ft. in. Coal - - : é é - 2 6 Dirt - = = = = - 16 Coal - - - a - - 12 The following section was seen in Dodworth Bottom :— ft. in. Coal - z - 20 Clay - - - 210 Coal - < - 10 In a pit 11 chains east of the Pheasant Inn, Dodworth, the section was stated to be— ft. in. Coal - - ~ 24 Dirt - -. - 3 6 Coal - - - 14 The ironstone has been worked hereabouts. The two following sections come next in order :— Church Lane Colliery. ft. in. White bind - - - - 4 6 TAaNKERSLEY IRONSTONE MINE - - 4 0 Strong bind - - - - 16 0 Coal - - - 2 0 Spavin - | Proonrox CoaL - - 310 Coal = - - 1 8 Higham Colliery. ft. in. Stone bind with layers of Ironstone - 7 oF) Ironstone - - - - - Blue bind - . : : = Ap 9. EAN Renny Tronstone -. - - - - 0 33 INES Blue bind - - - - - 2 5 Bind with Teonsine: balls - - -13 9 Tronstone - - - - 0 3 Dark bind - - - - - 24 Ironstone - - - - 0 8 Strong bind - - - - 16 Black shale - - - - - 0 5 Coal - - - 2] Spavin -} FiocxTon Coa. - 29 - 14 Coal - - Day Hole near Stanhope Silkstone Colliery. ft. in. Coal - - - 110 Dirt - - - - 1 6 Coal - - - - 12 The Ironstone has been worked in Hugset Wood, and from a"day hole near the house called Tunnel on the north side of Cawthorne Dike. THE TANKERSLEY IRONSTONE. 319 The section at Falconer Colliery is— ft. in. TANKERSLEY [RONSTONE MINE - - 39 Shale and Ironstone - - 20 9 Coal - = - 20 Spavin and bind | Hxocxros Coan - 10 6 Coal - - - 14 A bore hole near the south edge of Cawthorne Park, furnished from Bretton Park Office, shows— ft. in. Ironstone MINE . 2 - 8 0 Bind, with Ironstone - - -19 0 Bind - - - - - 710 Tronstone - - - 0 5 Black shale - - - - - O11 Coal 7 = - 229 Spavin - - } FLocxton Coan - 13 Coal - - - 12 The Ironstone has been most extensively wrought in Cawthorne Park, over the ground between Cawthorne Park and Deep Haigh Wood and Crowcroft ‘Wood, and in these woods. A collier gave us the following account of the measures in one of the pits in Deep Haigh Wood :— ft. in. ft. in Blue Ironstone full of Anthracosia - - 0 7 Ironstone ~- - - ~ - 0 6 Black shale - - - - - 010tol 0 Coal - - - - 2 0to2 4 Muck - - -|Fuocxron - 0 9 Muck, full of Ironstone balls Coan. - 2 3 Coal - - - - 1 4tol 6 The two next sections are from Bretton Park Office. Messrs. Fountain’s Pit, High Hoyland, ft. in. Coal - - 2 3. Muck - - - 26 Coal - - - 1 8 Bore Hole in High Wood, Snapethorpe. ts 5B Ironstone - Black bind a L TANKERSLEY Ironstone IRONSTONE. Black bind Jronstone Bind and Stone - - Coal - - Muck -— - } Fiocxton Coan Coal - - These measures have been worked in Dean Hall Spring, half a mile north of Cannon Hall. George Dawson who managed the pits gave the following account :— _ CSCOOCOAMWwWOw _ ~ ft. in. ft. in. TANKERSLEY IRONSTONE. Measures - - 2 a oo ee = Coal - - 2 O0to2 4 Muck - | Frocks Coa - 1 6to2 3 Coal - - 1 6 320 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The following accounts of the seam are from Bretton Park Office :— Aé High Hoyland. ft. in. Black shale - - - - Coal - - - - - 110 Muck - - - - 2 0 Coal - - - - -1t1 In Hoyland Bank Wood on Litherop Lane. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 25 Spavin, blue bind, and black shale - 15 10 coal = - : - 1 3 The coal was here overlaid by a black shale full of Anthracosia and Cypris. Day Hole at Tom Field. ft. in. Clod - - - - 10 Parting - - - 01 Coal - - - - 2 Of Probably the Flockton seam. In Thorn’s Close, Bentley Grange Farm. ft. in Coal - - - 2 6 Shaly muck - - 6 6 Coal - - - 11 Emley Woodhouse Colliery. ft. in. Coal - - = 2 2 Muck - - « $& 2 Coal - - - 1 4 Boring opposite south corner of Bentley Wood. ft. in. Coal - - - - 24 Muck - - - -50 Coal - - - 16 We must now notice that in this neighbourhood the Flockton Coal is again overlaid by a thick mass of sandstone. The rock appears first in Margery Wood, forms the fine escarpment of Hoyland Bank, and then dies away sud- denly on the west side of Bretton Park. ‘ At High Trees Colliery, north of Emley Woodhouse, Mr. Stringer found the coal as under :— ft. in. ft. in. 20 Coal - ait - 2 Dirt - - - - 1 6to2 0 Coal - - - - 1 4 To the east and north-east of Flockton the following collieries give us sections of the Flockton seam. In the neighbourhood of Flockton this coal has become a workable bed, and the seam, which has so far gone by the name of the Flock- ton Coal, is now distinguished as the Flockton Thick. THE BRIESTFIELD STONE COAL. 321 Hartley Bank Colliery. ft. in. Stone Coal - - - 04 Coal - - - - 110 No bottom bed is mentioned. Top Coal. Dirt. Low Coal. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. . 1 3 2 6 10 Sir John Kaye’s Victoria Colliery - - to to 1 5 6 2 13 Prince of Wales Colliery - - - 13 2 2 12 Boring in Perkin Wood - {Stone Coal0 10 me ag 011 1 10 0114 Borings on Sir J. Kaye’s estate, Flockton - to to to 1 2 7 1 0 2 The coal has been worked north of Kirkby, and Mr. J. Wood gave us the following account of it there :~ ft. in. ft. in “Stone” or Cannel Coal - - 0 4 to 0 5 Coal - . - - 1 3 - to 1 4 Parting - - - - 13 Coal - - - 14 to 1 6 The “Stone” Coal thins away to the north. The coal is here again overlaid by sandstone of considerable thickness, which forms a broad spread over the eastern part of Emley Moor. The following section was measured in Lockwood Lane on the northern side of the Moor :— Sandstone. Measures. Black shale crowded with Anthracosia. i Grey shale with Ironstone nodules containing Anthracosia - - About 8 feet. Measures - - - - Coal in two beds. We give this section because we have had for some time now no mention of the Tankersley Ironstone in any of thesinkings. But here, whether the Iron- stone be workable or not, we have certainly its representative. On the north of Flockton the seam runs thus :— Top Coal. Dit. Bottom Coal. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft, in. Grange Moor* - - 18 1 0 to 1 8 10 Overton (Old)t - 18 to 110 00t 30 #160 We have already noticed the occurrence of Stone or Cannel Coal to a small extent in the upper part of the Top bed of the Flockton Thick Coal. From Briestfield northwards we find this Cannel portion persistent for nearly the whole distance over which we have been able to trace the seam ; it is sometimes separated from the “Black”? Coal underneath it by a dirt parting, so that the seam consists of three beds. In other sections the whole of the upper bed is Cannel. ; : . The following sections illustrate the way in which the Cannel comes in and finally takes the place of the “Top Coal” altogether. ft. in. = ff. in. ft. im, { Stone Coal 0 11 Adit near BriestTFIE.LD } Middle Coal 0 11 iestfield.t fSronz Coa.) Clay - - 5 - 18 seat [Bottom Coal 1 0 to 1 2 210 * From Mr. W. Metcalfe. J From Mr, M. Sykes. { From Mr. J. Ashton. 42513. x 322 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. ft, in. ft. in. = ft. in, (Stone Coal 0 10 Bunker’s 5 Brown Stone - - 0 2 Hill cat | BRIESTFIELD Goal 0 10 : Soft liery, Lower { Stonr Coat. : Whitley.* J eo ara. oe 2 8 20 Stone Coal 1 0 Lower BRIESTFIELD } Middle Coal 1 0 Whitley.t J Stonz Coat.') Clay - - - 04%to 1 0 Bottom Coa ll 0 3 0 « . (Stone Coal 1 0 Eaealall Stone CoaL < Measures - - 6 0 ollier y.t Coal - 10 2 0 Dewsbury Stone Coal 010 to 0 11 Bank Col- > Stone Coa {shal - - 2 0to,3 0 liery.§ Black Coal 1 0 110 In the last two sections we have to noti¢e the entire absence of the “ Middle - Coal,” and the increased thickness of the parting between the “ Stone Coal” and the “ Bottom Coal.” This change, however, is only of very short duration, for our next information shows a similar section to that which we had south of Thornhill. fi. in. ft in. ft in. ft. in, Staincliffe Stone Coal 1 3 to 1 5 and Clark sgn | Batng é 2 - 10 t0 1.8 Green || OAL: | Black Coal 1 2 to 1 4 ‘ 2 5 29 Stone Coal 0 11 Batley, ADWALTON ee ped 0 5 Colliery. f Sronz Coat. Dirt : : 5 - 06 LowBedCoal 011 to 1 2 2 38 Stone Coal O 8 to 010 "9 Bottom Coal 0 2 re. ApwaLton j Middle Bed ii Se {STONE Coat.) Coal (Hubbs) - - 0 6 lery. Parting - - - 10 (Low Bed Coal 0 10 1 8 * From Mr. L. Kitson. ¢ From Mr. Wm. Taylor. { From the late Mr. W. P. Maddison. § From Mr, C. B. Cawthorne. || From Mr. E, Lockwood and Mr. R. Hemingway. q From Mr. J. Critchley. , ** From Mr. J. Fearnside. THE ADWALTON STONE COAL 323 , From the outcrop in the cutting for the Great Northern Railway, near the junction of the Batley and Gildersome branches at Moor Fields, we have the following :— ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Batley Stone Coal 0 10% Branch, G. | Apwatton } Coal - 12 N. Ry. near (Sronz Coau.} Clay - - OR Adwalton. Coal oo ee: 3 43 Sh Coal O 6 to 0 6 gor iddle Bed Adwalton.* lp es orBlendings 0 9 ,, 0 11 | Parting - - - - 0 4 LLowBedCoal 0 10 ,, 1 3 2 2 4 8 The Clay Pit, Albion Brick Works, near the old Newton Colliery, supplies us with another section of this coal. ft. in. ft. in. Stone Coal 0 9% Coal - - Ol1 Clay Pit, Albion | Apwauton ) Dirt - - - 0 8 Brick Works. Srone Coat. } Coal - - 0 2 Underclay - - O38 Coal - - 16 3 4, O 6 ( Stone Coal 0 8 Bruntcliffe | ApwaLTon Phones Co A 06. ot Colliery.t J Stone Coan. Grey shale - - 09 Low Bed Coal 1 4 26 010 {Cannel Coal 0 5 ‘ , Parting Morley et Apwa.ton j Middle Bed Colliery.t f Stonz Coat. Coal - 09 : : | Parting {Cannel Coal 0 4 1 6 North of Morley on the upcast side of the Bruntcliffe fault the Adwalton Stone Coal lies near the surface and has been worked; the annexed section was supplied to us by Mr. B. Thornton, ft. in. ft. in. { Be Coal 1 2 ADWALTON StronE Coat. Parting - Las Black Coal 1 6 0 7 Pe * From Mr. J. Greenhough and Mr. E. Halliday. { From Mr. H. Wormald. x 2 324 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. At West Ardsley the coal was as follows :— fi. in. ft. in. ft. in, ft. in. ( Black shale - - - 0 8 to 0 4 West Cannel Coal 0 5 to 0 6 Ardsley | deena Oat Black Coal 0 3 ,, 0 4 Colliery.* J °* *| Cannel Coal 0 3 ,, 0 4 (Black shale - - - 02, 0 8 oll, 1 2 This agrees very nearly with the account of this coal at Morley Main Colliery. At West Ardsley the coal is worked along with the overlying ironstone. The recent sinking of the East Ardsley Colliery to the Middleton Main Coal furnishes some information as to the character of the Adwalton Stone Coal in a district where it had not been previously proved. ft. in. East Ardsley | ADwALTON Stonz { eat'= Coal, + 7 : : RolsorysT mone Coal, inferior = - 011 ft. in. Fanny Pit, ae Sronz | Stone Coal - - 0 6 Middleton Colliery. Coa. J Black Coal - - 10 The Cannel Coal which we have found so regularly in connexion with this seam from Briestfield to its most northern extent at Drighlington has, it will have been observed, varied considerably in thickness, ranging from 1 ft. to 3 in.; in the sections eastwards from Morley this Cannel has been very thin, and in fact the character of the coal has partially changed. The partings which have hitherto separated this coal into two or three distinct, bands have now thinned away; the Low Bed at Morley and West Ardsley is entirely Cannel Coal, and the total thickness of the coal is much reduced. At East Ardsley the seam again shows a different section ; there are only 3 inches of Cannel, while the soft coal is as thick asit is at Adwalton. East of Middleton the Cannel Coal is no longer found, indeed we now begin to have some difficulty in identifying the seam, and finally we seem to lose sight of it altogether. The following details will illustrate these final changes :— ft.in. ft, in. Megha Callen Undercla s : ‘ : 0 9 Middleton.§ ) Goal = ° oa 19 0 9 Cousins Pit,|| ey - 1 2 ae Rothwell Haigh Colliery. Coal z : 04 19 O 5 ft. in. ft. in Coal - 3 < = aS Beeston Pit, Ran derle un sxclay 5 oo ‘i 1 5% Rothwell Haigh Colliery. } Goal and soft un dering : : 58 Coal - 2 - 0 7 Coal ft.in. ft. in, i . - - 16 Bye Pit, oe : : é Rothwell Haigh Colliery. {Soft parting ee Oa * From Mr. S. Whitehead. t From Messrs. R. Holliday and Sons. + From Trans. Leeds Lit. and Phil. Soc., Vol. I. § From Mr. B. Keighley. ‘|| From the late Mr. J. Hargreaves. 4 From Mr. Wm. Hargreaves. THE TANKERSLEY IRONSTONE. 325 There is a coal proved near the top of the shaft in the new winning to the Beeston Coal at Woodlesford, and so far as we can correlate it at present, it would appear to be the equivalent of this coal, although the lowest bed is very much thicker than in any of the preceding sections. The shaft was sunk in the neighbourhood of soft and faulted ground, and this may possibly account ae greater thickness, and also for the soft and inferior quality of the -coal, 4 ft.in. = ft. in. G Bad Coal - - - 11 Beeston Pit,* Woodlesford Colliery. { Unger x ie 0 37 At Fleakingley Bridge two beds of coal separated by a band of black shale apparently represents this coal. There is no mention in the sections of Dam Pit and Bye Pit (pp. 378 & 379) of any coal occupying a position corre- sponding to that on which the Adwalton Stone Coal occurs, although there is sufficient cover, in both instances, to include this coal if it existed at Skelton and Austhorpe. We will now add what we have to say about the Tankersley Ironstone in the country north of Flockton. Between that village and Drighlington there are numerous old workings in this measure ; although the ironstone measures were seen above the Adwalton Stone Coal in several instances, it was seldom possible to obtain a complete section. At New Hall Quarry, north-west of Carlinghow Hill Lane, the ironstone- bearing shale was seen overlying the coal, and in the Clay Pit, Albion Brick Works, north of Gildersome Street, the following section was exposed :— ft. in. ft. in. Black shale and ironstone nodules. Grey shale and ironstone nodules - - 4 0 Panwenseee Dark shale and ironstone nodules - - 5 0 I Mine Black shale and ironstone nodules eG (Anthracosia) - - - - 2 0 Black shale (oil shale) - - 07 Stone Coal - = = - - - 0 93 The sinking and boring accounts of the beds passed through in different portions of this area, also record a band of “black shale with cockle shells ”’ from 2 feet to 10 feet in thickness. No details are given, but there is enough to establish the presence of the measure. There is only one place where the ironstone is being worked at present, viz., at West Ardsley Colliery, for the W. Y. C. and I. Co.’s furnaces, and so closely does it resemble the ironstone of Tankersley that in a hand specimen it would be impossible to distinguish the one from the other. The workable ironstone lies in three beds, as in the section below. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in, (Pin Stone (ironstone) - - 0 2 Black shale with fossils - “ 0 8 to 0 9 Cockle shell measure eee (ironstone) - - 0 1; to0 3 Tron MINE. | Black shale with fossils - 7 0 6 Dark shale - - - - 0 6 Black band (ironstone) - 0 3 Black shale - - - - 0 7 The total thickness of ironstone varies from 6% inches to 8 inches, producing about 8 cwt. of ironstone to the square yard, and yielding frem 16 to 27 per ; etallic iron. One blnek shale of these measures is crowded with Anthracosia and Ento- mostraca; Anthracomya and Anthracoptera and fish remains are also found in it. At East Ardsley we have 10 feet o “black shale with ironstone balls” above the “Stone Coal,” but the disappearance of this coal seems also to be accompanied with the extinction of the ironstone measures, for we find no mention made of this remarkable and distinctive band of black shale in the * From Mr. M. §. Hall. 826 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. carefully measured sections taken in the new winnings at Rothwell Haigh Colliery, nor do we again meet with them in the country south of Garforth. Joan, Mitchell, or Parson’s coal.—It will not be necessary to enter into much detail in our account of this coal, for its commercial importance is not great, and the main interest that attaches to it arises from the singular regularity of its occurrence over nearly the whole of the explored portion of the coalfield. In the country to the south-east of Sheffield we cannot say whether the Joan Coal is present or not, for we have no sections of the measures in which it would occur. In the first sinkings, how- ever, to the north of that town which start high enough in the measures to pass through, it is found, and it continues then to be present in every section that can show it as far north as Flockton. It will not be necessary to say more about it than that it varies in thickness from 1 ft. 1 m. to 2 ft., about 18 inches being its usual thickness; as far as we know it has never been worked in this part of the field. Between Flockton and Thornhill the seam varies from 1 foot 3 inches to 2 feet in thickness, and has been occasionally worked to a small extent ; it was known by the name of “Parson’s” or “* Mitchell Coal ;” in the neighbourhood of Dewsbury, where it is still being worked, it varies from 1 ft. 10 in. to 2 ft. 3 in.; north of Dewsbury it never attains a thickness of more than 1 ft. 6 in., and is frequently less. This is the character of the coal over the whole of the district as far north as Middleton, and for that distance it has been always found to be present whenever a section that would show it was forthcoming. But in one of the Middleton sinkings a black shale 9 feet:thick is recorded in the position usually occupied by the Joan Coal. This shale we can trace for some distance to the east of Middleton, but we have never been able to meet with any traces of the coal again in the country to the north-east, and it seems likely that the seam, which has hitherto been so regular in its occurrence, dies away here altogether. Where the coal has been found sufficiently thick to make its working remunerative, it is soft, dull, and somewhat tender, and is said to make a house coal of medium quality. We add to the general description of the coal a few sections in the northern part of the field, where it shows rather more variations than on the south. A section, which we measured near Topping Tail in the brook that runs north from Denby Grange Colliery through Birk Wood is as follows :— ft. in. = ft. in. Dirt - - - - - 0 3% Coal - - - - 0 2 Dirt - - - - - 0 4 Coal - - - - |] 5 Where it was worked at Thornhill under the name of the Parson or Mitchell Coal it ran from 1 ft. 9 in. to 2 in. in thickness ; the workings, which were by an adit driven into the hill side above Ings Pit, were not extensive and have been long since abandoned. The following are a few sections northwards through Earl’s Heaton :— ft. in. ft. in. Sands Mill, Earl’s Heaton* Joan Coal 2 0 Chickenley Wood Collieryf JoanCoal 2 23° Syke Ing Mill, Earls Heaton* Joan Coal 2 2 Dewsbury Bank Colliery{ Joan Coal 110 to 2 8 * From the late Mr. J. O. Gill’s Paper. t From Mr. M. Paterson. t From Mr. C. B. Cawthorne. MEASURES BETWEEN THE JOAN & HAIGH MOOR COALS. 327 At Chickenley Wood Colliery, which is a. new winning to this coal, it is now being worked, and at Caalms Wood it has formerly been got by Messrs. Crawshaw and Blakeley, but, as at Thornhill, not to any very large extent. An outcrop of this coal was exposed at the south-west end of Morley tunnel, jhe supine being only 11 inches, and at Bruntcliffe Colliery it was proved to el ft. 2 in, Another section of this coal was obtained in an old clay pit east of Gildersome Street, and it was seen to be 1 ft. 5 in. thick. The coal which corresponds to this at Gildersome Street Pit is only 10 inches thick, and if we turn to sect. 47, Plate 13, and p. 368, we will see that it lies much nearer to the Adwalton Stone Coal than in any previous instance, with the exception of Bruntcliffe, and may possibly be the same as the second coal band under the Thornhill Rock at Morley and West Ardsley ; but it is quite impossible to say which of the two represents the Joan Coal, though it is most likely that the higher of the two is equivalent to it. ; We will now give a few additional sections throughout the district to the east. é ft. in. = ft. in. ‘ oa - - 01 Money — Joan Coal 5 Shale - - - O 33 Colliery. Coal i 2 West Ardsley Collieryf - - Joan Coal - 1 . East Ardsley Collieryt - - Joan Coal- 1 4 Thorpe Wood§ - - Joan Coal 0 10 West Pit, Middleton Colliery|| - Joan Coal 1 6 Lastly we have to note the apparent replacement of this coal by a band of black shale at Middleton. The shale was met with in the sinking of the Fanny Pit, Middleton Colliery, where it was 9 feet thick. It occurs in the position hitherto occupied by the Joan Coal. , There is nothing noted at Newhall Colliery between the base of the Thornhill Rock and the coal which we have identified with the Adwalton Stone Coal that can in any way be connected with the Joan Coal. At Rothwell Haigh a band of dark shale is apparently all that can be recognised as representing this seam, and we find no coal on its horizon over the portion of the coalfield lying to the north-east of Rothwell Haigh. We may therefore conclude that this seam, which has been present with such regularity over the greater part of the coalfield, has here disappeared. : 6. The Measures between the Joan Coal and the Swallow Wood or Haigh Moor Coal. These measures in the southern part of the coalfield call for no very special notice. Their general character is one of excessive variability, and scarcely any two of the sections of them which have come under our notice agree in their details. One of the coals found in them has received a name, that of the Lidget Coal, but this seam can be recognised only over a very small area. * We occasionally meet with in this part of the field sandstones. of some mark a little way below the Swallow Wood Coal, but these in every case are wedged-shaped masses of small extent. In the northern part of the field, however, the most conspicuous of the Middle Coal measure sandstones occurs below the Haigh Moor Coal. Itis known as the Thornhill Rock, and also bears the * From Mr. H. Wormald. f From Mr. Eagland. From Messrs. R. Holliday and Sons. § From the late Mr. J. Hargreaves. || From Trans. Leeds Lit. and Phil. Soc., Vol. I ; 328 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. names of the Dewsbury Bank, Morley, Middleton, Robin Hood, and Oulton Rock. Beginning with a few indistinct bands of sand- stone near Midgley it speedily swells out into a thick mass of rock, which is persistent over the rest of the coalfield. Many of the most striking features in the scenery about Thornhill, Dewsbury, Morley, Middleton, and Rothwell Haigh are due to the presence of this rock, which comes out with a boldness and variety not often met with in the districts of the Middle Coal measures. It forms bold ridges and escarpments at Thornhill Edge, Dewsbury Bank, Howley Hall, Topeliife, Middleton, and Rothwell Haigh, and from these, extensive plateaus stretch away, as, for instance, those running south from Hanging Heaton, and east-from Birkby Wood, and the broad spread from Middleton by Rothwell Haigh to Woodlesford. This rock is the main source from which the building stone of the district where it occurs is obtained. When the stone is care- fully selected it stands the weather very well. It is usually fine and closely grained, but sometimes coarsish; when it first comes from the quarry it is of a bluish white colour, but it weathers to some shade of brown; in some places it is very regularly, in others irregularly, bedded ; here it is thinly bedded and ripple marked, there massive with little trace of stratification ; in some localities it is traversed by a large number of nearly vertical joints, in others the joints are less numerous, and blocks .of a large size can be obtained. The large blocks are sawn up into flags in the quarries near Morley and Oulton. We will give a section here and there of these measures in the southern part of the field, and then pass to the account of the Thornhill Rock. A good section of the beds below the Swallow Wood is laid bare in the cuttings of the M. S. and L. and South Yorkshire Railways at Woodbourne Junction, east of Sheffield. It is chiefly interesting because it agrees so closely with the section of the corresponding beds in the old collieries of Mr. Chambers near The Holmes, and furnishes an instance of something like constancy over a small area in the midst of the general irregularity and change- ableness that usually characterise their strata. Here are the sections placed side by side :— Section in the cutting at Wood- Section of Greaves Colliery, near bourne Junction. The Holmes. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. SwaLLow Woop Coau,. SwaLLow Woop Coat. Measures’ - - - 26 0 Measures) - ll 0 Coal - - - - 010 Coal : 0 al 19 0 Measures” - - - 40 0 Measures - 7 8 Coal - - - - Ii Coal - - - 10 Spavin - 0 9 Measures - > - - 43 10 Coal - 0 OF Coal - - - 15 Spavin - 11> 21 Spavin - - - 48 Coal - 0 2 | Coal - - - 16 Clay - 0 0%) Coal - - - - 1 This approach to constancy, however, does not last long; the next section* * There is a fine section in the cutting of the Midland Railway between Bright- side and Wincobank Stations, but we have not been able to identify the coals with certainty. MEASURES BETWEEN THE JOAN & SWALLOW WOOD COALS. 329 we have been able to obtain of these measures is in the cutting of the Midland Railway to the west of the Holmes Station, which is as follows :— ft. in. Swa.L.tow Woop Coa.. Grey shale and Ironstone Coal - - Spavin - Coal - Spavin - Coal - Hard sandy shale Black shale Hard sandy shale Soft grey shale with Ironst Coal - - Spavin - Coal] - Spavin - _ oO _ one nodules bo nz O COMNHSTSOCOROCNMHWWO Coal Spavin Sandstone - Soft shale d Gap - Coal (has been worked). Shale and Ironstone. Coal, thin. Hard sandy shale - - - - 35 ey cute - - - - 1 rey shale - Black shale } = - - 4 Coal, Joan - - - - 1 ' t 1 1 a ' pb e @ ee t 1 t ‘ ' 1 ’ fof 6 Fo op bp hb 8 bf 8 bb 8 bt poe 8 ao bo wo RROCTOOCCMNDOSCOCOS - © OO There is a coal here at about the same distance below the Swallow Wood as the double coal in the last two sections, but it is totally different in character. We have no information about the measures now under consideration till we come to the pits to the Tankersley Ironstone in Tankersley Park, in which a group of coals different from those in the last section present themselves. The following section of part of the Skiers Spring Pit is from Wentworth Park Office :— ft. in SwaLLow Woop Coa. Measures - - - - - 33 6 Coal - - - - - 10 Measures - - - - - 51 0 Cannel Coal . - - - - 18 Measures - - - - - ll 3 Coal - - - - - 1 6 Measures - - - - - 49 2 Coal - - - - - 10 Lidgate Ironstone - - - - 8 0 Coal ~ - - - - 10 Measures - - - - - 30 9 Lipcate or Lipcet Coau - - 24 , Measures - - - - - 27° 4 Coal - - - - - 06 Measures - - - - - 20 3 Coal: - - - - - 0 8 Measures - - - - - 85 1 Joan Coan - - - - 19 The following account of a bore hole on Hoyland Common is from the same source as the last section :— ‘ 330 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. : ft. in. SwaLtow Woop Coau. Measures - - - - - 92 0 Black shale - - - - 20 Measures - - - - - 8 0 Coal - - - - - 10 Measures - - - - - 43 0 Coal - - - - - 16 Measures - - - - - 35 0 Lipcet CoAL - - - - 3 3 In both these sections a coal occurs which has been in this neighbourhood thought worthy of a distinctive name. The Lidget Coal however seems to be a very local seam, though here and there coals up to a foot or more in thick- ness are elsewhere found about the place occupied by this bed. It is said that the seam was once worked by a day hole near Lidget Lane close by Birdwell Station, and its outcrop was seen in the railway cutting immediately west of the station. The following two accounts of the bed here were given by colliers :— ft.in. ft. in. Coal - - - 2 0 1 9 Dirt - - - 0 3 0 9 Coal - - - 04 0 6 “The seam is also recognisable in the Hoyland Silkstone and Barrow Companies Worsborough Pits, where the sections of it are as follows :— Hoyland Silkstone. ft. in. Coal - : - - 04 Dirt - - - - 01 Coal - - - - 0 6 Dirt - f : » 0 Coal - - = - 2 3 Barrow Company. ft. in. Coal - - - - 0 3 Dirt - - - - O 43 Coal - - < = 10.7 Dirt - - - - 0 3 Coal - - - - 20 The local character of this coal is shown by the fact that no trace of it appears in the account of a bore hole at Rockley, little more than a mile and a half to the north of Birdwell. Between Tankersiey and Birdwell an important feature is made in the measures below the Swallow Wood by the appearance in them of a thick mass of sandstone, the Birdwell Rock. The section between Birdwell village and station is— ft. SwaLLtow Woop Coat. Measures - - - - 10 Birdwell Rock - - 70 Measures - - 2 - 85 Thin Coal - - = = Lidget Rock - - = - 60 Lidget Coal - The Birdwell Rock may be seen in the cutting of the South Yorkshire Railway and in quarries near the village. It is a very thickly-bedded and striking sandstone, but in this neighbourhood has a very restricted range. It first makes its appearance about .Tankersley, and it may be traced north- wards about as far as Rockley, but it is only immediately around Birdwell that it attracts any attention. But the rock is interesting because it occurs on the same horizon as the important Thornhill Rock of the northern part of the coalfield. _ MEASURES. BETWEEN THE JOAN & SWALLOW WOOD COALS. 331 The measures below the Swallow Wood are well shown in the cuttings of the Worsborough Dale Mineral Railway about Rob Royd, and again in the cutting of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway about a mile to the east of Dodworth Station. They consist of a group of shales and sand- stones with thin coals, and are apparently excessively changeable; their main features are noted on- the sheet 274 of the 6-inch map of Yorkshire. It may however be worth while noticing the presence in the last-named rail- way cutting of a coal of unusual thickness in this group of measures. The section is— ft. in. er Woop Coau. rey shale Black et 2 a > ei SS Coal - - - - - - 10 Clay - - - - - - 0 9 Coal - - - S - 40 The bottom coal in this section was found in Mr, Hindle’s sinking at Great Ings to be 4 feet thick, extremely hard, and to consist of layers of coal about 2 inches thick, parted by dirt layers about the sixteenth of an. inch thick. At Penny Pie Colliery it was bored to and found to be 4 feet of dirt and coal, of which not a foot was coal. The lower part of the following section was seen in a cutting of the Mineral Railway half a mile west of Barugh :— ft. in. SwaLLtow Woop ae Measures not expose Sandstone P } about Coal and black shale Sandstone = - Shale, about - Hard black shale Coal, a few inches Spavin and shaly Coal Spavin - - - = . Brown sandy shale and Ironstone, with a few thin sandstone layers near the top - Black shale - - - - Coal - - - Spavin and black shale Coal - - - Spavin - - Coal - - - Falconer Colliery and the borings at Darton and Birthwaite Lower Haggs, give us complete accounts of the belt of measures under consideration, but there is nothing in these sections to call for special remark, unless it be that they show the usual disagreement in their details which sections of this group of beds for the most part exhibit. . : The boring near Snapethorpe also furnishes a section of the greater part of these measures, and here again we have below the probable position of the Swallow Wood Coal a sandstone of some importance, which forms the ridge of Oxley Bank on the east side of Bretton Park. a This rock, however, seems to die out very shortly to the north, and it is not till we come to Midgley that we find the beginnings of the first rock in the measures we are considering that shows anything like persistency. It is in this neighbourhood that a few thin bands of sandstone make their appearance beneath the Netherton Coals, the equivalents of the Swallow Wood, and’ swelling out rapidly to the north develope into the great sandstone mass of the Thornhill Rock, which is the only feature of importance in the measures under consideration throughout the remainder of the circuit of the coalfield. The first indications of the setting in of this rock are formed by a thin sandstone bed which crosses the high road from Midgley to Flockton half a mile west of the first village, and which apparently dies out about a quarter - 80 0 1 t 1 1 I i 1 t ' iy t a iy t 1 1 t t 1 t t ! 1 1 bo S wo o oo soorce See REO On tole oO LS) 382 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD, of a mile to the south of the road. Another sandstone still feebler than this lies a little below it, and may be traced in an uncertain way through Clay House to the top of Bentley Spring. The upper of these two sandstones can be followed doubtfully through Stony Cliff Wood till it developes into a rock with a well-marked escarpment. In Perkin Wood the bed has become very conspicuous, and about Coxley Mill it has grown into a thick and massive body of rock. A very broad spread of country round Overton and Middlestown is covered by this rock. At Hostingley Colliery its thickness was found to be 68 ft. 6 in., including some thin bands of shale which are interbedded with the sandstone. At Thornhill it forms the conspicuous escarpments of Thornhill Edge and Fox Royd Bank, and gives a boldness very unusual in coal measure districts to the scenery of the neighbourhood. It is from this place, where the rock stands out in so marked a way, that it borrows the name by which it is usually known. We do not see the full thickness of the rock at Thornhill, but the cap which it forms on the hill top is some 65 feet thick. On the north side of the valley the ridge which makes such a prominent feature from Scar End Mill through Dewsbury Bank and Caalms Wood to Hanging Heaton is capped by this sandstone. -Here we calculate the rock to be about 77 feet in thickness, and even to reach in some cases as much as 110 feet; near Owlet Hall, for instance, where the upper line of the rock is not far below the Haigh Moor Coals. Inthe country east of Chidswell it has been proved by boring to consist of sandstones alternating with beds of sandy shale, in all about 60 feet thick. Throughout the whole of the country between Overton and Hanging Heaton it is the principal source from which the building stone of the district is obtained, and the quarries in it are very extensive. The rock is not of equally good quality in every instance. Like the majority of coal-measure sandstones it weathers brown on exposure to the atmosphere, but when first taken out from a quarry in active operation it is of a bluish white colour with occasional brown stains. When the stone is well selected, the portions most liable to be affected by the action of the atmosphere being discarded, it stands the smoky atmosphere of the neighbourhood fairly well; but like a great number of other sandstones decays most rapidly in the sides of walls and buildings that are sheltered from the prevailing direction of the wind and rain. The grain is coarser in some parts than in others; the bedding is in some cases very regular and distinct, in others irregular, the rock is massive and souch broken up by numerous joints which are more or less nearly vertical ; occasionally it is split up by lenticular bands of shale of considerable thickness. There are also instances, as at Fox Royds, where the bedding is most distinctly ripple marked. We have this rock in the valley of the Howley Beck at Tingley Wood, and it extends through Lamp Lands to Upper Batley, the sandstone over this latter portion containing numerous thin beds of shale. It also occurs on the opposite side of the valley of the Batley Beck, between the Healey and the Staincliffe faults. Howley Hall is situated on the top of the escarpment formed by this sandstone, an escarpment which also stands out very boldly through Birkby Wood, while the whole of the plateau, from this place to Dunningley, and from West Ardsley to Morley, is occupied by the Thornhill Rock. At Brunt- cliffe the thickness is 118 feet 6 inches, at Morley 51 feet 3 inches, at West Ardsley 114 feet, and at East Ardsley 68 feet, but overlying the stone in the latter section is a “Strong Rag-stone”’ 66 feet 6 inches thick, which should be included as part of the rock, as it is this portion that is worked in the quarry on Ardsley Common, and therefore the total thickness in the present instance would be 134 feet 6 inches. Extensive quarries occur in the locality, especially at Scratchman’s Lane and Hem Brig, where an abundant supply of excellent building stone is obtained, and the sandstone is also largely sawn into flags, the thinner-bedded sandstone in the bottom of the quarries yielding in a few cases flags of a fair quality. THE SWALLOW WOOD COAL. 333 Here it is a fine-grained, close, hard, massive, and regular bedded sandstone, from which stone for almost all building purposes can be procured. It likewise occurs from Balkeliff to Stourton Lodge between the Middleton Grange and Thwaite Farm faults; the high ground from Middleton Hall to Bell Hill, and thence along the south side of the valley of the River Aire to ‘Woodlesford, is covered with this rock, which, south of the line of escarpment above indicated, extends from Nabs through Thorpe-on-the-Hill and Rothwell to Woodlesford and Oulton; east of these places it is overlaid by the alluvium of the Aire valley, beyond which we hardly find any trace of this sandstone in the country north-east of Swillington Hall; and in the absence of any accurate information as to whether the sandstone was found in sinking to the Middleton Main Coal at Astley Colliery, we are unable to form an opinion as to whether it does or does not die away as rapidly to the north-east as we hae seen to be the case at Midgley, where we find the first indications of this rock. The sinkings and borings between Middleton and Woodlesford, according to their situation on the dip or rise, prove the thickness in the former case to be 89 feet 7 inches, in the latter 36 feet, and we calculate that at Rothwell it will be about 110 feet. So far as we can judge from the extensive quarries at Thorpe Lane, Robin Hood, and Oulton the stone scarcely differs at all throughout this district in grain, structure, and stratification from the corresponding rock in the neigh- bourhood of Morley. An exception occurs, however, in the quarry on the west side of the Leeds Road at Robin Hood; the rock there is strongly current bedded, and portions of it are replaced by large lenticular masses of shale ; it contains also small nodular concretions, and similar balls of sandstone, which look like pebbles, are enclosed in the shale. ! 7. The Swallow Wood Coal, Netherton Thick and Thin Coals, the Haigh Moor Coal, This is a seam which, under one or other of the above names, can be traced continuously through the whole of the explored part of the coalfield. In the southern part of the field our knowledge of it is scanty, for the superior attractions of the Barnsley and Silkstone Coals have prevented it being worked except to a very small extent. It seems usually to occur in two beds, the upper of which averages from 2 ft. to 2 ft. 6 in., the lower from 1 ft. to 1 ft. 6 in.; some sections, however, show a considerably greater thickness of coal. The only place where it is now being wrought is at Carr House Colliery near Masborough. Under some such form as that just described the seam may be followed as far north as the neighbourhood of Darton. But little is known of its quality except near Barnsley, where it has been worked to a small extent and found to be a thin and very inferior coal. Up to the point where we have now reached the seam goes by the name of the Swallow Wood Coal, but somewhere hereabouts a change comes over it, and when we next get. sections of it, it wears a somewhat different form from that which it has so far pre- sented. ‘There are still two beds of coal, but they have become separated to such an extent that they are called by two names and looked upon rather as distinct seams than as divisions of the same seam, ‘The upper, which is called the Netherton Thick, is usually subdivided by one or two dirt partings, and the average total thick- ness of dirt and coal is about 3 feet ; it has occasionally a thin band 334 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. of stone- or cannel- coal at the top. The lower bed, known as the Netherton Thin, is usually about 1 ft. 7 in. thick. The distance between the two coals is from 10 to 11 yards. These coals are of very poor quality, and indeed it is only the fact that the Stone Coal is sometimes good enough for a gas coal that makes the working of them to a profit practicable. As it is they are wrought only to a very small extent. The coals keep this character and these names up to Horbury; thereabouts, though they are very little changed in character, they take the names of the Top and Low Haigh Moor ; they have been worked to some extent around Horbury and Ossett, mainly for engine use. — North of Ossett Street Side the Low Haigh Moor almost ceases to exist, and in some cases disappears altogether, as for instance in the New Sinking of Soothill Wood Colliery, where there was no band of coal below the Haigh Moor Coal of that district which could be said to be equivalent to the low bed. Generally a thin and worthless band can be traced in the Soothill and Ardsley districts, as the representative of this seam, but eventually that disappears and with it all trace of the Low Haigh Moor Coal. . The Top bed, which now becomes known as the Haigh Moor Coal, has been the seam chiefly worked in the country around Soothill and Ardsley until within the last year or two. It lies continuously over the whole area above referred to. The thickness, about 3 feet, is also very uniform throughout, and although in a few cases it is affected by “rock faults,” it is a coal of good average quality both for house and engine purposes. As the coal is followed on the dip to the east it undergoes a decided improvement, and becomes in certain localities one of the best house coals in the Yorkshire coalfield. Even here, however, it is very uncertain, and it cannot be relied upon to maintain its character very much further than it has been actually proved. It seems also singularly liable to be infested by those sandstone masses which are known to the collier as “rock faults ;”. sometimes the coal is entirely cut out over large areas ; in other cases it is so largely replaced that it becomes impossible to work it to a profit. Over the country to the south of the River Calder the coal exhibits a fair section at- Wakefield, and in the district of Sharlston, Whitwood, and Glasshoughton the seam contains from 3 to 4 feet of coal of the most excellent quality. Still farther to the east it again falls off; at Wheldale, though still workable, it is very irregular in thickness; at Fryston, where it has been recently sunk to, it has disappointed the expectations that were formed of it. North of the River Calder, the coal fully main- tains its excellent quality, and with the greater thickness which it now attains is a most important and valuable seam. It contains from 5 ft. 4 in. to 6 ft. 6 in. of coal, exclusive of partings, of which there are from two to three varying from 2 inches to 1 foot in thickness. The band of coal which in reality represents the Haigh Moor does not itself become much thicker, but the larger amount of coal which the seam now contains arises from the appearance of two new layers of coal, one forming the “roof,” and the other the “bottom ” coal of the Haigh Moor in this district ; the former is first met with at Fox Holes in the neighbourhood of Methley, and THE SWALLOW WOOD COAL. 305 the latter in the district near Ardsley ; in both cases when they first occur they lie in detached patches, afterwards developing into regular coal bands in the country to the east. The middle portion of the seam, “ Best Coal,” from 3 ft. 5 in. to 3 ft. 10 in. thick, the original Haigh Moor, is of a very superior quality for household use, the remainder of the coal obtained is better adapted for steam coal. In the country to the south-east of Sheffield sections were obtained which showed the presence of a coal which agrees in its distance below the Barnsley Bed with the Swallow Wood, but they were in no case complete enough to allow the thickness of the seam to be measured. These sections were seen in Shirtcliff Wood and Smelter Wood on the north-west of Woodhouse. There is an old pit on the east of Spa Lane on the south side of Woodhouse which probably worked this coal, but we could learn no particulars about it. A short distance above the coal there is a rock of some mark, which can be traced from the county boundary through Woodhouse into Bowden Housteads ‘Wood, where it seems to die away. It may be called the Woodhouse Rock. Tt is a massive stone and makes a good escarpment. Where the Woodhouse Rock dies away another sandstone puts in at a slightly lower horizon. It is by no means a conspicuous rock, but it can be traced with fair accuracy up to Attercliffe. The cutting of the South Yorkshire Railway at Woodbourne Junction gives the following section of the coal and the sandstone above it :— ft. in. Sandstone with bands of shale, about - 30 0 Black shales - - - - - 3 0 Coal - - - 2 0 Shale | swatsow Woop - - - 2 3 Coal - - - 10 The coal has been worked at a small colliery a little way to the north, and the following sections of it at different points in the workings were given us by Mr. T. Jeffcock :— ft. in. ft. in, ft. in. Coal - - -22 30 30 Spavin - - 18 20 O10 Coal - - - lid 1 4 1 4 On the opposite side of the Don Valley thin coal and black shale were seen in Hall Carr Lane, and still more clearly in the following section at a spot 30 chains to the north-east, in about. the position where the outcrop of the Swallow Wood Coal might be expected to occur :—~ ft. in. Thick bed of flaggy sandstone - - Grey shale with ironstone, about - - 20 0 Hard-jointed, black shale = - - - 0 6 Coal - - - - 7 - 04 Black shale with layers of Coal - - 10 Black shale with a great deal of Ironstone (Anthracosia) - - - - 8 0 Grey nodular shale with Ironstone - - 13 0 Black shale with a little Coal - = = 0 1 Shaly Underclay with Ironstone nodules - 20 Black shale with a little Coal - - - 0 2 Shaly underclay - - - - 2 0 Sandstone and hard sandy shale - - 7 0 Grey shale and Ironstone - We have nothing here that can represent the Swallow Wood Coal, but it is possible that part of the section may be the band of Ironstone measures that is sometimes found above that seam. ; ; The coal which seems to correspond in position with the Swallow Wood in the cutting of ethe Midland Railway west of the Holmes has the following section :— 336 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. ft. in. Black shale - - - - - Hard Coal - - - - - 0 4 Clay - - - - - - 07 Hard Coal - - - - - 15 Grey shale with large nodules of Ironstone - 7 0 Black shale - - - - - 0 6 Coal - - - - - - 07 Spavin - - - - - - 0 5 Coal - - - - - - 0 04 Spavin - - - - - - 0 4 Coal - - - - - - 07 Dirty Coal - - - - - 0 6 Coal, about - - - - - 1 0 Spavin - - - - - - 06 Coal - - - - - - 0 2 In the collieries formerly worked hereabouts by Mr. Chambers, the Swallow Wood was stated in papers belonging to the late Mr. W. B. Mitchell to have the following section :— ft. in Coal - - - - - - 3 0 Clod - - - - - - 0 8 Coal - - - - - - 2 3 Black dirt - - - - - 0 6 Coal - - - - - - 010 This seam has lately been sunk to at Carr House Colliery, and Mr. Rhodes the manager has sent us the following section of it there :— ft. in. Hard Coals - - - > - 3 0 Soft clay parting - - - - 02 Soft Coal - - - - - 2 8 Spavin - - - - - 10 Coal - - - - - - 1:0 The coal is stated by Mr. Rhodes to be of good ually especially the “Hards.’? There are 6 yards of strong blue bind with Ironstone nodules above the coal, but the ironstone is not plentiful enough to be worth working. The Swallow Wood Coal has been at some time worked from a small colliery 20 chains west of Rawmarsh Church. Mr. P. Cooper told us that the coal was of excellent quality, but so hard that the expense of getting it prevented its competing with the Barnsley seam. The Ironstone measures above the coal, he said, were here 5 yards thick. Mr. Joseph Ibbeson in his diagram of the Yorkshire coalfield gives the section of the coal here as— ft. in. Coal - - - - - - 27 Dirt - - - - - - 07 Coal - - - - - - 1 8 Ina bore hole near Rawmarsh the following was found to be the section of the Swallow Wood measures :— ft. in. Ironstone measures - = 7 - 0 6 Bind and stone - = z =e 37 6 Tronstone measures - - = - 3 98 Bind - - - - = ete Tronstone ball - - - - - 02 Bind - - - - “ - 58 Tronstone ball - - - - - 02 Bind - - - - 7 -l1i Tronstone ball - - - = - 0 2 Very dark bind - < = - 10 Coal - - - - -°3 3 Dirt | swatsow Woop Coan - « OT Coal - : - - - 20 NETHERTON COALS. 337 The outcrop of this seam was seen in Wentworth Park in the brook at the south-east corner of Nether Swallow Wood. The thickness could not be ascertained, but enough was exposed to show that the coal was exceedingly hard. There isa seam 1 ft. 11 in. thick here some 30 feet higher up in the measures, In a bore hole at Elsecar the Swallow Wood is said to have been found :— ft. in. Coal - - ‘ 3 “ - 14 Dirt - - 3 = = - 0 2 Coal - S : = = - 20 The Swallow Wood Coal is worked for engine use at Lord Fitzwilliam’s Ironstone pits in Tankersley Park. Mr. Fisher told us that the total thick- ness, dirt and coal together, was about 3 ft.2in. The ironstone above the coal has been at some time largely wrought in this neighbourhood. Some which we saw consisted of balls of hard, closely-grained, light brown Ironstone, embedded in shale which contained Anthracosia and plants. Where the outcrop of the Swallow Wood crosses the South Yorkshire Railway east of Birdwell, the cutting is so shallow that it shows nothing but rain wash, but the crop was just seen in a brook on the west of the railway, and a well sinker gave us the following account of it as it was found in a well 11 yards deep at the Old Travellers Inn, just north of Birdwell. ft. in. Coal - - - - - - 10 Dirt - - « = 2 so 41 Coal - - - - ms 10 Dirt - - - - « By tHE . Coal - - - = S - 10 At Hoyland Silkstone Colliery this coal is 2 ft. 9 in. thick, and at the Barrow Company’s Worsborough Pit 3 feet thick. We get our next section of the coalin the cutting of the Worsborough Dale Mineral Railway, near Hound Hill; it ran— ft. in, Coal, about - - - - - 29 Dirt - 2 2 3 - 0 O08 Coal - - - - ~ 0 7 White clay - - : - 0 6 Coal - - - - - - 06 In the cutting of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway, three- quarters of a mile north-east of Dodworth Station, the coal was about as follows :— ft. in. Coal - - - - - - 2 6 Grey shale - = % - - 0 2 Coal «= - - - - - 01 The two following accounts are from small collieries a little to the east of this. Sinking at Great Ings, 23 yards to Swallow Wood, from Mr. J. W. Hindle. ft. in. Coal - - - - - - 10 Dirt - - - - - - 0 6 Coal - - - 4 - = | 2 Dirt - - - - % - 04 Coal - - - > - - 1.0 Penny Pie Colliery. (From Mr. Greaves. ft. in. Coal - - - - - - 0 8 Dirt - - - - : - 910 Coal - - - - - - 17 42513. ¥ 338 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The seam was actually worked at the last colliery, but the coal was of very poor quality. The seam was bored to by Messrs. Thorp at the Willthorpe Pit on the north- west of Barnsley, and stated to be— ft. in Coal - - - - - - 14 Dirt - - - - - - 1 0 Coal - - - - - - 110 This coal is said to have been found at a depth of 7 yards in a well near Barugh Green, with a thickness including the dirt parting of 3 feet; it crops in the cutting of the Mineral Railway to the north of Barugh with the following section :— ft. in. Coal, top not seen = - - - - 010 Black clay and Coal - - - - 0 3 Coal - - - - 7 - 12 We get our next sections at the bore holes at Darton and Birthwaite Lower Hagegs, and here the seam has put on the form of the Netherton Thick and Thin Coals. The following is the Darton section :— ft. in. Stone Coal - - - 0 8 Shale with smuts | NETHERTON - - 07 Coal - THICK - - 06 Coal bind - { Coan. - - 09 Coal - J - - 1 8 Measures - - - - - 23 8 NerHertTon THIN Coau - - - 17 The outcrop of the Netherton Thick Coal is shown in the cutting immediately west of Darton Station ; the following sections were taken there :— ft. in. ft. in. = ft. in. Sandstone in large wedge-shaped and con- cretionary masses, about - - - 380 0 Coal, black shale, and clay in thin layers - 1 1 08 010 Coal - - - -. - 07 0 8 0 8 Grey clay and shale - - - 07 #O10 O 8° Coal - - - - - 16 214 #1 8 Another section, where two small faults cross the cutting, runs thus :— ft. in. to ft. in. 0 Inferior stone coal - - 3 Clay - - - - 0 3 Coal and black shale - - 1 6 Grey clay - - - 09 to 1 8 Coal - - - - 19 to 2 0 The sandstone which here lies directly upon the coal is found again in force on the opposite side of the valley of the Dearne, and runs from Darton through Kexbrough into Cawthorne Park. Though here a rock of some note it is very local, and soon disappears to the north. The Kexbrough Rock would be a good name for it. We next get the following section of the seam in an old quarry 30 chains south of Midgley :— oe » in. Black shale. ( Coal - - - Neruerton | Grey spavin with layers of black shale THICK Coal - - - - Coa. Grey spavin - Shaly coal - Grey spavin - Sandstone. Measures - - - Neruerton Tuin Coan - ores oooor}! ‘not seen, NETHERTON COALS. 339 The coal has here a sandstone below it, which hereabouts fills up nearly the whole space between it and the Thin Coal. The following are sections of these coals in two bore holes in the valley to oe east of Midgley, the accounts of which were furnished from Bretton Park ce :— ft, in. ft. in. Stone Coal | - - - Ol 10 Parting . NETHERTON - 10 #04 Coal THIck - - 0 7 0 5 Parting Coau. - - 0 7 #2010 Coal - - - 12 1 5 Measures - - - -83 7 30 9 Coal, NETHERTON THIN’ - - 1 8 1 7 The following section was laid open in a quarry between Victoria Colliery and Little London :— ft. in. Coal) NETHERTON - - 0 6 Clay THICK - - 0 2 Coal Coa. - - 17 Spavin and grey shale - - 2 8 Hard sandy shale - - 10 Hard, finely grained, evenly and thickly-bedded ‘sandstone, about 15 0 Dark shale - - - - The section at Star Colliery on the north side of Bullcliffe Wood, furnished by Mr. Rhodes, is as follows :— ft. in. ft. in. Stone coal) NETHERTON - 0 8 to 0 9 Drug_s- THICK - 0 3 to 0 4 Coal - Coan = Ne Measures - - - 36 0 NETHERTON THIN CoAL - 1 8 The stone coal is rather earthy in look but it is quite good enough to be used - for gas making, and in fact it is only the price this part of the seam commands that renders the working remunerative. It contains fish remains. The “ Drug” is a thickly bedded black shale approaching cannel coal; it will burn and we have seen it used by blacksmiths to kindle the wood fires used for heating metal tires before they are fitted on wheels. At a little colliery about 12 chains to the north-west of Star Colliery, the Netherton Thick Coal rms :— Stone Coal - - - Dirt - - Tender shaly coal - - Good coal, rather tender - pune Oo a st ° Oo e o 5 # 5 At Hartley Bank Colliery the section is— ( Bad Coal NETHER- Scale TON Coal THICK Dirt - Coan. | Goal - ooo to 0 8 Measures NETHER- {Spe - pet toppwonea ertpspennugs ee PU tains o fF © © bt bt tot ew Anworhwoacnnd : COFrWroe TON THIN 4 Spavin Coat. Coal 340 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD, The following section was measured at the outcrop in the lane leading from Netherton Lane to Coxley Wood near Horbury Bridge :— rs C ft. in. tone Coal - - t S - 04 NetueEr- Clay - : i : "05 TON T Coal - . a * -10 HICK Cl ae Se ; ‘ oe Coat. | Clay 3 Coal - - 2 s 3 - 16 Sandstone and shale - - a - Grey clay - - = = = NetTHER- (Coal < - - = * - 06 TON THIN < Grey clay - % - a - 0 2 Coau.: | Coal - - 7 2 i - 16 On the opposite side of the Calder Valley the coals which correspond to the Netherton seams go by the names of the Top and Low Haigh Moor. The following are sections of them in a number of little collieries to the west and north of Ossett :— — "for Haren Moor. es Low Haren - Moor. — Coal. Dirt. Coal. | Dirt. | Coal.| Measures. | Coal. | Dirf.| Coal. ft. in| ft. in.) ft. in.) ft. in./ft.in.| ft. in. | ft. in.| ff. in.) ft. in. Healey Lane Colliery - -/0 4/0 14/010/0 13/1 7 28- 6 én ala ey 2 c°f0 4/0 2/1 0/0 8/1 8 33 0 0 6/0 8/1 9 . Dewsbury Lane Colliery- -/0 5/0 2/010/0 2/1 7 30 9 09;0 541 8 Crown Lands Colliery - -/0 4/0 1/1 0/0 1/]1 6; Lodge Hill Collieries - -/0 4/0 1/1 0/0 031 7 Park Lane Oolliery - -16 5/0 031 1)0 13/1 2 30 0 0111/0 8);1 8 At these collieries the beds are worked chiefly for engine purposes; at Westfield colliery the manager, Thomas Westwood, described the Top seam as a fair house coal, and the Low seam as a good gas coal, which was not liked for household use because it burnt to a white ash. At Park Lane Colliery, which is close to Flush Dyke Station, the Low Coal was very poor and full of rites. ea Thee coals have been reached in a bore hole at Horbury Junction, where the following account is given of them :— ft. in. Top HarcH Moor Coan - - 16 Measures fi - - -15 8 ow eel Haica 5 . 7d int - - 0 7 Coal Moor 1 9 Coat. 3 S If we now return to the outcrop, we find the Top Haigh Moor Coal exposed in the cutting of the Great Northern Railway (Dewsbury Branch) south of * Pildacre Mill, where it has a section as follows :— fa s ft. in. Sandstone - - - 7 % Shale with layers of ironstone Dark shale with ironstone nodules - \ about 12 0 Grey shale = - - =I Top r Coal - - - - - 09 Haicn | Uadersay - - - - - 10 Moor. Coal - - - - - -1u Underclay, passing into shale, with ironstone nodules" - “ - “ = - 3 Sandstone™ - - cos = 2 THE HAIGH MOOR COAL, 341. The following section of the Low seam was obtained in the cutting of tne oe Sa Railway (Wakefield, Ossett, and Batley Branch) at Ossett reet Side :— ft. in. Low Coal - = - - - - 10 Haicu < Underclay - - - - - 04 Moor. [Coal - e - - - - 11 Grey shale and ironstone, about - - 6 0 Coal - 3 = iat = - 110 In the country to the north and north-east of Ossett the existence of a coal seam corresponding to the Low Bed has been proved, but it is neither of great thickness nor value, nor have we been able to follow it with anything approaching to accuracy along with the outcrop of the Top seam. In the cutting of the Dewsbury branch of the Great Northern Railway at the north end of Shaw Cross Tunnel the Top Coal is again seen. In its general character it differs here somewhat from the coal of the preceding sections, and agrees more nearly with the seam where it exists in its most valuable state ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - 0 2to0 3 Clay - - - - - - 0 6 Dirt - - - - - 0 2% Clay . ‘ ‘ e- 22. teed Dirt - - - - - O 43 ( Coal - - es - 0 1 | Dirt - - - - - O 08 eon < Dirty Coal - - - - 0 6 : Parting = - - - - - 0 0% Coal - - - - 310 Underclay (dark) - - - - 07 Dirt - - - - - O06 Underclay (dark) - - - - 0 3 Sandy underclay - - - This seam alone is henceforth known by the name of Haigh Moor Coal, the lower coal having now become so very inferior as not to be considered worth a special designation. It is very extensively got at the Soothill Colliery, and varies in thickness, sometimes being as much as 4 feet in the neighbourhood of the “ Swilley,” or gentle synclinal, which runs through this colliery in an east and west direction; the ordinary section of the bed, however, is that given below, and was supplied to us by Mr. C. B. Cawthorne :— ft. in. = ft. in. (Coal - - - 0 | Dirt 7 - - - O BEE sd Gaal so. Se. seg : OOR. | Dirt - - - - 0 0% (Coal - - - - 1 0tol 2 It is chiefly used &s an engine coal, being of a very good quality for that purpose. Locally it is used also as a house coal, but requires careful cleaning to make it suitable for this purpose. It leaves a residue of whitish ash. An exposure of this coal in the cutting at the east end of the tunnel under Lower Street, near Ardsley Station, Bradford, Wakefield, and Leeds Branch of the Great Northern Railway, furnishes some further details. The beds that occur in connexion with the outcrop, the section of which we are now referring to, are fully described in Chap. 3, pp. 712-714. The coal runs thus :— ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - 2 3 Hartge 4 Dirt - = ee 0 OR OOR. Coal “7 . ig - 1 7 é 342 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. At another place in the same cutting we measured the coal as follows :— ft. in. ft. in. HaicH Moor Coat - - 4 0 Dirt - - - - - - 01 Underclay = - - - - - 1.3 Coal - - - - 0 3% Dirt - - - - - - 0 0% Coal - E = - 0 104 Underclay = - - - - - The lower coal given in this section apparently has no existence at the place where the former section was taken, and as there is only a distance of about a chain and a half between these two points, we have here a very good example of the rapid variations in thickness to which this coal is subject. South of Ardsley Common this seam was very largely worked many years ago, and from some of the shafts in the neighbourhood of Ardsley Fall Wood, which have been opened out again to work the pillars of coal that had been left “ hunting for coal,” as it is termed, we were able to obtain the following section :-— 2 ft. in. (Roof Coal - - - - 010 Parting - - es = Moos ot #3 Middle Bed Coal -. eri. * | Parting . oe - - _Low Bed Coal - - - 18 The East Ardsley Colliery, which has recently been sunk by Messrs. R. Holliday and Sons to the Middleton Main Coal, passes through the Haigh Moor measures, and affords good proof of the statement made above, as to the almost worthless nature of the Low Haigh Moor in this district.+ : : ft. in. ft. in. Haicu Moor Coa. x a 2 - 84 Underclay - - - = il PS. Coal - - e _ «= 1 5 Underclay - - = - 20 Shale and Coal - - - 0 6 Coal - z - as - 06 Shale - - - - . 3 Coal - - = i - Ol Underclay - - - - - 8 Coal - . - = % - 04 Underclay - - - z - 40 Blue shale - - = . - 20 0 ? Low HareH Moor Coat - - - - 0 6 It will be observed that there is another coal seam in this section, under that mentioned as occurring close below. the Haigh Moor Coal in the cutting at Lower Street Tunnel ; while all that appears to represent the Low Haigh Moor is a coal band 6 inches thick. ; South of Rothwell the outcrop is exposed in several places, but not to sufficient extent to enable a complete account of all the beds in connexion with the seam in this locality to be obtained. : Throughout the area between Ardsley and Rothwell the coal is very similar in quality to the Haigh Moor of Soothill and Ossett. . ‘The Haigh Moor is so valuable a coal where it is at its best that it has been largely worked at considerable depths, and we will now give sections of it in collieries more in the heart of the coalfield than we have yet noticed. Taking up the coal at the shallow pits near Ossett we will follow it along a line through Wakefield and Normanton to Pontefract. At Roundwood Colliery we have the following section from Mr. J, O. Greaves :— * Brom Mr. J. Auty. t From Messrs. R. Holliday and Sons. THE HAIGH MOOR COAL. 343 : ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - 0 5 Dirt - - - - O!1 Tor Harcu Coal - = = sod Moor Coau, Dirt _ a "5 ; ot Coal - - é ecg Meares - - - - 38 1 ia al 7 - - - 0 to ee. 2 Se wg ae Coal - - - - 1 63, 1 7 At Low Laithes Colliery the section of the Haigh Moor (? Tops) ran thus :-~ fi. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 20 Dirt - - - - - 0 O$to O 1 Coal - - - - - 14 At Messrs. Hudson’s Stanley Victoria Colliery the Haigh Moor runs thus :— ft. in. ft. in. Coal, worked - - - 8 9 to 4 0 Dirt - - 26 to 3 @ Coal, not wailed - - - 1 8 The section at Wrenthorpe Colliery was given to us by Mr. Embleton, jun., as follows :— ft. in. Roof Coal - - - - - 0 8 Shred - - - - - - 0 OF Middle Bed - - - - - 10 Parting - - - - - 0 0 Low Bed - - - - - 110 The following are sections of the Haigh Moor between Wakefield and Pontefract :— Sharlston Colliery. ft. in. Coal, this bed only worked - - - 41 ‘ Spavin - - - - 29 Coal - - - - - - 12 Dirt - - - - - - 0 4 Coal - - - - - - 16 St. John’s Colliery, Normanton. (Messrs. Locke and Warrington.) ft. in. Coal - - - 7s - - 4 3 Spavin - - - - - 24 Coal - - - - = - 14 Spavin - - - - - 110 Coal - - - - = - 19 Spavin - - - - - 09 Coal - - - - = - 08 West Riding Colliery, Normanton. (Messrs. Pope and Pearson.) ft, in, Coal, about - - - : - 40 The seam was here so much cut up by rock faults that its working was abandoned. Whitwood Collieries. (Messrs. Briggs & Co.) ft. in. ft. in. Coal, good house Coal - - 3 0 At Whitwoods Dirt - - - 010 Coal, poor quality - - 010 to 1 0 344 GEOLGGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Along a line which ranges in a north-easterly direction through Whitwood the coal begins to be replaced by irregular masses of sandstone, and is at last so completely cut out that its working has been stopped in that direction. How far towards the north-west this intercalation of sandstone extends hag not been proved, but the seam has been sunk to again at Methley Junction, and found with the following section :— ft. in. Coal, good house Coal - - - 4 0 Dirt - - - - - - 0 8 Coal, poor quality) = - - - - 10 In the workings from this pit, which are very extensive, no “rock faults’ have been met with. Glasshoughton Colliery. ft. in Coal - “ - - - - 01 Clod - - - - - - 12 Coal - - - - - - 3 5 Parting - - - - - 0 3 Coal - - - - - - | 2 Prince of Wales Colliery, Pontefract.* (Messrs. Rhodes and Dalby.) ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - 3 8 Parting - - - “ , 01 Coal - - - - 0 4 Dirt - - - - - 0 4 Coal - - - - 1 6 This seam has so far maintained a steady thickness and very excellent quality from Wakefield eastwards. In the next section it.shows a considerable falling off. Wheldale Colliery. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. 1 Coal . - - 10 to 3 0 Parting - - - - - 0 3 Coal - - - 10 to 2 0 We will now take a line north of, and roughly parallel to, the last, from East Ardsley through Lofthouse and Royds Green to Kippax, which runs along the most northerly extension of this seam. At some collieries formerly worked by Messrs. Charlesworth near Lofthouse Station, the Haigh Moor was described as averaging 4 feet 1 inch in thickness and as being all coal. A section of the coal in Madam Pit (old), near Spring- field House, gives the thickness somewhat less than that above stated, ranging from 2 feet 11 inches to 3 feet 6 inches.t ft. in. ft. in. Roof Coal - - - - 0 6 to 0 8 Parting Middle Bed Coal - - - 12% 14 Parting Low Bed Coal - - - 1 3 to 1 6 We are indebted to Mr. Rowland Childe, and to the late W. Hargreaves, manager at Messrs. J. and J. Charlesworth’s Rothwell Haigh Colliery, for the information that the coal in these workings was very much cut up by “rock faults’? or “riggs.” These consist of masses of. sandstone which replace the coal, varying from 8 or 9 up to 70 feet across, and in two cases north of Lawns Lane reaching a width of two chains. They are irregular in outline, subdivide and fork like the branches of a stream, and have very much the look of old brook channels cut out in the coal and filled in with sandstone. North-east of Lofthouse Station the “rock faults’? extend as far as the Lofthouse faults, but as to their existence on the upcast side of this fault we have no knowledge, * From Mr. J. O. Greaves. ‘+ From Mr. J. Wilks. THE HAIGH MOOR COAL. 345 until we come to the old Coal Pits south of Ardsley Fall Wood, where the coal was found to be quite continuous, and unaffected by them. In the area just referred to the “rock faults’? mostly take the form of long narrow strips, ranging nearly north-west and south-east. About Lawns there were several large irregularly shaped masses of sandstone, connected by narrow strips, which have a very close resemblance to a row of ponds ranged along a stream. * At the new sinking to the Middleton Main at Lofthouse Station, the Haigh Moor Coal was found to be 3 ft. 3 ins. thick. In the Spencer Pit, Newmarket Colliery, this coal averages about 3 ft. 4 in. in thickness, and is apparently the top or best coal of some of the sections which follow. The workings in this coal at Fox Holes Colliery give us a section with a band of coal both above and below the thick seam, thus :— ft. in. ft. in. {' es - - - - about 0 1 ini lay - - - - - about isce Cas +9, Coal - s : ot | Dirt - 2 2 2 - 09 Coal - - - - - 1 Otol 2 5 4 At this colliery the 11-inches coal is present in part of the workings only, but it is very constant at Allerton Bywater and Kippax, where it forms the roof coal in the workings. At the Allerton Bywater Colliery the following account was given us by Mr. C. Carter. It shows the existence of all the beds which go to make up the Haigh Moor Coal of this neighbourhood :— ft.in. ft. in. = ff. in. Roof Coal - - - - 010 Clod - - - - - 0 3 to3 0 Top Coal - - - - 3:8 Parting - - - - - 0 3 Bottom Coal - - - 13 to2 2 5 9 We now give several sections obtained from the Kippax Colliery, belonging to Messrs. Locke and Warrington, and much of the information we possess about the old Kippax Colliery was given us, with their kind permission, by the manager, Mr. C. Hodgson, and the bottom steward, Mr. B. Bickerdike. “At Hool Wood Pit we have— ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 06 oe - - - - - 010 oal - - - - - M ie Earth - 7 = . - 07 oor COAL. } Goa) - : : e t 9 Slate - - < o - 02 Coal - - - - - 16 6 6 1 7% At Billy Wood Pit (old) we have an almost exact counterpart. of the above :— ft. in. = ft. in. Coal - - - 7 - 04 Dark earth - - 7 2 « 0 7 Coal - - - : - 09 i HATGM 4 Dark earth - : : : eS OB OE Coal = - - 2 - 310 Shale - - - - - O02 Coal - - - - ea 7 6 6 1 0 * From Mr. Wm. Wood, 346 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD., That which now follows was stated by Mr. Bickerdike to be a fair average section of this coal in the old collieries at the high end of Kippax :— ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Roof Coal - - - - 0 9 Muck - - - - 0 56 to 0 6 ee os Best Coal - - - - 310 ‘| Parting = - - - - - 02 Bottom - - - 1 4 tol 6 5 11 The thickest or main portion of the seam is a hard coal, furnishing a supply of excellent house coal, and, being the principal portion of the coal worked, is generally known as the “Top ” or “ Best ” coal. A good steam coal is obtained from the “ Bottom” coal, which is of a softer nature, and better suited for engine than house purposes. The Roof Coal, as already mentioned, is generally left as the roof of the workings. : All these various accounts which we have been able to give of this coal along the-outcrop from Soothill through Ardsley to Rothwell, and from East Ardsley through Lofthouse and Royds Green to Kippax, show a very great increase in the thickness of the seam to the east, due principally, it would seem, to the appearance of two or three additional bands of coal which do not exist at Ossett. At Lower Street Tunnel we first noticed the occurrence of the low beds; the section at East Ardsley Colliery shows its continuance ; and throughout the remainder of this district it is quite as regular as the “Top or Best ” Coal; the Top or Best Coal does not differ much from the Haigh Moor Coal of Ossett and Soothill, of which it is no doubt the equivalent. The Roof Coal occurs in an irregular manner at Fox Holes, but lies very constantly over the best coal in the country to the north-east. 8. The Measures between the Swallow Wood or Haigh Moor Coal and the Barnsley, Warren House, or Gawthorpe Coal. This is a group of beds about which our information is far from complete, but which, as far as we know, possesses few points of interest. To the south-east of Sheffield there is about Woodhouse and Handsworth a thick sandstone, to which we have given the name of the Woodhouse Rock, between the Barnsley and the Swallow Wood Coals. This rock seems to thin away a little to the west of Handsworth. For a long distance to the north-west the measures under consideration, as far as our knowledge of them will allow us to speak, seem to be mainly shale, with sandstones of no great mark here and there. Thin coals occur in them, but they are most irregular, and in very few instances do the coals of two sections show any correspondence. The only exception of any note to this statement is furnished by a thick mass of black shale mixed with a little coal, some 50 or 60 feet below the Barnsley Bed, which seems to be continuous between Sheffield and Worsborough. A rock of sorne mark occurs close above the Netherton Thick Coal at Barugh and Kexborough, which we have named the Kex- borough Rock. Between Bretton and Ossett a sandstone of considerable im- portance, which we have called the Horbury Rock, lies a short distance below the Gawthorpe Coal. In the extreme south-east the Woodhouse Rock occupies a large part of the space between the Barnsley and the Swallow Wood Coals, and we have neither sinkings, borings, nor sections to give any information about the rest of the measures between these coals. MEASURES BETWEEN SWALLOW WOOD & BARNSLEY COALS. 347 The Woodhouse Rock seems to thin away in Bowden Housteads Wood; but, about the place where it disappears, another rock, less important and con- spicuous, puts in a little lower down in the measures, which may be followed up to Sheffield. It is marked (B.) in the next section. : In the cutting of the South Yorkshire Railway at Woodbourne Junction, we get the following section of a part of these measures :— m3 . in, 5 poceliiaaetn ie not shown - about 60 fé. in. Coal - < 7 : - 0 6 Spavin - - - - 0 6 oe - - = - - 2 , pavin - - - - 1 A Coal - 3 : : par 83 Spavin - - - - 07 Coal - - - - - 010 UScavin = oo - 06 easures with two beds of black shale - - - - - 86 0 Coal - - - - - - 06 Measures’ - - - - - 10 0 Coal- ~— - - - - 0 2 Clay - - - - - 0 2 0 5 Coal - - - - - 0 1 Measures ~ - - - - 27 0 Coal - - - - - 08 Measures’ - - - - - 10 0 (B.) Sandstone - - about - - 30 0 Black Shale - - - - - 80 SwaLLow Woop Coatu. The chief feature in this section is the thick band consisting of thin alternating layers of coal, spavin, and shale, marked A. It is again well laid bare in the canal cutting hard by, and- may be seen in the river bank near Christ Church, Attercliff, at both of which places, though it varies a great deal in its details, it has the same general character as in the section just given. Coal under some form or other is very generally present on this horizon for some distance to the north of the present spot; it was found in some bore holes near Rawmarsh, and in the old Swallow Wood Pit 16 chains west of Rawmarsh Church, and it is represented by a thick mass of black shale with thin coal bands in the sinkings of the Hoyland Silkstone Colliery, and of the Barrow Company’s Colliery near Worsborough. In the cutting of the Midland Railway west of the Holmes Station there is a coal in a corresponding position, the section of which is approximately— ' ; ft. in. Coal - - - - - - 10 Dirt - - - - - 06 Coal - - - - ot G This bed seems to have been worked here. For a distance of some five miles we now get little or no information, either from natural or artificial sections, about the measures in question. At Elsecar a boring has been made from the Barnsley to the Swallow Wood Coal, an abstract of which we now give :— ft. in. BARNSLEY COAL. Shale and sandstone - - - - 50 9 Buack SHALE - - - - 8 0 Measures - - - - -16 8 CoaL - - - - - - 12 Measures - - - - -24 2 CoaL - - - - - - 20 Measures - - - - 82 8 Coa. - - - - - - 10 Measures - - - - -40 7 Swa.LLow Woop Coa.. 348 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The black shale and the coal beneath it occupy about the same position as the bed (A.) in the section at Woodbourne Junction. In the neighbourhood of Tankersley Park several borings have been put down on Lord Fitzwilliam’s property, which show that thereabouts sundry thin coals occur between the Barnsley and the Swallow Wood; the following is a section of one of these borings made in Skyers Spring :— ft. in. ft. in. Surface clay - - - 5 8 Coan - - = - 04 Spavin - - - - 10 Coan - - é -13 Spavin - - = - 8 8 Coau - - - lil Measures - - - - - 3111 Coat =: - = += 1, 2 Spavin - - - - 17 CoaL - = = - 19 Measures - - - 3 - 20 2 CoaL - e ¥ - 18 Measures - - - “i - 3 3 SwaLLow Woop Coat. / The coal at the top of this section agrees closely in position with the bed -) The cutting of the South Yorkshire Railway three quarters of a mile north- east of Birdwell Station shows the following beds over the Swallow Wood :— Sandstone.. ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - 12 Dirt - - - - 02 (3)< Coal - - - - Ol Dirt - - - - 10 Goal - - - - 06 hale - - - - - Sandstone - - - “} 46 0 Coal - - - - 02 | Di - - - - 04 Coal - - - - 20 Sandstone - - - - 20 0 (1) Coan - - - 06 Measures not seen, about - 40 0 SwaLtow Woop Coau. The coal (3) agrees with the bed we have been denoting by (A.). The seam (2) is probably the same as a coal about 2 feet thick, seen in the Thorncliffe and Elsecar Railway 10 chains south-west of Skyers Spring Wood. We obtain the latest and most trustworthy account of the measures under consideration from the sinkings of the Hoyland Silkstone Colliery and the Barrow Company’s Worsborough Colliery, which-we now give :— Hoyland Elsecar Colliery. Barnsiey Coau. ft. in. ft. in. Measures - 55 66 Black shale 0 Stone Coal 2 Black shale 4 (A.) < Coal and dirt 10 Coal Spavin Coal. Measures Coal. Spavin Coal. Measures Coal Measures - SwaLLow Woop Coat. tore © pt ene poe voe Poe Fo poe oe ee eet | i | oO C°OCSO Of CCM OA — AAD ORS - 33 2 MEASURES BETWEEN SWALLOW WOOD & BARNSLEY COALS. 349 Barrow Company’s Pit. ft. in. ft. in. - - 5410 Barnsuey Coau. Measures - Hard Coal Spavin and bind (A.) < Dirt Coal - Dirt 7 [Coal Measures Coal Measures Coal Measures Coal Measures SwaLtow Woop Coat. t — oc oc fF OCOOFKo RD DAAM - 38 - 9 - 33 — “ oO a 7) We must go almost as far as Barnsley before we again get any section of the present group of measures. To the south-west of that town a portion of the group is exposed along the road leading from Keresforth Hill to Dodworth Bottom, and at the top of the section is the thick bed of sandstone that caps Keresforth Hill, whose base is some 130 feet above the Swallow Wood. This rock, though it is very striking on the hill in question, must be a very local bed, for there is no sandstone corresponding to it anywhere else in the neighbourhood. About Barnsley a number of borings have been made in the beds between the Barnsley aid Swallow Wood ; no two of them agree in their details, and if they are trustworthy these measures must be very variable in this neighbour- hood. The following may be taken as a sample:— : . Cutting of the M.S. & L. . Boring at Slack Hills : . Bor from the bottom of Coiery-* aitay, Emueraator | the Willthonpe Pit. ft. in. ft. in. : ft. in, BarNsLey COAL. BarnsLey Coat. Measures - - 42 6 Measures - 79 6 Coal - 10 Black shale - 1110 Measures - 13 0 Measures 59 O Coal - 1 38 Coal 1 3 Measures - 10 0 Measures - 25 0 Cannel Coal = © 2 Coal - - 04 Measures - - 5 6 Measures - 384 4 Coal - - 15 Coal - 1 $ Measures - ~ 26 9 Measures 52 9 Cannel Coal - 0 8 SwaLLow Woop Coat. Dirt - - Ol Coal - 0 9 Measures - - 12 9 Coal - 1 2]Coal - - 6 Dirt - - 0 8{Shale -- 9 0 Coal - - 2 0] Coal -- 10 Measures - - 27 9 | Measures 35 0 Coal - 0 7] Cannel Coal - 010 Drub - 0 4|/Clay - 01 Coal - - 2 14 Coal - = 2: 0 Measures - 72 0 SwaLtow Woop Coat. * From Mr. R. Thorp. 350 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. An attempt was made to work the coal at the bottom of the Slack Hills pit, under the impression that it was the Swallow Wood Coal. To the north-west ‘of Barnsley our information about the measures under consideration becomes again very fragmentary. About Higham and Barugh a thick sandstone comes in over the Swallow Wood, and, as we have already mentioned, a corresponding sandstone, the Kexborough Rock, overlies the Netherton Thick Coal around Darton and Kexborough. Between Birthwaite and Haigh there are sandstones which are probably to be placed in the group under consideration, but the country is obscure, and it is not possible to fix their exact position. The following section was seen at Haigh Sandstone Quarry :— ft.in. ft. in. Grey shale - - - Coal, rather hard - - 0 9 Hess shale - - - 2 a avin - - - 3 Seen. Cal : : od Oy Spavin - - - - 0 8 Hard stony spavin - - 18 Sandy shale, about - - 3 0 Sandstone - - - 42 0 Workman’s Shale - - - - 8 0to0 0 account. Coal - - - - 0 6 Bind with Ironstone The sandstone in one quarry is a uniform, finely grained, pale grey rock, pretty regularly bedded; in another quarry, about 20 yards higher up the hill, i is so split up and mixed with lenticular beds of sandy shale as to be worthless. In Bretton Park we are able for the first time distinctly to recognise the sand- stone to which we have given the name of the Horbury Rock, and which for some distance to the north is the most conspicuous member of the group under consideration. There is generally a thin coal under the rock. The sandstone is well marked in the south-eastern part of Bretton Park, and the coal beneath it was in one place 1 ft. 7 in. thick, without the bottom being reached. The rock can be followed hence with more or less certainty to the River Calder. On the north of the river, between Addingford Hill and Ossett, it is in its greatest force. | The bore hole at Horbury Junction * gives the following section of this rock and of the beds above and below it. ft. in. Warren House Coat - - - (162 10 deep.) - Stone bind - - - - - 383 6 Stone and Galliard, Horbury Rock - 63 6 Bind and beds of stone - - - 4011 Coal - - - - - 08 Measures - - - - - 26 1 Black shale - - - 4 0 Measures - - - - - 2911 Tor HaieH Moor Coat. About Horbury Junction there is frequently a band of shale about the middle of the rock, as the two following sections show :— * Furnished by Mr. J. E. Mammatt. MEASURES BETWEEN SWALLOW Woop & BARNSLEY COALS. 351 Section at the western end of Horbury Tunnel. ft. in. Thickly bedded brown sandstone, about - 30 0 Irregular band of carbonaceous shale - 10 Irregular band of sandy shale and earthy sandstone, thinning to the west - - 0 Thickly bedded sandstone, about - - 20 0 Coal - - - - - 07 Black shale. In a section of the Manchester and Leeds Railway, in the Mining Record Office at Jermyn Street, the coal at the bottom is thus described :— ft. in. Coal - - - - - - 0 6 Black shale - - = - - 50 Coal - - - - - - 0 6 Quarry 15 chains south-east of Storr’s Hill Quarry. ft. in. Thickly bedded sandstone. Dark shale with bands of black carbonaceous shale - - - - - 0 A.< Grey sandy shale - - - - 56 0 Grey sandy shale with earthy concretionary sandstone - - - - - 6 Thickly bedded sandstone - - -15 0 Sandy shale. The measures A. thinned away to the north-west, coming down to about 7 feet in about 200 yards from the point where the section was measured. The following bore hole near the Victoria Mill, Ossett, passed through nearly the whole of the Horbury Rock. Bore hole near Victoria Miil, Ossett. ft. in. Surface - - - - - 160 Stone and galliard, Horbury Rock - 41 2 Bind - - - - - 14 8 Coal - - - - - - 10 Measures - - - - - 62 3 Black shale - - . - - 110 Spavin - - - - 61 A.< Measures - - - - - 71 Black shale - - - - - 5 0 Spavin - - - - - 67 Measures - - - - - 89 8 The Black shales (A.) correspond to the Black shale in a similar position in the bore hole at Horbury Junction. There is very usually Black shale or thin irregular coals on this horizon in this part of the coalfield, The Horbury Rock extends in the form of an outlier to the north-west of Ossett, and there seems to be a sandstone on Lodge Hill, about a mile to the north-east of Ossett, which may with great probability be referred to this bed. In both these localities, however, the rock is much less distinctly marked than to the south-east of Ossett, and is probably growing feeble and beginning to die away. That this is the case is rendered likely by the fact that the sand- stone has not been recognised at the surface anywhere to the north of Lodge Hill. , Sinkings between the outcrop of the Horbury Rock and Wakefield show that that sandstone extends in an irregular way for some considerable distance underground. One or two of these sections we will now give. 352 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Roundwood Colliery.* fi . in. GawtTHorPe CoaL - - - (186 8 deep) Measures” - - - - - 22 0 Stone - - - - Jl oO Bind -Morbury . : - 21 4 Stone. Ochs - - - - 37 2 Measures - - - - - 19 8 Coal - - - - - 0 9 Measures - - - - - 27 1 Coal - . - - - 1 2 Measures - - - - - 29 3 Black shale - - - - - 2 2 Measures - - - - - 48 4 Top Harcu Moor Coat. Manor Colliery, Wakefield. ft. in. Warren House Coat - - (299 8 deep) Measures - - - - - 15 38 Stone - 46 1 Stone bind - Bey - - 15 0 Stone DEK: - 67 0 Measures - - - - - 6 10 Coal - - - - = I 2 Measures’ - - - 18 3 Black shale - - - - - 7 0 Measures” - - - - 43 2 Haigu Moor Coau. In the Haigh Moor Pit of the Stanley Victoria Colliery there is a thick rock immediately below the Warren House, which is in a measure the equivalent of the Horbury Rock. A little further to the east the rock seems to thin away, for there is nothing to correspond to it in the section of the West Riding Colliery. In the Glasshoughton sinking there is a great deal of sandstone between the Warren House and Haigh Moor Coal, and some of it occurs about the horizon of the Horbury Rock, but there is no well-defined single bed that can be looked upon as the representative of thatrock. In the Prince of Wales Colliery Pontefract, on the other hand, the measures which correspond in position with the Horbury Rock are almost wholly shale. Sections illustrating the measures between the Blocking Bed and the Warren House Coal in the northern part of the coalfield are given on Plate 13, and by way of explanation we add here a few remarks. We obtain our first section from a boring on Emley Moor; the section in Middle Pit, Flockton, between the Old Hards and New Hards Coal; and a section calculated from the outcrop of the Flockton Thin at Brown Hill, Upper Whitley, to the outcrop of the Blocking Coal at How Royd, Lower Whitley; along this line we can trace with certainty all the inter- mediate beds between these two coals, both by actual workings and the natural features which they form. _ * From Mr. J. O. Greaves. Geological Survey of i Harulsworth. and Intake. BARNSLEY COAL Woodhouse Rock HEWARD OR FLOCKTON THICK COAL Park Gate Rock PARK GATE COAL WALKERS OR THORNCLIFFE THIN COAL Silkstone Fock CLAY. WOOD IRONSTONE siastone con. WE a 9 a oo. Woodbourn Greaves and Colt Pitsrwor. Hasbro’ JOAN a = COAL TANKERSLEY peerrers-arg /RONSTONE| r FENTONS, COAL Plate 12. Comparative Sections of the measures between the Barnsley and the Si Rawmarsh Greasborough. LIOGET COAL THIN FLOCKTOM aS oN and central. portions of the Yorkshire Coalf Seale, 100 feet to an inch 3. 6. 7. é. Taunkersley Birdwell & Hoyland Siruftord Main ant Wharnclitte and and Thornellte. Silkstone Worsborough. Sovereign cll? Co SWILLEY COAL 4 FOOT |memwmmemeemny — COAL nsley and the Silkstone Coals in the southern: > Yorkshire Coalfield. n inch é. 9. 70. ‘Strafford Main Clarch Boring at and Lane Briery Royds th. Sovereign Ol” and Colt” Falconer Olt! \ ™~ ~N i, = ~ * ~ N XN N Ss ™~ “ * ASS N NX Sh ~~ NX od “N Be | ey N “ Sy aN “NX “XN ~ NX Ss ™ NX N NETHERTON THICRS COAL NETHERTON THIN COAL M1. Darton To face page 332. 22. - B. Horbary Stanley and Victoria WARREN HOUSE COAL HAIGH MOOR COAL MIDDLETON 40 YOS. COAL BROWN METAL COALS. MIDDLETON LITTLE COAL @UDDLETON MAIN COAL WHEATLEY LIME COAL BLOCKING iL ICKING COM Dancerrievo.Litn.22,Beorono S™ Covent Ganoen. ‘ MEASURES BETWEEN BLOCKING & WARREN HOUSE COALS. 353 My = Bron Hii a= Emley Moor.* Middle Pitt | 2nd How Roya. Thickness.| Total. |Thickness.| Total’ jThickness. Total. ft. in| ft. in.J ft. in| ft. ind’ ft. iny ft in Measures. Joan Coan - - 2 0 Measures - -| 64 6 Frocxron Turck Coan 8 6] 70 0 Measures = -| 15 5 Sandstone and shale,Emley Rock| 26 7 {112 0 Measures 7 11 0 Friockton Tain Coat - 1 8/124 8 Measures - - Sandstone Birstal or 61 185 38 ~ -| 66 0 Measures } Cropper Gate Sandstone Rock, 22 8 | 207 11 | - -|- -| 20 @ Coal, First Brown Mera -|- -|- -|- - 0 &| 80 8 Measures - } 24 7 | 232 6 -|- -]| 30 6 Op Harps Coat - 2 0] 2384 6 ]- ~ - 1 6]112 2 Measures‘ - - -~| 25 9] - - 33 7 -Iloo o el tates Brown Metat - 0 8 {| 260 11 | - - - } andstone - - 84 5 68 0 380 0] 162 2 Measures - : } 2 08 A a7 ao 20 0 Green Lane Coar - 1 2] 804 6 12] 97.0 110] 184 0 Measures - - -| 71 10 - 73° 2 55 0 New Harps Coat - 2 8/3878 7 3811]174 1 3 8 | 242 8 Measures - -| 47 5 |- -|- -| 60 0 Taree Quarters Coa - 2 7|423 7 7- - - 2 31} 804 11 Measures -~| 61 5 - -|- -| 25 0 Sandstone - 22 1|512 1 -|- -] 60 0] 889 11 Coal - - 0 3 Measures - 19 8 -|- -|- -7| 15 0 Sandstone - 14 +] Brockine Coat - 1 5) 541 6]7- - - 110| 406 9 The Flockton Thick Coal is given in the Emley section as 3 ft. 6 in. thick, but 6 inches in the middle of the seam consists of clay. The sandstone, Emley Rock, between the Flockton Thick and Thin Coals, which in the Emley section is composed of alternating bands of sandstone and shale, can be traced as far north and north-east as the Flockton Coals or their representatives are found. The Cropper Gate Rock, the representative of the lower portion of the Birstal Rock, is given in the Emley section as 22 ft. 8 in. thick, and this agrees very nearly with the thickness obtained independently from calculation between Brown Hill and How Royd. The 8 inches coal in the How Royd section (sect. 3), is most likely the equivalent of the First Brown Metal Coal of the Adwalton district, while the coal band 8 inches thick, lying below the Old Hards Coal in the Emley section, is the coal known as the Third Brown Metal Coal of the same district. The sandstone below this coal in Middle Pit and the How Royd sections. is only very local in its occurrence, but it occasionally appears in some of the other sections. The Falhouse Rock lying between the Blocking and Three Quarters Coals, presents 2 notable example of the sudden changes in thickness which some of these coal-measure sandstones undergo; at Emley it is given as 22 feet thick, * From Mr. W. Lipscomb. + From Mr. S. Metcalfe. 42513. : Z 354 . GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. with a band 14 feet in thickness resting on the coal, while at How Royd we calculate it to be 60 feet thick, and in the quarry below Falhouse there is about 45 feet of this sandstone exposed. It is seen to thin out to a thin band in the cutting of the Manchester and Leeds Railway near Greenwood Bridge, and in many cases it is absent altogether, while it as suddenly again appears as a thick and massive rock. The next group of sections in illustration of these measures is composed of the Flockton section, a section between the Flockton Thick and the New Hards, calculated along a line from Blossom Pit, Denby Grange Colliery, to oo Rakes, Briestfield; and the section of Prince of Wales Pit, Stony Cliff ood, (4) (5.) (6) eet Pri f Wal * ' Section, ince of Wales a Flockton. Denby Grange. = Pitt Thick- Thick- Thick- nesses, | L0t@l: | nesses, | Total. nesses, | Total. ft, in.) fi. in. | ft. in.} ft. in ft. in.| ft, in. Measures. Joan CoaL - . : 2 2)- -f- =|- - |. - 13 Measures : - -) 57 65 ]- -|- -|- -|- -| 6611 FuocktTon THick Coan - 4 2) 68 9[- -|- -|- - 4 7 72 9 Measures - . . -| 15 5)- -] 15 0]- -|- -} 10 6 Sandstone, Hmley Rock. - 4 0|/ 8 2] 20 0] 8 Of- - 9 8 92 5 Measures : - -| 30 0] - -] 25 0] - -]- -| 80 1 Furockton THIn Coal - 1 8/11410] 1 6] 61 6]- -{ 1 6) 12311 Measures - : -| 23 O} - -] 13 O]- : Sandstone >) Cropper Gate -| 27 6) 165 4] 20 0| 94 6 =| 64 0 Measures or - -| 15 0] - -]| 16 0] - - lsandstone|¢ 3 0 Sandstone ) Birstal Rock. -| 27 6| 20710] 50 0|- - [Sandy shale/{16 4] 209 11 Sandstone|€ 2 8 Measures - - . -|- -|- -|- -|- -[- -| ll 4 Op Harps Coan - - 1 5} 209 3 2 0/162 6] - - 2 0| 228 8 Measures - - : - 2 6 Sandstone - : - 7 6/219 3] 80 0) 192 6 Measures - - -| 40 3]- - Coal, THIRD Brown METAL - 0 2| 259 8}750 0 Measures . - -| 25 8)- - GREEN LANE CoA - ~1 2 9] 288 1 110 | 244 4 Measures - . -| 77 8)- =| 70 NEw Harps Coan - - 3 6| 869 8 210 | 817 2 The Flockton Thick Coal is here as in the last section composed of two seams of coal separated by a band of “Muck” or underclay more than 2 feet thick. (See pp. 320 and 321.) The Birstal Rock is much thicker than we have yet met with it, the shale above the Old Hards Coal having been replaced by sandstone, which our calculations in Gozley Wood, Denby Grange, make to be 50 feet thick; at Flockton it is given as 27 feet in thickness, and at Prince of Wales Colliery it is represented principally by sandy shale, while the upper portion consists wholly of “ Binds ”’ or Shales. ; The sandstone lying below the Old Hards Coal seems to be much thicker in Gozley Wood than it is at Flockton, corresponding more nearly to the thickness of the Stringer House sandstone. We have the Third Brown Metal Coal present in the Flockton section, in the coal band 2 inches thick, which it is interesting to note in passing. The Green Lane Coa! has been worked in some parts of this area. * From Trans. Leeds Lit, and Phil. Soc., Vol. I. {+ From Mr. 8. Metcalfe. MEASURES BETWEEN BLOCKING & WARREN HOUSE COALS. 355 A boring near the junction of the two small brooks north of Hazel Grove Farm, together with a portion added on at the top, calculated along a linc from thence south-east to Overton, and including measures as high as the Thornhill Rock; the section of the Engine. Pit, Emroyd; that of the Hostingley Colliery, with the boring to the New Hards Coal, and a small portion added on from calculation showing the position of the Low Haigh Moor or Netherton Thin Coal, furnish us with the next details of the measures under consideration. (hy (8. (9.) Se Bq 22 | Boring, Hazel | “Engine Pit, | ~~ nC — 35 "aa * ee Hostingle & & Grove Farm. Emroyd. Colliery. 3 Thick- Thick- Thick- ness, | Lotal-] “joss, Total. ness. Total. ft. in.] ft. in.) ft. in.] ft. in| ft. in. ft. in) fé. in, Low Hai¢H Moor Coat - - -|- «|. -[- «[- - Calculated 20 Measures - - - -|- -|- =|. -|- =|. - Section 40 0 Sandstone, Thornhill Rock. -|- -|- -|- -|- -|- - - - 68 6/110 6 Measures - : - -| 80 O]- -|- -|- -|- - - - 101 1 Joan Coan - - : : 2 0/]- -| 8 Of- -|- - - - 19/218 4 Measures - - - -| 55 O]- -|- -|- “|° - - - 48 3 FuLookTon TuHIck Coan - -| 84 O]- -| 140 4]- -|- - - - 8 0 | 264 7 Measures - - - ~| 12 0] - -|- -f- -]- = - - 16 4 Sandstone, Hmley Rock. - -| 15 O]- - | 167 4]- -|- - - - 14 0 | 294 11 Measures - - -| 87 O|- -[- -J-. -J- = - 40 8 Frocxton THiIn Coan - . 1 6/- = | 205 10 1 8|- - - - 1 8 | 837 8 Measures - - . -| 86 O}- -|- -]| 23 0]- : - - 5 6 Sandstone : - 6 9| 248 7] 29 6) 54 2 . . 19 6 ensures Birstal Rock. Soon] cE apse oe ae Oe . 2 32 1 Sandstone : - -| 55 9/3815 5] 81 6/100 8 - - 84 6 | 428 10 Measures - - a - 0 8|- -|- =]. - - . ’ Otp Harps Coan - - -|- - 2 5| 318 6 5] 102 1 - . Measures - - “]e - 6 6] - - 2 6/- - - - 43 1 Sandstone - - -|- -| 8 8|- . 6] - - - - Measures : - - -[- * 0 8/- - =| - . - . Coal, THIRD BRowN META: “]- . 0 8| 885 Of -56 1] - - [Black shale - 11) 473 0 easures - - - ele -{| 67 7|- : -|s ” - - 54 7 GREEN LANE CoAL - - -|- - 1 0} 403 7 2 9/170 11 - . 2 8 | 529 10 easures : - - =f -| 5311] - -{ 78 2 ]- : - - 56 6 NEw Harps Coan - : el- - 8 1| 460 7 2 1/251 2 . - 8 9] 590 1 Measures - - - -|- -| 76 O|- -| 60 2 THREE QUARTERS Co . -|- . 2 9) 589 4 2 9| 3814 1 If we compare the strata given in the boring north of Hazel Grove Farm with the calculated section at Denby Grange we find that they agree very closely in regard to the thickness of the Birstal Rock and also that the distance between the Old Hards and Green Lane Coals is nearly the same, though the sandstone below the Old Hards is thinner than our calculations make it.in Gozley Wood. It is to be noticed that the Old Hards Coal is not present in the Hostingley section; it may have been passed through unobserved, or it may be absent altogether. In this section there is, however, a Black Shale mentioned, just about the horizon where we would expect the coal band representing the Third Brown Metal Coal to appear, and that Black Shale may be the equiva- lent of this' coal. “* From Mr. J. : Wood. { From Mr. W. Lipscomb. “Z2 356 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The coal 8 inches thick in the Hazel Grove boring, lies nearer to the Old Hards Coal than we have yet found it. The coal band which may represent the First Brown Metal Coal is not given in any one of the group of sections we are at present describing. The distance between the Green Lane and New Hards Coals in the Hazel Grove and Hostingley Colliery borings is less than we have hitherto found it to be, and even less than it is in the section of the Engine Pit, Emroyd, which is situated between Hazel Grove and Hostingley. The next sections which we give consist of one calculated and compiled along a line from Thornhill through Fox Royd to Royds House, Hopton, where we cross the whole series from the Thornhill Rock to the Blocking Coal, and the sinking of Ingham Pit, Thornhill Colliery :— Coloutale® rection, a pit, * Thornhill Colliery. Thon ill Colliery. Thickness.) Total. [Thickness.| Total. ft. inj ft. inf ft. im] ft. in Sandstone, Thornhill Rock. : -|°65 0] 65 0 Measures - - - 90 O| - * Joan Coan 2 0] 157 O Measures - - -| 60 0} - - Stone Coal 2 0 Fiocxton THick Cons] Di 6 ol 9 0] 226 0 Coal 10 Measures - - - -| 18 0] - - Sandstone, Emley Rock. 12 0| 256 0 Measures - » - -| 26 O}- é Friocxton THIN Coax, - - - 1 8] 283 8 29 Measures ~ - - - - + }4s 6 Sandstone - - - - 80 0 Coal - - - - 1 3 50 6 Measures - - - - ec ei Sandstone - - - 17 0] 380 8 } 12 8 * Measures - - First Brown Mera Coar - +} 25 O}- - 2 2] 65 4 Measures - - = -} 13 5 Otp Harps Coau - - 110| 407 6 21 80 10 Measures - = - -| 21 9 Tairp Brown Merat Coat - = 15 0 1 4] 103 11 Measures - - - - Sandstone - - - - -| 80 0O| 452 6 46 2 Measures - - -| 25 0 - } Green Lanse CoaL - - - 2 0/479 6 2 4/152 5 Measures - - 55 0] - -| 64 8]. New Harps or Cromwant. Coan 38 0] 5387 6 38 4] 220 5 Measures - i 3 60 0| - 42 9 ns ‘THREE QUARTERS Coan - - 2 5 | 599 11 2 6/265 8 Measures - - - - - - - 18 0 ‘Coal - - - -|- - 110/285 6 * Measures - - 50 0 Sandstone - - 40 0t000|| 105 0 }ss e Black shale and Coal - 10, -f}- -|- - 4 1] 828 0 Measures - 15 0 = we |e -7| 17 2 Buocxine Coan - - - - 1 11 | 706 10 1 53} 846 74 The Thornhill Rock forms the conspicuous features at Thornhill Edge and * From Mr. W. P. Maddison. Inserted here es permission of the late Capt. J. Ingham, obtained through Mr. E, Ingham, MEASURES BETWEEN BLOCKING & WARREN HOUSE COALS. 857 Fox Royd Bank, and the plateau on which the village of Thornhill stands. It is a massive sandstone, about 65 feet thick at the west end of our section. The Joan Coal has been worked to a small extent near the Ings, Thornhill, where it was 2 feet thick. In the Flockton Thick or Briestfield Stone Coal, the Stone or Cannel Coal is separated from the lower bed of soft coal by 6 feet of shale, rendering this Beaty at little value at Thornhill, so that hitherto it has not been much worked. Here we find no trace of the sandstone bed which lies close below the Flockton Thin Coal at Denby Grange, though the lower portion of the Birstal Rock is represented by a sandstone 17 feet thick. Both the Old Hards and New Hards, or Cromwell, Coals are very exten- sively worked at Thornhill, and furnish a supply of excellent coal. The sandstone lying above the Blocking Coal we find to be a thick rock, along the line of section, but it is known to die out a little north of this line. It is usually very changeable, and its place may be ey occupied by shales ae rea shales at various points between Whitley Wood and Thornhill see p. le In the recent sinking for Ingham Pit, Thornhill Colliery, a series of coal seams, all lying in close proximity to the horizon of the Old Hards, were proved, the existence of which, although the Thornhill Collieries have been working for many years, was unknown. This section forms the first authentic account of the occurrence of that group of coals which are known by the name of Brown Metal Coals, in the country lying north and north-east of Thornhill, and is the first instance that we know of where this series occurs in regular succession, and where the bands above and below the Old Hards attain a workable thickness. The first coal which is met with below the Flockton Thin Coal is a band 1 foot 3 inches thick, but in no other place do we find any further proof of its existence, so that it would appear to be confined to a very small and limited area. Lying 12 ft. 8 in. below this coal we have another bed of coal, 2 ft. 2 in. thick, which no doubt is the First Brown Metal Coal. The Old Hards, equivalent to the Second Brown Metal, occurs at a depth of 13 ft. 5 in. under the seam before mentioned, while the bed of coal 21 ft. 9 in. below the Old Hards will represent the third band of the series. A coal band of a shaly character, hence termed “ Scale” or “‘Scaly ’? Coal, lying 18 feet below the Three Quarters Coal, is a seam new to the district, but it is extremely limited in its occurrence, as we only find it at Thornhill ; at Mirfield, in the valley of the Burgh Beck (Sects. 12 and 13, Plate 13) ; and at Batley Carr (Sect. 23, Plate 13). In no case is this coal of any workable value. Here the Falhouse Rock does not exist, its place being occupied by “‘ Stone- bind” and “ Bind.” A band of Black Shale with a thin coal seam below it occurs 16 ft. 2 in. above the Blocking Coal, and the same seam is aiso given in (Sect. 12, Plate 13), and both lie nearly on the same horizon as the 3-inch Coal at Emley Moor (Sect. 1, Plate 13, p. 353). A section calculated from the alluvium of the River Calder, at Little Royd Mill, Dewsbury, through Earls Heaton and Chickenley to Holmes Leas, enables us to determine the measures between the Flockton Thin on Dewsbury Bank and the Top Haigh Moor Coals; two borings at Dewsbury give us the beds between the Flockton Thin and Cromwell Coals; the section of Dark Lane Pit, Mirfield, above the Blocking Coal; a boring near Burgh Beck to the Three Quarters Coal; together with two borings to the Haigh Moor Coal in the Soothill estate, form our next section. 358 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD.: (16.)"_ * , 07) _ (18.) Calculated | Boring No. 18.*] Boring No. 19,* ' section, . near : near Earls Heaton. | Chidswell. Chidswell. Thick- Thick- Thick- esa: Total. 4 ness: Total. ness, | Total. ft,in.| fi.in.] ft.in.| ft.in.] ft.in.) f6. in. WaRREN HovsE Coan - - - : -|- “]- - 8 1 8 1f- -|- = Measures containing Thin Coal seams - - -|- -|- -7116 6]/- -f- Paes ea Coal, 27 YaRpDS Coat Band - - . - “|- . 110 | 126 5 27). < Measures containing a Thin Coal seam - - - -|- -] 62 3] - -| 66 4/- - Top HaigH Moor Coan - - - 8 O]-. « 2 4/191 0 30} 7111 Measures - - : - - - -| 80 0] - - Low HaicH Moor Coan - - - - 2 0) 35 0 Measures - < - - -| 8 O]- - Sandstone, Thornhill Rock. - - - -| 77 0] 197 0 aya’ fs | 8 Sli 6 oan Coan - - - - - . ws Measures - - - - -| 55 O]- = (14.) (15.) Stone coal -2 4 Boring near | Boring near FLocKton Tuck Coan 3 Dirt - 5 a 8 8| 342 8] Springfield Northfield Coal 10 House, House, Measures - * - Dewsbury.t Dewsbury.t Sandstone, Hmley Rock, - - - - } 40 0|- - Foc aran Uiicwpy ewan Les Cele 2 8| 385 4] Thick Thick ‘LOCKTON THIN oR DewsBuRY Bank CoAL - ick- ‘ick- Measures - - -| 53 6|- -| ness, | Total. | ness, | Total. ft.in.| ft.in.f ft.in.| ft. in Sandstone - - te -|- -|- -7 46 6] - -| 86 O]- - Frrst Brown MetTan Coan -|- -|- - 1 0/] 47 6 110| 8710 Measures - - : - - -[- -|- - 9 O}- - 90 Op Harps orn DAw GREEN CoAL - -|- -[- - 26] 59 0 8 0] 4910 Measures - - . - . -|- -f- - 9 0|- - 9 6|- - THIRD BROWN METAL CoaL - =|: “Je . 10] 69 0 11] 6 5 Measures - - - - - -f- -|- -| 55 0]. -]| 51 7/- - GREEN LANE CoaL : - -]- -|- - 1 0] 125 0 0 6/112 6 Measures - - - - : - -|- er fei -7 31 3/-: -f 49 5B]. - CROMWELL CoAL - . - - - -|- e|e -] 1 73) 157 103] 2 1] 164 0 Measures . - - -|- =|. -]- e[- -[- -|- - Ce 18.) * | Dark Lane Boring near Pit, Burgh Beck, Mirfield.¢ - Mirfield.§ Thick- | motai, | Thick-| otal, ness. ness. ft.in.| ‘ft.in.] ft-in.) ft. in. THREE QUARTERS CosAL - - «Je -fe 0 «fF 2 2 = Measures - - - - -|- -|- -] 2 4] - - Coal - . . - - - : 1 9|- - 21) 28 7 Measures. - : - . -| 60 8|- - Black shale and Coal : - - : 2 6| 6410 Measures - - . . . -| 19 7/- - BLOcKING CoaL - . . . - 18] 8& 1 In the Karls Heaton section we have no account of any of the beds below the Dewsbury Bank Coal, as they are covered by the alluvium of the River Calder and have not been proved by workings, but the borings at Dewsbury give us the measures as low as the Cromwell Coal. At Holme Leas both the Haigh Moor Coals have been got to some extent near Crownlands, but northwards the Low Haigh Moor Coal becomes repre- ene by a number of separate coal seams of an inferior quality which are of ittle value. * From Mr. C. B. Cawthorne. { From Mr. J. Haigh. { From Mr. J. Niven, Mirfield Coal Co. § From Messrs. B. Barrowclough and Son. MEASURES BETWEEN BLOCKING & WARREN HOUSE COALS. 3859 The Flockton Thick Coal is here divided into two beds by a parting of shale more than 5 feet thick. ‘We have no evidence of the existence of the Emley Rock at this place. : The lower portion of the Birstal Rock, north of Daw Green, Dewsbury, is en in the Dewsbury section as 46 ft. 6 in. thick, and rests immediately on a coal seam. It appears from this section that we have the whole Brown Metal series at Dewsbury, 2 coal band 1 ft. to 1 ft. 10 in. [lying about 9 ft. above, and another ae 1 ft. to 1 ft. lin. the same distance below the Old Hards or Daw Green oal. The Green Lane’ Coal has here become very thin, and is not of workable thickness in the neighbourhood of Dewsbury. The distance between the Old Hards and Cromwell Coal is less than the average in this district; the Cromwell Coal is also thinner than at Thornhill, and the workings at Upper Boothroyd had to be abandoned on account of the thinness of the seam. The next group is obtained from the sinking and boring at Batley Carr Colliery, and a portion added on to it from calculation, in a line from Stain- cliffe through this colliery to the outcrop of the Haigh Moor Coal near Owl Lane Mill, Gawthorpe ; the sinking of Saville Pit ; and two borings to the Haigh Moor Coal in the Soothill estate. (19.) (20.) 21.) (22.) oe o slat Haina’ ection. . . 00 orings. Staincliffe to Saville Pit.* ‘aris Owl Lane Mill. No. 4. No. 16. Thick- Thick- Thick- Thick- : riOBa, Total. | “jess, Total. | “ess. Total. ness, | otal. : ft. in.) ft. in ft. in| ft. inj fi. in) ft. inj ft. in) ff. in. Measures containing thin Coal seams Coal - - os -{- -}- -f- -]- -] 0 5]- -[ 2 4 Measures containing a thin Coal seam - - -|- -|- -|[- . -[ 72 3|- -[ 71 8 HaicH Moor Coan : 6 l- -T- . - 3.6] 7% 2) 8 4] 77 4 Measures - - _ -}{ 80 0 Sandstone, Thornhill Rock.| 110 0| 198 6} 43 8 Measures’ - - -| 50 0)- -1106 2 Joan Coat - - - 110 | 245 4 2 8/151 8 Measures - : -| 60 0] - -7] 50 0 FrocxtTon Tuick Coat - 310] 309 2 0 8| 202 4 Measures = - -| 45 0] - -] 24 0 FLOcKTON THIN OR DEWs- - : BURY Bank CoaL - 8 0| 857 2 2 5 | 228 9 Measures - - -| 24 0] - - Sandstone - - -{ 78 0] 459 2 Measures) - . -| 20 O|- . ae) Daw GREEN OR SECOND _ Batley Carr Brown MzTauCoan -| 2 6] 481 8 Colliery. Measures - . -| 58 6[- - ne et iCK= eibga; Total. ft. in.} ff. in. GREEN LANE CoaL -{| Blackshale -[ 1 2 Measures - : -|- -|- -] 61 6 CROMWELL OR MIDDLETON WN CoaL : -]- -|- “ 1 2] 6310 Measures - - -|- -|- -] 8511 THREE QUARTERS COAL - | - -|- - 2 2 | 15111 Measures - - -|- -|- -] 22 4 ; Coal - -|- -|- - 2 0/176 38 Measures - - -~|- -|- Sandstone and Sandy Shale | - -|- -]| 28 7 Measures - = -|- mes 23 6 | 228 4 Biockinc Coat. : * From Mr. C. B. Cawthorne. { From Mr. R. Holliday. 360 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Owing to the absence of an actual section between the Top Haigh Moor Coal and the top of the Thornhill Rock, we have no information as to the existence of the Low Haigh Moor Coal in this section, but the calculated section across the valley of the Batley Beck furnishes us with the thickness of the beds as far down in the series as the Daw Green Coal, while the Batley Carr Colliery gives us the details from the Green Lane to the Blocking Coal. The Thornhill Rock seems to attain a greater thickness than we have yet found it, but the upper portion of it, as exposed in the cutting at the south end of Shaw Cross Tunnel, consists principally of shale with large con- cretionary blocks of sandstone lying irregularly in it; at the north end of the ee sandstone lies in more regular bands interstratified with beds of ark shale. The Joan Coal has been worked to a small extent in Caalms Wood, where it _was 1 ft. 10 in. thick. Though the parting separating the Stone Coal from the Soft Coal in the Flockton Thick Coal is less than in our last section, this coal has not been considered of sufficient value to be worked. At Saville Pit there was only a few inches of Stone Coal, but this is only a local thinning away of the coal, and does not extend over any very large area. The Birstal Rock, which rises from under the alluvium at Dewsbury, forming the lower escarpment from Cracken Edge to the Carrs, and the flat ground from Batley Carr Top to Purwell Hall, we calculate to be 78 ft. thick. It is very extensively quarried and is a thick and massive sandstone. There isa Black shale in the section at Batley Carr Colliery, which occupies very nearly the same relative position in regard to the other coal seams as the Green Lane Coal, and may be equivalent to it. The Cromwell Coalis very thin at Batley Carr, being only 1 ft. 2 in. thick, and appears generally to resemble this coal at Upper Boothroyd. The distance between the Cromwell Coal and the coal which most likely represents the Three Quarters Coal is greater than in any other case with which we have yet met. A coal 2 ft. thick, 22 ft. 4 in. below the Three Quarters Coal is described as of a very inferior nature, and may correspond with the coal 2 ft. 1 in. and 1 ft. 9 in. thick found in the sections in the valley of the Burgh Beck, near to Red Lathe, and at Dark Lane Pit (see p. 358). The sandstone over the Blocking Coal consists of bands of sandstone alternating with beds of sandy shale. The Blocking Coal was not found at Batley Carr, but there is a seat-earth under some dark shale containing Ironstone, which is about on the horizon of the Blocking Coal in the Heckmondwike district, and most probably is the underclay of this coal, the coal itself being absent. The ironstone-bearing shale lying above the seat-earth is a further corroboration of this opinion, because a shale containing ironstone lies above the Blocking Coal and has in one or two cases been worked, but the ironstone being poor in quality has not been got to any extent. The upper part of our next section is furnished by.the section of Dogloach Pit, combined with that of the new sinking at Soothill Wood Colliery, and the section of a bore hole, in the Soothill estate, through the Haigh Moor to the Brown Metal Coals. MEASURES BETWEEN BLOCKING & WARREN HOUSE COALS. 361 Ot Boring No.12,* . jorin . 12, Dogloach Pit." Soothill Estate. Tae Total. Thick Total. ace) ft. in| ft. in. ft. in| ft. in Measures containing thin Coal seams. Coal, 27 Yarps Coan : - . - 2 B{- -T- : 23 Measures containing a thin Coalseam - -| 75 9] - «Te o- +] 7811 Top Haran Moor Coan - - : - 8 4) 81 6]- - - 3 3] 8b 5 Measures - - . - is “Ne -l- a ee 4 8 Coal : - - -|]- 0 -]- : -{| 14 Coal +Measures - - - - -1|>45 6|- - - 3.0 Coal - - - - =-|]- -|- -lla - - 38 9 Measures : - . - a willie rth -l]3 - -| 19 0 Coal - . - 0 3| 127 38 = Low Hateu Moor Coan Measures’ - -| 15 O}- -]] & Coal-| 1 4/117 6 Coal - < 0 9) 14 0 Measures - - - - - -| 64 5[- - 5 - +] 4210 Sandy shale with thin beds of sand-) Thornhill tse 8 3} stone. Rock. me 60 0| 220 4 Sandstone - - : - -| 32 0/84 1J/Q" 7 Measures - . : : . -| 20 9)- -Fle - -) 1611 Joan CoaL . : : 1 0/|86710};2 - - 1 0} 338 38 Measures - - - - -| 11 3]- - q - - Coal - - - - - - 0 9 {| 379 10 - : ba 0 Measures - - - - - -| 26 7|- - - FLocKTon THIcK Coat > 2 2] 1 of4o7 5 - -/ 2 6] 384 9 Measures - - - - - -|- -|- - - + 5 7 Sandstone, Emley Rock. - - - -|- -|- -T- - =] 281 Measures : - : - - -|- -|- -J- o- - 5 5 Frocktoy Tain Coa fee shale - 2 i : - -f- = =] 2 4] 426 2 Theeaurne - - - - -{- -|- -T- - at ; OAL = - - - . -|- “fe + - Measures - - - Two ee { - -|- “Te +. - 8 8 SEconD Brown MeTat Coan : - -|- ef-e o- - 1 8| 482 7 Measures - - - = - -|- -|- -}- + +} 201 THIRD Brown Mxetat Coan . . -|- -|- Se 2 0| 504 8 The seams of coal which usually occur below the Haigh Moor Coal in the immediate neighbourhood are absent in the section of Soothill Wood Colliery. The two thin bands of coal lying 45 ft. 6 in. below the Haigh Moor Coal it is impossible to identify. The upper portion of the Thornhill Rock is wholly composed of shale and sandy shale with thin bands of sandstone, while the lower portion is much developed, almost entirely replacing the shale which usually lies between the base of this sandstone and the Joan Coal. The sandstone is thus brought in on a horizon which corresponds more closely to its position at Ardsley and Middleton than at Dewsbury and Morley. In the boring in the Soothill estate we have two coal seams lying 4 ft. 8 in. below the Haigh Moor Coal ; the upper band is 1 ft. 4 in. thick, and the lower band consists of coal and dirt 1 ft. im thickness, with 2 ft.9 in. of coal, under- clay, and shale, the several thicknesses of which, not being detailed, we cannot say whether the coal is in one seam or in several thin beds. The Low Haigh Moor Coal is represented by a bed of coal and shale 1 ft. 4 in. thick. Under the main mass of the Thornhill Rock in the boring in Soothill estate there are come measures consisting of sandy shales with alternating bands of sandstone, which may represent the greater thickness of that sandstone as given in the Owl Lane Mill section (section 19, p. 359). The coal band which we take to be equivalent to the Flockton Thin Coal seems only to be 4 inches thick, but possibly a portion of the coal may have been taken in with the black shale which overlies it. The First and the Second Brown Metal Coals appear here to be somewhat similar to what they are where they are known as the ‘I'wo-Yards Bed, consisting of two beds of coal separated by a parting of underclay, but the distance under the supposed equivalent of the Dewsbury Bank Coal 1s not so great as in the neighbouring sections. (See Section 25, Plate 13.) * From Mr. C. B. Cawthorne. 362 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The Third Brown Metal Coal is given as 2 feet thick, which is more than, we generally find it to be. : We have identified the coals in the Boring, Soothill estate, differently from what they are in the original section, and in Vert. Sects. sheet 40, which names the lowest coal as the Dewsbury Bank Coal, giving a distance between the Haigh Moor and Dewsbury Bank Coal much greater than in any other instance that we are aware of. The three lowest coals in reality agree much ae nearly with the Brown Metal series than they do with the Flockton oals. The next account which we have of these measures is obtained from a boring to the Top Haigh Moor Coal in the Soothill estate; a boring from the Top Haigh Moor Coal near Simpson’s Spring, East Ardsley, which gives the measures between the Haigh Moor and Flockton Thick or Stone Coals; and the section of the New Market Colliery, near Methley Lanes, giving the com- plete section between the Warren House and Haigh Moor Coal; while the beds downwards to the Middleton Main are furnished by the section of the Howley Park Colliery. ee (26.) (27.) (28.) | . Boring, Boring No. 3,* Simpson’s New Market Soothill Estate.} Spring, East Colliery.t oad Ardsley.t Thick- Thick- : Thick- Oda: Total. | “ness | Total P ness, | Total. ft. in.| ft. in.] ft. in.| ft. in. ft. in.) ff. in. ‘Warren HovuskE Coat . : es -[- «-f- -]- «7 56 6 Measures containing thin Coal seam: -|- a) 8 -|- «lo -|141 6 Coal, 27 Yarps Coat (Dark Bind) - - 28 [« -|- -|- . 09/147 9 Measures containing a thin Coal seam -| 7110] - -|- -|- -| 74 38 Tor HateH Moor CoaL - - -| 27) 7 1ge. -l- -] 8 4/225 4 Measures - - . - efs ca} -=f 7,9 [- - coat {Sitle - CIES SIG Sa oa ale - - - : “|. ~|- - - -] 1 Coal - - - - ef. «le = a 19 ui (29.) Saguros a i Z apo Se Ae -5 ¢| Howley Park Low HaigH Moor Coat - - +]. -|- . 0 9] 42 8 i Measures - : - - «|e ols -] 70 9|- - Colliery.§ aes: Thornhill Rock. - - -l- -|- - a0 a 144 44— easures - : - - -|- =| = . - : Z j Joan Coan - - 7 : t}2 oo T1l) TP o 8} ass of f in| ft. in, Measures - . : - -|- ef. -} 48 5 Fuocxkton THICK oR ADWALTON STONE CoaL - - - - : -|- -|- -— 8 0/805 2] 8 8 Measures - . . . ofe om «f- i be ~f 2211 Sandstone, Hmley Rock. + - -[- »|- -|- ~{- «-} 2 9) 2811 Measures - - - - ae |p mo se -|- ne | -| 19 8 Frockton THIN OR ADWALTON Brack : -l|- . BED CoaL - - - - =| - =] -|- =|. . 1 5| 49 7 Measures - - . =|. sie eke = |= -| 12 4 Sandstone, Birstal Rock. . -f- -fe -|.- -{- -[ 17 Of 7811 Measures - - - =|. -|[- =f. -|- -] 48 6 First Brown Mera Coan - -|- -|- -[- -|- - 29 Measures - - - - -|- of. -|- ollie - 18 SEconD Brown METAL Coau . -|- -l- -T- -|- - 2 7) 184 5 Measures - - - - -|- -|- -|- way lla -| 18 1 THIRD BROWN METAL CoaL -|- -|- -| Dark Drub 0 4| 147 10 Measures - - - - ef. -|- -[- hie -]| 21 °0 Sandstone - - . ~|- «|. -|- eal -] 58 2 Measures - . - - -{- -|- -[- eas -| 18 0 MIDDLETON LITTLE CoaL -{- -|- -|- |. - 8 5 | 223 5 Measures - - - -|- «|. -|- ede -| 77 6 MIDDLETON MaInCoaL- -|- =|. -]- ols . 5 8 | 806 7 We have to notice a coal band in the top of boring No. 3 (No. 26, Plate 13) which is seen in section in Hey Beck, and consists of two beds of cual divided by a parting of underclay. This coal can be traced in most of the sections at Soothill, but is thicker than usual at Hey Beck. If we compare the section at Simpson’s Spring (No. 27) with that of boring * From Mr. C. B. Cawthorne. ¢ From Trans. Leeds Lit. and Phil. Soc., Vol. I. t+ Messrs. J. and 'T. Charlesworth, § From Mr. T. White. MEASURES BETWEEN BLOCKING & WARREN HOUSE COALS. 363 No. 12 (No. 25, Plate 13), for the measures between the Top and Low Haigh Moor Coals, they will be seen to resemble each other very closely, in the bands of coal lying a few feet below the Top Haigh Moor, and also in the thinning out of the Low Haigh Moor Coal. The Thornhill Rock is reduced at East Ardsley to about half its average thickness. The Adwalton Stone Coal is worked at Howley Park Colliery and yields a Cannel Coal, about 10 inches thick, of a very good quality; the rest of the seam being inferior cannel, clay, and soft coal. There are only two ‘coals shown in this section on the horizon of the Brown Metal series, which agree very well with the upper seams in the last section ; but there is a “ Drub” 4 inches thick, 13 feet below the second coal in this section, which may correspond to the third coal in the series. The sandstone given in the Howley Park section between the Brown Metal Coals and the Middleton Little Coal must be very local in its occurrence, as we find no such massive sandstone occupying the same position in any of the other sections in the neighbourhood. : The Middleton Main Coal is divided into three layers of coal by partings of clay ; of the 5 feet 8 inches only 3 feet is obtainable as good coal, the low bed, 1 foot thick, being inferior in quality and not worked, the remaining 1 foot 8 inches consisting of underclay or shale. The sinking at Cross Bank Colliery and a boring at Carlinghow, together with the measures between the Flockton Thick and Haigh Moor Coals, added on from calculation in a line from the outcrop of the Haigh Moor Coal in Soothill Wood to Carlinghow New Hall, give us our next section. (30.) (81.) (82.) Calculated Section, Soothill Wood Boring, * Cross Bank _ to Carlinghow.* ts Colliery.* Carlinghow. =a Thick- Thick- Thick- TIGRE: Total. viene: Total. ress. Total. ft. in.| ft. in.] ft. in.| ff. in. ft. in.| ft.in.} ff. in. Haren Moor Coat. Measures 7 Coal Coal { shale Coal - - 35 8 Measures | Low HareH Moor CoaL Measures J ; Sandstone, Thornhill Rock. - | 180 0| 165 8 Measures - - - -| 95 0 Joan CoaL = - - - 110 | 262 6 Measures . - . -| 45 0] 807 6 ADWALTON STONE CoAL - - -|- -|- - 8 10 Measures - - - - -|- -|- - 5 0 Sandstone, Hmley Rock, . . -|- =< -] 14 8| 23 6 Measures - - . - “fe =| -] 16 4 ApwaLtTon Biack Brp CoaL -|- -|- - 29| 41 7 Measures - - - - -|- -|- -] 41 2]- -T- -| 14 0 Sandstone, Birstal Rock. - - -{- -~|- -| 56 2] 188 114 - - . -|118 4 Measures. First Brown METAL Coat Two 7 Measures. Yarvs - -|- -| 4211 Bind and Coal - . 8 8/186 0 SEconD Brown METAL Coat) Ben. ale - - 8 6 Measures Pasar - - - -|- -|- -|[- . Bree eine ae if . 1 - 1 3 ale - - 18 TuIrD BRowN Une } nderclay - 1 5el- -|- . 8 4/185 2 | Coal - - 0 4 Mutat Coat, {na oar 0 8 Shale - = 2 4 Measures - - - - -|- -|- -] 39 1. Mipp.ETon LITTLE Coan - -[- -|- - 011 | 225 2]- - 1 3| 208 11 Measures eRe - Peal “]- -| 63 5] - -T- s -| 53 9 MrppieTon ee : } Underclay - Olle - -|- - 38 8| 292 8] - - “ 2 1) 2264 9 Marin Coat, Goal . 08 Measures - - - . ele -|- a als sf ie 56 2 THREE QUARTERS OR MIDDLETON 11 YaRrps Coan - * - =|. eps ste ae =. 2 ” 110} 822 9 * From Mr. H. Wormald. 364 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The nearest section, between the Top Haigh Moor Coal and the Thornhill Rock, to the line of the calculated section across Soothill Wood, is Soothill Wood Colliery (Sect. 24, p. 361,) and it is possible that the coal seams under the Haigh Moor are somewhat similar to what we find them to be in that section. At Cross Bank Colliery the Birstal Rock is more than 100 feet thick, and seems to displace the whole of the Brown Metal Coals though there is a band of “ Blue Bind with coal,” 8 ft. 8 in. in thickness, mentioned in the section, which may be equivalent to them. In the Carlinghow section the two upper Brown Metal Coals are wanting, but there is a coal 3 ft. 4 in. which seems to correspond in position with the Third Brown Metal Coal. In the Cross Bank Section there is a sandstone 52 ft. 8 in. thick between the “ Blue Bind with coal,’’ referred to above, and the Middleton Little Coal, like what we have already referred to in the section of Howley Park Colliery. The Middleton Main Coal at Cross Bank Colliery is thinner than it is at Howley Park and more like what we find it to be at Little Gomersall. The Middleton 11 Yards Coal has not, as far as we are aware, been worked. Two borings in Major Vincent’s estate at White Lee supply us with the next information which we have of the measures between the Adwalton Stone and the Two Yards Bed Coal. _ (38.) _ (84.) Boring No. 1, Boring No. 4, White Lee.* White Lee.* Thick- Thick- ness. Total. Nese! Total. ft. inj ft. inj) ft. inj) ft. in, Measures. ADWALTON STONE COAL - - 2 8/- - 8 6 Measures - : : - - 386 4] - -~]— 40 6 ADWALTON Brack BepCoaL - - 210} 41 10 211} 4611 Measures ~ - - - 90 6 -fPlll 4 Coal - 2 7% Two Yarps Bep Coan Pasting 2 1 } 4 93/1387 1} 8 2/161 5 Coal- O 1 In these sections there is no trace of the Birstal Rock, which is such a massive sandstone in the last sections. The Two Yards Bed Coal is very irregular in thickness in the vicinity of the White Lee borings, sometimes thickening, together with dirt partings, to 10 feet, and in other places thinning away altogether. Our next group of sections will consist of the section between the Adwalton Black Bed and the Two Yards Bed Coal at Muffatt Lane Pit, with a piece added on from calculation through Popeley Fields; the measures between the Two Yards Bed and the Middleton Main Coal at Little Gomersall Colliery ;- the measures in West Pit, Gomersall, between the Middleton Main and the Blocking Coals; a well sinking at Cleckheaton ; and the section of No. 2 Pit, Victoria Colliery, Bruntcliffe. * From Mr. J. Kellett. MEASURES BETWEEN BLOCKING & WARREN HOUSE COALS. 365 (35.) (36.) (39.) Muffatt Lane {Little Gomersall] Bruntcliffe Pit.* Colliery.” Colliery.t Thick- Thick- Thick- mesa: Total. | “ness. Total. | “jess, Total. ft. in.| ft, in] ft. in.) ft. in.J ft. in] ft. ing) ft. in. ft. in, Measures - . - - - ofs -|- a Sandstone, Thornhill Rock. - . . sie tata ele ale «fe ele -[ 118 6 Measures - : - - ay - «le -f 9 ol- ~-]- -f- -f 850 Joan Coan : : - - ~S.fl- -] «8 of 1 O]- -fPe cle cf OF] 204 6 Measures - : - : - Peet]. LLP a of. ede ote ty 80 4 ADWALTON SToNnE CoaL . - - as - -| 77 0 8 O|- -T- o-l- -} 8 6| 238 3 Measures - - : - - - Z3Il- “|e wae (8 -|- -|- -| 68 Sandstone, Emley Rock. = - : -8 - -{| 128 0 fan ol- -|- -{- -} 10 2] 255 1 Measures - - : - a a s af |e we eles oe [ee -1| 16 4 ADWALTON BLacK BED CoaL - : -|- e|- - 8 0} - -{- “|: -[— 1 6| 27211 Mensures - - - - - - -|- -|- -| 87 5|- -I- e|- - Sandstone -14 Sandstone, Birstal Rock; Shale - - 8 of - =|- -[ u 4] 48.9]- -|- -] 759 4 Sandstone = 0 Measures - - - - = = ae ahi -] 24 0]- -|- -|- = faer ere eee Two YARDS Bo ere Ge : mw 2,7 t|r ae s 884 04 BED Coat. ‘ a SEconD Brown METAL CoAL : -|- - 21) 7 94° ej]: = 7 91870 14 Measures - - - - - . el = «f+ -f- wlohe Gd 1G EOF 2 . THIRD BRowN METAL Coal - - . -|- -|- -|- -|- - 18] 12 8 2 91] 400 04% Measures - - - . -|- slo Ue Cw le Cee Pe 8 8 MIDDLETON LITTLE Co. - - . -|- -|- -|T- -|- «= | 7135 9 | - - 2 93) 486 7 Measures - - - - - * -|* «|< Ne oillos oils - ahs -| 7410 MIDDLETON Marn Coan - . - -|- -|- -[- -|- - 281160 8 5 1/516 6 (87. 38. West dit, ell, Gomersall.t | Cleckheaton.§ Thick- Thick- ness. | Pot@l: | ness, | Total. ft. in.) ft. in) ft.in.| ft. in| Measures - é . - . - -| 60 0 MIDDLETON 11-YARDs Coat - . . - 1 0] 61 0 20 Measures - - - - - = -| 98 O|- -] 70 9 Biockine CoaL . - . : -| 2 2/)186 27 2 6] 7% 3 The Birstal Rock is represented by two thin bands of sandstone separate by a parting of shale, in the Muffatt Lane Pit section, amounting a aa only 11 ft. 4 in., while on the opposite side of the valley of the Smithies Beck this sandstone is about 100 feet in thickness. Again in the Bruntcliffe section all that remains of it are two thin sandstone bands. The two Brown Metal Coals which have united at Muffatt Lane form the Two Yards Bed, an excellent and regular coal in the Smithies Colliery, where it is largely worked. A These two coals are separated from each other at Bruntcliffe Colli 28 f%. 6 in. of measures, and the Second Brown Metal Coal, given as? ft. 0 a thick, is made up of bands of coal alternating with layers of underclay, so that not more than one half of that thickness consists of coal. : The Third Brown Metal Coal is not mentioned in the Bruntcliff i but there is a black shale 2 ft. 9 in. thick that may be its equivalent, ee There seems to be no Middleton Little Coal in the Little Gomersall section but there is a thin coal band in the Gomersall district which represents it. It, however, is 2 ft. 93 in. thick at Bruntcliffe, and now begins to become a, coal of some importance. The sections of the West Ardsley and East Ardsley Collieries, which we now give, supply a section extending from the Middleton Main up to the Haigh Moor Coal. * From Mr. A. West. { From Mr. H. Wormald. { From Mr. 8, Jackson. § From Mr. J. Nutter. 366 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. (40.) (41) West Ardsley East Ardsley = Colliery.* : Colliery.t Thickness, Total. {Thickness.| Total. ft. in| ft. inf ft. in) ff. in, Haten Moor Coat - - -]- -|- - 38.4 3 4 Underclay oe - - -|- - 1 8 Coal - . - - 15 Underclay - - - 2 0 Coal and shale - - - - 8 2 Measures - -| 24 0 Coal - - - - 0 6] 386 1 Measures - - - -] 26 8 Black shale and coal - - 1 6{ 68 10 Measures - - “- -| 102 93 Sandstone, Thornhill Rock. - 114 0] - -| 68 0 | 234 73 Measures - - 15 O} - -}| 20 0 Joan Coat - - 1 0] 180 0 1 4 | 255 113 Measures - - - - -| 28 6] - -} 18 2 Coal - - 010| 154 4 0 8| 274 93 Measures” - - - oom Black and Ironstone with cockle svt | 28 9 47 74 -(Anthracosia) = - - . ADWALTON StonE Coan - - - 110 | 184 11 2 81} 824 8 Measures - - - - -| 25 1] - -| 32 4 Sandstone, Emley Rock, - - 4 10 | 214 10 7 0} 864 0 Measures ~ os : 19 0 - 14 9 Apwatton Brack Bep or Mipprrron Hien Marn Coat - - - 211 | 286 9 31113882 8 Measures - - -| 44 3 - 19 4 First Brown Merat Coat - 2 0] 288 0 7 10} 409 10 Measures - - - - 22 9| - 26 4 Second Brown Meta Coa - 110 | 307 7 2 3| 438° 5. Measures - - 12 1] - -} 19 8 Tarp Brown Metat Coan 0 9] 820 5 0 10 | 458 11 Measures) - : - 58 6| - -] 389 7 Mrppieton Lirrre Coat - 210] 381 9 2 5 | 500 11 Measures’ - - - - - 76 4] - -} 98 5 Mippietron Main Coat - 4 8}| 462 *3) 4 8] 604 0 At East Ardsley the coal band on the same horizon as the Low Haigh Moor Coal of Ossett is only 6 inches thick, and from the gradual diminution in the thickness of this coal, which we pointed out as beginning to take place in the Soothill district, and which could be followed wherever a section of these measures could be obtained, there is no doubt but this coal is represented by the 6 inch coal at East Ardsley, and that if it does not disappear altogether in the country to the east, it never again attains a workable thickness. In both sections the Thornhill Rock is of considerable thickness, and immediately over the rock in the East Ardsley section lies 66% feet of “ Rag- stone,” which should properly speaking be included in the thickness of the sandstone. The term “ Rag-stone” meaning a thin bedded sandstone with thin shale partings. A thin bed of sandstone lying between the Adwalton Stone and the Middleton High Main Coals still indicates the existence of the Emley Rock. There is no trace of any sandstone corresponding to the Birstal Rock, but the three typical seams of the Brown Metal series are still seen to exist. At East Ardsley the First Brown Metal Coal is found at a less distance below the Middleton High Main, or its equivalent the Flockton Thin, than has hitherto been the case: in the total thickness, 7 ft. 10 in., there are four beds of coal fronr 6 inches ‘to 1 ft. 8 inches thick, in all 4 ft.1 in. of coal, the remaining * From Mr. Eagland. — + From Messrs. R. Holliday & Sons. MEASURES BETWEEN BLOCKING & WARREN HOUSE COALS. 367 3 ft. 9 in. consisting of three partings of shale and underclay varying from 2 inches to 1 ft. 11 in. thick. (See p. 297.) Taking another line approximately parallel to, and northward of our last sections, the account with which we will first begin on the west of our area, is that furnished by the section between the Middleton Main and Blocking Coals at Westgate Hill, and the sections of Spring Gardens and Netherton Collieries. __ (48.) 44, te alee hag Nethert Soutiery.t Drighlington. aiiek- | gota, | THE | tote. ft. inj ft. inj ft. in.| ft. in Measures. Sandstone, Emley Rock. - | - - 3 -| 25 0 Measures - - - -|- - 2 8| 27 8 ApwaLton Brack BED - - - -|- - 2 6] 380 2 Measures - - -|- - -|- - -] 71 1 First Brown Mrtar Coan 2 23) 108 52 Measures - - Two Yarps 27 6 Seconp Brown Meta Bep. } = ait Coan - - - 0 6 28 0 2 331106 8 Measures - - - 15 6) - -}| 29 7 Tarp Brown MeEtTaL CoaL - - - - 01 43 7 1 14187 4 Measures - - - 65 O| - -|] 45 7 Mrppteton Lirrte Coat | - 1 0/109 7 2 8/185 2 Measures - . 68 1] - -|] 77 =5 Mippieton Mary Coan - - - 4 6] 182 2 4 5 | 267 0 (42.) Westgate Hill. pi ‘| Total. ft. in.| ft. in. Measures - - -| 74 0] ° Tourer QuARTERS Coat - 3 0) 77 0 Measures - - - 5 5} Sandstone 388 7) 121 0 Measures - 21 3 ; Briockine Coan - 110/144 1 In this locality the Emley Rock attains a considerable thickness, and assumes very much the character which it presents at Emley. Immediately overlying the Adwalton Black Bed Coal, and occupying nearly the whole distance between this coal and the Adwalton Stone Coal, it forms a small but distinct feature in the district, by means of which the outcrop of the former seam of coal can be easily laid down. The Thin Coal bands near the top of the Spring Gardens section may probably represent the lower Brown Metal Coals; in the Netherton Colliery section the First and Second Brown Metal Coals seemingly once more unite and form a band corresponding to the Two Yards Coal of Smithies, as will be seen by comparing section 44 with section 35, Plate 13, no coal existing in either section on the horizon of the First Brown Metal; a thin band occurs in both under the Two Yards Coal; the distance between the two being nearly twice as great at Netherton as it is at Muffatt Lane, but this does not * From Mr, T. Willis. t From Mr. H. Wormald. 368 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. in such a changeable group preclude the probability of the band in both cases representing the Third Brown Metal Coal. At Spring Gardens the Middleton Little Coal is only 1 foot thick, corre- sponding in this respect to what is known to be the character of this coal at Dewsbury Moor and Gomersall. A sandstone occurs at Westgate Hill, under the Three Quarters Coal, giving another instance of the irregular occurrence of the Falhouse Rock. And here also we notice a marked diminution in the distance between the Middleton Main and Blocking Coals. (See Sect. 42, Plate 13.) Continuing eastwards in the same line of section, we obtain our next account of these measures, extending from the base of the Thornhill Rock to the Blocking Coal, from the section of the Britannia Pit, Adwalton, the distance between the coal band near the top of the shaft and the supposed base of the Thornhill Rock being added on from calculation ; the section of Street Pit, Gildersome ; and a boring from the Middleton Main to the Blocking Coal at West Yorkshire Colliery, Birstal. (45.) (47). Britannia Pit, Street Pit, Calculated! Adwalton.* Gildersome.t a section. Thickness.| Total. [Thickness.| Total. ft. in.] ft. in.| ft. in,] ft. inj = ft. in. Thornhill Rock. - -]- -T- st - Measures - 23 0 Coal - 0 9 23 9 010 Measures - - Cockle and Mussel bed, al - -] 82 9] - -| 80 2 Shale with Anthracosia Apwatton Stone CoaL -|- - 8 1] 59 7 38 0] 34 0 Measures - -|- - 4 38 - 5 6 Sandstone and Shale Enley Rock. -]| 20 0| 93107 11 O| 50 6 Measures - -|- - 4 6]/- -| 20 6 ADWALTON Brack ial -|- - 38 0/101 4 3 0] 74 0 Measures - -|- - 2 0{- -| 22 0 Sandstone, Birstal Rock. -]— 28 0|] 131 4 4 7{|100 7 Measures, Shale and Sandstone - -]| 45 0|- -7] 41 41 First Brown Merat Coan - - -|[- - 2 3) 178 1 8/143 4 Measures - - }Two Yarps| - - 1 O|- 21 7 SEconpD Brown BrEp. q Merat Coan - - =| -| 3 8] 183 38 38 8/168 7 Measures - - = -[- -|- -f] 14 5 Turrp Brown Misti: Coa < w[e- - 1 O| 184 oO Measures - . - * -|- - 54 7 Mippteron Littitr Coan - -|- -|- 2 3] 240 10 Measures - 2 - -| 80 7 Mippieron Main Coat - -|- - - - 4 8] 3826 1 (46) West Yorkshire Colliery, Birstal.t Thickness.) Total. ft. in.| ft. in. Measures - - - -]}] 21 4 Sandstone - - - -] 24 1! 45 5 Measures - - - -| 14 7 THREE QUARTERS Coat - - 2 63| 62 63 Measures - - - - 57 9 Brocxine Coat - - - - 1 6| 121 92 * From Mr. T. Willis. From Mr. H. Wormald. { From Mr. G. Ellison. MEASURES BETWEEN BLOCKING & WARREN HOUSE COALS. 369 Tf the sandstone which caps the top of the hill at Adwalton be the lower portion of the Thornhill Rock, which there is no reason to doubt, then the distance between the base of this sandstone and the Adwalton Stone Coal is much less at Adwalton than at Bruntcliffe, as will be seen very distinctly if we compare sections 45 and 39 on (Plate 13). However the position of the rock agrees very closely with the horizon on which it is found to occur at Popeley House, Birstal, on the west of Muffatt Lane Pit, section 35 (Plate 13). A coal band is given in both sections from 10 to 11 yards above the Stone Coal, which we have taken to represent the Joan Coal, the intermediate measures between these coals having thinned away in a similar ratio to the total decrease in the thickness of the beds between the Adwalton Stone Coal and the base of the Thornhill Rock. At Britannia Pit the Birstal Rock is represented by a bed of sandstone 28 -feet thick lying under the Adwalton Black Bed, and at Street Pit a band 5 feet 7 inches thick is all that represents this rock, which attains so great a thickness at Birstal, about 14 miles to the south-west. In the former section the Brown Metal Coal closely resembles the Two Yards Coal at Smithies, and the two sections 45 and 35, Plate 13, agree very fairly with each other, while in the latter we have again the triple series, In the measures between the Middleton Main and Blocking Coals at West Yorkshire Colliery, Birstal (sect. 46, Plate 13), the decrease in the thickness of the beds lying between these two coals has become very perceptible, the distance being now only 40 yards, or nearly 16 yards less than it is at Emley Moor and Flockton. A sandstone 24 feet 1 inch thick occurs between the Middleton Main and Three Quarters, in the section at this place; none of the other accounts in the neighbouring locality record the existence of any rock corre- sponding to this; the upper bed, however, of the Slack Bank Rock at Cross Gates, east of Leeds, occupies the same relative position to the Bright Coal as this sandstone does to the Middleton Main Coal. Two sections at Dean Hall Colliery enable us to show the measures from the Adwalton Stone Coal to the Middleton Main Coal in the district between Gildersome Street and Morley. (48.) | (49.) Coal Pit,* Old Coal Pit,* Dean Hall Colliery. Thick- | ota. | Thick | otal. ft. in. | ft.in.] ft. in.| ft, im. Measures Black shale and cockle shells, Antkracosia - - } io 11 ApWALTON STONE CoaL - - 8 10|{- - Measures - - - - - 7 0 7 0 Sandstone, Emley Rock. - - 9 8 20 6 1 8 19 7 Measures) - - - - 7 138 2 17 3 ADWALTON Buack BED - - - 38 6 37 2 10 387 10 Measures - - - - -| 66 7 57 4 First Brown Metat Coan - - 2 0/105 9 2 0] 97 2 Measures - - - - - 9 9 5 0 Sandstone - - - - 7 #4{ 122 10 18 0) 120 2 Measures - - - - - 5 6 0 8 Seconp Brown Meta Coan - - 2 0|180 4 110/122 8 Measures - - - - - 15 3 Tuirp Brown Metat Coan - - 1 1/146 8 Measures - - - -| 4711 MrppieT0n Littte Coa - - - 38 0) 197 7 Measures’ - - - - - 72 0 Mrppieton Main Coat - - - 4 1/273 8 * From Mr, H. Wormald. 42513. AA 3706 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD, The only difference between these sections and that given at Gildersome Street is that the distance between the Adwalton Stone Coal and Middleton Main Coal is rather less in the former than in the latter. A sandstone bed is given between the First and Second Brown Metal Coals in these sections, but this and the sandstone occupying the same position at Morley Main are the only instances, that we know of, where beds of sandstone of any noticeable thickness occur between these two coals. The Middleton Little Coal is also of greater thickness here than it is on the west, this increase in thickness being similar to that already shown to occur at Howley Park and Bruntcliffe Collieries ; on the east of a line through these collieries this coal becomes a valuable and workable seam. ¢ In further illustration of the measures now under consideration we give the section of Morley Main Colliery; and Nos. 4 and 2 Pits, Beeston Manor Colliery, for the beds under the Blocking Coal; a complete section from the Thornhill Rock to the Blocking Coal being thus obtainable. a (50.) Morley Main Colliery.* Thick- ness, | Potal. ft. in. | fé. in. Measures . : . . +|- -]e Sandstone, Thornhill Rock. - - -/| 51 3 [- - Measures - - - - -| 60 5 j- - Joan Coan - . . - - 1 63] 118 2% Measures - - - : -| 12 4]- - Coal - - - - - - 0 9 | 126 2 Measures - - - - } 29 Of | - : Black shale and cockle shells, Anthracosia ADWALTON STONE CoaL - - - 1 6 | 156 8% Measures - - - - - sll |- - Sandstone . . - 6 13/171 9 Measures - - -¢ Em 2 6hl- - Coal - - - -( Rock, 10 1175 8% Measures with sandstone bands 27 8 |- - Apwatton Brack Bep(Coal - 0 6 on MIDDLETON Forty-4 Underclay1 $8 4 0 | 206 6% YARDS - - - (Coal -~ 2 8 ‘ Measures - - - - - 5 8s]- . Sandstone - : - - . 5 2 | 217 0 Measures - - - é i d -| 24 1G] - - ‘oal an First Brown METAL Coan f coma 4 10% | 246 0 a : Measures - - - = = 8 4 |- 3 né dit woe ditt oes 2 Z Kee 2 i ia a a e, Beeston Manor Colliery. Srconp Brown MrtTat Coan - -| 1 8% | 283 10 Measures . : : - -| 24 2 /- - . ' Turrp Brown METAL CoaL - -]| 1 8 | 809 8 | Thick-| mopa7, | Thick-| mota7 Measures - - - - -| BL 5 |- «| ness. | ness. . MIDDLETON LITTLE CoaL - - =) 38 0 |368 8 f —— | -—~ | -- | z= Measures - - - - - | 74 10%] - -| ff.in.| fti.in.] ftin.| ff. in. MIDDLETON MaIn Coan - . -| 41 [442 7af- -[- -> 49) 49 Measures - - - - che Gee -|- -|- -] 29 3)- = MIDDLETON 11 Yarps Coa : -]- =|. - 8 0|- - 2 4| 86 4 Measures - - - . -|- . -{ 58 1|- -] 6211]- - Buiocxine Coan - - - -|- -|- - 11) 62 27.1 8/100 6 About 12 feet under the Joan Coal a thin coal band occurs in the Morley Main section, corresponding to that given in the Ardsley sections (Nos. 40 and 41, Plate 13). Another coal is also shown in the same section between the Adwalton Stone Coal and the Middleton Forty Yards Coal, with sandstone bands above and below it; these bands occupy the position of the Emley Rock, and with the occurrence of this coal the distance between these two seams has increased from 29 ft. 10 in. at Dean Hall to 45 ft. 10 in. at Morley Main. There is no doubt that the 1 ft. 6in. coal is the Adwalton Stone Coal as it is easily distinguished by the overlying shale. Another variation occurs in connection with the Brown Metal Series ; the First Brown Metal Coal lies, in this instance, * From Mr. H. Wormald, j. From Messrs. J. Harding & Son. MEASURES BETWEEN BLOCKING & WARREN HOUSE COALS. 371 at not much more than half the distance under the Forty Yards when compared with Dean Hall, while the Third Brown Metal Coal is found on the same horizon ‘in both cases. Of the 4 ft. 103in: given as the thickness of the First Brown Metal seam, the actual amount of coal is only 1 ft. 44 in. It will have beén' noticed that the Blocking or Furnace Coal is only 94 ft. 6 in. below the Middleton Main Coal in the No. 2 Pit, Beeston Manor Colliery (Section 52, Plate 13), and that the thinning of the intermediate strata be- tween these two coals, referred to on (p. 359), has now become very marked (see Sects. 51 and 52, Plate 13). The next section of these measures which we propose to give is supplied by the Wood Pit, Beeston Park Colliery; West Pit, Middleton Colliery; and a boring to the Middleton High Main Coal near Thorpe Wood. (53.) (54). (55.) Wood Pit, West Pit, Boring Beeston Park Middleton near Thorpe _— Colliery.* Colliery.* Wood.t Thick- Thick- Thick- sede: Total. | “ess, | Total. ae Total. ft. in.) ft. in} ft. in| ft. in. ft. in| ft. in.) ft. in. Sandstone, Thornhill Rock. - -|- -|- -| 63 0} 68 Of- -| 89 7) 89 7 Measures - . - - -|- -] 42 0} - -|- -| 93 10 Joan Coan Stee. te - +f -] 1 6} 108 eff Black }) 10] 194 5 Measures - - - - -|- -|- -7— 12 0 - - Coal - - . - -|- -|- - 0 6/119 OF - -|¢39 6 Measures - - - - =|- -|- -] 30 0 - - ADWALTON StTonk CoaL- - -]- -]- - 2 2/151 2]- - 1 6 | 225 8 Measures - - - - -| 22 6 -|- - Sandstone - - - - - 38 0 =|- : li 21 6 Measures - - - - . 2 99741 10 | - - 36 10 Coal - - - - ( Emley Rock. | - - 010 =|- -|- 0 4 Measures - - - # «| 12 8 «|- «|= 95 6 Sandstone - - - - -|- - 6 9} 199 9]. - 7 269 7 Measures - - - - |. -|- -] 10 5)- -|- -| 12 8 ADWALTON BLACK BED or MIDDLETON | - -|- - 810 | 214 Of - - 2 284 8 40 YaRDs Coat. Measures containing a Coal band -]- -|- -f 33 7 First Brown METAL Coan - -|- -|- . 010 | 248 5 Measures - ~_- - - -|- -|- - 6 9 SzeconD Brown MetTat Coat - -|- -|- ~—- 2 6| 257 8 Measures - - - - -|- =|. -7} 18 10 TurrD BRowN METAL CoaL + . 0 6/- - 110 | 278 4 Measures - - - ” -| 4 1]- -| 53 4] ~ MiIDDELtToN LITTLE CoaL - - 210} 562 59-8 3 | 83411 Measures - - - - -| 8 1 Mipp1LEeTon Main Coan - - 4 6 | 14111 Measures - - = . -| 28 94 MIDDLETON 11 YaRpsCoaL - - 210/173 6 Measures - - - . -| 6411 Burockine Coan - - - -| 1 2} 229 7 In the measures between the main mass of the Thornhill Rock and the Joan Coal in the boring near Thorpe Wood (Sect. 55, Plate 13), there occurs a bed of sandstone 20 ft. 6 in. thick, which in all probability properly belongs to that, rock; the upper part of this section agrees very closely with the same beds in West Pit as far as the Forty Yards Coal; the former gives an account only down to this seam; in the latter the Brown Metal Coals, true to their change- able character, are again lying comparatively near together. The First Brown Metal Coal may be represented by the thin coal contained in the 33 ft. 7 in. of measures under the Forty Yards Coal, or by the 10 inches coal, which lies 6 ft. 9 in. above the Second Brown Metal Coal. : . “ The thinning away of the beds between the Blocking and Middleton Main Coals is greater at Wood Pit than even in the case of our last section, the distance between the two coals being only 86 ft. 6 in., and it will be seen on referring to (Plate 13), that the decrease in the total thickness of these measures is caused in the first instance, by the Blocking and Three Quarters * From Trans. Leeds Lit. and Phil. Soc., vol. 1. } From the late Mr. J. Hargreaves. AA 2 372 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Coal coming nearer to each other, and in the second instance, by the thinning out of the strata between the last-named coal and the Middleton Main Coal, as the equivalent of the former, or the Middleton 11 Yards, now only lies about 93 yards below the latter. On turning once more to the sections at Gomersall and Cleckheaton, (Nos. 37 and 38, Plate 13,) we have to observe that the thinning away of the intervening measures between the coals above mentioned occurs very gradually in an easterly direction up to this point, where, to the best of our knowledge, the distance between these two seams of coal reaches a minimum, that distance being less by 85 ft. 2 in., or only about the half of that which is given in several of the sections between Emley Moor and Thornhill. It will also be shown, as we proceed, that these measures again begin to increase almost as gradually as they decreased, and that east of Leeds the Bright Coal and the Barcelona Coal lie nearly as far apart as their equivalents do in the neighbour- hood of Flockton. Above the Middleton Main Coal there has also been a tendency for the strata to thin out in a north-easterly direction and this occurs in a somewhat irregular manner. At the place where our present section is taken, the distance between the Middleton Main and Middleton Forty Yards Coal is 206 feet, being 44 ft. 5 in. less than between the New Hards and Flockton Thin Coals at Emley Moor, so that if we add 85 ft. 2 in., the amount of the decrease in the distance between the Blocking and Middleton Main, we get rather more than 40 yards as the difference in the distances between the same coals at Emley Moor and at Middleton. The section which we now give is obtained from Fanny Pit, Middleton Colliery, and from Newhall Colliery, and illustrates the measures from the Thornhill Rock to the Blocking Coal. # tS og (57.) Middleton Colliery.* Newhall Colliery.t Thickness.| Total, [Thickness.) Total. ft. in.] ft. in.] ft. in.| ft. in. Sandstone, Thornhill Rock. » - -| 75 0} 75 O} 86 Oj} 36 0 Measures - - - - -}| 21 0] - - Joan Coan - - Black shale 9 0! 105 Of $84 11 Measures - - - - -| 39 O|] - - Apwatton Stone Coan - - - 1 6| 145 6 1 1] 122 0 Measures - - - -|- - 16 7 Coal - - - 86 0] - - 1 9 Measures’ - - - -{- -{ 1711] 140 4 Sandstone, Emley Rock. -{| 12 0] 198 6 6 4] 164 7 Measures - 7 . 12 0 14 0 Mipp.eton 40 yarps CoaL - = 3 0} 208 6 8 4] 181 11 Measures - - - - - + -] 35 3 First Brown Merat - - - ba 6 - 1 6] 218 8 Measures - - - -|- -| 29 2 Srconp Brown MetaL - - a 1 6] 253 6 2 0] 249 10 Measures - - ~ 20 6/- - 11 8 Tarp Brown METAL - - - 1 9|- - 1 2] 262 3 Measures - - ms -| 51 Of - -] 41 4 Mippieton Lirrtze Coat - - - 3 0/| 829 9 3 0} 3806 7 Measures - - - - -| 98 0 -| 97 10 Mimppieton Main Coan - - - 4 6| 427 3 2 5] 406 10 Measures - - - = - - i 39 4 MippLeTon 11 yarps Coat - -|- ole = 3 0] 449 2 Measures” - - - - -|- alls -| 63 4 Brocnine Coan - - - -|- -|- = 110/]514 4 * From Trans. Leeds Lit. and Phil. Soc., vol. 1. } From Mr. B. Keighley, by the permission of Messrs. Chas. Grosvenor & Son. MEASURES BETWEEN BLOCKING & WARREN HOUSE COALS. 378 In the section of Fanny Pit a band of black shale 9 feet in thickness occurs on the horizon of the Joan Coal, but at Newhall Colliery there is no record of any bed of coal or band of black shale that would represent this coal in any shape or form, nor do we find in the sections east of Newhall anything that we can identify with certainty as the Joan Coal. It would therefore seem as if this coal, which has been constant and continuous over such a large area, now disappears altogether or is represented by black shale. There is also a notable change in this coal which we have hitherto traced as the Flockton Thick and Adwalton Stone Coal ; it is no longer distinguished as a cannel coal, nor is mention made in the Newhall section of the typical black shale with “ cockle shells,’’ Anthracosia. A thin and inferior bituminous coal band now appears to be the only equivalent of one of the most regular and distinctive coals in the whole series. The First Brown Metal Coal does not seem to have been found in Fanny Pit, but at, Newhall Colliery all the three seams occur in the usual form. The distance between the Middleton Little and Middleton Main Coals is slightly greater at this place than it is at Beeston Park Side. The next account is derived from the sections of Cousins Pit; Beeston Pit; and Bye Pit, Rothwell Haigh Colliery. 58. 59. 60. Cousins Pit,* Beeston Pit,t Bye Pit,* 7 Rothwell Haigh Colliery. Thickness.| Total. [Thickness.| Total. |'Thickness.| Total. ft. in. | ft. in. ft. in.] ft. in} ft in.] ft. in. Sandstone, Thornhill Rock.| 70 5{| 70 5] 50 5] 50 5] 583 108) 58 103 Measures - ; =| 40 4ie eRe ate 16h od Joan Coat, Dark Shale - 1 8{ 152 O7(72 33] - 2 38 01/118 9f Measures - - - 1 Black Shale with Ironstone pea ag he ele ep ee LD ADWALTON STONE Coat - 2 2/178 113) 8 8/125 113, 2 6/151 3 Measures . - -|- -|- - 4 5/- -] 10 43 Sanistona, Emlay iteck, t 36 93) 215 9] 14 11] 145 33 14 103] 176 63 Measures -|- -|- - 6 6 - 6 74 Mesto Col - O 64/216 33) 0 33) 152 od 0 4/183 6 Measures -| 14 13 -| 4 3] - -}| 4 7 MippiteTon 40 Yps. or Hien Main Coan - 2 04 232 53) 1 74) 167 1129 1 9 | 199 Lo Measures - -|- -|- -| 57 7/- -| 42 23 First Brown Metan - | - -|- - 4 0; 229 6H 1 03 243 1 Measures - - -[- -|- -| 39 11 -f 55 113 Srconp Brown Metat - | - -|- - 2 0/271 53) 1 8 | 800 sf Measures - -|- -|- -] 13 11) - ~7] 12 4 Turp Brown Mzeran - | - -{- - 1 4] 286 83 1 3] 314 32 Measures - - -|- -j- - } 40 917 -| 438 72 Mipvieton Litrte Coat -| - -|- - 827 531 3 07 360 10} Measures - - -|- -l|- -| 99 1/- -}| 96 4 MippteT0n Main Coat - | - -|- - 5 0/431 63 4 9 | 461 11} Measures - - -|- -|- -}| 38 103 - -] 39 1 Mippieton 11 Yps. Coat | - -|- - 3 33/473 82] 3 0} 504 02 Measures - - -|- -|- -]| 62 3] - -| 64 1 Brocxkine Coan - -|- -|- - 3 8/589 73] 2 2h 570 4 If we compare this section with the previous one, it will be seen that the columns Nos. 59 and 60 agree very closely with each other, and also with * From the late Mr. J. Hargreaves, manager to Messrs. J. and J. Charlesworth. { From Mr. W. Hargreaves. 374 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. No. 57, from the Blocking Coal to the Second Brown Metal Coal; indeed in the lower portion of the section the coal seams correspond with one another in a most regular manner. Above the coal last named this resemblance no longer exists, and a very rapid increase in the thickness of the beds between this coal and the Middleton High Main takes place; an increase so great that the osition of this coal alone would scarcely warrant our identifying it with the Middleton Forty Yards Coal, The black shale with ironstone, containing fossils, which overlies the first coal of any importance noted in this section, enables us to correlate this black shale with the Adwalton Stone Coal, so that we now have no difficulty in placing the High Main as identical with the Forty Yards. The difference in its position relatively to the horizon of the Mid- dleton Main Coal at this place is due to a local thickening in the measures between the Second Brown Metal and Middleton High Main Coals, which is caused principaJly by the occurrence of several bands of sandstone in this part of the section. A band of black shale in the section of Cousins Pit, and of dark shale in Bye Pit, may possibly represent the Joan Coal. The following section between the Haigh Moor and Middleton Main Coals is from the Victoria and Peace Pits, Rothwell Haigh Colliery, and the calculated distance between the Haigh Moor and Middleton High Main Coals - at Rothwell. (61.) (62.) ‘é a iy Victoria Pit,* Peace Pit, ae 5 s ‘ Section at Rothwell Haigh Colliery. -|- Bothwell. Thick- Thick- Thick- : ness, | Lotal. ness, | Lotal- | “ness, strat ff. in.) ft. in. ft, in.| ft. in.] ft. in.| ft in. | Haren Moor Coan - Te o-l- fe ele ete ede w]e oe Measures - - - -|- -|- -|- efe- -|- -]| 65 0] 65 0 Sandstone, Thornhill Rock. -| 62 0| 62 Of - -|- w]e 110 0; 175 0 Measures - - . -| 33 6]- -|- ele. -{- Coal, JOAN ? - - - 1 0] 96 6] - «|= ete Coat Aaya: Black aa “1° "|" ah EOS ae ‘oal, AD acl = “STONE. } Shale. 1 0/151 6]- -} Tis aren = - = 5 24 0]- -]- mae -| 50 4] - oal, IDDLETON IGH Blac! MAINP- + 110/177 4]{ hate. }] 2 4] 82 9 Measures - - : -| 35 6|- - Sandstone . : | 18 0 | 230 10 t -| 42 0 Measures - - . e|- -|- -p. Black [ Suate, First BROWN METAL CoaL - 21123211 Spavins 8 0) 97 9 . an L Coal. 2 Measures - . - -| 83 9} - whe cw BB Oe SEconD BRowN METAL Coan | 1 1/] 267 9 { pee 1 6| 18410 Measures - - - -]| 2 0/- . -]- “T] os i THIRD BROWN MEeTat Coan -| ‘010| 289 7]- - 11] 161 10 Measures - : . -| 59 O}- -]- -| 4 4 MIDDLETON LitTLE Coan - 2 4) 350114 - . 2 2/204 4 Measures - - -|116 7} - -[- -]101 0 MIDDLETON Marin Coan . 4 6| 472 OF - . 4 6| 809 10 At Victoria Pit there is a considerable increase in the distance between the Middleton High Main and Middleton Main Coals, and the seams which lie between these two coals‘also occur at nearly corresponding greater distances * From the late Mr. J. O. Gill’s Papers, furnished by Mr. M. Paterson. MEASURES BETWEEN BLOCKING & WARREN HOUSE COALS. 375 above the last-named coal. The band of black shale which probably repre- . sents the Adwalton Stone Coal is, however, nearly on the same horizon as this coal in Sect. 60 (p. 373). Further the Joan Coal, or the Coal band which we have supposed to represent that Coal, is on a similar level to that of the Coal seams. first referred to, while the base of the Thornhill Rock occupies almost the same horizon as at Bye Pit, the distance in the one, between the sandstone and the Middleton Main Coal, being 410 feet, and in the other 408 feet. The section of Peace Pit, which is situated at no great distance from ‘Victoria Pit, however, shows the various seams of Coal, or their equivalents, in nearly. the same positions in relation to the Middleton Main Seam, as they are found at Bye Pit (Sect. 60, p. 373). Here the Joan Coal has entirely disappeared, and the four succeeding seams are represented by four bands of black shale. Our next section is furnished by the section of the Beeston Pit, Woodlesford Colliery, and by the boring near Swillington Bridge. (64.) (65. Beeston Pit, Boring near ‘Woodlesford. Swillmgton benno Colliery.* = Bridget Thick- Thick- ness, | Total. aeaa: Total, fi. in. | ft. in.| ft. in. ft.in. | ft, in.| ft. in. Measures, Coal - - . -~11 ADWALTON STONE CoAL {Undersiay - - - 8 7 6 8 Coal - - - - 2 OD] Measures > - - - - . - -| 26 Sandstone, Emley Rock. - - : - -| 191} 29 1 Measures - - -: -10 0 Measures Coal - - - - . 210 Bt) 5210 - -|- % < 0 10 Measures - - - - - 22 8)/. -|- -|- a «ol & F J Coal = 1 MIDDLETON HIGH MaIn Coan. - - . - - 2 6] 64 5]X Parting - 1 7 48 Coal - 18 Measures - - - - - - -| 4911] - -]- - -} 36 2] 4910 Frest Brown Mera Coan - - - - - 10/115 4]- - ” 2 4| 52 2 Measures - . - Two YaRps BED - -} 2 4]- -|- . -| 3 6 SECOND BRowN METAL Coan - - - - . 1 6;119 2]- . i 28] 8 4 easures “ : = : * . * -| 22 7)- -{- - -| 26 9 THIRD BRowN METAL Coan - - - - - 8 51145 2]- - - 21 easures =~ - : - - - : - -| 40 4/- -J- : -| 39.2 MIDDLETON LITTLE CoaL - - - - - - 2 6|188 OF - - - 8 4/129 8 Measures - - - - - - : «| 20 @)- -]- - ~) 7 9 : Coal - - - . - - 1 5 | 260 OF. . - 10 Measures - < : : : 7 2) -f- - - 6 5 MIDDLETON MaINn 4 Coal - - - - - 29} -|- of- - - 3 9/218 7 Cc - - - - - O01 8 8|270 5 Coal ~ - - - - 065 ; Measures - - . - - . - -| 48 4 : é Coal - - - - 8 6) MIDDLETON 11 YaRps CoaL4 Underclay. - . - 2 2 7 2 | 82511 Coal - -. - -.1 &, se Measures - - . - . - - | 6110 Coal - ~ 2 0 2 BLOCKING OR BARCELONA COAL Drub - -10 3 6| 3891 8 Coal - - 06 In this section there is considerable difficulty in connecting the different coal beds with those given in the. preceding section, so far as concerns the seams above the Brown Metal Series, It is probable that these coals having once more run closer together, the first coal given in this section is the Adwalton Stone Coal; the sandstone lying below this coal band is possibly the * From Mr. M. S. Hall, manager to the Waterloo and Woodlesford Coal Co. ¢ From Trans. Leeds Lit. and Phil. Soc., vol. 1, 376 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. same as the sandstone under the supposed equivalent of the Adwalton Stone Coal at Rothwell Haigh, and the Thin Coal band 2 inches thick, 22 ft. 8 in., above the Coal 2 ft. 6 in. thick will correspond to the 6 inch coal above the Middleton High Main at Rothwell Haigh. The two highest Brown Metal Coals appear to have run together and now form the thick coal given in both sections. In the Beeston Pit the Third Brown Metal is 3 ft. 5 in. thick, but at Swillington the account only records a black shale in the position where this seam might be expected to occur. The Middleton Main Coal is now divided into two beds separated from each other by some 7 feet of shale. One of the clay partings which occur in this coal, has thickened out in this locality to such an extent that it is very difficult to work, to a profit, the top bed along with the lower portion of the seam. By combining the boring at Kippax with the section at Fleakingley Bridge and the boring in the old Coal Pit, north-east of Pease Croft Wood, we obtain nearly a complete section from the Warren House to the Middleton 11-Yards Coal. 2 (ee) ce Fleakingley Boring, Billy Bridge Wood, — Colliery.* Kippax.f Thick- Thick- ieaas Total Hexe: Total. | ft in. | ft. m | ftin.| ft.in. ‘WaBkrREN House Coat - - - - - ef. -|- -|- -|- - Measures, containing thin Coal seams - - -[- -|- -7] 106 8|- - 27-YaRDs Coat BAND - - - . : = -|- -] 0 6|107 2 Measures containing thin Coal seams - - - -|- ee -] 89 8]- : HaicH Moor Coan - - - - . els =|- - 7 6| 204 4 Measures - - - - - - - “ls el: - Sandstone, Thornhill Rock. - - - - -|- -|- - Measures - . - - . + - ~| 82 53] - - Joan Coan - - - - (Black Shale) 411 87 44 Measures - . - - - - - -| 84 5 |- - ApWaLtTon STONE Coan - : (Black Shale) 1 0 | 122 9% Measures - - - - ae oe 37 8h | - : (67.) foal - - i MippietTon Hien Martw Coan {Bina Shale - 2 i} 7 7 (168 1 pore, ee Measures oo ee 81 8 iene ee Frest Brown Mera Coan - - - - . 14 | 201 1 auley Colliery f Measures - - . - : - - -] 60 1 {- - Coal - - 09 Thick- Total Szconp Brown Mzran Coat - Hise Shale - : ae 4 8 | 26510 | ness, | +O. 08! - = —_— —— Measures - - . - - - - -}| 21 2 |- -| ft.in.) fé.in. THIRD BKOWN METAL COAL - 3 6 |- - 21]- - Measures - - - - -¢Harp Banp CoaL 21 0 | - -[ 1 9]- : MIDDLETON LITTLE Coan + 4 0 | 205 6 110] 15 8 Measures - - - - - - - el- -|- -] 87 9]- . MIDDLETON Marin Coat - - : . e]- -|- . 4 01107 5 Measures - - - - - - - of. “ye -]| 80 O|]- - MIDDLETON 11 YaEDs Coan - - : - -|- “|: - 211,140 4 Here, as at Soothill, we have four coal bands between the Warren House and Haigh Moor Coals, and the thickness of the intermediate measures between these coals is 195 ft. 10 in., nearly the same as the distance between the same coals at Newmarket Colliery, where it is 222 ft., or about 26 ft. greater than it is at Kippax. There is therefore a slight tendency for these beds to thin away to the east, as has been shown to be the case with the measures between the Blocking and the Flockton Thin Coals or their equivalents. * Trans. Leeds Lit. and Phil. Soc., vol. 1. } From Mr. B. Bickerdike, bottom steward to Messrs. Locke and Warrington. MEASURES BETWEEN BLOCKING & WARREN HOUSE COALS. 377 The upper part of the Fleakingley Bridge section contains no coal seams higher than that which we have taken to represent the Forty Yards Coal, but the higher coals may be represented by the bands of black shale which occur between this coal and the top of the section. If the section be correct this coal does not bear a very great resemblance to what we know to be the general character of the Forty Yards or High Main in the district to the west, where it is only about 2 ft. thick, for here we have two beds of coal, and a total thickness of 5 ft. 6 in. of coal. The coal which was worked in the old collieries between Little Preston and the Fleakingley Bridge fault was from 2 ft. 6 in. to 2 ft. 10 in. thick, and would be the uppermost of the Brown Metal Coals in this locality. The thickness of the measures between the First and Second Brown Metal Coals had decreased to some extent in the preceding (sects. 64, 65, p. 375). In this section there had been a considerable thinning out of the beds between the lowest Brown Metal Coals and the Middleton Little Coal, and from this fact, together with the evidence we obtain from our next sections, we will be able to show that the greater thickness of the Hard Band Coal at Halton is mostly due to the union of the two coals last mentioned. The following section is given in further illustration of the beds between the Warren House and Haigh Moor Coals in the neighbourhood of Kippax. (69.) (70.) Allerton Colliery.* nee oe Thick- | Total. Thick Titel, ft. in.| ft. in ft. in.) ft. in Warren Hovsz Coat - - - 6 O|- ol ae 5 0 Measures containing thin Coalseams - | 126 0| - -[ - - | 102 8] 109 o 27 Yarps Coat Banp - - 1 8/188 9] - - | 1 4 Measures containing a thin Coal seam = - 70 8|- -[- - 63. 5 Coal -0 6]} oO 6 Haren Moor Coat {Dek earth 1 0 i 8 6 | 212 11 { 0 10 | 8 14,180 6} Coal -7 0 6 9 In this section we have the same thin coals occurring between the principal seams as in the section at Billy Wood, Kippax. However, the distance between the main coals is very much less at Hool Wood Pit than in any of the previous sections; this is possibly only a local decrease, and may not extend over a very large area. Returning westwards and taking up a new line of section, we begin with Dam Pit and Nursery Pit, Waterloo Main Colliery, and Oak Pit, Waterloo Colliery ; the sections now take a north and north-east direction and will illustrate the most northerly extension of the lower portion of the beds above the Blocking or Barcelona Coal. * Trans. Leeds Lit. and Phil. Soc., Vol. I. + From Mr. C. Hodgson, manager to Messrs. Locke and Warrington. 378 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. (71, (72.)_ (78.) Dam Pit,* Nursery Pit,* Oak Pit, Waterloo Main Colliery. : Waterloo Colliery.t Thick- Thick- Thick- 71es8. Total. wiegs. Total. Ticks Total. ft. in.| ft. in.| ft. in.| ft. in.| ft. in.|] ft. in, Sandstone and Shale -| 58 4 MIDDLETON 40 Yarps Coan - - - Measures - - - Coal - - = Measures First Brown Meta Coa Measures Szconp Brown Mera Coan - - - Measures - - - Tuirrp Brown Meta Coan - - Measures - - - Mippreron Litrte Coan Measures - - Sandstone and Shale Measures - - - Mippreron Main Coax - Sandstone - - -|- Measures - - MippLeton -11 Yaxrps : 41 Coan - - ; Measures - - Coal - - -|- - Si 0 Measures - - - oe Al ca Barcetona Coat, - | Coal and shale “6 60 4 onnw anoo 68 7 23 0 98 4 2 oO SO ow ~ oo Cs 0 25 139 10 Harp Banp 4 29 Coat. 7 no . 1anNovnmorm 171 40 oe wo oO oO “ a 277 104 cont eRe Op oo © bob Row om 283 122 _ 1o a Oeo1148 OQr1i1t4 22 o 63 So 63 4 96 10 The Dam Pit section shows a considerable development of sandstone over the Forty Yards Coal; this sandstone corresponds very closely with the EmleyRock, which we have been able to trace with very few exceptions through- out the whole area occupied by these beds. It. would seem as if the uppermost of the Brown Metal Coals was represented by the band 6 feet 9 inches thick, | which consists of strong spavin with bands of coal, while the lowest of this series is 4 feet 1 inch thick, and lies 37 feet 5 inches below it. At Oak Pit the distance between them is only 7 feet 8 inches. The Middleton Little Coal at Dam Pit is rather thinner than usual, and the distance between it and the Middleton Main Coal has increased to some extent; with this increase is associated a sandstone which is given as occurring immediately over the Main Coal, and would correspond to the sandstone seen overlying this coal in the railway cutting at Cross Gates. But at the Oak Pit the former coal occupies its average position in this neighbourhood. : We formerly referred to the thickening of the intervening measures between the Barcelona and Middleton Main Coals, and indicated that it would be seen to take place eastwards from Beeston Park side. The section of Nursery Pit, which furnishes the account of these beds in our present section, shows that the distance between these two coals is now only 84 feet JO inches, and there- fore does not seem to bear out this statement; but if we refer to Vert. Sections, sheet 44, it will be seen that here the position of the Middleton Main Coal, * From Mr. T. Pickersgill, manager to Mr. J. T. Leather. ft From Mr. J. W. Clay. : : MEASURES BETWEEN BLOCKING & WARREN HOUSE COALS. 379 in relation to the Beeston Bed Coal, more nearly corresponds with that of the Middleton 11 Yards Coal. The shaft is sunk near to the continuation of the Middleton Grange fault, and the variation in the section is probably due to this fact, rather than to any real thinning out of the beds at this place. The band of sandstone under the Main Coal probably indicates the begin- ning of the sandstone which is fully developed at Slack Bank and Barnbow Common. A boring to the Hard Band Coal at Colton, and the section of the Bye Pit, West Yorkshire Colliery, Austhorpe, will form our next section. : (74) CE) Bye Pit, West . Boring near Colton.* | Yorkshire Colliery,t Austhorpe. Abie? | etal: | PEK |) pte, ft. in.}| ft. in. |] ft. in.] ft. in Coal - - = a ere es a 0 3 Measures - ~ - - -f= (ef - 85 6 Sandstone - - - - =| - mae 7 3 0 88 9 Measures - - - - -|- - -] 20 2 Sandstones = - - -{12 3 |- -| 53 2] 162 1 Measures with sandstone bands - ~- | 22 10, - Coal - -}| 0 8} - sabes tele { Uidenay| - 41]. - I 0} 163 1 * [Coal ee -| 0 5 | 40 384¥ IRTHFIELD Measures - - GoaLs, 17 5h | - - 17 6 Co: ef eee UO: 32 - 14 BrconD enoun Underclay = 4 PE 2 - 2 0 TAL OAL | Coal - “} 1 2 | 611g] 2 0} 185 1 Measures - - - é -|85 1 ]- -]|] 20 8 0a: - 23 - 35 eee Ta {shal 0 at 103 6} 8 9 fous 11} , Coal -| 8 7 - Oo 2]. Measures - - - - -|- - 43 6 Sandstone and shale - - -|- -|- - 8 1] 265 6% Measures - - - - -[- -|- -]| 23 9 MippieTon Main or Bricut Coau -|- “ 4 0/ 293 3} Measures - - - - -|- 20 6 Sandstone - - - - -|- -~}| 381 0] 344 9% Measures ~ - - - -[- ale = Mippieton 11 Yarps Coan - - - - joe 2 |. Measures - - - on - - ssa Sandstone - - - - -| 63 6] 436 5} Measures - > - - -|- -|- -| 24 21. ; Coal -. - 0 74 BanceLona CoaL - -| Da - - 0 5 Coal ee = < 2 33} 463 112 It should be observed that in the measures under the 3-inch Coal in this section there is no mention made of any coal that would correspond to the Forty-Yards Coal, although there is a band of soft metal 64 ft. 6 in. below the 3-inch Coal which may possibly represent the underclay of that seam. The sandstone over the first of the Firthfield or Brown Metal Coals attains a great thickness in the section at Bye Pit, and in this respect is like to the Birstal Rock, to which it is clearly equivalent. Under this sandstone, and between it and the Hard Band Coal, there occur two seams of coal; the bed immediately below the sandstone does not appear to be of much value, but these beds constitute the Firthfield coals of this * From Mr. Chas, Fenton. } From the Manston Coal Co. 380 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. district, and are the representatives of the Brown Metal Coals of Brunicliffe and Morley. The coal which lies 7 ft. 8 in. above the Middleton Little at Oak Pit, apparently unites with this coal somewhere in the country between Newsam Green and Colton, forming the thick seam known as the Hard Band Coal in this locality. (See Secs. 73 and 74, Plate 13.) In the Bye Pit section, two beds of sandstone under the Middleton Main Coal show the further development of the Slack Bank Rock. And it will also be observed that a corresponding increase in the thickness of the measures between the Middleton Main and Barcelona Coals here takes place, answering to the gradual thickening out of the intermediate measures between these two coals as represented in Sects. 57, 59, 60, and 64, Plate 13, which illustrate the country between Beeston Park Side through Middleton to Woodlesford. If we turn to the plate of comparative sections it will be at once apparent that they fully bear out the general conclusion, viz., that the beds between the Blocking and Middleton Main Coals thin away eastwards up to a certain point somewhere in the neighbourhood of Beeston. After passing this place these beds as gradually begin to thicken out again, until their thickness becomes as great as it was on the west side of the coalfield. Tt would also appear as if the Middleton 11 Yards was absent at this place, at least no mention is made of its existence. Two borings near Garforth enable us to give some further illustrations of the beds between the Middleton Main and Forty Yards Coal, and afford additional information about the Firthfield series. 76.) 77. lithe Alle = Garforth. Thickness} Total. {| Thickness.| Total. ft. in.| ft. in. |) ft. in. ft. in MipptetTon Forty Yarps Coa - 0 6 0 6 2 8 2 3 Measures - - - . 51 8]|- -] 29 8 |- - Sandstone - - - - - 910] 61 7 17. 4 49 3 Measures - - - - 25 4 - 15 4 - First Brown Merat { Watery ; i i : : f : Coats Coal -| 0 8] 92 7] 0 42] 68 103 Measures - - ~ ; 5 0 - 6 7 a 2 Coal - - oe 010} 98 5] O10 | 76 32 Measures - - - : 84 1] - - 16 2 - - Szconp Brown Meta ‘ CoaL - - - - - 2 9/185 3 2 9 95 23 Measures - - - - 10 10] - - 17:5 |- - Coal - - - O 10 | 146 11 0 10 113 5} Measures - - -]| 11 2]- - 19 7 - - Mippieton LittLE on {its Shale - ; 5 . 4 ue Hiteo Base Coat: || Gaal -| 3 5]16211] 3 5 | 140 62 Measures - - - - - 9 8|- -] 50 5 | - - Sandstone - - - - - 7 9/179 11] 25 O | 215 112 Measures - - Se a - -) 2111] - -— 10 7 /- = MippLeTon MAIN oR Re - 28 2 “Tr . Underclay = - 1 2|- - 5 5 | 231 114 Bricut Coat. { unas : x1 8 1 | 08 ae Cel : The coals of the Firthfield series are here more fully developed than in the preceding section, both the upper and the lower seams attaining a good workable * From Mr, T. R. Gainsford. MEASURES BETWEEN BLOCKING & WARREN HOUSE COALS. 3881 thickness, and though several other thin coals are also associated with them, the rincipal beds are easily recognised as those which we have been following on this horizon throughout the sections previously given. In the column No. %6, it will be observed that the Hard Band and the Bright Coals lie very close together, whereas in column 77 (see Plate 13) they are rather further apart than the average distance in the immediate neighbourhood. ‘Whether the total distance between the Middleton Main and Haigh Moor Coal does, in the district south of Kippax, also diminish in a manner similar to that shown to occur among the beds in the lower portions of these measures, it is impossible for us to say, inasmuch as we cannot obtain an unbroken succession between these coals in this country, by means of which we would have been able approximately to calculate the thickness of the measures between them; and although the Middleton Main Coal has been sunk to at Astley, no account was kept of the strata passed through. Had this been obtainable it would have been most valuable. The depths, however, of the coal seams now being worked do not show that these coals lie much nearer together here than they do at East Ardsley. Some borings in connexion with the coal workings under the Magnesian Limestone at Micklefield furnish the last account which we can at present supply, as to the extension of these coal beds under the Permian formation. we (79.) orlng, Bori . Peckfield Farm, Oring: Micklefield.* Micklefieid. Thick- Thick- ness, | rotal. ness, | Lotal. . ft. in.| ft. in. ft. in.| f. in, Magnesian Limestone. - : - - Measures - - - - - -| 15 0 Sandstone - - - - - -} 11 0 Measures - - - - - -| 83 2 Coal - ~ 16 MIDDLETON Forty YaRDs Coat 4 Metal - 17 Coal - - 010; 63 1 Measures - - - . - -| 16 8 Sandstone - - - - . - 7 4| 87 1/- -| 26 21 26 2 Measures - . - - : -| 21l- -]- : 6 6 Coal 23 Metal 07 Frrst Brown MetTaL Coat + Coal 0 10 Metal | Firru- 0 38/- -|Sandstone| 7 8) 3911 Coal FIELD 0 8/115 1 Measures - - - - CoaLs. 5B 6{- -|- -| 18 0 Co: - : - - - 10/121 7 Measures - - - - 7 3/- - | Sandstone} 13 0] 7011 SECOND BRowN MeTau Coan - 2 8/181 1 Measures 2 - - - - =|] 41 1] - -|- -| 41 9/112 8 Coal - - - - 1i1]- -|- - 010 Metal - - ee} 0 5]- -|- =} 010 Haxzp Band Coat 4 Coal - - . >] L7i- «|e «| 14 Black Shale - - - 0 9/- e|- - 06 (Coal - - - - 8 21179 2] - -| 8 7/119 9 Measures - . - . - -|- -|- -|- - 16 Sandstone - - - - - -l- ey]. ele -1| 66 0 MIDDLETON MAIN Ok BRIGHT CoAL - -|- ede el- - 211/)190 2 Measures - : - - - “fe =~|- -|- - 010 Sandstone - - - - -|- -|- -| 16 4 Measures . “ - . “fe ef: . 05 MIDDLETON 11 YaRpDs Cosy ;Slack Bank Rock. | - ofe -[- - 1 0/208 9 Measures - - - - ede ef -| 1 2} Sandstone ~<« - - . ef =| -| 58 0} 262 11 In the boring at Peckfield Farm, the distance between the Hard Band and Middleton Forty Yards Coal has still further diminished, and the coal seams of the Firthfield series are now lying very close together, there being only 13 ft. 9 in., including the middle band of coal, between the highest and lowest seams of this series. According to the Micklefield section, all these upper beds of coal seem to be replaced by bands of sandstone, for immediately under the * From Mr. T. R. Gainsford. 382 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. .. Magnesian Limestone, the base of which is.almost on the same level, in relation the Hard Band Coal, as the position of the Middleton Forty Yards Coal in the section at Peckfield, we have a sandstone 26 feet in thickness, and another band occupies the same position as the Firthfield Coals, there not being the slightest indication of anything corresponding tc these coals in this section. A similar remark may be made about a recent boring to a coal, supposing to be the Middleton Main Coal, near Milford Junction (section 80, Plate 13). In the Micklefield section the whole space between the Hard Band and Bright Coals is occupied by sandstone, a very remarkable circumstance, no similar instance having previously come under our observation in the entire coalfield. And here also the upper part of the Slack Bank Rock is well developed, having been proved to a depth of 72 ft. 9 in. below the Bright Coal. 9. Top Hard, Barnsley, Darnal, Low Wood, Hobbima, Elsecar, Gawthorpe, Warren House Coal. We now come to the great seam of the Yorkshire Coalfield. In the southern part of the field the Barnsley Bed so far exceeds both in thickness and value any other of the known seams, with the exception of the Silkstone, that practically these are the only two coals that are wrought, and tilk they are exhausted no other seams are likely to be touched, except to a small extent for local consumption. The Barnsley Bed derives its great value from the fact that a portion of the seam is a semi-anthracitic, “hard,” or steam” coal, admirably adapted for use on locomotives, in steam vessels, and for iron smelting on account of its high heating power. This portion of the bed is made up of thin alternating layers of dull and bright coal; the former being probably of a semi-anthracitic and the latter of a more “ bituminous” character. This mixture does away with the difficulty in lighting, which is one of the drawbacks attending the use of pure anthracite, and at the same time allows of a per-centage of carbon high enough to give great heating power. The hard coal occurs in the middle of the seam, the upper and lower portions being soft or “ bituminous.” The following analyses show the composition of the Barnsley “ Hards” :—- ‘ e), q 2; id a a e \ ra 3 ob ff . ae eel eg|eis/e/2| . less 2 = ge) |B lS) eR] So] dt eye n O/H }24/)/o°;/al| , Seine, ie PNY Eg ft. ine ‘Sandstone of Hartley Bank Wood - - ; Coal . - - 7 7 - 0 93 Spavin' - - “ - '- O 2% Coal: - - - - - 0 02 Spavin - - - . - 1°6 Coal os - - ‘s - 1113 Spavin’« * - a we OB Coal - - = = - 01 Grey shale, about - - - - 15 0 5 This coal is as near as can be estimated at the usual distance above the Netherton Coals as the Barnsley Bed, and there seems every reason to believe that it is the representative of that seam. If this be the case, and the whole thickness of:the bed is shown in the section, the seam must have fallen off very considerably ‘from even the deteriorated form which it exhibited at Crigglestone Station. : : : P When we come to inquire into the meaning of the rapid change in the character of the Barnsley Bed which has been just described, it seems that the general explanation which has been put forward in our introductory remarks, and applied to the case of the Silkstone, may be also appealed to here. When the seam becomes split up by wedges of shale, we are approaching the position of an old tract of rising ground which bounded the swamp in which the coal grew. The section at Crigglestone Station is peculiarly instructive. Its numerous alternations of coal, spavin, and- black shale indicate that while the bed was forming the physical conditions of. the spot must have been under- going a round of incessant small changes. There were growths of coal, but they were intermittent and mostly of short’ duration; ever and again they were interrupted by floods of muddy water that formed local deposits of sediment stained black by decaying vegetable matter. Then coal growth began again, only to beistapped by a fresh inundation. Twice the intervals between two consecutive floods were long enough ta allow of the growth of some foot and a half of clean coal. But ustially the floods followed so closely upon one another that there was time_only for a thin film of pure vegetable matter to accumulate. Now these arejust the conditions that would obtain on the margin of a coal swamp. -Every rainy season or. succession of rainy seasons water carrying with it mud and sand would stream off the adjoining high ground on to the flat, and would deposit its burden in banks whose thicker ends would abut against the ridge, and which would thin away to nothing a short distance out on the swamp. During driey periods vegetable growth would go on and give rise to layers of coal. _ If the section in Blacker Lane really represents all that is there left ofthe Barnsley Bed, there will be nothing unreasonable in the belief that, after having in so short distance fallen off to so considerable an extent, the coal would a little further in the same direction thin away altogether. Of the representatives of the Barnsley Bed on the northern part of the coal- field we will consider first the Gawthorpe Coal. The first section of this seam THE BARNSLEY COAL. 391 we have met with is in the railway cutting between Horbury Junction and Horbury Station, 50 chains west of the Junction. It shows— ft. in. ft. in. Grey shale - - - - Coal - - - - - 04 Spavin - - - - 17 Coal and black shale - - - O O08 Spavin - - - - 0 8 Coal - - : - - 02 Spavin - - - - 010 Coal - - - - - 165 Spavin and black shae - - 2 8 Coal - - - - - 0 6 Clay - - : - 0 2 Coal - - - - - 038 Clay = —- “ - 02 Coal - - - - -~ 02 Spavin and shale ‘The seam which a little further to the north consists of 3 feet_of nearly clean coal.is here divided’in exactly the same way as the Barnsley Bed at Criggle- stone Station, and the cause that has given rise to this deterioration is pro- creek the same in both cases, the neighbourhood of the ridge of rising ground which separated two adjoining swamps. The bore hole at Horbury Junction was carried down to a seam which has a@ very similar section. 0 The following are sections of the Gawthorpe seam between Wakefield and ssett :-— ‘ i in. ft. in. Round Wood Colliery - - Coal 0 Low Laithes Colliery - - Coal ; le Coal to 2 0 Alverthorpe Colliery (second-class J p;.4 too 4 house coal). tol 7 Worn hOAT DH 3 1 0 Coal 1 Railway cutting 12 chains N.E. of Shale 7 Flush Dyke Station. Coal 3 “The coal has been largely worked over the district to the north of the last section around Lodge Hill; the following section was seen in a brook 4 mile S. by E, of Low Park :— - ft. in. eee - - - - 4 0. avin Le rey shale . ° a - 20 Grey shale with beds of black shale and spavin - - - - - 3 0 Coal - - - - - 03 Spavin - - - - - In a boring near Chidswell, for the information about which we are indebted to Mr. Cawthorne of the Soothill Collieries, this coal was found to be much thicker than in the preceding sections; but as this bore hole was put down in close proximity to the Chidswell fault, on the north side of which there occurs a belt of faulted ground, some 6 or 8 chains in width (see p. 692), the increase of thickness at this place may be due in some measure to the broken state of the ground, and not to a real increase in the thickness of the coal. - ft. in, Shale and coal - - 3 2 Gawthorpe Coal { Hard eoal - - 310 Soft coal - - li In the adits to this coal in the neighbourhood of Kirkham Gate the follow- ing sections were measured by us :— 392 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The section at the adit south of Jaw Hill and east of The Springs ran thus :— ft.in. ft. in. ft. in. Soft coal- 0 5 to 0 6 Gawthorpe Coal - - 22 or Clay - - - 0 02 Warren House. | Coal - - 1 6 Underclay. That obtained from the adit on the north side of the road between Jaw Hill and Spring Bottom does not differ much from the foregoing. ft. in. ft. in. Shaly coal - 0 6 Gawthorpe eel 2 2 e 0 02 or 2 Warren House. Dicky Guat : Ss ‘UUnderclay. Between these two adits and a little to the east of Red Lodge, a thin coal corresponding to that in the cutting near Flush Dyke Station was seen above the Gawthorpe, at a place where the surface had fallen into the workings near the outcrop of this coal; the section was— ; ft.in. ft. in. Coal - - - - 10 Shale - - - - - 60 Gawthorpe coal, full thickness not seen. The section taken in the workings at some distance from the entrance to Be mine by Mr. James Auty, who worked the coal from these adits, is as ollows :— ft. in. ft. in. Roof coal - 07 Gawthorpe | Parting - - or Middle Bed coal 1 2 Warren House. | Parting - = Low Bed coal - 1 8tol 9 In this locality the coal is used in the immediate district as an engine coal, for which purpose it is best adapted, but it is by no means a first-class engine coal. We will now turn to the Warren House, the seam which corresponds to the Barnsley over the district to the east and north-east of Wakefield. At the Westgate Common Pit, Wakefield, this seam consisted of 4 feet of coal and dirt, so much divided as to be unworkable. Over the country lying to the east of Wakefield, and south of the River Calder, we have obtained the following sections of this bed :— Sharlston Colliery. ft. in. ft. in, 0 Coal - - - - 2 Grey bind and ironstone - - - 210 Very dark bind mixed with coal - - 19 Coal mixed with dross - - 13 Dirt - - - - - 08 Coal mixed with dross’ - - 14 Dirt - - - . 0 8 Coal - - 5 - 0 2 Dirt = - - - - 02 Coal - - 7 - 08 Dirt and coal - - : - 06 ww or ao on THE BARNSLEY COAL. 393 St. John’s Colliery, Newlands. ft. in. ft. in, Coal - ic s «= 1 2 Dirt - - - * - 0 5 Coal - - - - 13 Dut - - - - - 0 8 Coal - - - - 0 3 Dirt - - - - - 02 Coal - - . - O 92 Dirt - - - - - 03 Coal - - - - 0 32 Dirt - - - - - 0O 3 Coal - - - - 0 8 Drub - - - - - 010 Smut - - - - - 02 Spavin - ; - - - 40 Black shale - - : - 16 Coal smut - - - 0 8 Spavin - - - - - 5 9 Coal - - - - 10 Dirt - - - - - 11 Coal - - - - 110 77 14 9 West Riding Colliery. ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - 11 Dirt - - - - - 0 8 Coal - - - - 11 Dirt - - - - - O 02 Coal - - = - 141 Dirt - - - - - 038 Coal - - - - 10 4 3 07 Bore hole at Whitwood. ’ ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - 15 Earth - - - - - 07 Coal - - - - 21 Parting - - - = - 03 Coal - - - - 16 Spavin - - - -. «= J] 4 Coal - - - - 08 8 2 2 Glasshoughton Colliery. ft. in. ft. in Coal - - - - 1 Dirt - - - - - 08 Coal - - - - 110 211' 08 Prince of Wales Colliery, Pontefract. . in. ff. in. Coal - - - - 1 2 Dirt - - - - - 0 38 Coal - - - - 21 Measures - - - - - 1610 Coal - - - - 0 1- Dirt - - - - - O86 Coal - - - - 0 3 394 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Wheldale Colliery. ft. in. ff. im. Coal - - - - 11 Parting - - - - - 0 2 Coal - - - - 2 3 Coal and dirt - - - - 09 Coal - - - - 06 3 10 011 At the two last collieries this seam is worked. . The following sections will give an idea of the character of the Warren House on the north of the River Calder :— Stanley Victoria Colliery.- ft. in. ff. in. Coal and drub White spavin - - - - 2 8 Coal a - - - 04 Spavin - - - - - 10 Coal - - - - 01 White spavin - - - - 210 Coal - - 7 - 083 New Market Colliery. ft.in. ff, in. Coal - - lil - Black band - - 02 é . Coal - - J-2 Warren House <. Black band - - 05 -— | Coal - -~ li Black band - - 0 4 Coal - - 1 3 4 7 011 The ‘cutting for the Kippax Branch Railway, near Hool Wood Pit, where the outcrop of this coal was proved on the downcast side of the Methley Lanes Fault, showed the following section :— : ft..in. ft. in. Shale - - - 60 Dirt = - - - 038 (Coal - - 1:2 Black parting - - O 02 Coal - - 18 Dark parting = - - 0.02 Coal - - 0 102 | Dark parting = - - O OF os Coal - - O 32 Warren House < Clay parting = - - 0 Oo Coal — - - 17: Clay parting = - - O 02 Coals - - 07 Clay parting - - 0 8 | Dirt - < - 0 4 White shale - - 07 {Coal - - 2 8 Underclay “ - 380 MEASURES BETWEEN BARNSLEY & HIGH HAZLES COALS. 395 The next account which we give represents generally the character of this coal between Great Preston and Kippax :— ; : ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Top coal - - 1 8 Muck - . - i= S - 0 1to0 2 Middle Bed Coal - 1 4tol 6 3 uck - - - - - 0 1tod0 2 Coal - i - 0 9 Muck - = a = - 01 Coal - - - 1 8tol 4 Muck - - 7 a - 01 Lime Coal - - 2 0to3 0 7 0 The Lime Coal was soft and dirty, and was not worked along with the other layers of coal.which form this seam in the district to which this section refers, ; d ; eo In the journal of the strata passed though in Hool Wood Pit,* this coal seems to occur in three bands, with a thickness of several feet of underclay between each, and also to lie much nearer to’ the Haigh Moor Coal than is generally the case. <. ; , fit. in. ft. in.. ~ Coal - - - - 560 Spavin - - - - - 7 0 Coal - - - - 26 . Spavin - - - - - 5 6 Coal - - - = di -2 8 8 The above account is totally different from any description which we have received, or any section which we have seen of the coal in the surrounding neighbourhood, so that it~ must only be a local variation in the character of this coal. At the Allerton Bywater Colliery we obtained the following section through the kindness of Mr. C. Carter: ~ : : ft. in. ft. in, op coal - - 3 6 Parting - - - 0 F “Warren House< Coal - - 5% Parting - - - 0 8 Coal - - 16 Be ae 5 53 0 43 The Top Coal at this colliery would seem to correspond with the Top and Middle Bed Coals in the vicinity of Kippax, while the lowest bed, or Lime Coal, of that distriet is here absent altogether. - : The Top Coal burns to a white ash. The best coal of this band makes a good house coal, the remainder of which, together with the coal obtained from the rest of the seam, is chiefly used-for engine purposes, and is of fair average quality. | This coal has also been worked to some extent at Newton Abbey Colliery. 10. The Measures between the Barnsley Coal and the High Hazles or Kents Thick Coal. (Plate 14.) The. first point to notice about these measures is that the Barnsley Bed has occasionally for its roof a very thick sandstone, * Communicated to us by Mr. C. Hodgson, manager to Messrs. Locke & Co., Kippax Colliery. 396 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. which we will call the Barnsley Rock. Like all the Coal Measure sandstones it is very often replaced by shale, and when this is the case we very usually find about 20 or 30 yards above the Barnsley seam a thin coal, or a group of thin coals, black shale, and spavin. This measure, which is fairly regular in its occur- rence, may be called the Barnsley Rider Coal. Other coal bands occur among these measures, but they are thin and irregular. When the details which we are about to give have been read through, it will be seen that we have in the Barnsley Rock an excellent instance of the irregularity of the Coal Measure sand- stones. It is found in greatest force between Park Gate and Wentworth, and is over that interval a really striking rock, some- times nearly 40 yards thick at the outcrop ; even here, however, sinkings a little way to the dip show no signs of it. It is present under some form or other at many other spots, but has been no- where found so thick as in the neighbourhood just named. We shall also have to mention a very interesting case where the Barnsley Coal has been denuded before the deposition of the over- lying sandstone, and the coal is replaced by rock. The distance between the Barnsley and High Hazles Coal is subject to some variation. It is at. times as much as 90 and some- times not more than 60 yards. In the district to the south-east of Sheffield a section of these measures, very nearly complete, is shown in the cuttings of the M. S. and L. Railway at either end of the tunnel east of Darnal Station. It is as follows :— Approximate thicknesses. ft. Hicu Hazues Coan - - - 18, Shale and sandstone 17. Grey shale and ironstone 16. Sandstone, about 6 feet - - 75 15. Shale 14, Measures not seen 13. Sandstone, High Hazles Rock - - 20 12, Shale - - - - - 10 1]. Sandstone, Handsworth Rock - - 40 10. Sandy shale and thin sandstone - - 10 9. Tutn Coa 8. Sandstone, passing downwards into} - 50 7. Hard sandy shale 6. Two THIN rep 5 ~ 49 5. Sandstone + 4, Shale - - - - 25 3. Sandstone 2. Measures not saa - = = 40 1. BARNSLEY CoaL - - - (3) is the representative of the Barnsley Rock; it is here a thin and un- important sandstone. No sandstone occurs above the Barnsley Bed in the pit sections in this district. (6) is probably the Barnsley Rider Coal; coal, or black spavin, occurs very generally in the pit sections hereabouts in a corresponding position. What i most likely the same bed was seen in the open work at Darnall Road ottery. There is another group of thin coal bands very generally present in the pit sections hereabouts, about 60 yards above the Barnsley Bed. It would crop out at this spot probably about the position of No. 14, and therefore we cannot say whether it is present here or not. It may, however, be replaced by one of the thick rocks. \ MEASURES BETWHEN BARNSLEY & HIGH HAZLES COALS. 397 The main features in the geology of the surrounding district are made by the Handsworth and the High Hazles Rocks. The Handsworth Rock reaches its greatest thickness at the village after which we have named it. Near Handsworth Hall the quarries in it show a face of more than 40 feet of a whitish, finely-grained, and rather thickly-bedded sandstone. Its importance, however, is singularly local ; it decreases in thickness to the south-east, and in the section in Furnace Lane, near Woodhouse Junction, it seems to be mainly composed of shaly sandstone. No trace of it has been recognised east of the River Rother. The section at the western end of the Darnal Tunnel shows this bed to be there about 40 feet thick and composed of massive sandstone, but all traces of the rock disappear a very short distance to the north of the railway. At the mouth of the tunnel the sandstone is clearly seen to fill up a hollow or valley which has been denuded out of the under- lying shales ; and, with this evidence before us, we may reasonably conclude that this rock was formed by the filling up with sand of a depression which was deepest about Handsworth, and shallowed away to both the north-west and south-east. In the sinking at Orgreave there is a sandstong, 40 feet thick, some 10 yards below the High Hazles Coal, which is probably the Handsworth Rock. The High Hazles Rock puts in a little to the south-east of the point where the Handsworth Rock disappears; it increases rapidly in thickness to the north-west, and as far as the Carr Brook is a conspicuous sandstone. Further to the north-west it grows feeble, and its continuation in that direction becomes very uncertain. See section 3, Plate 14. To the north of the River Don the outcrop of the measures under con- sideration ranges from near Jordan Dam towards Park Gate. They are well laid open in the cutting of the Midland Railway west of The Holmes Station. Their total thickness there is about 80 yards; there is no sandstone above the Barnsley Coal; the Rider Coal was not noticed, but it is found in the sinking of the Holmes Colliery not far off ; a bed of black coaly shale occurs 65 feet below the High Hazles, and a bed of black shale with Anthracosia 38 feet higher up. : A little further to the north a sandstone puts in above the Barnsley Bed, and to the north of Masborough becomes an important rock. It may be seen in the quarry north of Clough House, and is said to have been nearly 40 yards thick at Carr House Colliery. See section 5, Plate 14. In the sinkings along the valley of the Don the following points call for notice. At Aldwark Main Colliery the Barnsley Rock rests directly on the coal and is nearly 30 yards thick. In the short distance between that colliery, however, and Roundwood Colliery the measures change very con- siderably, for the section at the latter is (Section 7, Plate 14)— ft. in. Black shale, BARNSLEY RIDER CoAaL - 2 83 Measures - - - - - 25 38 Sandstone 20 4 Stone bind } Barnsley Rock - i 3 8 Sandstone 24 8 Stone bind - - - - - 48 9 BaRnsLeyY CoaL - - - - At Messrs. Charlesworth’s Collieries, near Kilnhurst Station, the Barnsley Rock is absent on the west, but it puts in towards the east, and at Thryberg Hall Colliery we have the following section : (Section 9, Plate 14)— ft. in. & Black shale 2.3 Measures } bg see % ' 4 6 Black shale and coal smuts E 9 0 Shale and sandstone - - -17 8 Coal smut - - - Spavin - - - - - 6 0 Stone bind - - - - - 40 Sandstone, with beds of shale, Barnsley Rock 33 11 Stone bind - - - - - 5 0 BarnsLey Coat - é - - 398 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. | In the dip workings of the colliery the sandstone roof comes down and cuts out the coal over an area which has been proved to be considerable, but whose full extent is not yet ascertained. At Denaby Main Colliery the Barnsley Rock is represented by only a very small thickness of sandstone. We will now return to the outcrop of the Barnsley Coal at Park Gate, and follow the belt of measures we are considering. from there to the north-west, The Barnsley Rock continues to be a very conspicuous sandstone about as far as Wentworth. It must be between 20 and 30 yards thick to the west of Rawmarsh; its bold escarpment contributes no little to the beauty of Went- worth Park, and it is said to have been found 70 feet thick in a bore-hole at Hoober. It is also quite recognisable to the south-east and south-west of the village of Wentworth. In the north-west corner of Wentworth Park, however, the escarpment becomes on a sudden so very feeble, that-there can be little doubt that the rock dies away. Any uncertainty that may exist on this point is removed by the facts that, in Kings Wood, a little further to the north-west, there is no sandstone above the outcrop of the Barnsley seam, nor was any found above.that coal in the sinking of Rainborough Park Pit, Though this sandstone is so conspicuous along its outcrop over the district just traversed, it would seem to be very irregular on the dip, for at the Low Stubbin Pit, north of Nether Haugh, it seems to be altogether absent. For some considerable distance to the north-west of Elsecar the Barnsley Bed has no outcrop, owing to faults, and we get little information from surface sections about the measures between it and Kent’s Thick Coal. From the line of collieries, however, which extend along the valley of the River Dearne from Manvers Main to Ardsley we learn the following particulars.. Though there is very frequently some sandstone above the Barnsley Coal, there is no thick bed comparable with the Barnsley Rock of Rawmarsh and Wentworth. The Rider Coal is very generally represented, sometimes by a thin coal band, sometimes only by black shale and an underclay. Other bands of coal occur between the bed and Kent’s Thick Coal, but they are too thin and irregular to call for special notice. (See section 12, Plate 14.) To the west of Worsborough the Barnsley Coal again comes to day, and it has here some little way above it a sandstone of moderate importance. Above this there is again a sandstone, which makes a very bold escarpment through Fir Walk Plantation and Woolley Bank Wood, and which cannot be far below Kent’s Thick Coal. The Barnsley Rock continues to be fairly recognisable up to about Keresforth Hall, and beyond that all but dies away. The higher sandstone, though it can be followed along the northern flank of Wors- borough Dale as far as Kingston, is a very feeble and shaly rock on that side of the valley. The sinkings to the dip of this line of outcrop show some of them only faint traces, and some of them no trace at all, of the Barnsley Rock. The Rider Coal is invariably present. ‘ Between Barnsley and Gawber the following section gives the main members of the measures now under consideration :— ft. in. Kenrt’s Tuick Coa. Measures - - - < 5 Sandstone - - = = “} 36 0 Seen in cutting of ¢ Measures - = i « x L. and Y. Rail- J] Sandstone’ - - - : -l 6 O° way, east of Day ) Sandy shale and sandstone - = ‘ House - - ae bed of hard sandstone - - m easures - - “ - 2 Barnsley Rock | - - Fs ei) 130 0 BARNSLEY CoaL - The only place where the Barnsley Rock reaches any thickness‘is at the village of Gawber; south of there, though perhaps just recognisable, it ig ver feeble, and to the north if thins away before reaching Day House Wood. There is no Barnsley Rock worth mentioning at Gawber New Colliery, Willow Bank Colliery, and Kast Gawber Colliery ; but at the Dearne Side Sinking there are some 15 yards of alternations of sandstone and shale, separated from the THE HIGH HAZLES COAL. 399 Barnsley Coal by 2. feet 7 inches of shale, which represent this rock. - It’is stated by sinkers that hereabouts a thin bed of very hard sandstone, which goes by the name of the “ Barnsley Boulder,” is very generally found a little way above the Barnsley Coal, and a bed bearing this name is sometimes dis- tinguished in the sinking accounts. We have not had an opportunity of verifying this statement by personal examination of any section. The Rider Coal still continues to be very regularly present over the district we are now describing. ps 3 For some considerable distance to the north-west but little occurs worth recording. The Barnsley Rock is wanting both at the outcrop and in the sinkings; but we may notice that about Darton and Hough the Rider Coal becomes a noticeable bed. In the Oaks Plantation, east of Darton, its ¢rop showed— ce . in, Coal - - - - - 1 10 top notseen. Clay - - - 7 = 6 Coal and dirt - - - - 0 2 In the tramway at Woolley Colliery it is 18 inches thick, and in the Wheatley Wood Pit it was found: to be— pa a ft. in. Brassy Coal - - - - 0 6 Coal : - - - - - 15 Spavin - - - - - 0 5 Coal - - - - - 0 2 It lies here 70 feet above the Barnsley seam. It is also seen 15 inches thick in the cutting at the south end of the Woolley Edge Tunnel. In the cutting at the north end of the same tunnel we have the following section :— ft. in, Dark shale. Sandy shale and thin sandstone. Sandstone with thin partings of or 12 0 (Barnsley Rock) - - Dark shale with thin flags and ironstone. Black shale. Grey shale. BarnsLey Coa. The feeble representative of the Barnsley Rock in this section somewhat improves to the south-west, and may be traced_as far as Common End Planta- tion. There is a higher sandstone east of West Bretton, but it cannot be followed far. To the north of Crigglestone Station there is a considerable body of sand- stone above the coal cropping in Blacker Lane, which we have taken to be the representative of the Barnsley Bed ; and on the north side of the valley of the Calder there is a sandstone a little way above the outcrop of the Gaw- thorpe Coal; it is, however, a very shaly bed, and not distinguishable for any’ distance. : The measures above the Warren House and Gawthorpe Coals in the northern’ part of the field can scarcely be said to present any features of interest: Coals: occur in them, but they are too irregular in both thickness and position to enable them to be traced on from section to section. A reference to the pub- lished sheets of Vertical Sections will save the necessity of verbal description, which would be tedious and of little value. ez 11. The High Hazles, Kent's Thick, Kent's Five-foot, or Mapplewell ' Ooal, Kent's Thin Coal, and the Sandstones associated with them: ~ - The following is the general section of the measures we propose to describe in the present section :— Kent’s Thin Rock. Kenrt’s TH1n Coat. Measures with Kent’s Thick Rock. Kent’s Toick, Hiegh Hazues, or MAPPLEWELL CoAL. 400 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The lower of the two coals is known to the south-east of Sheffield, and for some distance to the north-west of that town, as the High Hazles Coal, because it crops out by the house of that name. From the little information obtainable we gather that it is a bed of from 3 to 4 feet in thickness, with here and there thin dirt partings. It has been largely gotten, but we only know of one colliery where it is being worked at present. It is said to yield a fair house coal. About Sheffield, and to the north of that town, the coal begins to be called Kent’s Thick or Kent’s Five-foot, probably after some one who worked it. In the collieries along the valley of the Don, between Mas- borough and Denaby, this seam is usually divided into two beds. The parting between them varies from 3 to 29 feet. When we follow the coal from the valley of the Don at Mas- borough towards Barnsley we find it maintaining a fairly constant character up to about Elsecar. It is generally in two beds, and the parting between them varies from an inch up to more than afoot. The total thickness is from 4 to 5 feet. We have no in- formation about its character. About Elsecar the seam seems to begin to fall off, and though the accounts of which we have been able to obtain are few and far between, it does not seem unlikely that it continues to deteriorate up to Barnsley. At that town it is a worthless mass of black shale, with thin layers of coal. To the north of Barnsley a coal called the Mapple- well occupies the place of Kent’s Thick. It is from 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet thick, and has been worked, but report does not speak highly of it. The Mapplewell Coal can be recognised as far north as Crigglestone. . Kent’s Thin Coal is a seam which, with perhaps one or two exceptions, is present in all the sections we are acquainted with as far north as Wakefield. It varies in thickness from 1 to 2 feet. We do not know that it has ever been wrought, but a note of the late Mr. W. B. Mitchell’s describes it as “good for cinders ; smithy coke is probably meant. -Of the two sandstones associated with these coals the uppermost is the more important. In several places, as about Rawmarsh and around Barnsley, it is a conspicuous rock ; but it@is not unfre- quently wanting altogether. A sandstone is not unfrequently present above Kent’s Thick Coal, but the only place where it attains to any importance is between Masborough and Park Gate. When we attempt to trace these measures over the part of the coalfield north and north-east of Wakefield, we find occasionally in the pit sections coals which may possibly represent them. These seams are, however, so variable and uncertain that they possess no value, and are only interesting as the possible equivalents of somewhat more important and regular coals on the south. The disappearance of these coals may possibly be due to the following cause. If we compare the sections between the Wath Wood and the Barnsley coals on the south with those between the equivalent seams on the north of the coalfield, we shall find that the distance between the two beds is some 30 yards less in the second case than in the first ; and this change in thickness takes place to the south THE HIGH HAZLES COAL. 401 of Wakefield, just where the traces of the Mapplewell and Kent’s Thick Coal begin to be uncertain. So that possibly it is the thinning away of the measures that contain these coals which causes the decrease in the total thickness of the strata, The gradual deterioration of Kent’s Thick Coal towards Barnsley, and the wretched state it is reduced to at that town, together with the great difference between it and its equivalent, the Mapplewell, lead to the belief that these two coals grew in different areas, the barrier between which ran nearly through Barnsley. The swamp in which Kent’s Thin grew would seem to have been of wider extent, and to have reached nearly up to Wakefield. Over the part of the coalfield north and north-east of the Jast town coal growths went on during the period we are considering very fitfully in small irregular patches. We are prevented from giving as full an account as we should like of the High Hazles Coal by the circumstance that, though it usually contains one and frequently several dirt partings, it is a common practice in the coal pit sections to state only the total thickness of the seam without giving the details of its subdivisions. Sections of this character we shall not reproduce here, but we will confine ourselves to those which furnish really useful information about the bed. Starting at the southern boundary of the Coalfield we have the following sections :—. Wales Wood Colliery da 4 feet, in several beds, but no dirt partings. ‘ ft. in. Aston or Pidgeon {Rep best coal - - 10 Bridge Colliery Bottom coal - - 3 0 North Stavely or [Coal about 4 feet 2 inches, Aston Main Colliery | not much dirt. Coal - - 5 Fence Colliery - { Dis - - 5 Coal - - - rob ono 1 The coal has been worked at these collieries and also at Tinsley Park Colliery to some extent, but we believe that the getting of it has now ceased. Kent’s Thin Coal in this district runs about 1 foot. Its outcrop was seen in the cutting of the branch railway to Orgreave Colliery, where the coal was 1 foot 1 inch thick. The crop of the High Hazles in the cutting of the South Yorkshire Railway west of Broughton Lane Station showed— ft. in. Coal, about - - - - 3 0 Clay : é = “ = 0 4 Coal and clay - - - - 0 4 Clay - - - - - 0 2% Coal - - - - - 0 4 At Carrbrook Colliery, where the coal is still wrought, the following section of it has been furnished by Mr. W. D. Gainsford :— ft. in Good coal - - - - - 3 I Inferior engine coal - - - - 0 6 Holing coal - - - - - 0 2 The coal is used as house coal, but does not do for coking. 42513. cc 402 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. We get our next section in the neighbourhood of Masborough. The coal which seems to correspond to Kent’s Thick in the cutting of the Midland Railway, west of the Holmes Station, had the following section :— ft. in. Coal - - - = 5 - 20 Black coaly shale - - - - 10 Coal - - - - - - 0 6 In the sinking of the Holmes Colliery the seam was found in two widely separated beds, thus :— ft. in. Coal - - = 2 < - 21 Spavin, rock, and bin Z ss -29 0 Coal - - a « _ - 19 me is no coal in either of the two last sections corresponding to Kent’s in. : To the north of Masborough Station a sandstone puts in above Kent’s Thick Coal, and swells out to some thickness as it is followed north. The cutting by Carr House on the road from Masborough to Greasborough cuts through this rock, and shows a most remarkable instance of current bedding and very complicated interlacings of sandstone and sandy shale. The rock is again well opened out in Mangham Quarry, where it is a thickly-bedded sand- stone overlaid by shaly sandstone, the line of junction between the two being very irregular. > + Aldwark Main Colliery the following beds seem to represent Kent's Thick Coal, the Black shale being probably the equivalent of the upper coal in the Holmes section :— ft. in. Black shale - - - - - 38 0 Spavin - - - - - 48 Measures’ - - - - - 33 6 Coal - - - - a -~ 24 At Roundwood Colliery the seam seems to have resumed its normal character, for it is described there as coal 4 feet. At Thryberg Hall Colliery the seam runs— ft. in. Coal - - - - - - 210 Clod - - - - - - 28 Coal - - - - - - 2 0 At Denaby Main the bed is still further divided— fies . in, Coal, with drub - - - - 2 3 Measures) - - - - ~- 24 6 Coal - - - Ss si “ko At Manvers Main the seam is in a similar state of division— ‘ ft. in. Coal’- - ee = - 25 Measures - - - - -~ 24 8 Coal - - - - - = Lb Kent’s Thin in these collieries varies from 1 foot 2 inches to 1 foot 10 inches. We will now return to Rawmarsh and follow the seam in the direction of its outcrop to the north-west. Along the outcrop as far as Leuthwaite, half a mile south-east of Elsecar, there is a sandstone of considerable thickness above Kent’s Thick Coal, and at some spot certainly Kent’s Thin Coal is present in the middle of this sand- stone, so that the section runs thus :— Sandstone, Kent’s Thin Rock. Kent’s THIN Coau. Sandstone, Kent’s Thick Rock. Measures. Kenvr’s Tu1ck Coat. KENT'S THICK COAL, 403 The lower sandstone is poorly developed near Rawmarsh, but Kent’s Thin Rock is a conspicuous bed. This is very clearly seen to be the case at the outcrop, and also in the following section of a borehole 26 chains north of Rawmarsh Church :— os ft. in. Sandstone, Kent’s Thin Rock - - 27 2 Kenr’s Ton Coan - - - 20 Spavin - - - - - 10 Sandstone, Kent’s Thick Rock - - ll 0 Measures - - - - - 41 9 Coal - - - - - 08 Measures - - - - - 83 2 Coal 2 6 Dirt } Kent’s Tuck Coa - - 12 1 Coal 2 0 To the north-west Kent’s Thick Rock increases in thickness till it occupies nearly the whole space between the two coals. These sandstones, however, are not constant on the dip, for the section below of the New Stubbin Pit shows only very thin representatives of them :— ft. in. Strong stone, Kent’s Thin Rock - - 7 0 Kenr’s Tui1n Coan - - - 24 Spavin - - - - - 20 Blue stone, Kent’s Thick Rock - - 7 0 Measures - - - - - 75 0 Coal 3.0 Black shale } Kenrt’s Tuick Coan -{ 1 0 Coal 20 Some borings near Rose Hill, to the north of Rawmarsh, give the following account of Kent’s Thick Coal :— ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - 2 4to2 9 Dirt - - - - 0 7t00 8 Coal - - - - 1 6to2 1 At a little pit, 15 chains south-east of Upper Haugh, Kent’s Thick Coal had the following section :— : ft. in Coal - - - - - - 25 Bat - : “ a = - 01 Coal - : - a - 20 The top bed was bright and clean, chiefly used for engine purposes, but said to be a good gas coal. The bottom bed contained a great many nodules of iron pyrites. : : There seems to be more or less of sandstone along the line of outcrop of these coals as far as Leuthwaite, but there are no sections to show details. In the sinking of Rainborough Park Pit the measures now under con- sideration were found as follows :— ft. in. Kenr’s THIN CoaL - - - 2 2 Measures - - - - - 80 7 Coal 27 Din | Kenrt’s TuHick CoaL - -{ 1 8 Coals ~ 011 : On the western side of the Elsecar Valley Kent’s Thin Rock again occurs in . force to the east of Nether Hoyland. Both it and the coal, which is there from 2 feet to 2 feet 6 inches thick, are admirably shown in the cutting of the South - Yorkshire Railway south of Gang Wood; and it is found cropping out round the flank of the hill below Worsborough Park Colliery. In the same district Kent’s Thick Coal seems, as far as the little information we have been able to obtain allows us to judge, to have deteriorated considerably cc 2 404 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Its crop was seen in a brick pit 20 chains south-west of Milton Iron Works, and it was there a mere mixture of coal and dirt 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet thick. The cutting of the South Yorkshire Railway, south-west of High Royd Colliery, showed the following section :— ft. in. Coal, possibly full thickness not seen - 1 6 Black shale and coal - - - 0 5 Coal - - - - - 10 Clay and black shale - - - 0 2 Coal and dirt - - - - 09 Spavin and shale - - - - 26 Sandstone - - - - - Coal - - - - - = 1 2 Between Worsborough and Barnsley the sandstones associated with Kent’s Coals are unimportant. The following section of the Thin Coal was bared in a quarry in Locke’s Park at Barnsley :— = fi. in. ft. in. Sandy shale and sandstone - - - Kenrt’s Tu1n Coat - . - - 16 Underclay = - - - - - 2 0 Hard sandstone full of Stigmaria = - - 1 Otol 6 Sandy shale - - - - - 3 0 Sandstone - = - In Barnsley Kent’s Thin Rock again becomes an important sandstone, and a large part of the northern portion of the town stands on it. The following admirable section is shown in the cutting of the M. S. and L. Railway between Barnsley and Summer Lane Stations :— ft. in. Thickly bedded, finely grained sandstone, Kent’s Thin Rock - - - - KENT’s THIN COAL - - - - Light grey underclay, stony towards the bottom - - - - wo Hard, closely grained sandstone - - Light grey shale, with beds of sandstone and ironstone, about - - - - Black shale and coal - - Hard bastard cannel coal = - Coal - - - Shaly spavin mixed with coal Shaly spavin - - Kenrt’s Taicx J Black shale - - Coa. \ Coal - - - Spavin - - Coal and black shale - Grey clay - - Coal and black shale - Shaly sandstone - eon fo roe eo tt toe bo Pe ee ee ee CcCOCOOonocoorrOoOorOSO ™ A=eNWOMNWACNHNARO CO SO The deterioration of Kent’s Thick Coal which was already noticeable in the neighbourhood of Elsecar has apparently increased to the north-west, till the seam has come down to the worthless form seen in the section just given. And it is a fortunate thing that this section has been laid open, for in all the pit sections hereabouts the seam is described as coal of from 4 feet to 4 feet 6 inches thick; and if we had trusted to those accounts we should have had no reason to doubt that Kent’s Thick of Barnsley is as good a coal as the High Hazles at Sheffield. It is a matter for great regret that, when accounts of sinkings are kept, the exact nature and subdivisions of every seam passed through are not recorded. Both Kent’s Coals are present in the sinkings of the chain of collieries that extend from Barnsley along the valley of the Dearne, but in only one, Womb- KENT’S THICK COAL, 405 well Main, is any account given of the subdivisions of Kent’s Thick. This account is as follows :— ft. in. Coal - - - - - - 16 Dark spavin - - - - 29 Coal - - - - - - 010 Dark spavin- - - - - 1 6 Coal - - - - - - 010 This one account is sufficient to make us look with suspicion on the coals of 3, 4, and 5 feet thick, which figure as Kent’s Thick in the other sections. They may be all coal, but it is quite as likely they contain dirt partings, of which no notice has been taken. Kent’s Thin in these collieries ranges from 1 to 2 feet in thickness. At Willow Bank it is said to have been only 8 inches. ; On the north side of the Dearne Valley the equivalent of Kent’s Thick is called the Mapplewell Coal. It is from 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet thick, and has been somewhat extensively wrought around the village from which it takes its name. Kent’s Thin Coal still runs on, and has some sandstone above it. ‘ The section of the beds under consideration at Woolley Colliery is as ‘ollows :— ft. in. ft. in. Sandstone, Kent’s Thin Rock - 28 0 Kenrt’s TH1n Coan - - 110 Measures - - - - 60 5 MaprPiEWwELL Coan - ~ 2 1102 3 At a day hole 34 chains sottth-east of Crigglestone Station the Mapplewell is said to have been 2 feet 34 inches thick. North of this spot we cannot say that the Mapplewell Coal can anywhere be certainly recognised. In fact hereabouts there appears to be a decrease in the thickness of the measures between the Barnsley and the Woodmoor Coals, and that decrease seems to be caused by the thinning out of the measures among which the Mapplewell seam occurs. Kent’s Thin Coal, however, is probably represented for some little distance further to the north. Jownttepe Oye | The following section of a boring from the bottom of one of the pits at. Crigglestone Colliery was furnished by Mr. John Sadler :— ft. in. BrEAMSHAW COAL - > - - Measures - - - - -19 7 Sandstone and shale - - -21 0 Coan - - - - - 2 8 This bottom coal is almost exactly the same distance below the Beamshaw Coal as Kent’s Thin Coal at Woolley Colliery, and it probably is that seam. 4 j The outcrop of this coal is well shown in Brice Hill Quarry and in the railway cutting to the south of it, where we have the following section :— ft. in. 10. Sandstone - - - - - - - 9. Grey shale - - - - - - - 40 8. Kenv’s Ton Coat - - - - - - 28 7. Shaly spavin, with seams of bright coal 2 inch thick - - 14 6. Dark grey shale, with small ironstone nodules = - 38 0 5. Black shale - - - = - - - 0 38 4. Hard sandy shale, with ironstone nodules - -. - 60 3. Finely grained hard sandstone, thickly and regularly bedded - 15 U 2. Shale, about - - - “ - - - 10 0 1. Coal - - - - - - - - 0 8- A similar section is seen a little to the south in the road cutting south-east of the British Oak public-house. The sandstone No. 3 has here dwindled down to a bed not more than 4 feet thick ; the coal was 2 feet 4 inches thick. To the north of Brice Hill Quarry the sandstone No. 3 can be followed down ‘to the alluvial flat of the Calder. 406 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The indications of the presence of the coals we are describing have been now for some while fitful, and when we advance further to the north and north-east they become of the most uncertain character. The more important of these we will just notice. The section of the Manor Colliery, Wakefield, shows— ft. in. ScaLe Coa - - - - Measures - - - - - 96 2 Sandstone - - - - - 22 0 B. Coan - - - - 1 6 Measures - - - - - 84 2 A. CoaL, BLACK SHALE, AND SPAVIN x (23 The beds A and B are about. the same distance below the Scale Coal as Kent’s Thin and the Mapplewell are below the Winter Coal, which is the equivalent of the Scale. They may therefore represent these beds. At Stanley Victoria Colliery there is a coal whereabouts the Mapplewell would be looked for, with the following section :— ft. in. Coal - - - - - - 0 6 White earth - - < 7 3 0F F Coal - - - - - - 07 At Sharlston Colliery there is the following section :— P : t, in, ScaLE Coa - - -. - Measures’ - - - - - 99 10 B. Coan - - - 7. - 1 8 Measures” - - - - - 55 8 A, Coau - - - - - 8 0 At St. John’s Colliery, Newlands, we find :— 3 . in ScaLe Coat - - - - Measures - - - - - 107 8 Coan - - - - - 190 B. | Gx - - - - - 03 Coa - - - - - 09 Measures - - - - - 4111 A. COAL AND DRUB - - - - 4 0 In these two sections A.and B. may represent the Mapplewell and Kent’s Thin. . At the West Riding Colliery there are only insignificant coal bands about the horizon of Kent’s Thin and the Mapplewell. These few sections are enough to prove that even if the coals we are con- cerned with are represented in the northern part of the coalfield, their equivalents are so irregular as to be altogether worthless. Lf 12. The Measures from The High Hazles, or Kent's Thick Coal, wp to the Aston Common, Wath Wood, Melton Field, Woodmoor, or Summer Coal. (Plate 14.) This group of strata contains four or five coals which can be traced and identified under one form or another throughout the whole of the explored portion of the coalfield’ The coals vary considerably in character and thickness, and go by different names in different parts of the field, but it is possible to mark out three districts over which they maintain a fair regularity. The first of these lies to the south-east of Sheffield, and the names and posi- MEASURES BETWEEN KENT’S THICK AND WATHWOOD COALS. 407 tions of the beds in this quarter are given in the first column of the following table and of Figure 34. About Sheffield the group puts on a slightly different type, which is maintained nearly as far as Wakefield; this is shown in the second column of the table and figure. A little to the south of Wakefield a more decided change occurs, and the beds assume the form shown in the third column and section. This continues to be with slight variations their section over the rest of the field. Fig. 34. Average sections of the Measures between the Wath Wood and the Barnsley Coals. Scale, 200 feet to an inch. 1. South-east of Sheffield. 2. Between Sheffield and Wakefield. 3. North-east of Wakefield. (1.) (3.) (2.) ASTON COMMON. —_ ~ WATH WOOD. one MUCK. CAT. TWO FOOT. FOXEARTH. SCALE. SOUGH or YABD,/___ ,ABD- STANLEY MAIN. FURNACE. BEAMSHAW. HIGH HAZLES. KENT’S THICK, a WARREN HOUSE. BARNSLEY. TOP HARD. - ti) (2) (3) Between Sheffield and South-east of Sheffield. Wakefield. North-east of Wakefield. Aston Common ft.| WataHwoop, Metr- ft.| Waxerenp Muck ft. Coax. TON Frevp, Woop- Coat. moor, or SUMMER Coat. Measures = - $80] Measures - - 60] Measures - - 40 Foxrartu Coa. Two-root oRHALF- Cat Coan. YARD Coat. Measures - - 40 | Measures with Addy Measures - - 50 Rock - - 60 Soves or YarRp Appy or WINTER SranLey ScaLze Coat, Coat. Coat. Measures ~ 40 | Measures - - Measures - - Furnace Coat. BramsHaw Coats - 210 STANLEY Mam Measures with Measures with Coat. Kenr’sTarnCoan 120 | Kenz’s Tarn Cor). : Hiegu Hazizs Coat, Kewr’s Turck Coat. Measures, with occa- sional doubtful re- presentatives of Measures’ - - 270 | Measures - - 200] Kent’s Coals - 290 Barnstey Coat. ~ Barnstey Coat, Warren. Hovsp Coat. 408 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. We know but little about these coals in the country to the south-east, of Sheffield. They have been wrought to a small extent in bygone times, but the superior value of the Barnsley Bed has caused all workings in them to be abandoned. The Aston Common Coal was found in the sinking at Kiveton Park ; it is stated to be about a yard thick in the neighbourhood of Aston ; to the north-west of that village we have been able to obtain no information that would throw light on the presence and character of this seam till we come to Tinsley Park. In the section of that colliery there is no coal corresponding exactly to the Aston Common Bed, but there is a Black shale in the place where it occurs at Aston, and a thin coal about 10 yards higher up. These scanty data will only allow us to say that it is un- certain whether the Aston Common Coal is continuous over the whole district. The other coals are very regularly present. According to the pit sections the Foxearth Coal varies from 4 feet to 5 feet 6 inches, the Sough Coal from 2 feet to 3 feet, and the Furnace Coal from 1 foot 8 inches to 3 feet. In the country between Sheffield and Wakefield we find at the top of the group a coal known as the Wathwood, which corresponds fairly well in position with the Aston Common Coal. It is a seam of good quality, averaging a yard in thickness, and has been worked to a considerable extent at various spots. In the district where the Barnsley Coal is fully developed the superior value of this seam has caused the working of the Wathwood to be almost entirely given up, and it is not wrought now even at some collieries where it was formerly gotten along with the Barnsley Seam. The Wathwood however is yet raised at one or two spots within the district of the Barnsley Coal, and beyond that district there are several collieries where it is wrought. When the thick seams are exhausted it will be a coal of considerable importance. The presence of the thick water-bearing Woolley Edge Rock above the Wathwood Coal is a certain drawback to the getting of this seam, on account of the large quantity of water it pours into the workings. And even where a band of shale separates this rock from the coal the evil still exists, for if the parting be thin it falls with the coal and is of no service in holding back the water. The Wathwood maintains the character just described over nearly the whole of the country between Sheffield and Wakefield, the only exception at present known being along its outcrop in Worsborough Dale, where it is so much divided by dirt partings as to be of little value. This deterioration, however, does not seem to extend over any very large area. : About the neighbourhood of West Melton this coal goes by the name of the Melton Field, and around and to the north of Barnsley it is almost always called the Woodmoor, or occasionally the Summer Coal. It is not possible to correlate exactly the coals between the Wathwood and Kent’s Thick in the southern and central district. ‘Whether the Two-foot or the Abdy Coal corresponds to the Foxearth, or whether the Foxearth is the representative of the two run together, we cannot say. It is also doubtful whether the Sough and Furnace are the equivalents of the Beamshaw Beds, MEASURES BETWEEN KENT'S THICK AND WATHWOOD COALS. 409 but this is not an improbable correlation. If any sinkings are made between Carbrook and the Holmes Collieries they may throw some light on the question, which is more a matter of curiosity than of any importance. The Two-foot Coal is a seam very regularly present, sometimes in one and sometimes in two beds. We do not know that it has been ever worked, and have little information about it. Where detailed sections have been obtained dirt partings are very gene- rally present ; the partings, however, are sometimes very. thin, and there are certainly some cases where they are absent alto- gether. The Abdy Coal runs about 2 feet 6 inches over the country south of Barnsley; it is said to be a coal of good quality. Between Kilnhurst and Elsecar there is a sandstone, the Abdy Rock, over this coal, which reaches sometimes a thickness of 40 yards. This seam is not noticed in the section of Thryberg Hall Colliery, and at Denaby it is represented by a stone coal, part of which is very coarse. These facts possibly indicate that to the east of a line joining these two collieries this coal may be expected to disappear, to be replaced perhaps further to the east by a bed of a different character. ‘Towards Barnsley the Abdy Coal increases in thick- ness, reaching sometimes as much as 4 feet, and takes the name of the Winter. It is worked to some extent, and is said to furnish a good house coal. There is little doubt that it will be a most valuable coal when the thick seams are worked out. The Beamshaw Coals are a -group so excessively irregular that it is scarcely possible to find two sections of them that possess anything more than the most general kind of agreement. In a large number of cases there are two principal beds, the Top and the Low Beamshaw; these, however, show the most extreme varia- tions in thickness, subdivision, and relative position. Occasionally, moreover, the only coal we find on this horizon occurs under the form of several very thin and widely separated coal bands. Where two or more of the beds run together a seam is formed thick enough to tempt adventurers to work it; the union, however, seldoms extends over a large area, and where the partings swell out the working can seldom be carried on toa profit. The coal, too, seems to be usually of inferior quality, but when there is a large demand for engine coal, or during a time of high prices, the Beamshaw Beds, when they are near together, admit of being wrought with commercial success. In our third district, that is, over the country around and to the north-east of Wakefield, the Scale Coal corresponds very closely with the Winter Bed, and we have therefore taken this seam as our datum line in the comparative sections. The name is derived from the fact that the roof is formed of a thick bed of Black shale or “scale,” which contains sometimes an abundance of Anthra- cosia. ‘This seam is of good quality and yields good house coal; it is pretty largely worked. Occasionally the upper part of the bed is Cannel. The seam which seems to correspond with the Woodmoor is a worthless bed, sometimes called the Wakefield Muck. It thins 410 GEOLOGY OF TARE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. away to a mere shred, or is represented by one or two very thin coal bands to the north-east of Wakefield. The Beamshaw Beds disappear altogether. But a well-marked and very constant seam, known as the Stanley Main, makes its appearance at a distance below the Scale Coal, somewhat less than the average distance of the Beamshaw group below the Winter Coal. Under its normal form the Stanley Main Coal con- sists of three beds; the uppermost is called the Black band, the middle the Lime Coal, and the lowest the Main Coal. The two first are usually of inferior quality, though the Black band is occasionally a good coal; the Lime Coal is not unfrequently pyritous. These two beds average about 18 inches each. The Main Coal averages 3 feet, and yields fair and sometimes good house coal. When the Stanley Main Coal first puts in to the west of Wakefield it is of poor quality and much divided, in fact it possesses those characters which we have explained are to be expected in the coal formed near the margin of a swamp. The distance between the Black bands Coal and the Main Coal runs up to 30 feet and more, and on Westgate Common is 26 feet ; it rapidly decreases to the east, and in the town of Wakefield comes down to a foot or 18 inches. ‘The Stanley Main Coal then consists of three beds, the partings between which rarely exceed a foot and are often less, and this form it maintains as far as a line passing through Featherstone Colliery and the eastern side of the royalty of the Whitwood Collieries. In the district between Wakefield and this line the Stanley Main Coal is the most largely wrought seam, in fact till sinkings were carried down to the Haigh Moor the only seam that was gotten to any extent. The Scale Coal is often worked in conjunction with the Stanley Main. Along the line mentioned the Main Coal becomes divided by a parting which swells out to the east till it reaches a thickness of from 20 to 35 feet.. This division is maintained as far as the ‘seam has been followed to the east, and renders the bed unworkable. Along with these changes the distance between the Woodmoor, or its equivalent, and the Warren House, decreases from 180 to 140 or 150 yards. : ‘As far as our information goes we may summarise the changes of this group of measures as follows :— Top seam, Aston Common Coal on the south-east, possibly disappearing towards Sheffield. Between Sheffield and Wakefield the Wathwood or Woodmoor Coal, a yard coal nearly everywhere of good quality. East of Wakefield poor irregular coals, and some- times only black shale. Coal growth during this period seems to have gone in several isolated swamps; one lay near the south-eastern boundary of the county, and was perhaps interrupted south-east of Sheffield ; about that town began another swamp extending nearly up to Wakefield, in which the regular Wathwood seam was formed; to the east of Wakefield coal growth went on in a very fitful manner. The swamp of the Two-foot Coal seems to have been con- tinuous from the north of the coalfield at least as far south of Sheffield. MEASURES BETWEEN KENT’S THICK AND WATHWOOD COALS. 411 The same may be said of the Scale, Winter or Abdy Coal, and if the Foxearth Coal be the equivalent of this bed, we may say that its growth was coextensive with the present area of the coalfield. When we come to the horizon of the next coal we find that the growth of the Stanley Main Coal went on over the whole of the country east of Wakefield. At that town the character of the coal indicates that we are approaching thé edge of the swamp in which it grew, and this inference is confirmed by the fact that to the south of the neighbourhood in question the Stanley Main Coal disappears altogether. Over the remainder of the coalfield a very variable group, the Beamshaw Coals, are pretty constantly present, but the numerous changes they undergo, and their usual poor quality, show that the conditions under which they grew were not suitable for the formation of regular and good seams. Beginning at the south-east we have the following account of the group of coals now under consideration at Kiveton Park Colliery :— ft. in, WatHwoop or Aston Common CoaL- 3 38 Measures - - - - - 90 1 ‘Inferior coal and bat. FoxrtartH Coat 3 10 Measures - - - - - 38 8 SovuecH Coa - - - = 24 Measures - - - - - 29 10 Coal). 1 5 Bat | ronsace CoaL - - 0 2 Coal J. 1 10 Measures - - - - - 139 10 Hieu Hazuses Coau - - - At Wales Wood Colliery the following account was given us by Mr. Hol- forth :— ft. in. SoucH Coau~ - - - - 20 Measures - - - - - 33 0 Furnace Coat, with two dirt partings, bad quality - - S - 29 Measures P ane - - - 153 0 Hien Hazes Coat ~ = . There is a good section in the cutting of the M.S. and L. Railway half a mile to the west of this colliery, which showed— ft. in. Coal, about - - 4 0 Cal 221 ok Foxanrn Spavin - - - 0 4 ; Coal’ - - - 07 Measures - - - Black shale - - Coal - - -'1 8 Spavin - - - 0 3 |Soven Coan. Coal - - -.0 6 Measures - - - Furnace Coat, about - 3 0 412 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The following account of the old Aston or Pidgeon Bridge Colliery is partly from a section furnished by Mr. Jeffcock, and partly from documents in the Mining Record Office :— ft. in. Foxeartu Coau and dirt - - ~ 4 0 Measures - - - - -48 0 Soueu Coat, good - - - - 2 0to2 2 Measures - - - - 30 0 Black band - 0 9 Coal, inferior- 0 5 Coal, bright - 0 7 | Worked FURNACE | 3 rr Coal, best - 0 7 CoaAL. } Bat - - 0 13 Coal, inferior- 0 7 Measures - - = 5 - 150 0 Hieu Hazues Coat - e e Sections furnished by Mr. J. Brown and Mr. W. D. Gainsford speak of an ironstone measure called the Tinsley Park Rake, above the Furnace Coal, with the following section :-— ee COrOorUnhanb ores Ironstone measure Dark blue bind Ball ironstone Dark blue bind Ball ironstone Dark blue bind Ball ironstone Blue bind - - Bottom ironstone measure Black shale - - Furnace Coat - Ll i] t 1 tT 1 ' t t ' 1 i] i] t t 1 1 v i] t t ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 1 1 ' 1 HOROPMOHONWSCS ble The section of Aston or North Staveley Colliery (Plate 14, No. 1) is— ft. in. Black shale and spavin =~ - -19 0 Aston Common CoAL - - - 8 8 Measures’ - - - - - 80 0 FoxeartTH Coat and dirt - - - 4 0 Measures - - - - -42 0 Soucu CoaL - - - - 2 0 Measures - - - - - 39 0 Coal - 1 8 Dirt - 0 4 Roawace Coan - 24 Coal and bat 0 4 Fence Couiigery (Plate 14, No. 2). FoxeartTH CoaL - - - - 5 6 Measures’ - - - - - 389 9 SoucH or YARD CoaAL - - - 26 Measures” - - - - - 32 9 Coal - 2 8 Clunch - 2 6 Coal - 0 2¢Furnace Coan - 5 9 Clunch - 2 0 Coal - 0 5 MEASURES BETWEEN KENT’S THICK AND WATHWOOD COALS. 413 Tinsley Park Colliery. (Plate 14, No. 2, : Carbrook Colliery. . in. Rough Cannel Coal - - - - 10 Measures = 7 S ‘ ~ 32 1 Black shale — - z & et - 40 Measures - - - - -63 2 Coal - - 47 ft. in. Spavin - - 0 4 | Roxeanen Coan - 5 2 4 4 Coal - - 0 8 Measures - = 4 - - 44 5 45 4 SoueH Coat - S - - - 29 3 0 Measures - - - - - 32 6 34 9 Furnace Coan - - - - 2 6 2 8 Only two of the collieries in this district are deep enough to go through the Aston Common Coal. At the first, Aston Colliery, it is stated to be 3 feet 3 inches thick, and the descriptions of old colliers agree in representing it as very generally about a yard thick in that- neighbourhood. We have then no information about this seam till we come to Tinsley Park Colliery, and, if that section is trustworthy, the Aston Common Coal must have fallen off considerably, for the only measures that can represent it are the Rough Cannel of 1 foot, or the 4 feet of Black Shale which occurs 32 feet lower down ; the latter agrees in position with the Aston Common Coal of the Aston section very closely. We get our next section of this group in the cutting of the Midland Rail- way west of The Holmes Station, and in the sinkiug of the Holmes Colliery. Between this spot and Tinsley Park the beds have somewhat changed, and they have here put on the form which they maintain nearly as far north as oe and are known by a fresh set of names. The sections are as ‘ollows :— Holmes Colliery (Plate 14, No. 4). Railway Cutting. ft. in. ft. in. Coal ~ - - - 4 0 WatTHwoop Cont] Dis - - - 0 4 Coal - - - 02 Measures - - - - - 31 0 Black shale - - - - -15 0 Two-root CoaL - - - - 29 Measures - - - - -41 8 Coal - lu Asppy CoaL - - - - - 29 { Spin - Coal - 03 Measures - - - - -71 4 | Measures - 88 0 [3 [Coal - - - 1 0 5 { Spain - - - 9 0 Coal - - - 2 4 Coal - 20 BEAMSHAW J Measures - - - 39 6 | Seg - 02 Goxus, |) 2 [Goal eT) 4) Goal 2.24 3 { Di - - - 0 3 | Measures - 126 O A Coal - : - 110 | Coal - 20 Measures - - - - 100 1 { Gety shale- 1 0 Coal - - - 2 1 Coal - 06 Hicu Hazues Cont Measure - - 29 0 | Measures - 27 0 Coal - - - 1 9 | Black shale - 1 0 * The Low Beamshaw Coal was once worked at this colliery. A portion of the group is shown at the northern end of the cutting on the Midland Railway north of Masborough Station. 414 , Watuwoop Coa Shale Sandstone - Black shale, with a stone : Two-rooT CoaL - few éhin bamis of wore ‘GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. 3 The Wathwood Bed, under the name of the Parson’s Coal, and the Abdy Coal have been formerly worked to the south-east of Rawmarsh, and an account of the measures in this district was furnished by Mr.'S. Naylor; there was also a very fine section in the cutting of the M.S. and L. Railway north of Aldwark Main Colliery, and: the sinking of Roundwood Colliery gives a further account of the measures under consideration. These sections are tabulated below (Plate 14, Nos. 6 and 7). Rawmarsh Railway Cutting. Roundwood Colliery. = Colliery. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. (| Coal - 8 0] Coal - -2 91] Coal - 210 0 Black shale Spavin - 20 itt - 0 4] andspavin 0 91]! Blackshale O 5 Warawoop Coat. Coal - -0 9 Coal - - 0 6 Coal - O 9 | Spavin - 0 23) Spavin - 02 L Coal - -0 4] Coal - 0 4 Measures - -[ - -42 0] - - - - - - -29 4 iF Coal - -1 6 Pyritous coal «0 Of Coal - 1 O |4 Coal- -0 4] Coal - 2 1 Pyritous coal -0 03 Two Foot Coat -4 LCoal- -0 5 Spavin and 3 i * black shale 4 4 | Spavin an Spavin - 8 6/9 Goal and shale - 12 10 black shalel 0 L| Coal - 0 3/Coal - -1 9|Coal- - 1 8 Measures - - 48 0] - - - -|- - - 37 3 Appy Coan - -|- - 2 8] - - - - - 26 Measures - -| - - - - - -|- - -388 9 Coal - - 010 Spavin 15 Coal = - 2 0 BEAMsHAW Coazs-| - " Se = = Measures - 30 3 Coal and [| “shale - 1 0 Measures - - -|- - - foe - - 49 10 Kenr’s Torn Coan | - - -]- - - - 1 6 Measures - - -|- - - -|- - - 74 4 Kent’s Turck Coan, In a little colliery south of Green Lane, on the wood was— Black shale with Anthracosia Coal Dirt Coal east of Rawmarsh, the Wath- ft. in. 2 8 1 6 0 8 Mr. Naylor stated that the Abdy was an excellent house coal. MEASURES BETWEEN KENT'S THICK AND WATHWOOD:COALS, 415 We will now give the principal sections in the valley of the Don between - Rawmarsh and Denaby. , Albany and Royal Thryberg Hall : poeaes Oak Colliery. ‘ Denaby Colliery. Plate 3 Nee. Plate et 0. 9. Plate 14, No. 10. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Coal 13 Band ol Coal 0 6 Band 0 8] { Coal - 2 81! [Coal - - 2 8 WartHwoop Coan4| Coal - 0 9|$Clod - 1. 8 {BE - - O01 Band 0 1] ] Coal - © 10 | | Coal, 09 Coal 0 4 Band - 0 1 Coal - 111 ]) Measures soe] Oe e js -236 6] - ; - 62 6 Coal - - 20 Dirt - -~ 0 2 Coal - - 0 6 Two-root Coat’ -| Coal - 0 6 | Coal - - 1 2 | Dirt - - 0 8 Coal - - O11 Dirt - - Of Coal - - 0 5 Measures 25 4 {| Measures- 105 0 Measures - { Abdy Rock69 10 | No Abdy Coal }- oe Eh Stone coal 1 6 Aspy Coan -| - - 2 4) Measures Very coarse ditto - 2 1 mostly rock 58 4 |—————— Measures s Measures -119 4 Measures Coal 1 0 | (Coal - - 4 with 94 0| | Shale 0 6 i several Coal 1 8ii Measures - 2 Bramsuaw Coats ¢ | thin beds Rust 0 8./< Coal- - 7 of coal. Coal - 1 247 : Measures 45 1 |4 Measures - 20 0 Coal 1 5 | LCoal 2 0/(Coal- - 110 Measures -57 2] - - 89 8] - - -~ 87 9 Kenv’s Tarn Coat | - - 2 1] - 110] - - 16 Measures - -69 9] - 80 6] - - - 58 5 Kewr’s Tutck Coat. The Wathwood Coal was not met with in the first shaft of the Albany and Royal Oak Colliery, owing to a fault which crossed the shaft at the point where it would occur. The section above is from an adjoining sinking, an account of which was kindly furnished by Mr. Embleton. At the Swinton Park Gate Colliery, where this seam was formerly worked, it ran— ft. in. Coal - - - - - 2 8 Clod - - - - - 07 Coal - - - - - 09 416 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The Abdy Rock mentioned in the first section is a thick bed of sandstone overlying the Abdy Coal, of which we shall have more to say shortly. The Abdy Coal, a bed usually so regularly present, seems to show signs of disappearing along the line we are following. There is no mention of it in the Thryberg Hall section, and at Denaby it appears under a form which it is not known to possess anywhere else. The Beamshaw Beds exhibit their usual irregularity. The Top Beamshaw at Thryberg Hall Colliery was once worked under the name of the Kilnhurst Coal. We may conveniently give here the section of Manvers Main Colliery (Plate 14, No. 11). ft. in. Watuwoop CoaL - - - 40 Measures - - - - - 24 11 Coal - - - 0 8 Measures - -21 8 Two-root CoaLs Smutty drub_ - - 12 0 Measures - - 410 Coal - - - 0 4 Measures - - - - - 30 5 Appy Coa - - - - 26 Measures” - - - - - 35 10 Coal - - - 0 9 Spavin and drub~- - 19 Coal - - - 1 8 BEAMSHAW J Measures - - - 12 6 : Coal - - - 0 3 Measures - - -21 6 Coal - - - 14 Measures - - - 7 -47 1 Kenrt’s Tutn Coan - - - 17 Measures - ot - . - 56 3 ’ ‘oal - - - 25 a ea | Measures - - 24 8 ; Coai - - - 1 5 These measures are here somewhat thinner than usual. The apparent representative of the Two-foot Coal differs very much. from the general character of that bed. : We will now turn back to Rawmarsh and foliow these coals in a north- westerly direction towards Barnsley. We first give some sections of the Wathwood Coal. Newhill Colliery. From Mr. G. Smith. ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 23 Bat - - - - - - 0 2 Coal - - - - - 10 White dirt - - - - - 0 2 Bad coal - - - - - 0 4to™ 5 Colliery south of Wath Cemetery. From Mr. Wiilis. 1 - 2 ; Poritons dirt 0 A Varies from 3 feet 8 inches Gai : 3 up to 4 feet. Tothe west of West Melton the Wathwood Coal, or as it is usually call hereabouts the Melton Field, has been largely worked. At West Malton EASURES BETWEEN KENT’S THICK AND WATHWOOD COALS 417 Colliery the following account of the seam was given us by Mr, Laws, the proprietor. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 20 Dirt - - - - - 02 Coal - - - - - 12 A very noticeable feature in the geology of this district is formed by a thick sandstone overlying the Abdy Coal, which may be called the Abdy Rock. This bed has been already noticed in the section of the Albany and Royal Oak Colliery. It comes to the surface at Rose Hill, stretches away to the west by Warren House and Hoober Hill, and forms the conspicuous eminence on which Hoober Stand is planted. In a bore-hole near the Abdy this rock is said to have been found to be 44 yards thick. It must thin away to the dip, for in the Rainborough Park sinking its only representative is a thin bed of sandstone some 7 yards above the Abdy Coal. There is again a sandstone, but by no means so thick as that just described, above the Abdy Coal on the east side of the Elsecar Valley. It is well shown in Mary Gray Wood, and may be followed round the hill into Rainborough Park, where it seems to thin away. Lund Hill and Wombwell Main Collieries give us the following sections of the beds now under consideration :— Lund Hill. Wombwell Main. — Plate 14, No. 12. ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - 211 Watuwoop Coan - | Coal - - 310 {Din - - 01 Coal - - 0 6 Measures - -|- - - 40 0|- - - 37 3 (Coal - - 15 Dirt - - 0 8 Coal - - 16 Coal - - 0 2 Two-root CoaL -| Dirt - - 1 8 |< Dirt - - 01 Coal - - 10 Coal - - 13 Dirt - - 05 _Coal - - 09 Measures - -|- - - 44 3]- - 25 11 Appy CoAL - ~|- - 210 ;- - - 27 : ( Measures - 21 6 Coal ~ - 0 63 Measures - 32 0 Measures 911 Coal - - 1090 Coal - - 01 Measures - 27 9 Measures 8 44 BeaAmMSHAW COALS - Coal. 4 - 041% Coal - - Oo . Measures - 30 6 Measures -23 1 | Coal - -~ 1 5 || Coal - - 0 7 I Measures -27 6 ; Coal - - 21 Measures - -|- - -42 0/]- - - 49 8 Kent’s To1n Coan - | - - - 10 - - 110 Measures - - | - - - 68 6 | - - - 67 8 Kent’s THick Coa. A good section of part of these measures is given by the cutting of the South Yorkshire Railway south of Dove Cliff Station, and by the road cutting adjoining ; it is placed below side by side with the section at Swaithe Main Colliery. 42513. DD 418 GEOLOGY GF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Railway Cutting. Swaithe Main Colliery. ft. in. ft in, Coal - Lo |] Clay - - 0 61] Coal - - 0 9|- WarHwoop CoaL - Coal and ditt 2 0 8 \Coal - - 4 0 Clay - 0 1 Coal - - U0 7 Measures - -|- - - 18 0 - 36 1 Coal - 1 3 Dirt - - 09 Coal* - - 16 Coal - - 0 4 Two-root CoaL -{ Shale - - 38 6 Dirt - - 0 1 Coal - - 20 Coal - - 011 Spavin - 5 0 Coal - - 19 Measures - -|- ee 40 0} - < -28 9 Appy CoaL - -|- - .. 210] - - 26 Measures with thin : Coals - -|- - 63 0} - - 62 3 Measures ‘- 28 0 Beamsuaw Coats - Coal - ao Mea i Ps ; ‘ Black shale - 1 O C 1 0 10 Coal - - 01 on: Measures - -|- - - ale < -55 1 Coal - - 21 Kent’s Tutn Coan - |- | = - - { Spevin - 25 Smut - - 01 Measures - «=| - - ae | ® 29 1 ‘ ‘ ' ' ee ef 8 D4 8 8 | Sepossee meta SRS ree « ~ ft, in. Coal - - - - 110 White shaly clay - - - 0 OL Coal with layers of dark shale - - li White shaly clay - - - - 0 OF Coal - - - 7 - 06 * Section obscure, thicknesses doubtful. MEASURES BETWEEN KENT'S THICK AND WATHWOOD COALS. 419 In both the last sections the Wathwood Coal shows an unusual amount of division by dirt partings. The seam however returns to its character in the neighbourhood of Barnsley. ; Ina Brick Yard at the north end of Warren Quarry Lane, on the south side of Barnsley, the Two-foot Coal was being worked for the engine and had the following section :— ft. in. Coal < - 2 = - 16 Clay - - - - - 0 02 Coal - - - 2 - 15 _ Below are given the more important pit sections of the measures under con- sideration in the neighbourhood of Barnsley. Oaks. Monk Bretton. — | Plate 14, No. 18. Mount Osborne. Plate 14, No. 14, ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. WatHwoop-= or Oaxs Coat. } = ie oe ee es Measures - -44 73 - -48 8 - 388 4 Coal - 8 0 Two-Froot Coat Measures 12 4 | $Coal - 2 91] Coal - 8 4 Coal 1 2 Measures ° - 48 10 - - 51 0} - - 49 6 Coal 38 0 Coal - 8 2 |] Dirt 1 91} Coal - 29 aa or WINTERS | Dirt =~ 1 4 [2 Coal 0 3]¢Spavin - 0 7 Oat: Coal 0 10 | | Dirt 0 3 || Coal - 0 8 (Coal 0 9 Measures 28 6 | Measures 18 0} Measures - 25 9 Coal - 1 8] Coal - - 1 44} Coal - - 010 Shale 2 6 | Dirt - 1 O | Measures 21 #1 BransHaw Coats< | Coal - 011 | Coal - 1 8| Coal - - 12 Measures 16 2] Measures 29 6 Measures - 25 10 Coal - 2 2 | Coal - - 2 0] Coal - - 25 Measures 44 0 | Measures 54 8 | Measures 50 5 Kenr’s Tarn Coat - 1 9}]- = 1 10 | - - 19 Measures -- 70 9 - 72 4 - -69 2 Kenr’s Tu1cK Coat. The Wathwood Coal has here quite recovered its character, and has been rather largely worked in bygone times. : The Abdy begins to go by the name of the Winter, after the name of a person that worked it; and, by way of distinction, the Wathwood has had the name of Summer Coal applied to it. It also is called the Woodmoor Coal, and this is the name it is usually known by to the north of Barnsley. The outcrop of the Woodmoor Coal was seen on the Doncaster Road just outside Barnsley, and it was there 2 feet 10 inches thick. The Two-foot crops a little to the west, with the following section :— oal ft. in. Coal - - - - - 16 Dirt 5 : : : « O f% Coal - - - > - 0 8 Dirt e Oe Se Coal - - . ° ~- 09 DD 2 420 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. At the south end of the L. and Y. Station the Top Beamshaw Coal was seen as follows :-— ft. in. ft. in Coal - - - - 1 4tol 6 Spavin - - - - 15 Black shale - - - 0 1ltoO0 2 Spavin - - < - 0 2 Coal - - - - - 19 The Low Beamshaw crops at the north end of Eldon Street, and is there 1 foot 92 inches thick. .On Burton Bank the coals were worked by the late Mr. Bright, and are now being wrought by Messrs. C. Marsden and Son, by whom the following par-- ticulars have been furnished :— ft. in. ft. in. Coarse Sandstone, Woolley Edge Rock. Woopmoor Coa - . - 8 O0to3 3 Measures - - - - 45 0 Coal 2 1) In other parts of the Two-roor CoaL {Din 0 | workings Coal 2 9 Coai 0 6) with no dirt. Underclay = - - - - 4 0 Measures - - - - 41 0 Coal - - 211 to3 0 Dirt - - 0 2 Winter Coat < Coal - - 01 Dirt - - 0 440010 Coal - - 0 3t0o0 9 The Woodmoor seam yields a clean, bright coal, which leaves but little ash and makes a hot clear fire. The coals from near the bassett is rather swift, and burns more like wood than coal; the quality is said to’ improve as the seam gets cover. The Two-foot Coal as far as it has been tried is said to be a good, clean house coal, and the underclay beneath this bed is described as a fireclay which makes good fite-bricks. The Winter Coal is a good house coal, and has also been. used for coking. The, smalls from all these seams are found very ‘suitable for engine coal, burn clear upon the furnace bars, and give considerable heat. The two following sections come next in geographical order :— East Galion Hall Dearne Side Colliery. ; ft. in, ft. in. Two-root CoaL- Coal - - 21 Measures - - - - 56 2 Coal - 2 81 (Coal - 2 8 Dirt 0 3] | Spavin - 0 53 Winter Coat - |< Coal 0 3 |< Coal - 0 3 Dirt - 0 3 | Spavin - 02 Coal - 0 7 | (Coal - 07 Measures - 39 2] Measures - 54 6% Coal - 1 2] Coal - 14 ppepin - i : pene - 8 0 : 0a, - oal - 16 Beamsuaw Coals - Measures - 1811] Measures - 19 9 Coal - 1 8] Coal - 10 Spavin - 07 Coal - 0 6 Measures ae oe . -45 6 Kent’s Tuo1n Coat- | = - I 6 |. - 122 93 Measures = * =| - 8 5 Kenr’s Toick Coa | - - 38 8] - - £26 MEASURES BETWEEN KENT’S THICK AND WATHWOOD COALS. 421 The following section was laid open in the cutting of a mineral railway south of the Carlton Lane T. G., on the Barnsley and Wakefield Road, of which a section is given on Plate 26. _ Coal - - } WarHwoop oR os clay Woopmoor Coa. Grey spavin with ironstone balls - Dark spavin, with thin a of coal and parborias ceous shale - - Grey stony bind, with Stigmaria rootlets Sandstone and stony shale Hard sandy shale Dark grey shale Black shale - - Dark grey shale - Coal, 'wo-root CoaL Irregular sandstone - Hard grey shale “} . : . Smt Black shale and coal. - - ~ - 1 Hard grey shale - - - - - 20 Coal, about -) Clay - Coal Clay Coal Clay - Sandstone passing downward into sandy shale. ft. in. Sandstone, Woolley Edge Rock. Hard black coaly shale - - - - 010 Evenly bedded grey hale - - ” : Black shale - - - - - Coal : - - - = - Black shale - - - . - Grey shale with ironstone balls - - - Black shale - - - - - wo NoOCwWoOCOCOW | WINTER Coax. uu dy oO _ BOR ty~noeon ownw G&G OCW DS — ma DOH SH © The following section shows the general character cf the beds we are dealing with in the neighbourhood of Mapplewell :— ft. in ( Woolley Edge Rock. Shale and spavin - - . 2 - 30 Coal - f 1 2 Boring north of Dirt - | woonstoon CoaL -- ~y 0 2 Staincross. Coal - . 19 83 Measures - - - : - 49 10 Two-roor CoaL ” - - - 20 (Measures - - - - - - 10 0 (Coal - - 300 Dirt - -b Wwanen Coa. 0 3 Coal © 0 9 Measures - - - - - - 48 0 a ict ut Tor BEAMSHAW Coan - - - 10 Sin 18 * d Measures - - - - x - 30 0 By 7" Coal - -) 20 ead. te = fuer Breamsuaw CoAL. 0 3 Mapplewell. | Goal - 4 07 Measures” - - - = - 360 Kenvt’s THIN Coat - 2 S - 20 Measures - - - = - 61 Q MapPpLEWELL Coau - : - - 28 422 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. A large number of bore holes have been put down in the neighbourhood of Carlton and Notton, of which the two following give sections of the beds now under consideration :— B. H. at Carlton. B. H. near Notton Park ft. in. ft. in. Woopmoor Coat - - - - 3 0 - a - 211 Measures - - - - - 33 38 - - - 33 0 Coal - - 2 0 Two-root CoaAL- - Coal - - 1112 | Measure - 24 6 : Coal - - 14 Measures - - - = - 40 3 - S - 54 2 WIntTER Coan - | - - = 2-6 |.4 - - 38 0 In these borings the Woodmoor Coal runs from 2 feet 5 inches to 3 feet, the Winter from 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet 9 inches. The section of these beds in the sinkings of the Woolley Coal Company follows next in order (Plate 14, No. 16). ft. in. Coal - : - ~ 0 2 Woopmoor Coan { Cled - - - - 0 8 Coal - - - - 211 Measures - - - - é -85 2 Two-root CoaL - - - - - 19 Measures - - - - - - 70 3 Coal - - - - 26 Dirt - - - - 0 2 WINTER CoaL -< Coal - - - - O 2 | Parting - - - - 0 08 Coal - - - - 0 63 7 Measures - - - - - - 49 3 Tor BeamsHaw CoaL - - - - - 20 Measures - - - - - - 31 3 Low Bramsuaw Coa - - - - 210 Measures - - - - - ~ 39 8 Kenrt’s To1n Coan - - - - 110 Measures - - - - - - 60 5 MapPpLeweELL CoaL - - - - - 23 About a mile to the north of this colliery the Beamshaw Beds run together at the outcrop, and have been worked in the neighbourhood of Moor House by Mr. Fountain. Between Near Moor House and Far Moor House the average section was found to be— fi.in. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 210 Dirt - - - - 0 8to0 6 Coal - - - - 2 8 The coal has been again worked at a day hole in Under Hill Spring, where it runs— ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 3 Oto 3 6 Dirt - - - - - 2 0to10 O x, Coal (bad) - - - - 20 The coal is principally used as an engine coal, The Winter Coal was also worked hereabouts; it runs about 3 feet with a thin dirt parting. A little further to the north we have obtained the following information about these beds as they crop out on the hillside between Totty Spring and Crigglestone Station (Plate 14, No. 17). MEASURES BETWEEN KENT’S THICK AND WATHWOOD COALS. 423 Outcrop of Woodmoor Coal at Dayhole on Totty Spring. ft, in. Sandstone, Woolley Edge Rock. Coal - - - - - - 01 Grey shale - - - - - 0 3 Black shale and coal - - - - Ol Grey shaly underclay - - - - 0 565 Black shale and coal - - - - 01 Coal - - - - = 17 Soft black smut - : - - 03 on - - - - - 15 rey cla; - - - - - 02 Coal : - - - - - 0 O08 Grey shale. The Winter Coal has been largely gotten by Mr. Fountain west of Totty Spring ; it is about a yard thick, and a good house coal. The next coal we meet with in descending order is about 2 feet thick ; ae following section of it was measured at its outcrop by Woolley Moor ouse :— ft. in. Black shale - - - - - Coal, about - - - - - 2.0 Grey clay - - - - - 2 6 Coal - - - - - - 06 Still lower down, according to some borings made hereabouts, which were supplied to us by Mr. Potter, the following coal occurs :— ft. in. Coal - - - - - - 89 Dirt - - - - a | Coal - - - - - ee ae) This agrees both in section and position with the last account of the Beam- shaw Beds. The coal above it, cropping at Woolley Moor House, is probably a local bed. There is a 6-inch coal between the Winter seam and the Top Beamshaw in the Wheatley Wood sinking, and it may he this bed thickened out. As we shall again meet with a coal in a similar position, it will be as well to distinguish this seam by a name, and we will accordingly call it the Low Winter Coal. We next come to the collieries at Crigglestone Cliff, where all the beds of the present group have been worked, and where the Woodmuor and the Winter are still gotten. With one exception no detailed sections of the sinkings have been kept, but the following is the general account :— ft. in. ft. in. Woopmoor Coat - : - 8 8 Measures - - - - 93 0 WinTER CoAau - - - 80 Measures - - - - 112 0 , Coal - 3 6 to3 8 Dirt +} BEAMSHAW COALS -| 1 0 to 2 0 thickens to north. Coal - 2 4to2 6 Both the Woodmoor and the Winter are good coals, quite free from dirt partings. At the outcrop of the Beamshaw Coal, a little way to the south of Den- nington, the following section was measured :— ft. in. Black shale - - - 0 3 Pyritous coal - - - - 0 14 Coal - - - - - O07 Pale grey clay - - - - 0 8 Coal with soft partings, about = - ~- 46 424 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The following section of the Beamshaw Beds was measured at a day hole on the north side of Blacker Lane :— ft. in. Coal - - 2 0 Top BEAMSHAW | se parting - .0 0% | up to 3 feet 6inches. Coal - - 138 Spavin - - 12 Coal - - 0 6 Spavin - - 04 Low BramsHaw. Coal - -~ 2 6 The coal makes a good engine coal, and the small thickness of the parting enables it to be worked to a profit. _ At Dirtcar Colliery the following account of the seams was given us by the bottom steward :— Winter Coal, 2 feet 8 inches to 3 feet, all coal; very good house coal. ( Coal, averages a yard in thickness, very poor quality. Beamshaw J) Measures, 5 feet on the west, gradually increasing in a Coals. distance of 12 chains to 11 yards. Coal, 1 foot 10 inches; good house coal. The following section of what is probably the Top Beamshaw Coal was seen beside the tramway from Crigglestone to Hollow Hill Coal Staith. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 10 Dirt - - - - - 0 03 Coal - - - - - 16 Dirt . - - - - - 0 6 Pyritous coal - - - - 010 Spavin - - - - - 7 0 Coal - - - - -- 0 4 Messrs. Charlesworth work the Winter Bed at Woodmoor Colliery, where it is said to furnish a good house coal. The same firm work both Woodmoor and Winter seams at Milnthorpe Colliery, where the following account of the measures was given us by Mr. G. Kell (Plate 14, No. 18):— ft. in. ft. in. Gritstone, Woolley Edge Rock - - Bind - - - - - 1 3t0o15 0 Coal P 1 6) t Band | Woopsoon Coat - - -{0 Oz Me 3 Coal 1 6 i Measures) - - - 117 2 Coal - - 2 4 Spavin and vind | Two-root CoaL - 1 12 3 Coal - - : : 1.2 Measures’ - - - - - 34 2 Coal 2 12 Dirt i Winter Coan - ~ - {2 02 Coal 0 6 Measures) ~_ - - - -12 5 oe and spavin | Low Winter Coan -{ ; y Measures” - - - - -47 7 Top BeamsHaw CoaL - - - 26 Measures - - - - - 48 0 Low BeamMsHaw CoaL - - = ob A bore hole near Common End, about 35 chains south-west of Walton, agrees very closely with the section of Milnthorpe Colliery, and in a boring near Upper Town, Walton, for a copy of which we are indebted to Mr. R. Carter of Barnsley, a very similar group of coals was met with. MEASURES BETWEEN KENT'S THICK AND WATHWOOD COALS. 425 So far then the coals conform to the type which has been maintained with such regularity ever since we left Sheffield. About a mile, however, to the east of Walton, near Hare Park, a deep bore hole has been put down, for an account of which also we have to thank Mr. R. Carter, and here an important change seems to have taken place in the lower part of the belt of measures we are considering. The portion of the section that now concerns us is as follows (Plate 14, No. 20) :-— ft. in. Sandstone. Woolley Edge Rock - - Bind - I i = e Coal. WoopmMoor - - - 2 8 Measures - - - - -48 1 Coal. Two-root - - - - 1 7 Measures - - - - -16 5 Coat. WINTER - - - 4 1 Measures - - - 29 7 Coal - - - - - 0 6 Measures’ - - - - - 10 0 Black shale and coal - - 1 8 Measures” - - - - - 15 0 Coal - - - - - 01 Measures - - - - 60 0 There can be little doubt that the first coal here is the Woodmoor; it occurs at exactly the depth where calculation shows that seam might be expected, and it has above it-a thick bed of coarse sandstone, which agrees well with the Woolley Edge Rock. ‘This being so, a comparison with neigh- bouring sections shows that the Four-foot Coal must be the Winter, and that the bottom 60 feet of measures are the strata among which the Beamshaw Coals are met with in the district. The boring therefore seems to prove that the Beamshaw Beds are wanting at this spot. Unluckily the evidence is not quite conclusive, for great difficulties occurred in the lower part of the boring from the tool sticking fast, and it is not quite certain that the account of this portion of the section is trustworthy. Assuming however that the section is correct, there is nothing to cause surprise in the absence of the Beamshaw Ccals. It is somewhere hereabouis that the second important change in the group of measures under consideration takes place. To the north the Beamshaw Beds entirely disappear, and a new seam, the Stanley Main, which differs from them both in character and posi- tion, puts in and extends over the remainder of the coalfield. At the spot where the bore hole was made we have probably passed beyond the area of the Beamshaw Coals, and have not reached the beginning of the Stanley Main district, and accordingly neither of these seams was found in the hole. In fact the bore hole stands on a belt of barren ground corresponding to that which parts the Silkstone from the Blocking Coal, and the Barnsley Bed from the Warren House seam. : In the group of sections which we are now going to give the beds have fairly assumed the Stanley Main type. a Iupset Colliery, Wakefield. From Mr. J. Tolson White. ft. in. ScaLe Coat - - - -~ 24 Measures - - - - - 22 0 Black bands coal- 1 10 Dirt and smuts - 16 6 SranLey Main Coan an : . ‘4 a. (poor quality). Coal 2 = 6 6 Dirt - - 0 2 Coal - - 0 8 426 . GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Old Pit by the Malt Shovel Inn, on the Road between Wakefield and Ossett. ft. in. ft. in. ScaLe Coa - - - - 2 6t03 0 Spavin - - - - - 2 0 Coal - - - - - 0 2 Spavin - - - - - 20 Sraney f Black band Coal - - 1 8 Main { Mesure with Lime Coal - 35 7 Coa. | Main Coal, good - - 3 0 Section of the Stanley Main Coal in the Railway Cutting east of Flush Dyke Station, ft. in, Coal - - - 0 2 Buack Banp ey and Brey Bua : ; Coat. Black shale - - 06 (Coal - - - 11 Spavin, shale, and sandstone - - 4 0 Sandstone, about - - - - 15 0 Grey shale - - : - - 3 0 Black shale - - - - - 10 Grey shale - - - - - 40 Black shale - - - - - 0 8 ?Lime Coan. Coal - - - 0 6 Spavin - - - - - 2 6 Marin Coat, good - - - - 8 0 There can be little doubt that these sections approach much more nearly to the type which prevails north and north-east of Wakefield, than to that which we have found to obtain from Sheffield nearly up to the present district ; at the same time the partings in the Stanley Main Coal are far thicker, and at Lupset Colliery the coal itself is of a much poorer quality than in any other part of the district where the Stanley Main Coal is known. If, however, we are here on the edge of the swamp in which the Stanley Main Coal grew this is just what we should expect. Assuming then that the account of the Hare Park bore hole is trustworthy, and that our explanation of the exceptional form of the Stanley Main Coal in the sections just given is correct, the line separating the Beamshaw district from the Stanley Main area would run about through the bore hole and a little to the south of Lupset Colliery, or not far from east and west. Our next section gives us an account of the whole of the group of measures we are considering, and shows us the changes they have undergone between Crigglestone and Wakefield. Manor Colliery, Wakefield, Flanshaw Pit. From Mr. Woodhead. (Plate 14, No. 21.) ft. in. Coal 0 10 Spavin | Wascnersu Muck Coan -{ 1 0 Coal 1 6 Measures - - - - - 36 5 Coal 1 9 Spavin and bind | Car Coan - - { id 1 Coal lil Measures - - - - - 82 5 Black shale - - 4 Scate Coau - - - - £4 Measures - - - 21 0 ( Buack Banps Coat - 16 : Spavin, stone, and bind - - 92 6 ans Be 3 Link Coan - - - O11 “ | Spavin - - - j a. “86 LMarn Coan - - : - 29 , MEASURES BETWEEN KENT’S THICK AND WATHWOOD COALS. 427 The Stanley Main Coal is here similar to what it was in the last sections, and very much divided. .The Cat Coal is double, as was very frequently the case with its equivalent the Two-foot Coal. The valuable Woodmoor seam is replaced by the worthless Wakefield Muck. At Providence Colliery, north of Westgate Station, Wakefield, now worked out, Mr. Marsland gave us the following section of the Stanley Main Coal :— : : ft. in. ft. in. Black bands Coal, not worked = - - — Measures - 7 - - 9 Otol2 0 Lime Coal - - - - - 18 Parting, about = - - - - 18 Main Con avout - - - - 210 The Lime Coal was used for limekilns and as an engine coal, the Main Coal as a house coal. . In the next group of sections the three members of the Stanley Main Coal have run nearly together, and the seam has assumed the form which it keeps with great persistency for a considerable distance to the east of Wakefield. The very variable character of the Wakefield Muck Coal is also well brought out. In one section it appears as a coal 1 foot thick, in the second it is represented by a bed of black shale, in the third by two very thin coal bands. St. Ji a Caery, arene = Se ete Ou eee Stanley Victoria Colliery. Plate 14, No. 28. Pumping Pit. Old Park Pit. ft. in. aes alia ft. in! é ft. in. ft. in. ack shale 2 4 ‘oal - 0 6 Lae ee Coal - - 10 \ Blue bind- 4 0 / Spavin - 2 0 | {| Black shale 2 4] Coal - - 0 8 Measures - - - 85 0) - - -22 4! .« - -41 4 Coal - - 111 Cat Coat - Coal - - 1 6] Coal- - 0 10 |< Spavin 12 7 Coal - - 09 Measures - -fe = - 42 6 - 36 O; - - -31 5 ScaLe Coan - - 2 0O/- = 24 - 2 O0to2 4 Measures - - 50 O| - - 50 0 ~40 5 Coal . - 0 3] Hublescoal- 0 4 é Dirt .- - 0 2 Black shale - 0 8 és Black bands C.1 8 | Black bands C.1 10 | Black bandsC.1 1ltol 8 ae Marx Stone bind 2 0|Dirt - 0 11 | Spavin - 1 0to2 0 OAL. Lime coal - 1 10 | Lime coal 2 1] Limecoal - 1 6to1 10 Alum shale - 1 6/1 Dirt - - 1 0] Alum shale - 0 9t00 11 L| Main coal - 38 0 | Main coal 8 5 | Maincoal - 2 11lto38 0 At Stanley Victoria Colliery the Black bands is good enough to be worth working to be mixed with the Main Coal. The Lime Coal does for engine use. The Main Coal is a good house coal, The parting between the Lime and Main Coal is a shale which has been used for the manufacture of alum, The Scale Coal is good at all three collieries; its black shale roof at Stanley Victoria Colliery contained Anthracosia in plenty, and in a géod state of preservation. There is a fine section in the cutting of the Great Northern Railway south of Lofthouse Station, which runs thus :— 428 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. ft. in. Black shale, about- - - - 10 0 ScaLe CoaL - - - - 24 Sandstone - - - - - Sandstone and shale - - - ft Coal - - 0 33 Buiack banps Coan { Black shale - O 2} Coal - - 16 Spavin- - j - - - 10 : oal - - 06 oe Matw Lime Coan - { Drag - - O11 oe 3 Coal - - 10 Spavin- - - - - 010 Black shale ~ - . - - O 1 Coal - - 80 Matn Coan “ “_ Druggy coal - 04 Irregular bands of sandstone and shale - | About Dark shale - - - - } 45 0 Stone Coal - - - - - 1 2 Shale - - - - - 03 Coal - - - - - 0 4 Shale - - - - Sandstone - - - - - Shale, with plates of sandstone Black shale, with a little Coal A coal which can scarcely be any but the Stanley Main crops 20 chains to the south-east of Lofthouse Hill, with the following section :— Coal - ee | isy and shale Coal - Clay, with smuts Dirty coal - Ten Cont. . {ia coal wp, Hard coal - Coal - White shale Coal - Main CoaL - {Pasting - Tender coal - - - We will now give the sections of the group of measures under consideration in the collieries on the south side of the River Calder :— a | oe es a | | ' cf t i] ‘ i ' t 1 : oorop bop bo be be tr bee cooworocoorce ROHR OHKWANONOM wie nh Whitwell Main or Street Sharlston Colliery. House Colliery. WAKEFIELD Muck ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. CoaL = -|- - - 1 il- - - 10 Measures - -|- - - 88 2] - - - 30 6 Coal - 2 6 Cat CoaL - -|- - - 22 { Measure - 16 3 Coal - - 0 5 Measures - -|- - -46 0} - - - 30 6 Stone coal - 0 8 oo - - 8 0 : Abd pavin - - 0 8 Scatz Coan 3 lto3 4 4 Coal - a: lea - - 26 oal ~ - 0 2 Measures - -|- - - 50 9] = - -43 7 Bride cake - 0 6 i ig oe Goal 4 t Eee coal 1 6 : uck - - 0 5 Srantey Mary Coaze | Lime coal Se Lime coal - 20 Dit - 1 Otol 6 || Maincoal - 2 9 aati Daa |} Drubby coal - 0 6 tid. < = 28 e MEASURES BETWEEN KENT'S THICK AND WATHWOOD COALS. 429 At Sharlston the Stanley Main was rather a coarse coal, the Main Coal being as usual the best part of the seam. The Scale was of very good quality. | WakerirLtD Muck Coa, i Measures - Cat Coan - -| Measures - - ScaLe Coan Measures Stantey Marin Coa | At the West Riding Colliery the Black Bands is soft and tender. St. John’s Colliery, Newlands. Plate 14, No. 24. ’ West Riding Colliery. ft. in. ft. in, Cannel Coal - 1 2 Bindand spavin 3 6 Cannel Coal - 1 6| Coal - - 0 6 Bind - - 3 9 Stone Coal 1 2 - - - 37 Of - - - 25 10 Coal - 2 61). Spavin andbind 22 3 | Coal - 16 20) - - 14 - - - 26 9 q es : ~62 7 tone Coa; - 0 8 7 7 - 2 58 Coals - - 110 - - - 57 6| - - -50 2 Black bands Coal 2 0 | (Black bands Coal 1 4 Earth - - 0 83 | Dirt - - 0 8 Lime Coal - 1.10 |< Lime Coal - 1 6 Earth - - O 73 | Dirt - - 04 Main Coal - 3 5! | Main Coal - 3 8 The Lime Coal is hard and pyritous, and goes by the name of “The Jumpers.” The Main Coal is a good house coal. In St. John’s Colliery the Wakefield Muck appears under a somewhat abnormal form, but there is every reason to think that the thickness it here reaches is local. coal. WaKEFIELD Mocs CoaL. U Measures - = Cat Coa - - Measures - - ScaLe Coat Measures Stantey Main Coat “ The following sections Colliery were furnished by Black bands coal Dirt - Lime coal Dirt - Drub Best coal Bottom drub Whitwood Collieries. ft. in. Coal - 1 2 Bind - 11 0 Coal - 010 = z -26 4 ss -l111l$to2 3 = = - 55 3 - 2 7kto3 1 - - 36 6 Black bands Coal 1 6 Dirt - - 0 33 Lime Coal - 1 8 Dirt - - 0 53] Main Coal - 3 7/ We were able to learn nothing about the character of the The section of the Stanley Main is one of the best known. Featherstone Colliery. Plate 14, No. 25.,, of the Stanley Main Mr. J. E. Mammatt :-- On West Side of Pit. ft. in. eon - 0 6 - - - 31 0 - - - 20 - - - 53 0 Stone Coal - 0 6 | Coal - - 21 Dirt - - 01 Coal - - 0-10 | Coal and dirt - 8 1 - - -17 6 (Black bands Coal 1 - 3 Dirt - - 02 Lime Coal - 14 Dirt 2 - 07 z oal - 1 8 Mew Spavin 4 0 * {Coal - 2 3 Coal at Snydale Victoria. me Owornmonr wwNOonos 430 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. On East Side of the Pit. ft. in. ft. in. Black bands coal - = - - 1 7tol 8 Dirt - - - - - - 04 Lime coal - - - - - 1 8 Dirt - - - - - 0 9 Drub - - - - ~ O 1 Best coal = - - - - 210 Bottom drub - - - - 0 2 The Wakefield Muck varies a good deal even within the limits of the Whitwood Colliery estate. In the Normanton Pumping Shaft its section is— : ft. in, Stone coal - - - - - 1 0 Blue bind - - - - - 6 2 Stone coal - - - - - 010 A section approaching in character that at St. John’s Colliery, Newlands, though the coal is much thinner. Probably this Cannel or Stone Coal was formed ina pool or lagoon, and the Newland Shaft stands near its centre, while the Normanton Pumping Shaft is nearer the edge. The very thin representative of this seam at Featherstone is the form under which it occurs over nearly all the remainder of the field. At Whitwood the Black band yields a good house coal. The Lime Coal is pyritous. The top 2 feet 7 inches of the Main Coal is a fair house coal, the part below that of inferior quality. On the east side of the Whitwood workings a dirt parting comes in in the Main Coal of the Stanley Main Bed, and thickens to the east till the seam becomes so divided that it cannot be worked to a profit. This was the condition of the Stanley Main Coal at the bottom of the shaft of Featherstone Colliery, the parting being 4 feet thick. To the-west of the shaft however it was found that the parting came down ina, short distance to its usual thickness, and the coal became workable. In the sections that follow it will be seen that this division of the Stanley Main Coal continues to the east as far asthe bed has been followed, and makes the seam of no value. Exlice of aes Colliery ; — : ee TENE o Glasshoughton Colliery. Fryston Colliery. _ ‘i , ft, in. ft. in. ft. in. * : Cannel coal - 011 Wa eens Black shale - 0 9/| Coal - - 01 Bind - - 9 7 OAL. Coal - 010 Measures - - - - 20 6 - -24 3 - - 25 6 Cat Coat - -|- - - 1 6/- 1 6 1 8 Measures - - -51 7) - 62 5 - 52 2 " . a 1 Coal - =< 210 / Coal - ~ a1} {Eogmecoel - 0 & Dirt - 0 6 | Spavin - - 2 0 Dirt 0 1k Scare Coan -4| Coal - 0 7! Coal - - 02 Coal aa Dirt - 2 0 | Spavin - - 1.0 Bpavin 15 Coal - - 0 3 | Coal - 0 5 Coal - - 0 4 Measures - -|- - - 26 5/- - 19 3]- - - 2 1 Black bandcoal 0 114] Black bands C. 1 0 | Black bandsC. 1 0 Dirt - 0 2] Dirt - 0 2 Lime coal - 1 38] Limecoal - 1 2 | Lime coal - 1 54 are Main Dirt - - 0 7/| Dirt - - 0 8 | Dirt ~ te . ay [Coal - 1 4]/g a Coal - 1 2 Coal - 15 ‘3 $< Measures 29 1 |.8 § < Measures 20 7 20 |Coal - 1 9/22 | Coal - 15 Geological Survey of England & Wales. Plate 14. Comparative Sections of the measures between the Ba /.dston Main or North Staveley Coll’ 2 Fence Goll” 8. Tinsley Park Coll & Sections about Handsworth. 4 Holmes ColY 5, North of Mashorough. 6 Neighbourhood of Rawmarsh. 7 Roundwood. Goll”. 8 Alba 16, Woolley CY 17 Section near north end of Woolley Edge. 18 Milnthorpe CollY. 19. Borehole at Upper Town, Walton. 20 Bore Hole near Hare Park. 2/ Manor Coll. Wakefield. 22, 5' a d 5 6 7 o I 10 i 72 13 #4. WATH WOOD OR emma _ Sf ASTON COMMON C, WOOD MOORE. Wo Or ——— ___ in > ut Pe 1 : FOX EARTH G| SS cis ARTH ©. ABDY OR WINTER Gps | _ et — ~~ lene 4 \ 3 4 : as an —— ey SoucH Cc Ss a Sal < BEAMSHAW_————] ~~ -——— FURNACE C ‘ a fee HENTS THING. ee een COALS mel ad a Sade : —_ 2 eps TO : dae ee ogee ae SS Gewrs cE HIGH HAZLES Comms 7 Roels.|: Handsworth" ; es aoe Roc: os THICK G}-————— - © 7 k Lge er oa 2 : ee BARNSLEY RIDER C.|}— -- ~ 4-—— _- ee ooo SST] a pote = cm oe as « | I i BARNSLEY C eae Rare ey [ aaa Eee aaa ee Barnsley & the Wath Wood Coals. Albany & Royal Oak CollY. 9 Thryberg Hall Goll” 10 Denaby Moan Coll¥. 11, Manwers Main Coll’. 12. Wombwell Main Coll® 13, Oaks Coll 14, Monk Bretton Coll®. 15, Willow Bank Coll’. 2S! Johns (ollY Wakefield. 43, Stanley Victoria Coll. .24.5¢ Johns Coll? Newland. 25, Featherstone Coll’ 26, Prawe of Wales OY Pontefract: 1b 16 17 18 19 20 at 22 LE 24 25 a — ey ny: cds aii MANGEISEORUEE Ce Re eS LC | a (22" Gee eee Se ui EO cre ~ ee ee —m a SCALE COA ewe —- -— ~~ we [ace -- feel —. —fnensaennncrs eo — 2 ue 2 jo; STANLEY BLACK BAND §—————._ AK Low winren U Ye MAIN N. ~ W WINTER ¢ o of — -— ee LIMEG I 7 *S ee ey COae: —— Bae SS i v ~ Sey Fol f f si we 7 _ ; ! te Pie / \ ee eS eS TI —a ar oO SS = 2 KENTS THIN mmm — — — ? MAPPLEWELL C.|}——————4 -- — — ~~ “J wAPPLeEwe COAL. \ % \ . \ \ \ \ \ To face page 437. WAKEFIELD MUCK C. -—-- +—car coat, ) STANLEY HAIN COAL. SS WARREN HOUSE MEASURES BETWEEN THE WATHWOOD AND SHAFTON COALS. 431 The main points in these sections are the almost total disappearance of the representative of the Wakefield Muck Coal, and the persistency of the band dividing the Main bed of the Stanley Main Coal. In further illustration of the latter fact we give two more sections of the Stanley Main Coal :— Wheldale Colliery. Newton Abbey Colliery. ft. in. ft. in. Black bands coal - 10 12 Dirt 2 - % 0 1 0 0 Lime coal - - LF 1 5 ‘Dirt . - = 0 6 0 9 Coal - - 0 10 1 2 Main co} Measures = | 36 8 31 4 Coal - - 17 2 0 ‘We have accounts of two boreholes put down on the estate of the late Lord Palmerston between Newton and Fairburn, but the sections differ so totally from any others in the neighbourhood that it is very doubtful whether the borings are trustworthy. A borehole has been recently put down by Mr. Tennant near Fairburn, and though there is some little doubt about the identifications of the coals, the following are probably correct :— ft. in. Depth. Coal - - - - 29 ScaLte Coat - { Di - - - - 0 8% ft. in. Coal - - - - Ol 454 13 Measures) - - - 35 4 Black bands coal - - 20 Dirt - ; . - - 4 & : Lime coa - - ~ 3 Ss Main 2 Measures - S « 60a oo E Coal - ae ae Main coal { Mesures - 18 3 Coal - - 09 520 8% If our reading of this section be correct, there seems little prospect of an improvement in the Stanley Main Coal in this direction. 13. The Measures from the Wath Wood Coal to the Shafton or Nostel Coal. (Plate 15.) This group of strata is conspicuous for its sandstones rather than for the coals which it contains. The rocks are thick, one of them is a coarse gritstone, and some of them run for a considerable distance with a regularity which contrasts strongly with the fitful occurrence and uncertain range of the sandstone beds which we have hitherto met with in the Middle Coal measures. In fact, during the deposition of the group conditions seem to have pre- vailed somewhat ‘similar to those which gave rise to the Lower Coal measures. The sandstones of this group differ, however, from those of the Lower Coal measures in that they are with one exception finely grained and soft ; and consequently, though they make fair escarpments, the country occupied by their outcrop is by no means so strongly featured as the bold tract of the Lower Coal measures. With the exception of the gritstone mentioned, the sandstones of this group are all of a pale brown or buff tint, and the shales between them, which are usually sandy, are very frequently of a similar colour. 432 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The lowest and most conspicuous of these sandstones is the Woolley Edge Rock, which where it is present lies immediately above the Woodmoor Coal. To the south of Hemingfield, five miles south-east of Barnsley, no sandstone of any importance occurs on that horizon, but a little to the south-east of that village a rock suddenly puts in above the Wathwood Coal. It is a coarse thickly bedded gritstone, sometimes a conglomerate, and in the short distance of a quarter of a mile swells out from nothing to a thickness of some 30 yards. The rock maintains this character through Barnsley along Woolley Edge, by New Miller Dam, and up to the Milnthorpe Collieries, An interval then occurs where the outcrop is hidden by the allu- vium of the Calder; but, this past, the rock appears with a totally different character at Wakefield, as a finely grained and often flaggy sandstone. Under this form the bed is present in the collieries at Sharlston, Whitwell, and Featherstone, at.the West. Riding Colliery, and at the Whitwood Collieries, and is also recog- nised and of considerable thickness at the Prince of Wales Colliery in Pontefract Park. Along the line of country just traced out from Hemingfield up to Pontefract Park the Woolley Edge Rock is constantly present under some form or other, and may be fairly presumed to extend continuously. In the northern part of the area we have evidence which will enable us to mark out approximately its limits on the west and north. Thus though in full force on Woolley Edge, sinkings prove it to be absent at Crigglestone ; it is present beneath the town of Wakefield, but was not found in the sinking of the Flanshaw Pit of the Manor Collieries immediately to the west of that town. It is of considerable thickness in a bore hole at Stanley, but absent in the Haigh Moor Pit of the Stanley Victoria Colliery at Newtou Lane Ends. Though it is found at Whitwood and Pontefract Park, there is no trace of it in the collieries of Glasshoughton, Wheldale, and Fryston. The original boundaries of this rock on the north, south, and partly on the west can then be determined, and are indicated on the sketch map on Fig. 35, the portion between Crigglestone and Hemingfield being dotted to show that it is altogether con- jectural. a The fact that the rock is thus limited in extent suggests that it was formed by the filling up of a depression in the bottom of the water with sandy sediment; and its change from a coarse grit- stone to a fine sandstone as it is followed from south to north, indicates that the currents which brought the materials of which it is composed came from the south. The group of measures which lies between the Woolley Edge Rock and the Oaks Rock, the sandstone of importance next above it, presents few features of interest. Over the greater part of the coalfield two beds of coal are very generally present or are represented by beds of black shale. They are called the Newhill or Steam Coal and the Swinton Pottery Coal; the first lies a little way above the Woolley Edge Rock, the second a little way below the Oaks Rock. Both are of variable, but for the most part small, thickness, and both are of the poorest quality. The Steam Coal indeed locally swells out to a considerable thickness, but there MEASURES RETWEEN THE WATHWOOD AND SHAFTON COALS. 433 does not appear to be in any case a corresponding improvement In quality. The Swinton Pottery Coal has, we believe, been Fig. 35. Sketch-map showing the probable Boundaries of the Area within which the Woolley Edge Rock was deposited. Scale, 4 miles to an inch. # CASTLEFORD. FLANSHAW, Pit. worked for the sake of its underclay, which was used as a potclay, but itis now nowhere gotten. In several localities this seam is represented by a thick bed of black shale. These two seams can be traced with fair certainty at least up to Wakefield. A very different group of coals is found on the same horizon about Glass- houghton and Pontefract; their names are given in the table below :— Crow Coal. Wheatworth Coal. Bateson’s Bed. Castleford Four-foot Coal. It is impossible to correlate these with any certainty with the Steam and Swinton Pottery coals, and we incline to the belief that these Glasshoughton beds grew in a succession of swamps which were separated from those of the Steam and Swinton Pottery Coals, a notion which is confirmed by the fact that in the count separating the two districts we seem to get representatives of bot. 42513. EE 434 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. sets of beds in the degenerate condition which coal seams seem to put on when we approach the edges of the swamp in which they rew. None of these coals of the Glasshoughton district are of much value. The Crow Coal is only a few inches thick. The Wheat- worth bed has been worked, but no one would look at it now. Bateson’s Bed has a fireclay beneath it. The Castleford Four- foot is frequently, perhaps always, a mixture of black shale and coal that does not deserve the name of a coal seam. The thickness of this group is subject to great and irregular variations. At the Holmes Colliery, Masborough, the Newhill is 27 and the Swinton Pottery 70 yards above the Wath Wood. Around Thryburg there is a district where these corresponding distances are only 18 and 40 yards respectively. A little further to the north-west the thicknesses again increase, and around Barnsley the distances average 37 and 80 yards. Further north around and east of Wakefield the distances are again reduced to 30 and 65 yards. We now come to an horizon on which a thick bed of sand- stone occurs over longer distances, and with more regularity than anywhere else in the series of the Middle Coal measures. The rock is not perfectly continuous, and the sandstones of different localities do not perhaps exactly correspond to one another; but the differences in position, if they exist, are so small that the various portions may without sensible error be looked upon as belonging to one great sheet of rock that stretches with but slight inter- ruptions over the whole of the coalfield. To the south-east of Sheffield we have given to the sandstone on this horizon the name of the Treeton Rock. To the north and south of Barnsley the corresponding bed is known as the Oaks Rock. A sandstone, which has nearly the same position, crops between Ackton and Glasshoughton and is called the Ackton Rock. The Treeton Rock is first seen at Aston, where it is apparently dying away, and to the south-east of which it is not found. From this village it can be followed to Tinsley. About Treeton and Catcliff it-is a striking bed, and around Brinsworth and Tinsley it and two overlying sandstones make a good show. Between Tinsley and Masborough it dies away, for it is not found at the Holmes Colliery. We next meet with a sandstone on this horizon at Kilnhurst, where a bed of considerable thickness rises up from beneath the alluvium of the Don. It is known as the Oaks Rock. It is com- parable in thickness and the marked character of the escarpments which it makes with the Woolley Edge Rock, and has a much more extensive range than that bed. On the dip it has been proved to extend up to Denaby Colliepy, and along its outcrop it may be followed in one continuous band as far as Heath, east of Waketield. Throughout the whole distance it is usually very uniform in character, a light brown or buff, soft, finely-grained, and thickly- bedded sandstone. Frequently the bed is almost entirely sand- stone, but in places it is much divided by shale bands. It has been largely worked for building stone and for making grindstones, the most important quarry being that near Barnsley, from which it MEASURES BETWEEN THE WATHWOOD AND SHAFTON COALS. 435 takes its name. It usually carries a large quantity of water, and gives great trouble wherever it is sunk through ; where, however, it is much split up by shale bands, it has been sometimes found to: be less heavily charged with water. . ela The Oaks Rock seems to thin away along a line running roughly north-west and south-east through Normanton. ey, The Ackton Rock, which perhaps lies somewhat higher up in the measures than the Oaks Rock, is not a bed of much importance or of very extensive range. It is known at the outcrop only between Ackton and Glasshoughton, and does not seem to extend very far on the dip. The measures that lie between the Oaks Rock and the next sandstone of any constancy, which is called the Upper Chevet Rock, are a most variable group. They are also very imperfectly explored, and in the present siate of our knowledve it is quite impossible to correlate the coals found in them at different spots. To the south of Ardsley and Cudworih they contain here and thore a coal that is or has been locally of some little importance ; as, for instance, the Wales Coal near the village of that name, and the Double Smuts near Denaby. For some way, however, to the south and north of Ardsley a couple of sandstones which are for a limited distance regular enovgh to deserve notice make their appearance in these beds. They have been distinguished as the Lower and Middle Chevet Rocks. The Middle Chevet Rock is about Ardsley and Cudworth a massive bed, the Lower Chevet Rock is much less striking, and is also very irregular in its occurrence. This general type is maintained with fair persistency up to Royston and Shafton. About Royston Station we come on a totally. different form of these measures. They contain no sandstones of any thickness, and three coals known as the Sharlston Top, Low, and Yard Coal, make their appearance. Each of these beds averages a yard in thickness. This type has been proved to be persistent up to Sharlston Colliery, but to the east of that spot another change takes place. Coals come in in the measures between the Sharlston Yard and the Oaks Rock, which at Sharlston Colliery are quite devoid of coal. These seams are known as the Holywell Wood, the Houghton Muck, and the Houghton Thin Coal. ‘This may be called the Glasshoughton type from the village around which it revails. The change from the Sharlston to the Glasshoughton type is so abrupt that we incline to the belief that denudation preceded the deposition of the Glasshoughton measures, and that these bed lie with a slight unconformity in a hollow worn out in the Sharlston measures. : i, The upper limit of the group now under consideration is formed by the Shafton Coal, and a sandstone very frequently found beneath it, called the Upper Chevet Rock. The Shafton Coal is known between Thryberg and Royston Station; it averages 3 ft. 6.in. in thickness, and is of very fair quality. The Upper Chevet Rock is over this distance constantly present below the coal ; it is.a thickly-bedded and usually some- what soft sandstone, but here and there it becomes firmer and yields good building stone. EE 2 4386 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The coal formerly worked at a small depth at Nostel seems to be the representative of the Shafton bed; it is very much divided by dirt partings, which seem to increase in thickness to the north-west. There is here no sandstone corresponding to the Upper Chevet Rock. Over the rest of the coalfield we have at present no information about these measures. The Woolley Edge Rock.—This sandstone, when it is present, is by far the most conspicuous of the Middle Coal measure rocks. As we have already stated it makes its firs {appearance near Hemingfield, about five miles to the south-east of Barnsley. The sinking at Lundhill Colliery hard by gives us the following section :— ft. in. Woolley (Sandstone rock - - - - 82 6 Edge { Blue bind - - - - 23 5 Rock. Blue stone - - - - 24 4 Soft bind - - - - § 9 Watuwoop Coan. In quarries at Hemingfield the rock is coarse and thickly bedded, and it forms a conspicuous escarpment below the hamlet. Thick and important as the rock is here, there is scarcely a trace of it on the south-east side of the valley of Elsecar brook. It is not possible to say exactly where the rock dies out, but the total and sudden disappearance of its bold escarpment, which is so striking a feature on the north side of the valley, proves that it must thin away very rapidly; no trace of it seems to have been met with in the numerous pits to the Wathwood Coal between Hemingfield and West Melton, and in the Newhill Colliery, of which a section has been kept, the measures above the Wathwood are almost entirely shale. Having disappeared in this rapid way, the Woolley Edge has been never found again, as far as explo- ration has proceeded, in the portion of the coalfield south-east of this spot. PT the north-west, however, the rock runs on with great regularity, and indeed such is its constancy that it will be quite sufficient to note the more important sections of it, without giving everyone that has come into our hands. At Wombwell Main Colliery we have— ~ * ft. in, Sandstone, Woolley Edge Rock - -. 120 2 Blue bind and Ironstone - - - ll 4 Black Shale - - - - 11 Watu Woop Coau. There is a good section of the rock in the cutting of the South Yorkshire Railway east of Dovecliff Station ; the lower part is thickly bedded coarse sandstone, above this lie alternations of sandstone and sandy shale, and the upper portion is thickly bedded sandstone. At Swaithe Main Colliery the rock is very much split up by shale bands; the section is— ft. in. Sandstone) - - - - 21 °0 Bind - - - - 15 0 Sandstone |] - - - - 21 0 Bind - - - - 24 0 Sandstone > Woolley Edge Rock - 18 6 Bind - - e - 40 Sandstone | - - - 30 Bind - - - - 20 Sandstone} - - - - 62 Bind - - - - - ll O Watu Woop Coat. The rock is very largely quarried along the north side of Worsborough Dal up to Barnsley. It is uniformly thickly bedded, and generally coenuae it tte MEASURES BETWEEN THE WATHWOOD AND SHAFTON COALS. 437 noticed to be excessively rough to the north of Dillington; in parts a con- glomerate with white quartz pebbles as big as a hazel nut. ; In Mount Osborne Quarry east of Barnsley the trunk of a fossil tree was found lying horizontally ; it was according to the quarryman’s account six or seven yards long, and bifurcated. Mr. R. Carter who preserved some Specimens, which showed concentric rings of growth, was kind enough to send them to Mr. Binney for examination. Mr. Binney pronounced them to be Dadozylon, but found they were too soft to allow of their being sliced for microscopic examination. The following sections show the character of the rock around Barnsley :— Oaks Colliery, Oaks Colliery, f Shaft by Oaks Quarry. Ardsley Sinking. Monk Bretton Colliery. ft, in. ft. in. ft. in. Rock - - 150 Stone bind » 46 Gritsto: 18 ||Monstina 2 2 3 4 ritstone - me bind - . Wegnew\ Stone bind Rock - > = 16 3 Rock. and stone- 1910 ||Stonebind ~- - 24 * \Gritstone - 41 6 Rock - - - 18 4 Coarse, white and Black bind and smut 0 5 brown grit - ck - - - 19 6 ‘White rock ~- °122 7 Black bindand smut 0 6 ck - - - 80 . Stone bind - - 8 4 Rock - - - 16 Stone bind - = 44 Rock and bind - 48 Poe - : - 79 Black shale and spavin 2 8 Rock and bind - 16 Bind - . - 87 4 |\Rock - - - 22 6 . Bind - : - 4 8 | Bluebind . » 19 0 Wath Woop Coat. The rock is largely quarried on Burton Bank, and the stone, if carefully selected, makes good building material; plant remains (Lepidodendron, Calamites, &c.), are plentiful in these quarries. In the borings around Notton and Carlton the rock varies from 70 to 135 feet in thickness, and is separated from the Woodmoor Coal by from 2 to 80 feet of shale. At the Wheatley Wood Pit, Woolley Colliery, the section is— ft. in. Sandstone - - - - 75 6 Dark stone bind i Woolley Edge Rock - 1 0 6 Sandstone - - - - 2 0 Blue bind with a little ironstone - 46 Woopmoor Coau. The rock is in full force along Woolley Edge, where its escarpment is perhaps bolder than anywhere else; around the village of Woolley; and again in the broad spread on either side of New Miller Dam. The bore hole near Hare Park proves that it is hereabouts continuous on the dip at least up to that point; the section is— fee . In, Grey end - - - - - ; 4 Stone bind - - Grey and white rock - Woolley Edge Rock 45 8 Bind - - - - - -(12 4 Woopmoor Coat. The Woolley Edge Rock is present, under the same form as it has maintained’ all along, at Milnthorpe; the section there, which does not show the ful? thickness, is— ft. in. ft. in. Coarse Gritstone, Woolley Edge Rock - 75 0 Bind - - - - 1 8to 15 0 Woopmoor Coat. 438 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. This is the last we see of the rock under its coarse form. In the interval covered by the broad alluvial flat of the River Calder it undergoes an important change. , At Wakefield a thick sandstone, on which the greater part of the town stands, lies above the Wakefield Muck Coal, and this is undoubtedly the continuation of the Woolley, Edge Rock. In character however the two sandstones differ materially, for instead of being a coarse thickly-bedded grit, this Wakefield bed is a finely grained flaggy sandstone. The Old Park Pit (St. John’s Collieries) gives the following complete section of the bed :— ft. in. Grey stone - - - -(23 9 Blue bind } Woolley Edge Rock - -{ 11 0 White stone - - - - 57 0 Buack SHALE=Woopmoor Coat. In this neighbourhood we get traces of the original termination of the Woolley Edge Rock to the west. Along a line running from the northern end of Woolley Edge through Milnthorpe to Wakefield it is in full force; a little to the west of this line it has been found altogether wanting at the Holling- thorpe sinking of the Crigglestone Cliff Collieries, and in the Flanshaw Pit of the Manor Colliery on the west side-of Wakefield. The physical explanation of its disappearance has been already given. Again this rock is 93 feet thick in a bore hole near The Lodge at Stanley, but we do not find it in the Haigh Moor Pit of the Stanley Victoria Collieries at Newton Lane Ends, and this indicates thatthe line of its termination bends round from the west of Wakefield towards the east when we get to the north of that town. To the east of Wakefield the Woolley Edge Rock may, however, be followed underground by the aid of colliery sinkings for some distance, as the following sections show :— Sharlston Colliery. ft. in. Strong white stone | (1 2 Dark stone bind =| 3.0 Strong white stone }Woolley Edge Rock < 44 0 Dark stone bind =| 10 6 Strong white stone ] 30 2 Black and blue shale ~ - -31 1 WakKEFIELD Muck Coau - - 11 Whitwell Main Colliery. Featherstone Colliery. : ft. in. ft. in, { White stone - - 1 6, Blue and white stone - 67 8 Woolle ! Stone bind - - 28 10 | Grey rock with coal Edoe ¥ } White stone - - 40 bands - - 35 0 Rovk Stone bind - - 10 6] Sandstone - - 24 1 * | White rock - - Pebble stone - - 2 0 “ Bleeding rock ” - 38 0 Bind - - - 32 5; Bind . - - 560 WAKEFIELD Muck Coan. Coal - 1 0] Coal - - - 06 The “ Bleeding Rock ”’ is so called because water “ bleeds ” or “sweats” out of it in considerable quantity, and according to the account of the sinkers the water is of so acrid a nature as to blister their hands. Other sandstones in the neighbourhood are reported to yield water of a similar character. At St. John’s Colliery, Newlands, there is an unusual thickness of sandstone ioe the Wakefield Muck Coal, the section of the upper part of the shaft eing— MEASURES BETWEEN THE WATHWOOD AND SHAFTON COALS. 439 ft. in, White and brown stone 25 6 Bind - - +} .o -| 20 White stone - - 34 10 Stone bind - - - - 82 8 Brown and white stone, Woolley Edge Rock - - - - . 0 Bind - . . % - 8 6 WaksFIELD Muck Coa. The bed of rock (A) in this section occupies an horizon which is everywhere else represented by shale with a bed of coal known as the Newhill Coal. And fortunately we have ocular evidence of its very local character and of the manner in which it is gradually replaced by shale. If we follow the Midland Railway from the colliery towards Normanton, we shall find that the cutting at its south-western end shows nothing but sandstone from top to bottom ; as we go to the north-east wedges of shale come in and gradually thicken out, till at last the whole of the sandstone becomes replaced by shale. Attention was called to this cutting years ago by Mr. Embleton, (Proceedings, Geological and Polytechnic Society of the West Riding of Yorkshire, December 1840, p. 141,) and indeed it would be impossible to find anywhere a more instructive instance of the irregularity of sandstones, and of the manner in which their place is gradually taken by shale. At the West Riding Colliery the Woolley Edge Rock is feebly represented. The section is :— ft. in. Stone - -) 1 6 Stone bind -| 3 3 Stone - - pWoolley Edge Rock 1 0 Dark earth - 17 10 Stone - - 12 3 WakKEFIELD Muck Coa - - 0 6 At Whitwood Collievies we have :— Normanton Pumping Shaft. Don Pedro Pit. ft. in. ft. in. Woolley ( Strong blue stone 39 0 Strong greystone - - 38 2 Edge { Sandstone, “ Bleed- Rock. ing Rock” - 52 6 Blue bind - - 50 WaxkEFIELD Muck Coat. The “strong blue stone ” is a very evenly and closely grained fine sandstone in thick beds, of a beautiful pale blue tint when protected from the action of the air by cover of overlying rock. It ig much sought after as a building stone. It is scarcely possible to imagine a greater contrast than between this rock and the coarse grit of Woolley Edge, and no better instance could be found of the changes in character of sandstone beds, and of the danger of trusting to lithological character as a means of identifying them. / The Woolley Edge Rock is present and of considerable thickness at the Prince of Wales Colliery, Pontefract Park, the section being— ft. in. Grey tendrgne © 3 0 Dark stone bin ; Sandstone _ p Woolley Edge Rock 24 0 Pebble stone - 6 10 Bt et Ue Black shale= Wakefield Muck Coal. At Glasshoughton, Wheldale, and Fryston Collieries the rock has entirely disappeared. Measures between the Woolley Edge and the Oaks Rocks.—To the south-east of Masborough there-is only one sinking, that of Kiveton Park (Plate 15, No. 1), which passes through these measures, and in this isolated 440 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. section it is not easy to identify with certainty the thin irregular coals of the group: _ The following beds, however, seem to correspond to the Newhill wi and nton Pottery Coals :— ft. in. Inferior coal and bat 1 5 Measures - | sorvtos Pottery Coan 32 1 Coal - . - 1 9 Measures - - - - - - 94 6 Coal - - 0 2 Dark Clunch - | awn Coat - - - 12 Coal - 0 8 Measures - - - - : - 80 6 Wartuwoop Coan. Between Kiveton Park and the Hoimes Colliery (Plate 15, No. 3) there is not only no colliery shaft which passes through these measures, but we have not had the luck to meet with a single section natural or artificial along their outcrop. From the sinking of the Holmes Colliery we obtain the following section :— ft. in. Coal and shale 0 9 Spavin and bind | sero Pottery CoaL- 3 5 Shale and coal 1 6 Measures - - - - - 27 4 Coal - - - - - - 10 Measures - - - - - 100 11 NeEwHILu Coa - - - - 16 Measures - - - - - 79 11 Watuwoop Coat. The cutting north of Masborough Station gives us the following section :— ft. in. Coal - - - 1 2 Underclay - - 5 0 Black Shale - - 1 3 Coal - - pSwinTon Pottery Coaut- 0 7 Underclay - - 6 0 Greyshale - - Coal - -J 10 Measures - - - - - -41 8 Coal - - - - - - 0 9 Measures - - - - - - 68 0 Coal and Black shale. NeEwHILL Coau - 1 38 Measures - - - - - - 44 1 Watuwoop Coat, These measures are now for some distance to the north hidden beneath the alluvium of the River Don. They crop up again at Kilnhurst, and their thickness is here very much less than in the last section, and indeed than their average thickness over the greater part of the coalfield. This decrease in thickness exists, though to a less extent, also at Manvers Main Colliery, while at Denaby the group returns to its ordinary dimensions. Tae ” Manvers Main | Denaby Colliery. Plate 15, No. 4. Colliery. Plate 15, No. 5. Aa 4 ae ea ft. in. ft. in, Swinton ea, ee gal = OU Clod - 1 0|Clod - 1 0] Coal - 2 6 Porreny Coan { Coal - 2 2|/ Coal - 1 1 Measures - -|- -72 2] - - 87 8|- -115 7 NEWHILL CoaAL -| - - 1 8] - - 38 3/- < Measures - -|- -55 4] - -92 8/- - 95 10 MEASURES BETWEEN THE WATHWOOD AND SHAFTON COALS. 441 We will now return to Kilnhurst and follow these measures along their outcrop in a north-westerly direction. Their section at the old Swinton Park Gate Colliery is— ft. in. Coal 0 10 Gioa | Swinton Porrery Coa - - 10 Coal 2 0 Measures - - - - - 97 5 NEWHILL Coan - - - - 20 Measures - - - - ~ 75 7 Waruwoop Coat. In a well at the Sportsman’s Arms, Swinton, the section of the Swinton Pottery Coal was given by the sinker as follows :— ft. in. Sandstone, Oaks Rock - - - 30 0 Shale - - - - - 6 0 Coal - 1 2 Undersay | Swinton Potrery Coan - 1 2 Coal - 1 2 At Swinton Park Gate Colliery the group, though thicker than at Thryberg Hall, is still below the average. As we follow it to the north-west, however, it swells out, and in the Newhill Colliery is found of its usual thickness. The section there is (Plate 15, No. 6) :-— a3 . in. Sandstone. Oaks Rock. Bad Coal and Black Shale. Swinton Porrery Coa. Underclay - - - - 3 0 Measures - - - - - 110 0 Coal - - - - - 09 Measures - - - - - 23 8 Coal 1 6 Dict | Newarus Coat - - -{ 0 4 Coal 1 6 Underclay - - - - 26 Measures - - - . - 8911 Watuwoop CoaL The underclay of the Swinton Pottery Coal was described by the manager of the pottery as fit only for making coarse yellow ware. The next three sections we have of these measures are given in the following table :— eas | Ar eee Nea Oaks Colliery. Monk Bretton Colliery. ft. ins. ft. in. ft. in. Oaks Rock. Measures “ne - . - : ¢ - 41 2] - : - 411 ‘SWINTON lost - 105 9| Blackshal riiewa: « 28 Porrery Coat | f Record lost - shale - pavin - : 9 9 Tes «lJ: : * = [| » * - 88.6] - > - 6562 5 oon : {Gea ~wanea $28 oat ee (Set ‘awa 2 LLCOAL Vin and bin avin and bin: NEWwuI bale 3 ng 1 |$Coaland shale 3 0 Blaty Ca 8 Measures -| - . - 169 0] - - - 155 8] - . - 17710 WatTHwooD CoaL. The following section of the Newhill Coal was measured in a brick yard on the road from Barnsley to Doncaster, just east of Measborough Dike. ft. in. Coal - - - - - 1 5 Clay = : . = - 05 Coal - - - - - 0 5 Clay ~ - - - - 01 Coal - - - - - 02 Clay and Coal - - - - 0 2 Coal - - - - - 01 Underclay. 442 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. To the north-west of Barnsley the Swinton Pottery Coal is represented by a bed of Black Shale. The Newhill somewhat improves, and occasionally reaches a thickness of 3 ft., and though there is no corresponding improvement in the quality of the bed, becomes dignified by the name of the Steam Coal, The title seems to have been bestowed by some sanguine speculator, who thought there was something in a name, and hoped that this wretched seam, if it carried an imposing designation, might be looked upon with favour. The railway cutting north of the Carlton Toll Gate (Plate 26) on the Barnsley and Wakefield Road, gives the following section :— ft. in. Sandstone. Oaks Rock. Line of thin irregular nests of black coaly shale. Grey stony shale with a bed of sandstone - 25 Black shale with layers of ironstone= Swinton Porrery Coat - ~ - 6 0 Measures mostly hidden by Boulder Clay - 220 0 Watuwooo Coau. The borings about Carlton and, Notton give the following average section of the measures now under consideration :— ft. in. ft. in, - 2 0027 0 Oaks Rock. Measures - - - Black shale, with thin streaks of coal. occasionally =Swinton Pottery Coax up to 10 0 Measures - - - - 65 Oto 70 0 Stream CoaL - - - 1 2to 3 9 Measures - - - - 145 0 to 165 0 Watuwoop Coat. At Woolley Colliery the distance between the Steam Coal and the Woodmoor decreases in the same way as at Thryberg Hall Colliery, and a similar decrease in the thickness of the whole of the group under consideration is found at Crigglestone Cuiff. The following are the sections at these places :— Wheatley Wood Pit, Woolley Crigglestone Cliff (Plate 15, No. 10.) Colliery. SY ft. in. | Oaks Rock. ft. in Measures - - - 3 3 coe -] 0 2 Spavin - 0 Ganister - SuENTON 24 Black shale (< Gi ae 0 8 Fireclay - ieee 1 8 Coal - 1 4 Stream Coa.. Measures - - 107 4 Measures about - - 10 0 | Coal 29 Woolley Edge Rock - 78 0 Drub b Sezan Coan 3.9 Coal 2 8 Fireclay = - - -2 9 Measures - - - 4 6! Measures - - -35 5 Woopmoor Coan. The clay beneath the Steam Coal is used for firebricks and sanitary tubes. The Steam Coal about Crigglestone reaches sometimes even a greater thick- ness than in the above section. It has been worked to a small extent for engine coal, but we were told that its quality was not good enough to make it worth while raising it even for this purpose. At the village of Crigglestone there is a well-marked sandstone some 60 feet thick immediately above the Steam Coal, which extends some distance both to the south and north. It apparently thins away on the dip, for in the Hollingthorpe sinking the stone which appears to correspond to it is only 25 feet thick, and its base is more than 40 feet above the Steam Coal. The bed may be called the Crigglestone Rock. The following section of the Swinton Pottery Coal was measured near the Fireclay Works :— MEASURES BETWEEN THE WATHWOOD AND SHAFTON COALS, 443 Dirty Coal - - Grey underclay Hard, finely-grained Hard, dark grey, sandy shale Coal and Black shale Underclay - Ganister with Stigmaria ft. in. 0 4 01 1 0 ONTO 0 3 -3 0to4 0 The Ganister is ground down to mix with the Fireclay beneath the Steam Coal. To the east of Crigglestone this group of measures resumes its usual thick- ness, as will be seen from the three following sections:—— Cuiting at north end of Chevet Tunnel and Borehole near ane as Hare Common End. orn Oaks Rock. ft. in. Oaks Rock. ft. in. ee } About 12 0] Measures - 4 0 Grey shale Swinton | Black shale } at Porrery< Coal - - - 07 Coat ° -] Spavin } - 16 Coal - - 0 2% Grey shale Black shale and iron- stone - - 1 - Measures’ - - - e ai - 90 6 TEAM 0: - 12 Coa t Coal - 5 ty Coalandearth 1 2 Measures - - 14810] - - 14010 Woopmoor Coau. The Walton Coal Company were tempted by the thickness of the Steam Coal in the Upper Town Bore hole to put down a pit to this coal south of Walton, but the working was soon abandoned. The following sections illustrate the representatives of these measures around Wakefield. It will be seen that their thickness is about the same as at Crigglestone, and much less than their average around Barnsley. Manor Colliery, Flanshaw Pit. St. John’s Colliery, Borehole near The (Plate 15, No. 11.) Old Park Pit. Lodge, Stanley. ft. in. (Black shale 14 0 Spavin and SwINTON Bind -29 5 Porrery Coan - - -|7 - - 1) Coal - 0 8 Spavin. - 0.7 Coal - 05 Measures - - -|- - 2 70 1 ft. in. Black Shale 6 0 ft. in.| J Spavin and Black shale- 9 6 Srzam Coan. Coal - 2 4 bind -12 0 é Coal - 0 8 Measures - - 91 O0/]- ¢ = 115 9|- - «11610 WAKEFIELD Muck CoaL. 444 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The outcrop of a bed of black shale, probebly the same as that representing the Swinton Pottery Coal, was seen in some brick pits on East Moor, and whatis probably the same bed crops in Lodge Lane, north-west of Park Lodge, with the following section :—— me oweowwar Black shale Grey spavin Black shale Grey spavin Coal - é 5 = Black shale and Coal, mixed In the railway cutting east of Kirkgate Station, the section of which is given bens a coal comes out, which can hardly be anything but the Swinton ottery. ene sere sense wononof ft. in. about 30 0 Sandstone, Oaks Rock. Black shale - - - Hard sandy shale and sandstone Dark grey shale and Ironstone Grey shale - - - Coal - - - - 0 8 Black shale and Coal - - 01 Spavin - - - - 0 4 Coal - - - - - 26 If this really be the Swinton Pottery Coal, its thickness, in a district where the seam is generally represented by Black shale alone, is very exceptional. What makes this section still more remarkable is that in a bore hole on Heath Common, on the opposite side of the valley, the Swinton Pottery Coal is stated to be only 6 inches thick. A Thin Coal in ‘the cutting south-west of Normanton Station agrees in position with the Swinton Pottery Coal. Its section is— ft. in. Sandstone, Oaks Rock. Sandy shale and thin beds of sandstone. Grey shale - - - - - 0 Black and dark shale with beds of Ironstone 3 10 Coal, Swinton Potrrgery Coat - - Oll Spavin. ‘When we pass a little further to the east, we find that the correlation of the thin and variable beds of coal and black shale on this horizon with the seam of the Barnsley and Sheffield district becomes so uncertain that it is hardly worth speculating on a matter of so little importance. In the sections of Sharlston, Whitwell Main, and Featherstone Collieries we have sundry thin coals and black shales, some of which seem to correspond more closely with the seams to the south, while others fit in better with the beds of the Glass- houghton country. It looks as if we were here in the debateable territory between two swamps, the coal growths of which, while they went on about the same time, took widely different forms, and that the degraded representatives of the coals of both districts are interlaced with one another. It is however possible that these Glasshoughton beds were formed in a hollow formed by the denudation of previously formed strata, and that their want of agreement with the Swinton Pottery and Steam Coals, and also the absence of the Oaks Rock, is to be accounted for on the supposition that these latter measures were once present, but were swept away, and their place filled by a group subsequently deposited and differing from them in character. We shall have more to say on this head when we come to the measures above the Oaks Rock. Luckily the question is of so little importance that no inconvenience results from the uncertainty that attends its solution, and we may leave it and pass to the coals of the district between Whitwood, Glasshoughton, and Pontefract. The first section we give isthat of the Don Pedro Pit at Whitwood Colliery (Plate 15, No. 13), in which the coals of the Glasshoughton country can be MEASURES BETWEEN THE WATHWOOD AND SHAFTON COALS. 445 certainly recognised, and which presents beds that are perhaps the representa- tives of the Steam and Swinton Pottery Coals. ft. in. Coal and Black shale - 21 Bind - i *} Crow Coau - {2 7 Coal and spavin - 09 Measures - - - - - 32 5 Coal - - - 0.1 Measures - +} Wuea trwortHCoau { 17, 2 Coal - - - 0 5 Measures: - - - - - 41 4 Black shale and Coal ?Swinron Pottery - 0 9 Measures - - - - - 388 9 Coal - - - 0 8 Spavin - - “} Bateson’s BEp. {9 54 Coal - - - 1 53 Measures - - - - - 34 3 Black Shale ? Srzam Coat - - - 38 5 Measures - - - - - 19 4 Coal, CasTLEFORD Four-F ooT - - 31 Measures - - - - - 102 3 Coal, WAKEFIELD Muck - - - 1 2 Two more sections will now be given in further illustration of this group of coals :— Glasshoughton Prince of Wales Colliery, — Colliery. Pontefract Park. (Plate 15, No. 17.) (Plate 15, No. 16.) ft. in. ft. in. Crow Coa. -| Coal - - O 8] Coal - - 06 Measures - - - - - 37 4 - - - 32 4 Coal - - 1 5 | Coal - - 24 Dirt . - 0 2] Dirt - - 010 WueatwortH CoatlUpper Cuevet Rock - -10 3 Grey and blue bind 10 0 Grey stone - 4 5 There are quarries close by the colliery and at many other spots to the south of Denaby; the rock is thickly bedded and aoftish, it is used for building purposes and for soft grindstones. The Shafton Coal was formerly worked at a colliery in Clay Field to the north-east of Mexborough, where it is said to run from 2 ft. 10 in. to 3 ft. 6 in. in thickness, There was formerly a pit to the Shafton Coai at Harlington, and re that the coal was there 5 feet thick. e Pye The next point where we have any information about the Shafton Coal is at Billingley, where it was formerly worked, and from which place it derives one of its names. The section here, as given by Daniel Stanfield who was banks- man at the pit, is— ft. in, ft. in. Coal - - - - 38 7to4 0 Bad coal - - - - 1 0t00 7 The Upper Chevet Rock is very largely quarried north of Darfield tation ; it is here a very fine thickly-bedded rock, a trifle coarser and ma hace ! MEASURES BETWEEN THE WATHWOOD AND SHAFTON COALS, 461 than usual, but very uniform in grain ; it is used for building and grindstones: and scythe stones are also made out of it in large numbers. _ The Shafton Coal is being now worked to supply the engines during the sinking of Houghton Main Colliery, rather more than a mile north of Darfield Station ; the section is— ft. in. Thickly-bedded sandstone with shale partings. Grey sandy shale - - 23 Coal - - - - O & Smutty parting - - - 01 Coal - - - - 110 Smutty parting - - - 0 2 Coal - - - - 13 Clay - - - - 0 2 Coal - - - - 0 5 There is not unfrequently, as in this section, a sandstone close above the coal. The Upper Chevet Rock runs on in fine form and the Shafton Coal has been worked nearly all along its outcrop, but we have not been able to learn any particulars of the thickness of the seam till we come to the neighbourhood of Shafton. The seam has there been wrought from its outcrop to a depth of more than 100 yards; Henry Jagger who worked]in the pits stated that it averaged 4 ft. 6 in. in thickness, sometimes reaching 5 ft. and never falling below 4 ft. : ; , Between the Whincover north-west of Shafton and the Midland Railway the Upper Chevet Rock is light brown or buff in colour and thickly bedded ; some beds are soft and crumbly, some are more firmly grained and make a fair building stone. It appears to be about 50 ft, thick. and about the same thickness of shale lies between it and the coal. The Shafton Coal has been worked as far as Felkirk and South Hiendley. This seam has also been proved by boring on Lord Galway’s property around Felkirk, the bore hole furthest to the dip being 15 chains north-east of Upper Hiendley; the seam there maintained its full thickness of 4 ft.8in. 1+ is now worked at Hod- royd Colliery, where its section, furnished by Mr. J. Beaumont, is— ft. in. Coal - - - - - 4 8 Bind - - - - - 0 3 Coal - - - - - 0 6 At Havercroft Main Colliery the following account was given by Mr. H. Sutcliffe :— ft. in. Coal - - - - - 0 6 Parting = - - - - - O 0% Coal - - - - 10 Branch coal - - - - - 16 Coal - - - 011 Parting - - - - 01 Coal - - : - - 0 6 The total thickness varies from 4 ft. 6 in. to 5 ft. ‘he Branch Coal has a very brilliant resinous lustre and slightly conchoidal fracture. ; At Ellis Laithe Colliery Mr. Leather gave us the following section of the coal :— : ft. in Coal = : = = . G ; Dit - = - = . Coal - - - - - 4 Dirt - : > . = Coal - fo 1S Cs = - 0 6 At the three collieries just mentioned the coal maybe pronounced to be of fair quality ; it is very largely used for engine purposes and to some extent for 462 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. household use. It is traversed by a very regular “cleat” or “bord,” the planes of division being near together, and the “end” is less developed, so that the coal comes out in long tabular slabs, or is what is termed “long- bated.” There is very frequently hereabouts a sandstone above the coal, which at Ellis Laithe Colliery is nearly 20 yards thick. The long stretch of the measures under consideration just described is terminated at Royston Station by a large fault, and on the upcast side of that fault the coal which seems to be the equivalent of the Shafton is met with at Nostel, and called the Nostel Coal. The evidence for this correlation is as follows :—Nostel Colliery gives the distance of the Nostel Coal above seams which can hardly be aDy but the Crofton Coals, the bore hole at Hare Park gives the distance of the Crofton Coals from a coal which there is every reason to believe is the Scale Coal, and the distance of the Nostel from the Scale Coal corresponds very closely with the distance between the Shafton and the Winter or Abdy Coal. The following particulars of the Nostel Coal at Nostel Colliery were furnished with the kind permission of Mr. Winn by his agent Mr. Belton. In the old workings near Nostel Station the seam ran from three to four feet thick, and there was scarcely any dirt}in it. To the north dirt partings come in and increase in thickness, as the following sections show :— i At Pit 43 yards to Nostel Coal. Coal - - < é - 1 Dirt 4 : - - 0 2% Coal - - - 2 - 2 South-east side of St. Oswald’s Plantation. ft. in. ft. in, Coal - - - - Olléto 1 6 Dirt = - - - 1 2to 1 4 Coal - - - - 07 Dit - - - - 0 33 Coal - - - - 1 9 to 110 South-west of Farm Buildings. ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - 15 tol 8 Dirt - - - - 1 6 to 110 Coal - - - - 22 to 2 4 North-west side of Farm Buildings. ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - 1 5 to 1 8 Dirt - - - - 20 %t 3 0 Coal - - - - 2 1 to 2 8 East side of Farm Buildings. ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - 1 5kto 1 6 Dirt - - - - 1 2to 1 4 Coal - - * -21 Geological Survey of England and Wales. Plate | Comparative Sections of the measures betw 1, Hiveton Park Coll. 2, South of Rotherham. 3, The Holmes Glly. 4. Thryberg Hall Goll’. 5, Denaby Mair lls. 6, Bolton uy 71, Flanshaw Pit, Manor CollY Wakefield. 12, Crofton Heath and Stanley. 13, Whitwood CoP! 14, Sharlston CollY. 15, Whitwel 7 2 3 4 5 6 ws 6 I SHAFTON COAL DOUBLE SMUTS C. WALES OR BACSHAWS C. SWINTON POTTERY C. NEWHILL COAL WATHWOOD COAL Plate 15. s between the Wathwood and the Shafion Goals. To face page 462. cltor upon: Dearne to Newhill. 7, Wombwell Main GU” 8 Llrdstley and Gultworth. 9, Felhirk and Nottov. 10 Nestel & Crigglestone. Whitwell Max Coll’. 16, Prince of Wales Colliery, Pontefract. 17, Glasshoughtor Colkery. 18, Acktow and Featherstone. 10 ni 12 | | tLSTON YARD C. 14 15 band SHARLSTON TOP COAL SHARLSTON MUCK COAL _ SHARLSTON LOW COAL SHARLSTON YARD COAL 16 17 18 HOLYWELL WOOD COAL wainncmd HOUGHTON MUCK COAL penned HOUGHTON TIHN COAL BATESONS BED CASTLEFORD FOUR FOOT COAL WAKEFIELD MUCK COAL 6CALE COAL Dancenrieco.Litn.22-Beproro S' Coveut Garoew. MEASURES FROM SHAFTON COAL TO WICKERSLEY ROCK, 463 West end of Churchyard. ft. in. =f. in, Coal - 7 2 - 16 Dirt - - - - 0 8 to 1 0 Coal - - - - 2 2 to 2 3 Five chains north of Church. ft. in. Coal - - = - - 14 Dirt - - = - - - 010 Coal - - - - - 22 In a boring at Nostel Bridge the coal is said to have been found to be subdivided in the following manner :— ft. in. Coal - - - - - 15 Shale - - - - - 1210 Coal - - - - - 0 6 Dirt - - - - - 02 Coal - - - - - 2 2 The last section having been ascertained by boring is perhaps not to be implicitly relied upon, but the other sections, all of which were measured in the workings, show that the seam here begins to be divided in an irregular way by dirt partings, and there seems to be a tendency in the dirt to thicken to the north-west. The coal already mentioned at the cottages north of Sharlston Colliery agrees in position with the Nostel Bed. It was described as a mixture of coal and dirt 3 ft. thick. To the north-east of Nostel and Sharlston this bed has not yet been recog- nised with certainty at any spot, but the total absence of either natural or artificial sections makes it impossible te say whether it is present or not. . There is no trace of any sandstone corresponding to the Upper Chevet Rock at Nostel, or at any spot north or east of that place. 14. The Measures from the Shafton or Nostel Coal to the Wickersley or Houghton Common Rock. Plate 16. 3 Our knowledge of the strata above the Shafton Coal is at present most imperfect. Till the sinking at South Kirkby was commenced not a single shaft had been carried through them; the country where they crop out yields few sections, and throughout a large part of their thickness there are no sandstones strong and persistent enough to make traceable escarpments. The difficulty of making out much about these beds is increased by the fact that the more marked members of the group, which occur near the top, crop out at spots so far removed from one another that their correlation becomes a matter of some uncertainty. These beds form their broadest spread over 2 district in the centre of the coalfield, which has Toughly the shape of a semi- ellipse. The major axis ranges from Pontefract to Conisborough, and the curvilinear boundary passes through Nostel, Royston Station, Cudworth, . Darfield, Bolton-upon-Dearne, and Mex- borough. A small tongue of country, in which these beds also crop out, projects southwards from the south-eastern corner of this area to Lhryberg. 464 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. In the centre of this large district the general section of the measures is fairly well defined, and is as follows :— ft. Houghton Common Rock. Measures - - - - 70 to 160 Brierley Rock - - - - 90to O Measures - - - - 140 to 220 Rock of Great Houghton - - - 80to 0O Measures - - - - - 330 Suarron Coat. In the northern part of the district well-marked sandstone beds occur, which can be correlated with more or less certainty with the rocks of the above section. In an adjoining but detached district, extending eastwards from Rotherham towards Wickersley, we found a group of measures, certainly high up in the series, with the following section :— ft. Wickersley Rock. Measures - - - - - 125 to 220 Dalton Rock - - - - - 95to O Measures, variable thickness. The section is then interrupted by the unconformable Red Rock of Rotherham. The question now arises whether we can correlate with any degree of probability the different members of the two sections just given. We have not much to go upon, for as we have said, the means of working out the details of the geology are scanty enough in both districts, but in such a case we must make the best of what we have, and in this spirit we have attempted an approxi- mate solution of the problem by the following line of reasoning. The first point that strikes us as likely to afford a clue is the similarity that exists between the upper part of the two sections; in both there is a pair of thick sandstones parted by a thick band of measures which are mostly shale, and this fact suggests the idea that the Wickersley is identical with the Houghton Common Rock, and the Dalton with the Brierly Rock. In the lower part of the sections resemblance in the general character of the measures fails us. In fact we shall shortly learn that in the Rotherham and Wickersley district the measures which would correspond to those in the lower part of the first section if our conjectural identification be true, have been denuded away and their place taken by the Red Rock of Rotherham. Thus it comes about that the Shafton Coal, which forms our datum in the first section, is not present in the second, and we have no common base to measure from. But we can evade this difficulty if we choose for a datum some well-marked bed, which has not been reached by the denudation, and which can be recognised in the neighbourhood of both the districts. The Barnsley Coal furnishes such a datum, and accordingly the test by which to check the correctness of our conjectural identification of the Wickersley with the Houghton Common Rock wili be to try and determine by calculation their distances above the Barnsley Bed, and see whether these distances are, within the limits of error, about the same. Materials exist. for forming an approximate estimate of the MEASURES FROM SHAFTON COAL TO WICKERSLEY ROCK. 465 distance of the Wickersley Rock above the Barnsley Coal, and the results of calculation make that distance 2,050 feet. ome years before this result was arrived at a similar calculation had been made, on perfectly independent data, which gave 2,030 feet as the distance between the Houghton Common Rock and the Barnsley Coal. A third independent calculation showed that a rock in the neighbourhood of Conisborough, which agrees very clesely in posi- tion with the Brierley Rock was very nearly the same distance from the Barnsley Coal as the Dalton Rock. The agreement between the results of these three independent calculations is quite as close as can be expected, when the imper- fect character of the data and the known variability in thick- ness of coal measure rocks are taken into account, and we shall be doing nothing very rash, if on the strength of it we look upon the rocks of Houghton Common and Wickersley as detached portions of the same bed. Having now got a common term, the correlation of the rest of the sections becomes an easy matter. We may add that when the calculation of the distance between the Barnsley Coal and the Wickersley Rock was made, the pre- viously formed estimate of the distance of the Houghton Common Rock from the same coal had been quite forgotten, so that the two results are perfectly independent of one another, and it is mainly on the strength of this fact that we think our conclusion is entitled to some confidence. We will now give such facts and conclusions as we have been able to arrive at in the first of the two areas just marked out. 14a. The Measures between the Shafton Coal and the Houghton Common Rock in the Country between Pontefract and Mexborough. Neighbourhood of Brierley (Plate 16, No. 1).—Our knowledge of this group of rocks is, as we have pointed out, at the best very imperfect. Perhaps the district where the data for estimating the thickness and judging of the character of its different members is least incomplete, is in the country ex- tending from Houghton Common by Brierley to Shafton. For this reason it will be well to take the section of this district as a type with which to compare the measures at other spots in the centre of the coalfield. The succession of the rocks, as far as the means at our disposal allow it to be made out, is in this neighbourhood as follows :— ft. Houghton Common Rock. Measures with thin Coals - - 7 Brierley Rock - - - - 90 Measures CoaL AND SHALE i. - - 60 Measures BRIERLEY COAL. Measures - - - - 90 Rock of Great Houghton - - 80 Tu1n Coat. - - 380 Measures - - SHarron Coau. We have already mentioned that a sandstone is often present either im- mediately or at a short distance above the Shafton Coal; it is, however, a most variable bed, frequently absent altogether, and where present cannot be traced with any certainty. 42513. GG 466 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. A coal averaging about a foot in thickness is mentioned in several sections above the Shafton Coal. The distance, however, of the first seam above the Shafton from that bed varies so much in different sections, that it is hardly likely that it is always the same bed that is noticed, and it is more probable that there are several irregular coals about this horizon, of which sometimes one and sometimes another is present. At the old Shafton Colliery a coal is said to have been found about 100 feet above the Shafton Coal. Of the measures between the Shafton Coal and the Brierly Coal in the dis- trict under consideration we can only say that they certainly contain a good deal of sandstone, and that these rocks make here and there fairly marked features at their outcrop, but from the fitful character of the escarpment it seems likely that none of these sandstones are persistent for any distance. Thus a sand- stone making a fairly clear escarpment can be followed from Shafton Old Colliery by Peter Wood to Ferry Moor Whin, but cannot be traced south of the last spot. By Little Houghton, Billingley, Goldthorpe, and Thurnscoe the amount of sandstone in the measures above the Shafton Coal is certainly very large, and many beds make for longer or shorter distances very fair escarpments; but all attempts, and many were made, to pick out the indi- vidual beds and obtain a detailed section by the aid of surface features, were baffled by the repeated failure of escarpments which had run on sufficiently far to lead to a hope that they would furnish trustworthy and permanent ides. S Oukcond of coals, which are marked on the published 6-inch maps, are seen here and there in the same district, but the data for determining their exact osition in the series are not forthcoming. Among these we may mention a Bed found at the Low Grange, Thurnscoe, at a depth of 4 feet, which was described to us as— ft. in. Coal - - - - - 10 Clay - - - - - 3 0 Coal, not gone throughs - - - 2 0 In Phillips’ Life of William Smith there is the following note made in 1821 (p. 96). “Two coals at Goldthorpe and Thurnscoe, the upper thin, 70 yards oer the lower 5 feet thick and 105 yards deep.” The latter is evidently the hafton. Among these sandstones however there is one which for a short distance is so thick and makes so conspicuous a feature that it deserves special notice. It is the sandstone on which Great Houghton stands, and which at that village is calculated to be about 80 feet thick. For about three quarters of a mile to the south of the village this rock stands out with a conspicuous escarp- ment, and then the feature, and presumably the rock also, dies away very suddenly. In the same way the rock may be followed by means of an admi- rable escarpment northwards to a point about 15 chains south of Grimethorpe Mill, and there the feature fades rapidly away. At Great Houghton there is a coal, about 18 inches thick, a few feet below the base of the rock. ‘ ithe measures beneath the Brierly Rock at the village of Brierly run as ollows :— i ft. in. Brierly Rock. Measures, probably sees 47 0 Shaly sandstone - -Jo = : Coat AND Buack SHALE - - - 16 Dark shale and ironstone - - 18 0 BRIERLY CoAL - - - 24 We have not seen any section of the Brierly Coal, but the bed was once worked to a small extent, and its thickness is given from the account of the colliers. The Brierly Rock is, at the village from which it is named, a well-defined bed of thickly bedded, light brown, softish sandstone. It may be seen crop- ping up in many places in the village and in the quarry by Pudding Hill. From some distance to the north-east of Brierly, though there are no actual exposures of the rock, it may be followed with fair certainty till it again MEASURES FROM SHAFTON COAL TO WICKERSLEY ROCK. 467 becomes well shown in the neighbourhood of Hemsworth. In the quarries by High Field House and Vissitt Manor it is a strong very fiickly bedded stone, and it shows well in the village of Hemsworth. A boring has been made in Hemsworth at the turn from Back Lane into Church Field Lane, fora section of which we are indebted to Mr. Amos Taylor, of Barnsley. The measures passed through are as follows (Plate 16, No. 2) :— ft. in. Brown stone and thin partings - - . 21 2 Blue bind - Sea . *} Brierly ! 30 Brown and grey stone, with thin partings - ork |g 0 Blue bind - - - - - - O07 Coan - - : e - 04 Bind and ironstone - - - - - ll 7 Spavin - - - - - - $i1l Bind with a few thin beds of stone - - - 70 1 BrizRzty Coan - - - - - 1 2 Spavin and stone bind - - - - 389 Stone - - - - - - 24 2 Bind and ironstone - - - 8 7 Stone - - - - - 21 4 Bind and ironstone - - - - - 28 5 Greystone and thin partings - - 54 9 Coat AND Buack BIND. - ~ | Rock of Great} 0 10 Bind and stone - - -f{ Houghton. 4 7 Stone and galliard - - - 21 3 Coan - ~ - - - - 2 8 Dirt - - - - - - 0 22 Coat - - - - - - O11 It is generally believed that the”coal at the bottom of the section is the Shaf- ton Coal. There can however be very little doubt that the sandstone at the top of the hole is the Brierly Rock, and this being so the remainder of the beds fit in so nicely with the measures of the general section on p. 465 with which we have correlated them, that there can be hardly a doubt that our reading is correct. If the boring account be accurate the coal beneath the Great Houghton Rock is here much thicker than at Great Houghton. The crop of the Brierly Coal was seen in a ditch beside Nooking Plantation on the north of Hemsworth; the section is :— ft. in, Coal ~ - “ . - 01 Hard sandy shale, a few feet. Coal - - - - - 15 Towards the south and east the Brierly Rock seems to thin away, at least it no longer makes an escarpment distinct enough to be followed with certainty. To the south of Hemsworth there is an old quarry, probably in this rock, at South Moor Whin rather more than a mile from the village, but to the east of this the rock becomes quite indistinguishable. . . ; Similarly on the south of Brierly the rock is in force on Windmill Hill and Tom Bank Wood, but it then becomes indistinct, and there is no continuous bed that we can pick out as representing this rock along the slope that leads down from the plateau of Houghton Common and Clayton-in-the-Clay, though here and there sandstones in about the position of the Brierly Rock seem to putin for short distances. Of the measures between the Brierly and the Houghton Common Rocks we have a few scattered notes. ht the Hemswurth Almshouses, where Rushworth Wood formerly stood, the Rey. C. E. Armstrong called our attention to the large number of old coal pits in the grounds and in Robin Wood, and obtained for us the following section of a well in front of the chapel :-— ft. in. Sandstone - - - = - 1 6 Coal - - - ” - 0 6 Sandy bind - - 7 - 31 0 Ga 2 468 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. It is hardly likely that a hed of only 6 inches would have been worked, and there is probably some seam rather more profitable lower down. We have some little evidence for there being two coals hereabouts. In the brick yard by the roadside hetween Brierly and Hemsworth, 1 mile from Brierly, a thin smut, probably the 6-inch coal at the Almshouses, crops out, and in a well at the cottage hard by a thin coal was found at a depth of 9 yards; it is pro- bably the latter which was worked where the Almshouses now stand. This coal must be almost close upon the top of the Brierly Rock. The following section was seen at Hargate Hill on the road from Houghton Common to Great Houghton :-— ft. in. Sandstone, Houghton Common Rock, Measures, a few feet. Black shale. Measures, a few feet. Coal - - - - 10 Hard buff sandy shale. A well at Frickley Hall, which is probably in measures on this horizon, is worth noticing. The section, which was kindly procured for us by Mr. W. Aldam, is as follows :— Sandstone. Blue bind. Dark clay ironstone, part of it cone-in-cone, with veins of carbonate of lime (Posidonomya). Black shale (Anthracosia, fish). Spavin. Total depth, 15 yards. We now come to the Houghton Common Rock, which, in the district we are now concerned with, forms an-outlier reaching from Brierly Common to Clayton-in-the-Clay. At Kirkby Quarry on Brierly Common the rock is a light brown, thickly- bedded sandstone, weathering into sand at the surface ; in the large quarry on Houghton Common the rock is very similar in character. For a short dis- tance north and south of the last quarry a second escarpment can be traced, indicating that the rock is here divided by a band of some soft material. About Clayton-in-the-Clay there are large quarries, and the rock has been used for building. The following section is laid open at the north end of the cutting of the Swinton and Knottingley Railway east of Clayton :— . ft. in. ft. in. Trregularly bedded, soft, light brown, sand- stone, much mixed up with shale towards the base. Houghton Common Rock. Grey, sandy, and rusty shale - - - 4 0 Irregularly streaked sandstone and shale - - 10 Black shale - - - - - 0 2t00 8 Hard ironstone, often crowded with Cypris- 0 0 to 0 6 Underclay, not bottomed - - - - 2 8 As fay as the means at our disposal allow us to judge it would seem that the Houghton Common Rock is usually a stone too soft to be of any economic value. Such then is the character of the group under consideration in the district where our means of studying it are least imperfect. It now remains to give an account of some sections of beds probably on the same horizon at other points in the central area we are dealing with, and see how far their members can be correlated with those of the section just described. Neighbourhood of Felkirk.—To the north-east of Felkirk there is an isolated area, bounded on three sides.by faults, where we can fortunately give a fairly complete account of the measures for rather more than 100 yards above the Shafton Coal. Qur information is obtained from bore holes put down on MEASURES FROM SHAFTON COAL TO WICKERSLEY ROCK. 469 the property of Lord Galway, for copies of which we are indebted to My. J. Beaumont." Below are the sections of two of the deepest of the holes. Borehole No. 8, Borehole No. 7, Hod Royd Colliery. 11 chains north-east of 15 chains south-west of —_— Upper Heindley Upper Heindley. (Plate 16, No. 3.) — — ft. in. Soil and bind - 19 Sandstone, Haver- croft Rock ~- 77 Coal - - - 0 Stone and bind Black shale Spavin - Black shale Spavin Stone bind Black shale Spavin - Coal - - Spavin. = - Stone and bind Coal - - Spavin Stone Blue bind Coal - Spavin Strong stone Bind - - Black shale ~ — ee non 2090 — DOTKHA“SDHMNOMWORODONANWO CO _ e So Soil and clay Coal - - S Spavin - Stone - Bind Black shale Spavin - Black shale Spavin - Blue rock « Dark bind - _ ft. in. Soiland bind - il 3 ac oe Cn or MARCHA Coal - - - 0 Spavin - - Spavin - - 0 — DB aAwoanw Blue rock - Bind - - - NO DBD SCSWOHTWBONOANSCHWNKOUNS NOOK eS Pe ee ee Dp Rot fe Pw ho oe Soft brown stone 6 Soft blue bind - 4 Strong grit stone 19 Soft blue bind - 1 ow — MDmwWwnm AO ad » SHarton Coan SHAFTON CoaL SHAFTroN Bind 0 3 COAL. Coal 0 6 These sections show well the irregularity of the sandstone already mentioned,. which often occurs over the Shafton Coal. In the first two the rock is com- paratively thin, and is separated by some 7 yards of shale from the coal. In the colliery sinking this shale is almost wholly replaced by a sandstone. The most important feature in the measures hereabouts however is the Havercroft Rock. It is a thickly bedded stone, and is best seen in the Ryhill Quarry. No rock corresponding to this bed can be detected in the Brierly and Shafton district, though some of the thin irregular sandstones which we have mentioned as present in that neighbourhood may represent it. Neighbourhood of Ackworth.—We will next take the neighbourhood of Ackworth. On Ackworth Moor Top a most conspicuous sandstone bed is largely quarried, brown and buff in colour, and very thickly bedded. 1t is fashioned into grindstones and used for building, and when put to the latter purpose stands better than its appearance would lead one to expect. To the east of the broad spread formed by this rock there is a belt of ground which, from its general character and the few sections that can be seen in it, is probably mainly formed of shale. Above this another thick sandstone rock comes on, which may be seen in a quarry in Offley Wood, and in the cutting of the Great Northern Railway south-east of Hemsworth Lane Ends. This is a thickly bedded, softish, light brown sandstone. = ee There is not a single sinking or trustworthy boring in the district, and the Coal 4 3 470 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. country is completely cut off by faults of unknown size from any explored ground. We cannot therefore determine the position of these sandstones with reference to any recognisable datum line, and any correlations we indulge in must be largely conjectural. There can be little doubt, however, that the strata are high up in the series, and they consist of a pair of thickly-bedded sandstones parted by a belt of shale. In these respects they agree with the two sandstones that form the main features in the section which we have taken as our type, and, having nothing better to go by, we provisionally correlate them with the Brierly and Houghton Common Rocks. The section then stands thus: (Plate 16, No. 4). ft. Rock of Offley Wood= Houghton Common Rock 100 Measures mainly shale - - - 70 Ackworth Rock = Brierly Rock - - 120 It is on Ackworth Moor Top that the Ackworth Rock reaches its greatest thickness. After passing beneath the overlying shale it crops out again to the south, and a belt of it may be recognised running through Riddings and Outgang. It does not seem, however, to be by any means so important a rock here as on Ackworth Moor Top, and about half a mile to the west of Outgang there is no feature any longer recognisable along the line of outcrop, and the rock probably dies away. There are scarcely any sections in the shales between the Ackworth Rock and the sandstone of Offley Wood. Two thin coals, a little way below the base of the latter, are seen in the cutting of the Great Northern Railway. The same cutting gives us our only complete section of the upper sandstone. At the north-west end are sandy shales mixed with sandstone. As we go to the south-east the sandstones gradually increase in number and thickness, and we pass gradually into a body of lenticular and concretionary masses of sandstone mixed in the most irregular manner with shale. The sandstone continues to increase in quantity as we descend into the bed, till just before Kinsley Lane we find a quarry showing a face of 20 feet of solid rock, whitish or buff in colour, soft and crumbly. The rock below this is much false-bedded, and inferior to that in the quarry, but fairly free from shale. . The hill capped by the Ackworth Rock is separated by the valley in which Ackworth stands from another plateau ranging through Ackworth Hall and East Hardwick, which is itself formed of a thick bed of sandstone. This rock corresponds so exactly in position with the Ackworth Rock, that, unless there are faults in the valley, it must be a detached portion of the same bed. The cutting of the Swinton and Knottingley Railway south of Pottwells gives a good section of this rock. It varies much from place to place, is not on the whole by any means so fine a stone as that of Ackworth Moor Top, but contains parts that are solid enough to be available for building purposes, A great many fossil plants occur in the stone; among those sent us by Mr. G. W. Dent, of East Hardwick, we recognised Calamites approximatus, Sternbergia approxi- mata, and Halonia regularis. . The very instructive section, showing the junction of the sandstone with the underlying shale at the north end of the cutting, has been already given on page 15. Neighbourhood of Pontefract.—The next spot where we meet with measures which probably belong to the ‘group we are considering is around Pontefract. Our grounds for the correlation are here almost exactly the same as in the case of the beds around Ackworth. We have no means of determining the distance of the beds from any known datum, but we find a pair of thickly bedded sandstones separated by a thick band of shale, which have the same general resemblance to the Houghton Common and Brierly Rocks as the two Ackworth sandstones. It is all the evidence we have to go upon, and our conjectural identifications must be taken for what they are worth. Assuming them to be correct, the section stands as under: (Plate 16, No. 5). ft. in. ft. in. Pontefract Rock = Houghton Common Rock - - - 65 0 to 140 0 Shale with thin coals, up to - 100 0 Sandstone = Brierly Rock - 70 0 MEASURES FROM SHAFTON COAL TO WICKERSLEY ROCK. 471 Of the lower sandstone we have little to say. It may be seen in a quarry by Hound Hill Lane, a mile and a half to the south-west of Pontefract, and in another quarry a quarter of a mile to the north-west of this. It is a thickly- bedded, soft stone. The following section of beds, which are probably only a little way below this rock, is laid open in the cutting of the Swinton and Knottingley Railway east of Swan Hill. ft. in. ft. in. Dark and grey shale, with a little ironstone. (A) Black shale. Coal, thin alternating layers of lustrous pitchy coal and black bat, pyritous - - Soft grey underclay - Clayey shale .- - Hard sandy shale, about Shale and ironstone nodules Black shale - - Clay - - - - Laila band of ironstone nodules a - - = - Hard sandy shale = = - Coal - - to 0 8 BNOanonon Oo COHKHMNNO — 6 0 2to0 8 The band of black shale (A) contains Aviculopecten in plenty, and shows that incursions of the sea continued to occur even up to these comparatively late portions of the Coal Measure period. The planes of bedding are largel: coated with films of Selenite, with the crystals arranged in beautiful star-shape forms, and are also covered by sulphate of iron. The formation of the Selenite is probably due to reactions now going on between decomposing pyrites and the carbonate of lime of the shells. A very fine section of a part of the measure between the two sandstones has been lately laid open in the cutting of the Swinton and Pontefract Railway at Baghill.* I¢ is as follows: (Plate 24.) ft. in. Magnesian Limestone resting with strong unconformity on Thickly bedded, soft, brown sandstone, stained red in places, Pontefract Rock 40 0 D. Irregular band of purple shale - C. Yellow sandstone - - -lag 0 B. Purple shale passing down into grey and dark shale - - 7 Black shale - - - - 05 Underclay and ironstone - - O11 Bright Coal - - - - 0 2 Underclay - : - - 20 Hard sandstone with rootlets - - 26 Shale - - - - - 18 0 ae shale and coal - - - 07 Underclay — - - Shale at sandstone } 3 - 24 0 Coal - - - - - 08 Clay - - - - - 0 9 Coal - - - - - 05 Clay - - - - - Oll Shale - - - - - 165 A. Sandstone - - - - 5 6 Grey shale - - - - 4 0 Black shale - - - - 0 2 Hard necay shale and sandstone, not bottome - - - - 6 * We have to thank Mr. F. Liddell for much information about this and other cuttings on this railway. : 472 GLOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The sandstone A is a most singular bed. A portion of it breaks up into large irregularly shaped nodular lumps; the interior of each lump is an intensely hard, dark blue, crystalline sandstone, and each is coated by a covering of yellowish brown sand, so soft that it may be rubbed off with the finger. It has exactly the look of one of those basaltic rocks that decompose into spheroids, but it is a sandstone and contains plant remains, and its peculiar character is apparently due to some form of concretionary action. The staining of the upper beds near to or immediately beneath the Magnesian Limestone is very instructive. The colouring is most marked along planes of bedding and joints, as if it had been produced by a fluid which pursued its course along the easiest lines of passage; it is also very unevenly distributed in patches and blotches, and further it is developed only in certain beds, the thin bed of sandstone C being quite free from red tint, while the shales B and D above and below are both deep purple. There can be little doubt that the colouring is due to the peroxidation of a salt of iron, probably the carbonate, caused by infiltration of some liquid from above, and the tint produced depends partly on the amount of iron in the rock originally. The Pontefract Rock has been long known to geologists. It was placed by William Smith and Prof. Sedgwick at the base of the Permian formation, under the name of the Lower Red Sandstone. In giving it this position they seem to have been mainly influenced by the red tint which it so uften exhibits. So many cases however are now known~of sandstones, which are undoubtédly Carboniferous, having been stained red where they are now or have been at some time overlaid by Magnesian Limestone, that colour can no longer be appealed to as a test of age in a case like the present. The rock too in the Bag Hill cutting is decidedly unconformable to the Magnesian Limestone, and in the section given in Fig. 37 is separated from that rock by a band of shale, Fig. 87. Section showing an Unconformity between the Pontefract Rock and the Magnesian Limestone, Pontefract. Moxon’s Quarry. Leug’s Quarry. \ q ei ann Tee ea k ily a HA MM 1. Thickly-bedded sandstone, Pontefract Rock. 2. Shaly sandstone and shale. 3. Magnesian Limestone. which has suffered denudation before the formation of the limestone. There can therefore be little doubt that the Pontefract Rock is a carboniferous sandstone. The best section of the rock is that just figured. It is here very thickly bedded and firm enough to make a very fair building stone, but it is not now worked to any extent. Elsewhere it is very crumbly, and it is by the accumu- lation of the sand arising from the disintegration of this rock that the great depth of loose porous soil is produced which renders Pontefract so suitable a ——— | ml ‘ : i l i i i ih | ctl | o i a MEASURES FROM SHAFTON COAL TO WICKERSLEY ROCK. 4738 locality for the growth of liquorice. The mouldering conditions of the castle ruins shows that much of the stone is unfit to resist the action of the weather for long periods. The Pontefract Rock is waterbearing, and the town is supplied from wells sunk into it; the section of one of these at the top of Tanshelf Lane is as follows :-— ft. in. Magnesian Limestone - - - 38 0 Blue metal - - - - 30 Sandstone with hard beds, Pontefract Rock - - - - - 8 Red clay not gone through - - 06 The bottom 14 yards were bored. The following section of a well at the barracks now in course of construction was given us by Capt. Knocker, R.E. :— ft. in. Soiland clay - - - 9 4 Magnesian Limestone - - 56 0 Clay - - - - 2 0 Blue bind - ~- = 18" 0 Shaly coal - - - 1:0 Blue bind - - - 19 0 Yellow rock = - - - 22 0 Pontefract _} Hard blue rock - - - 88 0 Rock. Blue bind - - - 60 White stone = - - - 21 0 Neighbourhood of Denaby (Plate 16, No. 6).—Railway cuttings, borings made by the Denaby Coal Company, and sundry sections have enabled us to draw up the following approximate section of the beds above the Shafton Coal between Denaby and Conisborough. Reddish brown shale with small nodules of earthy hematite - Soft brown sandstone with red , 20 and purple stains = - obpeee Section in lane Brown shale - - . { feet oreo. south-west of Blue shale - - Cadeby. Tun Coat AnD UNDERCLAY. red stains and concretions - Cadeby Rock Very soft crumbly brown and 21. Soft light brown sandstone with aoe L yellow sandstone - - ft. in. ft. in. 20. Unknown measures - - 157 0 Cutting of 19. Coau anD Buack SHALE - S. Y. Railway 18, Shale - - > - 300 925 chains north-west< 17. Buack SHALE - = - 10 of Conisborough | 16. Shale - - 7 - 10 Station. 15. Coan - - - - 24 14. Unknown measures - - 142 0 13. Sandstone - - - 650 0 12, Grey shale and black shale - 8 6 11. Black shale - - - 0 6 10. Coal - - - - 0 6 9. Measures - - - 45 0 8. CoaL - - 1 Otol 6 7. Measures - - - 650 0 6. Buack SHALE - - - 3 0 5. Coat - - - - 0 6 4, Measures - - - 20 0 3. Buack SHALE - - - 3 6 2. Shale - - - - 5 0 ]. SHarton Coan. 474 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. In this section the Cadeby Rock is some 530 feet above the Shafton Coal, and agrees well in position with the Brierly Rock. The rock may be followed from the lane-section south-west of Cadeby beneath the escarpment of the Magnesian Limestone at least as far as Melton-on-the-Hill. It probably extends much farther to the north, but the country becomes so obscure that it cannot be carried on with certainty. Many instructive examples of red and purple staining may be noticed in this bed. The coal No. 15 is some 110 yards above the Shafton, and agrees exactly in position with the coal beneath the rock of Great Houghton. The sandstone No. 13 is seen in the cutting of the South Yorkshire Railway 30 chains east of Denaby Main Colliery. It may be followed thence to Denaby Wood, where it becomes too indistinct to be traceable any farther. The Coal No. 8, and the two beds of black shale, Nos. 5 and 3, are present in several bore holes to the east of Denaby, and also in Clay Field, Mexborough. We may mention here that coal has once been worked from an old pit 70 chains north-west of the church of Melton-on-the-Hill. It may be the bed No. 15 of the section just given, but the data for fixing its position are very scanty. One account given us of the section was— ft. in, Depth. Coal + - - - - 1 8 30 yards. Coal - - - : - 2 0 40 yards. There is a note made by William Smith in 1821, given in Phillips’ Life, p. 95, which seems to refer to a pit somewhere near here. The section is— ft. in. Magnesian Limestone Purple sandstone - Shale - - - - - Coal, with soft roof - - - 1 6) reached by a pit 12 Fireclay - - - : - } yards deep, close Coal - - - - - 20 by the road. On the south-west side of the road a boring 40 yards deep is shown, but no account is given of the measures passed through in it. Neighbourhood of Thryberg (Plate 16, No. 7).—A sandstone which corresponds with the Cadeby Rock comes out from beneath the Magnesian Limestone at Denaby Thicks; its course for some little distance south of that wood is obscure, partly because its outcrop is masked hy drift; but it can be connected with fair certainty with a band of rock that comes out boldly to the east of Hooton Roberts, and carried on to the Doncaster Water- works, where a very fine section of it was laid open in the puddle-trench. It agrees in its distance above the Shafton Coal with the Brierly or Dalton Rock. Hootons Roberts stands on another well-marked sandstone below this rock; and in Thryberg Park there is another conspicuous sandstone between the Hooton Roberts Rock and the Shafton Coal. If we combine the sections in the conduit and puddle-trench of the Doncaster Waterworks* with the surface sections of the lower beds, we get the following account of the measures between the Wickersley Rock and the Shafton Coal in this neighbourhood :— ft, in. Wickersley Rock - - - 4 0 Shale, about - CoaL - 4 Clay - 3 Coal - 0 Clay - Qh oe and clay 63 nderclay - - - s Shale wail a bed of sandstone 7} about =O Brack SHALE AND CoaL - - x je Fault and gap - - - - s 33. Shale - - - - } sweep down rapidly across the mea- sures, for.at Aston it rests on the Treeton Rock itself. It then creeps over that rock, and on the south of’ the village the bases of the two rocks are about on a level. The base is here only 290 yards above the Barnsley, Coal. We get no data for estimating the distance of the Red Rock above the Barnsley Coal till we come to Kiveton Park Colliery ; there they are as near as may be 410 yards apart. The rock itself has been sunk through at Shireoaks Colliery, and it there lies 358 yards above the Barnsley Bed. In this shaft a thickness of 57 feet of bind and sandstones containing two beds of coal were found over the Red Rock. The section on Fig. 38 shows in a diagrammatic form the variations in position just described ; as the vertical scale is much greater than the hori- zontal, the slopes are exaggerated. It is probable that at Whiston the base of the Red Rock lies much higher up even than at Boston Castle, but as the evi- dence for this is not conclusive, we have not introduced it into the section. The change in position just described is almost inexplicable if the Red Rock were a sandstone regularly interstrati- fied with the Coal measures, for though we have met with plenty of instances where sandstones have varied both in thickness and in their distance from a persistent coal bed, it would be hardly possible to apply such an explanation to the rapid descent of the base of the Red Rock between Treeton and Aston. All the facts, however, fit in readily enough with the explanation already given, and that explanation we accord- ingly adopt. The absence of any sandstone in any way corresponding to the Red Rock over the portion of the coalfield north of Rotherham leads us to infer that the basin in which that rock was deposited terminated on the north somewhere ». near that town. To the south-east the #8 trough passes beneath the Magnesian’ g Limestone, and we have at present no HH 2 Shireoaks. Kiveton Park. Fig. 38, Diagram to show the Variations in the Distance from the base of the Red Rock to the Barnsley Coal between Rotherham and Shireoaks. Aston. Boston Castle ; Rotherham. Base ofthe — Red Rock. 484 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. means of deciding how far beyond Shireoaks it extends in that direction. The line that it is taking however is one that it will be prudent to keep clear of in future sinkings, on account of the heavily watered character of the rock. Of the date of the denudation which formed the hollow in which the Red Rock lies we can say but little. It was certainly before the formation of the Magnesian Limestone, and it cannot be further back than towards the end of the Middle Coal measure period, for the Red Rock rests on beds high up in that division. If the sand- stone be at all analogous to the rocks with which we have com- ared it around Whitehaven and in Ayrshire, the whole of the iddle Coal measures must have been not only deposited, but also upheaved and denuded before it was laid down. But in truth all we can say is that local upheaval and denudation pro- duced here a long trough-like depression, which was afterwards filled up by the Red Rock. Whether this took place while the Middle Coal measures were in course of formation, or whether it corresponds in time to the deposition of the Upper Coal measures of Lancashire, or whether it happened during the ill-defined and little understood interval that elapsed between Carboniferous and Permian times, we have at present no means of judging. The Red Rock is frequently deep red or purple in colour, but various shades of brownish red or reddish and yellowish brown are not uncommon. Occasionally it can scarcely be distinguished from an ordinary Coal measure sandstone, except for a red tinge just perceptible. The sandstone has been largely quarried both for building purposes and for the making of hard grindstones. In the neighbourhood of Rotherham the Red Rock forms a well-marked double escarpment, and in the flat between the two ridges shales were seen at one spot. It therefore probably consists of two beds of sandstone with a shale band between. Our attempt to calculate the thickness of the rock here have led to very contradictory results, and it is probable that it is very variable in thickness. The lower bed of sandstone is first seen at Dalton Brook. There is, how- ever, no reason to think that we have here the northerly termination of the rock, for it abuts against the Southerly Don fault, and it is possible that ortions of it may have once existed on the northerly or upcast side of the ‘ault and been removed by denudation. : The upper sandstone first begins to make a feature in Middle Lane, some 55 chains E. by N. of Rotherham Church. From the gradual way in which the little escarpment dies away to the east of the lane we believe that we have here the natural thinning away of the bed to the north. The double escarpment grows in distinctness and becomes very marked to the south of Rotherham. What is the character of the soft band which gives rise to this feature we cannot say for certain; the only section seen in the flat between the two sandstone ridges was at an.old brick yard north of Water Slacks, 115 chains south-east of Rotherham Church; the rock here was shale with apparently thin sandstone beds. The escarpment of the higher sandstone and the dip-slope of the lower melt together just south of Water Slacks, and here probably the shale band dies away. The lie of the Red Rock between Rotherham and Whiston is very puzzling. To the west of Herringthorpe the upper bed passes down with a well-marked dip-slope to the east, and from the dip-alépe the ground rises into a low ridge 485 i i i 1 i ! 1 | 1 ' t t 1 ' ; I "9. 0! oy . 2 : ; wee ra Y}IOAG FT & maa aE 80d OWL (8) (2) "yyedyoog qoAo os plig "017095 ybnosogsoyy Jo ymog buying foamy ur uoyoay ‘Op “bur ‘N 40904 peg oduony Super 190 UGE plo a "04ST AA 9 “UoIsY A pun adsoyjbursuazy ynogn yoo pay ayy fo avy ayqnqoud ays umpdxa 07 wouborgy 68 “Sup 486 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. along which the Herringthorpe Coal crops out. If we were dealing with an ordinary coal measure sandstone we should infer without hesitation from the configuration of the ground that the Red Rock here passed below the Her- ringthorpe Coal. Near Whiston, however, a coal crops in the brook that runs down from Revel Wood, which seems to be about the same distance below the Wickersley Rock as the Herringthorpe, and this coal is well below the base of the Red Rock. If therefore the coal at Whiston be really the Her- ringthorpe bed, the base of the Red Rock will be there above that seam, and a mile or so to the north will be below it. The hollow of denudation in fact in which the rock was deposited had a very uneven bottom. The diagrammatic section in Fig. 39 gives a not improbable explanation of these apparent anomalies. The coal measures are distinguished by a dark tint, and the thick black line is the Herringthorpe Coal. To the north of Herringthorpe the Red Rock in two heds is dipping as if to pass below the coal. Probably it abuts underground against the slope of a denuded hollow. The section then leaves this hollow, which here makes a considerable bend. When the line of the hollow is again struck the bottom of the trough is at a higher level than to the north of Herringthorpe, and the Red Rock is above the coal. The only spot where we have seen beds overlying the Red Rock at the sur- face is in a cutting on the Midland Railway, about a mile south of Masborough Station. The section is figured in Fig. 40. It shows the following beds :— ft. in. (4.) Measures overgrown and obscure. (3.) Coan - - - - - 0 5 (2.) Brown shaly sandstone, about - -12 0 (1.) Red Rock. The bed above the Red Rock has all the characters of a coal measure sand- stone. In the excavation for the Rotherham Waterworks, west of Ulley, a good many irregular bands of purple and red shale were shown, interstratified with the Red Rock. Between Kiveton Park Station and Harthill the Red Rock appears, if we may judge by the shape of the ground, to consist of two beds of sandstone, with a band of shale or soft rock between them. The lower of these sandstones seems to die away about the road from Harthill to Woodall. The upper can be followed till it passes beneath the Magnesian Limestone of Harthill Field, about a mile south of the village of Harthill, There is a good section, en- graved on the margin of sheet 300 of the 6-inch map of Yorkshire, at Fir Hill, which shows very clearly that the Permian rocks rest unconformably on the Red Rock. 487 CHAPTER III. THE PRESENT POSITION AND LIE OF THE ROCKS. : Now that we have described the lithological character of the Carboniferous Rocks of that part of Yorkshire we are concerned with, and have sketched out the manner in which they were formed, we may advance a step further in fheir history. The various beds were originally laid down in approximately level sheets and extended one above the other, not only over the whole district we are treating of, but far beyond it. "The lower members of the series of course were nowhere visible, but were throughout buried beneath a thick covering of the higher beds. The present arrangement of the rocks however differs widely from this ; their beds are inclined at various angles to the horizon, and rocks belonging to every portion of the group are exposed at the surface. From these facts we gather that after their deposition the rocks were tilted from their originally horizontal position, and that during the time they were undergoing disturbance and through subsequent periods large portions of them were carried away by denudation. We propose in the present chapter to describe the positions the beds have been in this way caused to assume, and to point out how the physical features of the country are related to the lie and character of its rocks; in a word to give an account of the geological and physical structure of the district. The general result of the disturbances which the beds have undergone has been to crumple them up into a number of troughs and arches, technically called synclinals and anticlinals. As each arch was squeezed up denudation took slice after slice off its crest, and by this means along the central line of each saddle the lower beds were stripped of the covering beneath which they were originally buried, and now show themselves at the surface. Those portions of the higher beds which were sunk into troughs escaped in large measure the destructive action of denudation, and survive to the present day. When looked at on a large scale the folds into which the Carboniferous Rocks of the north of England have been thrown can be arranged in two groups. One set, known as the Penine Anticlinals, range approximately north and south ; along this: line the rocks are really folded over many times in succession, but the general result has been to produce a broad flat arch running from Derbyshire northwards to the borders of Scotland. Along the central line of this arch the Carboniferous Limestone and Millstone Grit come out to day, and on account of their hardness stand up in a chain of rugged and lofty hills and moorland plateaus to which the names of the Penine Range and “backbone of the north of England” have been given. On both sides of the Penine Range the rocks dip away from the hills at angles steeper than the average slope of the ground, so that whether we go to the east or to the west we continually keep coming on to higher and higher beds, and thus it comes about that the hill country is flanked on both sides 488 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. by tracts of Coal measures, which, because they are not so hard as the rocks beneath them, form comparatively low-lying ground. It will be remembered however that the Lower Coal Measures, though inferior to the Millstone Grit in the hardness and massiveness of their sandstones, surpass the Middle Co.l Measures in these respects, and hence the belt along which the Lower Coal Measures crop out is intermediate in character between the country occupied by the Millstone Grit and. that where the Middle Coal Measures form the surface ; not so lofty and strongly featured as the one, but decidedly higher and bolder than the other. The other set of folds into which the Carboniferous Rocks have been thrown range east and west or E.N.E. and W.S.W., and are distinguished as the Pendle Anticlinals. The Yorkshire and Derbyshire Coalfield is bounded on the west by the Penine Range, which separates it from the coalfields of Lancashire and North Staffordshire. The boundary on the north is formed by one of the Pendle Anticlinals, which ranges from Clitheroe, north of Pendle Hill, past Skipton towards Harrogate ; another of the Pendle group of folds, which is very largely hidden beneath the New Red Sandstone, runs in an east and west direction to the south of Nottingham and terminates the coalfield on the ~south.. In a general way the dip along the western margin is to the -east ; about the neighbourhood of Bradford the strike changes te _an east and west direction and the beds dip to the south ; at the southern end of the coalfield a similar change in the direction of the strike takes place and the beds dip to the north. The portion of the coalfield then exposed at the surface has the shape of the half of an elongated basin; on the east the Coal measures are covered up by the Magnesian Limestone, and what is the arrange- ment of the portion of them hidden beneath that and the still higher formations that come on over it to the east is of course matter of conjecture ; it is not unlikely, however, that the other ‘half of the basin lies beneath these newer rocks, and that the Coal ~measures lie in a long elliptical basin the eastern half of which is _concealed beneath more recent formations.* The symmetry of the basin-shaped lie of the rocks is broken by - many minor rolls and by numerous faults, and there is one inter- ~ ruption so very remarkable that it deserves notice even in a general sketch. A pair of faults range in a north-easterly direction from Sheftield along the valley of the Don towards Mexborough and Conisborough, and between these faults the beds are twisted round so as to range in a north-easterly and south-westerly direction with a dip to the south-east, whereas the average strike of the adjoining country on either side of the faults is north-west and south-east and the dip to the north-east. We have called these faults the Northerly and Southerly Don faults. A similar but less marked deviation from the normal strike is produced between a pair of -faults that range east and west through Stainland on the north-west of Huddersfield. Before closing these introductory remarks a word or two may be .said on the subject of faults. It is important to bear in mind that * See Report of the Royal Coal Commission, vol. 2, p. 504. LIE OF THE BEDS. 489 the throw of a fault is not everywhere the same. This could only happen if the beds on opposite sides of a fault dipped at exactly the same angle, and as this is rarely, if ever, the case, the throw of the fault increases, decreases, comes down to nothing, and some- times even changes its direction as we travel along the line of the fault. An actual instance is given on p. 606, and illustrated by Fig. 3, Plate 20, and from this example the reader will be able to frame an explanation of any similar cases that may come under his notice.* It very rarely happens that a large fault in rocks like the coal- measures is a single clean-cut fracture. Usually there is a belt of ground on one or both sides of the main dislocation, which is more or less broken by subordinate faults. Sometimes this “distracted ” ground is traversed by a most intricate network cf faults running in all directions; sometimes the subsidiary faults tend to run parallel to the main throw. Very frequently a large fault gives off branches running more or less nearly at right angles to its general trend, and these off-shoots are generally large in the neighbourhood of the trunk-fault, and die away rapidly as they recede from it. Sometimes no single one in a group of parallel faults so far exceeds the rest in size that it can be looked upon as the main throw, and a large aggregate downcast is produced by a succession of moderate drops. All these facts have an important practical bearing. At one time it was very generally the custom when broken ground was reached to follow the coal that was being worked up and down each minor fault which was met with till the disturbed region was passed, and then to continue the roads straight through tothe solid coal beyond: now it is more usual to carry a “stone drift” either horizontally or with the average dip of the neighbourhood right ahead, regardless of faults, till unbroken strata are reached, and then to ascertain by boring or staple pits the position of the coal and the direction and size of the throw. The old plan was tedious and often dangerous, and was attended with scarcely any advantage, for if the faults are numerous the coal that lies among them is usually too much shattered and damaged to be worth bringing to the surface, and the up and down zigzag course that was so per- severingly followed at first had always to be eventually abandoned for a straight road. ; In describing in detail the geological structure of the coalfield and its surroundings it will be convenient to divide the country into districts, each of which will be treated of by itself. The boundaries of the districts will be formed very frequently by large faults ; sometimes by natural features, such as river valleys or great escarpments ; sometimes by geological lines, such as coal crops ; in a few cases they are artificial. : : The description commences in the south-eastern portion of the coalfield, and is carried, in a way that will be explained as we proceed, towards the north. * In connexion with this subject the editor ventures to refer to his Physical Geology, pp. 364-368. 490 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. District 1.—The Country to the South-east of Sheffield. The boundaries of this district are, on the north-west the Southerly Don fault, on the south-west the outcrop of the Silk- stone Coal, and on the south the county boundary ; a fault ranging through Brinsworth Grange, Bole Hill Plantation, and Ulley, which we will call the Ulley fault, and the line of Strines Dyke, which runs almost exactly in the prolongation of that fault, form together the limit on the north-east. s The geological structure is extremely simple. The strike is steadily north-west and south-east over the greater part of the district, but bends towards a north and south direction in the extreme southern portion around Wales, The dip is to the north-east ; it is everywhere moderate and decreases in amount towards the north-east. No faults ofany size occur within the area. On the south-west is a belt of country traversed by well-marked ridges formed by the escarpments of the sandstones from the Silkstone to the Handsworth Rocks. Then follows a strip of tamer ground, from which the Treeton Rock rises in a bold escarp- ment. Still further to the north-east the Red Rock runs with an escarpment, sometimes very striking and usually fairly marked, from Bole Hill to Hart Hill. The Southerly Don Fault,—Though only a portion of this fault forms the boundary of the present district, we will give here the evidence for the whole of its line. The general course of the fault is from south-west to north-east. It passes through the centre of Sheffield and thence along the south-eastern margin of the Don Valley up to the neighbourhood of Aldwark Hall. It here parts company with the river and runs on past Thryberg and Hooton Roberts, and a little to the west of Conisborough Station, and passes beneath the Magnesian Limestone near Cadeby. Starting on the south-west we get the first actual proof of the existence of this fault from the workings of the Sheffield Coal Company, information about which was furnished by Messrs. T. Jeffcock and W. Gainsford, and from the plans in the Duke of Norfolk’s office.. From the pumping shaft the levels were driven in a north-westerly direction nearly to the point where the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway crosses the River Don. The records are not so clear as could be wished, but about this point a fault appears to have been struck. The Silkstone bed is about 110 yards deep in these workings. This seam crops to the north-west along the Pitsmoor Road, and the observed dips would carry it to a depth of 190 yards beneath the Wicker. It is evident, then, that a fault up to the south-east some 80 yards must exist here- abouts. The exact line of the fault to the south-west of this spot is doubtful, but it has been carried on by the aid of such evidence as was attainable, till it abuts against a north-west and south-east fault ranging through the middle of Sheffield, which will be described by-and-by. ; To the north-east of Sheffield the fault has been again proved, both on the upeast and downcast side between Attercliffe and Carbrook. It was stripped for some distance in some old workings in the Barnsley Coal on the west of the River Don, and the plans of Car Brook Colliery showed that about the line where the fault would be expected the levels, whose general course is to the north-west, turned round sharply to the north-east, and the coal began to dip steeply to the north-west in such a way as to lead to the belief that the workings were approaching a fault down to the north-west. The relative depths of the coals in the two collieries show that such a fault must exist (see Horizontal Sections, No. 1, sheet 88).* * Information about the workings at Carbrook Colliery was furnished by Mr. W. Gainsford. COUNTRY SOUTH-EAST OF SHEFFIELD, 49) A fault on the same line has been touched in the workings of the Holmes Colliery, near Masborough, beneath the bridge over the canal south of the Holmes Works.* Our estimate of the size of the fault here is obtained by a comparison of the depths of the coal in the Holmes Colliery, and in the old collieries formerly worked by Mr. Chambers north of the Holmes Station, and though much uncertainty attends the calculations, it seems likely that the fault is here a large downcast to the north-west (see Horizontal Sections, No. 2, sheet 88). Still further to the north-east the fault was probably all but reached in an exploring heading driven on the dip from Aldwark Main Colliery ; about 50 chains east-north-east of Eastwood Farm the coal began to plunge steeply down at an angle of one in four. The point where this happens is on the line produced of the fault we have been tracing. It would seem that the fault here is a large downcast to the south-east (see Horizontal Sections, sheet 88, No. 3); the change in throw probably takes place where the large fault which crosses the Midland Railway just north of Masborough Station meets the fault we are describing. If we continue on the line we have been following we find that it runs just to the spot where the Red Rock of Rotherham and the Upper Chevet Rock appear on the same level on opposite sides of Dalton Brook. The prolongation of the fault to this spot will explain the relative positions of the two rocks. A little further to the north-east the escarpments of the Daiton and Wickersley Rocks run up from the south.and terminate against the sandstones of Thryberg Park and Hooton Roberts, which are both below the Dalton Rock. Here, then, we require a fault down to the north- west. The fault seems also to have been crossed in the conduit for the Doncaster Waterworks, in Cold Wood north of Ravenfield. We were not lucky enough to see the section where it was bare, but the sudden change in the material thrown out, and the description of Mr. Tyler, the resident engineer, leave little doubt about the existence of the fault here. The data at our disposal rather tend to the conclusion that here the throw of the fault is not very large (see Horizontal Sections, sheet 88, No. 4). No conclusive evidence of the continuation of the fault to the north-east is now met with till we reach the cutting of the South Yorkshire Railway, west of Conisborough Station ; the fault seen there lies so closely on the general line of the Southerly Don fault, that we may with a high degree of probability connect it with that line offracture. We have already given on p. 478 such reasons as there are for conjecturing the throw here to be down to the south- east; the effect of the position of the beds is shown in No. 5 of the sections on sheet 88. To the north of the Don the fault has been carried on to the point where the escarpment of the Cadeby Rock seems to be stopped off, The termination is, however, somewhat ill-defined. The evidence just given shows that either actual proof or very strong pre- sumptive evidence of the existence of a fault is forthcoming at so many points along the line laid down on the map, that little doubt can exist about the presence of the line of dislocation. From Sheffield to Masborough the down- cast is to the north-west. At Masborough a fault with a large upthrow to the north-east meets the Southerly Don fault, and the effect has been to reverse the throw of the latter and convert it into a down cast to the south-east. It apparently continues to throw down towards this side for the rest of its course. The Ulley Fault,—This fault is seen in the cutting of the Midland Railway, about 2 miles south of Masborough Station, see Fig. 40, p. 485. To the north- west of this point it has been carried on up to the Southerly Don fault. Its position can be here fixed witha fair degree of accuracy, for it brings the Red Rock of Rotherham against ordinary coal measure strata, and even in the absence of sections the character of the soil enables the line where the change takes place to be fixed pretty closely. Where seen in the railway cutting the fault is pointing for the hill on which Bole Hill Plantation stands. This bold knoll is capped by the Red Rock; in the low ground to the north of it there ig a section in shales and sandstones which must be above the Red Rock, for from beneath these the Red Rock itself crops up in the’ very bottom of the valley. The fault then if carried on to this point explains satisfactorily the lie of these beds. From this point forwards we have nothing to guide us, * From information furnished by Mr. P. Cooper. 492 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. but the fault has been carried on with a gentle sweep to Ulley where the Red Rock and the Wickersley Rock seem to abut against one another. How much further to the south-east the fault continues there is no evidence to show. We have a strong suspicion that it forms the northern boundary of the Red Rock from near Hardwick for a distance of two miles to the south-east, but in the absence of proof we hesitated to engrave even a broken line on the map so far. The Outcrop of the Silkstone Coal.—From Gleadless, where the out- crop enters the county up to the fault which skirts the southern edge of Norfolk Park,* the bassett of this seam is easily ascertained. The Silkstone Rock which sets in at Myrtle Hill House is a valuable guide. Between Paddock Farm and the fault just mentioned the coal has been worked up to day by the Sheffield Coal Company. The portion of the fault proved and the small faults branching from it were taken from the plans of these workings. To the south-east this fault seems to die out, its line to the north-west will be defined further on. North‘of the fault the line is carried on, by the aid of the escarpment of the overlying rock and old workings, to the valley of the Sheaf, where the coal was bared during the construction of the Midland Railway Station. On the west of the Sheaf the coal was reached at a depth of 10 yards in a well at Pond’s Brewery. The wells at the breweries of Messrs. Truswell & Co. in Eyre Street, and of Messrs. Greaves & Co. in South Street, were said to be both abcut 50 yards to the Silkstone Coal. Having now marked out the boundaries of the district, we will pass to its geological structure. In the south- western part of the district, four great sandstones, the Silkstone Rock, the sandstone of Park House, the Park Gate Rock, and the Manor Rock, form striking and more or less continuous escarpments across the country. The crop of Walker’s Thin Coal was seen only in the section described on p. 272, but the marked escarpment of the Park Gate Rock, which lies only a little way above it, allows the line to be laid down with a close degree of accuracy. The crop of the Park Gate Coal, which lies immediately below the rock, can be fixed still more definitely. The long line of fault which runs from Myrtle Hill House to Windy House, and then bends eastwards towards Low House, was taken partly from a map in the Mining Record Office prepared by the late Mr. W. B. Mitchell, and from Windy House northwards from the plans of the Sheffield Coal Company. It seems to increase in size from nothing on the south as it is followed northwards, but it probably dies away again in that direction. The nests of faults about Park House and Intake are from Mr. Mitchell’s map, and the fault at Hollins End from the plans of the Sheffield Coal Company. A fault proved at the Nunnery Colliery may next be noticed. At a short distance from the bottom of the shaft a fault was crossed with a downthrow to the north-east of 12 ft. 6 in.; a little further to the north- \\] east another fault was worked up to. The second fault { was not crossed; it is, however, possible to make an estimate of its size. In the railway cutting hard by a double coal (A. in Fig. 41) crops out a little way below the Swallow Wood, which may be safely identified with a similar bed in the old Greaves Colliery at Mas- borough, that lies 160 yards above the Park Gate. The Park Gate is 102 yards deep at the Nunnery shaft, and the fault therefore throws at this spot some 50 Fig. 41. Section in the Siding of the Nunnery Colliery, showing the Two Nunnery Faults. * This is a portion of a long line of fault which we will describe hereafter under the name of the Sheflield fault. COUNTRY SOUTH-EAST OF SHEFFIELD. 493 yards down to the north-east. Both faults are seen in the cuttings of the colliery siding (Fig. 41), and of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway. We searched for their continuation in the bank of the River Don, south of Washford Bridge; the section was not complete enough to show the actual fault, but the beds were dipping steeply and thrown into a sharp and contorted anticlinal; we may therefore safely infer the continuation of the fault to the north-west. The prolongation of this fault to the south-east is doubtful. A section drawn from the Manor Collieries to the outcrop of the Barnsley Coal at Darnall does not show the necessity of any fault between these points; it is, therefore, not unlikely that the Nunnery fault dies out rapidly to the south-east, and it may be looked upon as a branch from the Southerly Don fault, which decreases in size as we recede from the fault- from which it is given off. The next feature that attracts attention is formed by the outcrop of the Woodhouse Rock, and this ridge at the same time serves as a guide in laying down the outcrop of the Swallow Wood Coal. The fault at Woodhouse Hill is indicated by a shift of the escarpment, but is somewhat doubtful. The crop of the Swallow Wood Coal was seen in Shirtcliff Wood and Smelter Wood, and these sections, together with the easily recognised Woodhouse Rock, enable the line to be laid down with fair certainty. About Richmond, where the Woodhouse Rock dies away, the position of the crop becomes for awhile somewhat doubtful, but about Bowden Housteads Wood another sandstone sets in above the coal, less marked than the Woodhouse Rock, but still quite traceable, which enables us to carry on the outcrop up to the Woodbourne cutting of the South Yorkshire Railway, where the coal is seen in section. This cutting furnishes an admirable section, the details of which have been given on p. 347 ; the genera] north-easterly dip is interrupted by an anticlinal, which may also be detected in the adjoining canal cutting, where the thick mass of coal] and black shale that lies a little way below the Barnsley Bed is thrown into a succession of rolls. We next come to the Barnsley Coal, the bassett of which, lying as it does between the outcrop of the Woodhouse Rock and the equally well-marked ridge formed by the rocks of Handsworth and the High Hazles, can be laid down approximately with the greatest ease. The coal has been worked to a small depth by a chain of collieries extending from Attercliffe to Woodhouse Junction, and fortunately the extent of the workings has been laid down by the late Mr. W. B. Mitchell on a map preserved in the Mining Record Office. As many of these workings were carried up to day the information preserved on this map gives either exactly or very approximately the position of the crop across the present district, and careful examination proved the general accuracy of Mr. Mitchell’s line. The crop was seen close to the county boundary, north of Green Gate Lane; between Handsworth and Darnall its exact position is somewhat doubtful; at Darnall it was seen in a brickyard. Between Darnall and the alluvium of the Don the feebly marked character of the ground makes its exact position again somewhat uncertain. _ The only section of the measures between the Barnsley and High Hazles Coals is in the cuttings of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway, on either side of the tunnel east of Darnall Station. The outcrop of the High Hazles Coal was seen near the county boundary at the south-east corner of Belgreave Wood, and again in a quarry near Aston Main Colliery, beside Park Lane, just south of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway. There is a thin but recognisable sandstone a little way above the seam between these points, which aids in fixing its bassett. A little to the north-west of Park Lane the measures are thrown down to the north-west by the Swallow Nest fault, and the crop is again seen in the River Rother, and in the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway on the downcast side of the fault. West of the alluvial flat of the River Rother the upper boundary of the Handsworth Rock fixes approximately the position of the outcrop, but the coal is not actually seen till the cutting of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway, east of the Darnall Tunnel. The crop was again seen in the cutting of the South Yorkshire Railway, a little west of Broughton Lane tation. : It has not been thought necesssary to attempt to lay down the crop of 494 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Kents Thin Coal along its whole line. Infortnation obtained from an old collier, William Marsh, enabled us to trace it for a short distance on the west of Wales Wood, and the coal was shown in a cutting of the siding to Orgreave Colliery. The outcrops of the Sough, Furnace, and Foxearth Coals have been deter- mined partly by the aid of information furnished by old colliers, among whom we may specially mention William Marsh in the Wales Wood district, partly by plans of old workings, and partly by calculation. There is an admirable section of all three beds in the cutting of the M. S. and L. Railway a mile and a half east of Woodhouse Junction. The Furnace Coal was seen in the siding of Orgreaves Colliery and in the cutting of the M.S. and L. Railway in High Field Spring.. The crop of the Aston Common Coal is indicated by a line of old workings from Norwood Bridge, which is said to stand on the seam, up to the neigh- bourhood of Swallow Nest. As it is doubtful whether the seam is continuous over the northern part of the district, its outcrop has been merely indicated by a dotted line for a short distance beyond the point where the old workings in it cease to be recognisable. We may now mention the faults, of whose existence we have obtained proof, over the strip of ground between the outcrop of the Barnsley Bed and the Treeton Rock. At Wales Wood Colliery* faulted ground was reached in the engine plane about 7 chains from the pit bottom, and after crossing a number of small faults a large fault was reached, which was cut through and found to be a downcast to the south-east of 50 yards. The coal has been worked off along the upcast side of this fault, and to the west soon after passing beneath the turnpike road it began to split up ; 25 chains from the engine plane the plan showed the coal to be full of small faults, but no single one could be fixed upon as more important than the rest, and it seems likely that in this small distance the fault has broken up into strings, and that further in the same direction it may die away. The same fault has been stripped in the High Hazles Coal for a distance of 40 chains to the west of the engine plane, but the plan of these workings the fault was represented by a single line, and no splitting up was recorded. The fault ranging south-east and north-west and running between the two sbafts was stated on the plan to have been stripped on its western side in the High Hazles Coal, but not crossed; Mr. Holford assured us that no fault had been found in a corresponding position in the Barnsley Bed. Some other faults proved in the workings or crossed by the engine plane are inserted on the map. The position of the small fault at North Staveley Colliery was given us from the plans by Thomas Young, the bottom steward, by permission of the manager, Mr. Charles Markham. The fault through Swallow Nest has been proved from Aston Main Colliery at two points, the positions of which were given us by the proprietor, Mr. W. H. Stone. The fault had been previously detected by the shift which it causes in the escarpment of the Treeton Rock. It does not seem to affect the Red Rock, so that it may die out to the north. Mr. Hedley was kind enough to send us a tracing showing the faults proved at the Fence and Orgreave Collieries, and additional information about the latter was furnished by Mr. T. Jeffeock. A fault in High Field Spring is represented on Mr. Mitchell’s map to have been worked up to in the old Newbold Colliery, and is stated to have a downcast to the north of 20 yards. The map represents the fauit as having been stripped but not crossed, so that it does not appear how a knowledge of its size was arrived at. The faults at Tinsley Park Colliery were given us with the permission of the proprietor Mr. Huntsman, by the manager,Mr. Chambers. The strip of country we have been traversing is flat and tame, but to the north-east of it the Treeton Rock comes out in an escarpment which for a part at least of its course is conspicuous. To the east of Aston, where the rock probably dies away, this feature is missing, but from Aston the ridge gradually increases in importance and becomes most striking about Treeton; it grows: less marked south of Brinsworth, but can be carried on round Tinsley till it * Information was furnished by the proprietor, Mr. Holforth. NEIGHBOURHOOD OF ROTHERHAM. 495 abuts against the Ulley fault halfa mile to the north-east of that village. We have already described how this rock thins to the north, and how two sandstones, the Brinsworth and Tinsley Rocks, replace its upper portion. The Treeton and Brinsworth rocks form a broad spread and are brought by the Ulley fault against the Red Rock. The Tinsley Rock forms a little ill-defined outlier about a quarter of a mile to the north-west of Brinsworth. In the country occupied by the measures above the Treeton Rock the only points calling for notice till we come to the Red Rock are the following. The information about the Wales Coal recorded on the map was obtained from William Marsh. The position of the faults proved in the workings of Kiveton Park Colliery were given to us by the proprietor, Mr. Carrington. Of these the one reached about 11 chains north of the shaft can be traced for some distance at the surface. It is very clearly seen in the railway cutting west of Kiveton Park Station, where it brings the Red Rock against the Magnesian Limestone, and its continuation to the east is shown by a line of high dips in the lime- stone. A portion of the Red Rock of Rotherham lies within the present district, and the remainder within the district next to be described. It will be obviously convenient to treat the country occupied by this rock as a whole, and we will therefore defer the account of it till the description of district No. 2. District 2-—The Country between the Southerly Don Fault on the North-west, the Ulley Fault on the South-west, and the Magnesian Limestone on the east. In this district the country occupied by the Red Rock forms a strip of more or less elevated ground along the south-western portion. To the east of the Red Rock the main feature is made by the Wickersley Rock, which ranges from Ulley by Wickersley to Ravenfield. ‘This sandstone forms a broad plateau sloping gently to the east, and terminated on the west by a well-marked escarpment. ‘The country between the outcrop of the Wickersley Rock and the Magnesian Limestone is tame and featureless on the south, but rather more diversified on the north. The dip is every- where towards the east, but at so moderate an angle that the beds appear to lie ali but flat. We commence our description with an account of the lie and position of the Red Rock of Rotherham, including that part of it which has been left standing from the last district. tk long strip of this sandstone runs in a north-easterly and south-westerly direction from Dalton Brook to Rotherham ; the belt of Red Rock then makes a sharp bend and extends with a general south-easterly trend to Harthill, where it passes beneath the Magnesian Limestone. It is possible that the sharp bend which the rock makes at Rotherham may be due to the fact that the hollow which it filled up took a turn to the north-east about the spot where that town now stands ; or it may be that, while the main ps da ran north-west and south- east, there was a branch valley ranging from Rotherham towards Dalton, and that the strip of the rock between these places was deposited in this tributary OT aiok Brook the lower bed of the Red Rock abuts against the northerly Don fault; between that spot and Rotherham it crops out in a well-marked ridge; the upper bed comes on about three quarters of a mile to the east of Rotherham Church ; its escarpment, though quite recognisable, is less marked than that of the lower bed; it grows in importance, however, after the turn which the rock takes to the south-east, and for a mile and a half to the south the two ridges are both most conspicuous. The upper escarpment ceases rather suddenly at Waterslacks. 496 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The lower bed has been proved to extend at least as far down towards the Donas the Midland Railway Station. It is possible that the rock may have been thrown down to this low level by a fault, but it is equally likely that the hollow in which the rock lies may have been excavated here to an unusual depth. However this may be, the base runs rapidly up hill, and then continues to rise gently to the south till it abuts against a fault in Canklow Wood. : This fault was proved in the workings of the Holmes Colliery at a point 60 chains south of the pit. A small fault down to the south-west was first crossed, and then a large fault reached ; a level stone drift was carried through this fault and a bore hole put down which reached the Barnsley Coal at a depth of 52% yards. In the course of the drift a fault was crossed down 13% yards to the north-east.* How far this fault extends to the south-east we have no means of deciding. If we could be sure that the coal which crops in the brook south of Whiston is really the Herringthorpe seam, some fault will be required between this outcrop and the bassett of the same seam south of Herringthorpe, and a prolongation of the fault in question would exactly serve the requirements of the case. The fault may therefore run on as far as Whiston. Still further to the east, however, the escarpment of the Wickersley Rock shows no sign of being broken where the line produced cuts it, and the fault probably does not extend so far. This fault in fact may be looked upon a branch from the Southerly Don fault, large where first given off, and gradually decreasing as the distance from the trunk fault increases. In the trough between the fault just described and the Ulley fault a strip of Red Rock extends some distance to the west, and beyond the main mass there is a little outlier truncated by the Uiley fault. A broad spread of the rock extends eastwards beyond Whiston, at which place there are large quarries in the sandstone. To the south of Whiston the mapping is for a little space somewhat doubtful. At the village the Red Rock is in full force, and it is again well seen at the steep slope called The Bank on the 6-inch map, but the existence of the narrow strip connecting these exposures on the map is doubtful, and it is perfectly possible that no band of Red Rock crosses the valley of Revel Wood. Even if this strip exist, the bed must be here very much thinner than usual, for sandy shale was seen at the north end of Revel Wood, and there is not room for any great thickness of rock between this section and the outcrop of the coal a little lower down the stream. From Dalton Brook up to the point now reached the Red Rock seems to pass below the coal measures on the east. We have already stated that we believe this appearance to be deceptive, and have given what we tuke to be the true explanation of its lie (p. 486). About a mile to the south of Whiston the Ulley fault is supposed to cross the belt of Red Rock. The mapping is somewhat doubtful, but it clears up some difficulties in the lie of the beds. At Ulley there is certainly a base to the rock, and this base may be traced northwards till it seems to run into what looks like the upper boundary of the rock. The fault has been drawn through the point where the two lines seem to meet. The evidence at Bole Hill, which has been already given, is more satisfactory. The portion of the strip of Red Rock south of the Ulley fault lies as a cake upon the coal measures, and along nearly the whole of it there is a base line, more or less distinctly marked, on both the south-westerly and north-casterly margins. Between Hardwick Hall however and Lead Hill the shape of the ground is just such as would be formed ifthe Red Rock passed beneath the coal measures to the north-east, and the quarries in the neighbourhood show a decided dip to the north. Itis possible that this may be a case parallel to that between Rotherham and Whiston of which an explanation has been suggested, or it may be that the Ulley fault runs on and forms the boundary of the Red Rock on the north-east between the two places mentioned. At North Aston a little patch of red sandstone, much resembling the Red Rock in general appearance, just peeps out from beneath the Magnesian Lime- stone. Its base is just above the Town Wells, and a few yards on either side of these wells it is covered up by the Magnesian Limestone. * From Mr. P. Cooper, formerly manager of the colliery. NEIGHBOURHOOD OF ROTHERHAM. 497 We may next take the strip of country between the Red Rock and the Wickersley Rock. Over the southern part of this tract the Dalton Rock is not present, and the only point calling for notice is the occurrence of a coal some 40 yards below the Wickersley Rock. Indications of the crop were observed from near Revel Wood to Royd Moor Plantation, and at the latter spot there were obscure traces of old crop workings. There is also an old coal pit marked on the map where the crop would be expected to cross Pinch Mill pe It may be either the Brecks Coal or the coal on the top of the Dalton ock. About the viilage of Herringthorpe we come to the old workings in the Herringthorpe Coal. Our information about these was mainly obtained from a plan obligingly lent to us by a gentleman whose name we have unluckily omitted to record. The fault that passes through the Stag Inn was proved in these workings, and is very clearly shown at the surface by the shift it gives to the outcrop of the Dalton Rock. ‘The outcrop of the coal was determined from the depths of the pits by calculation. The portion of the Dalton Rock mapped on the south side of the fault just mentioned is very feebly defined, and the rock apparently dies away to the south rapidly. On the north of the fault however it is in force, and its es- carpment can be easily followed up to the Southerly Don fault. The fault three quarters of a mile south of Dalton Parva is put in on the strength of a shift in the escarpment. On the west side of the valley between Dalton Parva and Dalton Magna the easterly dip of the beds has given rise to a good deal of land slipping. The belt of the Wickersley Rock is bounded on the west by a sharp es- carpment, and from this edge a plateau extends to the east, which spreads out northwards till between Wickersley and Bramley Chapel it reaches a breadth of three miles. Though this table land is really a dipslope and falls away to the east, the dip is so small that it is to all appearances absolutely horizontal. The large quarries at Wickersley furnish an admirable opportunity for examining the rock. This belt of the Wickersley Rock runs up to the Southerly Don fault, and is bounded on the north-east by another fault ranging by Silver Wood and Bramley Grange. By this fault the rock is thrown up on the north-east and covers a broad tract around Ravenfield. The repetition of the rock at this higher level forms the evidence for the fault. It is best seen in the road between Bramley and Ravenfield. The first village stands on the Wickersley Rock, and a little to the north of it we come on a mass of shales and thin sandstones with thin coals overlying that rock; about half a mile to the north of ieee we pass on to a thick mass of sandstone which-spreads away northwards through Ravenfield, and is bounded on the west by a clear escarpment ranging from Silver Wood up to the Southerly Don fault. The throw of this fault close to the Southerly Don fault is probably as much as 100 yards, but it most likely decreases to the south-east. The Ravenfield patch of Wickersley Rock is in its turn cut off on the north at Crag House by a fault which we will call the Crag House fault. ; The abutting of the sandstone against the Magnesian Limestone at this spot is conclusive evidence, and the rectilineal character of the south-eastern boundary of the Conisborough outlier of limestone is strongly suggestive of a line of fault. ‘ : : The Crag House fault appears to terminate against another fault ranging through Brook Green, Conisborough, by Minney Moor, to Foulsyke Wood on the north of the Don, which may be called the Minney Moor fault. Disturbed beds are seen on this line in the brook 35 and 50 chains south of Brook Green; the boundary of the limestone west of Minney Moor is formed bya straight line cutting directly across the contour-lines and running down almost to the Don in a way that would by itself be conclusive proof that the line is a fault ; at two points tao, by Little Minney Moor and on Woodgate Hill, the limestone is dipping at very high angles along this line. The fault also seems to shift the limestone at Foulsyke Wood. 3 The country between the Crag House, Minney Moor, and Southerly Don faults is mainly occupied by an outlier of Magnesian Limestone, the coal measures appearing in the valley bottoms. The sections have been already described. ‘he dip of the beds between the Southerly Don fault and Conis- borough seems to be pretty steadily to the south-east at angles of from 42513. II 498 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. 8° to 10°; this is much higher than the general dip in this portion of the coalfield, but the steepness may be due to the neighbourhood of the Southerly Don fault. At the large pottery on the south-east of Conisborough the dip has become very moderate. tae ge The larger part of that portion of the present district which lies between the outcrop of the Wickersley Rock and the Magnesian Limestone calls for little remark. The sandstones about Morthen and Brampton-en-le-Morthen have been traced as well as the feeble features they make will permit. Between Conisborough and Clifton two well-marked faults have been recognised. One.was seen in the brook at Pearson’s Holt, its line produced runs between the red sandstone of Clifton Common and the old coal workings of the field called Aberskills on the map, and further to the north-east it brings the Magnesian Limestone against Carboniferous red shales for some distance to the north of Hobloft. The other fault ranges east and west through Edlington. It is required to account for the position of two small outliers of Magnesian Limestone on its south side; in both of these the lime- stone is dipping at high angles to the north, and would therefore, unless they are bounded on that side by a fault, pass under Carboniferous Rocks. The fault also was seen in Edlington village, where it brought the Limestone against red Carboniferous sandstone and shale. , Two faults branching from the fault near Pearson Holt were seen in brook sections. The fields about Aberskills are riddled by old hell pits, which have been mistaken for British pit-dwellings. What seam it was that was worked we cannot say, but it may be the thin bed exposed at the Conisborough Pottery. The traces of workings terminate sharply along the line marked as the course of the Hobloft fault, and in their place we find a bed of red sandstone which extends over Clifton Common and may be traced southward to Clifton village. In the triangular tract north of the Kdlington fault which runs up into the Magnesian Limestone the beds are very generally red shales, very likely the same as those in the upper part of the section at Conisborough Pottery. * District 3.—The Country between the Northerly and Southerly Don Faults. Along the northern slope of that part of the valley of the Don which lies between Sheffield and Mexborough there ranges a long line of fault, corresponding to the Southerly Don fault on the epost side of the valley, which we will call the Northerly Don ault. The area between these two faults forms a natural geological district, the structure of which is somewhat exceptional. In the place of the general north-westerly and south-easterly strike which prevails in the southern portion of the coalfield, we find the beds striking directly at right angles to this direction, or north-east and south-west. ‘The dip is to the south-east and over the southern part of the district between Sheffield and Park Gate, where the faults are near together, is everywhere high, and in the neighbour- hood of the Holmes runs up to as much as 50°. This area is also barred across by faults running transverse to the two boundary faults, some of which are of considerable size. About Park Gate the faults begin to open out, and as they diverge the dip decreases in amount, still retaining however the same general direction. The way in which this block of strata has been torn from the beds to which it was once united, and twisted round through an angle of nearly 90° is very striking; but we know so little of the machinery by which faulting and disturbance were produced, that we can offer no explanation of the way in which the wrench was COUNTRY BETWEEN NORTHERLY & SOUTHERLY DON FAULTS, 499 caused. The high dips too occurring in the middle of a tract where as a rule the beds are very gently inclined, give a special Interest to the district, which is further enhanced by the fact that here we have as it were an epitome of the most important’ portion of the Yorkshire Coal measures, for owing to the narrow space into which the beds are packed, we can in a distance of 10 miles cross the outcrops of all the beds from the horizon of the Whinmoor Coal up to the Dalton Rock. The general strike runs a little more to the north of east than the average trend of the Northerly Don fault, and hence as we go from south-west to north-east we find higher and higher beds coming up and abutting against the fault. On the south the Silk- stone and Park Gate Rocks form the most important features ; they are cut off about Kimberworth. Near the Holmes the beds between the Swallow Wood and Swinton Pottery Coals are well exposed to view in the cuttings of the Midland Railway. About Kilnhurst and Swinton the Oaks Rock, which is replaced by shale on the south, comes out in force. Underground workings have here proved that beneath the alluvium of the Don the beds bend down rapidly to the east, and by this fold the Upper Chevet Rock is soon brought on, and ranges with a good escarpment from Dalton Brook to Denaby. The same rock is repeated by a large fault with a downcast to the north-west, and makes a broad spread to the north of Mexborough. The Dalton Rock comes on to the north-east of Thryberg, and was finely laid open with the beds both below and above it in the excavations made during the con- struction of the Doncaster Waterworks. A group of sections illustrative of the structure of this remarkable district is given in Sheet 88 of the Horizontal Sections. The Northerly Don Fault.—The evidence for the southern portion of this fault is wholly of the circumstantial kind, and will be evident when the lie of the rocks on opposite sides of it is studied by the help of the map. To give one or two instances. In the part of Sheffield called Jericho we have the outcrop of a sandstone which may be safely put down to be the Grenoside Rock; there is nothing like room between this rock and the bassett of the Silkstone Coal for all the intervening measures to crop out, and there must be a fault between the two down to the south-east. On the north of the Don the average strike of the beds has a little more north in it than the trend of the fault, and soas we go north we get higher and higher beds coming out on the north-west side of the fault; but the manner in which the ridges formed by the sandstones are one by one cut off, and other peculiarities in their lie can be explained only by supposing a fault to run somewhat after the fashion adopted on the map. But though the existence of the fault rests on good evidence, there is nothing to fix its exact position. These remarks apply to the part of the fault south-west of Blackburn Brook. Between that stream and Kimberworth our mapping, if correct, gives conclusive evidence for the conti- nuation of the fault. We believe also that it has been proved underground over a considerable part of this distance, but the workings are old, and we have not been able to obtain plans of them. A little to the north of Kimber- worth this portion of ine fe seems to terminate against an east and west through Droppin ell Farm. : ee line e, now taken up by a ee of which proof has been obtained by ings along a distance of some miles. i iets ate for the extensive sidings beside the Midland Railway east of Meadow Hall the beds were crumpled, folded over, and at one point apparently crossed by a fault, though the slipped state of the cutting at the time of our visit prevented us making this out for certain. This disturbed ground has been taken as marking a point on the fault. To the south-east 11 2 500 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALVIELD. the fault seems to end off against the cross fault through Meadow.Hall. A little further to the north-east the strip of Park Gate Rock which ranges from Meadow Hall begins to end off on the south-east with a steep escarpment-like face; the dip makes it impossible that this can mark a base to the rock, and the only way in which the termination can be produced is by a fault which brought shale against the rock, and subsequent denudation which has carried away the soft shale and left a face of hard rock standing out. ‘he line given by this surface feature coincides exactly, allowing for hade, with the position of the fault where it was proved from Garrow Tree Hill Colliery.* The fault has been again worked up to north of Bradgate from Greaves Colliery,* and a long length of it has been stripped in the workings of Carr House Colliery. About Rawmarsht the fault has been proved on the west in Lord Fitzwilliam’s Collieries, and on the east from Aldwark Main Colliery.§ Here the outcrop of Kent’s Thick Coal is brought nearly on a level with that of the Two-foot seam, and the throw is therefore about 90 yards. To the north of Rawmarsh a long strip of the fault has been proved from Messrs. Charlesworth’s Raw- marsh Collieries; at Hermit Hill the Abdy and Swinton Pottery Coals are brought nearly to the same level, and the throw is about 100 yards. The proof from actual workings here comes to an end. The line has been carried on where the strip of the Oaks Rock which stretches along the south-west slope of the Don Valley terminates. A point further north was determined by some vertical beds seen in the foundation for some buildings 20 chains west of Mexborough Junction. Northwards from this point the line becomes extremely doubtful; the escarpment of the Upper Chevet Rock on Dolecliffe Common is so ill defined that it is iinpossible to say whether it is traversed by a fault or not; the line has, however, been doubtfully carried on through a very powerful spring which bursts out south of Adwick. To the north of the Dearne Valley the country is so very obscure that it is impossible to say whether the fault crosses the river or not; it is not, however, unlikely that the fault we are tracing is stopped off by the long fault which ranges from Barnsley by Darfield along the northern flank of the Dearne Valley. The Country between Sheffield and Meadow Hall.—In the town of Sheffield we meet with the difficulties which always present themselves when we attempt to map geologically a tract thickly covered with buildings, and the lines can only be looked upon as approximations. The outcrop of the Silkstone Coal is pretty much that given on the maps of the late Mr. W. B. Mitchell, and the cross fault eight chains to the north-east of St. George’s Church is inserted on the same authority. Mr. Mitchell probably had access to information about the old workings in the Silkstone which is now lost, and there is every reason to put confidence in his lines. The following well sections were also useful guides. Well at Messrs. Wade, Wingfield, and Robotham’s Works, Tenter Street. Information from Mark Hackney, the sinker. ft. Silkstone Rock - = - 107 Bind . . es = 75 Wells at the Brewery of Messrs. Tennent, and at the Bridge Street Brewery (Mr. W. Birks), each 50 yards to the Silkstone Coal. Well near Union Bridge, Kelham Island. ft. Silkstone Rock - - - 54 Bind - - a _ ee “15 The steep descent from the back of the parish church into Paradise Square seems ‘to be the escarpment of a sandstone above the Silkstone Rock; the feature can be traced with more or less certainty both to the north-east and south-west of this square, and seems to terminate in both directions. The spot where it ceases have been taken for points on the Southerly Don fault. * Plans of these workings are in the Mining Record Office. + From the plans of the Royal Coal Commission. { From Mr. T. Cooper. § From Mr. B. Sellars. COUNTRY BETWEEN NORTHERLY & SOUTHERLY DON FAULTS. 501 _When we get clear of buildings it is evident ata glance that the beds run with great regularity and a steady north-easterly strike. The dip is to the south-east at a high angle. The guiding features are formed by the escarpments of the Silkstone and Park Gate Rocks, and by the aid of these and the old crop workings the outcrops of the two coals can be easily and accurately laid down. Two faults near Osgathorpe Cottage are inserted on the strength of apparent shifts in the escarpment of the Silkstone Rock. Beyond one very doubtful statement of a coal having been worked at Pitsmoor, we have no record of the Whinmoor Coal in this neigh- bourhood, but the line where it may be expected to crop out, if it is present, has been determined by calculation and inserted on the map. The cross faults at Grimesthorpe, Brightside, and Wincobank have been proved from Brightside Colliery.* The last fault must ‘have a very considerable hade; there is no doubt that it comes to day close by Wincobank Station, for there is a clean section in the railway cutting the whole way between Brightside and Winco- bank Station, and this is the only fault in the entire distance. The large hade and the rapid dip causes the positions of the fault at the surface and in the coal to diverge in a way that at first sight is somewhat puzzling. At Nether ‘Wincobank a coal was bared in some foundations, which from its distance below the Silkstone is evidently the Whinmoor; there are old crop workings in this seam on the east side of Blackburn Brook. In the beds above the Park Gate Rock there are many sections, especially the railway cutting just men~ tioned, which will be found recorded on the 6-inch maps. The fault through Meadow Hall is nowhere seen, but there can be no doubt of its existence at that spot, for the outcrops of the Silkstone Coal on the south-west and of the Park Gate Coal on the nortli-east are all but on a level; it is therefore a downcast to the north-east of about 100 yards. {ts direction too can be fixed within narrow limits; it must keep clear of the cutting of the South Yorkshire Railway on the one side, and of the cutting for the Midland Railway sidings on the other. The Country between the Meadow Hall and the Masborough Faults. —We will next consider the ground between the Meadow Hall fault and the large fault that crosses the Midland Railway just north of Masborough Station, which may be called the Masborough Fault. The fault ranging from Bradgate by Jordan Colliery has been described (p. 500); between this and the Northerly Don Fault the surface is occupied almost wholly by the Park Gate Rock, the base of which is fairly well defined and gives the outcrop of the coal. To the west and north-west of the Holmes Station there is « tract of ground in which, owing to the high dip, we get within little more than half a mile the outcrops of all the beds from the Swinton Pottery almost down to the Park Gate Coal, and luckily the whole series is beautifully laid open in the cuttings of the Midland Railway. The Park Gate, the Swallow Wood, the Barnsley, and_ some of the higher seams were also formerly worked in the collieries of Mr. Chambers near the Holmes, and plans are preserved in the Mining Record Office. The dip is very steep and increases towards the south-east. At the “ Old Tronstone Pit, 100 yards to the Park Gate,” marked on the map, it is said to have been about 25°; at the Garrow Tree Hill Colliery the plan gives it as 35°; in the railway cutting it grows gradually steeper till at the eastern end it amounts to 50°. ; ; ; When the section given by the portion of this cutting east of the crop of the Barnsley Coal is compared with that of the Holmes Colliery, the agree- ment is close enough to allow of the coals being identified with a fair degree of certainty. The crop of the Barnsley Seam is not actually seen, for all the coal has been removed by old workings; but these give the place of the bassett, and the position so fixed agrees with that given by the old collieries of Mr. Chambers; the crop was also seen in the tramway that led up to 1 Tree Hill Colliery. rclee the Barnsley Bed the sections of Mr. Chambers’ Collieries are our uide. A bed which corresponds in position with the Swallow Wood seems to be much split up by dirt, and does not agree in its items with the account of * Information from the late Mr. Shaw. 502 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. the same coal in the pit sections; it is very likely, however, that in these descriptions the dirt bands were omitted; there is no other seam that agrees in its distance below the Barnsley Bed with the Swallow Wood, and accordingly this coal has been taken for that seam. A coal is seen on the south side of the cutting north of Jordan Dam, with this section :— ft. in. Coal - - - - - 1 8 Spavin and Black shale - - - 10 Coal - - - - - 0 2 Shale with Ironstone nodules - - 4 6 Coal - = - - - 0 OF Spavin - - - - 0 6 Coal - - - - - 13 This seam corresponds in position with the Flockton Bed. On the north side of the cutting, where the outcrop of this seam would strike the foot of the slope, a coal 14 inches thick comes up, and is cut off on the west bya fault; it is probable, therefore, that a small fault crosses the line here which prevents the lower bed from coming up on the north side. At the western end of the cutting, 11 chains west of the road to Gillott Wood, the beds are violently disturbed, and there are indications of a fault crossing the cutting very obliquely, which we will call the Jordan Dam fault. The portion of the cutting between this fault and the outcrop of the Flockton Coal is somewhat puzzling. The beds continue to rise to the north-west at angles of about 30°, and with this rise Fenton’s Coal ought to be brought up about 10 chains west of the outcrop of the Flockton, if no faults intervene. No coal however beyond a very few thin bands comes out over the whole of the remainder of the cutting. We are therefore driven to the supposition that there must be faults throwing down to the west, and delaying the natural outcrop of the beds. T'wo faults do cross the cutting, and it is by these we suppose that the coals are kept in. If this supposition is correct the faults must be here of a considerable size; the rise of the beds would bring the Park Gate Coal to within 30 yards of the surface at the western end of the cutting, if the section were unbroken by faults; from the plans of the old workings at Greaves Colliery we should conclude that that seam would be about 190 yards deep at the same spot. There would seem to be therefore a necessity for a throw of 160 yards. But large as the faults seem to be here, they must die out rapidly to the east, for no such faults cross the old workings of Mr. Chambers, north-west of the Holmes Station. These faults may be branches from the Jordan Dam fault, and may die out rapidly as we recede from that fault, and we may suppose that in the angle between the*main fault and its branches a block of strata has been gradually bent up, and that the amount of the displacement grows larger and larger as we approach the junction of the faults. We will now notice the Jordan Dam fault, indications of which were seen at the western end of the Holmes cutting of the Midland Railway. Further evidence of the existence of such a fault is furnished by the following facts. Eight chains south-east of the lock at Jordan Dam a bore hole was put down by the Holmes Colliery Company and the Barnsley Coal was found at a depth of 80 yards; now the crop of the Barnsley Coal, where it is seen in the railway cutting, is striking straight for the top of this bore hole. There must therefore be a fault between the railway and the bore hole throwing down some 80 yards to the south-west. It is on the strength of this evidence that the fault running through Jordan Dam has been inserted. The Masborough Fault.—We now come to the Masborough fault. The necessity for some such fault will be clear enough if we compare the section in the cutting north of Masborough Station with that in the cutting west of the Holmes Station. In both we have the same coals, but in the second the outcrops are shifted some way to the west; when we take into account the high dip, it is clear that a large throw will be required to produce the amount of shifting that has actually occurred. A fault on the line indicated was worked up to on the south-west side in the Swallow Wood (Coal and on the north-east COUNTRY BETWEEN NORTHERLY & SOUTHERLY DON FAULTS. 503 side in the Park Gate Coal in Mr. Chambers’ Collieries ; a fault about on the same line is seen in the railway cutting just north of Masborough Station. These two faults are connected on the map by a single curved line. It is, however, perfectly possible that though there was only one fault in the colliery workings, the dislocation may split to the south-east and that the fault in the cutting is but oneof the branches. By this fault the outcrops of the High Hazles and Swinton Pottery Coals are brought nearly into a line, and the throw is therefore about 200 yards. It is this fault which is supposed to reverse the throw of the Southerly Don fault near Masborough. The Country north of the Masborough Fault.—Between the Mas- borough fault and Park Gate we have an admirable section of the measures between the Swinton Pottery and Two-foot Coals in the cutting north of Masborough Station. The dip runs up to 40° at the south end of the cutting and decreases to 25° at the northern end. To the north-west a - feature is formed by the outcrop of athick sandstone above the High Hazles Coal, and beyond that the Barnsley Rock comes out in force. The dip in the latter has decreased to 20°. The Barnsley Rock is cut off on the north- west by a fault branching from the Northerly Don fault, a portion of which has been proved from Carr House Colliery. In the angle between the two faults a coal crops which is supposed to be the Swallow Wood, but the data are insufficient to establish the correctness of the identification. The number of faults laid down near Greaves Colliery were copied from the plan of that colliery ; there was no account of their size, but they are probably small. About Park Gate the Northerly and Southerly Don faults begin to diverge, and in the space between them measures nearly up to the base of the Wick~ ersley Rock come to the surface. With the divergence of the faults the general dip decreases and seldom exceeds 10°. Fine sections of the measures between the Wathwood and the Abdy Coals are laid open in the cuttings of the Midland and Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway north of Raw- marsh Station ; starting from these the crops of the coals have been carried up tothe Northerly Don fault by the aid of the old workings south-east of Rawmarsh. The dip here is a little to the south of east at about 2°. There is a very sharp contortion and other disturbances in the beds in the railway cutting by Roundwood Colliery, but as far as the workings have hitherto progressed no fault has been met with passing through this spot. At Thryberg Hall Colliery the dip becomes steep and the beds bend down sharply to the south-east. At the pit bottom the full dip is about 8°, and it gradually increases to the east, till in the long level marked on the map it gets up to 25°, and sometimes more. A dip of 25° was observed in a sandstone quarry in the Upper Chevet Rock in Thryberg Park.* This uniclinal flexure probably extends southwards as far as the Southerly Don fault, for, if a section be plotted across the valley from Aldwark Main Colliery, it will be found that the known thickness of the beds cannot be got in without either a fault ov a rapid increase in the dip. Beyond the outcrop of the Upper -Chevet Rock the beds again flatten, but the dip probably is never less than 10°, which is its amount at the Doncaster Waterworks north-east of Thryberg. The lie of the beds in this part of the Don Valley is shown in No. 4, sheet 88, of the Horizontal Sections. . It will now be necessary to notice two faults which cross the area we are describing north of Kilnhurst. One which passes through Holywell House was proved in the workings of Swinton Park Gate Colliery to be a downcast to the north-west of 26 yards ;+ no evidence has been obtained to enable us to carry it on to the north-east; the grounds for continuing it to the south-west will be given shortly. The other is the long fault to the east of Mexborough, which may be called the Mexborough fault. It is a large downcast to the north-west. It was worked up to from Swinton Park Gate Colliery; it cuts off the strip of Oaks Rock north of Kilnhurst Station; further to the north- east its existence is clearly shown by the way in which the Upper Chevet Rock, after having cropped out at Denaby, is repeated on the north-west at Mex- * Information about the Thryberg Hall Colliery was communicated by the per- mission of Messrs. Charlesworth, through Messrs. Embleton and G. Kell. { From Mr. T. Cooper. GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD 504 “hayqog aUuDT nopnayy 70 uoyoag ‘ep “buy “yoy yoaoy saddq -g ‘Teo synmg aqnog °T ‘HS ' ! -£quueq, “poom OT99T weeee-s+-----| aed. TM “WOT “yy Jo Ysnoroqxeyy stot get TALITY ‘Aqnuag “nau 07 uouuoy ybnosoguary most 02997 ‘Gh Our ‘ t 1 ' ’ 1 ‘ ' i ' a _ ‘wOUTMOQ Ysnosoqxoy_ “AUN COUNTRY BETWEEN NORTHERLY & SOUTHERLY DON FAULTS. 505 borough, in a manner which the section in Fig. 42 will explain. The little outlier of the rock at Peas Hill Plantation must be bounded on the east by this fault, and it must pass to the east of the old workings in the Shafton Coal at Clay Field east of Mexborough. The water in the old shafts here was not lowered by the pumping at Denaby Main Colliery, which is an additional proof of the existence of a fault between the two spots. The fault then passes beneath the alluvial flat of the Dearne and Don, and we have not been able to light on anything which will determine whether or not it runs on over the country between the Dearne and the Magnesian Limestone. Now that we have marked out these faults, we may resume our description where we left it off in the neighbourhood of Kilnhurst. At Meadow Pottery the section in Fig. 43 was seen. On the west of the excavation we found— ft. in. = ft. in. Sandstone - - - - Black shale and ironstone - Small gap - - - Coal - - 3 - 0 2t00 8 Pot clay - - - 7 0 It was stated that a coal about 20 inches thick had been proved by boring about 15 yards below the clay. The clay is made into sanitary pipes and second-class fire bricks. It is impossible to say for certain what bed this is. Perhaps either the clay or the coal beneath it represent the Newhill Bed. The middle of the excavation was obscured by débris, but at its eastern end a coal 2 ft. 6 in. thick rose up in a vertical position, and bent over to the east to a dip of 20°. The spot lies nearly on the line of the Mexborough fault, which has been carried on to this point. If this explanation be correct it is possible that the thick coal may be the Wathwood Bed, forced up in the im- mediate neighbourhood of the fault, and perhaps as suddenly carried down again by a sharp roll or another fault. The Mexborough fault cannot continue far to the south of this spot, for there is no trace of it in the workings to the rise of Aldwark Main Colliery which have been carried up to the Northerly Don fault. The country however to the east of Rawmarsh is so obscure that it is useless to speculate where and how the Mexborough fault terminates on the south. An outlier of the Oaks Rock around Ryecroft Farm clings to the Northerly Don fault. It appears to be traversed by a fault which is probably the con- tinuation of the Holywell House fault. The same sandstone appears on the opposite side of the valley of Collier Brook at Holywell House. A fault has heen drawn bounding this patch of Oaks Rock on the north-east for the following reason. On the plan of Swinton Park Gate Colliery the level line is represented as running north-east and south-west; and if this be really the direction of the strike, the rock of Holywell could not be carried by dip alone to the depth at which the Oaks Rock was found in the shaft of the colliery. This piece of Oaks Rock terminates on the south-east against the Mex- borough fault. On the upcast side of the fault the sandstone reappears at High Thorn Cottages, and runs southwards with a good line till it passes beneath the alluvium of the Don at Kilnhurst Hill. The two faults in the railway cutting 37 chains north of Kilnhurst Station are a little uncertain ; the following measures were seen in the angle between them :— ft. in. Sandstone. Oaks Rock. Dark shale. Bricut Coau - - 0 2 Black clay - - - 0 3 Coau - - - - - 0 0 Dark shale - - - - 0 6 Bricut Coa. - - - 010 Light grey clay. It is likely enough that this is the Swinton Pottery Coal thrown up between faults. Tain east of the country just described the Upper Chevet Rock runs with a fine escarpment from the Southerly Don fault near Dalton Brook through 506 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Thryberg Park to Denaby. It there passes under the alluvium of the Don, beneath which it must terminate against the Mexborough fault. The infor- Fig, 44. Fault near the Doncaster Waterworks, Thryberg. ‘ Ne, sea i mation on the map about the workings at Denaby Main Colliery was furnished by Mr. Pope, the managing partner. COUNTRY BETWEEN THE SHEFFIELD AND FULWOOD FAULTS. 507 _ To the east of the outcrop of the Upper Chevet Rock a series of most instructive sections, which have been described on p. 474, was laid bare during the construction of the Doncaster Waterworks. The dip is steadily to the south-east at 10°. The fault, which springs from the Southerly Don fault, was seen in the section figured in Fig. 44, at a spot 45 chains north- west of Ravenfield Church. It was not possible to be certain of its presence in the thick mass of sandstone through which the puddle trench was carried, but on its line produced a steep dip was seen on the road from Thryberg to Hooton Roberts, and it has been carried up to this spot. Another small fault was shown in the excavations for the western part of the reservoir. We next come to the country on the north of the Mexborough fault. Here the main feature is formed by the Upper Chevet Rock. The Don cuts through the outcrop of the sandstone, and on the south of the river there is only the little outlier clinging to the Mexborough fault on the top of Peas Hill. To the north of the river however the sandstone runs up from the same fault and extends over Dolcliffe Common in a broad spread. ‘The escarp- ment, which 1s nowhere very sharply defined, becomes most indistinct as the northerly Don fault is approached. The rock is largely quarried, and excellent sections, described on p. 450, of the beds below it are given at the Pottery on Dolcliffe Common. The Shafton Coal has been worked to a small extent to the east of Mexborough at Olive Branch Colliery; the depths of the pits and some small faults are put on from information obtained from old colliers. The ground between Mexborough and the valley of the Dearne is excessively obscure. About Adwick-upon-Dearne the Northerly Don fault and the large fault ranging down the north side of the Dearne Valley meet. We have no means of learning whether they both run on, or whether one stops off against the other; and if the latter is the case, which it is that is stopped off. On the published maps the Dearne Valley fault is not carried beyond the northerly Don fault; but it is quite as likely that the northerly Don fault is stopped, and that the Dearne Valley fault ranges on till it stops against the Southerly Don fault south-west of Cadeby. What little is known about the lie of the bed can be explained equally well on either supposition. In the presence of this uncertainty we will stop the description of the present district at the Dearne, and include the country north of that river in district 36._ District 4.—The Country between the Sheffield Fault and the Fulwood Faults. A fault ranging north-west and south-east through Sheffield, which we will call the Sheffield fault, forms the boundary of this district on the north-east as far south as the valley of the Sheaf, beyond which the outcrop of the Silkstone Coal is the boundary. On the west two lines of fault which meet close by Fulwood Church and run one in a north-easterly and the other in a south- easterly direction, are the boundaries. _ In the south-eastern part of the district the beds have the usual strike of this portion of the coalfield, from south-east to north- west; north of the Porter Brook they swing round, and the strike tends towards a north-easterly and south-westerly direction. This change in strike causes the outcrop of the beds to form a series of concentric curves which circle round Sheflield as a centre. The greater part of the district is occupied by Lower Coal measures, among which the Grenoside, Greenmoor, Loxley Edge, and Middle Rocks form conspicuous escarpments. A small patch of sandstone on the north-west perhaps belongs to the Rough Rock, and at Sheffield there is a semicircular outlier of measures above the Silkstone Coal. As far as we know the greater part of 508 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. the district is free from faults; a number of faults, however, which seem to be branches from the Fulwood faults, have been inserted in the extreme western portion, but the majority of these are very doubtful. The Sheffield Fault.—It will be convenient to give here the account of the whole of the line of this fault, part of which lies outside the present dis- trict. The south-eastern portion has been already noticed in the account of District No. 1 (p. 492), where it was stated that the fault had been proved south of Norfolk Park in the workings of the Sheffield Coal Company. Of its course to the south-east of this we know nothing, but it probably ends off against the fault through Windy House. The fault has been proved in Sheffield by the old workings in the Silkstone Coal, but the only point where we were able to obtain its position accurately was at the Trafalgar Works in Wellington Street. One of the old shafts is there used as a well, and at the time of our visit the fault had been very recently seen in a drift driven to the north-east from the shaft bottom. Evidence for the continuation of the fault is furnished by the way in which the escarpment of the Grenoside, Green- moor, and Loxley Edge Rocks on the north-west of Sheffield are cut off along its line; the abutcing of the Loxley Edge Rock of Crookes Moor against the Greenmoor Rotk is quite unmistakeable. The fault was seen in White House Quarry north-east of Upperthorpe, and again in Bowers Quarry by Limerick Lane in the Loxley Valley, and between thes: points disturbed beds were shown on its line in Walkley Lane. To the north of the Loxley Valley the sharp termination on the east of the broad spread of Loxley Edge Rock at Wadsley has been taken for the line of the fault. The fault was again seen in a tank on the west of the grounds of the South Yorkshire Asylum ; from here it has been carried on doubtfully to Worrall, and a short way to the north-west of that village it seems to die out. The Fulwood Faults.—The necessity for some such lines of fault as the two Fulwood faults will be evident from a glance at the map, for along their whole line beds lying on widely different horizons are brought side by side with one another. The actual position of the lines of fracture is un- certain at many spots; the most salient points in the evidence which guided our determinations are as follows :— Around Upper Walkley there is a broad spread of Loxley Edge Rock, which along a line ranging from Lower Walkley to Bole Hill plunges down at angles of from 20° to 40° to the north-west: on Walkley Bank, to the north-west, coals crop out, which there is every reason to think are the Ganister and Clay Coals. The section in Fig. 45 shows the lie of the beds, and it is clear that their relative positions cannot be accounted for in any other way than bya fault. The sketch in Fig. 46 shows great disturbance and apparent inversion near the fault here. Evidence of a similar kind, though perhaps in no instance so unmistakeable - as that just given, is forthcoming from point to point as we follow the line to the south-west. In the little collieries in the Rivelin Coal west of Stephen Hill the workings stop against a fault which is probably the fault we are considering. Between Carsick Hill and Fulwood Church the Middle Grits are apparently cut off and brought against beds which are probably Lower Coal measures ; this portion of the line however is very uncertain. The evidence for the southerly portion of the fault is of the same general character as for the northerly leg. The Middle Grit flagstone of Whitely Wood seems to be stopped off, and at the point where it ceases, vertical beds were seen in the Porter Brook. In a little gully by the bend of Trap Lane, 18 chains north-west of Bent House, the outcrop ‘of ihe Ganister Coal runs up against beds which are not far above the Middle Grit, and there is great disturbance and a sudden change of dip between the two. South of Bent Green Hill the Middle Grit Flagstone is again sharply cut off. Beyond this neighbourhood the fault passes into a district which is evidently much com- plicated by faults, and whose structure will probably not be unravelled till the adjoining part of Derbyshire has been examined in detail, COUNTRY BETWEEN THE SHEFFIELD AND FULWOOD FAULTS. 909 “‘moIxeum0s atqeqord oY} SAOYS BUT peop oy} {prey UIP ore uses ATyenJow suonszod omy 4TUO—'a' N ‘yneq pooayng x ‘yooy ospq Aa[xoT *p *9[BYS POU “Ee [ROD °S ‘£eporopuyy “Tf x oo \ oer \ Pa 1 \ on NY Ze \ 9 temcr en e---- TA ene nee == ‘YyNDy poompnsy ay? wpau uosiaaug Bumoys qa44 quing Jo psba-yynog surmya [[ Uorpdag ‘op ‘buy ‘yneq pooarngy + ‘yooy odpqy Ao[xoT *p ‘TeoR roysTueyH * [LOK LosIUH BVT *s TOD ABIO “1 Ye \ 7 1 | i) 8 g “100 “£o[xovT * TS esa “AOTC AN todd “yueg AOTAIV AN eke ‘hayjo4 fajxo'T ay) ssoLan Loopy sayoory mot uonoag ‘op “buy 510 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The district falls naturally into three divisions: the country south-east of the Sheaf; the country between the Sheaf and the Porter Brook; and the country north of the Porter Brook. The Country South-east of the River Sheaf. — Of the first division there is very little indeed to be said. Traces of the outcrop of a coal, which is probably the Whinmoor, were seen in Buck Wood ; there is a sandstone above the coal, the outcrop of which can be traced with fair certainty for some distance to the north-west, and for so far the outcrop of the coal has been carried on on the map. East of Park Spring House the escarpment of the sandstone becomes indistinct, and there is possibly some faulting. A fault was seen in the cutting at the southern end of the tunnel of the Midland Railway beneath East Bank, whose direction, as far as it could be ascertained, seemed to point to the spot where the sandstone above the Whinmoor Coal begins to grow indistinct, and it is likely enough that a fault, perhaps a branch from the Sheffield Fault, runs between the two spots. The irregular sandstones belonging to the Penistone Flags about Heeley have been already noticed. . Phe Country between the River Sheaf and the Porter Brook.—The north-eastern portion of this tract has furnished nothing to call for remark. Across its centre the Grenoside, Brincliffe Edge, Wharncliffe, and Loxley Edge Rocks run with weli-defined escarpments. The two faults near Dickey Wood were laid down from information given by the manager of the Eccleshall Collieries to the Ganister Coal. In the extreme west of the district we get into difficulties through which we have not been able to see our way. The outcrops of the Little Ganister Coal and of the Rattlers Coal were seen in the Porter Brook, and the escarpment of the Loxley Edge Rock enables us to fix very nearly the outcrop of the Ganister Coal at the same spot; the crops of all these coals are again seen in the -workings south of Greystones Road, and between this spot and the brook there is every reason to think that the bassetts are continuous. A fault has been found in these workings; it seems, however, to be small, perhaps some 10 yards down to the south-east; no trace of it is seen in the escarpment of the Loxley Edge on Greystones Cliff. » This escarpment can be followed to Grey Storrs and the Ganister Coal has been worked from the day almost up to the same spot. The escarpment fails at Grey Storrs, and the rock seems to spread out to the south-west towards Marsh House. South of this a good escarpment of the Loxley Edge Rock yuns up through Eccleshall Grange and Silver Hill, and fails 15 chains to the north-west of the last spot. It looks as if the ground around Marsh House was occupied by Loxley Edge Rock dropped in between two faults which pass through High Storrs and the point where the other escarpment on the south fails, and there can be little doubt that some such explanation is correct, for the Ganister Coal has been worked close by Marsh House at a depth of ahout 40 yards. But though the existence of these faults is all but certain, there are such great difficulties in deciding what line they are to take that they have not been inserted on the map. But this is not all. The Ganister Coal is again found cropping in the gully by Trap Lane already mentioned (p. 508); it has been worked in the direction of Hill Top, and also to the north-east as far as a patch of rough ground 25 chains north of that house. To account for this we want another fault throwing the Ganister Coal, which has cropped out beneath Greystones Edge, in again over a large area to the west. After many attempts to arrange a system of faults which would account for the observed facts, we were able to devise none that would be altogether'satisfactory, and decided to leave the mapping in an unfinished state. The Country north of the River Sheaf.—The outcrop of the Silk- stone Coal round the south-western portion of Sheffield is taken mainly from the map of Mr. W. B. Mitchell, the line being checked by the following evidence. At the Moorhead Brewery in South Street the Silkstone Coal was found in the well ata depth of 17 yards, and the crop was cut through in a drain a little to the south in Porter Street, and not long ago the coal took fire at the bassett in Duke Street. In the well of Spring Street Brewery at the south end of Gell Street the same coal was 17 yards deep. The crop has COUNTRY BETWEEN THE SHEFFIELD AND FULWOOD FAULTS, 511 further been proved in Gell Street, and 5 chains to the north-west of St, George’s Church the bassett was cut through in a drain. Two other somewhat puzzling sections may be noticed here. We were told that at South Street eee! a coal with dirt partings 3 feet thick was found at a depth of 20 yards, and 12 yards below that a smut of 6 inches was bored to. The well is clearly below the outcrop of the Silkstone, and the thick coal 1s too near to that seam for the Whinmoor, unless there be some fault to bring up the latter bed. It was stated that the beds were disturbed. Again, Mark Hackney a well-sinker stated that he bored at the church at the north- west corner of Hanover Street to a coal lying 9 yards deep. This bed seems too close to the Silkstone to be the Whinmoor, There may be however a fault branching from the Sheffield fault, say in Arundel Street, and running nearly due west, with an upcast on the south which has brought up the Whinmoor Coal at the two spots just mentioned. The throw may reasonably be expected to decrease to the west, and the fault to die out in that direction. As in the country south of the Porter Brook, the Loxley Edge, Greenmoor, and Grenoside Rocks run across the district in clearly-defined belts which end off against the Sheffield fault. The average dip over the belt of country occupied by the outcrops of these rocks is to the south-east at about 20°. To the north of Crookes Moor, however, the beds flatten and roll over a little, and by this change in dip the Loxley Edge Rock is brought in again and covers a broad spread of ground in the angle between the Sheffield and the Fulwood faults (see Fig. 45). Along the line of the Fulwood fault the sandstone plunges down at very high angles to the north-west. The crop of the Ganister Coal has been proved at several spots about Crookes, and the Loxley Edge Rock enables us to carry it on to the north and south of that village. Beneath the Ganister Coal the Middle Rock comes out in force and is largely quarried west of Crookes and along Lydgate Lane. This band of rock is represented on the map as continuous with the grit of Ranmoor Cliff, but the identification is not beyond question. A belt of micaceous flaggy sandstone north of Lydgate Hall occupies, if the succession is unbroken by faults, the place of the Rough Rock, and has been so coloured onthe map. There is nothing in its mineral character to forbid its being Rough Rock, for the reader will recollect that that bed as it 1s traced eastwards from the moorlands passes from a coarse grit into a finely ined sandstone. This belt of supposed Rough Rock cannot be traced south of Lydgate, and a hypothetical fault has been drawn to account for its abrupt termination. Another fault is drawn ranging in a direction south of west through Tapton. Little more can be said about this fault than that the Middle Rock seems to be shifted at Tapton in a way requiring some such fault, The measures between the two faults last named and the Sheffield fault cannot be certainly identified; they are provisionally coloured as Lower Coal measures. The fault through Ran Movr also belongs to the problematical class. The Ran Moor grit does seem to end off and to be brought against flagegy sand- stone where the fault is drawn, and the course of the Loxley Edge Rock also appears to be shifted after the fashion shown on the map. Some very steep dips also were seen in the brook that runs through the grounds of Tapton Grove where the fault is represented as crossing the stream. The following section was seen in a brook at Nether Green to the north of Carr Bank :— 3. Hard Ganister, at bridge by “C” of Carr Bank. Sandstone. Gap. Black shale. 2. Coal ~ - . - 0 2 to 0 Bastard Ganister - - 2 = 2 1. Sandstone. It is impossible to be certain of the horizon of these beds ; the sandstone (1), however, seems to be continuous with a large spread of rock extending towards ft. in. ft. in. 3 6 512 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Storths, and it is possible that it is the Middle Rock, the Coal (2), the Clay Coal, and (3) the Little Ganister Coal. We were informed that the coal had been followed till it reared up on edge, and as well as could be judged its outcrop seemed as if it would abut against the sandstone of Heald Wood which appears to cap the hill on the south. On these grounds the fault bounding the sandstone outlier of Heald Wood on the north has been laid down; its line being determined by noting the points where the sandstone escarpment comes to an end. A line of very sharp anticlinals and contortions ranges along the Porter Brook for halfa mile above Porter Bridge. It will be seen from the above description that the country between Lydgate and the Porter Brook is very obscure, and that, though it is highly probable it is much cut up by faults, it is perfectly possible that the actual lines of the faults may not exactly be those laid down on the map, It is somewhat difficult to decide in what order it will be best to take the districts into which the remainder of the coalfield will be divided. The basin-shaped lie of the measures however suggests an arrangement which will perhaps enable our readers to wade through the huge mass of facts we have to lay before them with the minimum of trouble. We will suppose the coalfield divided into a number of rudely concentric belts by lines which follow the general strike of the measures, each belt being subdivided into districts. We will take the outermost belt first, and starting on the south will go along the whole of it. We will then return southwards and go along the belt next inside, then the belt inside that, and so on. The outermost belt, which contains districts 5 to 12, is mainly oceupied by Millstone Grit; the belt within this, comprised in districts 13-21, takes in-little else but Lower Coal measures ; this second belt does not run all round the coalfield ; then follows a belt which takes in measures as high as the Oaks Rock, and includes districts 22 to 35. Lastly come districts 36, 37, and 38, which make up the central portion of the coalfield. , District 5.—The Country between the Fulwood Faults on the east, the Rivelin Valley on the north, and the County Boundary. Over the southern and larger part of this district the beds lie in a long flat trough truncated on the east by the Fulwood faults. The axis of the trough ranges nearly east and west. To this trough the name of the Rood Hill Basin has been given. In the centre there is an outlier of Rough Rock on the top of Rood Hill. The sandstones between the Rough Rock and the Rivelin Grit circle round this outlier, and around Fulwood form a broad spread. A belt of the Rivelin Grit in turn surrounds the country occupied by these sandstones, and forms a ring of rough moorland termi- nated towards the rise by a bold line of craggy escarpments. The Rood Hill Basin is bounded on the north by the Rivelin Valley, along which the beds have been upheaved into an elongated dome whose longer axis coincides with the general trend of the valley. Both flanks of the valley are crowned by the craggy escarpments of 513 "GAS oY} DAdqe Joos 00g ouly waInz( WO Upeany “sg ‘TeOD emopsursuny *2 | “oTeys “9 | SID ‘omoIspaeg “¢ | aTPPIAL “BUS “F "ouo}spuEg *¢g “oTBUS “3 “$90y YSno0y *1 ‘o]IU B 0} satu g ‘apeag ~<— AM 0839'S | “MOF NS INH pooy ‘amopGurbury 0p ybnoy) Buryne fo poagy ayn wot wonoag! “LF “Ouy “yoag 8, PAT *ysno scans 42513. 614 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. the Rivelin Grit, and in consequence of the dome-shaped lie of the beds these escarpments draw towards one another till they meet both at the western and eastern ends of the valley. In this way the beds below the Rivelin Grit which come up in the bottom of the valley are enclosed on all sides by the escarpments of that grit and form an inlier. Quite in the bottom of the valley a patch of coarse grit and conglomerate, probably belonging to the Lower Kinder Scout Grit, just peeps out. The Rood Hill Basin.—The general lie of the beds in the western part of the Rood Hill is shown in the section on Fig. 47. From the county boundary up to Oaking Clcugh the upper boundary of the Rivelin Grit cannot be fixed with certainty, though the line of old workings in the coal on the top of the grit forms a rough guide. The crop of the coal was seen in Oaking Clough and again in a tributary brook on the west, where also the fault on the map was shown in section. The crop was again proved in the conduit of the Sheffield Waterworks north of Redmires Reser- voirs, and in a shallow pit 15 chains east of Lodge Moor Hall, and was seen north of Carsick Hall. The seam is being worked a little to the west of Stephen Hill, and has been very largely gotten between that spot and the fault which about half a mile to the north throws in Lower Coal measures against the Rivelin Grit. The fault at Lords Seat and a fault branching from it, as also the fault crossing the Rough Rock on Rood Hill, have been laid down on the strength of apparent shifts in the escarpments of the sandstones they traverse. The section on Fig. 48 shows the lie of the beds across the centre of the Rood Hill Basin. The north and south fault through Fulwood Mill was seen in the Porter Brook 13 chains south of the mill. The fault running between Fulwood Hall and Bennett Grange is doubtful. The mapping of the sand- stones between the Rivelin Grit and the Rough Rock over the country between Ringinglowe and Carsick Hill is most uncertain, for the rocks themselves are very ill-defined and apparently the lower bed thins away in places, so that even over this short distance correlation of the smaller subdivisions is quite impos- sible, and all we can say is that the ground is probably occupied by the upper beds of the Middle Grit series, and that in a general way they lie somewhat as represented on the map. The Rivelin Valley.—At the head of the Rivelin Valley there are appa- rently two faults ranging in a general east and west direction, which may be called the Northern and Southern Moscar faults. The Southern Moscar fault cuts off the escarpment of the Kinder Scout Grit at the northern end of Hordron Edge, and shifts the escarpment of the Rivelin Grit at Upper Reeves Low. Its prolongation to the east is doubtful, for the mapping of the country crossed by it is very obscure, but if our inter- preveion of its structure is correct, the map will show that some such fault is needed. The Northern Moscar fault cuts off the escarpment of the Rivelin Grit at the southern end of Strines Edge, and also the escarpments of the two sand- stones above that rock ; disturbed beds were seen on its line in the brook due south of Moscar Plantation, and three quarters of a mile lower down the stream the fault itself was shown, its face being marked by a cliff of shattered grit which dips 8. by W. at 60°, while on the opposite bank are shales dipping N. by E. at 35°. Eastwards from this point the fault seems to pass into an anticlinal which ranges along the south side of Stump John. The low escarp- ments of the Rivelin Grit on opposite sides of the anticlinal are here only about 80 yards asunder, parted by a belt of flat marshy ground formed of the underlying shales; the ip on the north side is much steeper than on the south. As we go eastwards from this point the arch flattens, the valley widens, and the escarpments of the rock get farther and farther apart till at Revell Grange they are three quarters of a mile from one another. The upper part of the valley is very picturesque, specially where the side brooks such as ‘Wyming Clough descend into it; the contrast between the dark grey crags of massive grit that bound the dell on either side, the pink heather, and the dark 515 auojspueg “9 me 5 auoyspuEg *¢ SHAD SIPPHAL JUD UIpAy seddq “pF td « L3LId) UlpPATY 1oMOT “¢ “HIN 0g Jepury seddqQ = ¢ ‘ouoyspueg +g “WIQ) MOY Aapuryy IoMo'T *T ; 1 ¥ ; —— : f og 4 1 | oe ! ' ie i i i | t ! ae 1 t 1 t 2 : i ! ‘ ' ! : “SION 9 9 p e 3 Ea & ae emopsusany “30 BT “qe ry Ytomsungy UlpIART TyNOg “SITE todug UIPOAT yy ‘paosabboud aooy yoousa, ‘spp sadn uroany of huaypo9 anopbubuyy woif wsog IPH Pooy ay? ssozap worzag ‘8p buy 516 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. green of the firwoods, is most charming. The beauties of the spot have been sung by local poets. at So far the geology of the valley is simple enough, but below Rivelin Paper Mills it becomes more complicated. At that spot on the south bank of the valley there are about 550 feet of measures between the base of the Rivelin Grit ‘and the top of the coarse grit in the bottom of the valley; on the north side there is not room for more than 250 feet. This has been accounted for by supposing the coarse grit to be bounded on the north by a fault which has been proved at Dungworth, and which shifts the escarpment of the Rivelin Grit just west of Revell Grange, te This difficulty got over another soon presents itself. The dip of the Rivelin Grit on the north side of the valley would barely suffice to carry that bed up to the position it occupies on the south side even if the beds continued to rise at the same angle across the whole of the valley, but instead of rising regularly from north to south all across the valley, the measures roll over and dip to the south a little beyond the brook. Dip alone then will not account for the relative positions of the escarpments on the opposite sides of the valley, and there must,be between them a fault throwing down to the north. We have no data to fix the exact place for this fault, and the line on the map is only an approximation to its position. This fault may be called the Rivelin Valley fault. To the east the difference in the levels of the two escarpments gradually disappears, and the fault probably dies out. Further when we compare the Rivelin Grit on opposite sides of the valley at Little London Wheel, where the two escarpments run down to the stream and meet, we are at once struck by the difference between the two portions of the bed. Onthe south side there are two beds of gritstone parted by shale; on the north side only a single bed of inconsiderable thickness shows at the surface, and the change is abrupt and sudden. Also the escarpment of the grit on the north side of the valley is not continuous, but is broken hy a gap at Goodyfield Rock. These facts may be explained by the fault drawn bounding the Rivelin Grit of the northern flank on its north side. This fault we will call the Southern Rivelin fault, and beyond it we will not for the present carry our description. The northern end of the section on Fig. 48 and the section on Fig. 50, will explain the details just described. District 6.—The Country between the Rivelin Valley on the south, the Don Valley on the east, the Ewden Valley on the north-east, and the Out Gate Fault on the north-west. The western part of this district is a wild moorland occupied by the Kinder Scout Grit and underlying beds. Within the outcrop of these beds the Rivelin Grit forms a ridge extending northwards from Strines Edge to near Wightwhistle, where this rock thins away. The country to the east of the outcrop of the Rivelin Grit is much broken by faults and somewhat complicated in its structure. The more important of the faults are, the Dungworth fault, which ranges from Rivelin Paper Mills northwards to the farm- house Woodhouse, three quarters of a mile north-west of Dung- worth ; a group of faults ranging from Dungworth in a north- westerly direction along the southern slope of the valley of Dale Dyke, which may be called the Dale Dyke fault; and the Agden fault, which ranges along the north side of Agden Reservoir, and then turns to the east by Upper Bradfield. In the angle between the Dungworth and the Dale Dyke faults the beds lie in a flat basin, to which the name of the Crawshaw Basin has been given. THE MOORLANDS WEST OF SHEFFIELD. 517 , — Over the strip of country between the Dale Dyke and Agden faults the rocks lie on the whole not far from flat; but the ground is deeply channelled by the valleys of the Dale Dyke, the Ughill, and the Storrs brooks, and along the flanks of these the outcrops of the sandstones and coals wind about in sinuous lines, which make the geology look on the map more complicated than it really is. The district between the Agden fault and the Ewden Beck is remarkably simple. From the outlier of the Loxley Edge Rock on the hill top at Low Ash we cross as we descend into the Ewden Valley the bassetts of all the beds in regular succession down to the Middle Grit, and though the outcrops wind about with the pocelesens of the ground, they are but slightly interrupted by aults. The Crawshaw Basin.—The centre of this basin is occupied by outliers of the Crawshaw sandstone ; these are surrounded by an outcrop of the Rough Rock rudely horseshoe-shaped in outline, the two ends of which abut against the Dungworth fault. On the west the outcrops of the Middle and Kinder Scout Grits run in rudely parallel lines bearing east of north, and end off against the northern Moscar fault on the south and the Dale Dyke or Agden fault on the north. We will first give the evidence for the two faults which bound the Crawshaw Basin. The necessity for the Dungworth fault at Rivelin Paper Mills has been already pointed out (p. 516); a glance at the map will show how along the whole of its line the beds on the east of its line are higher than those on the west. The best marked points are the termination of the escarpment of the Rivelin Grit, west of Revill Grange, the juxtaposition of the Rough Rock and the Middle Rock on the north side of Load Brook, where the sudden termina- tion of the workings in the Black Fireclay gave the position of the throw very exactly ; south-west of Dungworth, where the fault has been proved in the workings in the Ganister Cval; at Sidling Bush, where the Rough Rock abuts against the outcrop of the Ganister Coal ; and at Woodhouse, where the Middle Rock is brought against the shales below the Rough Rock. The Dale Dyke fault has been proved in the Ganister Coal workings near Dungworth, and was seen in the section given in Fig. 49 on Sour Bank, about Fig. 49. Section in a Cutting at Sour Bank, showing the Dale Dyke Fault. 8.W. 1 2 2 N.E. 1. Rough Rock. 2. Dark shale, + Dale Dyke Fault. 928 chains south-west of Damflask Bridge. Hence for some distance to the north the fault and the loop fault branching out of it are hypothetical ; the line has then been carried past a number of disturbances, seen in Dale Dyke about Annet House, up to a shift in the escarpment of the Woodseats Grit. It has not been found possible to trace this fault further to the north-west, nor does it seem to continue to the south-east much beyond Dungworth. In describing the lie of the rocks over the country between these two faults we will work as nearly as possible from the west. 518 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Along Derwent Edge and Carter Stones Ridge the Lower Kinder Scout Grit forms a magnificent escarpment crowned with many strangely shaped piles of rock, and mostly ending in a cliff of gritstone beneath which is a steep slope of the underlying shale. In the upper part of Cartledge Clough the exact place of the base of the grit is doubtful, but there is very conclusive evidence of a fault here on the northern side of which the escarpment sets in again on Howden Edge. ; The exact position of the band of shale between the two Kinder Scout Grits is for a large part of its course somewhat uncertain; the base of the Upper Grit is, however, fairly well defined by an escarpment, and the top of the Lower Grit was seen at the north-west corner of Hollindale Plantation, and in Flint Dyke. The fault near the junction of Flint Dyke with the Agden Brook was seen in a cliff by the brook side. . The two brooks Strines Dyke and Hollingdale Brook flow for considerable distances actually on the top of the Upper Kinder Scout Grit. They furnish many admirable instances of the way in which longitudinal valleys are con- stantly being widened by the action of a stream.* : The upper boundary of the Rivelin Grit is almost wholly conjectural. The junction with the overlying shales was seen at the foot of the old Dale Dyke Reservoir, and the rock there was much disturbed by sharp rolls. The very variable nature of the sandstones above the Rivelin Grit has been pointed out; their outcrops are laid down as accurately as the changeable. character of the beds allow. The outlier of Lower Coal measures with its fringe of Rough Rock in the middle of the basin is crossed by two faults, branches from the Dungworth fault. The more southerly of these, the Gam Lane fault, was proved in the tunnel of the Sheffield Waterworks in Gam Lane, and shifts the escarpment of the Rough Rock in a very marked way south of Corker Walls; it seems to die out to the north-west. The other or Ughill fault is not very clearly shown to the south-east of Ughill, but good evidence is found for it to the north-west of that hamlet. A coal, which is probably the Coking Coal, has been worked to the north of Upper House, and is overlaid by shales which form marshy ground ; this wet tract terminates suddenly along the line where the fault is drawn, and is succeeded on the west by dry stony land occupied by the Craw- shaw sandstone; the coal was followed up to a plantation by the roadside south of Edgefield ; it was found in the eastern part of the plantation, but not in a shaft at the west end. Further to the north the fault shifts the escarpment of the Rough Rock very distinctly north-west of Edgefield. This fault has been made to end off against a branch from the Dale Dyke fault which is indicated by some sections in disturbed beds, but is somewhat uncertain. The Country between the Dale Dyke and the Agden Faults.— The evidence for the Agden fault shall first be given. This is one of those lines of dislocation so clearly pointed by the shape and features of the country that the first glance is enough to enable one to detect it. Standing upon Ughill Moors one sees on the west the outcrops of the two Kinder Scout Grits and the Rivelin Grit, running in well-marked ridges in a direction east of north up to the Agden Valley. Here these escarpments stop, and on the north side of the valley anew set of escarpments puts in, which not only fail to correspond with those on the south side, but run in a direction nearly at right angles to them. The following additional evidence fixes the line of the fault more closely. At the western end of Herculean Edge the Kinder Scout and Rivelin Grits abut against one another; the escarpment of the Rivelin Grit is suddenly termi- nated at the north-east end of Emlin Hill. On the north side of Agden Reser- voir the coarse Rivelin Grit of Smallfield Ridge was seen to be brought against the finely-grained overlying sandstones which form the bank of the reservoir. East of Upper Bradfield the shifting of the escarpment of the Rough Rock from Castle Hill to Kirk Edge House is most unmistakeable. The.continua- tion to the east of this point is doubtful, but there seems to be a fault on the line produced at Haighen Field, the eyidence being as follows. The base of the Loxley Edge Rock runs just below the farmhouse, but a little way down the * Physical Geology, A. H Green, p. 443. THE MOORLANDS WEST OF SHEFFIELD. 519 southern slope of the hill there is a semi-elliptical mass of apparently the same rock, which, unless it be a landslip, can hardly have come into its present osition in any way but by a fault. A little to the east of this point the Agden ult seems to terminate against a fault shown by a shift in the escarpment of the Loxley Edge Rock. A loop fault branching from the Agden fault has been drawn east of Agden Wood ; it is required to explain the occurrence of two masses of coarse grit which run from Wigan Tor southwards for about three quarters of a mile. If we are right in separating them from the Rivelin Grit of Emlin Hill by the Agden fault, these can hardly be anything else but Kinder Scout Grit, and it would seem at first sight that they would pass naturally under the Rivelin Grit of Smallfield Ridge, There is not however an unbroken line of grit, but two masses apparently separated by a considerable interval, and it seemed as if this interruption could be best explained by such a fault as is drawn on the map. A north and south fault has been shown east of Woodseats for the following reason. The general succession of the sandstones in the neighbourhood can be satisfied only if the Woodseats rock is the same as the sandstone of Windy Bank repeated by a fault down west; also the escarpment of the Woodseats Rock seems to be cut off by a fault 14 chains east of Wilkin Hill. It must be confessed however that this fault rests on somewhat slender evidence. An attempt has been made to trace out the sandstones of the Middle Grit series between Agden Reservoir and Damflask Bridge, but the country is so very obscure that the lines are for the most part only very rough approxima- tions. A loop fault, branching from the Dale Dyke fault, has been put in mainly to account for the position of some coarse grit, very like Rough Rock, which lies between it and the Dale Dyke fault. This grit was seen in some crags 10 chains east of Foxholes, and seems immediately afterwards to be thrown down to the east by a small fault as represented on the map ; a sort of feeble escarpment can be then traced for about 50 chains to the south-east, but the rock itself is nowhere seen, and its continuation is somewhat doubtful. In fact it is only to the east of Foxholes that we are certain of the presence of the grit; the patches there may be landslips, though this does not seem likely ; if they are not, the mapping adopted is not improbable. But whether this belt of Rough Rock exists or not, we get a: gritstone cropping up in Ughill Beck at the foot of Ricket Bank, which from its distance below the Ganister Coal of Dungworth must be Rough Rock; the sandstone is thrown up to the north by the Dale Dyke fault and runs with a clear line round the hill into Dale Dyke, where it was well laid open in the puddle-trench of the Damflask Reservoir; rising up from the bottom a belt of Rough Rock ranges along the northern slope of the valley with a good escarp~ ment up to Castle Hill, where it ends off against the Agden fault. To the east of this belt of Rough Rock several faults have been detected. The Stacey Bank fault ranges west of north past the farmhouse of that name. The first indications of this fault on the south are seen in the workings of the fireclay on the top of the Rough Rock on the south side of the Loxley Valley near Beacon Wood, where the shales between the Rough Rock and the Middle Rock are tilted at a high angle. The fault must be here just dying out, for there is no trace of it to be seen in the escarpment of the sandstones on either side of Storrs Brook. At Stacey Bank there is an outcrop of a thin coal, probably the Coking Coal, which seems: with the underlying Crawshaw Sandstone to be cut off on the north-east by the fault. The fault was seen in a brook 28 chains north-east of Damflask Bridge, and from this point has been hypothetically carried on up to the Agden fault. . ; A fault at right angles to the Stacey Bank fault running a little to the east of Holdsworth Hall is required to account for the termination of the sand-, stone on which that house stands. This sandstone is probably the Crawshaw Sandstone, thrown down from Onesmoor by the Agden fault. The rock is again repeated by the Stacey Bank fault, and forms a very bold escarpment above the Rough Rock of Firs Hill. ; in Another fault, the Stannington fault, ranges in a. northerly direction past Stannington Church. It was seen by Rowel Bridge, and has been drawn so as to account for the way in which different sandstones abut along its line against one another. ; j . A fault running from the Stannington to the Stacey Bank fault is purely 520 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. hypothetical ; ithas been put in because no outcrop of the Rough Rock could be detected between the Crawshaw Sandstone of Lee Bank and the band of Middle Grit which ranges above Rowel Wheel and Loxley Old Wheel. The Stacey Bank fault, the fault last mentioned, and the Stannington fault form a broken line to the west of which the beds lie very regularly. South of Dungworth an outlier of the Loxley Edge Rock clings to the Dungworth fault. The crop of the Ganister Coal is given by the numerous old workings. The ‘ Middle Rock runs with a very bold escarpment from Rickett Bank along the south side of the Loxley Valley, winds up the valley of Storrs Brook, and caps the hill top west of Stannington. Beneath this bed the Rough Rock and one of the Middle Grits come out on the north in the Loxley Valley, and on the south as we descend into the Rivelin Valley. On the north side of the Loxley Valley the high ground is capped by two outliers of the Loxley Edge Rock, one of which lies round Low Ash, and the other stretches from Wadsley to Loxley Edge on the west and Stannington Wood on the south, see Fig. 51. ‘I'he escarpment on Loxley Edge is very sharp ; its shattered and ruined condition has been already noticed (p. 115). The- outcrop of the Ganister Coal can be traced, mainly by the aid of workings, with great accuracy winding in a sinuous line round these outliers. The Middle Rock and the Crawshaw Sandstone can certainly be recognised on the northern flank of the Loxley Valley, but the features they makeare not strong enough to allow of their boundaries being laid down very accurately. The Middle Rock however comes out in a very pronounced way in the cliff below Little Matlock. The mapping of the north side of the Rivelin Valley east of Stannington is somewhat uncertain. There is a sandstone seen in several quarries east of Stannington Church, which must be the Middle Rock; beneath this there seems to be another sandstone which is probably the Crawshaw Rock ; a ganister was found in a well about the top of the sandstone which may represent the Coking Coal. This lower sandstone is shown in a quarry in Roscoe Plantation; it is however very ill marked and perhaps dies out tothe west. Lower down the Rivelin Coal crops out; it was formerly worked from a pit said to have been 52 yards deep on Roscoe Bank, and the workings were drained by an adit which comes out by Little London Wheel; the coal is still being wrought from a dayhole at the bottom of Hall Park Road by Messrs. Marsden and Son. Between the supposed Crawshaw Sandstone however and the Rivelin Coal there are no sandstones to represent the Rough Rock and the Upper Middle Grit, and to account for the absence of any outcrop of these measures, a fault, which may be called the North Rivelin fault, has been inserted. The section on Fig. 50 will explain the structure of the ground. The continuation down the valley of the Crawshaw Sandstone is most uncertain, and the band laid down on the map is almost entirely conjectural, The Middle Rock is also far from clearly marked; a sandstene in Spooner Wood (now the Roman Catholic Cemetery) with a thin coal on the top probably belongs to this rock, the coal being the Clay Coal. Still further down the valley the Clay Coal and the sandstone beneath it were cut through ia a new road east of the Yew Tree public-house. The fault at Malin Bridge was not actually seen, but the beds are so violently disturbed that it is likely a fault crosses the valley there. Above the outcrop of the Clay Coal near the Yew Tree public-house, the Little Ganister Coal comes out; this bed crops again on the opposite side of the valley on Walkley Bank, but at a much higher level than on the north side on account of the beds rising to the south; the crop was proved in a number of shallow wells and seen in a quarry. Stil! higher up the Ganister. Coal comes on, but is soon cut off by the Fulwood fault. Its crop was seen in Walkley Road. ‘The section in Fig. 45 will explain the lie of the beds over the ground just described. We may next notice a tract of ground, apparently inclosed by faults on all sides, at the northern extremity of which the Wadsley Lunatic Asylum stands. The Sheffield fault bounds it on the west, the Old Park Wood and Don Valley faults on the south and east, and there is probably a fourth fault on the north. In the southern part of this tract a bed of sandstone is quarried at Bower’s Quarry near Hilsborough; it is here somewhat peculiar in’ character, thinly and very evenly bedded, so as to be almost a tilestone. Sandstone seems to occupy the ground for more than a mile to the north-west of this quarry, and 521 THE MOORLANDS WEST OF SHEFFIELD. ‘so0y o8pq Aa[xoT °8 [ROO sajstmey “2 “H90% OEPPHAL “9 “OUO}SPULS MEYSAIY) “G ' 1 1 ' i 1 ' t V ! ! t 1 ' t “uOy 2307 Ok “UIPOATT “aL area urea —: i z aff: a fforbe . "yoo, ySnoy “y — 5 ‘Wy wary seddy ‘eg 7 ‘WUD UTATY dAOT *Z Wy qnoog JepOry aedd a = ¢ BUOISpUEg “T POEUN a 4 i ' 1 i ' ' \ I 1 * 1 1 t I fn ! “9TnB “qn "poo UIPOATy TOA noysuTa = . * © OY ygnog WONT ee ‘synng hayyoA uyaary pun ‘uyoary yynog ‘uyonry y2Lony ay? wof Aprssaoau ayy Gurmoys ‘hayn4 uraarny ay2 ssocov woraag 09 ‘bur 522 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. to terminate in an escarpment about 10 chains south of Wadsley Park. The beds below the rock were partly laid open during the building of the Asylum ; the following is an approximate section of the whole group :— ft. 11. Sandstone of Bower’s Quarry, Hillsborough Park, &c. - = = i. 10. Shales - - = - 40 9. ? Sandstone - 2 7 - 30 8.2 Shales - - - 2 7. Sandstone - - 25 6. Shale - - 35 5. Black shale * 4, Sandstone - 20 3. Coal - - - 2. Sandstone - - = 1. Shale - - < ” It is impossible to say for certain what is the place of these beds in the series on account of their isolation by faults. It is possible that (3) may be the Coking Coal, and (11) the Loxley Edge Rock. The crop of the coal was seen in the brook to the north of the Asylum in two places. In No. 7, some very fine specimens of upright Sigillaria were discovered during the building of the Asylum; they are described by Mr. C. Sorby in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. XXXI. 458, The fault a little to the north-west of this brook is hypo- thetical; some indications of it were seen in digging the Asylum tank, and it is hardly possible to reconcile the lie of the beds on opposite sides of the line without a fault. The Country between the Agden Fault and the Ewden Beck,.—The general structure of this tract is shown in the section on Fig. 51. Starting at the south-eastern corner we have first to notice the behaviour of the Middle Rock about Worrall, and the continuation of the Sheffield fault up to that village. The country is obscure, and both the fault and the thinning away of the rock are far from certain. The Crawshaw Sandstone plays an important part; a broad belt of it runs up from the Don Valley by Middlewood Hall; it then spreads out over Onesmoor, and caps the hill top around Onesacre, near which there is a small outlier of the Coking Coal marked A.in Fig. 51. A fault running through the south end of Beeley Wood, which we will call the Beeley Wood fault, is prolonged across the country occupied by the Crawshaw Sandstone: An isolated patch of this rock occurs on the downcast side of the fault around Hagg Stones Farmhouse, and the fault itself was seen in Coums Vale Plantation. The only difficulty which the Rough Rock presents is caused by the gradual change which it undergoes from a coarse massive grit to a fine flaggy sandstone. The escarpment is however continuous from Kirk Edge till the rock sinks into the bed of the Don at Oughtibridge. In the Middle Grits the fine escarpment of Harcliff Rocher north of Upper Bradfield is worth calling attention to. This escarpment can be followed northwards as far as Handsome Cross, and here it is certainly faulted. The probable direction of the fault can be fixed with fair certainty, and it seems to run south of the outlier of rock, almost certainly Rough Rock, on Spout House Hill, the position of which the fault serves to explain. On the north of this fault two large masses of sandstone occur, one in Cowell Plantation and the other on White Lee Moor. It rather looks at first sight as if the sandstone of Cowell Plantation dipped below that of White Lee Moor; for many reasons however it is more probable that they both belong to the same bed, and that a fault down west runs between them and rapes the sandstone on the, downcast side; this explanation is adopted on the map. Below these sandstones the slope of the Ewden Valley is thickly covered with enormous landslips which hide almost everywhere the solid rock from view. The sandstone of White Lee Moor and the bed above it wind round the hill, run up the valley of the Tinker Brook, are carried by the general easterly dip 523 THE MOORLANDS WEST OF SHEFFIELD, “soTeqs *8 “SHLIQ) O[PPTAL “ST-IT ‘QUOJSPULS MVYSMEID *Z ‘sored “OT ‘seregs 9 “yooy, ysnoy *6 Spee Says Coit *d wo aque} ou UT se oTMUS Oy} FT OF T “ONT) “soreqs “F ‘jeoQ qaystuey “¢ “saTeqg °S *yooy ospy AapxoT 'T ‘aTTUL @ 04 SAqOUT so1q} ‘TVG “dT 983 oD mt a ie wet mo --- nl @ ----- 1 ' ' b 8:6 { 9 "VY « “YOorg, s,u100¢) “03 fener -uopbmuungg pun ‘hajxory ‘abprquybng fo sasnswayy v0) samory ay? ssouan yynog! 07 Y2L0AT wots uorpoay "19 “ug 524 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. down to the Don, and then range along the eastern flank of the valley of that river. . The bed which forms a well-marked escarpment on Smallfield Ridge and Herculean Edge is probably the Rivelin Grit; it can be traced across the moor towards Wightwhistle; there the traces of it become indistinct, and, as we have already explained, the rock probably dies away. : West of the country just described there is a tract of rough moorland which it will be convenient to take in hand now up to the fault which may be called the Cut Gate fault, because it ranges nearly along the old packhorse road of that name. This fault is very clearly shown by a great shift in the escarpment of the Lower Kinder Scout Grit west of Margery Stones; it then brings beds which probably belong to the Upper Kinder Scout Grit on the west against the shales between the two Kinder Scout Grits on the east; still further to the north- east it is probable that the beds on the west side of it are higher than those on the east. ; The range of the Kinder Scout Grits from Howden Edge up to the Cut Gate fault seems to be very regular; fine sections are shown in the deep gorge of the Ewden Beck and its feeder Stainery or Standhill Clough; the rock is excessively coarse and massive on the western moors, but grows rapidly finer in grain towards the east. There is a very problematical bit of ground around Pike Lowe and Earn- shaw Ridge. Pike Lowe seems to be an outlier of a white, closely grained, hard grit, quite unlike anything noticed among the Kinder Scout Grits, but very closely resembling the Middle Grit of Calf Knowl a mile to the north- west. This outlier has, therefore, been looked upon as Middle Grit; this interpretation makes it necessary that there should be a fault between it and the Kinder Scout Grit on the south, and accordingly a hypothetical fault has been inserted. We are also somewhat puzzled here by piles of large angular blocks of the grit of Pike Lowe which lie scattered round the outlier. One of these occurs north-west of Watson House, and looks so very much like a heap of “daystones ” at the foot of an escarpment that we were at first inclined to think that there was a patch of rock here thrown down from the main outlier by a fault. No rock however could be seen in place, and when we found that the whole surface of Fenny Common on the north-west of Pike Lowe was thickly covered with similar heaps of grit blocks, we were led to look upon all as rere surface debris. The outlier may have been once larger than at present, and these piles of stones the ruins of the parts removed by atmospheric denudation ; they have however somewhat of a morainic look about them. District 7.—The Country between Bolsterstone and Hazelhead Station. This is a long narrow tract bounded on the south-west in part by the Ewden Valley, and in part by a line of fault which will be called the Calf Knowl fault, and on the north-east by a long tortuous and slightly interrupted line of fault ranging through Bitholmes Wood in the valley of the Don, past Bolsterstone and Midhopestones, and northwards by Ranah Stones a little to the east of Hazelhead Station. The eastern part of this fault' we will call the Midhopestones fault ; the portion to the north of Langsett the Ranah Stones fault. Between these faults the beds strike north- west, and dip gently to the north-east. The lowest beds exposed are Middle Grits; above there is a long strip of Rough Rock; and. this is surmounted by outliers of Lower Coa! measures clinging to the Midhopestones and Ranah Stones faults. The Calf Knowl fault is beautifully shown in Thickwoods Brook just above the junction with Calf Knoll Brook and in the latter hrook itself; one of the THE COUNTRY BETWEEN BOLSTERSTONE AND HAZELHBAD. 525 sections is figured in Fig. 52. The fault truncates in a very marked way the escarpments of the Middle Grit of Calf Knowl and of the Rough Rock at Fig. 52. Section in Thichwoods Brook showing the Calf Knowl Fault. 1. Black shale. 2. Vein of white sand. 3. Mashed clay. 4. Sandstone. 5. Ganister. 6. White sandy underclay. 7. Coal, 2 inches. 8. Hard sandstone. 9. Dark shale. Mauk Royd Head. The fault was again admirably shown on both sides of the valley of the Little Don. The section on the north flank at Swinden Rocher is given in Fig. 51. There is again good evidence in the valley of the Don, both in the termination of escarpments and in the disturbed state of the beds. Fig. 53. Section of the Calf Knowl Fault in the Valley of the Little Don. 2 3 o o 7 ' i ' ! ' 1 ' ‘ ' ' ‘ ' ' 1 ' ' i 1 1 1 ' 1 ‘ ' ' 4 1 ' 1 1 ' ' 1 . Hard, closely grained sandstone resting on shale. . Vertical shattered sandstone. . Sandstore broken small and ground into sand. . Hard sandstone. . Black shale mashed into clay. . Crushed and contorted dark shale. . Dark shale. ittle further to the north the abrupt termination of the escarpment of the Rough Rook at Carlcotes is mecatly en the line of the fault. North of this oint a fault which may be looked upon as the continuation of the Calf Knowl fault ranges up to Honley, but we will leave the consideration of this part till we come to the country which it crosses. South of Thickwoods Brook the fault probably dies out, but the country is too obscure to allow us to say positively whether this is the case, and, if it is, where the termination takes place. NEDO 8 DOR 526 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The eastern extremity of the Midhopestones fault is not easy to trace on account of the thick trees and undergrowth of Bitholmes Wood. It is quite evident however that the beds which strike into the wood from the clear ground on the north cannot be made to join on with those which range round the promontory between the Ewden and Don valleys; a bold crag of one of the Middle Grits beside the turnpike road probably marks the place of the fault, which has brought against the sandstone shales that have been denuded away and left bare face of the rock. The evidence across Town End Common consists in the total want of correspondence between the rocks on the northern and southern flanks of the hill, as is shown in Fig. 54. From Bolsterstone up to: Midhopestones the Rough Rock or the shales beneath it are brought against beds proved by workings to belong to the Ganister Coal Group, and the fault has been drawn through disturbed beds in New Hall Wood, Green Lane, and the stream below. Langley Brook, In the Little Don, by Uskers three quarters of a mile north-west of Midhopestones, there is every sign of a fault crossing the river; the throw however is probably small, and the fault very likely dies out. A little further on however we meet with the Ranah Stones fault, which forms the remainder of the north- eastern boundary of our district. This commences as a small throw of a few yards passing through Cliff Well on Midhope Cliff; it was proved here in some exploring works carried on in connexion with a projected reservoir ; the fault was again seen in the river bank, and was proved in two excavations on the north side of the valley ; its line is given by the abrupt termination of the Middle Rock at the eastern end of Gilbert Hill, and along the east side of Ranah Stones, North of the Don the relative lie of the Rough Rock and Lower Coal measures is well explained by carrying on this fault with a bend to the west. At the eastern end of the Ewden Valley there seem to be two Middle Grits corresponding to the two sandstones on the opposite side of the valley. The slope however is much obscured by small landslips, and the outcrops cannot be traced very accurately. To the south of Bolsterstone the outcrop of the lower of these sandstones gradually grows in importance till it forms the fine escarpment of Ewden Heights, from which a broad dip slope passes away gently to the north-east. The Rough Rock forms some bold crags on Bitholmes Wood; the outcrop along the north side of the valley is narrow up to Bolsterstone; then it broadens out and the rock extends up to the Midhopestones fault. There is apparently a small outlier of shale above the rock to the west of Bolsterstone, which was indistinctly seen in an old brick pit, and whose boundary is indicated by a patch of marshy ground. The course of the rock from Bolster- stone up to the Calf Knowl fault at Swinden is very clearly marked. Here the ground becomes somewhat broken by faults, which can be fixed with a moderate degree of certainty; the upper boundary from Swinden Wells to Hazelhead Station is wholly conjectural. The grit and the underlying flags are well shown at Hazelhead Station and on the opposite side of the river at Softley Stone, where the escarpment fails. A coarse grit, which we believe to be Rough Rock, is seen in the bed of the river a little higher up, and we have explained the failure of the escarpment at Softley Stone and the reappear- ance of the grit on the west at a lower level by the fault on the map. Another patch of coarse grit overlaid by a coal, which is probably Rough Rock, was seen just south-east of Low Laithe, and to account for the appearance of the rock here we have introduced another fault. The fault has been drawn through a spot in Town Brook where the beds are very disturbed. The measures in the outlier of Lower Coal measures on the south side of the Midhopestones fault at the eastern end of the Ewden Valley are shown in Fig. 54. The section is somewhat abnormal, but it is likely that the coal No. 3 is the Coking Coal. Lower Coal measures again come on to the north of Langsett; the Middle Rock forms bold features on Gilbert Hill and Ranah Stones. The Coking Coal has once been worked to a small extent at Gilbert Hill. 527 ‘que puy uMey, x x ‘yneg seuojsodoypryy x “yooy espa Ao[xoT ‘oseq ouow Sel iy WIM WIH os1v0g *2Z ‘TeoO Jaystuey) *9 eon £eIQ “7% ‘QUOISPULG AVYSALID °Z ‘auolspurg “g : ‘yeoQ Burgog *¢ “yooy ysnoy ‘T * xx Reena ! “£rrVnv , “KOUTA () ¢@ h 9 oyaer USpAg TPA ysnorg “Ss wey “ACN ‘sqNDy pug unos, pun sauojsadoypyyy oy? Bumoys ‘hagyo4 uapmy ayn 07 ayigg yGnoz) woul uorzsag "pg ‘buy 528 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. District 8.—The Moorland Country from the Cut Gate Fault to the Valley of the River Colne. The country we have been lately concerned with is so much broken by faults that the, easiest way to describe it was to cut it up into a number of small subdivisions. The district we are now coming to is an extensive tract over which the beds run with con- siderable regularity. It is wholly occupied by Millstone Grit, and the following are the main points and most striking features in its geological and physical structure. On the south and west it is edged with a broad belt of Kinder Scout Grit, which forms wild and lofty tracts of moorland. On the south the rock terminates in a line of bold escarpment overlooking the upper part of the valley of the Derwent. The general spread is interrupted by the Woodhead Valley, which cuts not only to the base of the grit but deep down intu the beds below. Beyond this valley a grit plateau stretches away north, and extends westwards into Lancashire beyond the boundaries of the district treated of in the present work. An account of the western portion of this plateau will be found in the Memoir on the geology of the country round Oldham. ; To the east of the Kinder Scout Grit the Middle Grits come on. The lower beds of this series are, as has been already pointed out, very fitful and uncertain, and though their outcrops are marked, wherever the sandstones thicken out, by strong ridges, they form no continuous escarpment. The sandstone however that we have distinguished as B. (see p. 48) is a more regular and important rock, and its escarpment forms a nearly unbroken ridge from Calf Knowl to Holme Moss. Sweeping round this hill the escarpment winds along the south side of the deep valley of the River Holme to Holmfirth. The valley interrupts the run of the rock ; its slopes are formed of the shales beneath the Middle Grits, and in the bottom there is an inlier of the Kinder Scout Grit.. A fault to the north of the broad depression brings in again the Middle Grits, but here it is the new bed called A. that is the important member. This rock forms a broad plateau sloping gently up to the west from Meltham, and terminated by an escarpment above Marsden. A bold hill, Binn Moor, with fine points Shooters and West Nab on the north and south, rises from this plateau near its western edge. It is capped by an outlier of Rough Rock which forms a very con- spicuous object in the landscape. The beds lie in a synclinal trough whose axis ranges across the middle of the hill towards Meltham ; this gives the hill a remarkable saddle-shaped appearance, which is very striking as seen from Huddersfield. The Rough Rock forms an unbroken edging to the district on the east. From Carlcotes to near Honley the outcrop forms only a narrow band along the hill sides, but at Honley the rock runs up with a long dip slope far to the west, and through South Crosland down to Huddersfield there is a broad spread of it. The alternation of these thick grits with softer shales has given to the district the characteristic features which under such circumstances are always found to prevail. Looking at the country broadly, it consists of a series of inclined planes sloping to the east and resting on one another in a step-like form. Each incline THE MOORLAND WEST OF PENISTONE. 529 represents approximately the surface of one of the gritstones, and Fig. 56. Section across Mickledean Clough. Mickledean 5. Rock of Calf Knoll. 2. Flags and shale, 8. Sandstone and shale 4. Sandstone. 6. Rock of Hingcliff Hill, 1. Kinder Scout Grit. each step is formed where the grit- stone terminates in an escarpment above the shale underlying it. As a matter of fact, however, this ideal uniformity is considerably modified by the furrows and gullies cut by the numerous tributary streams which spring from the high mossy grounds that retain like a sponge and let out gradually the rain that falls upon them. Further modifi- cations are caused by faults ; when these bring side by side beds of unequal hardness, the softer is denuded away and the harder stands out in a feature. We carried our account of the Mill- stone Grit country of district 6 up to the Cut Gate fault. To the north-west of that fault there is a very obscure tract of ground lying on either side of Mickle- dean Clough. The main bed of the Middle Grits forms a clear escarpment from Calf Knoll by Ing Cliff, and then crossing the Little Don runs up through Swinden Plantation to Hordron Banks. Below this rock three beds of sandstone come out in the river; they can be traced ‘for some distance to the south, but their escarpments soon become more or less in- distinct as we get on to the flatter por- tions of the moor. The lowest probably runs by Lost Lad, and there seems to be an outlier of the same bed on the west of Mickledean Clough forming Bradshaw Hill. Beneath these sandstones a mass of coarse grit and conglomerate which is certainly Kinder Scout Grit comes out in the bottom of the clough. So far the succession is regular enough, but instead of the Kinder Scout Grit rising gradually to the west and forming a spread over the moors, as we should expect, we have on the west side of Mickledean Clough an escarpment, which commences at Mickledean Pool and ranges southwards nearly up to the Cut: Gate fault. This escarpment marks the base of the same grit as crops up in the very bottom of the valley. There must therefore be a fault throwing down to the east along the west side of the valley. Steep dips on the line where such a fault would run were seen near the head of Bradshaw Clough, and about the junction of that clough with the Little Don, and on the same line the escarpment of the Middle Grit is shifted at Hordron Farmhouse. The sec- tion on Fig. 55 will explain the inter- pretation we have put on this ground. LI 530 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD, We may next notice one or two points calling for remark in the Woodhead Valley. The banks of Torside Reservoir and the lower part of Hollins Clough are occupied by beds of sandstone, grit, and shale, in which the sand- stone predominates. The beds roll a good deal. Where the Torside Clough crosses the road there isa dip of 12° to S.E. in shale, this is probably just above the top of the grit. Near the stream that flows through Pasture Wood we get dips of 7° E. by N. and 5° S.E., onnorth of reservoir, 4° N.W. in beds of sandstone and shale. - At the foot of Hollins Clough there is a small dip to the N.W. In the portion of this clough above the rock the beds are dipping at from 8° to 22° to S.W. or towards.the valley, and this causes the north side of the valley hereabouts to be covered with landslips. The south side of the Woodhead Valley is free from slips west of Torside Clough, the dip being to the south; but east of that clough the beds dip northerly or towards the valley, and the flanks of the valley are entirely composed of huge masses of Kinder Scout Grit which have slipped from the heights above. In the lower part of Shining Clough we get a dip of 5° to the N.W. in shales, and higher up the junction of these shales with the overlying Kinder Scout Grit is exposed, the dip being S. by W. at 6°. From this point to Torside Clough the base of the Kinder Scout Grit is concealed: by huge landslips. Eastwards from Stable Clough the base is marked by a fair escarpment which runs down to a point in Smithy Clough where there is a fault ranging N.W. and S.E. This fault is supposed to throw down on the north, as on that side we find beds of grit and shale apparently belonging to the Kinder Scout Grit below the horizon that the base of that bed would occupy if it were not faulted. These rocks reach along the valley as far as Woodhead Chapel, where we again come to the base of the Kinder Scout Grit. We have therefore on the north side of the valley Kinder Scout Grit at a lower level than the shale under that rock which forms the southern flank, and we have accordingly drawn the fault which ranges along the valley to account for this juxtaposition. West of Woodhead Chapel the shales on Crowden Clough dip N. by E. at 10° to 21°. From Hasefield Wood near the Chapel the base of the Kinder Scout Grit is well marked as far as Brockholes Wood. Here the position of the line becomes uncertain till we get clear of the slips which cover the western side of Crowden Brook ; after that we get a good line for the base crossing Combs Clough a little beneath Lads Leak. West of this clough we have again large slips, and the line is uncertain till it abuts against a large fault running near Vale House (in map 88 S.W.) which is down to the west and breaks off abruptly the grit of Peak Naze. We will now return to the foot of Mickledean Clough and trace the top of the Kinder Scout Grit. To the west of the fault ranging down Bradshaw Clough we. have in Hordron Clough shales and thin sandstones with a dip of 30° to the north- east, and in a short distance we find the Kinder Scout Grit coming out from beneath these beds. The upper boundary can be easily traced on, for the stream in Hordron and Land Cloughs runs on the top of the rock ; the dip is N. by FE. at from 10° to 16°. The upper boundary is again seen in Round Hill Clough at the junction with Saltersbrook; the beds dip here at angles of 40° or 50° to the north-west owing to the proximity of a fault which seems to be down west. The exact place of the line on the north side of Salter’s Brook is uncertain, but it cannot be far from where we have drawn it; it is also doubtful whether the boundary should cross the Woodhead Tunnel at the road or at the “w” of the word “ Andershaw.”” North of the tunnel the line is generally well marked both by the shape of the ground and by sections. Sections in the as shales were seen in close proximity to grit in Heyden, Meadow, and Crowden Cloughs. There may be some doubt whether the line runs down Long Clough or sweeps more to the west, and hereabouts there is no clear division between grit and shale, but the beds near the top pass up into the shale above through a series of interbedded sandstones and shales. In a branch of Birchin Clough coming from the east we find the topmost bed of Kinder Scout Grit at the junction of a number of small streams in which we have sections in rolling shales and sandstones. In Holme Clough, the chief branch of Greenfield Brook, we find above the coarse grit shales with interbedded sandstones dipping with some rolls to the S.E. at from 5° to 15. North of Holme Clough the line is very uncertain across Dean Head Moss THE MOORLAND WEST OF PENISTONE. 531 as far as the high road; beyond the road the top is fairly marked, and is well given in Hoegrain and the higher part of Shiny Brook Clough, where the grit with interstratified shales passes with slight rolls beneath the overlying shales at angles of 10° to 14° to the north-east. A little further down Shiny Brook Clough the overlying shales and sandstones are found in a disturbed state on the horizon of the grit, and we have therefore supposed a fault running north-east to cross the clough here. The same fault accounts for a similar circumstance in Pudding Real and Loadley Cloughs. North of this fault the lower parts of the branch streams and the bottom of the main valley are oe by grits and conglomerates with interbedded shales belonging to the Kinder Scout series; the dip is apparently to the north-west at 5°. At the head of Wesenden Reservoir the grits pass below the overlying shales, in which many sections are seen along the banks of the reservoir; but the Kinder Scout Grit comes to day again in the valley below the Reservoir. In Blake Clough a fault is seen bearing N.W. and S.E.; it brings the Kinder Scout Grit on the west against the overlying shale on the east, and the massive grit- stone forms a steep bank above the Reservoir along which a large number of springs burst out. A fault, which is probably the same, is seen in two places, in Shiny Brook Clough. North of the Wesenden Reservoir the valley is cut through beds of massive grit and shales. The top of the rock is fairly marked as far as Marsden, where it grows obscure as it nears the fault at Wood Bottom Mill, by which the Kinder Scout Grit is thrown down on the east below the bottom of the valley. About a mile and a half east of Marsden a 2 group of faults crosses the valley of the Colne, which bring up a patch of rock probably belonging to the top of the Kinder Scout Grit. Fig. 56 isa Fig. 56. Faults in River Colne at Holme Mill, near Marsden. Ww. E vertical section of these faults as seen at Holme Mill at the junction of Badger Gate Clough with the River Colne. A coarse grit containing a thin coal rises from beneath the shales a little to the west of Holme Mill; this grit is cut off by afault (c) ranging E. 30° N. by which grit similar in character but without the coal is brought against it. ‘The fault(b) then follows bearing N. 5° W. and brings on the foilowing beds :— ft. in. Hard closely-grained sandstone. Coal smut - - - - 0 6 Clay - - - - - O07 Coal - - - - - O07 Clay. Shale. About 6 yards further on is the fault (a), bearing N, 35° W., to the east of which are the following beds :— ft. in. Shale. Sandstone - - - - - 2 0 Coal and underclay. Shale. LI. 2 532 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD, It is probable that these beds are about the top of the Kinder Scout Grit, the coal being the thin seams so generally present on that horizon. Still further to the east we have two more faults. One seems insignificant, the other appears to be a continuation of a fault seen at Clough House on the north side of the river; it throws up the Kinder Scout Grit on the east, so as to bring the top to the level of the high road where we see a sandstone overlaid by acoal smut. The easterly dip soon carries the Kinder Scout Grit again out of sight. We may now turn to the inlier of Kinder Scout Gritin the upper part of the valley of the River Holme. We have already mentioned that the top bed of the Kinder Scout Grit here is very irregular; it sometimes seems to consist of two portions separated by shales ; the upper portion is thin and occasionally either coalesces with the lower by the thinning away of the shale bed, or itself either dies away or so alters its character as to be indistinguishable from the sandstones that occur in the shales parting the Kinder Scout and Middle Grits. On account of the variability of this: bed it is not possible in some cases to keep the top of the Kinder Scout Grit on the same geological horizon. This happens in Dean Clough and Hey Clough, but with this exception the top is very well given by sections and the shape of the ground on the south side of the River Holme. But on the north side of the valley there is above Holme Bridge considerable douht about the limits of the Kinder Scout Grit. That rock is found in force along Digley Brook and Marsden Clough as far as Snape Clough. Here the beds are very much disturbed, and after crossing the confused ground we find ourselves in the midst of a mass of shales and thin sandstones that resemble the beds between the Kinder Scout and Middle Grits. It certainly looks, therefore, as if there were a fault between these rocks and the grit and conglomerate of Dean Clough; the evidence is not conclusive, for the want of agreement between the section in Dean and Snape Cloughs may be due to a change in the lithological character of the beds; such a change would be sudden, but not more rapid than does occasionally occur. Upon the whole a fault seems the likelier explanation, and we have therefore inserted one; its direction is uncertain, but it must run south-east of Bent Top, because there is a band of Ho ohio that can be traced without break- from Snape Clough up to that ouse. Again at Digley Royd there is a band of flagstone, largely quarried, which -we cannot separate from the Kinder Scout Grit, and therefore place in that -group; the rock runs steeply up hill, and the escarpment seems to be con- tinuous, with the exception of a small shift at Upper Knowl, up to the flag- stone of Turton Edge. The latter, however, certainly belongs to the Middle Grits, and therefore the appearance of a continuous escarpment must be decep- tive, and there must be a fault somewhere parting the flags of Digley Royd from the rock at Turton Edge. There is scarcely anything to fix the place of - this fault, but the occurrence of one fault at Upper Know! makes that not an unlikely spot to take it through, and therefore out of several possible arrange- ments that suggested themselves we have chosen this one ail decided on the fault laid down on the map. One more fault yet is required. The top of the Kinder Scout Grit can be traced very distinctly from Holme Bridge up to Austonley, and there strikes against a sandstone of the Middle Grit series. At this pot accordingly the fault to the east of Austonley has been inserted. i There is a fault in the valley near Lumbank, but it does not seem to be arge. The following sections in the shales overlying the Kinder Scout Grit may be noted next. In the upper part of Land Clough there is much sandstone mixed with the shale; the dip is N. at 10°. The head waters of Loftshaw Clough give many sections in flaggy sandstone and shale, dipping towards the north at 15°; as we descend the stream the shales greatly preponderate till we come to the sandstone of Cloudberry Moor already desoriiel. In Salter’s Brook there is great disturbance probably connected with the fault in the neighbour- hood ; the beds are shales and sandstones dipping at angles of 7°, 20°, 17°, 10°, 95°, 60°, 90°, 30°, and 40°, both N.E., S.W., and S.E.; and above the house THE MOORLAND WEST OF PENISTONF. 533 called Salter’s Brook the shales are contorted. Nether Head Clough runs in the shales overlying the sandstone quarried at Salter’s Brook, the beds dip N. by E. at 25°, and at the foot of the clough are contorted. The main stream above the point shows sandstone and shales rolling about and in places much dis- turbed ; the dips at first are generally northerly, but in the portion called Upper Head Clough, where shale preponderates, the dips are S.E, at 10°, running up in one place to 40°, and again as small as 3°. On the east side of the water- shed the upper parts of Upper Clough, Brown’s Clough, Broad Clough, and Woodland Clough show raggy sandstone and shale, the lower parts shale, below which in Windleden Clough there is an inlier of sandstone; where the beds are not locally disturbed, dips are N.E., ranging from 10° to 25°. Above all these beds come the shales underlying the main Middle Grit (B). In the Middle Grits of the present district the following points deserve notice. A fault branches from the Calf Know] fault and crosses the M.S. and L. Railway about a mile and a half from Hazelhead Station: In the railway cutting this fault is indicated by rolling beds of shale in close proximity to flaggy sandstone; just below the junction of Long and Short Grains the shales below the highest Middle Grit abut against a lower sand- stone; and in Windleden Clough the grit on the north side of the fault seems toend against shale. The base of this gritis well seen above the railway bank, but there must be a fault in the valley, which is very narrow, as on the oppo- site side the grit reaches quite down to the river. Just below Dunford Bridge the grit is thrown up on the west by a fault seen at The Banks. The faults marked crossing the Woodhead Tunnel were proved while the tunnel was being made. The escarpment of the Main Middle Grit is shifted at Dead Edge End, and a feature, called Dead Edge, which runs from that point across the moor, has been taken to mark the line of the fault by which the shift is produced; such a feature would be produced if the soft overlying shale were thrown against the hard grit and afterwards carried away by denudation. The escarpment now seems to run on without any break round Holme Moss and along the: south side of the valley of the Holme, but is faulted at Lower- Westgate and Aranden Laith. There also seems to be faulting at Holmesley Reservoir, for: the lower banks of the reservoir consist of the shales below the Middle Grits,. and the upper part of a grit which seems to be continuous with the main rock: of that division. - The Middle Grit is seen to be faulted on the south of Holm- firth at Underbank ; it is again thrown down on the north of that place by an east and west fault which brings the coarse grit of Cliff End nearly to the level of the Middle Grit of Underbank; this coarse grit we believe to be Rough Rock on account of its resemblance in character to that bed. North of Holm- firth the escarpment of the Middle Grit runs up from the river at Thongs - Bridge by Binns Wood to Upper Thong, where the line is rather doubtful, round the head of Black Sike, and by Broad Head Edge as far as the Green Gate Road. Here the feature fails, and we have supposed the rock to be cut off by the fault already described passing by Austonley. The shales beneath this rock are seen in Hart Hole and Ruberts:Clough and at the head of Black Sike. We do not find in these measures any beds that answer well to the Park Head and Brownlee Flags, so we suppose the fault of which we had evidence at Black Sike Mill to throw down on the north, and to run on under the Thong escarpment to join the fault at Holmfirth already mentioned. North of the valley of the Holme we have explained that a new sandstone. distinguished as A, comes in at the top of the Middle Grit series, and is the most important bed of the group. This rock forms a broad spread by Meltham and South Crosland, and then runs with a narrower outcrop by Leuthwaite down to the R. Colne. On Thick Hollow Moor the rock is thrown into an anticlinal, on the north-east side of the moor the dip is to the north-east, while on the south-west such dips as we get in Snape Clough are to the north-west. In Folly Dike half a mile to the north-east of Meltham there is a fault forming a small waterfall; the shales on the downcast side of the fault have been carried away, while the harder grit on the upcast side remains comparatively untouched and stands up as a wall along the fault-face. From the fault the top of the grit runs along the stream as far as Harrison Lane, where we come 534 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. upon the overlying shales. The boundary from here up to Elm Wood seems to be a fault, for the overlying coal has been gotten from a day hole in Elm Wood, and with the strike the beds have there the top could not run down to Harrison Lane without a fault. From Elm Wood the top though not well defined must wind round Meltham Cop, which is capped by an outlier of the flags at the base of the Rough Rock, and thence down to the River Colne. The rock itself, the Meltham Coal, and the overlying shales were cut through in the puddle-trench of the Black Moor Foot Reservoir. We may now pass to the Rough Rock. From the Calf Knowl Fault at Carlcotes this bed can be easily traced with its underlying flagstone round Snailsden. Moss along the eastern flank of the valley of the Ribble. At Greeve the coarse grit is brought on a level with the flagey base hy a fault which also breaks the escarpment of the Middle Grit at Park Nook and White Gate. At Stand Bank the base is thrown up by a fault to Bimshaw. There is again a fault ranging. through Totties and Hepworth which throws the rock down to the east. The top is found on the east side of Rakes Dike, and the Coal measures come on regularly. South of Smithy Place, a mile south- east of Honley, there is a base to the Rough Rock on each side of the River Holme. That on the west runs up through Hagg Wood till it strikes against the Scholes fault, This fault is traceable certainly as far as Hagg Leys, and itmay run on to Honley, where there is a fault in the same general line and with the same throw ; it must however die out hereabouts, for the escarpment of the Rough Rock on the side of the valley opposite Honley is unbroken by any fault. The top of the Rough Rock runs along the east side of the Holme valley, broken here and there by a few small faults, as far as Salford, a suburb of Huddersfield, where’ an important fault crosses, throwing down to the north-east. From Netherton to Lockwood, where the beds are dipping down into the valley, the western flank of the valley of the Holme is covered by enormous landslips. In consequence of the insecure character of the ground great difficulties were encountered here in the construction of the railway from Huddersfield to Meltham, Where the hillside was cut away the grit at the top was setin motion, and at the mouth of the Netherton Tunnel an enormous fall of rock occurred completely blocking up the cutting. The old landslips also where they were weighted with embankments were set slipping afresh, and by their movements great damage was done to property. Had the line been carried along the other side of the valley all these troubles would have been avoided. District 9.—The Country between the Rivers Colne, Calder, and Riburn, , The western part of this district is occupied by Millstone Grit, ‘The Kinder Scout Grit peeps out only in four small inliers, The Middle Grits are here, as we have already mentioned, very full developed, the four sandstones which have been distinguished as A, B, C, and D being all present, and the subdivision covers a broad spread of country. An outlier of Rough Rock occurs on Holestone Moor. The main mass of that bed ranges from Lockwood to Lindley Moor, where it abuts against an important fault running roughly east and west to Sheepridge, which we will call the Sheepridge fault. This fault throws down to the north, and its effect has been to let in among the Millstone Grit a. long tongue of Lower Coal measures, which extends up to Stain- land. To the north of the Sheepridge fault the beds rise +o the north, and the Rough Rock comes out again to day, brought THE COUNTRY BETWEEN THE COLNE AND RIBURN. 535 up partly by faults and partly by the rise of the measures, and runs from Stainland to Elland. After crossing Black Beck the Rough Rock’ runs out in a long tongue to the west over the high ground of Greetland Moor, to the north of which the valleys of the Riburn and the Calder cut deep down into the Middle Grits. In the tract of Lower Coal Measures in the angle between the Colne and the Calder the principal feature south of the Sheep- ‘bridge fault is formed by the broad spread of the Soft Bed flags ‘to the north-west of Huddersfield. On the downcast side of the Sheepridge fault the Elland flags are brought into this district, and the fine ridge formed by them south of Rastrick is a typical locality for this rock. One of the inliers of Kinder Scout Grit is found at Clough House about half a mile north-west of Slaithwaite. The rock is cut off on the east by a fault seen in the bank of a stream. A dip of 25° to the N.W. in the beck which comes down from the north to Clough House has been supposed to indicate a point on the fault. ‘The continuation to the north of this fault, which we will call the Clough House fault, will be described shortly. To the south of Clough House a disturbance of the beds in the River Colne is supposed to mark the position of this fault, which is con- tinued southwards on the line along which the Middle Grit ends off. An inlier of Kinder Grit is also exposed in the valley just below Dean Head; further down the valley is a small faulted inlier ; and again still lower down the valley there is a third inlier of Kinder Grit, consisting of massive grits and conglomerates with shale partings. The rock seems to be faulted at Nab; this fault has been drawn by some high dips below Cliff, but it cannot be a large fault, as the top of the Kinder Grit, which we have at the road above Nab would run naturally to about the spot below Cliff where we see the overlying shales. On the west side of the Firth House Stream the top of the Kinder Grit is quite uncertain. North of Firth House Mill the Kinder Grit is separated from the overlying beds by a fault, for the rock at Bottomley, which appears immediately to overlie the Kinder Grit, is not D, but a higher bed ; there must, therefore, be a fault between them. The Bottomley Sandstone cannot be traced further south than Steel Lane; this gives a point on the fault. The rock of Hill. House Moor (which isthe upper part of A) clearly ends at New Lathe ; this gives another point on the fault. The westward extension of the fault runs along a bold feature on Wholestone Hill, where the rock of that hill (which is D) abuts against the lower beds ; eastward this fault splits into two; the northern branch passes close to New Yard, where the Middle Grit of Beestonely is cut off by it; this branch we will call the Stainland fault; the southern branch, which is the commencement of the Sheepridge fault, seems to run a little south of Hard Platts, for while we have grit along Cray Lane, we have nothing but shales in the angle between the two faults. A little further to the east we have at Sowood Green a sandstone formed by the combined rocks B and C of the Middle Grits, from which we pass on to ground where the Hard and Soft Coals have been gotten. This ives us another point on the fault. sate ree aah The varying characters of the Middle Grits in this district have 536 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD, been already described. D maybe seen above the railway west and south of Slaithwaite. C is found everywhere along the flanks of the Colne Valley ; there is a good section of it in the railway. B occurs above Blake Clough and Roughley (in the 8.W. corner of 88 N.E.); it also forms Goat Hill, and is quarried for flags at Delf Hill. In the Colne Valley this bed thins out, and the sand- stone next above C is A. This rock is well exposed in a cutting of the London and North-western Railway, and its base is well marked from the river up to the Clough House fault, by which it is thrown up to form the outlier above Worts Hill. Above A there come from 200 to 225 feet of shale, and this is capped by a small outlier of the basement flags of the Rough Rock west of Pole, and by the larger outlier of the Rough Rock on Wholestone Moor. We may now give the evidence for the continuation of the Clough House fault by which, as has been just mentioned, the bed A is cut off south of Worts Hill and thrown up to the hill top west of that spot. A fault on this line was seen in the beck that comes down from the north to Clough House at two spots near Ainley Park. Further north the flags worked in the large quarries at Delf Hill seem to be cut off along a line running to the east of the road leading to the quarries, and along this line the beds plunge down at angles of from 34° to 65°. Also the coal which has been worked on the top of A between Pole and Delf Hill is not found west of the latter spot, and is probably thrown out by the fault. A fault has been drawn branching from the Clough House fault and running a little to the west of the road leading to the Sun Inn. The evidence is as follows: the bed A can be traced along the northern slope beneath the outlier of Wholestone Moor ; directly on the strike of this rock a pit was sunk not far from the sixth milestone on the turnpike road, to a coal 6 inches thick, which passed through 24 yards of shale without meeting with any sandstone, and it was said that there was a fault 30 yards west of this pit. We also understood the collier who gave us this information to say that near Sun Hill a pit was sunk 20 yards to a coal 11 inches thick, and that 100 yards west of this pit was a fault by which the coal was thrown out. This evidence com- bined with the fact that the rock A does seem to end off about the line of fault made us decide to insert it. Again, a coal, presum- ably the same as that at Pole, was once worked from the day between Low Platts and Spring Royd ; this coal is said to rest on a sandstone exposed in the stream near Spring Royd, and this sandstone seems to be thrown up on the east by a fault having very much the same direction as the fault just described. North of the Stainland fault a fault branches off almost at right angles to that through Beestonley. The evidence is as follows: the grit (A) is seen to be thrown down at Beestonley to the east, and on the opposite side of the valley the same grit is cut off along a line that runs through Stoke Stile and Ely Knowl. Further to the north-west the sandstone of Rough Hey abuts along the same line against shale. ; In the country south of this fault about Barkisland, the Barkis- land flags (see p. 61) are cut off northward by the Highlee fault. They appear to have a base from the latitude of Highlee Top southward as far at least as the quarry near Barkisland Cross. THE COUNTRY BETWEEN THE COLNE AND RIBURN. 6537 South of this point they seem to be faulted, as the feature gets poor and runs as if to coalesce with the top. We do not know any- thing of the size of this fault; it may be only a small one, as it is represented on the map. On the other hand it may continue north between the flags above mentioned, and what appears to be and is mapped as the rock next below, till it meets the fault that runs north-east from Tryburn House through Highlee Wood. This latter fault clearly cuts off the rock,of Highlee Knowl on the Barkisland flags. Going south we find the shales above the Barkisland flags overlaid by a rock, which must correspond to the red sandstone of Beestones, though very different in character. This rock forms a fair escarpment, which is traceable along the south side of Bottomley Hill, round by Hill as far as Howroyd Hill. Here it becomes very uncertain, but at Hazelgreave Hill it forms a conspicuous knoll with a good escarpment looking west. On the south side of this hill the rock is faulted. The somewhat variable group of Middle Grits around Barkis- land can be traced southwards till they are brought on Holestone Moor against the lowest sandstone (D) of that subdivision. This bed is faulted at Haugh Top; its base being thrown up about 50 ft. From that point it has generally a good escarpment traceable by Scar Plantation, above St. Bartholomew’s Church, all round the Dean Head Valley. On the Boothdean side its base is even better marked, running along Waystone Edge and under Moselden Height and Withens End to Withens, where the Snow Hill fault throws it down to the north. On the north side of this fault we find the right flank of the Riburn Valley between Slitheroe Bridge and Ripponden occupied by five well-marked beds of sandstone ; the lowest of these, viz., that occupying the bottom of the valley and on which Ripponden stands, answers very well in its massive character to the Kinder Scout Grit. Above this grit we have the usual complement of four beds of Middle Grit. This makes— The Grit of Ringstone Edge A. The Beaconsfield Flags=B. The Foxstones Grit=C. The Sandstone of Folly=D. A and C are generally the most important rocks. As the fault crossing the middle of Ringstone Edge Moor cannot be traced beyond the break off of the Megscar Rock, it follows that that rock is D; this gives the fault a downthrow on the south, and makes the southern portions of Ringstone Edge Moor=A, and therefore the rock above Cliff=B, and that below Cliff=C. These four grits are found all the way down the Riburn Valley to Sowerby Bridge. D occupies the bottom ; it may be seen in the bed of the river at Asquith Bottom Mill, and also at Sowerby Bridge Station. C is well displayed in the railway cutting east of Sowerby Bridge, and is also seen at intervals along the hillside above the Riburn. The shales above C and B are well displayed 538 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. in the railway cutting, where the grit seems to be thrown down to the south-east by a fault. We have further signs of this fault between Norland Town and Norland Hall in the shifting of the bed D and of the flagstone beneath the Rough Rock; but the ground is obscure, and a number of landslips which reach from the fault to Richmond House add to the uncertainty. - The tract of Lower Coal measures in the present district is divided into two parts by the Sheepridge fault. The part south of that fault is bounded on the south-west by the main outcrop of the Rough Rock whieh ranges from Lockwood to Lindley Moor, and is cut off at the latter spot by the Sheepridge fault. A little inlier of the same rock peeps up on the upcast side of that fault in the bottom of a valley at Birchen Cliff north of Lindley, Sect. 2, Pl. 17. The outcrop of the Soft Bed Coal rises from beneath the alluvium of the Calder on the south of Huddersfield, passes west- wards by Spring Wood and Gledholt to Egerton Turnpike, and then winds round eastwards and afterwards southwards till it abuts against an east and west fault close to Huddersfield Station. This fault has been inferred from the details of borings, and throws down to the south some 10 yards. The crop of the Soft Bed is again met with on the opposite side of the valley of Clough House Mill Beck at Hill House, and then runs north till it strikes the Sheepridge fault, by which it is thrown far away to the west. A small outlier of the Soft Coal occurs on the broad spread formed by the Soft Bed flags south-west of Lindley, Sect. 3, Pl. 17. The Clay Coal lies at a small depth beneath the greater part of Huddersfield ; it was found in a drain close to St. Paul’s Church. The Hard Bed Coal has been met with beneath the alluvium of the Calder at Huddersfield Long Bridge, and its crop probably runs nearly along the canal up to the fault that passes on the north side of Huddersfield Station. The coal is thrown out by this fault, but is brought in again by other faults which have been proved in workings, north of Hebble Beck. Thence its crop runs east of North Terrace and by the Far Town Turnpike: up to the Sheepridge fault at Clough-house. De Evidence for the western portion of the Sheepridge fault has already been given, and observations similar to those already de- scribed of the totally different character of the rocks on opposite sides of its line would alone enable us to lay down its line with con- siderable accuracy. It has however been actually worked up to at many spots from collieries situated in the tract of coal measures to the north of it. It has also been proved from Field House Colliery north-west of Huddersfield, where particulars were supplied to us by Mr. E. Brooke. . The sections on Plate 17 will explain the effect of this fault, and of the numerous fractures in the belt of broken ground that lies to the north of it, and will also throw light on the general structure of the portion of the present district occupied by Lower Coal measures, 2 ya? Immediately north of the Sheepridge and Lindley fault; and between Fixby and Stainland, occur a great number of smaller faults, all more or less parallel to it, and throwing in various direc- tions. Nearly all have been proved in different collieries, and THE COUNTRY BETWEEN THE COLNE AND RIBURN. 539 therefore a minute description may be omitted. The sections will give a good idea of this faulted district and the positions of the various beds. The strike of the lower beds is changed for a short distance by this east and west band of faults from a north and south to an east and west direction ; immediately east of Elland, however, they resume their north and south strike. good section showing the fault by Burn Colliery and Grimescar Foot is to be seen just east of the latter place in Tommy Clay Clough, see Fig. 57. Fig. 57. Fault in Tommy Clay Clough, just east of Grimescar Foot. a. Shale. 6. Shale with thin ironstone bands. J. Fault, six inches wide, filled with black clay. The Elland flagstone in this district is in three beds, the lowest being the thickest and having the widest spread. This runs from Cuckold’s Clough, near Sheepridge, westwards by Cowcliff to above Grimescar, where it is faulted down to Warren House ; it makes a wide spread round Rastrick anda fine escarpment along Elland Edge. The second bed, upon which Fixby Hall stands, dies out northwards near Round Hill, and the uppermost division is but a poor shaly sandstone traceable by Clough House and Toothill. The Better Bed Coal is shallow in Dyson and Bradley Gate Woods, is thrown up to the west some 18 yards by a fault running from Sheepridge to Park Hill; its crop then probably passes round by Fell Greave and Upper Lathe to below Lamb. Cote, though between these places it has not been proved ; from below Lamb Cote it may be clearly traced down to the Calder. The Black Bed Coal is in over Park Hill, being faulted how- ever on the north and south; it crops out at High Park and Lamb Cote, and there is an outlier of the Clifton Rock on the hill above. Faults just north of Colne Bridge throw these coals out at the bridge, but the Better Bed has been met with in a well at a depth of from 12 to 13 yards close by the road side opposite Heaton Lodge. Immediately east of this house there is probably a north and south fault throwing down eastwards between 60 or 70° yards, since a shaft by the stream side at Helm was sunk to the Black Bed at a depth of 30 yards, the shaft at Helm Colliery being 70 yards.to the same bed. ‘The Sheepridge fault by Bog Hall has a throw of some 90 yards up to the south. . Sheepridge stands upon a small triangular faulted piece of country, the highest part of which is capped by sandstone (Section No. 1, Plate 17). In the corner of the National School Field a bore ‘hole gave the following section :— . 540 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. * ~ 5 Earth and clay White earth Coal smut - Blue bind - Sandstone - Bind - Stone . - Stone (galliard) Blue bind - Stone - Blue bind Stone Parting Stone Parting Stone Parting Blue stone Blue bind Coal Seat _ WH ANDNOENOCUORD mMHOORCOS _ efoe to pepe be peer bel SBDOAWNNFwWNOoOMAwWww ee © eo eon # Fo e toe he pg et ep eee sf ene ee Foe be he ee ee tk 8 etee eet © pte te pt ew et _ whanKHonorhor oO | o This lowermost coal is probably the Black Bed, and it has been met with at shallow depths close to the fault where it passes through Deighton. A bore hole put down on Intack Bank, just south of the large fault, met with the Hard Band Coal at a depth of 61 yards, so that the probable amount of throw up south is about 150 yards ; the two other faults also, bounding this piece of ground, must be of considerable size. District 10.—The Country from the Neighbourhood of Halifax to the Oxenhope Moors. This district is bounded on the south by the River Calder, and on the north-east by a long line of fault with a downthrow to the east or north-east which ranges between Clifton and Brighouse, through Bailiff Bridge near Lightcliffe, Shelf, and Clayton Heights, Thorn- ton Lane End, and Denholme Gate, between Thornton Moor and Denholme Park, and thence away westwards over the moors to Stanbury Moor. The southern part of this fault may be called the Bailiff Bridge fault, and the northern part the Denholme Clough fault. We shall carry on our description to the north-west till we reach ground treated of in previous Survey Memoirs. . The greater part of the district is occupied by Millstone Grit, of which the Middle Grits take the western and larger share. We are here approaching the crest of the great Penine Anticlinal, and as the measures flatten to the summit of the arch they spread out into broad plateaus deeply channelled by the upland valleys. This is the general character of the portion of the present district covered by the Middle Grits. Where the Hough Rock comes on, a steady dip to the east has set in, but it is small in amount, and hence for the most part that grit passes down with a broad gentle dip slope, which is bower very much cut up by the valleys which cross it. From the dip slope of the Rough Rock the ground rises abruptly on Geological Survey of England & Wales. , — Plate 17. Totace page 540. Fig. 1. Section across Lower Coal Measures trom Elland to Heaton Moor. Scale, 2 inches to a male. Es Featon Moor Sheepridge 2 io" mp a, ROUGH RODK. 1. ROUGH ROCK COAL. 38. sort BED coaL. 4, cuay coan. 3. HARD BED COAL. 6. HARD BED BAND COAL. @. Upper Band. Sandstone. Fig.2. Section trom Lindley to High Fark. Faby 9 g SARE. g |, EBX ——- - 9. Elland Flags tn several beds. 9a. BETTER BED COAL. 70. piack BED COAL. f. Faults. Upper Laith Fig.3. Section from near Longwood to just north of Elland, from south tonorth. , Quarmby Lindley Ainley Top Elland ‘ Eocley Hall Rwver Calder b. MIDDLE GRIT. @. ROUGH ROCK & FLAGS. 1, COAL 2 Soft Bed Flags. J. SOFT BED COAL. 4. CLAY COAL 3: HARD BED COAL. 6. 36 ¥Ds.Banp Rock and coat. @. go yvps.panp Rock arid coa 9. Elland Flags. 9a.BETTER BED COAL. 10! BLACK BED COAL. a. Position of River Gravel. , f Faults. “+ Change in direction of line of Section. Danserfield Lith ue Bediord S! Covent Garden... THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF HALIFAX. 541 the east ; along the steep face of the hill so formed the members of the Ganister Coal Group crop out, while it is capped atop by the escarpment of the Elland flagstone. The best example of these features is the Beacon Hill at Halifax, shooting up from the dip slope of the Rough Rock on which the bulk of the town stands. The first appearance of the Flagstone is frequently in the form of outliers, which are cut off by deep valleys from the main mass of that rock on the east. The scenery thus produced is very diversi- fied in outline, and disfigured as itis by mills and smoke still retains considerable beauty. Such is the general character of the country along the junction of the Millstone Grit and Coal measures as far north as Swilling Hill ; beyond that spot the Millstone Grit extends up to the Denholme Clough fault. Between the flagstone and the Bailiff Bridge fault the Better and Black Bed Coals just come on in the south-east of the district ; west of Shelf there is a somewhat broader spread of the measures up to the Crow Coal. Beginning at the south-west of the district, we have the Kinder Scout Grit stretching in a long tongue up the Luddenden Valley. Of the Middle Grits D is well exposed along the canal near Sowerby Bridge, by the roadside near Gate Head, and above High Royd Wood. C is shown with the underlying shales along the sides of Warley Clough ; also in some old quarries in Sowerby Bridge on the east of Warley Clough. On the west we have a quairy in the bed at the hamlet of Friendly, and a grit escarpment above Upper Long Bottom ; we have also quarries in the bed near Butts Green, and the rock is again seen in Load Clough, and in the beck that runs down to Luddenden. In this beck, and in Load and Warley Cloughs the overlying shales are also seen. B is seen on the hillside above Warley Clough and also near Causeway Head; it makes a good escarpment near Old Field; is seen at the roadside by West Greve, in Load Clough, in the next brook, and in a quarry at the side of Stock Lane. The overlying shales, which pass up into A, are seen in the brook running down to Luddenden and in Warley Clough; A, and the coal above it are seen at the Hill, and at various points along the slope of the Luddenden Valley. All the Middle Grits form fair features till they begin, east of Warley Clough, to run down into the Calder Valley, where the lmes become obscure. To the east of the Middle Grits the Rough Rock comes on_with a sharp escarpment, and slopes down with along gentle dip slope to Halifax. The inclined plane formed by this rock is all but divided into two parts by the deep valley of the Hebble Brook. The western slopes of the valley are, as might be expected from the direction of the dip, a good deal covered by landslips, but not so far as to make the position of the base of the Rough Rock doubtful. : In the bottom of the valley of the Hebble Brook a sandstone, which is of course A, crops up south-west of Wheatley. This rock is abruptly cut off to the north by a fault, which from the position of disturbed beds in the river we judged to run east and west. North of this fault the rock is traceable for ‘more than a mile along the western slope of the valley, but it is cut off by a fault which seems to cross the brook very obliquely, since where the rock reaches down to the level of the stream, one bank is formed of stone and the other of shale. This fault throws down to the north-east. About a mile higher up the stream we come again on sandstone, dipping easterly at 12° to 13; we thought from the manner in which it lies that this sandstone was brought up by a fault throwing up to the north-east. : ; In the tract of Lewer Coal measures east of the country just described the wing points call for notice. . ; te The aoeer line of the Rough Rock runs in almost a straight line from Elland, by Halifax, to just west of Catherine Slack. : The various members of the Ganister Coal Group have a uniform strike from south to north along the steep hillside overlooking the grit country. 542 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The several crops all run so closely parallel to the upper line of the Rough Rock that it is needless to trace them separately. Between Elland and Halifax the two Band Rocks are present and make small but generally well-marked escarpments; north of Halifax they are usually absent. In the Shibden Dale the several members of the Ganister Coal Group again crop out. The Soft Bed Coal comes up around Dam Head, and the higher seams above it on either side of the valley. The Hard Bed Band Coal runs round from the Halifax hillside into the Dale, and is exposed in section on either side of the high road between Halifax and Stump Cross (Section No. 3, Plate 19). The Elland flagstone occurs in several more or less distinct masses. It forms one large outlying mass on the south of Halifax round South Owram, with a capping of overlying shale at High Field. Another large spread occurs on the east side of Red Beck, from Brighouse to Lightcliffe, and from Hipperholme. by North Owram to Shibden Head and Catherine Slack (Sections 2, 3, Plate 18). A partly faulted outlier of this rock occurs on Swales Moor and a small outlier on Pepper Hill. Everywhere this rock forms a fine escarpment. Between Clifton and Bailiff Bridge the Better and Black Bed Coals crop out on the hillside east of Brighouse. Overlying the lower and main bed of flagstone there occurs north of Lightcliffe and Hipperholme a second bed of somewhat shaly sandstone. This rock is that on which Coley Church stands ; it is there faulted on the east and thrown down to Priestley Green, whence it may be traced on either side of the stream in a north-west direction to Stone Chair, Upper Town, and Green Lane, near to which last place it is faulted up north by the Illingworth fault. A thin coal smut may be seen below this sandstone in the stream-course just east of Stone Chair, where the following section is presented :— a ft. in. Flaggy sandstone (Bank Top). Sandy shale. Sandstone - - - - 10 Coal - - - - 0 38 Clay and shale. The Better Bed Coal crops almost immediately above this Jast rock, being readily traceable from above Bottom Viaduct northwards below Norwood Green to Shelf, thence its course is westerly, a little north of Stone Chair, by Bowl Shaw and Long Shaw. A fault running from Jacque Royd, through Stone Chair, to Long Shaw, throws this coal down again southwards, making a second crop from Mutton Pits to Barns Hill, a little outlier on Hind Hill, and partially faulted outliers on Windmill Hill, south of Stone Chair, and above Dean House. (See Section No. 4, Plate 18.) Both Better and Black Bed Coals occur in a rectangularly faulted piece of country at Lightcliffe; and both crop out at high angles between Lightcliffe Station and Bramley Lane, the Black Bed (worked) again cropping out probably just above Bottom Hall (Section No. 2, Plate 18). The Black Bed occurs over a small area west of the large Norwood Green fault, overlaid by some 10 or 12 yards of sandstone; its crop may be traced from just above Rookes Hall to near Field Head. Again it crops out between Shelf and High Cross, the crop of the Crow Coal, 9 yards over it, running more or less parallel to it. _ One or two of the faults occurring in this district must be briefly noticed. Those on Bank Top, Southowram, are taken from colliery plans. One, running from near Pineberry Hill, where it is proved, to Hipperholme and Bramley Lane, throws down south; another from Lightcliffe joins it at Hipperholme End, and throws down north, the Elland flagstone being thrown at Lightcliffe against the measures directly overlying the Black Bed Coal. A fault runs from Booth Town into Shibden Dale, throwing down 25 yards to the north in part of its course ; and it is joined by another from Scout Hall having a downthrow north of 30 yards. Between Catherine Slack and Bare Head End another fault throws down south 16 yards. All these have been met with in the coal workings. The north-west and south-east fault which runs from Lightcliffe, through Coley, to Shibden Head, throws down east, the throw north of the latter place is about 52 yards, but decreases in amount southwards.- > THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF HALIFAX, 543 The fault between Long Shaw and Stone Chair has been proved near the ormer place, where its throw was from 14 to 21 yards down west. The structure of the tract of Lower Coal’ measures just described is illustrated by the sections on Plate 18. ‘The measures we have so far been dealing with are cut off on the north by a fault running roughly east and west through Illingworth, which may be called the Illingworth fault. This line of fracture is most distinctly shown at many Points on its course by the breaking and shifting of the escarpments of the various gritstone beds; it has been proved where it passes into the Coal- measure country, and has a throw of 48 yards near Shibden Head, and 70 yards at Green Head. : North of the Illingworth fault the Upper Middle Grit forms broad spreads upon the hill tops over Warley Moor and White Hill, and along the western descents from these heights into Horsebridge Clough and the valley of the Hebden the lower members of the group crop out, the measures lying com- paratively undisturbed. When we go down from the Oxenhope Moors into the upper part of the valley of the Worth, we enter upon a very complicated and difficult bit of country. The Middle Grits are so changeable and interlaced with sandy shales that it is hopeless to attempt any correlation of the individual sand- stones. The ground is also much cut up by faults, the evidence for which consists chiefly in the abrupt termination of the sandstone features, but some have been seen in section at Withins, Cold Well, Hard Nose, Leeming, Haworth, and Stanbury. The fault running north-east by Wildgreave Head, which throws down to the south-east, is proved by lower beds abutting against the highest Middle Grit. West of Thornton Moor the beds are broken by a north-west fault which has a downthrow to N. E. of more than 200 ft., and brings the Coal measures of Thornton Moor against the Rough Rock of Nab Hill, which from its superior power of resistance to denudation rises above the level of the coal measures, forming a feature along the fault. Stony Hill Clough has taken its course slong the line of weakness produced by this dislocation, which is seen in several places in its banks, and again in Midge Hole Beck near Leeming. To the east the fault probably joins a fault proved in the Coal measures at Causeway Top. : " A fault, probably small, throws down the beds to the south along Foster Dyke: it was seen at a bend of Nan Scar Beck, and was subsequently proved in the “puddle-trench ” of the Leeming Reservoir (1873). After passing another small fault of northerly downthrow we come to the Denholme Clough fault. The spread of Rough Rock between the Illingworth and Denholme Clough faults calls for no special remark; it is crossed at Causeway Foot by a fault, throwing up to the north, which has been proved in the Coal measures. The top of the Rough Rock is well marked throughout. , A small outlier of Coal measures occurs in the north-western portion of Thornton Moor near Solomon’s Temple. _ It was proved in one of the shafts of the tunnel which conveys water from the Leeming Reservoir through the water- shed into the Denholme district. The measures were a good deal broken by faults, probably offshoots-from the Denholme Clough fault, but the presence of the patch of Coal measures was clearly proved. When we pass to the main mass of the Lower Coal measures we find that the outcrop of the Ganister Coal Group conforms precisely to the top of the Rough Rock, the various members cropping out along the more or less steep- westerly slope overlooking the Millstone Grit country. The summit of Swill Hill is formed of an outlier of the rock above the 36 yards or Hard Bed Band Coal; it is shifted by two parallel faults running east and west through Causeway Foot close to one another, and throwing down 12 yards towards each other. A little farther north at Causeway Top a fault, having the same direction, throws down conta a yards. These have been proved in the i ction No. 4, Plate 18). von ce Band Rock may be traced from Raggald’s Inn and Nettle Hall eastwards to West Scholes Gate, where it is faulted up to Spring Head, the faults being proved in the coal workings; thence it may be traced to a little 544 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. below Old Dolphin ; here it strikes the Bailiff Bridge fault. The rock also recurs in a narrow strip just west of the fault running between Shibden Head and Swill Hill, which has a throw, down east, of about 50 yards. The Elland flagstone makes a wide spread around Beggerington and Queenshead. At Hunger Hill, south of Queenshead, the sandstone lying a little below the Better Bed occurs in outlying and faulted patches, but the coal itself is not present within the area. The section No. 4, Plate 18 will explain the structure of the tract of Lower Coal measures just described. It remains to describe the Denholme Clough fault. On Stanbury Moor the evidence consists in the way in which the Rough Rock on the north is brought against beds low down in the Middle Grit group on the south. The fault was seen at Bodkin Bridge, and in a series of borings made for the Brad- ford Waterworks across the valley of Leeshaw Water, particulars of which were kindly furnished to us by the engineers, one at least seemed to be on a fault. The fault has been traced east of thence for some distance by the shifting of the escarpment of the Middle Grits. At Leeming the throw is at least 250 feet. Along the north-eastern side of Thornton Moor the existence of this fault is obvious at first glance from the way in which different members of the Lower Coal measures are brought one after the other against the Rough Rock; the fault was seen in Doll Clough, where it must have a throw of some 430 feet; in Stubden Beck, where it brings the “60 yards Quarrel” against the Rough Rock; in Foreside Clough; and in Denholme Clough, where the Flagstone and Rough Rock are side by side. The continuation of the fault to the south through Bailiff Bridge will be-described under District 30, District 11.—The Valley of the Aire between Bradford and.Skipton. This district is bounded on the south partly by the Denholme Clough fault, and partly by a fault which branches off from that fault near Yews Green, and runs ‘in a generally east and west direction south of Clayton towards Bradford, and which we will call the Fall Top fault; on the east the Bradford Beck is the boundary, and on the north-east the valley of the Aire from Shipley to Skipton. Within the area thus defined we have a complete succession from the base of the Millstone Grit up to the Elland flagstone. Two very important faults cross the district. One, which runs in a south-easterly direction through Glusburn, may he called the Glusburn fault. The second, which ranges roughly parallel to the first along the north of Keighley Moor, we will call the Keighley Moor fault. North of the Glusburn fault the different beds of the Kinder Scout Grit crop up in a succession of ridges, and are succeeded at Steeton by the Middle Grits. The Glusburn fault throws down to the south-west and brings in Middle Grits, and this subdivision, | capped by an outlier of Rough Rock north-west of Keighley, covers © the whole country between the Glusburn and Keighley Moor faults up to the valley of the Worth. The Keighley Moor fault also throws down to the south-west, and by it the Rough Rock is thrown in and extends in a broad spread over Keighley Moor. The deep valley of the Worth cuts well down into’ the Middle Grits, and isolates the Rough Rock of Keighley Moor from the main outcrop of that bed, which runs along the crest of the eastern flank of the valley. The continuity of this outcrop is broken by two large faults, one ranging along the south of Lees Moor through Cullingworth, which will be called the Cullingworth fault, and Geological Survey of England & Wales. Plate 18. — To face page 544. Fig.l. Section from Sulterhebble. south of Halifiue, to Thornhill, through Lower Coal Measures. Seale. 2 inches le one mile. Siddal Tep Cromwell Wood Salterhebble Brook Foot Thornhill HARD BED Coal. 9 Elland Flags. «“. ROUGH ROCK. 3. 3. SOFT BED COAL. 6. HARD. BED BaND CaaL 9a. BETIER BED COAL. f Fault. 4. CLAY coat. &.° Upper Band Sundstone 10° puack BED COAL. Fig.2. section from south cf Halifax to Lightclitie. Lightolift Ba 10, Fig.3. Section trom north of Halifax to Norwoed. Green. Norwood Greer Ovenden Brock. Shibden Dale Northowram Coley X scale, 2 inches toa mile. 10’ BLACK BED coat. 7 46 YDS. BAND COAL. 3. sort BED COAL 9a. BETTER BED COAL. 6. 36 ws. Bann Mock and coau. a. Rough Rock. 9 Elland Flagstone. 5. HARD BED COAL. fo Faults. - @ 80 »s.panp Rock and cam. 4 cay coat. a. Pusition of river gravel. NW. Fig. 4. Section across Lower Coal Measures trom Foreside to Field Head, Norwood Green. Scale, 2 inches to 1rlle. SE. Foreside Swill Hill Beggerington Shibden Head Upper Town Stone Field Head (justnorthot) 2 : 56 a a 8 a ce iW a. cape i 3 ns ste PAST Wy A SUMED RTS EPS LIS INTE a pe SEE eoreeaee DEES Stns &. Upper Band Sandstone CLAY COAL. ¢. KINDER SCOUT GRIT. 4. ; 6. wmDLE. ort. 5. HARD BED COAL. 3 Elland Mags. tf. Faults. @. ROUGH ROCK. 6. HARD BED BAND COAL. 9a. BETTER BED COAL» Change tn direction of line of section. 5. GANISTER COAL. 10. Grenoside Rock. PENISIONE GREEN COAL. 45. BLACK BAND COAL Fig. 2. Section across Lower Coal Measures trom Middopstones toHedleyHouse. Scale, 2 inches to a mite. Far Coates Hedley House SJHidhupe Oxprin SW 9 ye to 2 NE. Ee ere i = =o ea. Ma , Ne. 12 43. ye go 4 te MEhCoacarsese eT ae! g —= = Bs "fe 3. GORING OR SOFT COAL 9. Greenmoor Rock. //a. LOWER PENISTONE COAL 72. CHARLTONBROOK COAL. 76. SiLKSTONE COAL. 1 Middle Rock & ciay coat 10. Grenoside Rock. ib. Middle Penistone Flags and 43. vam coat. ‘Faults. 5. GANISTER OR HARD COAL. 10a. GRENOSE SANDSTONE COAL PENISTONE GREEN COAL. 14. wHINMOOR coAL 6. Larlev Edge Rock déuarv pep Barn co. Ma. Lower Penistone Flags. Mic. Upper Pervistone Flags. 75. BLACK BAND COAL. x é 5 Fig. 3. ea . SW we we, X3 SS NE. ss pene al pee ee, __ fay _serren 260 on WW. side of fault. ___-_-_____———- i Tonw. (a SS (6). werien geo a — ‘gros ay 5 ann = e2 2 Scale, 219 feet - One inch. 3 aS. Plate 20. To face page 568. Fig. 1. Section across Lower Coal Measures from near Bullhouse to Silkstone Common. Scale, 2 inchesto a mile. Bulth Shore Hall : Peru: ver D Oxspri Silkstone Coranon Ouse “ WS. 4. Ew. Penistone Stiver Don laespring me Be ee ya ile ith = e E. @. ROUGH ROCK. 6. LavleyFdgeRockévaro BED BAND Coal. 10a. GRENOSIDE SANDSTONE COAL. 12. CHARLTONBROOK COAL. 76. SILKSTONE coAL. 3. coKING CoaL. 8. UpperBondRockéverenzaw com. Sa. Lower Penistone Flagsé 23. THIN coAL. fo Faults. 4. Middle Rock & cusy coa.. 9. Greenoor Rock. 116. Middle Penistone Fags urut 14. WAINMOOR COAL. > Change tn direction of line of section. 3. GANISTER COAL. 10. Grenoside Rock. PENISIONE GREEN COAL. 43. BLACK BAND COAL Fig. 2. Section across Lower Coal Measures trom Middopstones toHedley House. Scule, 2 inches to a mile. Hidhupe Oxpring Far Coates Hedley House S.A 3 to NE. 3. COKING oR SOFT COAL. 9. Greeranoor Rock. Ha. LOWER PENISTONE COAL. (2. CHARLTONBROOK COAL 16. SuKsTONF COAL. 4. Middle Rockh& ciay coat. 10. Grenoside Rock. Mb. Middle Perastone Flags and 43. Tenn caaL. ti Faults. 5. GANISTER OR HARD COAL. 10a. GRENOSIDE SANDSTONE COAL. PENISTONE GREEN COAL. /4, WHINMOOR coaAL 6. LarleyEdgeltock & warw pep panp coat. Ma. Lower Penistone Flags. Me. Upper Penistone Flags. 45. BLACK BAND COAL. % Cay We : LE. S. sie NE oe Os ee fay serren seo on WW, side f fault. -——----— Ripa ream 4 (6). server peo on S.E, side of fealt. i ee. s —s Ss aA 23 a / ae Scale, 219 feet - One inch. s ‘ Dangertierd Lh 22 Bedford 8 Covent Gar dea THE COUNTRY NORTH OF HAZELHEAD. 569 Over the area between Hazelhead and Hepworth the rise of the ground is for the most part gradual, but between peli and Sude Hill the beds nearly all crop out on the steep hillside imme- diately east of these places. We will now first describe the course taken by the outcrops of ne various beds, and then give the evidence for the faults of the istrict. Our western boundary, the top of the Millstone Grit, shall be first traced out. On the moor just west of Carlcotes, the top of the Rough Rock, the uppermost member of the Grits, is seen running through Sand Ridge Moss and Harden Flats. From Harden Flats it may be traced by Daisey Lee to the east of Bowshaw Reservoir, thence turning eastwards by Upper and Lower Intake to Far Field, where it meets with the Hepworth fault, having a downthrow to the north of about 25 yards. The line then runs for some little way in the bed of Rake Dike below Hepworth, rising from the stream near Butt Lane Bridge, passing behind Ivy Bank, just to the west of Butterly, and by New Mill Parsonage to Christ Church, New Mill, where it abuts against a fault having a downthrow to the north of some 60 yards. There is some uncertainty about the rock on Harden Edge and Tinker Hill. It may be the same as the sandstone below the Coking Coal at Harden Hall, which runs to Wild Boar Clough and there thins away. On the other hand it is not unlike the rock of Ranah Stones, which there is every reason to think is the Middle Rock, and the sandstone above the Coking Coal of Tinker Hill Quarry. If we adopt the latter correlation the fault on the north of Harden Edge and Tinker Hill must be down south. The Soft Coal crops out for a short distance on either side of Sledbrook Dike, Hazelhead, abutting against the Ranah Stones fault, and again there is a little outcrop of it to the north of the same fault near to Carlcotes. The next place at which its outcrop may clearly be traced is round Flight Hill and along Bradshaw Edge; thence it runs nearly along Bent Road, where it has been worked by dayholes, and taking an easterly turn below Berristall Top and up Pickles Clough it becomes thrown down by the Hepworth fault. At Burnside the coal 1 foot thick is seen in the clough with shale over it and a little sandstone with shaly bands below it; from this spot the crop may be traced to Snug House, along the slope between the turnpike road and the stream to just beyond Meal Hill, where crossing the turnpike it runs to the Wood Colliery. Thence behind Stalley Royd and Butterley, below Hollin House to Sally Wood, at the west end of which it is thrown up to the north and may be seen in a day hole by the roadside. Then passing round Cold- well Hill to Western Ford it strikes the New Mill and Fulstone fault. The Clay Coal rising from the bed of the Don some little way above Bullhouse Mill and passing by Hazelhead cuts Lee Lane just east of Sledbrook Bridge ; here the coal is seen at least 1 foot 2 inches thick. From this spot the seam with the thin sandstone underlying it runs along Sledbrook Hill and down to the bed of the stream, returning across Mucky Lane and by Town and Finkle Edge, where it strikes against a crop fault running between Carlcotes and Riddlepit. West of this fault the crop is not distinctly traceable, most pro- bably the sandstone on Berristall Top is that underlying the coal, and a smut 4 inches thick is seen in a little stream-course close to Berristall Head; this may be the seam in question. East of the Hepworth fault this coal follows in its crop so nearly the direction of the Soft Bed Coal just described, and is such a short distance east of it, that it is not worth while to give it a separate description. The Ganister or Hard Bed Coal, rising from the Don, may be seen 3 feet in thickness, in a little stream-course just east of Hazelhead ; the crop there runs in a no ony direction and finds its way into Sledbrooke Dike, between Crow Edge and Lumb Hills, whence it takes a westerly course along Crow Edge Slack to Riddlepit, where it is thrown down to the west by a 5 yards fault. Its course after running some little way along Fox House Clough turns northwards by Lowe Head and Lowe Slack, and then eastwards to Ox Lee, where it meets with the Hepworth fault. To the east of this fault 570 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. the crop runs steadily north following the same course as the two seams w it. ee Hard Bed Band Coal and its rock occurs first, to the north of the Don, at Catshaw, just to the east of which farm the Ecklands and Hartcliff fault runs across from Bullhouse Mill. The rock, forming for the most part a clearly-marked though small escarpment, meets just south of Flask House with a fault throwing up 4 yards to the north-west, and with two other smaller faults a little further west. It runs by Middle Cliff to Lumb Hills, where it is thrown down to the north some 16 yards by a fault running east and west, a continuation of that from Hepworth. To the south of this fault on Crow Edge, to the west of the stream, an outlier of this rock occurs ; immediately north of this fault on Long Moors, the Hard Bed Band Coal and overlying ironstone were extensively worked in the open way, and used at the ironworks close by. This coal occurs to the west of the Hepworth fault over but a very small area between this fault and one running from Knolls to Lowe Bottom ; westwards of this the Hard Bed Band Rock occurs covering Lowe Common. The coal has probably another short outcrop just to the south of the 35 yards fault running below Gate Head Chapel, between Gate Head Lane and the Hepworth fault. North of the Gate Head fault the crop may be traced by Mill Shaw and along the hillside parallel with the crops below. Near Foster Place it, together with the beds above and below, meet three parallel faults close to one another, the most southerly of which throws down north 2 feet 10 inches, the middle one down south 4 feet, and the third down north 9 feet; they have been proved at three separate spots between the Soft Coal outcrop, just north of Meal Hill, where they seem to begin, and Miil Shaw Lane. The Band Coal and Ironstone were worked at Grains Wood by the Hepworth Iron Company, and there have been several dayholes along the outcrop in other places. The rock generally underlying the coal, which seems to be absent between Gate Head and New Mill, appears again near Horn Cote, and although of a shaly nature forms a well-marked escarpment at Foolstone. The Upper or 80-yards Band Coal has been found on the north side of the Don just by Mill House, a little west of which it and its underlying sand- stone are apparently thrown up by a fault, running north and south to Rough Brow, whence meeting with several small faults in its course the escarpment of the rock may be traced by Small Shaw under Upper Shaw Bank to Shiner Hill. Here it is thrown down to the north by the east and west extension of the Hepworth fault, forming again a good escarpment at Lower Whitley Edge, and passing into Calf-Hey Dike just east of Husking Holes. In the stream the thin coal with overlying shale containing ironstone may be well seen, The rock, which is very thin and shaly, passes along Sledbrook and Hepshaw Brows and forms a noble escarpment round by Nab Hill, Cote Hill, and Latham Brow, to Gate Head, where, by Lower Mill Shaw, it strikes against the Gate Head fault. At Hepshaw there is a shaft sunk 80 yards to the Hard: Bed Coal, and the Upper Bed fireclay occurs just at the top. Just south of Gate Head Turnpike is an old dayhole to the fireclay, which is from 3 to 4 feet thick but has no coal over it, and the clay was also found in making the cellars of the Victoria Tavern. ‘ North of the Cate Head fault the Upper Band Rock forms a well-marked feature along the hillside to Snowgate Hill, where it seems to have thickened out considerably and is largely quarried for flagstone at the Horn Hill Quarries. The beds in these quarries dip south-east at an_angle of 15° against a fault running:in a north- east direction by Lane End. From Horn Hill the rock forms a good escarpment along Bales Brow until it abuts against the large fault forming our northern boundary. The Upper Band Clay is seen in several places along the hillside between Gate Head and Snowgate Hill; in a lane section, for instance, just south of Grains Wood, in Scar Hole Lane, at the corner of Hey Plantation, and in Holme House Clough. The Elland Rock on the north side of the Don makes no very clear escarp- ment until about Moor Hallas and Royd, close to which last place it is thrown up to the west to just behind Carr House, and westwards forms a fine escarpment along Whitley Height and Whitley Edge (Section 1, Plate 21). On Whitley Common it meets with several faults, but is again distinctly trace- able above Lower hy Lane round Wood Royd to Anchor Hill, where it is thrown up by the Gate Head fault to Hey Slack and Dick Edge; northwards THE COUNTRY NORTH OF HAZELHEAD. 571. it forms a most noble escarpment round Cheese Gate Nab and High Brow to Nabscliff and Shepley Lane End, near which last place it is cut off by the Upper Cumberworth fault. The base line of the Grenoside Rock rising from the Don below Thurlstone may readily be traced below Thurlstone Bank to Royd Moor Hill; here it is thrown up to the west to Royd Moor Plantation by the north and south fault previously mentioned. Thence the line may be traced round Spicer Hill, turning northwards to Spicer House and back round by Blackstone Edge. Its course then runs under Brown’s Edge and Drake Hill to Pike Lowe, a height of 1,250 feet. From this spot the line runs somewhat north of east until near Upper Cumberworth it abuts against our boundary fault. The Grenoside Sandstone Coal overlying this rock passes from Thurlstone in a north-westerly direction near Royd Moor and Far Royd Moor, to a little west of Ingbirchworth Mill; here the coal is 8 inches thick and there is some little thickness of shale containing ironstone between it and the top of the Grenoside Rock. Round Fox Hill the course of the line is rather broken by faults, but the top of the rock may be pretty clearly traced round by Birds Edge Slack, New House, Square Wood, and Hagg Wood, close to which last it strikes the large fault. Wherever in this district the Grenoside Rock occurs it forms a wide spread, and that generally in the form of a very even inclined plane, see Plate 21. On Low Common west of Rusby Plantation there is probably a small outlier of overlying shale, and in Park Dike near Upper Cumberworth there occurs a little inher of the underlying shale. The base line of the rock may also be dis- tinctly traced from where it strikes the large fault close to Hartcliff, through Hartcliff Wood, Kaye Wood, and Dicky Wood, to a point in the stream near to which the footpath -crosses between Old Park and New House; then returning upon the opposite side it runs eastward along the top of Green and Irby Woods into Munchcliff Wood, beyond which it again meets the boun- dary fault. Some of the shale overlying this rock also occurs on Turpin Hill between the turnpike road and fault just south-east of Cumberworth. We will now state what evidence there is for the existence of the faults which have been alluded to in the tracing out of the several beds. ‘The evi- dence for the continuation of the Ecklands fault on the north side of the Don by Catshaw is the sudden ending off of the Hard Bed Band Rock close by the last-mentioned place, and its presence with overlying coal in the bed of the Don just below Bullhouse Mill. The three faults, one of 4 yards and the others of 23 feet each near Flask House and Illions are taken from the account of old colliery workings as given us on the ground by an old collier. The Royd Moor Hill and Royd fault is evidenced by the shifting of the escarpments along its line, as also is that between Royd and Catshaw Cross, which however is not so clearly shown. The three faults on Whitley Common seem necessary to explain the behaviour of the Elland Rock across that area. The Hepworth fault, and its continuation by the ironworks, is near the latter place taken from colliery plans, at other parts from evidence given by old colliers and the depths of old pits, and where these two aids are wanting its course may be distinguished for the most part by the stopping off of well- marked features. The other faults on and about Lowe Bottom are derived from old colliery workings. The Gate Head fault having a downthrow to the south-east of 35 yards, has been proved at the Gate Head Colliery, and farther to the east it is seen in the shifting of the Elland and Upper Band Reck escarpments. The three small parallel faults by Meal Hill have been already alluded to, and the small fault of 4 feet down east, running by Near High Bank, was taken from colliery plans. The fault running behind Sally Wood has been proved in the workings close by, and that taken as part of our northern boundary from New Mill to Fool- stone has been similarly proved. ; The evidence for the large fault running by Upper Cumberworth and south of Shelley, and forming the remainder of our northern boundary, will be considered when the districts beyond are described. 572 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. District 17.—The Country around Upper Denby and Hoyland Swaine. This district is bounded on the south by the River Don and the Penistone and Barnsley Railway ; on the west by the upper line of the Grenoside Rock; on the north by the Denby Dale and Pool Hill fault, and a fault ranging south-east and north-west through Deffer Wood to the village of Cawthorne; on the east by the outcrop of the Silkstone Coal. nee The beds over this area have not the same regularity in lie and position as those in the two previous districts, the country, par- ticularly to the east, being much broken up by faults, many of hem large ones. : We will first describe the general run of these beds to the west of the southerly continuation of the Upper Cumberworth fault; which from Denby Dale passes between Upper and Lower Denby by Gunthwaite Hall to Hoyland Swaine, where it falls into the Wortley fault described in the account of District 14. After- wards we will pass to the various faulted masses of Penistone Flags and Whinmoor Coal on the north-east side of this fault. By an inspection of Section 1, Plate 21, it will be seen that immediately to the south of the Upper Cumberworth, Denby, and Hoyland Swaine fault, where it passes near Gunthwaite Dam, there occurs a small inlier of Greno- side Rock, following the course of the stream from Carr Head Wood to the fault. The rock, however, is much disturbed by a north and south fault clearly seen at two places in the stream, the one at the north end of Carr Head Wood, as in the following sketch (Fig.67), and the other lower down the stream, almost directly east of Carr Lane House (Fig. 68); this fault throws down west. ; Fig. 68. Fig. 67. Fault in Stream east of Carr Fault in Stream at northern end Lane House. of Carr Head Wood. The base line of the lowermost division of the Penistone Flags may be easily traced from the Penistone Viaduct and Scout Dam, just above Work Bank Lane to Top of the Town, Thurlstone. Here it is thrown up to the west by a fault ranging north and south, and then after running in a general north-west direction, turns eastward up the Ingbirchworth Dike, returning under Ingbirchworth to Summer Ford Hill, where it is apparently cut off by a fault. Beyond this the rock seems to thin away altogether. The upper line of this rock, which is generally formed by a thin coal, may be traced more or less distinctly above Spring and Square Wood, near which last place it is faulted, into Shrogg Wood ; thence it passes across the railway north of Broad Hill Quarry and Scont Dam Plantation, and between Scout Dike and the turnpike road to Ingbirchworth. Between Thurlstone and Ingbirchworth this rock forms a fine spreading slope. At two points just north of Thurlstone however there are outliers of superior beds; the one is a small outlier of shale just north of Old Anna Lane, and the other just east of Norwood Lane consists of shale with a capping of the second: division of the Flags. This lowermost division of the Flags again comes out on the other side of the hill to the north-east of the turnpike road through Ingbirch- THE COUNTRY NORTH OF HAZELHEAD. 573 worth ; it is seen in Clough and Tanyard Dikes just west of the railway, and having crossed the line passes round under Carr Lane House and Carr Head to Walker Ing Wood, where it is thrown up to the east by the fault ranging along the stream through Carr Head Wood. The coal upon this rock is seen in the railway cutting 64 inches thick where Carr Lane crosses. Probably it is the same coal with its underlying sandstone that has an outcrop in the western corner of Malling Carr Wood; the seam is here 10 inches thick. Just north of this wood there runs an east and west fault, again throwing this bed down, and the sandstone may be traced just east of Carr Head Wood, across Cat Hill Lane till it abuts against the Hoyland Swaine fault. The second or middle division of the Flags is traceable a little north of the Don, through Long Lands Wood westwards to the railway cutting beside Well House; here it is seen to consist of a flaggy sandstone with many shale bands, and in the cutting on the north side of Well House Tunnel ‘the rock most rapidly thins away, presenting at first sight very much the appearance of a fault, as seen in Fig. 24. The slight feature formed by this rock extends in a north-westerly direction from Well House Lane towards Ingbirchworth, westwards of which it seems to die out altogether. This sandstone, with the Penistone Green Coal upon it, is also seen in the railway cutting just west of Gunthwaite Hall. The uppermost division of the Flags on the north side of the Don runs under High Lee, and may be seen in High Lee Inn Quarry; then, meeting with several small faults, it occurs spreading over Well House Tunnel and on Cat Hill, The same rock is again met with at Gunthwaite Railway Bridge, from which place it may be traced westwards to Gunthwaite Common, Delf Hills, and Castle Hill, whence turning east it runs under High Flats and Denby Delf to Ash Well, and here meets with the continuation of the Upper Cumberworth fault. A thin coal not unfrequently overlies this rock, or occurs but a short distance above it. At High Flats, owing to the thinning out of the lower divisions of the Penistone Flags, a coal is seen to lie almost directly under the division that remains; for details of the measures in this part reference may be made to the bore hole section at pages 140, 141. The rock underlying the Whinmoor Coal generally occurs beneath the latter upon and around Hoyland Swaine Heights. It is again seen in the form of a lengthened outlier extending between Green Lane End and Upper Denby. The Whinmoor Coal to the west of the Gunthwaite Hall and Hoyland Swaine fault occurs but at one spot, on Hoyland Swaine Heights, where it is much faulted. By reference to Section No. 3, Plate 21, it will be seen that the two parallel faults on the “ Heights” throw the coal down between them, and that north and south of them there is but little outcrop; to the west of Little Royd the coal is thrown out by Cat Hill Firs, again coming in over a small area by a fault running nearly east and west and throwing down to the north. On the east side of the Heights a fault running by High Lee Inn Chain Turnpike, almost along the road, throws the coal out at one spot just at the corner of High Royd Lane; at the other side of the high road it is 11 yards deep. The sandstone over the Whinmoor Coal forms Hoyland Swaine Heights, and may be seen in a quarry or two round Renald Lane House. The various small faults referred to in this part of the district are mostly drawn from the evidence afforded by the shifting of features and their sections in stream- courses, but those on the Hoyland Swaine Heights were met with in old workings of the Whinmoor Coal. The Hoyland Swaine fault is seen in several places along its line, the inter- mediate parts being generally traceable by the stopping off of natural features and the sudden changes in the character of the soil. Thus, from Hoyland Swaine it passes in a north-westerly direction by Kidfield Nook to Stud Royd Wood, at the north end of which it is very well seen in a stream section, as shown in Fig. 69, the thin coal seen on end at the south side of the fault occu- pies about the position of the Bastard Ganister Beds and Coal smut before mentioned (page 139), as occurring in the shale between the Grenoside Rock and the lowermost division of the Penistone Flags. The fault is next seen throwing the, shale on end in Clough Dike below Gunthwaite Hall, and passing west of the Hall by Pinfold Bridge, where the 574 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. beds are turned on end in a little stream close by, it follows very much the course of the railway to Hartcliff, Denby Dale. Fig. 69. Section in the Stream at the northern end of Stud Royd Wood. de NET EAR fl ze 2 TT i | ra ey a 40 b 80 9 feet. 5 feet. Dotted line shows the bed of the stream. a. Flaggy sandstone. 3 8. Clay and crushed shale, much twisted, with ironstone nodules, some with their axes horizontal and others vertica.. . ce. Shale. d. Bright coal, 3 inches. e. Clay. The Whinmoor Coal occurs in two isolated patches within an area bounded on the south and west by the fault just described between Gunthwaite Park and Hartcliff; on the north by the fault running from Denby Dale Viaduct, under which it may be seen, to Miller Hill; and on the east by a fault running from Miller Hill by Sike House, through Broad Wood to Gadding Moor. The coal is seen dipping at an angle of 11° in the railway cutting near Denby Colliery, Lower Denby, and it runs from thence just under Lower Denby and Papist Hill to Pinfold Bridge, where it again meets with the Hartcliff and Gunthwaite fault; the sandstone over the coal is seen in the railway cuttings with shale overlying it. At Denby Colliery the coal was 16 yards deep. A little south of Pinfold Bridge and Papist Hill there appears to be a fault running more or less east and west. In Wood Dike, south of Pinfold Bridge, the Thin Coal underlying the Whinmoor is seen 1 foot in thickness, and underlaid by ganister and clay.. The Whinmoor Coal occurs a little south of this, higher up the hill, cropping out between Burnt Cote and the railway, and running round against the fault by Gunthwaite Hall. In a quarry in the sandstone overlying the coal near Gunthwaite Hall a good instance of false-bedding was noticed. The irregularly bedded hard white stone seen near Gunthwaite Dam is pro- bably the uppermost division of the Penistone Flags. In the continuation of the stream from Gunthwaite Dam to Daking Brook the lowest beds of that part of this district remaining to be described occur. The sandstone exposed in the stream for the most part of the way between these two places is the lowermost bed of the Penistone Flags. Over it on the hill flanks on either side are the two other divisions, the upper one of which to the south-east of the stream forms a tolerably wide spread between Heald Head and Pashley Green, along Rons Cliff to Gadding Moor Quarry. Near here it meets with a fault crossing Gadding Moor and throwing down to the south-west, but again spreads out on Haigh Common. Just south of Pashley Green a thin coal is seen in the lane side nearly overlying this sand- ‘stone, the shale over which forms a more or less oval band encircling an out- lying patch of the sandstone lying directly under the Whinmoor. Between Kirk Hill and Pickness Hill a fault throws this outlying mass down, and on Pickness Hill a thin coal is seen to underlie it. (Section No. 1, Plate 21.) On the north-west side of the Moor Cliff Dike similar beds crop out in succession, and may be seen in Ochre Dike. The sandstone just above Royd Wood is probably that generally underlying the Whinmoor Coal. A short way below it is a coal, 5 inches thick, seen in the head of a little stream just east of Broad Oak Lane, north of Ash Plant, and again the Bastard Ganister under it is seen in Wood Dyke east of Flat Wood. The clay with the ga- nister gives the stream from this point a strong milky appearance. ‘South both of Broad Wood and Flat Wood, but on the east side of the fault through these. woods, there may be small outlying patches of Whinmoor Coal, the THE COUNTRY NORTH OF HAZELHEAD. 575 ere crossing Coach Gate and the other extending between Flat and Broad ood. At Nether End a bore hole was put down many years ago, and a coal reached, though at what depth we could not ascertain, One of our informants says it was the Whinmoor Coal, though not of much worth. Another, who was then a lad at the spring-pole, affirms it not to have been the Whinmoor, but only a thin coal. On the whole we think that the evidence afforded by the sequence of the beds favours the former view. On the north-east all these beds abut against a fault running from Stubbin Common southwards, by Denby Hall and Daking Brook Bridge, being a continuation to the north of the 100-yards Silkstone fault. This fault causes great disturbance among the measures seen in Daking Brook. The three divisions of the Penistone Flags occur thrown up on the east side of this fault. Near Denby Hall a fault runs nearly north and south to the east of. Pool Hill, which is thus enclosed in a triangle of faults. ‘The hill consists of an oval outlier of the sandstone immediately resting upon the Whinmoor Coal, and this latter has been opened out at one spot, the western extremity of the outlier (Section 2, Plate 21.) .From Deffer Wood, a little east of Pool Hill, the crop of the Whinmoor Coal may be traced southwards by Jowett Hill to Clough Green, where it strikes the 100-yards Silkstone fault. Upon the south-west side of this fault it again occurs in detached portions in the follow- ing places :—Whinmoor Plantation, and both north and south of Kine. Moor, all upon the upthrow and east side of the north-west and south-east. fault running between Stubbin Wood and a point just south of Elmhirst. On the south-west side of this same fault it also occurs in patches below Upper Ell- hirst and Tinker House, and its crop may be traced just north of the railway, running parallel with it as far as Coate Great Wood, where it is quite thrown out to the west by the southward continuation of the Hoyland Swaine fault. The prolongations of the Wortley and Hermit Hill faults across this district have been traced in this district by means of natural sections and the various lie of the beds. The crop of the Silkstone Coal was carried in the account of District 14 up to the Silkstone fault. On the upcast side of that fault the line, through the village of Silkstone and round the hill on which Banks Hall stands, is well given both by workings and the escarpment of the overlying rock. The coal is again worked by Mr. Stanhope in Tivy Dale. Beyond this the course of the crop is extremely doubtful. The Silkstone Rock becomes feeble and difficult to trace, but it has been laid down as nearly as was possible, and the probable outcrop of the coal drawn a little below it. The fault through Deffer Wood, against which the outcrop of the Silkstone Coal is made to terminate, is mainly conjectural. We get the first hint of its existence at Deffer Hill.. The outcrop of a coal which is said to be the Whin- moor Coal was seen on the north side of the hill, and if the identification be correct, there must be a fault to throw the coal up from Deffer Wood, where it has been proved by actual workings. Again, the sandstone over the Whin- moor Coal in Deffer Wood, which is fairly well marked, and a higher sandstone ranging through Cannon Park, seem to be cut off where the fault is drawn. It is not altogether unlikely that such a fault exists, but the evidence for it is far from conclusive. A coal has been worked from a little pit beside Badger Lane, 6 chains west of Deffer Nook, of which the following account was given us by the banksman. On the west side of a small fault proved in the workings to throw.down 5 feet to the north-east— ft. in. = ft... in. Bad Coal - - = - 09 Coal - - - - 1 ltel 5 On the east side of the same throw— : ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - 110 to2 6 Dirt - = 2 - 09 Coal - “ - - 09 We have mapped the ground in conformity. with the above information, but it is possible that instead of the coals on opposite sides of the fault being the N 576 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. same, that on the west side is a thin seam about 70 feet above the Whinmoor and that on the east side the Whinmoor itself. If this be the case, the fault instead of being small, is an upcast to the north-east of some 65 feet, and may be the fault through Deffer Wood just described. The fault which is our north-eastern boundary is the continuation of a fault which has been proved to the south-east. It has also been proved in the present district north of Ivy Cottage in workings in the Park Gate Coal on its northern side. If our outcrop of the Whinmoor Coa] is correct, this fault brings that seam almost on a level with the Park Gate, and has therefore a throw of about 170 yards. I+ will be called the Cawthorne fault. District 18.—The Country forming the Hill-slope directly East of Mytholm Bridge and Honley. The district is bounded on the south by the New Mill and Ful- stone fault, on the west by the upper line of the Rough Rock, and on the north-east by the continuation of the Upper Cumber- worth fault, by Thurstonland to Cold Hill and Lockwood. . The highest bed in this area is the Elland Rock. The simple structure of this district may be seen by referring to the western part of the horizontal section No. 4, Plate 21. The upper line of the Rough Rock runs from New Mill by Hollingreave to Mytholm Bridge, being shifted by several small faults in its course. Here it is thrown up to Scar End, where, in the railway cutting, the beds directly overlying it may be seen, as before noticed on p. 89. Thence its course is by Brock Holes, and a little east of the turnpike road, past Honley and Berry Brow to Lockwood, The three lower coals, Soft Bed, Clay Coal, and Hard Bed, run with their crops generally parallel to one another from New Mill below Carr Wood, across the top of Hollingreave Plantation, by Bank End, Brock Holes Junction, through Cliff Wood, near Honley Station, until a little east’ of Berry Brow they strike against the boundary fault. Near to New Mill the beds are dipping at a somewhat high angle, but generally the dip is but gradual. The coals have been worked by numerous day holes along their out- crops, and may be seen exposed in various places. Thus the Hard and Clay Coals are seen in the railway cutting just west of Thurstonland Tunnel, and in that north of Brock Holes Junction. The Soft Coal, 2 feet thick, is well seen in the cutting by Park Riding, north of Honley Station. In Cliff Wood flagstone begins to underlie the Soft Coal. It is, however, much mixed up with shale, as may be seen in the railway cuttings between Honley Station and Berry Brow. The Hard Bed Band Coal rises from the New Mill and Fulstone fault by Hill, Foolstone Hill Lane, a little south of Croft Bottom, passing just south of Moorlands to Bellgreave, where it occurs at the top of a shaft in which the Soft Coal is 47 yards deep, the Middle Band Coal 32, and the Hard Coal 26. Thence the crop turns northward behind Stagwood Hill, near to which it is much faulted. It then, with its thin rock below, ranges along Thurstonland Bank, behind Round Wood, through Great Plain Wood, by Cliff Top and Hollin Hall, through West Wood, where it strikes the fault. Upon the other side of Lud Hill Dike it again occurs over a small area to the west of the fault, by High Royd and Upper Park. The Upper Band Rock occurs as a thin bed under Top-of-the-Hill and through Black Gutters, north of which it is cut off by the fault, but again comes in in small patches to the west of the fault on Longley Hill to the corner of West Wood, by Westwood House, and on Sturley Knoll. The Greenmoor Rock occurs to the west of our boundary fault only at Thurstonland, where it forms a noble escarpment (Section No. 4, Plate 21). The evidence for the Thurstonland fault between Foolstone and Lud Hill Dike is chiefly such as could be derived from the tracing out of the various beds and observing where their continuity is interrupted. Near where it crosses Lud Hill Dike, however, it has been worked up to in some of Mr. Haigh’s old THE COUNTRY ABOUT KIRKBURTON. 577 collieries, and from Sturley Knoll northwards its line has been proved every here and there by old workings. The faults about Hunger Hill and Hill Top are most of them from colliery plans. The fault throwing down 22 yards south crossing Thurstonland Bank is also proved in the colliery workings. District 19.—The Country between Shepley, Farnley Tyas, and Kirkburton. The long fault running between Upper Cumberworth and Lock- wood forms the boundary of this district on the south and west. On the north-west it is bounded by the Farnley Tyas Valley, and on the east by a line through Highburton, Kirkburton, Shelley Bank Bottom, and Shepley. The measures included within this area range from the Upper Band Rock to the top of the Grenoside Rock. The main part of the country consists of large outliers of Grenoside Rock set in a framework of Elland Flagstone, occupying the valley sides or valley bottoms; but on the east are spreads of the Grenoside Rock dipping beneath overlying measures. The horizontal sections Nos. 2-4 Plate 22, will help to explain the connexion between the form of the ground and its geological structure. The lowest rock in this district occurs in the Farnley Valley, and consists of an inlier of Upper Band Rock running along Lumb Dike for some way. The Elland Rock occurs on either side of the stream to the north of Foolstone. On the east side itis faulted once or twice, but may be traced into Stocks Wood and back below Lower Halstead, to the east end of Halstead Wood, where it meets with the boundary fault. Proceeding north- wards on the east side of the fault it is next met with beyond Thurstonland Tunnel from Marsh Hall to Longley Quarry, where there is a fine exposure of rock. A little farther on at Lud Hill the rock becomes split into two beds by a band of shale, the lower one of which runs round by Farnley Hey to the head of the Farnley Valley, while the two run some little way below Farnley Tyas in a north-easterly direction to Shrogg Wood and Farnley Wood House, a little beyond which the shale band separating them seems to die out. The single bed may be there traced round southwards to just west of Woodsome and Dogley Lane Miils, where it is thrown up by a fault to the lane between Woodsome Hall and Woodsome Lees. From Woodsome Lees it runs up Deadman’s Clough to beyond Farnley Mill, returning some way below Storthes Hall to Thunder Bridge Beck, and back on the east side of the stream, All about here however the rock is very poor and shaly. Through Saville Wood a fault runs in a north-east and south-west direction, throwing this rock up again along the stream as far as Thunder Bridge, where it divides into two arms, the one running up Shepley Dike as far as Shepley Mill, and the other up Clough Dike as far as Clough Wood. The Grenoside or Farnley Rock still maintains its character of forming wide spreads. It occurs in one large bi-lobed outlying mass, upon the north-western edge of which Farnley Tyas stands, and which forms Farnley Moor, Blagdens, and Storthes Hail Moor. Another spread of this rock occurs on Stocks Moor, and stretches westwards until near Thurstonland it abuts against the fault. Between this and the Farnley Tyas outlier there also occurs another small one on Brown’s Knoll. This rock forms a wide spread round Shepley, the base line running from Shepley Wood End along the top of Upper and Lower Stones Wood, Shepley Mill Wood, and Gilder Wood to Shelley Bank Bottom, thence returning under Shelley Hill Top, along the upper edge of Hartley Bank Wood, as far as Causey Foot. There the line is thrown up to High Field, and again down a little farther north at the High Cross, then turning east it runs up to Kirkburton and back under Highburton. As before mentioned there occurs at these last-named: places a coal at the base of the rock, the same which farther north is known as the Black Bed. 42518. 00 578 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The upper line of the Grenoside Rock may be traced a little east, of Shepley, by Abbey Lane Bottom, to Shelley Bank Bridge. From behind Shelley Hill Top it runs by Healey, east of Causey Foot, and sowth and east of Kirkburton. The few faults that are mapped in this district are drawn from the evidence of rock-shifting on the surface. District 20.—The Country between Upper Cumberworth, Shelley Skelmanthorpe, and West Clayton. This district is bounded on the west by the Grenoside Rock ; on the south by a broken line of faults which runs from Upper Cumberworth past Denby Dale towards High Fields, Exley, and then bends to the north-east, along the north-west side of Pool Hill, and continues towards West Clayton. The boundary on the north-east is also formed by a disjointed line of faults, which runs from near Little Lepton in a south-easterly direction to the head of the Park Gate Valley, and then follows another fault which ranges east and west along that valley. The measures within this area lie between the top of the Greno- side Rock and the Black Band Coal. Faults irregularly divide it into four minor districts, those of Upper Cumberworth, Lower Cumberworth, Skelmanthorpe and Bagden, and Shelley. These will be described in succession. Upper Cumberworth Sub-district. A fault running from Shelley Bank Bottom, by Hardenley and Copley House, to some little way south of Wood Nook, and meeting with one striking east by Lower Cumberworth and south-east by Leak Hall to Denby Dale, separates the south-west portion of this district from the rest. This portion we will describe first. Inthe horizontal section No. 4, Plate 22, the general lie of the beds over this area may be readily seen. The thin coal in the rail- way cutting some little way east of Shepley Station is not exposed anywhere farther south, and the sandstone over it is but very thin and variable. The sandstone around Stubbin Top and Birk House is but a poor shaly rock, and belongs to the Penistone Flag series. In a field just east of Green House Mill both the Whinmoor and the Thin Coal under it have been worked for a short time. The former, as usual, was divided into three beds. The Black Band crops out on the same hillside some little way above the Whinmoor, and it may be seen in alittle lane leading out north from Cumberworth Lane close to the fault bounding this sub- division of the district. It has been proved 18 inches thick at this spot. Upper Cumberworth stands upon the sandstone overlying this coal. A little east of Upper Cumberworth there seems evidence for a fault runnin, nearly noyth and south between the two long parallel bounding faults, al throwing the Whinmoor and Thin Coals up to the east. The crop of the former bounds a curious bi-lobed area covered by the overlying sandstone, while the latter crops out beneath it on Hartcliff Common and just south of the Cumberworth Tunnel. These beds dip somewhat rapidly under the River Dearne, upon the south side of which the Black Band Coal crops out by Spring House and Revel Bottom. A little west of Spring House a shaft was sunk many years ago. A thin coal, probably the Black Band just mentioned, was found; and southwards a fault was driven up to, this being the one taken for our boundary, drawn from the Viaduct behind Spring House and across Miller Hill. _The large Upper Cumberworth fault is for the most part clearly seen by its displacement of the various beds in its course. Thus on Hartcliff Common the Grenoside Sandstone is almost side by side with the Thin Coal; and near Green House Mill the base line of the same rock is nearly opposite the crop THE COUNTRY ABOUT CUMBERWORTH. 579 a a8 Whinmoor Coal; which was found in digging the foundations of the ill, Lower Cumberworth Sub-district—This is bounded by faults. The fault passing by Lower Cumberworth and Leak Hall throws down to the north and east, as also does the one meeting it from Copley House and Shelley Bank , Bottom. An east and west fault proved in the Kirk Stiles Collieries extends from Ox Ings to Barncliff Hill; this throws down south; the actual amount has not been proved; it must, however, be something very considerable since the Whinmoor Coal worked just south of it is thrown up to Shelley. From Barncliff Hall another fault runs by Ponker in a south-easterly direction along Gilthwaite Lane to Stubbin Common, joining up with that from Daking Brook and Denby Hall. That portion of the south-bounding fault between Miller Hill and Stubbin Common was met with in a shaft 30 yards deep a little south of Hayward’s Bottom. In the workings to the Whinmoor Coal on Hollin Edge it was not reached, as, owing to the high dip of the beds, the coal could not be followed far enough south. At Hill Side a well was sunk 12 yards deep all through shale, no coal being found, and as this is just above the point for the outcrop of the Whinmoor Coal it is probable that the Leak Hall fault crosses just here. East of Hill Side the Whinmoor and Thin Coals crop out below Hollin Edge to Pingle Nook Wood. On the north side of the stream just east of the Leak Hall fault the Whinmoor Coal occurs on Leak Hall Green in a little horse-shoe shaped patch, while on the west side of the fault in sinking a well at Leak Hall no coal was found. At Common End just north of Lower Cumberworth the crop of the Whin- moor Coal is again met with; the Black Band Coal being here but 5 feet over it, these two beds dip at first to the west and are worked by numerous pits. Between Kirk Stiles and Bragg Wood the Black Band crops out in an oval form, here however it is 19 yards above the Whinmoor, but a little farther west at Wood Nook they have again approached so close to one another as to be capable of being worked by the same day hole. Some little way south of Bragg Wood, between it and the fault, a shaft was sunk 18 yards to the Whinmoor Coal and 14 to the Black Band. At Ox Ings the Whinmoor Coal was found ‘in digging the foundations. Section No. 2, Plate 22, which passes through Wood Nook, Bragg Wood, and Common End will help further to explain this piece of country. Skelmanthorpe and Bagden Sub-district.—A wide spread of sandstone occurs south of and on either side of Skelmanthorpe, belonging to the Penistone Flag series ; beneath the stone is a coal which at the north end of Smithy Lane (Skelmanthorpe) has been proved 11 yards deep and of the following thick- ness :— inches. Coal - - - - - Dirt - - - - - 8 Coal - - - - - - 8 Another thin coal over the main mass of rock is seen farther south in Smithy Lane. The lower coal with the base line of the rock may be traced on either side of Thorpe Dike into the Denby Dale Valley to the east running round by Scissett to Skelmanthorpe, and to the west under Putting Hill down to the stream and back on the south-east side of the valley above Gaunt Woodland under Bagden Hall. A little higher up on this same side, behind Stubbin House, the Whinmoor and Thin Coals crop out. In Park Gate Dike, north-east of Skelmanthorpe, at the east end of Blacker Wood, is the crop of a coal about 1 ft. 3in, thick, but its position in the series is not easily recognised. Near to this is a section of strings of coal in shale about 1 foot long and 1 inch at thickest, thinning out towards each end ; he shale is also somewhat rolling. . : : The fault running along the elle of Park Gate Dike is wholly conjectural. It is quite certain, however, that the measures on the north side of the valley are not the Penistone Flags of Skelmanthorpe, as would be the case if there were no fault in the valley, and for this reason the fault has been inserted. 00 2 580 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. On the south-east side of the Scissett Brook we have the following section :— Sandstone. Thin Coal. Measures. Black Band Coal. Measures. Whinmoor Coal. Penistone Flags and Thin Coals. The crop of the Whinmoor Coal was seen at a dayhole in Bagden Wood, and the various members of the above section can be traced along the hill- side. The Whinmoor Coal is again gotten in Riding Wood by the Messrs. Norton, who furnished us with information about the workings, and if the crop of the coal be followed round the hill towards Scissett it appears to run at a much lower level than the crop traced northwards from Bagden Wood. It is to account for this that the fault west of Wheatley Hill has been inserted. A sandstone, which is apparently the same as the sandstone at the top of the section given above, runs with a good scarp by Wheatley Hill through Riding Wood to West Clayton; its base is some 40 yards and its top some 60 yards above the Whinmoor Coal. Traces of a coal were seen above it in a quarry by the road just north of Common Side. On account of its distance above the Whinmoor we have conjectured that this seam is the Clayton Common Coal and have indicated its probable crop all along the top of this sand- stone. The section however is very abnormal, for it is not usual to find a sandstone in the position occupied by this rock, and our identification and mapping are in the highest degree conjectural. Supposing our conjecture however to be right, it is evident that there must be a large fault down west to bring in again the Clayton Common Coal at West Clayton, for the seam is _ known - crop some way up the hillside between that place and High Hoyland. N ow there must be a fault between Pool Hill and Bagden Wood to account for the relative positions of the Whinmoor Coal at the two spots, and a fault was seen in the quarry already mentioned just north of Common Side, and if we carry on the fault on the north side of Pool Hill to this quarry and produce it northwards it will explain everything perfectly well. We shall further see that there is good evidence for the continuation of this fault beyond the district we are now concerned with. It may be called the West Clayton fault. Shelley Sub-district—North of Barncliff Hill, on the upthrow side of the fault, borings have been made but no coal has been found. To the north-east of Shelley there is an outlier of the Whinmoor Coal and measures above it cut off on the east by the fault which forms the boundary on the north-east of the present district, which we will call the Cinder Hill fault (Section No. 4, Plate 21). Both the Whinmoor and Black Band Coals have been so largely worked that there is no difficulty in determining their outcrops. The fault branching from the Cinder Hill fault and running by Paddock and the little fault between it and the Cinder Hill fault were both proved in workings near Hallas. The evidence for the Cinder Hill fault is ample. To the west of it there may be room, but there is only just room for the Blocking Coal to come on at the highest point of the hill three quarters of a mile north-east of Shelley, while a few steps to the east brings us to ground where this seam has been worked at a depth of 30 yards. Further to the north the crop of the Black Band Coal is shifted from near Old Hallas, where it has been proved, to near Linfitt Mill where it is now being worked. District No. 21.—The Country around Huddersfield. The boundaries of this district are: on the south-east, the Farnley Valley between Farnley Tyas and Almondbury; on the west, the Geological Survey of England & Wales. . _ Plate 2]. — , e r Fig.l. Section from near Flight Hill to near Banks Hall, Silkstone, through Lower Coal Measures. _ Seale, 2 inches to one mile. i ee ee ee Cee Ae ON ee om ee ee Ingbirchworth Car Heaed Wood Elmhirst ea =) : @. ROUGH ROCK. 6. Sandstoned.werpBED BAND COAL. /0% GRENOSDDE SANDSTONE COAL 43. THIN COAL | +> Change in direction of line of section. 3. sSoFT BED COAL. G. Sandstone & UPPER BAND CaAL. 71% .OWER PENISTONE COAL. #4. wanmoor coat. f. Faults ‘ 4, CLAY on MIDDLE BAND Coat. 9. Greenmoor Rock 11°8¢ Middle & Upper Penistone Flags. 15. BLAck BAND COAL. J, HARD BED COAL. 10. Grenaside Rock 72 CHARLTONBROOK Coat. 1G. SiLKSTONE COAL. | | Fig. 2. Section across ower Coal. Measures from. New Mill to Deller Wood. Scale, 2 inches to one mile. New Mil . Haddingley Derky Dale Pool [kit Detter Ke } Oo WIS. + E38. See Be aS = SS — a, ROUGH ROCK. 6. HaRD BED BAND CoaL. 40% -GRENOSIDE SANDSTONE CoaL. 3. SOFT COAL. 8. * Sandstoneé UPPER BAND COAL. 4/® LowER PENISTONE COAL ; fo Faults. 4, MIDDLE BAND coaL 9 Greenmoor Sandstone (3. THIN COAL . Change in direction of Ime of section t Faults 2. Soft Bed Flags 6. waARD BED Band coat /0/ piack BED COAL Fig. 2. Section across Lower Coal Measures from Hollingreave to Seissett. Scale, 2 inches to one mile. Gumberworth # f ‘j cae a. ROUGH ROCK 6 waRD BED BAND coaL & Sandstone 10a. cRENOSIDE SANDSTONE COAL 15. BLACK BAND ‘ 3. SOFT BED COAL 8 Upper Bund Sandstone I] @ LOWER PENISTONE COAL f. Faults 4. MIDDLE BAND coaL §. Greenmoor Reck 13. Tam coaL &. HARD BED COAL 10. Greneside or Farnley Rock 14. wamwmoor coat Fig.3. secon through Lower Coal Measures trom Bary Brow to Rirkburton. Scale, 2 inches to one male. Farnley Mal Myers Wood. Rirkburton, Berry Brow 0 Ipper Park Farnley Hey , 3 i Ww idee a. Sa “a er baer f r @. ROUGH ROCK 5.. aarp BED CoaL - 10. Greneside or Farnley Rock &. Sott Bed Flags 6 Sandstone d ward BED BARD. COAL /], waMooR & BLACK BAND GOAL'S. 3. sorr BED COAL & Upper Band Sandstone 4 wipppe Bann cor = 9 _ Greenmoor or Elland Flagstone Fig. t. Seetion across Lewer Coal Measures trom north of Shepley to Lower Denby. Scale 2 inches to one nate. NW, Shepley Upper CGanberworth Lower Denby SE. It 1H. pce ? &. Sandstone & warp BED BAND GOAL 10a. GRENOSIDE sanDSTONE COAL Hf, wammoor conn 6. Upper Band. Sandstone Ja. LowEk PEMSTONE COAL 18. BLACK RAND COAL 9. Greenmoor Rock Jshed-¢.Peraston Flags t. Raut. 10. Grenoside Rock 13. ram coan : t - 2, iqland and Wales. oo: To face page 38. Fig.1. Seetion across Lower Coal Measures from Stainland, through Huddersfield, to Great Lepton. Scale, indues to one Mile. fandley Iound. Wood Lascettes Hall Great Lepton Hudderstield. Wis N— { ESS, WsN++-E 27S. OIG re epee a ee ee ee ————— SE. ngger Green Wee NAHE BS, FARNLEY ROCK SOFT BED COAL 8 verer gany conc & Serulstone We. 9. Ellard. Flags uv several beds 1]. UPPER LOUSEY COAL © y a . ~~ . . ++ Change mm dirvetion of line of’ section Ct Faults b. MIDDLE GRIT HARD BED COAL Wa BETTER BED COAL 3 @. ROUGH ROCK 4. MIDDLE BED COAL 7, ROUGH ROCK COAL J. 2 6 Soft Bed Plags , + HARD BED BAND COAL 10, BLACK BED COAL Fig. 2. Section across Lower Coal Measures from Follingreave to Seaissetl, Scale, 2 inches to one nale. Gumberworth. a 6. HARD BED BAND Coal. & Sarnadstone 10a. 3. -SOFT BED COAL 8 Upper Bund Sandstone I] a LowsR PENIsTONE 4. MIDDLE BAND coal JY. Greenmoor Rock 13. THN coaL 10. Grenoside. ov Farndey Rock 14. wiwwmoor coat GRENOSIDE SANDSTONE COAL 15, BLACK BAND a. ROUGH ROCK COAL i. Faults 5. HARD BED COAL Fig.3. Section through Lower Coal Measures trem Barry Brow to Kirkburton., Scale, 2 inches to one mile. Farnley Mal Myers Wood Rirkburton, Berry Brow Ipper et Farnley Hey t 1 5 @. ROUGH ROCK 5. HARD BED COAL © 10. Greneside or Fianley: Rock e 2 Soft Bed Flags 6. Sandstone & van BED BARD COAL 7]. winnmooR & BLACK BAND COALS. 3. sort BED caaL 8. Upper Band. Sandstone 4 wippLe BaND coALy 9. Greenmoor or Elland Flagstone Fig. t. Seetion across Lower Coal Measures trom north of Shepley to Lower Denby. Scale 2 inches to one mite. ‘ 7 Shepley Opper Camberworth Lower Derby SE, 415, 4 Wu Ueen axl pS. SS G. Sandstone & warp BED BAND COAL 10a. GRENOSIDE saNDSTONE. COAL ; 44, wammoor con 5 6. Upper Band. Sandstone J]a. LOWER PENISTONE COAL 15. BLACK RAND COAL ! 9. Greenmoor Rock /Shd¢.Peuston Flags t. Raaults. 10. Grenoside Rock 13. ‘ram conn ; Nee ‘ c . 5 mle Thane) Betiord S$? Covent Ganden THE COUNTRY BETWEEN BRADGATE AND SILKSTONE. 583 possible oi were only branches from it, and that the main fault was not reached. The fault was worked up to from the New Sovereign Pit; it haded at an angle of 45 degrees, and after going up it for about a chain a coal, thought to be the Whinmoor, was met with on the upcast side.* Again the fault was reached from Strafford Main Colliery both in the Silkstone and the Flockton Coals, and here the hade is very considerable. The throw was estimated by Mr. Steer the manager to be about 60 yards. _ A little further to the east the fault must terminate, for there is no trace of it among the outcrops along the hillside between Worsborough Reservoir and Keresforth. It probably ends off against the Rockley Hall fault, which will be described further on. Beginning at the south of our district, there are several faults in the neigh- bourhood of Dropping Well. The one through Dropping Well Farm was proved from Grange Colliery, and the eastern part of its line was taken from a MS. map belonging to the late Mr. W. B. Mitchell. The fault through Kimberworth Park was also proved north of that house from Grange Colliery and found to die out in Scholes Coppice; the part south of Kimberworth Park is conjectural. The crop of Walker’s Thin Coal was seen in the railway cutting east of Grange Colliery. The crop of the Park Gate is well given by the escarpment of the overlying rock, and was seen in Lord’s Oak Lane; on approaching the Thorpe Hesley fault, as the rock dies away, the crop becomes a little uncertain. The crop of the Black Mine is for the most part clearly indicated by the escarpment of the rock above it. The line in Scholes Coppice is doubtful, but it looks as if the fault running through the wood caused an anticlinal dip which gives rise to a crop on both sides of the little brook through the wood. The Flockton Coal was nowhere seen; the base of the sandstone at Thorpe Hesley however is about the same distance above the Park Gate as that seam, and may be taken approximately to indicate its bassett. The base line of the sandstone itself however is not over well marked. We now pass to the west of the Thorpe Hesley fault, which has been already described. The Silkstone Coal and the Claywood Ironstone have been largely wrought from the valley of Thundercliff Grange through Hesley Park to the Thorncliffe Collieries; some of the higher coals and the Black Mine have also been gotten in the same area; information was furnished by Mr. Corbett and Messrs. Newton and Chambers, and additional facts were learned from Mr. Henry Cooke and colliers on the ground. The faults between Chapeltown and Newbiggin have been proved from the Thorncliffe Collieries. The section No. 1, Plate 23, and No. 2, Sheet 90, of the Hori- zontal Sections will explain the structure of this and the adjoining ground. The Tankersley Ironstone has been worked over Hood Hill Plantation, Tankersley Park, and the plantation south of Birdwell Station. The large quantity of wood in this neighbourhood is a result of the getting of this stone ; the great spoil banks of shale do not admit of cultivation, but trees grow upon them readily. By means of these workings and the numerous shafts the crop of the Flockton Coal can be laid down accurately; it was seen close to Messrs. Newton and Chambers’ Tankersley Pit, and has been proved in some trial shafts for the tunnel of a projected railway near Birdwell Station. We scarcely leave the royalty of Messrs’ Newton and Chambers before we enter on that of the Wharncliffe Silkstone Colliery Company, where every information about the workings was given to us by the managing partner, Mr. Walker. The most important fault is that passing between Pilley Green and Pilley. It is down to the west and it brings in a patch of the Tankersley Tronstone at Pilley, which has been worked out by the Messrs. Coopers of Worsborough Dale; for a sight of the plan we are indebted to Mr, B. Sellars. Between this fault and Baggar Wood there is a somewhat broken and com- plicated bit of ground. It has been largely worked over, and. though the records of the workings are not so complete as could be wished, most impor- tant information was supplied by the Wharncliffe Silkstone Company, Messrs. Andrews and Burrows, Mr. Corbett, and Mr. J. Swift. The Silkstone Rock, and a rock apparently lying above the Silkstone Four-foot Coal, are * Information from Mr. Potter. 584 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. continuous and fairly marked throughout the district, and, with occasional exposures of the bassetts of the seams themselves, have enabled us to trace their outcrops in and out among the network of faults that shift them about. To the north of Bagger Wood the beds wind down into the upper part of Worsborough Dale. ‘lhe Tankersley fault we have already mentioned dies away, but a certain amount of disturbance along the prolongation of its line is indicated by a number of small faults ranging parallel to it across the valley. These have been proved from Messrs. Cooper’s Wentworth Colliery, where the details were supplied by Mr. J. Swift, and from the Sovereign Collieries, the plans of which were explained to us by Mr. Potter. The crop of the Four-foot Coal has been traced by the aid of-the overlying sandstone ; the same rock gives approximately the position of the Thorncliffe Thin Coal, which lies a little way above it, and the crop itself was seen hy Bagger Wood Bridge, near Lower Fal- thwaite, and in the main brook. The crop of the Park Gate Coal was seen at numerous points. The Flockton Coal is worked by Mr. Wentworth from a dayhole in Lowe Wood ; the sandstone above it is there a very conspicuous rock with an escarpment which adds very much to the beauty of the south side of the valley. On the north side the sandstone has dwindled down to a comparatively insignificant bed, but it can be still recognised and traced with sufficient accuracy to serve as a useful guide in determining the bassett of the coal beneath it. In this way the lines have been carried up to the Moor End fault. The continuation of this fault to the north is clearly indicated by the termination of the escarpment of the sandstone that caps Champany Hill, and the position of the fault was proved here by some borings made by Messrs. Charlesworth. To the west of this fault the outcrops of the coals can be very accurately obtained by the aid of many sections, the workings of the old Silkstone Collieries, and the workings of Messrs. Haynes and Lawton at Hall Royd Colliery, where the beds up to the Joan Coal have been all proved. District 23.— The Country from Rawmarsh through Wentworth and Hoyland to Worsborough. This district is bounded on the south-east by the northerly Don fault, and on the south-west by the Tankersley fault. On the north-east an irregular, and in part somewhat uncertain, line of faults which ranges across Swinton Common, north of Hoober Hill, and through Upper Blacker, forms the boundary. On the north- west the boundary is a well-known fault running north-east through Worsborough, which we will call the Worsborough Fault. This dis- trict is a strongly featured piece of country. The Barnsley Rock in the south of the district forms a well-marked ridge, and its wooded scarp adds not a little to the beauty of Wentworth Park. The rocks associated with Kent’s Thick and Thin Coals make a clear ridge to the east. The Abdy Rock, which here alone is noticeable, rises at Hoober Hill into a knoll which is a conspicuous object for many miles round. Outliers again of what is probabiy the same rock stand up in a marked way on Hoyland Lowe, while round the base of the hill Kent’s Thin Rock forms a sharp feature. A hill capped probably by an outlier of the last-named rock rises up sharply to the east of Worsborough. The strike has the north-westerly direction which prevails over this part of the coalfield, but, owing to the deep valleys that intersect the area, the outcrops wind about a great deal. There are a con- siderable number of known faults, the majority of which range parallel to the strike. The evidence for the boundary faults on the north-east and THE COUNTRY AROUND WENTWORTH. 585 north-west will be better understood when we have mastered the details of the geology of the whole district. $ Sections 2, 3, and 4 of Plate 23 illustrate the structure of this istrict. There is a long line of fault we will call the Greasborough fault, ranging from the east of Tankersley Park across Morley Pond in Wentworth Park and to the south of Greasborough, the evidence for which is it must be confessed somewhat slender. This fault has been proved in the Ironstone pits between Tankersley Park and Skyers Spring Wood, where beginning at nothing it reaches a size of 9 yards; it has been carried on from there along the south-westerly termination of the patch of Barnsley Rock on which Wentworth village stands and which certainly looks as if it were cut off by a fault on this side. We have ventured to prolong this fault still further to the south-east for the following reasons. The Park Gate has been worked from pits in Lady Rockingham Wood and at Squirrel Castle, and there is a rumour of a fault having been reached in the workings ; further assuming the dip to continue to the north-east the same as at these pits, there must be a fault between them and the outcrop of the Barnsley Coal which is well ascertained. The fault has therefore heen carried on and drawn by a high dip seen in one of the bays of Dog Kennel Pool. Again the outcrop of the Flockton Coal was seen in a little brook 15 chains E. by N. of White Hall, south of Greasborough, and close by there is said to have been a bore hole 95 yards to the Park Gate ; if this statement be correct there must be a fault between the outcrop and the bore hole down to the north some 15 yards. Between this fault and the Tankersley fault the following points deserve notice. The outcrop of the Flockton Coal from Bassingthorpe Farm towards Greasborough was laid down from the old crop workings to the Tankersley Tronstone and is only approximate; the crop was seen at the spot just men- tioned near White Hall, and traced thence by the aid of old workings to the Tankersley fault by Greasborough Colliery. A coal that just comes out on the downcast side of the Tankersley Fault in Raspberry Plantation is probably this seam. Little or nothing is known of the rest of the strip of ground we are con- sidering till we come to the workings in the Tankersley Ironstone between Tankersley Park and Skyers Spring Wood. Particulars of these were given by the manager Mr. Fisher, and from this information we were enabled to lay down approximately the crop of the Swallow Wood Coal up to the Tankersley fault. The continuation of this crop to the north is very un- certain to the east of Tankersley Church, and indeed we have nothing to fix its exact position till about 15 chains north of the South Yorkshire Railway, where the coal was seen in a brook section; a little further on this seam was found in a well at the Old Travellers Inn. Though the data for determining the exact position of the crop are scanty, the well-marked Bird- well Rock which lies a little below it is an excellent guide for fixing its place approximately. A the Gndle formed by the outcrop of the Swallow Wood and the Tankersley and Worsborough fault, the Birdwell Rock is the most striking geological feature. We have supposed that a mass of sandstone in the angle between the two faults, across which Pilley Lane runs, is an outlier of this rock, and. between this outlier and the main outcrop we have mapped an inlier of the rock over the Lidget Coal. The mapping is @ little uncertain, but is probably not far from the truth. . a We may next take a long narrow strip of ground lying between the Greas- borough fault and a fault, which we will call the Wentworth Fault, that ranges along the north-east side of the village of Wentworth, through the head of Elsecar Reservoir, east of Hoyland Lane End, and up to the Worsborough fault. ; This fault certainly exists between the outcrop of the Birdwell Rock and Hall Royd Colliery, and bas a downthrow to the east of probably not less than 80 yards. The coal has been stripped from the colliery along the face of a fault, which was at first supposed to be the main throw, but which was found to die away a little to the north-west of the South Yorkshire Railway. There 586 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. can be but little doubt however that this fault is an offshoot, and that the large fault is not far fromit. The fault has been proved in Lord Fitzwilliam’s Barnsley Coal workings north-east of Skyers Spring Wood. The continuation of this fault to the south-east is conjectural, but very probable. By the north-easterly dip and the downthrow of the Greasborough fault, the Barnsley Coal is just brought on in the area we are now considering, but only so far as to appear as a capping on the higher ground. One large outlier underlaid by the seam occurs on the south-west of Wentworth. The coal was found in wells at the stables in Windmill Field, and at the Lodge in Old Hague Lane. To set the matter at rest we had the outcrop a little lower down the lane cleared; there could be no doubt it was the Barnsley Coal. There is a good sandstone above the coal, by the aid of which the probable crop was traced. There is probably another outlier of the Barnsley Bed at Hoyland Lane End; old crop workings can still be traced, and the solid coal is said to have been found in the cellars of some of the houses. Again, we will take up a narrow strip of ground, in the form of a very long isoceles triangle, lying between the Wentworth fault and a fault, that may be called the Hoyland Fault, ranging in a north-westerly direction through Nether Hoyland. The Hoyland Fault has been proved in Messrs. Cooper’s Wors- borough Park Collieries.* It there commences with a number of small faults which soon unite into a main throw; it was seen in Wood Dyke; it was very clearly indicated by the truncation of Kent’s Thin Rock in the cutting of the South Yorkshire Railway; it was proved from Hoyland and Elsecar Colliery, the plans of which were shown us by Mr. W. H. Peacock. The fault was again proved in Lord Fitzwilliam’s Collieries,t near Milton Ironworks ; its line was very closely fixed by the outcrop of the Barnsley Coal on its upcast side at the foot of Elsecar Reservoir and the crop workings in King’s Wood. The rest of the line is conjectural, but the termination of the Barnsley Rock fixes it very closely in Temple Hill Plantation. The southern part of the ground between the Wentworth and Hoyland faults possesses no interest. ‘There is a small fault proved in Lord Fitz- william’s workings west of Milton Ironworks and seen in the bank of Elsecar Reservoir. Around Hoyland Low however there is a tract of rising ground with more variety. Kent’s Thick and Thin Coals crop out on both the south-east and north-west sides. On the south the bassett of Kent’s Thick can be fixed by the depths of the pits, and that of Kent’s Thin is given by the escarpment of the overlying rock; on the north Kent’s Thin Rock is still better marked, and there is a fine section both of rock and coal in the cutting of the South Yorkshire. Railway. The Low and a hill to the east of it are capped by outliers of a sandstone, which from its distance above the Barnsley Coal we judge to be the Abdy Rock. On the north side of the deep valley of Wood Dike the ground rises to Worsborough Park, and round the hill top there runs a sandstone which is probably Kent’s Thin Rock ; the features here however were not sharp enough to make the mapping a matter of certainty. There is apparently an outlier of a higher sandstone with a coal beneath it on Helliwell Hill, The faults in Worsborough Park not already specified were proved in the workings of the Barnsley Coal. The remainder of the present district may now be taken in hand as a whole. The Hoyland fault is an upthrow to the north-east, large enough to throw out the Swallow Wood and Barnsley Coal on the southern part of the district and repeat their outcrops on its upcast side. The bassett of the Swallow Wood was seen in the brook at the south-east corner of Nether Swallow Wood; the rest of the line is from calculation. The bassett of the Barnsley Bed is most clearly given from the south-west of Rawmarsh by Nether Haugh and through the greater part of Wentworth Park by the fine escarpment of the overlying * We regret to say that Messrs. Cooper’s firm furnished one ofthe very few cases in which information was refused to the officers of the Geological Survey. We mention this from no ill-will, but merely to show that any deficiencies that may exist in our * aecount of their collieries must not be laid to our door. Fortunately Mr. B. Sellars has plans of the Worsborough Park Collieries, which he very courteously placed at our service. { The splendid plan of these workings was laid open for our inspection by Mr. Hartop, and information was also given by Mr. Thomas Cooper. THE COUNTRY AROUND WENTWORTH. 587 rock, At the north-western end of Wentworth Park, where the sandstone dies suddenly aways the crop becomes a little doubtful, but it most likely runs up against the Hoyland fault. The coal again just comes out on the upcast side of that fault in King’s Wood, and by the dam of the Elsecar Reservoir. The bassett of Kent’s Thick Coal can be traced by means of a well-marked sand- stone above it from Rawmarsh to Leuthwaite, where the coal is thrown down to the north-east by a fault known as the Elsecar fault. Kent’s Thin was seen in the branch railway to Low Stubbin Colliery, and from here to Rawmarsh the sandstone over it was distinguishable from that over Kent’s Thick, and both coals could be traced. Again the Abdy Coal has over it in this district a well-marked sandstone, so that its crop can be accurately fixed. This sandstone forms a broad spread from the Northerly Don fault on Rawmarsh Common to Hoober Stand; on the corresponding tract of high ground about Rainborough Park it seems to be wanting on the eastern side, but sets in again on the west and runs down to Mary Gray Wood. We must now say something about the hypothetical fault which is represented as bounding in part the Abdy Rock of Hooher Stand on the north, and which forms part of the north-eastern boundary of the present district. It seems hardly possible to explain the termination of the northern escarpment of Hoober Hill except by a fault, and all the calculations we have made seem to show that it is quite impossible to get in the usual thickness of measures between the Abdy Rock of Hoober and the Oaks Rock of Newhill, without either a large fault or a dip much steeper than there is reason to think exists. The only direction in which such a fault can run is roughly east and west, and it would. then cross the workings of Messrs. Charlesworth at Rawmarsh Collieries. The only fault found there is a small one throwing down 3 ft. 6 in. to the north. The only way out of the difficulty we could devise was to suppose the fault to run on and increase very rapidly in size to the west, and we have continued its line on to a fault of 10 yards which was proved a little to the dip of the Rainborough Park Pit, so that according to our mapping the throw must decrease again further to the west. We cannot say we have much confidence in the explanation, but it is the best we have to offer. On the hill top round Woolscroft there is an outlier of coarse massive grit, which from its distance above the Barnsley Coal and its lithological character there can be no doubt is the Woolley Edge Rock. An outlier of a similar rock occurs at Coaley Lane. These outliers must be separated by a fault from the main mass of the Woolley Edge Rock to the north, and we have carried on the Blacker Hill fault, of which more shortly, to bound them on the north. Be Os a3 There is a patch of sandstone whose relationship is rather a matter of doubt, at Thief Hole. The smut of a coal was seen cropping out beneath the sandstone. Among the borings on Lord Fitzwilliam’s estate preserved in the Mining Record Office is the following, stated to be in Thief Hole Quarry :— ft. in. Coal - - - - = Measures’ - - - - ~93 9 Coal - - - - - wt 8 Measures - - - - - 70 11 Coal - . - - - 2 6 three coals agree in their distances apart with the Abdy, Kent’s Thin sad Kents Thick ihe section of Rainborough Park Pit, and we think this a likely identification, the coal seen beneath the sandstone being the Abdy. If this be so, there rust be a fault on the north-east of the sandstone, and we have accordingly drawn a hypothetical fault bounding the sandstone on that ier the numerous faults in the Elsecar Valley proved in Lord Fitzwilliam’s Collieries we need specially mention only the Elsecar fault, which passes a little to the north-east of the National School. It is said here to have a throw of 40 yards. It must die away to the south-east, though where exactly has not been ascertained. It runs on to the north-west by Jump and is for some distance a fault of some importance, but what is probably the same throw has been followed in the workings of Blacker Main Caley till it dies away. Between the Hoyland and Elsecar faults we have around Jump a rising boss 588 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. of ground containing Kent’s Thick Coal, Kent’s Thin Coal, Kent’s Thin Rock, and some overlying measures. The coals crop out both on the south-west as the ground falls to the Elsecar Valley, and to the north-west as we descend into the valley of Wood Dyke. Lastly, on the downcast side of the Elsecar fault an outlier of Woolley Edge Rock caps the hill between Blacker, Roebuck Hill, and Skyers. This is bounded on the north-east. by the Blacker fault, which forms a part of the north-eastern boundary of the present district. This fault would be recognised and could be accurately laid down by surface indications alone. The upcast. of the escarpment from Blacker Well to the ridge on which the Pyramid stands is in itself conclusive evidence, and the shift at Skyers is scarcely less marked. The fault has besides been worked up to underground both at Skyers from Lord Fitzwilliam’s Collieries, and from Blacker Hill Colliery. The ground worked over by the last colliery is traversed by such a network of faults as fortunately is seldom met with in this coalfield; only a portion could be inserted on the map. The proximity of the large Blacker fault is probably the cause of the distracted state of the measures. The Worsborough fault has been worked up to in the Ironstone pit of Messrs. Coopers in Friar Tail Wood, and has again been stripped in the workings of the same firm in the Barnsley Coal in Worsborough Park. Its continuation to the north-east will be described under District 24. District 24.—The Country between Barnsley on the north-west, and Adwick-upon-Dearne and Swinton on the south-east. The boundary of this district on the south-west is formed partly by the faults which bounded the last district on the north-east, and by a little piece of the Worsborough fault, and for the remainder of the way by the escarpment of the Woolley Edge Rock from Darley Hall through Barnsley to Smithies. The north-eastern boundary is a fault ranging from Monk Bretton to Adwick-upon- Dearne, which we will call the Dearne Valley fault.- On the south-east the Northerly Don fault forms the boundary. The geological structure is simple in the extreme, and is sin- gularly well shown by the physical configuration of the ground. A bold, unbroken ridge, formed by the outcrop of the Oaks Rock, stretches from Monk Bretton to Swinton, and shows the direction of the strike; the dip slope of this ridge, which is for the most part broad and well marked, with a long gentle fall to the north- east, gives the dip. To the west of this range the Woolley Edge Rock makes a still more striking feature between Smithies and Hemingfield ; south of the latter place we have already seen that this rock dies away. ‘To the north-east of the Oaks Rock the Lower and Middle Chevet Rocks are of some note between Ardsley and Woodhall; the remainder of the north-eastern part of the district is mainly occupied by the alluvial flats of the Dove and the Dearne. ¢ Owing to the excellence of the Barnsley Coal, the moderate depth at which that seam lies, aud the facilities for railway com- munication, the district is one of great mining activity; in no other part of the coalfield are large collieries so thickly crowded together as between Barnsley and Swinton. We may first take a triangular bit of ground between the Oaks Rock, the valley of the Elsecar Brook, and the north-eastern boundary of the last district. If the fault exist, which we have represented as separating the last from the present district hereabouts, the Wath Wood Coal has no outcrop till we come to a fault south-west of West Melton, which has been proved from West Melton Colliery. The crop of a coal however which is probably the Geological. Survey of England & Wales. Plate 23. To face page 588. al NVW. of : _ eee re. Whirono Hlunshelf sipstone Rock? ; i 7 Hesley ark Wood ea es Meare hee Page ee he — SS ergs Gal 4 jeg eee eee Caney ro 9 Upper Common Wentworth Park NOZ. oa Si. Low Stubbin Flockton Gal Morley Mansoleam Pi . Plantation Plantation i 1 1 1 ' ( Park Gute PARK GATE | Swallow Wool Gal Tankersley Heckton Fault Greasborough Leyland Park Gate Fault ‘Fault N°3. WE. SW. Biles 2 High Het Hients Thick Ment Thin Cole i fy oe t t Lictget foal *tadion Birdwell Rock nae oe an Seep iiartts hing my —<—y— Baines er fes ee Rents Thick “or = ] Barnsley : . 4 land Blacker Flockton Wentworth Hey Fault Tankersl , F Vault oe imphe rsley Coal Faalt N°4, Hents Thick Barnsley Barnsley se fal i ; r : SD Kings A Lenthwaite wath Wood G SW. te en fogt “Wood , nee Smithy Bridge ' a. Thief Hole Dearne & Dove Canal ; t se Quarry MENTS THICK BARNSLEY 4 ~ a : 4 Dangerheld Math 2? Bedford €t Covent darder THE COUNTRY SOUTH-EAST OF BARNSLEY. 589 Newhill was seen 35 chains south-west of Newhill Mill. The fault just mentioned throws up to the west and brings the Wath Wood Coal to the surface. ‘Ihe seam has been very largely worked along the hill slope between West Melton and the Elsecar Brook, and from the depths of the pits the position of its outcrop has been calculated. The fault from Mary Gray Wood to Lund Ponds has been proved in Lord Fitzwilliam’s Collieries and also from Lund Hill Colliery as far as the canal at Wombwell Junction; how much farther it extends in the direction of the dip is at present unknown. About the Elsecar Brook the Woolley Edge Rock sets in, and by its fine escarpment furnishes one of the best guides for working out the geology of the district. The triangular inlier of the measures below this rock in Womb- well Wood, bounded on two sides by the outcrop of the Wathwood Coal and on the third by the Blacker fault, is most distinctly marked on the ground, ag furnishes an important piece of evidence for determining the line of the ault. The Woolley Edge Rock runs with a fine wooded escarpment along Dove- cliff down into Worsborough Dale; the direction of the dip causes small landslips almost every winter, and it is sometimes difficult to keep the road along the foot of the cliff open. Thereis a fine section of the Two-foot, Abdy, and some lower coals in the cutting of the South Yorkshire Railway south of Dovecliff station. ; The fault which springs out of the Blacker fault and runs past the shaft of Edmunds Main Colliery was proved at that colliery, and the workings from Swaiths Main Colliery have showed that it dies out about 20 chains to the south-west of Swaithe House. We are indebted to Mr. T. Mitchell for information about Edmunds Main and Swaithe Main Collieries. We next come to the continuation of the Worsborough fault across the present district. This fault was seen in the cutting of the Worsborough Park Railway, and has been proved from Darley Main Colliery.* It is admirably shown by the way in which it shifts the escarpment of the Woolley Edge Rock at Darley Hall. The faulié has been stripped for a distance of three quarters of a mile in the workings of Swaithe Main Colliery, and proved beneath Swaithe Hall to be a downcast to the south of 30 yards, It has taken a considerable bend to the south, and its further course has yet to be determined. The next great break we come to is a group of faults known as the Dustin Royd Throw. This has been proved a little beyond the boundary of the present district in the old Darley Main workings to consist of two faults, about four chains apart, ranging in a north-easterly direction with downthrows to the west of 10 and 18 yards. A branch running east and west nearly is given off from the westerly of these faults at King Well with a downthrow to the north of 12 yards: in the line of the continuation of this fault several small faults have been proved at Messrs. Sutcliffe’s Victoria Colliery, so that it probably splits up to the west and dies away. The westerly of the two first- named faults seems to die away to the north, but the easterly branch runs on bending round to the east. There is a capital section of this throw in the Fig. 70. Section of the Dustin Royd Throw at Darley Cliff. Woolley Wath Shale and thin Sandstones resting on Edge Wood Woolley Edge Rock. Rock. Rock. ' ! t ' i ‘ 1 i J 1 ' t ‘ t t 1 1 1 1 t ' ‘ * Information about this and Pinder Oaks Colliery was supplied by Mr. Batty, the managing partner of the Darley Colliery Company. 590 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD,. cutting of the Barnsley and Sheffield Road at Darley Cliff, where a number of small faults are seen running parallel to the main break. The section is figured in Fig. 70. The remaining branch of this fault has been stripped in the workings of the Darley Main Colliery for about 35 chains east of the yoad. A little further on a fault nearly in the same line was reached from the Oaks Coiliery,* and the coal worked off up to it along the northern face. The fault was cut through at one or two spots and found gradually to decrease till it died away. Itlooked at first as if the termination of the Dustin Royd Throw had been reached. There is no doubt however that the fault in question is only an offshoot from the main throw, which runs a little further to the south and continues its course to the east. This is clearly shown by the way in which the Woolley Edge and Oaks Rocks are brought side by side at Lockflash Hill. The following considerations have guided us in drawing on this fault to the east. At a bridge over the South Yorkshire Railway 45 chains south-east of Stairfoot Station we have on the north side the shales over the Oaks Rock and on the south side sandstone forming part of that rock; there must be a fault, but the bridge prevents its been seen. Again on the north side of the valley of the Dove it is pretty clear that the sandstone north of Darfield Main Colliery, which is the Lower Chevet Rock, is striking right against the Middle Chevet Rock. The features are not very clear, and it is not possible to fix very accurately the line along which they abut against one another, but that drawn on the map is probably not far from correct. The next important fault that crosses the outcrop of the Woolley Edge Rock ranges in a north-westerly and south-easterly direction a little to the north of the Agnes Colliery, and is known as the Barebones Throw. This fault has been worked up to on the downcast side from the Oaks Colliery. The ground crossed by it has been very thoroughly explored from Pindar Oaks Colliery, and found to be broken by an enormous number of faults, only a few of which could be inserted on our map. To the north-west of this point the various branches seem to unite into a single fault, for the throw has been driven through at the Agnes Collieryt and only a single fault is marked on the plan. The remainder of the line of this fault will be described when we come to the next district. A belt of very broken ground strikes off from the Barebones fault towards Beevor Hall. It has been worked over in Mr. W. Day’s Collieries; the plans of this part of the workings were old and not very clear, but some of the main faults, as far as they could be made out, have been inserted on the map. One of these disturbances runs a little to the south-west of the Sheffield Road parallel to the Barebones Throw. It was not stated on the plan whether it was a fault or roll, or merely bad coal. A very sharp anticlinal slightly faulted, a sketch of which is given in Fig. 71, was seen where the Doncaster Fig. 71. Section shown in the Cutting where the Barnsley and Doncaster Road passes beneath the South Yorkshire Railway, 25 chains south-east of Barnsley Station. E.20° N. agiats Wood Coay W. 20°S. * Mr. Dymond the managing partner, Mr. Mammatt the resident engineer, and er Minto the bottom steward, gave us every assistance and information about this -colliery. } For information about this and the other collieries belonging to Mr. W. Day we are indebted to Mr. Potter, Mr. Minto formerly bottom steward, and Mr. Muckle the present manager, THE COUNTRY SOUTH-EAST OF BARNSLEY, “591 Road passes under the South Yorkshire Railway, and it is possible that it eee this faulted arch which was met with in the coal along the line in uestion. The fault running in a north-westerly direction from Beevor Hall was proved in Mr. Day’s Collieries and seen on the north side of the canal. The escarpment of the Woolley Edge Rock on Burton Bank is broken by afault ranging nearly along the strike, which goes by the name of the Rosa or Cockup Throw. ‘Nothing can be clearer than the sudden termination of the escarpment where it meets the fault, and the repetition of it on the upcast side. The fault was crossed in sinking the Rosa pit, and has been stripped in Mr. W. Day’s Collieries from here for nearly a mile to the south-east. Mr. Muckle gave us the following hand-sketch of it where it was driven through beneath Old Shep Cote Quarry. The fault on the south-west throws up 40 feet, the next down 20 to 26 feet, the next up 18 to 20 feet. The fault has been taken up after a very short interval from the workings of the Oaks Colliery, and found to decrease gradually to the south-west. It dies out in that direction for it was not found on the engine plane driven from the Ardsley Pit. Fig. 72. Section of the Rosa Throw beneath Burton Bank. S.W. N.E. Barnsle: Coal. - The Oaks Rock forms so clear and unmistakeable a line as to need no explanation. A fault intersects it where the Midland and South Yorkshire Railways cross, a mile north of Swinton Station, which is seen in the cutting. It has been proved from Manvers Main Colliery* to consist of a number ‘of parallel faults of various sizes. Itis probably an offshoot from the Northerly Don fault, and is here beginning to split up preparatory to its dying out. There seems to be a line of broken ground ranging along the strike through Wombwell. A fault on this range has been proved from Lund Hill Collieryf, and others from Darfield Main Colliery,t and the new sinkings of Mr. Mitchell near Aldam Junction passed through very shattered strata. The Lower and Middle Chevet Rocks are distinguishable about Ardsléy. Their escarpments are probably stopped off somewhat in the way represented on the map by the Dustin Royd Throw. On the upcast side of that fault a sandstone which agrees in position with the Lower Chevet Rock runs a little to the north of Darfield Main Colliery, and after passing beneath the alluvium of the Dove rises into the knoll called Park Hill, after which the rocks becomes lost under the alluvium of the Dearne. Lastly, a patch of sandstone which is almost certainly the Upper Chevet Rock caps the hilltop south of Adwick-upon-Dearne. It is cut off on the north .by the Dearne Valley fault, and on the east by the Northerly Don fault, but the rest of its boundary is uncertain ; very likely the fault 25 chains south-east of Manvers Main Colliery bounds it on the south. It now remains to describe the Dearne Valley fault. This fault was struck in the engine plane from Manvers Main Colliery (the old pit) beneath the * Information from Mr. Thompson. ¢ Information from Mr, Becher, { Information from Mr. Huntriss and the bottom steward Mr. Wilson. 592 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. village of Adwick. We have already mentioned the possibility of its running on to the south-east from here till it terminates against the southerly Don fault somewhere south of Cadeby, but workings alone can settle this point. To the west of Adwick the fault crosses the Midland Railway south of Darfield Tunnel, and the complications here produced are shown in Fig. 73. The stone in the quarries on the north of the tunnelis broken by a number of small faults. The fault has again been struck and driven into from Darfield Main Colliery with the following results (Fig. 74). The inclination of the coal decreased from the pit bottom, where it is about an inch to the yard, toa quarter of an inch to the yard. Beneath Green House Pond, after crossing several small faults, the Barnsley Coal was lost against a fault at (a); a staple- pit was sunk 11 yards along the leader of the throw, which haded in this distance about two feet out of the vertical, and the Barnsley Coal was found crushed and contorted. The coal was followed for a short distance till it was cut off by another fault. A stone drift was then carried from a@ up to the last-named fault, and on the far side of this a thin coal (c) was reached; a staplepit (c d) was then sunk and the Barnsley Coal reached at a depth of 32 yards. The coal was dipping steeply but it soon flattened ; it was followed for about 90 yards, when another fault was reached. Beyond this the exploration has not been carried. The fault has again been struck in the engine plane of the Ardsley Pit of the Oaks Collieries. An attempt was also made to prove this fault from the old Oaks Pit a little to the south-west of Cundy Cross Toll Gate. Mr. Mammatt has furnished the following hand sketch of the operations. On reaching the fault on the north-east water and gas came off in such quantities as to drive the men out. A gasometer was placed over the blower and the gas used to light 60 or 70 lamps in the main roads till the disastrous explosion. : In the exploring headings driven from Mr. Day’s Collieries the fault has been crossed, but the details cannot be made public at present. Beyond the last point the fault has not been proved. It seems highly probable that it runs through a point a little north of Belle Vue Place, Monk Bretton, where the escarpment of the Oaks Rock seems to be sharply stopped off, but the termination is not so clear as could be wished. ‘here is probably an outlier of the Oaks Rock on Smithy Hill, 30 chains to the north of Belle Vue, but its boundaries are so indistinct that no inference as to the fault can be drawn from it. The attempts we have made to calculate the throw of this fault do not lead to very satisfactory results. At Adwick it seems as if it must have a considerable ‘downthrow to the north. At Darfield the fault nearest the tunnel mouth, which is apparently the most important, is certainly down to the north, and the aggregate throw of the fault seen in the cutting must be in the same direction ; but we do not know whether there are not other faults to the north of those seen, and there may be in the tunnel upcasts of an equal aggregate amount. At Darfield Main Colliery, and at Ardsley, sections carried on over the country to the north up to the outcrop of the Shafton Coal do not show the necessity for any fault at all, and this leads one to suspect that the dislocation may consist of a succession of upcast and downcast faults, which in the aggregate neutralise one another. A section between the Old Oaks Pit and Monk Bretton Colliery presents this difficulty. At Monk Bretton Colliery the beds are dipping rather sharply to the south, and if this dip continues up to the fault, there will be a large downcast to the north. But it is more likely that the beds, instead of changing their inclination suddenly on crossing the fault, flatten gradually on approaching it, and by degrees assume the normal dip of the country, which is somewhat north of east; in fact that the fault coincides with the axis of asynclinal. If this be so we cannot calculate the throw of the fault unless we know the rate of the flattening, and this we know nothing about. In the face cf so much uncertainty it is dangerous to venture on an opinion, but we lean to the notion that to the north-west of Darfield the aggregate throw of the fault is small. 593 *possoio qgou ye i Ot & dh Po fe) fs | if LS oe A i Py “ye0p Ao[sureg, 1 “spre 09 40 OF 10 ? ; ' {symm [Teus puw TeoQ peg _ “‘puod asnoyyT uaat+) On ygnauag ‘hiaj0) mop pjayuvg 3 ynny fayyo4 suspag *hiayyoy syvQ "ayn yo ynng fayynA ausnag.. 2 hab Ph OU 9) buy i ! a 1 t { t : i ' ‘ f 1S 1 ' 1 t B-1 1809 “sul g ‘opeyg Aerp wo enoyspueg peppeq-4[arqY, ‘oreyg ‘oreYg Uo oNOYSpUEg ‘quoyspueg -ouung; %.0 eID “1809 "BUI 6 ‘TBO eppeq-ATOIEL . Jo wnow B.0 1809 “oreuy poppeq-4ppoIyL + Jo [MOP = ‘ou ySpug g ‘uoung ppeying yw koapwar punjpiyy ay fo buyng ayz ue ynng Kayo, suswag ay2 fo uoyag "eh “Say 594 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. District 25.— The Country from Barnsley and Stainborough on the south-east to Bretton Park and High Hoyland on north-west. On the south-east this district has for its limit the north-western boundary of the last district; on the north-east the boundary runs roughly along the valley of the Dearne between Barnsley and West Bretton, and is formed partly by a line of fault ranging in a south-easterly direction through Darton, which we will call the Darton fault, and partly by the portion to the north-west of Darton of a fault we will call the Mapplewell fault. The Mapple- well fault starts at Smithy Wood about a mile north of Barnsley and runs past Darton through Bretton Hall. On the north-west the district is bounded by the West Clayton fault ; on the south- west it extends up to country described under previous districts, It is a country much diversified by hill and valley, -but not possessing any specially conspicuous features. Among the more prominent points are the escarpments of the rock over the Flockton Coal in Stainborough Park, of the sand- stone over the Swallow Wood Coal from Higham to Barugh, of the same sandstone about Kexborough, and of the sandstone of Hoyland Bank which overlies the Flockton Coal. The district is so cut up by faults that it is scarcely possible to give an abstract of its general structure. Our knowledge of the north-western portion of it is very incomplete, and much of the mapping in that quarter is so conjectural that it perhaps scarcely deserves to be called an approximation to the truth. We will first take in hand the ground south-east of a fault which ranges in a north-easterly direction through Keresforth Hill, and which we may call the Keresforth fault. The Flockton Coal is the lowest bed that comes to the surface. Its crop was proved in the Old Coal Bath in Stainborough Park, and has been traced thence mainly by the old workings. The overlying sandstone makes a fine escarpment along the north-western side of the park, and spreads in a broad dip slope down to the chain of ponds. The long sweep of the descent, when viewed from the house, is a bit of park-landscape which can hardly be sur- passed. On the south the escarpment of the rock is very feebly marked. It is said that in the old pit to the Flockton Coal, east of Old Coal Bath, the coal was worked up to a fault which was considered to be a continuation _ the Tankersley fault of the Ratten Row fault, but no plans were ept. A coal, perhaps the Lidget seam, was seen near Menagerie Pond. The Wentworth fault runs on across the Worsborough fault into the present district. Messrs. Coopers have worked the Barnsley Coal from a day- hole at the south end of Worsborough Reservoir, and the coal was got up to this fault. A fault was also seen on the same line where Back Lane crosses the Darley Main and Old Silkstone Coal Railway. The fault probably terminates a little distance to the north of the last-named spot against the Keresforth fault. This portion of the Wentworth fault throws in the Swallow Wood Coal. A borehole has been put down beside Doe Lane, 15 chains west of Worsborough Reservoir, which reached at a depth of 38 feet a coal which was supposed to be the Swallow Wood. This seam is, however, only about 80 feet below the Barnsley by calculation, and corre- sponds with a coal found at the same depth below the Barnsley seam in a borehole made at Worsborough from the Barnsley to the Swallow Wood. We may therefore conclude that the Swallow Wood is about 138 feet deep at the borehole by Doe Lane. But the Swallow Wood crops in the rail- way cutting 6 chains south-west of Hound Hill. There must, therefore, be afault up to the east between the borehole in Doe Lane and this out- crop. A fault running near High Royd Colliery through Short Wood THE COUNTRY BETWEEN BARNSLEY AND HIGH HOYLAND. 595 which has been proved up to the Worsborough fault, would, if it con- tinued across that fault, run in the right direction and have the right throw, The continuation of this fault is said to have been proved by Messrs. Coopers’ workings in the Barnsley Coal in Shaw Bank Wood, and it is very likely that it runs on to the north-west. In the absence of all evidence as to its lime it has not been carried on in the map, but its probable position is shown in Hor. Section, No. 1, sheet 91, which will explain the conjecture we have adopted-as to the probable structure of this ground. By some such fault as the conjectural one just described the Swallow Wood Coal is thrown up to the east, and a fine section of its outcrop may be seen in the railway cutting mentioned. . To the east of the crop of the Swallow Wood there must be another fault down to the east. We infer this from the fact that between the outcrops of the Swallow Wood and the Barnsley Coal there is not room for the full thickness of the intervening measures to crop out. A fault on the line required is said to have been proved in Messrs. Coopers’ workings in the Barnsley Coal in Shaw Bank Wood. To the north some evidence for the fault is found in the apparent termination by Keresforth Hall of the escarpment of the sandstone which caps Keresforth Hill. The Barnsley Rock is sufficiently well marked to give by itself the crop of the Barnsley bed with fair accuracy. The bassett has been proved at the day- hole in Doe Lane beside Worsborough Reservoir, at a dayhole east of Rob Royd, and in the garden of Keresforth Hall, where Mr. Lancaster was good enough to have it bared for us. The crops of the seams between the Barnsley and the Wath Wood can be calculated from the depths of various pits on the slope below the escarpment of the Woolley Edge Rock. Kent’s Thin was seen in a quarry in Barnsley Park ; the underclay of the Winter Coal is just at the top of the shaft of the Agnes Colliery. A fine section of the Two-foot Coal and of the Barebones fault was seen in a brick yard in Warren House Lane north of Dillington. The base of the Woolley Edge Rock gives the crop of the Wath Wood, which was also seen at several spots. The Keresforth fault has been proved in workings in the Barnsley Coal north-west of Kingston; no plans are known to exist, but the fault is recorded on a MS. map of the late Mr. W. B. Mitchell, and stated to have a downthrow to the south-east of 23 yards. It has been carried on through some disturbed beds in the brook 20 chains north-west of Far Dodworth Bottom. To the north-west of the Keresforth fault the first point calling for notice is the Cawthorne fault, which runs on the south-west side of the village of that name. This fault has been proved in Messrs. Charlesworth’s Church Lane Colliery.* It dies out to the south-west and increases gradually to the north- west till a little south of Elmhirst Plantation it has a throw of 14 yards. This fault was again proved from the Waterloo Colliery in the valley of the Silkstone Beck. It hereabouts gives off two branch faults nearly at right angles, which have been proved in the workings of the Silkstone Coal.t ‘The line at Cawthorne is somewhat uncertain, and has been drawn from the following evidence. Windmill Hill to the south of the village is apparently capped by a sandstone, and beneath the sandstone a coal was seen which from its distance above the Silkstone we take to be the Swilley Coal. The crop of this coal is striking straight for Kirkfield Quarry, which is entirely in sandstone, and the fault has been accordingly drawn through the narrow interval, between the crop and the quarry, where no section was seen. Again a well at the Stanhope Arms passed through 20 yards of sandstone and then reached a coal 2 ft. 9 in. thick; an outcrop which is probably that of this seam was seen in Cliff Hill Lane, and lower down the lane another coal comes out; these two coals are probably the Swilley and the Four-foot on the downcast side of the fault. The line of fault has been carried on beside a steep dip seen near the bend of the road going down into Tivy Dale. North-west of Cawthorne the line of the fault is conjectural till we come to the fault already mentioned which * Information about this and the Higham Colliery was furnished by Mr. G. Keil under the direction of Mr. Embleton, and with the permission of the owners. + Information about the old workings hereabouts was supplied by the late Mr. T. Wilson and Mr. Edwin Booth. ‘ rPe2 596 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. brings the Park Gate against the Whinmoor at Upper Spring north of Deffer Wood. The direction of this fault is nearly the same as that of the Cawthorne fault, and the two probably belong to the same line of fracture. Further to the north-west the fault has been drawn to bound on the south the sandstone of Round Hill beneath which the Clayton Common Coal is said to have been roved. The coal found in the well at the Stanhope Arms is said to have been worked up to a fault; our informant, a collier in the village, stated that the same fault had been found in the Stanhope family vault in the churchyard. We have accordingly laid down a fault in this direction. We next come to the continuation of the Barebones fault. It was seen in. the cutting of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway, a section of which is given on Fig. 76. The fault has been proved in working the Barnsley Coal beneath Pog Moor, was seen on the east side of Hermit Wood, and has been worked up to from Higham Colliery. The branch that is drawn running towards Higham is put on to account for an apparent shift in the escarpment of the sandstone over the Swallow Wood Coal. On the line of the main fault a number of small faults have been proved at Barmby Furnace, in the Park Gate at the old Furnace Main Colliery, and in the Silkstone at the Stanhope Silkstone Colliery ; they are probably branches from the main throw, which perhaps has not been reached. Some evidence for the line was obtained near Barmby Hall. The Park Gate has been found at a depth of afew yards beside the road, 12 chains south-west of the Hall. The crop was sgain seen at Clay Hall, and dip alone would not suffice to carry it down to the latter spot. If we are right in supposing the coal at the bottom of Cliff Hill Lane, Cawthorne, to be the Four-foot, we have there good evidence, for that seam is 21 yards deep ina bore hole beside the foot bridge over Cawthorne Dyke a little to the north-west. Between the Barebones fault and the Darton fault the beds to the north- west of Barnsley strike nearly north and south. The coal crops can be laid down with fair accuracy. The Two-foot was seen in a drain in the Doncaster Road just outside Barnsley; the Winter is a few yards deep at the Old Mill Pit of the Mount Osborne Collieries ; the Top Beamshaw was bared in making the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, and the Low Beamshaw in a cellar at the north end of Eldon Street. Kent’s Thin Coal and sandstone are admirably laid open in the cutting of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway between Barnsley and Summer Jane stations. The northern part of Barnsley is well placed on the dip-slope of Kent’s Thin Rock, which reaches as far as the Darton fault. Kent’s Thick is also shown in the cutting east of Summer Lane Station. A probable fault extends from the Barebones to the Darton fault a little to the north-west of Barnsley. It is marked as having been proved on the plans of the old Barnsley Coal workings at Cockram Gardens, and is said there to be 13 yards down to the north-west. We could obtain no very definite information about the rest of its line, but there is a rumour that a fault on the same line with a downthrow to the north-east of 3 yards was proved from the colliery at Slack Hills. This fault throws in again Kent’s Thin and Thick Coals; the crop of the former was seen at Green Foot. The Barnsley Rock is a thick bed about Gawber and gives the crop of the Barnsley Coal; the seam was also worked from dayholes at Pog Moor and in Day Hole Wood, and its crop was seen at several other spots. A fault was seen south-west of Gawber in the lane 9 chains east of Hermit House ; it is probably a branch from the Barebones Throw. A fault at Clay Cliff House is inserted on the strength of a statement made by a collier, J. Shepherd, that he made two borings in the garden, in one of which the Swallow Wood Coal was 24, and in the other 8 yards deep. The crop of the Swallow Wood Coal was seen in the cutting of the Silkstone Coal Branch Railway north of Barugh. The coal is here overlaid by a thick mass of sandstone, whose escarpment is fairly well marked, and by the aid of this feature the crop has been carried on. Though we have called this bed the Swallow Wood, it is probable that we have reached the district where the coal on that horizon is represented by the two Netherton beds, and that the seam at Barugh is the Netherton Thick. On the north of the Cawthorne Beck we learn from the Darton bore hole that we have certainly reached the country Fig. 76, Section in the Cutting of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway, three quarters of a mile west of Summer Lane Station. *SqNUIS [vod pus oTVy 597 “q[Nwy soUOqede ~--.—- “auoqspues ATeyg ‘amoyspusg *oU0YSTIOAL pus ojeys Aputg—-—-- ETT */L yauas [BOQ ._ FEET. 109 “ouOyspUty ‘ayeys Spurs pue | SuOySPUBS TIGL, Jena aa se aTeys pus [vop ‘quoysp @ pus opeys UMOIg, Wee “yyedyooyy 598 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. of the Netherton Coals. The seam just at the top of Falconer Colliery is robably the Netherton Thin. The Netherton Thick has the important Keshomsugh sandstone above it, and though the escarpment of this rock is not particularly well marked, it furnishes a guide for laying down the bassett of the underlying coal. The Flockton Coal was formerly worked from a dayhole near a house called Tunnel about half a mile south of Kexborough, and its crop was seen on the south of the Cawthorne Beck. A coal of a few inches thick was found in a borehole 6 chains east of Mill House, which is worth notice because the roof is a black carbonaceous shale containing Anthracosia, Cypris, Spirorbis, and fish remains. The section of the hole* was— ft. in. Measures - - - - - 9 0 Coal - - - - - 0 6 Measures - - - - -12 0 Black carbonaceous shale with fossils - 18 Thin Coal. The crop of the Park Gate Coal was seen at Clay Hall, and can be fixed by the depths of some pits 15 chains to the north-east of that spot and bore- holes in the south-eastern part of Cawthorne Park, for particulars of which we are indebted to Mr. Wemyss of Cawthorne and Mr. Kaye of West Bretton. ‘We now come to a conjectural fault ranging in a south-westerly direction from Kexborough, which we will call the Kexborough fault. The evidence for it mainly rests on a number of careful comparisons of the depths of the Park Gate and Flockton Coals in some boreholes in Cawthorne Park which will be found on the map. It will be hardly necessary to state all the points of evidence which one by one come in to strengthen our conviction in the existence of this fault ; the following will suffice. By the aid of the borings mentioned the probable crops of the Park Gate and Joan Coals have been calculated, and it will be seen that they are striking so as all but to run into one another. We cannot speak with the same confidence about the exact position of the fault, but there can be little doubt that the Kexborough Rock is thrown down to the north at Kexhorough, and we have carried on the fault indicated by this shift across the south-eastern part of Cawthorne Park to account for the facts just mentioned. The throw of the fault at Kexborough is apparently not very large, and it may be therefore decreasing to the north- east ; but how far it extends in this direction we have no means of deciding. In the angle between the Kexborough and Barebones faults there is a very obscure bit of ground, between Raw Royd and Dean Hill. Coals crop at Raw Royd and to the west of that house, but what seams they are is altogether pon ca In the wood called Rookery a coal comes out with the following section :— ft. in. Coal - - - - - - 12 Spavin and shale with thin bands of black shale and coal, about - - +. 6 Coal - - - - - - 07 The section is a little like that of the upper part of the Park Gate Coal at High Hoyland, but the resemblance is not worth much. A coal has been worked in Dawson Hill Spring which we learned from Mr. George Dawson of Barnsley was certainly the Flockton Bed. According to his account given the coal rose very sharply along the western fence of the wood ; it is probable that the workings are here approaching a fault we shall come to shortly, that runs to the east of High Hoyland. The crop of a double coal, which is almost certainly the Flockton, was seen in the southern corner of Lower Stubb Nook Plantation, and the section showed strong indications of the coal being brought out by a fault; it is on the evidence of this section that we have drawn the fault running north and south a little to the east of Dean Hill. * Furnished by Mr. Wemyss. THE COUNTRY BETWEEN BARNSLEY AND HIGH HOYLAND. 599 North of Dean Hill Spring the Flockton Coal crops and has been worked along the north-western edge of Margery Wood. A conjectural fault has been inserted throwing up the coal from Dean Hill Spring, and we have ventured on the strength of some slight indications to carry this fault east- wards as far as the Kexborough fault. The fault ranging east of north through Margery Wood up to Deep Haigh Wood is said to have been worked up to in Deep Haigh Wood, and is certainly required here, for the Flockton Coal on its western side is only 6 yards deep in one of the pits, whereas in High Wood to the east, where the ground is much lower, the same coal has been worked at depths of as much as 55 yards. There is the same necessity for a fault between the outcrop of the Flockton in Margery Wood and Cawthorne Park, for in the latter that seam has been proved by boring at a depth of 28 yards. The exact line of the fault is doubtful; we have been guided mainly by noting where the old pits to the Tankersley Ironstone in Cawthorne Park ceased on the west, for it is very likely that the workings would be carried up to this fault. What is pro- bably the crop of the Tankersley [ronstone was seen in a little brook 20 chains Po of Raw Royd; the fault of course has been kept to the west of is crop. . The fault bounding the broad spread of the Kexborough sandstone on the north is altogether conjectural. The way in which the sandstone ends off on this side however suggests and in some places can hardly be explained without a fault; this is specially the case south of Birthwaite Hall, where the sandstone on the south side of the valley can be followed almost to the bottom of the valley, while there is no sign of its presence on the opposite side of the valley. The relative depths too of the Flockton Coal in Cawthorne Park and High Wood seem to require a fault between the two up to the north. The fault running on the north side of Birthwaite Hall in a direction north of west is suggested by the difference in depth of the Flockton Coal in High Wood (55 yards) and in a bore hole in Fish Pond Holt (84 yards) ; this fault also explains the very abrupt termination of the escarpment of the sandstone on which Birthwaite Hall stands. The section on Fig. 77 will serve to explain the position of the measures over the country just described. The north and south fault west of Haigh Hall is put in chiefly to account for the isolation of the two patches of sandstone that cling to its western side. On the west side of this fault the Netherton Thin Coal is said to have been found in the brook at the north-eastern corner of Fish Pond Holt. The whole of the country just described from Cawthorne Park up to Haigh is extremely obscure, and our interpretation of its geological structure is in many respects so highly conjectural that great caution must be used in em- ploying it as a guide to any practical operations. Of several possible explana- tions that occurred to us the one given on the map seemed the least open to objection, but it is to be hoped that its extremely hypothetical character will never be for a moment lost sight of. The country just described is bounded on the west by a line of fault ranging: east of north past High Hoyland, which may be called the Hoyland fault. Of the necessity for this fault at some points there can be little doubt. At Green- land, for instance, south of High Hoyland the crop of the Flockton Coal has been proved in a well, while the same coal appears again as we have seen in Margery Wood. A fault down east between the two spots can alone explain the facts. The way in which the sandstone above the Flockton Coal terminates on the east of High Hoyland is extremely suggestive of a fault. All that now remains of the present district is the strip of country between the Hoyland and the West Clayton faults. The main feature here is formed by the escarpment of the rock above the Flockton Coal on Hoyland Bank. The ground to the north-west is extremely obscure. The crop of the Park Gate is known about Winter Hill Colliery from the workings; the Unknown Coal has been gotten from a dayhole at Bank End; and the outcrop of the Clayton Common Coal can from these data be calculated. The crops thus determined have been carried on northward by the aid of any evidence, such as natural sections and traces of old workings, that was available. A fault running by Swallow Hill has been proved in workings; the east and west fault through Hollin House is conjectural. 600 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The district is bounded on the north-west by a continuation of the West Clayton fault. If our identification of the coals on opposite sides of the line laid down on the map are correct, there can be no doubt about the existence of i ‘2 = o a A 8 rd 2 Fa od ~ BS 8 ie As i ° °o Ee ae ‘= re ee e22 ROO Ss bal Moneees og 2d wd go 5 Fa ey ma o ot rs) s H age 4 8S £85 re 8 BR AW.8 ee 8 8a 2°77 ;& gaz = a 8 £ # Oo” 5 £5 3 “a ‘§ g B 38 . z ad aw & 4 ‘ Oo e Po mend a. ae | tee e3 = i go 3s me a 2 ' Kexborough Fault. as ere 34 “i ae Z oO 2 ; 2 - “4 ws na the fault, though its exact position may be uncertain. At the northern end of Hoyland Bank there can be little question there is such a fault as we have laid down, On the south-east side the crop of the Flockton Coal was seen close by THE COUNTRY BETWEEN EMLEY AND CRIGGLESTONE. 601 the fault. On the north-west the crop of the same seam can be traced up from the Upper Lake in Bretton Park by the help of the sandstone above it beneath Litherop, and is palpably at a lower level than on Hoyland Bank. ‘We will conclude the account of this district with a description of the Darton fault, which bounds it on the north-east. This fault probably begins near Old Mill, Barnsley. It has been proved: from Gawber New Colliery ;* the throw near the canal was 7 yards, and increased in 18 chains to the north-west to 10 yards; 8 chains further in the same direction the throw is 14 yards. The fault has now been proved for about a mile to the north-west from Briery Royds and Willow Bank Collieries.} The fault was worked up to at Swallow Hill Colliery by Barugh Bridge. We get good evidence for it if we compare the relative positions of the outcrops of the Barnsley and Swallow Wood Coals on opposite sides of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, south-east of Darton; they are so close together that there must be a fault between them. : ; The fault we have traced so far, which is down to the north-east, appears to terminate a little to the north of Darton against a fault which differs but little from it in direction, but throws down on the opposite side, and which will be called the Mapplewell Fault, and this fault forms the remainder of the boundary of the present district. We will treat here only of that part of the fault north-west of Darton. In the description of District 36 we shall see that the fault has been proved in colliery workings to the south-east of that village. Our first evidence in the pre- sent district is, that 30 chains north of Darton Station the Netherton Thick Coal crops in the railway cutting ; the same seam is 24 yards deep in a borehole on the opposite side of the Dearne. The evidence for the remainder of the fault is circumstantial. At Bretton Mill the sandstone of Haigh and Clap House Wood do not seem to agree in position, and it looked as if there was a fault between them. The fault runs on beyond the present district, but we may give here the evidence for the rest of its line. In Bretton Park the outcrop of a coal which is probably the Netherton Thick was seen in the sunk fence on the east side of the gardens, and from the distance from this bassett to that of the Flockton Coal we judged there was a fault between the two. , A section drawn from the outcrop of the Flockton Coal through Emley Woodhouse Colliery and a bore hole at the south corner of Bentley Spring to the outcrop of the Netherton Thick, seemed to show there was a fault north of the bore hole. Lastly the beds are very violently disturbed along the line adopted for the fault all along the brook on the south side of Bank Wood. District 26.—The Country from Emley and Midgley on the west to West Bretton and Crigglestone Station on the east. This is an irregular tract bounded; on the north-west by a fault running in a north-easterly direction past Emley, which will be called the Emley fault, on the south by the fault running east and west along the valley of Park Gate Dike, and a portion of the West Clayton fault, and on the north by a large fault ranging north of west past Crigglestone Station, which will be called the Crigglestone fault. The eastern boundary is ill-defined, but coincides roughly with the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway. In the south-west portion of the area thus defined the beds strike pretty regularly a little west of north; they then wind round till they strike nearly north-east in the north-eastern portion. ‘The exact position of the measures in the south-western part of the district is uncertain, but they are near the base of the Middle Coal * Information from Mr. Beardsall. { Information from Mr. R. Thorpe and Mr. Weeks. 602 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD, measures. ‘The beds from the sandstone above the Flockton Thin to the New Hards come out between Emley and Park Mill. A large fault down to the east, which may be called the Park Mill fault, brings in the Flockton Group, the members of which have been worked around Emley Woodhouse. The outcrop of the Netherton Coals runs from Bretton Hall past Midgley to Lower Windy Bank. Lastly, the crop of the Barnsley Coal winds from the south end of the Woolley Edge Tunnel past West Bretton to Crigglestone Station. Most of the known faults range roughly west of north. In the extreme south-western corner of the district a group of measures, of which the following is an approximate section, crops out in ascending the hill north of Park Gate :— ft. in. ft. in. Sandstone - - S w ? WHEATLEY Bick Eble - 03 & sis Clay = - - 010 onus Coal - - 1 8 (full thickness not seen) Measures - “ 2 - 40 0 Black shale. Coal - - 0 3 Clay and shale - 5 0 Sandstone - - - - 60 0 ? Buocxine Coal. Coat. CHa - = : - 75 0 Black shale. oo ta = | C USEY * Black clay - 0 4 ae eal oe - 05 Shale - - ~ = - 5 0 Sandstone. Measures. Coal - - 06 Black shale - 0 38 Clay - - 01 - Coal - - 07 There is nothing to determine the position in the series of these beds. As far as the distances between them afford any clue, they may be the seams with which they are very doubtfully correlated in the above table. The sandstones in the above section seem to be cut off along a line which we have hypothetically made a fault. This supposed fault has been carried through a borehole a hittle north of Scothill, which is said to have been 208 yards deep, and to have passed through only one coal a foot thick at a depth of 10 yards. If this account be correct the hole is probably on a fault. To the north-east of this conjectural fault a number of shafts have been sunk. The only one we have been able to learn cae about is by the side of Park Lane, 55 chains north of Park Gate. is is said to have been about 40 yards to the New Hards. ; ‘When we reach the country between Emley and Park Mill we come on surer ground, for here the coals have been worked by Mr. Stringer of Emle Woodhouse, who kindly gave us all necessary information. On the sout! side of the Dearne there was a pit by Back Lane 8 yards to acoal 2 feet 3 inches, and 29 yards to a coal 1 foot 10 inches. The top bed, which was worked, is probably the New Hards; the lower bed the Wheatley Lime. A crop which is probably that of the top bed was seen at a spring-well in Back Lane, and in the brook that comes down from Bilham Spring. To the north- west of Park Mill the crop of the New Hards can be calculated from the depths of the pits, and was seen at one spot. The crops of the Green Lane, Old Hard, and Flockton Thin have all been proved by Mr. Stringer; above = baitett of the last coal the hill top is capped by a spread of the Emley ock. THE COUNTRY BETWEEN EMLEY AND CRIGGLESTONE. 603 The bed just described are bounded on both sides by faults, That on the west is purely hypothetical, and what little evidence there is for it consists in the apparent termination of the escarpments of the sandstones along its line. The fault on the east has been worked up to from Mr. Stringer’s pits; it has been carried on hypothetically southwards to a point where a fault was seen 13 chains north-east of Bilham Grange; to the north the apparent termi- nation of the Emley Rock has guided us in fixing its line. A little to the east a fault runs nearly parallel to that last mentioned. It is said to have been proved in the Flockton workings at Ash to be 16 yards down west, and what is probably the same fault was struck in some workings from a dayhole at Tom Field. It is not certain what coal it is that was gotten at this dayhole, but it is probably the Flockton Thick. Ten chains to the north-west a pit was sunk to a coal 2 feet 4 inches, which is probably the Old Hards. Now on the north side of the Dearne the crop of the Flockton Coal is said to have been proved a little to the west of Gilcar Quarry. If this be so, and the coal at Tom Field be also the Flockton, there must be a fault down north between the two spots. In Gilcar Quarry itself the beds are very much disturbed, and accordingly a fault has been drawn through it. -A short way to the east another fault follows, ranging again west of north. It was worked up to from the pits to the Flockton Coal at High Trees Closes, and was seen in the road east of Emley Woodhouse. Its probable con- tinuation to the south was determined thus. As we have already mentioned, the crop of the Flockton Coal can be traced from the Upper Lake in Bretton Park to Litherop. In the brook J0 chains west of that farmhouse a coal crops, which is not very accessible, but of which the following is probably nearly an accurate section— ae . in. Coal - - - 1 102 (top not seen) Spavin, black shale, and coal 3 43 Coal, about 2 There can be little doubt this is the Flockton Coal, and if it is, there must be a fault down west between this crop and the crop at Litherop. On the east side of this fault the crop of the Flockton Coal has been carried as well as may be on the north side of the Dearne below the escarp- ment of the overlying rock till that rock dies away. The crop is stated in papers in Bretton Park Office to have been proved in Thorn’s Close, which we believe is in the angle between Litherop Lane and the Wakefield and Denby Dale turnpike road. The next fault that crosses the country is the Mapplewell fault, which has been already described (p. 601). North of the Mapplewell fault the Flockton Coal has been worked in Bank Wood; a plan of the workings was shown us by Mr. J. Swift. What is probably the outcrop was seen near the north-west corner of the wood, whence, judging by the run of an ill-defined sandstone that overlies the coal, it runs down to the brook and abuts against.the Mapplewell fault. Higher up the hill we have the first appearance of the Thornhill Rock, in the form of a thin band of sandstone with a coal beneath it 13 chains north- east of Clay House. We next come to the Netherton Coals. A coal with a hard black shale roof crops in the sunk fence on the east of Bretton Hall Gardens; it is probably the Netherton Thick. It bas apparently a sandstone beneath it which becomes better marked to the north-west, and has guided us in laying down the approximate crop of the seam, and a probable fault which crosses it at Abraham Spring. The coal and sandstone were seen in a quarry 33 chains south of Midgley, and a little way further on a coal which is the Netherton Thin was seen below the sandstone. Still guided by the sandstone, which swells out somewhat round Upper Midgley, the two crops have been carried on to the coal railway that crosses Lower Spring Wood, where the crop of the Thick Coal was seen ond that of the Thin Coal has been proved. As we descend towards Little London the fall of the ground is steeper than the dip of the beds, and the Netherton Thick Coal comes out in the bottom of the valley. Its crop was well shown in a quarry in the sandstone on which it rests, 6 chains to the east of Little London. 604 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD, The crops are a, little further to the north-east shifted by a fault running from Overton to Little London, which will be called the Greenwood Bridge fault, and which has been proved at Victoria Colliery.* North of this fault a sand- stone comes in over the Thick Coal, and by its escarpment determines the crop of that seam ; the crop of the Thin Coal runs in a parallel line and was seen at one spot. In the valley of Blacker Beck the Netherton Thick Coal has been worked in several pits, the chief among which is the Star Colliery of Mr. Rhodes, who supplied us with information about the workings. A fault throwing up to the east lies a little to the east of the colliery, by which the Netherton Coals are brought to the surface. The crop of the.Thick Coal is said to have been proved near the Blazing Star ; it puts in again on the opposite side of the valley and its crop was seen in Sir J. Kaye’s coal railway close to the fault. The crop of the Netherton Thin was seen in the brook below. The first measure above the Netherton Coals that calls for notice is a sand- stone which runs from Clap House Wood in Bretton Park to Bullcliff North Wood. This bed agrees very nearly in position with the Horbury Rock, for its base is about 37 yards above the Netherton Thick, and the base of the Horbury Rock is about 46 yards above the Top Haigh Moor Coal. We may therefore consider that the Horbury Rock makes its first appearance about the south end of Bretton Park. As is the case with the rock at Horbury, there is a thin coal beneath the sandstone. This rock can be traced without any difficulty up to the Greenwood Bridge fault. Between the Greenwood Bridge and Blazing Star faults it was not distinctly recognised, but the trees of Bullcliff North Wood might well hide an escarpment which is not very pronounced. Between the Blazing Star and Crigglestone faults there is a sandstone cropping to the north-west of Bullcliff Farmhouse which is probably this bed. There remains the bassett of the Barnsley Coal. The crops of this seam and of its rider Coal were seen in the cutting at the south end of the Woolley Edge Tunnel. From this point to beyond West Bretton the line is doubtful; “but the crop was seen at Brick Bank 35 chains north-west of the village. Hereabouts too a sandstone puts in a little way above the coal and becomes a very useful guide in tracing its crop. A little further on we reach the line of the Greenwood Bridge fault, and it is probable that this dislocation runs on at least as far as the ground we are now concerned with. The escarpment of the Horbury Rock is certainly faulted on the south of Bullcliff North Wood, and it looks as if the Barnsley Rock was stopped off a little to the west of Jenkin Wood. The Blazing Star fault has also been carried on up to a small fault proved in the little colliery formerly worked south of Stag Royd Wood. Both these faults must however die away to the south-east for there is no trace of either of them in the escarpment of Woolley Edge. Between the Greenwood Bridge and Blazing Star faults the position of the outcrop will be best understood by comparing the map with Hor. Sections, sheet 95. The results adopted were obtained by calculation. To the north-east of the Blazing Star fault the crop was seen in Stag Royd and sweeps round somewhat in the way shown on the map towards Crigglestone Station, where we have the admirable section of the seam described on p. 389. The greater part of the Crigglestone fault lies in districts yet to be described, where it has been proved at several spots. In the present district our guide for the continuation of its line has been the occurrence of violently disturbed beds in Bullcliff Beck at the north end of Blacker Hall Spring, and in Blacker Beck where it crosses the northern portion of Bullcliff North Wood. Further to the west a bore hole, 11 chains north of the Blazing Star, gave a section which it is impossible to make agree with any of the measures of the district, and it is very likely that the hole is on or close to the fault. District 27.—The Country from Emley arownd Flockton, Upper and Lower Whitley, Hopton, Cooper Bridge, and Mirfield to Mir- field Moor. This district is bounded on the north-east by a fault which runs by Overton, Edge End, and Greenwood Bridge to Upper Crossley, * Information from Mr, Seth Metcalf and Mr. John Brown. COUNTRY BETWEEN EMLEY AND MIRFIELD. 605 and which will be called the Greenwood Bridge fault. It is a downcast to the north-east. On the south-west the boundary is a broken line the southern part of which is formed by the Cinder- hill Fault (see p. 580), and the northern portion by a fault which runs by. Lepton Square and Moor Top to Upper Heaton, and which will be called the Heaton Moor fault. This fault is a down- cast to the east. The boundary on the north-west is a fault running from Bradley Gate Wood to Doghouse, which we will call the Nun Bank fault. This fault is a downcast to the south-east along that part of its line which lies to the south-west of Park Bottom, for the remainder of its line it is up to the south-east. The boundary on the south-east side is a fault running past Emley in a north-easterly direction to New Hall Wood, which we have already named the Emley fault. Within these limits we have a piece of country roughly rectan- gular in shape extending from Emley to Moor Top. The general strike of the beds is north-east and south-west, but its direction is locally affected by faults. The Heaton Moor fault runs by Lepion Square and Moor Top to Upper Heaton. It was proved in the workings of the Black Bed Coal at Heaton and Highgate Lanes, Heaton Moor,* and though it is not seen in any part of its course, the general evidence for the line which we have drawn south of Cockley Hill may be stated as follows :—At the top of the little valley which runs down from Snowdrop Hill, we have the upper portion of the Clifton Rock, and in the small brook, helow the old standstone quarry and west of the fault, we have shales and a thin sandstone bed dipping N. 69° E. at a high angle, while on the south side of the valley the outcrop of the Black Bed Coal can be easily traced by the line of old workings to that coal. (Hor. Sect. sheet 94.) South- wards on the east side we have the Lower and Upper Lousey Coals cropping out in Rods Beck at the south end of Hall Wood, the Blocking Coal sandstone at Spittle Royd, and the coal itself, 40 yards deep, seven chains west of Lepton Edge; on the west side the Lousey Coals are found on the top of the hill north-west of Lepton Bottom, and the Blocking Coal was proved in the cellars of the White Horse Inn, Lidgate. This fault seems to die away towards Linfit Hill as it is not found in any of the collieries on Emley Moor. At the north end it may stop off against the Bog Green fault, but the fault from Bradley Station to New House is most probably a continuation of it westwards. West of Carr Mount the amount of throw is about 40 yards down to the east, and at Moor Top it is from 50 to 60 yards. The Greenwood Bridge fault runs by Overton, Edge End, and Greenwood Bridge to Upper Crossley. The evidence for the portion of it lying within District 26 has been already given. In the present district it has been proved along a large proportion of its course. It has been proved at The Carrs, in the Flockton Thin workings,f to consist of two faults about a chain apart, the eastmost 10 yards, and the other 5 yards down on the north-east side, making a total of 15 yards; it has also been proved from Overton Green to Briestfield Lane, and again from How Royd Beck to the Air Shaft, in working the New Hards Coal at Emroyd and Thornhill Collieries, being a downcast to the north-east of from 13 to 20 yards at the former and 18 yards at the latter ;{ in the railway cutting south of Greenwood Bridge, we have the outcrop of the Cromwell Coal, and in Lady Wood the Three Quarters was seen quite close to the surface, so that although the actual fault was not seen, its position is very nearly indicated by the line we have drawn: some borings north of the Malt * From information communicated by Mr. Armitage, manager to Mr. Charles Wheatley. ; { From information communicated by the late Mr. H. Holt. { From information communicated by Mr. E. Beacher, Mr. J. Wood, and the late Mr. W. P. Maddison. 606 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD, Kiln enable us to determine its place under the alluvium of the Calder Valley. In one the Three Quarters Coal is 19 yards 1 foot deep,.while another proves the Blocking Coal at a depth of 23 yards, proving that the fault must pass between these two boreholes, and showing the amount of downcast to the north-east at this place to be about 30 yards. It is also proved in the Blocking Coal workings, at the Old Park Field Colliery, from Lower to Upper Crossley,* where the downcast is only from 5 to 6 yards, north of which it ends off against the Nun Bank fault. The fault from Bradley Gate Wood to Doghouse, which we will call the Nun Bank fault, is proved in the Better Bed working, near Dyson Wood, to be a downcast to the south-west of 18 yards, but close to the Bradley Gate Wood fault it changes the direction of its throw to a downcast to the north- west of 2 yards, which it continues tu have as far as the outcrop of the coal.t This may be shown in a diagrammatic manner, thus :—If we suppose the plane of the paper to represent the nearly vertical plane of the fault, and if we draw the coal on the south-east in a continuous line, and the coal on the north-west side in a broken line, we shall see that this change of throw arises simply from the coal on the former side dipping at a higher angle than it does on the latter. (See Fig. 3, Plate 19.) The coal (5) which is 18 yards deeper on- the south-east side at (N.E.) than the coal (a), gradually rises up until at a point about 2 chains north-east of the Bradley Gate Wood fault, the two coals (a) and (4) are opposite to each other, and the fault seems to have died out. Such is not the case however, for close to the Bradley Gate Wood fault the coal (a) is 2 yards deeper on the north-west than the coal (6) is on the opposite side, and if we continue the coals, dipping at the same angles as before, towards this fault, we find that (a) is just 2 yards below (b) near to the junction with the Bradley Gate Wood fault, south-west of which the downcast to the north-west is also 2 yards. This fault has also been proved from the workings in Bradley Colliery to be 18 yards down to the south-east, and by it the Clifton Rock is thrown down from the top of Park Hill into the valley of the Calder. It also cuts off the escarpment of this rock through Kirklees Wood, south of Robin Hood’s Grave, bringing in beds probably as high as the Upper Lousey Coal at Park Bottom. East of the junction with the Green Lane Pit and awa Wood faults this fault appears to throw down to the north-west, for on that side we have measures nearly up to the Blocking Coal, while on the opposite side they do not reach much higher than the Upper Lousey Coal. The manner in which the sandstone escarpment is broken off south of Hartshead Hall probably indicates a point in the line of this fault. On the east of the Warren House fault it has an undoubted downcast to the north-west, as_in the coliiery near to Caleb Gate the Blocking Cool lies at a depth of 37 yards, on the south-east side, while on the north-west the Yard or Cromwell Coal is 56 yards deep, which would make the Blocking Coal at this place about 113 yards deep, and the throw. of the fault 76 yards down to the north-west. Its position has been proved both in Blocking and Cromwell Coal workings.t The continuation of a fault eastwards will be described when we are dealing with the Dewsbury istrict. The Emley fault runs through New Hall Wood by the west of Emley. It consists of two faults running roughly parallel to one another and about 10 chains apart. The eastern fault throws down to the west, the western fault is a downcast in the opposite direction. Both faults have been proved in New Hall Wood, the eastern one in Sir J. Kaye’s Collieries, and the western from Mr. Stanfield’s Collieries. The eastern fault was very distinctly seen in Clough Road north of Emley Rectory, and by the White Horse Public-house at the south end of Emley, and it was worked up to from a pit to the New Hards Coal by Park Lane three quarters of a mile south-west of Emley Church. The fault has been carried on doubtfully beyond this point across the Lilley Hall fault for the following reasons. The * From information communicated by Messrs. Barrowclough and Son. { From information communicated by Mr. H. Wormald. t From information communicated by Messrs. Barrowclough and Son, and by Messrs. Mann. : THE EMLEY FAULT. 607 crops of the coals between the Blocking and Green Lane can be carried with fair certainty from Messrs. J aggers’ Collieries on Emley Moor round towards Taylor Hill,” In Park Lane, however, between Park Gate and Taylor Hill we 5 4 ti fi zi 1 " THREE-QUARTERS CoaL. Linch, Scale, 146 feet Fig. 78. NG@ Coan. BLocrr Beck and across the Dransfield Hill fault to The Shoulder of Mutton Inn, Briestfield. Dransfield Hill Fault 120 yards down north Section JSrom the place where the New Hards is 20 yards deep on the south side of Heley Lane, across the Briestfield 1 ‘ ! Ei A a g S 4 ey find coals outcropping which, as we have explained in the account of District 26, do not seem to correspond with these seams. The continuation of the fault has been used to account for this want of agreement. Again, further south a 608 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. fault seems to be wanted between the Whinmoor Coal and Rock of Shelley and the Penistone Flags of Skelmanthorpe. South of New Hall Wood the western fault has been proved in the working of the Flockton Thick Coal in Flockton Beck Valley, and disturbed beds with steep dips were seen along its line in Broad Field Lane and at Chapel House west of Emley. ‘We will now proceed with the detailed account of the present district. A fault which may be called the Dransfield Hill fault divides this district into two nearly equal parts; it has an easterly course from Cockley Hill through How Royd to Lower Dimpledale, south of Briestfield; it has been proved in the Black Bed workings at Cockley Hill,* and in the workings from Gregory Spring Colliery; it is seen in section in Back Lane; at Beebow the sandstone overlying the Old Hards is thrown against the New Hards Coal. The fault is seen to cross How Royd Beck near How Royd where the Blocking Coal is brought against measures just about the horizon of the New Hards ; it is also seen to cross the road from Briestfield to Lower Rakes, where the sandstone and shale exposed in section were much shattered and broken. The broken sandstone on the north side is very plainly separated by the fault from the shale and coal band on the south side, which is dipping about an angle of 30° to the south. : The section seen in the brook south of BriéS8tfield (Fig. 78) shows the New Hards Coal and overlying measures, dipping at an angle of 35° to the south, and a little to the east of our line of section shales are seen dipping at about 45°, 8. 14° E., close to the line of the fault, so that by drawing in the Three Quarters and Blocking Coals with similar dips in the section, we see that the one crops out before the fault is crossed, and the other abuts against it at no great depth, while on the north side the Flockton Thin is very near the sur- face, thus making the fault at this point a downcast to the north of about 120 yards, whereas the average downcast to the north along the rest of the line is about 65 yards. The increase in size is owing to the high dip on the south side. South of the Dransfield Hill fault, and west of the fault from Cross Roads through Wood Nook to Liley Hall (Liley Lane fault), we have the beds from the sandstone overlying the Green Lane Coal down to the top of the Clifton Rock, the upper line of which is easily traced along the sides of the valley west of Snowdrop Hill, while sections exposed, colliery information received, and the natural features enable us to lay down the coal crops with considerable accuracy. The Lower Lousey Coal is seen in the sandstone quarry north of Carr Mount, overlying the sandstone in the following manner :— ft. in. Surface. : Lower Lovusry Coan - - - 10 Underclay = - - - - - 0 3 Shaly sandstone, passing into sandstone - 5 9 Sandstone - - - - | Clifton Shale - - - - - Rock. Sandstone - - - - ‘This seam is again exposed in section in Rods Beck, Hall Wood. The sandstone at Carr Mount does not seem to extend far south of Hutchen Wood. The old adit near Rods Mill, and the ridge through Hall Wood to Healey Green, give us the line of the Upper Lousey Coal up to the Dransfield Hill fault. East of this line the escarpment of the Blocking Coal Sandstone is well marked from the Heaton Moor fault northwards to near the Kennel, where the rock appears to die out, and so renders the exact outcrop of the coal west of Gregory and the Fox and Hounds Inn somewhat uncertain. This coal is succeeded on the east by the bassett of the Three Quarters Coal, which was seen in one of the small brooks and also in the face of the bank below the gardens in Whitley Park, but is mainly a calculated crop. Further to the east we have, east of Whitley Hall, a sandstone which overlies the New Hards Coal; good sections of this rock are seen in the quarries along the face of the escarpment, but south of Whitley Park it disappears, and the New Hards Coal, the outcrop of which it gives accurately through the park, is drawn on * From information communicated by Mr. Armitage. ge COUNTRY BETWEEN EMLEY AND LOWER WHITLEY. 609 by Lepton Edge and Linfit Lane Top prin¢ipally from calculation, and is con- 7 southward through the gap between the Heaton Moor and Liley Lane ‘aults. The coals have been largely worked over the western part of Emley Moor, by Messrs. Jagger, and it is mainly by the aid of information obtained from that firm that their outcrops have been laid down. The sandstone over the Green Lane Coal, which we will call the Ley’s Quarry Rock, extends from Cockermouth, Flockton Moor, to Nineveh, Upper Whitley, and forms a most distinct ridge from north of Flockton Moor Colliery, along the east side of Whitley Park to Nineveh Plantation, where it is cut off by the Liley Lane fault. By means of this sandstone the outcrop of the Green Lane Coal is laid down. On Flockton Moor, the west end of the valley of the Flockton Beck cuts down through these beds to the New Hards Coal, but they again appear on the south side of the valley, and take a southerly course towards Emley Moor Top. The fault at Cockermouth was touched in the workings from Flockton Moor Colliery, but the amount was not proved ; it is moat likely a small branch from the Liley Lane fault, as it does not appear to be found northwards. The Liley Lane fault is proved by workings in the New Hards near Westfield on Emley Moor; is worked up to about 15 chains west of the Coal Pit (Messrs. Lockwood and Stockwell), near the Blacksmiths’ Arms, Flockton Moor, which is 27 yards deep, to the Old Hards; is also touched from Upper Rakes to the north corner of Nineveh Plantation, and again 5 chains west of Windy Bank, in the workings from Liley Clough Colliery. West of Windy Bank the New Hards on the west is brought almost against the Green Lane Coal on the east, so that the amount of downcast to the north-east will be about 18 yards at this place. A fault, which crosses the south-west end of the brook through Gregory Spring and brings sandstone and shale, having little or no dip, on the south-west, against sandstone dipping N. 26° E. on the north-east side, most likely indicates a point in the course of the Liley Lane fault, and gives us the line up to its junction with the Dransfield Hillfault. The brook which is only a mere ditch previously, on the north-east of this fault cuts rapidly down through the beds until a deep gullet is formed, which exposes a good section on the north of the Dransfield Hill fault. Within this area the beds dip at a small angle, 3° to 4°, or lin 19 to 1 in 15, about 20° S. of E. On the east of the Liley Lane fault we have the measures from the Blocking Coal up to the Thornhill Rock, and their outcrops across a very complicated tract of country have been traced with, in most cases, tolerable certainty, from information obtained on the ground, sections, collieries, &c. Between the Liley Lane fault and the fault from Clough Gate to Beebow (Falhouse Beck fault), there occurs all the beds between the Cropper Gate Rock and the Blocking Coal. At the south end of Liley Wood there are in the bottom and along both sides of Liley Clough old bell pits, where the ironstone-bearing shale overlying the Blocking Coal has evidently been worked. The brook course gives a very good section of the measures from the Three Quarters Coal to some way below the Blocking, though it was hardly possible to obtain the thickness of each rae with accuracy :— e. Sandstone. Shale. Sandstone. Shale. Sandstone and shale. Black shale and ironstone. Buockine Coat. Underclay. Sandstone. Shale and ironstone. Sandstone. Arenaceous shale. * From information communicated by Mr. Lockwood, Mr. R. Rhodes, and Mr, William Cardwell. + 42518. QQ 610 GEOLOGY. OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Sandstone. Dark shale. Hard sandstone. Black shale. Several old adits in Liley Clough give the outcrop of the Blocking Bed along both sides of the valley, while that of the Three Quarters is drawn in from calculation; there is an old adit to this coal on the downcast side of Falhouse Beck fault near Nickers Hill. The New Hards caps the top of the higher ground at Falhouse Green, and puts in again on the opposite side of the valley east of Windy Bank. It is intersected by the fault at Liley Clough Colliery, proved there to be 9 yards downcast to the north-west, but towards Falhouse Green this fault divides into three branches and gradually dies out. The Leys Quarry Rock is hardly recognisable, two thin bands of sandstone apparently being all that exists of it, and the Green Lane outcrop is of course very uncertain. Actual sections and Colliery information enable us to show the Old Hards with some degree of correctness. The Falhouse Beck fault is a downcast to the west, and has been proved along the whole line from Clough Gate to Beebow,* besides being seen along the east side of the valley of the Falhouse Beck at Fixby. At Falhouse Green the amount of downcast to the west is 16 yards, but at Fixby it diminishes to 10 yards, and towards Grange Moor seems to die away altogether, as only a few small hitches are found in the colliery opposite the Blacksmiths’ Arms. Crossing this fault and west of the fault from Kirkby to Red House, (Common End fault), we have the valley of the How Royd Beck cutting down through the Blocking Coal at How Royd and through the overlying sandstone which runs down into the valley at Hut Hill, The brook section gives the following beds under the sandstone :— ft. in. Sandstone. Dark shale and ironstone. Very hard sandstone, thin band. Dark shale with ironstone nodules and thin bands of arenaceous shale. Grey shale. Buiocxine Coan - - - - 110 Underclay. Shale and ironstone. The Three Quarters Coal occupies the north-west corner between the Drans- field Hill and Falhouse Beck faults. It is seen in Falhouse Beck, south of Pendle Hill, and over it is a thin coal band, thus :— ft. in. Coal - - - - - - 0 3 Dirt - - - - - - 0 2 Coal - - - a ia - 0 4 - Shale - : - - - ae HREE- . QUARTERS | eisy roe = : : S : ‘ s Coa. Underclay - - - - - 1 6 Sandy shale - - - - - It is very easily followed along the hillside towards How Royd. Southward the higher coals come in and follow nearly the contour of the country. The sandstone at Hunt Royd, though hardly worthy of the name, is the Cropper Gate Rock and extends from Hunt Royd round by Grange Moor to Flockton, forming a flat tract of country west of Brown Hill, round the top of which ae ve Flockton Thin; the summit is capped by the sandstone overlying at coal. There are several small faults besides these already mentioned, which have been proved in colliery workings.t The dip is about lin 24 or between 2 and 3°. Its direction at Clock Royd is south-east, and at Grange Moor almost due east. * From information communicated by Mr. J. Wood, Mr. J. Bedford, and the late Mr. H. Holt. t From information communicated by Mr. J. Wood and Mr. J. Roberts. COUNTRY BETWEEN EMLEY AND LOWER WHITLEY. 611 Below the Cropper Gate Rock the Old Hards Coal has been worked from several day holes along the north side of the vailey of Flockton Beck. On the south side of the valley the Cropper Gate Rock seems to die away almost entirely, and the crop of the Old Hards has been laid down by calculation. The Stone Coal below the Old Hards comes out in a little inlier at the bottom of the valley, and was ue from a day hole in Palace Wood. | The high ground south of the valley of Flockton Beck is capped by a thick mass of the sandstone overlying the Flockton Coals. The crop of the Flockton Thick and the overlying ironstone was very distinctly seen in Lockwood Lane ; there were traces of old workings in Epley Wood, and the coal has been wrought in shallow pits by Kirkby Lane. A coal was seen overlying the sandstone west of Stringer House, but it is not obvious what seam it is. ‘The Common End fault was proved in the workings of the Flockton Coal at Kirkby ; also from the workings under New Park ; from Denby Grange Colliery, where it is 20 yards down to the north-east; and again from Hunt Royd to Red House. North-east of Hunt Royd it is split up into two or three faults and the total amount of throw is not more than 10 yards ; they, however, unite north of Upper Saw Wood and once more form a single line of dislocation.* This fault brings the Green Lane Coal down into the Briestfield Beck east of Freckleton, where the following section of the outcrop was seen :— ft. in ‘Dirt - - - - 7 - 02 Coal - = = é = » 14 Soft shale - - “ = - 06 Hard underclay. The crop was thence traced on as accurately as possible round by Cleveland and Lower Saw Wood. Following the brook eastwards we come upon measures below the Green Lane, and at 2 chains below the footpath we have the section in Fig. 79. Fig. 79. Section showing small Fault at a point in the Brook 2 chains east of the footpath from Peartree Hall to Tankard Row. Ww. Fault. a c. Sandy shale. d. Grey shale. e. Dark shale and ironstone. Shale. On the east side of a break filled in with clay :— a, Sandstone. 6. Shale and ironstone. This appears to be a small downcast to the east, for little lower we have the following section corresponding to that on the west of the fault :— . c. Sandy shale. d. Shale. e. Dark shale and ironstone. About one chain east of this we have the outcrop of the New Hards for 10 chains on both sides of the ravine, the coal being seen in section in various places as well as worked by means of day holes on the south side of the brook. One section showed— * From information communicated by Mr. J. O. Greaves and Mr. H. Wormald. QQ2 612 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Black shale = - - - Shale with ironstone nodules - Dirt - - - - New Harps J Coal - - - Coat. Dirt - - - Coal - - Underclay - - Sandstone in thin bands. Shale with ironstone nodules. The coal is then thrown down to the north-east by the Heley fault, which is proved in Sowood Pit to be a downcast in the same direction of 5 or 6 yards, but at this place it is as much as 27 yards, for in the little pit north- of the words “ Upper Rakes ” the New Hards is 25 yards deep,* and the Green Lane crops out in the brook close to the shaft, and also in the brook north- west of Pudding Hill, the Old Hards capping the summit of the ridge between these two small valleys at Heley. The fault north-west of the Upper Rakes is put in on the following grounds. At the day hole to the Green Lane this section is seen :— oe cock © w ABWwWE - 3 ft. in. ft. in Soft dark shale - = 3 Crow Cons | Di 3 es - 03 s s e 3. Coal - - oun 3°38 & Underclay - - - - 26 om a Coal - a 3 - 09 4 # 12, Underclay. s§ 2- B Shale. as 2! g il. | Sandton and shale. ss § 04 - Shale. qi Be “ 10. Dark shale and ironstone. Seg & gf Brack Bup {Coal - - 110 aS gee, eee J. 5 i J Shale. S *’) Sandstone. ‘s © Shale. s i Sandstone. ie 7.1 Shale 2 = Sandstone. = ™ 6. Shale and ironstone. § —s 5. Sandstone. = = Shale. : oS 4, | Dark shale and ironstone. Brown shale - - - - 0 3 Coal - - - - 0 5 ge Ss 3.4 Dirt - - - - - 42 {De - - - - 01 3 iba 2. Underclay - - - - 1 3 i i 1, Shale and ironstone. s The measures on the north-east side of the fault 8 consist of shales, sandstones, and beds of hard &. ganister, which are certainly lower than the Better g Bed, and are very much contorted and broken up s by small faults. We thus see that this fault is a 3 downthrow to the south-west, but the exact amount an & hag not been proved. We have it again proved at a Harper Gate in the workings from the colliery on the west side of Ned Lane near Holme Bank, belonging TT 2 16 660 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. to the Low Moor Iron Co., which is 40 yards deep to the Black Bed.* North of this we have the outcrop of the Black Bed on the downcast side; while on the upcast side at Tyersall Gate we have a sandstone, in all likelihood that under the Better Bed, from which it appears that the amount of the throw at this place cannot be much less than 50 yards. The fault is seen in the small brook on the east side of Holme Wood, where we have the Shertcliffe Bed Coal brought against the sandstone under the Better Bed; it is not seen in Holme Beck, but the high angle at which the beds in the brook section are tilted and the contortion produced among them indicate its close proximity; it is again seen in the brook at the north corner of Tong Park, and west of the “Site of Old Pond,”? where the shales on the south-west are on edge and thrown against sandstone on the north-east the obscurity of the section seen in the small brook, north from Tong Hall, through Park Wood, prevents the fault from being seen, but it most likely crosses it somewhere near to the place where we have drawn the line; we have it once more proved from Tong Lane, along the side of Springfield Lane to Cock Beck, in the workings from Tong Colliery, Bowling Iron Co. Lim. At this place the Black Bed is about 10 yards deep on the north-east of the fault, on the south-west it is about 80 “yards to the Shertcliffe Bed; this would make the Black Bed about 155 yards deep on this side, and shows the fault to have a downcast to the south-west at Tong of about 145 yards. Up to the north-eastern corner of the last district there was no doubt about the existence of the Bradford fault; its continuation along the north edge of the present district is rather more doubtful. We have not been able to learn that it has been proved, and it is not seen ; the main point in favour of carrying it on is that the Better Bed and the top of the flagstone are so near together cee a seems to be needed between them (see Hor. Sec. sheet 95); also (p. 641. Pro the west of Bradford there seems to be a necessity for the fault, for at Little Horton Green the Better Bed is 23 yards deep, and a very short distance to the north we have the sandstone below that seam cropping out. Dip alone would scarcely bring up the rock. 5 The Birkenshaw fault, which runs from the Cowmes fault through Birken- shaw and Sun Wood to the Harper Gate fault, has been proved at Hunsworth Lane and Lower Lodge Range in the Hunsworth Colliery Bowling Iron Co. ;t¢ it brings in beds on the south-east above the Blocking Coal, the measures on the north-east being all below that coal. At Birkenshaw it has been proved in the workings from Fleece Colliery,§ and from Sunny Bank Colliery,|| the last being 105 yards deep to the Middleton Main; near Birkenshaw the amount of throw will be 90 yards down to the south-east; the Middleton Main being about 80 yards deep on the downcast side would give the Three- quarters a depth of about 107 yards, but this coal is not more than about 17 yards deep on the upcast side. The fault is again proved at Inmoor Colliery, Drighlington, and at Doles Wood Colliery,** Drighlington, in the Middleton Main Coal; but the amount of throw at Doles Wood is far greater than anywhere else, for in Ringshaw Beck at the west end of Doles Wood we have on the north-west side of this fault beds of sandstone and shale probably about 25 yards above the Shertcliffe Bed, and on the south-east the Adwalton Stone Coal and overlying strata; this would make the Shertcliffe Bed, on the downcast of the Birkenshaw fault, to lie at a depth of about 214 yards, and would give us 189 yards, or speaking roughly 190 yards, as the downcast of * From information communicated by Mr. E. Woodhead. { Where we obtain its position accurately, from the information which the Bowling Tron Co. through the colliery manager, Mr. F. H. Pearce, most liberally gave us advantage of. { From information communicated by Mr. F. H. Pearce. § Here our information is due to the kindness of Mr. G. Ellison, Threelands, Birkenshaw. \| The late Mr. W. Harrison placed the plans of, and all the other information in connexion with, this colliery at our disposal. | Messrs. Rhodes and Dolby kindly permitted their underground manager to furnish us with the line of the fault as here proved. ** To Mr. T. Willis, underground manager to Messrs. Edwin Bray & Co., our thanks are due for the information he most readily supplied, COUNTRY BETWEEN GREAT HORTON AND LOW MOOR. 661 the fault at this place; at Hodgson Lane near the G. N. Railway it is probably not more than 100 yards. From Brogden Spring, though not actually. seen, the fault is carried on to Harper Gate fault on such evidence as is to be obtained from the sections exposed in the brook north of Thick Thorn Bank. Within this district we have the beds from below the sandstone, under the Better Bed Coal, up to the Middleton Main Coal, but nearly the whole of the area is occupied by measures belonging to the Lower Coal measures, only a small patch of those above the Blocking Coal occurring round East Bierley and Westgate Hill. _ Starting in the west corner at Great Horton, and dealing in the first instance with the portion of this area on the upcast of the fault through Little Horton and East Bierley (East Bierley fault), we have the Better Bed Sand- stone forming a distinet escarpment from ‘Tanner Hill westwards to Brow Hill ; this rock is overlaid by the coal itself, which is seen resting almost immediately on the sandstone in the quarry near Upper Green, in the following section : — ft. in. Surface - - - - - Berter Brep Coat, seen in places - Underclay - - - - - 11 Black shale - - - - 12 Dark hard underclay - - - 24 Light hard undercla; - - - 18 Sandstone - - - - - The outcrop has also been proved in High Street at the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel ;* the remainder of the line has been drawn in from the old workings and from data obtained on the ground. To the south this coal is succeeded by the sandstone called * Thick Stone” in this district, which lies between the Better and Black Bed Coals. This rock is well seen in the quarries between Quaker Lane and Little Horton Lane, also in the brook west of Lower Burnett Fields where it seems to lie a little irregularly, thence it extends eastwards to the fault through Holme Top and Park Side, East Bierley fault. The outcrop of the Black Bed which follows on the south has been obtained from the depths of the old collieries between Rooley and Great Horton, the coal having been worked up to the outcrop; but owing to the slight covering of drift which renders it partly obscure, the line has been dotted across implying that some uncertainty was attached to it. Still going south the Crow Coal was seen north of Rooley Lane, between Park Lane and the tunnel ; it was also proved in digging the trench for the sewer in Little Horton Lane west of Brown Royd Fold, but we have not attempted to show it unless where we were able to follow it on the ground. (Hor. Sect. sheet 95.) The Oakenshaw Rock which we find coming on in regular succession as we proceed southward, forms a prominent escarpment from north-west of Crag Hill Farm, through Carr Wood and Wibsey Bank to Odsal Field, making a striking feature in the scenery. A little patch of coal occurs above this rock north of Heaton Hill, which is supposed to be only local in character and to correspond to that found at Carr House (see p. 174). The coal was seen in the quarry resting nearly on the sandstone, in the following section :— ft. in. ft. in.. ft. in. 0 34 1 4% Grey shale Coal Dirt Coal Black shale Hard Coal - - Clay - - Black shale os Sandy shale (underclay) - Sandstone, Oakenshaw Rock 0 4 bop ot t shor * From information commynicated by Mr. C. Bennett. 662 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The Slack Side fault has been proved on the downcast side of the Low Moor fault on the north-west side of the old colliery railway,* but it does not appear to continue in the same direction as there is no trace of it to the north- east of Brown Royd Hill. We have a fault proved at the north-west end of Carr Wood, which has a downthrow south of about 40 yards, and is probably the Slack Side fault bending round to the east ; it does not, however, continue to follow the same trend to the east, for in that case it would run between the old shaft at Smeddles and Mr. Tordoff’s pit on the east side of the Manchester Road, but that it cannot cross between the two shafts is evident from the fact that the former is about 10 yards to the Black Bed and the latter 44 yards to the Better Bed. South-east of Mr. Tordoff’s Better Bed Pit a fault is proved throwing down to the south-east, which brings in the Black Bed at a depth of 34 yards on the downcast side,t and we have supposed that this fault may be the same as the Slack Side fault, and by a sharp bend in the line have joined the two lines conjecturally together, because the 30 yards fault south- west from Galloway House does not appear to have any existence at Wibsey, as it has not been found in the workings from the Low Moor Collieries at this place. The fault through the middle of Carr Wood (Dog Croft fault) has been proved to be a downthrow north of 16 yards, and the line is laid down on the map in the place where it was found in the coal. The Chapel Fold fault has been proved nearly along the whole line from Chapel Fold to the Tunnel Pit fault in the workings of the Low Moor Collieries. At Chapel Fold it is 14 yards down to the south-west, the depth of the Black Bed at Upper George Pit being 80 yards ; the small fault between the shaft and Low Moor fault has been proved in the workings from this pit. The Shert- cliffe Bed occupies the north-west portion between the Chapel Fold and Low Moor faults, the Oakenshaw Rock stretching away from beneath it across South Field ; this rock is thrown down to the south by the Victoria Pit fault, which has been proved in working the coal from Victoria Pit, 95 yards deep to the Better Bed, and was found to be a downthrow of 25 yards to the south, bringing in a little piece of Shertcliffe Bed Coal in the west angle between Victoria Pit and Low Moor faults, from under which the sandstone extends across by Upper Rakelands and Odsal House. The Soldiers’ Green fault has been proved both in amount and direction, and the line drawn in from the colliery plan. Between Soldiers’ Green Pit and Tordoff Pit the continuation of Chapel Fold Fault appears to be a downthrow to Tordoff Pit, the Better Bed being 120 yards deep in that shaft; the outcrop of the Shert- cliffe Bed on the east of it is calculated from this depth, a very small portion of it probably occurring between the Soldiers’ Green and Tunnel Pit south faults. (See Hor. Sect. sheet 95.) Tunnel Pit is 129 yards to Black Bed, and is situated between two faults, which we call the Tunnel Pit south and north faults; the south fault has been proved the whole distance between East Bierley and Chapel Fold faults; near the former it has a downcast of 60 yards to the north-west; the north fault has been proved 7 chains north- west from Tunnel Pit for about 12 chains along its line, and it is a down- throw to the south-east of 60 yards ;* the aggregate effect of these two faults is a small downcast to the south-east. The sandstone between these two faults is most likely that lying below the Blocking Coal. The Rooley Hall fault, which runs south-east from Rooley Hall, past Hag Pit and Hili Pit to Birkenshaw fault, dividing the country between East Bierley and Cowmes faults into two parallel strips, has been proved in the workings from Rooley Pit, where it is 30 yards down to the west; again from Hollowfield Beck to High Royds Beck, the downthrow being 13 yards to the south-west ;* and again in the workings from the Hunsworth Collieries, where the throw has diminished to 9 yards.{ The portions of this fault connecting those parts which have been proved are drawn in from such evidence as was obtainable on the ground, but in no case was the fault seen. Let us now turn to that portion of country on the downcast side of Rooley Hall fault, and south-east of Soldiers’ Green fault. * From information communicated by Mr. E. Woodhead. ” ” » Mr. Tordoff. t ord » » Mr. F. H. Pearce. COUNTRY AROUND LOW MOOR, 663 On the west side of the railway and opposite Boar Hill we have the following section :— ft. in. ft. in. Dark shale ~ . = Coal - - - - 0 9 Clay = - . : oo as OE Ties yee nderclay, soft - - = Shale : : “}- = Go Coal, soft - - - 07 Hard underclay - - - - 4 6 Sandstone - - a = 4 6 These are beds somewhere about the horizon of the 32-yards Band. Another section of these measures‘was seen in the face of the bank on the south side of Low Moor Beck, and another, given below and figured in Fig. 93, was measured west of the Cleckheaton Branch Railway :— Fig. 93, ° Section on the South Bank of the Low Moor Bech, west of, and near, the place where the Cleckheaton Branch, L. and Y. Railway, crosses the Brook. OT HUH AFHEITELTE RAL . in. 16. Sandstone - - 2 s 15. Dark sandy shale - = is 14. Coal - - é - 0 13. Underclay - - = “ 12. Coal - 7 - 0 11. Underclay - - - - 10. Black shale - - z 9. Underclay - - 7 8. Black shale é 3 Coal - - - - 0 7. { Black shale Coal - 6. Underclay - 5. Coal “ 4. Underclay - 3. Black shale 9 d Settee ‘ -) ‘Sandstone containing Stigmaria J 1. Sandstone - - - - Between the railway embankment and the fault the measures are as follows :— 1®i Wi _ SS it —_ — = t 1 ' o Toy oe we Re4rerps r ' Soran S&S NH Od o_O _ oOo 664 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. ft.in. ft. in. Sandstone - - - = h. Shale. , - - * 3 g. Black shale and ironstone - - - 380 Ff. Coal - md - - 0 6 e. Shale - - < - = 1 0 d. Coal - - 7 - 04 c. Shale - = = : “ 0 32 6. Hard black shale - - 7 = 0 4 a. Shale - é rs z . 40 Sandstone - - a a 7 5 0° Sandy shale - West of the fault, Sandstone (16) on (p. 663) cuts out the shale, coal, and underclay Nos. 15, 14, and 13, and rests on Coal (12). This sandstone is false bedded and contains a small lenticular mass of coal. The Black shales and Coal bands below Coal (12) are quite regular and continuous as far west- ward as the sketch extends, but they are subject to several variations both in thickness and character, which are well seen in the exposures still farther west, F The sandstone on the upcast side of Soldiers’ Cireen fault belengs to the lower part of the Oakenshaw Rock ; this sandstone comes in again south of Low Moor Beck at Oakenshaw, and running down into the valley at Oaken- shaw Mill occupies a considerable area east of the Snake Hill fault between Sett Wood and Hanging Wood; it is overlaid both on the south and east by the Shertcliffe Bed Coal. This coal is seen in the Cleckheaton Branch Railway south of Oakenshaw, and is drawn across the Hunsworth Beck Valley from calculations based on the known depths of the Black and Better . Bed Coals in the various shafts in the surrounding neighbourhood ; it is also seen in Cockleshaw Beck, but the line through Chatts Wood is rather uncer- tain. North-east along Cockleshaw Beck from the outcrop of the Shert- cliffe Bed we find the outcrops of several coal bands, none of which are of much value. We have first a coal having this section :— fit Ain 0 2 G A Dark shale Coal Dirt - Coal - Dirt - Dark shale This is succeeded by the following :— Dark shale Black shale Stone Coal Black shale Shale which is, in all probability, the same as that occurring 25 feet 7 inches above the Shertcliffe Bed Coal in the section of the Cleckheaton Engine Pit, Hunsworth Colliery. (See Vert. Sec. sheet 42.) Another coal is seen at the word “ Cockleshaw,” and the section which it exhibits on both sides a ine valley shows the variations to which these thin coal bands are iable. 0 3 ft. in. ft. in. = 01 0 5 : - 08 On North-west Side. On South-east Side. ft. in. = ‘ ft. in. Coal - - - 0 6 Coal - - - 0 6 Dirt - - - 01 Dirt - - - 0 08 Coal Si - - 0 Of Coal s : - 08 Dirt - - = O 02 Underclay - - 14 Coal - - - 09 Coal - - - 0 2 Underclay : : Coal (dirty) - - 06 Underclay : , COUNTRY BETWEEN LOW MOOR AND BIRKENSHAW. 665 The sandstone under the Blocking Coal is the highest rock with which we meet in this portion of the district, and is that which next reguires notice. It occurs in the angle between Long Pit and Rooley Hall faults, and on the upcast side of Long Pit fault stretches away from that fault to Hunsworth, its base winding round the ridge in an irregular and partially uncertain manner. On the east side of the valley of Lodge Beck we also find this sandstone at Hunsworth Lodge, in the corner between Birkenshaw and Rooley Hall faults. The Snake Hill fault has been proved along the whole line from the north reservoir to Fly Pit. At the north end it is 20 feet, and at the south end 3 feet downcast to the east. A fault on the north of Long Pit, running north- east through Hunsworth Wood (Long Pit fault), has also been proved in the workings from the Oakenshaw Collieries, Low Moor Iron Company, to be a downthrow to the north-west of from 6 to 7 yards, and the line has been laid down as it exists both in the Better Bed and Black Bed Coals.* It has also been worked up to from the Hunsworth Collieries, Bowling Iron Company, Limited.t ‘The fault north-east of this, at Royds Colliery, was obtained from the mining plans; its amount and the direction of throw were not known accurately, but it is very small, and we did not find any trace of it in the well- dressed sides of the railway cutting. The Bateman Pit fault, on the north- east of Cowmes fault, has been proved in the workings from Bateman Pit and Taylor Pit, and where it crosses Stubs Beck it has a downcast of 8 yards to the south-west.* Within the area at Low Moor, Oakenshaw, and Hunsworth there occur a number of local variations in the dip of the beds, as will be seen on a reference to the maps, but the general direction is to the south-east, and the amount ranges between 1] in 17 and 1 in 33. Turning to the country on the upcast side of Rooley Hall fault, and south- east of Tunnel Pit south fault, we cross, as we go towards Birkenshaw, higher and higher beds until the Three Quarters or Middleten 11-yards Coal is reached. The following section of the thin coals below the Oakenshaw Rock is seen in the south end of the tunnel in Newhall Wood. In its lower part it agrees fairly with that given on p. 648. ft. in. ft. in. Black shale - - = s Coal, ane - S fa - 05 Dark shale - . - 3 3 Measures - - - 7 - a } 18 0 Sandstone - - - - . é 7 0 Measures - - - - - - 8 0 Coal, shaly - - - - 0 6 Measures - - - - - s } a7 0 Black shale - - - - - Dark shale, with bands of sandstone and ironstone nodules - - - - . - 20 Black shale - - - - : 0 3 Coal, hard - - - - - 0 6 Coal, shaly - - - - Ol Coal - - - - - 01 Underclay - - - - - - 1 6 Shale - - - - - 2 0 Dark shale - - - - - 0 2 Coal - - - - - 0 13 Shale, coaly - - - - - 0 2 Dark shale - - - - - 1 0 Clay - - - - - - 0 2 Coal, shaly - - - 07 Hard shale - - - 2 0 Sandstone - - - - - - 0 6 Shaly sandstone - - - 1 3 Sandstone - - - - 1 1 Dark sandy shale * From information communicated by.Mr. E. Woodhead. tT ” . » : a Mr. F, H. Pearce. 666 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The Oakenshaw Rock overlies these coal bands, and extends across Wood- house Hill and Milker Hill, the portion which caps the ridge at Milker Hill being the sandstone immediately below the Shertcliffe Bed, beneath which seam it passes on the east side of High Royds Beck. An excellent example of false bedding in this sandstone was seen in the quarry on the opposite side of the valley from Toftshaw Bottom, and is figured in Fig, 94. Fig. 94. False Bedding in Shericliffe Seat-stone, south side of Old Sandstone Quarry north-west of Toftshaw Bottom. The Shertcliffe Bed was seen on the east side of the colliery railway near Toftshaw Bottum resting nearly on the top of the sandstone, and having the Little Coal lying above it ; the following section was obtained :-— ft. in. ft. in. Dark shale - - - - Litt te Coan - - 0 9 Underclay - - - - 0 6 Coal - - - - 02 Underclay - - - - - 4 0 Coal - - 0 3 SHERTCLIFFE BED ae 2 7 1 9 a2 oi Dit - - = O08 Coal - - 10 Underclay - - - - - 1 3 Sandstone - - - - - The coal was also seen in High Royd Beck, and a good section of it, of the measures above, and of the underlying sandstone was exposed in the quarry at Clifford’s Pit (see p. 183). The Blocking Coal was exposed in Raikes Lane at East Bierley, and again on the south-east side of Lodge Beck in the valley west of Birkenshaw, but the greater part of the line between these two places is obtained from the depths of the collieries near East Bierley and from surface indications, and is dotted on as uncertain. The Middleton 11-yards Coal was seen in the quarry west of Threelands, Birkenshaw, and on the opposite side of the high road from that place. The following section was exposed in the quarry :— ft. in. ft. in. Sandy shale - - - - Mipp.ueTon 1l-yarps Coal - 1 1 Coat. Dirt - 0 3 Underclay - ~ - - O0O9 Underclay, hard and sandy ™ « 3.0 Shale - ” * si a 6 0 Sandstone - ” " ™ . COUNTRY AROUND WESTGATE HILL. 667 The sandstone is well seen in the quarries at the Old Foundry and north of Threelands, where it is a thick and massive rock, but it speedily thins out and becomes replaced by shale. The outcrops of the Blocking or Toftshaw Bed and the Middleton 11-yards Coal are cut off on the south-east side of the valley of Lodge Beck by the Engine Pit fault, which is 18 yards down to the south at that shaft, but diminishes in amount as you proceed towards its junction with Rooley Hall fault. This fault has been proved in the Hunsworth collieries between Upper Lane Beck and High Royds Beck.* In the triangle between these two faults the Sheritcliffe Bed is drawn in on the north-west of Cliff Hollin Lane from information obtained at the place, and is probably correct. A thin coal: band is seen in Cockleshaw Beck, just below the place where it is crossed by Hunsworth Lower Lane; it is probably the band 60 feet 7 inches above the Shertcliffe Bed given in the section No. 8 (see Vert. Sect. Sheet 42). The section shows— fi.in. ft. in. Black shale - - - - - Tronstone - - - - - 0 2 Black shale - - - - - O38 Coal - - - - - 07 Underclay, with ironstone nodules - - 7 O seen. The sandstones laid down on both sides of the ridge at Hunsworth Lane consist of thin bands, the uppermost of which is most likely that under the Blocking Coal. On the south-east side of Lodge Beck there is a small area in regard to which some considerable doubt exists. Coals have been worked, but we could never get any definite information as to what they were. One, 16 yards deep in the shaft in North Close Wood, Lodge Range, was said to be the Blocking Coal, and on the strength of this statement the. conjectural fault along the right bank of Lodge Beck has been drawn in. The direction of dip is south of east in the portion of the district last described, and the amount varies from 1 in 10 to 1 in 72. The East Bierley fault has been proved both in working the Blocking and the Black Bed Coals at East Bierley, Bowling Iron Company, Limited, in the Black Bed between the brook north of Toftshaw Bottom and Tunnel Pit south fault, Low Moor Iron Company.t West of Oak Pit it has ajdown- throw of 60 yards to the north; at Bierley Lane it is only 14 yards, and east of Shertcliffe Lane it diminishes to 8 yards, while at the place where it is seen on the east side of the colliery railway the amount is even less, and it dies out altogether east of the road from Dudley Hill to Birkenshaw. This fault has also been proved in the old collieries north of Rooley Lane, where it throws the Black Bed from Park Side nearly forward to the Manchester Road, a horizontal distance of about two thirds of a mile. On the downcast side of this fault, and between it, the fault through Park Wood (Bar Pit fault) crossing the Great Northern Railway at the foot bridge south of Holme Lane End, and running through Kit Wood, and the fault at Tong Hall, which appears to be the same as the Bowling Dye House fault, we have an irregular-shaped area to which we will now turn our attention. The Sherteliffe Bed through Park Wood is drawn in from caiculation aione, put there are numerous heaps of pit-rubbish lying throughout the wood. If we cross south-east to Shertcliffe Lane we find the outcrop of this coal in the little valley north of Toftshaw Bottom, the coal being exposed on the east side of the colliery railway and north of East Bierley fault. The old collieries at Toftshaw Lane End and the escarpment at Toftshaw enable us to lay down. the outcrop of the Toftshaw or Blocking Coal with something ‘like accuracy. In the valley west of Raikes Lane, and below the Blocking « information communicated by Mr. F. H. Pearce. she : Mr. Heley, Mr. F, H. Pearce, and Mr. E. » » T ” Woodhead. 668 , GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Coal, we have the following section of a coal band in the right bank of the small stream which runs down from Toftshaw Moor to High Royds Beck :— . ft. in. Black shale - - - - Coal - - - - Ol} Underclay - - - - A coal is seen in the railway cutting at Toftshaw Moor, and proved in the cemetery between the railway and Tong Street, but we have not carried the outcrop across to the East Bierley fault. This coal is most likely the equiva- lent of the Middleton 11-yards. The sandstone seen in the railway at both ends of the tunnel near Grange House is split up into thin beds by partings of shale, and it seems to lie in a kind of anticlinal, the beds dipping to the north-west at the north, and to the south-east at the south end of the tunnel, but further north, at Toft- shaw Moor, they again roll up and are seen dipping to the south-east. The outcrop of the Middleton Main round Westgate Hill can be shown with much certainty, as it was proved north of the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, seen in the Wakefield Road, and exposed in several places between Grange House and Leeming House. The Red Hill fault has not been seen or proved, and the evidence for it consists in the fact that while we have the Middleton Main Coal capping Westgate Hill, the Shertcliffe Bed is only 122 feet deep in Booth Holme Colliery* and 47 yards in Red Hill Colliery.t We are guided in laying down the line by the information obtained on the ground, and by the coal band 8 feet l inch deep iu Booth Holme Colliery, which was scen in the road west of ‘ong Lane End and in Inmoor Dike, We calculate the amount of the downcast to the south-east to be about 50 yards. Crossing this fault, the sandstone on the upcast side of it is one about 39 yards above the Shertcliffe Bed; it is well seen in the quarry east of Red Hill Colliery. The coal band immediately below it is that already referred to. Going still to the east we come upon a lower band of sandstone, and underneath it we have the same beds exposed at the west end of Ringshaw Beck, in the brook at North Shyog, and in the brook which runs north through the Shrog. The section in Ringshaw Beck is as follows :— ft. in. ft. in. Sandstone - - - - 10 0 Dark shale - - - - 111 Dark sandy shale, with hard bands - 2 6 Dark shale - - - - 1 2h Tronstone - - - - 01 Black shale - - - - 08 Coal - - - - ol Dark shale and ironstone - - D9) Underclay . - - - The section north of the Shrog runs thus :— ft. in. ft. in. Shale - -- - - - 5 0 Sandstone band - - - - 0 38 Dark shale - - - - 1 7 Sandy shale, with three bandsofsandstone 2 4 Shale and ironstone - - - 1 4 Black shale - - - 0 8 Coal - - - - 0 2 The lower parts of these two sections agree very closely, but the shale at the top of the second is not present in the first. : The fault crossing the south-west corner of Tong Park in a north-west and south-east direction, from the Shrog to the Birkenshaw fault at Brogden * From information communicated by Messrs. Holliday and Clough. t x 5 9 Mr. W. Rushfirth, manager for Messrs. Terry & Co, COUNTRY AROUND DUDLEY HILL. 669 Spring, is entirely conjectural, but seems necessary to account for the depth at which the Shertcliffe Bed has been worked in the valley south of Tong, viz., from 70 to 80 yards, which would make the sandstone forming the ridge at Tong Lane that under the Blocking Coal. The position of the fault is mainly determined by the contortions at the Shrog, and in the brook at North Shrog. The small faults south-east from School House and Parsonage have been proved in working the Shertcliffe Bed. The Red Hill Colliery fault has been proved about 4 chains south of the shaft, and is a downcast to the north of 6 yards,* the line being drawn in from an examination of the ground and the section exposed in the brook through the Shrog, though the obscurity of the section at places prevents the fault itself from being seen. his fault brings the sandstone extending west from Booth Holme Colliery into the space between it and Bar Pit fault, and the coal band which outcrops in the brook to the south of Kit Wood is the same as that occurring on the higher ground west of Tong Lane. Another series of beds is seen in the brook at New Lane and Shackleton Wood, but they do not correspond very well with those seen south of the Shrog, as their section, given below, will show :— Black shale Coal - Shaly Coal Clay Coal Cla Goel Clay Underclay - Shale - Sandstone - Shale - Black shale Coal - Shale - Sandstone - Shale - Dark shale Coal - - Underclay - - Shale - - It is just possible that the Coal Band 23 inches thick is the equivalent of the Coal Band in the preceding sections. The fault which we have named Bar Pit fault has been proved eastward from Rooley Lane, where it is a downcast of 60 yards to the south; between Shertcliffe -Lane and the Great Northern Railway at Toftshaw Moor, in the workings from the East Bierley Collieries, Low Moor Iron Company ;+ and east of Tong Street, where the downcast is 14 yards to the south, from the Tong Colliery, Bowling Iron Company, Limited.{ Thence it is drawn pro- visionally through Kit Wood to our north-east boundary fault. North of this fault, and between it and the fault east and west through Dudley Hill (Dudley Hill fault), the Shertcliffe Bed Coal is thrown up to the north, and crops out in the small valley north-west from Dawson Wood ; the sandstone at this place is the Shertcliffe Bed Seatstone. The coal was seen west of Dawson Lane, and the depths at which it has been proved in the shafts at Tong Street enable us to lay down the outcrop with tolerable accuracy. : : ; : In the clay pit west of Dudley Hill Station we have the following section exposed, the lowest coal being about 8 yards above the Shertcliffe Bed :— ft. in. ft. in. 1 6 1 we _ bln le 0 0 0 0 bh ORGundS os Anoocon ‘fe |) £28 0 FT * —Pwt * «4 topop ot beep tb et > pe Pee Re ee tee St be * From information communicated by Mr. W. Rushfirth, manager for Messrs. Terry & Co. : . { From information communicated by Mr. E. Woodhead. Mr. F, H. Pearce. ” > ” 670 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. ft.in. £6. in. Surface clay - - - 4 0 Black shale - - - - - 10 Shale and ironstone nodules - - 1 8 Black shale - - - - - 0 7 Coal - - - 0 4 Underclay - - - - - 16 Dark blue shale - - - - 569 eae - - - - ‘ - 1 0 irt”- - - - 3 Coal 4 Coal : : - 0 08 Underclay - - - - - 3 0 Sandstone - - - - - 23 Sandy shale - - - - 14 Sandstone - - - - - 0 8 Shale = c al - = 0 gi 9 0 0! ~ = z Litre CoaL Shaly Coal ~ O 4 Underclay - - 4% - The sandstone dips rather steeply where it comes to the surface, but at the inner face of the pit the general dip is N. 35° E. at about 4°. All the material here excavated, with the exception of the Coals and sand- stones, are put through the clay mill and used for brickmaking. To the east we do not reach beds much higher than 30 yards above the Shertcliffe Bed, while the sandstone in the quarry on the south side of Raikes Lane, which dips S. 18° E. at 12°, may possibly be the same as that at Dawson Wood. The east and west fault, which crosses Tong Street near the junction of Shertcliffe Lane, has been proved to be 9 yards down to the south at this oe and to die out westward in the Shertcliffe Bed,* and on the east it has een proved both in the Shertcliffe Bed and Black Bed Coal workings.t The other small faults which are here laid down are from information supplied to us. Within this space the average dip is about | in 36, half east bord and north end, or almost due north. The Dudley Hill fault has been proved east and west of that place, from the Bowling and Tong Collieries, to be a downcast to the south of 26 yards. At the north end of the tunnel under Rooley Lane we have sandstone and shale lying nearly flat along the cutting. This continues for about 2 chains, when the sandstone rises up at an angle of 32°, and dips 8. 60° E. Then we have sandstone resting on shale dipping at a small angle N. 37° E., and the beds lie regularly northwards as far as the cutting extends. The sides of the cutting have been well dressed and soiled so that the section cannot be clearly seen, but the high dip probably indicates the point where the Dudley Hill fault crosses the cutting. It has been drawn in east of Holme Lane, from the contortions in the strata seen in the small brook north of Raikes Lane, and the fault which has been proved south of Charles Pit, Tong. Between the Dudley Hill fault and the east and west fault through Bowling Dye House (Bowling Dye House fault), there lies a lanceolate-shaped area which we will now proceed to consider. At the Moravian Chapel, Holme Top, the Better Bed Coal is said to be 40 yards deep, and the old collieries at Bowling Lane give us the probable outcrop of the Black Bed Coal between these two faults east of the Manchester Road. Across the valley no sections are seen with the exception of the sand- stone and shales exposed in the cutting at the north end of the tunnel, which the depth of the shaft at, Bowling Dye House show to be the measures above the Crow Coal. Ascending towards Bowling Hall, the Oakenshaw Rock * To Mr. Duke Hall, underviewer to Mr. E. Gittins, we are indebted for this. information. + Mr. Squire Broadbent, to whom the colliery at Parratt Fold belongs, kindly supplied us with this and other facts relating to the district. For the remainder, and by far the greater amount, of the faults as proved in the workings at Bowling and Tong we have to express our obligations to Mr. F, H. Pearce, M. E., Bowling Iron Company, Limited. COUNTRY AROUND DUDLEY HILL. 671 occupies the higher ground on the east side of the valley, and this is overlaid by the Shertcliffe Coal, a calculated crop of which has been drawn in, west of Dudley Hill, from the Dudley Hill fault to Sticker Lane. The sandstone extending from this place eastward to the Holme Shay fault is the Shertcliffe Bed Seat-stone ; the coal occurs on the side close to the Bowling Dye House fault. The old bell pits tell us of a coal having been worked here, and it Lies proved at a depth of 2 yards in the Coal Pit on the rising ground further west. At the south end of the tunnel on the colliery railway from ius to the ela Ironworks there is a thin Coal Band exposed in the following section :— a n. Surface - Coal - Clay - Parting of Coal Clay” - Parting of Coal Underclay - Shale - Sandy shale Sandstone - - The sandstone is in the bottom of the cutting and dips N. 20° W. at 30°; against it a Coal Band 10 inches thick is brought in, apparently lying almost flat, the dip being not more than 1° in the same direction as before. The sandstone south of the Great Northern Railway does lie quite flat. The section was not sufficiently clear to show the actual fault, but it will be the fault proved in the Black Bed workings on the east which points towards this small displacement. All the other faults shown here have been proved in working the Black Bed Coal from the collieries belonging to the Low Moor Iron Company. The Holme Shay fault has been proved in the Holme Colliery, Low Moor Iron Company, to throw down to the south 8 yards.* It is seen in Holme Beck, where the Shertcliffe Coal is brought down against the underlying sandstone, whence it has been carried on provisionally to the Dudley Hill fault. . The section of the coal is given below :— Coal Clay Coal Underclay Shale - Sandstone - - - - - Lower down, and on the opposite side of Holme Beck, the following section was seen :— . . ft. in. ft. in. 1 1 5 ' ' 1 I 1! ' t 1 1 2 1 ' I 1 t I 1 ' t t 1 1 1 ! eosoo enone trary ae 1 1 t t a —_ >» Shale Dirt Dark shale Onderclay Coal Underclay Coal Dirt and Coal Coal Dirt Underclay Shale Sandstone - - = The outcrop has been traced along the south of the valley between the Holme Shay and Bowling Dye House faults. The sandstone which occupies the top of the ridge between the Dudley Hill and Bowling Dye House faults lies from 26 to 30 yards above the Shertcliffe Bed Coal. : * From information communicated by Mr. E. Woodhead. 0 25 0 8 0 8 0 5 oooo o = = tof et rsTOsa St tr ak i | i | 672 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The Bowling Dye House fault was proved at Holme Colliery,* and in the Bowling Collieries, Bowling Iron Company, Limited, from Sticker Lane to Bowling Dye House. North of Dudley Hill it is 28 yards down to the south.t A fault seen in the cntting of the Bradford and Thornton Railway, west of the Old Red Lion Inn, Little Horton, which crosses the cutting in a direction S. 50° E., and brings dark shale on the west against the Better Bed seatstone on the east, is very possibly a branch from this fault. Its throw will be about 20 yards, for in an old ccal pit to the west of it, a chain anda half south of the railway, the Better Bed Coal was said to be 20 yards deep. On the upcast side of this fault we now come to the consideration of the last portion included within our present district. The Better Bed Coal crops out in the cutting just mentioned, which gives the following section:— ” ft. in. ft. in. Shale a ‘ - “ - S z Dark shale with thin : Eaetdetame bales } Better Bed Warrels - = Black shale - - - = . - O06 Berter Bep Coa - - a - 2 5& Dark underclay - - - - - 10 Fireclay - - - - is = 0-8 Sandstone with Stigmaria rootlets (Bastard Ganister), passing into regular bedded | - 15 0 sandstone Shale - - The sandstone dips E. 4° N. at 10°, but the beds flatten out eastwards as we recede from the fault. The coal lies at varying depths across the valley ; thus, at the junction of Park Lane with Little Horton Lane it is 24 yds. deep, in a well at Bowling Lane Mill, 12 yds., and at Fountain’s Brewery about 3 yds. deep. Inthe shaft on the east side of the L. and Y. Railway, at Messrs. S. Pearson and Sons’ brick manufactory, the coal is 16 yds., and at the junction of Mill Lane with Bowling Hall Lane about 40 yds. deep; an outcrop was seen in the excavations for additional sidings near Town Hill House, between the Wakefield Road and the Goods Station, lying under the drift clay and stones, and resting almost directly on sandstone, as at Upper Green, Great Horton. At the north-west end of the section here exposed the sandstone lies almost flat, but close to the fault which we have supposed to be the same as the fault to be immediately described under the name of the Whinny Hill fault, it dips S. 22° E. at 14°. From this point, south-east to Prospect House, the faults which have been laid down on the map were all seen in the excavations for the additional railway sidings. The Whinny Hill fault brings in shale against the sandstone under the Better Bed Coal, and the fault north of Prospect House, which appears to be a downeast to the south-east, puts in a bed of sandstone 3 ft. thick, overlying shale and ironstone on the downthrow side; for about 10 yds. northwest of the Prospect House fault beds of sandstone and sandy shale are seen dipping. N. 24° W. at 75°. The Prospect House fault throws down in the same direction as the Whinny Hill fault, and brings in a coal which is probably the Crow Coal on the south-east; near to the fault the dip is S. 61° E. at 20°, but this high dip only continues for about half a chain, and the beds soon lie almost quite flat again. ‘The following beds are exposed in this section :— ft. in. ft. in, Surface'clay and stones - - - Coal " - a3 ae - 04 Clay - - - - 0 03 Crow Coat < Coal - - - - 0 Clay - - - - 0 1 Coal “ = w - 0 8 Underclay - - - 11 Sandstone with Stigmaria rootlets. * From information communicated by Mr. E. Woodhead. ” ” ” Mr. F. H. P. earce, COUNTRY BETWEEN BRADFORD AND TONG. 673 On the south of the Prospect House fault the Thick Stone is exposed in. the cutting for the G. N. Railway on the west side of Bowling Hall Lane, in ae section given below. ‘The dip here is from 1° to 2° to the east of south. ft. in. Clay and stones (drift) Sandstone - - 4 - 09 Shale - = es . = 1 6 Sandstone - = é “ - 09 Shale - = - s Zs -~ 26 Shaly sandstone - - - 3 - 6.0 Shale - 5 s Z 3 -~ 5 0 Sandstone - - 2 e 10 0 Shale - - 2 x = In the same cutting on the south-west side of the Wakefield Road, the following section of the Crow Coal measures was obtained :— ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Dark shale - - Dirt - - 0] Coal - - - Clay with soft black streaks Soft clay - =: Dirt - - Soft clay - Underclay - Shale - - Dark shale with coal Coal - , - Underclay - Sandstone - Dark shale - Sandy shale - - Sandstone - Dark shale and sandstone - A similar section is also seen north-west of the Wakefield Road, giving us the outcrop of the Crow Coal on both sides of the ridge at Bowling. The Clay Pit at Bowling, near the place where Hey Lane joins the Wakefield Road, worked by Mr. E. Gittins, furnishes the further details of the measures above and below the Crow Coal, and of the coal itself :— Crow Coau 08 iF tetopee eoborv'hot oe Sehpoocooeo ct °o any on yorope ao yg F t 8 op bt b tft § tf toe SmIoAD HAAwWIOES RPO Wo in. ft. in. i ft Surface, drift with rounded pebbles \ 6 0to9 0 and boulders. Sandstone - - - 6 0 Shale - - 20 Sandy shale with bands of sandstone 3 6 Shale with ironstone nodules - 7 0 Soft shale - 4 - - 10 ft. in. ft. in. Coal - 0 63to0 7 Parting - 0 0 to0 0§ Crow Coat< Coal ~ 0 6 to0 5 Parting - 0 OF to0 1é Coal - 0 3 t00 4 Underclay - - -) - 3 6 Blue shale and ironstone nodules - - 110 Dark shale - - - s 1 8 Coal - - - - 07 Hard coaly shale - - - - O Underclay - - - - From these exposures and the depths of the Old Coal Pits we are able to lay down the outcrops of the Black Bed_and Crow Coals west of Bowling, between the Bowling Dye House and Prospect House faults. The section already referred to in the railway cutting north-east of the Wakefield Road, 425138. é UU 674 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD, the depths of the old collieries between Birks Hall and Cutler Heights, the exact position of these coals at the place last named, which the Bradford and Ardsley Branch of the G. N. Railway enables us to ascertain (p. 659), together with the known dip of the measures, supply the data for drawing in the lines on this side between Prospect House and Harper Gate faults. South of the Bowling Ironworks, the Oakenshaw Rock extends eastward to Holmewood, and dipping at a high angle runs down under the Shertcliffe Bed Seat-stone in that wood, while the Shertcliffe Bed Coal is seen in Holme Beck in the following section :— ft. in. ft. in. Shale - - - = = = x Coal - - - - 7 - 0 2 Shale - - - 7 = 0 11 Coal - - = = - 0 0% Shale - - - - - - - 0.6 Coal - - 2 - - O O8 Shale - 3 - - - - 0 1 Dirt - - - - - 0 8 Littie Coan - ~ - - 12 Dark underclay with thin Coal Band - - 2 0 Shale. SHERTCLIFFE Bep Coat. These beds dip at an angle of 14° in a direction S. 52° E. Following the brook eastwards the dip continues about the same for a few chains, when the beds in the following section are seen dipping at a high angle almost at right angles to their former direction. d ft.in. ft. in. Shale and ironstone nodules. - Black shale - = - - - 3 0 Shale and ironstone nodules - - 2 3 Black shale - 3 - - - 16 Coal 7 7 7 « 010 Underclay. The 10-inch coal here exposed is the same as that proved in the sinking of Charles Pit to lie 31 ft. 7 in. above the Shertcliffe Bed. . (See Vert. Sects. sheet 43.) Considerable changes occur in the amount and direction of the dip of the beds which are next seen, and about half way between the outcrop of the 10-inch coal and the east side of Holme Wood they bend over sharply and dip at 45° to the north-east. Near the east side of Holme Wood a small brook joins Holme Beck, and at the junction the section represented in Fig. 95 was seen, which probably marks the position of a fault. Fig. 95. E Fault. w vaeee 4 aisieraie 3 Si ak 2 eons 1 tiioo9 8 76 «5 On the east side we have as follows :— ft. in. fé in. Surface. Il. Sandstone. 10. Black shale - - - - 0 8 Coal - - - - 0 3 af Dark shaly underclay - - - 0 6 Coal - - - O OL 8. Dark shaly underclay. And the dip is E. 22° N. at 15°. COUNTRY BETWEEN BRADFORD AND TONG. 675 On the west there are shales with thin sandstone bands which dip near the fault at angles of from 57° to 65° in the same direction as before, but flatten towards the west. ft, in. Dark sandy shale Sandstone - Sandy shale Sandstone Dark shale Sandstone . Shale - - - - - From what has been stated it is very obvious that the measures which lie between the Harper Gate and Bowling Dye House faults at this place are very much contorted and disturbed, and this is also the case with the beds between these two faults from Raikes Lane to Tong Hall. The sandstone on the top of the ridge between Holme Beck and the small brook above referred to, and that on the ridge at Charles Pit, is a band above Trub Coal. : The fault south of Charles Pit has already been mentioned (p. 672). In the brook which runs on the south side of Raikes Lane a coal is seen about 2 chains east of New Lane dipping north-east at an angle of 18°, with the following section :— pete sob hop or 8 tren mrapas omrano aROOOCT! tol PN OP OAN [ft. in, Shale and ironstone nodules. Black shale. Coal - - - - - 10 Underclay. West of the junction with New Lane the dip is very much higher, and increases until the beds are nearly on end at the place where they are cut off by the Bowling Dye House fault. The section of the measures here exposed is as follows :— ft. in. ft. in, Shale. Sandstone. Shale - - - - O 8 { Stone Coal - - 0 4 }Dirt . 3 BOE Trus Coat< Black shale - - - 02 | Stone Coal - - 07 | Black shale - - - 0 22 Shale - - - - 15 0 Black shale - - - 16 Black stone - - - O 08 Dirt - - - - OF Coal - - - 0 02 Dirt - - - - 04 Coal - - - 0 08 Dirt - - - - O08 Shale - - - - 46° From Raikes Lané the shales seen along Holme Beck to Tong Park are all tilted at high angles, and in the brook from Gib Stubbing along the north- west side of Tong Park a thin band of Cannel Coal occurs in a small synclinal as shown on the map: the section is :— ~ bce ee . in. ft. in, Sandstone. Shale - - Cannel Coal - Clay - - Cannel Coal - Black shale - - Underclay. Shale. Sandstone. The sandstone below the coal rises up sharply towards both faults. UU 2 bo ° trree eaerad ooo _ ARE o _ tol 676 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. North from Tong Hall another coal band with the following section is seen near the top of Park Wood :— ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - = - 07 Underclay - - - - - 0 5 Coal - * - - 0 23 Underclay - S - - - 0 9 Coal - - - - 0 4 Underclay - - - - - Oo 4 Coal - - - - 04 Underelay. This coal we have been unable to identify with any of the known coals of this neighbourhood. Here the beds lie at various high angles. In Little Wood, south of the village of Tong, the outcrop of a coal was seen, which the depth of the Shertcliffe Bed Coal in the old collieries at Tong proves to be on the horizon of the Blocking Coal, and is most probably that seam, but the section was not clear enough to enable us to identify the bed by its eharacter and thickness. We have not ventured to draw in an outcrop on the north because the disturbances and irregularity in the dip render anything like an approach to the actual position quite impossible in the absence of any natural exposure or other proof. : District 32.—The Country from Stanley Lane Ends around East and. West Ardsley, Batley, Morley, Birstal, Great Gomersall, and Adwalton to Birkenshaw, This district is bounded on the north-west by the Birkenshaw fault, on the south-west by the Cowmes and Staincliffe faults, and on the south-east by the Horbury Bridge fault. On the north- east the boundary is formed by a continuation of the Harper Gate fault, which ranges past Tong, crosses the London and North-west- ern Railway near the north end of Morley Tunnel, and the Great Northern Railway a little to the south-east of East Ardsley Station, and runs on by Stanley Ferry toe Newland Park near Normanton. This fault we will call the Tong and Topcliffe fault. The evidence for the Birkenshaw faults has already been given (see page 660). The portion of the line of the Cowmes fault between Heckmondwike Top and Snelsins has also been described (see page 640), and the details of the Staincliffe fault through Chidswell and Lodge Hill will be found on page 631. The Tong fault has been proved in the workings to the Better Bed Coal at the collieries near Upper Moorside belonging to the Farnley Iron Company,* and is said to have a downthrow of 30 yards to the south-west near Cockersdale. It has also been touched in the workings from Cliff Pit, and again in working the Churwell Thin Coal from the Churwell Colliery.f While at Cockersdale and Bell Royd Hall the downcast of this fault is to the south-east, there is an intermediate space between Cricket Hall and the Leeds and Whitehall Road where the downcast is in the opposite direction. A glance at the map will make the reason for this change in the direction of the throw at once apparent. Around Gildersome the fault has brought about rather a singular dis- turbance in the general lie of the strata. The beds rise steeply to the north- east, north, and north-west, and intersected on the north by the fault form a semi-dome. To the south of Gildersome therise of the beds is steeper than the slope of the ground, and as we ascend Andrew Hill the seams crop out in * Through the kindness of the Farnley Iron Co., the information we are in possession of in regard to the faults proved in the Farnley Collieries was kindly supplied by the engineer Mr. J. E. Mammatt, and the underground manager Mr. Robertshaw. t To Mr. H. Wormald, mining agent to the Earl of Dartmouth, we have to express our obligations for this and many other lines which have been proved in the collieries of this district. 677 COUNTRY BETWEEN BRADFORD AND TONG. Sy “ON ‘quoyspurg ‘oreyg “seg entodo ‘ynng affyadoy, ay2 sso..op ‘aug aaLlag "7 ‘aagq movIg *f "TVOQ MOUND ‘2 ‘Apaywy uUsajsan- “EVOO HOIH, TITMANHD “Y "IVOD NIV] NOLHIGCACIW .. ] pus S001, ooU Tltyu0Ug ‘oSpig J00T YRLOAT pun uopuoTy “auuny, hopsoyy {0 pua ysna-y2.60Uu ay, 7D UOLZIIY 16 Fu *Q[IUL [=SOyoUL 9 ‘eTBog “STVOO TYLA NAO ‘Pp “TIVO PNINOOTE "6 ‘agg HOVIg NOLTVACY ‘9 “IVOO HNOLG NOLTVACY *@ "IVOO TILLITT NOLATACI_L ‘8 "TVOO NYOL ‘2 4 $F Y ‘ON maspupy 7D NT 190) PIO ay2 ySnosy? “"TvOpD dag sOVIg, “que oy 'spho, su0L OL Ad BIO "IVOO NIV] NOLHTACITL 07 Spavd LL Hd 1899 FIO ‘nd Hud 9 yng buoy, ays ssosom pun 1747 ‘osnogzy auojg hay fo sam sumya Sg ‘poogy pjax/ayou pup plofpoig ay7 wos uor 96 ‘bur “A'S 7996) Booyow o 678 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. quick succession. To the north of the village the dip increases and the «round falls away, and as we descend the slope towards Major Wood lower and lowe beds come up till close to the fault the measures are probably as low as the top of the Elland Flagstone. On the north side of the fault the Beeston Bed is quite close to the surface, and there is therefore here a large downthrow to the north. The section on Fig. 96 will explain the position of the measures, and for further details reference may be made to Horizontal Sections, sheets 96 and 101. The Topcliffe fault has been proved north-east of St, Peter’s Church by the workings in the Middleton Main Coal from Morley Colliery,* and is seen in the cutting at the north-east end of Morley Tunnel, London and North-western Railway, where it brings the Thornhill Rock against shale and shaly sand- stone. In the sketch of the section, Fig. 97, the lighter portions at the south-west end show where the section is obscured. The sandstone at the entrance to the tunnel has a dip of about 7° to the north-east, but the continuity of this dip is soon interrupted, for at the foot bridge the sandstone beds rise up in a small but very sharp anticlinal. The dip is steepest on the north-east side, being as much as 57° ina direction N. 8° E.; this dip continues to the station sheds, which hide the section for a short distance, but on the other side of these sheds the thin regular beds of the sandstone have a small dip and undulate in a slight synclinal until they are cut off abruptly by the fault. The shaly sandstone which occupies the cutting still further to the north-east rises up from below the shale at an angle of 14°, which soon lessens to 10°; the rock then becomes so much crushed and shattered that it is quite impossible to obtain any idea of the inclination of the beds. This fault has fursher been proved between the railway and Wide Lane in the workings from Morley Main Colliery* and at Bantam Grove Dye House from the old workings in the Haigh Moor Coal, north and south of Owlers Lane.t At Gillroyd Mill the Adwalton Black Bed or Middleton 40-yards Coal is 60 yards deep, and at Bantam Grove Lane we have the Haigh Moor Coal 32 yards deep; the surface level of these two places being very nearly the same, the depth at the latter place to the Middleton 40-yards Coal would be about 158 yards, and the amount of the downcast to the north-east 98 yards. The fault is again seen in the Great Northern Railway cutting between West Ardsley Station and Lower Street, where a coal 2ft. 6in. is brought in against the Thornhill Rock, and its effect is still more evident by the Haigh Moor Coal, which crops out along the ridge south of Ardsley Common, being once more thrown in at Dolphin Beck, as is proved by the borings near Dolphin Lane, and by the coal itself being seen in the cutting at the south-east end of Ardsley Tunnel. For some distance the line is now drawn on provi- sionally from such general evidence as could be obtained from an examination of the ground: the high dip near the south corner of Langley Wood and the disturbed beds in the old colliery railway near Lofthouse Gate afford some indications of its direction. It has been again proved from St. John’s Colliery, Newland, but as the spot lies outside the present district the details will be given further on. The account of the Horbury Bridge fault has already been carried up to the country on the north of Wakefield. Further to the north-east it is at present very uncertain what becomes of this fault ; what little is known on the subject will be stated further on. In giving the details of this area we will begin with the beds in the west corner between the Birkenshaw and Cowmes faults. Here the principal valley, that of Balm Mill Beck, and the tributary valley of Nann Hall Beck, expose beds down to within about 18 yards above the Blocking Coal. The alluvium of the Balm Mill Beck prevents any of the solid rocks from being seen along that brook, but the sections in Nann Hall Beck show the measures dipping at high angles in various directions and very much contorted, indicating most * By the kind permission of Messrs. William Ackroyd, Brothers, Mr. J. Simpkin furnished us with information as to the faults proved in this colliery. _ | For the principal portion of our knowledge about these old collieries we are indebted to Mr. H. Wormald. THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF GREAT GOMERSALL. 679 probably either the existence of a number of small faults or great irregularity in the lie of the beds in the angle between the two main faults. The outcrops of the Three Quarters, Lime, or Middleton 11-yards Coal on both sides of the valley of Nann Hall Beck are laid down from calculation and the known depth of the Blocking Coal at the colliery near Lands End.* The thin band of sandstone overlying the coal forms a small but distinct feature on the east side of the valley. As we ascend towards Great Gomersall, the clearly marked little escarpment from Scotland Wood, round by Lanes Wood, Owlet Hall, and Swinley Great Wood is formed by the outcrop of the Middle- ton Main Coal, and this, together with several exposures of the coal, supply means by which we could trace on the crop with accuracy. The small fault on the west of Lanes Wood Colliery} has been proved in working the Blocking Coal from that shaft, and on the other side of the valley between Owlet Hall and Swindley Great Wood it was proved in the workings to the Middleton Main Coal. The downcast is to the west, small in amount, and the fault dies out northward. The outcrop of the Green Lane or Middleton Little Coal is laid down from calculation based upon the depth at which it was found in West Pit. The sandstone on which Great Gomersall is for the most part built is a local rock, at this place so much developed as to enable it to be mapped. It forms a most distinct escarpment from the quarry west of Worlds End to Farrend Lane, is well seen in the quarries near Swincliffe, and seems to be split up by a number of shale bands where it is exposed at the north end of Oakwell Beck. The fault at Gomersall Hall, 5 yards downthrow to the east, was proved in working the Middleton Main Coal from Mr. Jackson’s Colliery, and the fault, 2 yards downcast to the north-east, was proved in working the Blocking Coal from Mr. J. Sheard’s colliery, near New House.} The Two-yards Coal which overlies this sandstone north of Birkenshaw Upper Colliery was drawn in from actual exposure and the old workings between the Halfway House and Birkenshaw Lane, but on the east side of the Oakwell Beck valley the crop is calculated and somewhat uncertain. The Halfway House fault has been proved between Final Royd and Fleece Colliery§ in working the Middleton Main from the latter. It is a downthrow to the north-west of about 7 yards, and its prolongation to the south-west is probably the cause of the abrupt termination of the Great Gomersall sandstone west of Worlds End, both the sandstone and the Two-yards Coal being shifted to the south-west or thrown down between this fault and the Birken- shaw fault. To the valley east of Great Gomersall it will now be necessary to turn our attention before proceeding further with the description of the higher measures. The Middleton Main Coal was proved to outcrop along the western edge of the graveyard at St. Peter’s Church, Birstal, was seen in the side of the valley of Church Beck, and again in Scotland Beck near the Dewsbury Road. At this place the coal rises up in an anticlinal ridge at an angle of 50° ina direction E. 35° N. on one side, and at 35° W. 10° S. on the other, and the beds exposed on each side of the spot where the coal is seen, dip at high angles. The coal is again seen higher up the beck in several places, the angle of dip being very much less, and it continues to lie very near the surface as far as Nutter Lane, north of which it is again thrown up to the surface by a little fault that has been proved in working the coal. The depth of the Middleton Bed at College Colliery, viz., 8 yards,|| taken along with the points just men- tioned, where the coal was either seen or proved, give sufficient data for drawing the outcrop on both sides of the valley. Between the outcrop of the coal in Scotland Beck and the footpath the * Messrs. Tattersall, who work this colliery, were most kind in affording us every facility for obtaining information. : + Mr. 8. Jackson, the owner of several coal pits at Great Gomersall, also placed at our disposal much valuable information. . : : { To Mr, J. Sheard we have also to express our thanks for information received. § From information communicated by Mr. G. Ellison. Mr. R. Rhodes. Il ” ” ” 680 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. anticlinal ridge brings up some beds of sandstone into the section exposed on the east side of the brook. The Green Lane Coal, which winds round the sides of the valley from Church Lane by Wheatley Hall and Oakwell Wood to Birstal, has been laid down mainly by means of calculation, and has therefore some degree of uncer- tainty about it; the coal was, however, seen in Oakwell Wood, and the following is a section, showing the measures from the base of the Great Gomer- sall sandstone to some little distance below this coal, obtained from the brook section; it was impossible to measure the exact thickness of many of the beds :— : ft. in. ft. in. Flaggy sandstone and sandy shale. s Shale and ironstone. Shaly coal - - - O01 Clay and shale - - - - 0 53 Shaly coal - - - O1 Underclay. Shale with ironstone nodules. Shale. Dirt - GREEN | Goa] . : LANE Sandy shale - Coat. Coal Hard darkish underclay Yellow underclay Dark underclay - - Shale and ironstone nodules. Sandy shale, Sandstone. Shale and ironstone nodules. Shale. Dark shale. Tronstone - - - - Shale - - - - - Coal - - - - - Underclay. eereses ° a) wie s occoooo Wand wnNnoe wie Nie coo So he This is about the last instance where this coal occurs under the name Green J.ane Coal, and for some distance south of this it has been too thin and poor to be of any value. The Chandlers Hill and the Mount House faults, which extend north- west from Birstal to Oakwell, have been proved in working the Middleton Bed from College Colliery, Birstal, and from Oakwell Colliery, Drighlington ; they throw down in opposite directions, the Chandlers Hill fault to the north-east, 7 yards at Birstal and 3 yards at Oakwell Wood, the Mount House fault, 7 yards to the south-west at Birstal, and only 5 feet at Oakwelk Wood; these two faults probably unite about this place, and are possibly continued to the north-west as one fault, represented by the fault which has been proved from Oakwell Wood to the north-west side of the Whitehall Road, where it dies out. The other small fault between Birk Hill House and Kittle Point have also been proved, and their lines obtained from the plans of Sunny Bank Colliery. The fault which has a downcast of two yards to the west at Birkenshaw Bottom Colliery, and that at Breaks Colliery with a downthrow south- west varying from 1 yard to 2 yards, and the two parallel faults south of Oakwell House, the Oakwell north fault 4 yards down south, and the Oakwell south fault from 6 yards to 3 yards down to the north, have been proved in working the Middleton Bed, and the lines obtained from the colliery plans.* * Our knowledge of the faults here described is mainly due to the following gentlemen: Mr.-R, Rhodes, College Colliery; Mr. J. Simpkin, Messrs. William one Brothers, Oakwell Colliery ; and the late Mr. Harrison, Sunny Bank colliery, COUNTRY BETWEEN SPEN LANE AND SMITHIES moOR. 681 Leaving the further consideration of the country north-east of the outcrop of the Two-yards Coal for the present, we will turn for a brief space to the country which lies between the fault through Butt’s Mill and the east end of Church Lane (Bunker’s Hill fault), the Cowmes fault, and the Popeley fault. In this rudely lanceolate area we have the beds from the Adwalton Stone Coal to those below the Two-yards Coal. The Middleton Bed has been worked from some old pits between Spen House and Spen Cottage; in the shaft south of Spen Cottage it was 30 yards deep, and it probably does not crop out in the angle between the Cowmes and Bunker’s Hill faults. ‘The Great Gomersall sandstone is still faintly traceable west of Nibshaw Lane, and the Two-yards Coal is drawn in from its known depth at Little Gomersall Colliery and the old workings near Nibshaw Lane; in this locality the bed was known as the Nibshaw Bed owing to its having been worked near the lane bearing that name. The escarpment between Butt’s Mill and the south end of Nibshaw Lane and an adit to the Yard or Adwalton Black Bed at the latter place enable the outcrop of this coal to be laid down with considerable accuracy. The sandstone overlying this coal extends from Butt’s Mill to Union Mill, and this is succeeded by the Adwalton Stone Coal, which is drawn in from such information as could be obtained about the workings in this seam on the top of the ridge. The two faults near the Moravian Chapel have been proved in the Mid- dleton Bed workings at Little Gomersall Colliery and the lines put on from the mining plans.* The other small faults between Craven Lane and the Popeley fault have been laid down as pointed out by an old miner who worked both the upper beds of coal. An old adit to the Yard Coal, and some other data, give us with some degree of certainty the outcrop of this coal between Bunkér’s Hill and Popeley faults on the east side of the ridge, and a coal which was proved to be 5 yards deep in a well near the west end of Flush Lane, most probably is the equiva- lent of the Two-yards Coal; the information we recerved did not make this absolutely certain, but it was sufficient to warrant us in drawing in the crop of this coal on the south side of Flush Lane. The Bunker’s Hill fault has been proved, between Spen Lane and the road to Great Gomersall, in the Middleton Bed workings from Little Gomersall Colliery ;* it is a downthrow to the south of 13 yards; the continuation of the line to the east and west has been drawn in from the depths at which the different coal beds occur on the upcast and downcast sides respectively, and such other evidence as the natural features of the ground afforded. The Popeley fault has been proved both in working the Yard Coal from the old collieries near Popeley Lane, and in working the T'wo-yard Coal from Smithies Colliery, Messrs. Bastow and Crossley, and is a downcast to the south-east of about 40 yards.f Crossing this fault we have a sandstone brought in at Popeley House, and which caps the hill top from that place to Union Mill; this sandstone is possibly near the position of the base of the Thornhill Rock, or perhaps a portion of that rock itself as we have supposed it to be, though its base is much nearer the Joan Coal than at Dewsbury and Morley. A thin coal which has been proved in sinking the shafts on the higher ground west and north-west of Smithies is most likely the Joan Coal, and from the depths so obtained we are able to put on the line of outcrop from calculation. The Adwalton Stone Coal is seen to outcrop in the high road to Birstal near Smithies ; the old workings to this coal, the depths of the seam at various places, and other actual exposures, furnish the necessary data for drawing in the outcrop on both sides of the ridge at; Smithies and White Lee. On the south-west side of the ridge the Yard Coal crops out in the old turn- pike road west of Jones Royd, and an old day hole to this coal, together with the depth of the Two-yards Coal near the north end of Chapel Lane, Heck- mondwike, give the line of outcrop on the downcast side of the Cowmes fault at that place. In laying down the outcrop on the north-east side of the * Furnished to us by Mr. R. Rhodes, to whom this colliery belongs. { From information communicated by Mr. A. West. 682 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. ridge through Ridings Wood between the Popeley and Bruntcliffe faults we have been guided by the feature which the overlying thin band of sand- stone makes, and by the old surface workings to this coal in the wood. The small faults which are shown between the Popeley fault and the Smithies Colliery have been obtained from the mining plans, and show how much this area is broken up. The beds incline at a very small angle to the south at Smithies, but in the corner between the Popeley and Cowmes faults the coal rises to the north and south-west at angles varying from 15° to 10°.* The day hole to the Two-yards Coal near Smithies Bridge, and the fact that the coal was proved in the foundations of Ridings Hall, enable us to draw on its outcrop on the south-west of the valley. Between Ridings Hall and Brier Hall the only sandstone between the Yard and Two-yards Coal is a band of hard rock a few feet thick, and this seems to be the only representative of the Birstal Rock on this sidé of the valley. On the opposite side, however, this rock is very largely developed, and it is a question whether it does not cut out the Two-yards Coal altogether; we have therefore not drawn an outcrop of this seam here. The Birstal Rock extends from Sugar Hill on the upcast of the Bruntecliffe fault; it is seen to be a sandstone of great thickness from the conspicuous ridge which it forms at Birstal, and upon which part of the town is built, as well as by the extensive quarries where the stone is worked for building pur- poses. This rock is thrown up to Sheard Hill by the Pheasant Inn fault, which is a continuation of the Bunker’s Hill and Popeley faults after their supposed junction in the valley, and stretches away north-west to the Birkenshaw fault, being repeated again, on the upcast side of the Moat Hill fault, between Rakes House and Lower Sunny Bank. At Copley Hill the natural feature formed by the sandstone over the yard or Adwalton Black Bed, and the section of that coal seen in Blackburn’s Quarry, which is given below, afford abundant evidence for laying down its crop. Section in Blackburn’s Quarry. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Shale. ADWALTON {cing iz - f - e 01 Buack Bep. Coal - s 2 . - 29 Underclay - - - - - 5 7 Sandy shale - - - - - 10 0t00 O Sandstone. Birstal Rock - The sandy shale, within the extent of the quarry, is replaced by the Birstal Rock, and the underclay rests immediately on the sandstone. The crop of the Adwalton Stone Coal which next succeeds is rather more uncertain, especially in the corner between the Pheasant Inn and Moat Hill faults, but is fairly accurate at Copley Hill. These coals are thrown up on the north-east by the Moat Hill fault, which runs by Moat Hall, and after having been shifted by the Pheasant Hill fault at Raikes Lane, extends in a north-westerly direction through Birstal Fields up to the Birkenshaw fault. This fault was provedin working the Middleton Main Coal from Howden Clough Collieryt and from Wentworth Pitt near Rakes House, the downcast to the south-west, being 22 yards at Howden Clough, and 26 yards at the Rakes end of its line; it was also proved in the workings from College Colliery§ to bea downcast of 7 yards, but it increases to * For the information about the amounts and directions of the faults at Sniithies, as well as much other information, we are indebted to Mr, A. West, of Messrs. Bastow and Crossley. ; t Messrs. Asquith Brothers, to whom this colliery belonged, kindly rendered us every assistance in regard to the faults proved in the workings to the Middleton Main Coal. : : { From information communicated by Mr. G. Ellison, is 7 35 Mr. R. Rhodes. COUNTRY BETWEEN BIRSTAL AND GILDERSOME STREET. 683 the north-west, as the workings from Oakwell Colliery* prove it to be 17 yards, near Warrens Lane, and those from Sunny Bank Collieryt make it 20 yards, near the place where it crosses the Whitehall Road. Some faults which are laid down at Brass Castle Collieryt have been proved in working the Adwalton Black Bed Coal, but they are all small. Another fault on the upcast side of the Moat Hill fault has been proved from Howden Clough Colliery ; near the Bruntcliffe fault it throws down to the south 16 yards, but it dies out towards Moat Hill. The Adwalton Black Bed, which is thrown up to the surface on the north- east side of the Moat Hill fault, can easily be traced from the Pheasant Inn fault round by Moat Hill and Howden Clough Colliery, and on both sides of the Howden Clough valley, by the numerous adits from which this coal has been got, by the many places where it was seen in section, and by the base of the sandstone, overlying the coal, which forms a sharp escarpment on both sides of the valley. There are several beds of sandy shale and sandstone seen in the brook at the bottom of the valley, which are most likely a part of the Birstal Rock, and it is an unfortunate circumstance that no sections were kept of the sinkings of Howden Clough and West Yorkshire Collieries, as they would have given some interesting information as to the changes which had taken place in the thickness and character of the Birstal Rock, between Birstal and Gildersome Street. At the last-named place hardly any sandstone corresponding to that rock was found in sinking the Street Pit. (Sce Vert. Sects. sheet 40.) There is some uncertainty about the Two-yards or Brown Metal Coal on the upcast side of the Bruntcliffe fault. In the valley at Howden Clough Mill it is drawn in from calculation only, arid it was not found in the West Yorkshire Colliery. The Pheasant Inn fault, which trends north-east from Birstal to Gildersome Street, has been worked up to from College Colliery,§ but the amount was not proved; it has, however, a probable downthrow of 20 yards to the south-east, as College Colliery is about 66 yards to the Middleton Main, and the Adwalton Black Bed is just brought in on the downcast or Birstal side, which will give a depth of about 86 yards to the former coal. The fault was also proved in Wentworth Pit|| workings and the line laid down from the mining plans; it is seen crossing the Great Northern Railway on the north-west side of the Gelderd Road, where the Adwalton Black Bed isthrown up on the north-west against the shaly sandstone and sandy shale over the coal on the south-east side, the downcast being about 12 yards to the south-east ; it has also been proved in the workings near Horse Riggs and in Owlet Hall Colliery, and the line laid down as correctly as possible from the information obtained from these old workings. At Gildersome Street it bends round to the east, becomes a down- cast of 3 yards to the south, and gradually dies out eastwards, as has been proved in working the Middleton Main from Street Pit; its line here and the lines of the small faults on each side of it were taken from the working plans.{ On the upcast side of this fault actual exposures and the old workings to the Adwalton Black Bed Coal, taken in connexion with the little escarpment of the overlying sandstone, give the outcrop of this coal with much accuracy, from Horse Riggs, as it winds along the sides of the little valleys, and along the face of the ridge, to the Sykes Pit fault near Hodgson Lane House, where the coal is thrown down into the space between that fault and the Birkenshaw fault. The sandstone over the coal, though thin and of a shaly nature, lies very regularly between the Adwalton Black and Stone Coals on both sides of the higher ground from Gildersome Street to Drighlington, forms a considerable spread from Upper Sunny Bank through Drighlington to Whiteley Wood, and is overlaid at Pit Hole Plantation by the Adwalton Stone Coal, the outcrop of which * From information communicated by Mr. J. Simpkin. oe si 3 the Jate Mr. W. Harrison. t To Messrs. Garford and Townsend we are indebted for this information. § From information communicated by Mr. R. Rhodes. I os 9 er Mr. G. Ellison. { To Mr. Robert Holliday we have to acknowledge our indebtedness for this and other valuable information. To Mr. E. Ackroyd, formerly of Newton Colliery, Gildersome, thanks are also due for information received. 684 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD, is drawn in principally from the old surface workings at that place. To the north-west both the sandstone and coal are thrown down by the Sykes Pit fault. The small fault between Bridget House and Oakwell Colliery was proved in working the Middleton Main Coal from the latter, and is a downcast to the south-east of 4 feet.* The Adwalton Stone Coal, which overlies the Emley or Drighlinton sand- stone to the east, is seen in the Great Northern Railway, Ossett Branch, near the junction with the Gildersome Branch. It has been largely worked all along the outcrop, and the traces of the old workings enabled us to put on the out- crop from the Bruntcliffe fault over the country on the south-west of the Brad- ford Road, across Adwalton Moor and back on the north side of the ridge to the Dean Wood fault. The following section of ironstone measures and coal was seen in the Clay Pit, Albion Brickworks, near Newton Colliery :— ft. in. ft. in, Black shale and ironstone. Grey shale and ironstone - - - 40 Dark shale and ironstone - - = 5 0 Black shale and ironstone (Anthracosia) - 2 0 Black shale" - - - - 0 7 Stone Coal - - - 0 94 . Coal 2 - - - O11 Dirt - \, ADWALTON - - - 0 3 Coal - (Stone Coar - 0 2 Underclay | - - - - 0 3 Coal -J - - =“ 11 Underclay. The Joan Coal which next succeeds as we ascend towards Adwalton has been proved in the various shafts between Gildersome Street and Adwalton, but was seen only in the old Clay Pit at Stone Pits Lane east of the former place ; the section there exposed is given below; the remainder of the outcrop has been mainly laid down by calculation from the known depths at which it occurs on and around the hill top :— Section in Clay Pit at Stone Pits Lane. ft. in. ft. in. Black shale - - - - 30 Soft black shale - - - - 2 2 Underclay - - 7 - 14 Joan Coa - - - 1 5 Dirt - - - - - 0 6 Underclay. Crowning the highest part of the ridge, and on the line of the watershed which divides the Aire and Calder drainage basins, is a sandstone corres- ponding with that already mentiowed as occurring at Popeley (see page 369). It forms a fairly-marked escarpment on each side, and is cut off on part of the north-west end by the Adwalton fault. This fault has been proved in the Middleton Main workings, from the various collieries in the neighbourhood, between the Great Northern Railway and Andrew Hill, where it dies out altogether. At the Waterloose Pit it is 8 yards downthrow to the north~ west, between that and Adwalton it gives off a small branch which throws down 4 feet in the same direction, and at Adwalton the main fault is only 3 yards in amount. South-west of Adwalton the direction of throw is changed, and is now a downcast to the south-east of 7 yards, and again it gradually diminishes and becomes very small as it extends westwards, so that the outcrop of the Adwalton Stone Coal is hardly affected by it.t From Newmarket Pit, the beds dip to the east of north at about 1 in 90, as far as the Waterloose Pit, but north-east of this they begin to turn up rather * From information communicated by M. J. Simpkin. + Mr. G. Ellison, Adwalton Colliery ; Mr. J. Parker, manager, Newmarket Coal Co.; and Mr. J. Greenhough, Adwalton, supplied us with the facts on which our statements in this instance are founded. THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF DRIGHLINGTON. 685 sharply, as a reference to Hor. Sect. sheets 96 and 101 will show, and almost anarietely on crossing Andrew Beck we find the beds dipping at an angle 0 . Calculation, actual sections, and adits to the Adwalton Black Bed Coal enable us to lay down the outcrop between Dean Wood and the Drighlington fault with some degree of accuracy ; the coal is thrown up to Drighlington by this fault; the adit near the village, and that on the hillside north of Lumb Wood, give us the outcrop round the hillside to Sykes Pit fault. The following section, measured at the adit* near the village of Drighlington between Back Lane and the Leeds Road, shows the character of the beds which form the roof to this coal in this locality :—- ft. in. ft. in. Sandy shale 0 9 Sandstone Dark shale Sandstone Shale - Sandstone Shale - Sandstone Black shale (Coal - ADWALTON 3 Gly 2 Buack Bap. | Dirt Coal - - Underclay. The angle of dip is 4° and the direction is N. 49° E. This is higher than. the average, which in the Doles Wood and Lumb Wood Collieries is about 1 in 36, The sandstone escarpment through Thick Thorn Wood, the outcrop of the coal in the stream through Lumb Wood, and the adit on the hillside are the data from which we have calculated the Brown Metal Coal outcrop on the side of the valley between the Drighlington and Sykes Pit faults. The Drighlington fault was proved in the Drighlington Coal Company’s Collieries and in Sykes Colliery from Cockers Dale to the Steam Mill. “At Spring Gardens Pitt it throws down 7 yards to the south-east, and the amount of throw gradually becomes less and less until at the Steam Mill the fault is very small and apparently dies out altogether. : The fault joining the Drighlington and Sykes Pit faults has been worked up to from the Doles Wood and Lumb Wood Pits; the amount of the throw has not been proved, but it is supposed to be a downcast to the south-west. The fault from Thick Thorn Bank to Hodgson Lane has been proved from Doles Wood Colliery and the Sykes and Inmoor Colliery; we have called it the Sykes Pit fault; at Doles Wood it isa downthrow of 16 yards to the north-west,f and between the Sykes and Inmoor Pits the amount has increased to 30 yards,f but it again diminishes towards Hodgson Lane, as is evident from the position cf the outcrop of the Adwalton Stone Coal on the h side of the lane. te the space between the Sykes Pit, and the Birkenshaw fault the Adwalton Stone Coal has been proved to outcrop at Hodgson Lane, and there are abundant traces of old surface workings in the fields on both sides of the railway ; it is also seen rising up at a steep angle in the brook section at Doles Wood close to the point where the Birkenshaw fault crosses Ringshaw Beck, the angle of dip being 46° in a direction 8. 59° E. close to the fault, but it rapidly flattens to the eastwards. We have no difficulty in knowing this coal to be the Adwalton Stone Coal from the following section :— oO a Aol ‘ CwANNOD ‘ Ce a ee | ooo Gococer me Ne bi * Worked by Mr. William Gledhill, Drighlington. + Mr. Charles Thresh, underground manager to Messrs. Rhodes and Dolby, by permission of the owncrs kindly supplied us with the mining information about this olliery. Ae ‘ t Toni information communicated by Mr. T. Willis. 686 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. ft. in. ft. in. Black shale. Ironstone Black shale Tronstone Black shale Shale (about) Black shale - Shale - - - - - Black shale and ironstone (Anthracosia) Stone Coal - - - 4 Wall 1 9 'rea pate ' ' we 0 1 0 - 0 8 0 1 1 NONOARK OF Apwa.LtTon J Coal - = - - Stone Coat. | White shale - - - Coal - - - - White clay. In the same brook at Bob Wood Bushes we have the outcrop of a coal under a bed of sandstone, thus :— ; ft. in. Sandstone. Black shale - - - - 1 3 (?) Joan Coan. : The sandstone dips at an angle of 12° in a direction N. 19° E., but within a short distance it rolls up again dipping N. 36° W. at 12°, though the obscurity of the section prevented the coal being seen. This is probably the Joan Coal; from the sections seen and the dip of the beds we have drawn the outcrop along the sides of the valley of Ringshaw Beck, and put on a calculated crop on the south-west side of this area. On both sides of the Bradford Road from Doles Wood Colliery to Inmoor Colliery a sandstone is laid down, possibly the same as the rock which caps the top of the ridge at Adwalton. At Doles Wood Pit the average dip is about 1 in 36, but for some distance south-east of Innoor Colliery the rise is about 1 in 114 to the west bord, the direction of which is W. 22° S.; however the beds again flatten out before the narrow space between the two faults is reached. Returning to the district at Gildersome north of the outcrop of the Adwalton Black Bed Coal, the coals between the last-named coal and the Middleton Main are laid down from calculation based on the dip of the beds and the depth of the Middleton Main Coal; the latter is 7 yards deep in a well at Holstead House, is said to crop out in the chuvahyard, and has been worked by means of an adit at Scott Green. Taking the outcrop of this coal as nearly correct, the positions of the basset edges of the lower seams have also been drawn in from calculation, and such evidence as a careful examination of the surface supplied. If we look at the maps we shall see that they form a kind of rude semi-ellip- tical figure, the line of the Tong fault being the major axis, and that the direction of the dip radiates to the various points of the southern half of the compass. The faults between Dean Wood and the Tong fault have been proved both in amount and direction in working the coal seams from Dean Hall Colliery and from the old Gildersome Colliery.* Some borings east of Upper Rooms prove the existence of the Adwalton Stone Coal between the Tong fault, the fault 36 yards downcast to the north- east, and the Bruntcliffe fault.t The Bruntcliffe fault has proved in working the coal from the following collieries; Morley Main, Dean Hall, Gildersome Street, Bruntcliffe, Howden Clough, and Upper Batley.{ It extends from the Topcliffe fault through Bruntcliffe to White Lee, where it apparently dies out, for such information as we could obtain about the old collieries at White Lee did not seem to afford evidence of the existence of any such fault at that place. It throws down to * From information communicated by Mr. H. Wormald. ” ” ” Mr. B. Thornton. eis 5 9 Mr. J. Simpkin, manager for Messrs. W. Ackroyd and Bros., Mr. H. Wormald, Mr. R. Holliday, Messrs. Asquith, Bros. & Co., and the bottom steward for Mr. J. Critchley. COUNTRY BETWEEN BIRSTAL AND MORLEY. 687 the south-east bringing in theThornhill Rock on the downcast side, and the amount of throw near Bruntcliffe is about 50 yards, the base of the above rock ele down against the Adwalton Black Bed Coal. (See Hor. Sect. sheet 96. Crossing this fault we will now consider that portion of the present district which lies between it, the fault through Upper Batley (Upper Batley fault), and the Lee Fair fault through West Ardsley, within which we have the beds from the Adwalton Stone Coal to the top of the Thornhill Rock. On both sides of the Howley Beck valley the outcrops of the Adwalton Stone Coal and the Joan Coal are drawn in, from actual exposures, from old surface workings, and from calculation founded on the depths at which these coals are proved to lie in the coal pits on each side of the valley; the escarpment of the Thornhill Rock is a guide all along. This rock covers the top of the ridge at Boggart Colliery, where it is intersected by the fault which has been proved in working the Adwalton Black Bed to be 10 yards downthrow to the north-west near Little Wood.* The remainder of the line of this fault is drawn in from such evidence as was to be obtained on the ground. The Thornhill Rock also forms the escarpment through Birkby Brow Wood and Morley Spring Wood, ending in the steep bank on the top of which stands the ruins of Howley Hall; south of that place the sandstone is thrown down into the valley by the Upper Batley fault. The rock stretches eastwards from this escarpment and covers the extensive plateau from Morley to Woodkirk, being overlaid by small patches of shale at Howley Plantation and at Tingley. The base of the rock is again reached on the east side at Topcliffe, between Denshaw House and the fault north of Topcliffe. This fault was proved in the workings from West Ardsley Colliery and is a downcast to the north-west of 6 yards; it throws the rock down into the bottom of the valley again. From Morley Main Colliery the beds rise along the east bord about 1 in 18 to the Manor House fault ; the total rise from the shaft to the fault is about 40 yards. This fault has been proved under Middle Thorp to throw down 38 yards to the south-west, so that on the downcast side the coal is almost on the same level as if the beds had been lying flat throughout and unbroken by any fault. South- wards, in the workings from Morley Main Colliery, the throw of the Manor House fault has diminished to 12 yards ;{ it is shifted slightly to the south-west by the Topcliffe Lane fault, and the workings from West Ardsley Colliery prove that the throw still decreases until at Pewit Nook it is only 4 yards. The small fault about 10 chains to the south-west of the latter has also been proved in the same colliery.t The faults at Morley one on each side of the road leading to Churwell are proved in working the coal, and the amount and direction of their throw obtained from the mining plans. The faults laid down at Bruntcliffe are proved in the Middleton Main Coal workings from Bruntcliffe Colliery; that nearest to the Bruntcliffe fault is a downthrow of from 5 to 3 yards to the north-west, the more southerly throws down in the opposite direction from 9 to 3 yards. ‘They both decrease and‘most probably die out to the south-west.§ : The small fault through Morley Spring Wood has been proved in the work- ings from Howley Park Colliery. || - : The Upper Batley fault, which extends from the Bruntciiffe fault in a south- easterly direction through Upper House and Haigh Hall Spring to Lindale Hill fault, is a downcast to the south-west and throws the Thornhill Rock at Upper Batley Lane in again to the south ; it has been proved in the Adwalton Black Bed Coal workings from Batley Colliery, the amounts of downcast being 26 yards ;* it also cuts off the Thornhill Rock near Upper House and throws it down into the valley on the south. The high dip of the coal and shales seen in Hey Beck on the east side of the Leeds Road mdicate the close * This information was received from the bottom steward by permission of Mr. J. Critchley, Batley Colliery. i * Belaginn es the West Ardsley Coal and Iron Co., by whose permission the underground manager, Mr. S. Whitehead, furnished us with the information which we possess in regard to these Senet dune eid infc tion communicated by Mr. J. Simpkin. wane Rete s Mr. H. Wormald. : Pro “Mr. Tolson White, mining engineer, Wakefield, and Mr. J . Fearnside, of Howley Park Cval Co., we are indebted for the lines as proved in working the coal. 688 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. proximity of this fault; it is seen crossing this brook south of Woodkirk Mill, where sandstone dipping N. 4° W. at an angle of 15° is brought against shale containing ironstone nodules and a band of black shale, the dip of which is 5° in a direction S. 53° W. The Haigh Moor Coal crops out on the hillside south of Beggarington, and is thrown down on the south-west by this fault; the coal which is seen in the brook near “Foot Bridge,” is a coal which lies from 27 to 30 yards above the Haigh Moor, and as the difference of surface level between the two outcrops is about 50 feet, the amount of down- cast at this place will be about 55 yards. The old workings around Haigh Hall and south of East Ardsley have proved the continuation of this fault to the south-east, and the line of it has been obtained from a large general plan of the faults proved in that locality.* Between the fault just deseribed and the Staincliffe fault we have a strip of country stretching from the Bruntcliffe fault to the Lindale Hill fault, in which measures occur from the top of the Birstal Rock up to and a little higher than the Warren House Coal. Commencing on the downcast side of the Bruntcliffe fault where the lowest rocks occur, we have the top of the Birstal Rock exposed in the bottom of the valley from that fault to Carlinghow, the rock heing well seen in the quarries where the sandstone is raised for building purposes. Natural sections where the coals are seen in situ, day holes, and natural features have enabled us to lay down the outcrops of the Adwalton Black Bed and the Adwalton Stone Coal on both sides of the valley from the Bruntcliffe fault to Batley with tolerable accuracy ; the Adwalton Black Bed was seen in the railway on the north side of the valley, and again on the south side above Carlinghow, and the Adwalton Stone Coal in the clay pit near Carlinghow Hill Lane and near Cross Bank Colliery. These coals are succeeded by the Joan Coal, the outcrops of which from Carlinghow Shaws through Batley to the Healey fault, and round the little ridge at; Healey, have been drawn in principally by calculation from the known positions of the other seams. The little piece of sandstone at Healey corresponds to that formerly described 2s occurring at Popeley Fields Lane, and is about on the same horizon as the base of the Thornhill Rock. On the other side of the valley the Thornhill Rock extends from the Healey fault to the Upper Batley fault; the base again occurs on both sides of the valley of the Howley Beck, south of the Upper Batley fault, the rock being cut through by the brook as far as Tingley Wood. Near the north end of this wood the sandstone is apparently thrown down into the valley by a fault, which is probably the continuation of the fault, with a downcast to the south of 2 feet, that has been proved at Carlinghow Hill Lane in the workings from Batley Colliery.f Whether this fault and the fault at Tingley Wood are the same is a little doubtful; but there can be no doubt about the existence of a fault crossing Tingley Wood as we have the sandstcne on the south brought down against the shale on the north. The dip of this sandstone on the ridge at Lamp Lands is very variable, and some of its undulaticns may be seen in the Great Northern Railway cutting west of Sunny Bank. The Healey fault, extending from Heckmondwike Top through Healey and Batley to the Great Northern Railway, has been proved in the old collieries at Staincliffe and Clark Green, was seen in the clay pit near Clark Green where a thin coal band on the upcast side is brought against shale, which is crushed and broken, on the downcast side. The measures as seen on the north side of the fault are given below :— ft. in. ft. in. Shale - - 6 0 Coal - . - Ol Dark shale - - 1 0 Clay - - - - - 0 13 Coal = - - 010 Underclay - = 7 - 19 Dark shale - = “i ‘ - 0 6 Blue shale - - - - 6 6 * Mr. J. Haigh, Dewsbury, in whose possession this plan was, with his customary liberality, gave us the free use of it, thus supplying information which has been of much assistance to us. { From information communicated by Mr. J. Critchley. COUNTRY BETWEEN HEALEY AND CHIDSWELL. 689 The 10-inch coal is probably the equivalent of the Joan Coal. The Thornhill Rock is brought in between this fault and the Staincliffe fault, the combined effect of the two faults being to throw it westward as far as Bunker’s Hill. The Adwalton Black Bed or Yard Coal, as it was termed here, has been worked at Clark Green and Staincliffe at depths varying from 80 to 110 yards. _ At Clark Green the dip of the coal seams is to the south-east about half an inch to the yard,* while at Batley the average dip is more nearly east and about an inch to the yard.t On the Soothill side of the valley the Thornhill Rock is overlaid by the Haigh Moor Coal, whose outcrop we are enabled to lay down with some certainty from actual exposure and old workings. The sandstone at Soothill Quarry appears to be a large mass of sandstone overlying the coal at this place, and may possibly cut it out altogether. The coal seen on the east side of the railway cutting just south of Butter Hill has a section which very closely resembles the Haigh Moor Coal, as will be seen by comparing the following section measured by us with the section of this coal in the Soothill Collieries. (See page 341.) ft. in. ft. in, Sandstone. Sandy shale. Coal - Underclay - Dirt Underclay - Dirt Coal - Dirt - Coal, dirty - - Parting - - - Haicu Moor Coat ? Dark underclay - - Dirt - - - Dark underclay - - - Underclay - - Sandstone with stigmaria rootlets - an 23 43 03 » 6 8 pane Ce ee es ee | Cr ee on CoC oO _ oa Oe Or eae eco. clmUmCUCODODWUCUC OOCOCOCOCOCOSO want The 3 ft. 10 in. Coal continues regularly for about 6 chains north of the Healey fault, when the overlying and underlying sandstones (a and 0) gradually come together and cut out the coal, as is shownjin (Fig. 98), which is a sketvh of the section seen on the east side of the cutting at the end of Shaw Cross Tunnel. At the north end of the cutting a coal comes out which corresponds so exactly with the 3 ft. 10 in. Coal, that we should have certainly supposed that it was this seam repeated by a fault, if it had not been that the section was so clear as to leave no doubt on the mind that the 3 ft. 10 in. Coal is cut out by sandstone in the manner just described. On the downcast side of the fault Fs, a regular-bedded sandstone (s) is brought in, the dip of which is to the west of north at an angle of 10°, in- creases to 14°, and is as high as 27° close to the fault F,; from beneath the sandstone some thin coal bands, (c and d) are seen rising up in the bottom of the cutting. The fault F, again throws down the sandstone on the south, but the dip of the beds between this fault and the Staincliffe fault, F,, which is about 30° in a direction N. 12° E., soon brings the sandstone and underlying coal bands (¢ and d) out in the cutting again; the following is a section of these beds :-— * From information communicated by Mr. R. Hemingway. % ” ” Mr. J. Critchley. 42513. xX X 690 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. ft. in. ft. in. Sandstone. Coal - - - - 0 7 c.+ Dark shale and ironstone nodules - - 2 9 U Coal - - - - 6 Dark shale - - - - 1 6 Grey shale and ironstone nodules - - 2 6 Sandy shale - - - - 1 0 Grey and dark shale - - - 10 0 Black shale - - - - 1 8 Coal - - - - 0 2 d. \ Dirt - - - - - 07 Coal - - - - 10 Shale and ironstone nodules with two coal smuts. The west side of the cutting shows such a different section from that just described, and also gives such a good example of the occurrence of a number of small faults, that it is deserving of notice. The faults marked F,, F,, and F; correspond to those marked with the same letters in Fig. (99). The sandstone (s.) on the south of F4 occurs very much in the same way as the sandstone between faults (F, and F;) in Fig. (98), and the coals rise up from below it as we approach fault (F,), at an angle of about 40°, but before reaching that fault they are thrown down to the bottom of the cutting by a small fault (f), the throw of which is about 16 feet, and which is not seen at all on the east side of the railway. These beds again disappear on the down- cast of fault (F:), and once more rise above the surface of the railway at an angle of 23°, the direction of dip being N. 6° W.; again a small fault (f), the slope of which is very flat, brings them down into the bottom of the cutting. Another small reversed fault (2) pitches them up afew feet, and finally a fault (f;) throws them down about 8 feet and they rise up at an angle of 45° between this last fault and the Staincliffe fault (F,), the upper coal band just reaching the surface close to the main fault, which is here about 30 feet wide. The three faults in this section between (F, and F,) are not found on the east side of the railway, but the measures on the two sides agree very closely, as the following section of the beds on the west face will show :— ft. in. ft. in. Sandstone. ‘oal - - - - 0 8 ef Shale, dark - - - - 38 0 Coal - - - - 2 0 Underclay - - - - - 3 6 Sandstone - - - - - 1 6 Grey shale and ironstone nodules - - 6 0 _ Dark shale and ironstone nodules - - 7 0 Black shale - - ~ - 1 0 Dirt - - - - - 0 23 d Coal - - ~ - O 2b ‘| Dark shale - - - - 07 Coal - - - - 10 North of fault F;, which we have supposed to be the same as the Healey fault, shales are seen on the west side of the railway, which do not in any way correspond to the coal and sandstone on the opposite side at this place; this may be due to the continuation of the fault which brings the sandstone in the quarry at Butter Hill against the coal bed seen in the railway at that place. A coal was also found beneath the sandstone ‘in this quarry, but we are not able to identify it. Nearer Lower Soothill we have the following section on fhe Delaney side of the railway, the beds lying at angles varying from 26° to 10° .— 691 COUNTRY BETWEEN HEALEY AKD CHIDSWELL. a rn ~ 4 8 “q[UBT eT OUrEyg ae "‘Buryyno hoapw.s fo apis ysam ‘Lpapwoy UsayzL0\T yoauy “‘yououg haywg ‘auuny, ssoug noyy fo pua ysou ‘ynngt affyoumng ay? ssoson woRroeg "66 “Fug *£BATVEI JO DOBJANG “4 -- a La - SS SS == LE Goo SSS SSS tg eg “I re 8 “qmMeg oYTPUyEg *buygnos Romp. fo apis 9809 ‘fiompwmy usayzLonT poate) ‘young hayyog ‘jauuny, ssoug moyg fo pua yztou Qnog affyoumy ayz ssoson uoyoag "96 ‘Guy 692 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Shale and ironstone nodules. ft. in. ft, in. Black shale. Sandy shale, with ironstone nodules. Dark shale and ironstone nodules. Coal - - - Oll Clay - - - - - Coal - - - O 0% 3 Clay = - - - Dirt - Coal - - 0 4 Dark clay Coal - Underclay Shale - Coal (bad) - - Coal - Underclay Coal - Dirt Coal Underclay. Shale and ironstone nodules. Coal smut. Shale and ironstone nodules. Black shale. Sandy shale. Again at the Occupation Bridge, near Lower Soothill, we have the following section on the north side of the railway :— Shale and sandstone. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - 1 Otol 6 Shale with ironstone nodules - - Coal - - - 1 Black shale - - - - - 1 3 Sandy shale. Sandstone. This Occupation Bridge is in the line of a synclinal in the Haigh Moor Coal ‘shown on the maprunning westwards from Babes inthe Wood Pit; from each side of the centre line the ccal seam rises rather steeply for some distance, when the dip again assumes its general direction and average amount, which is south- east at about 1 in 36. The beds seen at the bridge are seemingly affected by this va as they also lie in aslightly basin-like form. (See Hor. Sect. sheet 96. The faults east of Lower Soothill have been met with in working the Haigh Moor Coal from the Soothill Collieries,* and the lines as far as proved have been laid down from the mining plans. These faults are small, but they have the effect of rendering a considerable portion of the coal in the vicinity very soft and of an inferior quality. The sandstone which caps the ridge round Manor House is a rock the base of which is about 45 yards above the Haigh Moor Coal in this locality (see Vert. Sects. sheet 45). On the west side the escarpment which it makes is very fairly marked, but on the east or dip side there is some uncertainty about its base line. At Soothill Wood itis apparently thrown down north by the Babes in the Wood fault, which was proved in the workings from the colliery of that name, where the amount of downcast was very small.* We have carried this fault on westwards, guided by the ending off of the escarpment in Soothill Wood, and the fact that the sandstone is dropped down into Lady Ann’s Dyke together with the contortions seen in the brook section near Lady Ann’s Well. At Chidswell the sandstone is overlaid by the Gawthcrpe Coal, which has been proved in a bore hole* near that place, o oo oO oo bb bie eb eo a 1 Oo Or th wo ' Qo — nie Oo oO. oo * Messrs. Crawshaw and Blakeley, to whose manager Mr. C. B. Cawthorne we are indebted for this and much other valuable information received from him in regard to the surrounding district. SOOTHILL AND KIRKHAM GATE. 693 and the outcrop has been drawn in on the north side of the Staincliffe fault on the evidence supplied by this boring and the appearance of the ground. In a field between the railway and the Leeds Road there are traces of old surface workings, but the coal got here was probably one which lies imme- diately below the sandstone already described as capping the ridge. Between the Leeds Road and Hey Beck the fell of the ground is more rapid than the inclination of the strata, so that in going eastward we cross over lower and lower beds until we come to the brook, where the coal, which we have named the 27-yards Band Coal, or Hey Beck Coal, comes to the surface in several places. ‘This coal was seen on the right bank of the stream at Hey Beck ; it again rises up to the surface and then dips down again near the Junction of the small brook from Soothill Lane with the Hey Beck ; it is also seen in the brooks south of Dogloach Wood and at Fenton Dam, and has besides been proved in various boreholes and sinkings to the Haigh Moor Coal in this neighbourhood. The following section may be taken as a typical one, though all those measured do not agree exactly in every particular :-— ft. in. ft. in. Shale and ironstone. Dark shale - - - 0 5 ( Coal - “ - 14 o7ranwa | Dark shale - - - = 1 0 Banp Coat. 4 cee Fi iz 5 Dd ay = : 2 ee OE Coal and dirt - - - 0 2 -Underclay - - - - - O04 Dirt - - - - - 0 1 Underclay. ’ This seam has been called the 27-yards Band Coal because it lies between 27 and 30 yards above the Haigh Moor Coal at Soothill. The Cannel coal which occurs south of the word “ Old ” in “ Old Park,” on the upcast side of the Fenton Dam fault, is most likely the Beck Bottom Stone Coal, whose outcrop on the right side of the valley southward from Red Lodge is fairly correct. The various day holes from which the Warren House Coal is, and has been, worked, taken together with exposures of the coal at several other points, enable us to draw in the outcrop, higher up the side of the valley, from the’ Upper Batley fault round the west side of Jaw Hill to Low Hod, and on both sides of the valley at Beck Bottom east of Kirkham Gate. The small fault north of Hey Beck is seen in the east side of the brook, sandy shale and sandstone abutting against coal and shale. The faults west from Haigh Hall Spring have been proved in working the different seams of coal in that locality, and the lines laid down from a general plan showing the faults as proved in these old works.* The Spring Bottom fault which crosses from Spring Bottom to Dogloach Wood is a downcast to the north and brings the Warren House Coal in on the north at Spring Side Pit. The high dip of the measures seen in the beck probably mark the place where it crosses the brook, though the actual fault itself is not seen. The: 27-yards Band Coal, which crops out on the south side of Dogloach Wood, does not appear in No. 3 bore hole, but there is a band of dark bind men- tioned just about the position where this coal ought to occur, and we know that it crops out again further north in the brook, so that this fault seems to continue across between the bore hole and the coal on the south side of the wood as we have drawnit. The Fenton Dam fault which has also been proved in coal workings extends from the Staincliffe fault to Jaw Hill, where it dies out. At Fenton Dam it is a downthrow of about 15 yards to the south and_throws the 27-yards Band Coal down into the bottom of the valley at Fenton Dam where the outcrop is seen. This fault is also a downcast south between the Low Park and Staincliffe faults, the Gawthorpe coal being brought in on the south. The existence of the Low Park fault is solely dependent on the information obtained as to the old workings in the locality, and the depths at which the Gawthorpe coal has been found in boreholes on its south-west or downcast side. ‘The line * From information communicated by Mr. J. Haigh, 694 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. we have given on the map was shown on the general plan as if it had been proved along its whole course, but of this we are doubtful, and are inclined to - the opinion that portion of the line had not been proved in working the coal, but had been drawn in from the evidence derived from the borings.* Crossing to the upcast side of the Upper Batley fault, wenow come to con- sider the remaining portion of our area south-east of the Lee Fair fault. This fault is seen in the cutting of the Gildersome Branch of the Great Nerthern Railway near Lower Street, shales and thin beds of sandstone being brought down against the Thornhill Rock; a bore hole in the brickfield north of Black Gates proved the old coal workings at a depth of 30 yards. At Lee Fair Colliery the Haigh Moor Coal has been worked and the fault proved, but there was not much information to be obtained about this old colliery. However, the fault seen near the bridge which carries Lower Street over the railway, and the outcrop of the Haigh Moor Coal on the east side of Woodkirk Beck valley, give a very close approximation to the exact line of this fault, which, throwing down to the south-east, puts in measures above the Haigh Moor Coal. The section given in Fig. (100) shows this fault as seen in the railway cutting, and another fault nearly parallel to it which again brings up the Thornhill Rock to the surface on the east; the latter has been dotted on across Upper Street to account for the depth of the Haigh Moor Coal on the west side of Spink Weil Lane. Fig. 100. Section across the Lee Fair Fault at Lower Street Bridge, West Ardsley, Gildersome Branch, Great Northern Railway, north side of railway. cutting. Lower Street Ww. Lee Fair Fault. Bridge. Fault. Fault. Thornhill Rock. Within this latter space we have the beds from the top of the Thornhill Rock up to the Stanley Main Coal. The Thornhill Rock is seen in the railway and in the quarry at Ardsley Common on the upcast side of the Topcliffe fault, and is overlaid on the south by the Haigh Moor Coal, whose outcrop was seen in several places from the railway westwards through Ardsley Fall Wood to Griff House, under the sand- stone which forms the small but distinctly marked escarpment between these places. West of Griff House the escarpment is not so well marked, and we have drawn on a doubtful outcrop with a dotted line as far as the fault crossing Upper Street at the south end of Spink Well Lane. In the brook through Haigh Wood and Bottoms Wood the outcrops of several thin coals occur; these are some of the coal bands which lie above the Haigh Moor Coal. The dip of the beds exposed in the brook is variable, and in some instances very high: At Beggarington Hill and Baghill we have the same sandstone as is laid down at Griff House, and below it the outcrop of the Haigh Moor Coal from the Upper Batley fault, up the valley of the Haigh Beck, to the Lee Fair fault; old workings, and actual exposure giving the line with tolerable accuracy. We get beds nearly down to the top of the Thornhill Rock in the bottom of the valley. The two approximately parallel faults, Woodhouse Lane north and south faults, between the Upper Batley fault and Pilden Lane, have been proved in the workings from Woodhouse Lane Colliery ;* the north fault has a downcast to the south-east, and the south fault to the north-west, the effect of which is to put the Warren House Coal in between them to a depth of 18 yards at Wood- house Lane Colliery; the amount of these faults has not been exactly ascer- * From information communicated by Mr. J. Haigh. Thornhill Rock. THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF EAST ARDSLEY. 695 tained, but they are supposed to be about 40 yards down to the south-east and north-west respectively. The East Ardsley east and west faults have been proved in the East Ardsley Old Collieries, and the lines obtained from the old working plans.* The west fault has a downcast of 15 yards to the west near Old Hall, and the east fault a downcast of 14 yards to the east near Orchard Pit, where across fault between the two has also been proved with a downthrow of 14 yards to the north. The fault between the Garden Pit and the guide post was proved in working the Haigh Moor Coal and obtained from the same source. North of East Ardsley a number of small faults are shown which have been procured in a similar way. In Ardsley Fall Wood a fault was seen in the cutting on the south-west side of the railway running nearly parallel to it; the beds were shattered, broken, and contorted, with no regular dip. On the north-east side of the railway a coal was seen rising up to the east and dipping towards the angle between this fault and the Topcliffe fault. So irregular was the dip and so uncertain the continuance of the beds that none of the coal seams could be put on with any accuracy unless where they were actually seen in situ. On the east of Mill Lane we have sandstone and sandy shale in the rail- way dipping S. 80° E.; at 18° these are overlaid by shale, which is succeeded bya coal 1 ft. 3 in. thick, and that again is overlaid by sandstone and sandy shale. In Ardsley Lane, south of the point where we have carried the Top- cliffe fault across the lane, the inclination of the sandstone is S. 10° W. at 40°, diminishing to 15° lower down near Dolphin Beck. Crossing to the south of the East Ardsley east fault, we have a sandstone, seen in the cutting south-east of the White Hart Public house,the top of which is about 150 yards above the Haigh Moor Coal, and we traced it from Lingwell Gate to Royston Hill, south of which it is thrown out by the Frog Hall fault, proved in working the Haigh Moor Coal to be a downthrow to the north. On the upcast side of this fault the sandstone which stretches away westwards from Stony Lane to the Woodhouse Lane south fault is the rock above the Haigh Moor Coal, if the depth to that coal south of Simpson’s Spring be correct. Due east from Blind Lane Top a coal comes up below this sandstone in the smalt brook on the east side of Woodhouse Lane, of which the following is a section :— Black shale. ft. in. Coal - - - a - 13 Underclay. Sandstone with stigmaria rootlets. The sandstone at Far Beck Bottom is the rock which has been quarried at Quarry Hill, and the Haigh Moor Coal was about 100 yards deep in the Engine Pit at this place. The Spring Hill fault has been proved from the workings to the Haigh Moor Coal in this locality, and the line obtained from an old colliery plan, for a sight of which we are indebted to Mr. R. Childe, of Wakefield; this fault is also seen crossing the railway cutting south of Lofthouse Station; it here just ‘brings the Stanley Main Coal into the cutting on the north or downcast side of the fault, and a small patch of this coal occurs on each side of the railway. Between this fault and the Lindale Hill fault the beds are seen in the cutting to lie in an anticlinal; a thin bed of coal comes out in the cutting north of the Lindale Hill fault, and rolling over disappears again before the Spring Hill fault is reached. A section of this cutting is given on Fig. 105, p. 706. A coal band occurs below the sandstone and sandy shale east of Blacker Lodge, and another coal seam 1 ft. 2 in. thick is seen on the upcast side of the Sriing Hill fault, * From information communicated by the late Mr. J. Hargreaves, 696 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. We now cometo a belt of broken country which extends from the Staincliffe fault near Flush Dyke Station by Lindale Hill past Lofthouse Station towards Folly Hall. A pair of faults has been proved in the old workings in the Haigh Moor and Gawthorpe Coals at Low Laithes. They extend from the Staincliffe fault to a fault ranging in a south-easterly direction by the Bye Pit of the Old Low Laithes Haigh Moor Colliery, which has been proved where it crosses Park Mill Lane to be a downcast to the south-west of 35 yards. To the north-east of this fault the fault ranging by Lindale Hill Wood sets in; this fault has been proved to be a downcast of 30 yards to the south-east at Park Hill Lane; the termination of the escarpment of the sandstone on Lindale Hill has been taken to mark the continuation of this fault. We have no evidence to fix exactly the position of the continuation of this fault to the north-east till we come to the Great Northern Railway, where a fault crosses the cutting 25 chains south of Lofthouse Station (see Fig. 103). This fault is so nearly in the line of the Lindale Hill fault that we have connected the two by a dotted line. The fault in the cutting has a throw of only 5 yards, and probably dies out to the north-east. Disturbances soon appear again, however, along the same general line. Ona plan of the old workings in the Haigh Moor Coal south-east of Lofthouse Station two faults were marked, and these we have represented running together to join the Spring Hill fauls ]1 chains east of the station. The mapping is however most uncertain, for the plan was incomplete and not very intelligible. Still further to the north-east in the cutting of the Methley and Castleford Branch of the Great Northern Railway at Folly Hall the measures are smashed and broken in a most violent manner. It was impossible to unravel all the intricacies of the section, but what appeared to be the two principal faults are laid down on the map. We have now to turn to the country between the belt of broken ground just described and the Horbury Bridge fault, and we will take first the very curious strip of ground ranging from Flush Dyke Station through Park Wood which lies between a pair of parallel trough faults. The south-westerly of these is a continuation of the Staincliffe fault, but it will be convenient to call this portion the Southern Roundwood fault, and the companion fault the Northern Roundwood fault. Between these faults the Stanley Main Coal is thrown in. Their position has been obtained from a plan of the workings in that coal in the possession of Mr. Tolson White. The cutting of the Ossett Branch of the Great Northern Railway east of Flush Dyke Station cuts across the trough and gives the admirable section figured on Fig. 101. The Gawthorpe Coal crops at the west end of the cutting with the following section :— ft. in. Sandstone. Shale. Coal - - - - - 1838 Shale, about - - - 7 0 GawtTHorpe CoaL - 3.3 The coal is almost immediately cut off by the Ossett fault, which brings im sandstone and shale, and these measures continue till the Southern Roundwood fault is reached. To the east of this fault we have shale and sandstone with a eoal seam having the following section :— ft. in. Coal - - - - - 1 6 Spavin - - = - - 010 Coal - - - - - 01 These measures are broken by small faults; they terminate against a fault (A) which appeared to hade to the west, though there was some uncertainty on this point, and this is followed bya fault which throws down about 3 yards to the west. To the east of the fault A the Stanley Main Coal rises up in the bottom of the cutting: the section of the seam here has been given on p. 426. Twenty-three chains from Flush Dyke Station the northern Round- Fig. 101. Section of the Cutting east of Flush Dyke Station. “(q) $Me ~~ “ne } poompunoy useqy1O NE ------ > 77 i | “peop, Our ‘Teop spuvg yoelq--------- hj i *(¥) sIMeg--~------4 “Hae poompunoy wseyynog™-~--~-— Ff kf “FNBT 94988977 Vj ‘Te0g ediopyMey----—- 7] “Teo, ULERY AoruTyg 697 698 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. wood fault is reached. To the east of this fault the cutting shows the follow-- ing measures :— ft. in. Shale. Black shale. Shale. Black shale and dirty coal - - - 2 0 Black shale, coal, and spavin - - 4 0 These beds lie in a flat synclinal and are cut off by a fault (B) 7 chains west of New Park Lane. This fault was again seen in the railway to Round- wood Colliery, and a little to the north-east of it the cutting showed a black shale, and a mixture of black shale, coal, and spavin which corresponded exactly with the beds on its south-west side in the railway cutting. The fault is therefore a small downcast to the south-west. The workings from Low Laithes Old Colliery were carried up to a fault which is doubtless the fault just described ; it was apparently looked upon asa continuation of the Staincliffe fault, and no attempt seems to have been made to cross it. The evidence furnished by the railway cutting now shows that this was a mistake, The workings of Low Laithes Colliery extended from the fault just described up to the fault that ranges in a south-easterly direction through the Bye Pit; to the east they did not reach beyond the Top Pit. When we get outside this proved ground we have very little information about the country south-west of the Balne Beck. In the wood called Springs there are traces of old workings, and a coal 18 in. thick is said to have been found at a depth of 12 yards in Flanshaw Quarry. There is also the mouth of an old drift, probably con- nected with these workings in Spa Lane near Spout Fold, from which a strong chalybeate water issues. ; A fault was seen in the cutting of the Ossett Branch of the Great Northern Railway east of Alverthorpe. The sandstone on its northern side seems to form a broad spread on the hill top by Silcoates up to the Lindale Hill fault, but the boundary of the rock is ill-defined. To the north-east of the Balne Beck we come into country where workings and sections give us plentiful information. The Stanley Main Coal is just at the top of the shaft of Wrenthorpe Colliery. A sandstone here lies a little way above the coal, and its escarpment and old workings enable us to trace its outcrop up to Brag Lane End, where the coal was seen in the ditch of the Wakefield and East Ardsley Road. A little further to the north the crop abuts against a large east and west fault, which will be shortly described under the name of the Hatfield Hall fault. A crop which is probably that of the Scale Coal was seen a little to the north of the Horbury Bridge fault, and still higher in the measures there is a sandstone which probably represents the Woolley Edge Rock. It ranges from the north of Field Head southwards to the Horbury Bridge fault, but it is so feebly marked that is not laid down on the map. We now come to the fault which runs in a gently curved line from Wilson Hill in a general easterly direction, and crosses the Leeds and Wakefield Road 24 chains south of the Victoria public-house at Newton Lane Ends. It isa downcast to the north and will be called the Hatfield Hall fault. This fault is seen where it crosses the Great Northern Railway, and has been proved from the Haigh Moor Pit of the Stanley Victoria Colliery. Unfortunately no record seems to have been preserved of the lie of the measures in the “stone- drift ’ which was here carried through the fault, but we believe they must lie somewhat in the way shown in the section in Fig. 102 for the following reason. The section of the Haigh Moor Pit presents the following anomaly: the coals in the upper part are the usual distances apart, but as we descend in the shaft the distances between the coals increase; the increase is most marked in the case of the Warren House and Haigh Moor Coals, which in this neigh- bourhood are usually some 70 or 80 yards apart, whereas in the present shaft there are more than a hundred yards of measures between them. We think this increase in apparent thickness is due to the fact that near the bottom of the shaft the beds are in close proximity to the fault and are steeply tilted, whereas THE HATFIELD HALL FAULT. 699 higher up the hade, which is very large, carries the fault away from the shaft and the measures have the general gentle dip of the country. Fig. 102. Probable Section across the Hatfield Hall Fault at the Haigh Moor Pit, Stanley Victoria Colliery. Haigh Moor Hatfield Pit. Hall Fault. 1 t ! ——— | Cat Coal. Cat Coal. Scale Coal, ————-— 5 Scale Coal. Stanley Main Coal. — Stanley Main Coal. Warren House Coal, ———__| Warren House Coal. Haigh Moor Coal. —| y Haigh Moor Coal, The throw here was estimated at 80 yards. East of the Haigh Moor Pit the workings in the Haigh Moor Coal on the north of this fault are repre- sented on the colliery plan as having been carried up to this fault as far as Grove Cottage on the road from Wakefield to Oulton. There is no doubt the workings were stopped off along faulted ground for the whole of this distance, but the workings in the Middleton Main Coal have since shown that east of Hatfield Hall the fault at which the Haigh Moor workings terminated is probably not the Hatfield Hall fault itself, but a belt of broken ground formed by branches springing out of that fault. In the Middleton Main Coal. the Hatfield Hall fault has been touched at several places, and at one spot a stone drift was carried through it and a staple pit put down on the upcast side to the Beeston Coal. This pit was 16 yards deep, and as the average distance between the Middleton Main and Beeston Coals is about 100 yards, the fault here seems to have a throw of about 80 yards. The fault has again i crossed beneath Hatfield Hall, and found to have there a throw of 30 yards. East of this point we come to a very puzzling bit of ground. For many years the broken ground at which the workings in the Haigh Moor Coal had been stopped was helieved to be. the Hatfield Hall fault, but a few years ago a heading was driven a little east of south from the pumping shaft by Spa Fold, and carried nearly down to Stanley Ferry Lane; this heading ran across the lines of the Hatfield Hall and the Horbury Bridge faults, but no fault of any importance was met with in the whole distance ; both these faults roust therefore disappear and that rather rapidly to the east of Hatfield Hall. Further underground exploration will throw more light on the matter; but if we bear in mind that the two faults throw in opposite directions, and are about of the same size, it will not seem an improbable conjecture if we suppose that they meet and neutralise one another, so that beyond their junction no definite fault exists. It is likely however that for some distance beyond the junction very broken ground would be found, for there is a belt of very broken ground running from Hatfield Hall to Grove Cottage, and several small faults were met with in the heading running south from the Engine Pit. On the south side of the Hatfield Hall fault a heading has been driven to the west in the Haigh Moor Coal up to Foster Ford Beck; many small faults were crossed which are probably’ off-sets from the main throw. A dip incline has been driven in the same coal to the Horbury Bridge fault, and that throw has been stripped from some distance. On the north of the Hatfield Hall fault the beds rise gently to the north, 700 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. and there is an excellent section of them in the cutting of the Great Northern Railway which is shown in Fig. 103. The measures at the south end of the cutting are a little way above the ‘Me TH Suptdg---~-----~ il Stanley Main Coal; the Hatfield Hall ’ fault is then crossed, and on its down- cast side the Stanley Scale rises up from the bottom of the cutting with a dip of 10° to the north; the beds soon resume their usual dip and the Scale Coal rises to the surface; a small fault throwing. down to the north about 2 yards is then crossed, and a little fur- ther to the north an unusually fine section of the Stanley Main Coal is ex- posed in the cutting. Below this seam the following beds crop up :—— “UOTPBIG OsNOTYOT-------- oe “[eog ureyy Aoptteag ~ "77 TTY ft. in. Irregular beds of sand- stone and shale - | about 45 0 Dark shale - - Hard black shale, approaching *[@0Q 0049, “gyvegl [TEL o1@pUrT----~-- a Stone Coal 1 23 Shale - - . “03 Coal co - 0 4 5 Aoqaryg ....--- BeOr pees MY) Shale - v2 Ay ~=Sandstone. Shale with platy layers of sandstone. Black shale with a little Coal. Light grey shales with ironstone no- dules. A little to the north of Hood Hill Lane these beds are crossed by a fault throwing down about 5 yards to the south, which has been taken to be the Lindale Hill fault. North of this fault the measures undulate in a flat anti- clinal till they are cut off by the Spring Hill fault, on the downcast aide of which there is a little patch of the Stanley Main Coal. The coal has been recently bared in a brick pit, and there can be no doubt about its identification. The workings in the Middleton Main Coal at Stanley Victoria Colliery have MAW been carried up to a fault which ranges __ [809 oTuog .--------K WN north of east from Outwood Hall to- SSIS AVL wards Colliers Row. No attempt has been made to cross this fault, and nothing is known about the country between it and the belt of broken ground already described, which runs from Lofthouse Station towards Folly ane Hall. On the east the Middleton Main eH peuyeH7 7777777 Coal has been proved up to the fault, down 18% yards to the north-east, which runs through Spa Fold; this fault has been crossed, but explorations have not been pushed far beyond it. If our con- jectural mapping be correct the Tong and Topcliffe fault does not lie very much further to the east. Fig. 108. Section of the Cutting of the Great Northern Railway between the Wakefield and Bradford Road and Lofthouse Station. euoyspuLRs Ayeys pus epeys THE COUNTRY BETWEEN STANLEY AND KIPPAX. TOL District 33.—The Country from Stanley Lane Ends through Methley Park and Mickletown to Kippaz. This district is bounded on the north-west by two faults which we will call the Lofthouse and Fleakingley Bridge faults. The Lofthouse fault is a continuation of the East Ardsley easterly fault, and runs in a curved line through Lofthouse and to the west of Oulton. The Fleakingley Bridge fault ranges in a north-easterly direction through Oulton and Fleakingley Bridge to Roach Grange. Both these faults throw down to the south-east. On the south-west the boundary is a continuation of the Topcliffe fault through Stanley Ferry. On the south-east the boundary is a fault ranging past Altofts and through Methley Junction and Allerton Bywater to Ledstone. This we will call the Allerton Bywater fault; it is down to the south-east. Towards the north-east the district extends up to the escarp- ment of the Magnesian Limestone. In describing the north-west boundary faults, we will begin with that which we have named the Lofthouse fault. This fault has been proved at Royds Green in working the Haigh Moor Coal from Spencer Pit.* At Bushy Cliff Wood the outcrop of the Warren House Coal abuts against the upcast side of the fault, and is brought nearly in a line with the outcrop of a coal band about 113 yards above the Haigh Moor, thus making the downcast at this point about 35 yards. The fault has neither been proved nor seen in any other portion of its line, but we have drawn it on provisionally to join the East, Ardsley easterly fault on the south-west and the Fleakingley Bridge fault on the north-east, partly guided by such evidence as the surface configuration of the ground afforded. The Fleakingley Bridge fault has been proved in working the Middleton Main and Haigh Moor Coals at the Astley Collieries,+ having been touched both on the upcast and downcast sides. The depth to -the Middleton Main at Fleakingley Bridge is 125 yards, but on the opposite side of this fault the Haigh Moor is brought in to a depth of about 100 yards, which will give 175 yards as the amount of throw at Fleakingley Beck. (See Hor. Sect. sheet 99.) To the north-east of Fleakingley Bridge the fault has been proved as far as Lockwood Lane, but beyond these there is some little uncertainty as to the line it takes. A fault runs between the two shafts at Billy Wood Pit, near Kippax Beck, for the Coal found in the shaft to the south at a depth of 90 yards is not in in the shaft to the north. It is possible this may be the Fleakingley Bridge fault, but it is against this view that the direction in which ¢hat fault is running at Lockwood Lane does not point to this spot. On the other hand there is a fault on the north side of the Kippax fault ranging in a north-easterly direction through Owlet Hall, which lies almost exactly on the line which the Fleakingley Bridge fault is taking at Lockwood Lane. We considered it more likely that this is the continuation of the Fleakingley Bridge fault and drew the line accordingly. The position of the fault through Owlet Hall has been fixed by the following considerations: a comparison of the depths of the Haigh Moor Coal at Moor Gate, and in the old surface workings to that seam east of West Field Lane, and the fact that while we have the Haigh Moor Coal at Moor Gate, the beds at Kippax Hollins are not higher than the base of the Thornhill Rock. _ ; The Allerton Bywater fault has been worked up to in the Haigh Moor Coal * To the late Mr. J. Hargreaves, manager to Messrs. J. & J. Charlesworth, we were indebted for much information about this neighbourhood, and to his son Mr. W. Hargreaves, who succeeded as manager, we have to express our thanks for the ist which he has since rendered us. wo ey Meer: J. & J. Pollard, agents for Sir Charles Hugh Lowther, Swillington Hall, most kindly supplied us with information as to the collieries at Astley. 702 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. atthe Allerton Bywater Colliery,* where this coal is 139 yards deep, but as the fault has not been crossed there is some uncertainty about the amount. A boring on the west side of the River Aire and close to the line of the fault gives 125 yards as the depth of the Stanley Main Coal, which would make the amounts of downthrow as much as 135 yards to the south-east. We cannot, however, rely on this estimate, for there are two other bore holes in the valley east of the river, and if the amount of the throw be calcu- lated on the basis of the data furnished by these bore holes, the results neither agree with one another nor with the first estimate. ; ; The fault has been worked up to from the Methley Junction Colliery,t and in the siding to that colliery there is a section of it which is given on Fig. 104. Fig. 104. Section of the Allerton Bywater Fault at Methley Junction. Grey Shale Coal 6” Thickly bedded Shale and shaly Shale. Sandstone. Sandstone, Sand- stone with part- ings of sandy ; Shale,“ ; i i Thick Coal 7” Coal. About a mile to the south-west the fault has been struck on both sides. It was worked up on the downcast side from the West Riding Colliery,{ and on the upcast side from Foxholes Colliery. At the West Riding Colliery the fault was reached in the Middleton Main, and a steep stone drift was carried on the upcast side till the Beeston Coal was reached. The Beeston Coal was 25 yards above the Middleton Main, which would make the throw about 125 yards; the engineers from careful levellings in the two collieries estimated the throw at 112 yards. South-west of this spot the fault has not been proved or seen. There can be no doubt, however, about its existence at Altofts, for to the east of the village, the Stanley Main Coal lies at a very small depth, and to the south of the village bore holes on the Newland Estate prove the same seam at depths of from 150 to 160 yards. The line of the fault has been drawn where traces of the old workings in the shallow coal cease, and a high dip seen near the western end of Birk Wood Plantation is probably near the line. It seems certain that the fault must run to the north of Birk Wood Plantation, for a spring there was drained by the pumping at St. John’s Colliery Newlands, and this would not be likely to happen if a large fault ran between. The Topcliffe fault has been already described (p. 678). The portion of it which bounds the present district has not been either proved or seen, and its exact position is uncertain, but the following considerations leave no doubt as to its existence. The measures at Stanley Lane Ends are’ below the Stanley Main Coal, but that seam is 102 yards deep at the Engine Pit of the Stanley Victoria Colliery; again the Stanley Main crops high up on the hill at Birk- wood Common, and is found at a considerable depth at Stanley Ferry and near Stanley Hall. We have already mentioned that this fault has been proved at St. John’s Colliery, Newlands, and we have given it the same general direction across the present doubtful ground which it was found to have at that colliery. * To Mr. Charles Carter, of the firm of Messrs. T. M. Carter & Co,, from whom this information was obtained, is -due our acknowledgment of this and other favours received. + Mr. Bruton, manager of the Whitwood Collieries, supplied us with information respecting this and other points connected with the collieries under his charge. { Information from Mr. John Hopkinson, manager. § Information from the proprietor Mr. W. Wood, and the engineer Mr. Embleton. THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF LOFTHOUSE. 703 The beds which occur in the present district range from about 20 yards above the Haigh Moor Coal to some little distance above the Stanley Main Coal, while the measures as low as the Middleton Main Coal have been proved in the Victoria Pit, Astley Colliery, where that seam of coal is now being worked. In the old colliery railway east of Lofthouse Hill the outcrop of the Stanley Main Coal is seen in the cutting east of Summer House. The following is the section of the strata above and below the coal :— ft. in. ft. in, Sandstone. Sandy shale. Shale and ironstone nodules. Soft shale. (Coal - - Clay - - Dark soft shale Coal, Black Bands STANLEY | Clay - - Matin < Dirty Coal - Coat - | Coal, Lime Coal White shale or clay Coal, Main Coal Parting - Coal - Underclay Shales Sandstone Shale - Coal - Clay - Shale - Sandy shale Sandstone Sandy shale. Sandstone and sandy shale. The sandstone over the coal has a dip of 20° in a direction N. 24° E., which high dip if continuing northwards for any distance would soon bring in the Stanley Scale over the Main Coal; this seam was not, however, seen in the cutting, and we have not ventured to draw it in from calculation alone in the absence of any other evidence. The dip flattens to the south of the outcrop, the sandstone below the 7-inch Coal dipping only at 7°, N. 8° E. The thin bands of sandstone seen in the section have been laid down on very slender evidence along the hillside, and the coal itself could not be traced with any accuracy further than the line of outcrop shown on the map. The fault between Lee Moor and Lofthouse Hill has neither been seen nor proved ; but some such fault seems to be needed, for the Stanley Main Coal is striking from the outcrop just described so as to abut against the sandstone which occurs at Cockpit Houses. We have therefore drawn in a hypothetical fault with a downthrow to the west. : Athin capping of sandstone covers the top of Canal Hill, and is seen to be separated by a band of shale from the sandstone which is quarried west of Cockpit Houses, and which stretches northward along the valley to Lee Moor Bridge. A coal 9 in. thick, which rises up at a high angle on the north side of Lee Moor Lane near Ouzelwell Green, has been the only evidence for drawing a base line to this rock between the brook and the place where this coal band comes to the surface. The two faults at Tenterman Hill, the one 9 yards and the other 13 yards down te the south-west, have been proved in working the coal from the old collieries between Lee Moor House and Moor House,” and the 13-yards fault has been carried northward to the Lofthouse fault at Ouzelwell Green on the ground o co wie Oo HO ee i Oe eS we ot bo eg ere rEnpaa 's re 1 bo an * From information communicated by the late Mr. J. Hargreaves. 704 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. that in the beck north of Lee Moor Bridge we have the outcrops of some thin coal seams, against which the sandstone seen in Lee Moor Quarry seemingly abuts; this rock,and that which occurs at Bottom Boat (see Hor. Sect. sheet 98), may, as far as we are able to judge, be correlated with some beds of “ Stone-bind ” and “‘ Stone” lying between the Warren House and Stanley Main Coals which are shown on sheet 38 of the Vertical Sections. The Coal Band seen just north of the place where the fault is drawn across Lee Moor Beck has the following section :— ft. in. = ft. in, Coal and dirt 10 Clay - - - - - 01 Coal - - - - 0 0% Clay - - - - - 0 13 Coal - - - - O Of. Underclay - : - - No complete section was obtained of the Coal Band which occurs further north in the brook, where the little stream from Dungeon Lane joins Lee Moor Beck, but the upper portion of its section did not seem to identify it with the last band, for it ran— Dark shale Soft Coal Dark shale Coal - In a small stream which runs down from Dungeon Lane, and about 5 chains south-west from the lane, another Coal Band was seen, and from this exposure, the appearance of the ground, and calculation, we have drawn in an outcrop round the hillside between the Lofthouse fault and Cockpit Houses. From the depth of the Haigh Moor Coal at Spencer Pit this coal band possibly corresponds to the highest band laid down through Spring Wood, which was proved in sinking Spring Pit and seen in the brook east of the New Market Colliery. These beds occur in the following order :— ft. in. ft. in, 0 4 = 3 ft. in. Sandstone - - - Shale. - - Sandstone - - - Shale and ironstone nodules Dark shale - - Brown shale - Dark shale Coal Underclay Shales Coal If we compare the foregoing section with the beds as given in the Spring Pit section, it will be seen that the two lowest coals evidently correspond to the beds seen in the brook section. bo ° ee EWE eS 14 ef £ 2 w @ e. Be «4 er botoro pop t bo nes ft. in. ft. 20 2 Blue bind - - Black shale and Coal Spavin - - - Coal Muck - Coal - Spavin Blue bind Cannel Coal RO WwW WHOS 3 0 3 5 _ MriridO neu 1 The old surface hollows in Alms Houses Wood, Methley Park, may possibly indicate where the highest of these bands comes up to the surface in that locality (see Horizontal Sections, sheet 94). The small faults which are shown on the map between Fleet Mills and THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF KIPPAX. METHLEY LANES FAULT. 705 Hollin Hurst Wood have all been proved in working the coal seams from the Astley Colliery.* The Warren House Coal, which lies at a comparatively shallow depth under the alluvial flat of the River Aire, crops out at Brigshaw Pit (see Horizontal Sections, sheet 94) 3 actual exposures, and the small depths at which the coal has been proved in several places give sufficient data to enable an accurate line to be drawn from Hool Wood down to the bottom of the valley near Billy Wood Pit, and across Hollin Beck to the fault 6 yards down to the north at Kippax.t On the upcast side of this fault the coal does not appear at the surface up to the Magnesian Limestone. The village of Kippax is situated on a projecting tongue of the Magnesian one and outliers of this rock occur at Town Close Hills and Preston 8. In Butt Lane leading from Kippax to Brigshaw the following section can be traced along the side of the lane :— ft. in, ft. in. Sandstone. - - - e Coal smut and clay - - - Shale - - - - Shaly sandstone - - - Clay - - - - - 04 Coal - - - 07 Clay - : - - . Sandy shale - - : ‘The beds seem to be dipping N. 30° E. at about 2°. A fault which has been proved north of Fairy Pit, and which we have named the Kippax fault, brings the Haigh Moor Coal to the surface at West- field Lane, and as Fairy Pit is 80 yards deep to this coal, the downthrow to the south will be about 100 yards. A fault north of No. 6 Pit has been worked up to, and is supposed to be the same as the Kippax fault, but in the absence of any evidence to the contrary we have continued the Kippax fault eastwards along the north side of the tongue of Magnesian Limestone, which is nearly in a direct line with the fault as proved north of White Hills. The fault 6 yards down to the north and the fault on the north-east side of the Sheffield Beck have been proved in the workings from the Old Kippax Colliery.t Old surface workings west of Moor Gate, and the depth of the coal at that place, give us the outcrop of the Haigh Moor Coal on the upcast side of the Kippax fault, and on each side of Westfield Bridge. A bore hole at this bridge proves a coal at a depth of 286 ft. 6 in., which nearly corresponds in position with the Middleton 40-yards Coal, but if the boring be correct the seam is here of greater thickness than it is generally found+o be. (See Vert. Sects. sheet 45.) We will now give the evidence for the Methley Lanes fault, which lies nearly parallel to and almost midway between the north-west and south-east boundary faults. It has been proved in working the coal from the Newmarket and Bottom Boat Collieries,§ in the workings from the Foxholes. Colliery, || but has neither been proved nor seen across Methley Park and the alluvial flat of the River Aire: it is again found in the Astley Collieries* on the north side of the valley, in the workings from Hool Wood Pit, Kippax Colliery, and in the Old Kippax Colliery.t A section of this fault and the small fault on the downcast * From information communicated by Messrs. J. and J. Pollard. t bs 35 9 Mr. C. Hodgson. — t Belonging to Messrs. Locke & Co., by whose permission the wnanager Mr. C. Hodgson and Mr. B. Bickerdike afforded us all the assistanee they possibly could ; the long experience of the last-named in the district was of great value to us. § From information communicated by the late Mr. J. Hargreaves. {I se 5 » Mr. W. Wood. 42518. YY 706 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. side of it, both of which were proved in these workings, is exposed in the cutting for the Kippax Branch Railway east of Bell Croft Lane. Fig. 105. (Fig. 106.) 5 HINO nnn cutting. @ 89 10i1 7 284 6 Ta yued _ --- souey OTIC HL Section across the Methley Lanes Fault west of Hiol Wood Pit, Kippax Branch Railway, north-east side of railway p ‘ih EB AN ihe On the downcast side of (F,) and ‘extending’ as far as (F,), we have the following beds dipping S. 30° E. at an angle of 44°, flattening to 25° at (Fs). The dip in the space the last two faults being 31°. METHLEY LANES FAULT. 707 ft. in. ft. in, 14, Dark shale with ironstone bands, 13. Coal - - - - 0 6 Dark shale - - - - 0 3 Clay - - - - - 0 2 12.< Dark shale - - - 0 3 Underclay —- - - - 1 3 Dark shale - - - - 0 5 11, Blue shale with a few ironstone nodules - - - - 411 10, Grey shale - - - - 5 8 9. Hard sandstone - - - 46 8. Sandy shale - - - - I 6 7. Shale - - - - 12 0 6. Sandstone - - = - 146 5. Shale - - - - - 6 0 : (Dirt - - 0 3 Coal - 12 Black parting - 0 O32 Coal - 13 Dark parting - 0 Of Coal _- 0 103 Dark parting - O Of 4. Warren Howse } Coal - 0 3 Coat. Clay parting - O O08 a -~ 17 1 lay partin, - 0 0 Goel v o 7 4 Clay partin, - 0 Dirt E = - 0 4% Shale, white - 0 7 (Coal - 3 3. Underclay - - - - 3 0 2. Sandstone - | « - - 60 1. Shale - - - - = Between the Methley Lanes fault (F,) and the fault (F,), there are two small faults marked (F,) and (F;) in (Fig. 105). (F,) shifts the base of the Warren. House Coal 3 ft. 9 in. down along the slope of the fault to the north, and (F;) throws the beds 1 ft, down in the same direction. (F,) will mark the surface line. of the fault proved in the Haigh Moor Coal,* one chain south from the Methley Lanes fault; there is, however, rather over 3 chains between the positions of these faults in the cutting; this is to be accounted for by the different angles at which they incline to the south ; the “hade” of (F) is 75°, and that of (Fy) is 84°, as seen at the surface. ; : The fault (F,) is about 6 ft. in width and filled with dark shale and clay. It brings in on the south the following measures which lie about 116 yards above the Haigh Moor Coal. ft. in. ft. in. a. Sandstone - : - Coal - - - - 03 if Clay - - - - - 0 3 Coal - - - - 04 Clay - - - 7 - Oj] Black parting - - i - O Of °-) Clay - - - - - 03 Underclay - - 2 - 1 3 d, Hard sandy underclay with nodules - - - - 40 Shale - - - - - * Dark shale - - - - A fault (F,) sloping to the north at 23° throws down coal (6) 1 ft. in that * From information communicated by Mr. C. Hodgson. yY2 708 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. direction, and although the beds dip slightly to the south, the fall of the ground is sufficiently rapid to bring the outcrop of this coal band out within the length of the cutting. On the upcast side of the Methley Lanes fault (F,) we have shale and sandy shale dipping abont 14° to the north, but the dip soon becomes less, and the beds more and more sandy as we proceed northward. In the Sheffield Beck near the place where this fault is proved in the coal the beds are disturbed, and two faults are seen, but it is doubtful if either of these represents the surface line of the Methley Lanes fault. One of these faults has been taken to be the fault marked (F,) in Fig. 106. On the south-east the section shows calcareous sandy shale dipping S. 59° E., at about 13°, which is overlaid by the coal band shown on the map. Then a fault brings in nearly vertical shale and hard sandstone bands, the next fault puts in a coal band and soft beds, the inclination of which is 8. 32° E. at about 50°. The section on the north-west of the last fault is— ft. in. ft. in. 3 0 Cla: y 83 Dirt Coal Dirt Coal Clay Sandstone. A provisional line has been drawn across the alluvial flat of the River Aire ie through Methley Park, joining the Kippax with the Methley Lanes end of this fault. The outcrop of the Warren House Coal strikes against this fault at the north-east end of Hool Wood; in Hool Wood Pit the Haigh Moor Coal is worked at a depth of 115 yards. The coal in the section on p. 707 is the Warren House, and hence the down- cast here is to the north-west. At Allerton the downcast is to the south-east and is estimated at 30 yards. At New Market Colliery the Warren House was 40 yards deep in the shaft on the north side of this fault, while the Bye Pit was 60 yards to the same coal, thus proving the fault to be there a down- throw of 20 yards to the south-east, In the cutting of the Methley and Castleford Branch of the Great Northern Railway, north of Stanley Lane Ends, a coal band Ift. 3in. thick is seen dipping 4° in a north-east direction; it is overlaid by shales, and they in turn are overlaid by sandstone. This sandstone is cut off on the east by a fault which brings in the following beds :— oO ae 0 0° cS pe o O° HR wie ' _ 0 ft. in. Sandstone. Grey shale and ironstone. Black shale with thin layers of coal - 310 Black shale. Grey shale. “Three small faults were seen in these beds before coming to Stanley Station. A fault which has been worked up to from Bottom Boat Colliery,* but not proved, is supposed to be a downcast to the west, and the faults seen in the cutting are evidently connected. with it, though it is almost impossible to say which is the surface line of the fault proved in the coal; this fault is most likely the continuation southward of the 13-yards fault, proved on the upcast side of the Methley Lanes fault. : The black shale on the east of these faults dips to the south of west at an angle of 3°; the sandstone at Bottom Boat lies beneath the black shale of the section last given. It is a rock sufficiently massive to have been largely quarried as a building stone, but it is difficult to recognise any sand- stone corresponding to it in any of the sinking and boring accounts of-the measures in this neighbourhood, unless it be some beds of stone-bind and stone already noticed. (See p. 704, and Vert. Sects. sheet 38.) The Bottom * From information communicated by the late Mr. J. Hargreaves. COUNTRY BETWEEN MIDDLETON AND BARWICK, 709 Boat Sandstone runs down to the alluvial flat at Bottom Boat Ferry and disappears under the Middle terrace gravel east of Oldridge Beck. On the south of the Calder two outlying patches of the Stanley Main Coal occur on Birkwood Common. Mr. Hodgson, formerly manager of Messrs. Locke and Warrington’s Collieries, was kind enough to have the outcrop bared for us, and the following section was obtained :— ft. in. ft.in. Coal, top not seen, more than - 0 5 Spavin - - - - - 09 Coal - - - - 16 Spavin - - - - - 04 - Coal - - - - O01 Spavin - - - - - 01 Coal, not bottomed, more than - 3 0 The Middle terrace of gravel mentioned above and the other alluvial deposits of the Aire and Calder cover a large portion of this area from Lake Lock Yard to Allerton Bywater. Between the alluvium and the edge of the Magnesian Limestone no beds of importance crop out. In the Clay Pit south of Allerton Plantation, a coal from 6 to 10in. thick was seen under the surface clay ; it was cut out both on the east and west by the surface deposit. The section was as follows :— nas ft. in. ft. in. ‘ace - = w _ z : 7 Blue clay = - - - 7 - - - }4 : White and brown clay, sometimes gravelly material - - lil Coal - - - - - - - 0 6t0010 White underclay - - - - 3 * Another coal band 6 in, thick is seen under some red-stained shales in the Roman Road at Pannel Hill east of Kippax Hall. An outlier of Magnesian Limestone occurs at Sheldon Hill, and on the west side of the road at Pannel Hill a bed of sandy limestone is seen resting upon stained carboniferous sandstone and shale. There is little doubt that this bed is the sand rock at the base of the Magnesian Limestone, but it is hardly possible to separate it from the carboniferous rocks beneath it. A coal crops in the road just opposite the Lodge of Kippax Park. The fault near Foot Bridge in Kippax Park has been proved both in amount and direction in working the Haigh Moor Coal from Hool Wood Pit, and the line obtained from the working plan, as has also the direction of the fault south-east from Berry Lane along the valley of the Sheffield Beck.* District 34.—The Country round Middleton, Rothwell, Woodlesford, Hunslet, Osmondthorpe, Whitkirk, Swillington, Moor Garforth, and Seacroft to Barwick in Elmet. This district is an irregular four-sided figure, somewhat broader at the Moor Garforth than at the Middleton end. It is bounded on the north-west by a fault running from Seacroft through Osmondthorpe and Hunslet, which will be called the Osmond- thorpe fault. The boundary on the south-west is the Topcliffe fault, and on the south-east the Fleakingley Bridge and Lofthouse faults form the boundary. On the north-east our account will be carried up to the base of the Magnesian Limestone. The beds that come to the surface range from measures below the Beeston up to the Haigh Moor Coal. Between the Thorpe Wood fault and the Brown Hill fault at Churwell, the Osmondthorpe fault consists of two faults from seven to nine chains apart. * From information communicated by Mr. C. Hodgson. 710 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. or, as the.colliers term it, “ throws down in two lifts.’ The north-westerly of these two faults has been proved to be 28 yards and the south-easterly 16 yards down to the south-east. These faults have been proved on the Beeston Manor Colliery* as far as the Thorpe Wood fault. They have ‘been carried on up to the io eae fault on the following general evidence. North of Daisy Hill there have been surface workings to the Adwalton, Stone Coal, while the Haigh Moor Coal crops on the south side of the railway. The dip is not steep enough to bring in the Haigh Moor Coal by natural superposition in the distance between the. two places, and a fault is therefore required to account for the presence of this coal. We have accordingly continued both the branches of the Osmondthorpe fault from the Thorpe Wood up to the Topcliffe fault. In the workings from the Beeston Colliery the two branches just described unite into a single fault, whose throw is equal to the sum of the throws of the two branches. The Osmoundthorpe fault has also been met with both in the Beeston and Black Bed Coals in the following collieries: Black Bank (Bowling Iron Company), Neville Hill (Norwegian Titanic Iron Company), and Osmondthorpe (Low Moor Iron Company), formerly belonging to the Farnley Jron Company. The line across the river flat has been laid down with as much accuracy as possible from the known depths of the coals at sundry spots in the valley. At Pontefract Lane the downcast to the south-east is about 35 yards, but it increases to the north- east, for at Kendall Pit, Osmondthorpe, the Black Bed Coal is 84 yards deep, and an old shaft near the Selby Railway was 68 yards deep to the Beeston Coal, thus making the amount to be about 50 yards at this place.t . The fault has also been proved between Killingbeck Hall and Seacroft in working the Beeston Coal from the collieries belonging to the Manston Coal Company, and is reckoned a 90-yards throw,§ but it is perhaps less than this, for the Beeston Coal is 60 yards deep on the downcast side, and we have the outcrop of the Crow Coal in the brook which runs west from Seacroft to jom the White or Wike Beck. Supposing the Crow Coal dips one in twenty from the outcrop in the brook to the fault, this seam would then be about 47 yards deep on the upcast, while the Beeston Bed is 60 yards deep on the downcast side, which would give nearly 73 yards as the probable amount of the throw of this fault in this locality. The fault has been carried on through Seacroft and close to Pen Well, where the Beeston Coal is cut off. Beyond this point the only evidence we have for the continuation of the fault is furnished by the cutting of the Wetherby and Cross Gates Railway half a mile north-west of Scholes. The northern part of this cutting lies very nearly on the line pro- duced of the Osmondthorpe fault, and the beds in it were very violently dis- turbed. The section was not clear enough to enable us to fix decisively the line of a fault across it, but enough was shown to make it probable that the Osmondthorpe fault continues to the north-east at least as far as this cutting. The Lofthouse and Fleakingley Bridgé faults and the Topcliffe fault, which bound the present district on the south-east and south-west, have been already described (see pp. 701 and 678). . ; 7 - ce ' The escarpment of the Magnesian Limestone, which forms a winding: and irregular line between the Fleakingley Bridge and Weetwood - faults, marks the north-east boundary. We will begin our description with an account of the tract that lies between the Osmondthorpe and Topcliffe fault and a fault ranging from Owlers through Thorpe Wood and Carlton, which will be called the Thorpe Wood fault. This is the most complicated piece in the whole district, and in some cases the beds which occur in it are by no means easy to identify: The Thorpe Wood fault has been touched in working the different seams of coal from the Beeston Manor Colliery, and has been proved to have a very Jarge “‘hade”’ or slope to the downcast side.. Thus there is as much as 64 chains ae Oe a PY * Messrs. J. Harding & Co. and Mr. H. Wormald were most obliging with supplying us with information on these points. + By the kind permission of the Low Moor Iron Company, Mr. H.'Tempest, the manager, gave us here much valuable information. { From information communicated by the Farnley Iron Company. 5 3) PP the Manston Coal Company. THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MORLEY. 711 between its position in the Blocking Coal and its place in the Black Bed Coal, which makes the average inclination of the fault about 1 in 1°75 in this locality. It has also been worked up to from the old collieries to the Haigh Moor Coal at Owlers Lane, and this coal which outcrops at Owlers is thrown out by it, and the Middleton Main Coal brought up to within about 30 yards of the surface, proving it to be a downcast to the south-west of about 170 yards. It has still further westward been found in the Middleton Coiliery,* and in the Robin Hood Collieryt between Thorpe Wood and the Leeds Road.- The surface line was obtained from the general appearance of the ground and the sections seen, and has been continued through Carlton to join the Fleakingley Bridge fault west of Oulton Hall, with which it seems to correspond. Between Swithins Road and Moot Beck the outcrop of the Warren House is brought down almost against the Haigh Moor, showing the downthrow to the south to be something like 65 yards in this locality. Returning to the north-west end of our district, and directing our attention to the beds within the space between the southern extension of the Osmond- thorpe north-westerly and south-easterly faults, the beds seen in the railway dip at comparatively high angles to the west of south (see p. 678), and in the excavation for the new gasometer_ the measures were seen to be disturbed. South of the gasworks a coal outcrops, of which the following is a section :— ft. in, ft. in. Coal (soft) - . . - 1 3 Dark clay - - - . - 09 Coal © - - - - 23 _Underclay - : : : - O11 Sandy shale - - “ : We are unable to determine what is the position of this coal. The outcrop of the Haigh Moor on the downcast side of the Osmondthorpe south-easterly fault has been put on mainly by calculation from the known depths at which this coal has been worked at Owlers Lane. It is thrown up to the top of the ridge by the fault 30 yards down to the south-east, which has been proved in these workings, between which and the Thorpe Wood fault the outcrop is laid down on similar grounds. The other faults shown on the map in the neighbourhood of Owler’s Lane have all been proved in the same workings, the directions and amounts being procured from the plan of this old colliery.t A fault was seen in Topcliffe Moor Beck, near the junction with Mill Beck ; a band of soft coal having the following section— ft. in. Coal - - - - - 09 Underclay - - - : : Shale and ironstone nodules - - occurs on the east, apparently abutting against sandstone on the west side. The fault has been carried on across both brooks in a nearly north and south direction. ee A coal was seen in the railway cutting west of Sissons Little Wood, and the bell pits in this wood show that it has been worked close to the surface, but we have been unable to come to any definite conclusion as to which seam it is. The fault from Topcliffe Grange, past Marley Hill to Sissons Farm (Marley Hill fault) has been laid down on but very slender evidence. There is some disturbance in the measures at the place where it is shown crossing the railway, but no fault was actually seen, and this along with the ending of the escarp- ment at Marley Hill, and the high dip of the beds seen in the small brook * Messrs. Tetley & Co., through their manager, Mr. M. Nicholson, supplied us with much information as to the faults proved in these collieries. + To Mr. J. Hargreaves, manager to Messrs. Charlesworth, we are indebted for our knowledge of the direction of the line at this place. { From information communicated by Mr. H. Wormald. 712 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. on the east side of the Dewsbury Road, induced us to draw the provisional line shown on the map. ; In the section at the north-west end of the tunnel, figured in Fig.106, two small faults were seen, one (F,)is down 9 feet to the west, the other(F,) is a reversed fault, down 3 feet to the east. The measures seen in the cutting at this end of the tunnel are given below :— Underclay = - Shale and nodules Several sections of the lowest coal were measured, and while there was a general agreement, there were also slight differences, especially in the thin layers of coal occurring in the underclay, these being altogether absent at one or two places within the length of the cutting. There is some difficulty in determining the positions of these coals, but so far as we can correlate them, the top coal seems to be equivalent to a coal band about 37 yards above the Haigh Moor Coal. At the south-east end of the tunnel the Haigh Moor Coal is seen dipping ata high angle. A good section of the measures and coal seams immediately above and below this coal was exposed on the southern face of the cutting. It is figured in Fig. 107, and the details are given below :— ft. in. ft. in. Soft shale - - - a 7 3 (3.) Coal - - = = x - 165 Underclay - - S - ‘ ie - 010 Sandstone - - = . a = - 13 Sandy shale Bhiale and ironstone nodules } . > . { r : (2.) ae ae } containing fish remains and coprolites { 0 9 Dark shale and ironstone, with large concretions } ‘ - 10 0 Dark shale, soft Coal - - - - - 01 Dirt - - - - = - ol Coal - - - : - 0 43 (1.) Coal< Dirt - - - - - - 0 3b Coal - - 2 = - 10 Clay = = - - : - 02 (Coal with hard nodules - - - 043 Underclay- a _ s Z S - 09 Coal - - - - : - - 01 Underclay”—- - - - - 5 - 010 Coal - S & - * a - 0 2 Underclay = - - z 2 : 3 - 10 Coal - = = 5 . - - 0 2 ft. in. ft. in. Sandstone - - - - - 6 8 (5.) Coal - . : - 10 Underclay, soft - . - - 07 Shale and ironstone nodules - - 3 0 Sandstone - - - - - 18 Shale and ironstone nodules, about - -18 0 Dark shale and ironstone - - - 1 2 Black shale - - - - - 0 2B Ironstone - - - - - 0 2 Coa) - - - - 14] (4.) Dirt and Coal - - 0 2 *” ) Shale - - - - - 0 Coal - - - - O11 Underclay - - - - - 5 6 Sandstone - - = = - 010 Sandy shale and ironstone - Shale and ironstone - - about 20 0 Dark shale - - - (3.) Coal - - - 0103 713 “aS praqyooy =a ‘buymns hompo.s fo aprs-yjnos ‘hompway . UsIYZLOAT 7vILx) ouuny, hajspup Jo pua ysva-ymnos \yo0g coop YbwmeT ay; fo dos9ynQ ayz ssossp Uor0ag "L01 “bur LT 8 mn se ta Ine a gaea ae aS ‘Burne hompos fo aprs ysam-yznos ‘fompwy usay24ony assy ‘auuny, haspap fo pua yeam-yzsou ay; 2D synDy JJOWS ay? sso“ID UORIAG "901 “bug ce) mung, 714 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. fi. in. ft. in. Shale and ironstone Greyshale- = -| ss about 30 0 Clay - - Blue shale - - (2.) Haren Moor {Dir : = eS 0 08 one “| Coal Be hy Cae Underclay and ironstone nodules - - 9 0 Soft black shale - - - - 010 Shale and ironstone - - - 5 0 Sandy shale and sandstone - - - 4 0 Grey shale - - - - - 2 6 Dark shale - - - - - 2 6 Coal, soft - - - 0 0% (1.) | Shale - : - - - 0 2 Coal - - - -~ 0 8} Underclay - - - - - The second coal (4) above the Haigh Moor in this section most likely cor- responds to that which we have named the 27-yards Coal on p. 636. The sandstone above the coal band No. 5 seems to correspond in position with a rock which is noticed in a number of sections at a distance of about 30 yards above the Haigh Moor. None of the sections, however, meniticn a, coal below this rock, and the seam is therefore probably very local in its occurrence. The coal (1) is seen at the end of the tunnel dipping S. 20° W. at 15°, but a slight change in the direction of the dip quickly brings it down to the surface of the railway. This is succeeded by the Haigh Moor Coal (2), which in a very short distance also comes down to the bottom of the cutting on this side. It is followed by the Coal (3), which at the place where it crosses the railway dips due south at 30°, the inclination being steep enough to carry the outcrop along the north side of the railway until another change in the direction of the dip, to the west of south, brings it over to the south side of the cutting’ as shown in Fig. 107. The coal (4) also follows the same synclinal, A thin coal which is found between these two seams, and shown on the south-east side of the sketch, does not exist at the end nearest the tunnel. The coal (5) with the overlying sandstone, occupies the centre of the synclinal. Before reaching the foct bridge the beds begin to rollup, and the dip becomes W. 9° S. at 24° to 28°, thus forming the east side of the small synclinal. The fault (F) east of Thorpe Wood is seen in the cutting, and brings up a sandstone on the east against the beds already noticed. The dip of this sandstone is S. 52° W. at 18°. A-coal lies above this sandstone on the north side of the railway. This sandstone and the lower beds continue rising to the east for a short distance, but they gradually roll over and dip to the east, and seem to be overlaid by the Haigh Moor Coal west of Ardley Station, that coal having been seen in the railway cutting, and proved in borings on both aides of Dolphin Beck.* This fault is therefore a downthrow to the south-west, for the roll over of the beds and the throw of this fault put the Haigh Moor Coal in at the south-east end of the tunnel. North of Bowling Hall, near Thorpe on the Hill, the outcrop of a coal, was seen in Ardsley Lane, the dip being 8. 17° W. at 25°. A sandstone which has been quarried at Thorpe J.ane, and was seen in several other places, has been laid down on the upcast side of the Lofthouse fault between Spring Wood and Ouzlewell Green, and may possibly be the same as that shown at Lee Moor Bridge. The dip at Thorpe Lane is E. 15° S. at 4°. A coal was seen in a field on the north side of the lane from Lofthouse to Carlton at the place indicated on the map. The Warren House Coal on the east side of the valley has been determined by the escarpment between the Lofthouse and Thorpe Wood faults, and the depth to the Haigh Moor in the old coal pit north of Bushy Cliff Wood. On the north of the Thorpe Wood fault the Haigh Moor Coal was seen in * From information communicated by the late Mr. J. Hargreaves. COUNTRY BETWEEN MIDDLETON AND WOODLESFORD. 715 various places on the hillside south of Rothwell, thus enabling the outcrop to be shown on the map very correctly from the Thorpe Wood fault across Swithin’s Road and the road from Rothwell to Royd’s Green Upper, until it disappears under the gravel which caps the top of the ridge between Royd’s Green and Oulton Hall. We now come to the portion of our district lying on the south of the River Aire and on the upcast side of the Middleton Grange fault, and here we shall find it handy to take the measures in descending order. The Thornhill Rock stretches in a most extensive plateau from Middleton Colliery to Woodlesford. Its northern limits are very fairly marked by the escarpment from Balkcliff along north of the Middleton Road to New Hall, east of which it is thrown northward to Bell Hill by the Kippax fault; thence it forms -the bold ridge on the south side of the Aire Valley.to Woodlesford, where the base is thrown down under the alluvium by the Woodlesford fault. This fault is seen crossing the cutting of the Midland Railway, about 5 chains north-west of the bridge which carries the road, from Swillington Bridge to the village of Woodlesford, over the railway, and it brings down the Thornhill Rock into the cutting against dark shales which are certainly below. that sandstone; it is thus seen to be a downthrow to the south-east, but the exact amount is unknown. It crosses the railway in a direction 8. 42° W., and has been continued with a similar trend north and south between the Kippax and the Fleakingley Bridge faults as a probable fault,* The faults which are shown between Woodlesford and Haigh Cottage have all been proved in working the Middleton Main Coal from the Midland Pit, and those shown at Bell Hill, in working the Beeston Bed Coal from the New Beeston Pit, Rothwell Haigh Colliery, and the lines are laid down and the amounts given from information received at the colliery.t The Kippax fault from Bell Hill south-westward has been proved in the Rothwell Haigh, New Hall, and Middleton Collieries, and the lines shown as they were proved in the different coal seams. At New Hall Collieryt it is a downthrow of 9 ft. to the south-east in the Middleton Main Coal, and 7 ft. in the Beeston Coal. This proves a great diminution in the amount of the throw of this fault between Kippax and, New Hall Colliery. It does not, however, die out completely, as the line is apparently continued through Venter Pit to the Nabs End fault. The Nabs End fault is a downcast to the north of 15 yds. near Nabs End Upper; the throw has been proved in the workings from the Middleton Colliery to diminish to the eastward. ; : The St. Mary’s Chapel fault is 10 yds. down to the north-west, near Fanny Pit, and the north and south fault through Middleton, throws down 5 yds. to the west near Throstle Carr Beck. Both faults have been proved in the workings of Middleton Colliery. The two small faults shown on the map between this last fault and Sharp Lane were also obtained from the same The fault shown on the upcast side of the-Thorpe Wood fault between Thorpe Wood and Ardsley Lane has been worked up to from the Robin Wood Colliery, but it is apparently only a small branch from the main fault at this place, as the Thornhill Rock has been proved to continue southward as far as the place where the white line is drawn on the map. (See Hor. Sect. ae is the coals having been seen in situ, the natural features and calcu- lations from their known depths in the Middleton Colliery enable us to draw in the outcrops of the coal seams, from the Joan to the Middleton Little Coal, along the hillside in the angle between the Thorpe Wood and Middleton Grange faults. Similar data combined with old workings to several of the beds give us the lines shown on both sides of the valley north from Nova * “ On the Geology of the North Midland Railway.” Reports of the Geological and Polytechnical Society of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Vol. I., p. 139. + From information communicated by the late Mr. J. Hargreaves and Mr. W. se Mowers, Chas. Grosvenor and Sons we are indebted for our knowledge of the line as proved in this colliery. _ : "8 nem information communicated by Mr. M. Nicholson. 716 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Scotia and also across and on the north side of the ridge on which the Old Windmill is situated. A shaft sunk near the east end of Hunslet Cemetery proved two coals, one 3 yds. and the other 12 yds. deep; the upper seam was about 3 feet thick. These are probably two of the Brown Metal Coals, und we have shown the probable outcrops on the lower ground east of the cemetery under the alluvium. The Middleton 40-yds. Coal also runs down to the alluvium at Low Valley. On the downcast side of the Kippax fault the Joan or Rothwell Haigh Crow Coal is laid down mainly from calculation, but a coal 1 ft. 1 in. thick was seen in Bullough Lane, and was proved in the railway east of this lane; there is no doubt that this coal is the Joan Coal, thus giving us one certain point in the line of outcrop. The Coal is then thrown down beneath the alluvium by the fault which crosses near the Fish Pond Lock, proved to be a downcast to the south-east of from 10 to 14 feet.* The average dip of the beds is about 1 in 24 to the east of south, though in some places, as for example in the neighbourhood of Robin Wood Col- liery, they are almost quite flat. For the average and general direction of the dip at the Middleton end of the section of country which we have just been describing, see Hor. Sect. sheet 97. On the north-west side of the Middleton Grange fault the Thornhill Rock is again brought in, and occupies a narrow strip of country between this fault and the Thwaite Farm fault. In giving the evidence for these faults we will consider the included country as far as their supposed junction at Halton. The Middleton Grange fault has been proved in the Middleton Colliery to be a downthrow of 30 yds. to the north-west. A section about 19° west of the north endings, through Balkcliff Pit, and across the Middleton Grange (F,) and Thwaite Farm (F;) faults, is given below, and shows the inclination of the beds between the two faults, from Balkcliff Pit to the fault (F,), and also on the upcast side of the fault (F,); the dip in both the last-named places is 1 in 11; in the former the coal is lying very nearly flat. Fig. 108. Section through Balkcliff Pit and across the Middleton Grange and Thwaite Farm Faults.} piers Middleton N.W. ‘arm Grange Balkcliff 8.E Fault. Fault. Pit. THORNHILL Rock. MIDDLETON IDDL ETON LITTLE CoaL. LittT1E Coat, MIDDLETON MIDDLETON MaIn Coat. Man Coat. The line of this fault is also very fairly marked out by the sudden cessation of the old surface workings in Middleton Wood, and it is seen crossing the New Road about midway between Belle Isle and Primrose Hill. The sand- stone is there thrown down against a coal band which is probably the equiva- lent of the 1st. Brown Metal Coal. The Middleton Main Coal is 46 yards deep on the upcast side, and a boring about 6 chains from the fault on the downcast side proved this same coal to be 141 yds. deep, which, allowing for difference of surface level and the dip of the coal, will make the amount of throw at this place to be about 90 yds. * From information communicated by the late Mr. J. Hargreaves. ” # ” Mr. M. Nicholson. THWAITE FARM FAULT. 17 On the south side of fault we have the following section :— ft. in. ft. in. Shale - - - - - Coal - 7 - - -0 11 Underclay = - - - - -'2 2 Hard underclay - - - - 110 Sandstone - - - - - 16 Shale and sandstone - - - - 10 This fault has also been proved near the west end of Hunslet Cemetery, and crosses the Midland Railway near Upper Goslam. From the obscurity of the section the fault itself was not very well seen, but we were able to determine very closely the place where the sandstone was cut off.* The fault is again met with in the Waterloo Main Colliery,t and the coal has been worked between both faults at Skelton and. the lines given as proved in the working. The Middleton Main Coal strikes against the upcast side of this fault near Bride’s Pit, and as that coal is 95 yds. deep in this shaft, the amount of the down« cast will be equal to the depth of the coal in the shaft. North-east from Nursery Wood the exact line of this fault cannot be very accurately ascer- tained, but it has been drawn on to Halton, guided partly by the line of the surface workings in Halton Moor Wood, and partly by the outcrop of the Middleton Little or Hard Band Coal, which is seen in a clay pit south of Halton (see p. 721). The Thwaite Farm fault has been proved, as already noticed in Balk- cliff Pit workings ; old workings, bore holes, and the escarpment of the Thornhill Rock afford sufficient evidence for continuing the line through Middleton Wood and on to Sow Lane Head; it is seen in the railway at Pepper Lane Bridge,* the Thornhill Rock abutting against the Middleton Main Coal. The section seen in the cutting north-west of the bridge also shows two small faults on the upcast side of the principal fault, as is represented in (Fig. 109). Fig. 109. Section on the north-west or upeast side of Thwaite Farm Fault, Midland Railway, west of Pepper Road Bridge, north-east side of railway cutting. Popper Road Coal. MIDDLETON Main Coat. Bridge. Seniors Ee ATA Aaa Se Fault Fp. Fault Fy. The small fault (F,) nearest the bridge is a downcast to the north-west, and the other fault (F,), having a very uneven fracture, is an upcast in the same direction of 3 ft. 6 in., and throws the Middleton Main Coal out on the north- west side. As previously mentioned, this fault has been proved from Waterloo Main Colliery, and is supposed to be about 90 yds. downcast to the south-east. It is also seen in the cutting of the Leeds and Selby Branch of the N.E. Railway * «On the Geology of the North Midland Railway.” Reports of the Geological and Polytechnical Society of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Vol. I., p. 189. + To Mr. Pickersgill, the manager of this colliery, is due our acknowledgments for the information received as to lines of faults and other facts of geological im- portance proved in the workings. 718 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. at Hally Shaw -Lane, near Cross Gates Station, where it brings down the Fig. 110. Section from the outcrop of the Middleton Little Coal across the Brown Hill Fault, 8. near Stork Hall, Ardsley Branch, Great ng. Northern Railway, east side of railway cutti Brown Hill Fault. Fault, Surface of Rail way. Middleton Main Coal against a sandstone called the Slack Bank Rock, which in ‘this neighbourhood lies below that seam. The fault has further been proved in the workings at Manston Lodge Colliery* to be only a downcast of 16 yds., so that apparently the Middleton Grange and Thwaite Farm faults very nearly neutralize each other. A coal was seen to outcrop in the brook which runs from Ivy House to join White or Wike Beck; it is about on the horizon of the Joan Coal and is most likely that seam. Another coal band, 1 foot thick, was proved in the west corner of Nursery Wood; the other crops have been laid down from calculation. The coal was seen in the cutting of the G. N. Railway, in West Wood, Middleton, and is possibly one or other of these upper seams. Crossing to the upcast side of the Thwaite Farm fault, the outcrops of the coals through West Wood and between the’ - Thorpe Wood and Brown Hill faults have been determined partly from numerous exposures in railway and brook sections, which enable us to fix their positions at various points, and partly from the dip and the features of the ground. ; The Brown Hill fault has been worked up to on the upcast side from the Beeston Park Side Colliery (Old)+ at Brown Hill, is seen in the cutting of the G. N. Railway at Stork Hall to be a downthrow of a few feet to the south-west, the bed of shale and ironstone which lies above the Middleton Main Coal being thrown against this coal at the bridge. The section is given on Fig. 110 :— * From information communicated by the Manston Coal Co. * t From information communicated by Mr M. Nicholson. BEESTON PARK SIDE AND OSMONDTHORPE. 719. On the north side we have the outcrop of the Middleton Main lying at a very gentle inclination, and showing the following section : ft. in. ft. in, (2.) Shale and ironstone nodules - - - - Black shale - - - - - - 0 5 (Dirt - - - - - O11 : | Coal - - - - 26 (1.) MippLeron Dirt - - - - - 01 Main Coat. ) Coal (soft) = - = - 15 Coa] (hard bright) - ~.0 63 Hard shaly Coal - - 0 2 Underclay with layers of‘Coal - Shales - - - - - = On the south side the dip is 17° close to the fault, but it flattens to the south and the beds lie in a small synclinal, in the centre of which, on the west side of the railway, a small patch of the Middleton Little Coal occurs. The section from this coal to the former is as follows :— ft. in. ft. in, Shale - - = - ‘ * a Coal ' < - 05 oal (tender) - - 07 (5.) pornos OAL, % Coal (anthracitic) - 0.63 * | Coal (hard bright) - 16 Coal (tender) - - 04 Underoley - - = = = - 3 5% Shale and ironstone nodules, about - - - 20 0 ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in, Coal - - - 010tol 2 (4.) Underclay - - S = - 1 Otol 2 Dark clay - - = “i - 0 3,0 7 Coal - - - - O 23,,0 33 Underclay - - - 7 - a Shale and ironstone nodules - - . . (3.) Sandstone and sandy shale - - - - (2.) Shale and ironstone nodules - - - - Black shale - - - = « = (1.) MippLEToN Main Coat - - - s The throw of this fault is here very small compared with what we find it to be on the upcast side of the Osmondthorpe fault. (See p. 725.) North-eastward from this railway the outcrop of the Middleton Main Coal can be traced with much accuracy by means of the little escarpment which it makes, and the numerous places where it was actually exposed as far as the Midland Railway at Pepper Road Bridge. The outcrops of the Middleton Little and Brown Metal Coals have been laid down between the Brown Hill and Thwaite Farm faults from the old workings, and by means of calculation guided by the natural features of the ground. For the succession of those beds, see Hor. Sect. sheet 97. ° A coal is seen in a small brook a short distance on the east side of the lane from Beeston Park to the Dewsbury Road; this is possibly the Middleton 1l-yds. Coal. ; + Hunslet Carr a boring close to the Middleton Colliery Railway proves the Beeston Bed Coal at a depth of 81 yds., and the old colliery at Pepper Lane was said to be 85 yds. deep to the same coal, but this seam was only 44 yds. deep at Gibraltar Colliery on the east side of the river, so that the outcrops of both the Middleton 11-yds. and the Blocking or Barcelona Coals will occur under this portion of the alluvium of the Aire. . Crossing to the north-east of the river, and continuing our notice of the beds between the Osmondthorpe and Thwaite Farm faults, we have a small fault-at Neville Hill Colliery, which has been proved in the Black Bed Coal workings and is down to the west 13 yds. : : A calculated crop for the Barcelona Coal has been given on both sides of the valley of the White or Wike Beck, the depths at which the Beeston Bed was found in the various shafts at Osmondthorpe Colliery affording some general notion of its probable position. Several borings which have been put 720 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. down near Killingbeck Hall, but the positions of which cannot be accurately ascertained, would seem to show that the Beeston Bed Coal was about 46 yds. deep in the south corner of Killingbeck Park. In the east bank of White or Wike Beck, and at a bend in the brook be- tween the “ W” of Whitkirk and Walton Pit, a coal band was seen which is probably that shown in the sections at Cross Gates and Manston to lie about 36 yds. above the Beeston Bed. (See Vert. Sects. sheet 44.) It had the following section :— at ft. in. ft. in. Surface - - = “ e s Coal - - - - - oll Dark underclay « - - = ob 2 Underclay - - } . : Sega Shale and ironstone nodules Coal - é = . - 01 Underclay - - - - - - The sandstone which we have named the Slack Bank Rock forms the bold feature at Slack Bank and between the Thwaite Farm and Osmondthorpe faults. It is also seen in the N.E. Railway as far as Cross Gates Station, where it is thrown down to the east by the Osmondthorpe fault. This sand- stone is only local in its occurrence (see Vert. Sects. sheet 44, and Hor. Sects. sheet 101), as it is not found anywhere to the south and south-west, though it is the probable equivalent of the sandstone which occurs at Dews- bury Moor under the Cromwell Coal. It is overlaid north and south of the railway by the Middleton Main Coal, old workings and actual exposures giving the lines of outcrop with tolerable correctness. It again follows on the north side of the ridge west from Cross Gates which is capped by the Mid- dleton Main or Bright Coal, and the Barcelona Coal rises up from beneath it at Seacroft, and is shown as a partially uncertain line between the Osmond- thorpe fault and the fault south-east of Prince of Wales Pit. The faults, with the amounts and directions of throw, laid down on the map in the vicinity of Cross Gates have all been proved in the workings to the Beeston Bed from the numerous coal pits that have been, and are being, worked by the Manston Coal Co.* One of these faults is seen in the railway cutting west of Hally Shaw Lane, being a sharp, clean cut, traversing the sandstone without any contortion or disturbance on either side, so if it was not for the shift in the beds it might pass for a joint. The fault slopes at an angle of 61° to the south-east, and the face of the slope is well marked with slickensides. It crosses the railway in a direction N. 44° E., and is apparently the position at the surface of the two small faults proved in the coal workings on the north side of the railway. Ny Returning to the alluvial flat of the River Aire at Waterloo Colliery,+ we find that a fault has been proved nearly the whole way from the river to Newsam Green; near Banks Pit it is a downcast of 18 yards to the south, but at the Newsam Green end the throw is greater, for close to the fault in the little valley which runs up past Charcoal Wood, a borehole proved the Middleton Main Coal at a depth of 14 yards, while the Oak Pit is 50 yards deep to this coal, and taking into consideration the rise of the beds from Oak Pit to the fault, the throw will be about 28 yards. Surface indications, the section seen in the brook near Black Wells, and the beds proved in the Old Astley Colliery at Little Preston compared with those apparently existing on the Hollingthorpe side, furnished sufficient data to warrant us in drawing the line eastward to join on with the Kippax fault. (See Hor. Sects. sheets 99 and 100.) At the west end a provisional line has been drawn across the alluvial flat to connect it with a fault, at New Hall, which has been already described under the name of Kippax fault. This fault, which is only 3 yards at New Hall Colliery, seems gradually in its north-east and east course to increase until at Kippax it is as much as 90 yards. (See pp. 705 and 715.) * The manager most kindly giving us much information as to the numerous faults which intersect this portion of the district. + We are enabled to show a great number of lines under the alluvium through the kindness of Mr. J. M. Clay and the underground manager, Mr. J. Sheldon, in supplying us with the mining details. WOODLESFORD AND HALTON. 721 ‘The other faults in the valley north and south of this line have also been proved in Waterloo Colliery, and the lines obtained from the mining plans. A coal was seen in the small brook on the east of Newsam Green, and as it appears to be about the horizon of the Middleton 40-yards Coal, the form of the ground enabled us to draw in a calculated outcrop for this coal in the corner between the Kippax and Woodlesford faults. _ Crossing to the Woodlesford side of the valley we have, on the downcast side of the Woodlesford fault, the Thornhill Rock overlaid by shale in two places, and the sandstone will thus be brought in to its full thickness at the Oulton Quarries ; the shale lying north of these is cut off on the north-east side by a small fault which is seen in the quarry. A sandstone again appears on the Swillington House side of the valley and north of Leventhorpe Hall. In the quarry north of the last-named place the sandstone is seen to be overlaid by a thin coal band, as follows :— ft. in. ft. in, Shale and ironstone nodules - - Soft dark shale - - - - 14 Underclay - - - - 1 8 Dark shale » - - - - 04 Black shale - - = - 03 Coal - : - - 0 52 Underclay. - - - - 12 Sandstone, thin bedded - - -~ 2 3 Sandstone, massive - - - 12 0 The depth of the Middleton Main as given in the boring near Swillington Bridge (see Vert. Sects. sheet 40) also shows that the Thornhill Rock ought to exist under the alluvium of the valley; but while sandstone and sandy shales are seen in many places north and north-east of Swillington House, the depths of the coal at Fleakingley Bridge, and at the Old Astley Colliery, are just sufficient to bring us to the base of this sandstone, which is possibly indicated by the sandstones and sandy shales above mentioned, and as we can trace no thick or massive rock like that at Oulton, it either rises very quickly to the north-east and the lower portion becomes split up by lenticular masses of shale, or a fault on the Swillington side of the valley throws it up on the north-east, but we have no knowledge of existence of such a fault. Returning once more to the valley of the Aire, the Middleton Main Coal occurs at the surface in the small tributary valley of the White or Wike Beck ; actual exposures and surface workings give the line of outcrop north and south of Skelton Moor House. The Middleton Little or Hard Band Coal was found in the clay pit south of Halton just under the surface soil, the following section of the coal and other beds being exposed :— » in, ft. in. Surface. a . (Coal - - - - 3 0 ; Underclay - - - - 10 | Coal - - - - O O08 Clay - - - - - 0 4 Shaly Coal - - - 0 5 Mipp.LeTon | Parting - - - - O Of Lirtye or ; Coal - - - - 04 Harp Banp ) Parting - - - - 02 Coau. Coal - - - - 0 3 Underclay with thin Coal Bands - - - - 13 Coal - - - - 14 Hard Coal with bright layers | (inferior Anthracite) - 1 2 Underclay - - - - - 26 Shale and ironstone nodules - - - - Shaly sandstone - - - - - Coal - - - - - - 04 Underclay” - - - - - - Shale - - - - : - - This and other exposures together with the indications of surface workings 42513. ZZ 722 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. give the outcrops of this coal north and south of the Selby Road, and of the Firth Field Coal on the rising ground east of Halton; the Middleton Main Coal shows in the railway cutting to the east of Cross Gates Station, A fault which has been proved in the workings from Brown Moor Colliery, crosses the railway south of Manston Lodge, and throws down 16 yards to the south-east ; it has been continued provisionally south-westward to join with a fault which is seen crossing the small brook at the west end of North Plantation, and apparently ranging in a similar direction; further evidence for this fault is furnished by the facts, that the Hard Band Coal was 36 yards deep:in an old coal pit north of North Plantation, while on the Halton side of the line of fault the same coal has been worked quite close to the surface. This fault throws the outcrop of the coal down on the south-east side into Temple Newsam Park, through which the bassett has been accurately deter- mined to the Kippax fault by means of calculation and the various points at which the coal was seen in situ. Calculation and actual exposure give the outcrops of the Firthfield’ and Middleton 40-yards Coals from the- Kippax fault through Temple Newsam Park and Colton ; the Coal Band shown above the Firthfield from Menagerie Wood through the park to North Plantation was seen in several places, and its line drawn in from the general features of the ground. The evidence for the probable fault at Dunstan Hills depends principally on the depths at'which the Middleton Main Coal has been found in the bore holes on the east and west sides of the little valley which runs northward past Charcoal Wood.- On the east side the coal is about 14 yards deep, but on the west it is 32 yards deep, and as the positions of the boreholes are very nearly on the same level, they would seem to show’ the existence of a fault between them with a downthrow to the west. The position of the fault given on the map has been partly. determined by the surface indications at Dunstan Hills. ; Another fault is seen in the brook section at the north end of Wilderness Wood, a coal lying nearly flat being brought against sandy shale and shale almost on edge, and striking E. 26° N.; the beds on both sides are contorted and the dip changeable. The probable continuation of this fault to the north- east has been drawn across and shown to shift the outcrop of the Middleton 40-yards Coal. 4 The fault at Colton Colliery has been proved in working the Hard Band Coal, and is a downcast of 8 yards to the east. At Swillington Common a coal crop is carried round the ridge, which has been seen on the north and south sides of the ridge; the rest of the: line is obtained from calculation, guided by such evidence as an examination of the ground supplied. This coal is supposed to be equivalent to the Joan or Rothwell Haigh Crow Coal. (See Hor. Sect. sheet 99.) In the cutting for the Kippax Branch Railway west of Kippax Lane End a section of this coal is exposed, and the manner in which it is intersected by a belt of small faults is shown in Fig. 111. At the north end of the cutting we have the following section :~- fi. in. ft, in. ft, in. Sandstone Shale -. Flaggy sandstone Shale ss Sandstone Shale - Coal ee Dark clay parting . Coals - - pJoan Coa <.0 White clay parting (a) . Coal - -J 0 Yellow clay - a 2 Coal - - , = 0 3t00 Underclay - - Shale and ironstone nodules - Sandstone - is = Shale - - =i rs Pop @ bobo oe pppare orpretunre ornrerns AnRvor 0 mo, & nm oO o UF SEH = OC D BH war —_ Bh 1 t 1 1 oonfc ttt ooo wt et AAaN Fig. 111. Section in Kippax Branch Railway, showing Group of Small Faults. THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF WHITKIRK AND AUSTHORPE. 723 Fault Fi. Fault F;. Fault Py. 8. Fault Fs 8. Fault Fe s Fault Fe. ~ ft. in” Black shale (d) - - i - 0 6 Soft shale - - - - Shale and ironstone nodules” - - Black shale and ironstone nodules - 06 Shale and ironstone nodules - ae Black shale - - - -~ 0 2 Shale - - - - - From the outcrop the coal dips 5° along the railway until it is thrown up | foot by the fault (F,), from. whence it dips at 6°, and is again thrown up 2 feet 6 inches on the south by the fault (F;); between (F;) and (F;) the inclination is only 2°, and a little slip (F,), 6 inches down to the south, occurs between these two faults, the coal rolling up slightly as it approaches (F;); on the south of (F;) the coal is just thrown down into the bottom of the cutting, and the space between (F) and (F,) is broken by a num- uae ber of small faults bringing in the sandstone (s.) over the coal, the latter appearing in the section at three different places. Faults (F,) and (F;) are both down to the south, putting in shale, over the sandstone already referred to, while (F) is a downthrow north and brings up the coal into the section again on the south. The pods overlying it at this place are given elow :— . in. ft, in. Surface - Flagey sandstone Sandy shale - Sandstone Sandy shale Sandstone Shale - Coal - to4 8 1 ' 1 1 t ' t i Oo i eo NoOwWeENwNHh & BIDOWOOD A sandstone band is seen to tail into the sandy shale 3 feet 8 inches on the south, and the same irregularity takes place in the thin beds of sandstone and shale under the coal, the thick- ness of which varies very much within a short distance. North of Whitkirk a fault 7 yards downthrow to the north has been proved in working the Middleton Main Coal from Brown Moor Col- liery, and has been continued eastwards south of the Bye Pit, West Yorkshire Colliery, Brown ‘Moor, as far as the Aberford Road, in order to account for the greater depth of the Middleton Main Coal at the Bye Pit, Brown Moor, than at the Colton Colliery, but as it was not seen or proved it has been shown as a hypothetical fault between the Selby and Aberford Roads. ‘The other faults near Austhorpe Hall have also been proved in working the coals from the former colliery, and delineated on the map from information supplied at the colliery. (See Hor. Sect. sheet 99.) ZZ 2 724 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. > Eastward from Austhorpe the outcrops of the Middleton 40-yards, Firth- field, Hard Band, and Middleton Main Coals have been laid down as far as the edge of the Magnesian Limestone from old workings, from exposures of the coals at different points, the features which they form, and calculations from the dip of the measures. The Slack Bank Rock can also be foilowed from Cross Gates through Barn- bow to the edge of the Magnesian Limestone, in which district, notwith- standing its soft and porous nature, it forms a fairly well-marked escarpment. This rock is followed by an outcrop of the Barcelona Coal drawn in mainly from calculation, and further north by the Beeston Bed Coal, the outcrop of which is fairly certain between the Osmondthorpe fault at Pen Well and the Magnesian Limestone at Bathing Well Plantation. There is not much known about the remainder of this district, as the surface is obscured by drift and nothing has been proved. The section, however, of the cutting on the Leeds and Wetherby Railway half a mile north-west of Scholes, which has been already mentioned, deserves notice. About the centre of the cutting the beds rise to the north at an angle of from 3° to 4°, and show the following section :— ft. in. Shale - - : - - Grey micaceous shale - & w Coal - - % - - 0 2 Underclay and very sandy bastard ganister, about = - - - - Hard grey shale - - 3 = Going northwards the beds continue to rise gently to the north till within 500 feet south of the bridge over the railway; here they rear up sharply and are apparently broken by one or more faults. The section was very obscure, but the strata seemed to have been squeezed up into a very sharp anticlinal, which trended about N. 35° E.; it looked as if there was a fault running along the crest of the arch, and there were symptoms of another fault crossing the cutting nearly at right angles. Such are the facts, but in the absence of all other evidence we do not dare to venture on even a conjectural explana- tion of them. § There are some inliers of carboniferous sandstone in the Magnesian Lime- stone country at Jacob’s Well, Potterton, and Becca Moor Plantation. The position of the rock is extremely doubtful, but the beds may possibly be about the top of the Elland Flagstone. “e District 35.—The Country between Bradford and the north-east of Leeds, including portions around Chapel Allerton, Headingley, Kirkstall, Bramley, Farsley, Stanningley, Pudsey, Farnley, Armley, Wortley, Churwell, and Beeston. This district is bounded by the Osmondthorpe fault on the south-east, by the Harper Gate and Tong fault on the south-west, and by the Bradford fault on the north-west. On the north the boundary is mainly formed by a number of faults which separate the Coal measures from the Millstone Grit, of which the most im- ae is a fault ranging in a generally easterly direction from eetwood, north of Leeds, towards Bramham Moor, that will be called the Weetwood fault. The portion of the Bradford fault that forms the north-western boundary of the present district ranges in a north-easterly direction from Bradford towards Calverley. The fault has been proved at Bunker’s Hill Colliery, COUNTRY BETWEEN MORLEY AND CHURWELL. 725 Bradford ;* the Better Bed is there 100 yards deep, and the same seam crops at* Pennyoaks Hill on the upcast side of the fault, so that the throw is here more than 100 yards down to the north-west. On the north-east of Bunker’s Hill this fault has been worked up to as far as the fault on the south side of Gain Lane. On the north-east of Gain Lane the fault has been carried on for the following reasons :—The sandstone in the quarries west of Stone Stile Lane is the Gaisby Rock, and the sandstone east of the Brick-kilns is a rock imme- diately below the Better Bed Coal, the outcrop of which was seen in the clay pit west of the Brick-kilns; the dip increases to the west, but even allowing for this the distance between the two rocks does not seem large enough to allow of the beds coming on by natural superposition, and a provisional fault has therefore been inserted. Further to the north-east the sandstone of Wood- hall Hill terminates somewhat abruptly south of that place, and this probably gives us a point on the fault. About Calverley there have been many pits to the Hard and Soft Coals, and though we have not been able to learn that the fault was met with in any of the workings, the depths of the pits give us a clue as to its probable line. Thus, west of The Rein, the 32- yards Rock is at the surface and the Hard Bed Coal is 30 yards deep, while west of Priesthorpe the Gaisby Rock sets in; near the chalyheate well the Soft Bed Coal was found in a well at a depth of 13 yards, while a little way towards Cal- verley the Hard Coal has been worked at depths varying from 18 to 30 yards; again the abrupt termination of the escarpment in Mudge Bank Wood east of Calverley House is probably the result of this fault. We will begin our description in the southern corner, where the highest beds met with in the district occur. Traces of old workings in a field north of Daisy Hill indicate the place where the Adwalton Stone Coal has been wrought, and the crop of this seam has been proved in the small ravine south of Lane Side Mill. It is not easy in the absence of clear sections to account for the occurrence of the several coals that are met with near this place, but the nearest approximation to an explanation we could arrive at is shown on the map. A branch from the Thorpe Wood fault throws the Middleton Main Coal up to the surface at the south end of Lane Side Mill Reservoir, where the coal has been worked and the outcrop was seen, and the Thorpe Wood fault itself throws this coal out altogether. This fault has been worked up to from the Broad Oaks Colliery, where both the Churwell Coals and the Black Bed Coal. have been gotten. On the north-west side of the little valley at Lane Side Mill the Middleton Main Coal was found to be abutting against a coal 2 feet 2 inches thick, said to be the Blocking Coal.t It is very likely that this seam has been brought in here by a northerly continuation of the Bruntcliffe fault. The outcrop of the supposed Blocking Coal west from Lane Side Mill has been drawn through the points where it was actually proved. Surface hollows enable us to show another little patch of this coal on the upcast side of the Tong fault between Rooms and Upper Rooms. The thin Coal Band which was seen in the side of the footpath west of Churwell, lies about 35 yards above the Churwell Thin Coal and under a thin bed of sandstone which we were able to trace from Churwell along the west side of the yalley and round the hill at Rooms to the Tong fault by the little escarpment which it forms. The sandstone worked in the quarries near the Geldred Read and shown along the Farnley Wood Beck is a local sandstone, which is only found at this place and on the summit of the ridge at Farnley Wood, where it has been thrown up by the Brown Hill fault. This fault has been proved in the workings to the Black Bed Coal from the Farnley Colliery, and in the Churwell Thin Coal from the Churwell Colliery, it has also been touched on the upcast side in the Black Bed Coal from Cottingley Pit,t and proved in a drift near the surface under Deadhead Lane. The outcrop of the Beeston Bed Coal strikes against the fault at this place, and is thrown down to a depth of 70 yards at the Old Churwell Colliery, showing that the down- * From information communicated by Mr. F. H. Pearce. + From information received from Mr. B. Thornton. { From information received from Messrs. the Farnley Iron Co. (per Mr. J. Ey Mammatt), Mr. W. Ward, Messrs. the Low Moor Iron Co. (per Mr. H. Tempest). 726 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. cast is much greater on this side of the Osmondthorpe fault than it is seen to be in the railway at Stork Fall. Within the space just described the beds dip gently about 1in 24 to the eastward, until between 300 and 400 yards on the west side of the Brown Hill fault they roll down more sharply and the dip increases to 1 in 9 at Churwell Colliery. (See Hor. Sect. sheet 101.) The Beeston Bed Coal is exposed in the cutting of the G. N. Railway east of Beeston; other actual exposures, old workings, and the escarpment from Millshaw round Windmill Hill to Cad Beeston Hill give the outcrop on the east side of the valley ; similar evidence has enabled the outcrop on the west side of the valley at Farnley Wood to be given correctly until it is cut off by the Birks Wood fault, and to show how the seam divides into the Churwell Thin and the Churwell Thick, on the south side of the ridge. The outcrop on the east side at Beeston is intersected by the Folly Hall fault, which has been proved in working the Black Bed Coal from the Beeston Colliery* to be 10 yards downthrow to the south-east, it crosses the railway at the Foot Bridge, bringing down the Beeston Bed Coal at Crow Nest Lane into the cutting where the coal was seen (see p. 193) and (Hor. Sect. sheet 97) ; it has further been proved in Cottingley Pit, the amount of the throw being the same as at Beggar Hill; this fault probably crosses the clay pit on the east side of Lady Pit Lane, where beds of shale containing ironstone nodules were seen dipping at a high angle, but the section exposed could not be very clearly ° seen, At Cad Beeston Hill the outcrop of the Beeston Bed is thrown down by this fault under the alluvium of the Aire valley, but is again exposed in the cutting of the Midland Railway near Hunslet Station. It is also seen in the clay pit at Jack Lane Pottery, where the underclay and shale are worked for the purpose of tile and sanitary pipe making, and as the section is a very interesting one we will now describe it in detail. On the west side of the clay pit the Beeston Bed dips at S. 79° E. at 5°, and soon runs down into the bottom of the pit. At the place where the coal just reaches the surface it is thrown down 7 feet 6 inches to the north by a fault crossing the pit in a direction S. 63° W., but on the east side this fault slopes to the south and is seemingly a downcast in the same direction, the direction of throw.having been changed by the fault which is seen crossing the pit in a N. 77° W. direction; the latter fault cuts off the Beeston Bed on the west, and brings it up into the side of the pit on the east, where the coal is seen to crop out under the alluvium ere the position of the S. 63° W. fault is reached ; the dip increases from 4° at the N. 77° W. fault to 12° at the outcrop. On the south side of the pit and near the N. 77° W. fault, a coal band is brought in by natural superposition over the Beeston Bed. A complete section of the beds exposed in this pit will be as follows :— ft, in. ft. in. Alluvium Coal - Underclay Shale - - Sandy shale and bands of sand- stone. Dark shale Grey shale Coal - Black shale re - lay - Coal - Clay - Coal - o - about 32 co — le yop toa 8 ‘ So > oO oO o torn Oo eo tle 13 * From information received from Mr, H. Tempest. CLAY PIT, HUNSLET. 727 ft. in. ft. in. 0 03 0 0% Coal Shale Coal Shale Coal Clay 01 Coal - Underclay < s S e 0 9 Hard sandy underclay (seat-stone) - - - 10 6 Shale, thickness seen - . - - = 9 0 tol Ge Bo ae ft Q 0 0 1 —y Pai tea OS" bls The coal at the top of this section is about on the same horizon as the black shale in the section of Gibraltar Colliery (see Vert. Sects. sheet 44), and cor- responds to the coal and black shale seen at the south-east end of Richmond Hill Tunnel, N.E. Railway. . On the north side of the clay pit, between the N. 77° W. and the S. 63° W. faults, the Beeston Bed Coal is not in, but a thin coal band is brought up and the following section exposed :— : ft. in. ft. in. Alluvium - - < < 6 0 Shale - - - - - - 9 0 Dark shale - - - - 3.0 Black shale - - - - - 0 8 Coal -° - - - 0 4 Underclay - - - - * 3.4 Sandstone - - - - - - 2 0 Shale with ironstone nodules - - = 6 0 In the clay pit between Jack Lane and Hillidge Street the N. 77° W. fault is again seen near the east corner of the pit, and is a downcast to the south-west of 13 feet, the coal band seen in the pit enabling the amount of ae to be exactly ascertained. The section of the beds exposed is given elow :— fi. in. ft. in. Shale - - - - - Shale and bands of sandstone - - Sandstone - - - - - 6 1 Shale -.- - - - - about 1 9 Dark shale - - - - - 1 0 Sandstone - - - - - 16 Dark shale and ironstone - - - 3 0 Coal - - - - - 0 3 Dark shale - - - 4 6 Underclay - - - - - 0 6 Hard sandy underclay (seat-stone) - 8 0 And in another clay pit west of the former and near the Workhouse the following section was obtained, and although the sections do not agree in every item, yet the beds exposed are evidently the same :— ; S 5 ft. in. in. Alluvium - - - - 4 0 Sandstone and sandy shale - - 30 Sandstone - - - : 5 0 Sandy shale - : - - 3 0 Dark shale - - - - 2 0 Black shale - - : - 3 1 Coal - - - - 0 2 Dark soft underclay — - - - 1 7 Hard underclay (fireclay) - - - 3 0 Flaggy sandstone - - : - 6 0 Shale - While we are treating of the measures lying over the Beeston Bed Coal in this district we will direct our attention for a little to the section seen 728 Fig. 112, . f“ Rock Fault,” seen in railway cutting south of Beeston Station, Ardsley Branch, Great Northern Railway. Section o, Rock Fault. GEOLOGY Surface of Railway. , OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. in the Great Northern Railway south of Beeston Station, and figured in Fig. 112, especially as a very good example of a “rock fault’ is seen in the cutting near the foot bridge across the railway at Mill Shaw. At the north end of the cutting the Beeston Coal dips below the surface of the railway and is overlaid by the following beds, of which a detailed section is given farther on; shale, thin sandstone (1), shale, sandstone (2). The dip flattens and the beds roll over to the south, and a small synclinal is formed. By this means the sandstone (2) is brought in again, and is seen to fill in a hollow eroded out of the underlying shale. South of this small rock fault the beds continue quite regularly, and a third bed of sandstone, which is very false bedded, follows in natural order, and occurs in a second synclinal at the bridge over the railway westfrom Mill Pit. The complete section of the measures is as follows :— ft. in. ft. in. Sandstone (3), - - - - Shale - - - = - Dark shale - - - - 0 5 Black shale - - - - 11 Parting - - - - - 0 Oz Dirt - = = és = 0 12 Brown shale and dirt - - - 0 12 Clay : i - - 0 0 Dark shale - - = - 0 43 Coal - - - - 0 03 Brown shale - - - - O 1: Shale - = a Si - 2. 2 Sandstone (2) - - - - 6 0 Shale and ironstone - - - 14 0 Sandstone (1) - - - - 4 0 Shale - - - - say 15 0 Dark shale and ironstone - - - 8 0 Grey shale and ironstone - - - 40 Black shale - - - - 0 5 Shale - - - - - 0 7 Black shale - - - - 0 8 Coal - = 22 Clay - - - 02 Coal - - 1 Clay - - - 0-1 Coal - - 0 5 BrEston < Clay - - - 02 Bep Coat Coal s = 0 4 Clay - - - 0 3 Coal (soft) - os | 2 Clay - - - 0 2 Coal (very soft) - 011 Underclay. The average dip at the Beeston Colliery is about 1 in 27 to the south-east. The two small faults at Cross Flatts, each down 2 feet to the north, have been proved in working the Black Bed Coal from_Cross Flatts Pit, Beeston Colliery.* * From information communicated by Mr. H. Tem- pest, Low Moor Iron Co, THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF FARNLEY AND LEEDS. 729 Crossing to the west of Millshaw Beck, the fault at Highfield Cottage has been proved in the workings from Farnley Colliery ; at the Brown Hill fault, which it shifts southward but does not cross, it is a downthrow of 12 yards to the east.* Northwards the amount of throw lessens to 2 feet at the occupation road from Gelderd Road to Far Royds, and the fault probably dies out altogether somewhere under the alluvium of the Wortley Beck. The small faults north-west of Beeston Spring have also been proved in the same workings. The Black Bed Coal lies at a shallow depth under the alluvium of the Wortley Beck, and the outcrop is seen in the cutting of the London and North-western Railway at Wortley Station. On the west side of the railway it strikes against the Balks House fault, and on the east runs down under the alluvium on the east of the Geldred Road, and crops out somewhere under the alluvial flat of the valley of the Aire. At Wellhouse Foundry and at South Brooke Street this coal has been proved at depths of 10 yards and 14 yards respectively below the alluvium, and on the north side of the river, in digging the foundations of houses in Briggate, and in making the line of railway to connect Marsh Lane Station with the Wellington Station, or more properly with that which is now called the ‘New Station, many old “bell pits” were discovered in Kirkgate Ward, by means of which this coal and the overlying shale and ironstone nodules had been worked at some time prior to the building of this portion of the town of Leeds, The workings were apparently mainly for the sake of the ironstone, for the over- lying measures were removed more carefully than the coal itself. In the clay pit at Oldfield Lane Ends, New Wortley, a coal band was seen along with the following section, but we have been unable to determine the position of this coal band, and therefore if is shown on the map without any name. The dip of the beds is 12° in a direction N. 28° W., or exactly opposite to the general direction of the dip. The underclay and shale are ground in a clay mill and used for brick-making. Section in the Clay Pit at Oldfield Lane Ends. ft.in. ft. in. 8 Surface - E Shale - : \ 0 2 Coal Dirt Coal | Clay Dirt Underclay Hard undercla; Shale = 3 Dark shale Coal - Underclay - The fault drawn across the Great Northern Railway, between the Midland Railway and Scots Bush, was seen crossing the cutting in a direction S. 49° W. It throws sandstone and shale on the north-west, against shale containing ironstone nodules on the south-east side. é 7 The fault 6 yards downthrow to the north-west, shown between the White- hall and Geldred Roads, has been proved in the little colliery on the side of the Whitehall Road, where the Better Bed Coal is worked at a depth of 16 yards. Passing over to the east side of the Sheepscar Beck valley, the features of the ground, old workings, exposures of the coals, and calculation enable us to show the outcrops of the Beeston Bed, Crow Coal, Black Bed, and Better Bed Coals between the Osmondthorpe and Hare Hills Cottage faults (see Hor. Sect. sheet 98). The latter fault has been proved in working the Black Bed Coal from the Broom Hill Collieries, and throws down 33 yards to the north, putting in the Black Bed Coal to a depth of 91 yards at Bywater Pit. The fault to the north of Hare Hills Cottage fault, but not strictly ~ ob ee wi “Coop cre 0 1Onrens * From information communicated by Mr. 8. Robertshaw, Farnley Iron Co. 730 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. parallel to it, has been proved in the same workings, and was seen, in several places in the clay pit north-east of Burmantofts Cemetery, to bringin beds of shale and sandstone on the south or downcast side against a thin band of coal and bed of grey shale which occur on the north side. It has been ' carried on provisionally across Gipton Beck to Birks Wood fault, and a calculated crop for the Black Bed Coal has been put in on the east side of Gipton Beck between this fault and the Hare Hills Cottage fault. A coal is seen in Gipton Beck about 5 chains west from Hare Hills Lane, and when the outcrop was laid bare the character and thickness of the coal, and the fireclay below it, would seem to indicate that it is the Better Bed Coal. The section was as follows :— , ft. in. Coal - - - - 1 5 Fireclay - = < - 20 It lies along the beck for a little way, and is overlaid by shale and flaggy . sandstone. Further south the flaggy sandstone is contorted, and the dip high and irregular. Workings to the Black Bed Coal at Hare Hills Colliery give the outcrops of both this coal and the Crow Coal from the Hare Hills Cottage north fault, along the rising ground east of Roundhay Road. ‘The Beeston Bed is probably brought in on the top of the ridge at High Coldcotes. On both sides of this ridge an outcrop, calculated from the various depths at which the Black Bed Coal has been worked in the above colliery, and from the configuration of the ground, has been drawn in between the Hare Hills Cottage fault and the fault at the Hare Hills (Hare Hills fault). The fault last named has been proved in working the coal at Hare Hills Colliery. East of the Hare Hills it is 62 feet, and west of Hare Hills Lane it is 40 feet downcast to the north, but westward the amount of throw rapidly diminishes, and it dies out altogether before reaching the Hare Hills Cottage north fault. Eastward from the Hare Hills it has been carried on through Low Gipton to Pigeon Cote House upon general surface evidence and that afforded by the borings at Fox Wood. The recent sinking of Gipton Pit* proving the Black Bed Coal at a depth of 45 yards 2 ft. 7 ins., and the fact that the coal is only 64 yards deep 8% chains south-west from Low Gipton, proves the existence of this fault here ; its continuation through Fox Wood will depend on the accuracy in the statements as to the depth of the Better Bed Coal near-~ the east end of the wood, about which there is some doubt. Probably the high dip seen in the brook near this place may indicate the close proximity of the fault. Further, the old “bell pits,’’? where the Black Bed Coal and over- lying shale and ironstone have been worked, terminate near the east end of the wood, the coal apparently being cut off altogether, and it has been proved that there is no Black Bed Coal where the footpath from Low Gipton to Seacroft crosses Wike Beck, on the south side of the line of this fault. The Crow Coal crops out in the small brook west from the village of Sea- croft, and just north of the letter “E” in the township of this name. The section of the coal here exposed is given below, and corresponds in every respect with the Crow Coal of Black Bank and Osmondthorpe. ft. in. ft. in. Coal - - - - 1 5 White clay - - - - 0 7 Inferior Coal - - - 0 6 On the north side of the Hare Hills fault the old “ bell pits ” in Fox Wood, Arthur’s Rein, and in the ground west of Fearneville, enable us to lay down the outcrop of the Black Bed Coal across to the Wrangthorn fault, while at 7a Hill the Better Bed Coal is proved at depths varying from 14 to yards. To the east the Coal measures are overlaid by an outlying patch of Magne- . * For the valuable information in connexion with this somewhat obscure piece of country, which has been recently proved, we are indebted to Mr. G. Foster, manager for the Low Moor Iron Company, Osmondthorpe.Collieries, to whom we have to express our thanks for the great kindness and courtesy we received from him in every instance when we had occasion to apply to him. THE BIRKS WOOD FAULT. 731 sian Limestone at Ash Bank. The rest of the district between the Westwood fault and the edge of the Magnesian Limestone is very obscure and little known in regard to the beds that occur within it. For those which are sup- posed to exist, see Hor. Sect. sheet 99. The small faults shown in the neighbourhood of the Hare Hills have all been proved in, and the lines obtained from, the plans of Hare Hills* and Brown Hillt collieries. The Birks Wood fault, which runs from Farnley Wood north-east through Leeds to the Wrangthorn fault, may now be described. On the top of the ridge at Farnley Wood the Beeston Bed Coal has been worked very exten- sively, and the termination of these old shallow shafts gives a close approxima- tion to the position of this fault across the bill. It has been proved under Wood Lane in working the Better Bed Coal,t and also near Wortley, in work- ing the same coal,§ as well as in the Beeston Bed Coal workings, the latter coal being brought in on the south-east or downcast side. Thus, on the east side of the lane from Oldfield Lane Top to Balks House, we have the Better Bed 32 yards deep on the one side and the Beeston Bed 16 yards deep on the other, proving a downcast to the south-east of about 100 yards. The small fault, Pinfold fault, with a downthrow of 6 yards to the south-west, shifts this fault about 5 chains south-eastward, and between this point and Oldfield Lane the amount of throw is generally reckoned at 126 yards, though the depths of the different coal seams on either side do not seem to give any more than 110 yards. The Balks House fault apparently branches out from this fault about Birks Wood. It has been proved in the Better Bed workings at the Engine Pit, Farnley Colliery ; again at Wortley in working the Beeston Bed Coal under the cemetery. Binns the Black Bed Coal is only a few yards deep at Dragon Pit, this fault is a downcast to the north-west of about 85 yards at this place; thence it is continued through Scott’s Bush and made to unite again with the Birks Wood fault at Low Lane. A calculated outcrop of the Beeston Bed has been laid down at Balks House, and the old “ bell pits” in Scott’s Bush indicate that this coal lies there very near the surface, if it has no actual outcrop. Again, taking up the Birks Wood fault, it is seen in a clay pit near the gasworks and Union Foundry. A bore hole at the latter proved the Better Bed Coal at a depth of 44 yards, and the outcrop of this same coal strikes against the upcast side of the fault at the place where it crosses the Great Northern Railway. On the other side of the valley the Better Bed was found 2 yards deep at the corner of Park Lane and Grace Street, and in a borehole at the Oriental Baths, Cookridge Street, it was 13 yards deep, while in a bore hole at Potter’s Almshouses it was proved at a depth of 35 yards, which would seem to point to the occurrence of a fault with a downcast to the south-east between these two bore holes. The Birks Wood fault has therefore been drawn from the clay pit at Union Foundry across the valley and between the Oriental Baths and Potter Almshouses to the Wrangthorn fault. An outcrop of the Black Bed Coal is shown on the downcast side of this fault east of Potter’s Almshouses. We will now turn to the country on the upcast side of Birks Wood fault, and direct our attention in the first instance to that portion of it which lies south-east of the Aire valley. Natural features, workings to, and actual exposures of the coals give the outcrops of the Better Bed and Black Bed Coals on the east and west sides of Farnley Park, and along the south side of the Pudsey Beck valley to Tong Park, with much accuracy. On the west side of Tong Beck the little escarpment round the hillside and exposures of the Crow Coal at various points give the outcrop of this coal with certainty, but on the Farnley side of the valley it cannot be followed with the same exactness, and has therefore been drawn in from calculation. ; The Cud Hill fault has been proved in the workings from the Farnley Colliery from Lodge Hill to Fey Moor to be a downthrow to the south- east of 6 yards at Lodge Hill and 30 yards at Farnley Moor. It has been continued ‘south-westwards between Cud .Hill and the Whitehall Road, its * Low Meor Iron Company. ¢ York Road Iron and Coal Company. { Farnley Iron Company, Limited. § Messrs. Ingham and Sons. 732 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. position being indicated by the Oakenshaw Rock which occurs at the former place being cut off and the Beeston Bed Coal being brought in on the south- east side of the road. Between this fault and the Tong fault a portion of the Beeston Bed Coal occurs, as just mentioned. This coal has been proved 38 feet deep at No. 4 Sowden Air Pit, Farnley Colliery (see Vert. Sects. sheet 44), and the outcrop has becn laid down from the features of the ground and the old “ bell pits’? by means of which the coal has been got between Cud Hill and Major Wood. : The faults shown between Nan Whins Wood, through Farnley Moor to Castle Hill, have all been proved in the workings from the above-mentioned colliery, the information in regard to them having been most kindly given by permission of the Farnley Iron Company. The small faults laid down on the south side of Farnley Beck near Carr Hall have likewise been proved in working the Black Bed Coal from Cliff Pit, and our knowledge of them obtained from the same source. A small anticlinal seen on the north side of this beck, and marked on the map at the letter “r” in “ Parliamentary,” probably marks the continuation to the north-east of one of these small faults. The fault 6 yards down to the south, which is the continuation westwards of the Nun Whins fault across the Tong Beck valley has been proved in the workings from Tong Colliery.* By referring to Hor. Sect. sheet 96, the occur- rence of the beds, and the manner in which they are shifted by the faults now described on the east and west sides of Tong Beck, will be seen. Two small patches of Better Bed Coal have been shown on the high ground at Roaker Lane and Hope House, both occurring on the downcast side of the Jonas Wood fault, but there is some uncertainty about their existence over the sandstone at the places above named. North-east of the Farnley Beck the Black Bed and Better Bed Coals again occur on the hilltop between Lower and Upper Wortley ; the escarpment round Blue Hill, and the numerous open workings and exposures, where the coals have either been proved or seen in place, enable the exact positions of the out- crops to be shown on the map. The sandstone forming the escarpment round the hilltop was seen in the open works to lie immediately over the Black shale and ironstone which form the roof of the Black Bed Coal, and the following section was measured :— ft. in. ft. in, Sandstone - - - - 14 °0 Black shale and ironstone -. - 60 Buack Bep Coan - - 20 The sandstone north of the outcrop of the Better Bed Coal, being the rock generally known as the Better Bed Seatstone, has been laid down from the section seen in the Great Northern Railway west of Armley Station. The faults which are shown between Lower and Upper Wortley have been proved, and the lines laid down from information obtained at the Brickworks,t and it is only necessary to enter into particulars regarding two of them. That which we have called the Silver Royd Hill fault is on the hill south of the Firebrick Works, a downthrow to the north-east of 6 yards, to the north-west it gradually diminishes, and at the point where it crosses the outcrop of the Black Bed Coal the actual throw is really nothing, but the difference in the dip of the beds on opposite sides of the fault, which has given rise to this decrease, continuing, the direction of the throw soon changes, and at Blue Hill Lane the fault is a downcast of 15 yards to the south-west. ‘ This fault has been drawn on through Lower Height to the Jonas Wood fault on surface evidence alone. The other fault, which we have named the Primrose Hill fault, has been proved in two branches at Lower Wortley, the north branch 5 yards and the south branch 11 yards down to the south; these two faults have further been proved to unite on the west of Blue Hill Lane; on the west side of Farnley Beck this fault has not yet been worked up to, but we have been induced to lay it down on this side of the valley from the fact, that while the Better Bed Coal has been worked up to the outcrop on the hillside east of Nutting Grove, * From information communicated by Mr. F. H. Pearce, Bowling Iron C , t Messrs. Cliff and Sons and Messrs. Ingham and Sons.” e =e HILL GREEN FAULT. 733 this coal has not been found north of this between Bawn and Mount Pleasant ; under ordinary circumstances it ought to exist here, but the continuation - the Primrose Hill fault through the Pinfold and Hare Park explains its absence. Returning to the Armley side of the valley, we have the Better Bed Coal thrown forward by the Hill Top fault, this coal lying at a depth of 40 yards at the lane from Westfield House to Hill End; the fault has been worked up to at the same place; the section seen in the Great Northern Railway, the old shallow workings north of Hill Top and the sudden ending off at Pasture Hill of the Flagstone escarpment mark the line very fairly across the country. Almost parallel to this fault is a portion of the Jonas Wood fault, the position of which at the surface we were able to fix with perfect correctness from the sections in the railway and in the clay pit, and by the termination of the escarpment through Ridge Wood south of Armley House; further it has been proved in the workings north of Hill End, between the Hill Top and Jonas Wood faults, where the latter exists as two faults, the one 3 and the other 12 yards down to the south-east. In the space between the two main faults the outcrop of the Better Bed was seen in the railway cutting south- west of Hill Top, while the outcrop on the north-east side of the ridge is mainly drawn from the indications furnished by the old surface workings. On the upcast side of the Jonas Wood fault the Better Bed Coal is seen in the clay pit, to which place it is thrown up by this fault, and the line of the old workings gives the outcrop south of Armley Grange with tolerable cer- tainty. (See Hor. Sect. sheet 97.) We will now continue the evidence for the Jonas Wood fault. In Jonas Wood the Better Bed Coal is brought down against the Flagstone, and this rock is thrown down into the bottom of the valley, the end of the escarpment marking the position of the fault in the wood; from this point south-west- wards to the Tong fault the evidence for it chiefly rests on the general ap- pearance of the surface, and the fact that the Better Bed Coal outcrops well up on the hillside towards The Heights; the average dip of the beds not heing sufficient to carry up the coal from North Wood to Newstead House, unless a fault with an upthrow to the north-west intervened (see Hor. Sect. sheet 96); on such general evidence as this, guided by a careful examination of the ground, a hypothetical fault has been laid down on the map between the points above indicated. The fault which branches from the Tong fault at Hill Green, and ranges north-west across Holme Beck and Scholebrook Lane, was seen, with two other faults on the north-east side of it, in a section exposed in the beck, which is figured in Fig. 113. Fig. 118. Section across the Hill Green Fault, south side of Holme Beck. Fault F, s. Fault Fi _ Hill Green Fault F. The sandstone (s) below the Better Bed Coal, the strike of which runs parallel with the brook on the north-east side of the Hill Green fault, is thrown up a few feet by fault (Fx), and dips down at a small angle to fault (F ); by this fault beds not previously seen in the section are brought in and dip 8S. 16° W. at 20°; these beds are again thrown out of sight by the 734 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. main fault (F.), and the measures shown in descending order in the section below are brought in :— ft.in. ft. in. 8. Sandstone - - - 7. Dark shale and ironstone no- dules - - - - - 8 0 6. Shale - - - - - 66 5. Coal - - - - 09 4. Shale and ironstone nodules - - 10 0 3. Black shale - - - - 09 2. Soft shale . - - - 5 0 1. Sandstone - - - The dip of the lowest beds, or those close up to the fault is S. 17° W. at 57° but it gradually lessens to the south-west, the higher beds seen in the section, dipping 36° in the same direction. The termination of the sandstone escarpment at Scholebrook Lane and the section seen in the brook through Black Carr furnish’ the data on which we have drawn this fault across to the Smale Well fault. A coal which appears in Holme Beck at the east end of the old Fish Pond is supposed to be the Black Bed Coal, the black shale and layers of nodular ironstone which overlie that coal corresponding to the measures which occur above this coal at Tong. If this coal be really the Black Bed Coal, which there is no reasonable ground for doubting, the fault that we have just described will be a downthrow to the south-west, the outcrop which strikes against the north-east side of the fault in Park Wood being thrown down into the bottom of the valley.’ The east and west fault at the east end of the old Fish Pond was seen in the brook section west of the outcrop of the sup- posed Black Bed Coal, and where it again crosses the bend in the brook still further west, shale, nearly on edge, was brought in against sandstone dipping N. 32° W. at 30°. The coal which is laid down on the north side of old Fish Pond was seen in section, and there are a number of old “bell pits”’ within the park wall where this coal has evidently been removed. Its section is— ft.in.. ft. mn. Shale - - = Coal - - - 0 9tol 2 Clay - - - - - .0 OL Coal - - 07 Dark clay - - - - | - 0 3 Dirt - - - - - 01 Brown clay - - - - 06 Coal - - = - 04 Yellow clay 7 - - - O11 Dirt - - - - O01 Yellow clay - = - - Oi] Underclay - - “ - 10 Sandstone - - Ol This is probably the Crow Coal thrown in on the downcast side of the east a met ts just aati . coal which is exposed in the colliery railway on the west side o - brook Lane is the Better Bed, and giver the artis round S sb eee fying the sandstone which occurs between Scholebrook Lane and Smale Well ault. A fault was seen in the Pudsey Beck at the east end of Black Carr, dark shale dipping S. 33° E. at 8° being thrown down to the ; ip ina ae pps g aoe ee g south ; the dip increased The Flagstone comes to the surface in the bottom of the valley south of the Smale Well fault, and as already mentioned the Better Bed Coal crops out nearer the top of the ridge ; adits, actual exposures, and the various excava+ tions where the coal has been proved give the outcrop round The Heights to the fault through Chapel Town, Pudsey. (Longfield House fault), while the hill top is (COUNTRY BETWEEN KIRKSTALL AND ROUNDHAY. 735 capped by a sandstone about 15 yards below the Black Bed Coal, and known as the Thick Stone in the Low Moor and Bowling districts. The Little Moor and Crawshaw Mill faults are entirely hypothetical, having neither been seen nor proved, they are laid down on the strength of the facts that a coal 2 feet thick, said to be the Crow Coal, was proved in the common sewer near the National School; that the Black Bed was found at a depth of 12 yards on the east of the road from Little Moor to Low Town, Pudsey; and that the Flagstone is at the surface around Acres Hall. North-east from these faults, and between the Jonas Wood and Longfield House faults, the beds of sandstone which form the Elland Flagstone group stretch from Acres Hal] to Armley House. They are intersected by a portion of the Farnley Beck valley and by the. tributary valleys from Crimbles and Swinnow Grange, and by this means there have been formed the noble escarp- ment through Park Spring, from whence can be obtained a most extensive view of the surrounding country, the bold feature at Acres Hall, that round The Hough, and that on the Gamble Hill side of the valley. - On the top of the ridge these beds of sandstone are overlaid by higher and higher beds until the Better Bed is reached on the upcast side: of the Jonas Wood fault (see p. 733), also (Hor. Sect. sheet 97). - The escarpment for the most part is also well marked on the north-east side of the ridge, the continuity being broken south of Armley House by the Jonas Wood and Hill Top faults, but at Pasture Hills it again forms a bold feature continuing along the side of the Aire Valley and running down to the alluvial flat near the site of the supposed Danish camp; it then rises up on the north-east side of the valley, and extends round by Burley and Burley Hill to the Wrangthorn fault, the escarpment on this side of the valley being as bold and well marked as that on the opposite side. The escarpment between Kirkstall and Dyson House is apparently shifted westwards, and a pro- visional fault has been laid down between Dyson House and Burley Hill to explain this. To the east the Flagstone is overlaid by the Better Bed Coal, the out- crop of which is obtained from the following sources. There have been old workings to this coal near Hanover Chapel, Park Lane; the coal has been proved at the junctioa of Grace Street with Park Lane; the general feature round St. John’s Hill and Woodhouse Moor is some guide, and the coal was again proved in the trench cut for the common sewer in the Otley Road south of Wrangthorn. This coal is succeeded by the flaggy sand- stone which caps the hill, forming the little feature across Woodhouse Moor and round St. John’s Hill; this rock probably answers to the sandstone which has been mentioned as occurring on The Heights (see p. 734). The country so far described is bounded on the north by a long line of fault which ranges along the south side of Bramley Fall, through Kirkstall, north of Woodhouse Moor, and on toward Roundhay Park. This we will call the Wrangthorn fault. The evidence for this fault is entirely circumstantial. At Bramley Fall a fault is obviously needed between the Rough Rock and the Lower Coal measures which abut against it on the south. Again, the Flagstone of Burley and Burley Hill is abruptly truncated on the north, and the rock is thrown up on to Woodhouse Ridge. A fault is absolutely needed to cause this dis- placement, but the exact place of its line is very doubtful. Jt must run, how- ever, between Wrangthorn Church, where the crop of the Better Bed has been proved, and the Flagstone Quarries of Woodhouse Cliff. Further to the east we have already described how the outcrop of the Black and Better Bed Coals are brought by this fault against the Flagstone or the beds beneath it. We will now take in hand the country between the Wrangthorn fault on the south, the Weetwood fault on the north, and a fault ranging east of north through Weetwood Hall, which we will call the Weetwood Hall fault, on the woth main feature in this tract is made by the flagstone which forms a bold line of hills ranging from Woodhouse Ridge through Chapeltown to Roundhay Park. The general plateau which this rock tends to produce is cut across by several valleys, two of which, the Hare Hills and the Meanwood Valleys, have been worked down well into the underlying shales and are bounded on either side by conspicuous escarpments. A thin irregular band of 736 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. sandstone, which is possibly the equivalent of the 80-yards Rock, is recognisable at some spots beneath the Flagstone. It forms a faint feature along the hill- side beneath the Flagstone escarpment about half a mile west of Chapeltown ; it may be seen in the Meanwood Valley 10 chains south-east of Groves Mill, in the steep bank above the brook in Batty’s Wood, and in a quarry beside Oil Mill Lane. \ : Lower down in the measures comes the Galliard Rock, whose character has been already described (p. 123). This bed is well opened out in the quarries near the Oil Mill, where the beds are broken by a small fault and bent up into a very sharp anticlinal. Their general lie is shown in the section on Fig. 114. Fig. 114, Section of the Galliard Quarries in the Meanwood Valley. S.W. N.E. ‘ Meanwood Oil Mill. Shale Road. ese: cy Galliard with thin b es ed of Coal. From these quarries the rock can be traced with fair certainty along the eastern side of the Meanwood Valley up to the Weetwood fault, and the manner in which it abuts against Rough Beck near Carr House is one point in the evidence by which the line of that fault has been determined. Along the western side of the Meanwood Valley the Galliard can be followed to a point about 6 chains north-west of Castle Grove; it there seems to fail suddenly as if cut off by a fault, but there is no evidence to determine in what direction the fault, against which it terminates, runs. Hereabouts in fact we get into a very obscure and difficult piece of ground, and the following explanation of its structure, though the best we have been able to frame from the available data, is very conjectural. The Galliard which has passed underground along the western side of the Meanwood Valley rises again to the surface in Hill Wood 30 chains west of Kirkstall Grange. It is cut off on the west by the Weetwood Hall fault, which brings Rough Rock against it. It seems also to be cut off on the south by a fault seen in the brook. An escarpment probably formed by the same rock can be traced from the Wrangthorn fault at Kirkstall Church north- wards to a little beyond Kepstam, where the feature comes to an end. A sandstone winds round the hill on which Kirkstall Grange stands, which from its position with regard to the Galliard is probably the sandstone we have already spoken of as the equivalent of the 80-yards Rock. A patch of what is probably the same rock forms a good escarpment at Batcliff Wood. The escarpment of Batcliff Wood however is not continuous with that of the sandstone that encircles the hill of Kirkstall Grange, and to account for the want of correspondence the east and west fault running by Grange Farm has been inserted. The same fault will explain the failure of the Galliard escarp- ment north of Kepstam. The sandstone of Batcliff Wood appears to terminate along a line passing through Headingley House and Headingley Lodge, and a fault has been drawn to account for its disappearance. We will now cross to the west of the Weetwood Hall fault. At Abbey House we have the Rough Rock on the upcast side extending away to Bramley Fall, where it is most extensively quarried; this rock and the underlying flags rise up from under the alluvium on both sides of the valley at Kirkstall Forge and are overlaid by Lower Coal Measure shales on the south side of the valley. The Rough Rock 1s again thrown down on the west by the St. Helen’s Mill ul and has no outcrop in the space between this fault and the Bagley ‘ault. ‘On the downcast side of the Wrangthorn fault a calculated cro for the Hard Bed Coal has been laid down on the south side of the Aire a Rodley THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BRAMLEY. 737 Foundry, from the Soft Bed Seatstone having been found at a depth of 103 yards in a well on the north side of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal; and actual proof gives the outcrops of both Soft Bed and Hard Bed Coals at Bagley on the west side of Coal Hill between the Bagley and Bramley faults. An outlier of the 32-yards Rock crowns the top of Coal Hill, and this rock and another thin band of sandstone occur between White Cote and Kirkstall Hall, their escarpments along the hillside between these two places being very fairly marked, but between White Cote and Coal Hill neither of them can be traced with any certainty. The Bramley fault which trends north of east through Bramley and Farsley Beck Bottom has been laid down on the following evidence: the Hard Bed Coal which strikes against this fault north of Cape Mill, and the 32-yards Rock which caps the top of the hill, are thrown down on the south, the coal under the surface in the bottom of the valley and the base of the rock into the sides of the valley ; further the disappearance of the flagstone escarpment north of Beecroft Hill with the occurrence of. lower rocks at White Cote Hill warrant the continuation of the line through Bramley (see Hor. Sect. sheet 97). This fault may be the same as the fault already mentioned as occurring between Dyson House and Burley Hill. The flagstone at Beecroft Hill, apparently corresponding to that portion of the group known as the Gaisby Rock, can easily be traced between the Bramley and Longfield House faults, by the last of which it is thrown down on the south-east. It is possible to fix the line of fault with comparative accuracy between Duck Cote and Swinnow Lane by the termination of the escarpments and the sections exposed in the small brook which flows south-east from. Swinnow Grange; the rest of the line shown on the map is drawn in from the. general evidence which the appearance of the ground presented. In the space between the base of the flagstone and the top of the 32-yards - Rock near Stanningley but little is known, but if it be unbroken by faults there would seem to be a considerable thickness of shales between these two. beds of sandstone in this locality. Immediately over the 32-yards Rock are the following beds, a portion of them being exposed in the railway near Stanningley Station :— ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Surface. Clay and stones. Black shale - Soft black shale Dark clay - Coal - Clay - Galliard = - Underelay. Shale. 32-yards Rock. The quarries in the neighbourhood of Stanningley show the rock which is laid down between that place and Farsley to be a thick massive sandstone, and it is known to be the 32-yards Rock from the Hard Bed Coal having been found at a depth of 35 yards at Stanningley Foundry. A fault north-west and south-east through Primrose Hill is inserted to account for the occurrence of the flagstone at Low Town, Pudsey, the base of this rock being brought down within a very short distance of the top of the 32-yards Rock; the position of the fault is fixed by the escarpment being cut off at Primrose Hall, and there being no trace of the sandstone so well exposed at Low Town in the country towards Priestley Mill; the Primrose Hill fault will therefore be a downcast to the south-west. We have continued the Crawshaw Mill fault nearly parallel to the above as far as the Whinny Hill fault, for at Low Town, as already mentioned, one or other of the beds belonging to the flagstone group occurs, while west of Toft House the Black Bed Coal crops out, showing the existence of a fault between these places with a large downthrow to the south-west, that is in the same direction as that of the portion of this fault formerly described (see p. 735). The fault which appears to be the continuation of the Longfield House fault 42513. 3A pups ere ers © pe pee oO ‘ 1m toe oo ocCceF sp ao wie tod 8 738 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. through Chapel Town, has, however, a throw in a direction opposite to that which the evidence given on (p. 737) would lead us to conclude was the direction of the downcast across Swinnow Moor. At Chapel Town the Better Bed Coal was found in the excavations for the foundations of the tower of St. Lawrence’s Church, and on the west side of the ridge the outcrop was seen in the lane leading to Smale Well, but this same coal has been sunk to at a depth of 50 yards on the south-west side of the lane leading to Upper Moor; this proves the existence of a fault with a downcast to the north of nearly 50 yards. The working of the coal was not carried on to any extent, and with the excep- tion of the depth of the shafts and the thickness of the coal there was not much information to be had as to whether the fault had ever been proved in the workings. The outcrop of the Black Bed Coal runs round the hill between the fault at Chapel Town and the Smale Well fault, and the Better Bed Coal would also come to the surface, if the dip is unchanged, in the space between the Crawshaw Mill and Smale Well faults. Like the most of the faults in this neighbourhood the Smale Well fault depends on general evidence, having neither been seen nor proved. At Smale Well the flagstone which has been so largely quarried at Round Hill is cut off and thrown down into the valley of Tyersall Beck and the Better Bed Coal brought in against the top of this subdivision of the flagstone (see Hor. Sect. sheet 96); the termination of the flagstone escarpment makes the place of the fault at Smale Well tolerably certain ; to the south-west the section in Carr Beck, to the north-east the fact that measures between the Black and Better Bed Coals occur east of Upper Moor, and the flagstone west of that place enables the line to be carried across to the Harper Gate fault on the one hand and to the Crawshaw Mill fault on the other. On the upcast side of the Smale Well fault the flagstone lying on the top of Alcoates Hillis cut off on the north-west by the Whinny Hill fault, and between these two faults the lower subdivision of that rock occupies the lower lands round the hill and forms the capping to the steep bank on the east side of the Tyersall Beck; the rock puts in again on the opposite side of the valley and runs down into the railway cutting at Whinny Hill, the lower portion of the beds exposed consisting of thin bands of sandstone with alter- nating bands of shale. In the deep valley through which Tyersall Beck runs in this part of its course, beds under the flagstone are intersected down to those about on the horizon of the 32-yards Rock (see Hor. Sec. sheet 96). South of Quarry Gap, near Laister Dyke, a fault was seen in the cutting of the Bradford and Ardsley Branch of the G. N. Railway, crossing the railway in an east and west direction; it is a small downcast to the north. On the upcast side beds of sandstone and shale dip S. 9° W. at 4°, but as we proceed southwards the dip veers round more to the west, and at the point where the thin band of sandstone runs down into the bottom of the cutting the direction is 8. 66° W. Shales overlie this sandstone and occupy the cutting, and these are again overlaid, south of the Occupation Road from Tewet Hall, by a bed of sandy shale dipping S. 4° W. at 2°. On the east side of the cutting, still further south, beds of shale and sandstone are seen dipping north at 26°, but the dip soon changes and also the character of the beds, and as there is nothing corresponding to these measures on the west side, it would appear, although the section was not completely exposed, that they occurred in the angle between two faults as shown on the map. Another fault was seen to the south of the foot bridge over the railway ; on the west side of the cutting there is dark sandy shale dipping S. 16° E. at 40°, and on the south of the fault the Better Bed Coal is brought into the cutting, being easily distinguishable by the beds of Galliard which lie below it; the dip on this the downcast side of the fault is N. 8° E. at from 17° to 10°. ‘The continuation across the country of the faults just described is entirely provisional. The measures seen in the railway section between the fault, which puts in the Better Bed Coal, and the Tong fault are very much disturbed and contorted. The sections exposed in the clay pits and in the Great Northern Railway give the outcrops, on both sides of the railway west of Laister Dyke Junction, of the Better Bed Coal, and also enable the thin beds of sandstone under the THE COUNTRY AROUND LAISTER DYKE. 739 coal to be laid down. The following section shows the character of the beds below this seam in the vicinity of Laister Dyke :— ft. in, ft. in. Shale - . & < “ Betrer Bep f Dirt . - 01 Coan == (Coal - - 17 Galliard = - 3 2 é -~20 Fireclay = - “ < a - 40 Sandy shale - - - - - 20 Sandstone - - 7 “ -10 0 Dark sandy shale - - - - Measures. - - % . * Sandy shale - - - - é Dark shale - - - = - 6 0 Sandstone - is - 2 - 4 © Shale - - - Si - 40 Sandstone - - - 2 -12 0 Dark sandy shale - - = “ The two small faults laid down on the north side of the railway between Laister Dyke Junction and Plaintrees are seen in the section, and both throw down about 16 inches to the east. As the Flagstone occurs at Quarry Gap and the Better Bed Coal east of Laister Dyke Junction, it would seem as if a fault was required between the two places in order to bring up the Flagstone at the former. In the railway section no fault breaks the continuity of the beds as far as the junction of the Leeds and Ardsley branches of the Great Northern Railway, but east of this point the section shows a considerable thickness of boulder clay, lying apparently in a pot-hole between this place and Quarry Gap. A fault has, how- ever, been proved in the-workings from Whinny Hill Colliery, between the shaft and Dick Lane, with a downthrow to the north-west, and we have ventured to carry it on to Swaine Green to explain the want of correspondence in the measures just mentioned. In laymg down the Whinny Hill fault, which runs from Stanningley through Whinny Hill to the Harper Gate fault, we have been guided mainly by the following considerations. : The disappearance of the Flagstone which is so well marked at Alcoats Hill and Upper Moor, and the existence of the thin bed of shaly sandstone seen in therailway cutting at the north-east end of. Hill Foot Tunnel, show that the Flagstone is cut off between Alcoats and the railway. At Whinny Hill we also have the Flagstone, but in the colliery at the Brickworks the Hard Bed Coal is only 96 yards deep, and the way in which the sandstone ends off at the former place enables the line to be carried on westwards. Further the Better Bed Coal outcrops on the top of Pennyoaks Hill, but this same coal has been proved at Bower Croan. and as noticed above, again crops out in the railway near Laister Dyke Junction. Sections seen and the old works on the hilltop give the outcrop of the Better Bed Coal and underlying sandstone round Pennyoaks Hill. Across Bradford Moor nothing is known as to the beds, and the surface is obscured with a covering of yellow clay. x : The north-west and south-east fault across Dick Lane has been continued from the fault proved, on the south-west of Gain Lane, in the workings from the Bunker’s Hill Old Colliery.* : The Stone Stile fault was seen in the railway cutting at the south-west end of Hill Foot Tunnel, and near it the measures are seen dipping at a high angle. The thin sandstone seen at the north end of the tunnel, and which crops out at Pudsey Hill Foot, is brought down into the railway section again, and the fault has been carried on to the north-east through Stone Stile, because the: Flagstone at Sunny Bank is thrown up towards Woodhall, and the country east of that place is occupied by beds which are certainly lower in the series than the Flagstone. * From information communicated by Mr. F. H. Pearce. 3A 2 740 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Between the Bagley and the Bradford faults the 32-yards Rock is intersected and thrown down to the south-east by the Wadlands Wood fault, which has been proved in the old workings near Lees Lane, Farsley. The shift in the escarpment from the point south of Cockshot Wood, where it strikes the upcast side of the fault, to Kirkless Knowl, and other surface indications supply the necessary data for the line we have laid down through Kirkless Know] and Wadlands Wood. The Hard Bed Coal crops in Red Beck north of Wadlands Hall, and the outcrop has been traced on both sides of the valley on the downcast side of the Bramley fault, the existence of which is apparent, for while the outcrop occurs as stated above, in the same brook and close to the east side of the road between Farsley and Calverley the Rough Rock comes to the surface. Further, while the coal pit west from the Rehoboth Chapel is 18 yards deep to the Hard Bed Coal, the country north of the coal pit is occupied by beds which are undoubiedly lower than the Soft Bed Coal. The fault has therefore been drawn on provisionally between the points above indicated and continued as far as the Bradford fault. A calculated crop for the Soft Bed Coal has been laid down between the Bramley and our north-west boundary faults from the depth at which this coal has been found in the well on the east side of the road from Farsley to Calverley, and it is followed in natural succession by the Rough Rock which comes to the surface in the valleys west and south of Rodley Bridge, and again in the east bank of the River Aire at Thornton Wood. This grit is also well exposed in the cutting of the Midland Railway west of Aire Vale Dye Works, where it is seen to be overlaid by Lower Coal Measures as follows :— ft. in. ft. in, Black. shale - - - Dark shale and bands Shale - - Sandstone - Coan - Underclay - Rough Rock 0 0 4 3 8 0 The thin coal on the top of the grit is not continuous, but only occurs in isolated places. These beds are succeeded in the usual order by higher measures. Thus we have the outcrop of the Soft Bed Coal in Swaine Wood, along with which the following strata were exposed :— ft. in. ft. in. Sandstone - - - - - Black shale - - - - about 12 0 Sorr Bep Coan - - - 11 Soft sandy clay - - - - 0 3 Ganister, passing downwards into sandstone This exposure and the natural feature of the ground, assisted by calculation, give the outcrop of the Soft Bed Coal through Swaine Wood, and along the north-east side of the Aire Valley. The outcrop of the Hard Bed Coal has been principally obtained from the old workings to this coal in Burke Wood, and the configuration of the ground north of Swaine Wood. The Bagley fault was seen in the railway cutting south of New Laiths, crossing the cutting in a direction S. 69° W., bringing beds of shale in against the Rough Rock. The beds of shale dip from 18° to 28°, the direction of dip varying from S. 10° W. to S. 31° E., while the grit which is lying flat on the north side, on the south side and west of the bridge dips N. 21° E. at 33°. A branch fault is here seen in the section which throws the grit down to the south-west. At Bagley the fault was seen in the excavations for a small reservoir on the east side of the valley of Bagley Beck, and in the bottom of the valley the Soft Bed Coul is brought down against the top of the Rough Rock. At the north or low end of the village of Farsley the Hard Bed Coal is from 4 to 8 yards deep, and quite close to we have the base of the 32-yards Rock, which fact, taken in conjunction with the depth of the Hard Bed Coal THE CENTRE OF THE COALFIELD. 741 at Sunny Bank Mills, enables the line to be prolonged through Farsley. South-west of this place it is altogether hypothetical, and is continued to join on with the fault already mentioned at Swaine Green. (See p. 739.) Once more and for the last time we must turn our steps south- wards, and take up the country which lies within the belt last described. The area we are going to deal with is the central portion of the Yorkshire Coalfield, and its description will complete the account of the geological structure of the country to which the present Memoir relates. District 36.—The central portion of the Yorkshire Coalfield from Mapplewell, Monk Bretton, Darfield, Bolton-wpon-Dearne, and Adwick-upon-Dearne on the south, through Royston, Felkirk, Brierly, South Kirkby, Hemsworth, Badsworth, and Ackworth, to Pontefract on the north. This is a large district rudely triangular in shape. Its southern boundary is partly formed by the Dearne Valley fault. North of Monk Bretton this fault terminates against a fault through St. Helen’s and Smithies, which we will call the St. Helen’s fault. The boundary runs along this fault till the Darton fault is reached. The Darton fault forms the remainder of the southern boundary. On the north-west the boundary is a line of fault running through Notton and Sharlston, which will be called the Notton fault. This fault has not been traced with certainty beyond Featherstone Station. To the north-west of that spot the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, between Featherstone and Pontefract, forms the boundary. On the east the district extends up to the base of the Magnesian Limestone. In the south-western corner of the district the Woolley Edge Rock, which ranges through Staincross and Blacker Hill, and the Oaks Rock, which extends from Notton to Carlton, form the prin- cipal features. As we pass in a north-easterly direction the beds dip to the north-east, but at so low an angle that the Nostel Coal does not come on till we reach Nostel Station. A fault with alarge downcast to the south-east ranges in a north-easterly direction past Royston Station. By this fault the outcrop of the Nostel or Shafton Coal is shifted nearly three miles to the south. To the south-east of the Royston fault this coal is underlaid by the Upper Chevet Rock, which runs with a strongly-marked escarpment from Royston Station through Cudworth and Darfield to Bolton-upon- Dearne. To the north-east of the outcrop of the Upper Chevet Rock the beds gradually flatten and finally assume a basin-shaped lie. The Brierly Rock comes on at the village of that name, and after passing underground rises again to the surface at Hemsworth. In the centre of the’ basin an outlier of the Houghton Common Rock caps the high ground which extends from Brierly Common through Houghton Common to Clayton-on-the-Clay. From this plateau a most instructive panorama of the portion of the Coalfield to the south-west presents itself. Ona clear day the ranges formed by the outcrops of the Upper Chevet, Oaks, and Woolley Edge Rocks can be easily picked out by the eye, while far away in the distance the more prominent ridges formed by the Lower Coal Measure Sandstones are distinctly recognisable. In fact all the 742 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD, great leading features in the structure of this portion of the Coal- field lie spread out beneath our feet, outlined with all the distinct- ness of a model. ; : About the country round Hickleton, Frickley, South Kirkby, and Badsworth we have little to tell. It is occupied by beds probably below the Houghton Common Rock, which undulate in curves so broad and flat that on the large scale they may be looked upon as horizontal. ee In the north-eastern part of the district we have a tract of country about which our information is so scanty that we can do little more than frame conjectures as to its geological structure. The ground between Nostel and Purston Jacklin 1s occupied by beds which probably are not far above the Nostel Coal. Along the eastern edge of this strip of country it is probable that the Royston Station fault runs on and throws in measures higher in the series. The only beds we have succeeded in tracing with any approach to accuracy are two sandstones, which for reasons already given we have provisionally identified with the Brierly and Houghton Common Rocks. The beds seem to roll up and down in a series of gentle undulations, and these sandstones occur as outliers in the centre of the broad depressions. One patch in which both rocks are present lies around and to the west of Ackworth Moor Top. Another broad spread extends over the high ground north of Ackworth and west of East Hardwick. A third occurrence of the rocks is met with at Pontefract. We will begin with an account of the narrow strip of ground which lies between the Darton and the Mapplewell faults, and first of all we will give the evidence for the portion of the latter fault which lies to the: east of Darton. ; The crops of the Netherton Thick Coal and of a thick sandstone which overlies it are laid bare in the cutting of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway north of Darton Station. These beds are striking directly for a little pit near the Pinfold, where the Barnsley Coal was 2 yards deep. There must thérefore be faults between the outcrop and the pit throwing down some /0 yards to the south, Part only of this throw is produced by the Mapplewell fault, the remainder being due to the fault running towards Staincross Plantation. Again the Barnsley Coal has been gotten close to the surface in the fields south-west of the Oaks Plantation. It crops, or all but crops, in these fields, and certainly comes out at an old dayhole by Darton Lane 26 chains east of Darton Hall. The coal must be thrown in again however immediately to the south, for it has been worked in the fields on the south of Darton Lane, and was found 6 yards deep in a little pit on the east side of Cockshot Pit Lane. The fault has therefore been drawn here nearly alonz Darton Lane. The fault has been worked up to from North Gawber Colliery.* To the east of Carr Lane the fault divides. Both branches were crossed in a dip incline driven from Willow Bauk Colliery* towards Dearne Side Colliery ; the north- erly branch had a downcast of 15, and the southerly of 6 yards. The northerly branch was again crossed from East Gawber Collieryt in Smith Wood ; its throw was here so small that the branch of the fault is probably on the point of dying out; it was observed however that the throw increased rapidly to the north-west. The southerly branch was worked up to from East Gawber Colliery but was not crossed. The lowest coal that comes to the surface in the area between the Mapple- well and Darton faults is the Barnsley Bed. This seam has been worked from Swallow Hill Colliery up to the day, and its outcrop is again seen in the * For information about these collieries we have to thank Mr. R. Thorpe and Mr. Weekes. } The proprietors, Messrs. Craig, gave us every information about this colliery. THE CENTRE OF THE COALFIELD. 743 branch railway to North Gawber Colliery at the junction with the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway. Between these two outcrops the old workings appear to terminate along a line which can hardly be a natural bassett, and we have therefore supposed the crop from Swallow Hill and the crop in the branch railway to terminate against a fault running from near Darton to Swallow Hill, which has been worked up to from Swallow Hill Colliery and is con- tinued provisionally both to the north-west and south-east of the spot where it was reached. This fault apparently throws down to the north-cast, and between it and the Mapplewell fault the Barnsley Coal will be in up to Darton Bridge. The above seemed to us the most likely explanation of the facts that came under our notice, but we cannot look upon it as certain, because in a bit of ground like the present, lying between two large faults, it is likely that many branch faults occur, which may further complicate the lie of the measures. The Barnsley Coal has however been long ago worked out, and till deeper seams are attacked we are not likely to obtain additional information. The nest of small faults south of Dearne Side Colliery have been proved from Willow Bank Colliery. There is a patch of Kent’s Thin Rock lying in the angle between the Darton and the St. Helen’s faults around Willow Bank Colliery, and a hill about half a mile to the north-west of that colliery is pro- bably capped by an outlier of the same rock. : We will next take the long strip of country which lies between the Notton and Royston Station faults, giving first the evidence for these two faults. The Notton fault has been worked up to from North Gawber Colliery along a distance of half a mile on the south-west side of Staincross Plantation, and produces a most conspicuous shift in the escarpment of the Woolley Edge Rock. There is no positive evidence for the continuation of the fault north- wards till the cutting of the Great Northern Railway at Hare Park, but there is good reason on several grounds for believing it to run on throughout the intervening distance. Thus it accounts well for the abrupt termination of the escarpment of the Oaks Rock south of Notton; a sandstone in Haw Park which is certainly well above the Oaks Rock abuts against that rock in Walton Park. The fault is said again to have been proved in the old workings to the Crofton Coals near Crofton, and in the old workings in the Sharlston Coals at Sharlston, and it will be quite certain that a large fault throwing down to the east must run somewhere about the line marked on the map if the positions of the coals on opposite sides of that line be compared. A fault, which is most likely a prolongation of that we are describing, has been worked up to from Snydale Victoria Colliery but has only been partly proved. At the four cross roads 20 chains E. by S. from the colliery a fault was met with in the Stanley Main Coal; it was driven through and the heading struck the Scale Coal. The exploration was carried on in this coal for a short distance, when another fault was reached which has not yet been crossed. How far and in what direction the fault continues beyond this point we have no means at present of deciding ; it is possible that if may run on to join a fault passing through Pontefract Station, which will be noticed further on. The Royston Station fault has been worked up to from North Gawber Colliery at Blacker Hill, and its existence here is most conclusively proved by the abrupt termination of the escarpment of the Woolley Edge Rock. The fault seems to have been touched again from the same colliery 8 chains north- west of the house called Lower Tipsy. The deep south level was driven up to a fault throwing down 8 or 9 yards to the east. About 20 yards beyond this fault the coal became bad and began to rise very sharply, as if a large fault were close at hand. A little further to the north the existence of the fault is clearly proved by the abutting of the Oaks and Woolley Edge Rocks against one another. The position of the fault can be very closely fixed at Muscle Hill, for while the base of the Oaks Rock is seen there in the cutting of the mineral railway, two bore holes'a little way to the east proved the Steam Coal at depths of 71 and 73 yards, from which the throw may be estimated to be about 40 yards. The fault is seen in the cutting of the canal 10 chains south of Royston Station. In carrying on the fault to the north-east we have Aveen guided by the apparent abrupt termination of the Havercroft Rock at Ryhill, and by the fact that old coal workings which extend over the whole of Ryhill Pits seem to cease along a line, as if the coal had been gotten up to a fault. The fault is again well shown in the cutting of the Great 744 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Northern Railway 20 chains east of Nostel Station, of which a sketch is given in Fig. 115. The cutting for about 13 chains east of the station is in sandstone; this rock is bent up into an arch, and a coal which may be the Nostel Bed comes out from beneath it. Sandstone and coal are then cut off by a fault. Then follows a belt of excessively broken ground, the faults in which are probably offshoots from the main fault. The two faults at the eastern end of the section probably represent the main dislocation. The fault has been drawn on from this spot so as to separate the sandstone of Offley Wood, which is probably the Houghton Common Rock, from the ground about Wragby where the Nostel Coal has been proved to lie at no great depth. Beyond this neighbourhood the fault may run on and bound’ on the west the great spread of sandstone, probably the Ackworth Rock, which stretches from East Hardwick through Houndhill and Ackworth Hall, but the termination of this rock is by no means distinctly marked. Still further to the north we have scarcely data for forming even a conjecture as to the course taken by this fault. We were at one time inclined to connect it with the fault already mentioned at Pontefract Station, but we rather lean now to the idea that that fault is a continuation of the Notton fault. There is a fault seen in the cutting of the Swinton and Knottingley Railway 30 chains south-west of Hundhill Hall; this fault may continue across the country and the Royston Station fault may end off against it. Several other possible arrangements have suggested themselves to us, but in the absence of all data it is idle to indulge in wild conjecture, and the question must remain open for the present. We will start on our description of the country between the Notton and Royston Station faults on the south near Darton. A coal crops in the Oaks Plantation, with the following section :— ft. in. Coal . = - - - 110 Clay - - - - - 06 Coal and dirt - - - - 0 2 Clay - - “ 2 « 1 8 “The Barnsley Bed has apparently been worked in the field between this «crop and Darton Lane, and the coal is probably the Barnsley Rider, which in this district runs from 18 inches to 2 feet thick. The Barnsley Bed itself crops at a dayhole beside Darton Lane, and a fault seemed necessary between this outcrop and the crop in the plantation; we have therefore inserted a hypothetical fault branching out of the Mapplewell fault. In laying down the crops of the Mapplewell and Kent’s Thin Coal we have been guided mainly by the depths of pits to the Barnsley Bed. Kent’s Thin was seen in a sandstone quarry 23 chains west of Broad Royd Head. The escarpment of the Woolley Edge Rock is well marked in Staincross Plantation, but becomes somewhat indistinct at Staincross, and is not over - clear between that village and the Royston Station fault, A fault has been touched in a dip-heading from North Gawber Colliery at Staincross Cottage, but nothing is known as to its size or direction; as far as calculations can guide us, they seem to show that it cannot be large. A smut which is probably the Steam Coal was seen in a brook 30 chains north-east of Staincross Cottage, and this seam was proved at a depth of one yard in a bore hole* on the west side of Notton Park; between those two points a crop has been laid down which is probably fairly accurate. The Oake Rock comes on with a fairly-marked escarpment, and there is above it a sandstone forming Green Goose Hill, which can be followed to a ,point about half a mile north of Notton Grange. The escarpment terminates “here in a way that suggests a fault, and we have drawn the hypothetical fault east -of Notton Grange to account for the apparent truncation of this bed of rock. There is a very broken piece of ground at Royston Station, good sections of -which are laid open in the railway and canal cuttings. The latter section is figured on Fig. 116. * This bore hole is one of a number of borings put down to prove the Notton estate, for which we are indebted to-Mr. R. Childe; they have been of very material assistance in working out the geology of the district. Fig. 115. Section in the Cutting of the Great Northern Railway East of Nostel Station. S.E. Bridge 22 chains from the N.W. station. THE CENTRE OF THE Fig. 116. Section in the Canal Cutting at Royston Station. COALFIBLD. *9T0SMOIT pur opeyg for1n Sco Horizontal scale. Vertical scale slightly exaggerated. 745 746 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The general section of the beds is as follows :— ft. in. 14, Coal - - - - - 26 13. Grey shale and ironstone - -12 0 12. Sandstone - - - - 4 0 11. Black shale - - - - 0 2 10. Shale and spavin - - - 2 6 9. Black shale - - - - 010 8. Grey shale - - - -12 0 7. Sandstone - - - - 8 0 6. Light grey shale - - - 6 0 5. Black shale and Coal - - - 4, Sandy shale with irregular beds of sand- stone - - - - - 32 0 3. Black shale and Coal - - - 07 2. Grey shale - - - - 1. Hard slaty grey sandy shale, or shaly sandstone with large cank nodules’ - (1) isseen on the upcast side of the Royston Station fault; it is so very much cross-bedded that it is impossible to be certain about the dip, but the beds have apparently a gentle slope to the north-east. The dip increases slightly as we go northwards, and the beds up to (12) come on in regular succession. The section then becomes somewhat obscure, but measures are seen broken and almost on end; a fault seen in the railway cutting, which throws down about 2 yards to the north, points to this spot and is doubtless the cause of the disturbance. The beds to the north of this fault lie in a synclinal, which is more clearly * shown in the railway than in the canal cutting, and the coal No. 14 comes up in the bottom of the cutting at High Bridge; it is a very hard coal. We cannot say for certain what this seam is, but it is not unlikely that it is the Sharlston Yard. ; On the northern side of the trough the measures run up steeply and then flatten; they agree so nearly with the beds to the south of the small fault that there can be little doubt they are a repetition of these measures. Another fault occurs a little further to the north; the measures on the north of it agree very fairly with Nos. (9) to (4), and the fault is probably a small downcast to the north. The disturbances just described are probably due to the proximity of the large Royston Station fault. There is a sandstone of some mark in Haw Park. It may be followed with fair certainty through the wood, but it fades away to the south. A coal has been very largely worked by bell pits at Ryhill Pits. We could learn nothing about it, but it is not improbably the Crofton Top Bed. A conjectural line of outcrop has been drawn for this seam up to the Notton fault: the main guide in laying it down has been traces of old shallow workings. The spread of country that follows is very obscure as far as the Great Northern Railway; coal, probably the Crofton Beds, has been worked at several spots. The cutiing of the Great Northern Railway west of Nostel Station gives the following section :— _ ft. in Sandy shale and sandstone - - Sandstone, up to - - - - 5 0 Grey shale -~ - - - - 9 0 Black shale with beds and nodules of iron- stone -— - - - - 0 Grey shale with irregular beds and nodules of rusty sandstone - - - 6 0 Hard whitish sandstone - - -18 0 Sandy shale and thin sandstones - 30 0 Dark shale and ironstone - - } Hard bright Coal - - - - 0 0 Grey shale - - - - 5 0 THE CENTRE OF THE COALFIELD. TAT ft, in. Buff ’and yellow sandstone with irregular shale bands - - - -16 0 Grey shale, about - - - - 3 0 Black shale and ironstone, about - -12 0 Shale - - - - - We estimate that the beds at the top of this section are about 60 feet below the Nostel Coal. The crop of the Nostel Coal has been laid down on the following evidence. In Fairy Wood there are old surface workings which were probably to this seam. The line of bell pits can be followed through the fields for about 30 chains and then ceases abruptly. We have prolonged one of the faults seen in the cutting east of Nostel Station to this spot; this fault also accounts for the abrupt truncation of a bed of sandstone which caps Horn- castle Hill. On the north of this fault, which is supposed to be down to the south, the crop is seen in the railway cutting a little west of Nostel Station. The remainder of the line up to the Notton fault is conjectural, but is probably not far from the truth. The Royston Station fault seems to consist of two faults for some distance both to the south and north of Ryhill. The western branch, which we look upon as the main fault, has been drawn so as to separate the old coal workings at Ryhill Pits from the sandstone on which Ryhill stands. This rock extends in a long narrow strip for some distance both to the south and north of the village, and the best way to account for its lie seemed to us to suppose it to lie between two trough faults. The rock is very probably the Havercroft Rock, and we have represented it as separated from the mass of that sand- stone that extends in a south-easterly direction through Havercroft by the eastern branch of the Royston Station fault, which is a downcast to the west. The two branches are supposed to draw together to the north-east, and to be represented by the two faults at the eastern end of the cutting east of Nostel Station. Of the country to the north-east of Nostel scarcely anything is known. The Nostel Coal has been worked under the eastern part of Nostel Park and apparently flattens to the north-east. There is no proof however that it outcrops in this direction, and it may be in over the whole of the ground up to Purston Jacklin. An old colliery called the Manor Colliery, by Featherstone Steam Mill, is said to have been 40 yards deep; it is possible that the seam worked may have been the Nostel Bed. * A coal, said to vary from 17 to 20 inches in thickness, has been worked at Purston Colliery, and it is reported that a fault was proved close by Purston Windmill. It is possible that the fault may be an upcast to the north-east and that the coal may be the Nostel Bed. ‘ A MS. of the late Rev. W. Thorp in the Library of the Leeds Literary and Philosophical Society gives the following section of a boring at Purston :— ft. in. Coal, worked ? Nostel Coal - 16 Spavin and dark earth = - - 13 3 Black shale - - - 06 Measures - - - - 26 6 Coal - - - - 04 Measures - - - ~ 34 3 Black shale - - - 10 Bind - - - - 82 0 Coal - - - - 08 Measures - - - ~ 24 6 Black shale - - - 1 6 Bind - - - -70 6 Strong Coal I Crofton - ; Parting - r - Dross and drug Top Goal - 08 The distances agree with the aaa that the coal worked was the Nostel Bed, and the bottom seam the Crofton Top. 748 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The country between Purston and Pontefract will be more conveniently con- sidered further on. We will next take in hand a strip of country lying between the Royston Station fault and a large fault ranging in a north-easterly direction through Shafton, which we will call the Shafton fault. It will be desirable first of all to mark out the main lines of fault which traverse the district. A fault, which may be called the Standhill Wood fault, ranges from that wood in a north-easterly direction. It has been proved from ~East Gawber Colliery to be a downcast to the west of 15 yards. The country about Carlton and Royston is a good deal covered by drift, and there is some difficulty in tracing lines across it; but if we compare the position and strike of the Oaks Rock at North Royd Wood and Carlton, it seems as if there must be a fault down west between them; we have therefore carried on the Standhill Wood fault across this doubtful ground. : A fault running in a north-westerly direction through Royston may be called the Royston fault. Its existence rests on the following circumstantial evidence alone. A number of bore holes have been put down on the estate of Lord Wharncliffe at Carlton, for a copy of which we are indebted to Mr. R. Childe. One of these is near Cronk Hill Bridge, and a section drawn through it and other holes to the south-west shows the necessity of a fault between the boring and Carlton, down some 30 yards to the north. Again, the sandstone at Royston is probably the Upper Chevet Rock, and calculation shows that a fault is needed to bring this rock in. On these grounds we have ventured to insert the Royston fault. The St. Helen’s fault comes next. It has been worked up to from Gawber New Colliery, and is seen in the section figured in Fig. 117. The coal on the north-west side of the fault is Kent’s Thin. Fig. 117. Section showing the St. Helen’s fault in the River Dearne by the Supply Reservoir of the Barnsley Waterworks. N.W. S.E. __ A little further to the north-east the fault is clearly fixed by the shift which it gives to the escarpment of the Woolley Edge Rock. A little to the south- east of Carlton the fault rans between two bore holes, one of which is 24 and the other 58 yards to the Steam Coal. From this point to the north-east its line becomes a little uncertain. There certainly however seems to be a fault at the west end of The Bank near Shafton, and a little further to the north- east the outcrop of the Shafton Coal is shifted on the line produced of the THE CENTRE OF THE COALFIELD. 749 fault we are considering, The crop was seen in Hemp Dike, and is striking so as to abut against the Upper Chevet Rock of Whin Cover, above which the crop has again been proved by Mr, J. Beaumont, on Lord Galway’s property. North of this point we have no evidence, but it is likely enough that the fault runs on up to the Havercroft fault. The Shafton fault follows next. Of the existence of a large downthrow to the south-east near the village of Shafton there cannot be a moment’s doubt. The crop of the Shafton Coal runs along Hemp Dike, while at Shafton Old Colliery, which is well to the rise of that stream, the same coal is 103 yards deep. The fault was worked up from the old collieries south of Shafton, and its line can now be distinctly traced by the subsidence of the surface caused by the removal of the coal.* To the south-west of Shafton the line is largely conjectural. It has been carried by the spot where the escarpment of the Middle Chevet Rock seems to terminate on Sid Cop, and to a similar termi- nation of the escarpment of the Oaks Rock 23 chains north of Monk Bretton Colliery. North of Monk Bretton there is a curious little patch of Oaks Rock apparently cut off by a fault from the mass of that rock on which the village stands, and the fault has been drawn so as to account for the separation. To the north-east of Shafton the fault has been drawn so as to cut off the Brierly Rock north of Brierly and north-west of Vissitt Manor; vertical and contorted beds were seen on its line 17 chains north-west of that house. The measures were also very much disturbed at the quarry on Shaw Hill north-west of Hems- worth, and the fault probably passes close by that quarry. Two faults running at right angles to the. general trend of the three just described remain to be noticed. The Havercroft fault runs through Havercroft and Upper Heindley. A line of bore holes was put down by Mr. J. Beaumont on Lord Galway’s Felkirk estate, and sections drawn through these indicate a fault down to the north- east about 70 yards between a borehole 40 yards to the Shafton Coal a little way to the south-west of Upper Heindley, and a bore hole 110 yards to the same coal beside Farfield Lane, 15 chains north-east of that hamlet. The exact position of the fault is a little doubtful, but the line on the map accounts for the apparent termination of the Havercroft Rock on the south- west. A fault which may be called the Kinsley fault is shown running through Kinsley and Hemsworth Station. It was seen in the railway cutting east of Hemsworth Station, and its prolongation to the north-west seems to be needed at Kinsley. The sandstone seen in the railway cutting north of that house is probably the Houghton Common Rock; it seems to terminate abruptly, and the measures in the country to the south-west are probably much lower in the series. A glance at Hor. Sections, sheet 92, will explain the evidence better than any verbal description. At Kinsley this fault has a large dowathrow to the norfecast ; after meeting the Shafton fault however its throw is probably very much diminished and perhaps reversed. Having now marked out these leading lines of fault we may come to the general account of the district before us. : . . A very fine section is laid open in the cutting of the mineral railway north of Standhill Wood. It is figured on Plate 26. ; Of the first two faults seen we can say nothing, nor can we certainly deter- mine what the coal is that lies in an arch between the second and third faults, but it is very probably the Two-foot seam. The third fault is down to the south-east, probably about : yards, and on its upcast side the Winter Coal out in the bottom of the cutting. The Two-foot and Woodmoor Coals and the Woolley Edge Rock come on above in regular order. Then follows a deep hollow filled in with drift, and beyond that the Oaks Rock puts in, with the black shale below it which here- abouts represents the Swinton Pottery Coal. : With such a section as this to start with and with the escarpment of the Woolley Edge Rock for an additional guide the laying down of the coal crops becomes an easy maiter. * Mr. H. Jaggar of Shafton gave us much valuable information about this district. 750 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. The country between this cutting and the Royston fault is very much covered by drift and presents little of interest on the surface. Between the Standhill and the St. Helen’s faults the crop of the Winter Coal was seen in Smithy Wood; the escarpment of the Woolley Edge Rock runs nearly parallel to a fault proved from East Gawber Colliery and is probably a faulted boundary ; a little patch of the rock however occurs on the upcast side of the fault in Athersley Wood ; the Woolley Edge Rock forms a broad spread partly covered by drift, and its extent is pretty well defined by several of the Carlton borings and. by the sinking of the Wharncliffe Woodmoor Colliery ; the crop of the Steam Coal was seen in several places along the brook to the west of Carlton; a small feature and the Carlton borings enable us to lay down the Oaks Rock with accuracy. The St. Helen’s fault throws down against the Woolley Edge Rock a sandstone which caps Smithy Hill; this is probably the Oaks Rock, but the boundaries of the patch are ill defined. Facing this is the little detached portion of the Oaks Rock north of Monk Bretton which we have supposed to be bounded on the south by the Shafton fault. The main body of the Oaks Rock comes on to the south-east of Carlton ; it is well defined by surface features, and its position in the measures is conclusively proved by two of the Carlton borings near Mill Hill Bridge on the canal. . A feebly-marked band of rock on the east of Shaw Dike which seems to thin away to the north-west probably represents the Lower Chevet Rock. The sandstone of North Field seems to be the Middle Chevet Rock ; it is cut off by the St. Helen’s fault and a sandstone is brought against it on the upcast side, which seems to be continuous with a belt of rock that appears to run through St. John’s Church, Royston. As far as we can determine the position of this rock by calculation it seems to agree most nearly in position with the Lower Chevet Rock. A coal 2 feet thick was found, at a depth of 2 yards, 11 chaing east of Royston Bridge, which seems to lie below this rock. There is a sandstone on Gander Hill and a corresponding bed at Rabbit Ings on the opposite side of Sandy Bridge Dyke, which perhaps represents the Middle Chevet Rock on the upeast side of the St. Helen’s fault. It has beneath it a mixture of coal and shale 2 feet 6 inches thick. A thickly-bedded sandstone comes on at Shafton, lying immediately below the Shafton Coal which is seen in Hemp Dike; this sandstone is therefore the Upper Chevet Rock. On the upcast side of the St. Helen’s fault this rock runs on most distinctly to the Midland Railway. West of the Midland Railway the bed is not clearly traceable, possibly because the country is some- what covered with drift, but there can be little doubt that the sandstone at Royston is the same bed. The junction of the Upper Chevet Rock with the overlying shales is laid bare in the Midland Railway south of Royston Station, and a little higher up the hillside the Shafton Coal comes out. There is a day hole to the seam close by the Royston Station fault; its crop was cut through in the branch railway to Hodroyd Colliery, and was seen at a great many points between there and the St. Helen’s fault; by this fault it is thrown down to Hemp Dike. The coal is again brought to the surface by a fault seen in the Hodroyd colliery railway 15 chains south-west of the pit, and the crop runs up to a north and south fault which was proved by the borings made by Mr. J. Beaumont to prove Lord Galway’s estate. On the eastern or upcast side of this fault the crop was seen often enough to allow of its being laid down with fair accuracy. The Havercroft fault brings in the Havercroft Rock, which makes a good show at the surface, and was proved in the bore hole already mentioned beside Farfield Lane. Of the country between the Havercroft Rock and the Kinsley fault our knowledge is nil, for there are neither sections nor workings in it. ‘We may now pass to the east of the Shafton fault. Monk Bretton stands in the middle of a broad spread of the Oaks Rock. The upper boundary runs nearly parallel to the canal and was seen in two places in the Barnsley Branch of the Midland Railway. On the north we have supposed the rock to THE CENTRE OF THE COALFIELD. 751 terminate against a fault seen where the Barnsley Branch passes under Burton Lane. The section is given in Fig. 118. Fig. 118. Section in the Barnsley Branch of the Midland Railway at Monk Bretton Station. 3 & aug 5 5 s Ag 4 g 3 Sea 8 2s Pas 9 8 a | e 2 8 : 2c a g a gabeae a So oy a 3 3 poe ag 48888 8 8 3 FEeaE SB Beam A nm i) oo & a a aA S z 3 $8 i Rg 3 8 3 & 8 w a =| = Bg - $8 28 s 8 s" x 85 S s 8 ~ 3 g X = ‘oredg Hoe > a aasdg 3 ‘qumg: -- > "7 Ss s 3 e 2 ss 4oa8 pue yreq ~~» 8 s & f T209 Ss u& & [BOD g “¥ 1L YeOQ uaedg w "a [809 “u% [20D 91098 “pug peppeq -ATHOTGS OS a 2nd Ser., Vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 111), and the sandstone placed by him among the Permian rocks as “ Lower Red Sandstone.” ; Facing the northern escarpment of the East Hardwick Rock on the northern 3B 2 756 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD, side of the valley of the Little Went is a corresponding escarpment, pole formed of the same sandstone. It crosses the Pontefract and Ackworth Road, half a mile south of Mill Hill T. P. This sandstone is cut off on the north by a fault seen in the cutting of the Swinton and Knottingley Railway hard by. The fault seems to be a downcast to the south, and on its northern side there is an outlier of sandstone on Swan Hill, which is probably the same rock repeated by the fault. Another fault seen in the railway cutting skirts this outlier on the south-east. It is a small downcast to the south-east. These two patches of sandstone are bounded on the west by a fault which will be described immediately. Pontefract stands between two faults which we will call the Northern and Southern Pontefract faults.: The first ranges from Ferry Bridge along the north side of Pontefract. For some distance to the south-west of Ferry Bridge it brings the Lower Magnesian Limestone against the Middle Marls. At St. Thomas’ Hill Magnesian Limestone resting on Coal Measure shales was seen on the north side of the fault, while on the south side the Limestone reaches away to Pontefract Station. The fault is also seen in the road cutting immediately to the north-east of Pontefract Station. The course of this fault hence to the south-east is doubtful; we have already mentioned that it may join the Royston Station ‘fault. s The Southern Pontefract fault was seen in the quarry by the Bone Mill on Bag Hill, a sketch of which is given in Fig. 121. Fig. 121. Section in the Quarry at the Bone Mill, Bag Hill, Pontefract. N.W. SE. Pontefract Rock. Magnesian Limestone. Grey Shale with red and purple stains. The easterly branch throws the Magnesian Limestone down to the west a few yards. This fact of course does not necessarily indicate that the fault is as small in the Coal measures, for it may have been formed previously to the deposition of the Magnesian Limestone, and there may have been a subsequent movement of a few yards after that rock was deposited, The westerly branch runs up as a crack through the Limestone but does not shift that rock. Neither of these faults seem to affect the escarpment of the Magnesian Limestone at Cobbler’s Quarry, a little to the north-east of the Bone Mill. The fault was again seen hard by in the cutting of the Swinton and Knot- tingley Railway, and here only one fault was shown. In the section of this cutting in Plate 24, it is denoted by (4). To the south-west the fault has been carried on along the apparent termination of the Pontefract Sandstone by Friar Wood Lane to Mill Hill Nursery, and then along the line where the sandstone of Swine Lane House terminates on the south-west; the line however is somewhat doubtful. We will now describe the admirable section given by the Bag Hill Cutting. At the southern end the following beds come out :— ft. in, 7. Shale « 2 iz < 2 é a. smut - = - = - 08 la; - - - - - 09 6. fe < « - = - 05 Clay - - - - - ol 5. Shale “ s - = = Lb 4. Sandstone - - - i - 5 0 3. Grey shale - - 7 # - 5.0 2. Black shale - : - - 0 2 1, Hard sandy shale and sandstone THE CENTRE OF THE COALFIELD. 757 The sandstone (4) is a curious bed. Parts of it consist of irregularly- shaped nodules, which in the interior are blue, closely grained, semi-crystalline, and intensely hard, while the outside is coated by a layer of soft ochrey sand that crumbles away in the fingers. These beds ip to the north-east at 3° and are thrown down a few feet by the southerly Pontefract fault (b). They ter- minate against a fault (@) which brings in the Pontefract Rock a soft, thickly bedded, brown sandstone. A very complicated group of faults is found in the angle between the faults (a) and (6), and is illustrated by the plan and sections in Figs, 122, 123, 124, Fig. 122. Hand-sketch Plan and Sections of Faults in the Bag Hill Cutting, Pontefract. C D. Line of section on Plate 24, Dotted parts, Pontefract Rock. . . Faults. Fig. 123. Fig. 124. Section along A. B. Section along E. F. E. ’ ‘ t 1 ! 1 J 1 ' 4 I! i 1 ' 1 1 | | teatebentesteententemtedli Sd To the north of the fault (a) the Pontefract Sandstone occupies the cutting for some distance, and is capped by the Magnesian Limestone. The measures then begin to rise sharply to the north, and the following beds came out :— ft. in. 20, Pontefract Rock - - - - 19. Thin band of purple shale = - = . 18. Yellow sandstone, aban 2 - - 50 17. Purple shale passing down into - - 16. Grey and dark shale - - - } 36 0 Black shale - ™ s - 05 Underclay and ironstone - - Oll 15.< Bright Coal - - - 7 - 0 2 Underclay - - - 2 - 20 Hard sandstone with rootlets - - - 26 14, Shales - er eee -15 9 13. Clay ironstone turned into bright red hae- matite . - - . 2 8 12.. Thin band of shale ~ - 7 3 758 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. ft. in. 11. Black shale and coal - - 0 7 10. Underclay - - 9. Shale - - ® 8. Evenly bedded sandstone 7. Shale - - - 6. Two thin bands of Coal 5. Thin band of shale - 4 3 2 1 tos 0 . Concretionary sandstone . Shale - - - . Black shale’ - - - . Hard sandy shale and sandstone Cr er | ee Beds 1 to 7 in this section agree so exactly with the beds bearing the corresponding numbers in the section at the southern end of the cutting that there can be no doubt they are the same. This will make the fault (a) a downcast to the north of about 30 yards. It is not likely that a fault of this size will stop off against so small a throw as the southern Pontefract fault, but we have no evidence for continuing (a) to the south-east. We know nothing either of any continuation of it to the north-west. This cutting furnishes good instances of the staining of the Coal Measure rocks which occurs so often where they are covered by the Magnesian Lime- stone, and it also showed very well the apparently capricious nature of the staining. ‘The bed (19), for instance, is deep purple, the underlying sandstone is quite unstained, while the shales underneath that rock are deeply coloured in a blotchy way. Then again, after passing through a considerable thickness of rock which shows no trace of red colour, we come to the brilliant red iron- stone (13). This selective behaviour of the staining is probably due to a varia- tion in the amount of iron in the different beds. The unconformity between the Magnesian Limestone and the Pontefract Sandstone is clearly shown by this section, and this unconformity was also proved at the New Barracks. In the Old Quarry by Halfpenny Lane the Limestone was seen resting on a rather irregular surface of the sandstone; in a well 3 chains to the south-east, the following beds were passed through :—* ft. in, Surface soil and Magnesian Limestone - 65 4 Clay and blue bind - - - 40 0 Sandstone - - - 110 0 B Pia Bluebind - - - 6 0 . Sandstone - - - 21 0 In the short distance between the quarry and the well 40 feet of bind have come in between the Limestone and the Pontefract Rock. The base of the Pontefract Sandstone is not very clearly marked on the north of the town. The rock comes out again from beneath the outlier of Magnesian Limestone at Marl Pit House, and its base line here is again somewhat uncertain. A sandstone comes out from beneath the Pontefract Rock at Swine Lane House, which can be followed to Hound Hill Lane, but its boundaries are very ill defined. This sandstone we have provisionally identified with the Brierly and Ackworth Rock, the Pontefract Sandstone being supposed to be the same as the Houghton Common Rock. On this supposition the throw of the Ponte- fract fault will be about 300 yards, see Hor. Sections, sheet 92. District 37.—The Country around Woolley. This is a small district bounded on the south-east by the Notton fault, and on the north-east by the Crigglestone fault. The western boundary is formed partly by that part of the Mapplewell * Capt. Knocker, R.E., kindly furnished this section. Geological Survey of England & Wales. goal Hylan Plate 24.. Section in the Bag Hill Railway Cutting, Pontefract. 20 Read. 19 18 | ' IORIT Bag Hill Lan ia 3 : i | i 7 ? # &6 7 Maynesian Limestone ' : : Thickly bedded , soft, brown Sandstone , stained red in places 7 Sot ats : 5 ; ! : e is i — ' = t Pontefract Rock. Lee Ss ‘ SS : - ao : ee nt = ee = See gm asrws a 77m i = ee - = NE ERT is net EC svi ron por reRy COAL "Daye ke SEE aE I sa aad STANLEY MEIN COAL sane mr cud, Cake Rock: 9 AMAEY WAN Cony / Ee te cans ] Dancerrieco.Lity. 22.Beororo S’ Covent Carve. GLACIAL BEDS. W738 i distracted ground” at Park Fields half a mile south of Houghton. Accord- ing to the description both the Houghton Coals were absent, though they were - found both on the north and south of the line. We could not satisfy our- selves that there was a true fault here, and are inclined to think that the distraction is a “ rock fault” cutting out the coals for a space. The crop of the Holywell Wood Coal has been proved in Well Lane, and again east of Holywell Wood. The bassett has been carried ‘on partly by calculation and partly by the aid of the old surface workings, and was again seen in a brook 80 chains south-west of Spital Hardwick. The remainder of the line up to the Featherstone fault is calculated. On the north of the River Aire we get our first information at Newton Colliery where the Warren House Coal has been worked. The depths of the coals in the shafts of this colliery and at Fryston Colliery give a dip to the south-east of about 1 in 32. Two bore holes have been put down on Lord Palmerston’s property along- side Beck Gate. It is difficult to identify the seams which are said to have been passed through, and it is open to question whether the accounts are trustworthy. A bore hole* has been put down more recently by Mr. Tennant 6 chains south of St. James’ Church, Fairburn, which reached a coal that is probably the Stanley Scale at a depth of 150 yards, and a coal which seems to be the Stanley Main at a depth of 173 yards. Ifthe dip continued up to the spot the same as at Newton Colliery it would carry the Scale Coal to a depth of about 115 yards. There must be either a great change in the dip or a fault down east between Newton Colliery and the Fairburn borehole. CHAPTER IV. GLACIAL, RIVER, AND OTHER SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. Over a large part of the country we have been dealing with the bedded rocks come actually to the surface, or are covered only by debris produced by their own weathering. In other parts the ground is covered and the stratified racks are hidden by masses of stony clay, gravel, and sand, the materials of which are not wholly made up out of the beds on which they rest, but have some of theny been brought from spots more or less distant. ; Some of these deposits were formed during the period of intense- cold known as the Glacial epoch, and in their formation ice has: in many cases played an important part. ‘These deposits go by the names of Drift, Glacial Deposits, or Boulder Beds. ; Other superficial accumulations, known as river or alluvial deposits, consist of sheets of gravel or clay, which have been spread out by rivers when in flood over the low lands bordering the stream. ‘A large part of the alluvial deposits occupy flats but little raised above the present average level of the river, and are now in the course of being added to whenever the river overflows its banks. But besides the alluvium of the present river-flat we frequently find terraces of gravel running along the flanks of a valley at heights far above that now reached by the river even during the highest floods. ‘The position of these terraces with regard to the river and the nature of the deposits of which they are made up, leave no doubt in the mind that they are the remnants of sheets of alluvium which once stretched right across * For a section of this bore hole we are indebted to Mr. Walter Rowley. 774 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. the valley, just as the present alluvial flat does, but the greater part of which has been carried away by denudation. ‘These river- terraces show that the stream once flowed at a much higher: level than at present; that while flowing at that level it laid down an alluvial deposit over the then bottom of the valley ; and that it afterwards cut its way lower down, and in doing so carried away a large portion of the matter which it had deposited, leaving only patches sticking here and there to the hillsides to bear witness to the changes which the configuration of the valley had undergone, Where we find terraces at several levels this process must have been repeated several times over. The deposits then which we shall have to deal with in the present chapter fall into the following subdivisions :— 8. Alluvium of the present river flat. 2. Alluvium of the old river terraces, or high level river deposits. 1. Glacial deposits. Section 1.—Glacial Deposits. The Glacial deposits present themselves under a variety of forms, but they can all, or nearly all, be grouped under two sub- divisions, Till and Bedded Drift. Titl.—The first of these goes under the name of Till. Itis an extremely dense and tough stony clay, without the least trace of bedding. The stones are usually numerous, and are scattered through the clay without regard to size or weight, big and little being jumbled indiscriminately together ; they very frequently are not found in the position they would assume if they had been able to settle down quietly, but rest on a narrow edge or small pointed end. The whole appearance of the deposit conveys the idea that the clay and stones have been jammed together by powerful pressure. The stones are of all sizes up to boulders of very large dimensions, and many of them are either angular or have their edges and points merely blunted, and a large portion of them are ice-scratched and polished. The stones have many of them travelled considerable distances, but in the country we are now concerned with they will in the majority of cases be found to have come from some spot within the drainage area in which they now lie. Inthe drift of the valley of the Aire, for instance, we meet with Carboniferous Limestone, Millstone Grit, and other Carboniferous rocks, all of which come to the surface in the Aire Valley ; but practically no Silurian rocks crop out in the valley and no Silurian boulders occur in the drift. We no sooner however cross the water-parting and enter the valley of the Ribble, in which Silurian rocks are exposed, than Silurian boulders become plentiful in the drift.* We shall however meet with cases of stony clay, which is probably Till, containing rocks which must have come very long distances indeed ; and also boulders lying loose * A small area of Silurian rocks occurs at the source of the Aire, and the Ribble Glacier has extruded a small quantity of its detritus in the upper part of the Aire basin, but no trace of it has been found below Skipton. | GLACIAL BEDS. {75 on the surface which have travelled from spots far removed. Though one of the most important distinguishing features of the Till is its want of stratification, it contains not unfrequently nests and lenticular layers of well-bedded gravel and sand. ; The Till is believed to have been formed on land beneath an ice sheet or glacier. ce eites =e ealinot point to any accumulations in the present district which can with certainty be pronounced to be Moraines; but some of the drift is Moraine-like, and may be rearranged Morainic matter. Bedded Drift.—The remainder of the drift deposits are very variable in their nature and composition, but they all agree with one another, and differ from the Till, in possessing more or less ae bedding, and in having therefore been formed under water. ; Some of these bedded drifts resemble Till very closely and are probably nothing more than Till broken up and rearranged by the action of running water. The rearrangement has in many cases been very trifling and the bedding is very imperfect, and in such cases it 1s possible only when we get a large clean-cut section, and sometimes not even then, to distinguish with certainty between unmodified and rearranged Till. In other cases the bedded drifts consist of well-rounded and perfectly stratified gravel and sand. Such deposits have sometimes been derived from the destruction of Till, for the pebbles occasionally retain faint traces of ice- scratches which have been all but, but not quite, worn off during the rounding of the stones. Many of the masses of gravelly drifts present no peculiarity in their outward shape, but in some cases ue form the mounds or long sinuous ridges known as Eskers or ames. Drift-clays, which are usually of a dull grey colour when pro- tected from the action of the air, weather yellow near the surface. Some authors have looked upon the grey and yellow clays as distinct deposits, but there can be little doubt, that, in the majority of cases at least, this is a mistake. Distribution of the Drift.—The Drift deposits are very unequally distributed over the Yorkshire coalfield and its environs, so much so indeed that we may divide the area into a southern portion which is almost entirely free from drift, and a northern portion over which drift is spread in great abundance. The line parting these two portions cannot be very strictly defined, but in a general way it follows the water-parting between the Aire and Calder Valleys as far as the head of the.valley of the Bradford Beck, and then runs in a general easterly direction through Leeds. _ South of this line drift occurs very sparingly, and with a few exceptions the only indications of its presence consist of detached foreign boulders lying loose on the surface. We will speak first of this comparatively driftless area. Beds having a strong resemblance to Drift, but containing only fragments of local rocks, are found to the south of the watershed at Low Moor and Wibsey Slack, and also in and near Chadwick Wood in the valley of the Calder three miles south-west of Dewsbury. At Mixenden aiso near Halifax the bottom of the valley is occupied by a stony clay which has a very Till-like look. All the fragments noticed were from the sandstones of the neighbourhood. 776 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIEILD. Travelled boulders are also sprinkled sparingly over the whole of the Coal- field. All that were noticed are recorded on the 6-inch maps, and it will be sufficient to mention here a few instances. . At Pledwick, between Sandal and Chapelthorpe, about two miles and a half south of Wakefield, we noticed pebbles of Carboniferous Sandstone, Carboniferous Limestone, Trap, and Syenite, and a large boulder of highly altered Breccia, at a height of 150 feet above the sea. A Trap boulder lies by the roadside in Carieton south of Pontefract about 140 feet above the sea. At Notton Green, four miles north of Barnsley, there is a large angular block of Syenite 170 feet above the sea. The most notable boulder we have detected is a large angular block of Shap Granite lying in the back street at Royston, and used as a mounting stone. It measures 2ft.6in. x 2ft.6in. x 2ft. The ground is about 260 feet above the sea. : East of Barnsley and about a quarter of a mile north of Burton Priory, in draining a clayey field they dug out many angular and rounded blocks of Carboniferous Sandstone, not however the sandstone of the hills hard by, two angular blocks of highly metamorphosed black breccia, and a small angular block of coarse-bedded gritstone metamorphosed into quartzite. The spot is in the valley of the Dearne, 120 feet above the sea, At Southey House, three miles N.N.W. of Sheffield, is a boulder of black flinty felspathic rock, at a height of nearly 500 feet above the sea. We also learn from My. Sorby that along the slopes of the Don Valley below Rotherham he has found numbers of pebbles of foreign rocks; a common kind is a green, finely-grained, hard slate. Mr. Sorby has also specimens of quartzite and other foreign rocks from near Orgreave four miles south of Rotherham. Besides detached boulders, such as those just mentioned, we have detected in the comparatively driftless southern portion of the Coalfield a few patches of Boulder Clay. The largest of these that has come under our notice was well laid open in the cutting of the mineral railway that runs underneath the Barnsley and Wake- field Road at Carlton Lane Turnpike. The section is figured on Plate 26, and the portion of it occupied by bedded rocks has been described on p. 421. After traversing the Woolley Edge Rock for some distance we reach the edge of a hollow which has been cut out of the sandstone, and afterwards filled in with Boulder Clay. The surface of the sandstone at the junction is very much shattered and smashed, and large blocks of the rock are embedded in the clay. The Boulder Clay is blue, very stiff, somewhat gritty, and without the least trace of bedding. The stones are mostly small, but a large block occurs every here and there; the majority have their angles and edges blunted; some are quite angular; a few are well-rounded pebbles. By far the larger quantity, probably 99 per cent., are Coal-measure rocks, chiefly sandstone, after which the most numerous are flat, blunted slabs of well-scratched black shale; bits of coal were not uncommon. Foreign stones, though not plentiful, were easy to find. Carboniferous Limestone (ice-scratched), chert, and black earthy limestone were the most conspicuous, and a specimen was found of blue, closely-grained trap, with crystals of iron pyrites. This clay, then, which we will distinguish as the Lower Boulder Clay, has all the characters of the deposit known as Till. A little further to the north the Lower Boulder Clay becomes covered up by a deposit of a somewhat different kind, which we will call the Upper Boulder Clay. This is by no means so stiff a clay as the lower bed. It is more sandy and there are fewer stones in it. It contains irregular, interbedded masses of Warp (laminated clay), and nests and lenticular sheets of sand and gravel. The whole is rudely bedded, and the beds are in places very sharply contorted. The clay is traversed by curved joints or cracks, with polished faces, filled in with sand, along which great masses break off. A little before reaching the turnpike road, Warp makes its appearance in the lower part of the cutting. The relationship of the Warp to the Lower Boulder Clay was not very clear at this point, but the two seemed rather to dovetail into one another; along the remainder of the section, however, the GLACIAL BEDS. 777 Warp distinctly lay beneath the Upper Boulder Clay. The section at the turnpike road showed— ft. in, Upper Boulder Clay 7 e - 13 0 Seam of Warp - 7 - - 0 2 Upper Boulder Clay . - - 9 0 arp - 90 Fine gravel and sand, not bottomed - 5 0 The Warp is a bluish-brown, very finely laminated, tough clay, with small, well-rounded pebbles of carboniferous sandstone and coal; the bedding was unmistakeable, but wavy and irregular. The gravel at the bottom of the cutting was mostly small, but it contained a few large angular boulders of sandstone. For some distance the cutting now shows only Upper Boulder Clay resting on Warp, but after a while a boss of clay, agreeing exactly with the Lower Boulder Clay of the south end of the section, rises up in the bottom of the cutting. A short distance further on, the Drift Beds abut against a sloping face of Coal-measure shale. The Warp, near this southern termination of the drift, seemed to be replaced by some fine sand and sandstone gravel, in lenticular beds, with nests and layers of broken coal; embedded in this gravel were some very large angular blocks of sandstone, and at its base was a layer of angular bits of black shale, some of which were ice-scratched. The patch of Boulder Clay exposed in the section just described seems to extend nearly as far as Carlton on the east and beyond’ Royston on the north- east. No other sections of importance were obtained, but the ground is everywhere stiff and clayey, and thickly sprinkled with erratics. A large number of the blocks are hard calliardy sandstone and ganister, but foreigners were plentiful enough. They included sundry kinds of Trap, highly metamorphosed breccias, quartzite, and white vein-quartz ; encrinital chert also was not rare. Another patch of Boulder Clay containing a similar assemblage of erratics extends from Low Common north-east of Royston nearly up to Royston Station, and there is a small patch of exactly similar clay half a mile east of Royston Church. The ground on which this Boulder Clay lies is from 150 to 270 feet above the sea. Boulder clay containing pebbles and boulders of Carboniferous Sandstone, quartzite and encrinital chert was noted not quite half a mile east of Emsall Lodge. A patch of Boulder Clay occurs on the hill top at Highwood Farm rather more than a mile south by east of Bolton-on-Dearne, 150 feet above the sea. It contains Carboniferous sandstone, quartzite, felstone, and encrinital Chert. : Not far from this spot there isa small boulder of Shap Granite in Hoy Lane, 2 chains west of its junction with Lousy Bush Lane. : About a mile north of Rotherham, on the east side of Barbot Hall, a hill top 200 feet above the sea is covered with clayey soil containing pebbles of quartz, sandstone, Carboniferous Limestone, Oolitic rocks, and (?) Mag- nesian Limestone. Again, in the railway cutting just north of Masborough Station, in a hollow in the Carboniferous Rocks there is a little patch of clayey sand containing pebbles of Carboniferous Sandstone and quartzite. It is open to question however whether this is Drift or High Level River Gravel. : Hesides the Boulder Clays just described a few patches of gravel occur, which perhaps belong to the Glacial deposits. These gravels are well stratified and strongly current-bedded; the majority of the pebbles are small and well rounded, but angular blocks of some size are met with, mostly of Ganister or some similar hard, closely grained, very quartzose sandstone. By far the larger portion of the pebbles are sandstone from the immediate neighbourhood of the gravels, or of clay ironstone wholly or in part oxidised to an earthy hematite or “raddle;” but some are Millstone Grit, and white quartz pebbles also occur which may have been derived from the Gritstone Con- glomerates. The gravels also contain lumps of black shale, and lenticular layers of coal dust. 778 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. These gravels have been noticed in Woolley Park, between Royston and Notton Park, half a mile to the south-west of Carlton, and on the hill-top rather more than a mile north-west of Darfield. We have not been able to obtain any section which show the relationship of these gravels to the Boulder Clay; they bear however a close resemblance to the gravel in the railway cutting at Carlton Lane Toll Gate, and on the strength of this likeness we are inclined to look upon them as a member of the Drift series, but it would be unsafe to commit oneself to a decided opinion on this point. We will now pass to the northern portion of the country in which Drift is present in abundance. In the valley of the Aire above Leeds and in the Wharfe Valley Till is plentiful. It is a blue or blackish dense clay full of rounded or subangular blocks of sandstone, grit, shale, ironstone, and limestone. The limestone, shales, and ironstones are striated and ice-worn. No rocks occur in it foreign to the Aire basin, and much of it might be composed almost entirely of the rocks on which it lies; indeed there is no evidence that any of the stones which it contains have travelled many miles. Its local character is best brought out by the limestone blocks, which decrease in number as we descend the valley and recede from the spots where that rock occurs in place. About 1,100 feet above the seais the maximum height which the Till attains, and even this is reached only in one locality. At the period when this Till was formed the general contour of the ground must have been pretty much as it is now, although a large amount of denudation has taken place since the Glacial epoch ; by this we mean that all the present valleys and streams are preglacial although they may have been filled up and cut afresh in later times. Our reason for saying this is that the thickest deposits always occur in the valleys and small gills which flow into them, whereas on the more exposed ground Till is generally entirely absent. In Morton Beck for instance there is nearly a hundred feet of drift to be seen containing scratched stones, and probably undisturbed, showing clearly that this stream must have cut its course before the Glacial epoch. This is not a solitary instance, for it is the same with all the neighbouring streams. All these facts seem to show that this Till was formed not by a continental ice sheet, but by glaciers each of which was restricted to its own valley, and was nowhere confluent with the glaciers of the adjoining valleys. A very characteristic section of Till was laid bare in the cutting of the Midland Railway east of Skipton Station. The deposit increases in thickness towards Guiseley and Otley, and to the north-east of Ilkley it covers almost the whole of the surface, the solid rocks appearing through it only at a few small spots. Till covers much of the ground to the north of Silsden, but is cut through by the Silsden Beck in several places. The southern slope of the valley between Cullingworth and Bingley is thinly covered with it. It also occurs in considerable quantity, which are probably only the remnants of a large mass, for a long distance up the Worth Valley. The following section was bared in the cutting of the Midland Rei between Shipley Station and Red. Bank Mill :— : penne ilway Geological Survey of England. & Wales. Fig. 26. Section. te Bee cutting of the Mineral Railway, two mites north of Barnsley. wee ee tae y Carlton Fane Tol Gate. i N t Standhill Wood, po ' ! ; i i ‘ san dys. Lower Boulder Clay er Boulder Clay i Dark Grey Shale Ffard Grey Shale Hard Grey Shale. Baik. Shale Hard 525 on a pe ==30 re fs t SSS SS SSS —— ——$S———__ Fy SSE p —SrendlOne » Grid Blak’ Shale. Brown Sandy Shale CY 2 ERP COAL N yy Level of the Sea. Seale of Feet. tubo r 1 L Sh he 100 50 O 100 200 300 400 500 1000 To face page 778. the cutting of the Mineral Railway, two miles north of Barnsley. Barnsley and, Wakeield Catt Zane TOU Gabe. No rth ko y a Wo oo a Light brown, softish sandstone , Oaks Rock. Bard Upper By a } : Level of the Sea | Scale of Feet. Least dh iL 1 1 L ads 1 100 50 0 100 #0 ©=«6«300-—S—«400——s« SO 1000 eee Re ee ee ge aa Dangerfield Lath 22. Bedford St Covent Garden GLACIAL BEDS. 77 ft. in. . Sandy clay with some angular stones, (?) rain wash - - - - - - 10 0 . Well-bedded sand and warps - - - 12 0 . Tough blue clay with many stones and large . Be boulders, nearly all of sandstone, a few of car- boniferous limestone. Nine feet seen and not bottomed. No. 1 is very Till-like. The large angular blocks of limestone were ice- scratched and the scratches were sharp, but there were besides well-rounded limestone pebbles that retained only faint traces of scratches. In all probability the deposit is a mixture; partly it is true unmodified Till, but mixed with this is some rearranged Till which has been ploughed up and transported by the ice and churned up with its Moraine Profonde. No. 2 and perhaps No. 3 belong to the bedded drifts. Great masses of Till have been from time to time exposed in railway cuttings in the Bradford Valley; they contain scatched limestone boulders, and in the cutting of the Bradford and Thornton Railway south-west of Bowling Lane End a half-rounded block of galena, weighing 26 pounds, was dug out of the Till. Over the country to the north of Leeds great masses of drift occur. They consist mainly of stiff blue clay containing rounded and angular stones, among which the following have been noticed: millstone grit and other carboniferous sandstones, hard shale occasionally, chert with and without encrinital stems, trap flesh-coloured granite, chalk, and magnesian limestone. At Whinmoor, north-east of Leeds, a bore hole went through 114 feet of this stony clay, and according to the borers’ account, shells like cockle shells, brittle and readily falling to powder, occurred in the clay. These deposits differ from those higher up the Aire Valley in containing foreign stones. The only good sections seen were laid bare in the Cross Gates and Wetherby Railway, and the clay shown there would certainly be pro- nounced Till. If the story of the cockle shells at Whinmoor be true, a portion of the clay must be submarine. The evidence then seems to show that we have here a Till differing from that of the higher part of the Aire Valley, and agreeing with the small patches of Till in the southern part of the Coalfield in containing foreign rocks, and perhaps a submarine deposit consisting of rearranged Till. Glacial groovings trending N.W. and S.E. were noticed on the Rough Rock above Long Lee, near Keighley, and some on the Addingham Edge Grit above Ilkley which ranged parallel to the direction of the valley. . In the upper part of the Aire Valley bedded gravels and sands occur under various forms. In some cases these deposits occur in sheets overlying the Till. Other gravels are found on the high ground under the form of Eskers ; and there are further some very puzzling mounds of gravel in the valley of the Aire about Bingley. The greater part of Skipton stands upon extremely coarse gravel, some of the blocks in which weigh more than a ton. This rests-in places on Boulder Clay, of which it may be the remains, the clay being removed by streams, Sand and Gravel.—Sand and gravel overlie the Till at. Rush Isles on the Worth and on the moor to the south-west of Cullingworth. At the latter locality angular fragments of chert occur sparingly. About a quarter of a mile east of the large quarries in Hallas Rough Park is a deposit of stratified sand with a lenticular band of clay containing small pebbles. High Level Eskers.—The most remarkable instances.of the Esker-like mounds of gravel at a considerable elevation above the sea level are the long ridges that occur on the eastern part of Rumble’s Moor, called Burley Moor and Hawkesworth Moor. Their general form is that of along bank about 60 yards wide, rising to a height of from 10 to 20 feet above the neighbouring ‘ground. The highest of these, which is marked on the map as Lanshaw Delves, is about 1,175 feet above the level of the sea. It is about 650 yards oo melo 780 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. in length, and runs in a nearly east and west direction, coinciding with the strike of the hill at this point. Further to the east we have two little mounds of this same gravel, which appears to have been at one time continuous, and to have been cut through by the little rivulet called Coldstone Beck. Almost due south-east of these last and at about the same height above the sea level the most remarkable of these ridges commences and runs ina S.E. by S. but slightly interrupted course towards Hawkesworth, where it spreads into several gravel mounds and becomes lost in the general mass of drift which rises out of the Aire Valley. Supposing the ridges to have been formerly continuous their total length would be about three miles ; commencing near Grub Stones with an altitude of almost 1,200 feet above the sea, they run in a more or less S.E. direction to Hawkesworth, where they are not more than 600 feet above the sea level, thus falling with the slope of the hill at about the rate of 200 feet in a mile. Besides the above there are several isolated mounds and banks of this same gravel at Swartha Wood, Stocks Gate, and Askwith; at this last place, which is on the opposite side of the Wharfe, the gravel is only 425 feet above the sea. These mounds have been dug over for the limestone which they contain, so that their original form is partly lost; the limestone has been burnt on the spot, the ruins of old limekilns occurring at intervals, and stones and chert which have undergone the action of fire being scattered around. Gravel Mounds in the Aire Valley.—The gravel mounds in the Aire Valley are found in greatest force in the neighbourhood of Bingley. - They commence at Marley about a mile above that town, after a short break set in again at Castlefield, and extend to Hirst Wood a mile and a half below Bingley. Over this distance the valley is all but blocked up by numerous large moundy accumulations of sand and gravel; above Marley these disappear, and we have only the wide alluvial flat of the river with a few small detached hum- mocks of gravel standing here and there upon it. These gravels are very largely made up of sandstone, but they also contain much limestone, and they have been dug over in former times for the sake of the limestone in the same way as the gravels on the high ground. They contain limestone boulders, some as much as 12 feet in diameter, which show ice scratches. The summit of the mound is a little more than 300 feet above the sea and about 75 feet above the River Aire. Mr. Tylor in his paper on Quaternary Gravels * states, from information he obtained, that this deposit probably extends to a depth of 30 or 40 feet below the level of the river, thus making these gravels over 100 feet in thickness at thts spot. At Marley one of these mounds is traversed by a railway cutting, and a sand pit has been formed in it. It consists of finely-stratified sand, with, rarely, seams of clay. The main lines of bedding dip slightly to the west ; a bed of clay occurring in it on the east side appeared contorted, and the whole is full of small faults, along which the sand is slightly coherent, so that the wind sweeping the floor and sides of the pit leaves the faults in low relief. The sand is highly calcareous and to the north end of the mound contains a con- siderable proportion of clay. The whole is capped by several feet of coarse boulder gravel, with blocks of striated limestone. The railway cutting at Dowley Gap below Bingley also cuts through one of these mounds. The upper part shows a coarse boulder gravel like that which caps the mound at Marley, but the base of the section is obscured by the fall of the upper part of the cutting-side. Wealso see here a curious instance of the way in which the river has been turned out of its course by these deposits. The valley has been blocked up, and the course of the present river completely turned round, so that it flows up the valley for a short distance and then has cut anew channel through the solid sandstone to the north. The question of the origin of these mounds is by no means an easy one to answer. Their position suggests the notion that they may have been formed when the present valley was an estuary, and that they were piled up like a harbour-bar when the incoming tide met the outflowing water of the river. If this be the true explanation, their moundy shape is original, and their beds < * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXV. p. 63. GLACIAL BEDS, 781 ought to dip on the seaward side down the valley, and on the landward side up the valley. The mounds have been so thoroughly turned over in search of limestone blocks that it is scarcely possible now to say how the beds dip,-but as far as can be judged they do not possess this peculiar arrangement of the bedding. It is open to question, too, whether their moundy shape is original, and is not rather the result of denudation. Many of the mounds are flat topped, and their tabular summits are all about the same height above the river. This suggests the idea that the whole valley was once filled in with a sheet of gravel, and that this sheet was subsequently carved out into hillocks by rain and running water. On the other hand hollows without any outlet occur among the mounds. These could not have been formed by denudation, and rather lead to the conclusion that the mounds have been heaped up by opposing currents. But whatever explanation we adopt, the large size of the boulders which they contain in their upper part shows that during the latter part at least of the time when these gravels were accumulating, ice, perhaps floating ice, must have had a share in their formation. : It is possible that they may have been the terminal moraine of a glacier which extended along the upper part of Airedale when the valley below was an estuary, and that the morainic matter was shot into the water and there rounded and spread in a sheet of bedded gravel. ‘Their restriction to a small portion of the valley must be accounted for, and this would be explained equally well, whether we look upon them as harbour- bars or rearranged morainic debris. The occurrence of large scratched boulders is somewhat in favour of the latter view. Drift east of Baildon.—Some very interesting sections of drift were laid bare during the construction of the railway between Shipley and Guiseley. In the cutting at the southern end of the tunnel west of Tong Park the following general section was noted :— 4. Gravel and sand, bedded. 3. A very confused mass containing many large angular blocks of sandstone, and also many rounded sandstone pebbles. 2. Stiff blue clay with angular blocks of black shale and sandstone, and a few indistinctly-scratched bits of limestone. 1. Black shale. The upper surface of the black shale was excessively shattered and crumpled, and in some places the shale passed up so gradually into the clay (2) that no line could be drawn between them; (2) had all the character of Till, and the shattered and crushed state of the upper part of (1) with the gradual passage from (1) into (2) left little doubt on the mind that the material of the Till has been obtained by the grinding up on the spot of the black shale beneath. We have then evidence in the lower part of the section of the former presence of a mass of moving ice which tore up the shale over which it passed, worked it up into Till, and introduced into the resulting clay angular blocks of sandstone which it carried along with it. : ; 4 No. 3 has very much the look of moraine matter; the line between it and the Till beneath is fairly snes Possibly this may be the matter dropped from the ice as it gradually shrank back when the climate began to grow ilder. : . : "No 3. passes up quite insensibly into No. 4; in fact (3) itself contains occasionally indistinct layers of sand, and shows in parts somewhat of a tendency to a bedded arrangement, and though upon the whole (4) contains more rounded stones than (3), there are a great many angular fragments in it as well. No. 4 may then be looked upon as a portion of (3) which has been turned over by running water, partially rounded, and arranged in beds. Gravel similar to (4) covers all the left slope of the Aire Valley here up to Tong Park Mills; it takes rather a moundy shape, and recalls the gravel mounds of Bingley. There is a good section in a large gravel pit by Ford House, and here as in the case of the Bingley mounds the cap is a coarse deposit. The section shows— . 2. Coarse unstratified gravel, sandstones and grits of all kinds, limestone not rare; lumps of black shale. Few of the stones could be described as well rounded; the smallest were most rounded ; those of medium 782 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. size were rather blunted on the edges and angles; a few of the largest perfectly angular. On one limestone block there were marks that looked like ice-scratches nearly worn off. 1. Fine sand in wavy beds with irregular seams of gravel. After crossing the valley of Gell Beck the Drift changes somewhat in character. In the sections we have been describing limestone boulders are not wanting, but by far the larger part of the blocks are sandstone. In the cutting however south of Lamb Springs ice-scratched limestone boulders of large size become very abundant. This Drift has a morainic look ; at the bridge east of Lamb Springs it rests on very typical blue Till, and a little further to the east passes into gravelly bedded drift. ' We are perhaps hardly yet in a position to explain fully the method of the formation of each of the different kinds of Drift just described, and to assign to each its exact place in the series of physical changes that went on during the Glacial period; but the following attempt at the solution of the problem may be hazarded. The far-travelled erratics require an ice sheet of very large dimensions to bring them from their distant home to their present position. The Boulder Beds then which contain these foreigners were probably formed at atime when the cold was severe enough to produce a general glaciation of the whole country, and therefore probably during an early part of the Glacial epoch. The Till of the upper part of the Aire Valley, which contains no rocks but such as crop up in the hydrographical basin in which it occurs, was the product of a less severe period, when the cold was sufficient to produce only valley glaciers, and these Drifts probably belong to a later period of the Ice age. Of the bedded sand and gravel we can only say that they were laid down during one of those warm intervals when running water became possible; some over- lie the valley Tull, and therefore, if our views be correct, are among the most recent of the Glacial deposits. Other of the stratified drift may belong to earlier periods of genial climate. The comparative absence of drift on the southern part of the country we have been dealing with is a fact which we do not see our way to explain in a perfectly satisfactory manner. Two causes, however, may have conspired to produce this result. The only Till found here is that containing foreign erratics, which must have been produced -by an extensive ice sheet. Possibly we may be here close on the southern termination of that ice sheet, where it was thin and unable to manufacture much Till. It is possible then that there never was much drift here to begin with, and if we are right in referring this Till to an early part of the Glacial period, it may well be that a large portion of what there was originally has been removed by denudation. During the subsequent period of less intense cold when the local Till of the valleys was formed, the ice may not have reached as far south as this comparatively driftless area. We called attention in the Memoir on the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of North Derbyshire to the striking contrast in the matter of drift between the Yorkshire Coalfield and the plains of Lan- cashire and North Staffordshire on the opposite side of the Penine Chain. The one is all but free from drift, while the western low- lands are buried under wide-spread sheets of glacial deposits. It is possible that the proximity of the lofty ground of the Lake-country RIVER DEPOSITS, 783 had something to do with this. These hills furnished a gathering ground from which ice spread itself out over the flats on the west of the Penine Chain. _ On the east of that range there was no such cluster of mountains close at hand to send forth the tool for the manufacture of Till and other glacial formations. Section 2.—River Deposits. (1.) Wharfedale. In the valley of the Wharfe there are well-marked old alluvial or river- terraces. They cover an area nearly twice as large as the recent alluvium. — (2.) Airedale. In Skipton near the Eller Beck, just beyond the limits of the quarter sheet 92 S.E., there is a small deposit of ossiferous gravel. At Christ Church clay with Physa fontinalis occurs. Near the station isa quicksand, containing hazel nuts, resting on a denuded surface of Boulder Clay. There is also below Skipton a terrace of old alluvium resting on Boulder Clay, which is exposed in the artificial course of the Eller Beck. A bed of coarse subangular river-gravel forms a terrace on both sides of the valley at Keighley, and extends two miles up the valley of the Worth. At Knowle House and Threap Royd Viaduct the gravel is replaced by stratified sand, and between Thwaites and Marley by clayey silt. Alluvial terraces occur also at Silsden, Kildwick, Cononley, and Bradley. 3 These terraces are about 25 feet above the average level of the present nee end were perhaps formed when the valley was blocked by the Bingley ravels. _A small hollow at Long Lee near Keighley was filled with peat containing large tree-boles, stated to be oak, and a yard in diameter. Old river-deposits of great interest occur near Leeds. A human skeleton, with fibulz and a spear head, is said to have been found beneath 18 feet of undisturbed gravel at the Wesleyan Chapel, Meadow Lane.* At New Wortley, close to where the Union Iron Foundry now stands, a number of bones of Hippopotamus major were dug out-of a yellow clay which is. pro- bably of fluviatile or lacustrine origin.* Two patches of bedded gravel cap the hilltop to the west of Wood- lesford and to the south of Oulton. They rise to a height of 200 feet above the present level of the Aire, but the probability seems to be that they are river gravels of considerable antiquity, formed when the stream was flowing at the level on which they lie. It is a point on which we cannot speak with certainty, but their general character, and the flat tabular spreads which they make at some spots, are in favour of this view. The oniy good section of these gravels seen was in a gravelpit 23 chains west of Cubcliff to the south of Oulton. The pit showed about 15 feet of gravel of different degrees of coarseness. The small pebbles were all well rounded, the larger pebbles less completely rounded. The larger proportion, probably as much as 90 per cent., were of Coal-measure sandstone; angular fragments of black or banded encrinital chert were plentiful ; some large blocks and a few pebbles of Millstone Grit were seen; and-there were angular and half rounded blocks of Galliard. A Galliard block lies by the road side near Royds Green Upper ; it measures 3 ft x 2 ft. x 1ft.6in. — =e : he By far the largest spread of old river-deposits in the Aire Valley lies just below the patches of gravel just described around the junction of that river and the Calder. ‘Two terraces can be traced above the present river-flat.. Detached patches of the lower of these terraces occur at the following spots. On the north bank of the Aire for a distance of a mile and a half to the * On some Works of Man associated with the Remains of extinct Mammals in the Aire Valley Deposits. J. Teale. Proceedings, Geol. and Polytech, Soc. of West Riding of Yorkshire, vol. 3. 2 784 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. north-west of Nineveh Farm near Allerton Bywater; south of the Aire to the north-east of Mickletown; in the Calder Valley, north of Calder Railway Bridge, between Fox Holes and Birk Wood Lock, and alongside the Midland Railway south of Altofts Junction. In the last patch the deposit was of a clayey character, in all the others only sand and gravel were seen. The higher terrace makes a broad spread to the south of Mickletown, and sends one long arm up the Calder Valley to Fox Holes Colliery, and another up the valley of the Oulton Beck. Detached patches of the same terrace occur to the north of Altofts Junction and on Normanton Common. The deposits of this terrace, ag far as they are exposed, consist everywhere of sand and gravel. (3.) The Valley of the Calder. Patches of gravel, in all probability of river formation, are found at Elland Tunnel and Kirklees Park, about 150 feet above the present level of the stream. The present alluvium of the river forms at many spots very extensive spreads and attains a thickness of more than 40 feet in places. It has been observed at several places to contain boulders of granite and other foreign rocks.* The best instance that came under our notice was in the excavation for the gasometer at the new gasworks for Dewsbury. The section was :— ft. in. ft. in. 3. Sand and very fine gravel - 4 0to5 0 2. Coarse well-bedded gravel with granite and other travelled rocks, about - - -10 0 1. Gravel mixed with clay, not bottomed - - - 8 0 (1) was not seen, and is described from information given by the foreman. There was a fair sprinkling of foreigners in (2); one could not be distinguished from Ennerdale Syenite, and others were very like Lake-country volcanic rocks. These foreign stones were all well rounded, and of all sizes up to 6 inches long. It is possible that drift, like that which occurs sparingly in the neighbourhood of Barnsley, may formerly have existed in this district, and that it may have been so thoroughly cleared away by denudation that these boulders are the only relics of it left. Or perhaps the foreigners have travelled down the river from near its source where drift still exists. In (2) were several trunks of oak; one, found ata depth of 9 ft. 6 in., was 86 feet long; it had been felled with an axe, and one root had been severed with a saw; the foreman assured us the saw-cut was on it when it was found, but the marks looked somewhat fresh, and we could not feel sure that the cut had not been made since the tree was unearthed. In a neighbouring excavation however we were able to satisfy ourselves completely that wood buried deep in the river-gravel had been fashioned by a saw. Ina cutting near Raven’s Wharf many large trees were found at depths of from 8 to 10 feet. With these were squared beams some of which had been morticed into one another, and it was quite impossible that these could have been worked by any tool but a saw. In one part of the exca- vation the beams lay as if they had been placed so as to form an artificial channel for conveying water. Between Dewsbury and Thornhill considerable portions of old river deposits occur at the under-mentioned places. On the west of the Calder and Hebble Canal south-east of Bolton Farm ; on the south of the River Calder from Thorn- hill Station through Thornhill Lees to Thornhill Junction (this terrace dies away towards the river) ; on the north side of the Calder from Westgate Mill to Broad Dam ; and on the west side of the valley of Burgh Beck for a distance of 36 chains north and 28 chains south of Dark Lane. In the section at the Dewsbury Gas Works the gravel is coarsest in the lowest part. This is very generally the case with the river gravels of this district. In the sinking of Messrs. Woodhead, 10 chains east of Horne’s Parsonage, Wakefield, the lower part of the river gravel was found to be full of large half-rounded blocks of carboniferous sandstone. * See paper No. 40 in the Appendix, RIVER DEPOSITS. 785 (4.) The Don Valley. There is not much about the alluvium of the Don which calls for special notice. Remnants of an upper terrace are to be seen at several points above Sheffield, the best instance being at Wortley Forge and opposite Tin Mill 30 chains south-west of Wortley Station. About Sheffield patches of high level river gravel also remain. Two occur alongside the Hilsborough Road. A little to the north of Philadelphia, where the old barracks stood, brick pits showed a rudely bedded clay, for the most part stiff but here and there sandy. It contains in large number angular slabs, half rounded and rounded boulders, and pebbles of carboni- ferous sandstone. The deposit may be Boulder Clay, but it is not unlikely that itis old alluvium; it is about 20 feet above the present alluvial flat. Again, at the General Infirmary the diggings for the foundations for some new buildings went through about 15 feet of clay and boulders with inter- bedded layers of sand and gravel. The resemblance of these beds to the deposit of an old river course struck even the workmen. There are two ill- defined patches of sand and clay with sandstone boulders, which probably formed part of the same alluvial flat as those just described on the south side of Sheffield at Clough House and Cherry Mount. Below Sheffield and around Attercliffe several brick pits showed the com- position of the present alluvial flat. In each case the top beds were silt and brick earth with a few sandstone boulders, below which came gravel; in one case the clay was from 4 to 9 feet thick, and the gravel from 4 to more than 13 feet thick. There are here considerable remains of an upper terrace on the south side of the river. One patch extends from Attercliffe Hill Top almost to Carr Brook Hall. A brick pit showed rather dirty clay with large pebbles and boulders of carboniferous sandstone up to three times the size of a man’s head. Some of the boulders were well rounded, some had their angles and edges merely blunted. Here, as we have found to be elsewhere the case, the oldest river deposits are also the coarsest. The upper terrace is 2 bouldered deposit, the lower part of the present alluvial flat is gravel, the upper part silt. Two more isolated patches of old alluvium occur between Tinsley and the Roman camp at Templeborough. There were no sections, but the soil of the fields was light and sandy with pebbles of carboniferous sandstone and Red Rock. 42513. 3D 786 APPENDIX. List of Booxs and Papers relating to the Grotoey of the YORKSHIRE COALFIELD and its Neighbourhood, arranged Chronologically.* 2 = Dzan, Dr. E. - - 2. Srannore, M. - 3. Frencn,Dr.J. - @. Simpson, Dr. W. - 5. Wirt, Dz. R. 6. Simpson, Dz. W. - 7. ALLEN, B. - 8. Lister, Dr. M., and — MALEVERER. 1626. Spadacrene Anglica, the English Spa, or the Glory of Knaresborough, &c. 4to. York. Ed. 2 in 1654, 12mo. York; Ed. 3 in 1736, 8vo. Leeds. 1632. Cures without Care, ... by vertue of Minerall waters neare Knaresborow. .... 4to. London. 1652. The York-shire Spaw; or, a Treatise of four Famous Medicinal Wells . . . . near Knaresborow. 12mo. London. Reprinted under the title “‘ A Pocket Companion for Harrowgate Spaw,” in 1760. 8vo. Halifax. 1669. Hydrologia Chymica ; or, the Chymical Anatomy of Scarbrough and other Spaws in Yorkshire. 8vo. London. . Pyrologia Mimica; or,an Answer to Hydrologia Chymica. 1670, Hydrological Essays; or, a Vindication of Hydro- logia Chymica, being a Further Discovery of the Scarbrough Spaw and of the Sweet Spaw and Sulphur-Well at Knaresborough. ... 12mo, London. 1699. The Natural History of the Chalybeat and Purging Waters of England. 8vo. London; and under the title “The Natural History of the Mineral- Waters of Great Britain. 8vo. London, 1711. Of Coal-borings. Phil. Trans, XXI. No. 250, p. 78. * This list is taken partly from the Bibliographical Appendix, furnished by Mr. W. Whitaker to the last edition of Phillips’ Geology of the Yorkshire Coast, published in 1875. It has been carried as nearly as possible to the date of publication of this Memoir. APPENDIX. 787 1758. 9. DaCosta, E.M. - An Account of the Impressions of Plants on the Slates of Coals. Phil. Trans. L. 228. 1765. 20, Anon. [Dr.T.SHorr] A General Treatise on various Cold Mineral Waters in England, but more particularly on those at Harrogate, Thorp-Arch, &c, 8vo. London. 3 1770. 21. Waker, J. - Dissertatio Chimica inauguralis de aqu4 sulphured Harrowgatensi pro gradu Doctoris subjicit. 8vo. Edinburgh. 1784. 12. WALKER, Dr. J. An Essay on the Waters of Harrogate and Thorp- Arch, in Yorkshire. 8vo. London. 1786. 13. [Warson?] R., (Bi- Observations on the Sulphur Wells at Harrogate shop of Llandaff.) Phil. Trans. LXXVI. 171. 1789. 14. Warson,R. - Chemical Essays. Observations on the Sulphur Wells at Harrogate Springs in Yorkshire. 12mo. 1790. 15. Garnett, Dr. T. - Experiments and Observations on the Horley Green Spaw, near Halifax. 8vo. Bradford. 1791. 16. ———— - - Experiments and Observations on the Crescent Water at Harrogate. 8vo. Leeds, 1792, 17, ——. A Treatise on the Mineral Waters of Harrogate. 8vo. London. Ed. 2 in 1794; another? in 1804; Ed.5in 1810; Ed. 7 in 1822; Hd. 8 1829. 1796. - . B. - - Particulars of the Discovery of some very singular ni) Balls of Stone, found in the works of the Hud- dersfield Canal. Phil. Trans. LXXXVI. 350. 1805. . E. - Catalogue of Minerals found in Craven. Appen- nee eee dix io Del, Whitdker’s “History and Anti- quities of Craven in the county of York.” 4to. London. 1809, ._G. ~- Synoptical Tables showing the component parts of ee ee ne "ike Prineipal Mineral Waters. 8vo. Ripon. 3D 2 ~ 788 21, 22. 23. 2%. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Farey, J. . F. O. E. - - Faregy, J. - Murray, Dr. - wW.s. - STEINHAUER, Rev. HontTer — - Scupamorz, Dr, C. Suite, W. - Farey, J. - H. 1810. A List of about 500 Collieries in and near to Derbyshire. Phil. Mag. KXXV. 256. 1811. A List of about 700 Hills and Eminences in and near to Derbyshire, with the Stratum which oc- cupies the top of each, and other particulars. Phil. Mag. XXXVII. 161, 443. 1812. On Gypsum near Doncaster, and Nodules. of Limestone, and of Pyrites containing Sea Shells in the Coal District near Bradford in Yorkshire. Phil. Mag. XX XIX. 352. An Account of-the great Derbyshire Denudation. Phil. Mag. XXXIX. 26. Geological Observations in Correction and Addi- tion to the Paper on the Great Derbyshire De- nudation,.... relating to.... Grit Rocks, .... Yellow Lime Rock, .... &c. Phil. Mag. XXXIX. 93. Letter in reply to M. De Luc (Coal Plants). Monthly Mag. X XXIII. No. 228, p. 513. 1815. Short Notices of Geological Observations: mude in the Summer of 1814, in the South of Yorkshire, &e. Phil. Mag. XLV. 161. 1817. On Sulphate of Strontian found near Knares- borough. TZrans. Geol. Soc. IV. 445. 1818. Fossil Tree, Fossil Plants (in Coal near Wake- field). Phil. Mag. LII. 377. Occurrence of Stigmaria, &c , Bradford, Yorkshire. American Phil. Trans. I. 273. 1819. Essay on Two Mineral Springs at Harrogate, and the Springs of Thorp-Arch and Jlkley. 8vo. 1820. A Chemical and Medical Report of the Properties of the Mineral Waters of Buxton,.... Harrogate, &e, 8vo. London. 1821, Geological Map of Yorkshire. 1823. On the Unconformable Position of the Pontefract Rock of Sandstone with respect to the subjacent Coal-measures, as shown in the new Geological Map of Yorkshire, &c. &c. Ann. of Phil. Ser. 2. V. 127. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 20. 41. 42. 43. a4. 45. 46. a7. 2s. 49. Puiruirs, R. - ANON. - a i Sowerny, T. D.G., and KE. S. Grorcr. Marsuatt, W. - Gerorce, E. S. - West, W. - “ ALLEN, T. - 2 Purtips, Pror. J. - Linotey, Pror. J. - SEDGWIOK, Rev. Pror.A. - iS Dopveson, Dz. T. - Hunrer, Dr. A. - Hatt, E. - - Hanerove, E. - Purzirs, Pror. J. - APPENDIX, 789 1824, Analysis of the Argillaceous Iron Ore (Bradford.) Ann. of Phil. Ser, 2. VII. 448, and VIII. 27. 1825. Strontites in Yorkshire (near Knaresborough). Edin. Phil. Journ. XII. 178. Additional Observations upon a Fossil found in Coal-shale, and the Description of a Palate found in Coal near Leeds. Zool. Journ. II. 22. 1826. Notice on. Carbonate of Copper occurring in the Magnesian Limestone of Newton Kyme, near Tadcaster. Trans. Geol. Soc. Ser. 2. II. 140. 1827, Analysis of a Sulphuretted Water from the Northern Part of the Yorkshire Coalfield. Phil. Mag. Ser. 2. I. 245. Analysis of a newly-discovered Spring, at Stanley, near Wakefield. Quart. Journ, Sci. Lit. and Art. (July), p. 21. : 1828. A New and Complete History of the County of York. (Geology, chap. iv.) 4to. London. Geological Observations made in the Neighbour- hood of Ferrybridge in the years 1826-28. Phil. Mag. Ser. 2. IV. 401. 1829. An Account of a remarkable Fossil Plant in the Coal Formation of Yorkshire. Proc. Geol. Soe. I. 187. On the Geological Relations and internal Struc- ture of the Magnesian Limestone, and the lower Portions of the New Red Sandstone Series, in their Range through Nottinghamshire Derby- shire Yorkshire and Durham, to the Southern extremity of Northumberland. Trans. Geol. Soc. Ser. 2. III. 87, 239. Long abstract in Proc. Geol. Soc. I. 63 (1827). 1830. Practical Observations upon the History, Contents» and Medicinal Properties of Ilkley Fountain. 8vo. Shipton. A Treatise on the Mineral Waters of Harrogate and its Vicinity. vo. London. 1832. A Mineralogical and Geological Map of the Coal- field of Lancashire, with parts of Yorkshire, Cheshire, and Derbyshire. An inch to a mile. The History of the Castle, Town, and Forest of Knaresborough. Ed. 7. 12mo. Knaresbo- rough. ; . On the Lower or Ganister Coal Series of Yorkshire. Phil. Mag. Ser. 3.1. 349. 790 50. $1. 52. 53. 54. 56. 57, 58. 59. 61. 63. 64. 65. 67. GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. 1833. Puitiirs, Pror.J.- Account of the Geology of Yorkshire. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1831, Sections, p. 56. 1834, ConyBeaRE, Rev. On the probable future Extension of the Coalfields W.OD. - = atpresent worked. Phil. Mag. Ser. 3. IV. 161. 1835. TREVELYAN, Sir On the occurrence of Fragments of Garnet in the W.C. Millstone-Grit. Phil. Mag. Ser. 3. VI. 76. 1837. Gzorez, E. 8. - On the Yorkshire Coalfield. Zrans. Phil. and Lit. Soe. Leeds, I. 135. Tooxsz, A. W. The Mineral Topography of Great Britain (York- shire, p. 53). Mining Review, IV. 39. 1839. JOHNSTON, Pror. - On Middletonite and some other Mineral Sub- stances of Organic Origin. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1838, Trans. of Sections, p. 60. Wititamson, Pror. A Notice on the Fossil Fishes of the Yorkshire W.C. and Lancashire Coalfields. Proc. Geol. Soc. III. 153. 7 1840. Emsreton, T. W. - Onthe Order of Succession of the Coal Seams in the Northern Coalfield of Yorkshire. Proc. Geol. Soc., W. Riding Yorksh. I. 25. Morton, C. - Report of Proceedings of Sub-committee for con- structing a Geological Section of the Yorkshire Coalfield bid. I. 27. Morton, C., and H. The Report of the Committee appointed to Hott. recommend a Line of Section across the York- shire Coalfield. bid. I. p. 18. Teatz, T. P. - On the Fossil Ichthyology of the Yorkshire Coal- field. JZbid. I. 7. Tuorr, Rev. W. - On the proposed Line of Section between the Coalfield of Yorkshire and that of Lancashire. Ibid. No. 2, p. 7. —_-—— - - On the Disturbances in the District of the Valley -of the Don. Ibid. No. 8, p. 4. - On the Geology [Agriculture] of the West Riding of Yorkshire considered geologically—and First of the New Red Sandstone, bid. 46. 1841. ALEXANDER, Dr.W. On the Mineral Springs of the Parish of Halifax, H geologically considered. (List of Fossils, by J. Gibson, p. 166.) Zdid. I. 148. Brown, Carr. T. - Description of some new Species of Fossil Shells found’ chiefly in the Vale of Todmorden, York- shire. Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc. I. 212. Cray, J.T. - - Observation on the Occurrence of Boulders of Granite and other Crystalline Rocks in the Valley of the Calder, near Halifax. Proc. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. I. 201. EmBzron, T. W.,H. Report on Geology of the North Midland Railway. Hott, and C. Mor- Abid. p. 138. TON. 70. 72. 7z. 73. 74%. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 33. a4. 8s. APPENDIX, 791 Granvitiz, Dr. A.B. The Spas of England. Vol. i. Northern Spas. 8vo. Hartor,H. - Tuorp, Rev. W. Cuay, J.T. - LankeEstEr, E. Ler, W. - Suits, A. - ANON, - - Cuay, J.T. - Tuorp, Rev. W. Ines, Dr. J. Paries, Prov. J. - Suupson, M. Sswirn,C.H. - TimPERLEY, J. Bray, W. B. Lucas, W. - West, W. - Binney, E. W.- London. On the Occurrence of Shells in the Yorkshire .Coal- field. Proc. Geol, Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. I. p. 200, On the Agriculture of the West Riding of York- shire, considered geologically. 2nd: On the Magnesian Limestone District. bid. p. 91. 1842, Observations on the Yorkshire Drift and Gravel. Abid. p. 338. An Account of Askern and its Mineral Springs, together with a Sketch of the Natural History of the immediate Neighbourhood. 8vo. London. Fossil Foot-prints of the Carboniferous System. Ibid. p. 409. The Harrogate Medical Guide, a Popular and Prac- tical Treatise on the Mineral Wafers of Harro- ate. 8vo. Ripon. Ed. 2. in 1847. 8vo, ondon. 1843. Yorkshire Geology. Penny Cyclopedia, XXVII. 671-674. On the Occurrence of Boulders in the Valley of the Calder. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1842, Trans. of Sections, p. 55. On the Indications which are Guides in judging of the Fertility or Barrenness of the Soil. Proc. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. TI. 139. 1844, (Letter on a Nautilus from the Halifax Coal.) bid. IT. 182. Memoirs of William Smith. 8vo. London. Observations on the Discovery of Coprolites in the Stanley Shale and Flockton Stone or Fish Coal. Proc. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. II. p. 171. Lithology or Observations on Stone used in Build- ing. Treating chiefly of the Magnesian Limestones of Yorkshire Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. Royal Institution of British Architects. Ato. London. Account of the building of the Wellington Bridge over the River Aire, at Leeds (Account of Borings). Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. III. 104. 1845. Description of the Ouse Bridge on the Hull and Selby Railway (Short Note of the River-bed). Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. IV. 86. ; On the Limestones of Yorkshire (Analyses). Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1844, Sections, 49. On Mineral Springs and other Waters of York- shire. did. 105. 1846. On the Relation of the New Red Sandstone to the Carboniferous Strata in Lancashire and Cheshire (refers to Yorkshire). Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. II, 12. 792 87. 96. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97, 98. 99. 100. GEOLOGY OF Denny, H. + - HawksHaw, - Tuorp, Rev. W. - OmaRnock, J.C. Inexis, Dr. J. . Ransomy, T., and B. Coorer. WILLIamson, Pror. W.C. Denny, H. - - Sir H. De ra Becue, and Dr. Lyon PLAY¥FAIR. Binney, E. W. - - Puiturs, Pro. J. - Paituirs, Pror. J., and W. W. Suyru. Putiiies, Pror. J. - Tuorp, Rev. W. - THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. 1846—cont. On the Fossil Animal Exuvie of the Yorkshire Coal- field. Proc. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. II. 254, Plan of Part of the Yorkshire Coalfield. 1847. Illustrations of the Geology of the Yorkshire Coal- field. Proc. Geol. Soc. WW. Riding Yorksh. II. 328, 1848. On the Farming of the W. Riding of Yorkshire. Journ. Roy. Agric. Soc. IX. 284, and Trans. York, Agric. Soc. No. XI. 156. On a New Species of Nautilus from the Halifax Coal Beds. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1847, Trans. of Sec- tions, 64. On the Composition of some of the Limestones used for Building purposes, especially those employed in the erection of the Houses of Parlia- ment. Geological Survey Memoir, Vol. IL, part 2. 1849. On the Microscopic Structure of the Scales and Dermal Teeth of some Ganoid and Placoid Fish. Phil. Trans. CXL. 435. : 1850. On the Fossil Flora of the Carboniferous Epoch, with especial reference to the Yorkshire Coalfield. Proc. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. III. 1. 1851. Third Report on Coals suited to the Steam Navy. Parliamentary Paper. “ 1852. On some Trails and Holes found in Rocks of the Carboniferous Strata, with Remarks on the Micro- conchus Carbonarius. Mem. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manchester, Ser. 2. X. 181. Sheet 81, N.E. of the Map of the Geological Survey of England. Additions by A. H. Gresn, C. Le N. Foster, and J. R. Daxyns in 1866, and by A. H. Green, J. R. Dakyns, and J. C. Warp, in 1878. Sheet 82, N.W. of the Map of the Geological Survey of England. Additions by A. H. Guuzy, J. R. Daxyns, and J. C. Warp, in 1867. 1853. A Map of the Principal Features of the Geology of Yorkshire. (Scale 5 miles to aninch.) York. Ed. 2 in 1862. On the Diluvial and Gravel Beds of Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire. Proc. Geol. and Polytech. Sec. W. Riding Yorksh. III. 244. 101. ro2. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 2114. 115. 116. Denny, H. = Hormann, [Pror.] A.W. Pieaort, Dr. - W. W. Suyra Farrgzarrn, W. Treats, T.P. - Woop, N, - Anon. (G. W.) Lister, T. - AnrmitTacE, W. J. Baines, S. - Hopexizx, C. P. Sorsy, H.C. - Tuare, T.P. - Witson, T. - APPENDIX. 793 1854, On the Discovery of Hippopotamic and other Re- mains in the ‘Neighbourhood of Leeds. “(Brit. Assoc.) Jbid. III. 321. 1855. Chemical Analysis of the Mineral Waters of Har- rowgate. Quart. Journ. Chem. Soc. VII. 161. 1856. On the Harrogate Spas. 8vo. London. Ed. 4 in’ 1865. ° The Iron Ores of Great Britain. Part 1. General Description. (Yorkshire, pp. 30-36, 45-47.) Analysis, by —Sritter and A. Dick. (York- shire, pp. 66-76, 95-97.) Geological Survey Memvir. 8vo. London. 1857. On the Comparative Value of various kinds of Stone, as exhibited by their Powers of resisting Compression (chiefly Yorkshire Stones). Mem. Lit. and Phil, Soc. Manchester, Ser. 2. XIV. 31. On some Remains of Man associated with the Re- mains of Extinct Mammals, in the Aire Valley Deposit. Proc. Geol. Soc. W. Riding York. III. 482. An Account of the Explosion of Fire-damp at the Lundhill Colliery, near Barnsley. (Section.) Trans. N. Engl. Inst. Min. Eng. V. 231. 1858. On Fish Remains in the Yorkshire Coalfield. Geo- logist, I. 54. A Sketch of Barnsley, its Mineral and Manufacturing Products, and Natural History (Note of Coal Beds). Proc. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. III. 580. 1859. On a few Facts connected with the Manufacture of Pig Iron in the Neighbourhood of Leeds. Rep. Brit. Assoc, 1858, Trans. of Sections, 204. On the Yorkshire Flagstones and their Fossils. Proc. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. III. 663 ; Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1858. Sections, 78. Huddersfield: its History and Natural History. Chap. 5. Geological. 8vo. Huddersfield. Edi- tion 2nd, 1868. On the Currents present during the Deposition of the Carboniferous and Permian Strata in South York- shire and North Derbyshire. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1858, Trans. of Sections, 108. On the Structure and Origin of the Millstone Grit in South Yorkshire. Proc. Geol. and Polytech. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. III. 669. On the Superficial Deposits of the Valley of the ‘Aire at Leeds. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1858, Trans. of Sections, 180. ie ‘ Notice of the Discovery of a British Dagger found at Woodnook near Wakefield (section of the beds ). Proc. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorks’. III. 654. 794 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. “131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Barnes, 8. - - Binetsy, Dr. C. W.- Binney, E. W. - Huu, E.- = - Muspratt, Dr. 8. Rem,P.8. - - Sorsy, H.C. - - Tomtirson, C. - - AVELINE, W. T. Corey, J. - - Kiersey, T. W. - Tinpatt, KE. - - Tomiinson, C. - Binney, E. W. - - Denny, H. - Tivt1, E. - - - AVELINE, W. T. . Ave.ine, W. T., and T. McK. Hucues. Fraser, J. G. - - 1860. On some of the Differences in the Deposition of Coal. Proce. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. IV. 77. On Fire Clay. Ibid. 77. Observations on the Fossil Shells of the Lower Coal Measures. Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc. Il. Part 7, p. 72. The Coalfields of Great Britain, &. 8vo. Lond, ed. 3 in 1873. Analysis of the Water of Ben Rhydding, Yorkshire. Chem. News, IT, 242. Considerations upon the Relative Ages of Coal Formations and Comparative Discussions on their Co-formation in Britain and elsewhere, with other facts. Trans. N. Engl. Inst. Min. Eng. VIIL. 185. Discussion XI. 139, with a Section of York- shire Coalfield, by J. B. Simpson. On the Temperature of the Springs in the Neigh- bourhood of Sheffield. Proc. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. TV. 40. On the Action of Heat on certain Sandstones of Yorkshire. Proc. Geol. Assoc. I. 50. 1861. Sheet 82, N.E. of the Map of the Geological Survey of England and Wales. Additions in 1875 by A. H. Green and T. V. Houmzs. The Geology of Parts of Nottinghamshire, York- shire, and Derbyshire (82, N.E.). Geological Survey Memoir. 8vo. London. Observations on the Geology and Superficial Accu- mulations of the North End of the Penine Chain and adjacent Depression. Proc. Geol. Assoc. I. 122, On the Permian Rocks of South Yorkshire, and their Paleontological Relations, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. XVII. 287. Geology of Huddersfield. Geologist, IV. 367. On the Efflorescence which succeeds the Action of Heat on certain Sandstones of Yorkshire. Proc. Geol. Assoc. I. 158. 1862. An Account of an Excursionto Todmorden. Zrans. Manch. Geol. Soe. III. 325. On the Former Existence of the Roebuck in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Proce. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. TV. 146. On Iso-diametric Lines, as means of representing the Distribution of Sedimentary Clay and Sandy Strata, with special reference to the Carboniferous Rocks of Britain (Yorkshire, 130, 131, 183-138). Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. XVII. 127. 1863. Sheet 87, S.E. of the Map of the Geological Survey of England and Wales. Additions in 1877 by A. H. Green. Sheet 87, N.E. of the Map of the Geological Survey of England and Wales. Descriptions of the Lydgate and of the Buckhorn Weston Railway Tunnels (Sections). Proc. Just. Civ. Eng. XXII. 371. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142, 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. i151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. Hutt, E. - Piatt, — Brinvey, E. W. Denny, H. Fints, W. Percy, Dr. J. Brinvey, E. W. EmsBLeton, T. W. MosPratt, Dr. Ss. Paiutirs, Pror. J. ‘Brvey, E. W. C[surca], A. H. JAMES, J. - Macxinrosu, D. Mousrratt, Dr. S. Tote, J. S. APPENDIX. 795 1863—cont. Sheet 88, S.W. of the Map of the Geological Survey of England and Wales. The Geology of the Country around Oldham (Sheet 88, S.W.) Geological Survey Memoir, 8vo. London. [Records of Borings at Middlesborough, Bradford, and Wirral.) Proc. Lit. Phil. Soe, Manch. III. No. 3, 158. 1864, An Account of the Excursion to Halifax, Hipper- holme, Lightcliffe, and Low Moor. Trans. Man- chester Geol. Soc. IV. 16. Notice of an apparently undescribed Fossil Plant. from the Carboniferous Sandstone near Leeds, Proc. Geol, Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. IV. 304. On Coal Cutting by Machinery. Trans, S. Wales, Inst. of Eng. III. 196. Metallurgy, Iron and Steel. Table of Analyses of British Iron Ores, Yorkshire. II, 211, 221-223. 8yv0. London. 1865. A Description of some Fossil Plants, showing Structure, found in the Lower Coal-seams of Lancashire and Yorkshire. Fil. Trans. CLV. 579. OnaPatent. . . . Coal-cutting Machine in use at Kippax Colliery, near Leeds. (Note of the Coal-seam.) Trans. N. Inst. Min. Eng. XIV. 83. Analysis of the “ Montpellier Chalybeate ” Water, Harrogate. Chem. News, XII. 37. The Cheltenham Saline Chalybeate Water, Harro- gate. Ibid. 88, 215. Note on the Geology of Harrogate. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. XXI. 232. 1866. A few Remarks on the so-called Lower New Red Sandstones of Central Yorkshire. Geol. Mag. III. 49. : The so-called Lower New Red Sandstone of Plump- ton, Yorkshire. Ibid. 473. Ferrous Chloride in a Mineral Water (Harrogate). Geol. Mag. III. 285. Continuations and Additions to the History of Bradford. (Geological Notes, 10-13 ; Section, Appendix 5.) 8vo. Lond. 2 The Relative Extent of Atmospheric and Oceanic Denudation, with a particular reference to certain Rocks and Valleys in Yorkshire and Derbyshire. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1865, Sections, 65. Discovery of a New Chalybeate at Harrogate. Chem. News. XIII. 26. : “ Dr. Muspratt’s Chalybeates ” in Harrogate. Ibid. 203, 224, 238, 299. ; f New Analysis of the Montpellier Saline Chalybeate (Kissingen) Water at Harrogate. Ibid. XIV. 49. The Lower New Red Sandstone of Central York- shire. Geol. Mag. ILI. 183. 796 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. GEOLOGY OF Binney, E. W.- - GREEN, A. H. - Mourcuison, Siz R.I. Aitken, Capt. - Binyey, E. W. Carter, R. Green, A. H. - Green, A. H., J. RB. Daxyns, and J. C. Warp. . Green, A. H., and R. RwussE.t. Hiceins, W. M. - Hutt, LE. - Hunt, R. - - Hurcuinson, J. - Muspratt, Dr. 8. Reynotps, R. - - 176-178. Daxyns, J. R. - 179. Gren, A.H. = - THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. 1867. [On two Fossils from the Coal Measures near Huddersfield.] Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manch, VI. 59. Sheet 69 (part) of the Horizontal Sections of the Geological Survey of England and Wales (near Sheffield). : On the parts of England and Wales in which Coal may and may not be looked for beyond the known Coalfields. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1866, Trans. of Sections, 57. 1868. The Geology of Rossendale [in T. Newbiggin’s “ History of the Forest of Rossendale”]. 8vo. London. Observations on the Structure of Fossil Plants found in the Carboniferous Strata. Part I. Cala- mites and Calamodendron. Paleont. Soc. Observations on Ventilation, &c. Proc. Geol. Soc, W. Riding Yorksh. IV. 619. On the Geology of the Barnsley Coalfield. Ibid. IV. 604. Sea-cliffs and Escarpments (Rivelin Valley). Geol. Mag. V. 40. Explanation of Horizontal Section, Sheet 69 (part). Geological Survey. “Revised edition in 1873. Sheet 88, S. E. of the Map of the Geological Survey of England and Wales. Sheet 30 of the Vertical Sections of the Geological Survey of England and Wales. “Sections to illustrate the Strata above the Barnsley Coal in the Southern Part of the Yorkshire Coalfield.” 1868. The Geological Distribution of the Ores of Iron. Coll. Guard. and 4to. London. Observations on the Relative Ages of the lead- ing Physical Features and Lines of Elevation of the Carboniferous District of Lancashire and Yorkshire. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. XXIV. 323, ; The Iron Ores of Great Britain. Quart. Journ. Sci. V. 31. Some Remarks on Fire Damp and Safety Lamps. Proc. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. IV. 610. Recent Analysis of the Water of the “Old Sulphur Well” at Harrogate, Chem. News, XVIII. 155. Recent Analysis of the “ Hospital Mild Sulphur Spring,” or “ Magnesia Water,” Royal Pump Room, Harrogate. Ibid, 195. On the Fire and Choke Damp Indicator. Proc. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. IV. 545. 1869. Sheets 214 (Heptonstall Moor), 230 (Sowerby Bridge), and 245 (Ripponden), of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). MSS. in Geological Survey Office. On the Coal Measures of the Neighbourhood of pee Proc, Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. . 685. 180. Green, A. H, J. R. Daxyns, and J. C. Warp. 181. Green, A. H., and Dr. C. Le N. Foster. 182. Grexn, A. H., Dr. C. Le N. Fosrsr, and J. R. Daxyns, 183. - ej 184-185. Green, A. H., and R. RussEx. 186. Guny, W. ss - 187. Huxtey, T. H. (Prof) 188. Musprart, Dr. 8. - 189. Srraneways, C.F. 190. Ty tor, A. 19%. Warp,J.C. - - 192. —-—— - - 193. Warp, J. C., and J. Lucas. 494%. AITKEN, JOHN ~ - 495. AveLine, W. T.,A.H. Green, J. C. WARD, and R. Russet. 196. > 197. Ave Line, W.T., J.B. Warp, and J. Lucas. 198. Averuine, W. T., J- R. Daryns, J., C. Warp, and J. Lucas. 199-204. Daxyns,J.R. - 797 APPENDIX, 1869—cont. The Geology of part of the Yorkshire Coalfield (88, S.E.). Geological Survey Memoir. 8vo. London. Sheet 293 (Hallam Moors) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). Sheet 287 (Low Bradfield) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). Memoir on the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of Derbyshire, with Appendix on the Fossils by R. Erurnipce. Geological Survey Memoir. 8vo. London. : Sheets 31 and 32 of the Vertical Sections of the Geological Survey of England and Wales. Sheet 31, Sections to illustrate the Strata above “the Barnsley Coal in the Southern Part of the Yorkshire Coalfield ; and Sheet 32, Sections to illustrate the Strata between the Barnsley and Silkstone Coals in the Southern Part of the York- shire Coalfield. ‘ Sheet 199 (Keighley Moor), of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile), MS. in Geological Survey Office. On a new Labyrinthodont from Bradford, with a Note on the Locality of the Fossil, by L.C. Mraxu. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. XXV. 309. Analysis of the water of the “ Royal Sulphur Spring, Harrogate.” Chem. News, XX. 26, 68. Sheet 186 (Ilkley) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). MS. in Geo- logical Survey Office. On Quaternary Gravels (Yorkshire, p. 61). Journ, Geol. Soc. XXV. 57. On Beds of supposed Rothliegende Age near Knares- borough. J6id. 291. Sheet 35 of the Vertical Sections of the Geological Survey of England and Wales. Sections to illus- trate the Lower Coal Measures of the Yorkshire Coalfield. ‘ Sheet 187 (Otley) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). MS. in the Geo- logical Survey Office. ° Quart. 1870. Presidential Address [Note on a section at Hebden Bridge, p. 25]. rans. Manchester Geol, Soc. IX. No.1,p. 11. Sheet 93, S.W. of the Map of the Geological Survey of England and Wales. The Geology of the Carboniferous Rocks North -and East of Leeds, and the Permian and Triassic Rocks about Tadcaster (93, 8.W.). Geological Survey Memoir. 8vo. London. . Sheet 188 (Harewood) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). MS. in Geological Survey Office. Sheet 189 (Wetherby). Ditto. Sheets 190 (Tadcaster), 205 (Bolton Percy), 229 (Todmorden), 244 (Ripponden), 271. (Saddle- worth), and 280 (Howden Moors). Ditto. 798 205, 207. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215, 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 2al. 222. 223. 224, 225. 226, GEOLOGY OF 206. Green, A. H., and T, V. Houmzs. Gunn, W. - Fo Hur, E, J. Daxyns, J. Warp, and C. StTRANGWAYS. Lucas, J. - - AQ Lucas, J.. and C. STRANGWAYS. - Miart,L.C. - - SPENCER, J. - - Trw, T. W. - - CarruTHEeRS, W. - Daxyrns, J. R., and J.C. Warp. - Daxyns, J. R., J. C. Warp, and R. Rus- SELL, Green, A. H.,'J. R. Daxyns, and J. C. Warp. Green, A. H., J. R. Daxyns, J. C.Warp, and R. Russexw. Grenn, A. H., and T. V. Homes. Green, A. H., and J. C. Warp. Hott. E. - - - Lucas, J CG. FE StrRaNGwayrs, and W.. iH. Darton. Macxinross, D. - Row.ey, W. THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. 1870—cont. Sheet 36 of the Vertical Sections of the Geological Survey: Sections of the Measures above the Barnsley Coal, in the district between Barnsley and Wakefield. Sheet 37, ditto: Sections of the Measures between the Barnsley and Silkstone Coais in the District between Barnsley and Wake- field. Sheet 167 (Broughton) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches toa mile). MS. in Geological Survey Office. Sheet 88, N.W. of the Map of the Geological Survey of England and Wales. Sheet 170 (Fewston) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). MS. in the Geological Survey Office. Sheet 153 (Hampsthwaite) ditto. On a new Carboniferous Labyrinthodont from the Neighbourhood of Bradford. Proc. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. V. 15. 3 Sketch of the Geology of the Parish of Halifax. Millstone Grit Rocks. Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc. IX. No. 2, 55. On the Rocks of the Neighbourhood of Pontefract ; with some Observations on the Discovery of some Bones of the Bos primigenius. Proc. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. V.39. 1871. On some Vegetable Structures recently discovered in the Lower Coal Beds at Halifax. First Rep. Croydon Micros. Club, 26. Sheets 260 (Honley) and 272 (Holmfirth) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire. (6 inches to a mile.) Sheet 246 (Huddersfield) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire. (6 inches to a mile.) Sheets 273 (Penistone) and 281 (Langsett) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire. (6 inches to a mile.) The Geology of the Neighbourhood of Dewsbury, Huddersfield, and Halifax (88, N.E.) Geological Survey Memoir. 8vo. Lond. Sheet 38 of the Vertical Sections of the Geological Survey of England and Wales: Sections of the Measures above the Haigh Moor Coal in the Neighbourhood of Wakefield. Sheet 274 (Barnsley) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire. (6 inches to a mile.) Sheet 279 ditto. MS. in Geological Survey Office. Sheet 201 (Bingley) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). On the Nature of the Drift Deposits of the West Riding of Yorkshire ; with Remarks on the Origin of Escarpments . - and an Ap» pendix on the Cliffs of Plumpton, Brimham [&e.]. Proe. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. V.130. Some Observations on Coal and Coal Mining, and id Economical Working of our Coal-fields. bid. + 229, 227. 228. 229, Russent,R. - — - SEWELL, E. - - 230-232. Srrancways, C.F. 233. 234, 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 220. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246, 248. 249. 250. Warp, J. C.,and C. F. Srranewars. Briae, J. - Darron, W. H. - Daxyrns, J. R. - Green, A. H. - - Gunn, W. - “ Lucas, J. - Mutt, L. C. Painter, Rey. W. H. Russet, R. - Rousseryt, R., and T. V. Hotmes. TinDaLL, E. - - Warp,J.C. - - 247. Warp, J. C., and R. RussEtL. Wri1aMson, Pror. Ww. C. J. AITKEN - - APPENDIX, 799 1871—cont, Sheet 40 of the Vertical Sections of the Geological Survey of England and Wales : Sections to illus- trate the Strata between the Haigh Moor and Blocking Coals, in the District between Flockton and Leeds. a Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the several matters relating to Coal in the United Kingdom. Vol. I. General Report, &c. Vol. II, General Minutes and Proceedings of Committees. Fol. Lond. On some peculiar Geological Features of Rom- La Moor. Proce. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. . 221. Sheets 137 (Copgrove), 138 (Boroughbridge), and 169 (Denton) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). MS. in Geological Survey Office. Sheet 154 (Knaresborough), ditto. 1872. On the Geology of the Neighbourhood of Keighley. Proc. Geol. and Polytech. Soc. W. Riding York. Ser. 2, Part 1, p. 48. On the Geology of Craven. bid. 16. On the Glacial Phenomena of the Yorkshire Up- lands. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. XXVIII. 382. On the Method of Formation of the Permian Beds of South Yorkshire. Geol. Mag. IX. 99. Sheet 184 (Lothersdale) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). The Permian Beds of Yorkshire. bid. 338. On Contortion of Rocks (Craven). Proc. Geol. Soc. West Riding Yorksh. Ser. 2, pt. 1, p. 1. Carboniferous Fish. Science Gossip, No. 92, p. 176. Sheet 42 of the Vertical Sections of the Geological Survey of England and Wales : Sections to illus - trate the Strata between the Blécking Bed and Better Bed Coals, in the District between Hud- dersfield and Leeds. Sheet 43, ditto: Sections illustrating the Strata between the Soft Coal and Blocking Bed Coal in the Halifax, Bradford, and Leeds Districts. A Geological Visit to Askern, Yorkshire. Nat. Recorder, No. 1, 5, and No. 2, 24. On Rock Staining. Geol. Mag. IX. 389. Sheet 44 of the Vertical Sections of the Geological Survey of England and Wales : Sections illustra- ting the Strata between the Soft Bed Coal and Middleton Main Coal in the Bradford and Leeds Districts; and Sheet 45 . . . the Strata be- tween the Stanley Scale and Beeston Bed Coals in the District between Dewsbury and Fairburn, near Leeds. : On the Structure of the Dictyoxylons of the Coal- measures. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1871. Trans. of Sections, 111. . [Photograph of Contorted Limestone, Draughton]. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. 1878. Notes on the discovery of a new fish of the genus oe ae Ag., in the Millstone Grit, near Hebden Bridge, Yorkshire. Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc. XIII. 36. 800 GEOLOGY OF 251. Avewine, W. T., J. C. Warp, R. Rus- SELL, and J. Lucas. 252. Daxyns,J.R. - - 253. Davis, R. H. - 254-256. Green, A. H. - 257. Green, A. H., and J.C. Warp. 258. Green, A. H., J. R. Daxyns, J. 3 Warp, and R. RUssELL. 259. Green, A. H., J. R. Daxrns, J. C, Warp, and T. V. Homes. 260. Hutt, E., R. H. Tip- DEMAN, and W. Gunn. 261. Lucas, J. - - 262. Mutt, L. C. 263. Russert,R - . 264. ae at i = 265. AveLinz, W. T., J. R. Daxyns, and C. F. Straneways. 266, Ave.iny, W.T.,J.R. Daxyns,:and J. C. Warp. , THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. 1873—cont, Sheet 203 (Seacroft) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). On some points connected with the Drift of Derby- shire and Yorkshire. Geol. Mag. X. 62. Monthiy Analytical Examinations of the Harrogate Spas, 1872. Journ. Chem. Soc. Ser, 2, XI. 1089. 3 Sheets of the Horizontal Sections of the Geologi- cal Survey of England and Wales. : Sheet 88. Section across the valley of the River Don between Sheffield and Conisborough. Sheet 89. Section across the Yorkshire Coalfield, from the N.W. of Sheffield by Ecclesfield, Went- worth, Wath, and Bolton-on-Dearne, and through the Permian and Triassic Beds of Marr, Owston, Askern, Pollington, Snaith, Carlton, and Barlow. Sheet 90. Section from the Millstone Grit of Ughill and Bradfield Moors, west of Sheffield, across-the Yorkshire Coalfield by Wharncliffe, Tankersley, Hoyland, Wombwell, Houghton Common, South Kirkby, and Upton ; thence through the Permian and Triassic Beds of Wentbridge, Womersley, Kellington, and Brayton to the environs of Selby. Sheet 92 of the Horizontal Sections of the Geologi- cal Survey of England and Wales. Section from the Millstone Grit of Howden Moors across the Yorkshire Coalfield by Penistone, Silkstone, the north of Barnsley, Ackworth, and Pontefract, and thence over Permian and Triassic Rocks by Byram, Gateforth, and Brayton to the outskirts of Selby. Sheet 93 of the Horizontal Sections of the Geologi- cal Survey of England and Wales. Section from the northern end of the Saddleworth Valley, on the borders of Lancashire and Yorkshire, over the Yoredale Rocks and Millstone Grit of the Penine Anticlinal, across the Yorkshire Coalfield by Meltham, Honley, Farnley Tyas, Kirkburton, Flockton Moor, Heath near Wakefield, and Sharl- ston, terminating on the Magnesian Limestone north of Pontefract. Sheet 282 (Wortley) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). Sheet 92, S.W. of the Map of the Geological Survey of England and Wales. On the Origin of Clay Ironstone. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. XXIX. 363. The Permian Rocks of the Neighbourhood of Leeds. Geol. Mag. X. 421. Sheet 232 (Birstal) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (4 inches to a mile). Geology of the Country round Bradford, Yorkshire, fron, N.S. Il. 458, 491. 1874. Sheet 93, N.W. (Knaresborough) of the Geological Survey Map of England and Wales. Sheet 204 (Aberford)of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). 267. Brppor,Dr.J. - 268. Brice, Jonn - - 269. Daxyns, J.R. . 270. ——-——. = 271. Ernerines, R. 272. Farruzy,T. - - 273. Gort, C. é 274. Green, A.H. - 275. Green, A. H., J.C. Warp, and T. V. Homes. 276. Green, A. H., J. R. Daxyns, J. CG. Warp, and R RussELL. 277. a 278. Hosxirs, C. P. - 279. Nem, A. - 280. Painter, Rev. W. H. 281. Rousserr,R. - - 282. Spencer,J. - - 283. - - - 2e4. Srraneways, C.F. - 285. Witicoox, J. - - 42513. APPENDIX, 80] 1874—cont, Address to the Department of Anthropology. Rep. Brit, Assoc. for 1878, Sections, p. 184. On such of the Industries of Bradford as relate to its Geological Position. Jbid. p. 76. In full separately under the title “ The Industrial Geology of Bradford.” 8vo. Leeds. On the Geology of part of Craven. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 18738, Sections, p. 78, abstract of No. 349. Sheet 231 (Halifax) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). On the Geology of Coal and Coal Deposits in the British Islands. Report of Proceedings at the 11th Annual Meeting of the British Association of Gas Managers, 84. Analyses of Water taken from the “Old Crescent Well,” Harrogate, Nov. 14, 1873, Chem. News, XXX. 151, On the Bradford Waterworks. for 1878, Sections, 451. Sheet 262 (Royston) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). Sheet 288 (Ecclesfield) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). Rep. Brit. Assoc. Sheet 88, N.E. of the Map ofthe Geological Survey of England and Wales. Sheet 94 of the Horizontal Sections of the Map of the Geological Survey of England and Wales. Section from the Millstone Grit at Marsden, Slaithwaite, and Linthwaite, west of Huddersfield over the Lower Coal Measures of Huddersfield and Kirkheaton ; the Middle Coal Measures of Lower Whitley, Thornhill, Ossett, Alverthorpe, Wakefield Outwood, Stanley, Methley Park, Great Preston and Kippax; and the Magnesian Lime- stone of Kippax, Micklefield, and Scarthingwell ; to the Warp Flat of the Valley of the River Wharfe at Ulleskelf and the Bunter Sandstone of Bolton Percy. On the Mosses of the West Riding of Yorkshire. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1873, Sections, 104, and, Journ. Bot. u.8, II. 327. On the Bradford Building Trades. Assoc. for 1873, Sections, 193. On Stone-dressing in Bradford. bid. p. 214. More about Carboniferous Fish. Science Gossip, No. 119, 253 (see No. 241). Geology of the Country round Bradford, Yorkshire Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1873, Sections, 83 (see No. 264). [Section in Wheatley Valley.] Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc. XIII. pt. 6. The Third Part of the Description of the Mill- stone Grit Series of the Parish of Halifax, Yorkshire. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc. XIII. pt. 7, p. 202. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of England and Rep. Brit. Wales. The Geology of the Country North and East of Harrogate. (Quarter Sheet, 93, N.W.) p. 21. 8vo. London. On the History, Progress, and Development of the Bowling Ironworks. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1873, Sections, 219, and in full separately. 8vo. 3E 802 GEOLOGY OF 286,287. AvELINe, W. T., and A. H. Green. 288-292. AvELine, W. T., A. H. Green, and T. V. Hotmzs. 293. AveLine, W. T., J. RR. Daxyns, J. C. Warp, and R. Russet. 294. Crosskrny, Rev. H. 295. Daxyrns, J. R., J. Lucas, C. F. SrrRaneways, and W. H. Datron. 296. Green, A. H. - - 297,298. ——— - - 299. —~-—— = - 300, 301. Green, A. H., and R. RussEu. 302, 303, Greren, A. H., and T. V. Homes, THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD, 1875. Sheets 264 (Elmsall) and 234- (Melton) of. the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to amile). — Sheets 249 (Pontefract), 290 (Wickersley), 296 (Laughten-en-le-Morthen), and 300 (Harthill), of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). Sheet 101 of the Horizontal -Sections of the Geolo- gical Survey of England and Wales. 1. Section from the Millstone Grit of Blackstone Edge, near Todmorden, Greetland Moor, and North Dean, south of Halifax, over the Lower Coal Measures of Southowram, Brighouse, and Clifton; the Middle Coal Measures of Cleckheaton, Gomersal, Adwalton, and Gildersome; the Lower Coal Measures of Gildersome, Churwell, and Beeston; the Middle Coal Measures of Hunslet, Osmond- thorpe, and Manston; the Lower Coal Measures of Scholes, and thence over the Magnesian Limestone of Barwick-in-Elmet, Bramham Moor, and Newton Kyme, to the Alluvial Flat of the River Wharfe. Second Report of the Committee for. . . cording . . . Erratic Blocks . . . Brit. Assoc. for 1873, Sections, 192. Sheet 102 of the Horizontal Sections of the Geo- logical Survey of England and Wales. Section from Heptonstall Moors, north of Todmorden, across the Millstone Grit of the basin of the Calder, the outliers of the Lower Coal Measures at Denholme and Baildon, the Millstone Grit of Otley Chevin and Wharfedale, and the Yoredale Rocks of the Harrogate anticlinal, on to the Mag- nesian Limestone of the neighbourhood of Knares- borough. Variations in Thickness and Character of the Barns- ley and Silkstone Coal Seams in South Yorkshire, and the probable Origin of these and similar Changes. Trans. Mid. Inst. M. C. and M. Eng. IV. 169, 176, 236; Coll. Guard. XXX. 601. (See No. 327.) Sheets 248 (Wakefield) and 263 (Hemsworth) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). Sheet 91 of the Horizontal Sections of the Geologi- cal Survey of England and Wales, No. 1.—Section from the upper part of the valley of the River Derwent to the centre of the Yorkshire Coal-field, across the Yoredale Rocks and Millstone Grit of Broomhead and Whitwell Moors, the Lower Coal Measures of Stockbridge and Wortley, the Middle Coal Measures of Stainborough, Darley Dale, Ardsley, and Houghton, terminating on Houghton Common. No. 2.—Section from S.W. to N.E. across the Yorkshire Coal-basin,crossing the Lower Coal Measures of Hoyland, the Middle Coal Mea- sures of Silkstone, Cawthorne, Darton, Woolley Edge, Chevet, Walton, Sharlston, Ackton, and Glasshoughton, and terminating at Newton Colliery near Castleford, ¢ Sheets 275 (Darfield) and 283 (Wath-upon-Dearne) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). Sheets 295 (Attercliife) and 299 (Wales Common) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). Te- Rep. 304. 305. 306. 307. 308. 309. 311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 316. Gruzn, A. H., J.C. Warp, and R. RvsseEqu. Green, A. H., J. C. Warp, J. Luoas, and R. RussEu. GREEN, A. H., R. Russet, and C. F, StRavewars, Hott, Pror. E., J. R. Daxyns, R. H. Tmpeman, J. C. Warp, W. Guyn, and C. E.Ds Rance. Hont, R. - - Means, R. - 2 Russert, R. - : Sorspy, H.C. - - Warp, J. C., and R. RusseExu. Warp, J. C., J. Lucas, and R. RossELL. Warp, J. C. J. Lucas, C. F, Srraneways, and R. Russe. Aitsen, J. - - Anon. (W. D. Roz- BUCK). APPENDIX. 803: 1875—cont., Sheet 261 (Kirkburton) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). Sheet 97 of the Horizontal Sections of the Geologi- cal Survey of England and Wales :—Section from the Valley of the Wharfe at Otley, over the Millstone Grit of the Chevin, the outlier of Lower Coal Measures at Rawden, and the Millstone Grit of Horsforth and Bramley Fall; thence across the Yorkshire Coalfield by Bramley, Arm- ley, Wortley, Beeston, Middleton, East Ardsley, the neighbourhood of Wakefield, Brierly, Hough- ton Common, and Denaby, to the Magnesian Limestone near Conisborough. Sheet 95 of the Horizontal Sections of the Geologi- cal Survey of England and Wales: —Section from the north-western corner of the Yorkshire Coal- field south of Bingley, across the Lower Coal Measures of Nor Hill, Allerton, Great Horton, Wibsey, and Oakenshaw, near Bradford; the Middle Coal Measures of Cleckheaton, Liversedge, Liversedge Park, Mirfield, Thornhill, and Over- ton, near Dewsbury; Bretton, Woolley Edge, Carlton, Cudworth, Houghton Common, Low Moor, and Clayton-in-the-Clay, near Barnsley ; and on over the Permian Rocks of Watchley Crag, Bilham, and Scawsby to the neighbourhood of Doncaster. The Geology of the Burnley Coalfield and of the Country around Clitheroe, Blackburn, Preston, Chorley, Haslingden, and Todmorden. Table of Fossils by R. Erneripge. Geological Survey Memoir, Pp. XI. 221. 8vo. London. Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland for the year 1874, with an Appendix. 8vo. London. The Iron Industries of the West Riding of York- shire. Mining Journal, XLV. 348. Lithological Description of the Measures occurring. in the Northern portion of the Yorkshire Coal- field. Trans. Mid. Inst. M.C. and M. Eng. IV.. 195, 231, and with short title, Coll. Guard. XXX. 563 (see Nos. 264, 281). . On the Remains of a Fossil Forest in the Coal Measures at Wadsley, near Sheffield. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. KX XI. 458. : Sheet 218 (Leeds) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). : Sheet 217 (Farnley) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). Sheet 216 (Bradford) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). 1876. . Observations on the Unequal Distribution of Drift on opposite sites of the Pennine Chain, in the Country about the source of the River Calder, with suggestions as to the Causes which led to that result, together with some Notices on the High-Level Drift in the Upper Part of the Valley of the River Irwell. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. XXXII. 184; Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc. XIV. 50, Excursion to Coxley Valley.. Naturalist, Ser. 2, 1.175. 3E 2 804 317. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322. 323. 324. 325. 326. 327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 332. 333. GEOLOGY OF ANON. - - AVELINE, W. T., A.H. GReEeEn,R. RvssExt, and T. V. Hotmss. AvELINE, W.T., A. H. Gruen, and T. V. Hotmes. Avetine, W. T., and A. H. Green. Avetine, W. T., J. C. Warp, and R. RoussELL. BurreRWworTH, JOHN Davis, J. W. - Green, A. H. - Green, A. H., and T. V. Hotmzs. Green, A. H., J. C. Warp, and R. Rus- SELL, Green, A. H., J. C. Warp, J. Lucas, and R. RussExu. Green, A. H., J. R. Daxyns, J. C. Warp, C. F. Srraneways, and R. Russevy. THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. 1876—cont. Winning of the Silkstone Coal at Hoyland Nether. Coll. Guard. XXXI. 388. Sheet 234 (Castleford) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). Sheet 250 (Darrington) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). Sheet 276 (Brodsworth) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). Sheet 219 (Kippax) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). Coal Plants. Naturalist, Ser. 2,1, 151. Rambles after Fossil Plants. Sci.Goss. No. 148, 243. (Halifax. ) Ona Bone-bed in the Lower Coal Measures, with an Enumeration of the Fish-remains of which it is principally composed. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. XXXII. 332. Erratic Boulders in the Valley of the Calder. Proc. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. n. s. pt. ii. 93. Notes on Variations in Character and Thickness of the Millstone-grit of North Derbyshire and the adjoining parts of Yorkshire, and on the probable manner in which these Changes have been pro- duced. Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1875, Sections, 65. On the Variations in Thickness and Character of the Silkstone and Barnsley Coal Seams in the Southern Part of the Yorkshire Coal-field, and the Probable Manner in which these and similar Changes have been produced. Proc. Geol. Soc, W. Riding Yorksh. nu. s. pt. ii. pp. 68-77, Ph iv., and Trans. N. Eng. Inst. Eng. XXV. p. 1 On the Geology of the Central Portion of the York- shire Coal-field lying between Pontefract and Bolton-on-Dearne. Proc. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorhsh. nu. 8. pt. ii. 108, pl. vi. (map). Notes on the Yorkshire Coal-field. Journ. Jron, Steel Inst. 305-817. Sheet 294 (Sheffield) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). Sheet 247 (Dewsbury) of the Geological Survey Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). Sheet 98 of the Horizontal Sections of the Geolo- gical Survey of England and Wales.—Section across the Millstone Grit of Brimham Rocks, Hartwith Moor, Nabs Ridge, Briscoe Ridge, Great Alms Cliff, Wescoe Hill, Arthington Bank and Addle; the Lower Coal Measures of Chapel Allerton and Leeds; the Middle Coal Measures of Osmondthorpe ; the inlier of Lower Coal Mea- sures at White Bank ; the Middle Coal Measures of Temple Newsam, Rothwell, Royds Green, Bottom Boat, Warmfield, and Sharlston, to the neighbourhood of Havercroft. Sheet 100, ditto.—Section from the neighbourhood of Boroughbridge to the centre of the Yorkshire Coalfield, crossing the Triassic Rocks south of Boroughbridge; the Permian Rocks of Knares- borough, Wetherby, Tadcaster, and Aberford ; the Lower Coal Measures of Parlington Hollins ; the Middle Coal Measures of Garforth and Kippax ; the Magnesian Limestone of Preston Hill; and the Middle Coal Measures of Great and Little Preston, Methbley, Whitwood, Sharlston, and Nostel. APPENDIX. 805 1876—cont. 334. Green, A. H., J. R. Sheet 96, ditto—Section from the northern side of Daxyns, J. Lucas, C. F. Srraneways, R. RussEut, and W. H. Datron. 335,336. Green, A. H., R. 337. 333. 339. 340. 341. 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. Russet, and T. V. Homes. Hosgirg, C. P. Hont, R. Metto, Rev. J.M. - Mitter, RR. - - Prant, JoHN - Spencer, J. - - Tare, THoMAs - - Tuorre, Pror., T.E. Vine, G. R. - Warp,J.C.,J. Lucas, C. F. Srraneways, and R, RussEtu. 347. Aveuine, W. T., A. 348. H. Green, R. Rvs- sett, and T. V. HorMEs. CarTeR,R. - - the Skipton Anticlinal to the middle of the York- shire Coalfield, crossing the Millstone Grit of Sheltercliff E.N.E. of Skipton, the Yoredale Rocks and Carboniferous Limestone of Draughton, the Millstone Grit of Rumbles Moor, the outlier of Lower Coal Measures at Baildon, the Millstone Grit of Baildon Bank, the Lower Coal Measures of Eccleshill, Calverley Moor, Pudsey, Tong, and Gildersome ; the Middle Coal Measures of Gilder- some, Gildersome Street, Bruntcliffe, Howley Park, Hanging Heaton, the neighbourhood of Dewsbury, Ossett, Horbury, Netherton, Griggle- stone, Chapelthorpe, Chevet, and the neighbour- hood of Felkirk N.E. of Barnsley. Sheets 233 (East Ardsley) and 289 (Rotherham) of the Geological Survey of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). ‘ The Alleged Submerged Forest near Holmfirth. Naturalist, ser. 2. I. 138. Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland for the year 1875. Pp. xv. 282. 8vo. London. Handbook to the Geology of Derbyshire. Pp. 72, 7 plates (Sections and Fossils), geological map. 8vo. London. On Dislocations in the Thill, with the Presence, Amount and Tension of Gas in the Silkstone Seam of Strafford Main Colliery. Trans. NV. Engl. Inst. Eng. XXXV. 23. Submerged Forest near Holmfirth. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc. XIV. pt. ii. 71. Geology of the Halifax Hard Bed Coal. Naturalist, ns. 1. Nos. 11, 12, 163, 182. The Glacial Deposits of the Bradford Basin. Proc. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. n.s. pt. ii. 101. A contribution to the History of the Old Sulphur Well, Harrogate. Phil. Mag. 5, II. 50. On the Discovery of Macrospores ‘in Carboniferous Sandstone [Sheffield]. Sez. Goss. No. 148, 247. Sheet 99 of the Horizontal Sections of the Geological Survey of England and Wales.—Section from the Magnesian Limestone of Gybdykes, north-east of Masham, over the Millstone Grit of Mickley and Averley ; thence across the Magnesian Limestone and Millstone Grit of the country west and south of Ripon; the Millstone Grit of Killinghall; the Millstone Grit and Yoredale Rocks of Harrogate Anticlinal; the Millstone Grit of Follifoot Ridge, Spofforth Haggs, Barrowby Grange, the neigh- bourhood of Harewood, Wike, and Shadwell; the Magnesian Limestone of Ask Bank, near Round- hay Grange; the Lower Coal Measures of Sea- croft ; and the Middle Coal Measures of Austhorpe and Swillington, to the Alluvial Flat of the River Aire at Mickletown. 1877. Sheet 87, N.W. of the Geological Survey Map of England and Wales. On the Mineral Aspects of the West Riding Coal- field. Ibid. pt. iii. 113. ° 806 GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. 1877—cont. 349. Daxyrns, J. R. - < A Sketch of the Geology of Keighley, Skipton, and Grassington. Geol. Mag. dec. ii. IV. 346. 350. Davis, J.W. - - Ona Stratum of Shale, containing Fish Remains, in the Lower Coal Measures. Proc. Geol. Soc. W. Riding Yorksh. n.s. pt. iii.127, (See No. 324.) 351. ———- - On the Stems and Roots of Fossil Trees in the Lower Coal Measures at Wadsley, near Sheffield. Ibid.179. (See No. 311.) 352, ——— - - Unconformability of the Permian Limestone to the Red Rocks west of its Escarpment in Central Yorkshire. bid. pt. iv. 280. 353. Green, A. H. - On an Exceptional Occurrence of Boulder Clay near Barnsley. “Jbid. pt. iii. 122. 354. Hotrearr, B. - On the Minerals of the Yorkshire Coalfield as applied to the Modern Manufacture of Iron. Ibid. p. 187. 355. Russext, R. - - The Flockton Coals and the Physical Conditions that led to their formation. Trans. Mid. Inst. M.C. and M. Eng. Vol. V., pt. xxxv. p. 48, 1878. 356. Daxyns, J. R., J.C. Sheet 215 (Denholme) of the Geological Survey Warp, Cc. #F. Map of Yorkshire (6 inches to a mile). StrRaneGwars, and 4 W. 4H. Darron. 357. Davis,J.W. - - West Yorkshire; an Account of its Geology, Physical Geography, Climatology, and Botany. Part I. 8vo. London. 358. ————. The Ichthyography of the Northern Portion of the West Riding Coalfield. Trans. Mid. Inst. M.C. M. Eng. VI. pt. xlii. 359. Harrison, W.J. - The Geology of the West Riding of Yorkshire. Kelly’s Post Office Directory. No Date. 360. Curtey, T. - - Map of Skipton (about 1860). 361. Tuorp, Rev. W. The Yorkshire Coalfield. Diagram connecting the several Coal Beds . . .. . from North to South, &e. . ..... The following official publications on the geology of the district are in progress: — Of the Geological Survey Map (1-inch scale). Sheets 87, S.W. (Rotherham), 92, S.E. (Bradford). Ditto (6-inch scale),' 168 (Skipton), 185 (Kildwick), 200 (Keighley), 202 (Calverley). Of short Explanatory Memoirs, that on Sheet 92, S.E. Of Horizontal Sections, one from near Todmorden by Oxenhope and Keighley to near Skipton. ‘ 807 INDEX, _ N.B.—Coal and Ironstone seams are arranged alphabetically under th i instead of being scattered through the Index” TReferenves to enh ln sco under one synonym, to which other names bear cross references: thus, the Silkstone seam is known in the Calder Valley as the Blocking; the numbers of the pages, however, on which the seam is mentioned are all given under Silkstone, whilst to the name Blocking is appended the reference ‘‘ See Silkstone.” This part of the Index is therefore a complete synonymy of the entire series of Coal and Ironstone seams, embodying the correlations established by our investigations. Similarly, such beds of Sandstone as bear distinctive names are massed under one synonym with cross references, but these are scattered throughout the Index. By adopting capitals for names of authors, investi- gators, and informants, and italics for those of fossils, we have endeavoured to give the benefit of separate indices without the disadvantages sometimes associated with separation. Abbey Brook ; 39. Abdy Rock; 82, 407, 415-417, 584, 586. Aberford; 800, 804. Acanthodes ; 261. Ackroyn, E.; 683. Ackton; 484, 435, 802. Rock. (See Treeton Rock.) Ackworth; 84, 469, 470, 742, 754, 755, 800. Rock. (See Dalton Rock.) Acrolepis ; 799. Addingham ; 1, 71, 550-552. . —— Edge Grit; 64, 65, 69-71, 545, 550, 552, 555, 779. Addle ; 71, 551, 804. Addlecroft ; 130, 131, 151, 156, 166, 201. ‘Adwalton ; 245, 266, 267, 270, 276, 295, 307, 311, 313, 322, 328, 327, 345, 368, 369, 384, 394, 684-687, 701, 802. Adwick-on-Dearne ; 500, 507, 591, 592, 751. Agbrigg ; 448, 770. AINSWORTH, J.; 767. Aire Valley; 1, 2,8, 11, 15, 16, 29, 31, 52, 64-74, 76-79, 85, 86, 90-92, 96-98, 100, 106, 107, 111, 121-123, 126-128, 130-185, 149-155, 160-166, 169-172, 175-179, 183-198, 214-227, 229, 240— 242, 255, 259, 268-271, 277-280, 283, 296-299, 304, 307, 308, 311-815, 324- 328, 332, 333, 342-346, 369-382, 384, 394, 395, 480-435, 440, 444-446, 449, 455-459, 470-478, 488, 540, 541, 543~ 558, 658-661, 668, 676, 701-740, 742, 756-758, 772, 778, 775, 778-784, 787- 791, 793-795, 797-806. AITKEN, Capt.; 796. , 3.3 797, 799, 803. Aldam ; 591. Apam, W.; 468. Aldwark ; 383, 386, 397, 402, 490, 491, 500, 503, 505. Avexanper, Dr. W. H.; 790. Auten, B.; 786. » T.; 789. Allerton ; 548-550, 803. Allerton Bywater; 269, 345,377, 395, 701, 702, 709, 784. Alluvium ; 783-785, 791. Almondbury ; 580, 581. Altofts; 702, 784. Alverthorpe ; 391, 801. Analyses ; 20, 89, 130, 132, 133, 155, 166, 382, 786-789, 791-797. ANDERSON, §.; 181, 640, 652, 653. ANDREWS and BuRROWwS; 583. Anthracite; 721. Anthracomya ; 14, 325. Anthracoptera ; 325. Anthracosia; 14, 80, 85, 88, 104, 250, 256, | 274, 305, 307, 820, 821, 825, 335, 366, 369, 370, 373, 414, 468, 598, 684, 686, 758, 768. Apperley Bridge; 100. APPLEBY, —; 229. Ardsley (Dearne Valley); 83, 398, 435, 441, 447, 451, 452, 588, 590-593, 802. East; 270, 277, 297, 308, 312, 314, 824, 325, 327, 332, 334, 335, 362, 366, 381, 384, 688, 695, 712-714, 803, 805. ———- West; 268, 270, 276, 297, 311, 314, 824, 325, 827, 332, 334, 335, 341, 366, 678, 687, 694. ARMITAGE, —; 110, 117, 157, 237, 257, 605, 608, 617, 618. W.J.; 793. Armley; 733, 735, 803. Armstrong, Rev. C. E.; 467. Arthington ; 804. AsHTon, J.; 321, 620. 808 Askern; 791, 799, 800. Asquita, Brotruers, & Co.; 265, 295, 310, 682, 686. Astley ; 298, 376, 384, 701, 703, 705, 721. Aston; 385, 401, 408, 412, 418, 484, 446, 483, 494, 496. Attercliffe ; 335, 347, 490, 493, 785, 802. Austhorpe ; 195, 201, 226, 242, 255, 269, 279, 304, 308, 313, 379, 728, 724, 805. Auvty, J.; 342, 892. : AVELINE, W. T.; 458, 794, 797, 800, 802, 804, 805. Averley ; 805. Aviculopecten; 14, 88, 40, 63, 76, 85, 87, 88, 109, 110, 122, 471. Ayrshire; 482. Badsworth; 742, 753. Bagden ; 140, 141, 144, 145, 580. Bagley; 740. Baildon; 71, 76, 86, 96, 100, 107, 111, 122, 550, 553, 781, 802, 805. Battey, G.; 631, 769. Bailiff Bridge; 182, 542, 640. Barneriver, E.; 230, 284. Baines, 8.; 798, 794. Bamford Edge ; 30, 31, 34, 35. Bardsey ; 71, 555. Barger, —; 768. Barkisland ; 61, 536, 587. Barlow ; 800. Barmby ; 234, 287, 302, 596. Barnborough ; 476, 753. Barnbow Common ; 254, 379, 724. Barnsley; 8, 78-82, 245, 246, 260, 331, 333, 338, 349, 400, 401, 404, 409, 419, 420, 482-434, 436, 437, 590, 595, 601, 776, 798, 796, 798, 800, 806. Barnsley Rock; 75, 81, 395-399, 584~- 586, 595, 596, 760, 765. Barrowciouenu, B., & Sons; 237, 265, 358, 606, 617, 618, 623, 625, 628, 658. Barugh; 331, 338, 346, 350, 594, 596, 601. Barwick-in-Elmet ; 802. Batley; 79, 254, 255, 258, 260, 265, 270, 275, 282, 294, 303, 304, 307, 310, 314, 315, 322, 328, 382, 357, 359, 360, 362, 363, 632, 686-688. Barry, —; 589. Bracuer, E.; 605. Beaconsfield ; 537. Beamsley ; 551. BEARDSALL, — ; 387, 601. Beaumont, J.; 387, 388, 461, 469. BrcuEr, — ; 591. Brpvosr, Dr. J.; 801. Beprorp, J.; 237, 610. Beeley ; 29, 109, 522. Beeston ; 130,134, 151, 153-155, 164, 166, 167, 171, 175, 191, 192, 201, 211, 220- "222, 229, 241, 255, 259, 268, 370, 371, 380, 710, 718, 726-729, 802, 803. Beestonely ; 61, 535, 536. Beestones ; 537. Beggarington; 258, 544, 694, Beggerington; 544. GEOLOGY OP THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Berton, —; 454, 462. Bennett, C.; 642, 661. Benton ; 97. Berristall ; 100, 105. Better Bed Sandstone, or Seatstone; 20, 661, 732. Better Bed Warrels ; 672. Bickerpike, B.; 259, 278, 345, 346, 376. Bierley, East; 183, 152, 240, 241, 666, 667, 669. Bilham ; 803. Billingley ; 460, 466, 752. Bingley ; 74, 778, 780, 798. Brinewey, Dr. C. W.; 794. Binvey, E. W.; 487, 791, 792, 794-796. Birdwell ; 330, 348, 582, 583. — Rock. (See Thornhill Rock.) Birkenshaw ; 255, 258, 260, 266, 294, 304, 660, 666, 680, 683. Birley Vale ; 223, 248, 271. Birstal ; 240, 255, 258-260, 265, 282, 291— 293, 295, 304, 307, 325, 365, 368, 369, 679, 680, 682, 683, 800. Rock; 75, 79, 299, 302-304, 353— 355, 359, 360, 362, 365, 368, 369, 379, 492, 499, 501, 609-611, 616, 624-626, 631, 633, 682, 688. Birthwaite ; 288, 302, 309, 331, 388, 599. Black Bank (Leeds); 154, 155, 166, 171, 172, 194, 223, 710. Blackburn (Lancashire) ; 803. ——— (Sheffield) ; 138, 142, 148. Blacker ; 387, 587, 588, 741, 743. Blackstone Edge; 802. Blakeup ; 134, 157, 173, 176, 178, 181, 187,206. . Bole Edge; 29, 38, 41. —— Hill; 35, 115, 490, 491. * Bolsterstone ; 48, 50, 51, 524, 526. Bolton-on-Dearne; 463, 741, 752, 777, 800, 804. : Bolton Perey; 797, 801. Booru, E.; 234, 256, 261, 286, 289, 595. Boothroyd ; 264, 290, 303, 310. Boothtown; 121. Boroughbridge ; 799, 804. Bos; 798. Boston Castle; 460, 482, 483. Bottomley ; 61, 535, 537. Botromiey, T.; 156, 640, 652, 653. Boulder Clay. (See Till.) Bowling ; 20, 77, 128, 180, 181, 150-152, 155, 160; 166, 169, 175, 216, 670-672, 729,779, 801. Brachiopoda; 12. Bradfield ; 28, 29, 42, 43, 46, 87, 518, 522, 797, 800. Bradford ; 8, 113, 126, 181, 138, 149-152, 161, 166, 169, 170, 172, 196, 197, 199, 200, 211, 488, 541, 542, 544, 545, 639, 640, 659, 724, 739, 775, 788, 789, 795, 797, 799-801, 803, 805, 806. Bradgate ; 231, 302, 500, 501. \ — Rock. (See Birstal Rock.) Bradley (Aire Valley) ; 67, 783. (Calder Valley); 126, 180, 137, 141, 173, 605, 606, 612, 639. Bramham ; 802. INDEX, Bramley (Don Valley) ; 497. Fall (Aire Valley) ; 92, 93, 98, 735, 803. Brampton-en-le-Morthen ; 477, 498. Branshaw Moor; 72. Bray, W. B.; 791. Brayton ; 800. Bretton ; 320, 831, 346, 889, 899, 422, 601, 604, 803. Brierley ; 84, 466-468, 741, 749, 803. ——— Rock. (See Dalton Rock.) Briestfield; 814, 321, 354, 605, 608, 612, 618-620. Briestwhistle ; 263, 270, 275. ° Brice, J.; 799, 801. Briees & Co.; 343. Brighouse ; 126, 130, 187, 542, 802. Brightside; 231, 284, 328, 501. Brimham Rocks ; 798, 804. Brincliffe Edge ; 124, 125. _ Rock. (See Elland Flag- stone.) Brinsworth ; 434, 446. Rock. (See Treeton Rock.) BroapBent, S.; 184, 670. Brockholes ; 126, 128. Brodsworth; 804. Bromley ; 253, 563. Brooke, E. ; 57, 88, 110, 117, 538. Broomhead ; 41, 44, 802. Broomhill ; 172. Broughton (Aire Valley); 798. Lane (Don Valley) ; 401, 493. Brown, Capt. T.; 790. —, J.; 230, 288, 412, 604. , W.; 766. Bruntcliffe; 267, 270, 276, 828, 327, 365, 369, 686, 687, 805. Bruton, —; 269. Buckhorn Weston; 794. Burley Moor ; 552, 779. Burmantofts; 154, 165, 172, 225, 730. Barnley; 1, 65. Burnside ; 569. Burton; 149, 150, 591, 776. Bank; 420, 437, 591. Borcuer, D. ; 236, 262. Butterthwaite ; 142,148, 174, 563. BuTreRWoRTH, J.; 804. Buxton; 788. Byram ; 800. Cadeby; 84, 473, 474, 490, 507, 592. Rock. (See Dalton Rock.) Celacanthus; 261. Calamites; 115, 135, 155, 249, 250, 286, 437, 470, 615, 796. Calamodendron ; 796. Calcite ; 21, 22, 66, 567, 573. Calder Valley ; 2,8, 11, 16, 29, 30, 52- 63, 77, 79-84, 89, 94-96, 100, 105, 106, 110, 111, 118-121, 126, 129-131, 134- 187, 141, 144, 146, 147, 150-152, 154, 156-160, 166-169, 172-183, 196-214, 229, 236-240, 244, 253-255, 257-260, 263-270, 275, 276, 281, 282, 288-296, 303, 304, 807, 809-311, 313, 314, 321- 809 Calder Valley—continued. 324, 327, 889-341, 350-352, 358-369, 384, 890-394, 406, 407, 409, 410, 422— 430; 432-435, 437-439, 442, 443, 448, 452-455, 460-463, 468-470, 488, 528— 531, 544, 569-571, 576-581, 604-658, 660-669, 676-705, 707~709, 741, 743- 750, 760-772, 775-778, 784, 787-791, 793-806. Calliard. (See Ganister.) Calverley ; 182, 724, 725, 740, 805, 806. Cank. (See Iron Pyrites.) Carbonate of Copper; 789. Carboniferous Limestone ; 12, 18, 22, 23, 487, 774, 776, 777, 779, 780, 799. CaRpDWELL, W.; 237, 263, 609. Carlcotes ; 100, 105, 525, 528, 584, 569. | Carleton; 776. Carlinghow ; 270, 275, 294, 304, 325, 365. Carlton (Rothwell) ; 711. (Royston) ; 422, 437, 442, 448, 748, 768, 776-778, 803. (Skipton) ; 65. (Snaith); 800. Carrineton, T.; 385, 495. CarrurHers, W.; 798. Carter, C.; 395, 702. R.; 424, 425, 437, 796, 805. Castleford; 2, 83, 446,761, 772, 802, 804. Catcliff; 434, 446. Catherine Slack; 86, 89, 541, 542. Cawthorne ; 78, 144, 228, 234, 235, 243, 251, 253, 256, 261, 262, 274, 281, 287, 294, 302, 306, 309, 318, 319, 331, 338, 350, 384, 572, 594-596, 598-600, 802, 805. CawtHorne, C. B.; 309, 326, 341, 358, 859, 361, 391, 633, 635, 692. Cay ey, Dr. G.; 787. Celestine; 788, 789. Chalybeate. (See Mineral Waters.) CHamsBers, H. ; 386, 494. W.4H.; 285. Chapel Allerton ; 804. Chapelthorpe ; 760, 776, 805. Chapeltown (Aire Valley) ; 127, 735, 736, 738. (Don. Valley) ; 138, 1438, 148, ~ 149, 232, 250, 278, 285, 305, 313, 562, 583. Cuarteswortg, J. and T.; 362. ‘CHarnock, J. C.; 792. Charnwood Forest ; 23. Chatsworth ; 28-31, 35, 36. Grit. (See Rivelin Grit.) Cheshire ; 27, 48, 53, 54, 789, 791. Chevet Rock, Lower; 75, 83, 435, 451, 452, 456, 458, 588, 590, 591, 750, 751,. 760, 764, 772. Middle ; 75, 88, 435, 451, 452, 588, 590, 591, 749-751. Upper ; 75, 88, 435, 449— 452, 460, 491, 499, 500, 503-505, 507, 591, 748, 749, 751. Chevet ; 448, 802, 805. Chidswell ; 332, 358, 391, 636, 692. Cups, R.; 344, 388, 695, 744, 748. Chorley ; 803. 810 Cuourca, A. H.; 795. Churwell; 78, 130, 134, 158, 154, 164, 166, 171, 175-177, 189, 190, 201, 218, 219, 229, 241, 676, 709, 725, 802. Cinderhill ; 235, 256. Cladodus ; 261. Clay Ironstone. (See Ironstone.) Cray, J. T.; 790, 791. J. W.; 278, 378, 720. Clayton ; 100, 112, 12], 544, 549, 639, 640, 642, 643. Ciayton BrotHers AND SPEIGHT; 188. Clayton-in-the-Clay ; 468, 741, 753, 803. Clayton West ; 145, 186, 228, 247, 256, 262, 280,.578, 580. Claywood ; 562, Cleckheaton ; 157, 167, 173,177, 204—. 206, 211, 212, 239, 255, 258, 365, 372, | 656, 802, 803.. ; Clifton (Calder Valley) ; 1381, 151, 152, 154, 156, 159, 166,167, 172-174, 176, 177, 180-182, 187, 197-199, 207, 208, 239, 285, 542, 602, 639, 640, 652, 653, 680, 802. (Don Valley) ; 478, 498. Clitheroe ; 488, 803. Coal, formation of ; 20--22. . _ —— Cannel; 18, 21, 22, 80, 151, 196, 197, 209,211, 214, 260-262, 265-267, 288, 305, 314, 317, 321, 328, 404, 413, 430, 647, 650, 693, 704. —— Measures, Lower ; 3, 11,13, 14, 24-26, 34; 75-78,, 85-227, 488, 507-512, 514, 517, 518, 526, 527, 534, 535, 588, 544, 550, 553, 557-582, 602, 605, 606, 608, 788-806. Middle ; 8, 11, 13, 14, 24- 26,75, 77-84, 228-477, 480-486, 488, 507, 562, 563, 575, 581-588, 609-612, 616-641, 653-658, 661, 668, 677-724, 741-773, 776, 788, 796-805. Upper ; 24-26, 75, 84, 477-481. Coal seams :— Abdy ; 75, 82, 407-409, 411-431, 494, 500, 503, 587, 595, 596, 631, 641, 681, 682, 689, 698-700, 748, 749, 759, 761, 763, 765, 766, 771-778, ° “791, 799. Accidental. (See Middleton Main.) Adwalton Black Bed. (See Flockton Thin.) : ; —— Stone. (See Flockton Thick.) Ashton Common, (See Wathwood.) Bagshaws ; 449. ° Band. (See Little.) Barcelona. (See Silkstone.) Barnsley ; 75, 80, 81, 382, 395, 501, 502, 586, 592, 593, 595, 596, 602, 604, 630, 631, 639, 688, 692, 693, 696, 699, 701, 705, 707, 708, 711, 714, 742, 743, 751, 759, 766, 767, 778, 796-798, 802, 804. ae Rider ; 75, 81, 396-398, 744, 67. : aes Bed; 75, 88, 434, 445, 446, 2. GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Coal seams—continued. Beamshaw (Low and Top). Stanley Main.) Beck Bottom Stone; 693. Beeston. (See Black Band, and Whinmoor.) Better Bed; 20, 76, 77, 127-135, 201, 202, 205-210, 212-218, 221, 223- 225, 227, 539, 542, 549, 550, 581, 606, 613, 640-644, 650, 659-662, 665, 672, 676, 677, 725, 729-733, 799. Billingley. (See Shafton.) Black Band; 127, 143-147, 878, 580, 581, 602, 605, 606, 608, 613, 617, 623, 676, 725, 726. — Bands. (See Stanley Main.) Bed ; 76, 77, 127-129, 185-137, 151-154, 201-221, 223-295, 227, 589, 540, 542, 550, 577, 581, 605, 608, 613, 640-642, 644, 646, 659— 662, 665, 666, 670, 671, 677, 700, 710, 711, 725, 726, 728-732, 734, Rattlings. (See Clay.) Shale. (See Silkstone.) Blakeup. (See Whinmoor.) Blocking. (See Silkstone.) Bradley, Low; 551. Brecks ; 476,477. Brierly ; 84, 465-467, Briestfield Stone. Thick.) Bright. (See (See Flockton (See Middleton Main.) Bromley. (See Silkstone.) Brown Metal. (See Park Gate.) Carr House; 646. Castleford Four-foot ; 75, 88, 434, 445, 772. Cat. (See Foxearth.) Charlton Brook; 187, 138. . Churwell Thick. (See Whinmoor.) ——— Thin. (See Black Band.) Cinderhill. (See Black Band.) Clay; 76, 101-107, 508-510, 512, 527, 588, 546, 559, 564-566, 576, 581. Clayton Common. (See Silkstone.) Clifton Top. (See Black Bed.) Clod. (See Silkstone.) Coking. (See Soft Bed.) Cookson’s, (See Silkstone.) Cowmes. (See Silkstone.) Cromwell. (See Middleton Main.) Crofton (Low and Top). (See Sharls- ton Yard and Low.) Crow (below Soft Bed) ; 96, 547,740. -— (Glasshoughton Group) ; 434, 445, 446. —— (See Grenoside Sandstone.) Darnal. (See Barnsley.) Daw Green. (See Park Gate.) Denaby. (See Shafton.) : Dewsbury Bank. (See Flockton Thin.) Dogey. (See Flockton Thin.) - Double Smuts ; 449, 450, 504. Eighty Yards Band. (See Upper Band. INDEX, 811 Coal seams—continued. Elsecar. (See Barnsley.) Fenton ; 75, 79, 299. Firthfield. (See Park Gate.) Flockton, Stone or Thick; 75, 79, 246, 318-325, 353-366, 368, 369, 376, 502, 568, 582-584, 594, 598- 601, 611, 612, 628, 633, 677, 681, ae 684, 687, 688, 710, 725, 766, —, Thin; 75, 79, 306, 307, 358-359, 361-378, 880-382, 607, | 610, 612, 618, 620, 623-626, 628, 630-635, 667, 677, 678, 683, 685, 686, 688, 705, 716, 721, 722, 765. Forty-six Yards Band ; 112, 120,121. Forty Yards, Middleton. (See Flock- ton Thin.) Fourteen Yards Band. (See Greno- side Sandstone.) Foxearth ; 75, 81, 82, 407-422, 424~ 430, 494, 503, 595, 596, 699, 749. Furnace. (See Silkstone.) Furnace. (See Stanley Main.) Ganister. (See Hard Bed.) Gawthorpe. (See Barnsley.) Green Lane. (See Middleton Little.) Grenoside Sandstone; 76, 165-172, 201, 203, 221, 223-225, 542, 568, 581, 659, 661, 672, 673, 677, 729- 731, 734. Haigh Moor. (See Swallow Wood.) Halfyard. (See Foxearth.) Halifax, Hard. (See Hard Bed.) , Soft. (See Soft Bed ) Hard Band. (See Middleton Little.) Hard Bed ; 26,76, 107-114, 122, 508— 511, 517, 521, 523, 527, 538, 546, 547, 549, 558, 557, 559, 564-566, 569, 570, 576, 581, 725, 736, 737, 740, 791, 792, 805. Hard Bed Band; 112, 118, 115, 117- 123, 172, 542, 548, 567, 570, 576, 581, 647, 648. Herringthorpe; 84, 476, 485, 486, 496, 497. Heward. (See Flockton Thick.) Hey Beck. (See Twenty-seven Yards Band.) High Hazles. (See Kent’s Thick.) Hobbima. (See Barnsley.) Ho)me Lane.. (See Whinmoor.) Holywell Wood; 75, 88, 456, 457, 459, 763, 773. } Houghton Muck or Thick, and Thin ; 75, 83, 456, 458. Hunting. (See Better Bed.) Joan; 75, 80, 307, 326, 327, 329, 358, 863, 365, 366, 369-374, 376, 584, 612, 620, 628, 633, 677, 681, 684, 685, 687, 689, 715, 716, 718, 722. Kent’s Fivefoot or Thick; 75, 81, 398-407, 413, 416, 420-422, 493, 494, 500, 503, 584, 586-588. Kent’s Thin; 75, 81, 399-407, 414— 422, 584, 586-588, 595, 596, 744, 759, 760, Coal seams—continued. Lidgate or Lidget; 327, 329, 330, 582, 594, Little ; 176, 666, 670, 674. Little Ganister ; 101, 103, 509, 512. Louscy, Low. (Seé Whinmoor.) , Top. (See Black Band.) Low. (See Soft Bed.) Low Wood. (See Barnsley.) Meltham ; 48, 57, 58, 61, 534. Melton Field. (See Wathwood.) Middle Bed. (See Clay.) Middleton Hleven Yards. (See Silk- stone Fourfoot.) ————, Forty Yards. (See Flock- ton Thin.) ——-—, High Main. (See Flock- ton Thin.) ———, Little ; 75, 79, 246, 270- 281, 3538-356, 358-382, 492, 540, 608, 610, 616, 677, 679, 680, 715, 716, 718, 719, 721, 722, 724. —— Main ; 15, 75, 246, 259-269, 280, 353, 358-360,. 362-376, 378- 382, 582, 595, 602, 605-607, 609, 611, 616, 621-626, 628, 629, 640, 655, 656, 658, 660, 661, 668, 677- 679, 681, 684, 686, 687, 700, 701, 711, 716-725, 799. Mitchell. (See Joan.) Netherton, Thick and Thin. (See Swallow Wood.) New Hards. (See Middleton Main.) Newhill ; 75, 82, 440-443, 445, 446, 505, 589, 744, 748, 750, 764, 766, 768, 769, 772. Nibshaw. (See Park Gate.) Northmoor. (See Black Bed.) Nostel. (See Shafton.) Oaks. (See Wathwood.) Old Hards. (See Park Gate.) Park Gate; 75, 79, 246, 281-299, 353, 382, 501-503, 562, 563, 576, 596, 598-600, 622, 624, 626, 627, 633, 640, 641, 655, 656, 677, 681- 6838, 716, 719, 724. Parson’s. (See Joan.) Pecten. (See Hard Bed.) Penistone Green ; 137, 139, 563, 568, 573. ——— Lower; 137, 139-141. Popplewell Stone. (See Whinmoor.) Rattlers. (See Clay.) Ringinglowe. (See Rivelin.) Rivelin ; 34, 37, 38, 508, 514, 520. Rothwell Haigh Crow. (See Joan.) Royds. (See Black Bed.) Scale. (See Middleton Little.) Scale, Stanley. (See Abdy.) Shafton ; 75, 83, 453, 460-463, 469, 741, 744, 747, 750, 752, 754. Sharlston, Low; 75, 88, 453-455, 457, 748, 746, 747, 762, 763, 771, ——,, Muck ; 454, 762, 771. ——-—, Top; 75, 83, 453-455, 457, 762, 771. ——_——,, Yard; 75, 83, 453, 454, 456, 457, 743, 762, 763, 771. 812 Coal seams —continued. Sheffield. (See Silkstone.) Shertcliffe Bed. (See Whinmoor.) Silkstone; 75, 78, 127, 202-205, 207, 208, 210, 214, 215, 218-224, 226— 243, 353, 356, 358-360, 365, 367, 368, 370,-373, 375, 378, 379, 501, 562, 563, 575, 580-583, 595, 596, 599, 600, 602, 605-610, 616-618, 623-625, 641, 651, 653, 655, 656, 658, 666, 667, 676, 677, 679, 711, 719, 720,724,725, 797-799, 802, 804. Silkstone Fourfoot; 75, 78, 246, 254— ” 959, 353, 355, 356, 358, 359, 370- 373, 375, 376, 378, 379, 582, 584, 595, 602, 605-607, 609, 610, 617, 618, 624, 626, 628, 655, 656, 666, 667, 679, 719. Soft Bed ; 76, 85, 86, 90, 94-100, 518— 520, 527, 538, 542, 546, 547, 553, 564, 566, 569, 576, 581, 725, 737, 740, 799. Sough. (See Abdy.) Stainborough. (See Silkstone.) Stanley Main ; 75, 81, 82, 407-431, 494, 596, 631, 703, 709, 743, 759, 763, 765-767, 773. Stanley Scale. (See Abdy.) Steam. (See Newhill.) Stone (below Park Gate); 611. Stone. (See Black Bed.) Summer. (See Wathwood.) Sump. (See Thin.) Swallow Wood; 75, 80, 333, 346, 376, 377, 493, 499, 501-503, 585, 586, 594-596, 598, 601-604, 623, 631, 632, 635, 636, 678, 688, 689, 692, 694-696, 698, 699, 701, 705, 708, 710-712, 714, 742, 759, 765, 766, 798, 799. Swilley. (See Middleton Main.) Swinton Pottery; 75, 82, 440-445, 499-501, 503, 505, 749, 768, 769. Thin; 127, 137, 139, 141, 143, 144. Thirty-six Yards Band. (See Hard Bed Band.) Thirty-two Yards Band. (See Hard Bed Band.) Thorncliffe Deep. (See Silkstone.) Thorncliffe Muck, or Thin. (See Middleton Little.) Three Quarters. (See Silkstone Fourfoot.) Tinker. (See Black Bed.) Toftshaw. (See Silkstone.) Top Hard. (See Barnsley.) Trub; 196, 197, 647, 649, 650, 675. Twenty-seven Yards Band; 377, 636, 693. : Twenty-two Yards Band; 172, 648. Twofoot. (See Foxearth.) Two Yards. (See Park Gate.) Unknown. (See Middleton Main.) Upper Band; 112, 118-120. Wakefield Muck. (See Wathwood.) Wales; 435. Walker’s Thin. (See - Little.) Middleton, GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Coal seams—continued. Warren House. (See Barnsley.) Wathwood; 75, 82, 407-409, 411- 430, 445, 492, 508, 505, 588, 589, 595, 749, 760, 765, 766, 768. Wheatley Lime. (Silkstone Four- foot.) Wheatworth. (See Newhill.) Whinmoor; 76-78, 127, 128, 137, 141-147, 175-227, 499, 501, 510, 56t, 562, 574, 576, 578-580, 583, 596, 605, 608, 613, 614, 617, 640, 647, 649-651, 653, 656, 660, 664, 666-671, 677, 678, 699, 700, 710, 715, 719, 720, 724-731, 799. Winter. (See Abdy.) Woodmoor. (See Wathwood.) Yard. (See Abdy.) Coal-seams in Kinder Scout Grit ; 35, 36, 39, 40, 49, 66, 67. Middle Grits; 34, 35, 37, 38, 40-46, 48, 50, 51, 53, 55-58, 60-63, 67-73, 508, 514, 520, 534. Rough Rock ; 58, 72. Coal, Steam; 790. Coley ; 542. Collingham ; 555. CotitineHam, W.; 644. ; Colne Valley; 2, 30, 48-50, 52-61, 77, 86, 89, 95, 96, 100, 105, 106, 110, 118— 120, 126-131, 135-137, 141, 146, 147, 150, 528, 531-540, 569-571, 576-581, 793, 794, 796-799, 801, 803. Coloration of Rocks; 17, 458, 472, 478, 758, 801. Colton; 278, 279, 879, 380, 722, 723. Composition of Sandstone ; 18, 66, 74. Coneretions ; 787. Conditions of deposit ; 12-17, 19-26, 30- 32, 114, 248, 300, 410, 432, 446, 793, 800. Conisborough, ; 2, 75, 84, 463, 465, 477- 481, 488, 490, 491, 497, 498, 800, 803. Cononley; 66, 545, 783. Conypearn, Rev. W. D.; 790. Cooxn, H.; 232, 258, 285, 583. Cooxson, J.; 240. Coorer, B.; 792. Cooper Bridge; 173, 612. Coorer, P.; 231, 336, 386, 491, 496. Coormr, T.; 386, 500, 503, 586. Copgrove; 799. Copper Ore; 789. Coprolites; 712, 791. Corals; 12. CorsBert, —.; 583. Cottingley ; 96, 47. Cowley; 148, 149. Cowling ; 71. Cow ron, T.; 107. Cowmes; 150, 151. Coxley ; 803. Crate, Messrs. ; 742. Craix,—; 387. Crane Moor; 149. Crawshaw ; 87. Crawshaw Sandstone; 76, 85, 86, 92-97, 517, 519-523, 557, 737. os INDEX. Crigglestone; 16, 80-82, 383, 390, 391, 399, 400, 405, 429-494, 439-434, 438, nae oe 601, 602, 720, 759, 761, 765, Cringles ; 557. Crircutey, J.; 310, 686-689. Crofton ; 425, 437, 443, 448, 453-455, 462, 743, 762. Crookes Moor; 114, 509, 511. Cropper Gate Rock. See Birstal Rock. Crosland ; 59, 528, 538. Crosley Hall ; 550. Cross Gates ; 15, 16, 195, 201, 226, 254, 869, 554, 718, 720, 722, 724, Crosskur, Rev. W. H.; 802. Crossianb, G.; 252. Crossley ; 237, 606. Crowden Clough; 48, 49, 53, 530. CROWTHER, E.; 238, 654, Ctenacanthus ; 261. Ctenoptychius ; 261. Cudworth ; 83, 435, 451, 452, 463, 741, 751, 803. Cullingworth ; 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 546, 778, 779. Corts, J.; 237. Cumberland; 482. Cumberworth; 146, 559, 571, 578, 579. Cundy Cross ; 592. Curry, T.; 806. Curry, J.; 794. Cutler Heights ; 152, 170, 659, 674. Cypris ; 88, 250, 256, 274, 305, 320, 325, 468, 598. Da Costa, E. M.; 787. Dadoxylon ; 437. Daxyns, J. R.; 11, 792, 796-798, 800- 806. : Dalton; 84, 477, 491, 495-497, 499, 505. Dalton Rock; 75, 84, 464-467, 469-471, 473-477, 491,497, 499, 741, 742, 744, 749, 752, 753, 758. Darton, W. H.; 11, 798, 799, 802, 805, 806. Damems; 69, 545. Dam Flask; 42, 43, 46, 87, 518. Darfield ; 387, 451, 452, 460, 461, 463, 500, 591-593, 741, 751, 778, 802. Darley ; 29, 418, 588, 590, 802. Darnal ; 396, 397, 493. Darrington ; 804. Darton ; 80, 288, 302, 309, 331, 333, 338, 350, 399, 596, 598, 601, 802. Davis, J. W.; 135, 261, 804, 806. Davis, R. H.; 800. Daw Green ; 275, 303, 359. Dawson, G.; 319. Day, E.; 186, 266. Dean, Dr. E. ; 786. Dean Head; 59-61, 535, 537. Dearne Valley; 2, 8, 11, 78-84, 129, 139— 141, 143-146, 228, 232-236, 245-247, 251, 253-256, 259-263, 270, 274, 280, 281, 285-289, 299-303, 306-309, 313, 314, 317-821, 326, 330-332, 837-339, 347-850, 353, 354, 383, 387-389, 398- 813 Dearne Valley—continued. 400, 402-405, 409, 416-421, 432-437, 441, 442, 447, 448, 45], 452, 460, 461, 463-465, 507, 568, 572-576, 578-580, 582-606, 609-612, 741-744, 748, 750- 753, 759, 776-778, 790, 798, 796-798, 800, 802-804, Deepcar; 88, 99, 102, 103, 109, 110, 558- 560, 568, 564, Deighton ; 540, De 1a Brcue, Sir H. ; 792. Dez Luc, — ; 788. Denaby ; 81, 387, 398, 400, 402, 415, 416, 484, 435, 440, 447, 449, 450, 460, 473, 499, 503-506, 803. Denby ; 129, 138, 140, 145, 146, 263, 326, 354, 559, 575, 578, 611, 612. Denholme ; 78, 86, 96, 100, 11], 121, 544, 547, 806. Dennington; 423. Denny, H.; 792-795. Dent, G. W.; 470. Denton ; 799. Denudation; 115, 788, 795, 796. De Rance, C. E.; 803. ~ Derbyshire ; 1, 12, 27-36, 39, 48, 124, 138, 228, 782, 788, 789, 793, 794, 797, 800, 804, 8C5. Derwent Valley ; 31, 33-36, 39, 48, 518, 528, 788, 792, 797, 802. Dewsbury; 8, 10, 11, 79, 151, 152, 156, 167, 180, 186, 198, 208, 229-224, 287, 257, 260, 264, 270, 275, 282, 289, 290, 303, 307, 309, 310, 314, 322, 326, 328, 332, 357-359, 621, 624, 631-633, 775, 784, 798, 799, 804, 805. Dewsbury Bank Rock. (See Thornhill Rock.) Dicx, A.; 793. Dictyoxylon ; 799. Digley ; 50, 532. Dillington ; 595. Diplodus ; 261. Doneson, Dr. T.; 789. Dodworth ; 75, 79, 234, 247, 251, 256, 260, 261, 273, 274, 281, 286, 287, 299, 301, 302, 306, 808, 309, 317, 318, 331, 337, 349, 583, 584, 595. Don Valley ; 2, 8, 11, 29-52, 56, 58, 76- 89, 93, 94, 98-105, 108-110, 113-118, 124-129, 135, 136, 138-146, 148, 149, 228-236, 245-256, 259-263, 270-274, 280, 281, 284-289, 299-309,° 313-321, 326, 328-382, 335-339, 346-350, 353, 354, 883, 385-389, 396-409, 411-421, 482-487, 439-442, 446-452, 460, 461, 463-469, 478-486, 488, 490-530, 533, 534, 557-576, 578-580, 582-606, 609- 612, 741-745, 747-756, 759, 776-778, 785-789, 791-795, 797-805. Doncaster; 475, 476, 788. Dove Valley; 2, 582-584, 586. Dovecliff; 417, 436, 589. Dowley Gap; 780. Drainage; 2. Draughton ; 799, 805. Drift; 69, 555, 773-783, 791, 792, 798, 799, 803, 806. 814 Drighlington ; 241, 260, 266, 270, 276, 283, 295, 296, 304, 310, 811, 328, 367, 368, 660, 680, 683, 685, 686. Drighlington sandstone, (See Emley Rock.) i Dudley ; 23. Dunford Bridge; 52, 54, 56. Dungworth ; 101, 102, 109, 115, 516. Dunningley ; 332. Durham ; 789. Drmonp, —; 590. Dxrmonp AND Bottomiry; 658. HAGLAND, — ; 297, 311, 827, 366. East Hardwick ; 15, 470, 742, 754, 755. Earls Heaton ; 265, 326, 327, 358, 634, 635. Ecelesall ; 108, 118, 117, 510. Ecclesfield ; 188, 142, 558, 561, 800, 801. Eccleshill ; 805. Eceup ; 71. Ecklands ; 118, 567. Edmondia; 71. Evpy, J. R.; 66. Edlington ; 478, 498. Egerton ; 538. Eighty- yards Rock ; 112, 118-123, 543, ‘ §58, 567, 570, 571, 576, 577, 581, 736. Elland; 89, 96, 100, 111, 120, 126, 130, 137, 535, 539, 541, 542, 784, Elland Flagstone ; 76, 111-114, 116, 117, 123-127, 507, 508, 510, 511, 535, 539, 541, 542, 545, 557, 559, 560, 563, 567, 568, 570, 571, 576, 577, 581, 640, 724, 725, 733-735, 737-739. Eis, — ; 68, 546. Exuison, G.; 240, 258, 660, 679, 682-684, 763. Elmsall ; 777, 802. Elsecar; 337, 347, 882, 400, 402, 409, 585-587. Emaieton, T. W.; 261, 387, 415, 439, 508, 595, 702, 790, 795. Emley ; 228, 236, 256, 260, 262, 274, 302, 809, 813, 320, 321, 353, 601-6038, 609. ——- Rock ; 307, 353-356, 358, 359, 361- 363, 365-373, 375, 378, 602, 603, 684. Emroyd; 257, 264, 270, 281, 289, 303, 309, 355, 605, 623, 628, Exncrinites ; 12. Erratic Blocks ; 776, 777, 784, 790, 802, 804, Eskers. (See Kames.) Erurrince, R. ; 797, 801, 803. Etherow (or Woodhead) Valley; 48, 49, 52-54, 528, 530, 532, 792, 796, 797. Ewden Valley ; 2, 88, 43-48, 50, 56-58, 99, 522-524, 526. 259, 265, 368, 383, 886, 398, Fagley; 166, 170. Farrparrn, W.; 798. Fairburn ; 481, 778, 799. Fairiey, T.; 801. Falhouse ; 237, 253. —— Rock. (See Silkstone Rock.) GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Fanny, J.; 482, 788. 3 Farnley ; 128, 130, 182-184, 150, 151, 153, 154, 162, 163, 165, 166, 173, 176, 177, 187-189, 725, 726, 729, 731, 732, 803. Farnuizy Iron Co.; 138, 184, 710. Farnley Tyas; 129, 135, 577, 581, 800. Farsley ; 737, 740, 741. Faults ; 9, 489-772. FEARNSIDE, J.; 265, 322, 687. Featherstone; 410, 429, 482, 488, 444, 448, 458, 741, 747, 760, 763, 764, | Felkirk ; 461, 468, 805. FELL, — ; 2638, 612. Felspar; 18. Felstone boulders; 777. ‘Fenay Bridge ; 126, 130, 186. Fenton, C.; 242, 379. Ferric Hydrate; 17. . Ferrous Carbonate; 17, 21. Ironstone.) Ferrybridge ; 789. Fewston ; 798. Fireclay. (See Underclay.) Firedamp ; 793, 805. First Grit. (See Rough Rock.) Firra, Sir C.; 239, 658. (See also ’ ¥irtu, W.; 795. Fish; 14, 261, 274, 825, 468, 598, 712, 790, 792, 798, 799, 801, 804, 806. Fisner, J.; 317. Fixby ; 538, 539, 610. Fleakingley. Bridge ; 269, 279, 308, 313, 325, 376, 877, 701, 710, 721. Flockton ; 78-80, 228, 229, 236, 245, 254, 260, 262, 270, 288, 302, 303, 307, 309, 314, 815,821, 326, 332, 339, 353, 354, 872, 609-612, 800. Flush Dyke; 340, 391, 426, 680, 681, 696, 697; + Follifoot ; 805. : Follingworth ; 60. Foren, —; 761. Forty-yards Rock. Rock.) Fossils. (See all entries in italic type.) Foster, Dr. C. L. N.; 792, 797. (See Loxley Edge , G.; 154, 730. Founram, - -; 389, Fourth Grit. (See Kinder Scout Grit.) Fox, S.; 50, 88, 99, 104, 110. FRASER, J. has 794. Freckleton ; 611. Frencu, Dr. J.3 786. Frickley; 468, 476, 742, 752~754. Friendly ; 62, 541, Frizinghall; 107, 548, 549. Fryston ; 334, 384, 430, 432, 439. FuLuerton, Rev. A.; 477. Fulwood ; 34,37, 38, 507, 508. GAINSFORD, — ; 2380. —, T. R.; 3 194, 195, 279, 380, 381, , W.; 490. ——, W.D.; 401, 412. Gaisby Rock. (See Elland Flagstone.) Galena; 44, 66, 779. INDEX. Ganister ; 19, 20, 34-36, 41-46, 50, 51, 57, 76, 87, 88, 90, 96, 99, 100-112, 128, 128, 129; 131, 132, 189, 141, 256, 442, 448, 511, 520, 540, 565-567, 574, 659, 672, 724, 736-740, 764, 777,783. (See also Underclay.) " Garrorp and Townsenp 3 683. Garforth ; 177, 195, 269, 279, 283, 298, 313, 815, 380, 804, Garnet ; 790. Garnett, Dr. T. ; 787, Garstwr & Co.; 154. Gateforth ; 800. Gawber ; 387, 395, 398, 405, 420, 596, 601, 742-744, 748, 750. Gawthorpe ; 137, 154, 359. Georcs, E. S.; 110, 214, 789, 790. Gisson, J.; 790. Gilberthorpe ; 562. Gildersome ; 241, 267, 270, 276, 282, 283, 296, 304, 808, 311, 314, 325, 827, 368, 370, 676, 683, 686, §02, 805. Giz, J. O.; 269, 326, 374, 623. Gipton ; 184, 151, 225, 730. Glacial Drift. (See Drift.) Glasshoughton; 83, 334, 344, 352, 393, 236, 432, 485, 439, 445, 449, 457, 458, , 802. Gleadless ; 42, 492. GLEDHILL, W.; 295, 685. Gledholt ; 95, 538. Glusburn ; 69. Golear ; 61. Goldthorpe ; 466, 752. Gomersal ; 205, 239, 255, 258, 260, 265, 270, 275, 276, 292, 365, 872, 656, 679, 681, 802. Goniatites ; 14, 38, 40, 48, 44, 63,70, 72, 76, 85, 87-89, 108-110, 122. Goopatt, E.; 458, 772. Goole ; 91, 92,97. — Goose Eye; 545. Gort, C.; 801. Grange Moor ; 236, 254, 257, 263, 270, _ 289, 303, 610. Grampians; 23. Granite ; 18, 776, 777, 779, 784, 790. GranviL_e, Dr. A. B.; 791. Grassington ; 806. Greasborough ; 299, 302, 305, 316, 402, 582, 585. Greaves, J. O.; 196, 342, 344, 352, 611, 620, 631, 639, 762, 763. Green, A. H ; 11, 792, 794, 796-806. Greennoues, J.; 311, 323, 684. Greenmoor Rock. (See Elland Flagstone.) Greenwood Bridge ; 257, 354, 605. Greetland; 59, 535, 802. Grenoside; 125. — Rock; 76, 77, 126-129, 135- 138, 499, 508, 510, 511, 552, 561, 563, 567, 568, 571-573, 577, 578. Grimesear ; 120, 539. Grimesthorpe; 501. Grindleford Bridge ; 31. Grosvenor, C., & Sons; 715. Guiseley ; 550, 778. Gorn, W.; 797-800, 803. 815 Gunthwaite; 139, 572-574. Gypsum ; 788. Hackney, M.; 280, 252, 500, 511. Haprirtp, — ; 102. Hematite ; 26, 473, 478, 480, 757. Haigh; 350, 599. Haren, G. and J.; 152. J.; 156, 180, 237, 264, 290, 358, 620, 624, 625, 628, 631, 633, 688, 694. Halifax ; 8, 11, 29, 63, 100, 106, 111, 112, 120, 180, 541, 542, 787, 790, 795, 798, 799, 801. Hatt, D.; 184, 670. E.; 789. —- J.; 387. —— M.§.; 193, 259, 269, 277, 312, 325, 375. Hallam Moors; 37, 797. Hauuipay, E. ; 323. Halonia; 470. Halton ; 270, 271, 278, 279, 717, 721. Hammonp, B.; 476. ’ Hampsthwaite ; 798. Handsworth; 346, 397, 490. Rock ; 396, 397, 490, 493. Hanging Heaton; 328, 332, 633, 805. Hard Bed Band Rock. (See Loxley Edge Rock.) Harden; 74. Harnvine, J., & Sons; 134, 241, 259, 269, 370, 710. Hardwick ; 492, 496. Harewood ; 71, 550, 797, 805. HarGreaves, J.; 193, 241, 259, 269, 277, 280, 297, 312, 324, 327, 371, 373, 694, 701, 708, 705, 708, 711, 714-716. ——_—_——_ W..; 288, 3824, 344, 701, 715. Harcrove, E.; 789, Harlington ; 460. Harrison, W.; 266, 294, 660, 680, 683. ——_—_—,, W. J.; 806. Harrogate ; 488, 786-789, 791, 793, 795, 800-802, 805. Harthill ; 84, 481, 486, 490, 495, 802. Harrop, H.; 586, 791. ' Hartwith ; 804. Haslingden; 803. Flags. (See Second Grit.) - Havercroft ; 84, 461, 749, 804. Rock ; 84, 469, 743, 749, 750. Hawkesworth; 74, 779, 780. Hawkins, — ; 385. Hawxrsuaw, —; 792. Haworth ; 74, 548, 546. Haynes anp Lawron; 273, 318. Hazelhead ; 58, 99, 100, 105, 110, 118, 524, 588, 563, 568, 569. Headingley; 98. Heath ; 434, 448, 455, 760, 769, 800. Heaton, —; 230. (Aire Valley) ; 111, 121, 547- 549, 661. ——- (Calder Valley) ; 150, 172, 178, 202, 581, 605. | Heavy Spar; 66. 816 Hebble Valley ; 8, 11, 29, 60, 62, 63, 100, 106, 111, 112, 120, 130, 541, 542, 790- 792, 795, 798, 801. Hebden Bridge; 70, 797, 799. Heckmondwike ; 239, 265, 628, 658, 681, 688. Heber, —; 494. Heeley ; 124, 138, 142. HeEeey, J.; 179, 613, 617. HELEY, —; 667. HeEtey anp Perry ; 240. Helm; 151, 539, 618, 614. Hemingfield ; 82, 387, 417, 432, 488, 436, 588, 589, 591, 793. ? Hemineway, R.; 680, 689. Hemsworth ; 467, 468, 749, 752, 754, 802. Heptonstall ; 796, 802. Hepworth ; 100, 105, 110, 118, 568. Herringthorpe ; 84, 476, 484, 496, 497. Hickleton ; 476, 742, 753. Hiendley ; 461, 469. HicGinsotTHam, — ; 230. Hieerns, W. M.; 796. Higham ; 251, 261, 287, 350, 594, 596. Highburton ; 126, 129, 136, 577. High Hazles Rock ; 396, 397. Hicson, J.; 232. Hincucuirr, J. ; 567. Hipperholme ; 126, 542, 795. Hippopotamus ; 783, 793. Howsxrrg, C. P.; 793, 801, 805. Hopeson, C.; 269, 345, 377, 395, 705, 707, 709, 771. Hormann, Pror., A. W.; 793. Hotrortu, —; 385, 494. Houearte, B.; 806. Ho tziipay anp CLoucH ; Hoxwiway, R., ano Sons; 258, 264, 267, 275, 277, 297, 312, 324, 327, 342, 366, 683, 686. Hollingthorpe ; 483, 438, 720, 761, 765. Holme Moss; 48, 52, 54, 56, 528. Valley ; 2, 48, 49, 52-59, 94, 100, 105, 106, 110, 118, 119, 126, 129, 528, 532-534, 569, 570, 576, 796-798, 805. Holmes, The; 304, 313, 316, 328, 335, 347, 383, 386, 397, 402, 409, 413, 434, 440, 446, 449, 460, 482, 491, 496, 498, 591, 502, 671. Houmes, T. V.; 11, 794, 798, 800-802, 804, 805. Holmfirth ; 52, 56, 59, 528, 583, 798, 805. Hott, H.; 236, 237, 257, 263, 309, 605, 610, 623, 630, 631, 640, 652, 653, 767, 790. Homo ; 783, 793. ; Honley ; 59, 86, 89, 94, 528, 534, 798, 800. Hooton Roberts; 84, 474, 475, 490, 491, 507. Hopkinson, J.; 196, 702. Hopton ; 144, 147, 176, 177, 186, 229, 237, 261, 356, 615. Horbury ; 81, 334, 340, 351, 384, 767, 805. ———- Junction ; 340, 350, 391. Rock ; 346, 350-352, 604, 630, 631, 639, 760, 765, 767. GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD,. Horley Green; 787. Horsforth ; 803. Horton; 150, 178, 642, 643, 660, 661, 672, 803. Hostingley ; 264, 308, 309, 332, 355, 631, 632, 639. Houghton Common ; 84, 465, 741, 800, 802, 803. —— Rock. (See Wickers- ley Rock.) , Great ; 83, 84, 461, 466, 468, 752, 772, 802. ———~—, Rock; 464-467. Rock. (See Chevet Rock, Lower.) Howden Moors ; 797, 800. Hoyland; 144, 145, 232, 250, 308, 317, . $29, 380, 347, 349, 382, 403, 559, 573, 584, 587, 800, 802, 804. High ; 228, 236, 247, 280, 281, 288, 319, 320, 594, 599. Huddersfield ; 2, 8, 30, 77, 85, 86, 94, 95, 100, 106, 110, 117, 119, 128, 130, 135, 528, 588, 793, 794, 796, 798, 799, 801. Hopson, G.; 134. Hueuts, T. Mc, K.; 794. Hott, Prof. E.; 794, 795, 798, 803. Humber, River ; 2. Hunshelf; 148, 562, 568. Hunslet ; 193, 194, 201, 223, 224, 241, 709, 716, 717, 719, 726, 802. Hunsworth; 133, 152, 159, 160, 168, 169, 176, 177, 182, 183, 187, 197, 198, 200, 214, 660, 665, 667. Hont, R.; 796, 803, 805. Hunter, Dr. A.; 788, 789. Huntress, —; 591. Hurcurnson, J.; 796. Huthwaite ; 136, 139, 561, 568. Hux ey, Pror. T. H.; 797. a Isseson, J.; 336, 452, 454, Ichnites ; 791. Idle ; 86, 90, 91, 96, 121. ley 5 71, 589, 552, 778, 788, 789, 794, Illingworth ; 63, 543, Ingbirchworth ; 136, 139, 140, 572, 573. IncHam anv Sons; 1383. Inexre, W.; 262. Ineuis, Dr. J.; 791, 792. Intake ; 142, 230, 248, 252. Iron Ore. (See Hematite, Iron Pyrites, and Ironstone.) ree rate 17, 18, 567, 626, 647, 746, Tronstone ; 18, 67, 103, 105, 106, 112, 117— 120, 126, 128, 129, 181, 132, 155, 200, 272-274, 329, 835, 336, 340, 360, 366, 378, 374, 389, 404, 405, 412, 436, 487, 442-444, 448, 450, 452, 459, 466-468, 471, 480, 501, 502, 505, 539, 570, 597, 612, 615, 616, 619, 620, 622, 624, 626, 632-634, 636, 637, 646-650, 659, 664, 665, 667, 668, 670, 673-675, 680, 684, INDEX. Ironstone —continued. 690, 692, 693, 700, 703, 704, 707, 708, 712, 718-723, 727, 728, 782, 734, 746, 747, 753, 757, 789, 793, 785, 796, 800. See also the following :— Ironstonx, Black Bed; 76, 77, 154-165, 203-208, 210-221, 223-225. Black Mine ; 75, 79, 299-301, 304— 306, 562, 583. — Shale, (See Claywood.) Clay wood; 75, 78, 247-251, 588, 609, 610, 612. Lidgate ; 329. Low Moor. (See Black Bed.) Mussel band. (See Tankersley.) Tankersley; 75, 246, 307, 314, 316- 325, 583, 599, 611. Tinsley Park Rake; 412. White Mine; 248, 270, 273, 274. Yellow Mine ; 248, 272, 280. Irwell Valley ; 803. Jackson, G.; 388. , S. 3 239, 365, 679. JAGGER, —; 389. H.; 461. H.; 749. JAMES, J.; 795. JEFFCOCK, T.; 335, 490, 494. —___—__ T. W.; 46, 162, 230, 231, 284, 412, JOHNSTONE, PROF. ; 790. Kames ; 775, 779-782. Kare, —; 235, 598. Keighley ; 31, 65, 69, 71, 72, 324, 544, 545, 779, 783, 797, 799, 806. KEIGHLEY, B.; 241, 259, 269, 277, 297, 312, 372. Ket, G. ann A.; 232, 234, 287, 386, 424, 503, 595, 759-761. KELLeETT, J.; 364, 640. Kellington ; 800. Kent’s Thick Rock; 75, 81, 399, 402, 403, 586. — Thin Rock; 75, 81, 399, 400, 402- 405, 584, 586, 588. Keresforth ; 349, 398, 583. Kexborough ; 236, 338, 346, 350, 594. Rock, 346, 350, 598, 600. Kiddal; 551. Kildwick ; 66, 783, 806. Killingbeck ; 195, 226, 720. Killinghall ; 805. Kilnhurst ; 397,409, 434, 446, 447, 499, 5038, 505. Kimberworth; 228, 231, 232, 248-250, 252, 258, 272, 274, 280, 499, 583. Kinder Scout Grit; 27-36, 38-40, 48-50, 52, 54, 65-67, 514, 518, 519, 524, 528— 535, 537, 541, 545, 550-552. Kingston ; 398. Kinsley ; 470, 749. Kippax ; 260, 345, 376, 877,894, 395, 701, 705-709, 721, 722, 795, 801, 804. 42513. 817 Kirkburton ; 77, 126+131, 135, 136, 138, 141, 236, 577, 578, 800, 803. Kirxsy, T. W.; 794. Kirkham Gate; 384, 392. Kirkheaton ; 130, 150, 172, 173, 801. Kirklees ; 166, 173, 174, 198, 606, 652, 784, Kirkstall ; 122, 123, 736. Kirkthorpe ; 448, 455. Kitson, L.; 309, 322. Kiveton ; 385, 408, 411, 439, 446, 449, 483, 486, 495. Knaresborough ; 786, 788, 789, 797, 799, 800, 802, 804. Kwnocker, Lirvr.; 473, 758. Knowsthorpe; 155. Labyrinthodonts ; 14, 155, 797, 798. Laister Dyke; 20, 181, 183, 738, 739. Lancashire; 27, 59, 84, 112, 124, 488, 782, 789-791, 795, 796, 800, 803. LANCASTER, —; 595. LANKESTER, E.; 791. Langsett ; 51, 94, 99, 105, 798. Laughten-en-le-Morthen ; 477, 802. Lead Mines; 44, 66, 545. LratHer, —; 461. Ledgard Bridge; 151. Lez, W.; 791. Leeds; 8, 11, 15, 76-78, 85, 86, 92, 98, 100, 106, 107, 111, 118, 126,183, 134, 149-151, 154, 155, 166, 171-173, 175, 194, 198, 222, 223, 254, 729, 731, 775, 779, 783, 789, 798, 795, 797, 799, 800, 803, 804. Leeming ; 68, 69, 73, 543, 544. Lees; 544, 545. Leicestershire; 23. Lepidodendron; 185, 155, 251, 286, 437. Lepton; 177, 229, 236, 578, 581, 605, 609. Leuthwaite ; 56, 402, 403. Leventhorpe ; 549. Leys Quarry Rock; 609, 610, 616. Lippe, F.; 471, 554. Lidgate ; 236, 605. Lightcliffe; 542, 795. Limits of District; 2. Lindley ; 89, 95, 584, 538. Linv ey, Pror. J.; 789. Linthwaite; 801. Laipscoms, —; 264, 353, 355. Lister, Dr. M.; 786. Lister, T.; 793. Lists of Fossils ; 261, 790, 797. Little Don Valley; 2, 48-51, 53, 56, 58, 88, 89, 99, 108, 105, 117, 118, 126, 128, 524-530, 563-568, 796-798. Little Went (River) ; 756. Liversedge ; 184, 150, 152, 156, 157, 166, 167, 177, 180-183, 187, 198, 199, 204, 205, 210, 229, 237, 238, 253, 254, 257, 258, 265, 292, 294, 549, 654, 655, 658, 803. Locks AND WARRINGTON; 343. Lockwood; 89, 119, 584, 576, 577. 3F 818 Lock woop, —; 609. Eu 322, Jak DIM, Lofthouse ; 269, 344, 345, 427, 428, 678, 695, 696, 700, 701, Lothersdale; 799. Low Bed Stone. (See Crawshaw Sand- stone.) Lowest Grit. (See Kinder Scout Grit.) Low Moor; 77, 128, 180, 181, 149-152, 154, 156, 169, 172, 214, 644, 668, 775, 795. Loxley ; 98,115, 116, 5238. Edge Rock; 112-120, 122, 123, 507, 511, 517, 518, 520-523, 527, 564, 567, 570, 571, 737, 738, 740. Valley ; 2,46, 87,93, 98, 101-108, 115, 116, 507, 508, 516-524. Lucas, J.; 797-800, 802-805. W.; 791. Luddenden Valley ; 60, 62, 63, 541. Lydgate ; 511, 794. —_—" Macxintosu, D.; 795, 798. Mapovison, W. P.; 257, 263, 309, 322, 605, 618, 622, 628, 629, 631, 633, 759. Magnesian Limestone; 1, 3, 8, 11,26, 472, 478, 479, 481, 482, 488, 490, 495-498, 554-556, 705, 708-710, 724, 730, 753- 758, 777, 779, 788, 789, 791-794, 797, 799-806. MALEVERER ; 786. : Mammatt, J. E.; 172, 180, 234, 235, 269, 287, 387, 590, 592, 676, 725. Manganese ; 44. Mann, J.; 150, 237, 288, 606, 623, 655, 658. Manningham ; 549, 550. Manor Rock ; 315, 492. Manston; 177, 198, 201, 227, 229, 242, 269, 710, 718, 802. Manvers; 387, 398, 402, 416, 440, 447, 451, 591. Manywells; 107, 111, 546. Mapplewell; 383, 388, 421. Maps ; 8-10, 788, 789, 792, 794-806. Marley ; 780, 783. Marr; 800. Marriott, Messrs.; 237, 238, 257. Marsden ; 52, 528, 581, 801. ~ Marspsen, C., & Son; 420. Mansu, W.; 449, 494, 495. MarsHaty, W.; 789. Masborough ; 81, 83, 383, 386, 897, 400, 402, 413, 434, 439, 440, 446, 449, 460, 491, 492, 496, 501-503, 777. Masham ; 805. Means, R.; 803. Meanwood Valley ; 123, 736. Megalichthys; 261. MELLO, Rev. J. M.; 805. Meltham; 48, 52, 56, 57, 528, 588, 534, 800. Melton-on-the-Hill ; 753, 802. aes West ; 408, 416, 417, 486, 588, 9. GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Mersey Valley ; 48, 49, 52-54, 528, 530, 531, 789, 790, 795. Mercatrr®, 8. ; 263, 353, 604. W.; 263, 321. Mertcatr, G.; 72. Methley ; 334, 344, 345, 362, 376, 684, 701, 702, 704, 705, 708, 784, 801, 804. Mexborough; 450, 460, 463, 488, 498-500, 503-505, 507. Mratt, L. C.; 22, 797-800. Micklebring ; 478. Micklefield; 280, 283, 298, 318, 881, 382, 801. Mickletown; 784,805. Mickley; 805. Microconchus; 792. Middle Bed Stone. (See Middle Rock.) Middle Grits; 27-29, 31-38, 40-46, 48, 50-65, 67-72, 512-524, 526, 528, 533- 538, 540-546, 550, 552, 555, 556, 559, 565, 779. Middle Rock; 76, 101-107, 507, 511, 512, 517, 519-521, 523, 559, 564, 569. Middlesborough ; 795. Middlestown ; 332. Middleton; 79, 192, 241, 268, 270, 277, 297, 308, 312-314, 324, 326-328, 371- 373, 380, 711, 715, 716, 718, 720, 803. Middletonite ; 790. Middleton Rock. (See Thornhill Rock.) Mincetzy, W.; 1238. Midgley ; 328, 331, 338, 339, 602, 603. Midhopestones ; 30, 31, 88, 99, 103, 105, 110, 117, 118, 126, 128, 524, 526, 563, 564, 566. Milford Junction ; 382. MILLER, R.; 805. Millstone Grit; 1, 18, 14, 23-26, 790, 793, 798-805. (See also Kinder Scout Grit, Middle Grits, and Rough Rock.) Milnthorpe ; 424, 482, 437, 760, 766. Minerals ; 18, 21, 22, 26, 44, 66, 473, 478, 480, 567, 578, 647, 746, 757, 787. Mineral Waters ; 786-791, 795-797, 801, 805. Minto, — ; 590. Mirfield ; 151, 152, 154, 167, 178, 179, 186, 198, 202, 203, 229, 237, 258, 254, _ 257, 357, 358, 613, 617, 626, 628, 803. MitcHetLt, W. B.; 336, 400, 492-494, 510, 583. Mixenden ; 63, 775. Modiola; 68, 85. Mold Green; 86, 89, 94, 106, 110, 119. Monk Bretton; 387, 419, 437, 447, 588, 592, 741, 749-751. Monkton ; 388, 453, 460. Moor Allerton ; 111, 122, 123. Moraines ; 775, 781. Morley ; 267, 270, 271, 276, 283, 296, 308, 311, 813, 314, 3238, 826-328, 3382, 369-371, 678, 686, 687. Rock. (See Thornhili Rock.) Morthen ; 498. Mortomley ; 143, 149, 562, 568. Morton ; 70, 778. Morton, C.; 790. Muckxe, — ; 387, 590. INDEX. ‘Morcuison, Sir R. I.; 796. Murray, Dr.; 788. Mosprart, Dr. S. ; 794-797. Mytham Bridge; 119, 576. Nautilus; 68, 791, 792. Nayrtor, §.; 414. Netz, A.; 801. Netherton (Colne Valley) ; 59, 534. (Crigglestone) ; 339, 399, 424, 766, 805. Neuropteris ; 480. Newbiggin; 583. Newlands ; 398, 406, 429, 439, 678, 702, 771. Newlay ; 91. New Mill (Holme Valley) ; 100, 105, 106, 110, 117, 118, 569, 576. New Red Sandstone. (See Trias.) Newton Kyme ; 789, 802. ‘ Norfolk Park ; 508. Norland; 538. Normanton ; 196, 269, 348, 406, 429, 430, 435, 439, 444, 702, 771, 772, 784. North Dean; 63, 802. Northorpe ; 186, 237, 257. Northowram ; 100, 126, 542. Northumberland; 789. ‘Norton, Messrs. ; 145, 580. Norwegian Granite ; 18. Norweeran Trrantc Iron Co.; 154, 171, 194. Norwood Green; 126, 130, 542, 639, 640. . Nostel; 83, 436, 454, 462,'463, 744-747, 804. Nottinghamshire ; 488, 789, 794. Notton; 422, 487, 442, 448, 741, 743,776, 778. Nourrer, J.; 365. Oakenshaw; 173, 175, 182, 448, 665, 760, 768, 770, 803. @Oakenshaw Rock; 76, 77, 128, 201-219, 221, 223-225, 539, 605, 606, 608, 612- ‘614, 644-646, 652, 653, 656, 659, 661, 664, 666, 670, 672. Oaks Rock. (See Treeton Rock.) Oakworth ; 545, 546. Oldham ; 795. Onesmoor ; 93, 98, 522. Ores. (See Copper, Iron, Lead, Man- ganese, and Zinc Ores.) Orgreave ; 385, 401, 494, 776. Orthacanthus ; 261. Orthoceras ; 63, 108. Orthoclase ; 18. Osmondthorpe; 154, 164-166, 171, 198, 224, 709, 710, 719, 802, 804. Ossett ; 81, 334, 340, 341, 846, 884, 391, 630, 635-637, 801, 805. Otley ; 71, 550, 778, 797, 802, 803, Oughtibridge ; 47, 86-88, 94, 98, 99, 102, 103, 109, 117, 522, 523, 559. Oulton ; 328, 333, 701, 721, 783, 784. —- Rock. (See Thornhill Rock.) 819 Ouse (River) ; 791. Ourram, B.; 787. Ovenden ; 60. Overton ; 288, 309, 321, 382, 604, 605, 621, 765, 803. Owlerton ; 103, 108. Owston ; 800. Oxenhope; 11, 52, 68, 70, 71, 548, 806. Paintur, Rev. W. H.; 799, 801. Paleoniscus ; 85. Palate (fossil) ; 789. Parker, J.; 266, 295, 311, 684. Park Gate ; 382, 396-398, 400, 498, 503. , Park Gate Rock. (See Birstal Rock.) Pargin, W.; 238. Parlington Hollins ; 804. Paterson, M. ; 326, 623. Pracocr, W. H.; 232, 387, 586. Praxce, F. H.; 181, 1388, 158-161, 167- 171, 182-185, 651, 660, 662, 665, 667, 669, 670, 672, 725, 7382, 739. Pebbles in Coal; 180. Peet, J.; 239, 266. Pendle Hill; 66, 488. Pendle Hill Grit. (See Yoredale Grit.) Pendle Anticlinal ; 488. Penine Range; 124, 487, 488, 540, 782. Penistone ; 8, 10, 11, 29, 76, 77, 125, 126, 136, 139, 140, 142, 149, 568, 568, 798, 800. Penistone Flags; 76, 77, 127, 128, 137.- (141, 510, 557, 558, 561, 568, 572—575, 578-580, 608. Percy, Dr. J.; 795. Permian. (See Magnesian Limestone.) Purtuips, Pror. J. ; 789-792, 795. PHIturps, R.; 789. Physa; 783. Physical Features of District ; 2, 3. PickEersGILL, T.; 194, 242, 269, 278, 378, 717. Picaort, Dr. ; 793. Pilley ; 317. * Puant, J.; 805. Plants (fossil) ; 19, 42, 75, 87, 88, 115, 116, 135, 145, 234, 249, 250, 286, 404, 421, 437, 443, 470, 478, 480, 522, 615, 633, 634, 663, 672, 689, 695, 770, 771, 787-789, 792, 795, 796, 798, 799, 804, 806, : Pratt, —; 795. _ Puaryrair, Dr. Lyon; 799. Pleuracanthus; 261. Pleurodus ; 261. Plumpton Grit ; 795, 798. Potnarp, J. and J.; 701, 705. Pollington ; 800. Pompocali; 555. Pontefract ; 8, 81, 84, 344, 352, 393, 430, 432, 439, 445, 448, 459, 463, 470-473, 742-744, 756-758, 764, 798, 800, 802. 804. Pontefract Rock. (See Wickersley Rock.) Pore anp Parson; 343, Pops, R.; 387, 506. Posidonomya; 14 40, 70, 87, 461, 758. 820 Porrer, —; 234, 286, 387, 428, 588, 584, 590, 759. Potterton ; 724. Preston (Aire Valley) ; 255, 260, 278, 279, 298, 877, 384, 720, 801, 804. Preston (Lancashire) ; 803. Priestley Green; 542.. Publications of the Survey ; 8-10, 792- 806. Pudsey ; 132-184, 737, 805. Purston Jacklin; 742, 747, 757. Quartzite Boulders ; 777. Queenshead ; 107, 126, 130, 137, 544. Ransomy, T.; 792. Rarer, J.; 131, 171. Rainborough ; 398, 403, 417, 587. Rastrick ; 126, 535, 539. Ravenfield ; 477, 497, 507. Rawden; 85, 86, 96, 107, 111, 122, 123, 550, 803. Rawmarsh ; 81, 336, 347, 383, 398, 402, 403, 414, 500, 503, 505, 586, 587. Red Beds; 75, 84. (Seealso Red Rock.) Red Rock; 446, 449, 460, 464, 465, 481, 486, 490-492, 495, 496, 785, 788. Rep, —; 154, 171, 194. Rei, P.8.; 794. Renishaw ; 229, 230. Reyrwno ips, R.; 796. Ruopes anp Doxsy ; 660. Ruoves, —; 836, 839. Ruopes, R.; 265, 609, 630, 658, 679-683. Ribble, River (Holme Valley) ; 534. (Lancashire) ; 488, 774, 800, 803. Ribourn Valley; 2, 61, 536,537, 796, 797. Richmond; 335, 347, 493. Ringinglowe ; 37, 513-515. Ripon ; 805. Ripponden ; 60, 537, 796, 797. “Rivelin Grit; 28, 29, 31, 34-87, 40-42, 44, 517, 524. Rivelin Valley ; 2, 35-38, 40, 41, 45, 98, 101-103, 115, 508, 512-516, 796. Rivers; 2. Rosrrtsuaw, R.; 134, 676. RosertsHaw, §.; 162, 163, 729. Rozerts, J.; 610. Robert Town. (See Liversedge.) Robin Hood Rock. (See Thornhill Rock.) Roginson, T. R.; 772. Rochdale Flags; 124. Rockley ; 317, 318, 380. Roebuch; 794. — Roxrzuck, W. D.; 803. Rossendale ; 796. Rother River; 2, 493. Rotherham ; 83, 84, 460, 464, 476, 477, 481, 486, 495, 776, 777, 796, 805, 806. Rothwell; 198, 201, 222, 229, 241, 255, 259, 268, 270, 277, 307, 308, 313, 314, 324, 327, 828, 383, 342, 373-375, 711, 715, 804. GEOLOGY OF TIIE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Rough Rock ; 27-30, 32-84, 88, 42, 44- 47, 54, 58, 59, 62, 68, 69, 72-74, 76, 507, 511, 512, 517, 519, 522, 523, 526, 528, 534, 540, 541, 543, 545-547, 550, 552-554, 556, 564, 565, 569, 576, 735, 736, 779, Roundhay ; $8, 127, 134, 735, 805. Rowley ; 129, 136. | Rowzer, W.; 772, 778, 798. Royston ; 83, 435, 452, 453, 460, 463, 741, 750, 776-778, 801. Rumbles Moor; 74, 552, 553, 799, 805. RusurortH, W.; 185, 669. Russrtz, R.; 11, 796-805. Ryhill ; 743, 747. Saddleworth ; 797, 800. Saver, J.; 405. Saltersbrook ; 580, 532, 533. Sandal; 448, 760, 767, 776. Sand Rock. (See Rough Rock.) Scarborough ; 786. Scarthingwell; 801. Scawsby ; 803. Scholes (Calder Valley); 150-152, 154, 158, 159, 165, 167, 168, 178, 174, 176- 178, 181, 182, 187,-196, 198, 199, 210- 212, 239, 644, 645, 651, 653, 654. Scholes, West ; 5438, 548, 639-641. Scholes (Wharfe Valley) ; 802. Scissett ; 140. Scuvamorg, Dr. C.; 788. Seacroft ; 134, 173, 227, 254, 709, 710, 720, 800, 805. Seatearth. (See Underclay.) Seatstone. (See Ganister.) Second Grit; 27, 28, 32. Sections of the Geological Survey, Hori- zontal; 8, 10, 796, 800-806. Sections of the Geological Survey, Verti- cal; 8, 10, 796-799. Sepewicn, Pror., A.; 478, 481, 789. Selby ; 800. Selenite ; 18, 21. Sreriars, B.; 500, 582, 583, 586, 617. Szwe Lt, E.; 799. Shadwell ; 805. Shafton; 435, 452, 461, 466, 743. Shap Granite; 776, 777. ® : Sharlston; 83, 334, 392, 406, 428, 429, 482, 485, 438, 444, 453-457, 463, 741, 743, 761, 769, 800, 802, 804. Suaw, — ; 231, 386, 501, 763. Sheaf Valley ; 2, 108, 113, 124, 138, 139, 142, 492, 510, 511. SHEARD aND ROUSE; 238, 265, 654. SuEearD, J.; 181, 240, 291, 679. Sheepridge; 534, 538, 539. Sheffield; 8,11, 76, 77, 79-81, 101-103, 124, 125, 185-188, 142, 148, 230, 247, 248, 252, 270, 271, 281, 284, 286, 299- 802, 304, 813, 315, 326, 383, 400, 407, 488, 491, 492, 507, 508, 510, 511, 776, 785, 794, 796, 800, 804, 805. Sheffield Rock. (See Silkstone Rock.) SuErFFIELD, W. E.; 787. SHELDON, J.; 268, 720, INDEX. Shelf; 166, 169, 196, 197, 211, 541, 542, 639, 640. Shelley ; 141, 147, 577-580. Shells (fossils, not specified) ; 779, 788, 790-792, 794, SHEPHERD, J.; 596. Shepley ; 129, 136, 141, 147, 577, 578. Shertcliffe Bea Seatstone; i7 8-175, 207, 208, 210, 212-217, 669, ‘671. Shibden ; 542-544. Shipley ; 20, 74, 96, 100, 111, 121, 122, 547, 549, 558, 778, 781. Shireoaks ; 482, 483. Suort, Dr. T.; 787. Sigillaria ; 115, 286, 459, 522. Silkstone ; 144, 233-235, 243, 246, 251, 255, 256, 260, 261, 270, 273, 274, 280, 286, 287, 299, 302, 318, 522, 558, 563, 582, 584, 596, 800, 802. Silkstone Rock; 75, 78, 247, 251-254, 358, 357, 369, 879-382, 492, 499, 501, . 562, 563, 583, 608, 718, 720, 724. Silsden ; 71, 550-552, 778, 783. Silurian Rocks ; 774, 784. Smmpuin, J.; 267, 276, 678, 680, 683, 686, 687. Srmupson, J. B.; 794. —, M.; 480, 791. —, Dr. W.; 786. Sixty Yards Quarrel. Rock.) Skelmanthorpe; 141, 579. Skipton; 1, 8, 29, 65, 67, 488, 550, 551, 774, 778, 779, 783, 805, 806. Slack Bank; 254, 379. Slack Bank Rock. (See Silkstone Rock.) Slaithwaite; 55, 60, 585, 536, 801. Slitheroe Bridge; 537. Sirs, A.; 791. ,C. H.; 791. , G.; 416. » W.; 66. , WiLLtiaM; 802, 466, 472, 474, 481, 752, 788, 791. Smithies ; 365, 387, 388, Smithsonite; 66. Sayre, W. W.; Snaith ; 2, 800. Snapethorpe ; ; 809, 319, 331. Snydale; 429, 430, 748, 763. Sot Bed Flags, Seatstone or Stone. Crawshaw Sandstone.) (See Wharncliffe 681, 682, 741. 792, 793. (See Soothill ; oe See 602, 690, 692, Sorzy, C.; ; Sorsy, H. co, a8 26, 776, 793, 794, 803, South Anston; 477. South Eimsall ; 754. South Kirkby; 84, 463, 742, 753, 754, 800. Southey; 138. Southowram ; 126, 542, 802. Sowerby Bridge ; 61, 62, 537, 541, 796. Sowersy, T. D. Gez 789. Spavin. (See Underclay.) Spencer, J.; 62, 63, 798, 801, 805. Sphenopteris ; 480. SPILLER, —; 793. Spirorbis ; 274, 598. _ Swirtr, — 821 Spofforth Haggs ; 805. Staffordshire; 28, 27, 84, 782. Stainborough; 317, 318, 594, 802. Staincliffe ; 283, 291, 322, 359, 631. Staincross ; 741. Stainland ; 488, 534. Stairfoot; 590. ~ . Stanage ; 35-37. Stanbury; 68, 72, 548, 544, 779 SranFiecp, D.; 460. STANHOPE, M.; 786. Stanley ; 11, 196, 269, 312, 343, 394, 406, 427, 482, 438, 448, 631, 687, 699-702, 708, 801. Stanningley ; 737. Stannington; 87, 108, 115, 116, 519, 520, 523. Staveley, North ; 385, 401, 412, 494, Sterr, —-; 233, 286, 5838. Sremvmause, Rev. H.; 788. Sternbergia ; 470. Stigmaria; 19, 42, 87, 88, 116, 145, 234, 404, 421, 443, 478, 480, 633, 634, 663, 672, 689, 695, 770, 771, 788. Stocksbridge ; 88, 94, 110, 113, 117, 802. Stons, W. H.; 385, 494. Stones, building ; $ 791-793, 801. Stranewars, C. F.; 11, 797-801, 803- 806. Strepsodus ; 261. Striations ; 779. Strines Edge ; 29, 38, 41, 42, 516. SrrincEerR, —; 602. SruBpins, --; 132, 134, 189. Stump Cross; 542. Submerged Forest ; 805. Sude Hill; 568. (See New Mill.) Sulphur. (See Iron Pyrites.) ° Sulphuretted Water. (See Mineral Waters.) Summer Lane; 596, 597. Surcuirrr, H.; 461. Sutton; 70. ; 109, 117, 387, 559, 564, 583, 584. Swill Hill; 543, 544. Swillington ; 270, 277, 808, 318, 315, 375, 376, 715, 721, 729, 805. Swincliffe ; 679. Swinton; 415, 441, 588, 591. Syenite ; 776, 784. Sykes Head ; 72. Syrxes, M.; 309, 321. 89, 96, 100, 106, 110, 119, 447, 499, 503, 505, Tadcaster; 8, 789, 797, 804. Tankersley ; 306, 317, 330, 337, 348, 582, 583, 585, 800. Tapton ; 102, 118, 511. Tate, T.; 805. TATTERSALL, T. and J.; 265, 679. Taybor, A.; 467. ——— W.; 322. Trae, T. P.; 790, 793. Temrest, H.; 710, 725, 726, 728. Templeborough ; 785. Temple Newsam ; 229, 722, 804. 822 Trew, T. W.; 798. Thackley ; 90, 91, 100. Thermal Springs ; Thick Stone; 76, 77, 129, 130, 149-151, 201, 205-208, 210, 212, 214-219, 221, 223-225, 227, 735. Third Grit. (See Middle Grit.) Thirty-six Yards Rock, or Thirty-two Yards Rock. (See Loxley Edge Rock.) Thongs Bridge; 56, 533. Thorncliffe ; 255, 270, 273, 274, 281, 285, 299, 302, 305, 306, 308, 313, 316, 562, 582, 583. Thorner ; 554. Thornhill; 80, 152, 237, 254, 257, 263, 264, 270, 275, 281, 282, 289, 303, 307, 309, 314, 322, 326-328, 332, 354-357, 605, 618, 621-623, 626-632, 639, 784, 801, 803. Thornhill Rock; 75, 80, 327, 328, 330, 838, 356-363, 365, 366, 368-375, 585, 608, 609, 612, 620, 630-635, 639, 677, 678, 681, 687, 689, 694, 715-717, 721, 760, 765. Thornton ; 86, 96, 100, 106, 107, 111-113, 121, 122, 548-545, 548, 549. Tuornton, B.; 238, 322, 686, 725. Thorp Arch; 787, 788. Thorp Audlin; 476. Tuorp, R. C.; 387. Torr, Rev. W.; 747, 790-792, 806. Thorpe Hesley ; 250, 274, 302, 305, 316, 858, 363, 582,583. Thorpe-on-the-Hill ; 333. Torre, Pror. T. H.; 805. TuHorpr, R.; 285, 849, 601, 742. Turesu, C.; 266, 685. Thryberg’; 88, 383, 386, 397, 402, 409, 415, 434, 485, 440, 446, 460, 463, 477, 490, 491, 499, 503, 506, 507. Thurgoland; 1438, 562. Thurlstone ; 129, 186, 568, 571, 572. Thurnscoe ; 466. Thurstonland ; 110, 129, 576, 577, Trpprman, R. H.; 800, 803. Till; 774-779, 782, 783, 806. Tittotson, J. ; 183. foe de +3 791, Trnpaxt, E 3 794, 799. Tinsley ; 383, 386, 408, 413, 434, 446, 494; 785. Tinsley Rock. (See Treeton Rock.) Todmorden ; 790, 794, 797, 802, 803, 806. Toftshaw ; 241, 667-669. TomLinson, C.; 794. Tong; 133, 184, 153, 161, 162, 166, 170- 172, 176-178, 183-187, 197, 215-219, 229, 240, 241, 254, 258, 266, 267, 660, 667-670, 675, 67 6, 732, 805. Tong Park (Shipley) ; 150, 781. Tooker, A. W.; 790. Toothill; 126, 539. Topcliffe ; 328. Topmost Grit. ee Rough Rock.) TorpirrF and OO. 5 3 181. Torporr, — ; 662. Trap-boulders 3 776, 777. Treeton; 434, 446, 482, 483, 494, GEOLOGY OF THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELD. Treeton Rock; 484, 485, 441-444, 446- 449, 494, 495, 499, 500, 503, 505, 588, 590-592, 741, 748, 749, 750, 760, 761, 764, 767-770, 772. TREVELYAN, Sir W.C. ; 790. Trias; 8, 488, 789-791, 797, 800, 801, 804, ‘Turn, J. 8.; 795. Trier, —; 491. Tytor, A. ; 780, 797. Ughill Moors ; 48, 85, 86, 800. Ulleskelf; 801. Ulley ; 490. Ulodendron; 155. Underclay ; 19, 20, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 46, 51, 57, 60-62, 68, 71-73, 76, 85-90, 92, 94-96, 99, 101-105, 107-112, 115-123, 127-129, 131-133, 141, 165-172, 174, 175, 179, 183-200, 202, 207, 208, 210, 212-914, 216-218, 220, 222, 223, 226, 230, 233, 236-241, 256, 257, 259, 277- 280, 284, 286, 290, 293-298, 331, 335, 336, 338-343, 360-363, 370, 374, 375, 378-380, 386, 388-395, 401, 411, 413, 414, 416, 418-421, 423, 424, 426-430, 440-446, 448-456, 459, 467-469, 471, 474-476, 478-480, 502, 505, 508, 509, 517, 531, 546, 547, 554, 564, 565, 567, 570, 595, 602, 603, 609, 610, 615, 616, 618-620, 622, 624-627, 629, 632-637, 642, 645-650, 654, 657, 659, 660, 663~ 676, 680, 682, 684, 685, 688-690, 695, 696, 698, 712, 714, 717-722, 724, 726- 730, 737, 739, 740, 746, 753, 756, 757, 764, 765, 770, 794. Unsliven ; 88, 564, 565. Upholland Flags ; 124, be ‘Rock. (See Highty Yards Upton; 800. Utley ; 70, 545. Vine, G. R.; 805. Wadsley ; 803, 806. Wadsley Bridge ; 94, 99, 115, 116, 125, 186, 508, 522, 558, Wakefield ; 8, 81, 82, 334, 342, 352, 384, 391, 392, 406, 407, 410, 425-497, 432, 434, 438, 443, 444, 760, 767, 769, 784, 788, 793, 801-803. Wales (Don Valley) ; 385, 401, 411, 449, 494, 802. Wales, North; 23. WALKER, — ; 232, 582, 583. Waser, Dr. J.; 787. Walkley; 108, 115, 508, 520. Walton ; 424, 425, "449, 448, 762, 802. Warp, J. C.; 11, 792, 796-806, W.; 189, 190, 725. Warpett, 8.; 232. Warmfield ; 455, 761, 770-772, 804, i Bade: 770, 772. Warley Moor ; 62, 541, 543. WarERHoUsE & Co.; 3 170. Waterloo; 194, 201, 224, 242, 255, 259, 268, 279, 313, 378, 380, 717, 720, ie INDEX. Waters, mineral, see Mineral Waters. —_—, thermal ; 794, Wath-upon-Deame ; 416, 447, 451, 800, Watson, —; 241, R.; "787. Wenxzs, —; 601, 742, 759. Weetwood ; 551. WELL, T. ‘and G.; 230. Wemyss, —; 274, 598. Wentbridge ; 754, 754, 800. Wentworth ; 800. Went Valley; 2, 754, 800. West, A.; 291, 365, 641. W.; 789, 791. WerstMorLann, J. W.; 20, 130, 155, 166. WEstwoop, T.; 340. Wetherby ; 554, 797, 804. Wharfe Valley ; 1, 2, 8, 64, 70, 71, 74, 177, 195, 198, 199, 201, 227, ‘299, 242, 269, 279, 283, 298, 313, 315, 380, 550— 556, 710, 718, 720, 722, 778- 780, 783, 786-789, 791-795, 797-805. Wharncliffe ; 102, 112, 116, 117, 125, 232, 250, 273, 274, 280, 285, 299, 302, 306, 308, 558, 559, 563, 582, 583, 800. _ Rock ; 112-117, 121-123, 510, 544, 547-549; 553, 641. Wheatley ; 541, 801. Wheldale ;s 334, 344, 384, 394, 431, 432, 439. Whinmoor; 779. Whiston ; 477, 483-486, 496. Wairakrr, W.; 786. Whitehaven Sandstone; 482. Waite, J. T.; 269, 275, 295, 362, 425, 631, 687, 696. WHITEHEAD, S.; 269, 276, 324, 687. Whitkirk ; 278, 279, 723. Whitley (Calder Valley) ; 187, 144, 146, 147, 176, 177, 179, 237, 258, 254, 256, 257, 268, 303, 309, 322, 353, 354, 357, 609, 616-618, 801. Whitley (Don Valley) ; 138, 570, 571. Whitwell; 428, 432, 488, 444, 448, 456, 457, 763, 802. Whitwood ; 82, 269, 334, 343, 393, 410, 429, 480, 432, 439, 445, 448, 761, 772, 804. Wibsey ; 151, 152, 174, 177, 182, 196- 199, 211, 218, 643, 644, 661, 775, 803. Wickersley ; 84, 476, 497, 802. a Rock ; 75, 84, 464, 465, 468- 474, 476, 477, 491, 492, 496, 497, 503, YA1, 742, 744, 749, 753, 788. Wightwhistle or Wigtwizle ; 41, 516. Wike (Calder Valley); 131, 168, 174, 177, 181, 182, 187, 209, 211, 212, 640, 644-646, 648-651. Wike (Wharfe Valley); 71, 805. Wires, T.; 344. Wiucock, J. ; 801. Wriu1amson, Pror. W. C.; 790, 792, 799. ‘Wits, T.; 154, 172, 311, 367, 368, 416, 660, 685. 823 Willthorpe ; 349. Wilsden ; ve, 547, Witson, —; 387. , T, ; 234, 287, 591, 595, 798. Wincobank ; 142, 328, 501, Wirral ; 795. Witherite ; 66. Wirtir, Dr. R.; 786. Wombwell ;s 387, 405, 436, 451, 589, 800. Womersley ; 800. Woop, I.; 106, 121. Woop, J.; 236, 257, 263, 264, 288, 289, 309, 821, 353, 605, 610, 618, 623, 630. Woop, N.; 793. Woon, W.; 345, 702, 705. Woodbourne ; 328, 335, 493. Woodhead Chapel; 530. Woopurap, E.; 181, 138, 134, 151, 156-- 159, 167-169, 180-182, 211, 239, 426, 631, 640, 641, 644-646, 649, 652, 654, 660, 662, 665, 667, 669, 671, 672. Woodhead Valley. (See Etherow Valley.) Woodhouse (Aire Valley) ; 127, 134, 150, 735, 771. (Don Valley) ; 335, 346, 397, 493. Rock ; 335, 346, 347, 493. Woodlesford ; 193, 241, 255, 259, 268-. 270, 277, 283, 298, 814, 315, 825, 328, 333, 375, 376, 380, 715, 783. Woodmoor; 424, 760. Woodseats Rock ; 41, 42, 517, 518. Woodthorpe ; 230. Woolley; 383, 387-389, 898, 399, 405, 423, 432, 487, 442, 758-760, 778, 803. Edge Rock ; 75, 82, 408, 420, 421, 424, 425,432, 433, 436, 439, 442, 587- 590, 741, 743, 748-750, 759- 761, 768, 769, 776. Wormaxp, H.; 71, 184, 172, 189-191, 267, 275, 276, 296, 311, 323, 327, 363, 365, 367-370, 606, 612, 676, 678, 686, 687, 710. Worrall; 101, 102, 508, 522. Worsborough ; 232, 261, 285, 302, 306, 808, 317, 318, 330, 831, 337, 347, 349, 398, 403, 436, 588, 584, 586, 588, 589. Worth Valley ; 2, 67-74, 548-547, 779, 783, 797. Wortley (Aire Valley); 182-184, 153, 189, 221, 729, 731, 732, 783, 803. (Don Valley) ; 125, 139, 148, 149, 201, 232, 559, 562, 785, 800, 802. Wrenthorpe ; 343, 698. Wrok, D.; 237, 624. Wrosehill ; 100, 111, 122. Yeadon; 97. Yoredale Grit; 33, 39. Yoredale Limestone; 65. Yoredale Rocks; 12, 13, 22, 23, 26, 33, 39, 65, 551, 800, 805. Youne, T.; 99, 102, 385, 494 Zine Ore; 66. LONDON: Printed by Georcr E. Eyre and WiLL1am SrortiswoopDe, Printers to the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty. For Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. [B 806.—500.—1/79.] ati New Buen tiles Hitt Pilaf Re WG ROC Laas . he ans ae anes ms mn Sees Sa Na ROCs oy i aes h, ra a RUAN Tee SNe tah tageat nut ‘ ee eo RN ee *, Betas Le é ‘ S : ss s Ans ‘ ns Siete a Cae i SESS : Moe eI ree oF ers F a 4 ashes i inte! Ne Mest PSNR nay As i iN? ae Hak aah ese Ret A “ ait , eet Rus i