CMe 4 4 ee Oe, RIG i aged xy hy ie watatetiy aren RRA it dane led Coors Cornell Aniversity Library BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henry W. Sage 1891 re ql ym ts, ul 3777 ENGINEERING LIBRARY Cornell University Library The water supply of Kent.With records of MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ENGLAND AND WALES. THE WATER SUPPLY oF KENT. WITH RECORDS OF SINKINGS AND BORINGS. BY WILLIAM WHITAKER, B.A., F.R.S., = WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY H. FRANKLIN PARSONS, M.D., F.GS., HUGH ROBERT MILL, D.Sc. LL.D., AND J. C. THRESH, M.D., D.Sc. D.P.H. PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF HIS MAJESTY’S TREASURY. LONDON: PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFIOE, By WYMAN & SONS, LimITED, FETTER LANE, E.C, And to be purchased from E, STANFORD, 12, 13, and 14, Lona Acre, LONDON ; W..anp A. K, JOHNSTON, Lrp., 2, St. ANDREW SQUARE, EDINBURGH ; HODGES, FIGGIS & Co., GRAFTON STREET, DUBLIN ; _ From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps; or through any Bookseller from the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. « 1908. Price Hight Shillings and Stepence. ni PREFACE. Tus Memoir, dealing with the Water Supply of Kent from underground sources, is the largest of the series to which it belongs, but the author feels that there may yet be much to be added. The literature of Kentish Geology is so vast that it would be obviously impracticable to notice every published teference to the Water Supply of the County, and some details of importance may have been omitted. It is hoped that the publication of this Memoir may cause an inflow of fresh information. Whilst passing it through the press some borings were deepened and notes of others came to hand. Sometimes this new information was too late for insertion in the proper place and so had to be added at the end of the book, as was also the case with newly-published matter, in the shape of extracts from, and notices of, books and papers, some of which are on matters of great importance, There is often a difficulty as to names of places. These differ on the old and new Ordnance Maps and some names are absent on the one or the other. Many of the notes in this Memoir were written from the old map, which is still the geological one for nearly the whole of Kent, and it has not been thought desirable to alter all these to the new nomenclature. Sometimes, however, both old and new names are given. Other names, moreover, are to be found on the six-inch maps only. Owing to the great amount of information given by deep sinkings and borings, Kent probably exceeds any other county in the number of its sedimentary formations and certainly does so in the range of these. Besides Pleistocene and Pliocene, at the top of the series, we have from Eocene to Silurian (with the omission of Permian), including the fullest development of the Cretaceous Series in the Kingdom. The author, as is well known, took a large share in the original Geological Survey of Kent, and he has since added very much to our knowledge of the underground geology. iv Our indebtedness to many engineers and well-sinkers will be seen from the frequency with which their names appear through- out the Memoir, which is one of a class that brings science and practice together for their mutual benefit. Dr. J. C. THRrEsH has furnished many detailed analyses made in his own laboratory and which are of especial value. The Local Government Board through Dr. H. F. Parsons, have again rendered assistance by supplying copies of many analyses, etc. Prof. W. Boyp Dawkins has given valuable detailed accounts of some of the borings in search of coal in Hast Kent; and Dr. H.R. Mri bas contributed the important section on Rainfall. The author desires to acknowledge the help of his son, Mr. H. L. Wuitaker, in the arrangement of some of the manuscript, in the correction of Proofs, and in making the Index. J. J. H. TEALL, ‘Director. Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street, London, 29th September, 1908, CONTENTS. PAGE PREFACE BY THE DIRECTOR iii INTRODUCTORY- —- 1 GroLocic Formations. Water-bearing Beds (Shingle, Gravel and Sand of the Drift, Lower London Tertiaries, The Chalk, Upper Greensand, Lower Greensand, Hastings Beds) 8 THE RAINFALL OF Kent. By Dr. H. R. MILu - - 20 Sprines. Recent Beds, Gravels and Sands of the Drift, Eocene Tertiaries, The Chalk (Coast, Springs from the top part of the Upper Chalk, Springs from the Lower Chalk along the Escarpment), The Selbornian, Lower Greensand, The Hastings Beds - - 28 SWALLOW-HOLES - 47 INTERMITTENT STREAMS. Alkham Valley (The Dour), The North Stream, The Little Stour, The Petham Valley, The Cray, The Ravensbourne, The Lower Greensand Tract - 54 SUPPLIES FROM SPRINGS - 64 SUPPLIES FROM WELLS. Wells notable geologically, Wells nota- ble for Supply - - - 69 DETAILS OF WELLS AND BORINGS FOR WATER - - 73 SHAFTS AND TRIAL-BORINGS FOR CoaL - - 220 Various TRIAL-BORINGS. A. Metropolitan Board of Works. B. West Kent Sewerage. C. Miscellaneous Borings 239 ANALYSES OF SPRING-WATERS - - - - - - - 274 ANALYSES OF WELL-WATERS 284 BipLioGRAPHY: Geological Survey Works. Reports of the Local Government Board. Books, Papers, etc. List of Works on Trial-borings and Sinkings for Coal in East Kent - - - - - 355 MISCELLANEA AND ADDENDA. Chalk Water System. Basin of the Dour. Zones of the Chalk. Amount of Water pamped from the Chalk. Effect of Heavy Pumping. Old Method of Raising Water. Magnetization of Boring Rods. Water Supply of Shorneliffe. Infiltration of Salt Water. Pollution. Additional Wells. Deep Borings at Cliffe and Frindsbury. Photographs of Bournes -~— - 366 INDEX - 386 ILLUSTRATION. RAINFALL Map : - : : At end 10,000. 500.-Wt. 12,039. 1108. Wy & S, INTRODUCTORY. Kent holds, perhaps, the most prominent position amongst our counties as regards water-supply from underground sources. It is a large county and its supply depends on under- ground water, except for the ever present houses and small out-of-the-way places that have to get water by storage of rain or from ponds, etc. Truly there are many springs, but these are merely the out- flow of underground water, and there once were small surface- supplies, as for instance at Sandwich, where the Delf stream was formely used; now nearly all public supplies and a great number of private ones, especially of manufactories, are derived from wells and borings, some of the small public supplies being from springs and some of the larger being supplemented by springs. The only approach to a river- supply is at Tonbridge, where water is got from shallow works close to the river. Again, Kent contains the largest supply in the world that is got solely from wells, that established by the Kent Water Company, and now forming part of the undertaking of the Metropolitan Water Board. This great scheme has gradually spread eastward and southward from the old pumping-station at Deptford, until its area of supply extends far beyond the metropolitan boundary. This supply moreover is of such high quality that it is often taken as a standard of comparison for well-waters. It will be of interest here to give a short notice of the progress of this great undertaking, and this may well be done from the “History of the Company” in Sir F. Borron’s “London Water Supply ” (*) to which the reader is referred for details. The Company was incorporated in 1809, when it was empowered to purchase the Ravensbourne Waterworks, estab- lished in 1701, and to supply Deptford, Greenwich, Lee, Lewisham and Rotherhithe. In 1811 Bermondsey, Charlton, Peckham, Plumstead and Woolwich were added. In 1857 the first deep well was sunk, at Deptford. In 1861 the works of the Plumstead, Woolwich and Charlton Co. were bought, and next year the Ravensbourne was abandoned as a source of supply, wells only being thenceforth used. In 1864 the North Kent Waterworks Co. was amalgamated, and thereby the area of supply was extended to Bexley, Brom- ley, Chiselhurst, East Wickham, Eltham and Erith, and in 1868 the works of the Dartford Local Board of Health were bought. In 1877 powers were obtained to extend the supply to Beckenham, Chelsfield, the Crays, Darenth, Eynsford, Harn ingham, Farnborough, Hayes, Keston, Orpington, Stone, Sutton-at-Hone, Swanscombe, West Wickham and Wilming- 1 Ed. 2, London, 1888, pp. 57-59. 10,000. 500. Wt, 12039. 11/08 Wy. & S, 2 KENT WATER SUPPLY. From a later account, which also includes the above, we learn that in 1888 the powers of supply were extended to Brasted, Chevening, Cudham, Downe, Halstead, Horton Kirby, Lullingstone, Shoreham, Southfleet, Sundridge, and Westerham.() The statistics of supply can best be taken from the state- ment prepared (by the Kent Co.) for the Royal Commission on London Water Supply (1897), revised to June, 1903 (for the Arbitration). The figures, which stand for average daily supply in gallons, have been revised by a deduction of 7 per cent. for slip of pumps, etc. Every year from 1839 to 1902 is dealt with, a modest beginning being made in the former with 334,800 gallons, whilst the highest record is 18,506,233 in 1901. From 1873 onward the highest figure in the maximum month is 21,005,910, also in 1901, and the highest in the minimum month 17,284,093 in 1902. For the details of the figures the reader is referred to the original, the following is the general result : — 1839 to 1848... bat ... under a million. 1849 to 1853... as ... between a million and two millions. 1854 to 1857... si Ses 5 two and three n 1858 to 1860 ... ae avs % three and four a 1861 to 1864 ... sina ash % four and five ” 1865, 1866, 1868 to 1870... 9 five and six ” 1867, 1871 to 1877... eae 35 six and seven a 1878 to 1880 ... Sic sis 7 seven and eight ” 1881 to 1883... bid oe ie eight and nine 5 1884... aie oe ous <5 nine and ten 5 1885 to 1888 ... sip ae ‘5 ten and eleven i 1886, 1887, 1889 to 1890S... <3 eleven and twelve i 1891 to 1892 ... ses oe 55 twelve and thirteen sa 1893, 1894 to 1896... ss <3 fourteen and fifteen i 1897... Ba tes cone 55 fifteen and sixteen $5 1895 to 1898... sae sia % sixteen and seventeen ,, 1899 to 1900 ... a eae ” seventeen and eighteen ,, 1901 to 1902 ... an airs Pr eighteen and nineteen _,, There were decreases on the figures of the year before in the following years: 1868, 1869, 1873, 1882, 1888, 1896 and 1902; but these were only slight breaks in the great increase. The estimated population supplied increased steadily from 33,600 in 1839 to 632,184 in 1902, and the number of supplies from 5,600 to 105,364; but in both cases the same figures are given for 1876 and 1877, presumably from no calculation having been made for the latter year. Constant supply began in 1873, when it was given to 2,000 houses, or 4°7 per cent., and it increased to 105,164, or 99°8 per cent. in 1902. These statements are continued in the Annual Reports of the Water Board, from which the following figures are taken :— - On March 31, 1906, the number of supplies was 114,159, on March 31, 1907, 116,385. The population supplied on March 31, 1907, the latest record, was estimated at 680,980. 1 R, Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 53, METROPOLITAN SUPPLY. ov ‘According to the First Ann. Rep. Metrop. Water Bad., p. 41, the average daily yield of the Kent wells in 1904 [? ‘for the year ending March 31] in gallons was :— Beckenham, given as Shortlands (2) 2,185,000 Bexley, given as Wansunt ... ve 1,312,000 Crayford (3)... iis re ... 2,719,000 Darenth ... ssi is sie . 1,554,000 Dartford .. ‘tye sf oe ie 157,000 Deptford (3) sts ... 3,123,000 Farnborough, ‘‘ Orpington” (2) ... 1,953,000 Plumstead ses sty «500,000 Southfleet 5 ‘ine sca » 880,000 Westerham Hill.. si sa .» 175,000 West Wickham . Per wai wi 772,000 Wilmington (2) .. on or on ... 8,635,000 Total ... ens «+ 18,965,000 From the Second Annual Report we learn that in the year ending March 31, 1905, the average daily quantity supplied was 18,945,501 gallons, a very slight decrease. In the Third Annual Report (p. 29) we are told that :—‘ In the Kent District constant supply is given throughout with the exception of some 300 services on Shooter’s Hill, and this will be remedied by the water tower to be erected on the summit.” The Fourth Annual Report tells us that from April, 1906, to March, 1907, the average daily supply varied from 19,062,424 gallons in December to 22,560,418 in July, the average daily supply for the year being 20,270,093. As an illustration of the economy of a well-supply the following list of the reservoirs of the Kent Works is interest- ing. It will ve seen that all the reservoirs are small, storage not being resorted to in such a supply. The figures are from the statements above quoted and from the First Report of the Water Board :— High water- level, in feet, Capacity above in Ordnance gallons. Datum. Greenwich Park ... Se we —1,125,000 158 Woolwich Common .. site »« 1,500,000 218 Plumstead Common: 650,000 170 Constitution Hill (Shooter! 8 Hitt 500,000 320 Chiselhurst, Summer Hill.. , 450,000 315 Dartford Brent Cas ah 370,000 130 New Cross, Telegraph Hill, ... 1,750,000 163 Farnborough, Cowlan Hill .. 1,400,000 439 Knockholt, near the Beeches _... 500 000 795 West Wickham sis .» 250,000 550 Eltham a ... 8,000,000 240 Westerham, Sqnerryes Park ss 60,000 444 Westerham Hill ... : aug 68,000 818 Sundridge Park... eis ... 1,500,000 ? over 306 Total .., «+ 12,923,000 Ag 4 KENT WATER SUPPLY. In the Third Report of the Water Board, for the year ending March 1906, there are said to be 17 reservoirs in Kent, with a total capacity of 15,123,000 gallons, that is less than a day’s supply. There are some points of general interest in this great system of well-supplies. In the first place the water is mainly got by means of wells and borings; but little recourse to galleries having been made, except for the purpose of con- necting wells at some of the pumping stations. In the absence of this means of lateral extension underground, which may be regarded as the chief way of getting very large supplies from such a formation as the Chalk, we may say therefore that these, which taken together are our greatest works for getting water by wells, are really immature, undeveloped, and, so to speak, imperfect. Secondly, it is curious that some of these works are of no great size, two of the list, on p. 3, being credited with a yield under 200,000 gallons a day, whilst another has so small a yield that presumably it was not thought worthy of entry. When standing by the picturesque old water-mill by the south- western part of the little town of Westerham it seemed almost absurd to think that one was looking at one of the pumping stations of the greatest water-authority in the world! I hear, however, and with some sorrow, that this little place, with its 10,000 gallons of water a day (for Westerham) is to be given up, as the Board can only keep it as half-yearly tenants. Sze transit gloria aque. Thirdly, and, although it has nothing to do with Kent, the chance of noting it is not to be missed, the great Water Board with all its wide-spreading power, cannot supply its own offices! These are on the Savoy property, in the Strand, and therefore have to take the private supply from the well at the Savoy Hotel. Although in the matter of depth of works Kent is not in the first place amongst the counties, yet it has many borings for water of great depth, four (Cliffe, Erith, Frindsbury and Maidstone) being over 1,000 feet deep, and others approaching the 1,000 (Boxley, Chatham, and Sheerness Dockyard, all over 950). Many others, moreover, are of great depth, and therefore the county is certainly prominent in this respect. In the matter of lateral extension underground, as far as I know, the 3} miles of galleries possessed by the Ramsgate Waterworks is the highest record, and, strange to say, several times the total length of galleries of the whole of the Metro- politan Water Board wells in the county. In the Mid Kent Waterworks we have an example of widely extended supply. Mr. F. L. Baz, the Manager, tells me that the area of supply is about 190,000 acres (or 296 square miles) and that 85 parishes are included, the district ranging from Kemsing on the west to Barham on the east, and from Teynham on the north to High Halden on the south. Now indeed, the Company has gone beyond its title, and the term “Mid” should perhaps be dropped. GENERAL REMARKS. 5 To Kent belongs the honour of producing the first paper in which a record of gaugings of the level of the water in many wells was made, showing the rise and fall of the water, as connected with the rainfall etc., and the variation in the depth to water as connected with the surface-levels. On December 14, 1831, a letter from Mr. W. Buanp, of Hartlip, to Prof. Buckland was read to the Geological Society “On the Influence of Season over the Depth of Water in Wells”; but an abstract only of it was published by the Society.(+) Whilst feeling sorry that the credit of publication in full cannot be given to the Society, one also feels glad that the author (and Prof. Buckland) promptly took steps to give to the scientific public the details of the “Letter . . . record- ing a Series of Observations made by himself, on the Rise and Fall of Water in Wells in the County of Kent”; for though the title differs, the paper is the same.(*) It will be of interest to notice the work of Mr. Buanp in some detail. He starts by saying that “During the last twelve years I have been induced . . to fathom the water in my well, of 140 feet deep, once every month. I have kept a correct account of these observations, as well as of others founded upon them ; and conceiving the results to be rather new, I am prompted thus to intrude myself upon your notice.” His first table “exhibits the rise and fall of the springs in New Place well, from January 1819 to June 1831.” This shows “that the depth of water is almost invariably greatest at and about the longest day, and as invariably least at and about the shortest day. Observing this I for more than one year ascertained the quantity of rain which fell in this neigh- bourhood and at the same time noted the quantity of evapora- tion.” The second table “of the Weather, as observed at Hartlip ” ranges from 1819 to 1829, and it “ shows the quan- tity of rain to exceed that of evaporation by a few inches only.” “ Conceiving that the example of one well was not sufficient evidence, I determined to examine others; and ...I made a regular survey of a district of some miles in extent.’ The third table gives the result of this survey, along a line from Upchurch to Goudhurst, with records of the height above sea, depth to water, depth of water and soil or sub-soil, at 35 wells, springs, or streams. The fourth table gives the like information along a line from Sittingbourne to Harriet- sham, with 20 records. The fifth table deals with a line from Rainham to Milsted, with 24 records, and all there are graphically treated in figures showing the surface of the country and the line of the springs beneath. The sixth table gives “the variation of the depth of water in those Wells that were fathomed a second time, and at different periods of the years 1827 and 1828.” The records * Proc. Geol. Soc., 1832, vol. i., no. 27, pp. 39, 40. Phil. Mag., 1832, n. s., vol. xi., pp. 88—96, 6 KENT WATER SUPPLY. of the former year are in June and December, those of the latter in May and December. From the information thus collected Mr. Buanp is enabled to say “I am perfectly satisfied that any excessive quantity of rain influences the rise of the springs, and causes them to flow several feet higher after very wet seasons, than they have been observed to do for’ perhaps years before during those that were dry. Again, the rains, I believe, cause the springs to begin to rise earlier, if they have fallen in any consider- able quantity; but the rule is not general: whereas the rising and falling of the springs is a general one.” In the last place he alludes to the height of the water above the sea-level, and says “this height accompanies the rise and fall of the great hills . . . the spring heads rise and fall with the hills, independent of the rismg and dipping of the strata in the several formations.” This remarkable paper is then the precursor of many others from various authors who have ably discussed the subject of the levels of underground water. It is of interest to learn, from a publication of 1885, that the Hartlip well “has recently been measured by Mr. Bald- win Latham, and the result shows that no material alteration has taken place, although the well has been deepened since the original measurements were taken.”(!) One can readily understand how pleasing it must have been to Mr. Latham, who has himself done so much in recording water-levels in wells, to verify the work of his first predecessor. In regard to the literature of underground waters, I believe that Kent easily takes the foremost place amongst the counties, as may be judged from the long list of works at the end of this Memoir. Although Kent contains no very large town, except for the south-eastern part of London, using that term for places of not less than 100,000 in population, this is really owing to the way in which what is really one continuous mass of popu- lation consists of three contiguous towns, which in the nature of things should be one. Rochester, Chatham, and Gilling- ham combined have a population of more than 126,000, and I think that Strood, separated only from Rochester by the Medway, is not included in this. It may be of interest to note the population of the chief places, and the Registrar General has been kind enough to supply the following estimated figures for the middle of 1907. It is remarkable that the pride of place should fall to a town of late growth. Gillingham ... 52,256 | Bromley we 31,159 Dover ... .. 48,837 | Beckenham... 29,960 Chatham ... 40,682 | Ramsgate .. 29,791 Tunbridge Wells 36,143 Gravesend .... 29,452 Folkestone ... 35,081 Canterbury... 26,208 Maidstone we 84,585 Margate ... 26,063 Rochester wee 83,483 Penge ... + 23,918 Erith ... wee 82,924 1 Quart. Journ. R, Met. Soo., vol. xi., No. 55, p, 218. GENERAL REMARKS. 7 The figures for the following smaller places (over 10,000) are taken from the Municipal Handbook for 1908 for the first five, the other three being the Census returns of 1901. Dartford ..» 23,036 Ashford... ... 13,600 Sheerness «+. 20,000 Northfleet ... 12,906 Bexley ... «.. 16,500 Faversham... 11,290 Tonbridge ... 14,697 Deal... .» 10,581 Kent therefore contains several towns of importance, and amongst them sea-side resorts, such as Dover, Folkestone, Ramsgate and Margate, places which have a very large acces- sion of population in the summer-months, when they need a vast increase to their normal supply of water. The problems of public water-supply are then well to the front, and, moreover, there are many large private supplies. For the reasons given above we may fairly accord to Kent the place of champion county in the matter of water-supply from underground sources, and because of this it has been all the more difficult to deal with it. I trust, therefore, that defects in this Memoir will be forgiven; but I hope at the same time that they will be duly notified and that additional information will flow in, so that corrections may be made and further details may be published, either in a Supplement or in a new edition. 8 KENT WATER SUPPLY. GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS. Kent rejoices in varied scenery, and therefore also in a considerable number of geologic formations. No less than 27 divisions are marked on the maps, and were it not that the re-survey has but just entered the north-western corner of the county there would be more, as the Chalk would be divided into Upper, Middle, and Lower. Kent is chiefly a Cretaceous county, that great Series being well developed, and some of its divisions having been named after Kentish places; Tunbridge Wells being used for divi- sions of the Hastings Beds; Folkestone, Sandgate and Hythe for divisions of the Lower Greensand, one of which already had the local name of Kentish Rag. The name Cantian has, indeed, been proposed for the whole formation. There is also a considerable tract of the older Tertiary beds, and the lowest member, the Lower London Tertiaries, is best developed in Kent, so that its three divisions all have Kentish names, from Thanet, Woolwich, Oldhaven or Blackheath. Of the Pliocene there are some small tracts of sand, far away from the mass of the Series, many miles on the other side of the Thames. The Pleistocene beds cover a large area on the whole, rest- ing irregularly on various divisions of the Tertiary and Creta- ceous Series; but though wide-spread they are thin, whilst the older beds are thick, and especially the Cretaceous. Amongst these there are no representatives of the Glacial Series, so far as we know, though some of the Hill Gravel may turn out to be as old as some of the Glacial Drift of other parts. The following tables show the order of succession, and the classification of the various stratigraphic divisions found in the county, the detailed column on the right giving the names of those divisions which are shown on the Geological Survey Maps, down to the base of the Ashdown Sand, the lowest outcropping division in the county, from which there is an unbroken succession upward to the Bagshot Sand, whilst deep borings show what seem to be a fairly continuous Series underground down to the Trias. FORMATIONS. 9 Geological Formations occur at the Surface and are shown on the Geological Survey Maps. Blown Sand. Recent {shingle Alluvium. ( River or Valley {Loam or Brickearth Gravel and | Drift Sand. j Hill or Plateau Gravel. \ Over the Chalk. (Loam. { ? Of various and { doubtful age Clay-with-Flints. Pliocene ... ... Lenham Beds. ( Lower Bagshot Sand. London Clay. ( Oldhaven or Blackheath Beds (pebbles and sand). Woolwich and Reading Beds (clays, loams, sands and pebbles). ( Thanet Beds, or Sand. | Chalk (undivided). Pleistocene Eocene Tertiaries Lower London | Tertiaries Upper Cretaceous Upper Greensand. Gault (clay). ( Folkestone Beds (sand). Sandgate Beds (clayey). Lower Greensand | Hythe Beds, or Kentish Rag (sand [ and stone). Atherfield Clay. Selbornian A Lower Weald Clay. Cretaceous { Tunbridge ( Upper Tunbridge Wells Sand. Hast- | Wells {gitstesd Clay. ings 4 Sand Lower Tunbridge Wells Sand. Beds. Wadhurst Clay. Ashdown Beds, or Sand. To the above may be added the following, which, though they do not come to the surface in Kent, have been found by borings to occur under- ground :— Hastings Beds Fairlight Beds. Purbeck Beds. Upper Jurassic Portland Beds. Kimeridge Clay. Corallian Beds. Middle Jurassic } Oxon Clay. Kellaways Beds. Bathonian, or Great Oolite. Lower Jurassic Ca or Inferior Oolite. jas, Trias (Dolomitic Conglomerate). Coal Measures. Devonian or Old Red Sandstone. WATER-BEARING BEDS. We now come to the consideration of those members of the above-given succession of geologic divisions which are notable for yielding water, either from their general permeability or from being cut up by more or less vertical fissure-planes which allow of the inflow and passage of water. Of course all geologic formations allow of the passage of water to some extent, or in certain parts; but we want now to 10 KENT WATER SUPPLY. omit those more or less clayey beds that sometimes yield small supplies, cottage-supplies as one may call them, and to treat only of those whose nature is in favour of water-supply rather than against it. We will begin at the top of the scale and work downward. Shingle. Perhaps the most permeable of all deposits is to be found in the beach that fringes our coast. Where the pebbles and stones that compose it are more or less packed in sand, it is comparable to an ordinary gravel; but where the spaces between the stones are void of earthy material, or nearly so, we have an ideal gathering-ground for the downward perco- lation of water. Kent possesses the largest tract of old shingle-beach in the country, namely Dunge Beach, the main part of which is about six square miles in extent, the parts to the west adding about another three. This great sheet is composed mostly of open beach, on which vegetation is very rare; here and there a blade of grass appearing. Rain therefore falling on such a tract can at once pass down; the only thing, indeed, to hinder it is the heat of the top pebbles in hot weather. Fresh water is found wherever a hole is dug deep enough in the shingle and it is only along the outward fringe that the salt water of the neighbouring sea can get in. Mr. Torrzy has made the following remarks: ‘“‘ The shingle-flats, which stretch out to sea at Dunge Ness . . are not destitute of fresh and good water. Wells are sunk through the shingle, and a supply of water is obtained which rarely or never fails.” (1) Gravel and Sand of the Drift. We are not concerned here with the different ages or classification of the Drift gravels; all can be treated as one, a deposit of small stones, mostly flints, and pebbles, generally in a sandy matrix and often with beds of sand, forming as a rule a highly permeable mass. Being however of no great thickness, these gravels are useful only for small supplies, unless where they occur in the very bottom of a river-valley, where perhaps their water-contents may be reinforced from a stream. Tonbridge is, I believe, the ouly place of any size in Kent that gets its supply from gravel, though perhaps water from this source adds to the yield of many wells that are carried through gravel into beds below. Lower London Tertiaries This comparatively thin group, varying from about 100 to 150 ft. in thickness, is largely composed of permeable 1¢The Geology of the Weald,’ 1875, p. 353. WATER-BEARING BEDS. 11 beds, mere or less divided by others of a permeable kind. Sometimes, as in the eastern part of the county, it must be taken as a whole, there being no clayey bed to stop the down- ward motion of the water until the middle of the Thanet Beds is reached; there too, there ceases to be any practical division between the sand of the Woolwich Beds above and that of the Thanet Beds below. In the western and middle parts, how- ever, the divisions are clear and the Woolwich Beds contain clayey layers that separate the waters above from those below. The Oldhaven and Blackheath Beds consist, on the west, of masses of flint-pebbles in a sandy matrix and sometimes with layers of sand, whilst on the east, where they are somewhat thinner, they are of sand with a layer of pebbles at the base. In all cases the sand is very fine. The Woolwich Beds contain layers of sand and of pebbles, and in the east are altogether sand of a coarser kind than that of the Oldhaven Beds. The Thanet Beds are a fine compact sand on the west, whilst to the east a marly bed comes in. Sometimes there must be a fairly free communication between the Thanet Sand and the Chalk, so that the water in the latter may rise up, under pressure, into the former. Mr. B. Latuam says,.in speaking of the water in the wells under London, as being derived from Thanet Sand: “A large proportion of the supply has been known for many years to pass directly in from the Thames in the neighbourhood of Charlton, where these Thanet sands come up in the bed of the river.’’() The water of the Sheerness wells seems, to a large extent at least, to come from the sandy beds of the Lower London Tertiaries, and the like is the case at other places. As a rule, however, the outcrop is too narrow to afford a large supply. The broad spread of the Blackheath Beds around Bexley Heath, Chiselhurst, Bromley and Beckenham, is the largest tract of these beds; but great parts of it are too much built over to allow water from surface-wells to be taken with safety. Moreover, the whole is within the area of supply of the Metro- politan Water Board. a Another large tract is that of the Thanet-Woolwich Beds between Sandwich and the Little Stour, where, of course, local supplies are got from these sands. Here however the supplies for Margate (from Wingham) and for Sandwich (from iced seep are likely some day to supplant private wells. As the Lower London Tertiaries are the only division of the whole series, between the Drift and the Chalk, that forms a considerable surface, we may dismiss the Tertiary beds from consideration for anything but small supplies, except in a few instances. 1 Journ, Inst. San. Hng., 1907, vol. xi., pt. 1, p. 8. 12 KENT WATER SUPPLY. The Chatk. We come now to the chief water-bearing formation of the county: nay more, to perhaps the chief one in the Kingdom, the New Red Sandstone alone having a claim to be its compeer. The Chalk has the largest outcrop of any of the great geologic formations of Kent, and it occurs everywhere north- ward beneath the Tertiary beds. Moreover its thickness, which varies from about 640 ft. on the west to perhaps 800 ft. on the east, gives it a large storage-capacity. By far the greater part of the outcrop is formed of the Upper Chalk; but the Middle Chalk, which crops out all along the great escarpment of the North Downs, probably too occurs at the surface some way down the main valleys, which breach that escarpment, namely those of the Darent, the Medway, and the Stour, as also in the dry head-parts of the valleys of the Little Stour and the Dour, and perhaps in some other dry valleys. The Lower Chalk has a still more restricted outcrop, as far as we know without the mapping of these divisions, being restricted to the lower part of the slope of the North Downs and to a shorter range down the main valleys than in the case of the Middle Chalk. Although the Chalk as a whole is highly absorbent, yet water seems to pass through its mass somewhat sparingly. A greater quantity finds its way along the planes of bedding; but most passes along the more or less vertical planes of jointing so common in this and in other limestones. These planes generally occur along a dominant direction, and in the case of the Kentish Chalk, this is roughly from N.W. to S.—., as may be well seen in the Isle of Thanet, where the long line of cliffs lays the structure of the uppermost Chalk open to view, and where these master-joints, as they are termed, have considerable effect on the shape of the cliffs. There are also cross-joints which serve toe connect the main ones and to facilitate the flow of water in other directions than that of the latter. The Chalk, however, does not contain, as far as we know, sets of caverns, like those so common in the Carboniferous Limestone, wherein they sometimes give rise to underground streams. The joint-planes of the Chalk are not widely open, but form only very narrow fissures and often nothing deserving the name of fissure. Our one exception to this, at Strood, where a cavern or natural adit occurs and has been described in detail after this Memoir was writtea, is noticed on pp. 202—4. Although in many places there may be fairly free com- munication for water from the top to the bottom of the Chalk, yet sometimes, from the occurrence of very compact beds or of clayey beds, there may be a separation into two or more water-bearing masses. For instance, where the division known as the Belemnite Marl is well developed beneath the hard nodular bed known as the Melbourn Rock, then there WATER-BEARING BEDS, 13 may be a division between the water of the Middle Chalk and that of the Lower, those beds marking the junction. In,some districts, as near Hitchin, in Hertfordshire, springs are thrown out from the Melbourn Rock. : Whether or not there is much separation of this kind in the Chaik-waters of Kent, there is certainly one of another kind, dependent on the surface-conformation of the Chalk-tract. Besides the splitting up of that tract into various watersheds or basins, such as those of the Darent and of the Medway, the underground drainage of which is as distinct as would be that at the surface, were the Chalk impermeable, thus dividing up the Chalk into a number of separate water-districts from east to west, there is yet another such division which runs through the county, from east to west, dividing the Chalk into a broad water-area on the north and a very narrow one on the south. This division is formed by the dominant ridge of the North Downs, the highest part of the Chalk, from which northward water takes its course down the broad comparatively gentle dip-slope, whilst southward it follows the short sharp slope of the escarpment, at the foot of which there are often springs. It should be understood, however, that whilst the under- ground watersheds agree on the whole with the surface- features, the two do not exactly coincide in their boundaries. Each of the larger watersheds is subdivided, sometimes to a considerable extent, and there are many smaller water- sheds, the streams of which have but a short course to the sea or to tidal water. The chief watersheds or basins of the Chalk in Kent are as follows, from east to west: The Dour Basin—Wholly in Chalk, except for thin cap- pings of Drift, etc. The Basin of the Little Stour—A tributary of the Stour, chiefly in Chalk, with thin cappings of Drift in parts; but partly in Tertiary beds. The Stour Basin.—Partly in beds below the Chalk, partly in Chalk, sometimes with Drift and partly in Tertiary beds. This river has a branch, the Wantsome, at the western side of the Isle of Thanet, the southern and western parts of which tract belong to the Stour system, whilst the north-eastern part is independent, draining to the sea. The Medway Basin.—Chiefly in beds below the Chalk, but partly in Chalk with Drift, and partly in Tertiary beds. The Darent Basin Also partly in beds below the Chalk; but largely in Chalk with Drift and partly in Tertiary beds. The Basin of the Cray—A tributary of the Darent, chiefly in Chalk with Drift, but largely in Tertiary beds. The Ravensbourne Basin. —Partly in Chalke with Drift, and partly in Tertiary beds. Some of this tract is in the County of Surrey. The first of the following tables of the areas of Chalk in yarious tracts is from an Appendix, by Mr. W. Torrzy, to 14 KENT WATER SUPPLY. the Report of the Royal Commission on Metropolitan Water Supply (1893). The figures stand for square miles and the arrangement of the districts has been reversed. The second is also from measurements made by Mr. Torrey for that Report. Tracts eastward of the Chalk covered with District of the Metropolitan Bare Outliers, Total Water Board, except for the »,;spurs and| Chalk last, which is partly within Chalk. oe edges of Area. that district. ods. | Tertiary Beds. North-eastern part of th Isle of Thanet... Faw 21 2 — 23 Basin of the Dour ... Sos 14 14 _ 28 Between the Basins of the Dour and of the Stour ... 20 3 —_— 23 Basin of the Stour, includ- ing the Little Stour... 125 66 5 196 Basin of the Swale (really a collection of small streams which flow into the tidal channel, with independent valleys. W.W.) ... ais 27 49 10 86 East of th The Medway river... 35 18 3 56 Basin West of the river... 19 7 3 29 Between the Basins of the Medway and of the Darent 28 11 10 49 Total ... ee 289 170 31 490 Chalk covered by Tracts ay a District Hare Edges ana ts é Chalk. |Superficial] spurs of Metropolitan Water Board. Beds. Tertiary Area. Beds. Basin of the Darent was 482? 10 ? = Basin of the Cray, a tribu- tary of the Darent sits 17 11 2 os Basin of the Ravensbourne (partly in Surrey) ... | 13 nearly 94 4? 263 ? Total ... sibs 783 304 — | — The small tract between the Basins of the Ravensbourne and of the Cray, which drains direct into the Thames, by small streams, has but a very small outcrop of Chalk, in separate patches, and may be disregarded. Several years, however, before that Commission was appointed I had turned my attention to the question of the amount of Chalk-surface which was open to the absorption of water, and was led to make a set of maps for the considera- tion of the Metropolitan Board of Works, which was putting WATER-BEARING BEDS. 15 forward a scheme of special supply from the Chalk; partly in Kent. These Chalk Area Maps, as I called them, seemed to me so useful in correcting excessive estimates that had been made as to the area of the available gathering-ground of the Chalk, that I extended them considerably beyond the tract originally treated, as far indeed as the data then to hand enabled me, the limit being fixed by the completion of Drift Maps by the Geological Survey; and I also described the maps on various occasions (see post. Bibliography). The principle of these maps, confined by the needs of the case (in the matter of Drift Maps) to the central and eastern parts of the London Basin, was to record the per- meable or impermeable character of the beds that come between the Chalk and the sky, without any reference to geologic age or structure. At first sight this may seem a somewhat simple matter, but it will soon be seen that it is not so, being indeed often complicated. The area over which Chalk occurs, whether at and near the surface or at considerable depths, was at once seen to be open to a threefold classification from the point of view in question, and it was soon clear that a fourth class of district must be added, another being subdivided later on. Although the classification in question is sometimes settled by the formation at the surface, as shown on the geologic map; yet, over large tracts this is not so, and it is then that care has to be taken. Moreover, geologic formations are apt to vary in character, in permeability as well as in other ways, and this causes a good deal of difficulty in a work like that in question; a difficulty moreover only to be got over by compromise, a process somewhat dear to Englishmen (except perhaps to lawyers) and of which the third class of the following districts is the result. Being now concerned with Kent only, we may deal with the facts presented by that county and with the five areas shown in it, thereby avoiding much of the difficulties above alluded to, which are not so greatly in evidence here as in some other parts. 1. Areas in which the Chalk is Bare-—This, of course, is simply taken from the geologic maps, and it is the only point of absolute agreement in the two sets of maps. Even here, however, theré is some slight difficulty, for in places the soil over the Chalk may be unusually thick or more clayey than usual, and so may hinder the absorption of water into the Chalk. But this is a small matter. Again, the Chalk Marl, at the base of the formation, is often so clayey as to verge on the impermeable; were this separated, however, it would be seen to form only a very narrow selvage along the foot of the escarpment of the North Downs. 2. Areas in which the Chalk is covered only by Permeable _Beds.—This, of course, includes beds that are almost wholly permeable, some of which may contain thin inconstant layers -of-an impermeable kind, such as the Drift gravels and sands, 16 KENT WATER SUPPLY. which may occasionally contain clayey beds. In it are also included the Thanet Sand of western Kent, whereas the more clayey beds of that age in eastern Kent are not included. Of course, we are here dealing not simply with where there are permeable beds at the surface, but with where there is nothing but permeable beds over the Chalk. 3. Areas in which the Chalk is protected by Beds of Mixed or Varying Character—Beds of this kind may come on next above the Chalk, as in the case of the clayey Thanet Beds of the east, or may overlie beds of the foregoing class, as in the case of the Woolwich Beds of the west. In both cases the overlying permeable beds are more or less cut off from contributing to the water in the Chalk, and therefore the tract of the highly permeable Blackheath Beds of the west comes into this division, except in those rare places where they may cut through the Woolwich Beds into the underlying Thanet Sand, an exception practically of small moment and which has to be ignored on the map. The various surface loams, whether those of the River Drift or those associated with the Clay-with-flints of the plateaux fall into this class, and it is important to note that the peculiar and irregular sheets of the latter class, however clayey they may seem, can hardly be classed as impermeable beds, for the wonderfully irregular way in which they rest on the Chalk, often filling deep pipes, is owing to dissolution of the Chalk by infiltrating water; these clayey sheets do not support streams, except for short periods during heavy rainfall. The Alluvium of the river-marshes is also included, as, though generally of a clayey nature, it is not wholly so, and, moreover, is sometimes very thin and so hindered from being a perfect cut off of water from getting below. 4. Areas in which the Chalk is protected by Imipermédable Beds.—Whether these beds are at the surface or underlie other beds of a mixed or permeable kind is no matter: in both cases they cut off water from the Chalk; but in Kent this tract is limited to the parts where London Clay occurs. It was found that this class of district needed division, as in many places the small streams pass over the London Clay and sink wholly or in part either into the Chalk or into the Lower London Tertiaries. This access of water to the Chalk from impermeable beds may take place by gentle scakage or by the aid of swallow-holes, in which the water is suddenly lost to sight. As will be seen further on there are many of these in Kent (see p. 47). Consequently this fourth set of areas was divided into the tracts that drained toward the Chalk, and which therefore might contribute to its water, and the tracts that drained away from the Chalk, and therefore did not contribute. This fifth division of course occupies, in the Chalk Area Maps, the same position as benighted heathendom on a missionary map; but it cannot be converted. The whole of the Chalk-tract of Kent has been treated in WATER-BEARING BEDS. 17 the way described and copies of the Maps of Chalk-areas can be seen at the Geological Survey Office, namely Sheets 1, S.W. and §.E. 3 and 6. The various areas have been measured in the last of these, of which but a small part, on the west, belongs to Surrey, and the measurements may be given as an illustration. Square miles. Bare Chalk aa sid sie “ee we 137 Chalk covered only by Permeable Beds aici .. over 27 Chalk protected by beds of mixed or ene character, nearly 120 Chalk protected by impermeable beds is .. over 38 The figures for 1, 8.W. and S.E. are much smaller, and refer largely to Hssex. I cannot find any for 3, which deals wholly with Kent. Upper Greensand. This division being of small thickness, of narrow outcrop and often absent in Kent is of no importance, hardly even for local supplies, but there are a few springs from it (see p. 42). The distinct outcrop reaches from the border of Surrey to the valley of the Darent, but beyond this nothing is seen, except for a possible slight representation on the coast at Folkestone. Lower Greensand. This is an important formation, being of considerable thickness, sometimes having a broad outcrop and occurring right through the county from the border of Surrey eastward to the sea, that is from Westerham on the west to Folkestone on the east. For present purposes the Atherfield Clay at the base may be neglected, or grouped with the unprofitable Weald Clay beneath. Whilst water is often got from Lower Greensand by borings through overlying beds, it has been found that from its well- marked outcrop it thins northward, sometimes to the extent of totality. The records of deep borings show this very clearly, giving as they do thicknesses of the Lower Greensand much less than is found along the outcrop, where the total thickness has been estimated at 200 ft. and upward. Thus, at Erith (Crossness), there is no Lower Greensand, and the like is the case westward, under London, in Surrey and Middlesex. At Chatham the thickness is 41 ft. at the Dockyard and 174 ft. at the Water Works, if the base has there been reached. Eastward of this we have no evidence until reaching the district between Canterbury and Dover, when, however, there is a good deal, chiefly from borings in search of coal. Whilst at Brabourne, near the outcrop, the thickness is 231 ft. (including the impermeable Atherfield Clay at the base, which is not separated in the account given) and at Elham 10,000 B 18 KENT WATER SUPPLY. (Ottinge boring) a little further away from the outcrop it is 213, including as much as 102 of Atherfield Clay, in places still further from the outcrop it lessens greatly, as shown by the following figures which do not include the Atherfield Clay, except where noticed:—Barham (Ropersole boring) 51 {t.; Nonington (Fredville boring) 51 ft., perhaps including Atherfield Clay; Alkham (Ellinge boring) 39 ft.; Coldred (Waldershare boring) 70 ft., perhaps including Atherfield Clay; Dover Colliery, Hougham, over 82 ft.; Dover, Convict Prison, 31 ft. Strange to say, however, at Margate, much further north- ward, and where one would have expected little or no Lower Greensand, a thickness of over 67 ft. has been found, without reaching the base. The evidence, however, on the whole is clearly against any expectation of getting a large supply of water in the northern part of Kent from deep-seated Lower Greensand. The only part where such a supply has been got, by a number of wells, mostly private, is along the valley of the Medway, in which there are many successful borings, the depth to the Lower Greensand increasing of course down the valley, as the northerly dip is at a higher angle than the slope of the valley-bottom. - In part of Kent, especially to the east, this formation is practically divided, as far as water is concerned, the permeable Folkestone Beds being separated by the impermeable Sandgate Beds from the underlying permeable Hythe Beds. In other parts, however, the Sandgate Beds seem to be absent, or so thin as to be unmappable, and then there is little or no hind- rance to water-communication between the two masses of permeable beds above and below; so that the Lower Green- sand becomes one great water-bearing deposit. Being mostly composed of sand (with some limestone and sandstone) except for the loamy or clayey Sandgate Beds in the middle and the Atherfield Clay at the base, this is a highly permeable formation, and therefore susceptible to surface- pollution. The best sites for getting a large supply of water are, of course, those which are removed from the risk of this danger, that is those where a protective covering of a less permeable nature occurs for some distance around. This condition is, of course, best found on the overlying Gault, which is an impermeable clay, and such a position has also the advantage of bringing the whole of the Lower Greensand from top to bottom within range of contribution, whether it be in the form of a single water-bearing mass or separated into two such masses by the presence of the Sandgate Beds in the midst. The chief public supplies from this source are those of the wide-reaching Mid Kent Co., of Sevenoaks, of Ashford and of Hythe, as well as in part those of Maidstone and of Folkestone. Chatham too gets some addition from the Lower Greensand. Of smaller places, Westerham, Rainham, and Sandgate may WATER-BEARING BEDS, 19 be noted, the second of these getting its supply from a deep boring. Hastings Beds. We now reach the lowest water-bearing set of beds in the county, once massed under the name Iastings Sand. During the progress of the Geological Survey, it was found, however, that there were more or less definite alternations of sands and clays. The uppermost sand,.which next underlies the Weald Clay, was named by Mr. Drew after the Kentish town of Tunbridge Wells; but the other divisional names have been taken from places in Sussex. The Tunbridge Wells Sand, though generally forming one mass, is in parts of Kent divided by the somewhat local Grin- stead Clay into two distinct sheets, and this, of course, has a bearing on its water; as with the Lower Greensand, it may sometimes form one water-bearing sheet, whilst in places it forms two more or less independent sheets. The sand is in great part very fine and compact, so that it is not likely to yield large supplies. The chief supply I believe is from a well at Hawkhurst, for the Cranbrook District Water Co. This set of sands is everywhere separated by the Wadhurst Clay from the Ashdown Sand, a division’ which is more important from a water-bearing point of view, being often of a more open character. It gives a supply to Tunbridge Wells, from borings at Pembury, and a still larger supply is got in Sussex, in the Valley of the Brede, for the town of Hastings. Mr. W. H. Maxwetz, in describing the Tunbridge Wells supply, says of the Ashdown Sand of the district that it “consists of interstratifications of loam and clay. . The upper strata frequently appear as massive rock-beds, but from the borings it is found that the sandstone occurs in beds of a foot or two in thickness, with beds of loam or clay of about the same thickness between them. These intermediate clay beds must, to some extent, retard the free circulation of underground water.’’(*) () 32nd Ann. Rep. L.G.B., 1904, Supplement, p. 584. B2 20 KENT WATER SUPPLY. THE RAINFALL OF KENT. BY HUGH ROBERT MILL, D.Sc. LL.D. Editor of “ British Rainfall,” President Royal Meteorological Socicty. The accompanying rainfall-map is a reduction of a map prepared on the scale of two miles to an inch, showing the distri- bution of rainfall over the county as the average of 35 years’ observations in the period 1868-1902. The data were collected for the most part by the late Mr. G. J. Symons, who founded the British Rainfall Organization, and they were published from year to year in “British Rainfall.” The Croydon Natural History and Scientific Society has greatly stimulated the measurement of rainfall in a district which includes part of the North-West of Kent, but most of the observations upon which the map is based were made by isolated amateur observers who were interested in the work for its own sake, and a very large roportion of these records would have been lost had they not een sought out and published by the Editors of “ British Rainfall.” The number of complete rainfall-records extending over the whole period is considerable, and these served as standards for calculating the long-period averages of a much larger number of somewhat shorter records, so that altogether some 220 separate values were available for constructing the map. th order to facilitate the calculation of the long-period averages corresponding to the shorter records, every year’s rain- fall at each of the 13 stations for which the 35 years were complete and at four others in which two or three years were computed from other records, was calculated as a percentage uf the average at that station, and in this way a series of ratios was obtained which showed very clearly the fluctuations of rainfall from year to year. The ratio-stations were then combined in groups corresponding to the prominent geographical features of the county and surrounding districts, and the mean ratio for each group, together with the average for the whole series, are given in Table I. The last column of this table gives the best measure of the relative dryness or wetness of individual years over the whole county. It will be noticed that nine consecutive years, from 1875 to 1883, had rainfall equal to or above the average, the mean excess being 1] per cent.; but that on no other occasion were there more than two consecutive wet years and in no case more than three consecutive dry years. Since 1888 there has been a nearly constant recurrence of groups of three years in which the first year was wetter than either of the following two. The driest year for Kent as a whole was 1898, when the deficit from the RAINFALL. 21 average amounted to 22 per cent., in 1901 the deficit was 20 per cent., while no less than seven years were drier than 1887, which was the driest year of the nineteenth century in most parts of the British Isles. The driest three consecutive years on record were 1900-1902, with a mean deficit of 13 per cent. The wettest year in the 35 was, as in most parts of the country, 1872, when the excess was 35 per cent. and 1877 came next. In 1903, however, which lay outside the period dealt with, the excess of rainfall calculated in the same way amounted to 32 per cent. After being reduced to the same pericd of 35 years, a period which may be accepted as yielding an average very close to the true mean, the records of rain-gauges which had been placed at a considerable height above the ground were corrected so as to be in accordance with readings taken at 1 foot. Very few cases occurred, however, in which this correction was necessary. After the rainfall-figures had been placed on the map, isohyetals, or lines of equal rainfall, were drawn at intervals of 2°5 inches, and it was found possible to delineate these in great detail. In a few cases where observations cn the higher ground were lacking it was necessary to draw the lines according to the analogy of those in neighbouring districts of similar configuration where sufficient observations existed. In every case where the lines were drawn without complete observational justification they are discontinuous. The areas between the isohyetals were measured by the planimeter, the mean rainfall of each zone, or portion of a zone separately measured, was calculated and the average general rainfall for the county deduced as shown in the following table :— F Per Cent. of Mean Rainfall Zone. Square Miles. Total Area, of Zone. Below 20-0 inches 12°4 08 19°8 inches 20°0 to 225, 143°2 9-4 216 ~~, 225 5, 25:0 ,, 302°2 19°7 23°38 ,, 25:0 ,, 275, 394-6 25°8 264, 275 ,, 300 ~—_,, 488°1 318 2B:T ig 30:0 ,, 325 ,, 142°6 93 311s, 325 ,, 35:0, 39°6 26 33:1, Above 350 ,, 95 06 370, Total 1,532°2 100-0 The general rainfall deduced from these figures is 26:8 inches, or, taking it to the nearest quarter of an inch, 26°75 in. Apply- ing to this average the ratios in Table I. we get the following summary :— 1868-1902. Mean general rainfall... ... 26°75 inches. 1872. Maximum general rainfall ... 36°10 ,, 1898. Minimum general rainfall... 20°85 T 1-96 1-96 18-46 €1 G061—068I K) ae 0 tT L-GG LSS 06-46 6 F061— 968T | OOT 0 iC G061—I881 6.66 6 66 0¢-64 €€ 6L8T—S82L8I 00€ 0 Tf 9181 —898T L-8 1-86 10-18 6 6L8I—TL8T §L 0 tT G.6é G-66 LG-66 6G G061—FL8T _ Scr 0 1 I-16 9-96 OL-9G LG GO6I—9L8T TIT 0 §€& 6-8 GSE CE-8E 96 GO6T—LLBT | G19 0 tT G.TE G-TE 8F-66 FT GO6I-—688T _ GIP 0 ot = cO6I— I68T 9-16 8-96 GL-9G 86 . S88I—818T \ | T¥G 0 F 0-86 0:86 96-16 cE GO6I—898T | 061 g¢ TI 0-86 0-86 GELS TG GO6I—G88T | GL 9 0 F-Ga F-GE 6F-Se 66 GO6I—FL8L / GT 0 tT £-66 €-66 FL-86 ce GO6I--8L8T | 806 € T €-G6 SEG OF-16 st cOGI— E881 | GL € tT ‘uy “uy “uy ! VA ‘Ul “9 *punoiz i ‘[QAN'T-BIG| ‘punoiy soy sli la "z0g1 01 8987 “Teo WT ‘saga t *MOTyBAIVSqO JO POrs, Sait ‘ava — | TeOMOMIGIIV | JO “ON BE AnoedO seupoled poyndmop poyudu0p aaoge IUSIOH “NOILV.LS ‘LNAY—TIVANIVY NVA Il adv 25 RAINFALL. 9.8% 9.8% 09.8% ce Z06{—S98T et | ¢ 0 | 7 ch £toqvaresqo yormusery $1Z €.0Z 96-61 0c Z06I—£881 oI | a | nr nee eT “4g OOF 8.81 8.81 LE-81 gI ZOGI —OGST ez Sf fA oe ere es sey 5-05 ¥-06 OF-06 ZI F68T—E88T ¥ O Ti ct co saelg qaeg ‘puesaaeay 9.8% 2.88 60-82 SI 681— R981 zou | FOG Tt sumog any ‘proyjaeq PLE F-1E 11-63 rI TS8I—898I oss | € Tit ot ot ott mommog seymoag 0.9% 9.8% LEZ G Z061—818T oe | 9 fT OT onttg squsrwy ‘reysoyo0y ee GIS 64-06 LT jeter 8s Lb @ oT jo umopsfary ‘foddeyg 0-82 0-82 8F-2G Zz ZO6I—T88T #8 O Tit os esnogy foisdy ‘ope Srey - 061 —Z68T thc ii: tet 28 LBZ LBB 19-12 st eee 5 0 1 uoyZurppy ‘Meg ousoyy £83 g-82 06-£2 6 { er ey ge Tor [ot out ot xueg eng, ‘eumnogSanggig L4G L432 €E-SZ eI Z8SI—898I ZI 0 Tot th ont oss + yqnomaneyg 8-1E 8.12 QF-9G st 061 —C8ST ose | & oT [vt ot gyorg ony, ‘Surmeq FCS FSS LL-9G eI Z6SI—6/8T cor | 9 oT [oto umoparqaegy ‘Sanqroqueg 6-86 C82 60-62 og { ere eee | 0 Ele ot oo qorapreyg CLE G.1Z 1.9% ¢ 9881—F88T Ste | O OT ltt, surge om, ‘mreqgO7 A 6-62 6-62 C782 at Z06I—688I C8, 1 0 oT (ttt sHaOAy aqeM QUEST Qloyyoouyy “uy ‘uy ay a0 | Or “4a “puno13 “e124 of IO} ‘[aAaT V9 | *panoiy 3 4 : is « 207 BayoorT0d gt oe jaiqamie ay ue ‘UOT}VAIOSGO JO PoLd ‘NOLLVILS poyndmog | Peyndur09 ; : eaoqe 343108 “ING Y—TTVANIVY NVA (qu00)—TT ATV 26 KENT WATER SUPPLY. TABLE III. MONTHLY RAINFALL. Tenterden. Acrise, 1871-1902. Month. | Mean |} Maxi- Mini- Mean (eel | Mini. | month. mum | Year. |} mum | Year. month-| mum | Year. || mum ‘Year. ey Fall. Fall. ly Fall. Fall. | Fall. i. | In. In- In. In. | In. | | ‘In. | January ; 2°36 | 6°56 | 1877 || 31 | 1880 | 3:25 | 8:38 1877) 28 1880 February 1:97 || 6°77 | 1900 | -10 | 1891 | 2-71 |, 7-23 | 1900 | 26 , 1895 March ... 1°86 | 4°36 | 1888 || -52 | 1893 | 2°53 | 4-84 , 1888 | -65 | 1893 April 171 | 3-81 | 1878 || “04 | 1893 | 2:22 | #4 1871 || -00 | 1893 May | 1-74 | 4:22 | 1878 | 10 | 1895 | 2-12) 5:25 | 1898 8 | 1896 June | 1-87 || 3-95 | 1896 | -15 | 1895 | 2-35 || 5-45 | 1900 | -39 | 1895 July 9-15 || 5-26 | 1894 || -19 | 1885 | 2-72 | 7-80 | 1875 | -23 1885 August... 2°38 |! 5-06 | 1878 || -41 | 1885 | 2°97 | 5-94 1891 | -93 | 1871 September. 2:49 || 5:69 | 1896 || -63 | 1895] 3-17 | 8-19 isg96 | -34 | 1895 October... 3:42 || 7-62 | 1889 | 30 1897 | 4°58 |, 9-75.; 1880 | -30 | 1897 November | 3:05 | 6-65 | 1877 || 38 | 1871 | 4-47, 8°81 | 1872 1-22 1879 December | 296 7-04 | 1868 || -76 | 1873 | 4-14 | 8-87 | 1876-74. 1873 Year . . 2 96 | 37:90 | 1877 [2087 | 1898 | 37:23 (4751 | 18 77290 (en Sevenoaks, River Hill. Selling, Hareflield, | Month. | Mean Maxi- | Mini- Mean, | Maxi- | tl Mini- menth]} mum |; Year. | mum | Year./month-. mum , Year. mum Year. My Fall.|| Fall. Fall. tyesll] Fall. | | Fall In, In. | In. =e | ! In. | January 2°30 | 6-08 1877 || -26 | 1880 a 6. 97 1877 | “24 1880 February 1-85 | 4°57 | 1900 | -03 | 1891 | 2-04 - | 6:08 1900 -03 1891 March ... 181 | 3-80 1897 | -38 | 1893 | 1:97 | 4:36 1897-46 1893 April 1-71 || 4-56 | 1878 | “00 | 1893] 1-80) 3-61 1882 | -02 | 1893 May 1:78 || 3°79 | 1872 | ‘11 | 1895 | 1-86» 4-41 | 1898) -20 | 1896 June 218 | 56-24 1896| -26 1895] 2.08 , 3-79. 1881! -23 , 1868 July 231 674 1888 | "14 | 1885 | 2-24 | 5°69 1875 +22 1885 August... 223 453 1879 | 63 1883 | 2°35 469 1892 | -67 1899 September 2°42 5-64, 1896! -32 | 1895] 2:53 485.1896 59 1898 October... 3:14 6-98 | 1980 41 1897] 3-49 | 8:23 1880 -43._-1897 November 2°92 6°04 1877 || ‘71 1901] 3:20 6°95 1875 1-03-1871 December 2-66 | 6°30 1876 | -52 1890] 2-95 6-32 1886 -47. ‘1873 See ee Year... 27:31 38°61 | er 1898 129-02 | 41-79 19:29 | 1872 22°78 | 1884 RAINFALL. TABLE III.- -(cont.) MONTHLY RAINFALL. 27 Greonwich Royal Observatory. preter vena: reenel | 31 218 Month. > g g a a3 3s 32 sas 4 g 4 B | go | Sa | we (Boe) & geal ga] g | Ba! ¢ |S | 2 |} 88 | 88 ees! & go's na a a3 3 q & bea | 8 100% SAB | se |p | es ae In | In | In. January 1:82 | 4°35 | 1877 | ‘26 | 1880} 84) 87, 84. 87) 77 8:4 February 1°52 3°82 | 1879 05 | 1891 | 7:1) 7:3 6:8 | 70) 64! 69 March ... | 1:45 || 3°35 | 1897) -43 | 1893] 6-7, 68) 66) 68) 671 66 April... | 1:57 || 4:31 | 1878 | 12 | 1893] 61) 60) 63) 62! 66 6:2 May ...| 1-76 | 4-29 | 1878 | -27 | 1896] 62| 5-7) 65) 64) 7:5! 6-4 June... | 1:88 | 457 | 1878 | -21 | 1895] 67) 63 80) 72) 80) 72 July... | 298 | 6-75 | 1898 | -31 1878 | 77 7:3/ 84 7-7) 97) 82 August... | 224 | 5°38 | 1878-35 | 1809] 85) 80 82 81) 95 85 September | 2°07 | 5°54 | 1896 | -31 | 1898 | 8-9 8°5 | 89) 8:7) 88 8°8 October... | 2°67 | 7°65 | 1880 48 | 1897 | 12-21 12:3 11-5! 12-0] 11°3| 11°9 November | 2°20 | 4:00 | 1888 ‘57 | 1871 [10-9 | 12:0 10°7; 11:0; 9:3} 10°8 December | 2:14 i 5:76 | 1876 *S1 | 1873 $106! 11-1) 9°7; 10-2) 9:1) 10°71 \ | = Year ... | 23°60 ‘ao 1879 | 18:05 | 1884 100°0 100-0 1000 a 100-0 | 100-0 4 1 { 5 For information as to rainfall at Ashford, 1893 to 1906, see p. 78.—W. W. 28 KENT WATER SUPPLY. SPRINGS. Kent rejoices in springs, many of which are of importance. Most of them are caused in the usual way, by the water that passes down and through an overlying permeable bed being thrown out by an underlying impermeable bed, at or near the junction of the two, mostly on a slope. Some, however, take their rise from the top instead of from the bottom of a permeable bed, where it is overlain instead of underlain by a more or less impermeable one. This happens where the junction of the two is in low ground, at the foot of aslope. The underlying permeable mass being saturated with water or getting less permeable in its underground course, becomes practically impermeable, and the water (from the higher ground of the outcrop) which cannot flow down beneath the ground has to escape at the surface. Yet another kind of spring occurs along the courses of streams, where and when the surface of the underground water-plane rises up to the ground-level. These springs are associated with the phenomena of intermittent streams and will be noticed under that heading; we now deal simply with springs that depend on the relations between permeable and impermeable beds, and these will be noticed in stratigraphic order, beginning at the top of the series. Some springs, of course, start at or near faults or sharp local disturbances, but I cannot call to mind any such in Kent. As regards the yield of springs it must be remembered that this varies greatly, according to the season; it is, therefore, dangerous to assume that a large supply can be got from any set of springs unless records have been kept of the flow during a considerable time. RECENT BEDS. The Blown Sand, which occurs in two places along the coast, at The Warren, near New Romney, and at the Sand Hills that set in northward of Deal and thence trend northward nearly to the mouth of the Stour, is a very permeable deposit and must absorb rain readily. There must be an outflow of fresh water at various parts of the inland boundary of these spreads of sand, as is markedly the case with the deposit next to be noticed. The Shingle that has been piled up by the sea in a succession of ‘“‘fulls,” as they are called, until a fairly broad tract has been made, is highly permeable; and where, as is usual, it has been deposited over Alluvium, which is more or less impermeable, the water is held in it and flows out along the inland edge; indeed, as the shingle is always at a low level, its highest parts being but little above the underground water- SPRINGS. 29 plane, it matters little on what it rests, the water cannot sink down deep in or below it. Perhaps the most interesting illustration of this is given by the broad shingle-tract of Denge Beach, the inland edge of which is of an intensely serrated outline, spurs of shingle ofttimes spreading out far over the marsh. At the head of the re-entering angles there are springs of fresh water, which oozes out all around and may be found by scraping with the foot near the base of the shingle. GRAVELS AND SANDS OF THE DRIFT. Where these highly permeable beds rest on permeable beds water will of course pass through them into those underlying beds; but where they rest on a clay, as is often the case, the water will pass out at their edges. Springs of this sort are mostly very small; indeed, I cannot call to mind any of notable size. Nevertheless, the water flowing out of large tracts of gravel must add appreciably to the volume of streams, as for instance in the district north of the Stour, in the neighbourhood of Canterbury, where there is much gravel over the London Clay. Water from gravel is often ferruginous, as is sometimes clearly seen where it oozes out. Mr. F. J. Bennett notices the occurrence of springs from the gravel over the Gault westward and south-westward of Kemsing, saying that “the water collecting in this gravel causes springs, with consequent slips in the clay: the slips thus formed are frequently filled in with a coarse material to allow a ready percolation of the water.” (1) The following account of a peculiar water found at a very slight depth at Canterbury may fairly find a place here. Writing, presumably in 1707,(?) Dr. S. pes Motxins says: “ About twelve years ago a Mineral Water was accidentally detected in this city. In digging the Ground” the following beds were found :— Fat black mold, gradually changing into the next ww 3 Earth, very fat and like butter, yellow, odour strong ... sae ie Quicksand, with several little stones. Smell still stronger 2 Hard rock out of which water gushed with some violence. “They dug two wells at about 7 Feet distance from each other; one about eight or nine Feet deep . . reacheth the rock: T’other is not so deep by two Foot, and only toucheth the Sand.”. “The Water taken up at the Spring is extraordinary limpid, but grows something whitish in a quarter of an hour.” From the description it was ferruginous and of an equable tsmpera- ture. ' Ightham: The Story of a Kentish Village, 1907, p. 5- 2 Phil. Trans. 1708, vol. xxv., No. 312, pp. 2462-3. 30 KENT WATER SUPPLY. EOCENE TERTIARIES. The small tract of Bagshot Sand in Sheppey is unimportant ; but the effect of water passing through it (including the over- lying gravel) may be seen at the cliff eastward of Minster, where the springs from these permeable beds aid in the loss of land. The sandy members of the Lower London Tertiaries have small springs, where clayey beds intervene; but here again none are important. There are some springs in the broad tract of Thanet and Woolwich Beds round Ash, the clayey lower part of the Thanet Beds holding up the water in the sands above. Mr. G. Dowxer has remarked that “springs issue near the ‘Sportsman,’ [at Clifisend, west of Ramsgate] and from the Thanet beds of Pegwell Bay cliff... apparently from the Tertiary beds.’’(!) One of the former is named St. Augustine’s Well, on the Ordnance Map, and another is marked at Cot- tington Bridge, under the railway to the north-west. Close to Faversham there is a spring in the large pond just south of St. Mary Magdalene Church, Davington; but this is likely to be of Chalk-water, coming up through Thanet Sand. The same may be the case with the springs in the still larger pond at Davington Powder Mills, to the N.W. and with the spring feeding that pond, which rises just 8.W. of it. A little north-westward there seem to be springs from the sand of the Thanet Beds, a quarter of a mile east of Ludden- ham church, and about half that distance south of the church. There is a funnel-shaped spring, apparently from a like source, nearly half a mile eastward of Teynham church. Tt will be seen, from the account of Chalk-springs, that there is often doubt as to the origin of the water in these parts: one is in doubt, indeed, how to classify some of the springs at Tonge, Bapchild, etc. Some powerful springs rise in the low ground of the out- crop near Newington, some way from where the Chalk comes to the surface. Pror. HuGues was therefore justified, at the time he described these,(?) in trying to account for them as Tertiary springs; but a later examination by Mr. Topiey and myself, when we were expressly studying the springs of northern Kent, led us to conclude that the water, or at all events most of it, really came up from the Chalk, through the Tertiary beds, and these springs will, therefore, be noticed further on. The highest spring known seems to be of Tertiary origin (see p. 37). At Gore, more than half a mile south of the church at Upchurch is a small spring, in Thanet Sand, a little below the 50 feet contour, giving rise to a little stream. In the western part of Kent, where the Woolwich Beds nearly always contain distinct clayey beds, water is thrown Geol. Mag., 1887, dec. iii., vol. iv., p. 205. * Memoirs of the Geological Survey, vol, iv., 1872, p, 392, SPRINGS. 31 out from the overlying Blackheath Beds. This is especially the case over the large tract of the latter from Lessness Heath on the north, by Bexley Heath, Chiselhurst and Bromley, to Keston, on the south. The springs between Erith and Woolwich have been described by Mr. Bartow and Pror. Awsrep, who say: “At Abbey Wood station several springs are seen rising in the marshes,” and “In the Plumstead Marshes, springs, yielding from 200 to 250 gallons per minute appear on the surface of the ground in the line of railway ” (pp. 56, 54). At a visit by Mr. Torrey, Mr. E. Easton and myself (1892), however we could see no strong spring. Moreover, springs eastward of Plumstead would not be from the Chalk, as was supposed by the authors quoted, for, at the time they wrote, little or nothing was known of the fault which throws the top of the Chalk to a level considerably below that of the marshes. The springs in question must be Tertiary springs, or at all events must rise through Tertiary beds, even if some of their water comes indirectly from the Chalk.. The springs found in the excavations for the piers at Green- wich,(*) would not be from the Chalk, as here, again, the Tertiary beds are faulted ‘down. THE CHALK. Ii is from this formation that come the most important springs of the county, and these are divisible into two great sets. Firstly are those from the Upper Chalk, which occur to a large extent at or near the oncoming of the Tertiary beds, and which are the overflow from the great dip-slope of the Chalk to the south. Though these chiefly come from the top of the Chalk yet they are at a low level, belonging to the second class of spring noticed above (p. 28). Secondly are those from the Lower Chalk along the base of the North Downs, belonging to the first class and mostly at a fairly high level, and being the overflow of the narrow tract of chalk from the top of the escarpment to its foot. The following description of the Chalk-springs and of some of those from the Eocene beds is taken from a statement pre- pared for the Royal Commission on Metropolitan Water Supply, (*) with many additions from later work, and some from older sources. The notes were written, or compiled, after an examination of the district made during the months of November and December, 1892, with Mr. W. Torrey, and for the most part also with Mr. E. Easron, for the especial purpose of con- sidering the water in the Chalk. I was previously well acquainted with the country in question, having made the Geological Survey of the greater part of it. 1 Proc. Inst. Civ, Eng,, 1855, vol. xiv., pp. 56, 54. 2 Tbid., p 5D. 3gReport,}1893, Appendices, pp. 435-439, and 415, 416. 32 KENT WATER SUPPLY. It should be understood that many small springs were not visited. The detailed notes are arranged from east to west, or from the coast to the neighbourhood of London, that being the general order in which the places were visited. It will be convenient, moreover, to treat firstly of the sea-bord, before taking up the two great sub-divisions noticed above. Coast. There are some powerful springs in places along the coast, chiefly from the Upper Chalk, which have often been described. Mr. Torrey has made the following remarks : —“ The under- cliff (known as The Warren) on the east of Folkestone, is mainly due to springs which issue from the Chalk near the top of the Gault. A gallery has been driven at the back of the undercliff to intercept the springs, and thus to prevent further slipping. A large quantity of water issues from the mouth of this gallery.() The well-known spring at Lydden Spout, eastward of Abbot’s Cliff, flows out several feet above the base of the cliff, from the lower part of the Lower Chalk. It was gauged, by Mr. Easton, on December 11th, 1892, when it was found to yield over three million gallons a day; but in summer the amount must be much less: indeed, other gaugings make it vastly less, Mr. H. E. Stincor recording as little as 148,609 gallons a day, whilst others vary from 14 million gallons a day upward. We come now to consider the very interesting set of springs between Dover and St. Margaret’s. My first contribu- tion to the literature of these coastal springs was published in 1872,(?) though the observations on which it was based were made some years earlier, and is as follows: —“‘ At the foot of the long range of Chalk cliffs countless springs burst out along the foreshore at low water, being dammed back as the tide rises. Where much fresh water is thus poured into the sea there is more green weed, the red and brown sorts seeming to prefer salt water.” On my working map (Sheet 3) it is noted that from the southern end of St. Margaret’s Bay to the South Foreland there are many springs, at the foot of the beach and on the chalk foreshore, and that there are also some on the other side of the bay. At our visit (1892) the springs between Dover and St. Mar- garet’s were well seen. (ne set occurs on the chalk foreshore a little westward of the Convict Prison; a strong spring breaks out southward of the South Foreland High Lighthouse ; others have been marked by the Ordnance Survey between there and St. Margaret’s Bay; and a very powerful one occurs along fissures in the foreshore just eastward of Ness Point, the southern horn of the bay. In places, these springs were bub- 1 Rep. R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply, Appendices, pp. 415, 416. 2 Geological Survey Memoirs, vol. iv., p. 392, 1872. SPRINGS. 33 bling up in a marked way; whilst in others there was a more gradual outflow. The total yield must be very great, and it simply runs to waste. Mr. Maston has since gauged three of the chief springs (December, 1892, and January, 1893), which together yielded more than 5 million gallons a day, that by Ness Point contributing 2? millions of this. “Later measure- ments, according to Sir A. Binnrz, give much less, from 1} to 12 million gallons. Mr. H. E. Stireok has recorded the following figures, which stand for gallons a day: Spring near Convict Prison, Dover. 218,520 vs » Ness Point ais ... 264,240 Springs near Frenchman’s Fall .-- 479,600 and 118,980 Spring near Gate’s Hole... «38,268 Springs near Canterbury Cave .» 70,497; 131,040 and 240,750 All but the first are from Upper Chalk, and the total comes to 1,561,905. It is clear therefore that the outflow of these springs varies greatly. Along this line of coast there are many small faults, and the prevalent jointing (about N.W. and S.E.) is often clearly shown; the fissures thus produced probably determine the place of outflow of the chief springs. Mr. W. H. Penpiesury says that “there are over 20 streams flowing down from underneath the chalk clifis between Dover and St. Margaret’s Bay” and, apparently accepting Mr. Easton’s gaugings, that “there is therefore running to waste along three or four miles of the neighbouring coast, more water in a day than would suffice for the whole of Dover for a week.”(/) Certainly the lowest gaugings give more than a day’s supply for that place. Mr. Torizey notes that “the springs occasionally break out at about high-water mark; but more commonly they occur between tide marks, sometimes as fairly definite springs at one place, but more often at a multitude of places. They are thus generally difficult to gauge.’’(*) Boatmen say that there are other springs at a lower level, only to be seen at very low water in St. Margaret’s Bay. Springs from the top part of the Upper Chalh. Some of these will be more conveniently noticed under Intermittent Streams, as they fall naturally under that heading. T can call to mind but one well-marked spring in the Isle of Thanet. This is little above Ordnance Datum at Brooks End, in the bottom of the valley S.W. of Birchington, and is marked on the six-inch Ordnance Map (25, 8.W.). There is a. smaller spring at Lower Tale, three quarters of a mile west- ward and N.E. of St. Nicholas-at-Wade. 1S. E, Naturalist, 1894, vol. i, pt. iv. p. 109. 2 R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply, Appendices, p. 415. 34 KENT WATER SUPPLY. The brooks (respectively flowing eastward and northward) from Mongeham and from Eastry, which meet nearly midway, result from a set of small springs. Those seen early in November, 1892, were practically stagnant, the heavy rains not having then affected them. At Northbourne, however, it was expected that there would soon be a flow, the bourne being said to be ‘‘ within a foot of rising.” The combined stream flows northward through the marshes between Deal and Sand- wich, into the tidal Stour. I re-visited this district in January and in April, 1907, and made the following notes. At Northbourne Court many springs were seen in the stream from about a third of a mile to half a mile below the Abbey Farm, and a spring issues north of the stream a little lower down, being marked (but not lettered) on the six-inch Ordnance Map. Mr. G. C. Sotty, the Expenditor of the Commissioners of Sewers (who, however, have nothing to do with sewage, but only with water-drainage, sewer being used with the old meaning of drain) accompanied me on one occasion, and told me that at Finglesham there is a small spring and water-cress bed, and that at West Street there are small springs. At Eastry there is a small spring under the bank about half a mile north-eastward of the church, and along the short piece of stream that runs south-eastward from this, across the marsh, there are several springs. Others occur in the stream a little lower, about two-thirds of a mile from the church and below. The fine set of springs at Wingham were noticed by me in the Memoir on the London Basin, as follows :—‘‘ At Wether- den Hall, half a mile south-west of Wingham, . . a stream rises somewhat suddenly. In its bed are many conical hollows, each . . the seat of a spring. Mr. DowxeEr who pointed this out told me that it was the chief source of the stream that flows through Wingham, . . yielding more water than the long branch from Ash.’’(?) There are two fine sets of springs here. At Witherdens Hall the highest spring had been enclosed for the Wingham Waterworks (1892); but these have since been disestablished. Hence along the stream to Dambridge there are many other conical springs, several of considerable depth. At Dambridge, a rough measurement made the amount of water flowing down the stream to be about 2,400 gallons a minute. This has since been found to be understated, gaugings by Mr. Easton having shown this stream (a little to the north, where it may have been reinforced) to flow at the rate of 64 million gallons a day, while the stream from the springs eastward of Winghamwell flowed at the rate of 7 millions. Later gaugings have, how- ever, shown a much smaller flow, and in 1899 Mr. B. Larnam made the following remarks: (*) ‘During the last year the springs in the chalk area have been lower than they have been known to be since the year 1874, at which time there was also 1 Geological Survey Memoirs, vol. iv., 1872, p. 392. 2 In a Report to the Corporation of Margate, date May 20th, SPRINGS. 35 a low water period. It unfortunately happens that these springs at Wingham were not gauged at the low water period, but I had them gauged at the beginning of April of the present year, when it was shewn that the springs at Wither- dens Hall and below Dambridge Farm only yielded . . at the rate of 306,180 gallons in twenty-four hours . . The springs also at the South West of the Church from a gauging at Wingham Bridge gave 830,250 gallons in twenty-four hours, while at Port Rill the springs only yielded . . 7,470. . The total . . gives 1,143,000 gallons per day.” By Winghamwell, 8.8.W. of the church, some of the springs have been used for watercress-beds. The flow down the resultant stream seemed to be greater than at Dambridge. At a visit made in January, 1907, all these springs were flowing strongly. The Head of Port Rill, W.S.W. of the church, is a very small spring. All three streams, supplemented by that east of Wingham, join just below the village, and soon flow into the Little Stour below Wickham Breaux. The other springs of the Little Stour system are referred to on pp. 58, 59. Along the Valley of the Stour there are springs, and one is marked on the Ordnance Map (Kent, 46 8.H.), almost a mile N. of W. from Chartham church, at the right bank of the river. This is the one alluded to by Sir J. Presrwicu, as probably connected with the swallow-holes on the higher ground (see p. 49). Mr. G. Dowxer has noted another at Canterbury, near White Hall, which “goes by the name of the Silver Hole. It was proposed by Mr. Pilbrow, the engineer, to utilize this spring for the water-supply of Canterbury.” He continues: “Again, at West Bere, on either side of the river, like springs are met with.”(?) Of these last, however, we have an earlier account, by Mr. J. Brent, which is as follows:—-“ About two miles from Canterbury, in the marshes of West Bere Level, are a number of pools called Nicker Pits. Some of them are very deep, and springs of clear water rise up to the surface, the water finding its way into the marsh ditches, and thus escap- ing into the river Stour, near the banks of which the pools are situated. Many of them are funnel-shaped in the middle, and when standing on the margin, anyone looking into the water can see a long way down. The people in the neighbour- hood believe them to be of an awful depth. One man told me that an eel-pot had been lowered into one of the pits seven- teen rods, but it did not reach the bottom.”(?) He discussed the meaning of the word “ Nicker ” and alludes to the supersti- tious feeling of the people living near. Capr. McDaxin adds that “the Nicker Pits below Westbere are in peat and alluvium covering the Thanet sands.” These, 1 Geol. Mag., dec. iii., vol. iv., 1887, p. 204, * Geologist, vol. iii,, 1860, p. 276, c2 36 KENT WATER SUPPLY. “which are not more than 200 yards from the South Eastern Railway, are irregularly shaped openings usually filled with water on a level with the spongy surface of the marsh, which undulates as it is walked across.’’(*) There is a well-marked spring, marked on the six-inch Ordnance Map (34), about two-thirds of a mile eastward of Faversham Church, which would seem to rise through a slight thickness of Thanet Beds. Perhaps the small fault, seen in the railway-cutting about two-thirds of a mile southward, extends on to here, and may have some connection with the outflow. Another spring is a sixth of a mile S.KE. of the church and another just eastward of the church. There are springs up the valley south of Ospringe, one just east of the churchyard and another close by, near the Old Vicarage; these ought to be holy wells. Two others occur in the stream above the Vicarage. The spring-head is S.E. of Painters Forstal. (See also p. 60.) Springs occur too on the branch of this stream just north- ward of Ospringe, eastward and south-eastward of the Work- house. By the farm called Wildmarsh, more than half a mile W.S.W. of Luddenham church, is a set of well-marked springs, at the marsh-level, apparently from the Chalk. At Hog Brook, nearly two-thirds of a mile 8.E. of Teynham Church, springs occur along the stream, which very soon enters the broad marsh. Some of these are funnel-shaped. Just north of the railway, less than half a mile 8.S.W. of the church, is a spring, the water of which, however, was fouled at our visit early in November, 1902, by the rain flowing down the road from the south. At ‘Tonge, just south of the railway, less than half a mile south-eastward of the church, a brook rises, and is reinforced in its northerly course by springs along the watercress-bed north of the railway, with some small ones from Bax. Although these are within the boundary of the Thanet Beds one cannot help thinking that their water comes up from the Chalk. At Bapchild, St. Thomas-a-Becket’s Spring rises in a rather deep hollow N. of the high road, less than a quarter of a mile N.E. of the church, and there are springs along the watercourse below. It is not easy to state the origin of this set of springs; the geological map makes them in the midst of the Thanet Beds, but one would not expect powerful springs from the sand thereof; on the other hand, from the lowness of level, it is likely that the Chalk comes very near to the surface here, and one would infer that here again water from the Chalk may rise up through the Thanet Beds. At Sittingbourne, the names Waterlane Head and Chalk- well, on the high road at the western part of the town, mark the rise of water from the Chalk. 22nd Report FE. Kent Nat. Hist. Soc., 1880, p. 44, SPRINGS. 37 Near Newington, is an interesting set of springs giving rise to a stream that flows northward to the marshes at Lower Halstow. The head-water of this stream comes from Tertiary sands in the wood south-eastward of the church (the water being thrown out by underlying clayey beds at a fairly high level). The chief springs, however, are in lower ground, a good way below the 50 ft. contour N.N.W. of the church, and the stream then forms a long mass of watercress-beds. These springs have been described as coming from Tertiary sands, but the volume of water in the stream seems to point to some other origin, the area of Tertiary beds available being certainly not more than two square miles, and perhaps a good deal less. Allowing a rainfall of 80 ins. (which is in excess of the truth), that every drop of it percolated through the Tertiary sands over an area of nearly two miles, and that all comes out at the springs, we should have a flow of about 2,000,000 gallons a day, or 1,400 gallons a minute; but the actual flow seems sometimes to be a good deal more than this. One is led to think, therefore, that these springs may in great part be owing to water in the Chalk being forced up by pressure from behind through the lower sandy part of the Thanet Beds, the outcrop of the Chalk to the south being at too high a level to allow of outflow there. We felt forced, therefore, to reject Pror. Hu«uss’ ingenious explanation of these springs (Geological Survey Memoirs, Vol. 1v., p. 392), as inadequate to account for the outflow. His work in that neighbourhood was done nearly 45 years ago, since which time the watercress-beds have been made, with, possibly, improvements in the springs. In the paper by Mr. W. Brawn, (referred to on p. 5), the Newington Pot-boiling, as it is called, is referred to as a Chalk-spring. A good deal of water undoubtedly comes out of Tertiary _ sands hereabouts, adding materially to the flow of the stream. Northward of Rainham, there seems to be a somewhat like occurrence to that at Newington, though probably on a smaller scale. In the strip of marsh between Rainham Creek and Otterham Creek which connects Motley Hill with the mainland, although the ground (protected by banks on either side) is below the level of high water, the streams are of fresh water origin, resulting from water that flows out of the ground, with per- haps some inward leakage at high tide. Here again the area of Tertiary sand available as a gather- ing ground is small, and it is therefore likely that there 1s some rising of water from the Chalk through the lower part of the Thanet Beds. The banks of the Medway, in its passage through the Chalk, are mostly lined with alluvial mud; but Mr. W. Banxs (City Engineer, Rochester), tells me that he has seen water 38 KENT WATER SUPPLY. flowing out freely along the foreshore between Rochester Castle and the bridge at low tide. In the Hundred of Hoo, the springs seen were very small, but much water must come out from the Chalk along the edge of the marshes on the north. There seems to be a spring close to the gateway of Cooling Castle, and there was water in the little chalk-pit just north of the Castle (21st November, 1892). At Messrs. Francis’ large pit, westward of the village of Cliffe, the chalk was dug down to water. Water got from the chalk near the marsh-edge here was brackish, but that further in the pit fresh. There seems no sign that a very large amount of fresh water could be got here. Perhaps the flow through the Chalk from the south is hindered by the trough of Tertiary beds in that direction, the effect of which would probably be to close the fissures in the upper part of the Chalk. Again, as the uprise of the Chalk seems to extend westward across the Thames into Essex, that might tend to facilitate the entrance of salt water into the Chalk, the fissures of which would be fairly open along the slight arch. The water from the tunnel between Strood and Higham (made fora canal, but taken for the railway), has been alluded to by Mr. P. W. Bartow as derived from powerful springs, yielding 300 gallons a minute and cut above high-water- mark.() A Report by Pror. AnstED, quoted by Mr. Barlow, makes the yield more, for he says:—‘ At the entrance of the tunnel . . . a strong spring comes out of the chalk, at some distance above high-water mark, and delivers as much as half a million gallons of water per day.’’(? Some of the water from the tunnel seems to flow out very quietly at this northern end. At our visit no appreciable flow was to be seen. Of course, these springs are really artificial. It is recorded that at Gravesend, in making excavations for the piers, springs were found.(?) Along the Chalk-fore- shore, in front of Clifton Marine Parade, a set of small springs can still be seen at low tide; but their water is more or less brackish. These are probably what Pror. ANsTED refers to in saying:—‘ Beyond Northfleet, where the chalk is seen on the river bank, the water everywhere oozes out from the exposed surface, and trickles down in a multitude of very small streams.”’(*) At Northfleet, the shore is much hidden, but Pror. ANsTED has noted that “near the (abandoned) dockyard .. . an ex- tremely powerful spring pours out, near the low-water mark of spring tides, along a line at least twenty feet in length .. . it would probably be safe to estimate it as equivalent to a million of gallons per day.” (°) ’ Proc. Inst. Civ. Bng., 1855, vol. xiv., p. 54. 2 Ibid., p. 57. * Ibid., p. 55. 4 Lbid., p. 58. 5 Thid., pp. 57, 58, SPRINGS. 39 We were assured by boatmen that water also comes out at low tides further westward, and there is said to be a spring in the creek which is the outlet of the Ebbsfleet stream. The stream in question rises at two places, the shorter arm at Rectory Place, nearly half a mile south of the church; the chief arm at Springhead, where the highest outbreak is very gentle; but lower down there are many springs in the stream, the inverted cones of which are marked by clear spaces in the long watercress-bed. This stream has been roughly estimated as yielding about 7,000,000 gallons a day.(’) Pror. AnsTeD adds that “the greater part is again absorbed by the porous strata before reaching the river.” Funnel- shaped springs are shown at many clear spaces in the water- cress-bed a little northward of Springhead. On July 11th, 1898, there was plenty of water at Springhead, although extensive pumping from the Chalk had been going on from various wells at Northfleet, which clearly, however, had not been enough to drain the area behind the spring. At a later date, however, the whole stream became dry, through still more extensive pumping (see Addenda). There are probably many springs along the bottom of the Darent Valley, in the river on the side-channels. Apparently there is one in the marsh a little eastward of Hawley Mill, and nearly on the eastern bank at the angle of the side- stream, about two-thirds of a mile N.N.W of Darenth Church is a small set which probably flows only occasionally. The springs of the Cray Valley are mostly noticed further on (p. 61), but I am not sure whether the two we noticed in November, 1892, are included in these. The higher of them is on the northern side of the road that forms the parish boundary of St. Mary Cray, opposite Rheidol Cottages, and the water bubbled up. The other is on the western side of the road just north of Springhall, a third of a mile south of St. Mary Cray Church. Pror. ANSTED says that at Erith, “when the water is very low, a group of exceedingly strong springs may be seen issuing out from the thick mud on each side of the pier and within a range of a few hundred yards,” and Mr Bartow remarks that he measured one set, “and found 500 gallons per minute flowing from it,” and he has “no hesitation in stating that a quantity of water, exceeding 1,500,000 gallons per day, escapes in a length of 250 yards of the river bank.” (?) At our visit in 1892, we were told that of old, chalk was seen along the foreshore from Lower Ballast Wharf to the Pier, but there is now only mud at the surface, through which springs come up. Opposite Messrs. Cannon and Gaze’s Mill, or about 400 yards above the Pier, there is a broad round hollow in the mud, which is formed by one of these springs. 1 Barlow and Ansted, Proc. Inst. C.#., 1855, vol. xiv., pp. 54, 56. 2 Ibid., pp. 57, 54 40 KENT WATER SUPPLY. The level of the water in the well at the mill is about 18 ft. down, and is not affected by the tide, the water being pumped from about 150 ft. down. The level of the water in shallow wells at the Maxim Works, in the large ballast-pit, is affected by the tide, at an interval of about an hour. The following notes of springs higher up the Thames are from the paper above quoted.(+) ; “ At Woolwich several similar springs occur; one of which is used by the shipping there for fresh water, which is obtained by excavating a hole in the beach, when the tide is out.” Springs too were found in excavations for “the dry- docks at Woolwich.” “Tn the Charlton Marshes springs also occur, yielding above 200 gallons per minute.” “ At Greenwich Marsh, close to the coping of the tram road and the high-road (east of the town), a spring comes out of the chalk, quite at the top of the rock, running about 250 gallons per minute. A few hundred yards beyond, towards Charlton, another small stream is seen by the road side of less power.” Springs from the Lower Chalk, along the Escarpment. We come now to an interesting group of springs from the bottom part of the Chalk, and sometimes from the very base, some of which have been directly taken for public supply. They are mostly well-marked and often of considerable flow. The first we have to notice are less than 14 miles from the sea. Northward of the town of Folkestone is St. Thomas’ Well, a spring marked on the Ordnance Map (Kent, Sheet 75), in the bottom of the combe on the northern side of Sugarloaf Hill, with a tributary-spring a little north-westward. Next come the similarly placed springs in the combe west- ward of Castle Hill, which are taken for the supply of Folke- stone (see p. 64). At Newington, I believe that one of the springs northward of the village has been used for supply. The varying springs at the head of the Little Stour, from Etchinghill downward, are noticed further on (pp. 58, 59). At Postling, there is a set of powerful springs (one of the head-waters of the Stour) at the foot of the bank at the southern side of the road a little northward of the church, from which much water flowed when I was there in December, 1898, and on a later occasion. There are springs at Monks Horton, and northward at Stowting, are the heads of a stream that is a tributary of the Stour. Others occur westward at Brabourne and Brooke (Cocklescoombe). Crossing the Valley of the Stour, we come to the springs at Eastwell, in the Park and at Shoddington. At Westwell, a set of springs a little north of the church was flowing when I was there, in November, 1898. These ' Proo. Inst. Civ. Eng., 1855, vol. xiv., pp. 64, 56. SPRINGS. 4] are the head-waters of another tributary of the Stour, and are reinforced by another spring a little lower down, by Penton Court. Another tributary of the Stour starts at Charing. The western head-waters of the Stour itself rise at Lenham. Passing now from the drainage-system of the Stour to that of the Medway, we have at Harrietsham some of the head- waters of the Len, westward of the church, at Hamilton springs, more than half a mile north-westward of the church, and at Synden Pond, nearly a mile north-westward of the church, where there are many springs. In a Report to the Corporation of Maidstone, Mr. W. Fox, from observation (February 14th, 1898), estimated the yield of the Hamilton Spring at from 100,000 to 130,000 gallons a day. There are other springs westward along the foot of the escarpment at Hollingbourne and Thornham, and at Boxley are some of those, and for the supply of Maidstone (see p. 67). There is one on the western side of a small wood less than two thirds of a mile W.N.W. from the church, another close by (over two thirds of a mile from the church) and a set at Boarley. In the Parish of Aylesford are two other sets of springs taken for Maidstone, the first about a quarter of a mile northward of Cossington, where there are two deep gullies, with sharply sloping sides, ending upward suddenly, and each with a large flow of water; the second (very small), near by at Spring Farm. Besides these are others at Tottington, about a mile north-eastward of the church, some of which are, I believe, used for an estate-supply. Here, there are many blocks of greywether-sandstone around the spring. From the Medway to the Darent I am less familiar with the springs, not having seen them for many years, nor do I know of any detailed account of them. At Birling, springs are marked on the Ordnance Map (Kent, Sheet 30), at The Place and at Coney Lodge. Eastward of Wrotham are three springs, all within a mile of the church and marked on the Ordnance Map (Kent, Sheet 30). Of these Mr. F. J. Benner says that the one north of Moat Farm is very strong and that another, near the Spring Tavern, has never been known to be dry, and he notes another by Newhouse Farm, westward of the village.(+) Just before we reach the Darent, Upper Greensand sets in between the Chalk and the Gault, and there may be com- munication between the first two, in places at all events. A spring three-quarters of a mile west of Kemsing Church (near Dipper’s Hall), probably rises from the Chalk. Crossing the Darent at Otford, springs marked on the Map (Kent, Sheet 29), a little southward of Twitton form the head water of the Twitton Brook, which flows north-eastward to the Darent. At Brasted, there is a strong set of springs from the base 1 Ightham: The Story of a Kentish Village, 1907, pp. 2, 3. 42 KENT WATER SUPPLY. of the Chalk at the head of a pond, 8.S.W. of Court Lodge, and I have a record of a gauging of the total flow, made near the middle of the pond, of 1,148,000 gallons a day. As a record from the outflow of the pond was only 939,000, it looks as if there were some absorption between the two spots, ? into Upper Greensand. Between a third and half a mile westward, in the parish of Westerham, is another spring-head apparently also at the base of the Chalk. THE SELBORNIAN. The U)per Greensand is confined to the western part of the county, and there is of little importance, having but a very narrow outcrop. A spring about half a mile W.S.W. of Kemsing Church probably rises from this formation. Mr. J. Lvcas(') mentions also St. Edith’s Well and the spring west of Dippers Hall, as from the Upper Greensand; but, judging by the Geological Survey Map (which, of course, may be wrong), I am in doubt whether these two are not from the Chalk (see above), and Mr. F. J. Brennerr has treated the former as such, saying that it is in the village, and is a very powerful spring, dry the first time for many years in 1901-3.(°) Mr. Lucas also notes the following springs at Otford :— St. Thomas & Becket’s Well and Moat Farm Springs, which again I think may be from Chalk, and, on the western side of the Darent, at Broughton House, Newbarns and Rye House. The spring just E.N.E. of Court Lodge, Brasted, is apparently from Upper Greensand, and there may be others between Otford and here, the water of all being thrown out by the underlying Gault clay. The Gault being essentially a clay, we do not look to find springs from it, but in November, 1898, I found springy ground some way above the base of the Gault in Eastwell, between Lenacre Hall on the south-east and Eastwell Court on the north-west. In two places the word Spring occurs on the Ordnance Map (Kent, Sheet 65), and a stream is marked. The more south-easterly of these was dry at the time of my visit, except at the southern end. At the other, near Hastwell Court, I was suspicious of water being led to the spot by a pipe. Anyhow, the occurrence of springy ground at such a place is remarkable. There may be sandy beds in the Gault, or perhaps water from the underlying sand of the Folkestone Beds may rise up through a fissure, which, how- ever, on the face of it, does not seem likely. In Lincolnshire, powerful springs seem sometimes to come up from the Jurassic limestones, through a certain thickness of Oxford Clay, the great spring at Bourn being a case in point. 1 Trans. Inst. Surveyors, vol, ix., p. 176. 2 Ightham: The Story of a Kentish Village, 1907, p. 3. SPRINGS. 43 LOWER GREENSAND. In so permeable a formation, consisting chiefly of sand and always with a basal clay, springs must be common, but they have not generally that definite character so usual with springs from the Chalk or other thick limestone. Mr. TopLey has remarked :—“ Powerful springs occur in many places; but it is doubtful if these could well be utilised [for supply]. They are largely used by mills.”(!) Where the clayey Sandgate Beds occur the water is thrown out at favourable spots from the overlying Folkestone Beds, but where the former are absent, or so poorly represented as to be unmappable, water may pass through into the Hythe Beds, and then there will be but one set of springs, thrown out by the Atherfield Clay, instead of two sets. But few details can now be given, and the formation will be treated as a whole. The following account indeed is very far from perfect, and the springs noticed are examples only. The springs thrown out from the Folkestone Beds by the Sandgate Beds have been the cause of the landslips along the coast of Sandgate. At and eastward of Hythe, there are springs from the base of the Hythe Beds or Kentish Rag, and these are used for supply (see pp. 64, 65). Westward from Hythe for several miles, there are like springs which have given rise to the remarkable line of irregular landslip-slope, on part of which the Roman Castle of Lympne has been brought down. Marry of these springs are marked on the Ordnance Map (Kent, Sheet 74). Mr. G. Dowxer notes springs further inland from this ridge at Cheriton, Newington, Saltwood, and Sandling Park and Lympne, but gives no details.(?) One at the last place is marked on the Ordnance Map (Kent, Sheet 74), just north of Coldharbour, about 14 miles W.N.W. of the village, and the water must be thrown out from the Hythe Beds by the Atherfield Clay. I am indebted to Dr. H. F. Parsons for the following account of some springs in the parish of Broughton Malherbe. They occur at Liverton Street (Leperton of old map), half a mile W.N.W. of the church, and rise from the base of the Hythe Beds at the junction with the Atherfield Clay. There are four springs, near together, the aggregate yield of which on April 28th, 1898, was 18} gallons a minute, and on October 7th (a dry season), 123 gallons. In 1898 the Rural District Council proposed to use these springs for the supply of Headcorn, four miles off, and applied to the Local Government Board for sanction to a loan; but, in the meantime, the South Kent Water Co., in whose area Headcorn is, but whose powers had lapsed, suddenly stepped in and laid mains to Headcorn so the scheme was not proceeded with. 1, Rep. R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply, 1893. Appendices, p. 417. 2, Geol, Mag., 1887, dec, iii., vol. iv., p. 205. 44 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Mr. F. J. Bennett has written to me of a set of springs at the foot of Chart Hill (? western side), in the parish of Chart Sutton, where he saw three strong springs and found much tufa over the surface, and he says that a set of spring- ponds occurs on the plateau of the Hythe Beds along the water-parting between the Len and the Loose. Mr. Torrey has remarked that:—‘There are but few springs along the Lower Greensand escarpment west of Chart Sutton up to the Medway; but on the east of that place the beds near the escarpment roll slightly over to the south, and here there are springs feeding brooks which flow into the Beult. These springs at the escarpment are not of much avail in draining so large an area of Greensand. But those along the Medway and in the valleys of Loose and the Len are certainly of very great importance; and the quantity of water carried by them into the Medway must be very large.” And, speaking of the Maidstone district, he says:—“ There are some strong springs about Mereworth, and all down the Medway from Wateringbury to Maidstone. On the north there are some very strong springs about Bradbourn and St. Leonard’s.” On the east of the Medway too, “there are... springs all along the river bank.’’(') The springs formerly used for the supply of Maidstone are noticed further on (p. 68). Mr. F. J. Bennett has given me the following notes of springs at and near West Malling. Gillet’s Hole is the name given to the spring at the southern part of Hast Malling, a quarter of a mile from the church. A good deal of water rises there and supplies many of the houses, having once been the sole supply, fixing the site of the village. The resultant stream flows through the village, turning eastward near the church and soon sinks in a small swallow-hole. S.W. of Springates Hill and about a mile from the church, a stream starts at a spring-pond, but soon sinks to reappear at Well Street, over half a mile from the church. At Leybourne, more than half a mile N.N.W. of the church, a spring (marked as Well on the Ordnance Map) rises west of the road, and east of the roa’ the water divides into two streams, close together. The northern is highly ferruginous, the other quite clear. They soon join and the peculiarity ceases. At West Malling, just east of St. Leonard’s Tower, is a dip-hole at the head of the spring. At uncertain times, and less frequently of late, this spring rises rather suddenly and has flooded the road and the houses close by. This occurred on March 5th, 1904, the first time for many years, when the water rose above the dip-hole in the garden close to the Tower. In 1874, the water rose so much that the people in the houses at the park entrance were flooded out of the lower rooms and had to live upstairs for six weeks. At other times the cascade in Swan Street has run dry, as in 1903. 1 The Geology of the Weald, 1875, pp. 362, 363. SPRINGS. 45 At Offham, there are spring-ponds from Godwell to just west of the church. Of the little valley from two to four miles southward of Wrotham Church, Mr. Bennett says:—‘‘ At Bastead, the Atherfield Clay below the Hythe Beds throws out powerful springs all down the valleys, as Plastol Spout, ete.”(!) From the same work (p. 49) we learn that at Redwell, a mile south of Ightham Church, springs issue at the base of the barrow, that there are two swallow-holes close to the barrow, and (p. 57) that the whole parish abounds with springs, several place-names of a water-origin being cited in evidence. Writing of springs, he says: —‘ There are also some rather remarkable ones very high up on the slope of the Folkestone Beds, as at Oldbury Camp, Styant’s Bottom, and Water Den ... all on one horizon, as if due to a bed of clay (Fuller’s Earth perhaps) in these sands.” Of the first of these he adds that: ‘In the middle of the [ Pnorthern edge of the] camp, there is a spring running northwards which supplied the occupants with water.” (?) In the Sevenoaks district there are also springs, but the only note I have is of those at Bradbourne, N.N.W. of the town, where there are several, some of which are marked on the Ordnance Map (Kent, Sheet 40). Besides these are some at the eastern end of the southernmost pond and another occurs to the S.W. close to the railway. The name Riverhead is of course suggestive. THE HASTINGS BEDS. Springs rise from the sandy members of this Series (the Tunbridge Wells Sand and the Ashdown Sand), but as a rule, the beds are of finer grain and less permeable than those of the Lower Greensand. ‘Those of Tunbridge Wells are perhaps the only well known ones, and the water is medicinal and by no means fit for ordinary supply. Mr. Torrey has said: “The chalybeate springs at Tun- bridge Wells are too well known to need description here. Probably more has been written on them than on any other medicinal wells in England, save those at Bath.” “There are other wells in the neighbourhood, which at one time were of some note. Adam’s Well, at Speldhurst, was perhaps the most celebrated; but this had, even in 1766, so far degenerated as to be ‘only famous for the cure of mangy dogs.’ (Burr’s Hist. of Tunbridge Wells).’’(*) According to Mr. J. Tuomson, who treats of the Chalybeate spring at Tunbridge Wells, and whose analysis is given on p. 282. (4) “The spring is situated at the east end of the 1 Ightham : The Story of a Kentish Village, 1907, p. 3; also pp. 99, 128. 2 Tbid., pp. 8, 53. 3 Geology of the Weald, 1875, pp. 352, 353. ¢ Journ. Chem. Soc., 1858, vol. x., p. 223, 224. 46 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Parade, and rises through an aperture the diameter of which is about 2% inches, into a marble basin . . over the side of this basin the water flows into a channel connected with an outer basin which is open to the public, depositing in its progress a reddish brown precipitate of sesquioxide of iron. The side of the present basin, which has been in use about nine years, is much corroded where the water overflows, from the action of the carbonic acid contained in the water.” “The temperature of the water as it issues from the spring is invariably 10° C. (50° F.).” The flow of the spring, as noted by Sir C. Scudamore, from August 1815 to the beginning of March 1816, varied from a quart to 24 gallons a minute. Mr. Tomson continues :——“ The water as it issues from the spring, is beautifully clear and transparent, and small bubbles of gas intermixed with occasional larger ones are continually rising to the surface. In taste and smell it is decidedly chaly- beate, but not at all disagreeably so. Its specific gravity . . is 100037.” Of the Coneyburrow Springs, just north-east of the town of Tunbridge Wells, Mr. T. Hennetn has given me the following guagings, the first set made by himself, in gallons a minute. 1. On main stream, W.S.W. of Liptrap’s Farm 2. On side-stream S.W. of the farm. 3. By spring W.S.W of the farm. Date Weir 1 | Weir 2 | Weir 3 | Total | or in 24 hours 15 June, 1883 | 31:75 1582 10°8 58°37 84,050 29°. 5; 5 31°75 15 10°8 57°55 82,870 13 July, ,, 33°75 17° 11°74 62°49 89,985 2Aug., ,, 25'7 10°8 10°8 473 68,112 eo |) RES 9°31 931 | 50°37 72,532 22 Sept., 4, 30° 6°75 75 44:25 63,720 20 Nov., 1884 | 18°6 15° 0 336 48,340 Gaugings at Weir 1 only by Mr. Quick gave 77,000 gallons in 24 hours in September, 1882, and 91,000 in January, 1883; others, by Mr. F. Cooper gave 132,480 on Feb. 3, 1883 “ during heavy rain,” and on Feb. 4, 115,200 “ after 20 hours cessation.” Springs taken for supply, here and at Penshurst, are noticed on pp. 67, 68, and in 1895 I was told at Cranbrook that a spring, marked on the Ordnance Map (Kent, Sheet 70) about an eighth of a mile south of the church, was used by many people. Two others springs are marked higher up the valley, toward and at Brickkiln Farm. All three are thrown out from the Tunbridge Wells Sand by the underlying Wadhurst Clay. SWALLOW-HOLES. 47 SWALLOW-HOLES. Whilst for the most part water gets into the Chalk by percolation through the soil, there is another method by which local additions of water are more rapidly made, and this is sometimes of importance in regard to the possibility of pollu- tion occurring, as it obviously may, if water that has flowed over the surface of the ground and perhaps acquired undesir- able matter in so doing, gets into the Chalk in a somewhat direct way. This sinking of water into the Chalk has been described in various Geological Survey Memoirs, and the notes on the subject, as far as the Thames Basin is concerned, were collected together as a Memorandum for the Royal Commis- sion on Metropolitan Water Supply (1893, Appendices, pp. 4380-433). It will be useful to reproduce this as far as regards Kent, with some slight alteration in form, and then to add notes on other swallow-holes. Swallow-holes, that is, more or less funnel-shaped hollows which swallow up streams that run in to them, are common. They are formed by streams which, rising in the higher ground, flow down the escarpment of the Tertiary beds, until they reach the more pervious and jointed Chalk, into which they sink, or until they come within a short distance of that rock, when they work their way into it through the few feet of the softer overlying beds. In the course of time, through the chemical action of the carbonic acid in the water, and the mechanical action of the water itself, funnel-shaped basins are worn in the Chalk and the beds above, the operation being made more easy by any pre-existing fissures. These hollows are often thickly overgrown with vegetation. The streams may sometimes be seen running down them, though some- times they merely flow into a small pool, the level of the water in which remains the same, notwithstanding the constant inflow. Mr. F. J. Bennett has come to the conclusion that “all swallow-holes, in their first stages, began from below.” He adds: “swallow-holes [presumably those in valleys] seem to me to have passed through a series of stages; being initiated by an upward pressure of water, and that where they now absorb water they are in a later stage.’(1) For present pur- poses, however, we have only to do with the downward stage. On the northern side of the London Basin these swallow- holes mostly occur at or near the junction of the Reading Beds and the Chalk. They sometimes occur, however, at a distance from the Tertiary beds, and sometimes well within their boundary (where the lower beds are sandy). 1 “Tehtham: The Story of a Kentish Village,” 1907, pp, 129-131; see also p- 128, 48 KENT WATER SUPPLY. They occur also where the Thanet Beds are present (between the Reading Beds and the Chalk), especially where these are comparatively impervious, as in Hast Kent. In what is probably the earliest systematic description of swallow-holes (and in Kent) Sir J. Presrwicu has well summarised the essentials for their formation, on hill-slopes: those in the bottoms of stream-valleys are another matter. His words are as follows: ‘It would appear that two condi- tions are essential for the formation of swallow-holes: the one, that there should be streams formed at such a level that they have to pass over a surface of country higher than that of the main valleys of drainage; and the other, that the line [plane] of water level in the mass of calcareous strata in which the swallow-holes are formed should be below the level at which the streams drilling the swallow-holes are absorbed.” Mr. G. Dowxer has noted that at Woodnesborough “ there are large ‘swallow-holes’ which absorb the water from the surface and convey it some distance underground.” (+) It is from the above-quoted paper by Sir J. PrestwicH (*) that the following details of swallow-holes are taken: they were not given in the Report above mentioned. It deals with the neighbourhood of Ensinge, a few miles westward of Canterbury, and the tract referred to is at the southern end of the Tertiary hills in part marked as Fishpond Wood on the old Ordnance Map (Sheet 3) and “extending over the London clay and Lower Tertiary sands down to the edge of the chalk. The drainage from this clay surface is carried off by several small brooks (not marked on that map) having an easternly or a southerly direction . . Skirting the wood from Nick-hill (Nackholt) Farm westward to Lower Elmsden (Ensinge) there are to be found within a distance of about a mile as many as six or seven of these water-courses, all of which . . disappear just within the edge of the wood, in swallow holes, some of which are not more than 6 or 8 feet broad and deep, whilst others attain a diameter of 30 to 40 feet and a depth of 20 to 80. There is generally not much water in the brooks running into these funnel-shaped excavations, at the bottom of which they form a small pool, that, not- withstanding this incessant addition, remains unchanged and without rise, the water being gradually and quietly absorbed as fast as it is supplied. Only occasionally after heavy rains the water stands for a few hours some feet higher. The sides of the excavations are usually sloped with debris, grass, and bramble, and the bottom covered by a bed of sand and gravel so that the chalk surface cannot often be seen. Some of the swallow holes are situated within the boundary of the Lower Tertiary sands, whilst others are just on the edge of the chalk. Between this spot and the river Stour at Shalmford Street there is a descent probably of 200 to 300 feet [less than 200], throughout which the surface of the chalk is as bare of wood 1 Geol, Mag., dec. iii, vol. iv., 1887, p. 204. 2 Quart. Journ. Geol, Soc., 1854, vol. x., pp. 222-224. SWALLOW-HOLES. 49 as it is of water. But on the river-bank near that village a large and perennial spring bursts out. There are, I believe, several other springs in the river, but this is a very striking one, and is apparently dependent upon the brooks lost in the swallow holes a mile distant on the hills above. Not that I think that the streams are continued underground in separate and independent channels from the spot where they disappear to that at which they issue in the river-bank, but that they descend, within a short distance, through one or more channels down through the mass of the chalk, until they reach the line [plane] of permanent water-level which passes under the hills in a curve rising slightly from the river Stour and descending again towards Faversham. The additional supply made by the brooks at this spot determines a higher local level in the water-line, and consequently the springs issue in greater force, and higher above the river, along the nearest lowest level of the valley. . . The bulk of the springs are probably in the bed of the river, or low on its banks, and are therefore not so apparent.” Eastward and north-eastward of the above set of holes “from Hatch Green (Chartham Hatch of the newer map) to Dinstead (Denstead Farm) and Fishpond Farm (not named on the newer map, but close to White Wall) there are several other swallow-holes.” I saw one in Howfield Wood, of the old map, included in Bigberry Wood in the newer one, more than half a mile east of Chartham Hatch. Writing of Bigberry Wood, Carr. Mc.Daxin remarks that there are some deep holes in the western corner, “ with subterranean streams that may be heard running at the bottom. .. They are from twenty-five to twenty-nine feet deep and they pass through the Thanet-sands for about 25 feet to the chalk.” He holds that the holes have been formed by the subter- ranean stream, apparently anticipating Mr. BEennert’s view. . 45.) Pron a swallow-holes at the western foot of the same range of hills, southward of Boughton Street, in the re-enter- ing angles of the boundary of the Thanet Beds at Oversland, and South Street, close to the junction with the Chalk; these receive the water from the high ground eastward. ‘Under ordinary circumstances, the water would break out again from the Chalk lower down the valley; but early in November 1892 heavy rains caused this drainage to overflow in great part, making a mostly continuous watercourse, the water of which betrayed its origin (drainage from the Tertiary beds) by its turbidity. In two places, however, artificial swallow- holes caused local sinking of the water. One of these places was by the roadside just S.E. of South Street, and the other by the roadside just N.W. of the hamlet, where the water was pouring down a hole kept open by a pipe. 122, Rep. B, Kent N H, Soc., 1880. 50 KENT WATER SUPPLY. There are also some swallow-holes round the border of the Selling outlier. It should be noted that these eastern swallow-holes are near the boundary of the Thanet Beds, which there come in between the Reading Beds and the Chalk; but in Hast Kent this forma- tion does not consist merely of sand, as in West Kent, being largely composed of clayey beds; so that for the most part it does not allow water to percolate through to the Chalk. No swallow-holes in the Chalk have been noted for many miles westward, the next being at the Swanscombe Tertiary Outlier, where there is a swallow-hole just within the bound- ary of the Woolwich Beds, at the re-entering angle in the wood north-eastward of Green Street Green. The water must find its way through the Thanet Sand into the Chalk, as there is no stream. On the Well Hill Tertiary Outlier, south-east of Orpington, at the eastern edge of Hallow (Hollards) Wood, just south of the road to Cockerice (Cockerhurst), there is a swallow- hole, and there is another to the south. Both are at re-enter- ing angles of the boundary-line of the Thanet Sand. Turning to the spur of the Tertiary Beds, eastward of Foot’s Cray, the water that at times runs down the channels on the eastern flank of the hill of Jerden’s Wood sinks at the bottom of the slope in swallow-holes. Mr. J. Lucas has noted a powerful swallow-hole south of Birchwood Corner at the re-entering angle of the boundary over half a mile north-east of Swanley Station; but he says that the stream supplying it may be dry at times. In Cookham Wood, a triangular patch just over a mile westward, I saw two swallow-holes, many years ago. Since then it seems that the stream supplying them has been arti- ficialised; at all events it is not now (? 1892) flowing in a natural channel. At a later visit the lower swallow or set of swallows, was in full action, the stream disappearing in, and at the edge of, the wood; but the higher swallow-hole seemed to have been abolished by the cutting of a channel. At St. Mary Cray a swallow-hole has been noted in the valley a little south-east of the Railway Station, where the junction of the Thanet Sand and the Chalk is hidden by gravel. Worley Hole, about half a mile north-eastward of Farn- borough church, and on the western side of the road to Orpington, is marked on the old Ordnance Map (Sheet 6), and : a little below the boundary of the Tertiary beds, on bare ‘halk. The following notes on the Chiselhurst Chalk Inlier were taken many years ago, before the place was so much built over. They refer to the southern end of the inlier, eastward of the Railway Station and south of the road to Bromley. In the wood, between the lime-kiln and the large old pit a long triangular steep sided chasm has been cut in the sand. At the pointed eastern end, about 10 feet deep, a stream fel] SWALLOW-HOLES. 51 into it and then flowed with a sharp slope to the western end (the base of the triangle, and about 40 feet deep), where the sides were very steep and where the water ran into a hole in the Chalk, which rock is just shown at that end. I do not know whether this swallow-hole is natural or not, but I expect not, for the wood is full of holes, some of which are old pits, and others may have been caused by the falling in of the ground from under-mining, though some may perhaps be true swallow-holes. The above notes refer only to the border of the Tertiary beds and the Chalk; but swallow-holes have also been found in the Lower Greensand, and Mr. F. J. Bennerr has noticed some of these.(') The following account is taken from his book, largely supplemented from information that he has kindly given. I am answerable only for the arrangement, with some additions as to sites. He divides the swallow-holes into two classes, active and extinct, which, however, occur together, and he says that on the Hythe Beds they occur (1) in the valley-bottoms, (2) just within a valley, and (3) on the water-partings. It will be seen that some of the swallow-holes now to be described, being in valleys, are connected with intermittent streams and might therefore be described under that heading; but it seemed better to take all Mr. Brnnerv’s records together, acknowledging the connection between the two sets of phenomena and the difficulty in separating them. On the map opposite p. 128 of his book a number of swallow- holes are marked near the course of the River Loose, south- eastward of Maidstone, and just northward ‘of that valley, and these are described as now dry, except No. 9, just above Lang- ley church, which “takes in all the water draining to it.” These swallow-holes “are either oblong and deep . . or deep and crater-shaped.” Of them ‘“ Nos. 1—5 are parallel with the course of the R. Loose,” from near Park Farm, to near Boughton Green. The rest (6—8, 10—15) are on slightly higher ground near Langley and Otham. The tributary valley to the Len that runs north and south along the boundary between Otham and Maidstone (and of Senacre Wood) “ contains many swallow-holes . . some in the upper part contain water and some are dry.” He adds (1908) that there are 13 and all but one dry. By the footpath from West Malling to Leybourne there are three circular depressions, two in the outlier of Folkestone Beds, the other on the Hythe Beds, just below. These Mr. Bennett thinks are due to extinct swallow-holes. There is also a deep circular hole near the stream in Malling Wood, close to Leybourne, and another at Larkfield Heath, just north of the road two-thirds of a mile eastward of Leybourne, both of which may also be extinct swallow- holes. The former seems to be at the top of the Hythe Beds and the latter is in the Folkestone Beds. 1} Ightham: The Story of a Kentish Village and its Surroundings, 1907, pp. 2, 49, 128, 129, 131-134, and plate opp. p. 128, 9 D 52 KENT WATER SUPPLY. In a letter of December, 1907, Mr. Bennerr marks nine of these, beginning on the south, close to the high road, with a large and deep one, known as Bicknor Hole. The next, westward of the Bell Inn, is marked as a pond on the Ord- nance Map (Kent, Sheet 42), and then there are three in the wood where Smugglers’ Hole is marked on the map, the most northerly being large and the one to which the name applies; it is now always dry. There are two others a little further north; then another, in a projection of the wood; and lastly one, at the northern end of another projection of the wood, about two-thirds of a mile northward of the high road. Near Offham is a line of swallow-holes, for a little more than a mile from E.S.E. to W.N.W., the sites of the whole six being marked in some way on the six-inch Ordnance Map (30). The most easterly is in a little but thick wood north of Fatherwell, and is at a slightly lower level than the ground to the west. It is of the active type, draining several acres and swallowing all the water that runs into it. Its activity is due to artificial causes, as the water is drained into it by a culvert, and it is used to drain the water from the ground to the S.W. The next, also in a small thick wood, to the W.N.W., is a long but not deep hollow. It is of the extinct type, as also are the next two, in other small woods north-eastward and north-westward of the church. These are much deeper, with steep sides and irregular bottoms, in which are many holes. The next two are marked as ponds, the first, W.N.W. of the church, being shallow, circular, and fed by a spring. The last, on the southern side of the high road a little east of Hernewell, is a large deep crater-shaped hole, having in it another smaller hole. In June, 1907, it had a little water, but once it had much more, and the water used to overflow from it, as well as from the other pond. Of late years the water-level has sunk much and no overflow has occurred for a long time. It would seem, therefore, as if some of Mr. Bennett’s swallow-holes are of the vacillating kind, sometimes spring, sometimes swallow, as happens elsewhere. He regards Baldwin’s Hole on the southern side of the main road, about half a mile eastward of Offham, where the road to West Malling branches off, as an old swallow-hole, breached on one side, which took the water that came down the valley from the west; storm water still sinks there. He regards the remarkable valley ending in the pond at Swanton, about a mile westward of Mereworth church, as another breached swallow-hole. A spring issues a little above, and according to the six-inch Ordnance Map (41) is lost in the pond. Near Ightham there are again swallow-holes, and in his book (p. 2) Mr. F. J. Benner notes two of these, “ one where a stream, rising close to the base of the Tumulus at Redwell, disappears shortly after, in a garden north of, and close to, SWALLOW-HOLES. 53 the road, and near the ‘Old House at Home.’ The other . 1s about half-a-mile south of the Tumulus near Dale Cot- tage. .. One of these occurs in the Folkestone Beds but close to the boundary between them and the Hythe Beds, and the other at the junction of the Sandgate [ ? Folkestone] and Hythe Beds.” Of the first of these he adds that it is dry at times, but full of water when the springs are high, and of the second that it seems always to be full of water. There is a third over a quarter of a mile N.N.E. of Joy Heath, which takes in a lot of water, but is sometimes dry. Another, over a third of a mile N.N.E. of that place, now nearly filled up, was once deep, according to Mr. B. Harrison. In the little wood about half a mile south-eastward of the village, is a large depression, which may have been a swallow- hole. 54 KENT WATER SUPPLY. INTERMITTENT STREAMS. Allied on the one hand to swallow-holes and on the other to springs, both of which sometimes occur along their courses, we now come to treat of the interesting occurrences of streams which either vary greatly in their starting-points (according to the wetness of the season), which sometimes show alternations of wet and dry beds along their courses, or which even are non-existent in dry seasons, occurring only after heavy rainfall. These are fairly common in limestone-districts, and especi- ally perhaps in the Chalk, which often has so wide an out- crop as to afford plenty of room for the formation of fairly long valleys. Known as Gypseys in Yorkshire, as Lavants in Sussex, as Winter-bournes in Wilts., and simply as Bournes round London, the usual Kentish name for them is Nail- bournes. Their origin was once, and not so very long ago, a great puzzle, and wonderful theories were evolved to account for it ; notably that of syphons, which periodically emptied a huge underground reservoir. Now, however, they are well under- stood, and their origin is known to be of the simplest, depend- ing as it does merely on the gradual rise of an underground water-plane, after a wet season, until at last that plane rises to the level of the ground in certain low-lying parts, the result being of course that the underground water finds an exit, and at once becomes surface-water. On reflection, it must be seen that the idea of such a thing as a syphon in a porous rock is out of the question, and especially one that can yield several million gallons of water a day for several weeks from a supposed reservoir of the existence of which there is no evidence, and which indeed could hardly exist in such a rock as the Chalk. One observer, Mr. B. Laruam, by long-continued per- sistent gauging of wells in the neighbourhood of what is known as the Croydon Bourne, has been enabled, from the gradual rise of the water-level in these wells, to predict the day on which that bourne would rise. The same thing might be done in other cases, in some more easily perhaps than in the Croydon example, as in some bourne-valleys there are many shallow wells along the bottom. There is, therefore, an opening for any one who is desirous of being enrolled amongst the prophets. For the following old notices of Kentish nailbournes I am indebted to Mr. Latham’s paper “Croydon Bourne Flows,”(1) and it will be convenient to take them together, instead of under the headings of the various bournes. 1 8vo, privately printed, 1403, Also included with Proc, Croydon Nat. Hist. Soc., 1904. pp. 2, 3, 5, 7-11. BOURNES. 55 In the “Chronicle” of the Rev. J. Warxwortu, which refers to the first thirteen years of the reign of Edward IV., and was published by the Camden Society in 1839, it is recorded that in 1472 bournes broke out in various places, “one at Lavesham (Lewisham) . . and another byside Can- terbury (PPetham Valley) called Naylborne.” In Letanp’s “ Itinerary,” which was begun about 1538, there is a reference to the Drellingore outbreak, “Ther is also a great spring . . that ones in a vi or vii Yeres brasteth owt so abundantly, that a great part of uhe water cummeth into Dovar stream, but els yt renneth yn to the Se betwyst Dovar and Folchestan”’ (Ed. 3, vol. 7, p. 127), a clear refer- ence to Lydden Spout. There is also a reference to “ the Nailbourn near Canterbury” (Petham Valley) on p. 168. In “A Topographe or Survey of the County of Kent” by R. Kirsurne, published in 1659, it is said: “In the year 1472 in the park in this parish (Langley) did newly break out the bourne or spring there’? and the Lewisham flow is also referred to. The Rev. J. Cuitprrey seems to have had a very good idea of the primary cause of bournes. He says: —‘‘ That the sudden eruption of springs in places where they use not always run should be a sign of dearth is no wonder. For these unusual eruptions (which in Kent we call Nailbournes) are caused by extreme gluts of rain, or lasting wet weather (witness the year 1648 when there were many of them) in which years Wheat and most other grain thrive not well (for a plain reason) and therefore dearth succeeds the year following.” (?) In Harris’ “ distory of Kent,’ published in 1719, refer- ence is made to several bournes. Of the Alkham one it is said: “In this parish is an Hylebourn rising in a bottom, at a place called Dillingdore (Drillingore), whose Irruption the Inhabitants will have to be a certain presage, either of some great Mortality, or Dearth... Indeed from no apparent Head or Spring, it sends out sometimes such vast Quantities of water, that a Vessel of considerable burden may be borne by the Stream, which usually goes down to Chilton.” We may be allowed to doubt about the vessel. Of Addington, near Maidstone, he says: ‘“ Here is an Eyle- bourn . . which people call Ere-well, breaking out one in Seven or Hight years . . When it comes they dig a Dyke for it and turn it along by the Tlighway-side; and when the water mingles with that of their little Trout Rivulet it makes those Trouts Red, which otherwise are White.” He also notes outbreaks at Ospringe, in 1674 and in 1712, the latter “about a hundred yards above the Spring-Head ” as well as others already noticed. In the “ History of Kent” by E. Hasren (1798) there are references to flows in the Valley of the Little Stour, at Bishopsbourne, Kingston and Barham, and others are also 1 Britannia Baconica : or the Natural Rarities of England . 1661. 56 KENT WATER SUPPLY. noticed. He says of the Ospringe flow that it “rises about half a mile southward of Whitehill, near Kennaways,” and notes the western of the two streamlets at Boughton-under- Blean as a nailbourne. We will now deal in the first place with the intermittent streams of the Chalk, and then with those of the Lower Green- sand, those two being the only permeable formations of the county that form a tract broad enough for the occurrence of bournes. Alkham Valley (The Dour). The visible sources of the Dour, under ordinary circum- stances, are at Watersend, in that part of the valley S.E. from Lydden, and from Bushey Rough in the Alkham branch, in which latter valley there is a well-known nailbourne. Mr. W. Torrey has noted that the Dour rises generally at Chilton (S.W. of Ewell), but sometimes, after wet seasons, a stream runs from further up the valley, rising at Drilling- cour (Drellingore of the newer map, S.W. of Alkham) and occasionally, but only after a very wet season, at Stanley Farm (Lower Standen of the newer map), half a mile higher. At Wolverton (N.N.E. of Alkham) the water rises in the wells before the nailbourne starts, but it bursts out at Drill- ingcour two days before it reaches the surface at Wolverton, and at West Alkham (South Alkham of the newer map), between those places, it rises to the surface before the surface- flow from Drillingcour reaches there.(') It is clear then that this stream is intermittent. In 1898 Mr. Stiucor (then Water Engineer at Dover) noted that the stream had risen at Lower Standen three times since 1852, the last time being early in 1877, and that it rises much more frequently at Drellingore, for instance in 1877, and in each year until 1883, when it broke out twice. _ From a paper by Gen. Frevp, read to the Dover Field Club at about the end of April, 1888 (*) we learn that a description of this stream was given in the Dover Express, of March 3, 1883. “On that occasion the flow of water continued for several weeks” and it did not come on again until 1888. Then Gen. Frexp tells us that it “reappeared with full force just at Easter time and is now flowing with a considerable stream . . Drillingeour spring rises m a deep depression in a grass field .. The area covered by water is almost two acres, and the depth in-some parts probably 12 to 15 feet. The overflow of water passes down the valley in a stream, running at some three to three and a half miles an hour, in a volume increasing to two feet six inches (wide) by three inches deep, equivalent to a supply of . . 407,376 gallons per diem. Reaching S$. Alkham the volume of water is added to by other similar springs, which burst out simultaneously, flooding the gardens and sometimes the cottages. . Crossing 1 Geol. Survey Memoirs, vol. iv., p. 892 (1872), 2 Hythe and Sandgate Advertiser, May 6. BOURNES. 57 the fields by a cut, the stream takes the main road as its course for a quarter of a mile to Ch. Alkham, where it turns into the cut channels, and passes on through two fields to Wolverton—a good deal of water is probably absorbed during its course through these fields—but at Wolverton it receives a large accession from another abundant spring of the same character as that of Drillingcour, and a fresh supply at Chilton Farm.” “ Drillingcour spring is said to have some connection with Lydden spout,” but as the former flows out at from 200 to 220 feet above sea-level, and the latter at about 20 the author seems to doubt this. As a matter of fact the two are in inde- pendent areas of drainage, separated by hills. “At Lydden village [nothing to do with the Spout, and about three miles N.N.E. of Drellingore] the wells have risen con- currently with the outburst of Drillingcour a considerable height. .. At Alkham, Drillingcour, and Wolverton, the water in the wells has risen to the same level as the overflow from the springs . . The . . tradition amongst the old people in the Minnis is that the spring recurs about every five or seven years, but that when a long continuance of 8.S.W. winds has prevailed during the winter, the pressure on the sea coast and cliff squeezes the water out of the inland hills and valleys and produces the phenomenon, whereas N. and N.E. winds do not produce that pressure, and the pump remains dormant. Unfortunately for this theory the winter of 1887-8 has been remarkable for prevalence of N.E. winds.” This is a good illustration of the curious theories that have been advanced to explain the occurrence of bournes. Mr. Stincor noted, in 1898, that the nailbourne had broken out several times since 1888, amongst others in 1889, 1893 and 1896. Mr. C. BucxincHam has given the latest account of this nailbourne(?) and he reports as follows:—On December 12, 1903, the hollow at Drellingore began to fill and in a few days reached a height of 15 ft. and formed a stream 200 yards long. On December 17th, water began to rise in the dyke about a mile lower down the valley, and a stream soon flowed which reached up to South Alkham on the 20th. On the 22nd the Drellingore stream joined this. The stream flowed for a few weeks and then dried rapidly. The streams rising from the springs at Mongeham and Eastry, which joint midway, have been so artificialised that one can say little of them under this heading; but their springs are noticed on p. 34. The North Stream. The above is the name given on the Ordnance Map to the stream which joins the Stour just below Sandwich, but I 1 £, Kent Soi. N. H. Soc. Repo ser. ii., vol. v., 1905, p. 13. 58 KENT WATER SUPPLY. doubt whether this title can rightly be given to the whole stream. However, we are now concerned only with its two branches, on the south and on the north, and these have somewhat the nature of nailbournes. On January 21st, 1907, I found that whilst the stream at Northbourne started at the bridge, about half a mile N.E. of the Abbey Farm, yet there was a little water at points higher up, and indeed for a short distance just below the farm, there was again a stream. In wet seasons this is probably continuous. / In the other branch, from Eastry, the stream starts in the watercourse that flows across the northern branch of the valley about five-twelfths of a mile N.E. of the church, but there was a little water (then and in April), in a few places higher up, the highest being in the pond (mostly dry) eastward of the church. Here too, in wet seasons there is probably a continuous stream, and the name Brook Lane points to its having sometimes a still higher start. The Little Stour. Here again, the first notice I have to give is from the notes of Mr. Torrey,(') who records that ‘a spring rises somewhere south of Elham every five years or so, and there are periodical springs in nearly every field for miles along the foot of the Chalk-escarpment at the same interval, and lasting for three months (February to April), all appearing and disappearing within a few days of each other.” In dry seasons I have seen the stream lost below Bridge and rising again between Bekesbourne and Littlebourne, or more than a mile lower down its course. Mr. Torrey has noted a flow in the Elham Valley in December, 1892. In February, 1900, I saw water a litle eastward of Newbarn, or nearly two-thirds of a mile south- ward of Lyminge Church, and lower down between Broad Street and Eastbrook Farm, just west of which latter place is a spring. In 1905, Mr. C. Bucnineuam recorded the following facts(*):—In 1902, the wells in the Elham (upper part of Little Stour), and Petham nailbourne-valleys were dry. They were 60 or 80 ft. deep, and the saturation-level had fallen over 80 ft. or more below the valley-bottom. The heavy rains of 1903 caused the saturation-level to rise gradually from the spring-time onwards until in December some of the wells overflowed, water issued at points along the valley-bottom and soon flowed along the whole course. The first place from which water issued (in the Valley of the Little Stour) was from the two springs in Bourne Park, in July. Above Bourne Park, the stream seems to have been intermittent, as though flowing strongly through Barham, it had not got far bevond ? Memoirs of the Geological Survey, vol. iv., pp. 591, 592 (1872), where however, “ north” is put instead of “south.” 9 H. Kent Sei. N. H. Soc, Report, ser. ii,, vol. v., pp. 12, 13. BOURNES. 5Y (Pabove or below). The nailbourne came through Barham on December 25th, and flooded between Barham and Elham on January 9th. “On January 15 this stream reached the springs in Bourne Park, and was flowing along the whole course the first time for seven years.” Tam not sure that Mr. Bucxineuam is right in saying thal the higher part of the stream at Etchinghill starts in Gauit, apparently it is from Lower Chalk. By the end of January, 1904, the water began to sink and the stream fell off considerably in a month, and on May 23th, the course was dry from North Elham to Barham. On June 30th, the flow through Barham ceased, hut it continued, though getting more feeble, from Bourne Park for three months. One of these ceased on December 4th, 1904, and the other in the second week of January, 1905. A villager gave the following dates for the last four times that the stream flowed through Bishopsbourne:—January 14, ek January 5, 1835, January 3, 1897, and January 15, 1904. In an earlier paper, Mr. Bucxineuam notes the end of the dry course, at Bekesbourne, saying that “near the ruins of Well Chapel, in the shelter of some trees, is a spring, which starts a stream for the remainder of its journey.”(+) The Petham Valley. In G. Dowxer’s paper some old notices of the bourne in this valley are given by T. Pacz and J. Rurp as follows. The nailbourne came into Shalmsford Street, February 22, 1772, and continued till June 16. It came again March, 7, 1774, and continued till June 28. Again, on January 12, 1775, and February 26, 1776. “This nailbourne ariseth at Dean, in the parish of Elmsted, and at Duck Pit in the parish of Waltham.” From other data it came in January 1860, February, 1861, 1864 to June, 1865, and slightly in 1866, 1869 and January 1873.(*) The first year that I was working on the Geological Survey round Canterbury (1863?) this valley, which joins that of the Stour at Shalmsford Street, Chartham, was dry through- out; but the next year (after a wet season), water was running down its gravelly bottom from Petham with great rapidity, and the water in all the neighbouring wells had risen so that where in some cases it was generally about 40 ft. down, it could then be got by dipping, either with the hand or with a pole. a 1879, Mr. W. H. Hammonp wrote on this nailbourne : (*) “The Petham Nailbourne- is chiefly fed from a number of springs which rise in a pond close to the village, but on some occasions, efter a very rainy time, the springs break out at Duck Pit Farm [ ? Heathe Farm of the newer map], about 1 BE. Kent Sci, N. A. Soc. Rep., ser. ii., vol. iii., p. 16 (1903). 2 Geol, Mag., 1887, pp. 209, 212. 3 22nd Rep. H. Kent N..H. Soc., p. 22 (1880). 60 KENT WATER SUPPLY. a mile further up .. and on very rare occasions at Dean Farm, two or three miles further up. It follows the course of the Petham Valley, and used to empty into a stream at Shalmes- ford Street . . . but of late years it has been turned into a small pond at Perry Farm, where the earth is sufficiently porous to let it drain away. The Nailbourne does not run at regular intervals nor for any regular time, but it generally begins about January, after a wet autumn and winter, and runs till about the middle or end of the summer. In 1860, it ran all the summer, which was very wet and on through the winter and spring, but until recently, it was not known to have run for more than two years in succession.” He repudi- ates the old syphén-theory and adopts one of super-saturation of the Chalk. “ After heavy rains and before the Nailbourne breaks out, the water in all the wells in the Petham Valley rises considerably, and people who live in the village can tell by the length of rope they have to let out to reach the water when the springs will rise in the pond.” An account of a later outburst has been given by Mr. Buckinenam(!) according to whom it was more or less simul- taneous with that of the Little Stour. The hollow near Petham Church began to fill on January 9, 1904, overflowed on January 26, and occupied the road to Swarling House [ ? Farm] on February 138, after which it gained only another 80 yards. Itceased on July 26. He records also that it flowed in 1897. The Ospringe stream is intermittent. The watercourse at the village has been dry, and on the other hand, it has been flooded. In 1893, the water was exceptionally high at the Mill. Higher up, just above Whitehill, there is rarely no water. In the great flood (1890), there was water all along the valley from Charing Hill, the ground being frozen hard and much snow thawing. It is said that there was a like flood nearly 70 years earlier. This, of course, was not due to the outbreak of springs, but to exceptional surface-conditions. The Doddington Valley was similarly affected. Others of the North Kent streams, east of the Medway, may be of the nature of Nailbournes, but I have no notes as to this. Westward of the Medway, there are no Chalk-streams till we pass Gravesend. Then at Swanscombe is a short stream that has been artificially made into a Nailbourne (see Addenda). Mr. J. Lucas has recorded a flow in the parishes of Eynsford and Shoreham, saying: “in July, 1874, a bourne broke out in the Austin valley below Romney Street, and flowed down the valley with great violence, demolishing a wall and doing other damage to the farm-buildings at Upper Austin Lodge ... the water sank below the surface lower down the valley.”(?) This part belongs to the Darent. 1B. Kent Sci. N. H. Soc. Report, ser. ii., vol, v., 1905, p. 13. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., 1877, vol. xvii. BOURNES. : 61 The Cray. This river rises in a set of Chalk-springs just northward of the village of Orpington, of which seven are marked on the Ordnance Map (Kent, Sheet 16), and the cessation of some of the higher springs has led to the inference that the pumping-station made by the Kent Water Co. a little south- ward of that village (see p. 62) has been the cause of the lowering. It must be remembered, however, that there are also natural causes at work and that this stream is, for a short distance of the nature of a nailbourne. I have known it for a very long time, but am glad to be able to give the following notes from a gentleman who was a resident in the district, Dr. C. H. Aturrey, who lived at Chiselhurst, and for a longer time at St. Mary Cray, from 1863-88, and acted as Deputy and then as District Medical Officer (writing in 1906), and who has supplemented his notes from information given by an older resident. The actual source of the Cray is from springs in the grounds of the Priory at Orpington. When the springs are flowing the water rises in considerable volume, fills the Priory ponds and forms a sheet of water at the side of the main road. Then it is conducted under the road to the mill-head of Orpington Mill, whence it escapes as the River Cray: The volume of the river was at one time considerably rein- forced by the water from a series of springs at the upper part of St. Mary Cray. One, known as the Henrietta spring, a few feet on the N. side of the road was once the main resource of the people for some way round for drinking purposes. Other springs occur at ‘‘ Rowlands,” close by, and others not far off. There were also some springs lower down the village near Snelling’s Flour-mill. The gravel-pits at the side of the road (at junction of main road and the road from Orpington Station to Locks Bottom), used to fill and overflow periodically. The water then ran down the road but the soil became waterlogged and cellars were filled. The following dates of overflow (given by Mr. J. Coneare, a very old inhabitant), show that the period of overflow is variable: —1795, 1799, 1809, 1811, 1812, 1817, 1825-28. Full only 1841, 1853, 1866, 1873. The overflow occurred variously from once in December to once in April, never earlier than December, never later than April. Dr. ALLFREY remembers the last two occasions (1866 and 1873), but there was an overflow also in 1877 and 1881. Certainly, he says, there has been no overflow since 1885. Mr. BatriscomsBe (of Rowlands), told Dr. AttFrEy that he could remember only two occasions from that year in which there was any quantity of water in the pits, namely, in 1885 or 1886, and in 1904. He added that the Priory Springs began to fail and were very low all through 1901 and soon ceased to flow. The overflow in the road and the mill-head became dry, and the river 62 KENT WATER SUPPLY. itself would have been so had it not been pent up lower down, = hws and the other springs feeding the an to fail later, in February, 1902. B Honea ete was so dry that all the fish died; > oe ally dried up and remained so during 1903. In 1904, the water came back into the pond and soon after- wards the Orpington ponds began to fill. All through the summer of that year springs were running in the road of Orpington and the gravel-pits were half full. AM] the ponds remained full until the summer of 1905, when they began to fail again, the Priory and Orpimgton Mill first and then Rowlands. The local idea was that the failure of the springs was due to the pumping of the Kent Water Co., and much heated correspondence took place in the District Times. Dr. ALLFREY’S view, however, is: “That although the pumping was pro- bably a contributory factor, the failure was principally due to the sequence of dry seasons. The correctness of this view would appear to be shewn by the fact that the springs recovered themselves after the heavy rains of 1903-4, not- withstanding the continuation of the pumping, with the increased abstraction of water required to supply the growing demands of the rapidly increasing neighbourhood and the extension of mains to new districts. The reason that the gravel-pits have never overflowed recently, although the water- logged condition of Orpington appears to have recurred in 1904, would seem to be due to the fact that when the main sewer was constructed (within a year or so of the passing of the Act in 1875) a six-inch earthenware land-drain was put in under the sewer, for the express purpose of carrying off the excess of water at such times. The drain used to convey a considerable volume of water, which it discharged at the edge of the water at Broadrinea. This water could be seen bubbling up out of the ground, and it was impossible to prevent the cottagers from drinking it: they could not be persuaded that it was not a spring.” I need hardly say that I agree with Dr. ALLFREy’s view as to the chief cause of variation in the volume of water in the Cray, though of course allowing, with him, that pumping has not been without effect. Moreover, it is not clear to me that the high water-level is an unmixed blessing, the flooding of roads is inconvenient and that of houses something worse, as those who have seen the Croydon Bourne will acknowledge. The Ravensbourne. This is also an intermittent stream, or at all events has been one, water having risen some way up the valley, where it is now dry. Mr. B. Laruam says of it, from his own observations, that: “a flow of the Bourne occurred in the Wickham Valley im the years 1877, 1879, 1881, and 1883, BOURNES, 63 and it has not flowed since the latter year, as large quantities of water are now taken from this valley for the supply of water to London and Croydon. The flow of the Bourne in this valley is usually later than in the Caterham Valley,” in Surrey. Thus “the Bourne broke out in the Caterham Valley on the 12th December, 1880, but it was not until the 8th February, 1881, that it broke out in the Wickham Valley.’’(*) The Lower Greensand Tract. The occurrence of intermittent streams in Kent is not con- fined to the Chalk, but is shared, though to a much less extent, by the other great water-bearing formation, in which two cases have been observed. The Loose. Of this stream Mr. F. J. Bennett remarks that it “takes its rise a little to the east of Langley Church, but of late years the course for a mile, except after heavy rains, is mostly dry . . It has a course of about five miles, during which it disappears . . at least twice, once for more than half-a-mile and the second time for more than a quarter- of-a-mile.”(?) The Shode. The same author says of this stream that it “rises as a Nailbourne . . at Newhouse Farm, Yaldham, with branch streams from Styant’s Bottom, Oldbury, and Boro’ Green. It is also called the Buster or Bustey, perhaps from the violence and volume of the stream when at the maximum of its intermittent flow. It has no name on the Ordnance Map.” (°) ? Croydon Bourne Flows, 1903, p. 21. ° Ightham: The Story of a Kentish Village, 1907, p. 131. 3 Ightham: The Story of a Kentish Village, 1907, p. 2. 64 KENT WATER SUPPLY. SUPPLIES FROM SPRINGS. The only large supplies taken from springs are those for Maidstone and Folkestone, and neither of those towns depends only on such a supply. In the former case the springs are all outside the boundary of the town, in four parishes, and from two geologic formations: In this case there is a reason for treating all together, under the heading Maidstone, rather than for dividing them up under Aylesford, Boxley, East Barming and West Farleigh. Folkestone. CuERrry Garpens. In the Combe in the Chalk Escarpment just westward of Castle Hill. For the Water- works. Ordn. Map 305, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. Information from Mr. H. TurNnErR, the Water Company’s Engineer. From the springs adits have been driven into the hill for 1,365 feet north- ward, when cross adits have been driven for 294 feet westward and for 176 feet eastward, the main adit then continuing a further 255 feet northward. The flow, according to a letter of October, 1907, varies from 60,000 gallons in 24 hours in summer to 300,000 in winter. See also under Analyses. Fordwich. Ordn. Map 289, new,ser.; Geol Map 3. A supply from a spring here is noticed on page 277. ‘Hythe. Ordn. Map 305, new ser.; Geol. Map 4. 1. Hyrax Waterworks. At first the public supply of this town was got only from springs, the water of which flows out of the Kentish Rag (Hythe Beds). Two of them are a little E.N.E. of the church. The Town Spring is about 180 yards from the church and the East Well about 275. In November, 1899, the gaugings of the former were at the rate of 1,993 gallons a day and those of the latter 3,700, according to the late Mr. G. 8. Wixks, Town Clerk. From July 5th, 1864, to July 9th, 1868, ten gaugings were taken, which give the time in which three gallons ot water flowed from East Well. This time varied from 13 seconds on the latter date to 23 on December 7th, 1864. In 1868 an arrangement was made by which the water of this spring was divided between the Corporation and Mackeson’s Brewery, and then, from September 14th to December 29th, 1879, almost monthly gaugings were taken on a like principle, giving figures varying from 7 seconds on January 1st, 1877, to 41 on November 9th, 1870. These figures apparently refer to “‘ half delivery ” going to the Corporation. The Blackrock Spring is a good way eastward of the town, near the municipal boundary, on the western side of the road in the Seabrook Valley, by the footpath a little below Horn Street. According to Mr. WILKs the gauging of this spring for November, 1899, showed a flow at the rate of 23,563 gallons a day. This and the other springs must vary considerably. SPRING-SUPPLIES. 65 About 1884 a well was made for the further supply of the town (see Saltwood) and a few years ago a still further supply was got from the Folkestone Water Co. Lately another well bas been started, also in Salt- wood, but not near the former one. 2, SANDGATE WATERWORKS. The supply is got from the Upper and Lower Honeywood springs, nearer to the town of Hythe than the Blackrock Spring. They are both a little north of the high road, the former, where the works are placed, about 600 yards westward of the road up the Seabrook Valley and the latter about 160 yards. This overlapping is curious, Loose. Ordn. Map 288, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. Dr. R. D. SwEeetine’s Report to the Local Government Board, 1903. In the village-part of the parish “ springs form the chief source of supply. Some of these are situated at the roadside, in positions inconvenient of access, and are exposed to contamination from soakage through cultivated and manured land. But most of the spring water is piped to dipping .places, which are as a rule well-protected ; though others are open and liable to pollution.” There are a few shallow wells. In the rest of the parish wells from 30 to 70 feet deep are sunk in the Kentish Rag. . Lydd. For the supply of Littlestone-on-Sea and New Romney. Between the railways, over 11 miles S. of E. from the church. 1906? Ordn. Map 321, new ser.; Geol. Map 4. These small works were made to tap the water which finds its way out in the springs close by, and it may fairly be taken as a spring-supply. Communicated by Mr. A. F. Paruurps. About 17 feet above Ordnance Datum. A shallow well was made on Denge Beach, wholly in shingle, a little more than a mile from high water mark of the nearest part of the sea. It is in one of the hollows and consists simply of a cast iron cylinder, 12 feet in diameter, sunk into the beach about 5 feet, and with a cover. In April, 1907, the well had been giving a supply to the district for about 15 months, varying from 107,000 to 300,000 gallons a week, this being the requirement of the district up to the time; but a much greater quantity could be got. Maidstone. Ordn. Map 288, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. 1, Mepway Brewery. According to the MSS. of Sir J. Prestwicn they used to get a supply from springs thrown out from the Kentish Rag by the underlying clay westward of the town; but the yield of these decreased. 2. WATERWORKS, The springs formerly taken for supply and those still taken are in various parishes, and it is convenient in this case to take them all together, under the heading of the place supplied, rather than to split them up according to their varied sites. The undertaking of the Maidstone Water Co. includes, I believe, the largest spring-supply in the county, the total yield being at the rate of more than half a million gallons a day, from springs in the Lower Chalk. 10,000 E 66 KENT WATER SUPPLY. In the following table, the top two sets of springs are from the Lower Greensand, and their water was condemned as liable to pollution, whilst the bottom two sets are Chalk-springs, yielding good,water. Analyses of the various waters are given on pp. 274-277. The yield of the springs that supply, or once supplied, Maidstone are given in the Report to the Local Government Board on the pidemic of Typhoid Fever, In West Ewell eis “its ... 1,540,000 1,680,000 Farleigh Tutsham in Orchard ae ..» 105,000 sllons . weéle Parish Tutsham in Field.. wi ... 35,000 ) 8 7 In Kast Big church springs, $.E. Rail- Barming way ... 105,000 ae Parish Other 8.E. Railway springs . 1,050,000 } # : J, Tn Aylesfora | Cossinzton No. T.. «. zs) aR in| 2.475,000 ” ” oe oe oe . Parish “ : 3.7 ae "" 495°000 gallons a week. Tw Bexley Boarley No. t sigs aris She si, ae 1,589,232 Boa 3 py eh ane sis sis ; Parish . ” Band4 |. 760,009 gallons a week. Although the matter is now one of past history and the offending springs have been abandoned, as a result of the Local Government Board enquiry, so that the Maidstone Company is supplying a good and pure water from the above-mentioned Chalk springs, supplemented by a well in the Lower Greensand (see p. 88), it may be profitable to notice the admirable Report from which the above statistics are taken. It gives a very full account of the epidemic and affords a good illustration of the dangers that lie in art for Water Authorities. The following remarks are from pages 17-19, 22, 27, 30, 31, 33: — “The fact is that both the Tutsham [West Farleigh] and the South Eastern [East Barming] springs are derived from more or less shallow sources in the Ragstone, which is liable to be fissured, and that the gathering grounds of some of them are covered with hop or fruit gardens, which are heavily manured, and on which great numbers of persons are employed at certain seasons of the year. The land on which the springs are situated does not belong to the Company, who apparently have no eontrol over the surface.” One “of the springs flows from a bank within half a mile of the village of Barming, and within three hundred yards of a churehyard.” ‘So far it has been shown that though some of the Farleigh sources of supply [meaning the springs, the water of which was taken to what are known as the Farleigh works] can be considered to be safe from contamina- tion by foul matter deposited on the surface of the ground, yet there is no direct evidence that any of them received the specific pollution of typhoid fever.” No sample, however, was taken for analysis until September 19th, at which time “ the infective material causing the fever had . . greatly diminished in amount,” and Mr. M. A. ADAMS and Dr. WASHBOURN (who respectively made the chemical and bacteriologic examination) believe that ‘had the analysis been made between August 28th and September 9th, more abundant evidence of pollution would have been forthcoming, and there would have been a greater chance of discovering the specific micro- organism associated with typhoid fever.” After reviewing the whole of the chemical evidence given at the Enquiry, the Inspectors report as follows :—- “Consideration of all the chemical data adduced leads to the conclusion that on September 19th, as also on some subsequent occasions, the water supplied [from the above-noticed sources] was found, on chemical analysis, to be in a condition indicative of its having undergone dangerous pollu- tion; while a like conclusion is indicated as regards many of the individual springs forming the sources of supply.” SPRING-SUPPLIES. 67 Whilst the local incidence of fever in the borough points to the Farleigh supply as the cause attention is drawn also to the fact that of the “ 45 cases which occurred in the rural district, no fewer than 42 were stated to have resided in houses supplied by the Farleigh water, or to have drunk that water.” Finally, in the Conclusion of the Report, the following remarks occur :—“ On a review of the whole of the evidence, we have no hesitation in coming to the conclusion that the epidemic was caused by the pollution of the water supplied by the Maidstone Company from their Farleigh sources.” / “The chemical analyses of samples of water taken from some of the springs after the epidemic broke out show that the Farleigh supply had been dangerously polluted; and the bacteriological examination of the samples from two at least of the springs afforded conclusive evidence of’ excremental pollution by man or the lower animals.” Nevertheless “many of the cases of typhoid fever . . were due to defects of drainage and sewerage, with consequent pollution of the soil underlying the town,” so that the Town Council has to share the responsi- bility with the Water Company. Our last quotation is that “it has to be borne in mind that detection of specific pollution of a supply may come too late to prevent the consump- tion of the contaminated water. Clearly chemical analyses and bacterio- logical examinations should be supplemented by skilled inspections of the actual conditions, geological, topographical, and sanitary, of the surround- ings of the sources of suppiy.” In an Appendix full details of the method in which the water was taken from the springs is given, the Farleigh system, now abandoned, being treated on pp. 80-83, with eight plates. From the account of the springs still used, the following particulars are taken (p. 83) :— ‘ The Boarley supply is got from four sets of springs, all on the Boarley state. 1. Is in a wood at the far east of the estate, and headings are driven into the Chalk to collect the water. 2. Is about 200 yards to the west, with a heading 1,000 feet long. 3. Is the most westerly, and 4. Is in a field north of Boarley Farm and has headings. The Cossington supply is got from three sets of springs (1) on the east ; (3) on the west ; and (2) between. Both these works were made in 1886; but I believe that they have been extended. Pensuurst WATERWORKS, 1902, Ordn. Map 287, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. Communicated by Mr. T. HENNELL, who designed the works. The supply is got from a spring at Tubb’s Hole, S.E. of the farm called Coldharbour (and about 14 miles 8.8.W. of the church). It is on the southern side of a narrow valley a short distance from and a little above the stream. The ground is on Tunbridge Wells Sand, in great part rock. The spring when gauged in the summers of 1900 and 1901 never fell below 14 gallons a minute. A well was sunk near the spring, to about 10 feet below it and two headings, each 20 feet long, 6 feet high and 4 feet wide, were made in the bottom. Water has been pumped ever since the work was finished, and the consumption has gradually increased to 9,000 gallons daily. The water in the well is lowered only 5 feet by the pumping, and never yet to the top of the headings, which have been full ever since construction. The spring begins to flow again a few hours after the cessation of pumping. The maximum supply available in dry seasons is reckoned at about 20,000 gallons a day. EQ 68 KENT WATER SUPPLY. The following gaugings have been communicated by Dr. F. Parsons, who describes the spring as rising in pasture-land at the junction of the Tunbridge Wells Sand and the Wadhurst Clay :— August 18th, 1896 ... 14 BOER, 1897 ... 20 | ontiber ym 3 | Sats 2nd, 1900... 162 | 5 5 September th, 1901 162) Tunbridge Wells. Ordn. Map 303, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. According to Scudamore’s book of 1816, Dr. T. THomson says that a supply was got from “an excellent spring of very fine water, which rises about a quarter of a mile to the south of the village, bursting out of a field on the side of the hill.” It was collected in an open reservoir and taken on by leaden pipes. The “ village’ has got beyond a supply of this sort, but I believe gets part of its supply (at Pembury) from springs. Ulcombe. Ordn. Map 288, new ser. ; Geol. Map 6. From Dr. Mtyart’s Report to the Local Government Board on the Hollingbourn Rural District, 1908. ‘““At Pye Corner . . a small water scheme was inaugurated some 13 years ago. Water flows [from a spring] to a closed reservoir and thence by gravitation to the hamlet. Some few years ago this supply gave out,” and the Mid Kent Co. now supply. ‘‘ At the northern end of the hamlet . . a supply of water from a private spring is conveyed to a standpipe.” WELL-SUPPLIES. 69 SUPPLIES FROM WELLS. Of course the number of wells that are not noticed in this Memoir far outnumbers those that are noticed; but it is hoped that few wells of importance have escaped. The neglected, indeed, are probably many times the number of those that can be recorded now. ‘They chiefly fall into two classes; shallow wells in gravel, etc., and deeper wells in the Chalk. They belong mostly to individual houses or to groups of houses; many of them are very old; asa rule no records of them have been kept; many have been abandoned; in most cases the only information that can be got, from the deeper class, is concerning the water-level and its fluctuations. This cer- tainly is valuable information; but its value depends much on the keeping of careful records for a considerable time. Engineers have made measurements for certain districts, for the purpose of establishing or criticizing various schemes of supply, and one would be glad to have copies of such measure- ments. Reference has been already made to published accounts (pp. 5, 6. See also 366, 367). Clearly isolated examples may be of small because only of local value; but, nevertheless, owners of wells would do wisely to keep a record of water-level. Of the wells now to be recorded a very great number have for their object the getting of water from the Chalk, some also tapping the sands of the Lower London Tertiaries on the way. A much smaller number deal with the Lower Greensand, and yet a smaller number with the sandy members of the Hastings Beds. In other formations there is little work of importance, Tun- bridge being the only large place getting its water from a surface-deposit. From what has gone before and from what follows it will be seen that the Chalk is the great source of water-supply for the county, all the larger towns (but Ashford, Tunbridge, and Tunbridge Wells) depending wholly or partly on this forma- tion, and this includes the south-eastern or Kentish part of London. Wells notable geologically, ete. Bekiards Enero Deep section of Wealden Beds and very peculiar water. Ashford.—Henwood Waterworks. Show remarkable thinning of the Hythe Beds. Boxley.—Forstal Pumping Station (Maidstone Waterworks), showing thickness of Lower Greensand. Brenchley.—Great thickness of Wadhurst Clay, 195 feet. . Burham and other places in the Valley of the Medway.—Prove the depth to Lower Greensand, through Chalk and Gault. Chartham.—Shows the depth to the base of the Chalk. Chatham.—Dockyard and Waterworks. Through Chalk, Gault and _ Greensand, in the former (and perhaps in the latter) to Oxford ay. ys 10 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Cliffe-—Gives a section through Chalk and Gault to Lower Greensand. Dover.—Prison. A section through Chalk, Gault and Lower Greensand, presumably to Hastings Beds. Erith.—Crossness. Through the Eocene and Cretaceous Series to much older rocks, of doubtful age. This and other neighbouring sections tend to prove the occurrence of a fault throwing down the beds to the north along the foot of the hills of the Lower London Tertiaries. See also Greenwich. ° Folkestone.—Various sections show the thickness of divisions of the Lower Greensand. Frindsbury.—The Chattenden boring gives a deep section through the Eocene Beds, the Chalk and the Gault to Lower Greensand. The borings of the Whitewall and of the Portland Cement Companies also show the depth to Lower Greensand, through Chalk and Gault. Greenwich.—Various sections prove the occurrence of a fault, with northerly downthrow, as they reach Chalk at some depth, whilst it crops out on the south, near by. Hadlow.—The Style’s Place well gives a deep section in Wealden Beds, with a very peculiar water. Hawkhurst.—The wells here show a great thickness of Wadhurst Clay, over 200 feet, Kemsing.—Section through Lower Greensand. Lydd.—The most easterly boring through the lower beds of the Wealden Series, in a tract where the surface consists of Recent beds only. Maidstone.—Foley House (6). Apparently shows a great thickness of Weald Clay, over 700 feet, which is more than had hbeenestimated. Carried through all the divisions of the Lower Greensand into the Hastings Beds. Margate——Dane Pumping Station. Carried through the Chalk and Gault into the Lower Greensand. Pembury.—Wells of the Tunbridge Wells Waterworks. Sections of the Hastings Beds, showing a great thickness of Wadhurst Clay. Rainham.—Deep boring through nearly the whole of the Chalk and the Gault, into Lower Greensand. : Seal.—-Showing a great thickness of the Hythe Beds. Sheerness.---The wells here prove a great thickness of the Lower London Tertiaries and a great depth to the Chalk. Shoreham.—Reaches from the lower part of the Chalk to the Lower Greensand, showing only 10 feet of Upper Greensand, but 226 of Gault. Sittingbourne.— Through the Upper and Middle into the Lower Chalk. Southborough.— Passes through a great thickness of Wadhurst Clay, and the Ashdown Beds into Fairlight Beds, apparently. Strood.—No. 2. Passes through a great thickness of the Chalk, and tke Gault, into Lower Greensand. Sundridge.—Shows a great thickness of Gault, to which a little has to be added, for the top beds. Tonbridge.—Section of Tunbridge Wells Sand, with Grinstead Clay, at Hildenborough. Tunbridge Wells.—Section of the Hastings Beds (Tunbridge Wells Sand to Ashdown Sand) at Culverden Brewery. Wye.—Shows 185 feet of Gault, being a notable increase of thickness from the coast at Folkestone, where this formation is about 100 feet thick. Besides the above many other well-sections prove the char- acter and thickness of the varying divisions of the Lower London Tertiaries, and the depth, through the Tertiary beds, to the Chalk, thus giving information that is useful from more than one point of view. Wells notable for Supply, ete. In the first place of course come the majority of the wells of the Metropolitan Water Board, that is to say those at Becken- WELL-SUPPLIES. 71 ham, Bexley, Crayford, Darenth, Deptford, Farnborough, Southfleet, West Wickham and Wilmington, all getting large supplies from the Upper Chalk (see pp. 81, 85, 112, 113, 118, 133, sad 213, 215). Besides these the following may be entered. Ashford.--Waterworks. For records of water-levels, ete. Beeler Mandatons Waterworks. lor supply from the Lower Green- sand. Burham and other places in the Valley of the Medway.—For deep-seated supplies from the Lower Greensand. Chatham.— Waterworks. For large supply from the Chalk, partly from the lower part. ; el and Erith.—A very large supply got from the Chalk, by various wells. Frindsbury.— Chattenden Boring. Gets water at great depth from Lower Greensand, as also do other wells at less depth. Lower Halling.—The Mid Kent Works get'a large supply from the Lower Greensand, which is distributed over a very large area. Pembury.— Works for the supply of Tunbridge Wells, the greatest supply from the Hastings Beds in the county. Rainham.—-A supply got at great depth by a boring through Chalk and Gault to Lower Greensand. Ramsgate. —Great length of galleries needed for supply. Sevenoaks.—Water got from the Hythe Beds (Kentish Rag) from just beneath the railway-tunnel, for public supply. Sheerness.—Supplics got by borings through a thick mass of Tertiary beds into the Chalk. Probably much of the water comes from sandy beds in the Lower London Tertiaries. a eee supply from a deep boring in Upper, Middle and Lower alk, Southborough. —A deep-seated supply from the Ashdown Beds. Strood.—A deep-seated supply from the Lower Greensand, and a public supply from the Upper Chalk, with a natural gallery. Swanscombe.—A large manufacturing supply from the Upper Chalk. é Lhanington.—The supply of Canterbury, from Upper, Middle and ? Lower halk. Walmer.—Deal Waterworks. Good supply from wells and galleries in the Upper Chalk. Wingham.—Margate Waterworks. Good supply from wells and galleries in the Upper Chalk, for a large district. Woodnesborough.—Supply for a large district, from the Upper Chalk. Although the literature of Kentish wells has been kept fairly well up to date for some parts of the county, yet even in those parts many new wells have been made since the appearance of the last Memoir or paper on the subject; indeed, perhaps to such an extent as to make the accumula- tion of new material as great as in those parts that, for various reasons, have been less favoured in the matter of publication of records. Whilst, therefore, the majority of the following details have already appeared, im various forms, yet a sub- stantial addition has been made, and accounts of the follow- ing wells are now printed for the first time. Ash, Ashford (all but No. 1), Beckenham (Nos. 2, 4, 5, 6, 9), Benenden, Bexley (Nos. 3, 9, 10), Boxley (No. 2, the well), Branbridge, Brasted (both), Brenchley, Broadstairs, Bromley (No. 4), Brook, Brookland, Buck- land, Canterbury (No. 3, second well), Charing (No. 2), Chatham (Water- works, deep boring, only privately printed before, to some extent, and No. 6), Chevening (Nos, 2, 3), Chiddingstone (both), Chiselhurst (Nos. 2, 3, 4), 72 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Chislet (both), Cliffe (Nos. 2, 3, 4), Cowden, Cranbrook (all three), Darenth (all three), Dartford (all but Nos. 7, 8,9), Deal, Deptford (Nos. 5, 6), Detling, Dover Waterworks, East Barming, Eastchurch, East Langdon, Edenbridge, Egerton, Elmsted, Erith (Nos. 1, 2, 9, 10, 12-14), Folkestone (No. 1), Foot’s Cray (both), Frindsbury (No. 5), Frittenden, Goudhurst, Gravesend (Nos, 2, 5), Greenwich (Nos. 9, 10), Hadlow (No. 2), Halstead, Ham Street, Hawkhurst (all three), Herne (Nos. 1, 3), Hever, High Hockley, Hunton, Ightham, Kemsing, Kenardington, Kingsnorth, Knockholt, Lee (Nos. 2, 3,4), Lewisham (Nos. 2, 4 ?), Linsted, Lower Halling (No. 2, second well), Maid- stone (Nos. 7—9), Marden, Margate (part of No. 2), Minster, Sheppey (ail), Monkton, Northbourne, Northfleet (Nos. 2, 4, 5), Oare (Nos. 3, 4), Otford (Nos. 1, 3, 4), Pembury (Nos. 1, 3—5), Pluckley, Plumstead (Nos. 1, 3, 6), Rainham (No. 2), Rochester (No. 5), St. Paul’s Cray (both), Saltwood (No. 1), Seal, Sevenoaks (Nos. 1—4), Shorne (No. 1), Southborough, Stanford, Strood (Nos. 4, 5), Sundridge (No. 1), Swanscombe, Tonbridge (all four), Tun- bridge Wells (all four), Wateringbury, Westgate, Wickhambreux, Wingham (both), Woodchurch, Woodnesborough. Also, added since the above was written, Capel-le-Ferne, Lydden, Murston (No, 2) and, in Addenda, Goudhurst and Hawkhurst. WELLS. 73 ‘DETAILS OF WELLS AND BORINGS FOR WATER. The following accounts of wells, etc.,are arranged alphabetically, by the names of the towns and villages in which the wells occur. Localities have often been given to us from the nearest village or railway-station; but as far as possible the present headings are taken from the village or town in the parish of which the site is placed, names of hamlets, etc., being kept in a subordinate posi- tion, or put with cross-references as in the first entry. The parish is the smallest unit of rural local government. and clearly it is convenient to accept it. [ Words in these brackets have been inserted by the Author]. Abbey Wood, see Erith. Allhallows Marshes. Near ALLHALLOWS VILLAGE, 1900. ? Ordn. Map 272, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. Communicated by Mr. J. H. OAKLEY. Water rose nearly to the top of the bore. A good supply. Thickness.| Depth. : Ft. In. | Ft. In. A f Blue cla. ie 2 aie 7 #O 7 #O (Atiertia) (Sand and peat... i wR 4 0 11 0 [River j Yellow sand es si .. | 20 0 31 (0 Drift] } Thames ballasi [gravel]... {| ll 0 42 0 [London (Blue clay ae oe | 158 0 | 200 0 Clay, Gea of good quality [lignite] 0 3 | 200 3 198 feet] Blue clay ... aes ans ..| 389 9 | 240 0O [Oldhaven Green sand and water ... aa 4 0 | 244 0O Beds] | Grey sand... tis ei at 6 0 | 250 0 Mr. Brrp, in an account of this well (Rochester Naturalist, 1900, vol. iii., No. 70, p. 12), says that the samples from the Londor Clay were tough, hard, similar throughout, aud with cement-stones here and there. The bottom part is described as more sandy, dark green (from glauconite-grains), with a layer of flint pebbles at the base (made 236 feet). Ash. Messrs. GARDNER'S BREWERY, nearly a third of a wile E. of the Church, 1900. Ordn. Map 290, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le GRAND and SuTcuirF, and from Mr. GARDNER. 66 feet above Ordnance Datum. Rest-level of the water 65 feet below the pump-floor. Yield over 4,000 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Soil... aie wae is aise ge tee 535 4 4 [? Surface- wash or Woolwich Beds] Loamy sand, with 3 inches of pebbles at the base ais sie aise 3 133 [Thanet Loamy sand ads 38 sii ans 43 18 Bed Running sand... ait aad wee 5 23 921 ¢ oF Loamy sand cies ia 26 sie 3 26 4 feet] Hard blue clay ... zits “is aa 80 106 [Upper] Chalk‘and flints... .. eee | | B84 400 74 KENT WATER SUPPLY. There is an older boring here, to the depth of 220 feet, and Mr. GARDNER believes that the pumping at the Woodnesborough Well (Sandwich Water- works) affected the water-level at the Brewery, the lutter having fallen after the establishment of the works (see p. 216). Ashford. Ordn. Map 289, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. 1, 2, Brewery, 1874. Boring made and communicated by Messrs. TILLEY, 1900. (S.u#, Naturalist, 19 J Thickness. Depth. | Ft. | Ft. Old well and boring ‘ wn oe ar _ | 267 Green clay ste ae 33 300 Hard veins of pyrites A a 15 315 Light-coloured clay... oa 2 317 Green clay ; ech 39 352 Hard sand-rock and pyrites si 6 358 [Weald Clay]< Green clay and beds of stone ... 24 382 Hard white stuff... diss ale 2 384 Red clay ... ons tee wwe 2 386 Dull blue clay... ne 14 400 Clay and hard i stuff ees 36 436 Clay ie gus 18 454 Sand-rock.. a 30 484 Chocolate-coloured clay 4 488 Clay and sand-rock : 5 : an : Sand-rock, hard and soft veins 09 a eee Hard sand-rock ... 7 14 514 ells Send] Dirty sand and brown stuff 34 548 Chocolate-coloured clay 2 550 Sandy stuff ie ae 20 570 Hard white substance ... 3 9704 Dull brown clay ... 30} 601 .| Hard sandstone ... 4 605 ow Brown clay aig 9 614 iB ‘cua Hard sand and pyrites i 2 616 y. Brown clay ‘ 4 620 Rock : 6 626 Light- coloured clay 23 649 Sand-rock .. 9 658 Light-coloured clay 6 664 Sand-rock .. 30 694 |? Ashdown ) Coloured [mottled] clay... 17 711 Beds] | Soft sand-rock, with water 2 713 Green sandy clay 5 718 Hard white stuff... 3 721 Green clay 14 7224 This boring was all right at first, with plenty of water, which stood within 50 feet of the surface and could not be lowered ; but it failed after a time, ? from the hole, which is only of 14 inches diameter at the bottom, getting choked. A second boring was therefore made. WELLS. 75 Second Well, 1901. Made and communicated by Messrs. IsLEr & Co. 195 feet of tubes, of 6 inches diameter, 15 feet down; 400 feet, of 5 inches diameter, 195 feet down ; 390 feet, of 4 inches diameter, 333 feet down. Water-level 54 feet down. Supply good (in quantity) but the water unusable (see Analyses, pp. 285-287). ‘Thickness. Depth. i Ft. Ft. Well (the rest bored) . — 95 Blue clay 6 es 2 137 Blue clay and rock ... ee “a D 142 Hoek 4c) ae ake Ce) 147 Clay... bax ate an sue | 12} 1594 Red clay sa fish va a ist Clay... ne ate a8 ah 0 24, Pee 2 Gutta ewe 4 2248 ay] Grey clay... ei nite ae 20 | 2444 Red clay sks sa 9 5a 16 2602 Brown clay... see “ 86 4 2645 Grey clay... ue a we |) (24 288% Grey rock... Be st aed 10 2983 Grey and dark clay... ... we 2600 B24 Grey rock : | 24 | 8484 Grey clay | 10 3584 Grey rock . 8 3663 Red and grey clay | 14 ~=——- 3804 Grey clay es 2s ve | aN oe Grey rock... si wate sae J 3 Grey clay “te 12 4324 Grey rock | 8 | 440 (? Weald Dark clay 18 458 Clay and < Grey rock ... a | 9 467 Tunbridge | Grey and dark eas met mae eat 15 482 Wells Grey rock itr sie isso 6 4884 Sand] Clay... sit ni ig sis 12 5004 Grey rock... cat Sa sie 9 5094 Grey sand... aria ase sib 14 Sil Clay... an ine a ie 10 521 Grey rock... ae ais ats | 6 ' 527 Clay... Sid ais sis sige 22 549 Grey rock... sie awe 268 13 562 Grey clay as 8 aise side 3 * 665 co clay ... biti us ident 64 > o7ls | Grey clay... ae is ays 20 5914 [? Wadhurst } Dark brown clay... sie on 24 6154 Clay] \ Grey sandy clay... ie aad 12 6274 | Grey clay aie ia eae sins 144: 642 | Dark brown clay... sia otf 20 | 662 ( Grey clay ie st a ise 8 | 670 ( Sand and clay... sn ar aie 53 | 723 Light-blue clay sire 3 aia 3 | cet Light-grey rock sal et iss 10 eae ad we ances, 7 | 748 Bess Light-coloured soft sand with bands 112 feet] ofrock ©... aah | 12 | 755 Light-coloured soft sand... ‘ie 254 | 780s (Hard grey rock ai ses sia 13 «| «782 76 KENT WATER SUPPLY. This section gives details between 95 and 267 feet that were not given Bor te earlier section, and it continues the section to a further depth of oF eet. 3. Railway Waterworks. By the edge of the marsh. At the eastern sido of the Canterbury lice a third of a mile north-eastward of Henwood. A well of about 40 feet, presumably through the Sandgate Beds to the Kentish Rag. 4. Sewage Works, on the marsh, two-thirds of a mile north--ast of the Church. A well of 18 feet, with a boring of 18 feet, presumably through Alluvium into gravel. Possibly Kentish Rag may have been reached. Water, from the boring, to within 3 feet of the surface. 5. SourH EASveRN RatLway Works, 1903? Made and communicated by Messrs. IsLer & Co. Lined with 480 feet of tubes, of 7} inches diameter, up to the surface. Water-level 60 feet down. Supply 600 gallons an hour. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Dug well (the rest bored) aie a sigs _— 8 ( Blue clay 6 115 123 | Lightbine clay aud layers ¢ ‘of lime- stone.. we 28 151 Light-ccloured clay .. 10 161 Light-coloured clay and limestone 4 165 Light-coloured and dark oe ake 15 180 Mottled clay .. an 5 185 Blue clay and layers ‘of rock shas 12 i97 Blue clay att 12 209 Light-coloured clay and rock sins 14 223 Blue clay 8 14 237 [Weald Blue clay and ‘fullers’ “earth | ii 14 251 Clay} \ Light-coloured and dark ae ne 5 256 Light-coloured clay .. 10 266 Light-coloured ee “and fullers’ earth.. 20 286 Light-coloured clay .. ag Fee 9 295 Mottled clay . sis ees 15 310 Light-coloured clay .. ‘in ie 8 318 Clay and rock.. 58 7 325 Iron-pyrites and Binestone., ae 5 ' 330 Light-coloured clay .. en se 26 356 a and rock ais a 5 361 Clay ... de wa Se 103 3714 Dark sandstone eh i ue 11 3824 Lignite (?) and saudstone ... 65 14 3963 : Light-grey sandstone one wise 314 428 (? Tunbridge | Grey rock... sl ae 445 Sand] 4 Light-coloured tough clay .. ss 7 452 Tough clay with layers of rock fate 12 464 Light - coloured sandstone and fullers’ earth (the Sane Peete bed) . us ue si 48 512 [? Wadhurst] “Tough clay a = : j 21 533 Owing to the fine nature of the sand in whieh the water was found it took months of pumping before the water became clear. This result was got by means of an air-lift pump, as an ordinary deep well pump proved a failure. ° WELLS. 77 6. Waterworks. At Henwood, E. of the town, 1853 and later. Information from Mr. W. TERRILL, Surveyor to the Council (1888,9) and from examination on the spot. Pumping-well, at the engine-house, at the western end of the ground, 36 feet. B. well, just west of Henwood, 24 feet. The well for the farm, just north, is over 30 feet deep, and is said to reach rock (Kentish Rag) at 13 feet. C. well, at the southern boundary of the ground, south-east of Henwood, over 30 feet. D. well, at the eastern end of the ground, by lane, over 37 feet. These wells are connected by a gallery, and D is also connected with the pumping-well by a syphon-pipe. Unfortunately there is no record of what was passed through in these old works. The whole tract is mapped as Sandgate Beds ; but the Kentish Rag must be reached by the wells and galleries, and the water comes from this. Clay is said to have been found at the bottom. If this be Ather- field Clay the Hythe Beds are abnormally thin, far thinner than one would have expected. Later work seems to show that this is the case. W. W. D. well. Gaugings taken in the morning after the well had been stand- ing during the night, the available depth being 33 feet 8 inches out of total depth of 37 feet 4 inches :— Ft. in. 1898, 14th July 23 6 down 1897 eS 16 68 ~ 1896 % 20 10 ~=~,, 1895 7 qWs2, 1894 “i 4 0 , 1893 4 15 2 , 1892 9 12 11, 1891 ‘s 467, Consumption, or quantity pumped, the last fortnight, 1,960,297 gallons ; for 1897, 2,256,630 gallons. Three other shafts were made in 1899 and later, at equal intervals between the pumping-well and D, that is along the line of the syphon- pipe, information as to which has also been given by Mr. TERRILL. 1. Nearest D. 27 feet, with about 5 feet of water. Does not appear (March 20th, 1899) to be affected by pumping out well C, the water in which is at a lower level (about 5 feet). 2. Next westward, between B and C. 13 feet to rock. Slightly affected by pumping at C. 7 3. About 17 feet, 13 to rock. In 1907 the total capacity of the wells and adits was 341,816 gallons. Mr. Terry has furnished a diagram (deposited in the Geological Survey Office) showing, by different coloured lines, the water-levels in the morn- ing, in the pumping-well, from April Ist, 1891, to December 31st, 1894; from January Ist, 1895, to July 24th, 1899; from November 18th, 1900, to December 31st, 1894; and from January Ist, 1905, to March 23rd, 1907. The gap between July, 1899, and November, 1900, is owing to the construc- tion of adits, which interfered with the record. The highest record was in the early part of March, 1904, when the water overflowed to the river, and the lowest was in the early part of March, 1898, when it was about 27 feet lower (except for a curious sudden fall in July, 1899). When, how- ever, the water was kept low (? by continuous pumping), from November, 1900, to March, 1901, a still lower level was reached. As the highest and lowest rest-levels over the whole period occur in March, it is clear that this is the time of greatest seasonal fluctuation, The least fluctuation is in August, 78 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Mr. Terri has also given a table of gaugings of the yield during the construction of the adits, from January 21st to November 16th, 1900. The highest amount (436,320 gallons in 24 hours) was on October 17th, and the lowest (78,298 gallons) on February 2nd. He has further contributed the following table :— Rainfall Gallons of | Level of water in | Date. jo water pumping-well Remarks. ne inelies | pumped. June 22nd.” | Morning. | Evening. | Ft. in. | Ft. in. 1893 28°61 | 38,633,711 | 14 4 31 10 1894 38°82 | 39,309,386 | 12 7 28 10 | Heaviest rainfall for 30 years, ending 1906 1895 23°83, 41,087,419 | 15 38 19 9 1896 29°44 | 39,673,997 | 19 11 22 7 1897 27°21 | 46,245,555 | 18 3 17 11 1898 2253 | 45,548,396 | 23 1 27 9 | Lowest rainfall for 30 years 2 21 5 Adits commenced, August 7 30 11 At D well in this case surface 10 ft. 2 in. higher Adits finished, March 1899 | 25-86 | 47,809,520 | 20 1900 | 281 | 65,696,073 | 25 1901 23°63 | 69,782,129 | 18 2 20 1902 23°06 | 54,736,593 | 14 10 17 1903 33°19 | 59,089,049 9 10 12 1904 24°03 | 59,198,530 9 9 121 Feb. 29th to Mar. 3rd overflowing to river* 1505 27:17 | 64,709,306 | 11 7 14 1906 — | 63,116,737 | 11 7 16 * The morning-level was 2 feet 9 inches and the evening-level 5 feet 6 inches. Bw OMIW@ Besides Ashtord parts of Willesborough and Kingsnorth are supplied. There are 1,265 feet of adits. Yearly supply for all purposes 63,116,737 gallons. (Water Works Directory, 1907.) Barming, see East Barming. Barming Heatb, see Maidstone. Bean, see Stone. Beckenham. Ordn. Map 270, new ser. ; Geol. Maps 6, London and its Environs, and London District, Sheet 4, new. 1. BrickyaRrpD, about a third of » mile west of Beckenham Place. | Thickness.| Depth. | Ft. Ft. [London Loamy clay... a .. about | 5 5 Clay, Strong blue clay wt 10 15 163 feet] Pebbly gravel [basement-bed ?] 7 ies 16 Sand [Oldhaven Beds] ... ai hee se ae . at WELLS. 79 2, Exectric Lieut STATION, 1900. Made and communicated by Messrs. LE Granp and Surcuirr, 100 feet above Ordnance Datum. Borehole of 6 inches diameter, - | Thickness. a Depths Ft. it. Coloured nae oat we sis a ins 4 4 Gravel . A co on 2 6 Sand clay. iss vals si 4 10 [Ganon Chay) “(gi and mundic £53 15 25 [? Oldhaven Beds] Sand re wi 16 41 [Woolwich and ( Clay, shells and pebbles “8 15 56 Reading Beds, | Motied clay ... a Bs 7 73 37 feet] Clay and stone ... sete shia 3 78 { Sand ave 27 , 105 (Thanet | Hard sand (almost rock) de 1 | 106 Sand, 4 Sand is ae ai 12 118 52 feet] | Hard dry clayey ‘sand ... oe 11 129 Green flints zines ste is 1 130 [Upper] Chalk and flints ... ae as ie 120 230 3. Etmer’s Enp Brewery, Messrs. Pontifex and Hall, 1881 ? About 136 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Lr GRAND and SUTCLIFF. Bored throughout. Water rose 4 feet above the surface. Supply 10,000 gallons a day of ten hours. According to Sik A. BINNIE the water-level has been lowered by the sinking of a well in the neighbourhood, to 4 feet down. (R. Comm. Metr. Water Supply, 1898, Appendices, p. 169.) [poucliness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. [Oldhaver Beds, f Brown sand 33 34 18 feet] Grey sand 143 18 ( Shells and coner ete 43 224 5 ; | Shells and clay . 7 30 bene ae } Hard white stone ih 2° 32 39 feet] ’ \ Coloured [mottled] clays 13 45 | ase [flint] pebbles 4 49 Green sand and black pebbles 8 57 Live grey sand . 47 104 ea } Besa sand ss Hi 108} Flints 14 110 [Upper] Chalk and flints 70 180 4, EtLMeEr’s Enp, Messrs. Muirhead and Co,’s Electrical Factory, 1897. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le GRAND and Surcuirr. 107 feet above Ordnance Datum. Borehole of 10 to 8 inches diameter, | Pitekness Depth. Ft. Ft. e Made ground . sit a 6 6 [Oldhaven { Yellow clay ois sis 2 8 Beds] Grey sand atts ais 16 24 ( Shell-rock eo ae 1 25 a Clay and shells.. fee 13 38 omen oe 8. Mottled clay... 15 53 38 feet} | Pebbles, clay and sand. 4 57 | Green sand and penis 5 62 (Thanet] Sand... ‘ ‘| 56 J18 [Upper] Chalk and flints | wis se 115 233 80 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Another account differs thus :— Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Soil Se oe aes 1 1 Gravel ... shes et 13 24 Mottled clay ... ats 24 5 Live grey sand.. 18 23 Next five beds as s ahove — 61 Live grey sand.. bn 35 96 Dead sand ar aa. 21 117 Elinte an wi wwe 2 119 Chalk... Me we TG 236 5. Oak Woops Houvusg, 1859? Made and communicated by Messrs. DocwRa. Shaft 100 feet, and water rose to 30 feet above the bottom of this. Depth. | Thickness. | Kt. Yellow clay he il 29 { Lordon Brown sand 7 Clay] Yellow clay an 9 Blue clay 41 [BlackLeath Beds} Black [flint] pebbles 28 ( Blue clay... a 8 [Woolwich ' Oyster-rock sig vist 3 and i Blue clay and shells si 7 Reading Sandy clay és 3 Beds] | Coloured [mottled] clay 4 ( Green sand ea 12 White [Thanet]sand_... ics si 40 Chalk she ee ee sin 269 6. Pusiic Barus, 1900. 114 122 125 142 145 149 161 201 470 Made by Messrs. Le Granp and SutciirF. Communicated by Mr. T. WALKER. 97 feet above Ordnance Datum. Borehole of 84 inches diameter. : Ballast . [e Prec] Clayey gravel... {? London] Clay ait ( Black pebbles... [? Black- | Shell-rock heath <4 Pebbles ai Beds] | Shells and sand | Live sand es ( Clay, shells, and stone {Woolwich | Mottled clav ... and | Mottled clay and stone Reading { Mottled clay . ' Beds, Pebbles es 33 feet] pi of pebbles, sand, and elay . 7 Bais : age {Thanet Sand Sand] Green flints Chalk and flints [Upper Jyardehalk «0. Chalk) Chalk and flints aed a Red Thi et | Depth. Ft k= CO CO He CD, toto ho OS OT CO Ft. 6 10 18 26 27 ag 29 37 52 55 58 62 64 70 127 129 140 167 300 WELLS, 81 7. SHORTLANDS, at the house on the hill just west of the Railway Station (Mr. Wilkinson’s), Clay Hill, 1857. About 178 feet above Ordnance Datum. Communicated by Mr. R. B. Larrrr. Shaft about 59 feet, the rest bored. Water about 61 feet down. 24,000 gallons pumped in 24 hours. According to Sir A. BINNIE there wasa loss of 14 feet in the water-level in 4 years, the well never having recovered since the drought of 1887. Pumping, for a few hours a day, does not appreciably reduce the water-level. (R. Comm. Metr. Water Supply, 1893, Appendices, p. 169). Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Sandy loam [? Surface-earth, or London ae sa 10 10 Gravel, 10 feet : Pa {Cisrey gravel, [2varying ‘up to] 22 32 21 feet . (Blue clay, with shells of Ostrea | and of Cyrena in fragments, {Woolwich | partly conglomerated ... about 13 45 and Reading } Pebbles. Bads, shoul 4 Motilod olay... a,» abond 6 51 Sl feet] | Gravels, with Dstreus of a green | colour [clayey green sand with (pebbles ; “ bottom- aed about |10[? more] 61 ( White sand . vee ite) | Marly sand . on ang | : ; Sand, more marly Bi .. pabout 48[? more] 109 oe } j Dark-greenish marly sand, | more marly at bottom... J about48 feet] | | Detritus of flints [? the usual green- | coated flints at the bottom of the ( Thanet Sandj. | i Chalk, with flints (some thick) igs ete ee 100 | 209 8. WaTERWORKS (Metropolitan Water Board), close to the Shortlands Railway Station, 1864. Second well, 1873. About 130 feet above Ordnance Datum. Communicated by Dr. W. Farr. Some particulars by Mr. J. Lucas (Journ. Soc. Arts, vol. xxv., p. 608.) Shaft 100 feet, the rest bored. Water-level (April, 1877), before pumping, 8 feet down; after pumping, 18 feet. The engineer said that he could pump 5,000,000 gallons a day. _Thickness.| Depth. | Ft. Ft. (Thanet Clean sand [? including gravel] | 69 60 Sand] Marl [? oleyey sae 0 vee 10 70 White Chalk ... ie . | 180 250 An account from Messrs. 8. Ff. BAKER & Sons, who sunk the well, is a little different, being as follows :— Gravel, 6 feet; [Thanet] sand, 58 feet. 10,000 F 82 KENT WATER SUPPLY. From the Engineer's Report (W. Morris), furnished by the Kent Water Co. to the Water Board Arbitrators (1903), we learn that there is a third well, and get the following additional particulars :— The second well is 70 feet deep and bored to 250. The water-level is about 10 feet down when the engines are at rest, and is lowered to about 37 when both engines are pumping continuously. The yield is then 2,250,000 gallons in 24 hours, the water coming from the two boreholes. 9. Vicroria Launpry, Avenue Road, 1907. Made and communicated by Messrs. R. RrcHarps & Co. Water-level 14 feet down; when pumping at the rate of 2000 gallons an hour the level kept the same. Thickness, Depth. Ft. Ft. {London Clay ... dee sibs sa es 25 25 Clay | | Blue clay... we 50 75 [Blackheath (Sand and gravel (pebbles) 38s 6 8i Beds, 4 pane sand set : ae 10 174 feet] Rock . Ss eG, edie Abst 1g 924 (Clay ... 2 944 | Fossil and hard clay | 54 100 [Woolwich | Hardclay .. 10 110 and Reading j) Mottled elay a cat sisi 3 113 Beds, | Hard clay... sa 7 120 393 feet] | Sand and gravel [pebbles] _ 4 124 Sand ... 2 126 t Green sand and gravel (pebbles)... 6 132 (Sand . 5 137 | Running sand. 34 1404 ee | Soft sandstone sae soe + 141 a a 21 162 49 feet] unning san ihe l Sand and fine gravel ‘[flints] re 17 179 Green veh ans) ne se 2 181 Chalk and flints ae sis sis 69 250 Bell Green, see Lewisham, Belvedere, see Erith. Benenden. East BENENDEN, 1906. Ordn. Map 304, new ser.; Geol. Map 5. Made and communicated by Messrs. DuKE and OCKENDEN. Water-level 6 feet down. | Thickness.| Depth. | Ft. Ft. Yellow clay a0 an ae 19 19 Hard sandstone . 5 24 ( Hard green and blue sandy elay 16 40 | Blue clay... dias 16 56 (Wadhurst 4 Brown clay ws 08 ef 6 62 Clay] Blue clay... ais ate eeu 22 84 | Grey rock sa is wae 3 87 | Blue clay... i 44 131 WELLS. 83 Betteshanger sce Northbourne. Bexley. Ordn. Map 271, new ser.; Geol. Maps 1, S,W., London and its Environs, and London District, Sheet 4, new. 1. Brewery. Messrs. Reffell’s. Made and communicated by Mr. W. R. RErre... Shaft nearly 6 feet, the rest bored, with pipes to 80 feet. Water-level in the gravel about 54 feet down; from the Chalk 24 feet down. It rose to this level when the Chalk was touched, and remained at it afterwards. Pumped, for 14 hours, 50 barrels an hour. Supply good and apparently inexhaustible. T'emperature of the water 52° F Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Gravel, waterlogged... 184 18} Sandy clay o or ‘loam, imper- {? Thanet Beds] 1 vious to water ... Ay 16} 342 Flints ses 4 352 Soft chalk, with ‘beds of [Upper] Chalk | flints, and with water ... 392 75 Hard chalk ... ain ai 98 173 Before this well was made the Brewery was supplied from a well, 12 fect deep in the gravel. From this the same quantity was pumped as noted above, never reducing the level of the water lower than to 10 feet down; but the quality was bad, with indications of sewage-contamination. 2. Bexitey Hearn. Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. iii., no. 65, p. 151 (1839). Gravel and sand eas Woolwich, and Thanet cna y 170 feet Chalk vis oe 3. BexLeEy Heat. Brampton Place. Communicated by Mr. W. Morris, from information given by Mr. VENNER of Bexley. Steined, to Chalk [?to firm chalk] te oe 30h \ 159} feet. Headings driven, to get chalk, at about 140 feet down. 4. Bextey HeEatu, near the Lord Bexley’s Arms. Dr. James MitTcHELL's MSS., vol. iv., p. 261. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Gravel [Blackheath Beds] __... ee ons 0G 60 60 Loamy sand 7 67 [Woolwich Beds] < Loose ne sand, white, ary 15 82 Stiff ae it tae ; 8 90 Coarse [Thanet] sand ... i o is ian 45 135 Chalk ins ie ate ane iy a si 18 153 84 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 5. Bextey Heats. Mr. Shelwin’s, near the Lion. Dr. J. Mrrcues’s MSS., vol. iv., p. 262. | Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Gravel [Blackheath Beds] aie 35 u5 : Blowing sand 10 45 [Woolwich Beds] ca sand... 16 61 Stiff sandy loam ere aie a4 115 Chalk ey sis 25 140 6. Bextey Heatu. Long Lane. Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. iii, no. 65, p. 151 (1839). ToChalk 124 90 9 te 214 feet 7. LAMorsEy House (Mr. D. Scott’s), 1874. Made and communicated by Messrs. LE GRAND and SUTCLIFF, Bored throughout. Water-level 17 feet down. Thickness, Depth. Ft. Ft. Top ground and gravel [Blackheath doa as 25 25 [Woolwich Beds, f Shells ste 13 38 26 feet] Brown clay, with veins of plue 13 d1 [Thanet Sand Live sand, with a quantity of (2? part Woolwich i water ... Aes ie ee 43 | 94 Beds), 65 eee, Dead sand ag a ‘i 22 116 Chalk Sid's ais sins on a wee 29 146 8. Near the Railway-cutting, W. of the village, to supply a temporary Brickfield. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Docwra. Shaft 65 feet, the rest bored. Water-level 60 feet down. Thickness.) Depth. | Ft Ft. Mould ivi ee seas | 1 1 Brick-earth [wash of London Clay] is Pn 5 6 [Oldhaven] Sand with red veins.. is 12 18 Shells and blue cla: sare 15 33 [Woolwich Beds] ee clay [? sands Wy nie 33 66 Blue clay [?] and red sand | 60 126 {Thanet Sand, Pebbles [? flints] ... sade 4 1264 631 feet] Green sand... es a 2 1284 Flints aie os 3 1291 Chalk ie, ak at ae: eee) 175 WELLS. 85 9. Sripcup New Homgs, Halfway Street, about 900 yards from Sidcup Railway Station. 1903? Communicated by Mr. T. Dinwippy (to Mr. T. V. Holmes). Thickness.) Depth. | Ft. Ft. Ballast... sie ‘uss 5 5 Loam and sand des 3 a Soft shells... oa $ Zs i: ea Ballast and sand... 2 | 4b Hard shells... i 3 15 Clay and ballast 13 16} Sand and clay... ait 5 214 ‘Shells and blue clay 24 24 Hard shells. 2} 263 phells and clay oy Cl 283 . ard clay and shells... 314 [Woolwich | sivall shells 34 35 Ss Black cla; 14 36 344 feet] Yo ge Coloured [mottled] clay 3 | 39 Hard sand i 2 414 Grey sand and pebbles 34 45 Green sand 11 56 Live anus) sand ar sit 72 128 Chalk re aie ‘ids uae Pe 122 250 10. Wansunr Pumpine Station of the Metropolitan Water Board. About half a mile from Crayford. From the Engineer’s Report (W. Morris) furnished by the Kent Water Co. to the Water Board Arbitrators, 1903. 32; feet above Ordnance Datum (the larger well), the other apparently a little higher. 1. Small shaft about 16 feet, then a large boring, lined to 784 feet down. Loam iia s» about 11 Soft chalk ...over 14 > 253 feet. [Upper Catt if Hard chalk, about ut 2. Large shaft 18 feet. Cylinders 34 feet deeper ‘and rising over 8 feet in the shaft. Section as above, but about 18 inches less loam. Before the well was finished a supply of 2,000,000 gallons a day was got. Birchington, Waterworks, see Westgate. Blackheath, Ssoorer’s Hitu Roap. Next house to the Sun in Sands (No. 123). Communicated by Mr. C. Haworts, of Eltham. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Pe eeeoan q ) Gravel [? and sand, at bottom] 104 104 oolwienh, an White sand a stain see 5 109 Thanet Beds] Chalk ... es sts aa oes aes 2 30 139 86 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Blean Hill, westward of Canterbury. Ordn. Map 274, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. Prestwiox, Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc., vol. x., p. 406. To Chalk 160 feet. Bobbing. Ordn. Map 272; Geol. Map 3. Keycot, Hit, Sittingbourne Waterworks, 1871. About 204 feet above Ordnance Datum. Communicated by Mr. W. L. Grant, Surveyor to the Local Board. (S.H. Naturalist, 1902.) The thioknesses in brackets were given by Mr. R. D. BatcHetor, whose account goes only to the depth of 398 feet. Shaft 160 feet, the rest bored. Headings (about 90 feet, N.E. and S.W.) at 153 feet. Water comes at the end of these. The old and new wells are connected by a gallery. Water-level about 122 feet down when not pumping. About 330,000 gallons a day pumped. In Dr. Sweerrne’s Report (to the Local Government Board) on the Milton Registration District, 1901, p. 16, it is said that “ on an average only 19,000 gallons an hour can be pumped. wu Thickness.| Depth. Ft. | Ft. Light-coloured sandy gravel .. eit (5) about | 4 | 4 [(? Oldhaven) Red and yellowish sand i) it | 16 20 W. 4 White sand ee ace 10 30 oolwich R 30 60 and Thanet ed sand a * | Beds] Dark sand, with water (564) nearly 57 117 Large flints ... at (34) over a 3 120 ( White chalk ae Ae | 170 =| ~—-290 Hard yellow chalk ... ne about 24 | 314 Soft white chalk we (48) 4 | 318 Hard white chalk . eee | 6 | 824 Soft white chalk ... (133) , | 14 | 338 Grey chalk. Yielded. 125 gallons a | | Chalk, minute 356 feet down ... about; 32 370 360 feet Hard blue chalk “a 4) | 4 | 374 Soft white chalk ... (23) ,, 6 | 380 Hard white chalk ... vs over 2 | 882 Soft chalk ae . nearly 4 i 386 Gault clay [marl-bed] .. about 4 . 890 : White chalk. Yielded 159 a lons i i aminute ... 90 | 480 The Sittingbourne Works also partly. spely 4ke followiile parishes: Newing- ton, Halstow, Borden, Murston, Upchurch, Hartlip, and Rainham. Borstal, sce Rochester. Boston Heath, see Plumstead. Boughton. Waterworks, 1896. Communicated by Messrs. STEVENSON and BurstTat. (S.E. Naturalist, 1902.) About 70 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft, with adits, 58 feet long by 6 by 3. Water stands 38 feet down. Gravel 45 te 33} 100 feet. According to Dr. F. Parsons the yield at the Boughton-under-Blean works is 64,800 gallons in 24 hours. WELLS. 87 Boughton Hill. Ordn. Map 289, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. MS. Geol. Soc. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. {London Blue clay sg va | 90 06 90 0 Clay, {Sentai sis ie i 1 6 91 6 1013 feet] (Blue clay ‘ sin «| 20 0 lli 6 [Oldhaven ( Very white sand. P {| 10 0 121 6 Beds, eee sandstone | ie 4 6 126 0 19} feet] - denser 5 0 131 0 Reddish sand ... ani sini 10 0 141 +O [Woolwich | Coarse rand ... sii sid 9 6 150 «6 Beds, Fuller's earth . cet eset 0 1 150 7 27% feet] Blackish sand . awe ; 8 0 158 7 The total is given as 200 feet 1 inch. Boxley, Ordn. Map 288, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. 1. BoxLEY GRANGE, 1885. ? 565 feet above Ordnance Datum. Bored and communicated by Mr. R. D. BaTtcuEtor, of Chatham; and from information and specimens from Messrs. DunLor & Co. (Quart, Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlii., p. 34). Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Old well i _ 348 Chalk Hard chalk, with flint, and alternate ; layers of soft chalk, without water | 258 606 Chalk Marl, and Gault (a fine blue clay, hard and | dry). Specimen, from 879 feet, Cre sandy | clay, with pyrites dius «. , 310 916 Dead green sand \ 2 ae Light-brown clay 3 921 [Gault Darker clay, specimen grey ; also some crystals of pyrites at 922 feet 4 925 Dead green sand... ae 1 926 Dead green sand with pyrites ia 2 928 [Lower Dead green sand eek 4 932 Greensand, } Rock x 3 9322 or, in part, | Dead green sand b= 938} baseof Gault] ! | Rock 4 9383 Coe light-coloured sand | 4 943 Specimen of light-green sand at _— 953 A note of Mr. TopLey’s makes a well at Boxley 640 feet in Chalk and 320 in Gault to Sand (? a different version of the above). 88 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 2. Forstal, for Marpstone Watrrworks Co., 1898. Trial-boring. Close to the Medway, about half a mile above Aylesford. Communicated by Mr. W. Wars, Engineer to the Company. (Rochester Naturalist, 1901.) (Notes from specimens in these brackets.) Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. | Ft. in. Gravel... sie ‘ie say Hs sy ie 19 +O 19 0 ; Yellow sand (Brownish sand at 20. Light-brown sand at 25, 35 and 45, the middle one duller, the lowest lighter, all loose. Clayey dull light-brown sand at 51) ... . | 32 0 51 0 Brown clay (very fine compact clayey sand).. 1 0 52 0 Grey sand (Rather fine loose sand at 55. Dull dark-greenish, slightly clayey compact sand at 67) . | 1 0 67 (0 oe Green sand and clay. (Dull grey , : compact sand, ?slightly clayey, 129} feet] at 80 and 90, the latter darker) 6. | 250 92 0 Green sand. (Brownish-grey sand, partly rather compact, but break- ing up readily at 100, 110, 120; and at 130 the like, grey. At 140 fine green-grey sand, in part slightly compacted, but breaking up readily ; some Glauconite grains) | 55 0 | 147 0 Rock. (Coneretion of pyrites, a set lof small balls, with wood, at 1473) 1 3 | 148 3 [? Sandgate Beds] Black clay. (Very dark een clay sand or sandy clay at 150)... 7 0 | 155 8 Roek (chert at 1563) .. 2 6 /)157 9 Hassock. (Compacted, ? calcareous sand or soft stone, and. stone, full of Glauconite grains at 1573 3) 1 0 | 158 9 Rock ... ss ‘is 11 0 |169 9 Hassock 1 6 {171 3 Rock ... 5 9 |177 O Hythe Beds, | Rock and Hassock 35 0 | 212 «+0 71 feet] } Blue clay 4 0 {216 O Rock 1 2 {217 2 Clay... 1 0 |218 2 Hard sand 2 0 |220 2 Clay 2 0 | 222 2 Rock 0 10 | 223 0 Sand 2 O | 225 O Rock ... 1 3 | 226 3 Atherfield Clay] Sandy blue clay . 8 6 | 2384 9 This section shows that the Lower Greensand is thicker than was esti- mated by Mr. Torey in “ The Geology of the Weald” (1875), pl. iii., and this is wholly-owing to excess in the Folkestone Beds, the other two divisions being under the estimate (which is general for the Maidstone district, and not for this particular place). It must be noted that we have not the whole thickness of the Folkestone Beds here, the Gault not coming on above for some little distance northward. To the 129 feet of the section we must add not only the 19 feet taken up by Gravel, but some- thing more, making the total thickness of the Folkestone Beds, say, 160 feet, if the classification suggested in the section is right. , WELLS. 89 Well, made and communicated by Messrs. Doowra. In this cylinders were carried down to 141} feet. The section is as follows. A large supply has been got. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. | Ft. in. {River Gravel] Ballast, as in the above | 19 O 19 0 Hard yellow sand... ae sia ci « | 28° 0 47 0 Hard sandy elay . axe dns ies say 3. «6 50 «6 Grey sand-rock ... sited a aie 14 6 65 0 Green rock-sand and rock é ei 9 O 74 0 Green sandy clay... 4.4% 78 #7 Green sand-rock and shells 3 (0 81 7 Green sandy clay... 8 ll 90 6 Shingle and rock... 0 6 91 0 Green sandy clay... 1 3 92 3 Sand-rock ... 3. (0 9 3 Hard green sandy “clay and beds of rock- sand} 35 9 |131 0 Hard rock and sand 3 0 | 134 O Green sandy clay... 8 3 | 142 3 Hard grey sandy rock 2 0/144 38 Black clay.. 7 0; 151 38 Hassock and rock | 73 #9 | 225 9 Weald [Atherfield! clay... 37 (0 | 262) 0 (Total given as 5 261. _ 3. FrienD’s Woop (not so called on the old Ordnance Map), over half a mile N.N.E. of Boxley Grange, for the water-supply of Maidstone. Communicated by Mr. 8. C. HomERSHAM. Height of the top of the well above Trinity bigh-water-mark 382 feet error]. A shaft sunk 386} feet, and then 2134 feet bored [? more]. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in, | Ft. in. Clay-with-flints .. 3. (0 3 (0 Soft chalk, 13 beds of flints 6 to 12 inches thick) se 52 #1 55 «(1 Hard chalk... 1 8 56 9 Soft chalk, 7 beds of flints: (3 to 6 inches thick) ‘is 17 64 74 #1 Hard chalk... 38.7 77 8 (Chalk, | Soft chalk, 2 beds of flints, and some chiefly soft, 7 seattered flints ... ‘i 10 11 88 7 with flints], } Hard chalk, a bed of flints ... va 5 9 94 4 2037 feet | Soft chalk, 2 beds of flints . oa 5 8 | 100 0 Hard chalk... 3 0 | 103 0 Soft chalk, 5 beds of flints 6 to 12 inches thick) ‘ie 28 11 | 181 211 Hard chalk ... 2 0 | 1383 11 Soft chalk, a bed of. flints. (damp (places 3 ‘and 42} feet down) ...| 72 10 | 206 9 90 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Thickness.| Depth. (Jointed chalk, the “joints” (divi- | Ft. ins | Ft. in. sions of the beds ?] chiefly hori- zontal ? a 10 0 | 216 9 Soft chalk Gamay place 5 feet from [Chalk | base). 30 0 | 246 9 chiefly bard, | Hard chalk ... ais nae ee 4 0 | 250 9 without j a chalk... 6 0 | 256 9 flints] ard chalk (damp place 10 feet from u base) .. 77 +O | 333 9 170 feet Very hard chalk; “pull’s head” .. |; 28 0 | 356 9 Very hard chalk, “bull’s head, ” \ darker .| 6 O | 362 9 Soapy bed (marly layer 2). 0 6 | 3863 3 Hard chalk... 13 6 | 376 9 Grey Chalk. Hard grey chalk... 148 0 | 524 9 Chalk Marl, f Light-coloured chalk-marl . | 42 0 1566 9 70 feet Dark chalk-marl ' 28 0 | 594 9 Gault. Stiff blue clay... 8 6 \603 3 [Where the flints divide beds of soft and hard chalk they have been classed with the former. Only in one case was a bed of flints found in hard chalk. The Upper Greensand seems to be absent.] Branbridge. Dr. F. Parsons writes that the South Kent Water Co. made small works here. The well struck a bed of ironstone, and the water is ferruginous. It was used for the supply of Paddock Wood, but that place is now served with water taken from the Mid Kent Co. Brasted. THE PHILLIPINES. Two borings, 1904. Ordn. Map 287, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isuurn & Co. 1, Failed to get a supply. Thickness.| Depth. aah Ft. Ft. 7 ea nas att ree 1 1 fAllavinm] 1 ose sand... ‘is 1 2 [River Gravel] Ballast.. 5 ah 23 25 [Folkestone Beds] Loamy sand wee 55 80 Sandstone wis 3 4 | 84 [Hythe Beds] {xe Kentrag | 5B BT Atherfleld Olay .. : eek Laie 23 » 160 WELLS. 91 2. A few hundred yards, in a westerly direction from 1. Lined with 135 feet of tubes, of 6 inches diameter, up to the surface. Water-level 99 feet down. Supply 500 gallons an hour. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Well sie ae dies dies _— 6 [Folkestone Loamy sand and stone 12 18 Beds, Rock ... oie 2 20 21 feet] Sand and sandstone ... 7 27 [Sandgate Beds] Loamy sand... ie . a Kent rag aie were ee oo {8 assock ‘isi es 10 120 eet] (Kentrag .. wn 7 127 [Atherfield f Atherfield clay ais 3 130 Clay] Wealdclay ... 20: 8 138 Brenchley. Mr. Marchant’s, Gedges, Matfield. Ordn. Map 287, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. Made and communicated (1901) by Messrs. IstER & Co. Dug 6 feet, the rest bored. 240 feet of tubes, of 4 inches diameter, 34 feet down. Water-level 221 feet down. Yield 240 gallons an hour. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Z Clay and rock ... Il 11 eee {Veto clay oso 14 25 Sand-rock se 24 49 {Wadhurst (Blue clay... at 384 874 Clay, | senock a2 14 89 195 feet) Blue clay 155 244 White sand - rock Ss 246$ Clay androck ... 23 2494 Sand-rock dio 24 2734 [Ashdown | Clay and rock ... 13 275 Beds, < White clay wea 4 2763 56feet] | Clay and rock ... li 2773 White clay eile 133 2914 Clay and rock ... 64 298 ( Sand-rock en 2 300 Broadstairs. Waterworks. Three Wells in Chalk, 1859. Ordn. Map 274, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. 1. RicHaRpson’s Pumpina Station, at the eastern side of the railway, by the bridge over, just westward of Wrotham House. Water unfit for drinking-purposes, and used only for street-watering, etc. About 600,000 gallons a month pumped in summer. 2. CRaMPToN Pumping Station, on the western side of the railway, just south of the station. Water contaminated by admixture of sea-water. Yield 70,000 to 80,000 gallons a day. Mixed with the water from Ne. 3. 3. RumFigLps Pomprne Station. Nearly half a mile south-south- westward of St. Peter’s Church. Adit driven to the boundary of the dis- trict (to the railway, west-south-west of Westwood Lodge, but not in a straight line; nearly a mile in all). 92 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Present supply (1906, 1907), 245,000 gallons a day. Water good. St. Peter's, Reading Street, Northdown, Westwood, Northwood and Dumpton also supplied. An arrangement has been made with the Corporation of Margate to take a supply from their works at Wingham. Brockley, sce Lewisham. Bromley. Ordn. Map 271, new ser. ; Geol. Maps 6, London and its Environs, and London District, Sheet 4, (new.) 1. Gasworks, just north of the London Chatham and Dover Railway, between Bromley and Bickley Stations. 1863. Communicated by the MANAGER from memory. About 172 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 50 feet, the rest bored. Plenty of water. According to Mr. J. Lucas (Journ. Soc. Arts, vol. xxv., p. 668), the total depth is but 115 feet, and the water rose to 42 feet below the ground. pcokness Depth. Ft. Ft. Mixed soil : is sits sis za 50 50 [? Black- Brick-earth and loam nie sa heath and | Hard, rocky gravel and oyster- Woolwich rock, 2 feet tes wise =f 90 140 Beds] Pea-gravel and other gravel als Green [Thanet] sand ... a ‘is eae ais 10 150 Chalk ... eo ae ae 20 170 2. WipmorE KILN. 1869 ? Communicated by Mr. CoLEs CHILD. About 190 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 52 feet, the rest bored. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. From the surface of the ground to the top of the well eats aa sai ae iit ... about _— 20 [Black- Mild earth with sand Bae. a5 20 40 heath Beds Mild earth with sand veins... ,, 10 50 260 fer “Burley” and mild earth ... ,, 20 70 . Gravel (spring) sities pp 10 80 (Sand... sale we ee, 4g 10 90 {Thanet | Dirty earth: mild blackish Sand, { clay .. sisi ais owe . 10 100 60 feet] | Sand, with about 2 feet of ( black earth at bottom ... _,, 40 140 Chalk 205 “as Beis a wees see 35 10 150 Another well over 120 feet to chalk (? 32 feet in chalk). 25 feet from the surface of the ground to the top of the well. Shaft 55 feet, the rest bored. Water stands 6 feet below the top of the bore-pipe. According to Mr.J. Lucas (Journ. Soc. Arts, vol. xxv., p. 608), the water- level in one of these wells in 1877 was at 60 feet below ground before, and 75 after pumping ; and the yield was 3,600 gallons an hour. WELLS. 93 3. WipMore (Tylney Road), just east of the Kiln. Communicated by Mr. Cotes CHILD. Dug 77 feet, the rest bored. n Chalk 13, } 162 fact fic? bys 4, PIXFIELD. 1817. Mr, Latter’s house is near the bottom of the Ravensbourne Valley. Communicated by Mr. R. B. Larter to Sir J. Prestwich, 1856. 1514 feet above Trinity high-water-mark. Ample supply of water from the Chalk. ? Rose to about 60 feet from the surface. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. [River Drift? ( Red clayey gravel ... ais sis -- 26 or Black- 4 Green clayey gravel... si wie 8? 34 heath Beds ?] (White clayey gravel... oe ney 7? 41 p Marly sand... ial sii ies 5? 56 White porous sand ... ae 10? 61 ieee Marly sand, slightly clayey 7 Marly sand... 89 feet] Ng fs marly sand. “Tron-stained aus 85 flints at the base. Vein of water ( Chalk with ay flints ee and + | soft) cae pte 269 354 [Upper | Chalk w ith interspersed aints, 391 : t] ! harder and yellow .. is 78 432 eon | Chalk with few flints, soft and grey. The sides fell ina good deal... 44 476 [? Middle Chalk without flints, hard ... ane 31 507 Chalk] Chalk, hard and yellowish ... ie 7? 514 There is some difficulty in making out the drawing. No thickuesses are given for the beds above the Chalk or for the lowest bed of the Chalk, and the surface is vague. It seems hardly likely that there should be so much as 41 feet of River Drift, and one would not expect the Blackheath Beds to rest on Thanet Sand here. Brompton, see Chatham. Brook. House about a quarter of a mile S, of W. of Church Ordn. Map 289, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. About 160 feet above Ordnance Datum. Communicated by Mr. W. TERRILL, Surveyor to the Ashford Urban Council, 1899, from information from Mr. Davis, Builder. A boring of 3 inches diameter, from which water overflowed. Alluvial soil. {Gault] Very hard blue clay, with fossils and metallic substances [? pyrites and phosphatic nodules] to 102 feet. Water struck in green sand. Boring-tool dropped 2 feet, and would have dropped further if allowed, 94 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Brookland. Romney Marsa. 1847 or a little later ¢ Ordn. Map 305, new ser.; Geol. Map 4. Information from Mr. Mackerson to Sir J. Prestwich. 1872. Believed that the Alluvium was not pierced at 60 feet. A small Cardium found at 40 feet. The auger broke at a depth of about 90 feet, against a piece of rock (? Wealden). Buekland. Paver MILs, close to the Dour. Ordn. Map 290, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. About 48 feet above Ordnance Datum. According to Mr. H. E. StineGok (1898) there are two borings, of 12 and 15 inches diameter, on either side of the river, from which 1,130 gallons a minute are continuously pumped from 4 a.m. on Monday to 2 p.m. on Saturday. Later information gives the quantity pumped from the former as 662,400 gallons a day, and from the latter 964,800. Mr. H. Hogpay, in the same year, said that the old well is about 100 feet deep and the new well 145. They are about 100 feet apart, and respectively 30 and 40 feet from the river. On Monday mornings the water rises to 3 feet down in the old well and to 9 feet down in the new well, which is 6 feet higher. In 1887 and 1888 the pumps were stopped for some time (owing to a fire), and then the water overflowed. The water is from the Chalk. Burham. Ordn. Map 272, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. 1, Brick Lime and Cement Co, 1897. Made and communicated by Messrs. Ister & Co. (Rochester Naturalist, 01.) Lined with 70 feet of tube, 18 inches in diameter, from 3 feet down and with 120 feet, of 15 inches diameter, perforated from a foot down. Water-level, 5 feet down. Supply 9,000 gallons an hour. Well 28 feet, the rest bored. Thickness.| Depth. ¢ Ft. Ft. Made ground ... we 2 2 Gault clay 62 | eek Green sand ... sis ae 5}! 69 [Gault] Congealed pebbles: cL phosphatic nodules] sis ha 24 72 Hard green sand 52 774 Green loamy sand 3 | 78 Hard green sand 24 803 Grey hard stone 1k 81§ [Folkestone /Soft green sand ais 8} Beds] Hard light-coloured sand 94 994 Soft dark blue sand . 4 1034 Hard dark blue sand... 14 105 Soft light-coloured sand a ise 10 115 Hard light-coloured sand ... ais 4 119 I am in doubt whether this section may not be just in Aylesford Parish instead of in Burham, WELLS. 95 2, West Kent Gautr Brick and PorTLAND CEMENT Co. A 16% inch boring. Made and communicated by Mr. R. D. BATCHELOR. Water overflows and runs into the Medway, when the pumps are still about 10,000 gallons an hour. Tested to 30,090 gallons an hour. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Alluvial [earth] ... is ses Sid 20 20 [Gault, Clay ani 214 234 219 feet] Dead sand ‘and nodules... 5 239 ( Dead green sand aa ey 2403 tLower | Hard rock aes Ses 3 9413 Greensand, | Dead sand i sts 3 2444 991 feet] ‘\ Hard rock 1 2454 * | Very hard rock and sand 1 2464 | Lower green sand ae 15 2614 3. A note of Mr. W. Toriey's says that at the Margate Cement Works, more than a quarter of a mile north-westward of St. Mary’s Church, a hole of 15 inches diameter has yielded 30,000 gallons au hour. The water over- flows at the rate of 10,000 gallons an hour, and its level is lowered 8 or 10 feet by pumping. Canterbury. Ordn. Map 289, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. 1, Dane Jonn Brewery (Asu & Co.), 1886. From a local newspaper. Bored throughout, 6 inches diameter, ending with 4 inches. Tubed to 190 feet. Supply tested as follows :--At 250 feet, 288 gallons an hour; at 300 feet, 648 gallons; at 400 feet, 2,520 gallons. thickness Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground 14 14 Gravel ik 16 30 Chalk es 370 400 2. Lonpon CHaTHAM AND Dover RaiLway STATION. Communicated by Mr. R. D. BATCHELOR. Shaft 30 feet; bore, of a foot diameter, 270; total, 300. Yield about 5,000 gallons an hour, as much as the pumps could raise. 3. St. Dunstan’s (called St. Dunstan’s Wood in Sir J. Prestwich’s MSS.) Dr. JAMES MITCHELL’s MSS., vol. iii., opp. p. 179. (S.H. Naturalist, 1902.), [Phickness.| Depth. Ft | Ft Vegetable mould 2ee wie Sle his aig 1 1 Sand ane ss wan ove we | 23 24 Blue clay, with a a few shells a ite 12 36 Blue clay, full of shells crushed together into one mass... on 6 42 Sand [? Oldhaven, Woolwich and Thanet Beds] ae 108 130 96 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 4, St. Dunsran’s BREWERY. Boring made and communicated by Messrs. IsLER. Lined with 40 feet of tubes, of 8} inches diameter, 20 feet down; and 70 feet, of 6 inches diameter, 18 feet down. Water-level 25 feet down. ee 3,600 gallons an hour. Well (old)... Chalk and flints 218 as} 250 feet. Second WELL, 1898. Lined with 100 feet of tubes, of 10 inches diameter, from 11 feet down ; and with 150 feet, of 84 inches diameter, from 4 feet down. Water-level 20 feet down. Yield 10, 000 gallons an hour. Well (the rest bored) 9 {River Drift] Loam 6 ? 252 feet. Chalk and flints ... 237 5. Tue Monasrery, near St. Thomas’ Hill. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. T. Docwra & Son. Shaft (and iron cylinders) 150 feet, the rest bored. Water-level about 105 feet down. | Thickness.| Depth. ieee aoe i Ft. Ft, { London Yellow clay | 28 28 Clay, | Biv clay ie =| 18 46 491 feet] (Sandy bed ? undescribed] . ete 34 494 (Sand, with a bed of pebbles (over a ([Oldhaven ; foot) about 10 feet down (? base and Wool- J of Oldhaven Beds], and a thin wich Beds] | dark bed 7 feet from the bottom 444 9+ (Sandy clay... is oe 4 98 [Woolwich or Thanet ?] Live sand Pr 26 124 Green sand with clay va 25 149 (Thanet {Blackish bed, ieee 34 1524 Beds] Green sand... aa 554 208 (? Plints} ... Hs A L 2084 Chalk, with four layers of flints in the top 12 feet 102 3103 6. Sr. Tuomas’ Hitt Cueracy Orruan ASYLUM, 1856. Communicated by Mr. @. Dowger. Water-level about 120 feet down. | Thickness, Depth. Ft. Ft. Gravel ae ~ a a i iiera 3 ellow clay, wi ard portions : oo interspersed : = ig 9 12 63 feet] Blue clay, with septiria ante sien 47 59 Imperfect claystune .. i sine ie 66 [Oldhaven, Woolwich, | Sand... ie ai si 74 140 and Thanet ) Bed with shells |. .. 1) 5 145 Beds] } Canterbury Waterworks, sce Thannington, WELLS. 97 Capel-le-Ferne, Folkestone Waterworks, on the eastern side of the road, a little N.E. of Lower Standen. 1898 ? Ordn. Map 305, new ser; Geol. Map 3. Communicated by Mr. H. TURNER, Engineer to the Company. Eugine-room-floor 255 feet above Ordnance Datum. Pilot-well, of 84 feet diameter; permanent well elliptical, 14 by 9 feet ; both 1304 feet deep. Adits driven from the pilot-well 352 feet N.W., 310 S.E., and 236, S.W. (64 by 5 feet). The last connects the two wells. The water has risen within 214 feet of the engine-room-fioor, in winter. At present (September 1907) it is 110 feet down at its highest and can only be lowered 25 feet by continuous pumping. Yield at the time 900,000 gallons in 24 hours. It igs intended to extend the adits. Soil and flint 5 feet, the rest chalk. Charing. Miv Keyr Waterworks. Ordn. Map 288, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. 1. Just above the Pilgrim’s Way, north of the town, 1901 (?). Originally made for the District Council. Communicated by Mr. F. L. Bau (S.H. Naturalist, 1902). Shaft 175 feet, the rest bored. 510 feet of tubes, of 84 inches diameter, from 6 feet below the surface to the base of the Gault clay; then 102 feet, of 74 inches diameter, from 495 feet down; the lowest 80 feet perforated. Water-level 267 feet down. Yield 8,000 gallons an hour. Air-lift. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. {Middle Chalk ... . 250 250 and Lower {euan marl, with 14 inches of green Chalk] sand at the base ... ais a 82 332 Gault clay... wie ath wai 185 517 (Gault, Black rock... ‘int aes ae + 5174 1914 feet] | Green sand 54 523 ae rock 4 5234 reen sand 74 531 [ oa | Sandstone 15 546 Green sand 52 598 2. Over # mile S.W. of Church. Trial-boring 1905 /? 1904). Made and communicated by Messrs. Istzr & Co, Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. {Soil] Caller . 1 1 Light-coloured clay. 5 6 [Gault] {Dark clay ... sins siete 6 12 Green sand.. sae se 24 144 ( Yellow sand aon ns 234 38 (Folkestone | Sandstone ... a site 2 40 Beds] < Yellow sandstone ... 8 48 | Red stone [iron-sandstone] 2 50 ( Yellow sand ea aie 54 104 10,000 G 98 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Charlton. Ordn. Map 271, new ser.; Geol. Maps 1, 8.W., London and its Environs, and London District, Sheet 4 (new.) Messrs. Stemens & Co.’s Works, on the Marsh, just W. of the former Woolwich Dockyard. Communicated by Messrs. SIEMENS. 1 and 2, tube-wells, in Bowater Road, respectively about 170 and 230 feet from the western end of the works, and 8 feet above Ordnance Datum, proved 264 and 37 feet of alluvial beds, and 174 and 6 of gravel, above Chalk, the upper part soft. 3 to 5 are trial-borings, not for water (see pp. 252, 253). 6 and 7. Abyssinian Tube Wells, afterwards excavated down to gravel. 6 about 70 feet N. of Bowater Road, a little W. of the centre of the works. 7 Northern side of Bowater Road about 520 feet W. of Trinity Street. 9 and 8 feet above Ordnance Datum. Chartham, Kent AsyLum, 1874. Ordn. Map 289, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. From a tracing communicated by Mr. J. Gites (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlii., p. 35). 254 feet above the level of the Stour. Shaft 261 feet, with two headings each 100 feet long, east and west, at 257 feet, the rest bored. First water-level 231 feet down. Present water-level (? October, 1874), 238 feet down. ? Pumped down 10 feet. About 80,000 gallons a day used. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. White chalk with beds of flints ... 261 261 Soft chalk with flints ‘a is 51 312 Black sticky chalk with flints Ss 8 320 White chalk with few flints.. 53 373 Hard rocky chalk with veins of pyrites ‘ ; 11 384 wee Hard chalk with flints. hy 16 400 and Lower | Light-coloured chalk with few flints 60 460 Chalk, about | Hard grey chalk with beds of stone 44 504 734 feet Dark sticky chalk, hard in places - {a specimen from a depth of 607 feet is clayey chalk, rather dark; another from 731 feet, is chalk marl, with green grains; and another, from 732 feet, is the same, with more green grains]... 230 734 Dark sand [base of Chalk Marl] ... 3 = Gault clay [specimens grey and calcareous?] ... 52 740 Mr. G. DowkKeER says: “From the specimens I have seen at the Can- terbury Waterworks, I doubt if they quite reached the Gault.” (Geol. Mag., 1887, dec. iii., vol. iv., p. 208.) WELLS. 99 Chatham. Ordn. Map 272, new ser.; Geol. Map 6, 1, DocKYARD. Communicated by the Dockyard Authorities. About 334 feet above mean tide-level. No water. * Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Dug through chalk (the rest bored 40 40 Soft chalk with flints re sas 9 49 Hard chalk with flints se 10 59 Soft chalk with flints... 40 99 Hard chalk with flints 8 107 Soft chalk with flints... 40 147 Hard chalk with flints 8 155 Soft chalk with flints... 40 195 Hard chalk with flints 584 2533 Hard and soft chalk ... 1442 3972 Hard chalk... a 40 4374 Hard and soft chalk ... 20 457% Soft chalk Sits 20 4772 Hard chalk : Bee 20 4973 Hard chalk with flints 20 5173 Hard rock-chalk wie assis re 20 5372 Hard rock-chalk with iron-pyrites 40 5772 Tough marl or gault, dark grey sits 48} 626 [This last bed is most likely Chalk Marl.] 2. DockyaRD EXTENSION. Well No. 1. 1868-1878. BE. A. Bernays.—Lectures on Chatham Dockyard Extension Works. Delivered at the School of Military Engineering, Chatham. circulation. Fol. Chatham, 1879. Pp. 18, 14. vol. xlii., pp. 28, 29.) For private (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Measurements from the coping-level of the new basin, equals 54 feet above high water of ordinary spring-tides. Shaft and cylinders 67 feet, the rest bored. At adepth of 301 feet an ample supply was found, but the water was very hard and of bad quality (from infiltration from the river) ; it was, therefore, shut out. Water rose from the bottom and overflowed; it was found that it would rise to 19 feet above the ground, The flow was at the rate of 80 gallons a minute, which continued [for some time], the water being soft and good, with a temperature of 65 deg. | Thickness.| Depth. | Ft. in. | Ft. in. Made ground and alluvial mud 12 0 12 0 {River Drift] Loamy gravel ... 10 6 22 «6 [Thanet Beds ? iLoam ... 3 (0 25 «6 Chalk Soft chalk 22 «0 47 6 6844 feot Hard chalk 552 0 | 599 6 Chalk marl 110 6 | 710 O Gault [clay] 191 6 | 901 6 (Gault Rock [? nodules] 0 9 | 902 8 1934 feet] | Greenish sandy marl 0 6 | 902 9 Rock [? nodules] 0 9 | 903 6 To [Lower] Greensand G2 100 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Information communicated by the Dockyard authorities differs some- what in details (to the base of the Chalk), giving the following section. In the drawing from which part of this was taken the thickness of the beds was different on opposite sides,and the measurements were therefore made along a middle line. (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlii., p. 29.) Thickness.| Depth. Ft. In. | Ft, In. Marsh-clayand mud... ais at até ann 6 0 6 0 River Gravel (? 9 to 123 feet)... te Br ow | SEE 3 17. 3 Loam [Thanet Beds] ... ‘ies sist ise sh 3.9 21 60 Chalk (soft rubble), with a layer of flints at bottom... ane we | 48°41 64 1 Block chalk, with many layers of flints ... wie or aie «| 80 3 | 144 4 Hard rocky material, called “ white flint”... ane i ot a 2 9 | 147 #1 Chalk, with many layers of flints ... | 1389 1 | 286 2 Chalk Hard chalk. Fissures 45 feet deep 689 feet at about 300 feet, and a layer of blackflint ... ib on .. | 284 10 | 521 0 Chalk [a small specimen looked like ordinary Lower Chalk) | 79 0 | 600 0 Chalk Marl. At the bottom the following succession:—A soft bed, 2 feet thick, underlain by sandy loam, 14 feet, and then hard Chalk Marl, 1 foot... os wnt {110 0 | 710 0 In June, 1880, I saw at the Dockyard some of the cores that were brought up, The lowest 3 feet or so of the Chalk Marl was grey, with green grains, and with some small nodules (especially just above the base, which was given as 712 feet deep), differing slightly therefore from both versions of the section. The specimen showing the junction with the Gault was hardened; one part being Gault, the other Chalk. 3. DooxyarD ExTENsIon. Well, No. 2 (about 20 feet from No. 1). 1880-84. From documents communicated by the Admiralty and from specimens. (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlii., pp. 29-31.) ‘ Measurements taken from the level of the coping of the new basin, which is about 18 feet above Ordnance Datum. * Shaft 45 feet ?, the rest bored. Water found August 17th, 1880, at a depth of 902 feet. After five hours it flowed over the pipe, 3 feet above the level of the coping. At 9i2 feet the water contained about 1 per cent. of sand, of which several cart-loads were pumped up. The pump, 160 feet down, lifted 300,000 gallons in 24 hours, keeping down the water to 103 feet below the level of the coping. Thickness Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground ... see ss om .» about 15 15 Loamy gravel... aioe tea aint is 12 27 {? Thanet Beds] Loam, with flints at the bottom ( Soft white chalk (Bullhead)... a tes 9 36 | Hard white chalk, with beds of flint at Chalk | intervals... asi siti aie say 116 152 682 { Grey chalk in layers, alternately hard and feat soft, with beds of flint at intervals. At a of 517 feet hard greenish chalk, eet thick... alate ass ae a 427 579 (Chalk Marl ... ai ns ‘ies ois 130 709 WELLS. 101 Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. (Clay (?more sandy at top). Specimens of Gault, | grey clay from 870 and 890 feet deep ... 192 901 193 < Caleareous sandstone, with small black feet phosphatic nodules and ee glauconite l grains 1 902 (Sand. The beds fell in, "go that their nature is a little uncertain. Specimen, from 912 feet (from water pumped up), fine sharp sand, with glauconite-grains... 11 913 Coarse dark sand and grit, with nodules 6 feet down. Specimens, from 913 feet, phosphatized Ammonites ; from 915 feet, with broken-up phosphatic nodules; from 918 feet, with waterworn phosphatic nodules. The nodules, Mr. NeEwrTon thinks, may have fallen down from the Gault.. sie es 8 921 Sandy beds with stones [nodules], " Speci- mens of fine sand, with glauconite-grains, from 921 and 924 feet, with nodules from 927 and 9284 feet ... ates 9 930 Sandy beds, compact and. ‘dark. ” Speci- mens from 930 feet. Layer of nodules | at the bottom ae 2 932 Sandgate Beds ? Compact sandy clay, with nodules of impure iron-pyrites, 7 feet down. Specimens from 932 feet (with nodules), 934, 936, 940, 941, and 942 feet of grey clayey {| sandor sandy clay. At 939 feet a layer of ( nodules and pyrites ... 11 943 Oxford Clay. Hard stiff clay, drying light-grey, with nodules [pyrites ?] 4 feet down (a specimen is of pyrites, partly crystalline, with an included piece of phosphatized Ammonite), and with a hardened layer 104 feet down. Specimens from nearly every foot (wanting 944, 946, 948, 957, 959, 961-964), with pyrites from 943 feet ; two phos- phatic nodules [? fallen] from 953 feet... sig 22? 965 ? In a drawing the thickness of the bottom clay is made only 204 feet, and the total depth 9634; but there is a specimen from 965 feet. Mr. E. T. Newton (who was sent to Chatham to see the specimens) reported that cores from the second boring (below 450 feet) were lying on the ground, but with no indication of the depths from which they came, although that was carefully marked when they were drawn. He added that a diary, kept in the office at the Dockyard, stated that the first core was drawn from a depth of 470 feet, though it seems that only a part, if any, of this first core had been preserved ; so that probably the cores then lying on the ground began from below that depth, from which it follows that only about 240 feet of Lower Chalk was represented by them. An examination of the cores showed, says Mr. Newron, that at a depth of about 500 feet (30 feet from the top part) an irregular nodular bed occurs, with many shells of Inoceramus (which seemed to belong to I. Brongniarti and £. Cuvieri). He was unable to identify the zone of Belemnites plenus, though many Belemnites were said to have been found in the Chalk, but at what depth was not known. Low down in the Chalk Marl the following characteristic fossils were a :—Baculites baculoides, a fragment of a Hamite, and part of a Pecten eaveri. Folkestone Beds, 30 feet Lower Greensand, 41 feet es 102 KENT WATER SUPPLY. The Gault cores were fast disappearing, broken up by frost and then overgrown, and no trace of fossils was to ba seen. No clue could be got to any horizous therefore; but, from specimens sent to the Geological Survey in 1880, a list of 16 was made (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., xlii., 31) and the fossils seem to have been chiefly found at depths of from 855 to 882 feet. A small undeterminable Gasteropod was the only fossil found after washing specimens of the sandy clay forming the bottom part of the Lower Greensand, between the depths of 934 and 938 feet ; whilst specimens from 941 and 942 feet yielded only fragments of shells. There is, therefore, no fossil evidence as to the age of the beds which have been classed as Lower Greensand, and it has been suggested that some few feet of the top part may be sandy beds of the Gault; but, in the absence of evidence, the only safe plan is to class the whole of these beds together. Unless the few phosphatized Ammonites have fallen in from the junction- bed with the Gault, they are, I think, in favour of the above view, although the occurrence of derived fossils (as some of these seemed to be) has not been noticed in the Lower Greensand of this district. The specimens are much rolled. A different version of a well at the Dockyard Extension was given in vol. iv. of the Geol. Survey Memoirs, p. 459, from a drawing. It was com- municated (to Mr. C. E. Hawkins) by the Dockyard Authorities. The site is on the southern side of St. Mary’s Creek. ° About 10 feet above Ordnance Datum. Iron cylinders about 70 feet, the rest bored. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. | Ft. in. {Alluvium] Marsh-clay and mud... i a 6 0 6 0 {River Drift] Gravel ... 08 ote ea ei 11 3 17. «3 {?Thanet Sand] Loam ... aie sak aan ra 3.9 21 #O ( Chalk (soft rubble), with a layer of | flints at the base ... aie we | 43 2 64 #1 [Upper | eee chalk, with many layers of gt | aaa Chalk] ints... tiene Pe a | Hard rocky material known as white flint ... nis yo is sis 2 9 | 147 #21 | Chalk, with many layers of flints.../ 189 1 | 286 2 Mr. HAWKINS remarks that in the drawing the thickness of the beds was different on the two sides, the gravel, for instance, being 9 feet on one side and 134 on the other. The above measurements were taken along a middle line. 4. Evectric Light Works, Whittaker Street, No. 2 Well. Made and communicated by Mr. R. D. BaAtcHELoR. (Rochester Naturalist, 1901.) Shaft 21 feet, the rest a 14-inch boring, Water-level 20 feet down. Thickness.) Deptb. Ft. Ft. Surface soil... Se wa wi 18 18 Chalk (? reconstructed] 6 24 [Drift] Gravel ... a ale 1 25 Gravel and chalk ae 7 32 [Upper { Chalk... das Bite 10 42 Chalk] Chalk and flints sais 1274 1694 According to the Rochester and Chatham Times of January 9th, 1892, the first boring, in Church Street (? made in 1891) yielded only 7,000 gallons an hour, whilst in the newer one (1892), “a phenomenal supply of 20,000 gallons an hour”’ was tapped from “ sand strata below the chalk” [?]. WELLS. 103 5. BRoMpron, CHATHAM, GILLINGHAM and ROCHESTER Waterworks, Luton. 1856. Communicated by Mr. 8. M. Speckxrorp, Secretary to the Company. (Rochester Naturalist, 1901). Wells and headings. According to Mr. E. Easron the latter are at the depth of 130 feet, and there are several borings. There are many fissures in the Chalk. Water rises 75 feet. Yield believed to be considerably over 1,000,000 gallons a day. Karth and flints, about 10 Chalk, about 140 } 150 fees Boring, 1902. Communicated by Mr. W. C. Finca, Engineer. (Notes in these brackets from specimens.) In Well 152 feet deep. 923 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water rose to within 18 feet of the surface, and, at 68 feet down, the yield was 216,000 gallons a day. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. ( Chalk (at 219 feet hard [Melbourn Rock ?]; at 225 soft, friable, grey- {Middle | ish [Belemnite Marl?]; then and Lower { whitish, but from 270 to 300 loose Chalk] | material only,? filling upof fissure ; { at 304 not so whitish, but with tendency to grey) .. 340 340 ( Chalk Marl (at 345 erey, pale, and | the like for some way down; at | 435 darker grey, with iron- [Lower | pyrites; similar to 445) . 110 450 Chalk] Upper Greensand [basal part of Chalk] (at 450 sandy, with green grains, bits of mica and iron- pyrites) a 2 452 Gault (at 455 similar to above, but more clayey. 250 feet Chalk and flints 231 No. 2, about 61 feet south-eastward of No. 1, from centre to centre, and not connected. Lined with 12 feet of cylinders, of 6 feet diameter, level with the surface, and 80 feet of tubes, of 2 feet diameter, 10 feet down. Water. level 2 feet down. Yield 40,000 gallons an hour. Dug well [? peat and pare 12 Ballast [gravel] es 43 | o- Ballast andehalk ue as. Ieper Chalk and flints ... ees 2324 2, METROPOLITAN WaTER Boarp, Green Street Green, about seven eighths of a mile S. of E. from the Chureh. 1902. 83 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Ister & Co. (and Engineer’s Report, as above). Shaft 32 feet, the rest bored. Lined with 50 feet of tubes, of 2 feet diameter, 30 feet down. Water-level 31} feet down. Yield 43,000 gallons an hour, after blasting, before which only 30,000 gallons an hour could be got. Soil ; [River Gravel] Ballast. : 2 250 feet (Upper] Chalk and flints 236 Mr. W. Morris adds that two dynamite-charges were fired 200 feet down, and that in testing by an air-lift, a supply at the rate of million gallons a day was got. 10,000 : H 114 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 3. METROPOLITAN AsyLUMs Boarp. Darenth Wood. Imbecile School. 1876. Communicated by Messrs. A. and C. Harston. 238 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft throughout. Water-level 216 feet down ; reduced somewhat by subsequent sinking and pumping of wells near by. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Earth (soil) and loam sa wide sis 4 4 ( pee hardened chalk ave 1 5 | Rubble chalk, with boulder [? large] (oP alk] { flints.. 69 74 | Hard chalk, with layers of ‘fints aia 142 216 (Soft chalk, with layers of flints ... 12 228 [? Middle Hard chalk... eS yu 2294 Ch alk] Rock chalk, dense and impermeable 4 2334 Hard chalk, without flints .. aa 124 246 Darnett Ness, see Gillingham. Dartford. Ordn. Map 271, new ser.; Geol. Maps 1, S.W., London and its Environs and London District, Sheet 4 (new.) 1, Brewery (Mr. Kipp’s). 1896. Made and communicated by Messrs. IsLER & Co. Lined with 80 feet of tubes, 73 inches in diameter, from 5} feet down. Water-level 93 feet down. Supply 7,200 gallons an hour. [River] Gravel ae f 2 [Upper] Chalk 194 [790 Feet The thickness of Gravel seems too great. Perhaps some Made Ground, &ce., is included. 2. Daity TELEGRAPH PapPER MILLs. Made and communicated by Messrs. IsLER & Co. Lined with 60 feet of tubes, of 18 inches diameter, 3 feet down. Water-level 10 feet down. Supply 30,000 gallons an hour. Thickness.) Depth. z Ft. Ft. eat si 4 4 LAlleyine) A Thenescleroa sa clay and sand 4 8 Light-coloured sand 2 10 [River Ballast [gravel] ... ae a 5 15 Drift] Yellow clay sis ane aie 1 16 Ballast keravel 2. uae ss 24 40 Chalk and flints... ons sie ae 260 300 3. DartForD FIBRE Co. Made and communicated by Messrs. LE Granp and SUTCLIFF. Waier-level 8} feet down. Tube and boring, through ballast [gravel, &c., ?50 feet] and Chalk, 75 feet WELLS. 115 4. Gasworks, 1900. Made and communicated by Messrs. Ister & Co. 60 feet of tubes, of 4 inches diameter, 4, feet down. Water-level 10 feet down. Supply 2,000 gallons an hour, Thickness,| Depth. Ft. Ft. Well (the rest bored) — 5 [River ee 10 15 Gravel] | Shingle 31 46 Chalk and flints Sex 84 130 5. METROPOLITAN WaTER Boarp. Overy Street, by the eastern side of the Darent 1900? Made and communicated by Messrs. Ister & Co. Lined with 25 feet of iron cylinders, level with the surface, and with 82 feet of tubes, of 2 feet diameter, from 23 feet down. Water-level 54 feet down. Mr. Morris records that this level was reduced to only 10 feet down while pumping, July 18th, 1903. Yield 80,000 gallons an hour. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. In. | Ft pv. Made ground .. a ee oe ats sles 2 6 2 6 al ast . ‘ 17 4 19 10 rpiee vel] Ballast and chalk, with chalk from 254 to 26 feet down vee 7 8 27 «6 [Upper] Chalk and flints is aia sa .. | 225 3 1252 9 6. Messrs. Pigou & Co.’s GUNPOWDER MANUFACTORY. Made and communicated by Messrs. IsLzR & Co. Lined with 35 feet of tubes, of 6 inches diameter, from 6 feet down. Water-level 94 feet down. Supply 1,680 gallons an hour. Well, the rest bored 8 [River] Gravel ... 20>108 feet Chalk ee .. 80 Another well, on the same authority, 1897: Lined with 40 feet of tubes, of 7} inches diameter, from 11 feet down Water-level 134 feet down. Yield 10,800 gallons an hour, the water being lowered 6 feet. Well (the rest bored). Ballast and large flints 12 U Chalk] Chalk ... ova is .. 12 > 200 feet [Upper Chalk]) Ghalkand flints .. .. «176 7. Messrs. SAUNDERS, Paper Manufacturers, 1896. ’ Made and communicated by Messrs. IsLER & Co. Lined with 35 feet of tubes, 74 inches in diameter, from 1} feet down. Water-level 9 feet 10 inches down. Supply 8,700 gallons an hour. [River] Gravel 22 [Upper] Chalk 78 } 100 feet 3 H 116 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 8. Dartrorp Creek. Paper Mills. For supply of engines. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Docwra & Son. | Thickness, Depth. Ft. Ft. ’ ‘i Gravel as 13 13 [ebver Drie] { Coarse gravel 20 33 Chalk ss “5 38 Chalk Flints wa 2 40 Hard chalk ... | 43. 83 9. DartrorD CREEK. Paper-mills (? same), 1864. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Docwra & Son. Shaft 10 feet, the rest bored. Water rose to within 2 feet of the surface. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. (Bog. 6 0 6 0 (Alluvium | White pulpy sand 3 (0 9 O and Valley | White sand 1 0 10 0 Gravel, % White gravel . sine ee eat 2 0 12 0 30 feet.] Marl ... Be ake 0 6 12 6 | White sand and flints sas wa | LF 6 30 60 Grey chalk sige 6 0 36 (0 White running sand... ae sat 1 0 37) 0 Grey chalk with flints er ave |e SL 60 1 Hard grey chalk a 19 9 79 10 Chalk, Good chalk with ay scattered 2203 feet. flints .. 2 73° 0 | 152 10 Chalk ... 2 | 49° 9 | 202 7 Firm white sand a (sandy marl te) sine 0 10 | 2038 «5 Rotten chalk . ; aw 7 #O | 210 5 Good chalk... es 38 -- | 40 0 | 250 5 10. DarTrorpD MarsHEs. Metropolitan Asylums Board Landing, close to the Thames, half-way between Long Reach Tavern and Little Powder Creek. 1894. Boring made and communicated by Messrs. IsLER & Co., with notes from Messrs. Harston. Lined with 55 feet of tubes, of 71 inches diameter. Grass-level 7 feet above Ordnance Datum, Water to surface, but brackish. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Alluvial mud... ete 2a ai os ane 25 25 Gravel . sh a bie ae 16 41 3 ‘ Ballast ... - 6 47 [River Drift] Blowing ‘sand (with ‘18 inches of flints at the base) . ‘ 5 . §2 [Upper Grey chalk... . wigs tis 17 69 Chalk] Grey chalk and flints ee aie 51 120 11. There is a well, said to be about 150 feet deep, at the London County Council’s Heath Asylum (1897 ?), through gravel and sand to Chalk; but no information could be got from the Asylums Committee. The well supplies the Asylum, a WELLS. 117 Mr. A. Harston, however, tells me that at a cottage at the corner of the roads by the eastern end of the Asylum-grounds (and just in Wilmington parish ?) there is a well, 133 feet above Ordnance Datum, with the following section, probably to only 2 or 3 feet below the water-level :— F 7 Loam... 8 [River Drift]) Gravel A 99 feet Chalk ie «. 66 12. THe Lonpon Parrer MILLS, Made and communicated (1907) by Messrs. Ister & Co. 52 feet of tubes, of 18 inches diameter, about 5 feet down. Supply 35,000 gallons an hour. oe Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground ... 28 a6 5 5 ‘ 5 Sand and gravel 18 23 ERiiee Dritt]{ thames gravel... 4 27 Chalk ind flints... wii wis 2738 3004 Deal. Ordn. Map 290, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. Mr. W. Toptey has noted a boring here, with tubes of 14 inches diameter, in which brackish water was found at the depth of 18 feet, fresh water at 45 feet, and very salt water at 116 feet. The salt water was shut off and the good water used for a steam flour-mill and for domestic purposes. There was gravel and brick-evrth over the Chalk. Waterworks, sec Walmer. Deptford. Ordn. Map 270, new ser.; Geol. Maps 1, 8.W., London and its Environs, and London District, Sheet 4 (new.) 1. Brewery (Lambert’s). F. Braitawalte. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. v., p. 203. To Chalk 55 are 133 } 178 feet 2, CartLE Marker (formerly Dockyard), 500 feet from the entrance-gates, in King Street, and 460 feet from the Thames. Communicated by Sir H. Jonzs, Architect to the City of London. Shaft 233 feet, the rest bored. -~" 100 gallons a minute pumped = 72,000 a day of 12 hours. At 223 feet deep in good gravel. » 24-25 49 » running sand. +, 25-50 a » very hard gravel. » 50-55 a » Chalk, A boring was made here by Messrs. TILLEY, in 1894, to the depth of 6623 feet. Plenty of water was found between 100 and 200 feet down, but it was bad and was therefore shut out. At 300 feet blue clayey chalk, with occasional flints and bands of hard white chalk, was found, but with no water. At 600 feet the yield was about 6 gallons a minute, at 200 feet down. Mr. JugEs-BROWNE says that a specimen from the bottom is Chalk Marl, and probably low in that, as glauconite could be seen with a lens, 118 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 3. METROPOLITAN Water Boarp Works, on either side of the Ravensbourne, above Deptford Bridge. Engineer's Report (W. Morris) prepared for Metropolitan Water Board Arbitrators (1903). Three wells in use, and others not used. GARDEN WELL, at the southern end of the grounds. 19 feet above Ordnance Datum. : ; Shaft and cylinders about 95 feet, connected by a short heading with a boring of 250 feet. Original water-level in the well, about 6 feet down. Water-level when not pumping, "August 24th, 1903, about 16 feet down. Waiter-level while pumping, August 28th, 1903, about 58 feet down. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Made earth sia as ose wate ; » Dark cl. ae sate [Alluvium] eee a ee ee 1} 84 Gravel ... dss sais a ae [River Drift) Graven oY 21 Sand... ioe Ee M Chalk marl and flints 04 [Epper Chats) { Gnas ae ae Pec) Cede 250 Twins WELL, in the central part of the ground, 173 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft and cylinders, 105 feet. Original water-level, 5 feet down. Water-level when not pumping, August 24th, 1903, 20 feet down. Water-level while pumping, August 27th, 1903, 77 feet down. | Thickness, Depth. Ft. Ft. Sand 3 Old Vilter [ Shisete wee rh. g 8 Bed Kentish rag Clay os ( [River Drift] Coarse gravel ses 17 re T Loose rusty chalk 22 [Upper thal) { Hardchalk ...! 58 105 CoLD BATH WELL. Really two wells, at the eastern end of the grounds, 193 feet above Ordnance Datum. Old well. Shaft and cylinders 43 feet, boring to 300. Newer well, shaft and cylinders, 98 feet, connected by a heading with the boring. Original water-level 54 feet down. Water-level when not pumping, August 24th, 1903, 154 feet down. Water-level while pumping, same date, 56 feet down. | Thickness, Depth. Ft. Ft. Made earth ae 4 4 9 . [Alluvium ] Alluvial deposit 44 io: {River Drift] Pebbly gravel and sand a 54 16 Chalk marl mixed with flints 34 194 [Upper Chalk] 5 Soft chalk 15 34h Hard chalk 2654 300 Mr. Morris remarks that the wells have never been worked continu- ously ; but once, in order to test the yield, the Garden and the Twins Wells were pumped continuously for four days and yielded 8,000,000 gallons a day. WELLS. 119 4, NavaL Scaoot. Between the London and Brighton and the ' South Eastern Railways, 8S. of New Cross Road. 1844 ? Prestwicw. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. x. p. 105. About 70 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. London Clay, f Yellow clay... is sas 10 10 23 feet Blue clay ... nist ee 13 23 Shells in sand wes waa 10 33 Hard shells... ict Sas 3 36 Sand with water ... axa 1 37 : Sand with shells ... eins 15 52 Weolwieh 7 Sheltsand clay mixed. 5 57 Beds, 54 feet Sand .. 1 58 Hard shells | in sand re 2 60 Pebbles ... 15 15 ne Green sand 2 V7 Thanet Sand, /Hard sand ... sais ee 14 91 48 feet Sand.. wie aoe a 84 125 Chalk ... sas 25 (orlmore?) An older note of this well gives ‘the depth of the shaft as 50 feet, the bore 130 feet more, and the water-level within 60 feet of the. surface. According to Mr. J. Lucas (Journ. Soc. Arts, vol. xxv., p. 608), the shaft is 75 feet, the total depth 185 feet, and the water-level, in April 1877, before pumping, was 72 feet down. 5. Srowace Wuarr. East London Electric Supply Corporation 1901 ? Made and communicated by Messrs. MERRYWEATHER. Shaft 100 feet, the rest bored. Water-level 19 feet down. Thickness.| Depth, Ft. in. Ft. in. Made ground ., 8 0 8 0 (? Alluvium] Blue clay aia’ 4 0 12. «0 Gravel (water) 2 6 14 6 [? River D ritt]{ Gravel a sand 9 6 24 0 : (Shells and clay 2 0 26 0 [Woolwich | Mottled clay ‘ 4 0 30.6 (0 and Green sand andclay | 10 6 40 6 Reading 4 Black [flint] pebbles 1 6 42 0 Beds, | Blue clay se 1 O 43 0 72 feet] Grey sand ... 1 2 44 2 \ Green sand and clay 1 10 46 0 Live fine [Thanet] sand... a 50. (0 g6 0 Chalk ... 324 0 1420 0 6. Theonnes? s : Roan Communicated by Dr. J. C. THRESH. Superficial biased 16 Sr g4 [100 feet Height above Ordnance 7, 8, 9, 10, Various. tae Datum. 7 About 15? | Dockyard (BRAITHWAITE, Proc. Inst. Civ. Eing., vol. ix., pl. 7)... 90 » 10? | Victualling- yard (MYLNE’s Sections ‘of the London Strata) mass 60* » 20 Boring near the Kent Waterworks (com- municated by Mr. BAMBER) 5 34 » 18 Broadway. Public well, also from Mr. BAMBER 66 “Tt is said that the Chalk :. . . was found at the depth of 108 feet in sinking a well at the Victualling Office, Deptford.”—Manning and Bray, History of Surrey,” vol. iii., p. Ixxviii. (1814.) 120 KENT WATER SUPPLY. In Water, vol. vi., no. 63, p. 116, is a note of a well at St. Paul’s Deptford, 250 feet deep, yielding 42,000 gallons an hour. Detling or Deptling. House on western side of lane, $ of a mile W. of S. trom the Church. Ordn. Map 288, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. Information on the spot, March, 1898. Gault. 55 feet of clay. ? Lower Greensand touched. Dover. Ordn. Map 290, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. 1. CASTLE. 340 feet above Ordnance Datum. 367 feet deep, with two adits 14 feet below Ordnance Datum. One in a south-south-westerly direction, is 250 feet long: and has ten springs; the other in a north-easterly direction, 170 feet long and not yielding water. Rest-level of the water fairly constant and about 10 feet above Ordnance Datum. Yield 36,000 gallons a day. 2. Convicr Prison, East Cuirr. 1885. Made and communicated by Mr. R. D. BATCHELOR, and from specimens from him. Also from information and specimens from the Home Office. (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlii., pp. 35, 36; vol. xliii., pp. 201, 202.) 280 feet above the level of the sea. Shaft 315 feet, with headings at the bottom; the rest bored. Water found at 315 feet, in headings, to the extent of 18,000 gallons a day. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Soil ais ows ee one eee aw aa 1 1 Upper Chalk, with flints ... ses 249 250 Middle Chalk, few flints.... ae 145 395 Rocky yellow chalk, no flints sex 39 434 Chalk Marl [=clayey chalk] ata 14 448 [Chalk, _/ Lower or grey Chalk (specimen of . 674 feet] \ clayey chalk at 630) eh i 182 630 ' Upper Gault or Chalk Marl [the latter] ate re ie ats 42 672 Upper Greensand [=green base of Chalk Marl], without water... 3 675 . (Gault. Specimens, grey sandy clay at 721; grey sandy clay with green grains at 800 (both cal- eareous) ; light-greenish sandy elay or clayey sand at 813; phos- Gault, | phatie nodules, depth not marked. 143 feet < Atthesite there was plenty of the 7 ordinary dark grey clay, some- times with green grains, and phosphatic nodules... ibs 138 813 Rocky dead green sand... ae 1 814 Dead green sand... cas Bas 2 816 \ Hard boulder-rock (? nodules) ... 2 818 WELLS. Thickness. 121 Depth. (Dead green sand. Specimens, green Lower Greensand. The lower part (and < probably the whole) Sand- gate Beds. S ? Wealden. Probably Hastings < Beds, 82 feet. | (Black sand and clay. clayey sand at §22; very fine- grained greenish clayey sand at 826; fine greenish-grey clayey sand, or sandy clay, at 831; a set of fine-grained grey or browuish- grey sandy clays or clayey sands, at 838, 840, 841, 844, 845, 847, and 848, compact and exactly like the specimens from the Chatham boring (932 to 943 feet) tee Specimens, brownish-grey clay, rather sandy, at 856 and 858; brownish and grey clay at 862 Brown clay. Specimens, prownish- grey, rather sandy clay at 864; grey and brown clay, with specks of pale very fine sand; brown and brownish-grey clay at 875; grey clay, with pale very fine sandy specks (not chalky, as was thought from the small specimen first seen) . aa ins Dark sand and clay. Specimens, brown and grey clay, one slightly sandy, the other with a 0 | 6 0 [? Woolwich (Hard green sand 3. «6 72 6 Beds,* {ure sand é 4 0 76 6 333 feet] Hard sand... 26 : 102. 6 Soft dark sucking saud 4 6 |107 O ae Hard sand... 33 6 |140 6 43 fect] Tough black [? green) clay and sand 4 0 |144 6 Green flints ... 1 0 |; 14 6 Chalk, with few flints | 3 14 6 | 160 0 Chalk, with layer of flints at t top and at bottom 14 0 |174 O Soft loose chalk a 1 6 | 175 6 Chalk, full of water, with layer of flints at top and at bottom 10 0 | 185 6 Chalk, with few flints ; 133 9 | 199 38 Mild chalk, with flints at top and a foot of flints and water at bottom 8 9 | 208 0 Flints and chalk 4 0 | 212 0 Flints and mild chalk 6 0 | 218 0 Mild chalk, with a foot of flints and « water at top... : 5 O | 223 0 Chalk, with flint- layers at “top, at middle, and at bottom ie 9 6 | 232 6 Hard chalk, with 4 oe of flints 3 (2 watery) 25 9 | 258 38 Lene Pi hale is 5 6 | 263 9 2974) f f} | Rock-chalk _... 1 6 | 265 3 (? 274) feet] | Mila chalk, with flint-layerin middle | 8 9 | 974 0 Chalk, with 4 layers of flints (top, bottom, and middle) 15 O 289 0 Chalk and flints a 7 #O 296 «+O Soft chalk and flints (a foot layer in middle) re 10 6 306 6 Chalk and flints, with 4 layers of flints . dies 16 8 322 9 Soft chalk, with 2 layers of flints srs 9 9 | 382 6 Chalk, with 3 layers of ee and flints in parts x 19 6 352 «60 Watery yellow sand.. so 1 6 | 353 6 Soft chalk, with 2 layers of flints 1. 2 8 9 | 362 3 Chalk- irate as 1 6 363 Soft chalk ; | 4 6 | 368 3 Chalk and flints, with Tay er ‘of flints | at top and at bottom : | 13 3) | 3881) 6 * There is some difficulty about these three divisions, Possibly there is no London Clay. WELLS. 131 Thickness.| Depth. Ft. In. | Ft. In. Grey marl site ie 1 3 | 882 9 Chalk, flints, and water ie 4 3 | 387 0 Chalk and flints, with layer of flint 4 B28 at top and at bottom a 6 9 | 393 igheles meth Hard chalk and flints, with flint at ints, 2003 (hott 7 0 | 400 9 (? 274) feet] eo * Mild grey chalk, with 2 foot-layers of ilints he 9 9 :410 6 Grey chalk, with toot- “ayer ‘ot flints ‘ at top and at bottom 4 6 ,415 0O | Hard grey sandstone.. 3 6 | 418 6 Soft chalk ; J 3 |419 9 Hard grey sandstone. 2 3 | 422 0 Grey marl 1 0 | 423 0 Bluish rock 2 6 | 425 6 (Chalk, Grey marly chalk 4 6 | 430 0 without Soft grey chalk ia oa 1 0 | 431 0 flints, Marly chalk, with soft marl at 45} feet] bottom a8 z wit 4 9 | 485 9 Hard chalk 12 6 | 448 3 Hard blue rock 2 9 |45L 0 Rock, with 6 inch layers of ‘marl at : top, at middle, and at bottom 6 6 | 457 6 ‘Hard rock or eas 2 6 | 460 0 The total is given as 465 fect. If there be an error in the details it is between the depths of 301 and 399 feet. Mr. Juxrs-BRownE remarks that ‘‘ the bottom 454 feet seem to be like the zones of Holaster planus and of Micraster corbovis, at Dover; but nothing definite can be said.” 9. Maxim-NorDENFELDT GuNs Co. 1896. Made and communicated by Messrs. Ister & Co. Lined with 40 feet of tubes, of 84 inches diameter, from 3 feet down, and with 100 feet, of 7} inches diameter, from 2? feet above the surface. Yield 10, 000 gallons an hour. Well 5 feet, and then a boring of 245 feet, in Chalk. According to a note by Mr. W. TorteEy, there are three wells here not over 20 feet deep ; the water-level is about 5 feet down; and the level of the water is affected by the tide. 10. Messrs. VickERs, Sons & Max. In the large old pit south of the railway. Made and communicated (1901) by Messrs. Ister & Co. Lined with 60 feet of tubes, of 20 inches diameter, 54 feet down. Water-level 12 feet down. Yield 38,700 gallons an hour. |Thickness.]) Depth. Ft. dt, Made ground 5s 53 Chalk, with 6 inches of flint at the base .. 15 204 Chalk and flints | 974 118 Flints ... sue |) 3 121 [Upper Chalk and flints .... | 26 147 Chalk] Flints ... ea | 3b J503 Chalk and flints ane 474 198 Flints ... | 4 202 Chalk and flints 30 232 . Chalk ... | 18 250 I2 132 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 1l. Works oF THE MINERAL OIL Co. 1865. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. S. F. BAakER & Sons. | Thickness.| Depth. _s | Ft. Ft. Mould... sick sabe | 1 1 Brown clay... ee | 3 4 [Aluvinm, | pag an Pe og] aR 33 feet] | Shells and sand 2 34 [River] Gravel ... aoe ale ae 12 46 [Woolwich (Shells and green sand 14 60 Beds, Pebbles j stise 3 63 24 feet] Black sand... vee | 7 70 Brown [Thanet] sand, to chalk isl 76 146 12. British Frre Liguter Co. On the Marshes above the town below Callender’s Works. Communicated by Mr. C. BEADLE, who had the information verbally. Well sealed for 90 feet. Water stands 10 feet down. Thickness.| Depth. | 1 | Ft Ft. camo (BE | [River Gravel] Ballast oe a \ 20 42 (? What] Gault (= clay) zu 38 80 Chalk and flints 10 90 [Upper Chalks} { Chalk ... 90 180 Mr. Beate adds that the water was found to contain 175 grains of chlorine per gallon, equal to over 25 per cent. of river-water. 13. Messrs. Fraser & CHALMERS. 1907. Made and communicated by Messrs. Istzr & Co. Begun March 16th. Finished April 17th. Lined with 20 feet of tubes, of 2 feet diameter, 6% feet down. Water-level in the bore-hole 114 feet down. Supply 40,000 gallons an hour. Made ground... 1 ? Loamy sand ... 7 ¢ 2004 feet Chalk and flints 2011 5 WELLS. 133 14. Ertrn O11 Works. Quicklitt Wharf. Belvedere Marshes. Near the River, half a mile northward of St. John’s Church. 1908 2 Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Granp and SurcLirr. Water-level 53 feet down. | Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. ‘ Clay aa a8 a8 5 5 [Alluvium] 1 Poth ce, cae caagill tae 33 {River Gravel] Ballast ... iat sia 16 49 Sand... ae se 31 80 [Thanet Sand] { Flints 000 ee 1 81 Chalk and fiints aint 109 190 5 ¥ sticky 199 389 [Eppes eta i and flints ... | 21 410 » 9 6” Sticky | 146 556 Chalk, hard... x 13 569 {? Middle and » very hard iat 41 5734 Lower Chalk] » hard... sis Tk 581 » sticky ... nis | 21 602 Plenty of water in the Chalk at first, but salt and useless. Then pipes were driven down to 180 feet, shutting out this water. Much better water was then got, but in a very limited quantity. Second boring; about 800 feet W. and 700 feet N. of the first. Same authority. Water-level 54 feet down. |Thickness., Depth. Ft. | Ft. s Soil and clay wae Dae she 6 6° [Alluvium] ee and wood sa ete si 20 26 [River Drift {su ee Se |, ae ee 20 feet] Ballast [gravel] . Sas “en 12 46 (Upper Chalk, f Chalk and flints. ... bis £56 234 280 341 feet] | Sticky chalk and flints ... oes 107 | 387 The absence of Thanet Sand in this boring is notable and unexpected. Other borings in the neighbourhood show a greater depth to the Chalk than in these two. The Chalk gave trouble nearly throughout, by swelling and falling in. Farnborough. Ordn. Map 271, new ser.; Geol. Maps 6, London and its Environs, and London District, Sheet 4 (new). 1. Locks Borrom. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. S. F. BAKER & Sons. Chalk at 123 feet. 2. WATERWORKS OF THE METROPOLITAN Water Boarp, ofien called the Orpington Works, as being about a third of a mile south-east of Orpington Railway Station. Communicated by Mr. W. Morris, Engineer to the Kent Waterworks Co., and from his Report prepared for the Metropolitan Water Board Arbitrators. 213 feet above Ordnance Datum. Two wells (shafts and cylinders to about 90 feet) about 105 feet deep, No. 1 connected to one of the borings by a heading 60 feet long, from 134 KENT WATER SUPPLY. centre to centre. No.2 connected with the other boring by a heading 97 feet long, from centre to centre. The first boring 213 feet deep in a shaft of 32 feet and with a short lining; the second 250, in a shaft of 30 feet, and lined to 200 feet. Water-level varies from 14 feet to 47 feet down. A well near by shows a variation of 40 feet. The yield varies from 2,000,000 to 3,000,000 gallons a day. Ft. x Loam * ft Sie cepuiglewno iets Marg in | Zon wit aint | (inst sont sie character] Loam with flints | in shaft northern side 27 [Upper] Chalk ae a oes aise site v ~— to 250 Faversham. __ Ordn. Maps 273, 289, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. 1, ABBEY Brickyarp (Mr. H. Chambers), An 18-inch boring. Made and communicated by Mr. R. D. Barcurtor. (S.E. Naturalist,1902.) Water-level 15 to 20 feet above Ordnance Datum. Yield ahout 30,000 gallons an hour (? tested up to 35,000). Bullhead chalk 15 Chalk and flints 79} 94 fe 2, Ratbway STATION. 1898. Made and communicated by Mr. R. D. Batouetor. (S.E. Naturalist, 1902.) Water-level 52 feet down. Thickness.; Depth. \ Ft. Ft. Well (old) [? River Drift and Chalk], the rest bored | — 44 Chalk and flint ... vas es sie anne | 246 290 Chalk sas sam sue ves Si ae jae 26 316 Chalk and flint ... esis see ae sie xis 9 325 Chalk... ah aes ase ae senee 212 3465 3, 4. WATERWORKS. On the western side of the road to Ashford, five-sixths of a mile southward of the Railway Station. 1864. About 130 feet above Ordnance Datum. Communicated by the Secretary, Mr. F. #. Giraup. (S.E. Naturalist, 1902). Water rises to a height of 25 feet, being 65 feet above the level of the creek. Daily yield (24 hours) 200,000 gallons. Brickearth 25 Chalk... ae } 118 tees 1900 (? second well). Made and communicated by Mr. R. D. Batcuetor. (S.E. Naturalist, 1902.) Shaft of 9 feet diameter. Headings to old well, 76 by 54 by 4 feet. There are headings to the west, about 250 yards. Water-level 100 feet down. |Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Mould ia aie 1 1 Brickearth ses ee 4 54 Loam sje aie ott 30 Flint’... win aise 1 31 [Upper] Chalk and flint 104 135 Supplies also Oare, Ospringe and Preston, Yearly suppl 1906 102,400,000 gallons. Highest day’s consumption 302,000 pes December. (Water Works Directory, 1907.) WELLS. 135 Fawkham. Ordn. Map 271, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. 1. Fawkuam Manor. Communicated by Messrs. Istmr & Co. (Rochester Naturalist, 1901.) ' Shaft 300 feet. Bored 1004 feet, all Chalk. Water-level 300 feet down. Supply abundant at first, but Mr. I’. L. BALL told me, in 1902, that the supply had given out. 2, Mr. J. J. Hickmorr’s BRicKwoRrKSs. Made and communicated by Mr. R. D. BATCHELOR. (Rochester Naturalist, 1901.) Much water from the boring (9 inches in diameter). | hicks, Depth. | Ft. Ft. Old Well (Chalk), the rest a 9-inch boring — 150 Hard chalk and flints ive. | 31 181 White chalk, no water... | 50 231 ee White chalk .. 1. 32 263 | White chalk and flints | 7 270 White chalk ie | 30 300 Folkestone. Ordn. Map 305, new ser.; Geol]. Maps 3, 4. 1. Gasworks, 1901. Made and communicated by Messrs. Istzr & Co. Shaft 9 feet, the rest bored. Lined with 20 feet of tubes, of 10 inches diameter,from about 9 feet down; with 100 feet, of 84 inches diameter, from 74 feet down; and with 105 feet, ‘of 74 inches diameter, partly perforated. Water-level 40 feet down. Yield 30 gallons an hour. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. (Sand and loam it ase 9 9 Hard blue rock vai si 4 13 Loam and sand aio oa 13 26 Hard blue rock oe aie 34 294 Blue rock aa se aie 3 323 Light-coloured sand .. ist 4 363 Green sand and loam sib 44 804 [Lower Green sand and clay... Bs 64 87 Greensand] 1 Hard grey rock inte ats 1 88 Green sand and clay... 50 138 | Dark clay with w little sand 12 150 Light-coloured loam .. . 12 162 Green sand with shells au 1 163 Green hard rock aa av 19 182 Light-coloured rock ... ea 6 | 188 \ Light-coloured clay ... abs 3 197% 136 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 2, 3. Horea Merropote. Near the Cliff, on the Upper Sandgate Road, ‘Trial-boring, 1896. Bored and communicated by Messrs. BAKER. (S.H. Naturalist, 1902.) No record of shaft. The sand blows very much when the head of water is taken off; once it blew as much as 60 feet in height. Phiekness| Depth. Ft. | Ft. Shaft [Folkestone Beds, ? any pea id sc _— 714 { Hard clay ‘ie 18} 90 Green sand sais aii a a | 984 | Dark sand “a an as 184 117 a < Very hardelay... os 8 | 195 5 ! Sandy clay oie a's a 10 ' 185 | Very hard clays... ae a 30 165 Marl cre zi 3 | 168 Hard stone 1; 1693 Sand, with water 24 1718 | Hard stone 3 1723 Meier < Sand, with water Wy 174 | Hard stone : 4 1744 | Sand, with water 32 1773 | Hard stone x 178 A later boring, made and communicated by Messrs. IsLer & Co., 1901. (S.E. Naturalist, 1902.) 110 feet of tubes, of 84 inches diameter, 8 feet down ; 160 feet, of 71 inches diameter, 6 feet down; and 160 feet, of 6 inches diameter, 10 feet down. Water-level 155 feet down. Supply, from rock below 170 feet, 1,000 gallons an hour. Water brackish. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. | Ft. in. Well... — 10 0 Hara sand 3 (0 13 0 | Hard sand and slag [?ironstowe] li 6 24 «6 Grey rock 3 1 10 26 «4 Folkestone | Beer Ba anal i: ; e ; aes Beds] | Rock and sand . 1B 6 | 40 6 Rock ‘ 2 10 484 | Rock and sand . 1 2 44 6 Rock . 6 6 51 0 Green loamy sand 29 0 80 0 [Sandeate | ae sire a clay a ; - reen san 7 1 ie ee { Dead green sand 6 0 | 167 O ee | Dead green sand and stone 1 6 | 168 6 | Dead green sand 0 6 /169 0 Rock ‘ oa - 15 0 | 184 0 {Hythe Light-grey marl, 4 0/188 0 Beds] ° Roek ist ae abe 4 0 |192 0 Blue marl [? Atherfield Clay] suis wi 8 0 !'200 0 WELLS. 137 4. Messrs. Lancton & Co.’s Brewery, Lontine Street, 1879. Trial-boring, 28 feet above mean tide-level. Made and cummunicated by Messrs. Lz Granp and SUTCLIFFE. (S.H. Naturalist, 1902.) The water in the upper beds was brackish, and rose nearly to the surface (221 feet down at high tide and 291 feet at low tide) according to Mr. Lvoas. Thickness.| Depth. = Ft. in. | Ft. in. Made ground Oh cake <2 SR ose 2 6 2 6 Gravel : eee uss sit 8 0 10 «6 [Folkestone Beds] ‘Dead | are see be 15 6 26 0 Green sand Sis | 24° 0 50 0 Dark or grey loamy sand on 4 Ff = i Dead green sand ns eg | tl Te ae Dead sand. wey] A> oO: | ABB oO 92 feet] | Hard dead green sand . 8 0 96 0 Dead green 1 sand and clay 7 O | 103 O Hard dead sand ... 8 0 |1ll 0 Hard green sand 7 O | i118 0 Rock sib 38 3 {121 38 Sandstone 2 9 | 124 0 Rock Poe 0 7 |124 7 Very hard rock . 1 7 |126 2 Clay (and stone 2) 1 9 | 127 1 Hard rock ae 1 6 )129 5 {Hythe Clay and rock i 2 130 7 Beds, << Rock ae o 8 {1381 3 284 feet] \ Hard rock | 0 4 /181 7 Rock and clay 2 6 | 134 #1 Hard limestone ... Oo 4 | 184 5 Limestone-rock .. 0 8s | 335 1 Limestone and clay 1 © | 136 1 Limestone-rock ... 1 10 | 187 11 Stone and sandy clay 8 7 | 146 ‘ Sandy clay aes 4 0 | 150 ae Sandy clay with veins ‘of stone 6 0 | 156 6 vs Sandy el 19 0 |175 6 38 feot] andy clay cis Sean) ATS Dark clay “| 9 O | 184 6 Brown [Weald] clay .. fie .; 23. 6 | 208 0 Another version, from saioauation given ig Mr. J. Luoas (to Mr. Tor.ey, who made the classification now given), is as follows :— Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground... i ig a a ll ll [Folkestone Beds] Sand : ans sigs 44 153 [Sandgate f Greenish sand ‘and dark sandy clay } 1011 117 Beds] Dark sandy clay ag 2 [2?Sandgateor f Coarse sandstone 3 1173 Hythe Beds] | Green sandy clay 5t 123 Dun limestone 13 1248 | Green sandy clay 3 1253 Hard rock wai 24 1272 [HytheBeas} Light-grey clayey eand 12 129 Light-grey limestone 18 130% | Light-grey clayey sand... 3 1314 | Stone bands and sandy partings 194 151 Greyish eee Clay, sometimes cane 28 179 Brown cla: one wie a 10 189 [Weald Clay] | Grey slay Bhi Sag ee | 7 | 196 138 . Mr. Lucas has given a less detailed account of this boring in Trans. KENT WATER SUPPLY. Inst. Surveyors, vol. xiii, part v., pp. 173, 174, and part vi., plate. notes that on November 20th, 1878, a small pump got 7 gallons of water a minute, but this was very salt, although the site is u quarter of a mile from the sea. 5. Lonpon CHatHamM AND Dover RaiLway. Trial-boring (4 inches diameter) at Tiddyman Step, for proposed extension from Kearsney Station to Folkestone. Made and communicated by Mr. R. D. Barcurror. (S.E. Naturalist, 1902.) Water-level 98 feet down. Only a slight soakage. water at the top of the green sand. Cut a little Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Mould... el, Sa 3 3 { Grey chalk 67 70 | Chalk marl .. an 4 74 [Lower 4 Hard sandy grey chalk 20 94 Chalk] Chalk marl .. wes ony is 8 102 { Hard green sand [basal bed of the 5 Chalk] 2s beh 2 1 117 Gault clay 5 9 126 6. Pustic Batus. Foord, 1897. Boring made and communicated by Messrs. IsLEr & Co, (S.E. Naturalist, Lined with 60 feet of tubing, of 6 inches diameter, from a foot below the Water-level a foot down (later 163 feet). Mould or made ground Blue clay... Rock and sand Rock Rock and sand ie Sandy clay and flints Hard rock Rock and clay Clay Rock Sandy clay Green sandy clay “The well at the Folkestone Water works, near the Cherry Gardens, was sunk through the Gault to the Lower Greensand; much of the phosphate bed may be seen there lying about.” W.Topiuy, Geology of the Weald, p. 147 (1875). surface. gallons an hour, worm wo EDI le oo UCD bet bet bet we 7. WATERWORKS, Pieenadel Depth. Ft. Supply about 600 to 1,000 WELLS. 139 Well 6, about half a mile south-westward of the earthwork on Castle Hill, 1895. Communicated by Mr. H. Turner, the engineer, with notes of specimens. (S.E. Naturalist, 1902.) About 137 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft (of large size in the Gault) 136 feet, with headings from 78 to 86 feet ; then a trial-bore. Thickness.| Depth ¥t. Ft. Gault ia sae ao 20 20 Rock, upper part ‘soft, lower part hard... 4 24 z Running sand. With the water great quantities a of sand came in aa Ma i “ibs a 29 53 § | Hard sand oe tas ae sis sis oe 17 70 8 | Rock ane 2 72 & | Hard sand and Yoek (from gallery, coarsely glau- 5 conitic calcareous stone, with an Ammonite in a 5 less glauconitie piece) gts sis we sie 14 86 B Hard sand 12 98 4 | Undescribed (dark evey sand, slightly greenish, —} with some bits of shells)... 18 116 Undescribed (sandstone with shells, wood and pyrites: piece of calcareous stone) 3 119 Undescribed (dark grey sand, from about 126 feet) 17 136 Boring, ? in sand, at the bottom very clayey sie 55 191 Wells 1-5 are eastward, 4 and 5 near by, 3 further off, 1 and 2 about a quarter of a mile off. According to the Report of the Medical Officer of Health for 1904, the deep well in the Lower Greensand at the Shearway works has an average yield of 500,000 gallons a day, a further 300,000 being collected from a tunnel into the Chalk behind the reservoirs. See also pp. 64, 97. The following places are also in the area of supply :—Cheriton and Shorncliffe Camp, Alkham, Capel-le-Ferne, Hawkinge, Lydden, and part of Sandgate. Quantity drawn in 1906:—From springs and adits, 86,632,000 gallons; from deep wells, Shearway, 62,974,000, Standen, 305,295,000. (Water Works Directory, 1907.) New Works, see Capel-le-Ferne. Foot’s Cray. 1. Frognal. 2. Sandy’s Cottage, near Ruxley. Ordn. Map 271, new. ser. ; Geol. Maps 6, London and its Environs, and London District, Sheet 4 (new). Shafts. Communicated by Mr. W. Morris. 1. | 2. ! Ft. Ft. Level of road, above Ordnance Datum | 189 147 Water-level, frou surface on 81 75 Steined, to chalk ele to firm chalk ous 80 i; 130 52 78 Chalk ae aut 5 26 Frindsbury. Ordn. Map 272, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. 1. Beaver CEMENT WoRKS. 15 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Mr. R. D. BatcHEtor. (Rochester Naturalist, 1901.) 140 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Shaft 19% feet, the vest au 18-inch boring. Yield 17,920 gallons an hour (? water-level about 10 feet down). Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Loose chalk and flints 193 192 , Soft chalk i 1 204 White chalk 3 233 Hard chalk . 8 313 Very hard white chalk 5 368 [Upper Chalk, with a few flints 7 432 Chalk] Rocky chalk ... 10 533 Very hard chalk 24 778 Hard marly chalk 4 813 Chalk ... 29 1102 Chalk, with water 7 1178 Hard chalk ... 28 1452 (The total is given as 200 feet). 2, CHATTENDEN Barracks, north of Upnor. 1885. Communicated by Col. R. HawrHorne, R.E., Capt. W. W. RoBINnsony R.E. (see The Royal Engineers’ Journal, vol. xvi., pp. 151, 152), and Capt- H. G. Lyons, R.E., with some later information by Col. C. W. SSERRAN (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlii., p. 33; vol. xliii., p. 198). 127 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft and cylinders about 200 feet, the rest bored and lined to 302 feet, with tubes of 6 inches diameter, with tubes of 5 inches diameter to 1,064 feet, and with tubes of 4 inches diameter to 1,142} feet. Water from the three greenish sands (down to 123, 1293, and 146 feet respectively) was ferruginous. The water from the Lower Greensand overflows from the bore-pipe into the well, and rises to about 114 feet from the surface, and after pumping two hours, at the rate of 5,000 gallons an hour, could not be lowered below about 170 feet. In January, 1900, the boring became choked with débris, a specimen of which was fine greenish sand, clearly from below the Gault Clay. Late in 1900 the boring was slightly deepened. Thickness,| Depth. Ft. Ft. London Brownish clay... adi Br Si 163 164 Clay, Blue clay ie sib 754 92 101 feet Greenish sand and blue clay | 9 101 Oldhaven Beds. Gravel with chalk [? white flint pebbles] and shells ‘ 7% 1083 Fine sharp sand, with water. 63 115 Green sand 3 118 Greenish sand.. 5 123 Shells closely packed i in blue © lay. 5 128 : Hard black shale ats 1 129 es Fine green sand 2 1292 Ss, a 3 592 feet Fine white sand : 7 1365 4 Greenish sand, wet, and ‘plowing from under cylinder : 10 1463 Fine sand, almost on the move with water.. is 20% 1674 Blue clay, sand, ‘and pebbles ae 1 1682 WELLS. 141 Thickness.) Depth Ft. Ft. Thanet Beds, f Green sand... ses ae a 164 1844 1214 feet Blue sandy loam ‘ i 1055 290 Chalk. Specimens of clayey chalk (probably Chalk Marl) at 890, 905, 920, and 940 feet. No springs found. Base not noted. Presumable thickness, judging by the Chatham sections ... .. say |680 or 682 972? Gault, with some pyrites. Specimens, light- coloured clay at 1,100 and 1,130 feet, the latter with Inoceramus ; just above 1,140 feet a Rostel- laria ; at 1,140 feet a phosphatic nodule, with the cast of the whorls of an Ammonite; about 1,140 feet a small phosphatic nodule, chiefly an Ammo- nite ; at 1,142 feet dark grey clay. For the last few feet the clay was dark, but with green grains. About 9 in:hes of rock at the bottom (specimen of phosphatic nodale, from 1,161 feet) ?about /192 or 190; 1,162 The chisel then dropped 3 feet, and water quickly rose to about 107 feet below the surface, some greenish sand being brought up in the first ebullition. Presumably, therefore, the Lower Greensand was touched. Sand rose about 60 feet up the tube, and a specimen of the earth being removed (in February, 1886), consisted of a mix- ture of Gault clay with some green sand. Alternating thin layers of sia and ae sub- stances (1900) ... i ae 24 1,166 When the bottom of the tube was cleared out and the tubes were driven down into the sand, the water rose to within 100 feet of the surface. The great thickness of the Thanet Beds here is notable, 121 feet being a good deal more than one would have expected. Capt. Lyons has noticed, in a letter to me, that the section of the Tertiary Beds is almost identical with that of the neighbouring Upnor pits, and has classified the beds accordingly. Thad, some years before, an account of a shaft at Chattenden Barracks, which seems to be a different version of the top part of this well. It was taken from a drawinz (dated 1876) communicated by the Inspector General of Fortifications, and is as follows :— Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. {London Brown clay... ot wa’ sats 17 17 Clay,102feet] | Blue clay as si 85 102 (Oldhaven f Light-coloured silver-sand . 5 107 Beds, 10 feet] Shells, sand, and stones [? pebbles) 2 112 Sand... 8 120 [Woolwich { Shett, dark earth, and stones ies 2 122 Beds] li Sand and shells i he wt 10 132 Green sand... sh ms sink 1 1338 Water was found in the Tertiary Beds, but not of good quality. A perforated pipe, intended for the bottom of the boring, but which stuck about 10 feet up, was brought up and found to be honeycomhed in places, as if by acids. 142 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 3. QuaRRY CEMENT WorKS. (Associated Portland Cement Co.) Close to the river 15 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Mr. R. D. Batcnetor. (Rochester Naturalist, 1901), to 527 feet. Shaft 31 feet, the rest bored (18 inches diameter). Yield 8,000 gallons an hour (? water-level about 10 feet down). Then from Messrs. Isturn & Co. and Mr. W. L. Gapp. (1907, 1908). Boring started (from old bore) at 560 feet down. 25 feet of tubes, of 131 inches diameter; 4 feet down; then 700 feet, of 13 inches diameter, and 872 feet, of 10 inches diameter perforated, 690 feet down ; 65 feet, of 8h inches diameter, at 747 feet. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. fChalk ... oan “ile sisi sx 6 6 \ Rubble chalk ... 205 0 a 5 11 Blocky chalk . ast ss digi 4 15 Chalk and flints a 2% 2 Se 152 167 Chalk ... ms dais chs oe 98 265 [Upper Hard chalk ... wi sil a 102 367 Middle and | Chalk ... kes us ade on 72 439 Lower Hard chalk ... wed de sid 16 455 Chalk] Dark chalk... ae ans ts 2 457 Hard chalk... sins Sis ins 57 514 Grey chalk ate ue 10 524 Grey chalk and ‘sand.. 2 526 Upper green sand _Chase-bea of Chalk] eee 1 527 ? Chalk... ae es eh 23, 550 Blue gault ors sae ans about 115 665 [Gault] Grey gault as a aa ae 65 730 Sand-rock se a ia it 4 734 Green sand... See ek sts 9 743 Sandstone-rock aie tists bis 23 2746 Geena 4 Grey sand eae we a aes 12 758 | Green sand... es sa sits 53 811 | Sandstone ae ste aie a 2 813 (Rock... sae iv ails es 204 833} Depth, 14 May, 1908, 8523. Water overflowing. 4, WuiTEWALL CEMENT Works (Formby’s). 1882. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Truney. (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol, xlii., p. 32.) 30 feet above high-water mark. Bored throughout, and lined with tubes from 6 to 4 inches in diameter. Directly the rock was pierced water rose to the surface, throwing out a large quantity of sand and pebbles. It rose to a height of 61 feet above high-water-mark (? 30 feet above ground-level). The water is bright, free from sand, and has been analyzed by Dr. VotLcKER (see p. 308). Yield 60 gallons a minute, Jn December, 1885, the supply was as strong as when first tapped. : WELLS. 143 Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Chalk ... és 618 618 Gault clay 1805 8074 (Gault, 192 toot Rock sc 24 810 To [Lower] Greensand, in which water was got at the depth of 815 feet, there being apparently a hollow, the tubes going freely 18 feet below where the tools had been. Some of the tubes are said to have become magnetized, so that in lowering a bar it was pulled over to one side and held firmly; some of the boring- rods too were acted on in the same way. Frith Estate, sce Hadlow. Frittenden. Ordn, Map 304 or 288, new ser. ; Geol. Map 6. Information from Mr. T. Hayter Lewis to Sir J. Prestwich. Yellow clay, with 2 or 3 very thin layers of stone ... awe: LT Blue marl varying very much in hardness. The water came from a rent in this, 6 feet from the bottom, and it drove the workmen away ae es re Win ais we 155 32% feet ? Gillingham. Darnerr Nzss. Ordn. Map 272, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. Boring made for, and communicated by, the WAR OFFICE. Sand, pebbles, loam, &c., about 170) Chalk cin ee a, Waterworks, see Chatham. Goudhurst. ViLLacE WELL. Ordn. Map 304, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. Communicated by Mr. E. L. W. H. Smita (1888.) The sinkers say that there is enough water of good quality, but Mr. Smita is inclined to consider the well a failure. 162 feet deep, leaving off in marl. Marl at the depth of 45 feet. [? Wadhurst } Fossil wood 6 95 ,, Clay] Shells » 1s ,, Total depth, in marl,162_ ,, Grain, Isle of. Ordn. Map 272, new ser.; Geol. Map 1, S.E. l. Fort. 1863. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Doowra. Further particulars from the Clerk of the Works at the spot. 21 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 180 feet, the rest bored. Water rose to a height of 20 feet below the surface. Thickness Depth. Ft. A Ft Blue [London] clay... sig v. | 800 300 (Oldhaven and fDark sand ... i 8 308 Woolwich Beds] \ Light-coloured sand 12 320 Some of the sand full of dark grains, and with pieces of shells. 144 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 2. Rosz Court Farm. 1900. In the marshes, little above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Mr. R. D. BATCHELOR. (Rochester Naturalist, 1900.) Shaft, of 3 feet diameter, 9 feet, the rest bored, 8 inches diameter, reduced to 5 and 4 inches. Thickness., Depth. | Ft. Ft. [Allavium} Mud and peat Eee oe 24 24 [River {Sand and gravel... _ 30 54 Drift] | Sand, eravel: and olay He 7 61 [London j{ Clay ... 2 $i . | 190 251 Clay] \ Sandy clay ... ae ss 9 260 [Oldhaven f Dead sand ... 2 262 Beds] ( Gravel upenneal and sand 3 265 Sand . aan 10 275 [? Woolwich | Hard sand... ar are 8° 283 Beds] Dead sand ... dist fide 14 297 Sand ... Fei sis ae 13 310 Gravesend. Ordn. Map 271, new ser.; Geol. Maps 1, 8.E., and London and its Environs. l. DENTON HosPITAL. 1884. Made and communicated by Messrs. LE Grann and SvuTcuirr. Water-level 8 feet down. Thickness.| Depth. Ft, Ft. Dug pit ans ais Sa ~- 33 Pipes driven = 4 — 31 Gravel 4 35 [? What] {tren clay 7 42 Gravel 26 68 Chalk... ane 42 110 2. Exvectric Licur Srarion, Made and communicated by Messrs. Ister & Co. Lined with 10 feet of tubes, of 74 inches diameter, 3} feet down ; and with 50 feet, of 6 inches diameter, level with the surface. Water- level 10 feet down. Supply 7,000 gallons an hour. Thickness.| Denpth. Ft. Ft. Made ground ... 6 6 ( Blue clay o 14 7 2 Brown clay... 1 81 ae | Ballast [gravel] a6 ve | 54 14 rift] | Flint... 1 15 (Ballast or pull- ‘head ic avel) hg 2 17 Chalk and flints ‘ 133 150 WELLS. 145 3. LONDON CHATHAM AND Dover RaILwAy EXTENSION WORKS. Made and communicated by Messrs. C. Istur & Oo. Shaft 6 feet, the rest bored. Lined with 24 feet of tubes, of 5 inches diameter, up to surface. Water-level 56 feet down. Supply abundant. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Gravel . ates os 7 7 [Thanet Beds, | f Loamy sani 74 144 164 feet] Green sand 9 234 Chalk bt sa se 77 1003 4. Messrs. RussELL’s BREWERY. 1897. Made and communizated by Messrs. Istar & Co. (Rochester Naturalist 1901.) Lined with 35 feet of tubes, of 5 inches diameter, 4 fee t down, Water-level 14 feet down. Supply 4,000 gallons an hour. Well [? old], therestbored ... 16 Chalk and flint: 120 f [Upper Chalk}{ Chalk oo An 0 feet 5. Sure AND LopsTER TAVERN, Milton. 1891. By the river-wall. Made and communicated by Messrs. Lz Granp and SUTOLIFF. Thickness, Depth. —t Pt. Ft. Dug well (the rest bored) as — 5 . Clay and peat... sie 20 25 [Aluvium] trices sand. 10 35 : Stones ... 3 38 a {cis and white marl 12 50 1 Gravel and sand sit 15 65 6. THomas’s Parrr Mitts, Crete Hall, between the Thames and Rosherville Gardens (? in Northfleet). Made and communicated by Mr. R. D. BatoHBLor. (Rochester Naturalist, 1901.) Hole dug 11 feet, the rest an 18-inch bore. . Water-level 12} feet down. Yield 32,000 gallons an hour, lowering the water-level to 40 feet down. Soil we Chalk aud flints 144 }46 feet 7, WATERWORKS, 1836 (? before). Rev. J. C. CLuttsaRpucg, “ Supply of Water to the Metropolis from the Valley of the Colne,” Watford, 1842. . Thickness, Depth. Ft. Ft. [? Woolwich Beds] Loam and oe 20 20 {(Thanet] Sand sihp hes 46 66 Chalk and flints ‘nis sii oh 68 134 According to the Sixth Report of the Rivers Pollution Commission (1874, p. 348), the well is 200 feet deep, and the supply is 250 000 gallons a day in summer and 200,000 in winter. 10,000 K 146 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Two later wells. 1899. Made and communicated by Mr. R. D. BATCHELOR. (Rochester Naturalist, 1901.) No. 1. Shaft of 7 feet diameter, with headings of 246 feet. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. [? Woolwich and Thanet Beds] Sand ... 92 a Chalk ... iv 18 10 [Upper Chalk}] Ghalk and flints. |. | 50 160 No. 2. Shaft of 8 feet diameter. Thickness.| Depth. . Ft. Ft. {? Woolwich and Thanet i Sand 1074 L074 Chalk and flint ... 754 183 These differ from the ation a8 bis old at in showing a greater depth to the Chalk. There are headings in the Chalk. Milton and Northfleet are also supplied from these works. 8. WuitE HI, Gravesend Sanatorium. 1887? Made and communicated by Messrs. Ister & Co. Shaft 12 feet, the rest bored, with 40 feet of tubes, of 5 inches diameter, 10 feet down. Water-level 146 feet down. Yield 600 gallons an hour. Chalk and flints 235 feet. Greenhithe. Hunter Taytor & Spoor’s CEMENT Works, close to the Thames. Ordn. Map 271 new ser.; Geol. Maps 1, S.W., London and its Environs, and London District, Sheet 4 (new). 12-inch boring, made and communicated by Mr. R. D. BATCHELOR. (Rochester Naturalist, 1901.) Tested to 15,000 gallons an hour. Thickness.| Depth. i Ft. Ft. [Alluvium] Clay and peat, charged with water | 40 40 (River Drift] Dirty gravel ... du 10} 50$ [Upper Chalk aie 9s 60 Chalk] Chalk and flints .. ‘nearly 102 162 Green Street Green, see Darenth. Greenwich. Ordn. Maps 270, 271, new ser.; Geol. Maps 1, 8.W., London and its Environs, and London District, Sheet 4 (new). 1. Beeatve Brewery, Church Street, near the Thames. Communicated by Mrs. Pace. (Wrongly printed as Gravesend in Mewoirs, vol. iv.) The second column of figures is from My.une's “Sec- WELLS. 147 tions of the London Strata,” and the third from Mr. F. BRAITHWAITE, Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. v., p. 203. Shaft 10 feet, the rest bored. Water rises into the shaft, and the supply is continuous and abundant. Ft. Ft. Ft. [Blackheath Beds?] Gravel... ) : Shells ‘ | Woolwich i ee Blue clay (alittle) | 120 130 124 Beds] oam,of various a (a good ne mnae) Chalk, with many flints ... aie 124 150 152 Total... a ge 244 280 276 2. Brewery, close to the Railway Station. Communicated by Messrs. Lovisonp. Shaft 22 feet, the rest bored. Water rises to within 11 feet of the surface To Chalk 80 In Chalk 100 } 180 feet 3. East Street (Mr. Hill’s). 1862. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. S. ’. BAKER & Sons. Thickness.| Depth. It. Ft. To the gravel .. aig Pe ls —_— 28 Gravel [ ? partly pebble-bed] .. sin és ee 16 44 (? gers rial oe wie ed 5 49 Wadlwich. Beda} Pebbles, sand and shells Se 30 79 [Woolwich and Thanet Beds] Green and erey sand to Chalk . 7 80 159 4. Hospirat. Brewery, ? 1844, deepened 50 feet in 1864. From Sheet 4 of the “Sections of Borings in the Metropolitan District,” 1849, with additional information from the ‘‘ Report of the Engineer (of the Metropolitan Board of Works) on the Boring Operations of the Cross- ness Pumping Station,” 8vo., Lond. 1869, p. 61. 7 feet above Trinity high-water-mark. ? Shaft 155 feet, the rest an 18-inch bore. Water rose to within 19 feet of the surface of the ground. Supply 120 gallons a minute. Thickness. Depth. | Ft. in| Ft in. Made ground .. | 11 0 | ll 0 Gravel {? in part Blackheath Beds] .. 330 44 0 Black sand. cots ae | 4 10 | -48 10 Blue clay (4 ft. 10 in. in the 0 8 49 6 oe aa Shelly oh later account) { | 4 0 53 6 at fecal Red clay a ai ct 6 0 | 59 6 | Waite sand (water) ... sia a 4 0 63 6 Green sand and pebbles... wel 4& *0 67 6 (Thanet] sand (water) . 55 10 | 123 4 Bed of flint [ ? Groen-coated flints and the top flint | | layer of the Chalk ewer fai 1 0 | 124 4or6 Chalk with flints ane at ‘iat va | 180) «6 | 305 A nNo> 148 KENT WATER SUPPLY. The Rev. H. M. Dr 1a Conpaurne's account differs but little from the above, but is nut so detailed. Instead of “made ground” he has “alluvium, 10 feet ; ” the thickness of the “ gravel” he makes 35 feet; the top three beds of the Woolwich Series are given together as 9 feet thick ; the lowest three in like manner as 12 feet; and the sand next above the chalk as 57 feet. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. vi., p. 448. “Flamsteed’s Well,” in the Garden, now covered. Information from Mr. T. V. Hotmgs. To Chalk 75 In Chalk 5 }80 eee 5. OBSERVATORY. 6. OrRpNaNcCE Wuarr, East Greenwich. 1886. Made and communicated by Messrs. 8. F. Baker & Son. Shaft 50 feet, the rest bored. Water-level 18 feet down. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground and mould... aa 22 5 F Black ee ca ‘ sive 6 [River Drift} Flinty rock.. sie aor 2 38 [London Brown clay .. eae 13 51 Clay ?] Brown clay and pebbles sis 1 52 Fine grey sand ate 14 534 2 Limestone-rock 2 55: Mild limestone-rock 10 65 Grey marl ... ir ans 5 704 Shelly beds.. ane sis 6 764 [ Sandy clay . : 17 934 {Woolwich Light-coloured sandy clay 64 100 Beds] 4 Light-coloured pebbles ... 2 102 j Silty sand ... cai 24 1044 ( Black [flint] pebbles 154 120 [Thanet Thanet sand ‘ 33 153 Beds] Brown clay .. 11 164 Chalk, with flints 158 322 7. Unton WORKHOUSE. Dr. J. M1ToHELL’s MSS., vol. iv., opp. p. 56. The details seem doubtful. riivekness Depth. Ft. Ft. Earth 5 5 Gravel 2 7 Blue clay 30 37 Coloured clay 6 \ 43 Sand... 11 | 54 Chalk 30 84 At the Infirmary, adjoining the Workhouse on its western side, the sec- tion of the well is as follows, according to Dr. BuLsTrops, through Mr. Gravel a} 180 feet T. V. HotmMEs :— Chalk 150 WELLS. 149 8. East Greenwich. Portland Cement Works. 1869. Communicated by Messrs. Hotiick & Co. A Norton tube-well: on the wharf, about 20 feet from the Thames. Ft. Made earth ... siete te 16 é fud ... 85 to 40 [Alluvium] 1 alae soft sand 8 or bs To hard stone 65 9. NoRTH GREENWICH. Boring, communicated by Dr. J. C. THRESH. Yield 11,000 gallons an hour. Water brackish (see p. 313). Superficial ae on Chalk 262 feet 10. Riversip—e Works, Blackwall Lane, Messrs. Redpath, Brown & Co. A set of eleven shallow wells, 6 feet in diameter. Made and communicated by Messrs. IsLER & Co. No. 1. Water-level 21 feet down. Made up ground ... . 15 {Alluvium] Light-blue clay i 23 feet [River Drift] Gravel No. 2. No. 3. ae Depth. |Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Ft. Ft. Made up ground... 12 12 12 12 Light- -blue clay 3 15 3 15 [Alluvium] {Peat - 2 17 1 16 Light-blue clay 4 21 7 23 Ri Light- coloured ee "fe] sand* 3 24 1 24 rift] (Gravel —... 3 243 4 24} * It is questionable whether this sand, which occurs in all but No. 1, does not belong to the Alluvium. Water-level 213 feet down in No. 2,7 in No. 3. No. 4. e Made up ground ise Si see 12 Blue clay ie aa 8 lS [Alluvium] Peat... 7 y 22 feet (? River Drift] Light-coloured aand 1 No. 5. No, 6.| No. 7.| No. 8.| No. 9./No.10./No. 11. Ft. | Ft. | Ft. | Ft | Fe | Fe] Fe Made up ground... 4 12 | 12 12 12 12 12 12 Blue clay... 6 6 6 7 4 7 6 [Alluvium] { Peat 2 2 2 1 3 14 1 Blue clay... 33 1g 24 3 23 4 3 [River Drift?] Light- | coloured sand ' 4 | 4 4 4 1 1 1 Total ...! 24 | 22 | 23 | 22 | 2031 22 | 93 150 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Hadlow. Ordn. Map 287, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. 1]. Frith Estate. New Lodge. From a privately printed Report by Mr. J. Lucas, December 23rd, 1885. Thickness. ro ee SAR SSTSOSARDAOB BREE oe eee Ot Shaly clay eee es rae Sandstone ... bas wae ua nee Shale ... Stone... All Weald | Shale... Clay, about < Stone.. 25 feet. Blue clay es Light-coloured clay (probably marl) ite Blue clay, with an inch of ironstone at thebottom Light-coloured ia LpeSeey hed ( Blue clay : 2, SryLe’s Place Brewery. Nearly a mile S.S.E. of the Castle. Communicated by Mr. E. Easton. 88 feet above Ordnance Datum. Bored throughout. Water overflowed 24 feet above ground (at the rate of 40 gallons a minute, according to Mr. R. BATCHELOR). Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in | Ft. in. r Gravel . aie ae fe Sie 6 9' 6 9 Poeds] oa 7 4 0; 10 9 ( Atherfield clay [not so :| well down in | the Weald Clay]. ? with 9 inches | | of rock at the base.. a 20 9 31 6 (Weald } Wealdclay ... ane sti .. | 188° 6 | 170 0 Clay] \ Limestone-rock on wings a8 7 8 | 177 8 | Little water. Weald hac ? rock at base aa : sia . | 27 4 | 205 0 Clay... ae | 94 7 | 299 7 {? Upper dinabetdies Wells Sand] Rock ... -. | 50 0 | 849 7 (? Grinstead f Mottled clay .. i id .. | 35 0 | 384 7 Clay] Red clay " Fe ee | 14 0 | 3898 7 {? Lower Very hard rock sis sin . | 56 6 | 455 1 Tunbridge {elas sits aig ie sa set 6 0 | 441 1 Wells Sand] (Rock ... 59 6 | 500 7 {? Wadhurst] Clay, with seven thin layers ‘of rock 2127 0 | 627: «7 {Very hard rock : ae «» | 107 3 | 734 10 Clay and black sand... 2 9 | 737 7 Sand. No water 5 0 742 7 ' Rock... 62 0 | 804 7 [? Ashdown | Sand and petrified wood 5 0 |809 7 Beds] } Sand 4 6 |814 1 Hard rocky sand 3 3 817 4 Sand... 1 6 | 818 10 Hard clay 3 9 | 821 10 Coarse sand 8 3 |830 1 Mr. BATCHELOR says that the total ee is 838} feet. The classification given is doubtful. WELLS. 151 Halstead. Public well, for the Sevenoaks Rural Sanitary Authority, about a quarter of a mile E.S.E. of the Church. Ordn. Map 271, new ser.; Geol. Maps 6, London and its Environs, and London District, Sheet 4 (new). Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Granp and SvutTciirr, with additional particvlars from Dr. BAYLis, Shaft 19 feet, the rest bored. Yield 1,700 gallons a day. Red loam and flints 19 Challe and flints 365) 384 feet Halling, see Lower Halling. Ham Street (or Orlestone). Ordn. Map 305, new ser.; Geol. Map 4. 150 feet deep. From Mr. H. CuesterMAn through Mr. C. J. GILBERT. 1963. Great wash-up of the surface, forming many sorts of soil, 50 feet. At 65 feet, great quantity of gas from borehole. At about 70 feet, some hard oak, partly carbonised. At 74 feet, 24 inches of coal, soft. At 110 feet, about 44 inches of hard bright coal: had to use rock-drill to pierce it. 12 feet of Gault [clay] bored through. At 122 feet, about 4 inches of coal, bright and hard. Hartlip. New Prace. [? Pace Houvss.] Ordn. Map 272, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. W. Buanp. Phil. Mag., 1832, new ser., vol. xi., p. 86, ete. About 157 feet above sea-level. Depth to water about 130 feet. 140 feet deep; but deepened since. The monthly variation in the depth of the water from January, 1819, to June, 1831, ranged from 5 feet 10 inches, in November and December, 1820, and December, 1821, to 20 feet 4 inches in April, 1825, in which last year it was not less than 11 feet 6 inches (in December). See also p. 5, Harty (SHeppey). Ordn. Map 273, new ser. ; Geol. Map 3. 1. ELuiotr’s House. Dr. James MitcHeEtt’s MSS., vol. iii., p. 233. Letter from Mr. S. BURNELL. (S.B. Naturalist, 1902.) Vegetable mould... at Yellow clay »» 80>179 feet. [London Clay] {Blue clay, to sand 148 2, Saves Courr. Same authority. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Vegetable mould is wats eae 1 1 Yellow clay ... ba ia be 4or5 6 Gravel... ans es sia ay | 2 8 Blue [London] clay, to sand, about 170 178 152 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Harty Ferry, sce Oare. Hawkhurst. Ordn. Map 304, new ser.; Geol. Map 5. 1. Barges’ Castie, on the eastern side of the road to Cranbrook, W. of Beal’s Green, 1893. ? About 175 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Docwra. Shaft 74 feet, the rest bored. Intended only as a trial-boring, but adopted for the permanent supply. The boring was originally to 200 feet. Then a pump at 122 feet drew air in 104 minutes, throwing at the rate of 36 gallons a minute. Pump lowered to 168 feet, and drew air, working at same rate, in an hour and 54 minutes. Normal level of water 77 feet. When the rock at 207 to 208 feet was passed through the water-level went down to 150 feet. On putting in the pump again air was not drawn in, the pump throwing at the rate of 14,000 gallons in 24 hours. bias | sts Made ground ... i ear ( Coloured [mottled] clay a 1 | Sand-rock bee ioe Sant 11 | i" [Tunbridge | Red marl aap a ss ee 3 20 Wells Sand] 4 Blue marl ‘ sais 7 | 27 Hard red marl 2 29 | Sand-rock 1 : 30 ( Red marl 3 8 | 38 Mottled clay ... | 11 49 (Wadhurst | Blue marl one 3 | 52 Clay, << Mottled clay .. 61 113 12 125 201 feet] Hard blue marl oe Blne mar], with rock at 207° to 208 L [? to sand] eas 106 | 231 2. BoarzELL, ok Mr G. T, peme From Mr. Topiey’s notes. 294 feet above the sea (? Ordnance Datum.] Ft. ? Wadhurst ne a Acie ita hi se ra is = 1 @lay Shelly bed, soft and white sandy clay, ‘thinly bedded 4 Vents in stone with water. Therefore probably into the top of the Ashdown Sand. 3. Raibway Station, N.N.W. of Gill’s Green. 1893. Communicated by Mr. STEPHENS. From floor of tank-house, 264 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 95 feet, the rest bored (9 inches diameter). ? Water-level 136 feet down. tele Depth. t. Ft. Tunbridge Wells Sand... aE 25 {Wadhurst (Blue shale =| 5 50 Clay, {Red shale aa 19 69 267 feet.} Blue shale 223 292 [Ashdown Sand] Bands of very hard shale, with layers of sandy material es in which the water lies sf 2s ss sls si ase 12 304 WELLS. 153 Some additional particulars of the boring (made and communicated by Messrs. Ister & Co., 1890). Lined with 185 feeb of tubes, of 6 inches diameter, 15 feet down. Water-level 120 feet down. Yield 1,080 gallons an hour, | Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Wellfold] .. 00... ae 100 Marl sie 5 105 [Wadhurst Shale ni 98 203 Clay} | Sfone --\) a7 | 2508 Grey rock + Slate rock... 293 280 The thickness of 267 feet given to the Wadhurst Clay seems too great. Herne. Ordn. Map 273, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. 1. Herne Bay. Mr. Hardiman’s. 1904. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Ister & Co. Lined with 40 feet of tubes, of 4 inches diameter, from 2 feet down. Water-level 12 feet down. Yield 400 gallons an hour. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground tas oe 14 14 Yellow clay 4 54 [LondonClay] { Bing clay: 294 35 [Oldhaven Beds] Green sand 15 50 2, Herne Bay WaTERWwOoRKS, Sharper’s Hill (name not on the newer map), at the eastern end of the town. Commanicated (to Mr. Hawxkrns) by the Chairman of the Waterworks Co., Shaft 131 feet, the rest bored. aes | Depth. {Oldhaven, Woolwich, and Thanet Beds] Saad 163 Ft! Ft. Gravel wins vies ads iat sae 7 : 7 Yellow clay sie say se 26 \ 33 [Bonegt: Clay] fa clay... is 105 | 138 301 3, Newer Works at Forp. Three wells. Made and communicated by Messrs. Docwra. No. 1. Shaft and cylinders to 95 feet, the rest bored. Galleries at 71 feet. Thickness.; Depth. Ft. Ft. ( Sand .. oh see sie aie 32 32 [Woolwich i Red loam : Fi as 6 38 and 4 Dark sand and shells i ty 22 60 Thanet | Harddark sand... 5 65 eee | Sandy Blas se and i) plue clay 444 1094 | Flints ‘ 4 110 [Upper] Chalk si tba bes sis wel 269 379 154 KENT WATER SUPPLY. No, 2. (S.E. Naturalist, 1902.) Shaft and cylinders 170} feet, with galleries at 66 and 71 feet, the rest bored. Water blew in at 1673 feet down. Water-level 26 feet down. Yield, May 26th, 1891, 183,600 gallons a day. Thickness,| Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground... aia aie 4 4 [Woolwich, ? part Thanet, Beds] Sand sie sien 18 22 Red loam and sand ... vai ‘is 13 35 [Thanet Dark hard sand and shells ... ats 28 63 Beds, Hard sand-rock a 4 67 87 \ Hard sandy clay, the ‘greater part feet] | blue, with water ... 41 108 Flints ... sat wis aie ai 1 109 Chalk eis eek 2613 21704 Gallery eontieatinig pies bye deli with its base at 1564 feet. No. 3. 1899? Galleries, with base 156 feet down, by Messrs. Doowra, not the rest. Water-level 90 feet down when pumping. |Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Soil, a little... —_ — a ‘Sand ‘and red loamy sand —_ 35 eee | Darlesand and shella 28 63 Thane t < Hard sandy rock das 5 68 Beds] Hard sandy clay ... a 109 me oe 110 Chalk and flints ais sia ans “a 64 174 In The Engineer, vol. 1xix., p. 442 (1890), one of the borings is said to go to the depth of 576 feet. As it yielded very little water it was decided to fire a series of charges of roburite. The first of these, of 27 lbs., was fired at the bottom; the second, of 25 lbs,, was fired 50 feet higher, and this latter added 50,000 gallons a day to the yield. The headings have been deepened to 11 feet below Ordnance Datum, and others driven, about north and south, in all 135 feet. Pumping 9,000 gallons an hour for eight hours, the water-level was lowered 11 feet in the first two hours and then stood. It roseagain in about two hours. Besides Herne Bay the following villages are in the area supplied :—Herne, Hoath and Reculver (Water Works Directory, 1907). 3. Herne Bay Gas Works, Beach Street. 20 feet of 74 inch guide-pipes, 9 feet from surface. 200 feet of 6 inch permanent pipes, 6 feet from surface. |Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. | Ft. in. Dug Well ; ee wine a Ms sig _— 20 O Blue (London) Clay aia ae ihe ow {| 14 0 34 0 [Oldhaven (or Sandstone si ve | Is -0 49 0 Beds, over - Green Sand and Shells ia i 4 0 53 OO 19 feet.) Pebbles =A) {| @ & | 8 2 [Woolwich and Thanet Beds] Green ‘Sand . «| 47 10 | 101 O { Green Sand and Clay ae ee 10 O /; 111 O oe Clay... ais wi 7 O/;} 118 O rey Clay and Shells bey wei 3 0 | 121 O Trea YGrey Clay a av ae «| 69 © | 180 0 | Rotten Sandstone sis ua 1 oO | 181 O | Grey Clay... ses ‘ee - | 4 6 | 195 6 | Flints... SL aR. Sage. ays 0 6 | 196. 0 {Upper] Chalk and Flints... vas ae .. | 204 0 | 400 0 WELLS. 155 Hever. Ture Casriz, 1904, Ordn. Map 287, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. Bored and communicated by Messrs. IsLer & Co. Lined with 180 feet of tubes, of 10 inches diameter, from 2 feet down, and 200 feet, of 8 inches diameter (perforated), from 150 feet down. Water-level 98 feet down. Yield 7,500 gallons an hour. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Soil.. aes one an sis aie ain 1 1 Yellow clay and stones... 22 23 [Weata vey . Blue clay and stones oe 40 63 {? Weald Clay Blue stone ... 12 75 or Tunbridge Wells {Blue clay, with ‘beds of Sand} stone M11 - 186 (? Tunbridge Wells Sand] Sandstone, with ‘beds of clay ... ” ae 169 355 [? Wadlurst Clay] Mottlea clay on ot ies 18 373 It is difficult to classify the beds. Possibly the sandstone, &c., may belong to the Ashdown Beds and the clayey beds above may be Wadhurst Clay. The site is close to where a fault is shown on the map. Higham. HicHam anp Hunprep or Hoo Waterworks, about a quarter of a mile south-south-west of the Railway Station. 1892. Ordn. Map 272, new ser. ; Geol. Map 1, 8.E. Communicated by Mr. KE, Easron. (Rochester Naturalist, 1901.) Shaft, in Chalk, 160 feet, with headings about east and west, bottom 153 feet down. 30 feet of water. Pumping 6,000 gallons an hour (November, 1892), just kept the water down. Work not then finished. High Hockley. Made for, and communicated by, the Hon. A. McGarext Hoae. 1898 ? Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. | Ft. in. ( Dug well wins — so 0 Enlarging old "porehole (blue clay) _— 91 #0 | Blue marl is 42 6 133 6 Weald j Loamy sand 1 6 | 135 O Clay Sandy marl 2 6 | 187 6 : | Blue marl 11 0 | 148 6 Sandstone des i 0 10 | 149 4 Light-grey marl {to fine sand] . ' 13° 2 | 162 6 Hildenborough, see Tunbridge. Hinzhill (for the supply of WitLesBoroveu), half a mile north- eastward of the Church. 1899. Ordn. Map 289, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. Made and communicated by Messrs. Titty. (S.E. Naturalist, 1902.) Shaft 50 feet, the rest bored. Water-level 24} feet down (26 feet later, 156 according to Mr. J. M. Lawrorp). September, 1900). KENT WATER SUPPLY. Yield 60 to 70 gallons a minute (up to Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Soil ee ii ii 2 2 Gault [clay]... 534 554 (Gault { Roek and shells 1k 57 Green sand and pyvites 234 804 {? Folkestone } Brown clay . eh 61 87 Beds] Hard sand ise $ 954 Rotten brown clay... Gk 103 (Hard dirty sand .. 7 11h : Light-coloured sand 114 1 Ba Hard dirty sand 20 1414 | Light-coloured sand 281 170 Hard dirty sand 10 180 [Sandgate (Hard black clay wet 2 182 Beds, {Brows mottled clay wei 4 186 22 feet] Black clay * ini 16 202 Hither Green, sec Lewisham. Hoo. Ordn. Map 272, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. 1. Hoo Fort. Communicated by the War OFFICE. 1865 or 1866. (Rochester Naturalist, 1901.) Bored throughout. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Soil, mostly filled in with concrete 12 12 {Alluvium, } Loam and sand 26 38 46 feet] Clay 6 44 Peat... 2 46 [Valley Flints and sand 5 51 Drift, | Goss sharp sand 5 56 103 feet] (Flints,&e. .. 4 563 [Thanet Beds] Silt or loamy sand 534 1103 (? Upper Chalk, with flints a 2453 356 Chalk, {onan without flints,* with a grey 350 feet] vein above the middle 105 461 * There is some doubt as to this division of the Chalk, as a note on the drawing says ‘‘no flints met with in the last 42 feet.” 2. Hoo Pornr. Boring made for and communicated by the War OFFICE. lnphisienees, Depth. Concrete Sand, Pee loam, &e. about Chalk Ft. Ft. 10 10 130 140 48 188 WELLS. 157 Hunton. Ordn. Map 288, new ser.; Geol. Map 5. Dr. J. Mrromety’s MSS. (in Libr. Geol. Soc.), vol. iii., p. 204. Well through blue [Weald] clay. Several shells found. 350 feet. Hythe. Warerworks, see Saltwood. Ightham. Opposite Albert Cottage, north of the village. Ordn. Map 287, new ser. Geol. Map 6. Communicated by Miss M. A. Brooks. A. good supply at first; but it soon failed. Through Gault and Lower Greensand like that at Oldbury Hill, 100 feet. Iwade. Ordn. Map 272, new ser. ; Geol, Map 6. 1. Currngey Hit, north-westward of the village. Dr. J. Mitoseve’s MSS. (in Libr. Geol. Soce.), vol. iii, p. 230. (Rochester Naturalist, 1901.) Water rose to within 8 feet of the surface. Through blue [London] clay, 284 feet. 2. Krne’s Ferry. (From the Mainland to Sheppey ; now a bridge). PrEstwicH, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. x., p. 405. London Clay to 200 feet. Kemsing. Trial-boring for the Sevenoaks Water Co. 1903. Ordn. Map 287, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. Made and communicated by Messrs. LE GRAND and SurTouirr. About 292 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-levels 38 feet down at 46 feet, 41 feet down at 250. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. | Ft. in. Soil. Clay and flints ... 86 i 6 0 6 0 Blue clay and shells... bok ae 19 O 295 0 ee {Bie sandy clay fs sige ‘fore 8 0O 33 0 Green sand and blue clay area 8 0 41 0 Green sandstone. Water from 41 to 46 feet 5 #0 46 0 Bands of hard and soft stone. r 24 «0 70 #O Yellow sandy clay and bands of stone 8 0O 78 O Light-brown rock, hard 5 0 83 0 [Folkestone |Yellowsandy clay and bands of stone 8 0 91 O Beds, Runuing sand, yellow ae 17 +O 108 (O 116} feet] |Red sand. Band of ironstone at bottom ais wis 23 «6 131 «6 Running sand, yellow. 8 6 | 140 90 Mottled sandy clay, bands. of sand \ and ironstone Se 15 3 | 155 38 Sandstone, ferruginous 2 3 | 157 6 (Sandgate | Brown sandy clay 5 4 | 162 10 Beds, Brown sandstone 0 8 | 1638 6 74 feet] Brown sandy clay 1 4 | 164 10 [Hythe Beds] Bands of sandstone, rag and hassock 78 8 | 248 6 (Atherfield Clay] Stiff bluish-brownclay. Specimens, from 2443 feet, pale brownish; from the bottom fine compacted (? clayey) dark sand ast sis 6 6 | 20 Oo 158 KENT WATER SUPPLY. The following record of a hand-pumping trial has been communicated by Mr. A. F. Bowker (March, 1903), when the level of the water was 41 feet down :— Lowered 8 feet (to 49 feet) when pumping 850 gallons an hour yD 9 ” (to 50 ” ) ” V3 870 ” ” ” 10 ” (to 51 y ) ” ” 900 ” ” » 1B, (to54 ,) ,, » 1100 » Kenardington. Ordn. Map 304 or 305, new ser.; Geol. Map 4. Communicated by Mr. H. CHESTERMAN, through Mr. O. J. GILBERT. About 90 feet of Gaulty soil, with 24 inches of soft coal at 65 feet. Kent Waterworks. Now Metropolitan Water Board, which see. Keycoll Hill, see Bobbing. King’s Ferry, see Iwade. Kingsnorth. Tayior Farm. Ordn. Map 305, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. A small boring of 120 feet, all in [Weald] clay. Knockholt. Ordn. Map 287 new ser.; Geol. Map 6. Dr. J. MircHeti’s MSS. (in Libr. Geol. Soc.), vol. i., p. 193. In Chalk 350 feet. Wood at 300 feet. A cave 30 feet long, 12 broad and 18 high at 270 feet, with a stream of water. Lamorbey (or Lamb Abbey), see Bexley. Lee. Ordn. Map 271, new ser.; Geol. Maps 1, 8.W., London and its Environs, and London District, Sheet 4 (new). 1. Grove Park. New Workhouse. Trial-boring. 1899. From Mr. T. Dinwippy, Architect, through Mr. T. V. Houmss. Thickness.; Depth. Ft. Ft. Subsoil 2 2 Ballast 3 5 London clay ... Ais on ad 13 18 [ coed ini Black pebbles & water 2 20 ° bed] Clay and shells 1 21 Green sand and water 7 28 Rene | Hara shells i 2 30 Green blowing sand.. 10 40 Clay and shells 3 43 [Bora sand and water 6 49 7 Clay and shells es au 2 51 be Very hard clay and shells ... 9 60 Coloured [mottled] clay 10 70 Green sand, pebbles and water 10 80 Black sand, pebbles and water 7 87 {Thanet Very hard grey sand rock and water 8 95 Sand] Live grey sand and water ... a 45 140 Flints ... dis ai 2 142 Chalk es 101 243 In Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xvi., part 10, p. 523, T. V. Hoimes classifies from 18 to 40 feet down as Oidheven, This may be right. WELLS. J59 2. Steam Launpry (Miss Austin’s). 1905. Bored and communicated by Messrs. IsLErR & Co. Lined with 115 feet of tubes, of 5 inches diameter, level with the surface. Water-level 17 feet down. Yield 3,000 gallons an hour. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground... ie sie se sane 4 4 [River | Gravel] Ballast... nae at a ae 5 9 ( Mottled clay . ‘isi Bae ts 4 13 | Running sand .. 5 bie sks 10 23 [? Woolwich ; Sandy clay... 14 37 Beds] { Sandy clay and shale > [Assile clay) 13 50 i Mottled clay . 4 54 (Green loamy sand... sich ae 14 68 {Thanet Sand, f Running grey sand ... at ite 444 1123 45 feet] Flints ... bie ae gs sie 4 113 [Upper] Chalk and flints at ee sa at 87 200 Under Woolwich Beds some Oldhaven Beds may be included, and the top clay may possibly be London Clay. 3. Steam Launpry, High Road (Mr. Bray’s). 1905. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Istrr & Co. Lined with 55 feet of tubes, of 4 inches diameter, from 3 feet down. Water-level 104 feet down. Yield 750 gallons an hour. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. i ‘ Sand... 5 5 [River Drift] { Ballast [gravel 6 11 Sand 29 40 (Thanet Sand] {sana and clay .. 6 46 Chalk ... 22 68 (Upper Chalk} Ghaik ana fints | 25 93 4. Manor Way. ReEpcot, in the garden. 190]. Communicated by Mr. C. H. WILLIAMS. Ft. in. Soil.. ‘ ». 0 8 Flint ‘pebbles i in sandy matrix. ; 1 8 | Sandy clay, nearly black, with ‘decayed vegetation 1 10: 8 ft. 34 Stiff blue clay, full of mineralized wood 010? ahs Sand ‘a ‘ s 2 9 | Flint pebbles i in sandy minteis,. . 0 6) Lewisham. Ordn. Map 270, new ser.; Geol. Maps 1, S.W., London and its Environs, and London District, Sheet 4 (new). 1. BrockLey, Watney’s Brewery, a few feet from the south- eastern wall of Deptford Cemetery. 1880. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. LE GRAND and SUTCLIFF. Bored throughout, but shaft to be sunk for about 40 feet. 160 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Water stands 40 feet below the surface. The natural rise of the spring at 48% feet deep was 570 gallons an hour, at 513 feet 690 gallons, and at 541 feet 810 gallons. Supply estimated at about 1,800 gallons an hour. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. (? London Sandy clay... ase hate os 24 24 Clay or Drift] | Gravel . ‘ cee ao si 14 4 Red fine live sand... ae wes 3 7 Dark red sand.. bes an 14 84 Yellow clay and ‘shells | ees “ite 14 10 Yellow clay... ate bus wate 4 104 Shells 106 ing a 1 M14 Red live sand ... 24 14 {Woolwich | Sandy clay 1} 154 and Reading! Blue clay 5 20% Beds, Sandy clay... 9 29% 46 feet] Blue clay and shells . 24 32 Shell-rock sae 3 35 Light-blue and yellow clay... 3 38 Light-grey loamy sand and plack pebbles ‘i 6 44 Green sand and clay and brown pebbles ‘ ais awe ai 6 50 [Thanet <-f Grey live sand 38 88 Sand, 49 feet] | Blue dead sand 11 99 Chalk and flints. The first 70 feet without water. Some supply at 250 feet down, which Eanes increased to 320 feet sin ‘Ge 221 320 2, Hirer GREEN, Park Hospital. 1897. Communicated by Mr. E. T. Hatt. Shaft 94 feet, then two borings. A little over 93 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Yellowclay .. 22 22 {London Blue clay, with a thin water-bear- Clay] ing vein of sand at the ee of 41 feet ee aa 97 119 (? Blackheath Beds] Pebbles and sand. ‘Water from this rose to within 45 feet of the surface ... 44 1234 (Dead sand .... is se is 14 1373 [Woolwich j| Clay and shells a on ons 15 1524 and Reading | Pebbles ss sie ate bs 74 160 Beds, ‘ Modeller’s clay bt sie ah 6 166 6l4 feet] |Redpebbles .. we 8 174 LGreen sand... aes ie bos 11 185 [Thanet Running sand... ain sia seas 29 214 Sand, Dead sand... ss iis oi 15 229 47 feet] Green flints ... sists wit re 3 232 Chalk... sae aaa ais ae a ee — = The vein of sand in the London Clay yielded a sort of mineral water, with 189 grains of solids to the gallon (chiefly salt and sulphates of lime and magnesia), and with a hardness of 130°. WELLS. 3. LowErR SYDENHAM, Bell Green (this name does not appear on the new map), just south-south-west of Lower Sydenham Railway Station. ‘Trial-boring, for the Lambeth Water- works Co. 1882. On the western side of the railway, just southward of Lower Sydenham Station. 16] Communicated by Mr. J. Taytor, Engineer to the Company, and by Messrs. DocwRa. ? About 90 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Mould ida inch 1 1 Yellow clay 19 20 [London { Blue clay 10 30 Clay, Blue clay of a lighter’ colour, with a 92 feet] | foot of claystone at bottom i 41 Blue clay ae 523 or 52 93 (Blackheath Beds.] Pebbles, from. ‘which water rose 70 feet... ae a sigs 7 100 ( Peat [lignite oy 3 103 Dark sand* ,.. 5 108 Shelly clay... 3 dil . | Dark blue clay asi 4 115 Ewpelyieh Blue clay of a eo colour 3 118 i - : 20 46 feet] ; Very light-blue clay .. 2 1 | Shelly marl ss 6 126 Shells ... 6 132 | Yellow clay 8 140 Pebbles 6 146 (Thanet Green sand 59 or 60 206 Beds] Flints ... 2063 Chalk 11 or ty 217 * These may pailkign ‘iota to the Blackheath ‘gather than to the Wool- wich Beds. On the southern side of Southend Lane, just over a quarter of a mile east of Lower Sydenham Station, a well proved 37 feet of clay. 4. WoRKHOUSE, on the high road, south of St. Mary’s Church. Well at the back of the building, for washing-purposes only. 1889. Communicated by Mr. T, V. Houmes. | Thickness. Depth. River Gravel .. ( ‘Olay .. : Running sand ey | ( Cyrena-bed Woolwich ! Shell- ; Clay ea Beds beds, | ore 9 feet ; Clay ‘ | { Shells (Cy yrena ‘2 l Left off in “race.” 5. PRroposeED NEw Brewery (Watney’s), south-east of Ceme- Ft. 12 14 204 223 254 a7% 28% 295 tery, one and a half miles from Waterworks well, Deptford. J. Lucas, Trans. Inst. Surv., vol. xiii. 10,000 p. 171 (1881). To flints 99 feet. Then Chalk, the first 20 feet without water. supply got 250 feet down, and this gradually increased to 320 feet, when the supply from all sources was 30 gallons a minute. Some 162 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Linsted or Teynham. Ordn. Map 272, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. Made and communicated by Messrs. LE Granp and SuTcuLirr. Water-level 23 feet down. Dug well (no record of nae 36 Chalk and flints ... 38 74 feet Lower Halling. Ordn. Map 272, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. 1. Mr. BurcHFiELp’s. 1886. [I think that this may be really in Snodland. ] Made and communicated by Messrs. LE GRAND and Svrcuirr. (Rochester Naturalist, 1901.) Water-level 144 feet down (December). Dug well fold] ... 15 Gault... is 3} 142 feet Lower Greensand 12 2. Mrip Kent WaTERWORKS, in Chalk Pit, by School, about half a mile north-westward of the Church. 1890. Communicated by Mr. W. Russ and from specimens. (Rochester Naturalist, 1901.) Water from the Lower Greensand rose to 24 feet above Ordnance Datum, and ran away through the chalk, flooding the pit and raising the water- level in the Chalk-wells of the neighbourhood many feet. This water is now tubed off from the Chalk. Yield, from the Lower Greensand, 38,000 gallons an hour. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. in. | Ft. in. Soil a air 3 wnt aide ait ais 2 0 2 0 Chalk, {Pale cream-coloured at 15 [Lower feet Greyish at 35. Paler oo Chalk] at 50}... 138 0 | 140 0 Roek [? nodule-bed] . 0 9 |140 9 Gault Clay. {Hard, pale. grey, and res | decidedly calcareous at 200 feet} | 211 0 | 351 9 212 feet} Nodules (dark greenish sand) 1 O | 352 9 { Dark sand, dry ave aa 4 0 | 356 9 Green sand, dry me ies 4 0 | 3860 9 Leer anne ; Hard rock se ae re és 1 8 | 362 5 one ! Green sand, dry 4 0 | 366 5 24 feet] | Very hard rock ; 1 6 | 367 11 Green sand, full of water 9 O | 3876 11 Some “sand washed up from the bottom of the borehole” is buff, fine and sharp. (Words in these brackets from an account by Mr. R. D. Batchelor). This differs slightly in ignoring the “very hard rock” near the bottom and making the “ running sand” beneath 10 feet, and the total depth 376 feet ° 5 inches. According to The Engineer of February 28th, 1890, the shaft is 50 feet deep (to Chalk-water-level, 12 feet above Ordnance Datum), the rest bored and lined (15 inches diameter). The Gault was hard in parts. WELLS. 163 ? Second well. 1898. Made and communicated by Messrs. IsLer & Co. Lined with 300 feet of tubes, of 15 inches diameter, from 56 feet down; and with 52 feet, of 134 inches diameter (perforated), from 8404 feet down. Water-level 46 feet down. Yield 24,000 gallons an hour. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Shaft (the rest bored) aay vies a or as Grey chalk . na eo 784 4 Fite { Chalk rock |. 0. om fe 136 a Grey chalk . We. eR 2 138 (Gault, Gault... ern 219 357 225 feet] Stone and dead green sand 6 363 Rock .. ‘ie iy 3643 aeons Dead green sand ste aia 34 368° 35 ft ot] } Lower green sand... ... 3h 3714 ee (Blowing green sand ais 264 898 Yearly supply, domestic 250 million gallons ; in bulk to other authorities, 50 millions. Highest day’s supply 14 millions, in July. (Water Works Directory, 1907). 3. Messrs. WEEKS’ CEMENT Wonrks. Made and communicated by Mr. R. D. BatcHELoR. (Rochester Naturalist, 1901.) A 15-inch boring in a large pond in a chalk hole. The pond is supplied with spring-water from the chalk. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Very tough white chalk, little water 21 21 [Lower White chalk ... 52 73 Chalk] White rock... eas wee wae 2 75 Soft white rock sa ies oat ¥ 814 Lower Sydenham, see Lewisham. Luton, see Chatham. Lydd. Ordn. Map 321, new ser. ; Geol. Map 4. 1. Hotmston Ranges, for the War Office (Camp). 1886. (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xliii., pp. 204, 205.) The details were given by Messrs. 8. F. BAKER & Sons, who carried out the work. Boring of a foot diameter to 57 feet, of 6 inches to 183; ? the rest 4 inches. Depth of water-tight bore-pipes 250 feet. Water-level 9 feet down. The water near the surface was oily, salt and unpleasant. This was cut off by the pipes, and the water then got was much better. Yield 90 gallons an hour. [This seems to refer to 1885, when the boring was only about 270 feet deep.] Finally this supply was L2 164 KENT WATER SUPPLY. abandoned as being too salt, and water is now got from a shallow well at the junction of the shingle and the marsh, about a third of a mile east of south from Dengemarsh Farm. Thickness} Depth. Ft. in. | Ft, in ( Shingle... bias ae ni | 15) 0 15 0 Boulders ale sins aie ‘ine 4 0 19 0 ? Recent Brown sand... ete us | 13 0 32 «(0 Beds Clay, loam and sand ... 4 0 36 (0 Black or grey sand 20 0 56 OO Pebbles 1 0 57 0 ( Black or grey sand 58 0 | 115 0 Stiff loam ; 1 8/116 8 Clean sharp sand 4 4 {121 0 Loamy clay 5 0 | 126 0 Sand 2 0 |128 O Clay... ss 88 2 6 {130 6 Fine grey sand (water) 0 9 | 131 8 Sandstone wee 2 3 | 133 6 Clay and loam... 8 0 |] 141 6 Strong blue cla; 5 6 | 147 0 Stone ... ae 3 0 {150 0 White clay 20 6/170 6 Marl 29 6 | 200 0O Loamy clay 8 0 | 208 0 Marl 42 0 | 250 0 Hard stone 4 0 | 254 0O Very hard stone 2 0 | 256 0 Milder stone ... 2 0 | 28 0 Tough clay 4 0 | 262 0 Sandstone 1 0 | 263 0 Stone ae Pee 2 0 | 265 0 Hasti Sandstone and clay ... 2 O | 267 O 5 = < Hard tough clay 2 0 | 269 O oe Very fine clay and stone 38 0 | 272 «0 Clay and stone 2 0 | 274 0 Mild clay se 3 0 | 277: «=O Very hard clay iis 12 0 | 289 0 Veins of peat and clay 2 6 {291 6 Hard clay ste og 1 6 | 293 0 Very hard clay - aes 2 6 | 295 6 Mild sandstone, with water... 2 6 | 298 0 Hard sandstone 4 0 | 302 0 Mild clay 4 0 | 306 0 Dark clay sk 31 0 | 337 0 Red and white mild clay 6 0 | 343 0 Hard light-coloured clay 7 O | 350 0 Hard red clay... — ... 6 0 | 356 0 Very hard dark clay ... 4 0 | 3860 0 Very mild dark clay ... 3 0 | 363 O Hard light-coloured clay wats 2 0 | 365 0 Very hard dark brown stone or rock 3. 0 | 368) «(O Hard sand rock, with water... 7 O | 375 0O Dark grey loamy soil... 4 0O 379 ~—O Very tough dark clay awe 13 6 | 392 6 Very hard clay Sete es w | 10 O | 402 6 A great number of specimens were examined, with Mr. Topley’s assistance. They consisted mostly of pale greyish clays, with some light- coloured mottled clays, and a few very fine compact light-coloured sands, WELLS. 165 the whole being of like character to the beds that form the lower part of the Wealden Series, the bottom of which would probably be reached at no very great further depth. Some of the specimens are like some of those from the Dover Convict Prison boring. Another account makes the stone below 147 feet 5 feet thick, the hed below 272, 6 feet, that below 289 feet 2,and the total 408. 2. Puptic SuPPLy. Dr. W. W. E. Fiercurr’s Report to the Local Government Board upon +» Romney Marsh Rural District, 1901, p. 13. Six public pumps, on The Ripe, open ground 8.E., 8. and 8.W. of the town. Against the western wall of the churchyard another, supplied from a well said to be under the roadway about 20 yards off. A short distance east of the churchyard, by the road to the station, is another (vondemned), The public wells on The Ripe are 18 feet or 20 feet deep; all steined with dry bricks only, except one, which is cemented half way down from the top. “The wells are mostly at a considerable distance from dwell- ings, and, though they are undoubtedly fed by subsoil water from the gravel [shingle], the water they furnish may be of a satisfactory character. On the other hand if the flow of the subsoil water be, as stated, from east to west, some of them may intercept water which has flowed under the town.’ “Nota few of the inhabitants obtain water from private wells, and these are frequently so placed as justly to come under suspicion, indeed, the water from some is admittedly unfit for drinking or cooking purposes.” 3. BREWERY AND MrineraL Water Works. (Same authority) p. 14. Two wells N. of the brewery and some way from buildings, 223 feet deep, connected by a pipe. One lined with iron tubing 4 feet in diameter, the other a lined borehole of 10 inches diameter. Daily consumption 9,000 gallons. Water very hard. Lydden. In the bottom of the valley five-sixths of a mile south-westward of the Church. For the Folkestone Water- works Co. Ordn. Map 289, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. Communicated by Mr. H. Turner, Engineer to the Company. Shaft 185 feet [in Chalk], with very little water. As plenty of water has been got at the works in Capel-le-Ferne (see p. 97) this station has not been developed. Maidstone. Ordn. Map 288, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. 1—5. From Dr. J. Mrtcueni’s MSS. (in Libr. Geol. Soc.), vol. iii., pp. 200, 201, 203? (Rochester Naturalist, 1901.) 1. Brenchley’s Brewery. Shaft 100 feet, the rest bored. Water rose to within 6 feet of the top. Supply abundant. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. [River Drift] Gravel ... ate ee ee ‘as 7 7 Blue clay is wh i ahs 100 107 Sand 2 109 [Weald Clay] Blue clay, with thin "seam “of red clay at 139 feet, to sand ... ies 60 169 166 KENT WATER SUPPLY. According to Mr, F. Drew, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xvii., p. 273 (1861), “ A boring at Brenchley’s Brewery, at the bottom ‘of Gabriel’s Hill - .»..» which began about at the top of the Weald Clay, went through 500 feet of clay (passing a water-bearing sand at 100 feet), and did not reach the bottom” of that clay. 2. Coach Yard, opposite the Star Inn. Gravel iy Blue [Weald] clay, to sand 130} 138 feet 3. Near the Old Church. Gravel ... Blue [Weald] clay 13 }120 feet 4, Rameross, near the Old Church. [Weald Clay] { ena clay My} 2 feet 5. County Asylum, by the eastern edge of Barming Heath. Ragstone and Green Sandstone, to Blue Clay, 100 feet. Also ‘ Below the Bridge (Maidstone) is a well which flows over” [but probably it has long ceased to do so]. 6. Fotey Houses, more than a mile north-eastward of All Saints’ Church. Mr. J. Arkcoll’s. Begun 1887 ? Communicated by Mr. C. Brrp from an examination of specimens talren at intervals of 5 feet in the boring. (Rochester Naturalist, 1901.) Depth. Ft. Old Well [Folkestone Beds, pee. ops and Pee Beds], the rest bored ... 164 1 to 57 (in the bore), no specimens sae is ap a0 221 {57 to 200. Darkeclay ... ae ea as 364 208 to 223. Gritty ass mss sis fe 387 228 to 233. Clay ... hice ae aie cath 397 238. Red clay aig hd ae ar ee 402 238 to 278. Clay ... es eae ss sas 442 283 to 289. Gritty es a sald «es 453 293 to 298. Greyish clay... 462 [? Weald 303 to 553. Clay, ee gritty oceasionally 717 Clay] 558. Lignite aes 722 To 573. Dark clay... wa ae ats it 737 603. Grey mottled clay .. ass sje ie 767 608. Red mottled clay ... ae ate tes 772 613 to 623. Clay ... tie be dies ee 787 628 to 633. Gritty... aes ie seis ws 797 638. Mottled[clay?] ... isis aie se 802 643. Mottled [clay?] ... sas nes ais 812 \653 to 778. Clay ... or wis 942 783 to 848. Gritty (more o or less) 1,012 (Hastinies 853 to 893. Gritty (about 20 per cent. of f sand) 1,057 Be ast 898. Ligniteandclay ... 1,062 903 to 918. Sandy... fs aie aed ‘iis 1,082 923 0928. Clay... we wee | 1092 Practically no water was got, nd. from difficulties in boring, the work was abandoned. The diameter of the bore only 3 inches, The specimens were all smashed up. As they had been pou ded into mud, brought up, and dried, they were very much more alike than one would like to see them. Afterwards a gallery about 180 feet long was driven, and 1,200 gallons in 24 hours got. WELLS. 167 7. Mepway MILs. ? About 20 feet above Ordnance Datum. From Messrs. W. and R. Barston. {Notes of specimens by A. STRATAN and W. WHITAKER. | Water at about 125 feet. It contains 16°5 grains per gallon of sodium- carbonate. Yield 9,000 gallons an hour. Thickness.| Depth. | Ft. Ft. Yellow clay ‘is .. | ILor 12 -- Stone and yellow. clay mixed. {? fallen piece of L.G.S. stone} ... 3 or 4 15 Blue clay {greenish}. Metal “nugget Upyrites] 100 feet down ts 110 125 Stone {very fine light-coloured sand} sins i 14 1264 Blue clay {greenish, as above} on aie nate 14 1404 Red clay . si sins 94 150 Blue clay fereenish, as ‘above}, with about 6 inches of stone {slightly harder, sandy ae o ie 94 1594 Blue clay }much as above}... : sis 404 200 Mr. STRAHAN says that the ee seems fe be Weald Clay, except the first two, which may be Drift or Rainwash. A section communicated by Mr. Jars, late Curator of the Maidstone Museum, and purporting to refer to Springfield Mill, about a quarter of a mile higher up the river, is clearly the same as the above, and presumably has been wrongly named. 8, Mitton Street. Mr. Hayward’s. 1898. Boring deepened and communicated by Messrs. IstER & Co. Lined with 50 feet of tubes, of 4 inches diameter, from 3 feet down. Water-level 49 feet down. Yield 400 gallons an hour. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Rock.. 153 154 (Undeseribed) 334 49 Sandy clay . 20 69 Blue clay... 13 82 (Weald Clay] Brown clay... 5 87 Blue clay... 9 96 9. Soura Eastern RarLway Srartion, Information from the Company to Sir J. Prestwich, 1856. Blue clay, without water to 68 feet, but at that depth water immediately showed and rose in the borehole 50 feet. MaIDSTONE WATERWORKS. The Maidstone Works (see also pp. 65, 88) supply Barming, Boxley, East aud West Farleigh, and Loose. The yearly supply is 280 million gallons. .(Water Works Directory, 1907.) Marden. Royat Oak. Messrs, Jupz, Hanpury & Co. 1895. Ordn. Map 288, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. Boring, of 4 inches diameter, made and communicated by Messrs. Istrr & Co. Lined with 100 feet of tubes of 4 inches diameter, and 252 feet of 21 inches diameter (bottom 20 feet perforated), the top of the latter 1025 fret down, 168 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Water tapped at the depth of 351 feet, and rose 5 feet above the surface. Overflow 1,000 gallons an hour. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Blue clay ss ne to aa 2104 2101 Brown clay... was sie ws 5 2154 Blue clay vs si ie ie 1234 339 [? All Weald | Brown clay... as 3 342 Clay] \ Brown clay and white sand, with water.. ess ae ies wis 10 352 Brown clay vale vs et sis 2 354 \ Blue clay Bis ais 35 a 1 355 Margate. Ordn. Map 274, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. 1. Messrs, Copp’s BREWERY. 1869. From specimens and information. A shorter account has been published by Mr. DowKeEr in Geol. Mag., 1870, vol. vii., p. 467. Shaft about 31 feet, the rest bored. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. (? Margate Chalk in shaft] ... 31 31 Chalk with flints [? Broadstairs and St. Margaret's Chalk] . ie 265 296 Chalk without flints (2 rocky)... Net fae ses 19 315 Grey clayey chalk a ang 3 318 Chalk with bits of flint, 25 and 37 feet, down. Chalk with grey clay, 29 feet down ... Chalk with grey chalky clay that had to be vias out of the auger, 33 feet down 56 374 Chalk with a little clay, 41 feet down <é Chalk with a little clay, hard nodules, and flints, 45 feet down ... se Aine Chalk, pasty and wet at bottom oe According to Mr. B. Larnam (Trans. Soc. Eng. for 1864, p. 244), a well at Margate, 50 feet in Chalk, yielded 200,000 gallons a day. 2. WATERWORKS. The oldest works are at the Tivoli site, in the sharp angle between rail- way and road just N.K. of the Tivoli Gardens, and on low ground. They consist of a shaft and galleries with floor 4 feet below Ordnance Datum, and 21 holes bored 20 feet lower. A large supply has been got here; but the water gradually got worse in quality, | by infiltration from the sea (which is probably made easy by the gravel beneath the Alluvium of The Brooks, as the narrow tract of marsh from here to the sea is called) and from other causes (cess-pits, etc.). Analyses from 1858 to 1886 showed this process of deterioration, and in 1874 the water was condemned by Dr. LeTHEBY as unfit for domestic use. (See Analyses, pp. 325-328.) This Pumping Station is now abandoned. The Company, in whose hands the supply originaily was, afterwards established the Windmill Pumping Station, on higher ground southward of the town, nearly three-quarters of a mile eastward of the Tivoli site. This is asmaller work, also consisting of a well and galleries, WELLS. 169 The Corporation has since made the Dane Works, but a little E.N.E. of the last at a little over 50 feet above Ordnance Datum. These consist of a well with a good length of headings, one of which connects with the Wind- mill Works and then turns south-eastward. The chief heading runs south- eastward from the former (near the well) roughly in the direction of the road, and has two short branches. All the newer headings (at the Dane Station) are carried to 13 feet below Ordnance Datum, which is abcut 15 feet lower than the older head- ings at the Windmill Station, from which no water is got (1898). In 1899 an experimental deep boring was made here by Messrs. Ister & Co., who have given the following particulars (S.H. Naturalist, 1902) :— Lined with 12 feet of tubes, of 14 inches diameter, 15 feet 4 inches down ; with 100 feet of tubes, of 12 inches diameter, 12 feet 4 inches down; with 260 feet of tubes, of 10 inches diameter, 55 feet down. Water-level 61 feet down. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground... se is dea a 1 114 Loam ‘te wate i Pts se ize 3h 15 Hard chalk... aie Sat 5 20 Hoar Chalk and flints es 280 300 Hard grey chalk and flints . 39 339 ¥ Grey chalk... ‘ ae 226 565 Liddle | Hard grey chalk |... | 148 713 Chalk] Hard dark clay 4 17 q Clay and stone [? nodule-bed] 2 719 : Gault ... , site a 57 776. [Gault] Alard green sand sis ai Bb 782% Hard sandstone sis Pe 12 7942 LLower dHardsilf uo .- on] 14 809 PM A Baad yes. cue eax nea “Ad 850 Continued increase of pumping has caused some increase in the saltness of the water, and the Corporation has made large new works at a con- siderable distance, see WINGHAM. The water-level in a well at Woodchurch Farm is said to have been affected by the pumping at the Tivoli Station, nearly two miles north-east. Mr. A. LatHam says (1885) that there is no connection between the Tivoli and the Windmill sites; the lowering of the water at the former had not the slightest effect on the water-level at the latter. Martin. East Kent Warerworxs, see East Langdon. Matfield, see Brenchley. Metropolitan Water Board, -formerly Kent Waterworks Co., see Beckenham, Bexley, Crayford, Darenth, Dartford, Deptford, Farnborough, Plumstead, Southfleet, Westerham, West Wickham, Wilmington. Mid Kent Waterworks, see Charing and Lower Halling. Milton by Sittingbourne, sec Murston. 170 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Minster (SHeprry). Ordn. Map 272, new ser.; Geol. Maps 2, 3. 1, RusHEnDEN Hu (a mile 8.W. from Queenborough Church). For the Queenborough Town Council. Boring. From Mr. H. Sma, Borough Engineer, through the Local Government Board. 65 feet above Ordnance Datum. Yield 3,000 to 3,500 gallons an hour, with continuous pumping for 21 days. Level of water at beginning of pumping 31 feet below Ordnance Datum, at cessation of pumping 185 feet. Water returns to original rest-level, after pumping has ceased, in 30 minutes. | (Thickness, Depth. => Ft. Ft. Ore Clay... ave “8 wits 300 300 ? Oldhaven Woolwich, aad. 2 ONOn Ban [Beas] | By 330 Thanet Beds] (Very fine sand... ee 70 400 Chalk sis aie sni6 sins a8 1 401 2, Sourn Lees Farm, Crown Lands. Less thin 13 miles 8. of the Church. 1904. Communicated by Messrs. BAnnzEs and Saarpr, of Sleaford. Water got in the green sand at 284 feet. Water-level 50 feet down. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. (Dark blue clay, with claystone- boulder [septaria], a foot at the {London } base ... 81 81 Clay] ‘ Brown clay, with claystone-boulder [septaria], a foot at the base... 105 186 | Dark blue clay ‘ia ‘ive eee 93 279 [Oldhaven {Green sand... ad an a 14 293 Bedsand ;Sand_... sie zig sigs at 1 294 Woolwich )Black sand... aus aus at 23 317 Beds] \Green sand... a ae sate 19 336 [Woolwich {Blue clay ois ist ales aia 4 340 Beds and < Green sand... ais aie sive 78 418 Thanet Beds] pingne -blue a as ase 8 41 459 Chalk... ate aes ‘i 18 477 3. NEatscourt Marsues, Crown Lands. Against two cottages about 14 miles north of Kingsbridge (over the Swale) and on the southern side of the road from Queenborough to Eastchurch. 1904? Made and communicated by Messrs. BARNES and SHARPE, of Sleaford. Water-level 40 feet down. Fair supply of good water. Thickness.| Depth. ' Ft. Ft. ‘ oi cig oie 2 2 [Alluvium] dik silty Sail es 15 17 Brown clay ie 50 67 [London Clay] | a 143 210 [? Oldhaven Beds] Sand and water 11 221 WELLS. 175 TuirpD WELL (No. 2 Boring of Messrs. Isler). 1904. Made and communicated by Messrs. Istzr & Co. Lined with 1873 feet of tubes, of 8} inches diameter, from 8 feet down. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. ([Alluvium] Brown clay and stones she 3 3 [? Alluvium and London Clay] Blue clay... 27 30 [Lower Dead green sand and shells 8 38 London { Dena black sand and shells 10 48 Tertiaries] ( Green sand ... eee as 130 178 [Upper] Chalk sie me ais wa 122 300 Fourta WELL (No. 3 Boring of Messrs. Isler). 1905. Made and communicated by Messrs. IsLER & Co. Lined with 210 feet of tubes, of 114 inches diameter, level with the surface. Water overflows. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. F Brown clay... 200 feet Chalk ... 4 184 Stanford, WeEsrENHANGER. Boring. Ordn. Map 305, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. From Mr. H. B. MackEson (amongst Mr. Topley’s notes). No water. Sandgate Beds ? 20 feet Hythe Beds... 59 feet Atherfield Clay Weald Clay Stone. Ordn. Map 271, new ser.; Geol. Maps 1, S.W., London and its Environs, and London District, Sheet 4 (new). 1, E.C, Powprr Co., at Bean, on the Tertiary outlier S. of the village. Made and communicated by Messrs. IsLur & Co. Brick shaft 138 feet, then cylinders of 5 feet internal diameter for 70 feet, the rest a boring of 10 inches diameter. Water met with 215 feet down and rose 6 feet. Yield 5,000 gallons an hour, minimum 3,500. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Light-yellow fine sand and conglomerate [Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand] ... a 138 ~ 138 Dead green [Thanet] sand, with layers of ironstone 12 150 Chalk and flints, hard in the boring... sist ate 150 . 800 2. Horns Cross. Dr. J. MitcHeLy’s MSS., vol. i., p. 46, in Libr. Geol. Soc. Gravel and flints 45 Chalk oo... 70 | 115 feet Stourmouth. (Wesr Srourmouts of New Map). SrourmoutH House. Ordn. Map 273, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. G. Dowker, Geologist, vol. iv., p. 218 (1861). Thickness.; Depth. Ft. Ft. (? Brickearth] Clay with sand, the lower part ferru- ginous and very sandy siete ate aie ide 14 14 [? Woolwich ( Iron-sandstone ue ie vais 1 15 Beds, } erecaie quicksand ... eel a 23 38 25 feet] Small [flint] pebbles .. iis es 1 39 [ThanetBeds, { Shell-marl aaa ste ass 6 45 99 feet] Blue clay [sandy marl] ats 93 138 Chalk, with a bed of tabular flint, a foot thick at top [?including the green-coated flints that occur at the base of the Thanet Beds] ... ni 21 159 202 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Strood. Ordn. Map 272, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. 1. Messrs. Burge & Co,’s CEMENT Works, by the river-side a short way from the Railway Station. 1887. Made and communicated by Messrs, LE GRAND and SUTCLIFF. Water salt from below, whilst scarcely brackish near the surface. Chalk and flints, 2014 feet. 2. Stewart Bros, & Spencer’s Ort Mis. 1886. ? About 15 feet above Ordnance Datum. From an account in the Chatham and Rochester Observer, March 6th, 1886, and from information from Messrs. TiLLey, who made the boring. (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xliii., p. 204.) Water overflows in large quantity (?150 gallons a minute), and it over- flowed through a small pipe to a height of 45 feet above the ground. Temperature 623° Fahr. | Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Mud [Alluviuy]... sina site os ce a | 42 O 42 0 Upper Chalk, with flints ... «. | 805 O | 347 0 [Chalk, Lower Chalk and Chalk Marl .- | 194 O | 541 0 505 feet] Upper Greensand (base of Chalk Marl) ents site si weg 0 | 547 O Gault (2 inches of rock at the base on one side, 4 inches on the other)... : ats ate ww | 195 2 | 742 2 Lower Greensand: fine sharp greenish-grey sand, with water... wes eae ve sae aes 10 | 757 O 8, WaTERWoRKS, on the southern side of the high road, about a third of a mile W. of St. Nicholas Church. 1849 and later. Communicated by Mr. W. Banks. City Surveyor, Rochester (? 1892). About 106 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level about 2 feet above Ordnance Datum. Pump about 280,000 gallons a day, lowering the level 5 feet. Well in Chalk, 132 feet, with heading, about 200 feet long, the bottom 114 feet down, Yearly supply 97 million gallons. Highest day’s supply 302,000, in July. (Water Works Directory, 1907.) At an extension made in 1886, a “natural heading” was found. There had been a fall before, and along the fissure there was a width of sand of 2 to 3 feet, to a height of 7 or 8. Whilst the above was being printed a detailed account of the natural gallery was published in a paper by Mr. S. Sruis (Rochester Naturalist, 1907, vol. iii., no. 97, pp. 466—471 and four plates) and from this the follow- ing remarks are taken. The occurrence is so peculiar that no apology is needed for their length, especially as the paper is locally published and therefore not generally accessible. “A cavern or natural chamber, with a water-course opening out of it, was discovered in 1879. . .” “This chamber was found to be roughly Z shaped on Plan, the stem of the letter lying in the line of fault, which cut the workings from north to south. The upper arm which ran . . west by north was 28 feet long and 10 feet wide, with a height from floor to roof of 12 feet at its western end to 174 feet where it joined the stem.” WELLS. 203 “The stem, measuring 16 feet in length between the arms, lay south by south west, the sides slightly converging toward the lower end, the width at junction with upper arm being 12} feet and at the lower arm 9 feet.” “ The lower arm was somewhat lozenge shaped cutting south east 18 feet long and 10 feet wide, as measured in the centre of its length. At the lower end it narrowed down to 3 feet in width and finished in a large fissure which extended from floor to roof.” “ At the western end of the upper arm a stream of water enters the cavern by the way of what appeared to be a tunnel-shaped fissure, partially filled with sand and clay.” “The cavern, when opened, was piled with blocks of chalk and débris, and the walls and roof were cracked and splintered to such an extent that ultimately brickwork under-pinning was found to be necessary to prevent further extensive falls of chalk.” “Later work proved the fissure at the western end of the cavern to be much more extensive than it was at first supposed, but it was not until the year 1903 that the extent of this water-course was realized.” “The work in hand at this period included the deepenings of an adjoining adit which drained this channel. As the work proceeded the water flowing from the fissure obtained a more easy egress and washed out quantities of fine sand and clay disclosing a passage of far greater dimensions than was suspected.” “The sand being so fine was swept down and held in suspension by the water in such quantities that a difficulty was experienced in keeping the pumps clear, and it became expedient to remove as much as possible by digging.” “Many tons of clay and sand were removed in this way and day by day the passage deepened and extended until it took the form of a roughly fashioned adit from four to five feet wide and from five to six feet high.” “The passage or adit was explored for a distance of 130 feet from the eavern and at the point where the work was stopped appeared to continue in much the same form.” “ When the adit had been so far cleared of detritus the floor was found to be paved with a layer of tabular flint which crossed the passage. The sides of the adit were scored and in many places deep]y undercut by the action of the stream. The stream would appear to have found its way primarily along the flint floor and, being intercepted by the fault which erosses the cavern, was diverted toward the big fissure at the end, where it found an exit to the river.” (Medway). “The level of the flint layer . . is akout one foot above the low water mark of ordinary tides in the river, and the rise of the tidal waters to 17 or 18 feet above this level would pen up the stream until the ebb released the waters, which would scour down the channel with added force.” “ The fine sand and clay washed down from the strata overlying the chalk through pipes or fissures would gradually silt up the stream bed. This silting would be assisted by the periods of comparative quiescence when the stream was held up by the tides, and precipitation of sand held in suspension would be rapid.” “The force of the stream being insufficient to remove this silt, a fresh passage was carved out above it in the chalk already softened by the water’s action. ee “The roof of the passage is roughly arched throughout. . “During the operation of removing the silt, which was mixed with quantities of drift flints, and chalk blocks fallen from the sides of the pas- sage, numerous small streams were discovered issuing from fissures along the sides, but as the work proceeded beyond these fissures the streams ceased to flow and the supply gradually increased from ahead.” “The general direction of the passage was west by north west. . At various points . . occur pocketsorenlargements . . atdistances varying from 20 feet to 40.” “Tf the course of the stream is traced in a series of straight lines, from . . its source, it will be seen that at each change of direction there is one of these chambers.” 204. KENT WATER SUPPLY. “Not only is the enlargement horizontal but vertical, and the roof is drilled deeply as if by a large tool in many places. The greater the angle of deviation the more considerable is the enlargement. . . .” “There are five of these enlargements . . and in the fifth which is right at theend . . at which the work of 1903 finished, a mass of chalk has fallen from the roof which forms a bar right across the passage. Over this barrier the water steadily wells from the unexplored regions beyond. . .” The roof slopes from the cavern toward the end of the passage “and this gives one the impression that the passage must be rapidly approach- ing its termination,” but he thinks that this is not the case. The passage “is normally full to the roof with water, and consequently the whole area of sides and roof is always under its solvent influence. The chalk through which the natural passage is driven is particularly soft and susceptible to this action. . . .” “The roof was studded in places with delicate fossil remains protrud- ing from the eroded surfaces.” In making a short adit, to connect two pump-wells, a mass of hard chalk, with large fiints and nodules of iron-pyrites all conereted together, was met with, ‘‘along the fault and appeared to be wedge-shaped and of immense proportions.” One of the plates gives sections of the adits and another a plan of the wells and adit, both being by Mr. W. Banks and dated 1903, The other two are views of the natural adit, from photographs. 4, 5. WICKHAM CEMENT Works (Martin Earle & Co.). Two wells. Made and communicated by Mr. R. D. BATCHELOR. No. 1, 1898, Water-level at rest 163 feet down ? pumped down to 46 feet. Shaft, of 8 feet diameter, 40 feet, the rest bored, 4 feet diameter. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. in Ft. in. Chalk ... «| 23° 0 23 «=O Chalk, slipper: 10 O 33 OO Chalk {| Chalk ... sic 7 #O 40 0 Chalkand flints | 40 1i 80 11 Chalk ... eee 2 0 82 11 No. 2, 1900. Shaft, of 8 feet diameter, 25 feet, the rest bored, 4 feet diameter, Rest water-level, 14 feet 8 inches down. ‘Thickness Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Made soil wise eas dite 1 7 1 7 [River Drift] Bull-head aa 1 10 38 5 [Upper { Chalk ... cael Ly 14 9 Chalk] Chalk and flint | 56 3 71 #0 Sturry: Ordn. Maps 273, 289 new ser.; Geol. Map 3. WELLS. 205 1. Mrs, THoRNTON’s, near the bridge. 1872. Lt.-Col. Cox, Kentish Gazette, May 21st, 1872, and G. DowKker in discussion. Water overflows. Bore. ;Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Garden and alluvial soul 7 7 Hard Valley gravel 8 15 ; Blue clay ei 4 19 Gapin description [presumably more clay].. 5 24 . Very hard plue ‘clay, dry and greasy 4 28 aa Blue clay 12 40 Rather sandy greenish [eloy] 4 44 More sandy 2 46 More sandy, struck a ‘spring 4 50 Green sand, with water 3 53 2. T1ze Lopar Farm. 1890. Made and communicated by Messrs. IstuR & Co. (Words and figures in these brackets from another source). Well 11 feet, the rest bored and lined with 240 feet of tubes, of 3 inches diameter, from a foot below the surface. Water-level 70 feet down. Supply 140 gallons an hour. |Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. [London Yellow clay (15) oat aise ss 6 6 Clay} Blue clay (52) .. 54 60 [Oldhaven, Woolwich and Thanet Beds} Live and { blowing sand (grey quicksand 75)... sie ‘ine V7 137 (Dead sand (25) wi nies sits 34 171 (Thonet {Bing clay ta {| a3 | to Beds] \ = [Tndeseribea) (Black sats) {fp | 37 (Chalk 74) dee eae sis as —_ | «801 Sundridge. Ordn. Map 287, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. 1. OVENDEN House. [? Ovingden Green of old map, Combebank Farm of new map.] About 370 feet above Ordnance Datum ? Made and communicated by Messrs. TILLEY. Water-level 78 feet down. Thickness. | Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground as wee wal 24 Qn Light-coloured. clay 52 8 Blue clay, with 7 inches ‘of stone from 182 feet down, and 4 inches Picignes of stone from 191 feet down i 211 219 2 Sandy blue clay xs 194 2383 Loamy clay and white and green sand 1 2394 Hard dark green sand ‘ iis 64 246 Brown loamy sand 5k 2514 Hard green sand 14 253 ee Soft brown loamy sand zis 3 256 10 4 feet] Hard green sandstone aie see! 60 316 Live sand and water.. 2 318 Dark loamy sand andthin veins of clay 32 350 2. Mr. Topiey has noted a well, presumably in the village, which proved the Hythe Beds to be 180 feet thick. Geology of the Weald, p. 120. 206 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Sutton-at-Hone. Hawtey MILL, on the Darent. Ordn. Map 271, new ser.; Geol. Maps 6, London and its Environs, and London District, Sheet 4 (new). ; Mr. ARMSTRONG’s evidence, in Courts of Justice, January 29th, 1907. Five wells, three or four of which are pumped from. One is 170 feet deep ; the chief one is 100 feet (lined for 37). Rest-level 24 feet down. When pump stopped on Saturday 26th the water was about 9 feet; on Sunday 27th at 6 a.m.,3 feet 1 inch, and at 6 p.m. 2 feet 11 inches. When the pumps are not on at the Darenth Pump- ing Station (about a sixth of a mile eastward, on the other side of the Marsh) the water rises to 9 inches from the surface. Swanscombe. Messrs. Exman’s NoRTHFLEET Paper Works. Ordn. Map 271, new ser.; Geol. Maps J, 8.W. and London and its Environs. According to Dr. J. C. TaresH there is a shaft to 80 feet, with borings to 200 and 250, and the water-level is about 40 feet down. I learnt on the spot that the well, all in Chalk, is at the eastern end of the works, and that, with old wells to west, a total of 11,000,000 gallons a week has been pumped. The works are in an old chalk-pit, the northern part of which was re- opened after they were made, with the result noticed on p. 371. Sydenham, Lower, see Lewisham. Teynham. Conver. Water Supply (Faversham Rural Sanitary Authority). Communicated by Mr. E. Easton. (S.E. Naturalist, 1902.) Water-level 44 feet down. Shaft, to chalk 12 Bare, in chalk i 23 feet See also Linsted. Thanet, Isle of, see Broadstairs, Margate, Minster, Ramsgate, Westgate. Thanington. Canrersury Waterworks, 1868. Ordn. Map 289, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. Communicated by Mr. 8. C. HomMERssaM. 47 feet above Ordnance Datum. Sunk 36: feet, the rest bored. Normal water-level 19 feet below the ground. Yield, 1,500,000 gallons a day (? tested to). Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Chalk with flints eas hard chalk below the middle) ... about 423 423 Chalk without flints ens 60 483 Upper Greensand [This must be an “error, “and the bed most ee a hard eee bed in the Lower Chalk.].. 7 sat 263 5093 There 4 are two other evict at the works. Besides Canterbury the following places are in the area supplied :— Hackington, Harbledown, Sturry and Westbere. The yearly supply is 234,005,893 gallons. (Water Works Directory, 1907.) WELLS. Tonbridge or Tunbridge. Ordn. Map 287, new ser. ; Geol. Map 6. 1. Bartram’s BREWERY. Made and communicated by Messrs. IsLEr & Co. Lined with perforated tubes, of 6 inches diameter, throughout. Water-level about 13} feet down. Yield 7,200 gallons an hour. Made ground and gravel, 233 feet. 2. HitpEnzoroucH. Southwood (Mr. G. Gordon’s). About 200 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. LE GRanpD and SUTCLIFF. 207 1880 ? W. Top.ey, from specimens communicated by Mr. J. Lucas.} Abandoned without getting any supply Water-level 72 teet down in June, 1880. {Notes by Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. | Ft. in. , Coloured clay .. 15 0 15 0 Blue clay, with ‘shells, 303 to 31 feet down, and at bottom 2 inches si 19 8 34 8 Blue clay and hard light-coloured clay ... 10 4 45 0 Blue clay, with ‘shells for 3 inches at top and 2 inches at 582 feet, with [Weald 3 inches of claystone ‘at 68 feet Clay] { jsmall Paludina and? Melania for y 2 inches at 744 feet, Cyrena for 2 inches at 84 feet, small Paludina at 97 feet}, and with 3 inches of hard claystone at the base fies 75 6 120 6 Beds of hard and soft blue clay ...| 111 3 231 9 Hard brown clay, with thin beds of stone .. sie 43 236 0 | Hard clay and ‘shale . 115 8 351 8 [? Upper ( Light-coloured eae 2, with bands Tunbridge | of stone oes 70 4 422 0 Wells Sand, { Stone ... 4 0 426 0 nearly Hard clay, with thin bands of stone 7 3 433 3 87 feet] |Hard stone at 5 3 438 6 ; Light-coloured clay, 6 inches, and then soft stone ‘se ta 4 0 442 6 Soft clay 4 6 447 0 [? Repre- Hard stone... 2 6 449 6 sents Hard clay, with stone “from 449 feet Grinstead 10 inches to 452 feet % 4 6 454 0 Clay, Hard and soft stone, with clay from 46 feet] 461 to 4644 feet aay ni 15 0 469 0 Hard blue clay aC 3 2 472 2 Hard and soft stone . 8 4 480 6 | Hard blue clay 3 iat oe 4 0 48t 6 Hard light-coloured " stone, with [eL [ 1 foot 10 inches of clay at the Weeds base ... 2210 | 507 4 Well S aL i Stone, with clay ‘from 518 to 522 feet 18 8 526 0 GOk feet)” | Blue clay 2 feet, and then stone ...| 13 0 | 539 0 feet] | Hardclay «ws woe | So | CBA OCG (Stone ... ae : 5 6?|/ 547 0 Mr. TopLey notes that at Cola Harbour water was got in a well over 300 feet deep. 208 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 3. Messrs. WHITE & Sons. 1905. Bored and communicated by Messrs, Istzr & Co. Lined with 20 feet of tubes, of 71 inches diameter, a foot above the surface. Water-level 12 feet down. Yield 600 gallons an hour. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. | Ft. [? Alluvium] Brown and grey clay mixed ... 4 4 Hard sand 3 43 [? River Brown clay and cravel 4 8: Drift] Light-brown loamy sand 3 i Sand and ballast isis 4 152 {? Tunbridge Wells Sand] Very light-grey dead sand, almost white when dry : 8 234 4, Waterworks. New Wharf, on the western side of the town, south of the Castle. 1852 and on. From the Waterworks Directory, 1907,and from Mr. James Legs Engineer to the Company. About 754 feet above Ordnance Datum. Rest-level of water 17 feet down ; when pumping 485,000 gallons a day 20 feet. This is the maximum day’s consumption (July). Yearly supply (1907). For domestic purposes 165,039,000 gallons, for trade-purposes 4,500,000, for municipal purposes 1,500,000. Shallow wells, through Alluvium, about 10 feet thick, to gravel, which averages 10 feet in thickness. In 1900 the Company bought the race-course (about 53 acres) as a protective area, and it has been found from borings that the gravel is of even thickness over the whole area. The water is good, though slightly affected after heavy rains and floods : it is therefore mechanically iiltered (Bells’ process), with very good result. Besides the town of Tonbridge the following places are supplied :— Hildenborough, Leigh and Shipbourne. The estimated population supplied is 21,300. This is a unique supply in the county. No other town in Kent getting its water from shallow wells in gravel. ? Tovil. Atinutt’s Paper MILL, close to Maidstone. Ordn. Map 288, new ser.; Geol]. Map 6. F. Drew, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xvii., p. 273, 1861 :—“ Began at the top of the Weald Clay, passed a water-bearing sand at 115 ft., and went through... 600 ft. of clay down to a hard rock...which very likely was the top of the Hastings Sand.” Trotterseliffe. Rzcrory. 1866. Ordn. Map 287, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. “The boring was begun a little below the outcrop of the Gault, and, at a depth of 88 feet, a dark loamy silt was met with, 14 or 15 inches thick ; this yielded water....On continuing the bore, more clay was met with ..to a further depth of 94 feet, when the bore-rod broke. The total thickness of Gault then passed through was 188 feet, with the bottom not reached.” —Top.ry Geology of the Weald .p. 148. Tunbridge Wells. Ordn. Maps 287, 303 new ser.; Geo’. Map 6. WELLS. 209 1, CULVERDEN Brewery. Messrs. Kelsey’s. 1906. Made and communicated by Messrs. Ister & Co. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Well (? old, the rest bored) ... — 117 Yellow sand-rock . 2 119 Light-brown sandy rock .. 3 122 [Tunbridge j Light-coloured hard sandy rock 29% 151k Wells Sand] | Light-coloured sandstone-rock 24 154 Light-coloured loamy sand-ruck 8 162 Sandstone-rock 6 168 Loamy hard clay, with "yoek.. 10 178 Light-blue gaulty clay 2 180 Hard blue gaulty clay ‘ 64 1863 Hard blue gaulty clay and rock 40 2264 Hard blue clay and rock 13 2394 [Wadhurst | ae ae ae rock... a an Clay, 178} ue clay * 33 268 fest Hard blue rock | 18 286 Light-blue clay 1 287 Hard blue rock sie 18 305 Light-blue clay and rock 222 3274 Very hard rock ae 4 3312 ( Blue clay, with rock.. 15 3464 Hard blue rock sige 19 365 [Ashdown { Very hard blue rock... a 375 Beds] Extra hard rock 28 403 For later information see ADDENDA. 2, GRosvENOR Roap. Miss Candler’s New Laundry. Boring made and communicated by Messrs. IsLer, 1898. Lined with 504 feet of tubes, 7 inches in diameter, 7 inches below surface. * Water-level 46 feet down, in tube. Supply 840 gallons an hour, Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Dug well [old] _— 52 0 Clay ... 1 0 53 0 Clay and sandstone 2 0 55 0 Sandstone 4 9 59 9 Clay and sandstone 24 3 84 0 Blue clay 14 0 98 0 Red clay 4 4 102 4 Clay ... 38.3 105 7 A later account varies somewhat, being as follows (? another well) :— Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Dug well... _ 484 Sandstone 74 564 Sandy clay 254 815 Stone ‘i 833 Blue clay... | 143 98 Red clay ... 7 1052 10,090 210 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 3. HicH Brooms Launpry, about 100 yards west of South- borough Station. Made and communicated by Messrs. MmeRRYWEATHER. Water-level 143 feet down. Yield over 1,000 gallons an hour. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Yellow clay and gravel Blue clay, with ironstone ( Dd 55 Blue clay (20 feet) ... Hard blue clay vise ae 15 70 Blue clay-and stones ats 23 93 Hard blue shale... i 54 98 [? Wadhurst / Shale and rock a 4 10: Clay] Blue and green; some shale 12 1145 Blueclay... sia 4 124 Blue clay and shale.. Pe 10 134 Blue clay... de 10 144 Blue clay and hard ‘yok ... 63 1503 Shale.. siti y 155 ‘Blue marl ae wie 225 1774 Blue rock and clay... sos 234 201 [Ashdown ( Loamy substance sia 3 2012 Sands] Blue rock... 5e 207 White sand and sandstone 10 217 4, Prospect Lopce (Mr. G. Barnsley-Hughes’). 1898. Boring, of 6 inches diameter, made and communicated by Messrs. IsuEr. Water-level 20 feet down. Thickness Depth. Ft. Ft. Dug well a = = 6 Clay... si 15 21 Sandstone and clay 3 24 Sandstone aa ve it 25h Clay... 254 51 Clay and Kentish Rag 1 52 Kentish Rag... 3 52% Kentish Rag and clay | t 562 Clay ... i : 94 66 Claystone fins ase 43 70% {Kentish Rag here means a Wealden stone.] TunpRipGE WELLS WarTERworks, see Pembury. Upchurch. Ordn. Map 272, new ser. ; Geol. Map 6. WELLS. 211 1, Burntwick Isuanp (? Shiffleet Marsh). 1858. Boring, communicated by Mr. G. WEBB. Thickness., Depth. Ft. | Ft. (Clay... 5 5 [Alluvium, | Sand (muddy : eS ce 77 feet] Stones 1 75 | Black clay and rotten peat, with L pieces of shell sis 2 77 [Gravel, Hard stone gravel... 5 82 15 feet] Loose shingle Gates salt water) 10 ; 92 Dark blue London Clay... a 37 | 129 [Oldhaven fSand ... 6 135 Beds ?] Clay and pebbles ea 137 { Very hard clay... 2 19 Chalky clay 2 141 Shells and sand | 143 Black clay 2 1 45 Running sand, water (not good) 7 152 (? Woolwich }|Sand of various colours 16 168 and. Sand and sandstone (red) 3 171 Thanet Muddy sand, i as in colour 10 18} Beds] Dark sand ae es 4 185 Light-coloured sand . 6 ; 191 Live sand, with water 5 | 196 Dark sand 5 201 Sand and loam, with pieces of shell ; no water “ Be i 385 236 2. Mrrrorp Hore Marsues (for Mr. W. Murton. of Tunstall). 1860. Boring, communicated by Mr. G. Webs. Good supply of water found at the bottom. Thickness.} Depth. Ft. Ft. [Alluvium] Black mud ... aa | 50 50 [Gravel ?] Shingle ie a 10 60 Coloured [London] Clay ... $8 10 70 Dark sand is 62 132 [Oldhaven, { fara stone a 1 133 Woolwich, / Sand and clay ... 11 144 and Thanet } Hard stone oe 4 1443 Beds] , Loamy greensancd 64} 209 (Flints ... as 1 210 Chalk and flints ... ai ee 94 304 Waldershare. Mr. W. C. Payner’s. Ordn. Map 290, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. Communicated by Mr. G. Dowkrr. Brickearth sts site ae 3 Chalk, with flints aan «. 180% 310 feet Chalk, without flints, to water 177 02 212 KENT WATER SUPELY. Walmer. Ordn. Map 290, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. Dea ann WALMER WaTERWORKS, on the northern side of the road to Mongeham, about a quarter of a mile north of Walmer Station. New well. 1880. About 119 feet above Ordnance Datum. Communicated by Mr. W. R. Hammonn, manager. (S.H. Naturalist, 1902.) Shaft, with adit at the bottom. Chalk, not firm for 70 feet, 1183 feet. There is an old well, 22 feet off, with adits about 149 feet long, from which water had been pumped daily for forty years at the rate of about 230,00) gallons a day. Early in 1907 the Engineer told me, on the ground, that the adits were 1,450 feet long and about a foot above Ordnance Datum; that the rest- level of the water was about 8 feet above Ordnance Datum, which was pumped down to 33 feet; that the highest water-level was reached in February, 1904 (11 feet above Ordnance Datum) ; and that the main fissures ran about north-west to south-east. The Works also supply the parishes of Great Mongeham, Ripple, Sholden, and Ringwold. The yearly supply is 172,206,000 gallons The greatest day’s supply 674,000 gallons, in August (Water Works Directory, 1907). Wateringbury. Brewery, about 10 chains north of the Railway Station. 1899? Ordn. Map 288, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. Communicated by the Rev. G. M. Lovert. A boring, starting 6 inches in diameter, 400 feet in Weald Clay. Abandoned. Westenhanger, see Stanford. Westerham. Pumpina SraTIoN oF THE METROPOLITAN WateR Boarp, at the old Corn Mill on the western side of Squerryes Park, and a little south of the town. Ordn. Map 287, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. From the Engineer’s Report (W. Morris) furnished to the Metropolitan Water Board Arbitrators, 1903. 360 teet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 70 feet, with a short heading (?in hard stone), the floor of which is 53 teet down, the rest bored, to 140 feet. Water-level, September 9th, 1903, when not pumping, about 32 feet down; while pumping, about 48 feet. All in Lower Greensand. Dependent on water-power (from the stream). Average supply 25,000 gallons a day. Westerham Hill Pumping Station is just over the border, in Surrey. Westgate and Birchington. Warrrworks, half-a-mile south-west of the Railway Station. Ordn, Map 274, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. Shaft and headings in the Chalk, eastward to the road south of Street Lodge, and to a considerable distance south-westward. WELLS. 213 West Malling. Puituirs’ Appey Brewery, on the northern side of Swan Street, opposite the Abbey. 1898. Communicated by Messrs. Isher & Co. Water-level 45 feet down. Supply 3,000 gallons an hour. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Well (? old) Pe ste on ‘ii — 50 ( Kentish Rag and sand 9 59 | Kentish Rag ... 21 80 {Hythe Beds]{ White rock and sand a 87 Sand... , ae 1 88 Kentish Rag . a 9 97 Sandy clay... sis 28 125 aa { Brow clay ... ea il 136 J Blue sandy clay ae 8 144 According to Messrs. Le Granp and Svurcuirr, the boring was con- tinued in blue [Weald] Clay, with claystones at intervals below 230 feet. Water comes in at 110 feet, supposed to be from the junction of the Hythe Beds and the Atherfield Clay. The water-level varies with working. Monday morning rest-level 40 feet down. Lined with 50 feet of tubes, of 7j inches diameter, 49 feet down. West Wickham. Ordn. Map 270, new ser.; Geol. Maps 6, London and its Environs, and London District, Sheet 4. 1. Pumping Station oF THE METROPOLITAN WaTER Boarp. About half a mile W.S.W. of the Church. From the Engineer’s Report (W. Morris) furnished to the Metropolitan Water Board Arbitrators, 1903. 234 feet above Ordnance Datum. Well, about 105 feet, and boring 160 feet apart, from centre to centre, connected by a heading a little above the bottom of the shaft. The shaft is bricked in the upper part and then lined with iron cylinders, to about 62 feet. Original water-level over 51 feet down. Water-level after continuous pumping, September 22nd, 1903, 65 feet. Supply, subject to seasonal variation, does not exceed 800,000 gallons a day. Another well being sunk. Yellow clay {Valley Drift] , Stone 3 4 i ballast (Gravel 3: 200 feet 189 rpena|H Chalk 2. WickHam Court. Quart. Journ. R. Met. Soc. 1885, vol. xi., no. 55, pp. 217, 221, pl. 5. Sunk in Chalk [with thin cap of Thanet Sand]. A record of the water-level has been kept and the plate shows the average depth of the water from 1866 to 1884, the lowest being in 1875. 214 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Whitstable, Waterworks, Two wells. Ordn. Map 2738, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. The first (1879) sunk and communicated by Messrs. Easton’ and ANDERSON 484 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 72 feet, the rest bored. Water-level 35 feet down. Yield 220,000 gallons a day. Thies, Depth. Ft. Ft. Surface soil es a se 4 4 Stiff yellow clay with ‘joints | ‘ 22 26 {London Blue clay, very liable to slip, with Clay, large flakes of micaschist cr ae 65 feet] \ [selenite] ... se 27 53 Hard sandy clay, quite dry... 8 16 69 {Oldhaven { Light-coloured sand .. sis 19 88 Beds, ? 20 ft.] | Bed of stones [Aint-pebbles) ala 1? 89 Sharp sand... ze 14? 103 Green sand... a aaa oe i We ‘ Dark sand sila wd sisi sats 0 1 eden Loamy sand and stones ae sis 20 168 Beds] Blue clay and shells .. as es 30 198 Blue clay aoa es Sas 20 218 Green sand and blue clay wa Sie 20 238 Sandstone rock CP? flints] ... ‘ete 2 240 Chalk aie SS 3 es inte ate sin 160 400 Possibly the Oldhaven Beds should be taken further down. The thick- ness of the Lower London Tertiaries (between the London Clay and the Chalk) is excessive. Another Well. In the yard of the old works, near the Station, ? at a lower level than the foregoing, 1899. Made and communicated by Messrs. TILLEY. Surface water-level 11 feet down. Chalk water-level 13} feet down. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Shaft [the rest bored]... se sie ts — 28 {London] Clay Bais bi iis es aii li 45 Sand, slightly loamy a 18 63 | Black [flint] pebbles bs 1 64 (? Oldhaven | Sand.. sis 7 71 Beds] |S [aint] ‘pebbles iia 1 72 Sand sit 9 81 Black [flint] ‘pebbles Als 1] 82 Hard dark sand... Be 56 138 : Shells and pebbles... +f 1 1393 Lae at Shells and very hard sand 10° 1491 Beds] Dark sand ... Ss ean 46 195 Sandstone ... ahs sis 1 196 Clay .. oe sins dia 18} 215 Chalk and flints x : wis 164 379 ‘These works supply also the ales of ciel Street. WELLS. 215 Wickhambreux. Ordn. Map 289, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. Abyssinian tube-well, made and communicated by Messrs. LE GRAND and SUTCLIFF. [River Drift] Gravel 15 Chalk and flints ... 25 40 feet Willesborough. Warerworks, see Hinxhill. Wilmington. Pumernc Sration or rae Merropoiiran WatTER Boar, about a third of a mile N.E. of the Church. From the Engineer’s Report (W. Morris) furnished to the Metropolitan Water Board Arbitrators, 1903. Two wells, 79 feet apart from centre to centre, anda boring 184 feet from one of them, from centre to centre. All connected by headings, a little above the bottom of the wells. Water-level, with both engines pumping, 29th August, 1903, about, 63 feet down. Yield 5,500,000 gallons a day. No. 1, 283 feet above Ordnance Datum. Bricked in upper part, then with iron cylinders to 80 feet, 105 feet. No. 2, 274 feet above Ordnance Datum. Bricked in upper part, then with iron cylinders to 94 feet, 106 feet. Made ground (at No. 1) about 6 Ballast [River Gravel] _,, 20 { 202 feet Chalk whi ae w 176 Wingham. Ordn. Map 289, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. 1, MarGare Warerworks, nearly 14 miles S. of the Church, on the eastern side of the road to Adisham Railway Station, at the boundary of the parish. Communicated by Mr. E. A. Bore, Borough Engineer. 130 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 140 feet in Chalk, with galleries at Ordnance Datum. Galleries 1,000 yards long, eastward and westward ; just a little to the vorth in each. Rest-level of water 25 to 27 feet above Ordnance Datum. Level after pumping 20-24 feet above Ordnance Datum. Tested to 3,000,000 gallons a day. The following particulars are from the Water Works Directory, 1907 :— Year’s supply 382,481,655 gallons. Highest day, in August, 1,444,000. The following places are in the area of supply :—Adisham, Bekeshourne, Bishopsbourne, Bridge, Chittenden, Dulebourne, Elmstone, Ickham, Knowlton, Monkton, Nonington, Northdown and Garlinge, Preston, Stour- mouth, Wickhambreux, Wingham and Womenswold. Lately an arrangement has been made to supply Broadstairs, so that the yield must increase considerably.—W. W. 2. Messrs. TurF & MIskIN. Made and communicated by Messrs. Ister & Co. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Well (? old, the rest bored) ... — 20 Grey sand... 10 30 Ere | St and shells | 14 44 Green sand ... 18 62 216 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Woodchurch, Hiaca View. Ordn. Map 304, new ser.; Geol. Map 4 or 3. Communicated by Mr. H. Cazsrerman, through Mr. C. J. GILBERT. 1903. Boring. i te [Weald] Clay R «. 20 Soft sandstone, with 3 inches of coal (dull and hard) 64 feet down 79 Woodnesborough, Sannwicn and Easrry WaATERWORES. Ordn. Map 290, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. Made and communicated by Messrs. Ister & Co. Lined with 100 feet of tubes, of 6 inches diameter. Water-level 33} feet down. Yield 450 gallons an hour [from boring]. Well (the rest bored) ... 93 [Thanet Beds] Loamy clay 14 > 152 feet [Upper] Chalk and flints 1283 Mr. F. 8. Courtney gives the following further information:—A well has been made to the depth of 53 feet (1893) at about 533 feet above Ordnance Datum, and is lined for 25 feet with cast iron cylinders, of 7 feet diameter. The rest-level of the water is 15 feet down; it is lowered 26 feet by the pumping, and when pumping ceases the rise is rapid. The yield is 30,000 gallons an hour, and the quantity pumped has never exceeded 150,000 in 24 hours. Mr. Courtney therefore thinks that the lowering of the water- level at the Ash Brewery (see p. 74) must have been due to some other cause than the pumping at these works. Some nearer wells, however, have been affected as follows :— Great Fleming's Farm, more than half a wile W.N.W. of the works, a well about 43 feet deep was made in 1905, with 5 feet of water. In January, 1907, this had not been much affected during the last twelve months. Ringlemere Farm, about a sixth of a mile from the works, in a like direction, the well, 40 feet deep, has no water in summer. Another near the works, on the road S.W., 35 to 40 feet deep, is also dry in summer, as would be expected. Hammill Court, about a mile W. of S.W. of the works, 70 feet deep, said to have been affected in summer. HamuwilJ, less than a mile S. of S.W. of the works, 77 feet deep. Dry in summer. Denne Court, about half a mile S.S.W. of the works, 56 feet deep, affected. The places supplied areAsh, Eastry, Sandwich, Worth, and Woodnes- borough. Another Well. 1908 ? Communicated by Messrs. ANSON and SHENTON. 25 feet from the old well, from centre to centre. 52% feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft throughout, with cast iron cylinders for 30 feet. Tunnel (3 feet 10 inches broad), from 45 feet 11 inches to 52 feet 2 inches, 100 feet long. Connected with the older well by a tunnel with a partition-wall and valve. Water when first found seemed to flow chiefly from the south-eastern side of the shaft; but afterwards, in making the tunnel, it seemed to come in equally from all directions. The fissures irregular, some hori- zontal, some vertical, and some at an angle. Rest-level 16 feet above Ordnance Datum on April 7th, 1908. Tests finished March 27th. Level of water at start of pumping 7°85 feet above Ordnance Datum. ” ” cessation ” 3°27 ” ” ” ” Time taken to return to original level after pumping ceased, 3 hours. The slowness of the rise due to the fact that the tunnel had to be filled. WELLS. 217 Yield, as found by continuous pumping for 48 hours, 720,000 gallons a day. Thickness.| Depth. | Ft. Ft. {Soil} Loam... ae oie sha eau 1 1 Blue loamy sand ... ee deel 9 10 [Thanet Beas] Yellow loamy sand... eo wie | 17 27 [Upper Chalk] Flints, 8 inches and chalk 29 feet 2924 562% It was found impossible to empty the well, pumping at the rate recorded. The ordinary town-supply was pumped out of the old well while the test of the new well was going on. The average amount pumped from the old well is 129,000 gallons a day, and when pumping this amount in dry weather the old well is sometimes empty, showing that the minimum yield from the old well is now much less than that recorded above by Mr. CourtNEy, Mr. SHENTON saw the old well when the water was lowered by pumping, to a level below the top of the bore-tube and he found that a very small quantity of water was coming out of the latter, the old well getting its supply almost wholly from fissures above the bore-hole. Woolwich. Ordn. Map 271, new ser.; Geol. Maps 1,S.W., London and its Environs, and London District, Sheet 4 (new). 1-5. ARSENAL, 1. Carriage Department Saw-mills (about 1858). J. Lucas, Journ. Soc. Arts., vol. xxv., p. 607. Shaft 464 feet, bored to 207 feet. Water-level, after pumping, April 1865, 22 feet down. 2. Laboratory. Paper-factory, facing the entrance-gates. 1856. 22 feet above Ordnanee Datum. 18-inch bore; yield 650 gallons a minute. Ft. in. To Chalk 5 8 ren 4 $550 feet 3. South-western corner of Laboratory Yard. 1861 ? Communicated by the Authorities at the Arsenal. About 30 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft, 514 feet, the rest bored. Water rose to about 37 feet from the surface. (Not used.) Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground ... ai sa 1 1g Sand with gravel (brownish) + = [Thanet Sand... bas 46 5384 Sand] Bed of flints 4 542 Chalk with courses of flints... 8115 366 4, 5. Two borings made and communicated by Messrs. 8. F. BAKER & Sons. 1854. Chalk at 1014 and 1104 feet respectively. 218 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 6. Dockyard. Saw-mills. 1848. 16 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 70 feet, the rest bored. Water-level, 35 feet down before, over 48 after, pumping. Yield 30,540 gallons an hour. (J. Lucas, Journ. Soc. Arts., vol. xxv., p. 607.) To Chalk within 20 In 9 ... 588 or more A well here (probably the above) bored in chalk, 600 feet deep, yielded 1,000 gallons a minute at a depth of within 70 feet of the surface. (CLARK, in Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol ix., p. 179.) } 608 feet 7. Workhouse. About 65 feet above Ordnance Datum. About 70 feet deep, with about 14 feet of water. 8. In Water, vol. vi., no. 63, p. 116, it is stated that a well at the Public Baths, 425 feet deep, yields 31,750 gallons an hour. Wouldham. Wov.tpsam Hau and Burnam Cement Works. Messrs. Peters. Ordn. Map 272, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. Made and communicated by Messrs. IsteR & Co. (Rochester Naturalist, 1901). {Two specimens from Mr. Batchelor.} Lined with 9 feet of tubes, of 18 inches diameter, from 21 feet down; with 270 feet, of 153 inches diameter, also from 21 feet down ; with 20 feet, of 13 inches diameter perforated, and 20 feet not perforated, from 2853 feet down. Water-level 18 feet down. Supply 40,000 gallons an hour. Thickness.) Depth. Fi. Ft. Pit (the rest a boring of 15 inches diameter) — 20 Chalk and flints... site ai ae site al 26 46 {[Gault, (Gault [Clay] ... it eit “ns 229 275 2344 feet] (Gault and sand as aa ae 53 2804 (Sand ah nes 16a ven 14 282 | Stone i siete se bees i 2823 Sand... nee nee a 6 1 283% | Green sand... ai sie aes 52 28: j; Sandstone ao sie i ‘ie 2 291 [Lower Sand {Specimen grey, sharp, with Greensand | dark grains, at 310 feet)... sig 14 305 (Folkestone ! Sandstone wi sje side 64 312 Beds), } Grey sand {Specimen lighter- 72 feet] | coloured, sharp, with fewer dark ‘| grains, at 315 feet} 8 bane 153 3274 | Sandstone ie es Zits 3 331 | Grey sand... sas ao ne 10 3414 | Green sand .. aise sive eas 6 348 LSoft grey sandstone, to green sand 4 3524 Another account makes the Gault clay 209 instead of 229 feet, and all the depths less accordingly. A note by Mr. Toptry, referring to an older well close by, makes the depth to the sand 296 feet and in the sand 38, the water-level being 14 feet above Ordnance Datum. WELLS. 219 Wrotham. Ordn. Map 287, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. Near Wrotham, at the base of the North Downs. PResTWica, ** Water-bearing Strata . . around London,” pp.89,90 (1851). Water rose to within 130 feet of the surface. “s Chalk e w =140) Blue clay (Gault 2) to sand 126) 266 feet Wye. Sours Hasrern AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 1894? Ordn. Map 289, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. About 150 feet above Ordnance Datum. Journal of the College, No. 1, p. 18 (1895), and communicated by Messrs. DUKE and OCKENDEN, the sinkers. Water found at 250 feet, rose 10 feet above the ground at the rate of about 8 gallons a minute. \Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. [Drift] Loam and flints a8 Pe fa 12 12 ( Grey marl or chalk Sai fais ae 50 62 [Chalk Marl] (Dark sand... 3 65 Blue clay, with carbonate of lime .. 16 81 Bed full of green sand ve8 oe 5 86 f Blue clay sds Lage ah 74 160 ieete A BMOEGG os ae ke ce 51 21 Sandy rock... 1 212 Black clay with flints [? nodules] in top 10 feet she 38 250 [Folkestone (Green sand ... sais ony es 6 256 Beds] (Sand? ... er 10 266 The bore-hole was much cholced: with said to some time, until a con- tinuous tube (of 3 inches diameter) was fixed to the depth of 156 feet. A letter from Mr. E. J. Harsey (1894) states that there was an old polluted well about 30 feet deep, a little way off, which was closed. ADDITIONAL NOTE. Sutton Valence. Ordn. Map 288, new ser.; Geol. Map 6. Dr. H. F. Parsons, in a Report to the Local Government Board on the Hollingbourn Rural District (1886), says that public waterworks were made by a Parochial Committee, the water being pumped from a deep well. Dr. Mivart, in his Report on the same district (1908), notes that these works have been improved and extended ; but sanction has been given to their purchase by the Mid Kent Company. 220 KENT WATER SUPPLY. SHAFTS AND TRIAL-BORINGS FOR COAL. Of the various works done by the different coropanies or syndicates who have been engaged in exploiting Hast Kent for coal, more or less detailed accounts have been published in seven cases and short abstracts in four others. The seven are now reproduced and, through the kindness of Prof. Dawkins, details of the other four are also given, for the first time, thus adding greatly to our knowledge, as, though the latter were not successful in finding Coal Measures, yet in no case has the possi- bility of the occurrence of that formation been disproved, and in all cases we learn much about the various Secondary formations that kave been pierced. This is not the place to go into the history of the exploration, nor to treat of the various syndicates or associations that have taken up the work ; the reader is referred for said history to the many papers by Prof. Dawxins. Such of these as give details of the borings are noted in the list on p. 364; but besides these he has also written papers descriptive of the work generally, and these may be found in the following journals, &c. :-- Contemporary Review, 1890, pp. 470--478 ; Nature, 1890, vol. 41, pp. 418, 419; vol. 42, pp. 319-822; Proc. R. Inst., 1890; Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc., 1890, vol. xx., pp. 502-517; 1892, vol. xxi., pp. 456--474; 1897, vol. Xxv., pp. 155-163; 1906, vol. xxx., pp. 12, 18; Trans. Fed. Inst. Min. Eng., 1894, vol. vii. There are, of course, papers by other writers, but a full bibliography is not needed here, I have added an account of another boring, made indepen- dently at Newchurch, for a knowledge of which I am indebted to Mr. C. J. GILperr. In the following account the various shafts and borings are entered under the parishes to which they rightly belong, other incidental names (from neighbouring hamlets or farms, &c.) being made secondary :— Alkham, or Swingfield. Exiincr Borine. Ordn. Map 289, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. Prof, W. B. Dawgins. Final Rep. R. Comm. Coal Supplies, 1905, pt. x., p. 30. About 400 feet above Ordnance Datum.. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Upper Chalk ... wea .. | 219 10 219 10 [Chalk, Middle Chalk... aioe ent JIT 33 337 1 574 feet] Lower Chalk ... ke w. | 220 & 557 9 Glauconitie marl wes ea 16 5 574 2 Gault Po wets sist uae ww | 164 4 738 6 Neocowian, | Lower Greensand ... *... 39 1 717 = «7 584 feet Atherfield Clay ste as 19 8 797 3 Wealden ... ite gen a ee is 62 4 859 7 Purbeck ... wi wa ne wate eis 67 7 927 2 Kimeridgian 263 aia oe aes as 189 3 {1,116 5 Corallian ... ‘tee wa wd cits oe 153 1 = |1,2€9 6 Oxfordian sand ate aii age eee 198 7 |1,468 1 Bathonian irs aes vies aaa ost 100 O /1,568 1 Bajocian ... ata Fey wit ane ais 54 2 (1,622 3 Lias sin wth iis sia aie sae 54 1 {1,676 4 Coal Measures. Dark shales and sandstone | 129 4 /1,805 8 TRIALS FOR COAL. 221 From the Corallian downward the depth is given as 10 feet more. This section is notable as showing a thinning of the Lower Greensand, Wealden, and Purbeck Beds, for the presence of the Jurassic Series in various divisions (excepting the Portland Beds), and for the occurrence of Lias.—W.W. Barham, or Womenswold. RoprErso.e Borina, on the high road between Canterbury and Dover. Ordn. Map 289, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. Prof. W. B. DAWKINs.- 1899. Final Rep. R. Comm. Coal Supplies, 1905, pt. x., p. 29. 400 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in one Chalk ... i 0 480 0 iddle Chalk ... 38 (0 618 0 [Chalk] 4) Tower Chalk ... 200 0 | 818 0 elsusonthin marl 16 0 834 0 Gault e 119 0 953 0 ’ \ Greensand 51 0 |1,004 0 Lower Greensand, 72tect Atherficla Clay « 2 0 11/025 0 Purbeck-Wealden Beds.. ae 55 0 |1,080 0 Portland Beds 10 0 | 1,090 0 Corallian .. 157 0 | 1,247 0 Oxfordian and Callovian’ 142 0 |1,389 0 Bathonian and Bajocian 164 0 | 1,553 0 Liassic 27 9 /1,580 9 Shales and under-clays, with Cala- mites .. . say pe 69 3 |1,650 0 First coal Bee 0 9 11,650 9 Shales and under-clays, with thin coals and rootlets ... 3 51 6 |1,702 8 Second coal, bituminous 0 6 |1,702 9 Shales and under-clays 22.3 11,725 0 Grey micaceous sandstones... 120 8 |1,845 8 Third coal, bituminous é 0 5 11,846 1 Fire-clay, bind and blue shale 41 9 | 1,887 10 Fourth coal, bituminous 0 4 /1,888 2 Dark carbonaceous shale and bass.. 4 8 | 1,892 10 Fifth coal, bituminous ss - a Fire- clays, with plants and blue shales ‘ 3710 | 1,930 8 Coal Dark micaceous sandstones, with Misauupeee |i shales and coal-streaks Z 72 1 |2,002 9 5 481 Rea Sixth coal 0 3 |2,003 0 + * 1 Dark shale 0 3 12,003 3 | Seventh coal ... 0 5 |2,003 8 | Shale and fire-clay 9 9 |2,009 5 Eighth coal 0 2 |2,009 7 Dark shale 0 8 |2,010 3 Ninth coal 0 3 | 2,010 6 Dark fire-clay... 6 4 2,016 10 Tenth coal... 0 6 (2,017 4 Dark shale and fire- -clay 2 6 2,019 10 Eleventh coal . Pon 0 3 |2,020 1 Fire-clays, micaceous shales, and ; sandstones ... a sn 44 5 | 2,064 6 Twelfth coal 1 3 |2,065 9 Fire-clay .. S 2 8 |2,068 5 Dark grey ‘shale st 19 7 | 2,088 0 Grey sandstone, with coal-streaks.. | 41 0 12,129 0 222 KENT WATER SUPPLY. In an earlier version, in Rep. Brit, Assoc. for 1899, p. 735 (1900), there are slight differences, the Middle Chalk being given as 20 feet less and the Lower as 20 feet more; Kimeridge? is put instead of Portland; Bajocian is not inserted, and the Lias is divided (? Upper 3 feet, the rest Middle). The notable points in this section are as follows :—1. The thinning of the Lower Greensand northward from its outcrop. 2. The still more marked thinning of the great Wealden-Purbeck Series. 3. The presence of various divisions of the great Jurassic Series, with the absence of one of its higher members, the Kimeridge Clay, which is so thick at Pluckley (see p. 235). 4. The occurrence, though in very slight force, of the Lias. 5. The thin- ness of all the coal-seams found in the 548 feet of Coal Measures passed through, the whole twelve together amounting to but just over 5 feet, one heing too thin to be recorded and the thickest being only 15 inches— Ww. W. Brabourne. Ordn. Map 289, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. R. ErHeripce. The first set of figures from Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1899 p. 733 (1900) ; the second from a Report to the Kent Collieries Corporation, January 22nd, 1899, quoted in Final Rep. R. Comm. Coal Supplies, 1905, pt. x., p. 30. }Words in these brackets from information given by Mr. IirTHERIDGE before the section was published.! 322 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness.) Depth. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. in, Ft. in. Ft. in. | Ft. in. _— _ Superficial deposits... wa 3 8 3 8 Gault ivery fossiliferous at 72 6 72 6 the base} ... 68 10 72 6 Neocomian { Folkestone Beds, Sandgate Beds, Hythe Beds (thin and sandy), and Atherfield 231 0 303 6 Clay} Sa ins .-{ 231 0 303 6 198 0 501 6 | Weald Clay ... a ..| 197 0 500 6 206 6 708 O | Hastings Beds ae | 206 2 706 8 14 0 722 0 | Portlandian ... dias sine 14 0 720 8 242 0 964 0 |Kimeridge Clay... s | 242 4 963 0 305 0 |1,269 0 | Corallian ... doe ..| 805 4 11,268 4 Oxfordian {Kellaways pre- 243 0 11,512 0 sent, but fossils rare} ...| 243 8 |1,512 0 189 1 /1,701 1 | Bathonian ... sits ..{ 189 8 |1,701 8 74 8 |1,775 9 | Middle Lias ... dea sie 74 8 |1,776 4 98 1 |1,873 10 | Lower Lias ... vit ine 97 1 |1,873 5 : Dolomitie Conglomerate (Trias) {red and grey sandy marls, coarse conglome- 48 4 [1,922 2 rate} 48 0 {1,921 5 Devonian or ‘Ola Red Sand- stone {dark grey, dense, 88 5 (2,010 7 clayey rock} aie ait 82 7 12,004 0 The last two depths in the first set of figures are given as 1,936 feet 2 inches and 2,024 feet 7 inches. The points of interest in this section are:—1. The thinning of the Weald Clay only a few miles from its outcrop. 2. The occurrence of various divisions of the Jurassic Beds, some in considerable force. 3. The presence of a fair amount of Lias. 4. The occurrence of that peculiar bed the Dolomitic Conglomerate, next above the older rocks, and to the TRIALS FOR COAL. 223 evidence of there being Carboniferous Limestone somewhere in the dis- trict, as pebbles of that rock form part of the Conglomerate. This is the only certain occurrence of Trias in Kent.—W. W. Coldred. The WaLprersHare Borinc. About three-eighths of a mile N.N.E. of the Church, near the western edge of Waldershare Park. 1907. Ordn. Map 290, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. Prof. W. B. DawKIns, Journ. Soc. Arts, vol. lv., no. 2,833, pp. 456, 7. 325 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. | Ft. in. Chalk and chloritic marl pig vle ie .. | 820 0 820 0 Gault wae ais 265 ee ais .. | 156 0 976 0 Lower Greensand. ane Re ies bad .. | 70 0 11,046 0 Puree Wealden ns Lea ee sc .. | 42 0 {1,088 0 Oolites ... #44 a na or .. | 301 0 | 1,389 0 Lias sas nee ies ati is ih 5 0 | 1,394 0 Thick coarse sandstones, with many pebbles of coal, sometimes form- ing a conglomerate ; subordinate layers of bind-shale and under- clays, and occasional nodules of clay-ironstone ‘ 349 0 | 1,748 0 Binds (claystones), shales and under- clays, with a thin layer of sand- stone.. ai Aik stig sa 73 11 | 1,816 11 First coal, blazing 1 8 | 1,818 7 Coal Fire-clay 6 8 | 1,825 3 Measures, | Bind ... 52 9 | 1,878 0 Second coal, blazing... 3 4 |1,881 4 Fire-clay 9 10 | 1,887 2 Bind sti 16 1 | 1,903 3 Third coal, blazing sa 4 6 | 1,907 9 Fire-clay 2 3 {1,910 0 Bind... 44 4 | 1,954 4 Fourth coal 1 4 {1,955 8 Fire-clay passing into ‘pind.. P 5 2 | 1,960 10 Fine grey sandstones and binds, in equal proportions .. os .. | 2820 3 | 2,248 1 From below 1,887 ft. 2 in. the depths are given a foot in excess. This boring shows thicker coals than the others. Dover Colliery, see Hougham. Elham. Orrince Boring. Begun May, 1898, ended October, 1899. Ordn. Map 289, new ser. ; Geol. Map 3. Prof. W. B. Dawkins, Final Rep. R. Comm. Coal Supplies, pt. x., p. 30. The details below the Gault from the MS. of Prof. Dawkins, by whom the site wag selected and the work supervised. 300 feet above Ordnance Datum, 224 KENT WATER SUPPLY. There are specimens in the Museum at Owen’s College, Manchester. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. | Ft. in, Grey chalk ... 170 0 170 0 LLower Chalk] {Glatoontt marl . 5 0 175 0 Gault 127 0 302 0 Running sand, with glauconitic grains din sia 16 0 318 0 Hard cherty greensand 1 0 319 0 Greensand 7 9 326 9 Greensand with hard cherty and calcareous beds... sia 40 3 367 0 { ? Folkestone | Greensand with hard beds ... 9 0 376 0 Sandgate | Hard cherty Rag, calcareous 11 377 1 and Hythe ) Loose greensand : 5 1 3882 2 Beds] Hard green sandstone 1 2 383 4 Loose greensand 9 6 392 10 Hard calcareous green sandstone. Rag . ier iat a 09 393 7 Softer green sandstone 38 0 396 7 Hard green sandstone. Rag... 1 4 398 2 Green sandstone. Rag 5 10 re 0 Dark brown sandy clay 26 0 0 0 Atherfield \ Dark brown clay. 2 0 | 456 0 ay Blue and dark brown clays. ” Pinna 111 feet ys tetragona ... ax 59 0 515 0 (Grey clay. Cyrena and plants 24 0 539 0 Fine white shale oa 1 0 540 0 Dark grey clay, the bottom 5 feet with lignite and pyrites ... 88 0 628 0 Brown sandy clay. Lignite and plants ‘ 17 0 645 0 Brown clay with layers of ‘lignite. Wealden, Equisetum ee ‘ 30 0 675 0 1952 feet? | Sandy shale 5 0 680 0 Dark sandstone 1 0 681 0 Grey clay with hard calcareous peds or nodules, false-bedded. Plants 19 0 700 0 Dark hard sand a 1 0 701 0 Brown sandy clay 2 0 703 0 Hard grey clay with hard calcareous beds or nodules, false-bedded 7 9 710 9 Hard caleareous acai grey, with green grains ... : 1 3 712 0 Grey sand with green grains ig 10 0 722 0 Portlandian, ; Hard calcareous grey sandstone, 173 feet. with green grains, shelly (Hxogyra nana, Ostrea expansa, Pecten lamellosus and nitescens, Tri- gonia gibbosa ?) ats 6 0 728 0 / Dark hard clay, with fossils ) 12 0 740 0 Dark marl, with fossils (b) . 6 0 746 0 Hard clay Bes 2 0 748 0 Compact grey clay, with fossils (c)... 7 0 759 0 Ki ‘dejan Grey shale, with fossils (d) .. 20 0 775 0 ante a +( Shelly calcareous pane stove, with g Ace fossils (e) «.. 2% | a 6 Grey clays and marls. Ataria, Lin- gula ovalis sea ane 48 0 825 0 Grey clay. Alaria ... 10 0 835 0 Compact shelly sandy limestone 1 6 836 6 TRIALS FOR COAL. 225 Besides the fossils named above Prof. Dawkrns also notes the following from the Kimeridgian, from the beds marked a to e :-- Ammonites biplex, Sow. [Holcostephanus pallasianus, D’Orb.], a, b, ¢, d, e. Ammonites triplex, Sow (? trifidus), 4. Alaria trifida, Phil. c. Littorina [muricata, Sow. var.] pulcherrima, Dollf. d. Area rhomboidalis, Contej. b, d. Astarte mysis, D’Orb. a, c, d,e. Cardium striatulum, Sow. a, c, d,¢ Exogyra virgula, Defr. d Modiola semiplicata, Buv. b, c. Nucula Menkii, Roem. c. Ostrea deltoidea, Sow. a. Ostrea expansa, Sow. Pecten lens, a Perna mytiloides, Lam. d, e. Thracia depressa, Sow. d, «. Trigonia Woodwardi, Lyc, c, d. Trigonia, a. Lingula ovalis, Sow. b, c, d, e. Ellinge Boring, see Alkham. Fredville Boring, se: Nonington. Hothfield. Begun July, 1898, ended October, 1899. Just west of Parsonage Farm, a little southward of Hothfield Station (?in Westwell Parish), Ordn. Map 289, new ser.; Geol. Map, 3. From the MS. of Prof. W. B. Dawgrns, by whom the site was selected and the work supervised. Only a very short abstract published, About 200 feet above Ordnance Datum. There are specimens in the Museum at Owen’s College, Manchester. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. | Ft. in. Folkestone Beds dias oe Lower SandgateeBeds 7, 156 0 156 0 Greensand Hythe Beds (Kentish Rag) .. Atherfield Clay en 24 (0 180 0 | Stiff blue sandy clay, with hard eal careous nodules. Cypridea,Cyrena media, Melania, Paludina w. | 267 0 447 0 Paludina-marble, earthy ... dite A . i 3 Stiff blue sandy clay... ... si 9 67 0 [Weald Clay] patudina-marble aac aise Be 0 3 467 3 Stiff blue sandy clay .. sis 17.9 485 0 Red and tea-green mottled ‘clays awe 15 0 500 0 Sandy red and green mottled clays 13 0 513 0 Blue and grey clay ais a sie 67 0 580 0 White hard sand one 17 0 597 0 Light-grey ay with "pyrites. Lepi- a dotus.. 62 0 659 0 Wealden | ffardgand ne aes ea | = | OD (and ae | Light-grey clay eas as ae 4 6 664 0 beck) Beds Sandy clay. Plants (? 18 inches) Irregular bed of sand-nodules. { 2 0 666 0 Plants 10,000 226 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. | Ft. in Sandy clay 18 0 684 0 Fine white loam. Plants 5 0 689 0 Brown and purple clay 2 0 691 0 Coarse yellow sandstone és aie’ 1 6 692 6 White and eree mottled loams. Plants é - ae 4 6 697 0 White sand 3.0 700 0 Dark clay with iron- pyrites and cal- careous bands. Slickensides. Plants 24 0 724 0 Dark green clay 4 0 728 0 Green sandy rock 0 6 728 6 Green sandy clay 0 6 729 0 Green clay and white breccia 4 6 733 6 Compact white limestone 1 0 734 6 Light-green clay 0 6 735 (0 Light-grey clay sn 5 0 740 0 Grey calcareous sandstone .. 0 7 740 7 Caleareous tea-green marls.. 4 0 744 7 Hard dark clay. Slickensides 1 9 746 4 Compact white limestone 0 8 747 0 Grey and white limestone, compact, veined 2 0 749 0 Dark and light-coloured clays and breccia 2 0 751 0 Wealden Green marl. Lignite.. 1 0 752 0 (and Pur- | Hard green maristone 3 0 3 752 3 beck) Beds | Green marlstone, with white breccia and pebbles... 3.9 756 0 Dark grey clay 10 0 766 0 Green clay, with angular fragments and pebbles of white limestone. Cypridea 2 0 768 6 Hard green marl 0 6 768 0 Soft grey clay... ‘ ain 1 0 769 6 Hard calcareous green marl, with black grains. Cypridea, fish 0 6 770 0 Grey marls ‘ 1 6 771 6 Hard grey mar Istone, with myniteae 0 6 712 ~0 Alternate bands of hard grey ey stone and soft green shale a3 TY 0 773 0 Grey marlstone. Plates of Echino- derm, vertebre of fish ise 29 115 9 Dark shale, with pyrites and | green grains. Ostrea a 1 0 776 9 Blue sandy shale 3.3 780 0 Grey laminated ee limestone. Lignite aes see ug 1 0 781 0 Dark calcareous shale’ ; 4 0 785 0 Grey laminated limestone, with soft particles of clay ea 3 0 788 0 Blue calcareous shale 2 0 790 0 Grey laminated limestone ... ae 2 0 792 0 Sandy caleareous grey and green limestone, with particles of clay and green grains. Serpula intes- Portlandian tinalis, Cliona, Exogyra nana, Pecten lamellosus, Trigonia : 7 0 799 0 Green-grey calcareous sand, with lignite ss ait ait 2 10 0 809 0 TRIALS FOR COAL. 227 Hougham. Dover Cou.terizs, by the Tunnel-mouth westward of Shakespeare's Cliff. Ordn. Map 306, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. There were in 1898 four borings or shafts in line and about equi-distant, beginning on the east with the Channel Tunnel shaft, next coming the deep trial-boring, then No, 2 pit (Simpson), and lastly No. 1 pit (Brady). The following accounts are summarised from a section by R. Erueriper, Final Rep. R. Comm. Coal Supplies, 1905, pt. ix., pp. 46, 47. No. 1 Pit :— Thickness.) Depth. Ft. in. Ht. in. (Loose chalk talus... wists ads 40 0 40 0O EBecentl jiewrh io =. «a. 2 | mat | $8 ti POWSTE uc cs pe me Cs | OR Dia” ) Obioutie tino = lb % 4 tee o8 Grey clay, with fossils wie sa 97 2 | 262 11 eet tek Glas kes ae. ae pie |) BS SOL a tert {Sandstone — 1 2 |302 6 Folkestone Beds, Greensand-rock and dark green sand, with Phola- domya : - sik cing «| 44 0 | 346 6 Tames Sandgate Beds and Hythe Beds. a Dark clay and green sand or ree % sandy clay ... aia as ane 38 4 | 384 10 {Atherfield Clay] Green-grey and brown clay, with fossils ... sat 41 4 |426 2 Wealden Beds [Weald Clay]. Clays with Unio in upper part, Paludina and Cypris in lower | 50 4 | 476 6 Lignite... ats “se sist site 1 6 |478 O Pale green and white silt and sand 14 10 | 492 10 feHastivas | Brown and white clay with lignite 13 4 | 506 2 'B a 1 Sand and gravel (water) ie 4 0 |510 2 ous [ Whiteclay .. ... 5 0 |515 2 Gravel and sand 5 2 6 |517 8 | Sort dark green clay... 2 0 1/519 8 Simpson’s Pit, No. 2:— Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Not described (Chalk, Gault and Lower Greensand ?] _ 330 0 Sandgate Beds and Hythe Beds. Lower Dark green sand and sandy clay | 58 4 388 4 Greensand, ede Clay. Dark sandy clay 103 ft. 2 in. and blue or brown clay ... | 44 10 433 2 Weald Clay. Soft grey and dark Wealden shaly clay with bands of clayey Beds, ironstone... — es ..| 41 73) 474 9 86 ft. 10 in. | Hastings Beds. Soft grey clay and : sand ... Jag aes ee aa 45 22! 520 0 Kimeridge Clay. . Alternations of limestone and clay ... veh aa wb 3 sie | 84 2 554 2 228 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Simpson’s Pit. No. 2:— Thickness.) Depth Ft. in. | Ft. in. Sandy clay and limestone 6 4 560 6 Oolitic limestone and calcareous grit ... 14 0 574 6 Brown sandstones, shelly clays and 4 limestones ... 11 10 586 4 Grey marly clay with : 7 grains of ironstone... 0 6 586 10 Brown clay with band Corallian Tronstone of ironstone... : 1 0 587 10 204 fb. 10 in Bed Grey marly clay 2 0 589 10 [given a3 ° Hard white limestone 0 6 590 4 1 fi more Limestone with clay F the dep ths partings an 2 0 592 4 after 700 ft Tronstone-beds 16 10 609 2 2 in.. bel "| Hard crystalline limestone... 0 3 609 5 ally Sk Clay, with shells Ae 6 11 | 616 4 given a 10081 Clay and flaggy limestone ... 29 11 646 3 ihvexcess Marly bed with many shells 13°¢«9@¢3 660 0 Whito coral-débris 17 2 677 2 White fossiliferous semi- crystalline beds . , we | 20 5 697 7 Limestone with fossils Ee 2 #7 700 2 Grey and white limestone and beds not described 3 36 10 737 «(0 Impure limestone with " fossils > (Transition-bed) ... 22 0 759 0 Grey marl and limestones, with ‘ fossils ils ‘ ‘ 43 3 802 3 Clay and oolite 8 9 811 0 Clay and shale vs 13 (0 824 6 Oxford Clay,} Oolitic clay, with fossils 5 8 829 3 182 ft. lL in. \ Clay, ete. : 6 0 835 3 Clay, with fossils in 1 top 232 feet, and from 877 to 926 feet (Cordatus beds at 885 to 919)... «| 90 9 926 0 Clay and oolitie rock 15 #1 941 1 Clay and oolitic rock, with fossils... 13 9 954 10 Oolitic rock and dark sandy beds, with fossils . 37 3 992 1 Dark grey siliceo- calcareous, bed . 8 0 |1,000 1 Oolitie clay and ae rock. Lime- Kellaways stone, with Ostrea.. 18 11 /1,019 0 Rock [and | Lignite with part of. a large coni- Lower ferous tree-stem 4 0 |1,023 0 Oolites] Dark and grey oolite 4 11 |1,027 11 177 ft. 11 in.) White oolite-like fine-grained stone and clayey limestone as ays 28 1 /1,056 0 ‘Oolitic limestone, with fossil 3 0 |1,059 0. Hard grey limestone and caleareous grit ; or 44 9 {1,103 9 Sand or sandstone 15 3 /1,119 0 ( Alternations of clay and limestone 16 10 /1,135 10 Lias, 37 feet. ( Dark grey clay and marl 20 2 11156 0 Clay, shale and bind.. 23.6 «+11,179 6 Coal-seam, denuded, divided bya a [Coal thin sandy seam 2 6 /1,182 0 Measures, { Under-clay, rich in coal-plan ts 6 o {1,188 0 6 ft. 10 in.] \ Sandstone, with thin coal-streak bs 2 6 /1,199 6 Shale, a thin seam of coal at 1,198 [? 1,197] feet sen ais sie 26 4 |1,216 10 TRIALS FOR COAL. 229 Below 1,179} feet another foot is added to the column of depths in the original, so that, with that added in the Corallian, the total is made 2 feet more than the above. For the names of the fossils found in the various beds the reader is referred to the Report. As the above gives details down to the Coal Measures, which could be better made out from a shaft than froma boring, there is no need to re- produce those given by Prof. DawK1ns, from specimens brought up from the trial-boring ; but inasmuch as this has been carried much deeper than the shaft has reached, it is well to reproduce the details of the Coal Measures that he has given, from p. 28 of the Final Rep. R. Comm. Coal Supplies, pt. x., p. 28. The level of the site is about 54 feet above Ordnance Datum, and the Coal Measures were reached 1,1003 feet below that level, which figures agree closely with the 1,156 feet given as the depth to the Coal Measures in the shaft. Prof. DAWKINS’ section is as follows : — Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Shales, sandstones and blue bind (Calamites) .. ‘ 24 6 /|1,180 (say) First coal, bright anid. Hitamineus. 1 3 #|1,181 3 Sandstone nae ate 1 0 {1,182 3 Second coal, good house-coal ‘ci 1 3 {1,183 6 Carbonaceous clays, sandstones and shale... om aa or si 59 «66 «1,243 0 Third coal 0 6 {1,243 6 Sandstone sa 29 0 |1,272 6 Fourth coal, good, “blazing, with specks of Popes 2 0 41,274 6 Underclay ais 1 6 {1,276 0 Shale and blue bind . 44 6 |1,320 6 Fifth coal, good, blazing, with specks of iron-pyrites 2 0 /1,322 6 Blue bind and sandstone 30 9 /1,353 3 Sixth coal, bituminous 1 3 |1354 6 Shale, bind, sandstone 155. 6 {1,510 0 Coal Fire-clay with traces of coal 6 0 |1,516 0 Moasiras Seventh coal ... 1 O /1,517 0 with a dip | Carbonaceous sandstone with car- of onl op bonaceous streaks and bind 23 «0 /1,540 0 v Eighth coal, good house-coal gi 2 6 {1,542 6 Fire-clay, bind, sandstones, with a four-inch seam of coal _... .. | 111 6 |1,654 0 Ninth coal sis ae fs 2 3 {1,656 3 Grey sandstone and. bind ... awe’ | Massive bedded carbonaceous... f at 6 eet Tenth coal, coking ... as sais 2 9 |1,850 6 Hard underclay i ais 5 6 {1,856 0 Dark grey sandstone and bind... 60 0 /1,916 0 Eleventh coal.. a Sd 1 8 /1,917 8 Hard underclay avis site aia’ 3 4 {1,921 0 Hard dark sandstones aa 2a \ hc Shales, carbonaceous, with plants J 203 8 2,124 8 Twelfth coal, hard ... 1 0 — Grey sandstones, blue pind, and black shales.. ste .. | 184 6 12,259 2 Thirteenth coal, bituminous - ss 4 0 |2,263 2 Hard grey carbonaceous sandstones} 104 6 [2,307 8 Bind ... + ... 0 6 2,308 2 Unfortunately, the figures of gente fei Gatiienee Datum) in the original do not altogether agree with those for thicknesses. Prof. DAWKINS’ earlier account of the boring (Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc., vol. xxii., pp. 489—493) gives fuller details; but the above is ample for the present purpose. 230 KENT WATER SUPPLY. The following particulars of an outburst of water at the Dover Colliery are from an official paper, a ‘‘ Report -on the Inspection of Mines... in . - » Kent,”* in which a very full account is given, for a knowledge of which I am indebted to Prof. Dawkins. The water comes from the Lower Greensand :— “On the 6th of March [1897], . .. when 14 men were at work in the bottom of No, 2 Pit (Simpson), sinking, water broke in, lifting the bottom, and so rapidly rising that the men had to dlimb the iron rings within the timber which lined the shaft for 40 feet. The hoppet was at the pit top being emptied, the cries of the men were heard, quickly was the hoppet lowered, and on being raised three men were brought out. . . . Again was the hoppet lowered ... on being raised three more men were brought out. ... Again the hoppet was lowered, containing one of the master sinkers and one of the rescued. . . . They descended to the surface of the water and carefully examined in the hope others might be rescued, but none could-be seen. The water had risen about 80 feet up the shaft, so that of the 14 men at work only 6 escaped... .” “In the fearful struggle for life all were bruised and received contu- sions, one poor man was unconscious on arrival at the top. .. .” “On the following day the only available means for getting out the water was put in operation, a water barrel holding 400 gallons to draw the water.” Itisstrange that when dealing with such a formation as the Lower Greensand no pump had been provided, but apparently the opinion of a geologist had not been taken, or at all events not acted on. The verdict of the jury spoke of ‘‘ the inrush of water having, in the first instance, come from the bore-hole, and that thereupon the water from the Brady Pit sought its level by entering the Simpson Pit.” From evidence given we learn that the shaft was 303 feet deep at the time, and apparently just through the Gault. According to the manager, Mr. A. Rerp, ‘‘the temperature of the water averaged 72 degrees Fahrenheit. This was either due to the fact that the water came from a great depth or from chemical action.” He thought that the former was the explanation. “The water was charged with fire-damp, which lit again and again when a candle was put near. We have arrived at the conclusion that it comes from a great depth, probably 1,200 feet, that it is a feeder of about 50,000 gallons per hour.” It is curious, however, that at the depth specified the work is in Coal Measures, of a fairly impermeable character. We ure also told that “ the Brady Pit, or No. 1 shaft, 17 feet diameter was carried to-a depth of 366 feet, it was stopped on October 16th, 1896, by an influx of water there being no adequate appliances for raising water.” One may therefore accept Mr. Grerrarp’s opinion that ‘‘ undoubtedly these lives might have been saved, and the progress of the work greatly developed, had it been foreseen that pumping appliances would be required. Further it would have been to the distinct advantage of all concerned, had some of the energy which had been displayed in Stock Exchange develop- ments, been devoted to the establishment of fitting plant, after the need for the same was so clearly demonstrated, in October, 1896.” 19 sl Thickness. Depth. Ft. 1 2 1 4 6 9 120 127 132 134 141 144 154 186 189 1943 210 244 247 250 321 330 349 356 TRIALS FOR COAL. 237 Thickness.| Depth. Ft Ft. Bands of clay and sand, some lignite 42 398 Hard sandy clay, with lignite | py- rites}... , 5} 4034 Very hard stone jealeareous, with pyrites} Be 1 4045 Hard silty clay, dries | nearly white 13} 418 Lienite and sand ie 1 419 Sandy clay, with small pieces of rock or stone, mundic, lignite; 6 inches of hard stone \caleareous} and mundic at base ‘ 51 470 Hard sandy clay, 6 inches of sand at base {pale clay, pale grey fine L? Taine sand, and pale brownish sand} ... 44 4744 eds] Clay, with sand and stone jgrey} .. 8} 483 Sandy clay or hard ola with bands of sand se sts 15 498 ‘ Hard clay, mottled ? os 7 5054 Stone and bands of clay Jindistinet shells} “ipa 44 510 Mixed coloured clay, : some very dairle 8 518 Very dark blue clay .. ea 5 523 Mixed coloured clay, s some hard “au Zl 544 Cuts hard, like stone; last 3 feet more clay. Mr. Lorp notes this as hardish clay, that soon sets, of various colours... ele ets 22! 5664 aay The last core {calcareous stone} is marked as from 575 feet. The boring was then abandoned.. From 127 to 247 feet the figures for depths are made a foot in excess of those here given; from 250 to 4043 feet, 2 feet in excess; at 418 feet, 24 feet in excess ; from 419 to 5664 feet, 2 feet i in excess. “According to Mr. Lorp, water overflowed at the rate of about a gallon a minute when the boring was 327 feet deep. Swingfield, see Alkham, Waldershare, see Coldred. Womenswold, sec Barham, Wrotham. O1p Soar, about a mile E.N.E. of Plaxtol. Begun August, 1898, ended October, 1899. Ordn. Map 287, new ser. ; Geol. Map 6. ? About 200 feet above Ordnance Datum. From the MS. of Prof. W. B. Dawkins by whom the site was selected and the work supervised. 238 KENT WATER SUPPLY. There are specimens in the Museum of Owen’s College, Manchester. Thickness,| Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Atherfield Clay... eee 2 aie as .. | 250 0 50 0 Blue and grey clay, with nodules. | Paludina, Cyclas, plants ... .. | 4383 0 483 0 Unaccounted for “as si sit 3.0 486 0 Weald Clay ( Paludina-marble dis obs fen 0 9 486 9 Blue clay with hard nodules auc 96 3 583 0 Paludina-marble sls is oe 0 3 583 3 Blue clay se “i re . 135 9 719 0 Loamy clay, with occasional layers of fine white sand, one at 724 feet, 5 feet thick... a eR aes 17 0 736 0 Blue clay sist enh anti sis 39 0 775 (0 Wealden Grey shale... ec aes aa 15 0 790 0 Beds Hard sandy silt, with lignite sie 14 0 804 0 Grey clay, with lignite ee sie 22 0 ,826 0 White sand... ae sie ats 4 0 830 0 Grey clay sis aah xa ies 25 0 855 0 White sand... — ee sia 3.0 858 0 There must now be several more works the details of which have not been published ; indeed, some of those above described are wanting in various details. It is to be hoped that no mis- taken idea as to keeping back information will be allowed to prevail, and that we shall soon be in possession of that know- ledge which is comparatively useless if not published and sub- mitted to criticism. Moreover, original information is apt to get lost if long withheld, and such loss is not only of scientific but also of economic import. TRIAL-BORINGS. 239 VARIOUS TRIAL BORINGS. Of borings made for other purposes than finding water many accounts have been published in the two Geological Survey Memoirs that deal with such matters in Kent. But tv these many others are now added. The more notable sections are those on the line of the London County Council’s new sewers at Blackheath; those on the Goodwin Sands; that of the Greenwich Ferry, showing the depth to the Chalk, as also does that at Plumstead Marsh; the deep boring at St. Margaret’s; that in Stone Marshes; and those along the line of the new sewer at Woolwich. The new borings are as follows :— West Kent Sewerage. 1, 1a, 2a and the second set of 9. Blackheath. (L.C.C.) Chatham. Dockyard Extension. Eleven. Cliffe. Twelve. Crayford, Darnet fort. Deptford. Cattle Market, three; and Market, three. Goodwin Sands. Greenwich. Blackwall Lane, six; Ferry, Hoo, Kidbrooke. Lewisham. Sheerness. Two sets of twelve. e Woolwich. Artillery Lane and L.C.C. new sewers. A. Metropotitan Boarp or Works, Trial-borings. Bermondsey Branch Sewer. From the Contract Drawings, 1862. Nos. 1—6 are in Surrey. 7. Deptford Lower Road, 260 feet N.W. of Thames Junction Railway. 7 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 5 feet down. | Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground ... ie oth wis ats sid 2 : 2 ‘AVlaviain Peat... ane te si sis 2 4 [ foot] , { Grey clay, with shelly matter and 3 feet] remains of vegetable matter... 1 5 Coarse, grey sand sis ans ei a iets 17 23 240 KENT WATER SUPPLY. & Deptford Lower Road. At Black Horse Bridge, Grand Surrey Canal 8°67 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground, with a foot of garden-soil beneath 5 5 a ae ee er a iis 2 | 7 Sandy loam ... in 2 \ 9 haa / Gravel andsand 3 | 1 15 i. +] Hard sand 3 | 123 £2 Boggy clay $ 132 Sand and gravel 6: | 20 9. Deptford. Evelyn Street, 350 feet °S.E. from Black Horse Bridge. 11°78 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 6 feet down. | Thickness.) Depth. / Ft. Ft. Made ground, with 6 inches of road- [Soil, ete.] \ metal ss sie sere eae 3 BE Mould . a =a ah 1s 5 [Valley Drift, {Sand and gravel a 2s eis 3 8 193 feet] Gravel.. ity ine igi age 163 243 [Thanet {Denk ee cits ee xi 1k 26 Sand, 7 feet] ‘ Dark blue sand. oy sf vat 53 31: Chalk o ae “te othe 18 49h 10. Deptford. Evelyn Street, High Street. 18°64 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 12 feet down. iniea neue! Depth. | re | Ft Made ground, with 6 inches of ballast at ee St 53 Gravel nee i 164 22 [Valley Drift, }| Sand. ele ae as 4 | 26 363 feet ?] Sand and gravel ~ tee ee 2 | 28 Gravel an aa Se ae 14 ; 42 11. Deptford. High Street, Griffin Street. 22 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 14 feet down. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. (Soi, ete] {Mode |? 74 {Valley (Coarse gravel... A 10 174 Drift] ( Ferruginous and ochreous, ‘gravel 8 254 Light-yellow sand ss ia ste si wis 17 3 TRIAL-BORINGS. 241 12. Deptford. Flood Street (W. of Creek Street) at back of houses on eastern side of street and a little S. of Greenwich Railway. 11°07 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 6 feet down. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Mould... eas esis ‘its 5 5 7 Loam and clay 4 9 ae Sand and gravel 18 27 98 fe et] Sand aa 2 29 Gravel... ae 4 33 Silty sand iis ie dis 14 47 13. Deptford Creek, Gasworks on east. 15°93 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 10 feet down. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Mould . ies axe i 12 12 [? Alluvium] Peaty clay aie site aie | 1 13 Sand and gravel ... 85 15 28 olor - ae { Fight-erey and grey sand | 2 30 2 : Light-grey sand and gravel 3h 334 14, Deptford Creek. In Mr. Williams’ Tanyard. [? Greenwich Road, near North Pole Lane.] 8°68 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. | Ft. in. Mould ... 1 6 1 6 [Alluvium, /Clay 17) 38 1 73 feet] Peat : : | : 4 5 Flint gravel ae 0 eect i Sand and gravel 4 0 20 0 eet] Gravel . 7a) a A Sand [of Lower London ‘Tertiaries] 6 beds, ‘accord- | : ‘ aw || 26 8 4 63 8 ing to Messrs. Docwra) Outfail Sewer. South Side. From the Contract Drawings. 1, Same as No, 14 Low Level Sewer, Bermondsey Branch (next above). 2. Greenwich. Junction of Romney Road and King Street. sai ielevee | Depth. ! Ft. Ft. Made ground ... nie ack ac aie 5 5 Sandy loam... ee cool 5h 103 [Valley Drift,} Red gravel... sate aes 5 16 204 feet] Yellow sand 13 174 Gravel, the lower half sandy 8 254 10,000 ! Q 242 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 3. Greenwich and Woolwich Lower Road, opposite Vicarage Lane and West Combe Cottage. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground .. 1 1 ‘Clayey gravel 2 3 Loamy gravel 4 7 7 Quick sand ... 9 16 Vertes” ( Clay and sand. 1 17 2 Gravel (much meen) 5 22 Flints sk si 224 Sand and chalk... i 14 24 Chalk, soft for 6 feet, then hard ... | 9 33 4. Greenwich and Woolwich Lower Road, Coombe Farm Lane, E. of Victoria Road. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground vas ware ont aes ans 6 6 Dark yellow sand and a little gravel 8 14 [Valley Drift, } Light-yellow sand and gravel ad 7 2\ 242 feet] Chalk and light-colou red flintrubble 2 23 Sand and ae 74 804 Chalk ‘ 5 : 5t 36 5. Greenwich and Woolwich Lower Road, Charlton Lane. 5 feet of made ground over Chalk, the top 4 feet loose. 6. Woolwich. Albion Road, Sand Street. | Thickness.| Depth. | Ft. Ft. Road-metal . 4 4 Peaty earth, chalk and flint fragments 164 17 Chalk, the top 10 feet loose : 23 40 7. Woolwich. Albion Road, Harden Street. Thickness. | Depth. | | | Fo. | Ft. Made ground .. 2 2 Br ownish sand | 5 : 7 a a Grey sand ... 7 i 14 is Flints = 1 | 15 Loose chalk and flints Gas 34 49 TRIAL-BORINGS. 243 8. Northern side of South Eastern Railway, near eastern end of Tunnel E. of Charles Street. Thickness., Depth. Ft. | Ft. Mould aay sa aig Per 2 2 Brownish sand ... 4 6 [Thanet Sand, } Light-yellow sand 24 30 504 feet] Dull yellow sand ud. | 134 434 Grey sand | 9 524 Chalk . re ia 7 594 9. Woolwich. Beresford Square, Beresford Street. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. in. Ft. Made ground, &c. . 3. 4 3 (Thanet Sand, Light-yellow sand | 43 2 46 47 feet] Dull yellow sand 4 0 50 Chalk 7 es ant i 9 6 60 — Oaaes 10. Plumstead Road, about half-way between Ann Street and the Railway Station. ‘hickness Depth. Ft. Ft. Road-gravel ... sas wes wee 1 1 Bright brown sand ... 4 5 Light-brown sand... 1Ll 16 [ThanetSand, Light-yellowsand ... 9 25 48 feet] Dull yellow sand... 5 30 Light-coloured sand... 6 36 Dark grey sand i 13 49 Chalk... in ais oe ss 63 553 11. Charch Manor Way Plumstead Marsh. (Pickens Depth. Ft. Ft. Mould... se ais 24 24 Brown clay 14 4 [Alluvium, ] Silty clay ] 5 113 feet] Peat... tee 5k 104 Dark, and then light, silty, sand ahs 3} 14 [Valley Sand and gravel dip. 3 7 Drift, 283 ft.] | Dull yellow, subangular flint it gravel 254 424 Dark grey [? Thanet] sand... sis oN 2 444 Q2 244 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 12. In Plumstead Cross Manor Way. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Road-gravel ie wis fig ave 1 1 Dark brown clay ms 6 7 (Alluvium, } Brown clay, with traces of vegetable 17% feet] matter des see ‘i ‘its 10 Peat... aa sien ig 84 18} Grey, subangular flint gravel... sits “at ait 13 31t 13. In Cross Manor Way, Plumstead Marsh. | Thickness.| Depth | | Ft. Ft. Surface soil ai aes ee 1k wu Light-brown clay ‘ 5 4 Brown, silty pao with vegetable L (Ariasd tm, ania sais is ee SF Mi 1 sig | 4 162 feet] Dark grey, silty clay 4 154 Peat... | 1 164 Dark grey, silty clay 4 18 Grey, subangular flint gravel... vata sis | 275 454. Grey sand ... way it ve ly 47 D: GQ sia a6 re pPinnotsanaa]y Bergereyeend me] BB Grey sand ... 3 . 53 Southern Outfall Works. From the Contract Drawings. (Erith, Crossness. ] In and near Reservoir ; at the outfall by the river-side. 1. In the Engine House. 4°6 feet above Ordnance Datum. | ees Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Soil des én 1 2 1 2 rown clay ee ees wl & 4 4 6 Blue clay ik ats 438 ad 5 9 10 «3 Peat pe or is aii 0 6 10 9 {Alluvium, | Fine sand 1 6 12 3 over Peat... 1, 9 14. 0 22 feet] Peat and plue, silty clay i; 1 6 15 6 Blue, silty clay | 3 9 19 8 Blue, silty clay, with Mayers of peat | 2 6 21 9 Peat... | 2-9 | oe @ Shingly gravel aes as ag 4 ll 28 3 ivaliey Gravel] { (Grayel?| ws ows oe awe | oO BOS TRIAL-BORINGS. 2. Hast of the Engine House. 245 Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in Ft. in. Soil ares te 1 3 1 8 Brown clay 3 3 4 6 | Peat... 3 (0 7 6 |Alluvium, / Blue, silty clay. te 4 6 12 0 173 feet] Peat and clay in layers 1 6 13. «6 | Blue, silty clay 3 66 17 (OO Silty sand 2 0 19 O ( Fine, sandy gravel 1 3 20 3 [Valley Gravel] 0 Thames ballast 2 9 23 «0 4, Near the south-western corner of the Reservoir. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in, Ft. in. Soil ... 1 3 1 3 Blue, silty clay (Allaviu] 18 3 19 6 Fine, sandy ballast ‘ 4 6 24 090 (? The same]... sia esi 5 0 29 0 MSS. Borings. Nos. 1 and 2 are in Surrey. 3, Creek Bridge Road, Deptford, near the Bridge. Ordnance Datum. 12 ft. 5 in. above | Thickness.| Depth. | Ft. Ft. Made ground 6 6 Bog clay [Alluvium] 14 A0) River gravel deposit, with remains ‘of wood piles 6 26 Mottled clay, like Fuller’s earth 24 284 Clay, with green sand . sis sa 4 33 15. Greenwich Marshes (? Blackwall Lane, eastward of St. Andrew’s Church). 5 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Mould . 1 0 1 0 i lay we 3 § 4 6 (Anya | Se (after passing throught which water rose) .. cs 2 8 7 2 : Sand, with water 5 10 13 (0 [Valley an Chalk, silt and sand . 2 0 15 «(0 Gravel .. is st 16 «6 31 6 Running sand 18 6 50. (0 246 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 16. Plumstead Marshes (? near the Thames opposite Barking Creek). 44 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness. Depth. Ft. | Ft. oe sae 6 | 6 : eat (after passing through which [Allavium] water ee 19 | 25 me and silt . fer aa ae 1 26 [River] Gravel . be sists sie sine 14 | 40 Chalk... eee iy is bad is ais 20 | 60 18. Greenwich Marshes (? close to the Thames, about a third of a mile $.E of Blackwall Point). 6°12 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Mould ... ou ais ree sa’ 1 1 [eure clay ... ae aes gas 3h a fAlluvium, | Ee mee clay 3 1b 20 feet’) Silty clay (after passing ‘through which water rose) .. 1 16 Silt ... seg sie sei vet 3 19 Sandy gravel... anG ae ie ait ae 20 39 Blue clay... sa nee ee a hs ss 12 51 B. West Kent SEWERAGE. Made and communicated by Messrs, Doowra, and partly from Mr. G. CHATTERTON. 1, Foxgrove Farm, Beckenham. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Sand... ag d's dive 6 6 [Blackheath } Ballast [pebbles] ls se ads 6 12 Beds] Sand aiid clay... 08 ain aise 2 14 Ballast [pebbles] ly ats a 10 24 [? Blackheath Sec ioe clay . vets die sss 1; 254 or Woolwich uish clay... eli 1k 27 Beds] Blue ballast [pebbles] ‘and sand... 3 30 Green ballast Keeble dit sia 10 40 [Woolwich (Greensand ... sea wet 2 42 Beds, Black sand... ai sists sis 23 444 ? Thanet Hard grey sand ar aes wi 5} 50 Sand] White sand... se se as 15 65 TRIAL-BORINGS. 247 14. Beckenham and South Catford [? South End] Road, by Lodge to Park. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Soil , ses ae 4 t Sand and small [fine] gravel . 23 3 Sandy (London ?] clay .. 4 7 Large [coarse] ballast [pebbles 2]. 10 17 [Blackheath } Ballast [pebbles ?] and Glavin se 3 20 Beds] Live sand 5 8 28 White sand and pebbles a | 28% 2. Durham Hill Lane, about a third of a mile north-eastward of Holloway Farm, Bromley. 152 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness,, Depth. Ft. in. | Ft. in. Mould... is 0 6 0 6 Loam 3 6 4 0 Brown clay... 3 (0 7 #0 Brown clay, with veins 5 of red sand and large clay-stones ye 0 20 0 Blue clay 0 46 0 tee Dark sand 3 0 49 0 y Blue clay, with veins of sand 5 (0 54.0. Blue clay sis 7 #O 61 0 Dark clay, with sand.. 5 7 #0 68 0 Black gravel [fii nt-pebbles]a and clay [? Basement-bed] . 2 0 70 0 [?Blackheath { Brown sand... 1 6 71 #6 Beds] coon rock-sand 1 2 86 8 ‘ ack clay and shells 2 0 88 8 cael {ss nd. ; 2 0 | 9 8 Black clay and ‘shells 6 7 97 «3 24. Southern End of Catford. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. (Loam ... 1 1 | a and ballast 2 3 ravel , va 4 7 fe Dalit) | Blue clay oa 1 8 Sand and loam 3 11 (Gravel .. 3 14 ( Shelly clay 1 15 Blue clay 7 22 [Woolwich | Shelly clay ... 2 24 and Reading? Shells, sand, and clay 2 26 Beds] Shelly clay ... 2 28 Coloured [mottled] clay 3 31 \ Grey sand and clay . 4 35 248 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 28. By Ditch, about half a mile west of Claypit Farm, south- west of Mottingham, and south of east from Shrofield Farm, Lee. 144 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness.| Depth. SEL Sees BGs 0 ee (Sandy loam... Sais it ae 2 | 2 | Yellowclay ... bere ies 3 | 7 Yellow sand and clay... at aa 7 14 Le or Black sand and clay .. 10 24 Blue clay (with clay-s stones ; 2 feet at 27 feet down, 3 feet at 53 feet (down, 4 feet at 59 feet down) ... 67 91 2c. Mottingham, corner of field about a third of a mile south- west of Fairy Hall. 1104 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. {Gravel] Yellow loam and ballast 4 4 Black [London] clay... 4 8 (Blackheath f Black pebbles. 4 12 Beds, 10 feet] | Live white sand 6 18 (Sandy clay... 2 20 Black clay, with beds of shells 12 82 [Woolwich | Oyster-shells ... a 4 36 and Reading< Congealed [cemented] sand and Beds, 39 feet} shells... Seis 5 41 with veins ‘of shells 9 50 Mottled clay . cit oe 7 57 3. Just south of habeas north of Chapel Farm, a little eastward of Eltham Station, ? 1864 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Peat a aa 4 54 [? Trace of London Clay] Clay, with pebbles sas 4 11 {Blackheath ( Pebbles and shells ... 2 sian 22 134 Beds, | Rock and shells or sina ia 13 15 54 feet] Dead sand oe ng we ane 4 164 Clay and shells ott bate due 7 234 Shells ... ‘ 25 bs Sia 2 254 [Woolwich | Clay. ... Pee uae aie 4 30 and Shells and shingle se sas vo 4 34 Reading { Clay and shells ‘ san Mi 6 40 Beds, Hard, white, loamy clay 5 45 344 feet] Hard, yellow clay aise we 2 47 Shingle... ane sas sis sas 1 48 ( Ballast ... sis on aa’ aie 3 51 Green sand... sd way bate 193 704 a Hard, brown sand... 4 744 351 f eet] Hard, brown sand, with black peb- + bles [? carried down] ise 113 863 TRIAL-BORINGS. 249 3a. Pope Street (New Eltham of the new map), south-eastern side of road, at footpath to Valliers Wood (and just north- east of Eltham Boring 5, see p. 260). 1283 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Yellow clay... ane i oe 12 12 (London Clay] ) Black clay... 1. 1. 22] 10 22 [Blackheath Beds] Black pebbles ... sty es 12 34 ‘ ( Black, shelly clay... ‘a Bes 12 46 (Woolwich 1 Cockle shells [Oyrena?] 1... 4 50 Readi Black ¢lay and shells ces soe 10 60 Bed ng { Mottled clay ... ie sas ite 2 62 51 font | Hard, green sand... ws ale 18 80 eet] (Hard, black sand... oa ck 5 85 4, Just west of Abbeyhill, about half a mile east of Lamorbey Church. 964 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. (? Oldhaven or ¢ Loam and sand 3 3 Blackheath Gravel 2 5 Beds, with sur- ) Red sand 4 9 face-earth ?] \ Lighter-coloured sand 1 10 ( Dark sand and clay ‘ ae 3 13 Shell sand ... aise \ 17 30 [Woolwich Dark clay and shells and Reading i Black clay ... 1 31 Beds, Hard, coloured [mottled] clay 3 34 ? 38 feet] Clay ‘and shingle ... a 8 42 Hard, green rock-sand 5 47 { Black sand . 1 48 Light-brown aanil 19 67 (Thanet Sand] { Live sand 3} 702 Another set of shallower borings, for the West Kent Sewer, have also been communicated by Messrs. Doowra :— 1. Kent House Farm, Beckenhain [? east of]. (Loamy sand ... ws 2 } (? Blackheath | Shingle and ballast . : } Of Beds] { Red sand a eet White sand and water 3 j 2, Hurst Farm, Sidcup. Soil aoe aes seg we 14 (Loam and sand aw lf (? Blackheath | Loam and pebbles 13} 7 feet Beds] | Black sand... ws 1 | (Clay and pebbles... 23) 250 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 3. By Footpath below the Hurst, Sidcup. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Soil ee ats 1 1 ( Loamy clay 1 2 Red gravel ' 1 3 Black gravel ... 7 10 [? Blackheath / Loamy clay 2 12 Beds] ‘Sand... sit 6 18 Black pebbles... ave 4 184 Red sand and pebbles 1 194 ( Green sand is 1 204 4, By Weir below Moat Misery, Sidcup. Soil... ha Pebbles sige aly Black pebbles 1 77 feet Silty sand 1{ Black pebbles 1 5. In Meadow by Bourne House, Bexley. Soil ee ( Loawy clay... 2 | Silty sand ... 4] a, (? Drift]/ Black pebbles 1/82 feet | Black sand ... | | Black pebbles 1} 6. Halleote Farm. Soil az 3 White sand 1 >7 feet Red sand... 3 7 and 8. Marsh Street Farm, Darttord. 9. Riverside, St. Mary’s Cray. 2) (8) | @) SO) cde cds ae 2 2 f Blue clay 2 i 4 >all 11 feet [Alluvium) { plue ct A | ee) ; C. MiscELLANEOuS BorinGs. These are arranged alphabetically, by places, as in the case of Wells. Blackheath. Lonpon County Councrt’s NEw SEWER. Five shafts. From close to the pond by the “ Hare and Billet” (north- west of Railway Station), south-eastern corner of the Heath, close to Charlton Road. TRIAL-BORINGS. 251 T. V. Houmes, Geol. Mag., 1907, dec. v., vol. iv., pp. 213-215, No. 1, near the “ Hare and Billet. is No. 5, about 70 yards southward of the south-eastern corner of Green- wich Park. The following water-levels were supplied by Mr. B. C. Cass :— Shaft 1.—140 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 2.—150 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 3.—150 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 4.—146 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water found 241 feet down. Water found 32 feet down. No water. Water found 32 feet down. Shaft 5.--147 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water found 32 feet down. The water, which, percolating through the Blackheath Beds, is upheld by the more or less clayey Woolwich Beds, nowhere formed any serious obstacle to making the shafts. No.3 was sunk some months later than Nos. 1 and 4. SHart 2. On the Heath, close to Talbot Place, Blackheath Vale. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Soil ... site sae Si as 1 1 Blackheath Loamy gravel ... i 24 25 Beds, {feiss loamy sand sit 94 344 38 feet White sand ss ‘isi e 39 [ Shell-deposit 14 402 Woolwich | Blue clay... 37 443 Beds, Pebbly sand ahs 2 463 14 feet Blue clay... 7 47 ( Loamy sand and. ‘pebbles 6 53 Thanet Sand, f White sand a eae 484 1014 494 feet Black sand and flints 1 1024 Chalk bss wee 203 123} Sart 38. Close to, and on the northern side of, the road across the Heath, about 180 yards north-eastward of Talbot Place. | Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Soil eile sats vin ts 1 1 Blackheath ( Loamy gravel... 9 10 Beds, {white sand 23 33 37 feet Loamy sand ... 5 38 (Shell-deposit ... 1 39 | Loamy sand a 393 Woolwich | Shell-deposit .. 1 414 Beds, i Yellow clay as ats 3 452 153 feet Hard mixture of clay, sand, and pebbles er ibs es 74 53 (Green sand ... ees ia ais Z 53$ Thanet Sand, f White sand ... sited zi 483 1023 403 feet Black sand and flints.. i 1 1033 Chalk. * 193 1254 252 KENT WATER SUPPLY. SHAFT 4. Close to the southern side of Shooter’s Hill Road, about 416 yards north-eastward of Talbot Place. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. in. | Ft. in. Soil 0 6 0 6 ( Dirty ballast [gravel] 9 6 10 0 | Yellow clay 1 6 ll 6 Blackheath | Ballast .. 4 6 16 0 Beds, about ) Loamy sand 8 0 24 0 38 feet White sand 1 3 25 3 | Loamy sand 5 8 30 11 White sand 7 6 388 «5 ¢ Red sand 2 3 40 8 Woolwich | White sand 4 9 45 5 Beds, | Hard mixture of clay, sand, and 14 feet | pebbles oh 4 0 49 5 Green sand 3 0 52 «5 White sand... 48 1 100 6 Thanet Sand} Black sand and flints... 1 0 |101 6 Chalk 1s 38 |119 9 There seems o ‘ag some doubt as to bie division between the Blackheath and the Woolwich Beds in this last. The red and white sands might belong to the former rather than to the latter. Mr. Houtmzs suggests that the irregularity (in the absence of the Woolwich shell-beds) may have been brought about by subsidence, of which there are evidences near by. This irregularity is made the greater by the suggestion abeve as to classi- fication, which would leave only 7 feet of Woolwich Beds; but this may be explainable by ordinary natural causes, as the Blackheath Beds rest erosively on the beds below. Charlton. 1. Mars at Angerstein’s Sluice. 1839. 7 feet below T.H.W.M. Communicated by Mr. J. B. REDMAN. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. ( aoe clay 4 4 i Peat 3 7 {(Alluvium] 4 Silt a 7a Peat 34 ll so, ( Sand 13 122 Leer Dut) t Gravel rts 14 2. Messrs. Siemens & Co.’s Works, on the marsh just W. of Woolwich Dockyard. Communicated by Messrs. SIEMENS. (1 and 2 are wells, see p. 98. The following, 3 to 14, are trial-borings.) 3. Borne, afterwards excavated down to gravel. About 100 yards from the western end of the works and 45 N. of Bowater Road (? on the southern side of Harrington Road, if it goes so far W.). TRIAL-BORINGS, 243 124 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Excavated ... ‘je 4 4 [? Made Ground) { Clay-iilling .. us 8} 124 ( Mould ie ete 4 17 ea oe aL 22 feet] Silty clay 8 33 Silty clay and d gravel 1 344 [River] Gravel wats 10 45 Soft chalk Bee diss sit 5 503 4 and 5. Borinas in front of the Wharf, about 680 and 630 feet W. of Woolwich Dockyard. Level of beach 8 feet below Ordnance Datum. Showed 10 and 11 feet of Alluvium (mud, peat, and silt) over River Drift (sand and gravel), to 8 feet, or more. 6 & Ft. Ft. Exeavated. Various ye ae filled in, to clay... wi ss Ss a aie 123 114 Clay owe 4 zs : Peaty clay 3 3 (Alluvium] ‘Bat 7 6 Silty clay 3 3 Gravel els ave 1 $ 303 273 8. About 45 feet N. of Bowater Road and 140 feet W. of Trinity Street. 9 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Excavated. Various materials, aaa filled in, to clay ia 15 ‘ ast sb 9 9 Clay ai 34 124 [Alluvium] { Beaty clay 34 16 Peat... 8h 244 62 31 [River] Gravel ... 254 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 9. About 10 yards N. of Bowater Koad and 40 W. of Trinity Street. 9 feet above Ordnance Datum. To Gravel (no details) 264 feet. 10 and 11. Excavated. 11 feet above Ordnance Datum. 12 to 14. Abyssinian Tube Wells, afterwards excavated down to gravel. Respectively 12, 114, and 12} feet above Ordnance Datum. 10 about 50 feet N. of Bowater Road and 110 W. of Trinity Street. 13, 11, 12 and 14 along a line 8. and N. between Bowater Road and Harrington Road from about 80 to 70 feet. W. of Trinity Street. — | 10. 11. 12, 13. 14. | Various materials, for the | d E eee in, an » 144 144 15 144 154 Clay .. sie a : ; ‘ Peaty clay aK 43 4 41 3i 4 [Alluvium] ieee. aia 5k 5d 5L 63 63 Silty clay 3 3 3 3 3 Gravel bee 5503 ... |touched.| touched. 1 94 384 ? Soft chalk... ie ie _— — — — 1? | 97 | 27 29 37 68 Chatham. Dockyarp ExTENstron. Notes of Borings, &c., made by C. E. Hawxins in 1871. The beds varied so much, even in short distances, that it is impossible to give any one section as fairly representative. St. Mary’s Island is “the gift of the Medway,” and St. Mary’s Creek is an old channel of the river, or rather was so before it was stopped up and then excavated for the new basins. A selection from the borings is given. TRIAL-PIT (the rest are borings) in St. Mary’s Creek, close to low- water mark and 10 feet below the level of high-water of spring- tides. The present channel of the Medway is distant on the west about } mile and on the east about } mile and on the north rather less than + mile from the site. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. (Mud and silt wie wats eer 16 16 Hard silt’... 14 30 (Alluvium, ; Mixture of silt, gravel, sand and 34 feet] ‘+ peat oe 8 es sees 3 ) 33 Hard loamy sand ... sii 3 333 i Peat.. t 34 Hard gravel (a natural concrete) 1 35 [River Drif ef Loose gravel dt 404 [? Thanet Beds] Large flints, with ‘loam, to Chalk 4 41 TRIAL-BORINGS. 255 About 60 yards N.E. of the Trial-pit, the surface just above high-water spring-tides. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. ( Clay and peat... aa 103 103 | Stiff clay a a 10 20% Clay and a eae 5 254 [Alluvium] { Silt and peat . 5 301 Silt oo... 5 354 U Clay and silt, to gravel 7 422 About 60 yards S. of the Trial-pit, on the southern side of the Creek, 15 feet below high-water spring-tides. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. (Mud... 14 es | Mud and peat... 34 5 [Alluvium) 4 Peat and silt . 2 5 10 \ Mud and silt . ss 5 15 | Silt ... 5 20 L Silt and clay, to gravel 8 28 80 yards S.W. of the last, the surtace 3 feet below high-water spring-tides. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. { Peat with clay 5 5 Clay with peat 5 10 ; Mud and clay 5 15 fAlluvinm] + goft clay... 10 25 . | Silt and clay i0 35 | Silt, to. gravel 10 45 70 yards 8.W. of the last, the surface 3 feet below high-water spring-tides. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. ( Clay with peat ... st 10 10 Peat (with ee aie 5 p> Soft el : a 5 20 [Alluvium} Gay e 5 25 Clay (with silt) . 10 35 Silt (with clay), to ‘gravel 11 46 256 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 270 yards S.E. of the Trial-pit and on the northern side of the Creek, the surface at level of high-water spring-tides. Thickness.} Depth. Ft. Ft. ( Mudand clay... 5 5 | Peat (with clay) 5 10 | Clay (with peat) 5 15 Peat with clay 5 20 [Alluvium] { Silt ein 5 25 j Peat (with clay) 5 30 Peat... 5 35 Silt and peat .. 5 40 \ Silt, to evavel... 63 463 270 yards southward of the above, on the southern side of the Creek. Surface 13 feet below high-water spring-tides. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Mud 2 2 [Alluvium, ( Peat ‘ 8 10 22 feet] Clay (with ‘peat)... 5 15 ( Peat ( with clay) .. 7 22 7 29 [River] Gravel, to hard [? Sea sand 260 yards N.E. of the above. At the level of high-water spring- tides. About 150 yards away from the Creek (in St. Mary's Island ). Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. ( Clay and peat... au ais “i 10 10 | Clay sis ae pee 2s i. 5 15 e pica OC oe ee te Clay and silt... | 10 35 7 42 | Stiff clay (with sign of peat) to gravel At the western entrance to St. Mary’s Creek, the surface 18 feet below high-water spring-tides, hicks. Depth. Ft. Ft. Mud. sate si 5 5 Silt ... 8 ai 10 15 [Alluvium] { Silt and niu ‘iis 5 20 Silt... si 5 25 Hard sand, to gravel 4 29 TRIAL-BORINGS. 257 At the eastern entrance to St. Mary’s Creek, surface 133 feet below high-water spring-tides. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. « Ft. : Soft mud ... 25 25 ae : . Hard mud and clay 5 30 5 Clay and gravel . 2 32 , § Sandy gravel abe 9 41 [River Gravel] | Goct 4. 8 49 Loam [? Thanet Beds] to Chalk.. 5 54 About 260 yards N.W. of the Trial-pit and 100 yards or so north of the Creek (in St. Mary’s Island), surface 6 inches above high-water spring-tides. Clay and peat... we 204 \ [A llavium] {si with clay... 15 ;414 feet. Clay (with silt), to gravel 6 i Cliffe. Messrs. Francis & Co, Twelve borings, made and communicated by Messrs. Ister & Co. Thicknesses in feet. 1/2 |3| 4'5] 6) 7] 8 9}10) wu |i Soil ae / 2 (Uk (S18 1418 wl & le lael B |e ventas 3]}44/5]44 3) 2¢}a2] 42 Ja 1 yu | 1g Chalk ... | 4 | 2 es ? touched 4 P touched| $4] 4 etoneHed. = Total | 9 | 8 9/7 7 | 6 6: | 6 |élas| 6 | 34 Crayford. Kent Warerworks. Trial-hole. Made and communicated by Messrs. IsLer & Co. ‘ ‘ Sandy Clay ... 6 RENEE Deitt}{ Brey [gravel 13 {38 feet Chalk ae we a8 19 Darent (in the valley of that river). Communicated by Mr. T. HENNELL. Darenth, a quarter of a mile W. of Blackdale Farm. Black bog and gravel, 9 feet. Dartford, near the edge of the marsh below the Powder Mills, anda little over two-thirds ef a mile 8.5.H. of the Railway Station. Sandy clay, 12 feet. Dartford, near the edge of the marsh, about an eighth of a mile a little N. of W. from Hill House (some error as to site). Sandy clay, 10 feet, and gravel, a foot. Dartford, nearly a quarter of a mile $.E. of the Railway Station. Sandy clay, 10 feet, and gravel, 2 feet. No brickearth shown on the map. 10,000 R 258 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Darnett Fort. Borings made for and communicated by the WaR OFFICE. Feet, Clay... we Over 4 { Hardelay oa | Clay and peat... Clay .. [Alluvium] { Clay and a little peat | Peat... | Clay y eee | Sand ant clay... | Sand with less clay c Spr POD > To fine sand, about 283 Another section was as follows :— Ft. in _ Brown clay 2 0 Blue clay 2 0 | Peat... 0 2 Blue clay 4 8 [Alluvium] / Peat 0 2 Blue clay 5 10 8 Clay with a little sand : 3. (0 ' Clay with more sand, the latter in- creasing with the depth . 5 0 , 27 8 Deptford. 1. Burt’s Wuakr, near Earl Outlet. From a MS. Book of Borings in the Engineer’s Office, Metropolitan Board of Works (No. 1). 93 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground we 8 8 (Alluvium] eee clay ie ‘ 3 Running sand 5 22 [River Drift] fants ane 5 27 2. CarrLE Marxet. Trial-holes made and communicated (1905) by Messrs. A. WintiaMs & Co. No. 1 with 3 feet of water in bore-hole. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground and clay 7 7 Sand and gravel ‘ 5 12 River mud and stones 4 16 River ballast ... sa 1 17 Drabelay oo... a a. ag TRIAL-BORINGS. 259 No. 2. Made ground ... 7) Dry hard gravel 13 35 No. 3, with 2 feet of water in bore-hole. 20 feet. Made ground 17 Hard bricks 2 fe feet Ballast 1 ([? all made ground] Timber 2 3. MARKET. [? Another set at same place as above.] Six feet of water in all three. No. 1. (Made ground, 6 feet] i [Alluvium, 9 feet] ( Concrete ssh Made ground ... Old conerete ... Hard yellow clay Black clay Mottled clay Black peat BO 09 be LO bet os wie 15 feet. WEGIR No. 2. Made ground ons sits ‘Yellow clay F Blue clay . (Alluvium, 12} feet] een fine peat \ Soft yellow clay 24 i No. 3. Made ground - Yellow clay... Light-blue clay [Alluvium, 9} feet] ; Black peat ... Eltham, SEWERAGE. Communicated by Messrs. Law and CHATTERTON. 1. Junction of Mottingham Lane and Eltham Road. 72°33 feet above Ordnance Datum. [Valley Drift, (Brown, sandy loam .3 6 feet] { Sand and gravel ... we of 15! feet [London Clay, f Blue clay and sanl we OF \ ee 94 feet] Blue clay and more sand 4 Just N. of the brook where it joins the lane (S. of Railway). 96 feet above Ordnance Datum. 2. Mottingham Lane. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Yellow, sandy loam 5 5 Sand and gravel 1 6 Sand, gravel and clay 3 9 Blue clay and sand... 5 14 Blue clay and less sand 9 23 Blue clay J is ane 4 27 Blue clay and broken shells 3 30 R2 260 KENT WATER SUPPLY. It is hard to classify the beds. The top three may be Drift, or London Clay and Blackheath Beds. The bottom one belongs, of course, to the Woolwich Beds, and so may the three next above, as one would not expect to find London Clay resting on Woolwich Beds. 3. Railway (northern side) by stream, just E. of Eltham Station, 129°45 feet above Ordnance Datum. | Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Loam ... fs se 2 2 | Yellow clay ... wee | 3 5 | Clay and broken shells | 4 9 [Woolwich | Clay, sand and shells 3 12 Beds, 33 feet] ) Mixed clay 3 15 Blue clay 4 19 Clay and gravel af 5 24 Clay and sand sea : 9 33 Yellow [Thanet] sand 21 a4 4, E. of Green Lane, opposite S.E. corner of Park (about + mile S. of South End), 147:26 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness; Depth. Ft. Ft. [London Clay, { Brown clay ... sa athe ans 15 15 32 feet] | Bins clay... ide Ste see 7 - 32 [B] ackheath Gravel . ane sie — 1 33 Beds, 2} feet] { Sand and gravel... ies sais 13 343 Blne clay... 11; 46 [Woolwich Blue clay, gravel, and shells (very Beds, 28+ feet] hard) s 15 61 Blue clay and broken shells 2 | 63 The thinness of the Blackheath Beds is remarkable. 5. Pope Street (New Eltham of the new map), about } mile N.E. ot Lower Belmont, (and just S.W. of West Kent ‘Sewer boring 3a, see p, 249). 130°37 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness, Depth. Ft. Ft. Gravel, mixed with clay ... aes aa iiss 2 2 [London Clay | Brown clay ... ia si 9 1 21 feet] Blue clay... ee aac lle 12 23 [Blackheath Gravel of a aos 14 37 Beds, 15 feet] { Sand, with water... 1 38 [Woolwich Beds] Blue clay, sand, and broken shells ve vee ve on aa 6 44 TRIAL-BORINGS. Goodwin Sands. 1, About 1850. Cylinder. Sir J. N. Douauass, Proc. Inst. Civ. Hing., vol. ci., p. 48. 261 Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Clean, sharp coarse sand 20 20 Ditto, slightly ie with sedimentary [? ‘organic] matter if 20 40 Perforated chalk [stones], lum ps of " Pholas. cells [? shells], wormed stones, mud, broken shells, fine shingle, and dark silt and sand 10 50 Clean sand 5 55 Clean bright sand, ‘with broken shells aks 5 60 Sand, deeply tinged with sedimentary [? organic] matter, with gravel, small fragments of decayed timber, and pieces of coal wis 5 65 Sand, very black and fetid, with lumps of clay ees 5 70 Shells, small chalk nodules, and pebbles; to solid chalk, with a slight covering of mud 5 75 The following, for which I have to thank Mr. T. V. Houmgs, is perhaps only a different account of this boring; but in neither case is the exact site given. 2. Made, by order of the Trinity Board, Oct., 1849. “ An iron cylinder, 2 ft. 6 in. in diameter was sunk 10 lengths by Dr. Potts’ ingenious plan of atmospheric pressure.” (G.B. Gattry, Memorials of the Goodwin Sands, Lond. 1890. Details below from p. 5). Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Clear bright sand aa 10 10 i 33 » bluish cast . 14 24 fn sy » deeper blue, sulphur etted smell 6 30 » colour of blue clay ies 16 46 Small stones, broken shells, chalk nodules ... 5 51 Clear broken shells 11 62 Decayed wood, sea-coal, broken shells, small stones 5 67 Dark fetid sand . a 1 68 Shells, black nodules of clay wis 2 70 Clean bright Panes nit chalk, milky-coloured water ... 2 72 Pure chalk only .. 6 78 Grain, Isle of. 1. Fort. Three borings, made for and communicated by the War Office, show from 2 to 6 feet of surface-soil, over from 64 to 12 feet of gravel and sand, over London Olay. 262 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 2. AUXILIARY BATTERY. Two borings made for and communicated by the War Office. Outside the river-wall. Soft, muddy clay, very wet and loose towards the bottom, 40 feet. Inside the river-wall. | Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Soft clay ... ae 11 11 : Black sand seal 3 14 eer Sdicler sa. nel ie 22 Rather harder oe 4 26 Shingle... 1 27 Soft, “muddy clay... 13 40 Gravesend. RecREATION Grounp, New Tavern Front. Communicated by Mr. J. H. GREATHEAD. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Soil si 1 ] [Alluvium, ¢ Clay 8 73 83 144 feet] t Yellow clay 64 152 Gravel and sand 5 34 183 Ghalk sy soe neva 2h 292 41 Greenwich. 1. BuackwaLL Lane. For Messrs. REDPATH Brown. Six trial-borings of 4 inches diameter, made and communicated by Messrs. Ister & Co. No. 1. Made ground... 4 [Alluvium] Peat and clay 23> 44 feet [River Gravel] Ballast... 17 No. 2. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground ... 9 9 f Silt 6 15 {Alluvium Clay 3 18 13 feet] Peat 2 20 Blue clay ie 2 22 Ballast [gravel] 9 31 River Drift, Running sand 5 36 21 feet] Shingle cate 3 39 Ballast [gravel] 4 43 TRIAL-BORINGS. 263 No. 3. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. _ Ft. Made ground... Poe a 6 6 Silt... er 12 18 [Alluvium, ( Clay 3 21 22 feet] Peat 3 24 Blue clay Z 4 28 5“ ‘ Ballast [gravel] 2 30 een i Running sand ... 7 37 ; Ballast ... 4 41 No. 4. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground 7 7 [Alluvium, Silt i a 14 feet)’ 7 Clay ? Peat 2 21 Loamy sand... 4 25 {River Drift, ) Ballast [gravel] 4 29 26 feet] Running sand... 6 35 Ballast... 12 47 No. 5. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground ... vie rr 5 5 {Alluvium] Silt aes 6 11 Ballast [gravel] 2 13 orca” | Blowing sand . 1 14 See Ballast ... 1 35 No. 6. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground ... 5 5 [Alluvium, { Silt : _ 16 feet] a ‘ Peat 2 21 : «o,f Loamy sand ... 5 26 [River Drift]) Banast [gravel] | 10 36 2. GREENWICH Ferry Co., opposite Horseferry Road. 1888? Communicated by Mr. G. J. Cross, Managing Director. Two shafts, of 10 feet diameter, for the cylinders. . |Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Foreshore shingle an hi vas rer iain 10 10 [Alluvium ?] Sandy clay aie . a ee 9 19 [River Drift ?] Red ballast, pea-size 2 5 9 28 [Woolwich Beds ?] Soft sandstone, many colours . 21 49 White [Thanet] sand, very hard at first, but loose lower down; with flints at the base a 47 ! 96 Chalk with layers of flint ina marked, in upper 22 118 part) ... ate el 264 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 3. SourH Hasrern Rattway. Angerstein’s Wharf. Communicated by Mr. J. B, RrpMan (from Mr. T. Deans, S.E.R. Engineer, 1885). 15 feet below T.H.W.M. Mud [Alluavium] ssi nee xo 5 Ballast ate ... 103 ¢ 19 feet. [Walley Dect] eer to Chalk 14 4. East GREENWICH. Communicated by Mr. J. B. REDMAN. 1. Mowlem & Co.’s Wharf. (1855.) 6 feet below T.H.W.M. Thickness, Depth. Ft. | Ft. Mud [Alluvium] ae ie 103 103 Fine sand ... 22 13 [Valley Drift] i Loam sis 2 | 15 Gravel 1 | 163 2. Boat Building Co. Thickness.) Depth. | Ft. Ft. Soil i a | 24 24 Alluviu ly oF ie wan 7 Peat 1 13 a Dyife] ¢ Fine sand ‘ 3h 164 [ValleyDrift] ( Coarse sand, to evavel | 1 174 5. GREENWICH Marsu (?at the river-side), nearly opposite to Blackwall Pier, and opposite to Green’s Dock. From the “ Sections of Borings for the proposed Tunnel Sewer, by J. PHILiirs, Surveyor.” Large sheet (1849). Surface 5} feet below Trinity High Water Mark. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. { Brownish clay.. ane ta nats 33 33 e Dark grey clay Sis sa gate re 2 {Alluvium, ‘ Peat... 4 133 20% feet] Light ash-coloured sandy marl, with traces of vegetable matter 5 183 Dark grey clay, with Vivianite 2 203 Sand and gravel.. 12 823 Dark grey [London ?] clay, slightly mieaceous [2]... 55 873 [Woolwich f Sand, with fragments of shells iis 24 903 Beds] | Dark grey clay ste , 3 91 TRIAL-BORINGS. 6. GREENWICH Mars (northern part). Eleyen borings, made and communicated by Messrs. DocwRa. 265 1. At head of small creek over a quarter of a mile south-eastward of Blackwall Point. 10. Over } mile a little W. of N. from the north-western end of East Place. 11. Over 4 mile from the western shore, by Chemical Works. (1.) (10.) (11.) Ft. Ft. Ft. 5 Bungham [marsh-cla, 13 8 8 {[Alluvium] Pane pA [ y] 134 42 4 Ballast [River Gravel]... 12 254 274 Blue [London ?] clay il; 8 50 46 474 2, About a third of a mile northward of East Place. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Bungham [Alluvial Clay] 13 13 Ballast [gravel] 5 18 Running sand... 3 21 O14 1 ema, eee hc) |e 27 feet] Running sand... 43 31 Sand and ballast 4 35 Coarse ballast... 5 40 Blue [London] clay 12 52 3. A sixth of a mile N. of Idenden Terrace. Thickness, Depth. Ft. Ft. Bungham [marsh-clay]... gt 94 {Alluvium] 4 Peat aa 64 154 Bungham [marsh- clay]... $ 17 {River Drift] Coarse ballast and sand 203 374 Sandy clay 14 383 Pebbles ... 4 397 Shells ‘ 4 398 Running, green sand . 254 65 Blue clay 7 72 Perhaps the two, or three, beds next beneath the gravel may belong to the Basement-hbed of the London Clay. 4. Near the eastern edge of the marsh, } mile north-westward of Chemical Works, and still nearer No. 1. 5. North-eastward from East Place, about half-way to the shore, at Chemical Works. 6. 4 mile W. of the western end of River Terrace, a little S.E. of 3. 7. Between 6 and River Terrace. 8. {mile N.E. of Hast Place. 9 2 66 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 9. A little westward of 3. These are fairly near together, | 4, | 5. | 6. | 7 | 8 | 9 Ft. | Ft. | Ft.| Ft.) Ft.) Ft. Bungham Eine ceil 162) 6} 61) 5) 74) 88 ‘ Peat 2; 64} 63) 23) 2] 25 [Alluvial] Loamy sand, or “sand, or sand ‘ 7 and loam 31) 24; 4]10] 75 6 [River Drift] Ballast, or ballast and sand . 214} 203) 27 | 253) 12 | 20 Sand... $ —|{— {19 | 28; —}]— Blue [? London] clay 54} 6] 5} 23) 8] 6 50 | 414) 68 "73k 37 | 43 If the sand beneath the ballast is classed with the latter this seems to give too great a thickness to the River Drift. It is possible, therefore, that the sand may be a bed beneath the London Clay, in which case, of course, the underlying clay cannot belong to that formation. Hoo. half-way from Hoo to Hoo Fort (for West Hoo Creex. Borinys for Swing Bridge, nearly War Office). Communicated by Capt. THos. Eneiisn, R.E. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Water (from high-water mark) to bed of Creek 15 15 (Mud ... 4 ag . about 4 20% | Peat ae 21 23 ‘i Silty mud ‘ 2 25 Cae Dark blae mud 7 32 sree eat... sh sie 1 33 j Light-blue mud “6 . nearly 3 36 Blue brown sandy mud . about 14 374 r Yellowish clayey sand, with frag- Z é mentsof shellsand pebbles (a)about 7s 45 A eal } Clayey ballast (b) ne 21 472 m2 : | Light-blue silt (ce) ee 2 492 Brown ballast (d) 3 50 Tn another of the borings (close by) bed a a was a foot or more thinner, the bed b rising up and being ‘thicker ; ; ¢ was also less than a foot thick, d rising up higher. Hougham. Shaft for Channel Tunnel, From the MS. of a paper by H. E. Stitcoz. The Dover Watershed and Water Supply. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Lower (grey) chalk 91 91 Hard chalk marl... 39 130 Chloritic marl... 8 138 Light-coloured gault 48 186 Dark blue gault... 70 256 The work was not interfered with by percolation of sea-water, either in sinking the shaft or in driving the heading under the sea. TRIAL-BORINGS. 267 Kidbrooke. On the northern side of Kidbrooke Lane, a little more than half a mile S.E. of St. James’ Church. 1894. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le GRAND and SUTCLIFF. 135 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 28} feet down. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Yellow clay ... ss si 5 5 London Clay } Bie clay oe ae sia 50 55 Sandy clay ... 17 72 Blackheath Beds. Coarse sand and pebbles 3 75 Lewisham. THE Union InFirMARY, High Road. For Lift- shaft, on the Female Side. 1893. Communicated by Messrs. Harston. Original surface 401 feet above Ordnance Datum. Slopes to the Ravensbourne, near by, westward. Shaft 17 feet, the rest bored and lined (to exclude water). Water-level varied from 7 to 11 feet down. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in Ft. in. Mould 1 8 1 8 Alluvium. Wet peat ; 2 6 4 2 forean red sand ‘i 0 9 4 11 River Clean red pebbly flint eravel, with Drift ‘ a little clean red sand 1 9 6 8 (Clean red sand 5 0 10 7 6 {Layers of pebbles, with clay and mud, alternated with blue plastic clay, with traces of shells, which increase with the depth ... ae 8 0 15 6 Shell-bed, mostly oyster-shells ... 1 0 16 6 Clean sandy red gravel, with flint pebbles and pieces of shells or 7 0 23. «6 Shell-bed, loosely ees with P blue clay dae 3. 0 26 «6 Woohich Deposit like dirty chalk, impreg- nated with muddy water ... a 4 0 30 «6 Gravel, of flint pebbles and red sand, gradually changing to wet plue clay at the base 5 0 35. «6 Deposit like dirty chalk, | as that above the lasi, buta little cleaner 4 6 40 O Green soft soapy dead sand, with some flint pebbles .. : 2 6 42 6 Yellow clayey flint pebble-gravel .. 2 6 45 0 268 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Plumstead Marsh, East of the Practice-butt, Royal Arsenal. From the “ Sections of Borings for the Tunnel Sewer,” by J. Paris, Surveyor (1849). Surface 8% feet below T.H.W.M. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Brown sandy clay... ‘uit sis 4 4 {Alluvium, ( Dark clay siti nie ase a 1 5 24 feet] Peat... oe 255 en 10 15 Striped, grey clay sins eae isi 9 24 Sharp, shingly gravel ... si whe ais Ml 35 [Thanet] sand, greenish 26 61 Chalk, with courses of flint "every “4 or 5 feet 36 97 St. Margaret’s. Trial-boring for the Channel Tunnel Company. On the shore. Ordn. Map 290, new ser.; Geol. Map 3. Prestwicu, Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. 1874. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Shingle ... ans stp a of 9 9 ( White chalk zi i Pe ints 209 218 Upper or | Yellow chalk .. 00k, aes at 4 222 White Chalk,; White chalk 2.00 ke vee 4 226 240 feet \ Fissure (salt water) ... a see 3 229 (White chalk 2.00... sis 20 249 (Grey chalk... ss ans aan 30 279 White chalk ...00 koe ee 10 289 Blue marl es ie jes is il 300 Pipe clay tt ‘i sie ati 42 342 Light-blue clay ae aoe sash 158 500 Light stone sist dad sins 3 5013 Light clay... ig Any bie ey 5032 Stone rid ote ts iy lt 5044 Lower or Clay* ... si aisle ae ee 2h 507 Grey Chalk,/ Stone ... ae on ae a ey 5085 299 feet Clay* ... see ae iu ay 3 5113 Stone ... fet oT is ee 13 513 Clay* ... see its wie bes 10 5234 Stone ... es oh ni is = 5245 Clay* ... a oa sid ae 10 5344 Stone ... ee es sss wee z 535 Clay* 10 545 | Greensand f= “base “of the Chalk U Baile tas é 3 548 Gault clay 2 19 567 Mr. freeman seal ~ siteemeebaa wat tie peas: up to 5044 feet may be Gault. * « Clay” (in the Chalk) is probably used in the sense of marl, or nearly chalk. One is hardly disposed to accept the above classification of U pper and Lower [including Middle] Chalk, but inclined rather to end the former higher up. TRIAL-BORINGS. 269 Sheerness. ]. Cueyne Rock. Five borings made fer and communicated by the War Office. A. Shingle ass wie ah Blue clay, softer at bottom 37 aaeet B. Shingle... Ly Blue clay, very soft and silty below 413 \ 43 feet C. Shingle ... se Blue clay, about 33} s%62 feet D. Surface soil ... Shingle c Loamy blue clay Shingle, to blue clay, nearly 5 feet Sel alowie ee E. Ft in. Surface soil 1 0 Shingle ... 3 10 2. Garrison Pont. Borings made for and communicated by the War Office. 1 (had to be abandoned). Close compact shingle 34 feet. 3. Close compact shingle... 35 Soft sandy mud [alluvial] \a1 feet Very great difficulty experienced. Several pieces of old timber and rubble stone met with. BA. 14 feet of clean compact shingle. 4. Old timber, rough rabble stone, and loose sane 10 Rather loose shingle... sare ae ies .. 10/40 feet Very soft mud [alluvial] ine ‘nt sais aes 20 The old timber seems to have been placed there when the beach was much lower than now, to protect the foundations. 5. Loose shingle, filled in ene es sae ais aa LS. Compact black sand vie ve UC go ¢ Quick sand, blowing up the pipe some "way it the boring was \ eet left off for only half an hour.. a a8 aa 6. Soft sandy clay, very wet and soft towards the bottom 26 feet. 7. Soft sandy clay, very wet and soft towards the bottom 36 feet 270 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Stone. On the bank of the Thames, 200 yards above the track from Littlebrook. Trial-bore, made for the projected London and Tilbury, Dartford and Kent Coast Junction Railway, 1875. Made and communicated by Messrs. Docwra. Thickness.; Depth. Ft. Ft. Yellow clay... ners 4 4 | Light-coloured clay and sand oe a 3 {[Alluvium, Black muds... as so ssi 13 16 38 feet] Peat... 14 30 Dark sand [this bed may "perhaps belong to the gravel below] ir 8 38 Gravel; upper part light-coloured, the lower dark 20 58 Chalk, with flints (in 10 layers, nearer together in the upper part [UpperChalk] and from 3 to Ginches thick) about 33 91 Chalk, without flints.. ee 4 1004 Hard chalk, without flints ise a 40 about 140 Woolwich. 1. ARSENAL. For chimney of shell-foundry. 1884? Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground... aise sie aes sais ade 154 153 Clay and sand... ees awe ‘is 3 183 : Peat ahs ons sat : 9 274 [Alluvinm] Gay 2 te cee 43 32° Clay and ballast (to hard ballast) 3 385 Well at the north-eastern corner of the Arsenal, just W. of canal. Mud 16 and Clay 16 feet, to sandy gravel. Seven borings made and communicated by Messrs. T. Docwra & Son. 1. In the river, a little way from the bank, more than a quarter of a mile below the canal. Mud [alluvial] ope aes Si se aes Fee Gravel 6 (Thanet] Sand (with flints in the bottom toot) 204 303 feet Chalk a 2 2. Close by, nearer the bank, mud er 7, and gravel 138. 3. On the bank, nearer the canal. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground si 8 8 [A Nuvium, oa 7 a 2 feet] (Mua 8 33 Shingle [gravel] 7 40 TRIAL-BORINGS. 4. On the bank, still nearer the canal. 271 Thickness.| Depth. Ft. | Ft. Made ground 10 10 Gravel ant 1 11 F Mud 10 21 (Alluvium] { P Hae 8 29 Gravel ac 10 39 5. On the bank, about an eighth of a mile below the canal. Thickness.) Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground ... 1 1 Gravel ... a a 5 6 {Alluvium, {Peat . ve 19 feet] Clay and sand 4 25 6. In the river close to the bank, nearly half a mile below the canal. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Mud... 15 15 [Alluvial] i Gravel 5 20 Peat... 2 22 ‘ Sand... 1 23 [Valley Drift] Gavel 4 37 7. On the eastern side of the canal, by the bridge and more than a quarter of a mile from the south of the gasworks, river (where the canal joins it). Thickness.| Depth. Ft | Ft. Made ground... ae 4 4 Clay... 1 5 [Alluvium, ) Peat... 3 8 21 feet] 4 Clay... 8 16 Peat... 9 25 ‘ Sand... 9 34 [Valley Drift] Gravel 4 38 Nos. 8 and 9 were not marked on the plan, and so their position is doubtful and they are not given. 2. ArTILLERY Lane. Thomas and Edge. War Office site. Made and communicated (1905) by Messrs. A. WILLIAMS & Co. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Sandy clay 14 14 Loamy sand as 5 19 Petrified shell and Thames mud 1 30 Marl ‘its a 304 Grey loamy sand 114 42 Red loamy sand.. 6 48 Ballast [gravel] ... L 483 Very hard red sand 6 543 272 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 3. Dockyarp. Front of new Western Graving Dock. 1840, 41. Communicated by Myr. J. B. RepMAn. Bottom of basin 19 feet below T.H.W.M. Thickness., Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. (San ai sie eis 10 0 10 0 . , ) Sand and gravel 2 0 12 0 [Alluvium} Clean, sharp sand ... 1 6 13. 6 (Silt and clay 2 0 15 6 is es Hard, coarse gravel 2 2 17 8 (iver Drift]{ Hard, fine gravel ... 3. 8 | 21 64 Communicated by Mr. J. B. RepMan. “From R. Townsend, Admiralty Engineer. 1840.” | Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground ws sik ae a9 134 133 Dark gravel ats AS 1 144 Dark clay. ade 4 15 31 i tana, (Bais 4 | 247 feet] | Light-blue silt ... 7 34 Light-blue silt and clay 5 39 2 433 Sand and gravel ... \ 4, For Lonpon Country Councih New Sewers. Three Borings. Information from Mr. J. R. Dixon, Borough Engineer, 1907. NORTHERN END OF Ear. STREET. Water-level 47} feet down. | Thickness.| Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. Made ground... ae eats 1 0 1 0 ¢ Loaniy clay 5 (0 6 0 [Woolwich Beds] ; Clay ie 5 «(0 ll oO (Green sand 7 0 18 0 ‘ Red sand.. 1 6 19 6 [Thanet Sandl{ White amd | 45 10 | 6B 4 ARMsTroNG PLACE. Water-level 35 feet down. | Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground gus sia aes 10 10 ( Loamy sand 3 13 [2 Woolwich Beds] 4 Black sand 2 15 ( Green sand sa 4 19 White pet ea 26 | 45 Loamy san 4 49 [Thanet Sand] Loamy green sand 1 50 Green sand 1 | 51 Chall dint Er 4 55 TRIAL-BORINGS. 273 Eastern Enp oF ArtILLery Puace, on Barrack Ground. Water-level 111 feet down. Thickness.| Depth. Ft. Ft. (? Blackheath Beds] Gravel 4 4 (?Blackheath, ,. 104 144 or Woolwich ' Richt Dena sand ... gi 24 Beds] S is Blue clay and shells 1 354 [Woolwich ) Light-grey and loamy sand 44 40 Beds] Grey sand ... sb 7 47 Mottled loamy san 9 56 Light-brown sand ... ol 107 [Thanet Sand] piEN i ae 22 109 Chalk and flints 23 132 10,000 274 KENT WATER SUPPLY. ANALYSES OF SPRING WATERS. A number of analyses of waters from springs having been collected it seems well to give these separately from the far larger number that refer to well-waters. In some cases supplies are of a mixed character, from springs and wells, and these have been classed with the wells. The new supply for Littlestone (at Lydd) is really got from a very shallow excavation; but it is practically a spring, for the water oozes out of the shingle close by. Aylesford. Cossineron Sprines. Used for the supply of Maidstone. From Lower Chalk. By H.R. Grecory, in the Report to the Local Government Board on the Epidemic of Typhoid Fever, 1897, pp.67, 74-76. ?In grains per gallon except the ammonia, which is in parts per million. All 1897. 1, September 29th. 2, Tank No. 1, November 10th. 3, Tank No. 2, November 5th. 4, Tank No. 3, November 5th. 1. 2 | 3. | 4 Total solids ... .. | 168 22°5 24°4 18°3 Nitrogen as nitrates... "34 46 17 23 Chlorine a8 sie 1°47 1:4 1:33 14 Oxygen in 15 minutes 0028 _ 0059 0059 * » 4 hours... 0038 _— ‘0079 “0079 Ammonia, free oe none 02 ‘01 “04 Ammonia, albuminoid | slight trace 02 ‘01 02 Total hardness we | 16°89 16°49 137° 16°4° Permanent hardness... 4-99 66° 6:39 10°89 All clear blue in 2-foot tube. Boughton Malherbe, Liverron Springs. By H.R. Grecory, August, 1898. Communicated by Dr. F. PARSONS. At the junction of the Hythe Beds and the Atherfield Olay. Yield 26,640 gallons a day in August, 1898. (F. P.) Total solids ax on we ies au swe 22° \ Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 15 minutes -0018| Grains ” ” ” ” ” 4 hours... 0037 5 per Nitrogen as nitrates... i sie is .. ‘57 | gallon. Chlorine as chlorides ... ess ies sit ww. «154 Y Ammonia, none free, albuminoid ‘01 per million. Hardness, total 16°2°, permanent 3°7°. Colour and appearance in 2-foot tube, clear blue tinge. A water of very great organic purity, evidence of organic contamination being almost absent, In all respects most suitable for supply. ANALYSES, SPRING WATERS. 275 Boxley. 1. Sprinc. About 200 feet above Ordnance Datum. From Chalk covered with about a foot of loam. April, 1899. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Taresa. In parts per 100,060. Ca. | Mg. | Na. | CO, | SO, | Cl | NO; Probable 87 3 125 | ‘65 | 215) 5:2 combinations. 8:35 | — —_ 125) — _— — |Caleium carbonate 20°85 23} — _— — 65 _ — |Calcinm sulphate... ‘9 _ 3 -- _ _ 9 — |Magnesiumchloride 1:2 _— — 8 — —_— 1°25 | — | Sodium chloride ... 2°05 -- —_— 2 — _— _— 5-2 | Sodium nitrate... 7°2 Silica, ete. ... awe ~=18 Total solid constituents dried at 180°C. 34: Organic ammonia (no free ammonia, no nitrites) ‘001 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27°C... e021 A churchyard near on higher ground possibly explains the large amount of nitrates. 2. BoaRLey Sprinc. Taken for the supply of Maidstone. From Lower Chalk. By H. R. Greeory, in the Report to the Local Government Board on the Epidemic of Typhoid Fever, 1897, pp. 67,72-74. ?In grains per gallon, except the ammonia, which is in parts per million. All 1897. 1, drawn from Temple Court, September 29th. 2, Boarley Tank, in Wood, November 10th. 3, Boarley Tank, at part of Long Heading, Laid Valley, November 5th. 4, Boarley Well, in meadow at back of farm, November 5th. 5, Boarley Tank, at corner of orchard, November 5th. 1. 2. 3. | 4, | 5. Total solids ... we. | 25° 276 15° 245 25° Nitrogen as nitrates 46 ‘69 DT “46 57 Chlorine ss we | 154 161 1°54 1:47 1:47 Oxygen in 15 minutes 0019 “0019 0029 0019 — 3 » 4 hours... 0057 0049 “0049 0059 0039 Free ammonia «» | none 02 ‘01 very slight| none trace Albuminoid ammonia 01 04 01 ‘01 ‘01 Total hardness ace | 175° 18°5° 154° 16°1° 16°8° Permanent hardness 56° 52° 42° 45° 4°2° All clear blue in 2-foot tube. Charing. SumMeErnHouseE Sprinc. From Chalk. Yield insufficient for the supply of the place. March, 1896. By M. K. Rogsrnson, communicated. by Dr. F. Parsons, Albuminoid ammonia (no free ammonia) ‘02 parts per million. Chlorine ... xa wats «. 14 +) Grains Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes ‘01 per Nitrogen as nitrates... ve 705 \ gallon. A good water, suitable for public supply. Cheriton and Hythe. By L. Bryts, September 1855. Papers Corps R. Eng., ser. 2, vol. v., pp. 76, 79, 80. In grains per gallon. The Nos. follow those of well-water analyses (see p. 294). 82 276 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 4. “At Seabrook, in Horne Street . . . . in a valley beneath the hill on which the camp was formed. It flows out from a wall at the foot of the opposite hill. . . . Itsends forth w constant stream, which at a rough guess may be averaged at about 20 gallons per minute, and runs to waste in a ueighbouring mill stream.” a “ On the side of the hill, on which the camp is at present placed, at ythe.” 6. ‘“‘ Spring used by the soldiers at the present camp, at Hythe.” All from Kentish Rag. 4 5 6 Chloride of magnesium at 1:12 trace trace Chloride of calcium... = trace trace trace Chloride of sodium ck ae 4°26 2-43 2°86 Carbonate of magnesia his 1:78 2°45 1:98 Carbonate of zine [lime] es 16°38 14-7 15°36 Silica cals i sit seis 3°62 3:08 3°24 Tron 5 eine sia avs trace trace trace Sul phates see st aad trace trace trace Nitrates ... iss alg ate — trace -- Ammonia... sts si aise — _ Organic matter . aes ae trace trace “78 Total soluble matter ... sy 27:16 22°66 24°22 Mechanical impurity ; in 4 no beanail in 5 very slight deposit (grit, confervee) ; in 6 slight deposit (grit, confervze), Of 4 it is said: ‘“ The solid constituents partake of the character of the rock trom which it issues, and consist principally of lime, which is soluble in carbonic acid.” It is clear therefore that the alarming entry of zine is a printer’s error, ‘‘The water contains a large quantity of carbonic acid in a free state, . . but on exposure to the air, this gas flies off, and the lime which it held in solution will be deposited in an insoluble form.” 4. “The water . . was bright, cool and sparkling . . agreeable and refreshing to the taste.” 5,6. ‘The samples . . although not so bright . . were entirely free from bad taste or smell.” East Barming. Sprincs formerly taken for the supply of Maidstone. From Lower Greensand. By M. A. Avams, in the Report to the Local Government Board on the Epidemic of Typhoid Fever, 1897, pp. 64, 65. From catch-pits 1 to 11, by the South Eastern Railway. Of these 6= Little Church spring, 7=Big Church spring, 8=Church End spring, 9= Hospital spring, 10=Underbank spring, 11=Knd spring. The samples from 1 to 5 were taken on September 20th, the rest on September 25th. It is enough herve to give the highest and lowest figures, without going into details for each case. The results are in grains per gallon, except the ammonia, which is in parts per million. Total solids... ae ain . 869 (in 9) to 49°7 (in 11) Lossonignition ... ott .. 8 (in 5) to 5°2 (in 2) Chlorine... » 21 (in 1) to 33 (in 4) Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites °57 (in 6) to 1°52 (in 1) Albuminoid animonia (no free) ... none in 4,7, 9) to °3 (in 5) Oxygen absorbed in } hour «003 (in 1) to*1 (in 5) “ 6 », 4hours «. ‘015 (in 6, 7, 9) to 82 (in 5) Phosphoric acid... may ... very slight trace (in 6) to moderate trace ‘ (in 3, 8, 10) Total hardness... ee ... 17-2 (in 9) to 23°4 (in 11). Permanent hardness a «. 8:2 (in 2, 5) to 10°6 (in 11) ANALYSES, SPRING WATERS. 277 Two-foot tube, clear bluish-green, clear greenish-blue, or clear green, in all but 5, which was green and slightly turbid. No smell in any. as Appearance of residue on ignition, from “ slightly blackens and fuses ” (in 1, 2) to “ very black and fuses ”’ (in 8). Slightly different results are given by H. R. Grucory on p. 66 of the Report, and some of his samples were taken on September 22nd. It seems needless to reproduce these. Folkestone. Sprincs at Cherry Gardens. From Lower Chalk. February 28th, 1873. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p.123. Repeated p. 343. Clear and palatable. Temperature 11°C. Total solid impurity a .. 214 1 Organic carbon ... ie we = 1025 Organic nitrogen(no ammonia)... °004' Parts per Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites “313 ¢ 1V0,000. Total combined nitrogen... si ELEY Chlorine... mae oN we 29) J Hardness, temporary 21°3, permanent 5; total 263. Other analyses, of samples that must have been partly spring-water, are given on pages 305-307. Fordwich, Public supply. Communicated by Dr. F. PARSONS. Spring in Thanet Sand, from cultivated ground. Yield averages 300 gal- lons an hour. By Me. S. Harvey, February, 1898. From the reservoir. In grains per gallon. Appearance clear. No smell. Chlorine in chlorides ... sis ais we = -2°38 Phosphoric acid in phosphates, trace Nitrogen in nitrates ... ans dle Se 93 Ammonia zie i ez sel iets 0007 Albuminoid ammonia ... bes ae ade 0081 Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes, trace only Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours ... wars alors 032 Total solid matter ... it w= 2103 Hardness before boiling 12°9°, after boiling (permanent) 6°6°. Microscopical examination of deposit. Slight and unimportant. “The nitrates figure is still rather high, but the general results com- pare favourably with those of the two previous analyses [not now given] and indicate water of fair organic purity.” Hougham. Lyppen Spour. On the coast southward of the village. From Chalk. Made and communicated by Mr. C. Exin. In parts per million. Total solids 321 Z Chlorine... 37 Nitrozen as nitrates (no nitrites or ammonia) 2°63. Hardness, Clark’s scale, 14°5°. Hythe. 1. THE Brewery. From Lower Greensand, In grains per gallon. Communicated by Mr. W. R. MackEson (1878). Mineral matter ... 31:76) Total solid matter °3°76 Volatilized matter 2° }$ grains per gallon. Hardness before boiling 19°9°, after boiling 10°. 278 KENT WATER SUPPLY. The mineral matter was of the following composition :— Silica ... 64 Carbonate of lime 13°65 Sulphate of lime 6°42 Nitrate of lime 2°03 Carbonate of magnesia 2°2 Chloride of potassium Chloride of sodium... Carbonate of sodium 2. WATERWORKS. Grains per | gallon. 3. SANDGATE WATERWORKS. An analysis of a sample in part spring-water is given on p. 321, From Lower Greensand, see p. 65. By R. BopMser. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons. Total solids, dried at 120°C. ... . 33°04 Combined chlorine (=Na Cl. 5°45) 3:3 Grains Nitrogen as nitrates (no nitrites) ‘ll oF Saline ammonia ... aiid 0004 a aii Albuminoid ammonia ... .. 0083 | 8 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours ab 2790. ‘016 Hardness 20°08°. A water of satisfactory organic purity. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 121. An earlier analysis of the water of the Honeywood Spring, February 28th, 1873. Clear and palatable. Temperature 129C. Total solid impurity... » 46°74 \ Organic carbon a ‘1 Ps rts Organic nitrogen (no ammonia) 007 = Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites ‘358 100, 000 - Total combined niHonS sia "365 Chlorine 52 Hardness, temporary 20°8, permanent 8:9, total 29°7. The following, by G. W. Wiener, in The Water Supply of Sea-side Watering-places, 1878, p. 39, is presumably from the same source, though he was under the impression that the supply came partly from the Folke- stone Works at Cheriton. The sample was drawn from a main tap. Results in grains per gallon. Total solid matter . 346 Loss on ignition after deducting combined « car rbonie acid 4°37 : we 62 Chlorine calculated as chloride of sodium.. Nitrogen as ammonia . "0022 i 9 albuminoid ammonia 0023 # s, nitrates ‘109 5 » nitrites er 003 Total nitrogen in these four forms es 1165 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter 012 Hardness, Clark’s scale, before boiling 17°8°, after boiling 4°59. Pale blue; fair smell. good supply. Microscopic results very satisfactory. A very ANALYSES, SPRING WATERS. 279 Lydd. LirrLesrone-on-Sea, New Water Supply. From Shingle, see p. 65. By Sir T. STEVENSON, in grains per gallon. Communicated by Mr. A. F. PHILLIPs. Sample taken from supply-tap in New Romney, 26th February, 1907. No colour, odour or turbidity. Soda (Na.O) ... ee . 1:37 Potash (K,0), traces Lime (CaO) ing sits . 201 Magnesia (M. gO) 49 Iron oxide (Fe,O,) . 106 Chlorine .. . 139 Sulphuric acid (SOs) sia .. 55 Nitric acid (N.O;) traces. No nitrous acid at ANaCa) Combined carbonic acid id (ODD) ts Silica (SiO,) te Total solid residue, dried at 148°C. given as 8°46. These constituents may be arranged as follows :— Sodium chloride ... wee 229 Sodium sulphate ... wie BT Potassium chloride, traces Caleium sulphate ... Calcium carbonate 58 (Total 7:91 :, 3:16 | Grains per gallon.] Magnesium carbonate ... 1:03 Tron oxide ... 06 Silica *42 Hardness, Clark’s scale, temporary 4°3°, permanent *6° ; total 49°. “A good pure water. It contains little saline matter, but enough to prevent its acting as a solvent on lead. The organic purity is high and no contamination could be detected. Further the water is non- ferruginous, colourless, bright and of beautiful appearance.” Perhaps the small amount of common salt is chiefly due to spray from the sea being carried across the shingle.—W. W. Maidstone. Springs supplying the town. From the Chalk August 8th, 1873. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sieth Report, 1874, p. 127. Given as an example of a polluted spring-water [locality not given: so there is some doubt. The Chalk-springs now used yield a good water. —W.W.] Slightly turbid. Palatable. Temperature 18°C. Total solid impurity . 39°16 Organic carbon : 138 Organic nitrogen ... 044 | Parts Ammonia 004 Nitrogen as ‘nitrates and | nitrites 87 Total combined ere Chlorine per 100,000. ‘917 35 Hardness, temporary 20°8, ierniiient 71; total 27°9. Northfleet or Southfleet. Sprincurap, January 17th, 1873. From the Upper Chalk. Rivers Pollution Commission. Clear and palatable. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 123. Temperature 9°28 C, Total solid impurity » 89°3 Organic carbon a5 “050 Part Organic nitrogen (no ammonia) w= O11 tee . Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites °863 100, 000. Total combined nitrogen . 874 Chlorine 25 Hardness, temporary 23:2, permanent 71 , total 30°3. 280 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Pembury. Spring from Hasting’s Beds, July 7th, 1870. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 121. Clear and palatable. Temperature 15°5° C. Total solid impurity ... soe 12°26 Organic carbon ... an v= °002 Organic nitrogen (no ammonia) ‘004 | Parts Nitrogen as/nitrates and nitrites -496 f 16h 000 Total combined nitrogen wa 78 Chlorine ... ‘ Gas we 283 J Hardness, temporary none, permanent 3°3. Penshurst- Tups’s Hote. Spring used for public supply. (See p. 67.) Water trom Tunbridge Wells Sand. By Dr. M. A. Apams, December 1899. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons. Total solids sits aes . 18) Loss on ignition ... ees we O° | Chlorine... ahs Be .. 14 | Grains Nitrogen as nitrates (aoammonia) “24 \. per Ozygen absorbed in 15 minutes... +008 | gallon. Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours... ‘015 | Phosphoric acid, slight trace J (A copy from Mr. T. HENNELL gives the total solids as 11:2.) Hardness, total’6'7°, permanent 4°7°. Appearance in 2-foot tube, pale clear green. Nosmell. An excellent water. Petham. NAILBOURNE-WATER. Taken atastrong spring. From the Chalk. W. H. HamMonp. 22nd Rep. H. Kent N.H. Soc., p. 24 (1880). Total solids... san 7 2DP Chalk ... tg tte 1442 | Grains per Nitric acid... w= «125 gallon. Chlorine ‘iat we 124 ) Free ammonia ... ae ‘01 i Parts per Albuminoid ammonia... 03 million. No nitrites. For analysis of water from neighbouring wells see p. 332. Pluckley. Spring from Lower Greensand, at the junction of the Hythe Beds with the Atherfield Clay. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons. Yield 12°24 gallons a day, May 14th, 1896. Analysis by M. kK. Rosinson, from Spring Head, November 4th, 1896. Total solids ... .. 28° 2 Grains per Chlorine fie .» 211) gallon. Oxygen used in 15 minutes, none Nitrates, traces Ammonia... .. 02 ) Parts per Albuminoid ammonia °00335 million. “ Good and very suitable for drinking-purposes.” ANALYSES, SPRING WATERS. 281 Sandgate. Camp Roap Sprinas. From Lower Greensand. February 28th, 1873. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 127. Given as an example of a polluted spring-water. Clear and palatable. Temperature 10°8° C. Total solid impurity ... . B69] Organic carbon ... a = = 146 Organic nitrogen as cen 208 | oy Ammonia . 001 + Nitrogenas ; nitrates and nitrites °955 | 100, ‘000. Total combined ahenee 986 | Chlorine ... ‘ ie . BO J Hardness, ues 6°9, permanent 9°7 ; total 16°6. WATERWORKS, see under Hythe. Sevenoaks. Mr. SportiswoopeE’s Sprina, August 8th, 1873. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 123. Repeated p. 294. Slightly turbid. Palatable. Total solidimpurity ... a B44 Organic carbon ... ‘es = 053 Part Organic nitrogen (no ammonia) 009 \ arts Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites +277 | A 0 Total combined i vw. 1286 | 100,00 Chlorine ... di, sn 3 Hardness, Pana 25°3, permanent 6°9 ; total 32-2. Tunbridge Wells. Water from Tunbridge Wells Sand. 1. BaTCHELOR’S SPRING. 2, CoLLiIn’s SPRING. By Sir T. Stevenson, May, 1899. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons. Both from the junction of the Tunbridge Wells Sand and the Wadhurst Clay. In grains per gallon. 1 2. Total solid matter... ee Pes we | 616 10°08 Loss on ignition says ae ge ia "28 1:96 Combined chlorine ... ie aig we | 14 154 Equal to common salt.. “3 dis ive | QSL 2°54 Nitrogen as nitrates (no nitrites) vt es 15 “73 Ammonia 2 che ... | °0005 | traces Albuminoid or organic - ammonia ... “0025 ‘001 Oxygen required to oxidise organic matter 007 006 Hardness in 1, 2°7°; in 2,5°7°. Both free from odour and when viewed in bulk colourless and clear. Excellent non-ferruginous waters of small salinity and of the highest degree of organic purity, well fitted for supply. Very many analyses of Tunbridge Wells Springs are given in the multi- tude of works on those waters. 282 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 3. THE CHALYBEATE SpRinG. (See p. 45.) By J. THomson, in grains per gallon. pp. 223-229. Reprinted in “The Geology of the Weald,” 1875, p. 353. Sulphate of lime... Carbonate of lime Carbonate of magnesia ... Chloride of potassium ... Carbonate of potassa Journ. Chem. Soc., 1858, vol. x., 21 4494 11172 *2345 5978 Chloride of sodium on «. 3178 Carbonate of iron a 3°9123 Carbonate of manganese, trace Silica ane rae we = 525 Organic matter, trace iis ae Total .. v 1251142 West Farleigh. Springs, from Lower Greensand, formerly taken for Maidstone Waterworks. By M. A. Apams in the Report to the Local Government Board on the Epidemic of Typhoid Fever, 1897, pp. 64, 65. Results in grains per gallon, except the ammonias, which are in parts per willion. Some analyses of mixed waters are also given. Tutsham Ewell. Injecti Ewell. Tutsham-in-field.| in- |W": ic aoa SS orchard. ens pipe. Sept. Oct. Nov. | Sept. Oct. Oct. 19th. 19th. 16th. 19th. 19th. 29th. Total solids ... we | 895 88°5 34°8 232 22°9 23°1 Loss on ignition | 88 49 26 15 19 3:2 Chlorine eat .| 25 21 19 2 18 18 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites aise wal ‘81 “68 7 62 38 Free ammonia «| bone ‘01 none | none none none Albuminoid ammonia 13 17 02 ‘07 02 02 Oxygen absorbed in + hour - site 012 ‘01 “003 005 007 004 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours ss sie 023 02 012 017 ‘01 008 Phosphoric acid moder-| heavy | slight | slight | very | moder- atetrace| trace | trace { trace | heavy ate . trace | trace Total hardness «| 18°7 22: 185 12:7 14: 129 Permanent hardness... | 11°3 8-9 87 63 55 53 Two-foot tube green, | opaque| clear | clear pale pale very brown | bluish- | green clear | clear turbid | very | green blue blue dirty and bad Smell ... slight | none none | pone | none none Appearance of residue blackens} very |slightly| black-| fuses | moder- on ignition and black |blackens| ens and ately fuses | and fus- slightly | black- ing, bad blackens,| ens looking rather ~ bad ANALYSES, SPRING WATERS. 283 Slightly different results are given by H. R. Grecory on pp. 66, 76-79 of the same Report; but it is needless to reproduce these here. Some of the dates differ from the above. Another analysis, by Dr. A. HARDEN, “from Ewell springs direct, 27th October,” is as follows ie aca v a — Total solids ... wa 7 . 32:2 Chlorine ; ase we 29 Alkalinity (expressed as Ca ‘CO,)... wa .. 165 Albuminoid ammonia (no free ammonia), trace Nitrogen as nitrates (no nitrites) .. i Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 15 minutes and in 4 hours wie 0 “Remarkably free from organic matter.” But ‘the figure for oxygen absorbed seems to me impossible.—W. W West Malling. St. Leonary’s Sprina, August 8th, 1873. From Lower Greensand. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 121. Clear and palatable. Temperature 10° C. Total solid impurity ... see 29°72 Organic carbon ... ef we 084 P. Organie nitrogen (no ammonia) °007 | arts Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites 151 [ | 00.00 0 Total combined neers -- “158 | Bruns Chlorine ... a ie ave 22 J Hardness, capers 20°7, permanent 3°5; total 24:2. 284 KENT WATER SUPPLY. ANALYSES OF WELL WATERS. In submitting the following fairly large collection of analyses, attention is drawn to the fact that these are of very unequal value. It is not common to get a finished mineral analysis, which of course is what the geologist wants, as enabling hin to trace the history (and sometimes troubling him with the mystery) of a water. Nevertheless, the less detailed analyses are of much value. Again, amongst the analyses given there are many of respect- able age, and referring to wells not now existing or not now used. But it seems to the writer that these too are of interest, as connected with a past state of things and as illustrating some advance in sanitary work. The story of the past is often of interest. Some of the detailed analyses, as those from Ashford and Hadlow, are not easy to understand; it is indeed hard to ex- plain the presence of some of the salts in such quantity as is shown. Printed records have been examined, but there must be many others unknown to the writer, and of which he would like to be told. Many unpublished analyses have been communicated, largely by Dr. TorEsH and Dr. Parsons; but there must be a great number of others hidden away in the records of various water-undertakings and unknown to anyone but their owners. The writer appeals to persons who have such information to communicate it, so that it may form part of a Supplement to this Memoir, when the occasion arises for such a publication. One cannot but regret that chemists put forward their results in such diverse ways. It would be a great labour to reduce the following analyses to one form; and indeed it could hardly be done for all. As with wells and borings the following analyses are arranged in the alphabetical order of places. Ash. Tue Brewery. (See p. 73.) Comraunicated by Messrs. GARDNER. Made by Mr. S. Harvey, of Canterbury, November, 1900. Sample clear, of a blue-green when viewed through the 2-foot tube. Devoid of smell. Mineral Analysis (in grains per gallon). Calcium sulphate ae we BAT Calcium carbonate sa .. 173 Magnesium carbonate ... we UT Magnesia (probably as silicate) +14 Silica os ls ot a. §=154 Iron oxide, trace only, and Loss ‘51 Potassium chloride 88 wey Lal Sodium chloride ... uaa we 401 Total mineral matter ... 32°62 Carbonic acid gas, free and as bicarbonate, 17°18 cubic inches. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 285 Organic Analysis. Chlorine in chlorides : 2°87 Phosphoric acid in phosphates, ‘absent: (practically) _ Nitrogen in nitrates 03 Ammonia, albuminoid ... ‘ais wie ia w. —0018 Ammonia ... or we 0252 Oxygen absorbed in n 15 minutes, trace only i 4 hours ia ae eu 038 Total solid matter .. sis oan | 83° 25 Hardness before boiling 26°, after boiling 92, Clark’s eae: Alkalinity, expressed in terms of carbonate of lime, 20°9, almost all removable by boiling. The water contains a fair amount of gypsum (6°92 grains per gallon) and more magnesia-salts than usual in waters of the district. Organically it is very pure and the nitrates very low. There is no evidence therefore of sewage- -percolation, either past or present, and the unusual figure for ammonia js due to the formation from which the water originates and should cause no anxiety. Altogether the water is admirable “for general brewing-purposes. [Although the boring reaches to the Chalk, it would seem that some of the water must come from the Tertiary sand. Ae, W.] Ashford. 1. Brewery. New boring. (In Hastings Beds. See p. 75). Three analyses communicated by Messrs. IstER & Co. By Messrs. J. M. Cottetr & Co., of Gloucester. 1901. Sample received June 27th. Free or saline ammonia dus se *38 Parts per million. Albuminoid ammonia ... as eis 048 a i Chlorine ... ast a w. §=58°45 Sulphuric anhydride ain ie 7:31 | Carbonate of lime (no other lime) we = 7:06 | Magnesia ... ay “41 Soda and potash, caleulated as soda ... 67°37 Laie per gallon. Saline residue... Les ... 139°16 | Organic and volatile matter ... w= 218 | Total solid residue at 212° F. ... w. 14134 | Suspended chalk and siliceous matter 25°81) No nitric anhydride or nitrous acid. ‘The water was filtered before determining the saline residue.” “The following represents the most probable saline constitution ” :— Calcic carbonate... 7°06 Magnesic carbonate 86 | Grains Sodium sulphate ... 12°73 per 3 carbonate... 21°81 | gallon. » Chloride ... 96:44 Sample opalescent. Waiter fairly pure with regard to organic matter, “since relative proportion of ammonia separated by Wanklyn’s test might be considered normal to deep bore-hole supplies drawn from the Chalk below the London Basin Clay.” “Large proportion of sodium chloride sufficient indeed to condemn the supply for use in Ale or Beer production. It is probable, however, that steady pumpiog will effect a reduction in the... dissolved salts.” “The existence of both Sulphate and Carbonate of Sodium constitutes a noticeable feature and we can only infer that sea-water has percolated into . the water-bearing strata.” [This however can hardly be the case, as the well is nearly ten miles from the nearest sea. The fact that the Hastings Beds are not of marine origin adds to the difficulty of explaining the large amount of sodium-chloride in this water.] 286 KENT WATER SUPPLY. By Messrs. Surron and Purxurps, of Stowmarket. July 18th, 1901. In grains per gallon. Free ammonia ... oo xe es was ps «= 059 Albuminoid ammonia . ie iG ink v» — 008 Oxygen absorbed in an hour. i sis sie si "185 ‘n 3 hours 156 Nitrogen, as nitrates and nitrites & nitrie acid, 3866) 857 Chlorine .. it ine aad By . 61°6 Carbonic anhydride ate sss ait sti ts ve 11:7 Sulphuric spurane sh mie eas os sy we 471 Lime aie sls wis ae ats Siete we = 56 Magnesia vee er ati ait ee aid w — *63 Potassium si shi re ee sigs “ip wo 25°67 Sodium ... aay te as sue es sei o 89°91 Silica... a0 wee sod .. =154 No oxides of i iron or alumina. Hardness before boiling 3°, after boiling 2°. “Mhe mineral constituents are probably combined as follows” :— Carbonate of lime ae iste 1: % ») Magnesia... iG 1°32 as » potash ... oe 33°14 Sulphate of potash sin we: 10°24 Nitrate of potash a ww. . 614 Chloride of sodium... w= 10154 Silica aie ait ah sia 154 Total mineral constituents 154-92 (given as 154-89) “The Free Ammonia in this water is very high, and as the Nitrogen exists principally as Nitrite . . . it cannot be regarded as a water safe to use for drinking purposes. We think however that so far as the Organic matter is concerned that the water will very much improve by pumping.” “‘Tts mineral constituents are of a very peculiar nature.” By G. H. Morris. Sample received September 20th, 1901. Appearance cloudy and slightly yellow. Taste saline. Smell earthy. Reaction alkaline. Sediment consisted entirely of mineral matter. Ammonia, free and saline .. 1:09 parts per million. i albuminoid ... ww. = 01 * 4s Oxygen absorbed in 20 minutes ‘07 <5 ‘5 3 hours.. 17 Total solid matter (volatilisable ‘42, the rest not) 139'86 grains per gallon. The solid matter contained the following basic and acid bodies :— Silica ... hs *b6 ) Alumina sete 17 Oxide of iron... 04 Lime ... = =6 106 G Magnesia... “1y rains Soda a. ... T1485) A Potash aa abt |e OMe Chlorine .. 60°62 Nitric acid ... 13 Sulphuric acid 4:61 J ‘‘The above ... would exist ... combined together, in all probability, as under ” :— Sodium chloride ... 999 ) » aditrate 2 » sulphate ... 591 » carbonate... 27:1 Potassium sulphate 278 Calcium carbonate 1:89 Magnesium _,, 1:49 Silica, &e, ... eat ‘T7) Grains per gallon. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 287 “This water is pure and shows no evidence of any contamination. The total solid matter is however very high and consists mainly of soda-salts, especially chloride. The water for this reason would be unsuitable for many purposes”; quite unfitted for brewing. 2. WATERWORKS. (See p. 77.) a From well, April, 1870. b From No. 2 Henwood well, 21 feet deep, February 28th, 1873. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p.97. In parts per 100,000. Both slightly turbid, palatable. Temperature of b, 11°3°C. a b Total solid impurity ws we | 40° 36°32 Organic carbon isis sie a 085 063 Organic nitrogen ... see 50 015 01 Ammonia... ai “002 004 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites _— 008 Total combined nitrogen .. Bei 017 021 Chlorine vas at 28 28 a Hardness, temporary 27 8, permanent 6°4; total 34:2. b ” ” 19°2 ” V7 ” 26°9. From the pumping well at Henwood. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons, from the Report of the Medical Officer of Health for 1903. ? Made by the Clinical Research Association. Complaints have been made on account of a red deposit of oxide of iron being precipitated on exposure. The precipitate is not injurious to health. Hardness, 27°038. Total solids .. sg sans ae . 402 =) Combined chlorine.. 3 ow. =25 Grai Chlorine expressed as chloride of sodium 4:12 reins Saline ammonia... ake ws .. 0025 f_P i. Albuminoid ammonia aie si w= 0081 gallon. Oxygen absorbed ... age ae ve 016 No nitrates or nitrites. Beckenham. SHoRTLANDS PUMPING STATION OF THE METROPOLITAN WATER Boarp. (See p. 81.) Water from the Chalk, February 8th, 1873. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 101. Repeated pp. 275, 293. Turbid, from workmen in adjoining well. Palatable. Temperature 11°52 C. Total solid impurity we . 30°64 Organic carbon... vee 021 Organic nitrogen (no ammonia) .. 007 arts Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites 354 10h-00 0 Total combined aoe ow. = 361 | 000. Chlorine nine sis w. =16 Hardness, temporary 19°3, uuerenaet 46; total 23°9. By Dr. A. J. Bernays, July, 1878. Sir F. Botron’s “London Water Supply,” 1884, p. 81. There are several analyses of the organic matters, &c., on p. 83, ; 288 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Sodium chloride .... 1°51) Potassium sulphate 12 Calcium chloride... ‘3 Total Calcium sulphate... 2°45 | 99:58 Calcium nitrate ... 58) grains per Calcium carbonate 15°82] gallon. Magnesium nitrate 85 Silica sis tee ODF Hardness before boiling 16°28, after boiling 7°72. Belvedere, see Erith, p. 303, Benenden. Hemstep Pars. February 28th, 1874. From Hastings Beds. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 98. In parts per 100,000. 1. 2. Principal well, Well in dairy- 100 feet. yard, 60 feet. Total solidimpurity ... site 54°56 33° Organic carbon ... ani ee 067 04 Organic nitrogen (no ammonia) 017 009 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites 83, "307 Total combined nitrogen sig 847 316 Chlorine ... ait aie say 93 9°95 1. Hardness, temporary 17°2, permanent 15:3 ; total 32°5, 2. 3 - 67, a 116; ,, 183. Temperature, in 1, 11°C., in 2, 115°. Bexley. Wansunt WELL oF THE METROPOLITAN WATER Boarp, August, 1908. (See p. 85.) Water from the Chalk. By H. J. Heum. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons. Water perfectly clear and colourless, and the analytical results show that it is an unpolluted Chalk-water of very good quality. Total solid matter ... ain ait .. 876 Organic carbon sis a sie we 035 Organic nitrogen esis sis “004 Parts Albuminoid ammonia (no free ammonia) 001 Sp Nitrogen as nitrates (none as nitrites)... *501 100 000 Total combined nitrogen ... a we B05 ay Oxygen consumed in 4 hours at 80°F. .... °007 Combined chlorine ... aie ee aan 19 Hardness, permanent 5'9, temporary 21°9 ; total 27°8. Bobbing. Si1rinapourNE Waterworks. Well 400 feet deep. April 22nd, 1873. (See p. 86.) Rivers Poilution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 101. Repeated p. 293. Clear and palatable. Temperature 11:72 C. Total solid impurity sia we BF | Organic carbon wit bi nor 131 Organic nitrogen ... ye cies ‘01 | Parts Ammonia... ie et sia 002 per Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites 343 | 100,000. Total combined nitrogen ... wih "345 | Chlorine sire , ae 22. J Hardness, temporary 23°1, permanent 4°4; total 27:5, ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 289 Boughton-under-Blean. By S. Harvey, February, 1895. In grains per gallon. Appearance tolerably clear. Colour in 2-foot tube, green-blue. No smell. Chlorine in chlorides wie ue aa eee a. «161 Nitrogen in nitrates a sis iste ite we “4S Ammonia aes wes aie ate sie we 007 Albuminoid ammonia es w= 0014 Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes, trace only ; in 14 hours °022 Total solid matter ... we sie . 28°71 Hardness before boiling 22°, sie boiling 2 3°. Microscopical examination of deposit showed chalk chiefly. The above results are satisfactory throughout and show water free from both organic and sewage impregnation. The sample may be described as a Chalk-water containing 19°7 grains of carbonate of lime per gallon, to- gether with the usual mineral constituents, including a trace of sulphate of lime. Boxley- ForstaL Pumpinac StTaTION OF THE MAIDSTONE WATERWORKS Co. From a boring into the Hythe Beds. (See p. 88.) Made by H. R. Grecory, October, 1898. Communicated by the Company. Colour and appearance in 2-foot tube, slightly turbid. After filtering bright greenish-blue tinge. The turbidity was due to a trace of oxide of iron in suspension. Free ammonia aks ane vee = 02 aaa Albuminoid ammonia its we OL } Parts per million. Total solids . 29° Oxygen [absorbed] i in 15 minutes “001 x Oxygen $5 » 4 hours.. 0075 Grains per gallon. Chlorine wits sae we» =112 No nitrogen as nitrates. Hardness, total 16°2°, permanent 4°29. “The total solids were composed as follows” :— Silica... aa a wis iis a ven MA Oxide of iron ... aise ss ats ae tee SAD Carbonate of lime ... ate Rate os w. 157 Total Sulphate of lime : nee ie ote .. 147 \29 grains Carbonate of magnesia He stil _ we 3°33 per Chloride of sodium aie 3 gallon. Sulphate of sodium 23 Trace of organic matter, combined water, ete. 36 “A water of great organic purity and in all respects an excellent water for a town-supply, and no doubt when the well gets into thorough working condition the slight traces of organic matter will be still further reduced, the trace of iron also will be removed.” Broadstairs. Public Supply. (See p. 91.) From the Chalk. By G. W. Wiener, The Water Supply of Sea-side Watering-places, 1878, pp. 28, 29. Supply then derived from two wells, the older near the town. The water of this he condemned in 1876 (Sanitary Record, September 16th, p. 181), and the well was stated to be disused; but he infers that its water was still mixed with that from the other well. All the wells are in Upper Chalk. 10,000 T 290 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Sample taken from a hydrant. Results in grains per gallon. Total solid matter way . 65°46 Loss on ignition after ‘deducting combined ‘carbonic acid 3 Tron very slight traces Chlorine, calculated as chloride of sodium ... sin o 11 Nitrogen as ammonia ... a sae ibe aint «0012 i » albuminoid ammonia... “ins eile == 0081 i » Ditrates... See Sia (Ps ate we =1:298 7 » nitrites... seis si alge we 017 Total nitrogen in these four forms si on Po .. 13193 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter.. in : ve 7026 Hardness, Clark’s scale, before bailing 17°, ation boiling 6°59. The water was a good pale blue and had no objectionable smell, but a distinctly saline taste. Microscopic results very unsatisfactory. A large number of living organisms present, mostly monads and a few small particles of animal débris. Nitrates twice as much as in unpolluted wells in the district. The following is a more detailed analysis :— Total saline residue «- 252°9 Lime... wae sai at 29° | Magnesia ... as .. 94 1) Grains Soda . .. 8924 per Sulphuric acid (anhydride) 415 | gallon. Chlorine . 94'8 ‘ iron, trace. Probable constitution of saline residue. Chloride of sodium we 1562 Sulphate of soda ... age, LA? \ Grains Sulphate of lime ... we 884 per Carbonate of lime .. wee 238 [ gallon. Carbonate of magnesia 19°8 Free ammonia awe sii "eh Albuminoid ammonia 15 Parts per million. Canterbury. From shallow-wells. 1. Near Gasworks, January 30th, 1871. 2. Public Pump in Cobden Place, November 4th, 1870. 3. Public Pump in passage out of Sun Inn Yard, November 4th, 1870. [Old and abandoned wells.] Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 83. In parts per 100,000. 1 2. 3 Total solid impurity eg ses 65°76 68:12 108° Organie carbon... oa at *249 047 “156 Organic nitrogen ... nee ee “096 023 143 Ammonia ... 165 "024 405 Nitrogen as nitrates and ‘nitrites 1-707 2°362 4:946 Total combined crac a 1:939 2°405 5°422 Chlorine... ee ais 5°18 66 131 Hardness, temporar: ss iy 22:9 27:7 30° si permanent ts aia 14:3 9°4 24:3 3 total... 8 ois 37:2 3771 54:3 1. Very turbid. 2. Clear and palatable. 3, Clear, ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 291 Waterworks, see Thanington. Capel-le-Ferne. Sranpen Pumpina Sration of the Folkestone Water Co. (In Chalk. See p. 97.) By Mr. S. Harvey, December, 1906. ‘Communicated by Mr. H. Turner, Engineer to the Company (and in Water Works Directory, 1907). Chlorine in chlorides... sig sii .. 182 } Nitrogen in nitrates .. Lae ae wes 14 Ammonia iy , sae aie w —0004 | Grains Albuminoid ammonia : w- “OO11 | per Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes, trace only — j| gallon. Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours ens .» 016 | Total solid matter... ea sige w+ 22°89 Clear, green-blue, no smell. Hardness before boiling 18°92, after boiling 3°1°. Microscopical examination of deposit. Slight and unimportant. “The above results are satisfactory throughout and indicate water organically pure and free from sewage-percolation.” Another analysis of the new supply for Folkestone, made and com- municated by Mr. C. Exrn. Chlorine ... 38 = aii we w. 28° Ammonia.. ties i. ; eed Nitrogen as nitrates (no nitrites) oie ae 2S Mh ne Charing. Summernouse WeLL, Now belongs to the Mid- Kent Co. (In Chalk. See p. 97.) June, 1899, Made at the Agricultural College, Wye. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons. ‘In parts per 100,000. Total solids ... oe Je . 31:92 Nitrogen as free ammonia (none as 5 nitrites or nitrates) 012 Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia. aie ssi ve 0072 Oxygen absorbed... — a3 wins aie ve —-°016 Chlorides (as chlorine) ss wei ion aie jae OP No phosphates. Calcium-salts abundant. Magnesium-salts in some quantity. pulp Hani acid as sulphate, slight. Iron in some quantity. Colour in 2-foot tube after filtration very faint green. Water very turbid when received: analysis made on filtered sample. Shows every evidence of organic purity and suitability for drinking- purposes, though rather hard for washing. Charlton. 1. ALBION CHEMICAL Co. Riverside, 1903. Communicated by Mr. C. BEADLE. Silica ... ats . L61 Oxide of iron ... .» = 1:75 { Total Sulphate of lime woe 2932 11176 Carbonate of lime... 21°83 £ Grains Chloride of magnesium 5°85 per Carbonate of magnesia 2°84 | gallon. Chloride of sodium ... 48°56 J Hardness, temporary 14°98°, permanent 37°039 ; total 52°01. Te 292 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 2. Well at Kent Water Co.’s Works, Feb. 11th, 1873. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 106. Repeated p. 275 Given as an example of polluted water from a deep well in the Chalk. Clear and palatable. Temperature 11°8% C. Total solid impurity ... we 92°38 Organic carbon ... ae w. = 7189 Organic nitrogen (noammonia)... °028 \ Parts Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites 901 | per Total combined nitrogen ... +929 ,; 100,000. Chlorine... to sete von 19°7 Hardness, temporary 21:3, permanent 21:3; total 42:6. Both the pumping-stations at Charlton have been abandoned for many years. It seems clear that heavy pumping has resulted in the drawing in of water from the Thames, close by. I believe that the great sewer, made by the Metropolitan Board of Works, which runs very close to the works, has also been alleged to have done some harm to the water.-—W. W. Chatham. 1, Two analyses, by a volumetric process. By E. Nicuotson. Journ. Chem. Soc., 1862, vol. xv., p. 475. A. Water supplied to Fort Pitt by the Water Co. Carbonate of lime ... 16°905 ) Carbonate of magnesia 406 | Carbonate of soda... °329 \ 20-139 Chloride of sodium ... 2°247 grains Oxide of iron... ... ‘112 | Per gallon. Silica ... ails sg «| B. Water from a pump at Fort Pitt. Carbonate of lime _...,_ 5°915 i Carbonate of magnesia ‘203 . Carbonate of iron w. 973 { 10 682 Sulphate of magnesia... 1:428 | grains Sulphate of soda 1. 693 | Per gallon. Chloride of sodium ... 1°47 } Presumably both are Chalk-waters and the difference between them is remarkable. 2. Chatham, Rochester, &c., Waterworks. (See p. 103.) Water from the Chalk, except in the last case, by Dr. THRESH, p. 294. By Mr. D. Campse tt, March. J859. This water is very bright, colourless, fresh and pleasing to the taste. Hardness before softening 18°66°, after softening 2°95°. Volatilized Mineral Total or Carbon- # Matter. ied Matter. Solid Contents. In grains per gallon at 62° F. .| 248 56 25°36 After softening by the liming-process | 8°24 “4 8°64 The mineral matters consist principally of carbonate. of lime, with a little carbonate and sulphate of magnesia, sulphates of potash and soda and chlorides of these bases. It is a first-class pure water. (Several wells at Chatham were examined on a former occasion and their waters were found to contain a considerable amount of nitrates, which shows that they were much contaminated.) ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 293 From Well at Waterworks, March 8th, 1871. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 100. Repeated p. 293- Clear and palatable. Total solid impurity ssi . 33°84) Organic carbon ... aia ow. 042 | Organic nitrogen .. ses .. ‘006 ; Parts Ammonia ... we — °001 ( per Nitrogen as nitrates and ‘nitrites 365 | 100,000. Total combined ee we 372 | Chlorine ... ane we 24 J Hardness, temporary 22°9, emaunei 4:3; total 27°2. Analyses made by Prof. Dewar in 1897. In grains per gallon. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons. 1. Sample from Luton wells. 2. Sample from tap on town-supply. Appearance in 1 trace of chalk, in 2 clear. No odour in either. Reaction slightly alkaline in both. Colour of residue white in both. 1 2. 1 Oxygen required ... ais os ‘Ske a 003 0 Nitrogen... oat 375 406 Nitrogen as combined nitric acid (no aramonia) 1687 1:827 Total solids.. at aa 26°2 27-2 Chlorine (equivalent to common salt 2° 478) ae 1512 1512 Hardness before boiling 19°89 and 20°12, after boiling 3°1 and 3°3. Organic carbon, in parts per 100,000, :044 and ‘01. Organic nitrogen 9 3 9 005 4, + °004. “These results prove that the present condition of the Chatham supply is practically identical with what it was when last examined” (rather better than when examined by Sir E. Franxianp for Royal Commission on River Pollution). “The samples are exceedingly pure and free from organic impurity.” Another analysis, marked as Rochester Waterworks, November, 1897, made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Taresu, was mostly printed in his Examination of Water and Water Supplies, in which the silica &c. is given as 3°9 and the total solids as 42°5. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. ee | Mg. | Na. | COs. SO. Cl. | NOs. Probable 10°7 “4 — 15. 3°2 38 2°2 combinations. 10° —_ 15 — — |Caleium carbonate 25: qT _— _— _ 17 _— — | Calcium sulphate... 2:4 Sai 4 — —_ 15 — — | Magnesium sulphate 1°9 — ;, — | 25 — — 38 — |Sodium chloride ... 63 ~ ji 8 = | = — | 22 |Sodium nitrate ... 3° Silica, &e. ... a. 19 Total solid constituents, dried at 180° C. 40°5 Organic ammonia (no free ammonia) *002. Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C °015. 294 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Another analysis, of January, 1905, made and communicated by Dr. TurrsH, is of later date than the boring into the Lower Greensand, and as follows :— Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. i 1 i 1 Ca. | Mg. | Na. | CO,. | Soy | Ch | NOs. Probable 10-1 3 _ 16° | 3 23 15 combinations. . | | i 101 — — |62;)> — , — — | Calcium carbonate ... 25°3 = 3 = 8 | caer — | Magnesivm carbonate 1:1 a _ 3 _— 3 Lee — | Sodium sulphate... ‘8 — — | 15 — 5 23 — | Sodium chloride ... 38 _— _ 6 sf) a Sf 15 | Sodium nitrate sige Dad Silica, &e. ... ws 13 Total solid constituents, dried at 180° C. 34°4 Organic ammonia (no free ammonia or nitrites) -001. Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. ... ws °024, Dr. T. Duntop has referred (1897) to a water at Chatham, without giving the precise site, as containing 23°5 grains to the gallon of total solids, of which 17°5 were calcium-carbonate and 2-9 sodium-chloride. Cheriton ? SHorncLIFF Camp. Three Wells, in Lower Greensand. By L. Biytu, September 1855. Papers Corps R. Hng., ser. 2, vol. v., p. 76. “The soldiers having been removed to Hythe, the wells were in their most favourable condition.” They “are sunk to the depth of from 100 to 150 feet (in Folkestone Beds), and water is found as soon as they arrive at the clay of the second subdivision” (Sandgate Beds). 1. Opposite Canteen No.1) “recently sunk and . . those most in 2. Opposite Canteen No. 25 use by the men.” 3. Cavalry-barracks, at the back of Col. Power’s house. Old well, used by the cavalry. | 1 2 3 Chloride of magnesium ibe | trace trace — Chloride of calcium ive trace 2°45 _— Chloride of sodium bea we | 10°45 12° 9°38 Carbonate of magnesia ... | 1:46 1:24 1:35 Carbonate of zine [lime]* | 2:24 2°45 2°86 Silica wi ei ie ies | 8:05 8-4 2°01 Tron ‘ ate wae +. | trace trace trace Ammonia, nitrates, sulphates... | trace trace trace Organic matter ... sts | 34 3°46 19 Total soluble matter ... ‘ite | 25°6 30° 175 * Zinc is simply a misprint, lime and not zinc being noted on p. 78 of the paper. Mechanical impurity in 1 and 2 copious deposit (grit, confervze, infu- soria) ; in 3 moderate deposit (grit, confervze, infusoria, crustacea). “ All turbid, although they had not been disturbed for several days ; and . . unpleasant to the taste.” 2. Had a bad smell.” 3. “Would give out a bad smell if kept for 24 hours.” ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 295 Cliffe. Messrs, Curtis & Harvey. June, 1905. (See p. 108.) Water from the Chalk ? The mineral salts in this water are probably combined as follows, in grains per gallon. Calcium carbonate om Sin as sf ww. 85 Calcium sulphate... a8 gs ve aoe . §=154 Magnesium sulphate... as te oan we 3848 Magnesium chloride... .» 69°8 Sodium chloride (no sodium-carbonate or sulphate) 7 Other salts, loss, &e. ... iste ei ie “6 Total mineral salts... Stes ies «- 703° This analysis points, of course, to infiltration of salt water. Cranbrook. 1, GRAMMAR SCHOOL. (See p: 110.) Water from Tunbridge.Wells Sand. Supply abandoned. By M. A. ApAms, County Analyst. Total solids ... ... 945 grains per gallon. Chlorine sos, DF 4 +3 - Free ammonia ... °06 parts per million. Albuminoid ammonia ‘41 _,, +9 6 Hardness 40°, of which 26° are permanent. Water muddy. 2. Public Supply. June, 1906. Two analyses, made and communicated by Dr. J. C. THrEsH, the first of unfiltered, the second of filtered water. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. | Ca. | Mg.| Fe. | Na. | CO;.| SO, | Cl. a Probable combinations. 31 | 1° 8 | —| 48) 53] 31 *2 — —| —| 47 —_— _ —_ | Caleium carbonate... 7-8 —-| - 1), — 1} —| —] — | Ferrous carbonate.. “2 —-/1 — | —-| —]|] 39} — |} — | Magnesium sulphate 49 - —| — 7)! —| 14} — | — | Sodium sulphate ... 2:1 ==] Ss es pe) ee) | ea) | eaiaie: oniéride 2 34 —;/ —] —| 1) —]|] —|] --] +25 Sodium nitrate ... -35 —|— 7 | —; —|]—I| —|!| —)| Ferric oxide es» De Ete. ... ame ive ADS Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. ... wis aoe 33 | -95| _— | — | 4:35) 4 34 15 29} —] —} —|]| 435) — {| —]| — | Calcium carbonate... 7°25 4) —| —]; —] — 95} — | — | Calcium sulphate ... 1°35 _ 15 —j| — | —/} 305) — {| — | Magnesium sulphate 3:8 — 2/ —/} —}] —] — 55} — | Magnesium chloride °75 —j}; —]| 18) —} —] —] 2:85) — | Sodium chloride ... 4:7 —|;— 1 —-; -!|—-] *15} Sodium nitrate ... ‘25 Silica, ete. (no trace of iron) .. ale 1:4 Total solid constituents dried ‘at 180° Gy sa 119 5 Free ammonia ... ss ee . unfiltered °004; filtered 002 Organic ,, ” Som » 7002 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27 0? C. + —_ $3 “007 No nitrites in either. 296 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Crayford, Merroporran Water Boarp. (In Chalk. See p. 112.) Keyt Water Co.’s WELL, 200 feet deep, Feb. 8th, 1873. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 100. Repeated pp. 275, 293. Clear and palatable. Temperature 11°4° C, Total solid impurity we BOD Organic carbon ... : 031 Part Organic nitrogen (no ammonia) 005 oe Nitrogenasnitrates and nitrites °505 105 000 Total combined nitrogen ‘D1 Pea Chlorine ... 2°25 Hardness, temporary 20°3, permanent 5°4; total, 25°7. By Dr. A.J. BERNAys, collected October 7th, 1878. London Water Supply, by Sir F. Botton, 1884, p. 81. MSS. Papers of Sir J. Prestwicn. Supplemented (first part) from the Potassoxide 6 ) Sodium-oxide “64 Calcium-oxide 9:92) [Total Magnesia ... °47 | 23°51) Chlorine 117 grains Carbon-dioxide 731 per Sulphur-trioxide ... ‘9 | gallon. Nitrogen-pentoxide 1:27 Silica 1:23 J Probably combined as follows. Sodium-chloride ... 12) Potassium-sulphate 1:11] Total Caleium-chloride... ‘68! 23°24 Calcium-sulphate... °66} grains Calcium-carbonate 16°62 per Magnesium-nitrate 1:74 | gallon. Silica Residue by analysis, 22°96. 1:23 J Hardness before boiling 17°6, after boiling 2°8. There are several analyses of the organic matters, etc., by Dr. A. J. Bernays, in London Water Supply, 1884, p. 82. From two wells. Crossness, see Erith, p. 303. Dartford. Messrs. Hati’s Powper Works. Made and communicated by Mr. C. BEADLE. Sample taken from the discharge of the condenser, derived from the large well in the power-house. Total solids wee 43° Lime (CaO) a .. 1452 Magnesia (MgO)... 57 Silica (SiO.) iat ain 1:25 Ferric oxide and alumina, trace — Chlorine ... za 3°25 Sulphates (SO,) ... 461 Total hardness (Hehner’s method) 28°5, tenporary 18, permanent 10°. Clark’s scale, total 26. The rest-levels average nearly 8 feet above the effective level of the creek. He thinks that at least 5 per cent. of the water pumped is derived from the river. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 297 Deal. From shallow wells. 1. Pump in Market Place, from well under Town Hall. 2. Public Pump in Fish Market. Both August 28th, 1873. [Old and abandoned wells.—W. W.] Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, p. 83. In parts per 100,000. 1; 2. Total solid impurity ... we | 146° 159°16 Organic carbon ... aaa ei ‘241 3 Orgauic nitrogen .. esis ia 034 34 Ammonia ... aus aio Re 17 34 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites 6345 5°969 Total combined nitrogen nie 7779 6589 Chlorine ea shi er 19°2 28°5 1. Hardness, temporary oo permanent 34:3; total 67°3. 2. ” ” 24 ’ ” 471 3 ” 71. 1. Clear. 2. Slightly turbid. Both slight saline taste. We need not be surprised that the Commission speaks of these wells in the following terms (p. 334) :— “The water from the public pump in the Fish Market consisted chiefly of soakage from sewers or cesspools. The large quantities of ammonia and of chlorine which it contained show that a considerable proportion of urine gains access to it. As is usually the ease in such wells, much of the sewage matter was oxidised, but there was still left a marked proportion of actual organic matter of disgusting origin. Although the water was palatable and tolerably clear, its use is very dangerous to the public health, and the well ought to be at once closed. It was much too hard for use in washing, and its manure value was about six-sevenths of that of average London sewage.” “The water from the well in the Market Place was frightfully polluted by sewage. It was entirely unfit for domestic purposes, and the well should be closed in the interests of the public health. It was also too hard for washing. It was well adapted for the irrigation of crops, its manure value being fully equal to that of average London sewage.” 3. Mr. Hinw’s Brewery, 22nd July, 1869. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 106. Given as an example of a polluted water froma deep well in the Chalk. Total solid impurity wee .. 202714 | Organic carbon... io sie “139 Organic nitrogen ... wes we 137 | Parts Ammonia ... 065 $ ~—-per Nitrogen as nitrates and hitrites 1-967 | 100,000. Total combined nitrogen ius 2167 | Chlorine... ain atte w= 71°82 J Hardness, temporary 31, permanent 16°2 ; total 47:2. Apparently a case of fairly free communication with the sea as well as of strong pollution by organic matters. 298 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Deptford. Water from the Chalk. ; 1. Lamperr’s BREWERY. 1844. (See p. 117.) By Prof. T. GraHAM, Proc. Inst. C.E., 1846, vol. v., p. 204,and Report on the Supply of Water to the Metropolis. Appendix ii., p. 94 (and on plate). Carbonate of lime « 16°74) Carbonate of magnesia ‘8 | Total solid Sulphate of magnesia ... 2°75 | matter 26:2. Sulphate of soda .. 267 > Grains per Chloride of sodium ... 191] gallon. Loss sin sig w= 133) 2. NorroLK BREWERY. 3. Broapway. By H. K. Basser, Trans. Soc. Eng. for 1867, p. 75. 2. 3. Carbonate of lime... 16°85 16°34 5 », Magnesia 563 6 Sulphate of lime a 3°332 3°21 Chloride of sodium ... 2°06 2°15 Organic matter was 2°203 23 Alkaline nitrate wae *632 “675 25°64 25°275 4, TRUNDLEY’S Roap. September, 1904, (See p. 119.) Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Toresu. Deposited oxide of iron on standing. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. Ca. | 53" | wa, | CO. | SO, | Cl. | NO,. Probable 17 | ga. * | 164 | 135 | 23°38) 1 | combinations. (23:3) | 109 | — — | 164 — _ — |Calcium carbonate 273 5°65 | -- — — |135 |) — — Calcium sulphate... 19°15 45) — aS _ — 8 — | Calcium chloride... 1:25 = 33 | a — — 96 — | Magnesiumchloride 129 ae = 87 - — | 134 — 'Sodium chloride ... 22:1 Silica, water of hydration,etc. Ferricoxide 4:4 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. ... 8771 Free ammonia 05, organic ammonia ‘005. 5. Works OF THE METROPOLITAN WaTER Boarp. (Wells in Chalk, See p. 118.) By Dr. A. J. Bernays in Sir F. Bouron’s London Water Supply, 1884, p. 81. Supplemented (first part, Bath Well only) from the MSS. Papers of Sir J. PRESTWICH. Samples taken, from the Bath Well, October 7th, 1878, and from the Garden Well June 26th, 1878. In grains per gallon. Potassoxide «= 66) Sodium-oxide a. =156 Caleium-oxide _... 10°91 Magnesia ... aa ET Chlorine... |. 1665 Hee Carbon-dioxide ... 839! ~ Sulphur-trioxide ... 1:46 Nitrogen-pentoxide 1°34 | Silica se -. $119) These are probably combined as in left column of figures below. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 299. Bath Well. | Garden Well. Sodium-chloride isi 2°73 15 Sodium-sulphate aad 27 _— Potassium-sulphate ... 1:23 17 Calcium-chloride ... _ 15 Calcium-sulphate .... 1:26 9°11 Calcium-carbonate ... 18°55 15°41 Magnesium-nitrate ... 1°84 217 Magnesium - carbonate “44 43 Silica ... Ar nie 1:19 1-11 Total... 27°51 33°92 Hardness, Bath Well, before boiling 20°3, after boiling 5°4 ” Garden ” ” ” 20° 27, ” ” 6°97 Total residue, Bath Well, 26°92; Garden Well, 33°12. Another analysis (May 17th, 1878) from the MSS. Papers of Sir J. PRESTWICH. Total solids sus aie w. 8154 ) Nitrogen as ees ete. 50 w= 465 | Nitric anhydride .. : be .. 179 | Grains Albuminoid ammonia (no free ammonia) 002+ per Organic carbon ... vi si «- 02 | gallon. Organic nitrogen .. wee 007 | Chlorine (as sodium-chloride 2° 94) w. «=<178 Hardness before boiling 20°09, after boiling 6:04. Constituents. Sodium-oxide 1°48 P Potassoxide *29 ree Lime .- 1246 ( 8 gallon. Magnesia ... 1°36 A great number of analyses of the organic matters, etc. (other than full mineral analyses) of the waters of the Deptford Waterworks Wells are to be found in Sir F, Botton’s London Water Supply, 1884, pp. 82, 83, by Dr. . BeERnays, as well as of the water supplied at the Deptford Bridge Police Station, pp. 84, 85 ; but none of the analyses are given in the second edition of that book. There are also similar analyses in the Sixth Report of the Rivers Pollu- tion Commission, 1874, p. 10U. Repeated pp. 275, 293. New WELL. February 8th, 1873. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p.100. Repeated pp. 275, 298. Clear and palatable. Temperature 12°2° C. Total solid impurity sae .» 42°94 | Organic carbon ... ats v. — °048 Organic nitrogen .. sees .- 005; Parts Ammonia ... eng w= 001 $ ~~ per Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites 545 ; 100,000. Total combined nitrogen.. w (DOL Chlorine... aes wwe 25 Hardness, temporary 20:1, permanent 9°6 ; total 29°7. 6. MazawaTreE Tga Co. April, 1903. {{ am in doubt whether the well here is in Kent or Surrey ; but one may fairly enter this analysis here.—W. W.] Tnformation from the Company, communicated by Mr. C. BEADLE. 300 KENT WATER SUPPLY. In grains per gallon. Total solids... sich ... 189° Lime (CaO)... Sty we 22°79 Magnesia (MgO) ... we = 631 Sulphuric acid ae w. =14'95 Chlorine... we = 548 Nitric acid (N, Cie ae “85 Silica 9 Oxide of i iron, alumina, ete. “45 Alkalinity 23°3°. Hardness 53° on Wanklyn’s scale. Dover. Pusiic Suppty. (From the Chalk. See p. 122.) 1. By Dy. Lergesy. About 1867? S.H. Naturalist, 1894, vol. i. pt. iv., p. 109. Carbonates of lime and magnesia 13°75) Sulphates ,, 4, 4, - 2°42 Sodium chloride ... st si 92 | . Sodium nitrate ... safe wee 423 ae Silica and alumina za ost 87 ig Organic matter, none ssi sa | BATON | Total solids we 22°01 5 Hardness before boiling 17°, after boiling 64°. The following additional particulars from Royal Commission on Water Supply. Appendix, p. 77. Fol. Lond. Rash Bright and nearly colourless, in glass tube 2 feet long. Organic and other volatile matter... ae 1°04 Grains Oxygen required to ea pneene and other matter 005 per Ammonia... a fis «. 001) gallon. For an analysis in 1873 see futher on. 2. By G. W. Wienzr. The Water Supply of Sea-side Watering-places, 1878, p. 37. Reproduced in S.E. Naturalist, 1894, vol. i., pt.iv., p. 110. Sample drawn from the mains. Results in grains per gallon. Total solid matter... ve we -22°9 Loss on ignition after deducting combined carbonic acid 3°08 Chlorine “calculated as chloride of sodium sis = 281 Nitrogen as ammonia .,. Sine ale ee in ete 0018 4 », albuminoid ammonia ... cate wee i 0024 iy » Nitrates ... awe wis eS te) aoe 139 ¥ » nitrites ... ie sy aie 001 Total nitrogen in these four forms. ‘ts ai aa "1442 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter ob bats ass “011 Hardness, Clark's scale, before boiling 15°, after boiling 3°. Microscopic examination quite satisfactory. Water free from objection- able smell or taste. Good pale blue and free from suspended matter. A first-class water. 3. By Dr. GuaistER. 1893. Reduced to grains per gallon. S.E. Naturalist, 1894, vol. i., pt. iv., p. 110. Previous sewage or animal contamination 2 95 Chloride of sodium . Organie carbon se see sia we 024 Organic nitrogen ... an sib .. 006 Ammonia #6 ots .. 0007 Nitrogen as nitrates ‘and nitrites w. =3°164 Total “nitrogen ais in sii .. = 3°231 Total solid impurity fos i wee 20°72 Hardness before boiling 16°52°, after boiling 3°5°. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 301 4. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Tarssa. March, 1899. Great part published in his Examination of Waters, 1904. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. Ca. | Mg. | Na. | CO3. | SOy. | Cl. | NOs. Probable 97 2 12°3 8 24 2° combinations. 82 — — |123 _ _— — |Calecium carbonate 20°5 35 | — _— -- 8 — — | Calcium sulphate... 1°15 65 | — — _ _ _ 2> | Calcium nitrate ... 2°65 5 — _— — —- 9 — |Caleium chloride... 1:4 — 2 —— —_ — 6 — | Magnesiumehloride ‘8 — - 6 — — 9 — | Sodium chloride ... 15 Silica, ete.... wa 25 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 30°5 Organic ammonia (no free ammonia)... "001 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27°C. *032 Another analysis. From a well half a mile 8.W. of the citadel. Also in Chalk. Ground-level 87 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 65 feet down. Also March, 1899. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. Ca. | Mg. | Na. | COs. | SOy. | Cl. | NOs. Probable 96 3 | 11°4 13 485 | 37 | cowbinations. 76 —_ — |114 — _— — |Calcium carbonate 19° 55 | — — _— 13 — — |Calcium sulphate... 1:85 12 _— — —_ — — 3°7 | Calcium nitrate ... 49 25, — a — — ‘45 | — | Calcium chloride... ‘7 _ 3 _ —_— — 9 — |Magnesiumehloride 1:2 _ _ 2°3 _— — 35 — |Sodium chloride ... 58 : Silica, etc.... we §©2°05 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C, 35°5 Organic ammonia (no free ammonia)... ‘001 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27°C. °029 5. Waterworks well, 220 feet deep. 6. Well in Castle, 367 feet deep. (included here for convenience.) Both March 1st, 1873. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p.99. In parts per 100,000. In both, water clear and palatable. In 5, temperature 11:3 C. In 6, 13°. | . 6 aa Total solid impurity ... vee | 296 * 35°56 Organic carbon ... aay su 034 028 Organic nitrogen... ey se 008 005 Ammonia ... 225 wi aa 001 7001 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites 452 ‘173 Total combined nitrogen ats 461 179 Chlorine ... F aa wi 2°6 4 5. Hardness, temporary 18°6, permanent 5 ; total 23°6. 6. ” ” 18:3, ” 53 4 23°3. 302 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 7. By Mr. 8. Harvey. From sample taken July, 1907. Chlorine in chlorides sists wis .. 161 Nitrogen in nitrates sive ‘ne eee 38 Albuminoid ammonia (no free)... eae 0014 Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes, trace only _— as i » 4 hours lus als “014 Total solid matter ... wee sists see 224T Clear, green-blue, no smell. Hardness before boiling 18°8’, after boiling 3:3’. Microscopical examination of deposit. Slight and unimportant. Mr. H. E. Stitcor remarks on this that the hardness and total solid matter are higher than usual, probably owing to the water coming from new adits, and that the figures will decrease. Downe. Well at High Elms, 150 feet deep, October 30th, 1870. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 100. Repeated p. 293. ” Water clear and palatable. From Chalk. Total solid impurity as .. 80°48 Organic carbon ... sie ‘041 Part: Organic nitrogen (no ammonia)... Vr \ ao Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites 100, 000. Total combined nitrogen sha 466 | Chlorine... as, 118 J Hardness, temporary 21°3, permenant 3°5 ; total 24°8. East Langdon. Easr Kent Waterworks. (From Chalk. See p. 123.) Communicated by Mr. F. L. Bat. By Dr. G. H. Oeston, November 1897. Total solid matter 6 Bes eae 238) Chlorine = said dies sae ot fa Sulphuric acid.. 20 Sai s2 é a | Nitric acid se dize nes Bai ‘1 35 Grains Time! Calcium carbonate | sith dees 300 sie we we ve 2533833 Fixed hard salts ... eae sits eat Jes ie a we = Sulphurie acid (SO,) sisi : sits ast is) Alkaline carbonates sa | Sodium or other, metal, combined with Cl or 80, not ami 71667 in fixed hard salts eae wae 58 : Silica, alumina, iron, ete, ve Total solids by evaporation... vee IDE U2 308 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Oxygen required for organic matter ... as ai at ve —*048 These, with the Free ammonia. ata wis .. 056 oxidisable organic Albumenoid ammonia and nitrous acid,none — matter, are included < Nitric acid (NO,), doubtful ie a. 71108 in the volatile Total nitrogen, included in nitrites and matter (above) nitrates... ats ie aie we 025 The chlorine is in very large excess, also the free ammonia ; but as the well is of great depth the water is not to be rejected on that account. It is very pure in other respects. Dr. Davies writes that he thinks the volatile matter is too high, and that some chlorides may have been driven off. Microscopic Examination. The sediment consists of amorphous matter, with some decaying vege- table matter, a few infusoria and a little sand. 2. WHITEWALL CEMENT Works. (See p. 142.) Water from the Lower Greensand. By Dr. A. VortcKer, June, 1882. In grains per gallon. Communicated by Mr. J. H. Woop, of Formby’ s Cement Works Co. Oxidisable organic matter .. et ie es we 67 Oxide of iron and alumina... we di ae we 136 Lime... asi wise an A a sais = =156 Magnesia aes as ae re te oe we 8 Sulphuric acid one See a2: nae ae .. =1:96 Chlorine or sin ee ote aia ss . 29°88 Soluble silica.. w= "DB Alkalies and carbonic acid, “not determined separately -— Actual (saline) ammonia ... as it ea we 07 Organic (albumenoid) ammonia aos hia we 021 The composition may be represented as follows :— Oxidisable organic matter . ar we 67 Oxide of iron and alumina... ws w= 56 Carbonate of lime... sil ane ig Ok Sulphate of lime... es aay a. 833 Carbonate of magnesia ae on a 168 Chloride of sodium ... ae ‘hie .. 49°23 Alkaline carbonates ... gs “i ... 20°91 Soluble silica ... ish aie au sae «= DB Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 77:28 The water is clear, colourless and free from smell; has a strongly alka- line reaction and contains much carbonate of soda, and is singularly free from organic impurity. Goudhurst. Cranproox Districr Waterworks. From the Company’s “ Rules and Regulations.” Water from the Ash- down Beds. By Dr. O. Henner. Two analyses, in parts per 100,000. Inside bore. | Outside bore. Chlorine ... ste ies ee sa ae 3°15 3:3 Sulphuric acid ... ves se ba is 5°64 5°84 Nitric acid as eu ares ioe ene ‘16 18 Free ammonia ... wa aig iat ae 0078 0083 Albuminoid ammonia ... sie Ae sein “0088 ‘006 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 15 minutes, at 80° F. ds sui8 “0144 +0184 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 4 hours, at 80° F. aie ie ot 0304 0336 Total solids int ee sts sine sais 23°72 23°92 Loss on ignition... 25a ‘ie ss we 144 1°68 Hardness .. te aia oii ini 18 18 Colour in two-foot tube ait cos ts turbid faint yellow ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 3809 “The two samples are almost identical in composition. Both organically and as regards mineral constituents, no fault can be found. . . The slight turbidity . . will no doubt disappear in time . . both samples are perfectly fit for drinking, and for all general domestic purposes.” ? Later analysis, by Dr. J. S. Tew, July 1906, in parts per 100,000. Communicated by Mr. C. D. Murron. Ammonia free axe es sea ... faint trace 4s albuminoid _.. . “002 Oxygen absorbed in 2 hours at 80° F. 005 Total solids wiht sa 20 Loss on ignition 9 Hardness total 9 3 permanent 6 Chlorine ae skis re 34 Nitrogen as nitrites ie ah .. nil 9 1, nitrates oie avs .. trace Iron ... aes wes ets 38 ... strong trace Physical characters. Clear and bright; no smell on warming. Of high organic purity; suitable for drinking and domestic purposes. A bacteriologic examination by Dr. J. S. Trew, April 1906. Average number of organisms [? per cubic centimetre] capable of deve- lopment on nutritive gelatine after incubation for 63 hours at 20° to 22° C. was 19. Proportion of liquefying organisms was | to 4. 12 cubic centimetres distributed on four Agar plates gave no growths after 72 hours incubation at 37° C. 5 cubic centimetres incubated for 24 to 48 hours at 37° C. in 10 e.¢. of Broth with 1 ¢c.c. of Parietti’s fluid, gave no growths. No gas-forming organisms present. Bacteriologically very satisfactory, shewing no sign of animal or vegetable contamination. Gravesend. All these waters are from the Chalk. 1, Close to Milton Church. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Toresu. June, 1899. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. Ca. | Mg. CO 3. | SO, | Cl. | NOs. Probable 10-75 | :35 15° | 1:75 | 25 37 combinations. 10° _— _— 15° — _— 5 | Calcium carbonate 25° 75; — — _— 175 | — —- | Calcium sulphate... 2°5 — *B5 — _ — 1 — | Magnesiumchloride 1°35 —_— — 1 —_— — 15 — |Sodium chloride ... 2°5 _— -- 1:35} — -- —_ 37 | Sodium nitrate ... 5°03 Silica, ete.... a. 16 Total solid constituents dried at 180°C. 38° Organic ammonia (no free ammonia)... ‘006 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. °042 310 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 2. PRINCE oF Wates INN. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. THRESH. Well 35 feet deep, in Chalk. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. Ca. | Mg. | Na. | COs. | SO, | Cl. | NOs. Probable 12: 6 15° 18 26 | 5:75 combinations. 10° — -— 15° — _— — |Caleium carbonate 25° 75) — -- _— 18 - -— | Calcium sulphate... 2°55 1:25) — — _ —_ 2) —- | Calcium chloride... 3°45 — 1b _ — _— “4 -— | Magnesiumehloride ‘55 _— 45 | —- _— — — 23 | Magnesium nitrate 2°75 —_ —_— 1:3 — — _ 3°45 | Sodium nitrate ... 4°75 i Siliea, ete.... we 65 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 39°7 Free ammonia... ee has 008 Organic ammonia.. 003 Oxygen absorbed in 14 hours at 27° C.. - 018 3. Raitway Station. January 17th, 1873. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 106. Given as an example of polluted water from a deep well (70 feet) in Chalk. Clear and palatable. Temperature 10°C. Total solid impurity... .. 68) Organic carbon wn eee 1 2T | Organic nitrogen .. ‘ies we 029 \ Parts Ammonia ... “3 we 076 per Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites 2-937 | 100,000. Total combined nitrogen Gex ial Chlorine... is see sie 4 Hardness, tempcrary 27:9, permanent 14°5 ; total 42°4. 4, WaTERWORKS. (See p. 145.) Waterworks’ welt, 200 feet deep, January 17th, 1873. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 100. Clear and palatable. Temperature 9:7° C. Total solid impurity oh . 8652 Organic carbon... é we 03 | Ps nt Organic nitrogen (no ammonia)... “009 ae Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites 582 ¢ 100, 0, Total combined nitrogen... a. ‘591 | Chlorine... wa aes w. «24 Hardness, temporary 20, permanent, 7°9; total mp By A. Dupri, September, 1893. (In grains per gallon.) Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons. Water clear, almost colourless, free from smell and yielded no deposit. It shows no sign of pollution by sewage or surface-draiuage and is remark- ably free from organic impurity. In this respect it fully maintains the high character which it has held for years. It would be improved for general domestic purposes by being softened. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 311 Hardness before boiling 20°, after boiling 4°2°. Phosphoric acid, very minute trace ... ore one aa “014 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate Total dry residue (white). Clears very slightly on ignition and burns off readily sia ei sa sis .. 30°08 Chlorine ... sie bs son aes we = 161 Nitric acid (no nitrous acid) . ssa ie w. =—.2°38 Albumenoid ammonia (no free “ammonia) dish sis cits 0022 A later and fuller analysis of the water of the Public Supply of Gravesend, made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Turesu, is as follows :— Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. Ca. Mg. | Na. | COs. | SO, | Cl. | NOs. Probable 114 25 15°15 5 | 24 4 combinations. lol | -— | — |1515} — | — | — | Calcium carbonate 25°25 25) — _— — 5 | — — | Calcium sulphate... ‘8 1:05 | — ~+ —_— — — 3°25 | Calcium nitrate ... 4°3 = 25 | — — _— -— ‘75 | Magnesium nitrate 1- ae = 155 | — — 24 — | Sodium chloride... 3°95 Silica, ete.. ates UT: Total solid constituents dried at 180° on 37° Free ammonia ... ie iw we “O01 Organic ammonia ... *006 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. :027 GRAVESEND SANITARY LAUNDRY. Letter from F. A. Sparn, Secretary, to Mr. C. Beadle. 1904. The Company had a well, 35 feet dzep, from which some 30,000 gallons a week were pumped for 3} years, the water being pure and not brackish. Two years ago the well gave out. The Company then sank to the depth of 175 feet, when a copious supply was got, but the water was so brackish that it could not be used. By some nine months’ steady pumping the salt has been reduced to a very large extent, and the water is apparently very pure. Greenhithe. 1. Well about 170 feet deep in Chalk. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Toress, March, 1900. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. Ca. | Mg. Na. | COs.) SOy.| Cl. | NOs. | Probable 10° 20 15°6 | 1:3 66 | 145 combinations. 10° = — 15° = = — | Caleium carbonate 25° Bi 25 | 6) — — -~ | Magnesium carbonate 85 ed =e 6G pts 1:3 as — | Sodium sulphate... 1:9 — —_ 4:3 — -—— 66 -- | Sodium chloride ... 10-9 — _— 55} — _ _ 1°45 | Sodium nitrate ... 2° Silica, ete.... wu “BO ; Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 41° Free ammonia... aoa ind we 006 Organic ammonia we 014 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C, 065 312 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 2. Tue Cuantry. March, 1900. Well in High Street, about 20 feet deep. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. THRESH. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. Ca. | Mg. | Na. | COs.| SOy. | Cl. | NO; Probable 11°25 | 11 148 2:2 3 4°75 combinations. 99 —_— — (148 — —_— | Caleium carbonate 24:7 ‘9 = — _- 2:2 — — | Caleium sulphate... 3:1 45) — —_ — _— 8 — § Caleium ehloride... 1:25 -- 7) — — — 2:2 — | Magnesium chloride 2°95 _— 35 | — — _ _— 18 | Magnesium nitrate 2:15 — —_ 41 — — — 2°95 | Sodium nitrate ... 4:05 | Silica, ete.... goat a2 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 39°4 Free ammonia ... eid sate we 7004 Organic ammonia é .. = 1012 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27°C. °037 Greenwich. These waters are from the Chalk. 1. Brewery. Messrs. Lovibond’s, who communicated the particulars in 1868. (See p. 147.) Lime ... ... 15°876) Magnesia ... 196 | Soda ... w. 3°689 : Sulphuric acid 98 | Grains Chlorine ac 2-733 ¢ per Carbonic acid 10°164 gallon. Total solids ... 44°222) a. THE Hospira, now the Royal Naval College. (See p. 147.) b. PaGe’s BREWERY. 1844. (See page 146.) By Prof. T. GRawaAM, in grains per gallon, Proc. Inst. C.H., 1846, vol. v., pp. 203, 204, and Report on the Supply of Water to the Metropolis, ‘Appendix ii., pp. 24, 25 (and on plate). 8° Lond. 1850. a. | b. Carbonate of lime ... 19:08 21:23 Carbonate of iron ... 52 _— Sulphate of magnesia 2:04 2°88 Sulphate of soda... 3°62 6 Chloride of sodium ... 37 312 Loss ... is eet 1:67 —_ Total solid matter...) 273 27°83 ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 313 2. Nortu Greenwicn. November, 1902. (See p. 149.) Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Turis. Saline constituents in parts per 100,000. Ca. | Mg. | Na. | COs.} SO,.| Cl | NO,. Probable 32°7 3°25 149 | 13°8 /133° Ll combinations. 9-9 _ — | 149 = —_ — | Calcium carbonate 24°8 575) — _ — | 138 — -— | Calcium sulphate... 19°55 17°05; — _ — — | 302 — | Calcium chloride... 47°25 — 3:25! — _— _— 9°6 — | Magnesiumchloride 12°85 —_— —- | 606 - — | 93:2 — | Sodium chloride ...153°8 Silica, nitrates, etc. °75 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C.,..259° Free ammonia ... a i ... 7088 Organic ammonia w. °007 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27°C. °016. Note the excessive quantity of calcium chloride. 3. Pacr’s BREWERY. By H. K. Bamper. Trans. Soc. Eng. for 1867, p. 75. ?In grains per gallon. Carbonate of lime ... 14°926 ‘9 magnesia 532 Sulphate of lime we 4°852 Chloride of sodium ... 3°323 Organic matter jae el, Alkaline nitrate w= 68 26°413 Hadlow. Analyses of water from the Well (boring) at Style Place Brewery. (See p. 150.) The water comes from the Hastings Beds. By Dr. W. 8S. SaunpERs, December, 1891. The water issued from the tube at a temperature of 59° F. It was bright, colourless, and had a soft, saline and somewhat flat taste. Parts per 100,000. Grains per gallon. Chlorine... we =145 10°15 Sulphuric acid (SO,) 52 B64 Nitric acid (N.O3)... 13 “091 Carbonic acid 1 (00s) 27° ‘69 19°383 Silica we 13 511 Lime.. wie ae “49 343 Magnesia athe are Al 077 Sodium sas ww =. 9°39 6573 Soda... sine we. §88°82 27-174 Oxide of iron ais ‘ll ‘077 92°49 64:743 The sodium is put in separately from the soda because the chlorine combines with the metal and not with the oxide. The preceding substances occur in the form of the following com- binations :-— Sodium chloride ... 23°89 16°723 » sulphate... 92 644 » nitrate aad 21 147 a carbonate ... 65°55 45°885 Calcium carbonate ... 85 595 Magnesium carbonate ‘23 161 Siliea and oxide of iron as above. 314 KENT WATER SUPPLY. The water is practically free from organic pollution, thus the Albumenoid (or Organic) Ammonia exists only to the extent of ‘02 parts per million, or to ‘0014 grains per gallon. The Free (or Saline) Ammonia amounts to *56 parts per million, or to ‘0392 grains per gallon. This quantity of free ammonia is peculiar to deep waters from the Green- sand [this water is not from Greensand—W. W.] and is of no consequence in the absence of organic pollution. The soap-destroying power of the water is only 24°, by Clark’s scale. The water is, therefore, economical for washing and excellent for boilers. Strictly speaking it is a mineral water, being full of mineral salts in solution, which render it highly alkaline. It is remarkable from the circumstance that sulphuric acid, nitric acid, lime and magnesia are almost absent, and that the mineral constituents consist almost exclusively of sodium carbonate and sodium chloride. Owing to its highly alkaline nature it is undesirable for drinking water, although it is of exceeding organic purity. {Letter]. It is unsuitable for the ordinary wants of a resident com- munity. Another Analysis of the same. By Mr. M. A. ApAms, October, 1891. It is altogether a very remarkable water. The amount of the saline constituents is very high, 68299 grains per gallon; but the most remark- able fact is that no less than 67:037 grains of these consist of salts of sodium and potassium, and 43°347 in the form of sodium carbonate. On the other hand there is almost an absence of the alkaline earths of lime and magnesia and an absolute freedom from iron. This composition is so peculiar that I am unable to find any other water of anything like a similar composition, which makes it therefore a matter for serious consider- ation, and inno little degree for speculation, as to how the habitual use of such a water would affect the users. For all detergent purposes, that is to say for personal ablution or the washing of textile fabrics with a minimum expenditure of soap, it is peculiarly well adapted, and in certain skin disorders I have no doubt would be most valuable. For the production of steam it would also answer perfectly, and would cause no fouling of boilers. And for some technical arts it would likewise prove a most excellent water. As regards its probable effect upon the health of persons consuming it . . . Tam disposed to think that it would be unpalatable and some- what depressing to persons in ordinary health; but, on the other hand, advantageous to persons of gouty or rheumatic tendency, and it would be likely to act beneficially in certain forms of dyspepsia, disorders of the urinary organs, and especially in caleulous complaints. Potassium... 9°972\ Sodium w. = 995 Soda ... ..- 26°128 Lime ... w. 7266 Magnesia... *095 Alumina w= 07 Grains Silica... w. °518/ per Chlorine -- 10°6 gallon. Nitric acid ... 1349 : Carbonic acid 18°306 Sulphuric acid none 68°299 Probable combinations. Potassium chloride ... 19°039 Sodium chloride vie 2°H29 8 nitrate wn 223 ‘i earbonate ... 43°347 Calcium carbonate ... °475 Magnesium carbonate ‘199 Alumina and silica as before. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 315 Another Analysis of thesame. By Dr. G. H. Ocston, February 25th, 1890. Total solid matter, 65°73, containing :— Carbonate of soda 46-4 ) Grains Chloride of sodium... 16°72 { on Chloride of calcium ... ‘71{ —P Chloride of magnesium -04) gallon. Awmonia, per million parts, free ‘015. organic ‘05. No nitrogen as nitrates. Oxygen required to oxidize organic matter ‘015. Character, bright and colourless. Hardness 0. One of those remarkable waters in which the lime originally present has been replaced by soda. The only question in regard to fitness for domestic supply, its organic purity being satisfactory, is whether the 46 grains per gallon of carbonate of soda would be an objection for potable uses. For manufacturing pur- poses and for washing no better water could be desired. In a later letter (November 10th, 1891) he says :— “Tt is the degree of alkalinity which is remarkable.” _“T have no experience of such a water.” He thinks that the carbonate of soda would be harmless. A later analysis (August, 1898). Made and communicated by Dr. J. C- TurEsH. Partly published in his Examination of Waters and Water. Supplies, 1904. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. Ca. | Mg. | Na. | CO,.| Cl. NO. Probable 16 04 87-2 151 | -18 combinations. 16 |) — _— 24) — | —_ Caleium carbonate ... “4 _— 04 | — 1 — | _— Magnesium earbonate 14 _— _ 28°3 | 369 = | = Sodium carbonate... 65:2 — _ 98 -- 1s1 — Sodium chloride wm: 249 = — 1 _ — | 18 | Sodium nitrate wie 28 i ' Siliea, ete. ... Jie 2:08 Total solid constituents dried at 180°C. 93° Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. -048. The water closely resembles that trom the Chalk in Central Essex and some other parts of the London Basin. Hawkhurst. 1, BaBrEs’ CasTLE. (See p. 152.) The water comes from the Hastings Beds, By Mr. G. M. Taytor, November, 1893. Free ammonia... wee «parts per million 48 Albumenoid ammonia ips ay rs 3 trace Total solid residue ... «grains per gallon 20°1 Chlorine (equivalent in common salt, Na Cl, 2°97) 1:8 Alkalinity 15°5°. Hardness 1°8°. This sample is an extremely pure one. The dissolved salts are precisely similar to those in No. 1 analysis [not to hand], though considerably reduced in quantity. The water has no action on lead. It is extremely soft, and well-suited for washing and cooking purposes; but it would be improved for potable purposes by slight hardening-treatment. 316 KENT WATER SUPPLY. By Mr. W. C. Youne, August, 1894. In grains per gallon. Total solid residue Si ae sis ave 22°4 Organic matter insolution ... Sie we 728 Chlorine as chlorides... ee we 175 Free ammonia, none. ‘Atbumenoia atamonia “0014 No nitrites or nitrates. Hardness 4°. The water was clear, bright, well aerated, colourless, no odour, slightly alkaline, very soft, of high organic purity, and gave no evidence of present or past sewage pollution. 2. Soper’s Lane. Cranbrook District Waterworks. The water comes from Tunbridge Wells Sand. By Dr. 0. HeaneR. Two analyses, in parts per 100,000. Chlorine... ae ee aoe a 2°35 2:2 Nitric acid ... ee 3 som ant “82 “86 Phosphoric acid... oe Sg ... | faint trace | very faint trace Free ammonia a aime se eve 0004 “0029 Albuminoid ammonia are ts 0056 0037 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate i in 15 minutes at 80°F... 23 ea 0072 “0199 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 4 hours at.80° F. alte ae wai 0253 “0388 Total solids .. , 63 enfs 8°08 9°04 Colour in both, faint blue. “Both samples are much alike in composition. They contain but a very small amount of dissolved mineral matter, and are in consequence unusually soft.” “The proportion of dissolved organic matter is equally minute, and there is not the least evidence of the presence of animal matter.” “As far as chemical analysis is capable of deciding, both waters are quite free from sewage pollution.” “Both minerally and organically, they are of excellent quality. They are well suited for drinking and for general domestic purposes.” Headcorn. SovuTHERNDEN Farm (? about 24 miles E.N.E. of the Church), December, 1901. Well 60 feet deep. Water from Weald Clay. By A.D. Hatt, Principal of Wye College. In parts per 100,000. Nitrogen as ammonia (none as nitrates or nitrites) 074 Nitrogen, organic (albumenoid ammonia) ... a “026 Oxygen absorbed aes bas 288 ame as 496 Chlorine. sis .. 35:3 Hardness equivalent to ‘carbonate of ‘lime.. we 1143 Total solids its 0% sie 25 Soe se. 4048 The solids consist chiefly of sulphates of magnesia and lime. Contains enough Epsom salts to make a fair aperient water. There is some iron, but no phosphates. Herne. 1. Brean Union WorkKHOoUSE. Nearly two-thirds of a mile S.W. of the Church. Received January 31st, 1902. By S. Harvey. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons, who remarks that the water is from a well 126 feet deep, and that the yield is 13,200 gallons a day, after five days’ continuous pumping. Mr. Harvey notes the well as 140 feet deep, and that it contained about 2 feet of water when the sample was taken from the rising main. Appearance tolerably clear. No smell. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 317 Microscopical examination of deposit. Chalk chiefly. Chlorine in chlorides ss aa .. 903) Nitrogen in nitrates ee aes we 704 Ammonia... ain aes ey ... 10448 | Grains Albumenoid ammonia eae sta . °0019> per Oxygen aborbed in 15 minutes, trace only. gallon. 54 on » 4hours an ws 208 Total solid matter ... se at we DLQ4 1 Hardness before boiling 21°5, after boiling (permanent) 3°7. This sample represents water from the Lower Tertiary beds in the dis- trict, hence the high figures for chlorine and ammonia. The water is very pure organically and there is no evidence of sewage-percolation, while the hardness is not greatly in excess of that of chalk-water in the neighbour- hood. 2. WATERWORKS. Water from the Chalk, and partly perhaps from Lower London Tertiary Sands. Forp, new Well. November, 1883. (See p. 153.) For earlier analyses see further on. (? from older well). By G.M.Taytor. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons. In grains per gallon. Free ammonia (parts per million ‘052) ... sa 00364 Albumenoid ammonia (parts per million *04)_... 0028 Chlorine (equivalent to chloride of sodium 5°84) 3°54 Total solid residue, dried at 220° ie wg 25°F Hardness 18°6°. Alkalinity 14°. The sample was extremely bright and clear and comes into the class of best and purest waters. The solid residue consisted almost wholly of car- bonate of lime, with a trace of sulphate of lime. No iron in solution. The water is extremely well-suited for domestic and dietetic supplies. A later analysis (October, 1903), made and communicated by Dr. J. C. THRESH, is as follows, and was partly published in his Examination of Waters and Water Supplies, 1904. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. Ca. | Mg.| Na. | K. | eit. SO, | Cl. | NOs. Probable 135] 1: |3878 | 3 (17-5 | 285 | 23:3] +1 combinations. 135 | —/{ —]| —] 2 — | —{| —|Calcium carbonate... 3:35 —| ti —| —| 25} — | —| —|Magnesiumearbonate 3:5 —}| — |10 — | 13- ~-| — | — | Sodium carbonate ... 23° —}| —| —| 3s —|37/| —| — | Potassium sulphate... 6°7 —| —|119}/ —| — |248} — | —|Sodium sulphate ... 36:7 —|] -—]152; —}] —| — |23°3 | —-|Sodium chloride... 385 Silica, ete. ... see 225 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 114: Free ammonia... sth vite we 072 Organic ammonia... si we 004 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. -0105 Dr. THRESH remarks that this water resembles the deep Chalk-water of Mid Essex, save that it contains a little potassium-salt. Although he gives it as from Ford, yet, as he notes that the well was 365 feet deep and 70 feet in Chalk, I think it must have come from the older works at Sharper’s Hill. Moreover the analysis does not agree with other results from the new source, 318 KENT WATER SUPPLY. The following analysis (Ford supply) is of water taken frum a tap off the main in June, 1907. It was made by Mr. 8S. Harvey and commu- nicated by Dr. F. Parsons, Appearance clear, green-blue. No smell. Chlorine in chlorides... «. 882 ) <9 expressed assalt ... 14°54 Nitrogen in nitrates... we 04 | Grains ‘Ammonia Sie wits 0019 | Albumenoid ammonia hs “0022 ¢ a Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes trace | SO”: » 4hours. "04 Total solid matter si is | 41-44 J Hardness before boiling 18°1°, after boiling (permanent) nominal. Microscopical examination of deposit, organic deposit. “The above results are generally satisfactory and indicate water organically pure. . . The microscopic examination is also satisfactory.” The earliest analysis (1876), of the water of the public supply, that has been got is by G. W. Wiener, in The Water Supply of Seu-side Water- ing-places, 1878, p. 23, and he compares it with that ‘of a sample from the well of a house where a death was attributed to the bad quality of the water. The two results were as follows, in grains per gallon. Town Private Supply. Well. Total solid matter i 368 107-7 Loss on ignition after, “deducting ‘combined car- bonic acid... saa eas oe ase ‘ies 2? 34:06 Iron, traces j ess — —_— Chlorine calculated as chloride of sodium .. asia 76 39°91 Nitrogen as ammonia ... vale dais ss 003 045 _ » albuminoid ammonia sat bie 006 005 Hardness, Clark’s scale, before boiling 28° and 50°, after boiling 9° and 44°. Public supply free from suspended matter, satisfactory taste and smell. Microscopic examination showed imperfect filtration. Well-water, traces of suspended matter, offensive smell, bad colour, objectionable taste. One is inclined therefore to think that the above conclusion as t9 the cause of death was not baseless. In the same work, pp. 24, 25, he also gives the following two analyses, in grains per gallon (1877). Public Supply. Pump. Total solid matter... 35°7 57°9 Loss on ignition after. deducting ‘combined car- bonic acid... a8 zie ais is ei 44 57 Iron, slight trace ae ‘ ab eae = Chlorine calculated as chloride of sodium | a 7°84 178 Nitrogen as ammonia.. #s sist wai dis “0007 03 3 % albuminoid ammonia ... i po 0012 0057 Fi 5, Ditrates, traces nie Asis wise = _ », hitrites ... ‘ ass ices 02 02 Total uitrogen in these four forms.. a wis 0219 *0557 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter aii 5 0256 0416 Hardness, Clark’s scale, before boiling 16%° eat 14°, after boiling 6° and 139. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 319 “These results (the public supply) are therefore fairly concordant with those of last year, as regards solid matter; but on the whole, and especi- ally in reference to albuminoid ammonia, more satisfactory.” An ex- cellent water in nearly every respect. A conclusion modified later (p. 58) ag a sample, “developed an offensive smell, after standing for a few days,” so that he ranks it “as a second class water instead of a first- class one.” Of the second he remarks :—‘‘There is a public pump on the parade, within a very short distance, probably not more than 10 or 20 yards, of the sea; it is said the water from this is not used for drinking purposes, but at the time of my visit a number of children were drinking from a ladle attached to the spout of the pump.” “The sample was milky in appearance, from the presence of considerable quantities of suspended matter, which. . . appeared to consist mainly of clay. The general microscopic appearance was satisfactory.” The saline character is the worst fault. Probably this pump has been disestablished for some time. Mr. Wigner’s analyses of the water from the public supply must refer to the Ble amene, near the town. Hever, THE Warren. About three-quarters of a mile S.W. of the Church, The water from the Hastings Beds ? Analyses made (1894) and communicated by Mr. D. A. SuruerLANp. In grains per gallon. House Well.| Garden Well. Ammonia, albuminoid ... oo aus ane *002 “0036 Chlorine ... are eae a sa wee 31 62 Alkalinity, as carbonate of lime... ame 75 25° Total solids sais tae ints see .. | 16 63° No free ammonia or nitric acid Hardness (temporary) ... sin ste ste 7° 25° Residue | Silica awe oats awe wk Aas sda 5 5 fron and alumina Sa as sia ee 1°25 | 1 Carbonate of lime sia sa “gis ets 67 1 25:1 Carbonate of magnesium sa oe: ims 67 | 32 Sulphate of lime... at sis we 952 168 Sulphate of magnesium sis ea ie = 8:15 Chloride of calcium... bee aw sis 2°322 _— Chloride of magnesium... 7 ae ia 2°532 4:02 Chloride of sodium 2a wk isi cay -— 5°28 Organic matter, etc. ... bes “ei sc 1-074 183 Total solids dds 16 63 House Well. Microscopical Examination of Deposit. That of one sample very unsatisfactory, showing vegetable débris, mineral matter, fabric, etc. That of sample taken on Sept. 25 (from which the above analysis was made) more satisfactory. Bacteriological Examination. No pathogenic organisms obtained; but the cultivations showed a con- siderable number of colonies to be present, several of which were of the unsatisfactory type known as liquefying. The number of species of bac- teria comparatively large, several indicating surface-contamination. Conclusions. The depth of the well, only some 30 feet, is insufficient to ensure the water being free from surface-contamination, and it is lined only with un- 320 KENT WATER SUPPLY. cemented bricks. Distinct evidence of soakage from surface-water was noticeable on the side furthest from the house, in dry weather. The complete chemical analysis is satisfactory, the water being free from sewage-contamination. The high percentage of chlorine is accounted for in combination with lime and magnesia. The bacteriological examination is not satisfactory and in wet weather the water might be made dangerous, especially in the event of leakage from drains. Garden Well. Microscopical Examination of Deposit. Shews vegetable débris, etc., and is unsatisfactory, probably from the sample being taken from the surface, by means of a bucket. Bacteriological Examination. No pathogenic micro-organisms isolated, but the result was very unsatis- factory, there being a large number of colonies and of species, several of which proved surface-contamination. Conclusions. The analysis shows the water to be too hard and unsuitable for potable purposes, at all events without softening and filtering. The structure of the well is like that of the house well. Hinxhill. Willesborough Public Supply, April 5th and 12th, 1899. (See p. 155.) Water from Folkestone Beds, By Messrs. Dippin and Taupicuum. The second sample after seven days’ continuous pumping. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons. In grains per gallon. In both appearance green and slightly turbid. No odour at 100°F. No blackening on ignition of solids. 1 2. Total solids... aa aa ee sia ave 21°9 17:2 Phosphoric acid, very slight trace in both sia _— — Free ammonia ... a sis ae ss sai 0039 0038 Albumenoid ammonia... ate ies one axe “0036 ‘0006 Chlorine... abe si a et a0 wie 2:3 2°05 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate at 80° F. in 15 minutes... ist sis es ons sive 0729 ‘0741 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate at 80° F. in 4 hours as Bek sais eee soe 1533 “1013 Nitrogen as nitrates, trace in both... 1 2. Total hardness... aoe sie sai sat or 13°5° 12°4° Permanent hardness ... site sien one ais 7:49 6°3° Cultivation on gelatine plates. Colonies per c.c. | 21,850 1,373 Micro filter m.m. per litre... mee sine “id 14 15°6 Pathogenic organisms not detected in either Microscopical examination. At the boring, no specific organic matter ; but large numbers of bacilli and micrococci; fine grey and green sand with much mica, ete. At Willesborough, very fine green sand and grit ; no detectable organic matter; but enormous quantities of very small bacilli and micrococci. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 321 From the above it will be noticed that the effect of the continued pumping has been very satisfactory, the reduction in the ammonia yielded by the albuminous matters being five-sixths of the amount onthe 5th. The large number of bacteria found was also reduced greatly. The reduction in chlorine is also satisfactory. The bacteriological results point to the advisability of continued pumping [before using the water]. respects this is an excellent water. Hougham, Dover Cou.isry. In all other (See p. 227.) Analyses of the water that broke in to the Shaft No. 2. From Mr, J. GERRARD’S Report (quoted on p. 230), p. 21. “ Explorations have proved, since the accident, the water came from two sources. 58° Fahrenheit. is given in the first column of figures below. the bore-hole. is in the second column of figures, One supply being cold, fresh water, having a temperature of This is probably Jower greensand water.” Its analysis “The other source was from This has a temperature of 80° Fahrenheit.” In grains per gallon. Its analysis Total solids dried at 212° F, er aes 52°08 84112 Chlorine as chlorides ... 1:863 449°785 Total hardness ... 1:05° Clark 69°65° (temporary 21°) a very soft water a very hard salt water Temperature 58° F. 80° ¥. Analysis of solids Carbonate of lime 617 21° Carbonate of magnesia “424 0 Carbonate of soda ee 22°26 0 Sulphate of lime ae 0 27124 Sulphate of soda... 143-23 0 Chloride of calcium 0 23°753 Chloride of magnesia ... 0 24°43, Chloride of sodium 3071 686-07 Silica 1:12 7 Alumina... 6 °28 charged with firedamp [The salt in the second result is suggestive of communication with the sea; but the temperature is not so.] Hythe. PublicSupply, partly from Springs, partly from Wells. (See pp. 64, 187—189.) Water from Lower Greensand. By G. W. Wienmr, The Water Supply of Sea-side Watering-places, 1878, pp. 53, 54. In grains per gallon. Total solid matter oie sels es oe Ss we BO'4 Loss on ignition after deducting combined carbonic acid 8°55 Iron, very slight trace Chlorine calculated as chloride of sodium ... 48 Nitrogen as ammonia ... bes vies “0009 3 » albumenoid ammonia 003 3 » nitrates aia it we 1284 4 » nitrites 8 wid bin, wee 004 Total nitrogen in these four forms il we *2419 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter, traces Hardness, Clark’s scale, before boiling 17°7°, after boiling 4°4°. Sample pale blue, free from suspended matter. quite satisfactory. The only objectionable feature a taste. On the whole a good water. Microscopie results slightly unpleasant See also Saltwood. 10,000 322 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Ightham. Hratuer Bank. Drawn 13th May, 1885. Communicated by Mr. B. Harrison. Depth of well 35 feet. In Folkestone Beds (or possibly Sandgate Beds). Free ammonia .. "008 Albumenoidammonia °04 | part per million. Oxygen consumed ... ‘50777 Total solid residue... 9°38 Chlorine... a. 28 { Grains per gallon. Sulphates ... ve °01904 Iron, minute traces Hardness, temporary 1°, permanent 2°. This water was turbid. Some of the suspended matter, which refused to settle completely for a long time, was very fine, passing through the filter- paper. It was insoluble in acids. Its quantity did not exceed 4 parts per million, and, as far as could be found, it was chiefly inorganic and innocuous. The water is slightly acid (carbonic acid). The residue, under the microscope, seemed mostly granular. The water had no smell and tasted pure, not unlike rain-water. It is fit for drinking-purposes, when the turbidity is removed. Another account describes the well as at Ightham Knoll and 25 feet deep. The analysis was made by H. F. Sowerby, who remarks that “the above figures are no guarantee of the continued freedom from objection after a long interval, and such a water should be examined again from time to time.” Kemsing. Tria-Borine for Sevenoaks WATERWORKS. (See p. 157.) Water from Lower Greensand, Made (July, 1907), and communicated by Dr. J.C. Turesa. Saline con- stituents, in parts per 100,000. Probable | Ca. | Me. | Na. | COs. | 80, | CL | NO. 645 | 05 8D | 225° 2:2 | -04 combinations. | 56 — _— | 85 5° — — — | Calcium carbonate... 14:1 85 — —| — 21 ae — | Calcium sulphate ... 2°95 _— 705 —}| ~ ' 15! — | Magnesium sulphate ‘2 — — | 145) — — | 22 — |Sodium chloride ... 3°65 i : | Silica, ete. ... we "9 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 21:8 Free ammonia (no organic ammonia or nitrites) ‘002. Keston. Upper Nasu CorraGEes (not so named on newer Ordnance Map. ? westward of the village). The nearest well (at the time) to the proposed Pumping Station of the Metropolitan Board of Works at Keston. 160 feet deep, the water (from the Chalk) standing 218 feet above Ord- nance Datum. By Dr. A. J. Bernays. Collected October 7th, 1878. From MSS, Papers of Sir J. Prestwica. In grains per gallon. Potassoxide ... ase 2 Sodium-oxide «aa “DL Calcium-oxide wee 994 Magnesia es wae 42 Chlorine ae .. °85 _ [Total 21°86.] Carbon-dioxide we C82 Sulphur-triotide ... °4 Nitrogen-pentoxide 1°61 Silica ... sia we 61 ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 3238 These are probably combined as follows :— Sodium-chloride ... °97) Potassium-sulphate 36 Calcium-sulphate ... “41 Calcium-chloride 4 to, : Calcium-nitrate 73 ‘(Total 21°67.) Calcium-carbonate 16°64 Magnesium-nitrate = 1°55 | Silica... gs w= 61) Free ammonia vee (0017 Albumenoidammonia ‘0007 Nitrogen (oxydised) °417 Total residue 21°06. Hardness before boiling 17°6, after boiling 2°85. A sample taken in March, 1878, gave Dr. Bernays the following result (Sir J. PRESTWICH’ 3 MSS. Papers). ‘4 Grains Parts per per gallon. 100, 000. Total solid matter... eA see 19°75 28°22 Chlorine... sine ae Hise 132 1:88 Ammonia, free ee we oe 0022 0032 Ammonia, albumenoid ... sats “0053 0076 Organic carbon... eis ey 019 027 Organic nitrogen ... 008 012 Nitrogen as nitrates and ‘nitrites 386 552 Hardness 16°27, permanent 3°91. Littlestone, etc. Water Co., sce Lydd, p. 279 and New Romney, p. 330. Lower Halling. Min Kent Water Co. (See p. 162.) Water from Folkestone Beds. Sample taken from the Main Made and communicated by Dr. J.C. TarusH. Mostly published in his Examination of Waters and Water Supplies, 1904. Saline con- stituents, in parts per 100,000, \ Ca. | Mg. | Na. | COs; | SO,g | Cl. | NOs Probable 56 i) — 96 3 19 | :25 combinations. 56) — — 84 _— — | — |Calcium carbonate ... 14: — 5 — 1:2 _— — | — |Magnesium carbonate 1°7 —|— 25, — 5 — | — |Sodium sulphate... °75 2) = 1:25) — — 19 | — {Sodium chloride... 3°15 ei) es ‘1 — _ — °25 | Sodium nitrate we BB Silica, ete. ... wa 255 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 215 Organic ammonia (no free ammonia or nitrites) ‘001 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27°C. ... we 02 x2 824 KENT WATER SUPPLY. An analysis made for the South Kent Water Co. in November, 1904, is as follows. From Dr. J. S. Tew’s Annual Report (Tunbridge Rural District) 1904. In parts per 100,000. Ammonia, free (no albumenoid) ww. 001 Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes, none “0 94 » 4 hours... we 005 Chlorine ... 2e5 ant “ish a 16 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites, trace Total solid residue sis is + 23°6 “The usual very high degree of purity is fully maintained.” Hardness, total 17°6, permanent 4°2, temporary 13°4. Another analysis March 1907 (Water Works Directory 1907). Ammonia, free ... eae ai set “004 5 albuminoid ... fae -0016 Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes bid none | Parts 55 i » 4 hours ... ah “OL per Total solid residue ity sy we «248 100,000. Chlorine oa Fe ae ae 18 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites... trace’ Hardness 17°2; temporary 12; permanenf 5-2. Lydd. From the deep boring at the Camp. (See p. 163.) Water from the Hastings Beds, Made and communicated by Prof. De CHaumont. July, 1885. Well 270 feet deep [more since]. Whitish. Turbid. A great deal of sediment. Dull vitreous lustre. Brackish taste. No smell. Qualitative analysis (water unconcentrated.) Lime, copious. Magnesia, present. Chlorine, very large amount. Sulphuric acid, very large. Phosphoric acid, trace. Ammonia, very large. No nitric or nitrous acid [but see below]. Oxidisable matter, trace. No iron. Hardness, fixed 26°25°, temporary 5°25°, Clark's scale. Quantitative analysis. Volatile matter (by incineration and after re-carbonating) ve: 1295 Chlorine an’ wie ae sie ue aii ae we 224° Calcium carbonate a sia ree sia el baa sin 35 Fixed hard salts... si ar as sie aes iis we 26°25 Sulphuric acid (SO,) sei ine jas wis oe iss eee) Alkaline carbonates ise sks aaa oe ats hes awa ll Sodium or other metal (combined with Cl or SO,) not included in }140°77 fixed hard salts ag ni sie st ait igi “ties | Silica, alumina, iron, etc. ‘tea i38 me <3 atv sien Total solids (by evaporation) ve 407-47 The above in grains per gallon. The following in parts per million. Oxygen required for oxidisable organic matter 2:02 Ammonia, free iis . 4:08 Ammonia, albumenoid ... a ne we. 70504 Nitric acid (NO) ... aes sist sits wee 2°2684 Nitrous acid (NO,) a o3 des w. 138 Microscopic characters.—A very large quantity of grey sediment, chiefly aluminium and silica, with a trace of iron. This water is unfit for use, on account of the enormous quantity of salt contained in it. The free ammonia is in remarkable excess; but this is found sometimes in deep well-water which is otherwise usable. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 325 Maidstone. Mepway Miuis. (See p. 167.) 1901. Made by Messrs. Cross and Bevan. Communicated by Messrs. BALSTON, who remark that the alkalinity is due almost wholly to sodium. carbonate. 1 | 2 i Total solids 92:5 84:6 Alkalinity 22° 22: Grains Iron - oxide 1°04 trace per Lime ae “84 1:29 gallon. Magnesia... 3 5 Hardness 20°75° and 30°55°. Apparently these analyses are of water reached at the depth of 125 feet and in this 16°5 grains of sodium-carbonate were found. This water must come from the Weald Clay. WATERWORKS, see Boxley. Margate. Waterworks. (See p. 168.) Water from the Chalk, except in the last case, p. 328. Notes on the water from the Tivoli Pumping Station (abandoned), from Mr. A. LarHamM. 1858. May. Mr. Wit1s’ analysis showed 35°85 grains of total solids, including 7°8 of common salt, in a gallon. 1866. Dr. FauLKNeR’s analysis showed an increase to 43°47 grains of total solids, and the water contained much common salt and enough nitrates and nitrites to show that it was not free from animal con- tamination, 1868. July. There were 46 grains of total solids and it was advised that the water was somewhat brackish. 1874. January. Dr. Lergesy found 45°06 grains of solids, 19°58 of which were salt, and the hardness was 248°. He thought that the water was not fit for domestic use. Dr. Tipy confirmed this five weeks later, saying that “the water might at any time, if the process of oxidation was interfered with, become very injurious.” _ 1876, 7. Winter. Prof. Way said that there was percolation of sea- water, which accounted for the excessive hardness. 1882. Apriland May (a time when the springs ace full) Mr. Harvey found, in a sample from the pumping-well, 24:22 grains of salt and 55°3 of total solids toa gallon. At first the water from the new adit showed much less salt and total solids, and the improvement was maintained until, the springs being lowered by pumping, it rose to 40 grains of salt and 70°7 of total solids. At a later date, a sample taken in the early morning, before the com- mencement of pumping, yielded a greater amount of salt than had been found under similar conditions, and the microscopic ‘al examination showed living organisms. ‘here were 37:03 grains of salt and 66°57 of total solids toa gallon, while the nitrogen or nitrates was ‘955, which is in excess. A sample taken at the close of a day’s pumping yielded 88°9 grains of solid matter, of which 59°29 were of salt. 1886. September. The borough-analyst reported that the results of analyses pointed to sewage-percolation and admixture of sea-water. In a joint report of December, 1886, Dr. W. K. Treves and Mr. A. Latuam say :—‘‘ The growth of the town i in this direction and the encroach- ment of inhabited houses and cesspools in the immediate vicinity . is the cause of this; the evil having become more pronounced as buildings 326 KENT WATER SUPPLY. have been erected and cesspools sunk within a very limited distance from the well, and which will be aggravated in the immediate future, from the fact that the land at Tivoli and at Salmstone . . immediately above the main source of supply . . will shortly be built upon.” “ Under these disquieting circumstances and [considering] the prevalence of Typhoid Fever in the town, which we are afraid must be laid to the questionable character of the water, we recommend either that the use of the well at Tivoli for the water-supply of the town should be discontinued or that special works should be undertaken for the proper drainage of this portion of the district.” The above is of interest as showing the gradual falling off in quality of water got by heavy pumping near to the sea, and also the indrawing of polluting matter by such pumping. A supply that originally was good, and which might have kept so, or at all events might have been only slightly affected, if but light pumping had been set up (which obviously could not be the case with a supply for an increasing town of fair size), had to be abandoned.—W. W. The following two analyses are from a small pamphlet, “ Analyses of the Main Water Supply of Margate at the Tivoli Pumping Station,” reprinted from Keble’s Margate and Ramsgate Gazette, of 16th April, 1887, the object of which was to make out the excellence of that supply. 1. By Dr. J. Murer. Sample taken from man-hole nearest Tivoli Garden, at 10.10 a.m. 20th October, 1886. In grains per gallon. Appearance in two-foot tube, colourless and clear. Smell, when heated to 100° F., slightly earthy. Microscopical examination satisfactory. Chlorine ... ‘ as fa in sits “i we. 285 Phosphoric acid, trace Nitrogen as nitrates... ath sg es ax wi “88 Ammonia . 8 es aba oe sets els ‘0007 ‘Albumenoid ammonia bis ints 0007 Oxygen absorbed by organic ‘matter | in 15 ‘min. at 80° F 004 i » 4 hours ,, i ‘008 Total solid matter, ‘dried at 220° F .. 82: Hardness, Clark’s scale, before oiling ‘950, after 15°. Dr. Murer suggests that such great salinity “is the character of nearly all well supplies close to the sea coast” and that the amount of nitrates is “only what is to be expected”’ from a deep well, and he thinks that freedom from organic impurity makes the water passable. By Prof. J. ATTFIELD. From the same source, at 11.30a.m. 29th March, 1887. In grains per gallon. Total dissolved solid matter (none Eerenan) dried at 250° FL... i Nitrates, containing 17 per cent. of nitroge: 1 : (no nitrites or ammonia) we «135 Chlorides, containing 60. per, cent. of chlorine (= ‘chlorine 14:2) sp Hardness before boiling 19°, after 12°. Physical examination satisfactory, In a letter Prof. ArrrreLp adds that the quantity of saline substances is insignificant, and that the water is remarkably free from contamination and of good quality. May not these two analyses serve to show the danger of trusting to such evidence by itself, without consideration of the surroundings, etc., of the source of supply? Moreover, the high chlorine is a distinct warning of something being wrong.—W. W, ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 327 The following two analyses are by G. W. Wienmr, in The Water Supply of Sea-side Watering-places, 1878, pp. 26-28. 1. Drawn from a public drinking-fountain, July 14th. 2. Sample sent by the Secretary of the Water Co., July 30th (1877 ?), drawn from the old (Tivoli) well. [1 is apparently derived mostly from the same source, though there was a newer well at the time.] | 3% | 2. Total solid matter ... ae oes dias 64-2 68°6 Loss on ignition after deducting combined car- bonie acid ate we ca st 93 12°39 Iron, traces. Chlorine calculated as chloride of sodium 32°76 33:7 Nitrogen as ammonia ~ ... aft aid’ 0025 0072 ye » albumenoid ammoni 006 0045 ‘ » nitrates 848 422 . », nitrites . ae 7014 008 Total nitrogen in these four form: *8705 4417 0272 "25 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter .. Hardness, Clark’s scale, before boiling 24° and 19°, after boiling 10°4° and 7°, Both dirty blue, with heavy traces of suspended matter, with a slightly offensive smell when warmed and a bad saline taste. Microscopic examina- tion showed the presence of a great deal of vegetable matter. A comparison with an analysis of the year before (? 1876) shows a decrease of total solids, chlorine and volatile matters, and a large decrease in albumenoid ammonia. Nevertheless Mr. WIGNER advocates the abandon- ment of the old well. The following analyses of water from the Tivoli Pumping Station are taken from Dr. D. Pacs’s Report to the Local Government Board on the Sanitary Oondition of Margate, 1887, pp. 10, 11. They are by S. Harvey, and the dates are those of the reception of samples. Results in grains per gallon. In all appearance clear. No smell. Hardness not given. Nov. 21st, | Dec. 9th, | Sept. 10th, | May 4th, 1885. 1885. 1886. 1887. Total solid matter... 66°57 88-9 105°7 61°53 Chlorine in chlorides 22°47 35°98 42°91 19°11 Chloride of sodium... 37-03 59°29 70°71 3°49 Phosphorie acid in| Distinct Distinet phosphates traces traces Traces Traces Nitrogen in nitrates 955 ‘848 93 92 Ammonia diss “008 0015 0042 “0009 Albumenoid ammonia 0014 0028 0035 0022 Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes ae —_— —_ — —_ Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours ae 052 036 045 028 Microscopical exam- |Starch, dyed Slightonly | Slight only Organie ination of deposit| fibres and matter, living starch, dyed organisms fibres The results point to sewage-percolation and admixture of sea-water, and confirm those of Mr. Wia@NEr, 1878, see above. Notes on the water from the Dane Pumping Station. From Mr, A. LatHam. 1874. May. An analysis by-Prof. AtrrretD showed 30 grains of solids (7-1 of salt) and some small proportion of other matter. ig uv 28 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 1879. Mr. Oasron’s analysis showed total solids 34°6 (salt 6°51), nitrates and nitrites °33. He says that the water is unexceptionable so far as wholesomeness is in question, and is a good potable water. 1882? Mr. 8. Harvey found 31:71 grains of total solids, of which 611 were salt, to the gallon; bat the nitrogen or nitrates was more than it should be. . DRINKING-FOUNTAIN, by Station. Made and communicated ni C. Exin. Chlorine ‘ . 1035° | Ammonia és ; 12 Nitrogen as nitrates (no nitrites) 9°88 From the deep Boring (850 feet) at the Dane Pumping Station. (See p. 169.) Taken at midnight August 11th, 1899. This water may come, in part at least, from Lower Greensand. Made and communicated by 8. Harvey. Temperature of the water when taken 64° F. Green-blue and clear. No Parts per million. smell. Taste saline and alkaline. Mineral constituents, in grains per gallon. Sodium chloride . 189°59 Sodium sulphate ... 1-45 Sodium carbonate ... 23°73 Potassium chloride... 1:76 | Total Magnesium carbonate 3°81; solid Calcium carbonate . 3°87 { matter Calcium phosphate... -44| 178-64. Silica .. or 1:19) Tron- oxide 05 | Suspended matter, loss, ete. 2°75 J Gaseous constituents, in cubic inches per gallon at normal temperature and pressure. Oxygen .. 187) Total Nitrogen s en gas Carbonic acid 2:09) 8°37. Organic analysis, in grains per nis Free ammonia . "0924 Albumenoid aminiotite.. ‘ ‘0017 Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes, trace only y » 4 hours ‘056 Nitrogen i in nitrates . 02 Metropolitan Water Board. Kent WaTER Co. From Main at St. Mary Cray. Water froin the Chalk. Made and communicated by Dr. J.C. Torus. Mainly printed in his Examination of Waters and Water Supplies, 1904. Saline oes in parts per 100,000, 1899. Ca. | Mg. | Na. | COs. | $0.. cL NOs. | Probable 965 | 2 | = | Ibs | % | 14) 22] combinations. 9 in = | B50) =. | — | — jCaleium carbonate 22°5 35 1 — — — | 8 | — — /|Caleium sulphate... 1:15 i) | —- | - = fee SD — /|Caleium chloride... ‘8 esp SRE nl fly ats — ‘6 | — |Magnesium chloride ‘8 at poe a i) ae -- ‘3. | — |Sodium ehloride ... ‘5 SSSR (ee 8 -— — — { 22 |Sodium nitrate [... 3° : : Ete. ... : “25 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C,. 29° ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 329 Free ammonia ... sists ‘ity 001 Organic ammonia i “002 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° OG. 02 There are many analyses of organic matters, etc., of the Kent Water Co., generally in Royal Commission on Water Supply. Appendix to the Minutes of Evidence, fol. 1869, pp. 80-95, 122. Also in the Sixth Report of the Rivers Pollution Commission, 1874, pp. 440-458. See also Beckenham, p. 287, Belvedere (Erith), p. 303, Bexley, p. 288, Crayford, p. 296, Deptford, p. 298, Plum- stead, p. 332, Westerham, p. 350. Mid Kent Waterworks, sec Charing and Lower Halling. Milton by Sittingbourne. Warerworks. (See p. 172.) Water from the Chalk. By Sir T, Stevenson, July, 1904. In grains per gallon. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons, who adds that the sample was from a tap on the rising main at the pumping-station, and that the source is a well in the Chalk. Free from odour and, when viewed in bulk, colourless and clear. Total solid matter... aie ate .. 23°52 Loss on ignition sia i .. 1:96 Combined chlorine (= common salt 2° a 1°36 Nitrogen as nitrates a EN wa | 2 Ammonia ro sae .. 001 Albumenoid or organic ammonia ... 0025 Oxygen required to oxidise organic matter 013 Hardness, temporary 17°6°, permanent 1°. An excellent water for a public supply. The organic purity is very high and there is no evidence of the presence of polluting matter. ? Minster. Hosrirau or THE ISLE oF THANET Joinr HospiITaL Boarp. February, 1902. Water from the Chalk. By S. Harvey, Public Analyst. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons. Well 155 feet deep, with adits, in the Chalk. Yield about 10,000 gallons a day. Appearance, clear. Colour, green-blue. No smell. Chlorine in chlorides... aos aes . 336) Nitrogen in nitrates ... din wid «a “Ol | Ammonia, trace only ! Grains Albumenoid ammonia .. "00144 per Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes, trace only ; gallon. » 4 hours sis ws "025 | Total solid matter ses vise .. 80°44 J Hardness before boiling 19:2, attar boiling 1:6. “The above results are satisfactory throughout and indicate water organically pure by sewage-percolation. The microscopical examination calls for no adverse remarks.” Dr. KLz=IN made a bacteriologic exaniuation (May, 1902). He says :— “The water was not quite limpid, containing a large number of minute particles, almost microscopic in size, suspended in it.” It contained about 900 bavteria per cubic centimetre; these were all of the ordinary kind, from water and soil, harmless; amongst them nearly 60 per cent. of the ordinary Bacillus fluorescens liquereus, This he believed was due to the well being of recent construction, “and therefore we may expect for some time this species, which is really derived from soil, will be abundantly present in the water.” 330 KENT WATER SUPPLY. The water did not yield any Bacillus coli communis. “No anaerobic bacteria, pathogenic or non-pathogenic, were discovered.” “Tam inclined to consider the sample as of good quality, that is to say, devoid of any obnoxious bacteria, and further that in time the number of bacteria in the well-water will considerably decrease.” New Romney. Supply for Lirrtesrons-on-Sea. Water from shingle or sandy alluvial beds. Sample taken from the shallow well north of Littlestone after six hours’ pumping, September 5th, 1903. By Sir T. Stevenson. Communicated by Mr. A. F. PHILuIps. Slightly yellow. No odour. Very s In grains per gallon. Solid matter Sas Loss on ignition as ifs Chlorine (= common salt 97°66) Lime... ‘ise ais das Magnesia sae oie Nitrogen as nitrates ... Nitrites, traces Ammonia #2 sis sie Albumenoid or organic ammonia Oxygen required to oxidise organic matter For an analysis of the new supply see p. 279. Orpington. Cockmanninas. (See p. light turbidity. ..» 137°76 14:86 59°19 10°91 9°03 02 018 015 118 175.) April, 1899. Water from the Chalk. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. THresu. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. Na. | COs. s0,. | Cl. Ca. | Mg. | | NO,. Probable 13:1 5 | —_ 14:2 1-4 | 71 85 combinations. 95) — | aS | TaD we | — | Calcium carbonate 237 6/ — — moe 1°4 —_— — | Calcium sulphate... 2 BP ee a — | — 85 | Calcium nitrate ... 11:2 Bl —- | = —_ e247 5 — | Calcium chloride... ‘8 = 5 | = | & — | 15 | — | Magnesium chloride 2° — ee BiB eee — | 51 — | Sodium chloride ... 84 | Silica, ete. ... 1-4 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 49°5 Free ammonia ... ae w+» °005 Organic ammonia aa iets ... 7006 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. ‘03 Dr. TuresH remarks that there must be highly manured ground in the neighbourhood to account for the high nitrates. 1. Mr. FREEMAN’s WELL. July, 1898. Otford. Water from Folkestone Beds. Free ammonia sus oh) Parts Albumenoid ammonia ‘01! per Chlorine .. 97) million. Total solids 19 grains per gallon. Hardness 12°5°. (See p. 176.) ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 33L 2. Near Loncrorp MrLu, Dunton Green. Sevenoaks Rural District Council. (See p. 176.) Water from Folkestone Beds. By Mr. ApAms (County Analyst). November, 1889. Communicated by Mr. T. HENNELL. Works in progress and water turbid. Top Spring Bottom Spring (Well). (Bore-hole). Total solid matter ise’ wee DAT 19:1 Loss on ignition ... sis we 22 17 Chlorine ... ae ne 1S 1 Nitrogen in nitrates sie su dal 17 Free ammonia... ait scan 02 “02 Albumenoid ammonia ... 04 04 Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes *03 026 3 59 » hours. 041 043 Total hardness (Clark’s scale) ... 14° 11° Permanent hardness,after boiling 25° 25° Appearance in 2-foot tube .. Opaque clear pale yellowish- green green Smell a si oe me SS none Another analysis made (July, 1907) and communicated by Dr. J.C. THRESH. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. Cl. | NOs. Probable Ca. | Mg. | Na. | COs. 8 19 2 combinations. 25) °35 — | 109 nm 6 73 —_ — 10:9 o — — |Caleium carbonate 18°2 8 — — — 2° —_ -— |Caleium sulphate... 2°8 15) — _ — — 25} — |Caleium chloride... °4 3D — — —_— 14 — |Magnesium chloride 1°75 — _— 15 — — ‘25.} — |Sodium chloride ... ‘4 -— — 1 — — | — ‘2 |Sodium nitrate... ‘3 | Silica, ete. ... we. 145 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 25:3 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. -008. Pembury, Tunsrince Weis Waterworks. July, 1904. (See pp. 177—181.) Water from Ashdown Beds. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. THREsH. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. Ca. | Mg. | Fe. | Na. | COs.| SO4.| Cl. | NOs. Probable 9 3 15) —}| 9 35 | 3 | 6? combinations. | | : . 9 Sf ee 1:35] -- — | — |Caleium carbonate ... 2°25 —~ | 3 | —| “‘15| — | —]| — |Magnesium carbonate 1:05 —j{ —; 15] --) 15) — | — | — |ferrous carbonate... °3 — | — 5:2 | 675; — — | — |Sodium carbonate .., 11°95 —! —|] —/17 — | 35 —_ — |Sodium sulphate 52 —}| —}| —!195) — == | 3° — |Sodium chloride 4°95 | Silica, ete. 3 Total solid constivuents dried at 180° C. 26: 332 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Free ammonia ... sais ses . 048 Organic ammonia : sas ve 7004 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. +028 The following particulars are by Dr. A. C. Houston, 32nd Ann. Rep. of the Local Govt. Board, Supplement, p. 586. (1904.) The figures are parts per million and the samples were taken from October 27th to December 29th, 1902. Oxygen Free Albumenoid | absorbed from Wells. Ammonia, Ammonia. |Permanganate Ghipeac: in 4 hours. 1, 2,3 024 to 032 | °0024 to 0056 | -019 to -042 21 to 2:3 3 024 to 032 “004 to ‘0104 | +0106 to :02 2°9 to 3'1 4 “024 and -028 |0056 and -0064| ‘01 and ‘0196 | 2°7 and 3 No. 4 is thought to be substantially the same as No. 3, only 30 feet distant, ‘The chemical results as a whole suggest that the waters are of great purity, although the figures as regards free ammonia are certainly high.” A lengthy account of bacteriologic examinations is also given. Petham. Water from the Chalk. W. H. Hamnonp, 22nd Rep. HE. Kent N.H. Soc., p. 24. (1880.) 1. From well in meadow about a mile from Petham, away from houses. 2. Fron well close to a farmhouse in Petham. 3. From a well in the middle of the village. 4, From another well at Petham, with a pump. 1. | 2 3. | A; Total solids... ee 21°35 29°4 22-4 245 Chlorine... Ws 1:24 1:74 157 1:33 Free ammonia bud “O04 04 “05 03 Albumenoid ammonia 07 08 17 04 Nitrites aes owe — traces — = In 2 “the presence of the farmyard has raised all the items, but still it may be classed as a wholesome water.” He thinks “ that the large quantity of water in the soil thoroughly cleanses all the wells.” For an analysis of the Nailbourne-water see p. 280. Plumstead. Tue Puiumsreap, WootwicH anp CHARLTON Consumers’ Purz Water Co. Absorbed by the Kent Co. in 1861, and now by the Metropolitan Water Board. (See p. 183.) 1867. Water from the Chalk. Royal Comnission on Water Supply. Minutes of Evidence, p. 232. Fol. Lond., 1869. Hardness of the water ee ‘és site ui sw , 21° ” » 9, softened water (Clark’s process) won TRE Solid contents of the water... « 31 | Grains per if PP » », Softened water 184 gallon. Another analysis, by Prof. A. W. Hormann, in a Report on the Chemical Quality of the Supply of Water to the Metropolis, 1856, Reprinted in above, p. 123. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 3338 . From works, softened, January 25th. b. From well, unsoftened, April 5th. In grains per gallon. a b. Total solid residue 18°84 33163 Organic matler... “15 1:05 “Tnorganic matter ... 18-09 82°113 Hardness, total... 8°15° 22°65° Pr permanent 819 10°25° 6 temporary 05° 12°4° A later analysis. Kent Water Co.'s WELL, 600 feet deep [now Metrop. Water Board], February 11th, 1873. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 101. Repeated pp. 275, 293. Clear and palatable. Temperature 12° C. Total solid impurity vas .. 508 ) Organic carbon Sue sie ‘O81 Parts Organic nitrogen (no ammonia) . ‘O11 ee Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites ‘338 ise 000 Total combined a i ace ahs 3 19 Chlorine ues anh w= 46 Hardness, temporary 168, paraanatt 138; total 30°6. There are six somewhat similar analyses, by Dr. A. J. BERNAYS, in Sir F. Botron’s London Water Supply, 1884, p. 83. Ramsgate, Waterworks. (See p. 184.) Water from the Chalk. Well at Whitehall, 100 feet deep, March Ist, 1873. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 100. Clear and palatable. Temperature 10° C. Total solid impurity non .. 40°9 | Organic carbon ‘se os ax 052 Part Organic nitrogen (no ammonia) wai 013 ‘ oes Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites 806 {on.008 Total combined nitrogen ... si 319 ae Chlorine sae ciel ews 92 Hardness, temporary 20°4, pesmadient 5-9; total 26:3. Two analyses by G. W. Wiener, in The Water Supply of Sea-side Watering- places, 1878, pp. 30, 31. In grains per gallon. 1. Drawn from the drinking-fountain at the pier-gates, July 14th. 2. From the Surveyor, July 23rd (? 1877). 1. 2. Total solid matter... : we | 285 33°6 Loss on ignition after deducting “combined car- bonie acid... es an hs es is 42 4:43 Iron, traces. . . Chlorine calculated ag chloride of sodium... site 6-76 6:67 Nitrogen as ammonia . et ee Wise ‘0011 “004 s i albumenoid ammonia ile ats oe 0035 ‘0037 95 » Nitrates ... ss wae ite ate ‘419 488 5 » Ditrites ... nae Ma ian 013 006 Total nitrogen in these four forms ii wisi sn 4366 5017 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter oes ne 021 ‘O11 Bae: Clark’s scale, before boiling 19° and 18°6°, after boiling 3°5° an Both of excellent colour and free from BIE COTS ae taste or smell. No fault except hardness. 334 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Five samples, by S. Harvey. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons. In grains per gallon. 1. From the rising main near Whitehall Works, taken at noon, August 29th, 1890 2. From the bottom of the well, Southwood, taken at 12.45 p.m. same day. 3. From heading in which workmen were at work site ... ) Received 4. From heading nearest the point where contamination might > 30thMay, have been expected ‘1 ea sti igs sie 1904. 5. Sample received 16th January, 1899. In all, appearance clear, no smell. Colour, in 5, green-blue. \ ds 2 3. 4. 5. Chlorine in chlorides ... | 10°36 763 371 371 11°62 Do. reckoned as salt... 17:07 12°57 — — _— Nitrogen in nitrates... 85 “85 35) 33 ‘69 Ammonia ... ‘ ee trace trace 0035) trace none Albumenoid ammonia oe 0006 “0019 0025 0022 “0011 Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes ... ae trace trace trace trace trace Oxygen abscehed in 4 . hours... ans 03 07 03 03 022 Total solid matter | we | 45°9 40-04 30°24 30°24 43°68 Hardness, before boiling | 22°75° | 22°23° | 20°49 20°4° 23°2° es after ” (permanent)... as 3°85° 35° 2°2° 2:28 572° 1, 2. It is satisfactory to find that the supply maintains its high character for organic purity and freedom from sewage-impregnation. 3, 4. Assuming the two samples to represent the public supply the results are very satisfactory and at no time before have such low figures for com- bined chlorine and nitrates been observed. The water in both is organi- cally pure and there is no evidence of sewage-percolation. The figure for ammonia in No. 3 however requires explanation; such an amount is unusual. 5. The results are satisfactory both as to organic purity and absence of sewage-percolation. Microscopical examination of deposit. 1, 2, Slight chalk; 3, chalky; 4,slight and unimportant ; 5, slight traces of iron-oxide and vegetable fibres. Another analysis, from the well at Whitehall. March, 1899. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. THRrrEsn. The greater part published in his Examination of Waters and Water Supplies, 1904. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. Ca. | Mg.| Na. | COs. | SOy. | Cl. | NOsg. Probable 13°3 | 1:25) — | 148] 33 | 17:4 | 4:2 combinations. 99 —|—- | 148 | — — _ Calcium carbonate... 24°7 14 —-|—. = 3:3 _ — | Calcium sulphate ... 4:7 1:35; —| —! — — —_ 4:2 | Calcium nitrate 5:55 65; —| —} — — 1:15; — | Calcium chloride ... 1:8 — |1:25) — | = _— 37 —- | Magnesium chloride 4°95 — —|8& a — — | 1255) — | Sodium chloride ... 20°7 Silica, ete coe ae Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 635 Organic ammonia (no free ammonia) ‘002 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. -078 ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 835 The following, made and communicated by Mr. C. EKIN, are presumably from the public supply. The figures are parts per million. Waterfall. | @t™Ville | station. Hotel. Chlorine... ee sea ies 206° 198° 208° Ammonia ... sie ane ae 08 0 08 Nitrogen as nitrates (no nitrites) 8°23, 8:89 9°22 The following sets of analyses are condensed from tables contributed by Mr. T. N. Ritson, late Engineer of Ramsgate. They deal with the years 1903—6. Analyses of samples taken each month in 1903 gave the following results :— Appearance and colour, clear and green-blue; smell, none; throughout. Microscopic examination, slight or slight and unimportant throughout. Chlorine in chlorides... eis varied from 13°31 in Dec. to 15°26 in Sept. » as salt ” » 21:93 in Dee. to 25°15 in Sept. Nitrogen in nitrates... ct % » ‘67 in Dee. to ‘87 in Feb. Ammonia ats acts 7” » from none (generally) to ‘0014 in Sept. » albuminoid 9 » from ‘0011 Oct. and Dec. to ‘0019 March and May. Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes 5 y trace only throughous. ” ” » 4 hours if » from ‘02 May to ‘044 Oct. Hardness before boiling (total)... i » pretty constant 23°9-24:2. » after a (permanent) is 5 i - 6 to 6D. Total solid matter aie Sats 45 » 50°47 July to 53:27 Nov. A similar series taken in 1904 gave the following results :— Appearance clear ; colour, green-blue ; smell, none; throughout. Microscopic examination of deposit, “slight (or very slight) and unim- portant” in 11 months to “ slight organic débris ” in Feb. Chlorine in chlorides... ss varied from 10°15 July to 12'81 Aug. and Dec. » assalt ... ae sa a » 16°73 July to 211 Aug. and Dec. +5 » ‘46 Sept. next lowest ‘66 Jan. ; highest ‘84 Feb. Nitrogen in nitrates Ammonia ... a ie ‘ht A »» none very often to ‘0005 Nov. albuminoids ... wee - » ‘0008 Sept. and Oct. to 0017 Feb. Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes... si », trace only throughout. 3 55 », 4 hours i » 0054 Sept. (next lowest 028 Feb.) to °052 July. Hardness total ... sv eg i , 22°9 Dec. and Sept., 23°9 Jan. 35 permanent _ , 93 Dec., Sept. and Oct. to 6:3 Jan. Total solid matter see at 3 » 43°61 June to 51:24 Nov. A similar series in 1905 gave the following results :— = Appearance clear (very clear Jan. and Feb.) ; colour green-blue; smell none ; throughout. Microscopie examination of deposit, slight and unimportant throughout. 336 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Chlorine in chlorides... ee varied fromm 12°74 Feb. to 16°66 Oct. 5 as salt ... ns wi oii ;, 20°99 Feb. to 27°45 ,, Nitrogen in nitrates ae ih a » ‘04 in Oct. to’78 Jan. and Sept. Ammonia ... aye a ee se » none generally to *0006 in April. “6 albuminoid ... : i », °0006 Jan. to 0021 May. Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes o » trace only throughout, » 4hours ... ra «+ ‘024 Jan. to ‘064 in Sept. Hardness before boiling (total)... ag 5, 22:9 June to 23°6 Sept. 45 after a (per manent) a » 53 Jan. June and Nov. ; to 5°8 May. Total solid matter... a sit i » 49°35 June to 57:19 Sept. Note.—Figures for the December sample not given. A similar series in 1906 gave the following results :— Appearance clear; colour, green-blue ; smell none ; throughout. Microscopic examination of deposit, slight in June, slight and unimpor- tant in others. Chlorine in chlorides... re varied from 15°82 Jan. and Feb. to 21°35 Dec. ‘3 as salt ... soe ae af », 26°07 Jan. and Feb. to 35°18 Dec. Nitrogen in nitrates... sate i » °69 in May to ‘85 in Mar. Ammonia ... she a ate 5 » °0003 May, June, Aug., Sept., Nov., Dec. to ‘0006 Jan. and Feb. 5 albuminoid aie noe 1g » 0008 Jan.,Apriland June to ‘0019 March. : Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes es » trace only or traces throughout. » 4hours... 8 » 022 Feb. to 068 July. Hardness before boiling (total)... ie » 266 June to 288 Sept. +5 after Fr (permanent) an ., ‘YJune to 109 Aug. and Sept. Total solid matter... ox sis 9 » 53°97 Jan. and June to 67°97 Sept. A combination of the monthly analyses for the 4 years 1903—6. Appearance clear (very clear Jan. and Feb. 1905) ; colour, green-blue; smell none; throughout. Microscopic examination of deposit, slight (or very slight) and unimpor- tant almost throughout (once “slight”). In Feb. 1904, there was “slight organic débris.” Chlorine in chlorides... wits varied from 10°15 July 1904 to 21°35 Dec. 1906. 3 as salts ... es ee ‘a » 16°73 July 1904 to 35°18 Dee. 1906. Phosphoric acid as eee None throughout. Nitrogen in nitrates aie Ma «i 5 °46 Sept. 1904 to ‘87 in Feb. 1903. Ammonia ... Sie sae suit 5 + none generally in 1903, 4, 5 to 0014 Sept. 1903. ri albuminoid ... oe i 5, 0006 Jan. 1905 to °0021 May 1905. Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes ‘9 ., trace only throughout (once “ traces ”’). ” oh » 4hours ... 9 » ‘0054 Sept. 1904* ; next lowest ‘02, May 1903, highest ‘068 July 1906. * This figure is exceptioral. Possibly should b ‘054. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 337 Hardness before boiling (total)... s » 229 Dee. and Sept. ’04 and June ’05 to 288 Sept. ’06. ‘5 after » ° (permanent) ‘5 » 53 Dee. Sept. and Oct. 04 and Jan., June and Nov. ’05 to 10°9 Aug. and Sept. ’06. Total solid matter ose ee 3 », 43°61 June ’04 to 67°97 Sept. ’06. Rochester. Dr. T. Duntoe has referred ‘to a water from here, without giving the precise site, which contains 35 grains of total solids to the gallon, of which 16 are calcium-carbonate and 8°5 sodium-chloride. See also Chatham. Saltwood. New Well (? for Hythe), bored to 45 feet deep. In Folkestone Beds. (See p. 187.) Made (February, 1902) and communicated by Dr. J. C. Turesw. Mainly printed in his Examination of Waters and Water Supplies, 1904. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. Ca. | Mg.| Fe. | Na. | CO3.| SO,.| Cl. | NOs. Probable 4:95 | ‘3 |trace] —- | 45 | 3°7 | 2°65 | 4:3 combinations. | 3 | =| —}] | £5) =] —] — | Calcium carbonate . 15 — | Calcium sulphate “4 | --| —| —| — — ) Calcium chloride | . 75 — . 52 7 oT. 3 —}; —]| —|] —-| 9 — | Magnesium chloride.. 1:2 0: 1 . 6 xh 5 Oe | | | | oo [3 sof Seay ae 7 — | —]1:05| — | Sodium chloride 15 Sony Semel!) wes OL: —}| —| —| 43} Sodium (and potas- sium) nitrate ~ | Silica, ete. 9 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. oS Free ammonia.. a wes 032 Organic ammonia sia “007 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours ‘at 2 27° CG 08 Sandwich. Marker Pump. By G. W. Wiener, The Water Supply of Sea-side Watering-places, 1878, pp. 34, 35, 61.: In grains per gallon. This isa striking instance of the evil supplies that were in use several years ago.—W. WwW. No public supply at the time, except from pumps and the Delf Stream, which runs through the town, the analysis of which is much better than this. Total solid matter... - 103°8 Loss on ignition after deducting eombined ‘carbonic acid 11°3 Tron, traces Chlorine calculated as chloride of sodium... wie see 29°07 Nitrogen as ammonia . = age is bas a 0029 5 7 albumenoid ammonia ive eas eit he 027 i » Nitrates ... ae ane at ee ae = 413 i 5, nitrites ... sats sist xs “004 Total nitrogen in these four forms . er ate ve 4°1639 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter ais tee tne 054 10,000 Y 338 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Hardness, Clark’s scale, before boiling 36°5°, after boiling 19°. Colour objectionable, a dirty pale yellow; fairly free from unpleasant smell or taste. Microscopic examination eminently unsatisfactory. “The residue left on evaporating afew drops .. . was full of animal matter, a good deal evidently decomposing animal remains and muscular fibre... . it would be much more appropriate to call the liquid from this pump sewage rather than water.” He adds that it ‘“‘ appears, on the whole, to claim pre-eminence as the worst of these private waters (of seven places where there was no real public supply) ... however valuable this fluid might be as a liquid manure, and it would be impossible to deny that it has a certain value in this respect ” it shovld not be used as water. It is satisfactory to say that the town has now an excellent supply, from a well at Woodnesborough, (See pp. 216, 217, 352.) Sevenoaks. 1. WarER Co. (See p. 191.) From Kentish Rag. Made by Dr. J. 8. Tew, May, 1898. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons. Sample taken from a scullery-tap in Camden Road, May 27th. Chemical analysis, in parts per 100,000. Albumenoid ammonia (no free ammunia) °002 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 80° F. ... O11 Total solids ... a vik axa vie 2 Loss on ignition aay es sie Chlorine sis ais ans she sey BAL Nitrogen as nitrates (none as nitrites) ... °042 Hardness 17°. An excellent water for drinking and domestic purposes, possessing a high degree of organic purity. : woe Bacteriological examination. Sample collected, from same source, in bottles sterilised for two hours at 150° C. packed in ice and examination commenced the same day. One cubic centimetre gave an average of 57 bacteria capable of develop- ment in gelatine at’ 22° C. in 48 hours. The proportion of liquefying organisms was 1 to 45. Special search was made for the typhoid and coli bacilli by the usual methods with a negative result. The above results are satisfactory and indicate that the water, from a bacteriological point of view, is pure and uncontaminated. Another analysis, made (April, 1906), and communicated by Dr. J. C. THRESH, is as follows. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. | Ca. | Mg.| Na. | CO. | SO,. | Cl. | NO. Probable 8:2 2 — | 101) 19 23 1:75 combinations. ag sa se eel 67 —; —{ 101); — _— — | Calcium earbonate... 168 ‘8 —) —j; — 19 — — | Calcium sulphate ... 2:7 7 =|, Me RS — | 125 | — | Calcium chloride ... 195 —_— p24 f32 | os — 6 — Magnesium chloride ‘8 — _ *25 a ~~ “45 — Sodium chloride 7 _ — | od} — -- — 175 | Sodium nitrate wae 23 | Siliea, ete. “25 Total solid constituents dried at 180°C. 25-5 Organic ammonia (no free ammonia) ‘002 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. °01 See also Kemsing. (p. 322.) ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 3389 2. Mr. W. Sporriswoope’s WELL, 60 feet deep, August, 1873. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 105. Given as an example of a polluted water from a deep well in the Lower Greensand. Slightly turbid. Palatable. Total solid impurity... re .. 38°76 \ Organic carbon ht oa oe «= 447 5 Organic nitrogen (no ammonia) ee 072 | | Parts per Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites ‘252! r 100,000, Total combined nitrogen ... ww. B24 | Chlorine se a8 59 ‘a Hardness, temporary 7°2, pérmaiicnt 13°4; total 20°6. 3. Spring in Railway-tunnel, February 21st, 1873. This is not really a spring, that is to say the water is got artificially and at considerable depth, not at or close to the surface of the ground.—W. W. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 121. Repeated pp. 292, 293. Slightly turbid. Palatable. Temperature 9° C, Total solid impurity... site .» 34°36 ) Organic carbon os He we = O15} Organic nitrogen (no ammonia) we = 002 | Parts per Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites +416/ 100,000. Total combined nitrogen ... .. 418 | Chlorine we a we Ol Hardness, temporary 13°7, permanent ‘7; total 6: 4, This water is presumably that which is "taken for the public supply, —wW.W. Sheerness. (See pp. 192, 194.) 1, Old Well in Dockyard, 450 feet deep. 2, Well at Water- works, 384 feet deep. Both April 21st, 1873. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 104. In both temperature 16°72 C, (or 62° I*.) Both clear and palatable. In parts per 100,000. | L | 2. Total solid impurity ... ee 611 568 Organic carbon ... att on 133 117 Organic nitrogen .. ais ate ee 021 Ammonia ... 19 ‘l Nitrogen as nitrates and hitrites 0 027 Total combined nitrogen site 13 Chlorine ... : ieee aay 91 1 58 1. Hardness, temporary 45 9, permanent 3°6 ; total 8°1. 2. ” ” 10°8 ” 47 ; yy 155. 3. New Ordnance Well, . By Dr. F, A. DE Coaumont, 13th Tung 1878. Hardness, fixed ... ee 1°49 99 temporary or removable 49° Total 6°3° of Clark's scale. Grains per gallon. Volatile matter (by ingingration) ses th we 105 Chlorine.. os ae ae «. 89776 Sodium (combined with. above) Sis ee ... 58282 Calcium carbonate... vee 3°27 Fixed hard salts (estimated as calcium carbonate) 14 Sulphuric acid . oe aii ee Alkaline carbonates, ete. sis aaa ss 22°1742 Siliza, alumina, etc. Wis ‘i ee 340 KENT WATER SUPPLY. 4, Public Supply. Sample drawn from the Main. G. W. Wiener, The Water Supply of Sea-side Watering-places, 1878, p. 22. In grains per gallon. Total solid matter ais o. 446 Loss on ignition after deducting combined. carbonic acid 48 Iron, traces. Chlorine calculated as chloride of sodium... ais we TB Nitrogen as ammonia . vist aie ais we 002 i 5 albumenoid ammonia ... a 28 site 0009 es » Ditrates ... ane ay es ie sins “832 i y nitrites ... Si aie sie ae ‘017 Total nitrogen in these four forms .... aie aia ae 8519 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter —... ie 0304 Hardness, Clark’s scale, before boiling 10°6°, after potiing 2°; Slightly turbid; free from objectionable taste or smell. Microscopic examination quite satisfactory. ‘ The only bad feature . . is the amount of nitrogen in the form of nitrates.” Another sample, from the Surveyor, drawn a fortnight later gave results almost identical. The water is therefore uniform in quality. A good water. The following table is from Dr. G. 8. Bucaanan’s Report to the Local Government Board on Sheerness, 1905, p. 20. In parts per 100,000. . Hard- Ss ; x : ness 3 5 3 a s o | 8] g 8 B e, of 3 3 a/a/2/ 2B a 2 5 a\ai 2re|e| & g 5 a |3/2le)8|2)8) 8 5 a © | 7S |.4 o| & ay cs < |e |e &| | & 2 ° < Garrison |War Depart-|61° | 9° |2° /12°82; 0 | 0 | — |Clear. Small Well ment, 1877 sediment of : | sand. Trace of iron. Garrison |War Depart-\59° | 8° |6° 13°5 [074/005] -0296 |Clear. Small Well ment, 1900 | (15 min.| deposit of | at 80°) sand. Navy “New| Haslar (63° | 6°6/2:2) 7°6 (15 |-08 0 Slight tur- Well” Laboratory, (8 hours)| bidity. May, 1900 Scarcely . perceptible sediment. Town Supply} Haslar = |72° |17°4/7-4] 6:2 -084) 034) 024 Slight. tur- Laboratory, (3 hours) __ bidity. May, 1900. | No sediment. Town Supply| J. Murter, '60° |11-7/0 | 6° 43°04 /004| -059 | Alkaline re- from ser- July, 1904 ! (4 hours) action. Con- vice-tank ' tained 17°5 parts of | sodium-car- : | bonate. Sheppey [War Depart-|63°5| 6° 5:5) 76 0 |0 | 006 Clear. Small Union ment, 1900 | (15 min.| sediment of | | at 80°) | sand and vegetable ie débris, ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 341 Southborough. Public‘Supply. (See p. 199.) Krom Trial-bore at Modest Corner (abandoned). In Hastings Beds. By M. A. Apams, Public Analyst for Kent. Communicated by . Dr. F. Parsons. Mineral analysis, in grains per gallon (? March, April, 1896). Soda ... sat .. 15°963 Sodium chloride ... 4°944 Sodium of w» «1944 Sodium sulphate .,. 14-981 Lime ... ia .. 609 Sodium nitrate vee 2°767 Magnesia... w= “401 Sodium carbonate ... 14°383 Sulphuric acid w. §=844 Calcium carbonate... 1°088- Chlorine ae say Ole Magnesiumcarbonate ‘842 Nitric acid ... we 1758 Carbonic acid w. §=6'89 Tron oxide ... we 028 Iron oxide ... ws 028 Silica ... ve we 574 Silica... ses we = OT4 Total... . ... 39°607 Total ... « 39°607 Suspended matter wholly inorganic 1°47, Se aewe ia From bore-hole, March 12th, 1896. Total solids (excess)... ia a Loss on ignition... tear ot - Chlorine : oe 3 pee Nitrogen as nitrates. pal ani Oxygen absorbed in a. hour *007 » 4 hours 12) Phosphoric acid, trace. Free ammonia (large excess) ‘5 ae per Albumenoid ammonia we 104 million. Appearance in 2-foot tube, opaque yellowish-green (excess). “From a sanitary point of view I have to remark upon the large amount of solid dissolved matter, the large excess of free ammonia and the opaque yellowish-green condition of the water. The excess of free ammonia, in my belief, is due to a partial reduction of the nitrates and is in no way connected with organic pollution. The opacity is probably the result of disturbance inseparably . . connected with the boring of the well. So that everything considered I am able to report favourably as to its whole- someness so far as freedom from organic pollution is concerned.” “ As respects its mineral composition it is not at all an ordinary water. Its main constituents are sulphate and carbonate of soda in large quantities {and] about double the usual amount of chloride of sodium, nitrate of soda and carbonate of lime [?] . . The water must be regarded in the light of an alkaline mineral water possessing medicinal properties.” “From a domestic point of view it is very soft and must prove to be an excellent water for all washing and cleansing purposes.” “ For bathing purposes it is likely to be very useful in suitable cases.” “The sanitary analysis should be repeated after the well has had time to settle down into ordinary permanent condition.” Another analysis, of water from a depth of 370 feet, made by R. A. Cripps in June, 1896. Also communicated by Dr. F. Parsons, Total solids a ies ze aie we 89D Chlorine ... aii ain “an sia we 23 Ammonia ... ey vias ais we 10147 Albumenoid ammonia wiv .. 0007 | Grains Nitrogen as nitrates (none as nitrites) we 02 per Oxygen absorbed in 5 minutes.. sists . 0215 | gallon.) + » dhours ... was we = 0492 Iron, traces. Alkalinity, calculated as bicarbonate of soda 41°7} Temporary hardness 1:1°, permanent ‘9°; total 2°. No smell. 342 KENT WATER SUPPLY. “This water is of fairly good quality. It is free from organic pollu- tion . . but is distinctly alkaline.” “The water may be drunk with safety, although not of that high standard of quality which is desirable.” Analysis of water, from a well 103 feet deep, into sandstone, at Upper Hayesden (No. 1). Made by Prof. P. F. FRANKLAND, January, 1901. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons. In parts per 100,000. Sample collected on December 31st, 1900, under the conditions in which it would be delivered from the well in regular working. For the purpose of comparison the second column of figures shows the result of an analysis of water from the trial-bore, 330 feet deep, into Ashdown Sand, made by Sir E. FRANKLAND in January, 1899. Well. Trial-bore. Total solid matters fiat bi 31:17 42°68 Organic carbon ... veg ae 061 073 Organic nitrogen... ain ioe 009 018 Ammonia ... 034 024 Nitrogen as nitrates and ‘nitrites trace 148 Total combined nitrogen ai 037 179 Chlorine ... ; at re 3-2 2 Carbonate of soda. 2 Ae 6°49 26°5 Tron.. ae _— 075 Hardness (well) eemporsiy 4: 5, aaee 3°5; total 8, Well. Very turbid, giving thick ferruginous deposit (clay and iron-oxide). Analysis made on clear liquid after settlement. Palatable. Bore. Turbid. Of the well-water Prof. FRANKLAND says that it is of a high degree of organic purity and of excellent quality for drinking and all domestic purposes. The composition differs materially from that from the trial-bore, which may be accounted for through the previous sample having been taken from the bore, whilst the other is a mixture of the water from the well, the headings, and the deep bore. Dr. Parsons adds that the water is to be filtered, to remove the suspended clay and the iron-oxide. Analysis made (June, 1906) and communicated by Dr. J. C. THREsH, from boring at Hayesden. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. Ca. | Mg. | Na. | COs. | SOu |] Cl. | NOs. Probable 2° 6 —_ 63 OF 34 15 combinations. 2 — — 3 ae fae | \Calcium carbonate... 5° — 6 —_ 15 Magnesium carbonate 2°1 —_ —_— 14 18 | = — | - Sodium carbonate ... 3:2 — _— 1: -— | 2: +. | -- |Sodium sulphate ... 3° = _— 22 bes _ ‘4 | -- |Sodium chloride... 5°6 _ — "20 | | — — | 15 |Sodium nitrate ... 2°05 ) Silica, ete. ... we 155 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 22°5 Free ammonia ... aitre ate a. 002 Organic ammonia we 7008 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27°C. “009 ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. Staplehurst. Toronto Houser. September, 1872. Rivers Pollution Commission. On Weald Clay. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 82. In parts per 100,090. Total solid impurity we BEL Organic carbon i 202 Organic nitrogen ... 048 Ammonia ... sti ‘si ais 16 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites 064 Total combined nitrogen 244 Chlorine 2 825 Hardness, temporary 8, permanent 4; total 12. Bad odour. Turbid. Shallow well. Strood. Waterworks. Communicated by Mr. W. Banks, City Surveyor, Rochester. Wells in Chalk. 1881. 3438 (See pp. 202—204.) The sample seems to have been taken from the Reservoir. The water was bright and sparkling, free from suspended matter and smell. On evaporation it gave a residue of 32°9 grains per gallon, which, on gentle ignition, was reduced without blackening to 28°9 grains. solid matter was found to consist as follows :— Chlorine Sulphuric acid Nitric acid Carbonic acid Soda Magnesia Tron-oxide Silica ... Lime 1-79 30°72 Deduct oxygen for chlorine °74 20-98 This These may be supposed to exist in the following states of combina- tion :— Sodium chloride ” Calcium sulphate ” ” Ferric Silica ... sulphate 5°44 (Chlorine 3:3) 09 117 nitrate . 136 carbonate ... 19°35 Magnesium carbonate 1°28 oxide ... 05 1:24 29°98 Free ammonia, none. Albumenoid ammonia ‘2 parts per million. An ordinary Chalk-water, pure and good, well suited for dietetic use. The organic matter is especially low. The oxygen consumed per gallon in 15 minutes was ‘0148 grain, and in 4 hours 0532. There was a trace only of phosphoric acid. The water is very hard. Hardness, total 19°1°, permanent 3°7°. Appearance in 2-foot tube, pale bluish-green and clear. 344 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Swanscombe. 1. BRooMFIELD Roap. March, 1900. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Turesu. Well in Chalk throughout. Said to be 105 feet deep and to contain only 3 feet of water. About 200) feet above Ordnance Datum. A polluted water. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. Ca. | Mg.| K. | Na. | COs.| SOu.] Cl. | NOs. Probable 14°05) °7 6 | 25 |16°5 | 3°35) 5: 79 combinations, 11: —}—-} — be: 165 | — | —j] ~ | Calcium carbonate... 27°5 14); —|] —| — ne 3°35/ — | — | Caleium sulphate ... 4°75 165) —}/ —} —}; —]}] — |] 29 — | Calcium chloride ... 4°55 Lae 7) —| —| —| —|2:05| — | Magnesium chloride 2°75 — 6) —} —|] — — | ‘95| Potassium nitrate ... 1°55 —}| —| —! 25] —| — | — | 6:95] Sodium nitrate we §=9'45 | | Silica, phosphates, a etc., organic matter 3°35 ‘Total solid ce rabtiment dried at 180°C. 53°9 Free ammonia an sas wité 002 Organic ammonia ‘ +022 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27°C. “114 2, Ecxman’s NoRTHFLEET Paper Works. January, 1903. From Chalk. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. THRESH. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000, Ca. | Mg.| Fe. | Na. | COy.| SOy.} Cl. | NOs. Probable 109 | °9 | °15 — |181 | 9 | 25 “4 combinations. |-—— 109} —| —| — 1635) —| — | — | Calcium carbonate ... 27-25 Saf Se seo oe PB): Sati) Ses Magnesium carbonate 2°45 2 | —| —| —]| 8] —]| —| Magnesium sulphate 1: —) —]16) —}| —}] 25 — |Sodium chloride ... 41 —};} —-}] 2) —| —|] — |] + | Sodium nitrate se «90 Traces of iron, silica, ete. ... sie wae 2" . Total solid constituents dried at 180°C. 37-4 There is an odour of sulphuretted hydrogen when the well is uncovered. 3. Sample from relief-valve on pump from Barnfield. November, 1903. By E. J. Reap. Communicated by Mr. C. Brapir. Total solids is wee AD21 Suspended matter (or obably chalk) ... 10°65 | Silica oe % we = Tron and alumina.. aia ze .. 26 | Grains Caleium carbonate fie ‘iste ww 17°25 | per Calcium sulphate... heats ais .. 143 | gallon. Magnesium sulphate... ae we 69 Magnesium chloride ae bees ene 192 | Alkali-chlorides ... . 378 Oxygen consumed, 15 minutes at 27°C, 0152 Parts ag 4hours _,, i "028 er Albumenoid ammonia, no free ammonia +016) 100,000. Chlorine... ies ete ... 259 |) Grains per Nitrates as nitrogen ie ale ie D2 gallon, ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 345 Hardness, temporary 16'8°, permanent 5:2°. The somewhat high oxygen consumed and albumenoid ammonia indicate that it is not a desirable water for drinking purposes. They are apparently due to certain forms of plant, related to the alge and probably harmless. Thanington. Canrersury Waterworks. (See p. 206.) By D. CampseLt. From sample taken from No. 2 bore-hole, October 24th, 1868, “after about 800,000 gallons of water per 24 hours had been pumped from the bore-hole for 120 hours.” Supply from the Chalk. Normal temperature of the water 51° F. Report to the Directors of the Company, 1869. Reprinted in S. C. HomersHam’s Report on Water Supply (to Wimbledon Local Board), 1877, pp. 32, 33; Chemical Report, pp. 37-39. Also printed elsewhere. Analysis of the evaporated residuum of the water, both before and after softening, in grains per gallon. Before After softening. | softening. Carbonate of lime ass Pe sate 15°96 1:39 Sulphate of lime ... : xls age “08 ‘07 Nitrate of lime ... ais ais Pot 2:06 2°04 Magnesia, probably as silicate... aie) 29 27 *Chlorides of sodium and of potassium 3°45 341 Silica a ais ite a vee 96 “4 Oxide of iron a nai is ut 16 = Volatile matter ... ae a ig “96 8 Total solid residue .,. re 23°92 8:38 * Elsewhere this is divided ag 3° of the first and -45 of the second (Proc. Inst. C.H., vol. xlvii., 2p. 160), Sensible hardness before softening 14°9°, latent 3°65° ; total 18°55° 4 93 after a BPs (ss “Ok gg’ BBP Before After Gases in the water. 5 . softening. | softening. Oxygen... ee Set aise asi 2:21 2:09 Nitrogen ... ive ate si Rt 5°9 5°9 Carbonic acid, in combination, not free 737 37 “The original water, when softened, becomes very soft, and the good qualities of the original water remaining unaltered, is thereby rendered a most desirable water for culinary, drinking, washing, and manufacturing purposes . . . itis perfectly bright, colourless, inodorous, wholesome and pleasant to drink.” Cantersury. Public supply (presumably from same source). In grains per gallon. Royal Commission on Water Supply. Appendix, p.77. Fol. Lond., 1869. Bright and colourless in glass tube 2 feet long. Solid matter ... ais ie suit sale ane vee 2185 Organic-and other volatile matter iis aia wee 1 Oxygen required to oxidise organic and other matter °007 Ammonia... aia site a sie age wage 702 Hardness, before boiling 18°, after boiling 4°5°. 346 ° KENT WATER SUPPLY. Another analysis by Sir E, FRANKLAND, October 29th, 1870. 1. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 99, leaving well. 2. After softening. From 8. C. HomrrsHam’s Report on Water Supply (to Wimbledon Local Bourd), 1877, p. 45. Water clear and palatable. Temperature 10°8° C. (51°49 F.). Results in parts per 100,000. In the latter publication referred to the results are also given in grains per gallon. 1 | 2 Total solid impurity 6 is 33°6 11°94 Organic carbon aes wii veo 012 0 Organic nitrogen (no ammonia) ... 012 0 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites 426 431 Total combined nitrogen ... ee 438 “438 Chlorine sis ce an 21 21 1. Hardness, temporary 22°1, permanent 4°2; total 26:3. 2. Hardness, 4°86. Tunbridge. or Tonbridge. 1, HILDENBOROUGH. Mr. Kingscote’s. Well 97 feet in clay. Water, from rock, rose to within from 10 to 15 feet from the surface. Analysis made by Mr. B. Dyer, 1877 (or earlier ?), Results in grains per gallon. Oxide of iron and alumina ... wit sia . trace Sulphate of lime as sige ie sn w 665 Sulphate of magnesia... oes sis ius we 1°85 Sulphate of soda Bea ss ate ws wo 45°16 Chloride of sodium ... sie sits aia v2 83°22 Alkaline carbonates, nitrates and organic matter 24°08 Insoluble siliceous matter and clay eas .. =196 112-42 Free ammonia ... *004 Organic ammonia °007 Solid inatter since reduced to 60 grains per gallon, including only 25 of sulphate of soda. The salts vary much at various times. The water “is organically pure and at its worst I suppose it will only have a wildly aperient effect.” As Mr. Dvysr’s letter (to Mr. C. E. Hawkins) says that Mr. Kingscote intends to use the water, it would be interesting to know the result. Mr. Dyer also adds that he “has found by making two or three approxi- mate analyses at different stages of pumping that both the total solid matters and the proportion of sulphate of soda undergo remarkable fluctua- tions,” one analysis showing the sulphate of soda reduced to half its original quantity, whilst in another it considerably exceeded the original. He also says that the brackish taste has disappeared. 2. ScHooL. April 1878. From Wells. Two samples. u Pump Room and b Fountain. Made by Mr. M. A. ADAms. a b Solids... bey Hs eg ... in grains per gallon 38°5 39 Chlorine ‘ 6 < » o8 59 Ammonia albuminoid (none “ free”), in parts per million +06 “06 ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 347 Hardness, Clark's scale, 22° and 21°, total; 10°5° and 10°, permanent, Though they might pass muster when compared with the average of well-water, they are not as pure as they should be. In comparison with analyses of Tonbridge Water Works water, done at the same time, Mr. ADAMS says that these samples “ contain far too much solid matter, and what is more significant, too much Chlorine and Albumi- noid Ammonia,” that is taking the Water Company’s water as a fair standard of local purity. ‘I should advise that these waters should not be used for drinking or other similar domestic purposes.” The.well here, which once supplied the School, has been disused for a long time. It is believed to be just in front of the School-house. 3. WaTER Company. Shallow Well in River Gravel. (See p. 208.) By Prof. WANKLYN. October 1876. Solids in grains per gallon... bt aaa, eer Chlorine Bi 8 se nai we =«=6D4 Ammonia, free, in parts per million ate 04 s albuminoid ,, 4, 4, as O04 Hardness 162. “Remarkably free from organic matters.” By Mr. W. R. Lortus. February 1878. Specific gravity 1000-36 Inorganic matter... we» 25°12 } Organic ste w= (24 wih Total residue whe w §26°36 | ee Sulphate oflime .. .... 4°15 ae Carbonate of lime ... we» 12°65 | 5 7 Carbonate of magnesia ... only traces J Hardness 17°, after boiling 3°32. ‘No exception can be taken to it on the score of purity, as it is above the average in this respect.” Made by Messrs. ALLEN and Hansury. September 189]. Colour in two-foot tube pale plue clear, Suspended matter, and taste and smell when heated to 100° F, none. Hardness before boiling 189, after boiling 8° (Clark’s scale). Total solid matter ste ss sai .. 808 Loss on ignition ... act sit sis we 21 | Total mineral matter... ile as we OTT Grains Chlorine, equal to chloride of sodium w #91 4 per Phosphoric acid ... aise sais are .. trace | gallon. Nitrogen asammonia_... 8 aie “002 | », albuminoid ammonia ze ait 0021 | + y nitrates a an ase ae 4° J Oxygen absorbed by organic matter from solution of permanganate of potash at 80 F. in 2 minutes, none; in 4 minutes, ‘0107. : Valuation (Wigner’s scale). Values below 35 indicate first class water, and samples with a value above 75 are unfit for drinking. The London Waters generally average a value of about 30 and the best public supplies 10 to 15. The valuation of this sample is 27. Therefore it is a first class water. A very good water. No trace of contamination with animal organic matter. 348 KENT WATER SUPPLY. Made (December, 1897) and communicated by Dr. J. C. THRESH. Saline constituents, in parts per 100,000. “Ca. | Mg. | Na. | CO,. | SO4. Cl. | NOs. Probable 87 | 8 | — | 103 | 73 | 37 | 13 combinations. 69 | — | — | 103 | — | — | — | Calcium carbonate. 17-2 17 — — _— 41 _ — | Calcium sulphate.... 58 — 8 —_— — 32 _— ~— | Magnesium sulphate 4° _ _ 24 — — 37 — | Sodium chloride ... 61 —_ —_ “4 — — _— 13 | Sodium nitrate ... 17 Silica, ete. ... . 22 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 37° Free ammonia ... wae wae aes *002 Organic ammonia . sie «. '003 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. ‘017 a Analysis, of a sample taken February 15th, 1900, by Dr. J. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons. b. By Dr, Tew. October 15, 1898, Tonbridge Free Press, 12, 1898. a Albumenoid ammonia (no free ammonia) ... 002 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 80° F. dies 005 Total solids die : we OD Loss on ee sisi dis a sans bale” Chlorine .. cee 37 Nitrogen as nitrates (none as ; nitrites) sa 376 Alkalinity as Ca CO, ... we = 187 In pa rts per "100, 000. Hardness 194 and 17°38, permanent 3°1 and 3:25. S. Tew. November b 006 019 “Tn both the water was clear and bright. There was no sediment and no smell.” An older Analysis, said to be from a deeper well in Hastings Sand. February 21st, 1873. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 97. Clear and palatable. Temperature 9°6° C, Total solid impurity at we BETEB Organic carbon... aor we 7036 Organic nitrogen (no ammonia)... Total combined nitrogen wee D007 | Chlorine... See woe 2.) Hardness, temporary 15:1, peninanetit? ; total 22-1. 06 , Parts per Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites ‘501 | 100,000. Mr, Stumonp’s Brewery, near Tunbridge. February, 1890. By Dr. G. H. Oasron. Total solid matter ... 65°73 Carbonate of soda... 46°4 Grains Chloride of sodium ... 17°72 per Chloride of calcium .... ‘71 | gallon. Chloride of magnesium 04 Ammonia, free . 015 | Parts per Ammonia, organic ... ‘05 million. Oxygen required to oxydise organic matter ‘015. No nitrates. The water is bright and colourless. Hardness none. “ One of those remarkable waters sometimes met with in which the lime originally present has been replaced by soda and so we have carbonate of ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 349 soda instead of carbonate of lime in solution. The only question in regard to the fitness of this water for a domestic supply, its organic purity being satisfactory, is whether the . . . carbonate of soda would be an objection. In my own opinion it would not... For manufacturing purposes and for washing no better water could be desired as there would be no deposit in boilers and the minimum consumption of soap would suffice.’ Tunbridge Wells, sce Pembury, pp. 331, 332. Walmer. Dear Waterworks. (See p. 212.) Well 115 feet. Three analyses. In first and second water clear, in third slightly turbid, in all palatable. Temperature, in second, 11°39 C. Water from the Chalk. Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874, p. 99. In parts per L00,CO0. { | July 24, | March 1, | August 28, ' 1869. 1873. 1873. Total solid impurity its | 33°2 34:06 31-74 Organic carbon ... aide inte | 032 05 “056 Organic nitrogen... oat 013 007 024 Ammonia ... an te as —_ 002 “004 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites 698 “803 ‘702 Total combined nitrogen ‘ive ‘7k 812 729 Chlorine ... one iat sia 2°8 3 2°9 Hardness, temporary... wee 20°4. 18-2 20°2 % permanent ... wis 5°9 5:4 61 - total ... ha as 26:3 23°6 263 Three analyses, by G. W. Wiensr, The Water Supply of Sea-side Watering- places, 1878, pp. 35-37. 1. Sample received from the Surveyor. 2. Taken from a main tap at an hotel near the station. 3. Taken from the reservoir. 1. 2. 3. Total solid matter sie oie or we | 25°4 26'6 27°4 Loss on ignition after deducting combined F carbonic acid ... ase sa x ave | AEF 1:18 287 Tron oe ae ie ane aes « | traces — ies Chlorine calculated as chloride of sodium... | 3°51 3°35 3°51 Nitrogen as ammonia ... sie awa as 0015 0037 0049 +5 y» albuminoid ammonia... ein “0029 0026 “0023 65 » Nitrates... wi oy ie 535 374 "346 A » nitrites aaa “ies es 008 - 004 004 Total nitrogen in these four forms ... sie D474 “3843 3572 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter... ais “0144 ‘008 02 Hardness, Clark’s scale, before boiling, 15:1°, 14°79 and 15°, after boil- ing 3°5°, 43°, and 4°. pre) after boi 1. Water yellowish, from traces of suspended matter. tionable smell. Taste slightly tory. 2, 3. Slight smell and when warmed a taste of chalk, but free from the yellowish colour. Microscopic examination satisfactory. 3. Traces of suspended matter. “ These three samples are very accordant in composition, and are all good.” n Free from objec- chalky. Microscopic examination satistac- 350 KENT WATER SUPPLY. By A.HArpEN. From the Report of the Medical Officer of Health for 1901. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons. From stand-pipe at Park Street. Sample clear and free from smell. No suspended matter. Analytical ce in parts per 109,000. Dissolved solids... re she So Sie wee B15 Chlorine .. ints ‘ re we 20 Alkalinity, expr essed as s caleium carbonate. ie vec DUS Free and saline ammonia see sisi ee ats «. —*0C06 Albuminoid ammonia ... sis an w= °0016 Nitrogen as nitrates (none as nitrites) si we 63 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate at 80°F, in ‘4 hours none Permanent hardness 5. “The sample is characterised by the extremely small amount of un- oxidised organic matter which it contains. . . A very excellent charac- teristic of the water is its great constancy of composition from quarter to quarter and from year to year. 'l'here is no chemical evidence of pollution from dangerous sources.” Dr. A. MAcFADYEN adds the following bacteriologic note :—“ This sample of water contained, per cubic centimetre, 88 organisms growing on gelatin at a temperature of 22°C. The Bacillus Coli communis was not found in 6 cubic centimetres of the sample. There was therefore no evidence of pollution of intestinal origin.” Westerham. Merroroniran Water Boarp. (See p, 212.) In parts per 100,000. From the former Kent Water Co. 1. Wester- | Westerham ham. Hill. Total solid matters ... wis me sia ae 25° | 28°74 Organic carbon ite aa sis i as 025 | 023 Organic nitrogen ... aie 008 ‘003 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites (uo ammonia) 187 | ‘701 Total combined ae ‘ie ane vias sis 195, “704 Chlorine Hie + le ane ei as 18 i 1 Hardness (1), lemponaty la, permanent 3°3; total 18°3. ” (2), ” 17°, ” 46; 5, 22-1, Westgate. Public supply. (From the Chalk. See p. 212.) By G. W. Wiansr, The Water Supply of Sea-side Watering-places, 1878. pp. 25, 26. In grains per gallon. Sample drawn from a main, July 17th, 1877. Total solid matter eis 33°5 Loss on ignition after deducting combined carbonic acid 35 Lead very minute traces. Tron slight traces. Chlorine calculated as chloride of sodium... wats we 6°78 Nitrogen as ammonia ... side ‘is vs .. = 70005 if », albumenoid ammonia sia aa sa we °0012 % ;, nitrates ... ies a aie wie a = °79 bs », nitrites ae Aste ie He we = 102 Total nitrogen in these four for ns ... oss ds w= 8117 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter aie ee w — 0288 Hardness, Clark’s seale, before boiling 20°, after boiling 4°8°. “Phe principal variations from the results obtained last year are that the total solids have increased by 4 grs., while the ammonia and albuminoid ammonia have both decreased.” The water was pale blue and free from suspended matter. Microscopic examination did not show any organic matter. A very pure water. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS. 35. ? West Wickham or Keston. Sparrowspen Cotraces. Near the source of the West Wickham Bourne. By Dr. A. J. Brrnays. Collected October ith, 1878. From MSS. Papers of Sir J. Prestwicg. In grains per gallon. Potassoxide ... sie DA Sodium-oxide ... ao. 67 Calcium-oxide . 881 Magnesia sfase oe. 15 Ghiorine .. n 886 re Carbon-dioxide ...._ 6°59 ] Sulphur-trioxide .. 1:98 Nitrogen-pentoxide .... 1:4 Silica ... aie - 115 J These are probably combined as follows :— Sodium-chloride ian, La 4 Potassium-sulphate ... 45 Caleium-sulphate ... 301 Caleium-chloride ... ‘12 | Total Calcium-carbonate ... 13-41 ¢22°65. Magnesium-carbonate 1°32 Magnesium-nitrate ... 1:92 Silica ... ti we 115 Free ammonia... w= 002 Albumenoid ammonia 002 Nitrogen (oxydised)... °364 Total residue 23°58. Hardness before boiling 18, after boiling 3. Well 5U feet deep, through Tertiary sand, just touching the Chalk. Water-level varies considerably, with the season. In wet years when the bourne flowed it rose within a few feet of the surface. A slightly earlier analysis, from a sample taken March 2nd, 1878, gave BERNAYS a slightly different result, the figures being as follows J. Prestwich’s MSS. Papers) :— Grains per| Parts per gallon. 100,000. Dr. (Sir Total solid matter... sis aie 23°08 _ 31°54 Chlorine... aie cet aids “98 14 Ammonia, free was aa sie 0032 +0046 Ammonia, albumenoid ... aan *0028 "004 Organic carbon... ine re 031 045 Organic nitrogen ... “008 012 Nitrogen as nitrates ‘ind: nibites \ *336 “48 Hardness 16°74, permanent 2°74, Willesborough, see Hinxhill, p. 320. Wingham. Marcate Waterworks. (From the Chalk. See p. 215.) Communicated by Mr. E A. Bore. Made by S. Harvey. April, 1907 In grains per gallon. Appearance, clear; colour, green-blue; smell, none. Chlorine in Chlorides (equal to salt 2° pa 288 a. = 134 Nitrogen in Nitrates dai . wie as ‘41 Ammonia, albuminoid (none free) bees ating we *0006 t Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes... ats wie ... trace only » Ahours... si ie vee (O14 Total solid matter... eee BBL 352 KENT WATER SUPPLY. = Hardness before boiling (total) 18°9°, after boiling (permanent) 2'8°, “Microscopical examination of déposit. Slight and unimportant, satisfactory. Organically very pure and free from sewage-percolation. Bacteriological examination. May, 1908. Made by Prof. A. G. R Fouerron. Physical. Naked eye appearances. Clear and bright; no appreciable colour; no obvious suspended matter; no definite deposit after standing 24 hours. Reaction neutral. Temperature, 16° C. Bacteriological. Quantitative examination of micro-organisms. One cubic centimetre contained 10 bacteria capable of growth on gelatine within 72 hours incubation at 222 C. Two cubic centimetres, incubated in Agar- plates for 24 hours at 372 C., yielded the growth of only one micro- organism. Qualitative examination. 8 cubic centimetres, after 48 hours incubation at 37° C., in various fluid media, gave no growth. Remarks. As in previous samples’ there is no evidence of organic pollution. Woodnesborough. SaNDwic anpD Eastry Joint WATER Boarp. (From the Chalk. See p. 216.) Made and communicated by C. Ek1InN. Sample from the rising main at the works. Total solids = she oh ang . 468 Parts Chlorine ... es we 82 per Nitrogen as nitrates (no nitrites or ammonia) 56) million. Hardness, Clark’s scale, 16°59. A later analysis, by Dr. 8. Ripeax (1908), communicated by Mr. F. H. ANson. Total solids ite oa sis vay eo Bi «. 46°96 Chlorine ... iis si vd . = 3°85 Albuminoid ammonia (none free) os gai ome si ‘001 Nitrates, as nitrogen (no minEiest wins hiais wes ate +492 Oxygen consumed as ee ats wep aie ane 006 Lime Fee Nuch ; ca < \ ~) WSN ISLE +Kevadown . } WV. FOREL! KENT 5 See 208 nas — ficringo we Ohrncins ein farninghem a 2 Wa ae Se TELE OF i : ‘ Pewee - z a Ne rT a S@ATE 5 ; ee E = pre Bay By H. R. Mill, D.Se., LL.D. preatetse Sea; ae” tech borou : . — ? , a Feo ath =| Sancdsviclt REFERENCE. ‘ : A is 4G < “Bay Rainfall below 20-0 inches - : 4 ak et oe is between 20-0 & 22-5 inches - a » «= «225 & WO 4, - ” ” 25:0& 275 ,, - Hee ” 9 27°5 & 30:0 4, - ” * 30°0 & 82°5 ,, - ” sf 32°5 & 35:0 4, - ay Cull South Gooe gar ses SFORELAND wae 9 above 35:0 inches - a e < J — Canals Scale___ 1 Inch =1OMiles / S Acar). ORG Pye ae ie aaa te ; : Saale XTEY 8) roWerfiedd \ 4 wean s pbymchurch LN fophabrist SSA ‘ Norte.—The Rainfall Lines are prolonged to the él WS ort pom ol 2 ' fyenody . . . \ a 0% ST j margin of the Map, but the Colouring is a S } Br kins ¢ 5s 2 ; : confined to the County of Kent. ve RY Bass CWorthianr qe eee Se ee y mm |W, we = ZZ hes hl A NS a ezrin Gerke PS DD Varne & dimer) ‘ fi s the New Series One Inch Ordnance ewe SAD KT don! + = \K ct i The larger numerals indicate the Nos. of yallinuy Survey Maps. Ordnance Survey, Southampton Sse in ey eewe ree ails Pie hte ese en Se) SS SS SaaS Soe SSocee oni et rg yale A Ae a a SER hes See eens an ce i, 1h A pe Seeeitiee, ee eee