ALBERT R. MANN
LIBRARY

New YorK STATE COLLEGES
OF
AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS

AT

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

 

EVERETT FRANKLIN PHILLIPS

BEEKEEPING LIBRARY

 

 

 

 

 

 
   
   
 
 
  
    
       

Opportunity Monograph
Vocational Rehabilitation Series No. 37

Bee Keeping

| April [99 a

Co the
| Disabled Soldiers,
_ Sailors, and
Marines

ie 5 . :
to aid them in choosing
a vocation

eeed by the FEDERAL BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
issued in cooperation with the Office of the Surgeon General, War
partment, and Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department

  
 

 

Note to the Disabled Soldier, Sailor, or Marine.

As a disabled soldier, sailor, or marine you should remember always that the Office
of the Surgeon General, War Department, and all of its employees, the Bureau of
Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department, and all its employees, and the Federal
Board for Vocational Education, and all its employees, are mutually interested in your
welfare solely. They have arranged a definite plan of cooperation to help you in
every possible way. You can not afford to leave the hospital until the medical officers
have done everything that they can for you to restore you to physical health and
strength. Any other course will interfere with your vocational success later. Fur-
thermore, you should by all means take advantage of the educational opportunities
which the hospital has provided for you.

While you are making up your mind what line of work you want to follow you should
take advantage of the opportunities to try yourself out in the different lines of activi-
ties which are provided at the hospital. When once you have made up your mind
as to the employment you want to enter or the kind of training you want the Federal
Board to give you after you leave the hospital, you should ask the vocational olficers
at the hospital to provide for you the kind of training which will advance youin the
direction of the occupation which you expect to follow or for which you expect to he
trained after you leave the hospital. You will find the educational officers at the hos-
pital eager to render this service for you, and you should consult them early in vour
hospital career.

All disabled soldiers, sailors, and marines in hospitals who want information about
reeducation should ask any instructor of the Hospital Educational Service or the
representative of the Federal Board for Vocational Education.

Men discharged from the military or naval service who want information should
write to or call at the office of the Federal Board for Vocational Education, Washing-

‘ton, D. C., or the District Office of the Federal Board of the district in which they are

located. The district offices of the Board are located at the following points: Boston,
New York City, Philadelphia, Washington, Atlanta, New Orleans, Dallas, St. Louis,
Cincinnati, Chicago, Minneapolis, Denver, San Francisco, and Seattle. For ad-
dresses, see page 31.

F 7

     
Prepared under the direction of
Cartes H. WInsLow,
Chief of the Division of Research, Federal Board for Vocational Education.

By

Water J. Quick, M.S8., Ph. D.,
Special Agent Agricultural Research.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

Acknowledgment is due Dr. E. F. Phillips, Apiculturist of the Bureau of Ento-
mology, United States Department of Agriculture; to F. C. Pellett and C. P. Dadant,
editors of the American Bee Journal, Hamilton, Ill., and A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio,
for suggestions, data, and illustrations; also to Dr. John Cummings, of the Research
Division, for editorial assistance. t

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BEEKEEPING AS A VOCATION.

The increased use of honey during the war and the possession of some previous
knowledge of bees may have directed the attention of a large number of you, who are
disabled, to the possibility of making beekeeping your life work. During the war the
shortage of sugar made the larger use of
other sweets imperative, and it was es- Le pes ie

 

  
  

sential that the use of these substitutes ;
be augmented to the greatest possible |
extent. The necessary introduction of
honey has made its deliciousness, pala-
tability, and healthfulness widely known
and will lead to its continuous and in-
creased general domestic use. The ex-
port demand for American honey has
recently increased beyond any former
record and the price has doubled. Bee-
keeping and honey production present
an opportunity to you for profitable live-
lihood with small investment. It is to
your personal advantage to consider it
carefully.

The object of the Federal Board for
Vocational Education in issuing this
monograph is to explain to you the busi-
ness of beekeeping and to help you in
reaching a conclusion as to whether or
not you wish to undertakeit. The Board Big, 2. Ready for business.
will offer short, intensive courses of vocational training in bee culture to assist you in
becoming an efficient and financially successful apiarist, courses similar to that held
at the Agricultural College, Ithaca, N. Y. (See frontispiece, Fig. 1, of class.)

Bee Culture Light Work, Interesting, and Profitable.

Beekeeping differs from most other branches of agriculture, in that the beekeeper
handles an animal which has never been domesticated. He must therefore study the
habits of this animal and know them intimately before he may hope to succeed with
this work. The feeding habits, breeding, and even the housing of bees has not been
materially changed in all the centuries that man has handled them. If their habits
are well understood, the beekeeper may cause them to accomplish results which will
lead to the greatest profit to himself. The work is light, without routine duties at
fixed times, with no drudgery. Beekeeping is interesting, in fact enthusing and
strengthening to the mind and the body. It is a profitable business which may be
made very lucrative with devotion and experience. .\ western man sold his crop of
one season to a well-known company dealing in honey for $20,000.

What is Honey?

Honey is made from the nectar secreted by thousands of varieties of flowers. This
nectar is gathered by bees and modified by them chemically. Water is evaporated
out of it and it is ripened into a delicious and wholesome food.

(8)

Sek
6

ee Before cane sugar was manufactured in quantities for commercial
; use honey was the most common sweet in human food. In pioneering
fi you area single days it was hunted systematically in hollow trees and crevices in rocks.
PS ae Wild honey so secured was con-
“The Genie of ie j i : sidered well worth the time
ataer oee ie spent in seeking it.
ae endents, you There is another form of honey
ine Govmemane designated as abnormal, since it”
at at Oe ee does not come from the nectar
be paid more. I, of flowers, but is, nevertheless,
Tee Pe gathered by bees. It is de-
oe ae veloped from a sweet substance
your last month known as honey dew, deposited
Soe Set eam on the leaves of plants by cer-
che Ge tain insects such as plant lice.
tire course of In some regions honey dew is
ieee it your not found at all.
TE ee Where found, the
ly compensation amount that bees
tes eee ee gather is aoe
in comparison wit
the amount of nec-
tar gathered from
blossoms. Nectar
is so changed
chemically and
“25 modified by ripen-
ing and evapora-
tion after being
gathered by bees,
that in the form of

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

surance act is
greater than $65,
you will continue
to receive this
sum, whateve
it may be, dur-
ing your entire
course.

If You Are
Married.

If you are mar-
ried, youand your
wife together will
receive $75 per
month from the
Government, pro-

vided you live to- ee Nee honey it is readily
gether while you : digested and assim-
are taking a course Fig, 3.—Gathering the nectar crop from white clover blossoms. 8

of instruction. If Enlarged ilated.

sour course is
suc. a ou
must live apart Healthfulness of Honey.

the Governmen’ Before the manufacture ‘of great quantities of sugar a larger amount

1
are of honey was used per capita than is used now. The necessary intro-
month and your duction of honey as a substitute for sugar has just recently again called
EA The lareer general attention to its healthfulness and the lesson is not likely soon
nome family the to be forgotten. Because it is predigested and readily assimilable,
arger the amount rar 3 * a
paid by the Gov- physicians recommend it as a food for persons with delicate stomachs,
seer whether ot those troubled with kidney complaint, and for those subject to
sae ay you or constipation, since honey is laxative in effect.
you while youare The average amount of sugar consumed annually for every man,
eing trained. = oman, and child is about 80 pounds, and this sugar can not be assimi-
lated without change in the stomach, an action not necessary with
honey. It can readily be understood that the population might be
benefited by substituting honey for some of the sugar consumed.
When the stomach fails to do its work in modifying the sugar, the
eliminating organs, the kidneys especially, are severely taxed. A
noted physician, now 84 years old, eats honey instead of sugar, be-
lieving it will prolong his life and give him better health while living.
He says that it is well authenticated that, as our natural craving indi-
cates, sweets are a real need of the system, but that the excessive use

of sugar brings in its train a long list of ills. He asserts also that the
{

health ‘of the present generation, if honey could be at least partially mu Lae
restored to its former place, would be greatly improved. pee
Prof. Cook, of California, says: ‘Physicians may be correct in assert a ae pone

ing that the large consumption of sugar is a menace to health and paea of injuries,

] e : . . re me one
long life, and that by eating honey our digestive machinery saves ocoupation in
work that it would have to perform if we ate sugar and in case itis Which you, can

overtaxed and feeble, this may be just the respite that will save it don’t believe %
from a breakdown.”’ Switzerland produces large quantities of honey, to you. Bene

but the demand for it is so great that the price has advanced and the Tt you need a new

Government has been compelled to fix it. Although we may infer arm or leg, that
will be provided,
one for Sundays
and one ior the
workshop. You
can play the game
with it as well as
with the one you
left over there,
and it won't hurt
when you pound
our thumb or get
t broken. e-
sides, you can get
a new one any
time, and it is
warranted against
rheumatism.

While you are
learning your new
occupation a
will be paid a
regular allowance
to cover your liv-
ing expenses, and

our family will

e paid an allow-
ance for their sup-
port.

When you have
learned to work
you can live on
your earnings and
ne your dis-
ability compensa-
tion taking your
family to the
movies, or any
way youlike. It’s
yours for keeps
just the same
- wh SED.Or poe
Fig.4. Among : ge”, f %y wor of loa
yt ; ei ° eho : around for life,

Hie Bees OO . — : but you can’t

eon it going to

. : e movies if you

that the Swiss themselves are a great honey-eating people, Dr. Emfeld, haven’t any

of Geneva, seems to think that they might well eat more of this sweet. 8° to live on.
“Tf people would eat more honey,”’ he says, ‘‘we doctors would starve.’’ Doesn't it?

Uses of Honey. Training counts.
ee se ‘ 3 You know it

Honey has many medicinal qualities, and is used in nearly all cough counts, for it was
sirups, cold preparations, and compounded in many other medicines fee to
where delicate flavor, absolute purity, and sweetness insure results beat, the Hun.
It willcount with

not to be obtained by the use of any substitute. you if you take

While commonly used in its natural state as a spread on hot bread Bapent cies
and cakes, honey may be employed in cooking wherever sugar may DhéleSam is ma
be used. The same beneficial effect upon health will follow as a result never understood
from its use in the natural state. Foods prepared with it are better eres gear

: oc sas : ; joined the Army.
and will remain in fresh condition longer than if prepared with sugar med me amy:

or sirup. Bread and cakes prepared with honey will not dry out as stand what train
with sugar, because honey attracts moisture. It has long been em- oe ake

 
8

Epportun' sy. ployed in the household in general cooking, as well as in canning and
onograPhs —_in the baking of many desirable kinds of bread, and numerous varieties

Asadisabled man of cakes, gems, snaps, and cookies. When used in sweetening tea and
you con ane coffee it does not cause any loss of aroma. Its recent substitution for
on” when you ge ! Bagh M , ‘ é .

back hemes roe sugar is causing it again to be employed in making pies, puddings, and
ee ease to sauces. Confectioners use honey freely, and might well use it more
Opportunity
Monographs pub-
lished by the Fed-
eral Board for Vo-
eational Educa-
tion for your spe-
cial benefit. In
them you will
find, plainly and ?
simply stated, all
the information
you need about
many, many oc-
cupations in
which you_ may
beinterested. By
reading them jou
will know better
what you would
like to do, and the
representatives of
the Federal
Board, wherever
you may meet
them, in hospital]
or office or by cor-
respondence
when necessary,
will be in the po-
sition to help you
make your choice
of what you want
to do, help you
get properly pre-
pared for it, and
put you in the
proper occupation
after you have
been prepared to
stand on your feet
as @ worker in it.

Uncle Sam Foots
the Bill.

Ii you are inter-
ested in what the
Government has
planned to do for
you in training
and placing you
in civilian em-
ployment, re-
member that if it
is necessary to re-
educate you the
entire cost will be
borne by the Gov-
ernment. Train- : : :
ing wili be fur- Fic, 5.—Diversion with the gentle busy bees, without veils or gloves.

eee free at cont

and vou will also : 7 ;

be paid as 1ong as freely than they do in making honey nuts, candies, creams, butter
ee ae scotch, and popcorn balls.

pensationequalto In Turkey, a great honey-producing country, where bee culture is

the to which . ; : :
Son ace entitled Scientifically followed with the noted oriental strains of bees, a popular

under the war- ' : . : 7

Hekinsaranceaet, See known as rose honey marmalade, is manufactured. It is made

eae Bee . from the leaves of roses and honey and combines the exquisite perfume
e@ pa 0 . . .

fast Pomonth’ of Of the former with the delightful flavor of the latter in an unusual

eae er is the Product of the nature and texture of a marmalade due to incorporating

greater. the rose petals with the honey.

 
2

Beekeeping Permits Serious Handicaps. Heads, you win!

Beekeeping, like many other lines of agriculture, presents an exccp- From the neck
tionally attractive and profitable vocation to the disabled men of the con® Pied fed

war. The handling of bees is interesting and encourages the most oy duet ae
valuable exercise, but the muscular effort is small. It probably re- be. worth ‘any
quires less constant devotion, except during the main honey-flow, than pou rill cet Bee
any other country pursuit. Thercfore it is especially attractive to the pared nee ee
convaleseing or those who have recovered from wounds, even if they which you. and

have lost one or more limbs. " tio of the red.

Though handica: i i eral Board find to
g pped in various ways you may confidently hope be aoee Suitable

to become as near 100 per cent efficient in bee culture as in any other for you with your
icap.

work. A beekeeper should, however, have one good hand and arm.

 

SS a eel

 

 

 

 

Fig. 6a.—Mr, Donnegan, beekeeper despite handicap. Fig. 6b.—Mr, Nicholls, apiarist, lost both legs.

Uncle Sam offers you every. possible assistance in the way of artificial Life in the open.
limbs, interchangezble devices, and vocational training for the greatest Civil engineéring
possible success in bee culture. Such opportunity was not offered the pent toa ee
disabled veterans of the Civil War, Mr. John Donnegan, of Seguin, Tex., this kind of life,

- 3 ‘ a . fi why not consider
whose photograph shows him using a special strap which he devised civil engineering?
to serve in place of his missing hand in moving honey supers, hives, {{youate adapted
and frames of comb. He has made a wonderful success and spent the out about this by

ae ; “ “ talking to the rep-
greater part of his life as a beekeeper. The ingenious use of a strap resentatives of the
around his shoulders with a snap that can easily be attached to a Federal Board.
screweye placed in the various articles to be handled, but poorly takes
the place of appliances and an artificial hand and arm, which are now

furnished free of expense to our disabled soldiers.
115492°—19——-2
10

nine The American Bee Journal and Gleanings in Bee Culture find many
sae successful apiarists who are partially incapacitated and who would be
tor hone lett lee poorly fitted for most other lines of work. One of these, Mr. Harvey E.

ee amen e6 Nicholls, of Iowa, when 21 years old lost both legs—one below the thigh,

account ofinjuries the other below the knee. He did not give up to live on charity, but

ae nee grew ambitious to make hislifeasuccess. Heselected beekeeping, pur-

designing and is chased a colony of bees and a good book on beekeeping that he might
now employed by % A A ae :
arailway. study them and neighboring apiaries together. Jle realized for the

Another soldier Season from the oné hive 80 pounds of surplus honey and enough for

nee the bees, which, properly packed, wintered so well that they were
and asthma, and strong in the spring for gathering nectar and starting an apiary.
found it insdvis’ tle secured three old hives and two 2-pound packages of bees, also

ee two colonies which he handled on the shares for half. Jle transferred
tender. He was the bees from the old boxes to standard 10-framed hives. The season’s

ined as a motor .
ee and se. results were 12 colonies and 400 pounds of honey. He also represented

Sa an are the Honey Producers’ Supply Co., making something on the side.
eur. The next spring, 1918, two more colonies were purchased, added to the

A former laborer 40zen, and moved 5 miles into the country, where 45 colonies more were

come handled for half of the surplus honey. The supply factory work was

in the back and almost entirely dropped that the bees might have undivided attention.

abdomen. He was * ae otk
given a course in A second-hand Ford was purchased on time, which an artificial leg

a ee enabled him to drive as well as anyone.

employee in a The results of the season from May 1 to September 9 were his own 14
as scree colonies increased to 20, the 45 colonies on the shares increased to 85,

Asoldiersuffering and cash returns over $800. By adopting the slogan suggested by the

phritis, formerly Bureau of Entomology, ‘‘Keep more bees; keep bees better,’’ he can
a farmer, studied a 2. 2
machine = shop doubtless greatly increase his income.

pee del in THe may be appropriately called a self-made man. In addition to a
ie tage pean a @ successful start as a beekeeper he is studying to complete a course in
~ high school. He has helped support his grandmother and sister, and,
ie ee he believing in tithing, has given one-tenth of his earnings to charities.
oe jo use jue The story of Mr. Nicholls but expresses in part what any disabled
retrained in a Man may accomplish with vocational training and devotion to beekeep-
Sonera ae ing or some other occupation that will insure useful and respected
er eee ere !
engineer in a Your disability need not interfere with your engaging in this work,

roundhouse. but it may take gril and determination to pull you through the early

stages. You may be sure when in the ranks of the good beekeepers

$25 or $10 a you will be associated with admirable people who will gladly aid you
sek? in any way possible in making good.

What is the dif- x
ete _ between The Bee Family.
and $10 a week; © we les E . .

Pebva Aoetont This interesting family called in bee culture a colony lives in a
a verty; be- : ‘ :

tween imdepend. house known as a hive many of which aggregated form a hee city—an
ence and the con-
stant fear of de- :
pendency; be-
tween saving fora
rainy day and liv-
ing from hand to
mouth? The dil-
ference is one of
training. Itisthe
difference be-
tween the trained
and the untrained

man. Therefore, : Ee
take training. Fig. 7a. Queen. Big, 7b. Worker.

 

   
apiary. The family consists of three types of bees, the queen, Fig. 7-a,
the mother of the family and naturally the only one of her nature in

ot a

ee Ae

é * (Zy
as
Ps Pines

Fic. 8.—The Queen and a portion of her family with the hees detailed as her special

 

i

wae:
ie lee

guard immediately surrounding her.

the colony. She is a fully developed
female bee whose sole duty is that of
laying eggs and increasing her family—
the population of the colony—which
reaches large numbers. The worker,
Fig. 7-b, is an undeveloped female,
and this type represents the largest
number of the colony’s population,
which may run from several thousand
to eighty-five or one hundred thousand
in one hive or family. As.the name
indicates the workers gather all the
honey and food, care for the young
bees and perform other duties in the
hive. The drone, Fig. 7-c, is the male
bee. He, as his name indicates, con-
tributes nothing to the upkeep of the
family, a family in which truly “ every-
body works but father.” The queen
is able to control the strength of the
colony. The workers by construction

of a queen cell about an egg and by giving different food may develop
a queen from what would otherwise have been developed into a

worker.

Fig. 9.—Queen cells. Natural size.

 

Will you
Carry on?

If none of tho oc-
cupations out-
lined in this pam-
phlet are possible
ones for you to
learn, the Govern-
ment has TO-
vided hundreds of
courses in other
lines, among
which there is one
precisely suited to
meet your needs—
one in which you
can become 109
per cent efficient,
whatever injury
you may have suf-
fered.

The scheme of
occupations for
which trainin:
will be provid

by the Govern-
ment free of cost
to you includes
more diferent
sorts of employ-
ments than you
have ever_heard
tell of.

that suits you in
this pamphlet, get
another,

After you have
been trained
Uncle Sam will
undertake to find
an employer who
needs your help,
or if you prefer to
goit on your own,
you will be pro-
vided with an out-
fit of tools.

If the training
misses fire the first
time and you find
the new occupa-
tion unsuited to
you, you can come
back for another
go in the game,
and try a new
occupation.
12

Electrical Extent of Beekeeping in the United States.

og There are in the United States about 800,000 persons who own bees,
ee Sea although not all of them can be classed as regular beekeepers. Perhaps
Be wae Y the average hee owner has about 10 colonies. Since there are many
the uses of elee- owning bees by the hundreds of colonies, it is obvious that the majority
meaty, oe have only two or three colonies. This side line of a few hives on the
area farm does not really pay, but is just a little luxury. The type of bee-
are absolutely un- keeping presented to you here is for a vocation, and is the practical
vim ee kind employed by the best beekeepers of the country—by men who
electrical _engii make a good living by keeping bees.

ei Men gore The retail price of honey has gradually advanced to 40 cents or more
many diterent per pound, and }eeswax to 42 cents wholesale, notwithstanding the
caps can do the fact that there was produced in 1918 about 250,000,000 pounds of
Oe ttave fea honey. This probably does not cover the entire honey crop of the
cog ae ae United States, since a large amount is marketed locally. In fact this
through the Fed- product is so greatly in demand that a large percentage is sold at the
mooie ih ee home of the apiarist. Apiarists can, if attentive to the attractiveness
ie Jor of their product and considerate of their customers, hold them and
ents are being make of each an advertisement for additional business. The honey

Supp ented crop of the United States is estimated annually at $20,000,000, and yet
there has never been a time when any country on the globe could
produce enough to make this delicious food a common article of diet.

 

 

 

 

 

 

11g, 10.—This beekeeper with an apiary of 50 colonies,a garden, small fruits,and a cow on a lew acres
makes more than aliving for his family offive persuns. Notice the smoker hanging on the side of the mod-
ern 10-frame hive, from which he has taken the heavily loaded irame of bees and honcy held in Lis
hands, the cover leaning against the hive and the super leaning against it, which contains two dozen
1-pound boxes of comb honey,
13

“pooAsseq PUB JOLOTO OIG OIE AOTMOY JO SdDIMOS JOT) 9Y} QIOYM FIO X MON WI9YZIOU UL Arerds ouy V¥—"TT “On

 

 

 

 
14

Ora Foreman. Beekeeping Regions of the United States.

Tce are disabled Not all parts of the United States are equally good for beekeeping,

8 ae a aa and it is advisable for one who contemplates making it his life work
perhaps betrained ries to consider the selection of e location. As a rule, it is not
loro eae visable to go too far from the country with which you are familiar.
Lee ae read Bees may be kept with profit almost anywhere where agriculture is
World needs ines, Practiced, the returns depending largely on the care given to the bees.

pee ele on The most widely known region for beekeeping is that of the north-
esses because eastern quarter of the country, where white and alsike clovers yield
fee ee nectar. Although these plants reach their highest yield in the north-
ae ty eG ern tier of States, they are also productive farther south. In the
have been so northern region bees get considerable quantities of nectar from bass-
oe ieee ae wood, tulip poplar, buckwheat, sweet clover, and locust, and in some

eee ies than localities from other plants of decided honey value. The buckwheat
; region of southern New York and northern Pennsylvania is included in
the clover region.

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 12.—An apiary in Seminole County, Fla., in the midst of the palmettos.

Think it over. The second region in importance is that in which the bees get
If you have not their nectar from alfalfa. This plant, which is now grown in all parts

lost your head the nae ere P

eae dis full ofop- of the country, does not yield much nectar except in the irrigated
vee 4 on portions of the West and is therefore practically valueless for the bee-
raining. You keeper east of the Missouri River. The honey from this source is white

Dr ee iat in the higher altitudes of Colorado and Utah, and amber in Arizona,

Lage oa New Mexico, and California.

be that you have The southeastern part of the country offers many opportunities to

t you have P y y opp

you never had an the beekeeper, but the business has not been so well developed there.
ae ‘eee The nectar comes from numerous plants which are influenced by
Thinkit over,and various soils, temperature, and other factors. The honey usually does

then ask the rep- - : . u

Tesentatives olthe not come in very rapidly and is often darker than other honeys, but
Federal Board for gj + « 7

pot aal Edun ace the plants yield for a longer period, the beekeeper is able to get
cation to help good returns for his labor.

you The semiarid region of the southwest produces many plants which
secrete nectarinabundance. Thisregion issubject to drought and there
are years when the beekeeper has to feed his bees to keep them alive.
However, taking a series of yearsinto account, this region pays as well
as any other.
“15

The sage region of southern California offers great opportunities to
the beekeeper. The honeys are chiefly white and secretion is abun-
dant when there is sufficient rainfall. In this region also honey is
obtained from blossoms of citrus fruits, which being irrigated are not
so liable to failure as the plants growing in the desert. The chief
problem in this part of the country is to strengthen the colonies in
time for the nectar flow from citrus fruit blossoms. This may be done
by application of proper care at the right time. In choosing the
location for an apiary in the sage region, great care should be exercised
to select one where the average rainfall is about 20 inches. Informa-
tion regarding rainfall may be obtained from the Weather Bureau
offices or from forest supervisors. Many of the best locations are in
the national forests, where a location may be obtained at a small rental
and other beekeepers will not be permitted to encroach.

 

 

 

 

Fig. 13.—An apiary in the Algeroba belt of Hawaii. The honey is much like that from alfalfa.

In addition to these chief regions, there are many localities where
other plants are of sufficient value to make a good crop ofhoney. Such
regions are the buckwheat region, already mentioned; the Spanish-
needle region of the Kankakee swamps of northern Indiana and
Illinois and the Delaware River Valley; the willow herb regions of
northern Michigan and Wisconsin, Maine, Washington, and Oregon;
the sweet clover regions of Alabama and Kentucky; the blue thistle
region of the Shenandoah Valley; the raspberry region of northern
Michigan; the smartweed region of the Middle West (corn belt); and
the bean region of southern California. There are many other restricted
regions as valuable as those mentioned.

 
16

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17

Variation in Seasons.

All years are not equally good for nectar secretion, and some years
the flow is so poor that feeding is necessary to keep the bees alive.
Such years are of common occurrence to the poor beekeeper, while
they are rather a rarity to the good, highly skilled beekeeper. By this
is meant that the good heekeeper is able to keep his bees in such condi-
tion that they are able to take advantage of every hour of nectar secre-
tion, while the poor beekeeper does not do this. In the best years
every person owning bees will get some honey, but it is the person
who studies the business who can make it pay almost every year.

Distribution of Bees in the United States.

The accompanying map shows where the bees in the country are
mainly located. It indicates also the extent of the business in different

sections and gives some idea, by the number of dots on the map, of the
most successful territory for beekeeping. Care must be taken in draw-
ing conclusions of this kind, for a field or territory may be overpastured,
Bees, however, travel many
Large apiaries should not be too close together, at least 3 or

as It were, by bees as well as by cattle.
miles.

Train what you
have left.

You will not then
miss what you
have left over
there. What you
have left and are
bringing home
with youis pretty
much all of you
that counts. You
imowthat. Prove
it to others by
taking the train-
ing which Uncle
Sam stands ready
to give you en-
tirely at_his ex-
pense, He will
pay for your in-
struction, and
support you_and
your dependents
while you are in
training. Don’t
think about what
you left overthere.
Train what you
are bringing back
home, and forget
the rest.

 

 

Fig. 15.—The farmer’s apiary will proitably compensate intelligent attention and the bees will in turn
increase the yield of farm crops, orchard, and small fruit by cross pollination of the flowers they visit.

4 miles apart. Although the honey flows of the South do not equal
those of the North in intensity, yet, as will be observed from the map,
there are more bees in the Southern States than in any other part of
the country. Bees in the South can be purchased at small cost, for
they are not appreciated and are poorly equipped, being hived largely
in boxes and ‘‘gums” which are of course unprofitable. They may be
transferred to modern hives, after which they may be managed for
18

extracted honey, which is the most profitable manner of handling
bees in that section and the most effective way of avoiding swarming.
The convenience of the modern hive and frame enables the increase
of colonies by division.

Beekeeping Should Be a Specialty.

Frequently one sees articles advocating the keeping of a few colonies
of bees so that one may have all the honey desired. This sounds rather
well, but such advice does not work out well in practice. Only those

 

 

 

 

Fig. 16.—An apiary at Lares, Porto Rico.

persons who study and devote themselves to the business are successful
beekeepers. They make money, some big money. One Indiana
man’s 1918 honey crop exceeded $20,000. Success requires making.
beekeeping the chief vocation, for the person who does not rely upon
it for his living is likely to be busy when the bees most need his care,
and being constantly engrossed in other things he does not take the
time to study the problems of the beekeeper. Beekeeping is pre-
eminently a specialist’s job, and it can not be recommended for the
disabled soldier except asa specialty. To be convinced of the necessity
for specializing you have only to visit farmers who have a few colonies
of neglected and sometimes diseased bees, in some out of the way place;
which never pay and are a menace to the success of all good beekeepers
in the neighborhood.

 
Lo

Need of Specialists in Beekeeping.

The war revealed an insufficient number of available scientific
apiarists in the United States capable of giving instruction to those
desirous of engaging in commercial beekeeping. There are many
sufficiently trained, but they are reaping such financial returns from
their bees that they can not be induced to take up the work of training
others. The increasing educational work of the Federal Government

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 17,—Aun apiary in an orchard in the hmestone hills.

and of the several States in bee culture will afford men desiring to
undertake such work opportunities to secure positions. For this
service thorough theoretical training is required as well as good apiary
practice on a commercial scale. The teaching of beekeeping is a new
field for agricultural colleges and one which they gladly enter when
scientifically trained apiarists can'be secured for giving instruction.
Were qualified teachers available the list of colleges at the close of this
monograph offering instruction in beekeeping would be much longer.
However, intensive and thorough short courses are being conducted
as indicated in the list, and these present exceptional opportunity.
Many more short courses will be arranged. The training is, it is true,
mainly theoretical, but it can and should promptly be made practical
by forming a connection with some successful apiarist.
20

Become a Skilled Other Branches of Agriculture as Side Lines to Beekeeping.

Workman, . : : ; . f
i ati It is quite possible to combine beekeeping with other branches cf
cued’ (Ok a agriculture, provided they do not necessitate much attention at the

skilled labor, be- tj , : ir ; ch keeper.
come, a cKillea me when the bees require every care and thought of the beekeep

worker. Nothing General farming and beekeeping do not combine well, for the reason

ae pe te that swarming usually comes at a season when the farmer is busily

a ee engaged with his cropping. However, you might, as a bee specialist,
but there are aform wu business combination with the farmer and develop a paying

oo aplary, and also give attention to some useful side lines. Gardening,

Ee ae fruits, poultry, Belgian hares, flowers, etc., combine profitably with
labor. You ask, beekeeping, but before engaging in any combinations, careful inquiry
au Ganon should be made of successful beekeepers of the region regarding the
pee Tae time of the principal honey flows. Information should be obtained
given you to make also from persons following the suggested side lines as to when these
Tae Geena occupations require most attention. This will enable one to determine
oo _ Your past the best combination to adopt. The beekeeper who neglects his bees
development of during swarming time, or when nectar is coming in freely, may expect

ore ay to lose fully nine-tenths of the crop. Honey, like hay, must be made

you are found to while the sun shines. Side lines must not interfere with the apiarist
being ready, with colonies strong, when the sun shines sufficiently to
cause honey plants to bloom and nectar to flow freely.

be best fitted.

 

Fig. 18.—Queen cells built for swarming on a comb that was spaced too far fiom its
neighbor.

Many garden crops may be grown and small truck farming may be
followed on areas located in close proximity to the apiary. Crops should
be selected that will require the least amount of time when the apiarist
is busiest with the bees. The tomato, greatly in demand for canning
supply, does not materially interfere in its planting, cultivation, or
harvest with the principal honey season.
21

Bees Valuable to Horticulture. Uncle Sam,
: Your Friend.
By careful management and by employing some help in certain :
No other friend or

seasons, horticulture—small fruits and orcharding—may likewise be relative ever made

profitably undertaken without interfering with apiary work. Bee cul- such liberal pro-
ture and horticult i : vison for disabled
culture may in fact be combined to mutual advantage. men _ returning

The nectar from the fruit bloom is always regarded as an advantage pie Gnele Sam
and comes when nectar from other sources is not available. h

as made for you.
In flying from flower to flower bees carry pollen and thus produce In addition to the
cross-pollination. They are of value also in the pollination of buckwheat, See Cane

the clovers, and of many other farm cr i i tion service for
, y crops. Horticulturists have learned imeniin. the, hos-

to appreciate this service so highly for orchards and small fruit gardens he he has au-

that few commercial fruit growers will be without a good-sized apiary oar aoa oS

in the orchard if ther in flyi is i i Vocational Edu:
e d if there are no bees in flying reach. It is impossible to gation to see to it
measure the good that is accomplished in this way, but since many that you shalt
varieties of fruits are not fertile to their own pollen, it is obvious that i. ae ‘al
7 : . the war-risk in-
were it not for the bees and other insects which carry pollen there would surance act, have
be much less fruit. Of course not all the pollen is carried by honey- op alate tae
heed « . : ‘ou Wan a
bees, but this is the only species of insect which may be taken to the need. it, to the
orchard to insure pollination. ies o2ee
of the hundreds
of _ occupations
which the rich
life of America
offers.

It is the duty of
the Federal Board
to provide this
training for you
in school, oflice,
shop, factory,
farm, or anywhere
else it becomes
necessary in order
to help you go
“over the top”
successfully into
civil life,

Not only will you
receive this _in-
struction free, but
you and your de-
pees will Uh,

roperly support-
ea ae ite ov-
ernment while
you are in train-
ing.

 

Fig. 19.—A pretty swarm on a limb.

The Work of the Beekeeper.

The average citizen has but a vague idea of the duties required of
the beekeeper for success. The idea prevails commonly that bees
require but little care. That is all wrong. Careful study, frequent
attention, and real work are essential. The work of the year may be
briefly summarized as follows: First, the beekeeper provides such con-
ditions as will encourage the colonies to produce young ‘‘workers”
22

For tanketeers. to the fullest capacity of the hive before the secretion of nectar begins
Perhaps you op- from the principal honey plants. Second, he prevents a division of
ee sate on the working force of the colony by swarming, through the well-under-

may have been stood means of discouraging it. In addition to these activities, he pro-

bee ra oa vides the additional space necessary for storage of the surplus honey

ee crop at the right time. To have the bees reach their greatest strength

sort of farming or in time for the first honey flow taxes the skill of the best apiarist, but

interested Gy fe. by a careful study of the flowers from which the principal nectar crop

ae enhen thers is obtained in this locality the beekeeper is able to create sufficiently
was such a de-in advance conditions which will greatly multiply his working bees.

jesons Sulttea fn Failure to do this and failure to appreciate the importance of being
h

© operation of

farm Canines, prepared has caused many beekeepers the loss of the best honey flows

ey ae of the year. In such cases the beekeeper often does not know that he

the “Opportunity is missing the largest flows, because his colonies do not acquire their

Monograph on il ¢ rmi

farm. Goupations full strength until after these flows have ter minated. :
ublished by the Jt may seem unnatural to fight the swarming instinct, as swarming
ederal Board. . . .

There you willis the natural way for new colonies to be formed. It is, however, the

ee ee nature of bees to swarm at a time when swarming will result in a division

te ee pu of the working force, and just at the period when they should be con-
1ts—poultr , . :

farming, 8 tock centrating on the principal flow of the season. Therefore the bee keeper

ing, ee arranges, if possible, that any increase in the number of colonies shall

a : . . n
tee a and pe made when it will not prevent the gathering of nectar. This re-
i quires vigilance just at the swarming season, since no satisfactory way

has been devised for treating the whole apiary long in advance of this

 

 

 

 

 

Fic. 20.—Hiving a swarm of bees.

season to check the swarming instinct. There are, however, ways of
control by weekly visits during the swarming season—ways which can
not be explained in this short monograph, but which can be learned
from literature or in an agricultural college course in beekeeping.
23

The busy season for the bee keeper begins about two months before Learn safety en-
the main honey flow, continues through the swarming season, and ends Bineering.
when the comb honey is taken from the supers or when the honey is Being disabled
extracted from larger frames which have been added to enable the use 1037? joa
pilities. There
is opportunit
for a considerable
number of dis-
abled soldiers to
get training for
safety engineering
at Government
expense while be-
ing supported, to-
gether with their
dependents.
Look this up by
talking it over
with the agents of
theFederalBoard,

   

we = ; = CB
= ¢ ed x
Fig. 21.—Colonies of bees in summer position in groups of four. This arrangement is

advantageous whether or not the bees are wintered in four-colony packing cases.

 

 

of the extracting machine. Afterwards there is less rush, the only im-
portant work being early preparation of the bees for winter. Every
latitude in the United States has its winter problem, and it is of the
first importance that prospective bee keepers realize that success de-
pends more on proper wintering than on any other one thing.

q

i

i
A hiy, H Me 4
Uf Perey
‘g Miya Gide s
as Wed

 

Fic, 22.—The winter packing cases for groups of four brought close together used in the Bureau of
Entomology apiary: a, Detail of tunnel to hives. Provision may be made for room for a third
hive body to be added in the spring.

Winter Occupations.

It will be evident that most of the work of the bee keeper comes in
the spring, summer, and fall. When your bees have been properly
prepared for winter with plenty of stores, there is nothing to be done
24

Your Oppor- for their welfare until the early spring and ‘‘flying-out’’ time. There
mae are, however, many profitable winter jobs for the bee keeper. Equip-
mee ee ee ment should be stored, repaired, and put in complete readiness for the
ae appar nextseason. Many bee keepers turn their time into money by retailing
once’ at every the honey crop during these out-of-season- months, and when all their
oe con ’ oe own honey is sold they buy from other bee keepers to supply the trade.
eae eet By developing a home market you will get the profit not only of the
this. Opportu- producer, but as well that of the wholesaler and retailer.

Dae nk aha Everyone ought to have free a part of each year for study and recrea-
a ear ae tion, and the winter is the free time for the bee keeper, while his little
you the generous Workers themselves are resting. Wintertime well employed in study
Sal ta’ holmes will prepare you for better returns. A thorough study of some new
you op oo. oe phase of beekeeping can be taken up every winter. There is an abun-
life successfully. dance of literature, and you can greatly profit by the experience of

other bee keepersand experiment-stationrecords. Interestand determi-
nation to acquire knowledge of your chosen vocation will be the best
evidence of your suitability for bee culture. Your enthusiasm may
cause you to cover the literature speedily. Ifthere remains time unem-
ployed, you may desire to take up some other line of work, either
physical or mental. Some bee keepers have found it pleasant and

 

Fig. 23.—Interior of bee cellar with hives in piles of four. Insulation above the ceiling is not shown,
Some apiarists provide special bee cellars or caves for wintering bees, but the winter packing cases

seem to be preferred except in the region of more severe weather.

profitable to teach in the winter. Teaching interferes but slightly with
beekeeping. Mornings, evenings, Saturdays, and the long summer va-
cations can be devoted to the bees. The teacher should: produce ex-
tracted honey to avoid the difficulties of swarm control.

Farm mechanics may prove advisable for a winter vocation and become
an income-bearing side line for one who is handy with tools, tractors,
trucks, and other machinery. The demand for able mechanics to repair
and place in overhauled readiness for spring use all the up-to-date ma-
chinery now used on the farm is constantly growing. (See Farm Mechan-
ics Opportunity Monograph, Vocational Rehabilitation’ Series No. 36.)
25

Number of Colonies Needed to Make a Living.

In deciding on beekeeping as a life work, one should have some idea
of the necessary amount to invest and the work entailed. There are
many persons in the country who earn a livelihood almost or entirely
from bees, and the number is increasing every year. In the Eastern
States, where the weather during the summer may interfere with the
work of the bee keeper, a skilled man may care for perhaps 600 colonies.
In the West, however, where the weather does not so greatly enter into
the bee keeper’s calculations, this number may be increased to 1,000.
In giving these figures, it is assumed that the bee keeper is able to put
in a full day’s work, is capable of considerable physical effort, and is a
good manager. If he does not possess these qualifications, he may be
much behind in his work at critical times, which necessarily means
loss of honey, perhaps a total loss of the year’s work.

 

 

 

 

 

Fic. 24.—An apiary handled by negroes in their pioneer farming in the South

During and since the war, prices for honey have been high, making
the returns larger than one may ordinarily expect. Perhaps the safest
plan is to use figures which applied before the war, although in all
probability honey prices will not for a long period, if ever, drop to their
former level. With honey figured at prewar price of 25 cents a pound
retail, the good bee keeper may confidently expect to average 510 a
colony. Thisison the basis of extracted honey, which will probably be
produced by those about to engage in the business, certainly after the
first year’s experience. The expense in addition to labor per colony
will not average more than $1 a year. Income may be greatly increased
by selling honey locally at retail. .

For one whose physical condition does not permit regular and hard
work, the number of colonies must be correspondingly smaller, at least
at first. When one has thoroughly mastered the business, the actual
physical labor may be greatly reduced and by the proper hiring of
26

If You Do Not unskilled labor the bee keeper may be saved much of the hardest part
Take Training? of the work. Women have made a success of commercial beekeeping,
Poe and while unable to do the hard physical work, they have had it per-

handicap, worth formed under their personal supervision by hired labor. Comb-honey
Cok pe caine production is lighter work and not so many colonies are necessary to

The eee get the same financial returns if the bee keeper retails his comb honey
can overcome this at the apiary. However, with large apiaries composed of hundreds of
eiodies hace colonies the conditions change and comparison of financial returns are
oe “hy favorable to the production of extracted honey. The large commercial

making yourself hee keepers follow extracting.
worthy a ae

the neck, a

means. training: The Outfit Needed. ;

The Government In addition to the colonies of bees properly hived, the bee keeper
will provide this

for you entirely needs some other equipment. This chiefly consists of a small house
free of charge.

Your instruction 12 which to prepare the equipment and extract the honey, keep mis-

a et Led cellaneous tools for fitting out the apparatus, and usually an auton:o-

dependents ‘will bile truck for moving bees and honey. It is usually not profitable

be supported

while you are =

getting your edu- =

cation. What is

the answer?

Choose the courso _

you want, after SSeg

consulting with

the = Tepresenta- Tie

tives of the Fed- MTT

eral Board. Make |
|
i!

up your mind to
take the training.
After you have

one home on a Wy)
urlough, tell the
folks that you are :
| 1

 

determined to
make your future
and theirs safe,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sa er aT

 

 

Fic. 25.—Honey ,extractor.

to keep more than 100 colonies in one apiary. It therefore becomes
essential to rent or buy small tracts of land—about 4 miles apart—
so that 100 colonics may be kept in each place. This necessitates
moving supplies and from time to time colonies of bees. For this
a small t-ton truck is preferred by most commercial bec keepers. At
first necessary hauling may be hired. The home apiary is usually
best equipped, and frequently it is the practice to haul in the honey
to the home apiary after extracting. Many use a small auto for this
service. Another plan is to have an extracting house rigged up on
a trailer to the auto or truck, so that it may be moved from place
to place as needed. Usually the only labor employed at the time of
extracting is unskilled, but if your disability is troublesome when pre-
paring for winter or in doing other work, you can hire such help as you
may need. Even during the swarming season you may hire somebody
to take down the hives while you examine the combs for queen cells
and perform the various operations necessary for swarm control.
27

Investment Necessary. Examples to

. : follow.
The investment which the general bee keeper makes in his business
is nine-tenths brains and study.and one-tenth nioney invested in bees ie
and equipment. If he invests money only, his failure is a foregone by ee
conclusion. 7 wound. He stud-
The price of hives and other equipment has greatly increased during ener antl has
the war, and there is not much likelihood that it will decrease mate- 2 position as elec-
rially during the next few years. However, by making inquiry the :
bee keeper may frequently find opportunity to buy equipment from erie Ee
persons who have failed to make a success because of unwillingness to Hssue through a
study the’problems of the apiarist or of inability to devote to the work studied machine-
the time necessary. Such failures are sufficiently clear proof that the i. See cers
hee business requires devotion. The country is full of discarded hives tees ae
which have been bought by persons who have conceived the idea that pany.
it was only necessary to buy a colony of bees and that the bees would A former machin.
‘work for nothing and board themselves.’ ie uted a
If new hives completely equipped for producing extracted honey gount of the serv-
are bought at present prices they will probably cost from $4 to $5 each. focanical seay
The bees to start a colony will cost perhaps $5 if purchased from dealers ena aes
in bees, but may be obtained for much less by arranging with some ranean arate
apiarist to fill the the hives one supplies with swarms as they come off. :
Frequently such arrangements may be made with some bee keeper Ade ned
who, not caring for more colonies and to avoid buying hives, will gladly Ce ee ane
sell swarms as they issue, at.a nominal cost. course in ‘boiler
In proportion to the return, there is no other branch ‘of agriculture re poe
requiring so small a financial investment as beekeeping. Before the pent position asa
inflation of prices due to the war two colonies of bees on an average
paid the good beekeeper as well as an acre of corn, and the investment
was, of course, muchless. It is estimated that an apiary of 300 colonies
will yield a net income equal to that of a good 160-acre farm and
be quite as reliable from year to year. However, the statement
made should be kept in mind—the investment which the beekeeper
makes is chiefly brains. This is a commodity which can not be pur-
chased from the hive dealer or secured with any number of swarms.
In fact, the more bees and equipment you have without the use of

brains and training, the worse off you are.

Is There a Future for Beekeeping ?

There is demand .for all the honey that can be produced in the
United States, and there was never a time in the history of the indus-
try-when the honey market was so well established. Of course, dur-
ing the war,.when there was a shortage of sugar, the demand for honey
was abnormal, but it seems improbable that the market will ever
revert to prewar conditions in price or demand. Many persons learned
to use honey who will continue purchasing it, notwithstanding they
may now buy all the sugar they wish. Honey is not a substitute for
sugar in the diet, but more properly takes the place of jellies and jams.
With the development of the bottle trade in honey, which has been
rapid during the past five years, there is an increasing demand in the
wholesale markets. The introduction of prohibition has unquestion-
ably caused the use of more honey and of all kinds of sweets. This
has already become quite evident. The sugar stringency resulting in
the war-basis distribution had its application in many States simul-
taneously with prohibition. It was not difficult to enforce the cur-
tailment of sugar to confectioners in wet States, but most difficult,
28

The Wutrained and in fact impossible, in the prohibition States, where it was actually
ae necessary to increase the sugar allotment to candy makers. Investi-
What becomes of pyij i lar; ly-
the man who does 824100 proves that former users of alcoholic beverages were large buy
not take tere ers of candies and other sweets.

nome To comers There is an abundant opportunity for the development of local trade
with normal men i . i i
Who arenothand? 2 honey in almost all parts of the country. The future of beekeeping
capped. ae 2 is inviting. There is every reason to expect that it will continue to
A ee Gas develop rapidly for several years and that it will long continué to be
no longer rely 7 . = . ;

upon patriotism 22 Jmportant minor branch of agriculture. From its very nature,
to Bold hin in a owing to the limited supply of nectar, it can never be one of the lead-
bent not’ do. the ing branches of agriculture, but there is abundant nectar to build up
work in competi- . o 7 *

tion with Pei, beekeeping to ten times its present capacity.

1 ie
trained normal Need of Training. ‘

viata to be sus) From the requirements indicated for good beekeeping, it is evident
tained by charity. that you will need all the information obtainable before engaging in
There is only one i ‘ act
way out for him, the business on a commercial scale. Such training you may secure
Gaiaiieetiat be through the agency of the Federal Board for Vocational Education
canmaintainhim- from courses in beekeeping in some of the agricultural colleges. After
self in the after f p é
years with dignity you are well equipped with all that one of these colleges can give you,
Heenegucucable then a good plan probably will be to arrange for a season, or part of a
to. garry on in season, in the apiary of a thoroughly good commercial beekeeper.
cessfully justashe This selection must be made with great care. Not all beekeepers who
id in war. are fairly successful in honey production are as careful in their work
as they should be, and by working with the wrong man you might
‘get into beekeeping habits that should be avoided. A man shou!d be
chosen who makes a study of the behavior of his bees, one who is famil-
jar with the literature of his vocation, and, if possible, one who is able
to succeed in regions where most of the beekeepers fail to get the full
crop. After a season with such a man—and thre will be many who
will be glad to have your services in this way—you shculd be able to
care for 100 colonies managed for extracted honey, provided your
disability does not prevent you from doing the work necessary. By
that time you will have a good idea of the amount of work which 100
colonies require.
You should avail yourself of every opportunity to visit apiaries and
talk with expert bee men. Visits to and careful surveys of the apiaries
of others who are successful may be worth almost as much to you as a

season’s close application.

Overcoming Your Disability.

Beekeeping means outdoor life under healthful conditions, well
suited to facilitate recovery from insipient tuberculosis, neurasthenia
from shell shock and other afflictions. At first in some of the manipu-
lations of the apiary there will be more or less difficulty which will arise
directly from your disability, but by the exercise of ingenuity you will
be able to devise ways of doing the work. If you have lost an arm, you
will need an artificial arm or some device for lifting the hives and hive
parts. Racks to hold frames while working with them, trays and
‘small tables are ‘used and you will improvise other conveniences. If
your disability prevents your getting about easily, you will be abie to
arrange your apiary so that there is the least possible amount of walking.
Light stools are employed for sitting while working over hives. After
training, the sooner you get to work the better. You will find that
actual work with your artificial limbs and devices has a greater thera-
peutic value than mere exercises and work is incomparably more
interesting.
29

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE COURSES IN BEEKEEPING.

One of the best ways to acquire a thorough knowledge of beekeeping
is to take a course in one of the agricultural colleges which offers such
work. It must, of course, be understood that the knowledge so gained
must of necessity be largely theoretical, for there is not time in a college
course for much practical work. However, if the work is properly
presented the student should be able at the close of the course to begin
with 100 colonies and then he may work up in beekeeping practice as
he increases the number of colonies. The following colleges offer good
courses in this subject:

University of Minnesota, College of Agriculture, St. Paul, Minn.

College of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa.

Agricultural College, Storrs, Conn.

College of Agriculiure, New Brunswick, N. J.

Agricultural Gollege, East Lansing, Mich.

Agricultural College, College Station, Tex.

Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kans.

Your time will nc? be fully occupied with the beekeeping course
and practical training at any of these institutions. You can at the
same time take valuable courses in other subjects, such as fruits,
gardening, flowers, and poultry, which combine well in practice with
beekeeping. Farm mechanics (see Monograph on the subject) may be
made a part of your training, and prove a valuable winter side line after
you become a bee keeper, as the bees will not require your time dur-
ing the winter season.

The Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture,
has held and has announced many valuable short schools for bee keepers
in various parts of the United States and there is contemplated a course
of intensive training for disabled soldiers who desire to take up bee-
keeping. These will probably be arranged in several of the principal
beekeeping rezions, and in proximity to the district offices of the
Federal Board for Vocational Education.

SHORT SCHOOLS IN BEEKEEPING.
San Diego, Calif., November 25-30, 1918.
Davis, Calif., December 1-7, 1918.
Visalia, Calif., December 9-16, 1918.
Ithaca, N. Y., February 24—-March 1, 1919.
Lafayette, Ind., April 7-12, 1919.
Ames, Iowa, April 14-19, 1919.
St. Paul, Minn., April 21-26, 1919.
California five weeks beginning November 17, 1919.

LITERATURE FOR THE BEE KEEPER.

Bulletins For Free Distribution.
Farmers’ Bulletin 447. Bees.
Farmers’ Bulletin 653. Honey and its Uses in the Home.
Farmers’ Bulletin 695. Outdoor Wintering of Bees.
Farmers’ Bulletin 820. Sweet Clover: Utilization.
Farmers’ Bulletin 961. Transferring Bees to Modern Hives.
Farmers’ Bulletin 1005. Sweet Clover on Corn Belt Farms.
Farmers’ Bulletin 1012. Preparation of Bees for Outdoor Wintering.
Farmers’ Bulletin 1014. Wintering Bees in Cellars.
Farmers’ Bulletin 1039. Commercial Comb Honey Production.
30

Bee Journals Published in the United States.

American Bee Journal, Hamilton, Ill.
Gleanings in Bee Culture, Medina, Ohio.
Domestic Beekeeper, Northstar, Mich.
The Western Honeybee, Covina, Calif.
Beekeepers’ Item, New Braunfels, Tex.

Books of Interest to Bee keepers.

These may be obtained from dealers in beekeeping supplies, from
publishers of bee journals, and from general book dealers:

ABC and XYZ of Bee Culture, A. I. and E. R. Root.

Beekeeping, E. F. Phillips.

Langstroth on the Hive and Honey Bee, revised by C. P. Dadant,

Fifty Years Among the Bees, C. C. Miller.

Advanced Bee Culture, W. Z. Hutchinson.

Productive Beekeeping, F. C. Pellett.

Practical Queen Rearing, F. C. Pellett.

First Lessons in Beekeeping, C. P. Dadant.

Bee Primer, C. P. Dadant, Free to Soldiers from American Bee
Journal
FEDERAL BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION.

MEMBERS.
Davip F, Houston, Chairman, James P. Munrog, Vice Chairman,
Secretary of Agriculture. Manufacture and Commerce.
WittAm C. REDFIELD, Carvin F. McIntasu,
Secretary of Commerce. Agriculture.
Wituiam B. Witson, ArtHur E, Hotpsr,
Secretary of Labor. Labor.

P. P. Cuaxton,
Commissioner of Education.

EXECUTIVE STAFF.
C. A. Prosser, Director.

Layton 8. Hawkins, Chief Vocational Education Division.
Cartes H. Winstow, Chief Research Division.
H. L. Surru, Chief Rehabilitation Division.

DISTRICT VOCATIONAL OFFICES OF THE FEDERAL BOARD FOR
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION.

All disabled soldiers, sailors, and marines, whether in or out of the hospital, should address
their communications either to the Federal Board for Vocational Education, Washington, D. C.,
or to the district office of the Federal Board of the district in which they are located. The district
offices of the Board are located at the following points, respectively:

District No. 1—Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Office:
Room 1201 Little Building, 80 Boylston Street, Boston, Mass. Branch office: Rooms 324-326 Masonic
Building, Portland, Me.

District No. 2.—Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey. Office: 469 Fifth Avenue, New York,
N.Y. .

District No. 3.—Pennsylvania and Delaware. Office: 1211 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Branch office: Room 491 Union Arcade Building, Pittsburgh, Pa.

District No. 4.—District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. Office: 606 F
Street NW., Washington, D.C. Branch offices: Room 400 Flat Iron Building, Norfolk, Va.; Room
411 Park Bank Building, 104 West Lexington Street, Baltimore, Md.

District No. 5.—North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Tennessee. Office: Room
823 Forsyth Building, Atlanta, Ga.

District No. 6——Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Office: Rooms 412-432 Maison Blanche
Annex, New Orleans, La.

District No. 7.—Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. Office: Rooms 1212-1214 Mercantile Library Build-
ing, Cincinnati, Ohio. Branch Office: Home Service Section, American Red Cross, Park Building,
Cleveland, Ohio.

District No. 8.—Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin. Office: 1600 The Westminster, 110 South Dear-
born Street, Chicago, 11. Branch office: Room 807 Owen Building, Detroit, Mich.

District No. 9.—Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri. Office: Rooms 815-824 Chemical Building,
St. Louis, Mo. Branch office: Room 413 Massachusetts Building, Kansas City; Mo.

District No. 10.—Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Office: Room 742 Metropolitan
Bank Building, Minneapolis, Minn.

District No. 11—Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. Office: Room 400 Mercantile
Building, Denver, Colo.

District No. 12.—California, Nevada, and Arizona. Office: Room 9987 Monadnock Building, San
Francisco, Calif.

District No. 13.—Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Office: Room 539 Central Building
Seattle, Wash.

District No. 14.—Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Office: Room 810 Western Indemnity Build-
ing, 1000 Main Street, Dallas, Tex.

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Cornell University Library