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THE
JOHN : CRAIG

LIBRARY

COLLEGE

OF

AGRICULTURE

 

 

 

 

NEW YORK STATE
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE,

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE,

CORNELL UNIVERSITY,
ITHACA, fi. Y.
HOOPER’S

WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

 

The following opinions are from gentlemen well known
as eminent Horticulturists, who examined the work in
manuscript :

Sprina GARDEN, CINCINNATI,

November 12th, 1856.
E. J. Hoorrr, Esq.,

My Dear Sir—iI have given your manuscript Catalogue of
Fruits a hasty examination, and regret that my time does not admit of a
more deliberate and critical one. The arrangemert is admirable, and
can not fail to be immensely valuable to cultivators, as well as to those
who are making selections of Fruit Trees for planting. The great confu-
sion which exists in the nomenclature is exceedingly embarrassing.
This your arrangement removes, and makes the subject easily under-
stood, Your descriptions, though brief, are pointed, and really all that
is needed,.to guide the uninformed in making judicious selections. The
number of varieties that have been brought to notice within the last few
years, is so great, and the want of time to test them in our soil and cli-
mate so short, that such a work as yours will require great care and
labor ; and even then will of necessity require several editions, correc-
tions, aud additions, to approach anything like perfection.
With my best wishes for your success in the noble undertaking, I

remain, very respectfully, yours,
A. H. ERNST.
Crycinnati, October 17, 1856.
E. J. Hooper, Esq.,

Dear Sir —I have scented 4 your Catalogue of Fruits care-
fully ; and, so far as I am able to judge, I believe the nomenclature to be
accurate, and most of the synonyms correctly given. I allude to the
Fruits generally known and tested—for new seedling varieties, espe-
cially of Apples, multiply on us so fast, that it is hard to classify them,
and give them a proper place in our catalogues.

I agree with Dr, Warder, Mr. Ernst, and Professor Cary, in their notes
on your Fruits, and think them accurate and just. The points of differ-
ence, if any, are so few that I will not designate them.

That your Catalogue will be valuable to Fruit Growers and Horticul-
turists, there can be no doubt; and I am much pleased to find, that you
are about to supply, in a compact form, so brief and ready a mode of ref-
erence to the Fruits cultivated in the West. It is much wanted.

Very respectfully,
R. BUCHANAN.

 

y

e
E, J. Hooper,
Dear Sir —1 have carefully looked over your manuscript of

Laronia Sprines, January 22, 1857.

Apples, in your contemplated work on Pomology, and, with a few altera-
tions which I have taken the liberty, by your permission, to suggest, believe
that your book will be of great utility to those engaged in the pursuit
of Pomology. I like the plan of your work, and think that it will be
well adapted to this vicinity, and to Western localities, generally.

The descriptions of Apples are generally concise, and well drawn, and
give the characters of the fruit very clearly —of all the most valuable
kinds, especially, Many new varieties are described of which I have
little knowledge, and therefore can not judge of their accuracy.

I think a work like yours, descriptive of the Fruits of this section of
country, with the soils best adapted to their growth, very much needed.

Yours, respectfully,
S. MOSHER.
(- TOM, sayy Loy Sojow
qyenfea Krew coy oyy popaowe ‘sysGoyoured paysmAFuysyy ao pire!

ALAS NHOCHAHSON @C'NVNV HOOT 4 OY “ES NAY EVAN EJ

 

 

 

 
 

THE FATHER OF AMERICAN GRAPE CULTURE,

ator. of that mostump ortant fact- the sexual char

andthe chief dissemin
acter of the strawberry.

Middleton, Strobredye Colne’ Gin 0.
HOOPER’S ©

WESTERN FRUIT BOOK:
COLLBORION OF: FACS, ;

NOTES AND EXPERIENCE

 

SUCCESSFUL FRUIT CULTURISTS,

ARRANGED FOR PRACTICAL USE

IN

THE ORCHARD AND GARDEN.

 

“Under these general laws, each variety of fruit requires a particular treatment,
and should be nurtured with a wise reference to its peculiarities and habits."
Hon, MarsHatt P. Wiuper, Pres’t Mass, Hort. Society.

 

BY E. J. HOOPER,

MEMBER QF THE CINCINNATI HORTIOULTURAL SOCIETY, AND FORMERLY
EDITOR OF THE “‘ WESTERN FARMER AND GARDENER.”

THIRD EDITION, COMPLETELY REVISED.

CINCINNATI:
MOORE, WILSTACH, KEYS & CO,,

26 WEST FOURTH STREET.
1858.
EY.
 

Entered ac€ording to Act of Congress, in the year 1857,
BY MOORE, WILSTACH, KEYS & CO.,

1n the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern
District of Ohio.

 

Btereotyped and Printed by
MOORE, WILSTACH, KEYS & OQ,
OINQINNATI, O.
TO

DR. JOHN A. WARDER,

PRESIDENT OF THE CINCINNATI HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

This Volume ig Bedicuted
BY HIS FRIEND,

THE AUTHOR.
INDEX TO FRUITS.

APPLES, - < = “ - 3 - Ud
PEARS, . < = “ “ 3 118
PEACHES, - = a S - 2 - 212
NEcTARINES, - - es - 2 239
APRICOTS, S - - a s 240
Pius, 7 ‘i é “ 2 242
CHERRIES, - a - = é - 256
QUINCEs, 7 - - < = 272
GRAPES, - si = x e - 274.
STRAWBERRIES, - - - : - 283
RASPBERRIES, - - - = = - 297
BLACKBERRIES, - - < - : 303
CuRRANTS, - - “ < - 303
GoosEBERRIES, - - < s 306
Appropriate Location, Soil, and Treatment

of Fruit Trees, - - 308
Selection of Trees from the Nursery, - 326

 

NOTE EXPLANATORY.
The reader will observe that we have classified the
fruits in this work as follows:

Tho best in quality, BBLOn, ete., or No. 1, in CAPITALS.
Second best <“ 7 “ 2, in SMALL CAPS.
Third “ “ a “ «“ 3, in dalics.

(vi)
PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION.

In presenting to the public a third edition of his “ Fruit
Book,” the author desires to offer a few remarks, in expla-
nation of the errors that occurred in the first. That the
demand for this work should have required a third edi-
tion within one year, is, perhaps, not so much owing to
its intrinsic merits, as to the increasing taste in the people
of the Western Country, for the cultivation of fruits, and
the study of pomology. It is very gratifying to find,
however, that the book has met with so large a sale, even
with all its imperfections.

The original intention was to publish, simply, a descrip-
tive Catalogue of Fruits, after the manner of the Catalogue
of the London Horticultural Society, in a cheap and con-
densed form; and with this view, portions of the manu-
script were submitted to the inspection of some of his
Horticultural friends, to elicit their opinion of the value
of such a publication to the interests of Western pomology.

This explanation is due to the reputation of those
gentlemen, as pomologists, who so kindly recommended
the Catalogue to the public, as they might have hesitated
to indorse it in the more extended form, and ambitious
title, which it afterward assumed, without a thorough and
critical examination of the whole manuscript, as it was
furnished to the publishers. It was at their suggestion
that the work finally appeared as a “ Fruit Book,” instead
of a “ Catalogue,” as being more likely to meet the public
wants.

[vii]
viii PREFACE.

To furnish materials for such a volume, the author had
to refer to his notes, taken during many years, while
serving as a member of the Fruit Committce of the Cin-
cinnati Horticultural Society; and to such other memo-
randa, from his own observation, and that of others, as he
had collected during the last twenty-seven years, on this
his favorite study.

As the work was passing rapidly through the press, and
the season for planting just at hand, he had no time to
make such revisions and corrections as were found requi-
site, upon a careful examination after its publication ;
hence the occurrence of those errors and repetitions that
were afterward noticed by the critics, and hyper-critics—
by the latter gentry with some asperity.

Repetitions may be pardoned, but errors should be
corrected; and in the present edition, the author has
taken advantage of all such criticisms; and corrections
have been made, so far as was practicable in stercotyped
text, aided by an Appendix.

The frontispiece was engraved from a photograph pic-
ture, taken at an Autumnal Exhibition of the Cincinnati
Horticultural Society, of a few of its pomological members
who happened at that time to be present. The author
regrets that some of those represented should, from mo-
tives of diffidence, object to appear in it; their labors in
the good cause, however, have, in a measure, made them
public property.

From the large sale of this work, throughout the West,
the author is gratified in the belief, that it has done some
good to the cause of Fruit Culture, and at least prepared
the way as a useful and safe pioneer, according to its
scope, as far as it goes, for larger, more elaborate, and
more perfect productions, from abler pens.
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.

Ir is the first step in science to know what is known. What is new,
and dependent on experience and original observation, will then come
easier and more certainly. It is an economy of time and labor, in any
investigator, to ascertain well what has been done before him, in any
field of experiment. Much time is often irrecoverably wasted in blun-
dering over proposed experiments, and supposed novelties, that have
long before been thoroughly examined, and definitely settled. In no
branch of practical science are these maxims more true than in regard
to the cultivation of fruit; and this because there are so many claims
upon the cultivator’s attention; so many drafts upon his credulous inex-
perience; so many contradictory statements resulting from superficial
investigations; so many delusory appearances; so much pretension and
self-serving ; so much that rests upon inadequate and interested evidence.
There is, in a word, so much to confuse, mislead, and deceive, that he
who shall present to the fruit-grower, a key to these conflicting claims
and representations, giving, in words of truth and soberness, a just and
concise statement of what may be relied on as fact, in regard to the
value and names of such fruits as are really and honestly known to be
worthy of acceptation and confidence,—that man will have done a good
work, and should be welcomed of all men as a benefactor, in a field
where ignorance is attended with innumerable mischievous consequen-
ces, and where doubt is about as fatal as ignorance.

There have been several praiseworthy laborers in this inviting field,
and all with more or less fault and excellence, more or less accuracy and
error—the result, perhaps, of too much haste in compilation, and too
great confidence in mistaken and interested testimony. None have
seemed exactly to fill the purpose desired; and the want of a new and
more competent work, in the shape of a concise and reliable hand-book,
was very generally experienced, and widely and repeatedly expressed.
A work was needed, less voluminous, and less diffusive, based upon the
authentic experience of actual cultivators; upon well-purged lists of

[ix.]
x PREFACE.

fully proved and living trees, whose fruit had been properly tested and
characterized, and of whose identification there was, finally, no question.
A book unincumbered with useless descriptions of worthless varieties,
and unneeded directions for planting and cultivation, aud free from all
guess-work, and all unverified statements, and confusing and half-
recognized synonyms. A descriptive and contise list, in fact, of such
actual fruits as are well established, and clearly identified, with their
most generally accepted names, and their most marked and unmistaka-
ble characteristics.

And this was the plan designed and undertaken by the practical and
practiced author of the present work. Himself a fruit-grower of diver-
sified experience, and having been in correspondence for years with some’
of the most prominent and successful cultivators in the United States,
especially with those whose experience has chiefly related to the peculi-
arities and requisitions of the Middle and North-Western States, and
feeling, in his own practice, the want of such a ready guide, as the one
contemplated in his plan, he came to the work, prepared with his own
accumulated observations, the advice and suggestions of other competent
growers, and the advantage of the several larger, but differently
designed, works that had preceded his own. The errors of these last he
was to correct, and their faults he was to avoid. The task was by no
means an easy one, and would not have been undertaken, but for the
steady encouragement of many warm friends of pomological science, and
the aid of many efficient cultivators; in whose knowledge and candor he
had steady reason to confide, and for whose kindness he desires, here, to
acknowledge his repeated indebtedness.

That the work is faultless, is not claimed. That it will be found con-
venient, thorough and accurate, and just adapted to daily field use, by
the Western grower of both large and small fruits, whether professional
or amateur, is fully believed by the accomplished author's friend and
associate,

J. W. W.
Cincinnati, February 15, 1857.
 

Middleton, Wallace & 09 Bm. 0.

RODMAN’S RED CLING.
Natural Size.
HOOPER’S

WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

APPPLES.

ALEXANDER, synonymous with, and called by some, Hm-
peror Alexander, Russian Emperor, and Aporia; color,
streaked with bright red on greenish yellow; form, some-
times slightly conical; base, somewhat flattened ; size, 1;
use, chiefly kitchen ; quality, 2; season, August to Novem-
ber.

Remarxs.—Very large and handsome. A moderate
bearer. Rather coarse, but very beautiful in color, shape-
and has a fine bloom. Succeeds well in the Western
States. A good grower. “Large and beautiful.”— Trans-
actions Ohio: Pomological Society. (See Appendix, 1.)

ALFRIsTON, Newtown Pippin of some in England; color,
greenish yellow; form, roundish; size, 1; use, kitchen;
quality, nearly 3; season, September to December.

Remarxs.—Foreign. No similarity to Newtown Pippin
of America, as thought by some in England.

AMERICAN GOLDEN RUSSET, or called by some
Bullock's Pippin, Sheepnose, Golden Russet, and Inttle Pear-
main, sometimes, erroneously, Fall Winesap; color, gen-
erally, rich golden yellow, overspread with soft russet,

(11)
12 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

and in the sun a little red; form, roundish ovate, taper-
ing toward the eye; size, 3; use, table; quality, 1; sea-
son, November to February.

RemMarKs.—This delicious apple succeeds well in the
locality of Cincinnati, also in Indiana, in rich soils.
“First-rate and handsome.’—TZrans. Ohio Pom. Society.
(See Appendix, 2.)

AMERICAN Mamoru. Synonymes, Ox Apple, New York
Gloria Mundi, Baltimore Pippin, and Gloria Mundi, which
last title see also.

AMERICAN SUMMER PEARMAIN, or Watkin’s Early
and American Pearmain. Color, greenish yellow, with a
little red; form, pearmain, or roundish oblong; size, 2;
use, table; quality, 1; season, August and September.

Remarks.—This deserves to be called Summer King,
compared with the Summer Queen. An abundant bearer.
Different from the English Pearmain. It is good in nearly
all parts of the country. “Highly approved.”—Trans.
Ohio. Pom. Society. (See Appendix, 3.)

American Pippin, or Grindstone. Color, greenish red,
with red streaks; form, round and flattish; size, 2; use,
kitchen and table; quality, 3; season, January to July.

Remarxs.—There are many of this name, which is
rather vague, though expressive. It is a good bearer,
and a very great keeper, but almost totally unworthy ;
uneatable at any time.

APPLE BUTTER, or Sweet Bellflower of some, and Mo-
lasses of others. Color, yellow; form, roundish, conical;
size, 1; use, table and kitchen; quality, 1.

Remanxs.—There are two apples cultivated in Southern
Ohio under this name. Mr. A. H. Ernst values them
highly. Dr. Warder, one of our best pomologists, con-
APPLES. 13

siders them tender and very good. Exhibited by F. G.
Cary, August, 1855. Mr. Heiks, of Dayton, also ranks
one of them high. ;

Api. See Lady Apple.

ASHLAND. Color, dull greenish yellow; form, round-
ish; size, 2; use, table; quality, 2; season, October to
January, often longer. (See Appendix, 4.)

Remarxs.—A sound, good keeper. Considered of a good
flavor by most. Exhibited before the Cincinnati Horti-
cultural Society by R. Buchanan. “A sound, sweet-tasted
apple, of medium size.”—Fruit Committee.

ASHMORE, sometimes erroneously called Fall Wine.
Color, bright, clear red; form, regular roundish, flat-
tened; size, 2 to 1; use, table; quality, 2; season, Sep-
tember and October.

Remarxks.— White, crisp, tender, juicy, ' sub-acid,
sprightly. Not of high character, but tender. Exhibited
before Cincinnati Horticultural Society, by A. H. Ernst,
August 21, 1855. Good also for cooking.

ASTRACHAN RED. Color, crimson red ; form, round-
ish; size, 2; use, table or dessert; quality, 2; season,
July and August.

Remarxs.—A very handsome, rather acid dessert fruit,
with a bloom on it similar to the plum. It cooks well, and
is productive. A good fruit for market. Exhibited by
R. Buchanan before the Horticultural Society, July,
1855. Fruit Committee decided it, ‘ Beautiful and very
good.”

AutTuMN PEARMAIN, or English Summer Pearmain, Royal
Pearmain, Sigler's Red, etc. Color, brownish yellow, green
14 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK,

and red; form, oblong; size, 2; use, table; quality, 2;
season, August and September.

» Remarxs.—This is our Autumn Seek-no-further. The
tree is a slow grower. Branches slender. Flesh crisp,

__ firm, and a little dry. (See Appendix, 5.)

AUTUMNAL SWAAR. Color, pale green, sometimes
a slight red in sun; form, roundish; size, 2; use, table;
quality, 1; season, October.

RemarKs.—This is regarded by Dr. Mosher, of La-
tonia Springs, one of our best eating apples. The grain
is very fine; juicy, tender, sprightly, and sub-acid in flesh.
If two-thirds of this apple rots, the remainder retains the
fine juice and flavor.

Battery Spice. Color, yellow; form, roundish ; size, 2;
use, table; quality, 2; season, August and September.

Remarxks.—Fruit always fair at Rochester, New York;
moderate growth ; flesh, sprightly, spicy.

Battty Sweet, or Patterson Sweet, Edgerly Sweet, ete.
Color, clear yellowish red, with russet patches; form,
round ovate, flattened ; size 1; use, table ; quality, 2.

ReEMARKS.—Grown in Northern Illinois, where, as with
us, it is beautiful, delicate, sweet, juicy, and rich.

BALDWIN. Color, red and orange, brilliant; form,
roundish oblate ; size, 1 to 2; use, table; quality, 1 (where
it succeeds) ; season, October to February. (See App. 6.)

Remarxs.—Of the Msopus Spitzenburg family. It is
the great Boston Apple. It is rather subject to rot in
Ohio and Kentucky. “Good at the North; subject to
bitter rot at the South.”—TZrans. Ohio Pom. Soc. In this
locality (Cincinnati), not generally successful as a keeper,
though sometimes seen very fine in January; generally
APPLES. 15

an early winter apple, subject to worms and rot, and
never to be compared to Msopus Spitzenburg for flavor.
The tree bears early and well; a vigorous grower; toler-
ably upright; spreads when older.

Bartlett, synonymous with Priestley, or Bullet. Color,
_ bright red on yellow; form, oblong; size, 2; use, table;
quality, 3; season, January to June.

Remarks. Long keeper.”—-Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.
Rather an inferior fruit.

Beauty of the West, Red Bellflower of some, and Ohio Non-
pareil, Wells, etc. Color, green and yellow; form, round-
ish, flat at base; size, 1 to 2; use, kitchen; quality, 2 to
3; season, September and October.

Remarxs.—lIt is sweet, and keeps some time. It is
handsome but rather poor. It is not known as Red Bell-
flower at Cincinnati, or in the south of Ohio. A remark-
ably fine grower. (See Appendix, 7.)

Beauty or Kent. Color, striped with purple, red,
greenish yellow; form, roundish; size, 1; quality, 3;
season, August and September.

Remarks.—Rivals the Alexander in size, but not so
good in flavor. The tree is vigorous and productive.
Exhibited at Cincinnati Horticultural Society, by A. H.
Ernst, August 21, 1855. (See Appendix, 8.)

BELLFLOWER, WHITH, or Detroit, Ohio Favorite,
Ortley of Lindley, etc. Color, pale yellowish white; form,
oblong oval, or roundish conical; size, 1 to 2; use, table;
quality, nearly 1; season, December to April. (See Ap-
pendix, 9.)

Remarxs.—Large on rich soils; core, open. »‘¢ Excel-:
lent on most strong soils.” —Zrans. Ohio Pom. Soe. It is
often affected in South Ohio with the bitter rot, but where
16 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

this is not the case it is one of the good apples of South
Ohio and Indiana. There is now a superbly fine seedling
of this variety, raised by Mr. Davis, in Southern Indiana.
This seedling has the advantage of not being hollow in
the core, like the parent fruit, the White Bellflower. It
is named Davis’ White Bellflower.

BELLFLOWER, YELLOW. Color, pale yellow, some-
times with a blush next the sun; form, oblong; size, 1;
use, table; quality, 1; season, November to February.

Remanxs.—A_ beautiful, peculiarly good flavored, and
well-known apple in the markets of Cincinnati and the
West. The wood is slender, and like the Newark, or
French Pippin, bears its fruit on the ends of the limbs.
It is desirable to graft it above ground. The blossoms
are very beautiful. It is a superior variety, but not a
great bearer. It blooms early, and before the leaves
expand, that is, on long stems, and is therefore liable to be
frosted. It bears well; the fruit drops a little, but is good
for cooking at all times. It becomes of less value as it is
grown toward the north of us. (See Appendix, 10.)

Betmont, or Gate. Color, rich, light yellow, with a
glossy surface, and a bronzy blush toward the sun; form,
roundish oblong, but irregular; size, 2; use, dessert;
quality (Cincinnati), 1 to 2; season, October to February.
(See Appendix, 11.)

RemarKs.—This is a great and favorite apple in North-
ern Ohio, but succeeds indifferently in South-Western
Ohio. It is not yet fully tested in this locality. Dr.
Warder considers it a first-rate apple, if it can be so called
without the highest flavor. “Generally approved, espe-
cially in Northern Ohio.”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Soc. The
Gate is very fine at Marietta, Ohio. It is showy, and
looks quite rich on the stalls, Rots on the tree here.
“APPLES. 17

BENONI. Color, striped red; form, round; size, 2;
use, table; quality, 1; season, July and August. (See
Appendix, 12.) “

Remarxs.—Excellent; one of the best early fruits;
flesh, yellow; a good bearer; sub-acid, and pleasant.
Often exhibited before the Cincinnati Horticultural Soci-
ety; considered by the Fruit Committee of the Society,
“ prolific, pleasantly acid, and very agreeable.” <A strong,
upright, good grower. ‘“ Handsome, early and good.”—
Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. Comes into bearing early.

Bentley Sweet. Color, red and yellow striped, or
blotched ; form, oblong, itregular, flattened at ends; sea-
son, September to January.

RemarKs.— Good as a long keeper.’—Trans. Ohio
Pom. Society. *

Bevan. Color, broad red stripes on yellow ground;
form, roundish, flattened, slightly conical; size, 3; use,
table; quality, 3; season, July and August.

RemarKs.—Origin, Ohio. Good for market purposes
to carry long distances. But at any rate of little value,
when there are so many so much better. “Of but little
value.”— Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Beefsteak.
Remarxs.—* Not approved.’—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

BETTER-THAN-GOOD. Size, 2; use, table; quality, 2.
RemarKks.—Bears too much. A Pennsylvania apple.

BEtTHLEHEMITE. Color, striped red; form, regular ; size,
2; season, October till April; quality, 2. Delicate.
Remarxs.— Resembles the Newtown Spitzenburg in
appearance.” — Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. Well worthy of
introduction and propagation. A fine grower,
2
18 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

BIRMINGHAM.
ReMARKS.—Pronounéed by the National Pomological
Society, ‘‘ Good.”

Brack GILLIFLOWER. “ Unworthy of culture.”’— Trans.
Ohio Pom. Society. Black Gillifower of Dr. Mosher.
Color, very dark red, almost black; form, long, conical ;
a No. 2 apple; core, hollow, fine flavor, fine perfume;
only fault, rather dry, calculated for a more Northern
climate, and would probably be there more juicy.

Brack AppLte. Color, deep red; form, round; size, 2;
use, table; quality, 2; season, August and September.

REemMARKS.—There are several in the West of this kind.
It is a good apple, but it becomes insipid toward Spring.
It is sweetish. The tree bears well, and has a round head.
Jersey Black is a good fruit among those of this name.
A great bearer, and a fair second-rate apple. Stands
package and carriage well. In Michigan the Black Apple
is known as the Detroit.

Buack Detroit. Color, dark blackish crimson ; form,
roundish, flattened ; size, 2; use, table; quality, 2.

ReMARKS.—Very similar to the above, but is larger,
and has more character.

Buiack VANDEVERE. Color, very dark red; form, lop-
sided ; size, 2; use, table; quality, 2.

Remargs.— A good keeper, and second-rate.”— Trans.
Ohio Pom. Society.

Brepsoz.—Color, greenish yellow ; form, conical, and
rather globular; size, 1; use, table; quality, 2; season,
March and April.

Remarxs.—Seedling from Kentucky, from Col. Lewis
APPLES. 19

Sanders, of Gallatin county. ‘Very like White Pippin.”
—A. H. Ernst’s MSS. (See. Appendix, 13.)

BLENHEIM OranGeE. Color, yellow and dull red; size,
1; use, table; quality, 2 to 3; season, August and Sept.

Remarxs.—Very like Fall Pippin. Exhibited by R.
Buchanan, August, 1855.

Buoop. Color, dull red; form, round; size, 2; use,
table; quality, 2; season, December to March.

Buockiey Pippin. (See Appendix, 14.)
Remarks. — Large and productive, of second-rate
quality. |

Buve Pearmain. Color, purple red; form, round;
size, 1; use, table; quality, 2; season, September to
January.

RemarKs.—That now grown by Ellwanger & Barry is
correct. The true is very large, ofa dark red bloom. It
is a good bearer. Exhibited before Cincinnati Horticul-
tural Society, July, 1855. Fruit Committee “consider it
of much value.” Good for market and cooking. (See
Appendix, 15.)

BOHANON. Color, pale green, slight blush near sun;
form, round, flattened; size, 2; use, table; quality, 1;
season, August and September.

Remarxs.—Brought to Cincinnati Horticultural Society
by Lewis Sanders, of Kentucky. It does not resemble
the Maiden’s Blush, as some have said, but is one of the
very best Summer fruits. It is rather a good bearer,
grows well, and is a choice, fair fruit. It is a better apple
than the Harly Rose, but not quite so early. One of the
very best. Fine for cooking. “Fine Southern apple.’—
Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. (See Appendix, 16.)
20 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Boveu, Early Sweet. Color, yellow; form, roundish,
conical ovate; size, 1; use, table ; quality, 2; season, July
and August.

Remarxs.—A fine sugary variety. The tree is a com-
pact grower, and is rather a shy bearer. Subject to fall.
When really ripe is fine, but never much flavor, beside
the sweet. Exhibited by several members of the Cincin-
nati Horticultural Society. Committee on Fruit decide it
‘“‘a fine saccharine variety.”

Boxrorp.—Color, red striped; form, compressed; size,
2; use, table; quality, 2; season, August, or early in Sept.

RemMarKs.—Superior to most. Tender, pleasant, but
transient, and lacks character.

Brabant BELLFLOWER. Color, yellow and red; form,
roundish oblong; size, 1 to 2; use, kitchen; quality, 2 to
3; season, October to February.

Remargs.—Sharp, sub-acid. Handsome and striking
in appearance. Almost unworthy of cultivation, too much
hike Pennock. Its fine appearance will sell it in market,
until, like many others of this kind, its real qualities, and
those of better, are more known. “Little known in
Ohio.”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. (See Appendix, 17.)

BRAcKEN, synonymous with White Juneating, and Juneat-
ing. Color, pale yellow, sometimes a faint blush; form,
flattish round; size, 3; use, table; quality, 2; season,
early in July.

Remarxs.—Pretty good for the kitchen. In south-
eastern Ohio a favorite early apple; also in Virginia;
elsewhere, little known. An old foreign variety, popular
in some sections for its earliness. Ripens a little before
Yellow Harvest. Growth, upright; rather stout; pro-
ductive. :
APPLES, 21

Brenanan. Season, August and September.
Remarxs.—Regarded by the National Pomological So-
ciety as good,

BROADWELL. Color, light yellow; form, roundish,
somewhat flattened; size, 1; use, table; quality, 1.

Remarxs.—Approved wherever it is known. <A very
fine, sweet Winter Apple. A rather slender grower ; young
wood varicose. Specimens before the Cincinnati Horti-
cultural Society, from Mr. Petticolas, last Winter, Janu-
ary, 1855. This variety is highly recommended .for
general cultivation. Its origin, Miami county, Ohio.
Brought into notice here, first, by Mr. A. H. Ernst.
One of the best sweet apples in cultivation. (See Ap-
pendix, 18.)

Bronson’s Sweeting.
Remarks.—From Summit county, Ohio. “Not ap-
proved.’—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

BULLOCK’S PIPPIN; see also American Golden
Russet. Color, yellow, with soft russet; form, roundish
ovate, tapering to the eye; size, 3; use, table; quality, 1;
season, November to February.

Remuarks.—A very highly flavored apple; none more
so. One of the finest dessert fruits in December, but must
not be too ripe. The tree grows compactly, and is not an
early bearer. This fruit should command double price,
otherwise it is not profitable; and it generally does. A
sure bearer and profitable ; eaten atthe proper point, a
fine fruit — the very best. Bear frost after they are
picked better than most apples.
22 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Burrer APPLE, see Apple Butter.
Remarks.—Many sweet’ seedling apples in the West
have this name. This apple is little known, but good.

Casie’s. GILLIFLOWER (Baltimore, of Elliott, author
of American Fruit Grower's Guide, and the nearest,
except the present work, to the locality of Cincinnati,
except Coxe). Color, light yellow, striped, and splashed
with red, a little bronzed russet about the stem; form,
round; size, 2 to 1; use, table and kitchen; quality, 2;
season, November to February, and sometimes March.

Remarxks.— Second-rate.”— Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.
This is not the Baltimore of Lindley, which is a pale
lemon color, tinged with red, and with large open calyx.

Calville, White and Red.
Remarks.—The Calvilles are not admired in this coun-
try ; at least in the West.

CAMPFIELD. Color, green and yellow, with a reddish
blush ; form, roundish flattened ; size, 2; use, cider; qual--
ity. 2; season, Docember to April.

' Remar«s.—For stock and cider. One of the best and
most productive sweet-cider apples.

Cannon Pearmain. Color, yellow with dull red, large
yellow specks, russety ; form, roundish, often angular;
‘size, 2; use, table; quality, 2; season, from December to
March. (See Appendix, 19.)

Remarxgs.—‘ Good Winter.’—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.
Valued much by F. G. Cary, College Hill, near Cincin-
nati. A good apple for baking in Winter, and very good
to eat, for those who like sweet apples.

CaNnaDIAN Prppin, or Canada Reinette, with many other
APPLES. 23

names. Color, light greenish yellow; size, 1; use, table;
quality, 1; season, November to April. (See App. 20.)

Remanxs.—A great bearer, and of fine growth. Of
more value in Canada, or at the North than around Cin-
cinnati ; still, it is a good fruit here. Some have thought
it to be our favorite White Pippin, but it is not, as we
have proved by having had specimens from the North at
the Cincinnati Horticultural Society ; and Dr. Warder
saw unquestioned specimens in New York State, which
were not our White Pippin, which was probably one of
Wharton’s introduction. It is certainly not our. White
Pippin, although very similar in many respects.

Carolina Winter Queen, or Nix’s Apple. Color, yellowish
green; form, flat, or nearly so; size, 2; use, table; quality,
2 to 3.

Remarxs.—This apple is for the South, where it is very
good. It will not suit us at Cincinnati.

CaroLina Rep Jung. Color, red; size, 2; use, table;
quality, 2; season, July and August. Profitable. (See
Appendix, 21.)

Remarxks.—Large as Summer Queen. Much cultivated
in the West; a very distinct variety ; of medium size;
deep, shining red and white; tender flesh, and pleasant
flavor. Common now in Wisconsin and Michigan.

CaRNEL’s Favorite.
RemanKs.—Pronounced “ Very good,” by the National
Pomological Society.

CARTHOUSE, Gilpin, or Romanite (see both titles).
Remarxs.—Is prolific, and good for cider. See the
other names, for further description.
24 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Carter Apple. (See Appendix, 22.)
Remarks.—From Virginia. Not decided upon by the
National Pomological Society.

CARY’S SEEDLING. Color, clouded green and yel-
low ; form, round oblate; size, 2; use, table and kitchen;
quality, 1; season, September and October.

Remarxs.—Originated at Farmers’ College, seven miles
from Cincinnati. Took premium at Ohio State Fair in
1852. Fine grained, tender, pleasant flavor; acid until
quite ripe, when it becomes a pleasant sub-acid. Tree
strong and vigorous, bears abundantly every second year,
like some others, as the White Juneating, Reece’s Apple
of Campbell county, Ky., ete. This is a valuable variety.

Catshead, or Cathead Greening, or Round Catshead. Color,
yellowish green; form, roundish; size, 1; use, kitchen;
quality, 3; season, September and October.

Remarxs.—Not of much value, only for cooking. There
is another, equally worthless, same shape, but striped yel-
low and red. “Second rate.” — Tans. Ohio Pom. Society.

CatLine, or Gregson Apple. Color, yellow and green;
form, flat; size, 3; use, table; quality, 2; season, Novem-
ber and February,

Remarks. —Productive, and bears early. Shoots,
straight and delicate. “Good; little known. Of East-
ern Ohio.” —Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

CHANDLER. Color, yellowish green; form, round,
perfect; size, 1; use, kitchen; quality, 2 to 3; season,
October to Tec y (See Appendix. 23.)

Remarks.—A great favorite in Connecticut, Flesh,
APPLES. 25

greenish white, tender, juicy, with a moderately rich,
sub-acid flavor. This is what is called the Winter Chand-
ler, distinct from the Early Chandler, which see.

Cheeseborough Russet, or Howard Russet, Kingsbury Russet,
York Russet, of some, Forever Pippin, of some, West. Color, thin
russet, or greenish yellow; form, conical; size, 1; use,
kitchen ; quality, 3; season, September and October.

Remarxs.— Large, coarse, third rate.’”—Trans. Ohio
Pom, Society.

CuaRKE’s SEEDLING, or London Sweet, London Winter Sweet,
Winter Sweet, and Heicke’'s Winter Sweet. Color, pale yel-
low ; form, roundish, flattened ; size, 2; use, table ; quality,
2; season, November to February.

RewArKs.—Much cultivated here, South Ohio. Some-
times plentiful in market. This fruit somewhat resem-
bles Broadwell. Well suited to the rich, deep soil of the
Miami Valleys.

Copiin, or Royal Codlin. Color, bright yellow; form,
roundish, flattened; size, 2; use, kitchen; quality, 2;
season, August and September.

RemarKs.—Exhibited often by R. Buchanan, Esq., at
the Cincinnati Horticultural Rooms. It is ribbed a little.
The flavor is sweetish, lively, and good. It is greenish
near the stalk.

CODLIN, or Keswick Codlin. Color, greenish yellow ;
form, conical oblong; size, 2; use, kitchen; quality, for
cooking only ; season, July and August.

Remarxs.—A great bearer. Tree, round head, very
hardy. ‘The fruit cooks well in about ten or fifteen min-
utes; is tender, and acid. The tree bears when quite
young, and the fruit hangs long and well on the tree.
26 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

““ Popular Summer cooking apple.”—Trans. Ohio Pom.
Society. It is very similar to the Dutch Codlin. ‘The
English Codlins coddle here as well as in their native
land, where they have passed into a proverb for their
supreme excellence as a stewing apple; but that called
the English Codlin here, is often blotched and knotty.”—
Trans. Am. Pom. Society. It is not so, near Cincinnati.
“Summer apples, of the best English sorts, invariably
become too acid under our sun.(!) Red Astrachan, from
North of Europe, is acid and dry.”—Zrans. Am. Pom.
Society. Keswick Codlin, exhibited often by the author at
Cincinnati Horticultural Rooms, and very fair and fine.

Ciypz Beauty, or Mackie’s. Color, pale greenish yel-
low, striped and mottled with light red, deep crimson in
the sun; form, roundish conical, slightly ribbed; size, 1;
use, table; quality, 2; season, September to December.

RemMarKs.—Deserves to be cultivated, from its fine-
grained, juicy, sub-acid, very pleasant qualities.

Corr. Color, bright red ; form, roundish, little conical ;
size, 1 to 2; use, table; quality, 2; season, July and
August. :

Remarxs.—An early bearer, and a pleasant, sprightly
fruit; also hardy. Fruit, juicy and “very good.”

COOPER. Color, greenish yellow, with stripes and
blotches of pale red; form, roundish, flattened; size, 1;
use, table ; quality, 2; season, August to November.

Remarxs.—Best on rich, limestone clay. Rather sub-
ject to canker.* Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy. It is

*Qne sort of Canker proceeds, we think, from the ravages of the
white aphis, or apple louse, which has the appearance of a white mold.

Another kind of Canker of apple trees may, in some situations, be
caused by the uncongenial nature of the soil. A person hds informed us

 
APPLES. 27

excellent, and of the finest texture. Dr. Humphreys, of
Portsmouth, Ohio, says it is from France. Barrels of
Cooper apples were exhibited at the Ohio State Fair, in
1850, and nothing at that season equaled them. It is, cer-
tainly, one of the very best Fall apples. Professor F. G.
Cary says, ‘It is exceedingly well adapted to the locality
of Cincinnati.” The fruit is fair and beautiful; not of
high flavor.

CooreEr’s Repiina, of New York.
Remarxs.— Little known ; second rate.”— Trans. Ohio
Pom. Society.

CoorEr’s Russetine. Color, yellow, with some russet ;

form, long ovate; quality, 2; season, November to Spring.

Remarxs.—Fruit, dry, sweet, and rich. Excellent for
cider, and cooking.

Cornish Gilliflower. Color, dark green and yellow;
form, ovate ; size, 2; use, table; quality, 3; season, August
to April.

Remarxs.—Much esteemed in England. <A bad bearer

 

that having observed many of his apple trees become cankered at a cer-
tain period of growth, he was induced to examine the nature of the soil,
at the greatest depth the roots had penetrated, and which he found con-
sisted of gravel. Not being willing to give over the propagation of apple
trees, he caused a pavement of bricks to be made on the bed of gravel,
which obliged the roots to take a horizontal direction, and thereby pre-
vented them from reaching the gravel, since which they have been free
from canker.

Another kind of Canker, or Blight, is a sort of white mold around the
lower part of the trunk, which causes the bark to part from the wood;
probably caused by the Winter sun (often particularly warm, even at
that season of the year, in this climate) after severe frosts, which, when
the sap has been frozen causes it to thaw, and being unable to circulate,
it goes into fermentation, and rots.
28 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

there, but promises better here. It is much like the Red
Gilliflower. Both are poor. (See Appendix, 24.)

CRAB APPLES. See the varieties; chiefly for cider
or preserves; the largest for cider, the smallest (as the
beautiful red Siberian) for preserves.

CRACKLING. Color, yellowish white ; form, roundish ;
size, 1; use, table; quality, 1; season, September to
January. (See Appendix, 25.)

Remarks.—Of Eastern Ohio. Tree, a strong grower;
requires little pruning. Flesh, tender, juicy. Nery
good.” New. “large and showy; early Winter.” —
Prans. Ohio Pom. Society. Very fine wherever known.
Highly esteemed about Massillon, Ohio.

Culp. “A seedling of Jefferson county, Ohio.”’— Trans.
Ohio Pom. Society. Yellow. January to March.

CUMBERLAND SWEETING, or Cumberland. Form, round-
ish, flattened; size, 1; quality, 2
Remarks.—Valuable tor market.

Danvers’ Winter Sweet. Color, dull yellow, and
orange ; form, roundish, oblong ; size, 1 to 2; use, kitchen;
quality, 2; season, Fall and early Winter.

Remarxs.—Cooks very well. Flesh, yellow, firm, sweet,
and rich. Excellent for stock. Exhibited by the author,
August, 1855, at the Cincinnati Horticultural Society’s
Rooms. Not equal, in the West, to Sweet Butter, Lady’s
Sweeting, nor Broadwell.

Dana’s BaKer.

Remarxs.— Of Washington county, Ohio. Generally
approved.”— Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.
APPLES. 29

DANIEL. :

Remarxs.—Of Zanesville, Ohio. “ Little known, but
good.”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

December Russet.

Remarxs.—Of Morrow county, Ohio. “Little known.”
—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. A fine keeper.

Detient. Color, yellow and red; size, 2; use, table
and kitchen; quality, 2; season, October to March. :

Remarks. Ha good and beautiful apple.” —Hlliott.
From R. Buchanan’s orchard—an orchard which has
largely contributed to the beauty and interest of the Cin-
cinnati and other Societies’ Exhibitions.

DETROIT. See White Bellflower.
Remarxs.—One of the “ good” apples, only.

Docror. Color, yellow with red; form, regular, flat;
size, 1; use, table; quality, 2; season, September to
February.

Remarxs.—Much grown in Southern Ohio and Indiana.
Not generally much grown, though a pleasant and hand-
some, crisp, juicy fruit, of large size. The apple grown
generally for this, hereabout (Cincinnati), is Hay’s Win-
ter Wine. (See Appendix, 26.)

Domine. Color, red and green; form, regular ; size, 2;
use, table and kitchen; quality, 2; season, all Winter, or
October to April.

-Remarxs.—Origin not exactly known. Tree, a strong,
vigorous grower. A tremendous bearer. A good house-
hold Winter fruit. <A large, showy, fair fruit, when not
too full. (See Appendix, 27.)
30 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

DRAP D’ OR, or Bay Apple. Color, dull yellow and
gold; form, roundish oblong; size, 1; use, table and
kitchen; quality, 1; season, August to November.

Remarxs.—One of the finest Autumn fruits. Ripens
and falls during two months, and even when green is fine
for cooking. “Most fair and delicious.”—Fruit Committee
Cincinnati Horticultural Society. ‘ Excellently well adapted
to the locality of Cincinnati.”—F. G. Cary, President of
the Society for the year 1856.

Doump.ine,or Crooked Limb Pippin, French Pippin of
Indiana, and Watsou’s Dumpling. Color, light yellow, blush
in sun; size, 1; use, kitchen; quality, 2; form, roundish,
oblong; season, October to December.

Remarxs.— Second rate.” — Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Dorcn Micnonne. Color, dull orange; form, roundish.
regular; size, 1; use, kitchen; quality, 2; season, Octo-
ber to February. (See Appendix, 28.)

Remarxs.—This is one of the few great acquisitions
from abroad. Its appearance is superb and flavor rich.
The tree bears fine crops. Good for market.

Dyer, Pomme Royat, on Smirurietp Spice. Color,
pale yellow or white; form, globular; size, 1 to 2; use,
table ; quality, 2.

Remarxs.— Admired where known. An excellent
variety, ripening in September, in this locality. An early
bearer.

DocueEss or OLpENBURGH. Color, striped red and yel-
low; form, roundish; size, 2; use, table and kitchen,
more for the latter; quality, 2; season, August and Sep-
tember, sometimes July, in Cincinnati. (See App., 29.)
APPLES. 31

REMARKS.—Most beautifully striped, a kitchen apple
almost entirely. [T'ree vigorous, with upright shoots.

BARLY HARVEST, Prince’s or Yellow Harvest. Color,
pale light yellow; form, round; size, 2; use, table and
kitchen; quality, 1; season, July and August.

Remarxs.—Most excellent for cooking. Well known
and every where approved. “Excellently well adapted to
the vicinity of Cincinnati.’—F. G. Cary, College Hill.
Exhibited continually during “season, and considered
one of the very best early apples for all purposes. Some
do not consider it equal to Early Yellow June (a coun-
terfeit of Early June), which is less tart, and often
planted for Early Harvest, and believed to be the true
variety by many of the best pomologiats. Mr. McWil-
liams, of the Cincinnati Horticultural Society Fruit Com-
mittee, has both. Manure with plenty of lime and potash.
The Early Harvest of the late Dr. Flagg differs from
Prince’s Harly Harvest. (See Appendix, 30.)

Earty Rep Mara@aret. Color, green, red in sun; form,
roundish, oblong, conical; size, 2 to 3; use, table; quality,
2; season, July. -

REMARKS.—Tree moderate bearer, with upright downy
shoots. It is not equal to Early Strawberry.

Earty CHANDLER, A favorite at Marietta, Ohio, and
of G. Dana. ‘Handsome, high flavored, acid.’’—Trans,
Ohio Pom. Society. (See Appendix, 31.)

EARLY STRAWBERRY, or Red Juneating. Color,
yellowish white, striped and stained over with bright and
dark red; form, roundish, varying to conical and angular;
size, 3; use, table; quality, 1; season, July to September.
(See Appendix, 32.)

Remarks.—Tree very ere¢t, with dark wood. Good in
32 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

all soils and generally esteemed. Exhibited by many
members of Cincinnati Horticultural Society. “A great
favorite,” Fruit Committee. ‘“Excellently well adapted
to the locality of Cincinnati.’ F. G. Cary, President
for 1856.

Early Red Sweeting. Color, light red; form, roundish,
flattened; use, table; quality, 3; season, August.

Remarxs.—Not approved generally.

Earzy Jor. Color, pale yellow and green; form,
roundish, flattened ; size, 3; use, table; quality, 2; season,
August.

Remarks.— Has a most delicate pear flavor. Not
suited to orcharding, and of slow growth. It is very
hardy, but should have a rich, strong soil. “ Very delicate
and excellent when in perfection.’—Trans. Ohio Pom.
Society.

’

BARLY JUNE, July Pippin, Large White Juneating,
Early French Reinette, ete. Color, pale light yellow, with
afew dots of white; form, roundish, rarely a little flat-
tened; size, 2; use, table and kitchen; quality, 1; season,
July.

Remarks.— Resembles very much Early Harvest and
Bracken.”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Earty SwEET Bouau, see Eurly Bough.

Eneuisu Russet. Color, light green and yellow; form,
roundish ovate, or conical; size, 2; use, kitchen and
table; quality, 2; season, all Winter and Spring.

Remarks.—There is a Golden Russet like this in Cen-
tral Ohio. A very long keeper, over a year; therefore,
on this account, perhaps of some value, but it is not supe-
APPLES. 33

rior, not even for the kitchen. Decidedly poor, though
: prolific, and a great keeper. It is, at all events, not better

than the American Pippin or Grindstone, which will also

keep till July, and be no better after all than “dried
apples,” and often not near so good as many of them.

Early Pennock, Shaker’s Yellow, Warren Pennock, ete.
Color, greenish yellow; form, roundish, tapering to the
eye; size, 1; use, table ; quality, 2 to 3; season , July and
August.

Remarks.—Is from Harrison’ and Belmont counties.

Trees, vigorous, hardy, and prolific bearers. A little less
than second quality.

Earzy Rep Streak. Color,striped red ; form, roundish ;
size, 2; use, kitchen; -quality, 3; season, August and
September.

Remarxs.—Not much beyond aciderapple. It thrives
well in this country. It is one of the most coarse and
tart of early apples. Much grown about Philadelphia
and Cincinnati, and sells remarkably well.

Ernst's Sweeting. Remarks.—* But little known.”—
Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. (See Appendix, 33.)

Asopus SpiTzEnBuRG. Color, rich, lively red on yel-
low; form, flat at base, oblong, tapering to the eye, ribbed;
size, 1 to 2; use, table; quality, 1 to 2 (near Cineininett) 7 ‘
season, January to March.

Rewarns, —Tree has a drooping head; stem varies in
size. Handsome and very good, and highly approved in
some’ localities, particularly toward the North. It re-
quires much lime and potash. The North is its place for
superiority; and it is, there, exquisitely flavored. One

-of the best cooking apples in the catalogue. In Northern
34 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Illinois it is subject to blight. In Southern Ohio and
Indiana it is too large and less solid, and is often russety.
It, there, ripens too eatly for a Winter fruit, but still fine.

Eve Apple, of the Irish, or Early June, Eggtop, etc., etc.
Color, green, red in sun; form, roundish, oblong, conical ;
size, 3; quality, 2 to 3; season, July. :

Remargs.—An inferior fruit. Its shape is very long
and singular.

Fannestock’s SWEETING.
Remarxs.—‘ Handsome shaped Summer apple. ’—Trans.
Ohio Pom. Society.

Fall Bough.
“Tittle known, not approved.’’—Trans. Ohio Pom. Soci-
ety, (See Appendix, 3+.)

" FALL PIPPIN, sometimes called Golden Pippin. Color,
green and yellow; form, roundish, conical, somewhat flat-
tened; size, 1; use, table; quality, 1; season, September
to November.

Remarxs.—Extensively grown in the West. Tender,
sub-acid, aromatic. ‘Not Holland Pippin. Large, hand-
some and good.” — Trans, Ohio Pom. Society. Is good about
Cincinnati, and highly esteemed. It ripens gradually.
Does not keep long. The Holland Pippin often con-
founded with it; but as the Ohio Pom. Society states
above, not the same. Downing strangely suggested that
these apples might be confounded. They are not at all
alike. The Fall Pippin drops badly from old trees. More
open at the eye than the Holland Pippin. “ Excellently
well adapted to the locality of Cincinnati.’"—F G, Cary,
President Cincinnati Horticultural Society for 1856. (See
Appendix, 35.)
APPLES, 35

Fay Harvey.
Remarks.—Little known here (Ohio), “Not as good
a8 Fall Pippin, "Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. :

FaLLowaTer, or Fallawalder, or Apple of the Fallen
Timber, called, also, Tulpehocken, from the creek of that name.
Color, pale yellow and green; form, roundish flattened,
and roundish ovate ; size, 1 to 2; use, table; quality, 2;
season, December to March. (See Appendix, 36.) °

RemarKs.—The English books say this apple possesses
the Newtown Pippin flavor. Ours does not at all.
“Second rate.”’—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. Valuable for
distant markets. Has a-thick skin. Requires rich lime-
stone soils. Fruit, always fair and large. “Is a great
bearer of very fair, large apples, wanting much flavor.”
—Reports from Pennsylvania to the American Pom. Society.
In our own locality (Cincinnati), it is not so valuable for
carrying far, as our soil seems to give it a flesh more soft,
and therefore more easily bruised. Its flavor, even here,
will suit people whose tastes are rather easily pleased.
Its flavor is any where not high, and when cooked it
has hardly any. Still it isa passable Winter fruit. At
times very fine. —

~ FALL QUEEN, Red Gloria Mundi, Horse Apple, or
Mundy’s. Color, green and yellow to orange, mostly
striped with red; form, roundish conical; size, 1; use,
table and kitchen; quality, 1; season, August to No-
vember.

RemarKs.—Well known in Kentucky. Valued highly
South and West, especially for cooking. “Of Southern
Ohio. Large and handsome.”—TZrans. Ohio Pom. Society.
A grand apple for early Winter. One of the best large
apples, worth fifty Gloria Mundies, and very superior to
the Fallowater, for cooking, if not dessert.
36 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Fatt Wing. Color, rich red, green at stem; form,
rounded, flattened; size, 2; use, fine table; quality, 2
season, September to October.

Remarxs.—This is distinct from the Wine Apple.
(See Appendix, 37.)

Fatuer ABRAHAM, from St. Louis.

Remarxs.—‘ Wood-thrifty, but thorny. Fruit, good ;
form, conical; color, yellow, with a red side ; flavor, high ;
a good keeper’ Fruits of Missouri, by Thomas Aten, of
St. Louis. “A fine table apple. Little known.”—Trans.
Ohio Pom. Society. Exhibited at Cincinnati, at the Horti-
cultural Society Fair in 1843. It was then and there
regarded valuable. It is not a great bearer, but regular.
Of fenoullet flavor, which becomes rather tiresome, though
agreeable at first. :

Fameuse, or Pomme de Neige, or Snow Apple. Color,
crimson red, with a greenish yellow; form,.round; size,
2; use, table and kitchen; quality, 2; season, September.
and October to December.

Remarxs.—Of uncommon beauty. Flesh, snowy white,
tender and delicious. Succeeds best in the North. A
most delicate Canadian or Northern Winter fruit, but
with us a Fall apple, very prolific, beautiful, delicate flesh,
juicy. Cooks well. It is also an early Winter fruit.

FatHer APPLE. Size, 2; use, kitchen.

Renuarks.—From West Bloomfield, Ontario county,
New York. Not yet tested in this locality. J.R. Watts,
Esq., of Rochester, says the Father Apple is worth its
weight in gold. It makes a fine sauce without sugar, and
cooks well. .

Fatuer ABRAHAM. Color, red, little yellow, spots and
APPLES, 37

blotches of darker red; form, flat; size, 2; use, table and
kitchen ; quality, 2; season, early Winter.

Remarxs.— From Virginia. Considerably grown in
Kentucky. Coxe esteemed this apple of much value in
his time. It keeps till April.

Favorite.

Remarxs.—“ Of Kentucky. Little known in Ohio.—
Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

federal.

Remarxs.— Of Mr. Springer, of Ohio. Little known.”
—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

FINK.
Remarxs.—“ A seedling of Perry county, Ohio. Very
long keeper. Good.’”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Fleiner. Color, striped, lemon yellow and red, red cheek,
oblong ; size, 2; use, table; quality, 2; season, September
and October.

Remarxs.—lIts great productiveness is its chief value,
which is very remarkable.

Flower of Kent. Color, dull yellow, or tawny, and red ;
form, roundish flattened , use, cooking and baking; size,
1; quality, 2 to 3; season, September to January. |

Remarxs.—Coarse, sub-acid, and hardly worthy of cul-
tivation.

FLUSHING SPITZENBURG. Large; flat ; scarlet, on
sunny side, on pale red; sub-acid, sugary ; Nov. to April.

Fort Miami. Color, brownish red, more or less rus-
seted; form, roundish oblong, flattened at both ends,
38 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

widest at base, uneven, somewhat ribbed; size, 1 to 2;

use, table; quality, 2; season, January to April.
Remarxs.—Flavor highly spicy, with a sub-acid taste.

Does not bear early, but when older produces fine crops.

FRANKLIN'S GOLDEN PIPPIN. Color, pale light
greenish yellow, with white finish net-work, few russet
dots; form, roundish ovate, regular conical; size, 2; use,
table and kitchen; quality, 1; season, September.

Remarks.—A good, rich, yellow green apple, but little
known. From Dr. Hildreth of Marictta. One of the
nicest apples of the season. Comes in just before the
Bellflower. Rich, juicy, good, regular bearer. Grown
near Mr. Sayers, Reading Road.

Fronciyn. Color, bright red; form, regular round;
size, 2; use, table and kitchen; quality, 2.

Remargs.— Very prolific, even when young.’—Penn-
sylvania Pom. Trans.

FRENCH PIPPIN, see Mewark Pippin, the same apple,
one of the most valuable of fruits, only rather feeble in
growing. There is another, of little value, of this name.

GaBRIEL, or Ladies’ Blush. Color, yellowish striped,
and splashed with pale red; form, roundish conical; size,
medium or 2; use, table; quality, 2 to 1; season, October
and November.

Remarks. —‘“ An excellent Fall apple.”— Trans. Ohio
Pom. Society.

GATH, or Waxen, see Belmont.

GENNETING.
Remarxs.—Of Muskingum Valley, Ohio. “Harly, acid,
APPLES, 39

second-rate.” — Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. This is not the
valuable Rawles’ Janet, or Genneting, of Kentucky.

GEORGE APPLE. Color, pale yellow; form, round-
ish flattened; size, 2; use, table; quality, 2; season, July.

Remarxs.— Resembles Early Harvest, perhaps identi-
eal.” —Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

GILPIN, Romanite of the West, or Carthouse. Color,
red and yellow; form, round flattened; size, nearly 3;
use, table and cider; quality, 2.

Remarxs.—Tree very hardy and prolific. Gencrally
escapes frost. Worth double the price of other apples in
general, in June. Very valuable, therefore, as an orchard
market fruit, but of nearly third-rate quality. Myr. Sam’l
Carter, two miles back of Newport, Kentucky, considers
it his most profitable market fruit in the month of June.
It makes good cider, and’is.rich in giving body to others.
Bears bruising remarkably well, may be knocked off with
poles, shoveled into a cart, dumped down on the ground,
and holed away like turnips, and go to market, next
Spring, in sound condition. “ Rather small, good keeper,
second rate as to quality,”— Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Gloria Mundi, Monstrous Pippin, American Mammoth, Balti-
more Pippin, Pound, etc. Color, lemon yellow, dull white
spots; form, round, rather angular, flattened ; size, 1; use,
kitchen; quality, 3; season, September to January.

Remarks.— Gigantic; sometimes weighs nearly a pound
and a half. It is pretty good for cooking and drying. The
tree is vigorous; moderate bearer. ‘“ Very large, second
rate.’— Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. Exhibited often before
the Cincinnati Horticultural Society, and monstrous speci-
mens. Generally considered “unworthy,” except for
curiosity of size, and for show. The Tulpehocken, or
40 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Fallawater, often approaches it in size, but is a much
better apple. Falls a great deal in rich soils. The tree
becomes very large. It succeeds well with us, except on
clayey soils, and deep prairies.

Gloucester White.
Remarks.—* Not deserving to be known.’’— Trans. Ohio
Pom. Society.

Glory of York. See Ribston Pippin, the finest apple of
England, and of the far Northern States and Canada.

Gorr APPLE. Large; yellow.
Remarks.—“ A seedling, from Champaigne county,
Ohio. A good apple.”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

GOLDEN.
Remarxs.—Of Perry county, Ohio. ‘ Resembles Early
Harvest; perhaps identical.”— Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

GoLDEN Drop. See Court of Wyck.

GoLDEN Baul, Belle et Bonne (called Belly Bound, a cor-
ruption of Belleet Bonne), or Connecticut Apple. Color, rich
yellow, sometimes a faint blush near the stalk, and with
rough dots; form, roundish, lessening to the eye; size, 1;
use, table and kitchen; quality, 2; season, September to
December.

Remarxs.—Pretty good. This is not the same as the
Belle et Bonne of Lindley. It requires a rich, strong, and
compact, or heavy soil. It bears well as it grows older.

Golden Harvey.

Remargs.— Unworthy.”—Dr. Warder, one of our best
Western Pomologists.
APPLES. 41

Golden Pippin.

Remarxs.—Rather a vague name in this country. Once
very good in Britain, but of late years failing there; in
some places becoming very hard and specky, and fine,
again, in other parts. In America it is a synonyme, erro-
neously, for Fall Pippin, Ortley, and several other yellow
apples. Some of the fruit, under this name, is unworthy.

Golden Reinette.
Remarxs.— Inferior; foreign.”—Dr. Warder. “A fine
European Dessert Apple.”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

GOLDEN SWEET. Color, pale yellow; form, round ;
size, 1; use, kitchen; quality, 1; season, August and
September.

Remarxs.—One of the best baking fruits, without
sugar. On lists for stock. ‘Good and profitable Sum-
mer.’’—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society, (See Appendix, 38.)

GOLDEN RUSSET. See American Golden Russet,
Bullock’s Pippin, ete.

Governor. Of Columbus, Ohio.
Remarxs.— Little known.” —Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

GRAVENSTEIN. Color, bright yellow; form, rather flat-
tened, one-sided; size, 1; use, table, but chiefly cooking ;
quality, 2 to 1; season, August and September.

Remarxs.—A German fruit. Bears well young. A
strong grower. “Handsome, good, early Summer.’”—
Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. Sometimes excellent. May be
called, generally, profitable. (See Appendix, 39.)

GREEN NEWTOWN PIPPIN. See Newtown Pip-
pin, Green.
4
42 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

GREEN’s CHOICE.
Remarxs.—Handsome; red striped ; passed by the Na-
tional Pomological Society, “Very good.”

Green Sweeting.
Remarxs.—‘ Of New York. Little known in Ohio.”
—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Grey House. See Black Vandevere.

GRimEs’s GOLDEN PIPPIN.
Remargs.— A good seedling from Virginia.”— Trans.
Ohio Pom. Society.

Grindstone. See, also, American Pippin. Color, red on
green; form, flat; use, kitchen; quality, 4; season, all
Winter, and till July. ;

Remarxs.—Abundant bearer. Hangs well. Like the
Lansingburgh, Virginia Greening, and a few others, a
very great keeper, but a very poor apple, almost worthless.

Gully Apple.

Remarxs.—Pennsylvania apple; much boasted of. Lit-
tle known here, at present. It would be well to try it,
and all others with a great reputation elsewhere.

Hacuoz. Color, red ; form, round ; size, 2; use, table and
kitchen; quality, 2; season, July.

Remarks.—Distinct from Hagloe Crab, a small, ovate,
cider apple. (See title, Cider Apples, in our descriptions
of apples.) Exhibited by A. H. Ernst.

HARRISON. Color, green and yellow ; form, conical ;
size, 3; use, cider; season, Winter.
Remarxs.—Very good cider apple (see Cider Apples).
APPLES. 43

The Jersey cider apple for Champagne. Prolific. Holds
well. May be gathered late, and manufactured any time.
It keeps long, and is a good cooking apple near Spring.

Harrrorp Swretinc. Color, red striped on greenish
yellow; form, roundish, flattened; size, 1; use, table;
quality, 2; season, November to March. oe

Remarxs.—Flesh, whitish, tender and juicy. “Very
good.”

Haw.ey. Color, pale yellow and green; form, round,
varies; size, 1; use, table; quality, 2; scason, Fall.

Remarxks.—Fine flavored. Flesh, yellowish white, ten-
der, with a rich sub-acid. Promises well.

HawtHornpEen. Color, pale light yellow, blush in the
sun; form, pretty regular, roundish, rather flattened ;
size, 2 to 1; use, table, cooking or drying; quality, 2;
season, Autumn.

Remarxs.—A Scotch apple. It has some resemblance,
but is not equal to that good, and to most, agreeable apple,

.the Maiden’s Blush. It cooks as well. Is little known in

Ohio; grown more in the North-west, where it is more
suited. It has not yet been tried in this locality—at least
we have not seenit. If it is as good as Maiden’s Blush,
it will do. ;

Hay’s Winter, or Wine Apple. Color, pale green, be-
coming yellow when near ripe ; form, roundish flattened ;
size, 2 to 1; use, table and kitchen; quality, 2; season,
December to March.

Remarxs.—Much grown in Ohio and Indiana. Un-

-worthy its high repute among some. Confounded with
Dr. Dewitt.
44 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Heicke’s SuMMER QuEEN, of Dayton, Ohio. “A good
apple.’’"—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Heicke’s WINTER SWEET, London Sweet, and Clark's Seed-
ling; see Tondon Sweet. Plentiful in Cincinnati market.
Resembles that most valuable fruit, the Broadwell. Adap-
ted to the rich, deep soils of the West, like the fair, rich
and beautiful Broadwell.

HELEN’s Favorite. Color, dark red; form, round;
size, 2; use, table; quality, 2; season, January and Feb.

Remwarks.—From Troy, Ohio. “ Very Good.’—dA. H.
Ernst’s Reports. “ Very good.’’—Dr, Warder.

HEREFORDSHIRE PearMain, Royal Pearmain, Old Pear-
main, ete. Color, brownish red, mottled with russety
green; form, roundish, conical; size, 2; use, table; qual-
ity, 2; season, December to February.

Remarxs.—Requires a rich, strong soil; fruit then is
fine, and of superior excellence. Seldom seen here.
Grown in New York and Northern Indiana, and Illinois.
It is there very rich and fine. We do not think the apple
we have by this name is correct, as it does not answer the
description in the books. (See Appendix, 40.)

HEWES’ VIRGINIA CRAB. Color, dull red, dotted
with white specks, and obscurely streaked with greenish
yellow; form, nearly round; size, 4 to 5; use, cider ;
quality, 1; season, Winter.

RemarKs.—Very prolific, and very fine for cider—sur-
passingly fine. Cider from it keeps very long. Tree very
hardy, though small. i

Hereric. Form, regular round; size, 2 to 1; use,
APPLES. 4h

table and kitchen; quality, 2;. season, November to
January.

Remarxs.—A Pennsylvania apple. A decided favorite.
Fine bearer. Form always perfect.

Herman. Color, red; form, oblong; size, 2; quality, 2.

Remarxs.—Flesh rather greenish, tender, juicy, and of
high flavor. (See Appendix, 41.)

Hien Tor SweEetina. See Spence’s Early.

Houianp Pippin. Color, greenish yellow; form, more
regularly round than the Fall Pippin, stem shorter, and
cavity not so deep, more broad and open; size, 1; use,
kitchen; quality, 2; season, fit for pies in August to Jan’y.

Remarxs.—Often confounded with the Fall Pippin.
Different, however; does not approach to its excellence.
The Gravenstein is better even forcooking. The time of
ripening is also different. It deserves a place in the gar-
den. Sometimes called Golden Pippin. Superior for
cooking and drying, and a good table apple. “Not Fall
Pippin.”— Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. (See Appendix, 42.)

Honey GREENING, or Green Sweet. “Of Washington
county, Ohio.”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. Color, dull
greenish white, or yellow, with greenish white, or some-
times pale russet dots; form, roundish ; size, 2 to 1; use,
table ; quality, 2; season, October to March.

Remarxs.—Is a large fruit in the West generally.
Flesh, greenish white, tender, juicy, and quite sweet.

Hooprer’s Rep Streak. Form, round; size, 3; use,
table and cider; quality, 2; season, October.

Remarks.—A very handsome Fall apple. A Seedling.
Small, remarkably juicy, and very swect for a sub-acid
46 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

apple: unequaled, indeed, in this respect. Tree very
large and straight, with long, upright branches.

HORSE APPLE, a synonyme of Fall Queen, which see.

Ilorse Apple, of T. V. Petticolas. © Not approved.”—
Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Howarp.
Remarks.—Regarded as very good by the National
Pom. Society. Beautiful and excellent, North and East.

Hubbardston Non-such, or Suiton, etc. Color, yellow
ground, striped with rich red; form, roundish ovate; size,
1; use, table and kitchen; quality, 2; season, October to
June.

Remarxs.—Very like Baldwin and Red Canada, but
larger. Worthy of orchard culture in suitable places,
but not in Southern Ohio. It ripens, here, too soon,
and drops badly. It is good for the table or dessert.
Baldwin has been widely distributed under this name.
The tree is spreading and productive.

Jack Apple, or Karly Jack. Color, deep brown, with
green spots.

RemarKs.—When ripe the fruit is almost white, very
juicy, and of such an undecided sweet and sour, that it
can not be said to be either.

Jersey Black.
Remarks. Little known, and of little value.’ Trans.
Ohio Pom. Society.

Jersey Red Streak, of Mr. Springer. “ Not approved.” —
Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.
APPLES. 47

Irish Peach Apple. ‘“ Unworthy.”

IMPERIAL VANDEVERE.

Remarks.—“‘ A Pennsylvania apple. Seedling of the
Smoke House, but rather coarser.” Pennsylvania Pom.
Reports.

Tronstone, or Eastern Pippin. Color, deep green, brown-
ish blush} form, roundish ; size, 2; use, kitchen; quality,
3; season, November to June.

Remarxs.—Sprightly, juicy, and pleasant.

JEFFRIES.

Remarxs.—Regarded by the National Pomological So-
ciety as “ Best.” Season, August and September ; color,
pale yellow, striped and stained with red, becoming dark
in sun; form, roundish flattened; size, 2; use, table;
quality, 1. (See Appendix, 43.)

Jenxins. Color, red, with large white dots on a yel-
lowish ground; form, roundish ovate; size, 3; use, table;
quality, 2; season, Winter to March.

Remarks.—Flesh, white, tender, as good, perhaps bet-
ter than the famous little Lady Apple. Beautiful, and
excellent for evening entertainments. But whether, like
the Lady, it will deteriorate somewhat, West, remains to
be seen.

JOE BERRY. Asynonyme of Newtown Spitzenburg, or Ox
Eye. See Newtown Spitzenburg, Vandevere, of New York.
Color, red on yellow; form, round flattened ; size, 1; use,
table; quality, 1; season, October to January.

Remarks.—This is strangely confounded with Vande-
vere, by Downing, but it has been unquestionably identi-
fied as the Newtown Spitzenburg, of Coxe, and that
48 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

confirmed by one of his own children, Mrs. McIlvaine,
of Clifton, near Cincinnati. A superior, rich, spicy apple,
without the acidity of the Msopus. It is, however, prone
to fall from old trees.

Johnson's Sweet, Good keeper. Dull yellow.
Remarks. “A seedling, from Harrison county, Ohio.”
—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. Good for Apple Molasses.

JONATHAN, King Philip, Wine, Winesap (erroneously).
Color, light yellow ground, mostly overspread, streaked
or stained with rich, light red, and with a few minute light
dots; form, roundish conical, regular; sizc, 2; use, table;
quality, 1; season, November to January.

Remarks.—Requires a rich, strong soil. A New York
apple. Flesh, tender, juicy, and rich, with a good deal
of the Spitzenburg character; shoots, light colored, slen-
der, and spreading. Rather a feeble grower, and indif-
ferent bearer, even in its best localities, but particularly
with us, West. It is a very fine and attractive apple
when shown on the stalls, from its rich red color.

JERSEY SWEETING. Color, red; form, oblong; size,
2; use, table and kitchen; quality, 1; season, August and
September.

Remarxs.— First rate for table; early Fall.’—7Zrans.
Ohio Pom. Society. A beautiful, tender, sweet apple; orna-
mental as well as good. Of good baking qualities. To
follow Early Bough, in the hog, or stock list,

JuNEATING, WuIrE. Color, pale green, then light yel-
low ; form, round, a little flattened ; size, 2 to 3; use, table
and kitchen; quality, 2; season, July.

Remarxs.—Very old. Mentioned by Evelyn, in 1660;
by Ray, in 1688. A very common apple, in most gardens.
APPLES. 49

Has a fine scent. Apt to crack a little, and become dry.
Should be used immediately, when ripe. An abundant
bearer on alternate years. This may be the Early May,
of the South. Of value for early maturity.

Kaighn’s Spitzenburg, Long Pearmain, Lady Finger, Long
John, Red Pearmain, etc. Color, yellow, mostly overspread
with bright, clear red ; form, oblong, rounded ; size, 1; use,
table and kitchen; quality, 2 to 3; season, October, Novem-
ber, and December.

'Remarxs.—This fruit is large and showy, and that is
about all that can be said of it.

Keiser Pounn. Large, red, and handsome.
Remarxs.—‘ Of Coshocton, Ohio. Good, not first rate.”
—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Kentish Fillbasket. Color, yellowish, brownish blush;
form, roundish and ribbed; size, 1; use, kitchen only;
quality, 3; season, September to January.

Remarxs.—Flesh tender, but not a desirable fruit. (See
Appendix, 44.) °

Kenrick’s Autumn. Color, pale yellow; form, round,
flattened at base; size,2; use, kitchen; quality, 2 to 3;
season, August and September.

Remarxs.—Flesh, white, a little stained with red. Not
-worthy.

KESWICK CODLIN. (See Codlin, Keswick.)
Remarxs.—A fine, fair, pure-complexioned cooking
apple, requiring sugar; of good size, and saleable in mar-
’ ket on account of its earliness (July), and tempting appear-
ance. Hangs for three months, or more, on the tree. Not
fit for table, only for cooking. (See Appendix, 45.)
5
50 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Kerry Pippin.
Remarxs.—* Deemed unworthy of cultivation.” — Trans.
Ohio Pom, Society.

KING PHILIP. (Sée Jonathan.)

Kirke’s Lord Nelson. Color, red on pale yellow; form,
roundish ; size, 1; use, kitchen; quality, 3; season, Octo-
ber to December.

Remarxs.—Foreign. Of but little value here.

Kilham Hill. Color, pale yellow and red; form, round-
ish, ribbed; size, 1; use, kitchen; quality, 3; season, Sep-
tember.

Remarxs.—Origin, American; very questionable value.

King of the Pippins. Color, yellow and red, splashed ;
form, roundish oblong; size, 2; use, kitchen; quality, 3;
season, September and October.

Remarxs.—In the West, sometimes confounded with
Gravenstein.

Knight's Golden Pippin, Downton, or Elton Pippin. Color,
yellow; form, roundish; size, 3; use, table and kitchen;
quality, 3; season, September and October.

Remarxs.—American origin—but inferior.

Kinestzy. Color, yellowish, striped and splashed with
pinkish red, some white dots; form, roundish, oval; size,
2; use, table; quality, 2; season, October to May.

Remarxs.—“ Best.”—-J. 0. Wendell, in Pom. Trans.

King Apple, from Western New York. Color, pale
yellow ground, with two shades of red, striped and
APPLES. 51

splashed, brown dots and russet ; form, roundish, oblong,
somewhat ribbed ; size, 1; use, table and cooking; quality,
2; season, October to January.— Tomkins 0o.—King.

Kine Appz, from Mason county, Kentucky. Color,
yellow, clouded with dull red, some small specks, moldy
or fungus-like patches often found in Western and South-
ern apples ; size, 2 to 1; use, table and baking ; quality, 2;
season, November to January, and even February,

Kane. Color, white, with red cheek; form, flattened,
round; size, 2; use, table; quality, 2; season, Autumn.

RemarKs.—Resembles Maiden’s Blush, but not so flat.
Very beautiful. From Philadelphia.

Keim. Color, fine pale yellow, waxen; form, rounded,
inclining to conical; size, 3; use, table ; quality, 2; season,
January to April.

Remarxks.— Very good. Flavor mild and pleasant.”—
Horticulturist, Philadelphia.

Knight's Codlin. Color, greenish yellow; form, round-
ish; size; 2; use, cooking; quality, 3; season, September
to November.

Kou. APPLe.

RemaRKs.—A variety imported from Germany. The
tree is thrifty; regular top; good and regular bearer;
fruit small, regularly shaped, crisp, juicy, and well fla-
vored—a good keeper. Fruits of Missouri, by Thos. Allen,
of St. Louis.

KREMLIN.
Remarxs.—Exhibited by Mr. Fee, August, 1855. Fruit
Committee pronounced it “a very large, early apple,
52 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

tender flesh, and very valuable for its early ripening, and
other good qualities:”

Ladies’ Blush. Color, yellow, with red blush; size, 2.

_Rewarxs.—American origin. Flesh too dry. The Gate
was exhibited for some time, under this name, at Cincin-
nati Horticultural Rooms, by J. C. Mauna: It is a syno-
ayme of Gabriel.

Lady Finger, see Kaighn's Spitzenburg, of which it is a
synonyme. Also, the name of a very poor apple in Penn-
sylvania; seen, also, in Central Ohio. Unworthy.

LADIES’ SWEETING. Color, red in the sun,. pale
yellowish green in the shade, with broken stripes of pale
red; form, roundish ovate; size, 1; use, table; quality,
2; season, keeps till May.

Remarks.—A favorite in New York. Not considered
equal there, however, to Danvers’ Winter Sweet. ‘“Hand-
some and good, second rate.”—Trans. Ohio. Pom. Society.
Here, it is a fair, good, sweet apple. Yellow flesh. Win-
ter. Perfumed like an orange, though not so strong.

LADY APPLE, or Api, Pomme Rose, Petit Apt, ete.
Color, bright red, on clear yellow; form, flat; size, 4; use,
table and cooking (being as rich as a preserve) ; quality,
1; season, November to May.

Remarxs.—Tree very upright, like the cherry. Fruit
in beautiful clusters. It takes ten years before very pro-
ductive. When it bears small, perfect fruit; one of the
most profitable in the Kast, selling at ten dollars per
barrel; but in the West, it is not so much apprecia-
ted as an ornament of the table, nor does.it grow so fine
and sightly. Small and beautiful. “Profitable in some
localities.” — Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.
APPLES. 53

Lancashire Witch.
Remarxs.—Handsome. A profitabie apple, not much
grown here, yet ought to be.

Lancaster Greening. - Color, greenish yellow, with brown
dots and blotches; form, regular roundish conical; size,
2; use, table and Richens quality, 2 ; season, all Winter
to Apr ‘il.

Remarxs.—Valued as along keeper. Remains good on
tree till very late. Flesh, greenish, juicy, and sub-acid.

Lancaster Queen.
Remarxs.—Like Summer Queen, it has a peculiar spicy
flavor —David Miller, Pennsylvania Reports.

Lane's Sweet. Color, yellow, with red; form, oblong;
size, 2; use, table; quality, 3; season, Nov. to March.

Lance Sweet Bovuay, see Sweet Bough.

Lansinburg. Color, green and yellow, with red; form,
pippin shape; size, 2; use, kitchen; quality, 3; season,
all Winter, Spring, and next Summer.

RemarKs.—‘ Unworthy of cultivation.” — Trans. Ohio
Pom. Society. Keeps two years. Often exhibited very
late in the season. Opinion of the Fruit Committee of
the Cincinnati Horticultural Society, “A great keeper,
and although not fine for the dessert—far from it—still this
‘apple commands a high price in the Spring. It is sound
and firm into Summer,” A great keeper, but not worth
much when kept, like the Grindstone or American Pippin.

Laquier.
‘Remarxs.— Little known i in Ohio.”—Trans. Ohio Pom.
Society.
54 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Late Chandler.
Remarxs.—Of Cincinnati, Ohio. “Not approved.”—
Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Late Strawberry, or Auburn Strawberry.
Remarks.—‘ Highly esteemed in New York, where
best known.”— Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Leadington, Monstrous, or Green Codlin.
Remarxs.—Very large. Good for cooking.

Lemon Pirrin, Kirke’s. Color, yellowish green; form,

oval; size, 2; use, kitchen; quality, 2; season, September.

Remarxs.—Nearly closed at the’stalk, and calyx like a
lemon. <A popular English apple.

Lrperry.
Remarks.—Seedling, of Delaware county, Ohio. “Good
late Winter.” — Trans. Ohio: Pom. Society, A long keeper.

Limser Twic. Color, dull red, and light yellow, striped
and splashed with red in sun, rough russet specks, and
sometimes a patch of russet; form, round, somewhat con-
ical; size, 2 to 3; use, kitchen; quality, 3; season, keeps
till May. :

Remarks.—A sound, long keeper, valuable, hardy, and
very productive. A great market fruit, though rather
small. There is said to be a large and a small variety.
«“ Valuable for market, being a great bearer, but not a
very choice fruit.’—Dr. Warder. Good for Southwest.

Lonpon Pirrin. Color, yellow; form, oblate; size, 1;
use, kitchen and table; quality, 2; season, October to
January.

Remarxks.— Worthy ofa much more general cultivation.
APPLES. 55

-Exhibited at the Cincinnati Horticultural Society. Known
in Indiana as the White Winter Pearmain, but erroneously.
Bears early, is productive, and a good keeper. Profitable.
This is not London Sweet, or Heiche’s Winter Sweet. _

Longville’s Kernel, or Sam’s Crab. Color, brownish red
on yellow; form, oval, flattened; size, 3; use, table; qual-
ity, 2 to 3; season, August and September.

Lone Jouy. See Kaighn’s Spitzendurg.
Remarks.— Large, handsome, second-rate.” — Trans.
Ohio Pom. Society.

Long Pearmain, see Kaighn's Spitzenburg.

Lone Srem.
Remarxs.—Of Virginia and Eastern Ohio. Resembles
Willow Twig.

Lopside, Grey House, and Black Vandevere, which sec.

Loure Queen, or Lowre Queen. Color, yellow, striped and
splashed with dull red, rough, irregular dots, or specks of
dull russet, russet at stem; form, roundish flattened, often
angular; size, 2 to 1; use, table; quality, 2; season, Oc-
tober to January.

Remuarks.—Somewhat resembles the Vandevere. Of
Morrow county, Ohio. “Large, Winter. Little known.”
—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

LoweE.u, or Pound Royal, Orange Queen Anne, Tallow.
Color, oily, pale yellow; form, oblong ovate; quality, 2;
season, August and September.
\

56 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Remarks.—Tender, nearly first-rate. A good grower
and great bearer. ‘One of the best Fall apples.”’— Trans.
Ohio Pom. Society. Flavor, rich, brisk, rather acid.

Lymay’s Large Suumer. Color, pale ycllow; form,
flattish round ; size, 1; use, table; quality, 2.

Remargs.—Moderate bearer. The tree requires short-
ening-in, like the Peach, to keep up a proper supply of
young shoots, as they bear only on the ends. (See Ap-
pendix, 46.)

Lyman’s Pumpkin Sweet. Color, green; form, round to
conical; size, 1; use, kitchen; quality, 3; season, August
to November. (See Appendix, 47.)

Remarxs.—Rather too large. Often water-cored. Not
desirable. Was shown before the Cincinnati Horticultu-
ral Society as the Reinette d’Espagne. Best for baking.

Lyscom. Color, red on yellow; form, round; size, 1;
use, kitchen and table; quality, 2; season, October to
November.

Remarks.—Flesh, fine-grained, mild, sub-acid.

MALE CARLE, or Mela Carla, ete. Color, yellowish
white, with russet dots, faint orange, or reddish cheek;
form, rather flat and globular, with a slight tapering to
the eye; size, 2; use, table and kitchen; quality, 1 to 2;°
season, December. (See Appendix, 48.)

Remarks.—This fruit is best adapted for the South and
South-west, where their seasons of summer are long.
There it is one of the best apples. North it does not
answer. In the Middle States it is tolerably good. It is
a celebrated Italian apple, not to the fancy of everybody ;
having to many an unpleasant flavor and perfume, which
is any thing to them but “Rose perfume,” as stated by
Elliott. It is believed to answer for cooking. Sometimes
APPLES. 57

very beautiful. Myr. R. Clarke, a good and large fruit-
grower, likes this apple. He gets a good price for it in
market. This apple is generally called medium, but we
have them ten inches in circumference: we call that
large. ‘They are perfectly sound, now (February 6), and
we think they may be called a Winter apple in this
climate, although fit to eat in October. Juicy, and fine
flavored, but the texture is so fine as to require considera-
ble mastication, until very ripe. Its beauty makes it sell
well. Itisa full bearer, every year, if well treated. It
is of a pale, waxy yellow, with a fine blush on the sunny
side, with crimson dots or marbleing; regularly formed ;
rarely: conical.

Maciean’s Favorite. Color, yellow; form, roundish ;
size, 2; use, table and kitchen; quality, 2; season, October
to January. . fs

Remarxs.—A new English apple. Tree, moderately
vigorous, and a good bearer. Not yet tested here. Fla-
vor, like the Newtown Pippin, rich, and crisp in texture.
Said to be an excellent fruit where it succeeds.

McLexan. Color, striped red; form, round; size, 2;
use, table; quality, 2; season, November to March.

Remarks.—This is described and recommended in the
Horticulturist, now conducted by R. Pearsall Smith, Phila-
delphia, the chief horticultural periodical in the Union, as
follows: “A beautiful and excellent dessert apple, regular
in form ; flesh, white, fine grained, very tender and juicy,
sprightly, mild, hardly sub-acid.” (See Appendix, 49.)

Marwen’s Buusu. Color, whitish, blushed, or red
cheeked—rather a lemon yellow, with a most beautiful
blush ; form, flattish ; use, table and kitchen ; quality, 2 to
1; season, August to October.
58 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Remarxs.—The Maiden’s Blush, in this vicinity, is one
of the most beautiful (true to its name), and profitable
apples cultivated. It is congener to Hawthorndean, or
Hawthornden, the best apple in Scotland, but better and
more beautiful. A general favorite at the stalls and
shops. Excellent for cooking; a prolific and early bearer.
Of a peculiar aromatic flavor, disagreeable to some per-
sons. A good market fruit. Rather tartish. ‘“ Excellently
well adapted to the vicinity of Cincinnati.”—F. G. Cary.
Fruit light. (See Appendix, 50.)

Matson.

Remarxs.—A large, red streaked, showy, acid, and
juicy apple; good bearer; good for cooking; and very
marketable; quality, 2—Fruits of Missourt, by Thos. Allen,
of St. Louis.

MELT-IN-THE-MOUTH, or felting. Color, yellow ground,
overspread with warm yellow red, marbled and dotted
with yellow russet; form, roundish, slightly flattened ;
size, 2; use, table and kitchen; quality, 2; season, Novem-
ber to March.

Remarxs.—From Pennsylvania. Introduced into Ohio.
Often exhibited at Pomological Society, at Columbus.
Tree, hardy. Fruit, borne mostly on the ends of limbs.
Requires a rich soil, abounding in lime. Fruit, small on
young trees; improves in size as they grow older. “A
good Fall apple.”—TZrans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Magor. Color, red ; form, round.
Remarxs.—Resembles the Carthouse, or Romanite, but
superior. “ Very good.”—Pennsylvania Hort. Society.

Margil, or Neverfail, or Munche’s Pippin. Color, orange in
the sun, dull yellow in the shade, streaked and mottled
APPLES, 59

with red ; form, a little angular, ovate; size, 3; use, table ;
quality, 2; season, October to January.

Remarxs.—A well flavored, old, English dessert apple,
but of too small a size to be popular in the West. Has a
high-flavored, aromatic juice.

Menagere. Color, pale yellow, a little red in the sun,
sometimes ; form, flat; size, 1; use, cooking, only ; quality,
3; season, August to January.

Remarxs.—Immensely large. Rather devoid of flavor.
Flesh, a little dry.

Marks. Color, yellowish white ; form, round, tapering
w little; size, 2; use, dessert; quality, 1.

Remarks.‘ Very good, if not best.” —Penn. Hort. Soci-
ety. Flavor delicately perfumed. (See Appendix, 51.)

Maryann. Color, red.
Remarxs.— Handsome, and good for market.”— Trans.
Ohio Pom. Society.

May. Color, yellow; size, large. Seedling.

Remarxs.—‘Of Myers. Good, long keeper. Little
known.”— Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. Valued as a keeper,
only.

MicuarL Hernry Pippin, or Raritan Sweet. Color,
green, yellowish, lively ; form, conical, roundish oblong, or
ovate, narrowing much to the eye, having this peculiarity
with some other apples ; size, 2 to 3; use, kitchen; quality,
2; season, January to March.

Remarxks.—This fruit has been confounded with the
White Winter Pearmain, which is superior in nearly
every respect. “Old, approved Winter.”—Zrans. Ohio
Pom. Society. Highly esteemed in some of our Western
60 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

States. “A very good little apple in this region. A
great bearer, and a good keeper, but not to be compared
with White Winter Pearmain, with which it has been so
long confounded, it being decidedly sweet. There is, also,
a difference in the shape. The tree grows differently,
being very upright; and the fruit does not keep as well;
the seeds, also, differ.”—T7. V. Petticolas.

Mirriin Kina. Color, red; form, oblong; size, 3; use,
table; quality, 1; season, early Fall.

RemarKs.—Thought better than the Rambo in Penn.
Tender, juicy, “first rate.” A little redder than Rambo.

MILAM, or Blair. Color, green and red; form, round;
size, 2, sometimes nearly 3 (tree being full) ; use, table and
kitchen; quality, 2 to 1; season, November to February.

Remarxs.—A. great bearer. Much grown in Illinois,
Ohio and Kentucky, near Cincinnati. Early productive.
“Blair, of Chillicothe. Hardy, productive, Winter.”—
Trans. Ohio Pom. Soctety. Exhibited constantly at the
Cincinnati Horticultural Society Rooms. Report of Fruit
Committee, “ Extensively known throughout the West.
In many places it has been propagated by root suckers,
by the early settlers. This fruit, though only of sccond-
rate flavor, has so many good qualities, that we desire to
present it to the Society. It is a profuse and regular
bearer, though of rather small size. It is juicy (unless
very late), and tender; may be eaten in the Fall and Win-
ter, and is not difficult to keep until Spring. The country
people frequently preserve them in open rail pens, lined
and covered with straw. On the contrary, though of a
delicate texture, it is deficient in flavor, resembling in its
character that of the Westfield Seek-no-further, to which
fruit it has many relations. We can not rank it higher
than second-rate, but it comes up a little beyond this.”
APPLES. 61

Minister. Color, red and green; form, roundish, coni-
cal; size, 1; use, table; quality, 2; season, September to
December.

RemarKs.—“ Good, showy.”—-Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.
Better for orchard culture in the East than in the West.
Needs a deep, sandy loam. Should be carefully picked.
Easily rots from bruising. So great a bearer that it often
needs thinning. Form rather long ovate. Rather acid.
Improved by keeping. Dr. Mosher, of Latonia Springs,
thinks well of it. He has paid great attention to fruit.

Monx’s Favorite. Oolor, striped red and yellow;
form, globular and flattened; size, 1; use, kitchen;
quality, 2; season, till June.

Remarxs.— Very handsome, promises well.’’— Trans.
Ohio Pom. Society. We hope to know more of this fruit.

Monmovutu Pippin, or Red Cheek Pippin. Color, green-
ish yellow, with red cheek; form, round to conical ;. size,
1 to 2; use, table; season, Winter.

RemarKks.— Large, good, Winter.” —Trans. Ohio Pom.
Society. A New Jersey apple. Handsome, and pretty
good. (See Appendix, 52.)

Monstrous Pippin, see Gloria Mundi.

Morgan Sweet.
Remarxs.— Little known.’—JTrans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Moor’s SwEeEtina, Sweet Pippin, Red Sweet Pippin, of
Indiana, and Pound Sweet, of some, West. Color, yellow
striped, and mostly covered with red, white bloom ; form,
round, flattened; size, 2 to 1; use, kitchen and table;
quality, 2; season, early Winter.

Remarks.—“ Exhibited by Mr. Brand, of Champaign
62 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

county, Ohio.’—TZrans. Ohio Pom. Society. Good for
baking. Flesh firm, rather dry.

MYER’S NONPAREIL. Color, red and yellow; form,
flat, roundish ; size, to 2; use, table; quality, 1; season,
September to December.

Remarxs.—A very handsome apple. ‘Ohio Nonpareil,
of Eastern Ohio, handsome and good.’’—Trans. Ohio Pom.
Society. Pronounced by the Cincinnati Horticultural
Society, “The best apple of its season. Better than the
best.” Strongly recommended, also, by Dr. Warder,
President of Society for 1857.

Movsz AppLe. Color, pale greenish yellow, brownish
blush in sun, russet dots; form, roundish conical; size,
1; use, table; quality, 2; season, November to February.

RemarKs.—Sometimes called Moose. Flesh, faintly
perfumed. “Very good.”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. A
New York Fruit.

Mortuer. Color, yellow, mostly overspread, marbled
and striped, with shades of dark red, a few russet dots;
form, roundish ovate; size, 1; use, table; quality, 2;
season, September to January.

Remarxs.—Common near Indianapolis. Flesh, yellow-
ish, tender, spicy, sub-acid. ‘“ Very good.”’—Trans. Ohio
Pom. Society.

Murphy. Color, red, striped ; form, conical ; size, 1; use,
hardly known; quality, 3; season, October to February.

Remarxs.—Unworthy of cultivation. “The more I
see of this beautiful fruit (from Northern Indiana), the
less do I esteem it.”—-Dr. J. A. Warder.

MYER’S APPLE, see May.
APPLES. 63

NEVERFAIL. See Rawle’s Janette.

Neversink. Color, waxen, orange yellow, a few russet
dots, striped carmine cheek ; form, roundish; size, 1; use,
table; quality, 2; season, October to March.

Remarxs.—From Pennsylvania. Flesh, yellowish ; fla-
vor a little like the Pine Apple. “ Very good.”—National
Pom. Society.

Newark Kino, or Hinckman. Color, red; form, round-
ish conical; size, 1; use, table and kitchen; quality, 2;
season, October to January.

Remarxs.—Not very common. A fine cooking apple.
Rather tart, but rich. At any other season it would be
considered superior.

NEWARK PIPPIN, or French Pippin. Color, green,
yellowish when ripe; form, roundish conical; size, 2; use,
table and cooking; quality, 1; season, October to January.

‘Remarxs.—Not sufficiently known or esteemed. Flesh
of avery rich yellow. Flavor very fine and rich. “ Little
known, second-rate, keeps well.” — Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.
We venture to differ from the Ohio Pomological Society,
in its being pronounced second-rate. We rank this fruit
among the first. It is more tender, and of as high flavor
(similar to a good pear), as the highly-prized Newtown
Pippin. We obtained this delicious apple from W. Cul-
bertson, on the Licking River, about twenty-six years
ago. It delights in a rich, light, vegetable loam. Itisa
poor and feeble grower. Should be worked up and
double worked: yet a strong, growing tree can never be
made from one with a weak habit. Asa general rule, it
is very important for cultivators to select from a nursery
good growing kinds. When a good growing variety is
once established, although the fruit may not prove good,
64 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

still there is a good basis to work new fruit upon, when
the. tree is vigorous. Good growers, with bad fruit, can
be altered to bear good; there is a strong base to work
upon; but weak growers can not be changed to produce
very good fruit, or much of it. Here will be a loss of
time and money. How beneficial it is to obtain’ good
stocks for every purpose.

Newrown Srirzenpure. See Ox Eye and Joe Berry.

NEWTOWN PIPPIN, YELLOW. Color, greenish yel-
low when ripe, with a dull blush; form, round, often one-
sided when large, russety in and a little round the stalk ;
size, 1; use, chiefly table, good in kitchen, although a little
crisp; quality, 1; season, March. (See Appendix, 53.)

Remarxs.—Highly approved in suitable localities. Apt
to spot in soils not adapted to it. From Long Island.
It requires a rich, limestone clay soil, or a warm, sandy,
rich loam, well-dressed with lime and bone dust. It is
distinct from the Green Newtown Pippin, described next;
and the rich limestone soil of Ohio, ete., suits both. The
Yellow Newtown has a higher flavor than the Green: On
sandy soil, not generally good; apt to speck.

NEWTOWN PIPPIN, GREEN. Color, dull green
when first gathered, when ripe a yellowish green, with
small russet dots, with occasional blotches of the same,
and on alluvial soils, South, patches of dark green mold;
use, table; quality, 1; considered, generally, superior to
the Yellow Newtown; scason, January to May.

Remarxs.—Bears alternate years. Superior. Exhibited
often at the Cincinnati Horticultural Society Rooms.
Fruit Committee report it “a good bearer, of high flavor,
and excellent when ripe (in March). Not the most
digestible before it is perfectly matured. Good for the
APPLES. 65

‘kitchen at any time during the Winter. Near Cincinnati
it is subject to be injured and disfigured with hard, black “
spots, generally considered of vegetable origin, or fungus,
but they do not induce decay. “Newtown Pippin is
often inferior. If the stem of the tree is trimmed up
to full standard hight, the bark becomes very dry and
rough, and the top seems to starve, even in a rich soil.”—
American Pom. Society, received from Reports from Pennsyl-
vania. Both the yellow and.the green Newtown have
russet marks at the stalk. (See Appendix, 54.)

NEWTOWN SPITZENBURG, or Ox Eye. Color,
red on yellow; form, round, flattened, often one-sided ;
size, 1, use, table; quality, 1; season, from October to
January. (See Appendix, 55.)

Remarxs.— Ox Hye of Cincinnati.”— Trans. Ohio Pom.
Society. One of the best table fruits we have for Decem-
ber. Grown North, it keeps longer, and is neater and
smaller, more regular, and less wormy, and less liable to
fall than with us. It is highly esteemed in the West.
How Downing came to call this old familiar fruit, Vande-
vere,is awonder. It came from Long Island. Sometimes
called Joe Berry, in Kentucky, as well as Ox Eye, at Cin-
cinnati, and in the West. (See Ox Hye, and Joe Berry.)

Nickajack Apple.
Remarks.—A Southern fruit, and very good.

.NONSUCH (see Red Canada), Richfield, or Canada
Red. Color, red- on yellow; form, roundish conical ;
size, 3; use, table; quality, 2; season, from December to
February.

Remarks.—Superior. Exhibited at Horticultural Soci-
ety’s Rooms by J. E. Mottier. Tree, very productive,
thrifty. Much grown North.

6
66 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Nonsuch, Old. English.
Remarxs.—Not esteemed. Unworthy of cultivation,
entirely.

Norfolk Beaufin.

REMARKS.—Rarely seen in this country ; and, we pre-
sume, not desirable. Itis a large fruit. Color, dull red
on greenish. Good for drying only.

NONPAREIL, see Ross’s Nonpareil, which is a highly
flavored, spicy russet, not known nor cultivated to any
extent. An apple with this name (Nonpareil), is grown
in Illinois, large, sub-conical, irregular, or ribbed; red
striped, on yellow ground, with a lively bloom; flesh,
yellowish, very delicate, and good; as beautiful as North-
ern Spy, which it resembles, as, also, like Scolloped
Gilliflower.

Norrnern Spy. Color, striped red on light yellow
ground, with streaks of carmine red, and when first
gathered, covered with a fine bloom; form, sub-conical,
sometimes ribbed ; size, 1; use, table; quality, 2; season,
November to January, in this latitude becoming an early
Winter variety.

Remarxs.—There is a great diversity of opinion about
this apple with us. It does well, as near us as Dayton.
There is a different soil there—more gravelly. Sold
at Boston for six dollars per barrel, and sometimes
one dollar per dozen, by retail. It keeps there till
May. Juicy, very crisp, and fresh. “Of doubtful value
in Ohio.”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. It is probably
mach overestimated by James H. Watts. The perfume
is extraordinary, and the flavor sometimes very good.
A great grower, and not early in fruiting. We fear its
great excellence as a keeper may not be realized here
APPLES. 67

(Cincinnati). We must wait a little. This variety,
however, like the Gate, or Waxen and Baldwin, etc., is
ripened too soon, in this latitude, to be a first-rate Winter
fruit, losing much of the excellent flavor possessed by
them, where found in perfection. “If ever the trees of
this fruit come into bearing with us, we will be able to
say something more about them. We have had them
grafted seven years without fruit yet.”—7. V. Petticolas.
The Northern Spy may probably become a good apple
here. This fruit has done well at Madison, Indiana, and
also at Louisville and St. Louis. Will not keep so long
here as at New York.

Old English Codlin. See Codlin..

Orange Apple.
Reuarxs.—‘ Not deemed valuable.”— Trans. Ohio Pom.
Society. :

ORANGE SWEETING, Golden Sweet.

Remarxks.—Flourishes well in all soils. Yields fine
crops of fair fruit. Tree of medium size, branches strag-
gling. A good fruit for apple butter and molasses.

OrnporF. Color, lemon yellow, rich, red blush in gun,
stripes and blotches of red; form, roundish, slightly
angular; size, 2; use, table; quality, 1 to2; season, Sep-
tember to November.

Remarxks.—* Of Putnam, Ohio. Little known.”— Trans.
Ohio Pom. Society. Flesh, yellowish, juicy, crisp, tender,
sub-acid. Really a good apple.

OrtLey Pippin, with some twenty synonymes; among
the best known, are White Bellflower, Hollow-Core Pippin,
Detroit, and Golden Pippin. Color, pale yellowish-white at
68 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

the North, a richer yellow more South, with some specks
of dark red; form, oblong oval, sometimes roundish con-
ical; size, large, or No. 1 on rich soils; use, table; qual-
ity, 1; season, December to April.

Remarxs.— One of the most agreeable and digestible
of all apples, with a mild, sub-acid, abundant juice, with-
out any remarkable or high flavor.’—Trans. Ohio Pom.
Society. Excellent in strong soils. This is one of our
“good” apples, only. Delicate, certainly not highly
flavored, but most easy of digestion. Its size has been
considerably increased in the West. Originally from
the orchards of New Jersey, it has been widely dis-
tributed throughout the West. It is considered rather
too acid for some palates.

OX APPLE, or Ox Eye, and Joe Berry; sce Newtown
Spitzenburg.

Remarks.—A delicious apple, as before described, but
drops worse than any apple we have. By the time they
are ripe they are all gone, not only on old, but young
trees. We can not recommend it on that account, but
it may do better in some soils. A neighbor, whose trees
aro all dead from age, ete., did not remark that fault.

Preach Ponp Swerr. Color, striped red and yellow;
form, oblong; size, 2; use, table; quality, 1; season, early
September to last of October.

Remarxs.—A great bearer. A favorite dessert apple
of all who taste it. From the orchard of R. Buchanan,
Esq., Clifton, Cincinnati.

~ Pennock’s Red Winter, or Phenix, by some, the same as
the Large Romanite, of Kentucky. Color, red; form,
roundish flattened, almost invariably one-sided ; size, 1;
APPLES. 69

use, chiefly kitchen, though light for the stomach, in eat-
ing; quality, 3; season, December and January.
Remargs.—Exhibited often, and rather late in the sea-
son. Fruit Committee of Cincinnati Horticultural Society
consider it third-rate, and condemn it as a table apple,
although extensively propagated and planted, being very
vigorous, and a large tree that bears abundant crops.
Texture, tender, light, and very easily digested, but rather
harsh and a little astringent, with considerable sweetness.
It is rather inclined to rot and spot inside and externally,
and is best adapted for cooking. (See Appendix, 56.)

PECK’S PLEASANT, or Watts’ Apple. Color, clear
yellow, blush on sunny side; form, round, slightly flat-
tened, indistinct furrow on one side; size, 2 to 1; use,
table; quality, 1; season, November to February.

RemarxKs.—On sandy soils, of a firmer texture than on
clays. ‘Valuable on sandy soils.”— Trans. Ohio Pom. So-
ciety. This fruit deserves more attention than it has yet
received from our pomologists. It is fine wherever we
have seen it. A good keeper. (See Appendix, 57.)

Puriuip’s SEEDLING, or Sweeting. Color, yellow ground,
nearly entirely covered and mottled with red; form,
roundish conical, a little flattened ; size, 2 to 1; use, table;
quality, 2; season, November and December.

Remarks. — Requires a strong clay or. heavy soil.
Growth, vigorous and upright. Native of Central Ohio.
“ Large, handsome, good, Winter.”— Trans. Ohio Pom. Soc.

Pine.

Remarks. — “Of Morrow county, Ohio. Resembles
Seek-no-further.”— Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Pins AppLe Russet, or Hardingham’s Russet. Color,
70 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

<

greenish yellow, covered with thin russet ; form, roundish
ovate; sizo, 2 to 1; use, table; quality, 2; season, Sep-
tember and October.

Remarxs.—Flesh, yellowish white, juicy, crisp, spicy,
sub-acid. Of foreign origin.

Pink Swentina. Color, red and pink stripes; form,
fine; size, 3 to 4; use, table; quality, 2.

Remarxs.—Bears immense crops. Jas a spicy flavor.
Excellent for stock feeding.

_ Pirtssuren Favorire. Color, greenish white and yel-
low, at maturity; form, flat; size, 1; use, table; quality,
1; season, November to February. .
Remarxs.—Not very productive. Of a high, pleasant
sub-acid flavor. As fine nearly, if not quite, as Rhode
Island Greening.

Polly Bright.

Remarks. — ‘Little known. Approved by some.’ —
Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. Of Pennsylvania and Eastern
Ohio. Resembles Maiden’s Blush, and like it sharp and
acid. Season, September and October.

Pomme Grise. Color, yellowish gray or russet; form,
roundish, rather flat; size, 3; use, table; quality, 2; sea-
son, October to February.

Remanks.—Best adapted for gardens. Better for the
North than here. A good bearer, of fine flavor, and keeps
well. Perhaps the very best of the russets. Shown at
the Cincinnati Horticultural Society Rooms, by R. Reilly,
from Butler county, Ohio. Very fine specimens.

Pomme pe Nutas, or Snow Apple, or Fameuse. Color,
greenish yellow, mostly overspread with pale and dark
APPLES. 71

rich red; form, roundish, somewhat conical; size, 2; use,
table; quality, 2 in Southern Ohio, 1 in Canada and in the
North ; season, October to December.

Remargks.— Canadian origin. Very dark color. Good.”
—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. Sometimes streaked in the
North. A beautiful Northern fruit, good size, perfect
form, smooth skin, white flesh, juicy. Prolific and early
bearer. Flavor not high nor rich. Cooks well. It ripens
too soon here (Cincinnati), and will not be profitable in
this neighborhood.

POMME ROYAL, White Seek-nofurther, Flushing Seek-no-
JSurther. Color, yellowish green, small brown dots; form,
roundish oblong, conical, uneven, or waved surface; size,
2to1; use, table; quality, 1; season, October to January.

Remarxs.—From Long Island. Flesh, fine grained,
very juicy, tender, sub-acid. The Pomme Royal, or Dyer,
is not the Woodstock, as some authors assert. We have
seen them both at one of our State Fairs. The Woodstock
is a coarse apple, only fit for cooking. The Pomme Royal
is one of the very best dessert apples.

Pound, or Monstrous Pippin. Color, yellowish green;
form, roundish, oblong; size, 1; use, table and kitchen;
quality, 3; season, September to December.

Remarks.--Flesh, coarse, poor, unworthy. Gloria Mundi.

Pound Royal.
Remarxs.—‘ Of Dr. Barker. Dyer.”—Trans. Ohio. Pom.

Society.

Porter. Color, yellow; form, conical ; size, 2; use, table
and kitchen ; quality, 2; season, Aug. (See Appendix, 58.)
Remarxks—“A popular Eastern Fall apple. Little
known in Ohio.”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. Celebrated
72 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

in Massachusetts. Succeeds wherever it is grown. - Tart,
not high flavored. Cooks well. ‘“Exceedingly well
adapted to the vicinity of Cincinnati. Requires lime and
phosphate.” G. Cary, Pres’t Farmers’ College. This apple
deserves a place in every orchard, for its beauty alone;
but independent of that, it is well flavored. Nothing can
exceed in the apple line, a basket of these in beauty; in
proof of which we will merely mention the fact of Mr. Pet-
ticolas getting one dollar and fifty cents per bushel for
them, when other apples were only bringing sixty cents.

Priestley. Color, grecn bluish purple; form, conical;
size, 2 to 1; use, table and kitchen; quality, 3; season,
Winter till April.

Remarxs.— A long keeper, of second-rate quality.”—
Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. Condemned.

PRINCE’S EARLY HARVEST. See Early Harvest.

Prolific Beauty.
Remarks.— Of the Putnam list. Worthless.”—7Z?rans.
Ohio Pom. Society.

PRYOR’S RED. Color, pale yellow, warm red and
russet, having the appearance of being smoked some-
times; form, regular, roundish ; size, 2 to 1; use, table and
kitchen; quality, 1 (for market chiefly) ; season, Novem-
ber to April.

Remarxs.—Notan early bearer, but very hardy. Keeps
well when grown South. The richest of russets. Rather
shy in bearing. Exhibited rather seldom before the Cin-
cinnati ILforticultural Society. Judgment of Fruit Com-
mittee, “ In fine condition, firm and fresh, late in Winter.”
This fruit is deserving of high commendation for its
many good qualities. It varies much in its appearance,
APPLES. 73

being sometimes green russeted, then.dull orange russet,
without a trace of red, and again deeply red or striped,
and sometimes almost black with depth of color. There
may be different varieties, but all have richness of flavor,
and the form that contains the greatest amount of mate-|
rial within a given compass, having a very small cavity
and basin. A native of Virginia, it does weil in the
Middle States. Though rather long coming into bearing,
may be set down as a No. 1 apple.

Pumpkin Russet.
Remarxs.—Not recommended for extensive cultivation.

Pumpkin Sweet.

Remarxs.— Very large. Good for stock.’— Trans. Ohio
Pom. Society. “Third-rate.”—Fruit Committee of Cincinnati
Horticultural Society. (See Appendix, 59.)

Puntneyite.
Remarks.—‘ A Virginia apple, of little value.” — Trans.
Ohio. Pom. Society.

Purnam Russet. Color, russet; form, round to flat,
often one-sided; size, 1; use, cooking, and then rather
mealy and coarse ; quality, 2; season, December to March.

Remarks.—Overrated. Bears well; thrifly. Falls
badly. Nota very good keeper. Flesh, coarse and tart.
Cooks pretty well. It is an old-fashioned apple. Tart,
without flavor, and valuable in its bearing qualities.
Sometimes large and fair, at other times small and knotty.
It is thick skinned. Best on light soil.

QUEEN. See Fall Queen.

RAMBO, or Seek-no-further, of New Jersey. Color, a
7
74 . WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

yellowish white; form, roundish, a little flat; size, 2;
use, table; quality, 1; season, October to February.

Remazxs.—Succeeds in all soils, and situations. Hardly
any superior as a Fallapple. Best, however, in limestone
soils. ‘Generally known and approved.”—Trans. Ohio
Pom. Society. “The Rambo, the Smokehouse, and Fall
Pippin are preferred to all others of the season, for the
table (so far as varieties have been proved here).’—
American Pom. Society, Washington. This variety is found
wherever Pennsylvania Germans settle. Some varietics
exist, keeping better than others, which ripen too soon.
With us (Cincinnati), it is generally large, and is a Fall
fruit, which becomes very dry and mealy in November.
Still, the Rambo is not overrated. If not allowed to
remain too long on the tree, they remain juicy and crisp
to the last, but they vary very much on the same tree.
Its greatest fault is overbearing on alternate years.

RAMBOULETTE.
Remarxs.—‘ Of Judge Wood. Rambo.”— Trans. Ohio
Pom. Society.

Rambour Franc.
REMARKES.—Poor.

RAMSDELL’S SWEETING. Color, red striped; form,
roundish conical; size, 1; use, table and kitchen; quality,
1; season, October.

Remarxks.— This is Red Pumpkin Sweeting. A good
table and baking fruit. Dr. Mosher, of Latonia Springs,
values it highly. (He is a good pomologist:) One of the
best and handsomest sweet apples cultivated in this coun-
try, being tender.

RARITAN SWEET. Color, whitish; form, round;
APPLES. 75

size, 2; use, kitchen and stock; quality, 1; season,
December. .

Remarxs.—We consider it valuable. “Of Morrow Co.,
Ohio. Good, Winter.”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

RAWLE’S JANET, Genneting, Neverfail, etc., ete. Color,
light pale yellowish green, stained with dull red, with
small russet dots, sometimes high colored; form, roundish
conical, flat at stem; size, 2; use, both table and kitchen;
quality, 1; season, late Spring—often best in April.

Remarxs.—Tardy in coming out in Spring. Generally
escapes Spring frosts. Very long keeper. Good for Ken-
tucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana,
and Southern Ohio. Flesh, juicy, sweet, lively, and very
pleasant; tender, when ripe, in late Winter or Spring.
“ Exceedingly well adapted to the locality of Cincinnati.”
—F. G. Cary. Cincinnati Horticultural Society’s Fruit
Committee consider it generally “a prime favorite.” The
tree is very prolific, and should be thinned, and well fed,
to produce choice specimens. Its late blooming has
- caused it to be named “ Neverfail,” as it thus often escapes
. frosts that have killed the blossoms of others, as the Bell-
flower, etc. It is called by the Scriptural name of Rock
Rimmon, in the Scioto Valley, on account of its sure bear-
ing, and long keeping qualities. “Recommended unani-
mously.”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. The more red stripes
there are-in it, the better the fruit. The more green, the
worse. Its greatest fault is, a too great tendency to bear.
This is only to be remedied well by pruning, both inside
and out, or thinning and shortening in. It is a great mat-
ter to adapt the pruning to the habit of the tree. Some
varieties want much, some but little. (See Appendix, 60.)

Rep AsHMORE.

Remarxs.— Handsome, good.”’— Trans. Ohio Pom. Soc.
76 ~ WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Red Bellflower, Striped -Beliflower, ete. Color, greenish
yellow, covered and striped with red; form, oblong con-
ical; size, 1; use, table, but poor; quality, 3; season,
October to December.

Remarxs.—Foreign. Unworthy.

Red Calville. .
RemARrKS.— Little known, and less value.”’— Trans.
Ohio Pom. Society.

RED CANADA, Massachusetts Nonsuch, Richfield Nonsuch.
Color, rich, clear yellow ground, red to the sun, striped
light and dark red, with gray spots; form, roundish con-
ical, flattened at stem end; size, 2; use, table; quality, 1;
season, November to April.

RemarKks.—* Excellent, North and Hast.”—Trans. Ohio
Pom. Society. Requires the best of soils. Always fair and
regular in shape. Excellent for orchard or garden. A
native of Massachusetts. (See Appendix, 61.)

Rep Favorite. Color, red; form, flat; season, Fall.
Remarxs.—Pleasant, juicy, sub-acid.

Red Winter Calville.
Remarks.—Unwortby, here.

Rep, or Brack GILLIFLOWER. Color, dark red; form,
conical, long; size, 1; use, sale, from its size and show;
quality, 3; season, January to March.

Remarxs.—The Black Gilliflower is a standard market
fruit, being productive, and a good keeper, fine quality,
rather dry, but high flavored. Not much cultivated in
this locality (Cincinnati).

Rep GiILuirLowER. Color, light red, striped; form,
APPLES. 17

¥

conical, scolloped, or ribbed ; size, 1; use, table; quality,
2; seasony.Novembér to December.

Remarxs.—An early Winter fruit, of fair quality. Not
equal, however, to many others of its season. Little
known here (Cincinnati).

Red Streak, or Early Red Streak. Color, red striped;
form round; size, 2; use, kitchen; season, July.

Remarxs.—Exhibited by many at the Cincinnati Hor-
ticultural Society’s Rooms. Fruit Committee consider it
poor. “Unworthy.’—Dr. Warder. Pennsylvania Red
Streak is synonymous with Hay’s Red Winter. Red
Streak is also applied to some other fruits. An early,
coarse, tart, rich-looking apple, with heavy bloom. Good
for cooking. Sells remarkably well, Two trees, planted
twelve years, brought Mr. Petticolas twenty-six dollars,
or thirteen dollars to the tree. It bears full crops in
alternate years, and half a crop the other.

RED ASTRACHAN. Color, deep red; form, flat,
roundish ; size, 2; use, kitchen; quality, 1; season, August.

Remarxs.— Valuable for early market.”— Trans. Ohio
Pom. Society. This will prove, when better known, a
valuable fruit. Tart, but good when cooked with sugar.
A productive and early bearer. A very beautiful, early
apple. In -1855 they came in before, Prince’s Harvest,
and sold well. They bear on alternate years only.
Excellent for Summer stewing. The tree is quite orna-
mental. (See Appendix, 62.)

Rep anp LonG PEARMAIN, same as, or synonymous with
Kaighn’s Spitzenburg, also Long John, and Scarlet Pearmain.

Remarxs.—A cooking apple. Bears every other year.
Very showy. Quite good for table, and market.
73 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Red Gilliflower.

ReMARKS.—We have a very fine, large apple by this
name, very tender and of good flavor, bright red in color,
but a shy bearer on young trees. Mr. Mears says, they
bear well when the trees get old. Ours have been planted
nine years, and have not borne a dozen to the tree, yet.

Red and Green Sweet.
Remarxs.— Deemed unworthy of cultivation.” — Trans.
Ohio Pom. Society.

Red Ingestrie. Color,dark red; form, round; size, 3;
use, kitchen ; quality, 2; season, September and October.

Remarxs.—This little apple will never prove popular
here. “Foreign. Small, rich; little known in Ohio.”—
Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Rep GROVE.
Remarxs.—Regarded by the National Pomological So-
ciety as “very good.”

RED QUARRENDEN, Devonshire Quarrenden, or Sack Apple.
Color, deep, clear red, with specks of russet green; form,
roundish flattened ; size, 2; use, table, and cooking ; qual-
ity, 2; season, August.

RemarKks.— A handsome and popular, Eastern and for-
eign fruit, little known in Ohio.”— Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Red Russet, Golden Pearmain, Dutch Pearmain, or Ruck-
man's Pearmain—pronounced by Ohio Pomological Soci-
ety, Goble Russet.

Rep Winter PEaRMAIN, or Red Lady Finger.
RemaRrKs.—One of our best Winter Pearmains. Ten
APPLES, 79

4

years ago it was the best apple in this region, but since *
then it has become scabby almost every year, until this

last year (1856), when it resumed -its old character, and
we hope it will continue to maintain it.

REINETTE, BLANCHE D’EspaGne, or White Spanish Rei-
nette. Color, yellowish green; form, roundish oblong,
sometimes ribbed; size, 1; use, cooking; quality, 2; sea-
son, October to January. (See Appendix, 63.)

RemarKs.—A variety of the Fall Pippin— probably
the parent of that fruit. Sharp sub-acid. Only fit for
cooking.

Reinette Pearmain.
RemarKs.— Little known, and of little value.”— Trans.
Ohio Pom. Society.

Reinette Triumphante. Color, pale yellow ; form, round-
ish oblong; size, 1; use, table; quality, 2; season, Novem-
ber and December:

Remarxs.—Victorious Reinette. German. Rich, tart.
Not yet known here. Found in Mr. Rehfuss’s garden.

REPUBLICAN Prppin. Color, striped red; form, round-
ish, flattened ; size, 1; use, table; quality, 2; season, Fall.

Remarxs.—Flesh, yellowish white, tender ; flavor, pleas-
ant, peculiar (slightly sub-acid), resembles sometimes that
of walnut. ‘Seems to bear poorly, and the first fruits, at
least, are not fair. Uncertain, and liable to speck and
rot.”—Trans. American Pom. Society. Described by Dr.
Brinckle, in Downing’s da (See Appendix, 64.)

RHODE ISLAND GREENING. Color, greenish yel-
low, when ripe; form, round, flattened ; size, 1; use, table,
and cooking; quality, in this ony very variable,
80 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK. 2

though when sound and healthy always 1; season, Novem-
ber to January.

Remarxs.—One of the best cooking apples, and quite
rich for table when ripe. Except with Mr. W. Orange,
who grows it on a sloping ground, with a north-east
aspect, it is too large and spongy in these parts, becoming
russety. It here generally falls and decays badly. | Very
different in Rhode Island and elsewhere, to what it is
here. There a very fine and valuable apple. Requires a
very rich soil, the lime and phosphate, which is probably
the reason it does not do well with us (Cincinnati), being
subject to bitter rot. “ Highly approved, but liable to rot
and speck in most localities West.”— Trans. Ohio Pom.
Society. Flesh, rich yellow. Grows well in the North in
athin sand. It varies much in different localitics. With
Mr. Petticolas it bas done very well so far, bearing good
crops of fine apples. Rather tart for the dessert, but
excellent for cooking. None of the Eastern apples are so
compact here as there, but they are generally larger and
more open tissue. It sells well.

Ribston Pippin, Glory vf York, Travers, and Formosa, or
Beautiful Pippin. Color, greenish yellow, russet near the
stem, dull red in the sun ; size, 2; use, table and kitchen ;
season, October to January.

Remarks.—The finest apple in England. The flesh,
there, rich, firm, yellow, aromatic sub-acid. Valuable in
Northern regions, a failure in the South, or Central.
“ English, excellent in some localities, chiefly North.”—
Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. “ Does not equal, by any means,
and at a long distance, its European and Northern char-
acter, in the West.”’—Dr. J. A. Warder (one of our best
pomologists). Doubtful if we have this apple genuine.
There is a great difference of opinion on that subject.
The specimens we have seen here, are so different from
APPLES. 81

the largest and most beautiful, and richest apple in Eng-
land, that we can not but hesitate in thinking them
genuine.

Robinson.
Remarxks.—‘ Little known, and of little value.”— Trans,
“Ohio Pom. Society.

ROCK RIMMON, see Racle’s Janet.

ROME BEAUTY. Color, bright red, yellow ground;
form, roundish; size, 1; use, table; quality, 1 to 2; sea-
son, November to February.

Remarxs.—Fruit hangs on the tree late; keeps well
through Winter; commands a high price from its fine
size and great beauty. Improves by remaining on the
tree late. This fruit, in a rich soil, grows sometimes
very large. There is a good deal of it on the Cincin-
nati stands in its season. Not highly flavored, but a
good fruit. Very attractive for the stalls and markets.
Flesh, yellow, tender, and juicy, with a slight sub-acid,
sweet, and agreeable flavor. “A scedling, of Southern
Ohio, highly.approved for market and orchard culture.”
—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. Sells often at four dollars
per barrel. It is one of the greatest bearers of large
showy apples, in the whole catalogue. It bears every
year. It keeps well, and sells well; is very profitable, but
only a good common-flavored apple,

Roman Srem. Color, red on yellow; form, round obo-
vate; size,2; use, table; quality, 1; season, November
and December. (See Appendix, 65.)

Remarxs.—‘A good Winter apple. Keeps well.”—
Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. Valuable for Pennsylvania, and
elsewhere, and fine in the prairies of Illinois. Productive.
82 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

ROMANITE. See, also, Gilpin and Curthouse. “ Gilpin.
Well known. Very long keeper.’ — Trans. Ohio Pom.
Society. Exhibited often before the Cincinnati Horticul-
tural Society. Fruit Committee decide it only third-rate
for the table, having an carthy taste. The trees are
very early and prolific bearers; the fruit is remarkably
regular, and sound, and may be easily preserved until
May or June, and will command about three dollars per
barrel at Cincinnati. It has been found to produce a very
rich cider.

Rospey’s SEEDLING.
Remarxs.—Pronounced “very good,” by the National
Pomological Society.

ROSS’S NONPARKEIL. Color, bright red ; form round;
size, 2; use, table ; quality, 1; season, Sept. to November.
Remarns.—Productive. Highly flavored and valuable.

Roxsury Resser, Putnam Russet, Marietta Russet, Boston
Russet, Belpre Russet, and Sylvan Russet.. Color, dull green,
yellow russet, occasionally faint blush on sunny side;
form, round, rather flat; size, 1 to 2; use, table and cook-
ing; quality, 3 for table, 1 to 2 for cooking; season, Octo-
ber to December. :

Remarxs.—Rather dry when kept. Hardy, and very
productive. Falls rather badly. A thick skin. “Putnam
Russet, same as Roxbury.”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Soctety.
Light soil. (See Appendix, 66.)

Rule's Summer Sweeting. Color, yellow; form, oblong;
size, 2; quality, 3; season, July and August.

RemarKs.—Poor. Unworthy ; but can be made availa-
ble for stock, etc.—as all sweet apples are more nourish-
ing to hogs, cattle, etc., than sour, or sub-acid ones.
APPLES. 83°

ScoLLoP GILLIFLOWER. See Gilliflower, Scolloped.
Remarxs.—“ Handsome. Little value.”—Trans. Ohio
Pom, Society.

Scarlet Pearmain. Color, red; form, oblong, conical;
size, 1; use, table and kitchen; quality 2 to 3; season,
November and December.

Remarxs.—This fruit is much cultivated, though not
without faults. Much admired by Mr. A. H. Ernst. Some-
times very handsome, when large. Produces many small
specimens, which are always poor. -See Kaighn’s Spit-
zenburg, identical.

Scarlet Sweeting.
Remarxs.—‘ Of Morgan county, Ohio. Handsome, lit-
tle known.”’-——Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Scarlet Nonpareil, or New Scarlet Nonpareil. Color, deep
red on yellowish green; form roundish; size, 2; use,
kitchen and table; quality, 3; season, October to January.

Remarns.—Flesh, firm; acid. Foreign.

SEEK-NO-FURTHER, WHITE. Color, white; form,
round, flattened a little; size, 1; use, table; quality, 1;
season, September to December.

Remarxs.—Exhibited by T. V. Petticolas (a great
fruit cultivator, twelve miles from Cincinnati), often; he
calls it White Seek-no-further, and “very good,” sitio
is concurred in by Horticultural Society’s Fruit Commit-
tee. Not identical with Westfield Seek- no- further. See
White Seck-no-further.

SEEVER’s SEEDLING, of Coshocton county, Ohio.
Remarxs.—‘ Handsome, good.”—Trans. Ohio Pomolo-
gical Society.
84 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

SILVER Russet.
Remarks.—The finest flavored russet known, when you
can get them, for they almost invariably rot before ripe.

Sinz Qua Non. Color, greenish yellow; form, round-
ish ovate; size, 2; use, table; quality, 2; ‘season, August.

RemMARKES.—Flesh, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid, and excel-
lent flavor. Slow, poor grower. Good bearer. Our rich
Western soils undoubtedly give both fruits and vegetables
a larger and more tender, or spongy growth. And so this
fruit has become larger, and the tree a better grower
here. “Of Long Taland, Poor bearer, and of little
value.’’— rans. Ohio Pom. Society. This conflicts with our
experience near Cincinnati; but localities differ.

Small Black.

Remarxs.—* Of T. V. Petticolas. Not approved.”—
Trans. Ohto Pom, Society. Only fit for cider.

SMITH’S CIDER. Color, pale bright red and yellow,
sometimes deep red, nearly all red, with white specks;
form, roundish flattened, slightly oblong sometimes ; size,
2 to 1 in favorable situations and soils; use, table and
cooking; quality, 2 to 1; season, November to February.

Remarks.—Fine, good grower, with a spreading habit.
This fruit is generally considered deserving of a better
name; cider inferring an apple mostly suitable for that
purpose only. It is a fruit which has, in our view, con-
siderable character, and its peculiar and aromatic flavor is
liked by many. It is mostly fair and glossy, and attracts
much attention on the stands. Some persons think it
has but little flavor, and that unpleasant. The palate
will not admit of much disputation, being rather an arbi-
trary organ. White flesh, juicy. ‘Handsome, and good
Winter.”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. We propose that it
APPLES. 85

be called Smith’s Apple, formerly Cider. But “give a dog
a bad name,” etc. This apple, take it all in all, is the most
profitable grown, bearing heavy crops, every year, of
large, splendid looking, perfect apples, scarcely a worm
to be found in them. They present the grandest sight
imaginable in the orchard about picking time, the tall
trees being covered from top to bottom, with ae crim-
son, brilliant apples. In quality, the ’y are about like
Bont Beauty, but a little more brisk and aromatic, keep-
ing until late in the Spring, and always selling well. This
day (5th February), we see them selling at twenty-five
cents for four, but they are of large size. (1857.)

Smith's Summer.

Remarxs.—Best for drying. Wood very thrifty; top
regular. A good annual bearer. Fruit, large; oblate,
regular, sweet, juicy.

Smoke Hovsst: Color, striped red; form, rather flat;
size, 2 to 1; use, table; quality, 2 to 1; season, September
and October.

Remarxs.—Very productive. Flesh, yellowish white,
crisp, and juicy. Flavor, agreeable, with a delicate aroma.
Exhibited before the Cincinnati Horticultural Society
frequently. Much grown in Pennsylvania. Fruit Com-
mittee consider that it can be long preserved in good order,
though generally an early Winter fruit. Much grown also
in the North-West. It isa Pennsylvania variety. A seed-
ling from the Vandevere, but better than that apple. It
is described by Dr. Brinckle, in the Horticulturist, Phila-
delphia, and much esteemed by him, an excellent pomolo-
gist. We think it will be a profitable apple. It shows
symptoms of being a great bearer. It is new here yet.

Sops of Wine. Color, crimson, darker in the sun ; form,
86 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

flattish, conical; size, 3; use, table; quality, 3; season,
August.

Remarxs.—Crispy, juicy, tolerably pleasant,. sub-acid.
Beautiful, but neither excellent nor profitable.

Spence’s Earvy, or Swect June, Summer Sweet, of Ohio, ete.
Color, greenish yellow, with greenish white dots; form,
roundish ; size, 2; use, table; quality, 2; season, July.

Remarks.—Flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet.
Exhibited before the Horticultural Society by R. Buchan-
an, in 1855. The Fruit Committee consider it productive,
but apt to crack in the ripening. Good for stock.

Spitzenburg, Katghn’s.
Remarxs.—A coarse, but very showy apple. A tolera-
ble bearer. Juarge. Sells well.

Springer’s Seedling.
Remarns.— Long keeper ; not first-rate.” — Trans. Ohio
Pom. Society.

Sturmer Pippin. Color, yellowish green, and brown-
ish red; form, short, conical; size, 2; use, table; season,
until Midsummer.

Remarxs.—tTree healthy, and a good bearer, highly
flavored, and brisk.

Spice SweeEtTina. Color, yellowish; form, roundish;
size, 1; use, table; quality, 2; season, July and August.

Remarxs.— Handsome, high flavored.’’—Trans. Ohio
Pom. Society.

SPICE PIPPIN, Ortley, or White Bellflower ; see Oriley, ete.
Remarxs.—Often exhibited before the Society. Found
excellent.
APPLES. 87

STANLEY’S EARLY.

Remarxs.— Resembles Early Pennock. Second-rate.”
—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Srroat, or Straat. Color, yellowish green ; form, round-
ish conical ; size, 2; use, table; quality, 2; season, Septem-
ber to November.

Remarxs.—The Dutch name for Street. Flesh, yellow,
tender, brisk sub-acid. Not much grown in Ohio. A
pleasant, late Summer fruit, but tart. At Dr. Wm. Smith’s,
near Cincinnati. An excellent apple. Very much like
White Seek-no-further, but a shy bearer.

Striped Bellflower. See Red Bellflower.

Summer Calville. Color, greenish yellow, reddish on
one side near the stem, cavity russet; size, large; form,
oblate.

Remarxs.—Wood, thrifty ; top, not very regular; sub-
ject to blight.— Fruits of Missourt, by T, Allen of St. Louis.

Summer Sweet. See Spence’s Harly, or Sweet June.
Remanxs.—The carliest of sweet apples—July and Au-
gust. Has no superior, in its season, as a sweet apple.

SumMER CHEESE, fall Cheese, or Gloucester Cheese. Color,
greenish yellow, flush of red in the sun; form, roundish ;
size, 2 to 1; quality, 2; season, August and September.

Remarxs.— Of Hastern Ohio. Good, early sweet.” —
Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

SUMMER ROSE. Color, glossy yellow, with red
stripes ; form, roundish, somewhat flattened ; size, 3; use,
table; quality, 1; season, July and August.

Remarxks.—Tree, feeble in growth. Not valuable for
88 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

market, but for dessert. ‘ Fine, but slow grower.”—
Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. “Excellently well adapted to
the vicinity of Cincinnati.” F. G. Cary, Farmers’ College,
Ohio. This is thought by the American Pomological So-
ciety the best apple between Yellow Harvest (or Prince’s
Early Harvest), and Summer Queen, and, with them, it
proves an excellent bearer. Exhibited by F. G. Cary,
July, 1855. Fruit Committee pronounced it, « gradually
ripening, crisp, brisk, cooking well, and fine for dessert.”
Should be planted by every one who desires a complete
collection.

SUMMER QUEEN. Color, yellow, red stripes; form,
conical; size, 2; use, table and kitchen; quality, 1 to 2;
season, July, August, and September.

Rewarxs.— Good, especially for market.’'—Truns. Ohio
Pom. Society. One of the richest Summer cooking apples.
Too tart for dessert. Exhibited by R. Buchanan, Esq., and
others, July, 1855. Fruit Committee regard this apple
as a “highly flavored, acid fruit, very fine for cooking.”

Summer PzeaRMAIN. See Autumn Pearmain, Sigler’s
Red, etc.

Remarks.—Hxcellently well adapted to the vicinity of
Cincinnati.

Shipley, Green. Color, red and russety ; form, oblong;
size, 2; use, baking; quality, 3; season, very long.

Remarxs.—Pennsylvania apple. Very sour, and long
keeper. “Sheepnose, of Mr. Petticolas. What is it?”—
Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. The author considers it very
like the Newark, or French Pippin, except the flesh is not
so high a yellow, nor the flavor so rich; the form is the
same, conical, pippin-shaped; the skin is also less green
before it is ripe, when it is ofa light yellow. Mr. Mears,
, APPLES. 89

of Fruit Committee, brought an apple before the Hor-
ticultural Society, under the name of Sheepnose. Sheep-
- nose is one of the synonymes of American Golden Russet.

— Coxe.

SIBERIAN CRAB.

Remarxs.—There are many varieties, as Red, Large
Red, Yellow, Purple, Striped, Transparent, Oblong, Dou-
ble White, Fragrant, Cherry, Showy, Astrachan, Currant.
All used only for Preserving, or grown for ornament.
The Large Red Siberian Crab is in possession of the
author. It is about twice the size of the foregoing, round-
ish ovate, with a large and prominent calyx, and rich and
bright red and yellow skin. It grows in the thickest
clusters, all along the branches, and produces a most beau-
tiful and brilliant appearance at a small distance off, like
red and yellow cherries. Itis a superior kind of this fruit,
and by no means common. It makes rich, firm, and
beautiful Preserves, when gathered before it is too ripe.
The stalks should remain on. Boughs of this fruit have
excited the admiration of all, when exhibited before the
Cincinnati Horticultural Society.

SIGLER’s Rep, Autumn Pearmain, Royal Pearmain, Sum-
mer Pearmain, etc. Color, brownish yellow and green, red
blended with yellow in sun, small brown specks; form,
oblong conical; size, 2; use, table and kitchen; quality,
1; season, August and September.

Remarks.—Foreign. Tree, slender, slow growth, irreg-
ular. Flesh, pale yellow, crisp, nearly “ best.”

Summer Golden Pippin. Color, yellow; form, roundish
oblong; size, 3; use, table; quality, 3; season, August.
Remarxs.—Flesh, whitish, firm, sweet. Unworthy of

cultivation.
8
90 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Sr. Lawrence.—Color, striped dark red, green ground ;
form, roundish, slightly oblate, sometimes conical obtuse ;
size, 2; use table and market; quality, 2; season, Sep-
tember and October.

Remarks.—A decorative fruit, to which class it pro-
perly belongs. Of Canadian origin. “Not to be highly
recommended.”— Western Horticulturist.

Surprize.
Remarxs.—A fancy sort, with a pink flesh. Unworthy.

Sugar Loaf Pippin, or Sugar Loaf Greening. Color,
greenish yellow; form, oblong, conical; size, 1; use,
table; quality, 3; season, July and August.

Remarxks.—Hardly worth notice, although “ good,” or
third-rate.

SWAAR (in Dutch, heavy). Color, dull green, when
gathered, becomes, toward Spring, of a brilliant lemon
color, with brown specks; form, round, flattened, slightly
ribbed; size, 1 to 2; use, table; quality, 1; season, Feb-
ruary to March.

RemarKks.—Requires a rich soil. “Old Winter apple.
Good in some localities.’—TZrans. Ohio Pom. Society. A
rich and valuable sub-acid apple for Spring. Hardly
known with us; much grown North. (See Appendix, 67.)

SWEET SEEDLING.
Remargs.—From Indiana. A premium recommended
for it. Flavor, good.

Sweet BELLFLowER, Butigr of some. Color, lemon yel-
low, slight blush in sun, numerous light and dark specks;
form, globular, flattened at base, slightly ribbed ; size, 1;
use, table; quality, 2; season, October and November.
APPLES. 91

Remarxs.— This description is from A. H. Ernst.
“Hsteemed in some parts of Ohio.”—Trans. Ohio Pom.
Society. Flesh, whitish yellow, breaking, juicy, sub-acid.
Large, handsome, and good, but a shy bearer.

Sweet Bellflower, of Wyandott county. Color, light yel-
low, dark, cloudy flakes, and yellow specks; form, globu-
lar, slightly conical ; size, 1; use, table; quality, 3; season,
November and December. Not worth cultivating.

Sweet Gilliflower. Very like the above, if not identical.

Sweet Cann.

Remarks.—From New Jersey. Winter, fine cooking.
Exhibited by W. 8. Chapman, at the Horticultural Society
Rooms, November, 1855.

Sweet PEARMAIN,
Remarks.— Little known. Good long keeper.’’— Zrans.
Ohio Pom. Society.

SweEET RomanitE, Sweet Nonsuch, Orange Sweet (errone-
ously). Color, greenish yellow ground, striped with bright
red, and has a fine bloom; form, roundish, flattened, and
regular; size, 2; use, table; quality, 1; season, November
to March.

Remarxs.—From W. B. Lipsey, Morrow county, Ohio.
In Illinois it is grown as the Sweet Nonsuch. Flesh,
greenish yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, superior to Ramsdell’s
or Danver’s Sweeting, or Winter Sweet.

Sweet Pirerin. “Of Dayton. Good. Late Fall.”—
Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Sweet Bova. Color, greenish, pale yellow when ripe.
f
92 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

RemarKxs.—* Large Yellow Bough. Early, good, gen-
erally approved.”—Trans. Ohio Pom, Society. Profitable
for market. Common in Cincinnati market, and popular.
(See Appendix, 68.)

Sweet Lonpon Winter, or London Winter Sweet.

Remarxs.—One of our finest Winter sweet apples, uni-
formly fair, and regularly formed. A great bearer on
alternate years. Pale straw color, oblate. Sells well, and
the very best for apple butter. Profitable.

Sweet Lyman’s Pumphin, or Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet.

Remarks.—Does remarkably well here, bearing large,
fine-looking apples. Excellent for stock, and the tree
bears very young.

Sour, on Tart Bouen. ‘“Resembling Early Harvest ;
not so godd.”— Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. Profitable also for
market. Much seen in Cincinnati market, and popular.

Sweer Russet, Pumpkin Russet, York Russet, and Flint
Russet. Color, yellowish green, thinly russeted; form,
roundish ; size, 1; use, cooking, for apple butter; quality,
2; season, August to October.

Remarks.—An excellent fruit for cooking in cider. We
have a butter apple here that is valuable in its season for
cider and apple butter. Both that and the Sweet Russet
are fair and great bearers.

Tart Bouau. See Sour Bough. The best of the Boughs.
‘TanprnockEn. See Fallawater.
Remarxs.— Large. Second-rate.”—Trans. Ohio Pom,

Society.

Tattow APPLE, or LowEL. Color, oily, pale yellow.
APPLES. 93

Remarxs.—Very much like the Porter; more acid.
Bears very young.

Tewksbury Winter Blush, see Fink. Color, yellow, red
cheek ; form, rather flat; size, 3; use, table; quality, 3;
season, February, to July or August.

Remarxs.—Pleasant, but not high flavored. Remarka-
ble for freshness after long keeping. Vigorous and pro-
ductive. Cultivated in the Middle and Western States.
A good baking and stock apple. ‘Valuable for long
keeping.” — Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

TALLUMAN’S SWEETING. Color, whitish; form,
roundish conical; size, 2; use, table and stock; quality, 2.

Remarks.— First-rate, especially for baking in Win-
ter.’—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. Good for baking and
stock, particularly with us. It has proved, sometimes, a
very superior fruit—yet not to be compared with the
Broadwell, which is the best keeping sweet apple for
this climate.

Trtorsky. Color, a yellow ground, handsomely striped
with red; and, like most Russian apples, covered with a
whitish bloom, under which is a shiny skin ; form, round-
ish oblong, sometimes nearly round; size, 2; use, table;
quality, 2; season, August, sometimes July.

Remarks.—This apple is not much grown yet, in this
country. What is known of it is favorable. It is said to
be valuable for cooking and marketing.

Tirus Prrrin.

Remarks. — Not generally known; oblong conic; flesh
tender, juicy, not high flavored. A fine looking, large,
and pretty good apple. Looks a little like Yellow Bell-,
flower. A fine, upright tree, bearing heavy crops.
D+ WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

TOWNSEND APPLE. Color, pale yellow; form,
roundish, and usually flattened ; size, 2; use, table; qual-
ity, 1; season, August to September.

Remwarxs.—Bloom like the Astrachan. ‘One of the
most delicious late Summer and early Autumn apples.’”—
Horticulturist. ‘ Not highly recommended.’'—Trans. Ohio
Pom. Society.

TRENTON Harty, or English Codlin.
Remarxs.— Resembles Gold Sweeting.”—Trans. Ohto
Pom. Society, Good for cooking and market.

Twenty Ounce. Color, green, striped or blushed; form,
round conical; size, 1; use, kitchen; quality, 2; season,
October. (See Appendix, 69.)

Remarks.—aA drying kind; popular in Western New
York. Unworthy of introduction from its season. “ Cay-
uga Red Streak ; second-rate.”"—TZrans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Tyrone. Color, greenish yellow, red.stripes, and white
dots ; form, pippin-shaped ; size, 1; use, table and kitchen;
quality, 2; season, Winter to Spring.

Remarxks.—Grown from seed, on the Licking River,
by Wm. Culbertson—a pioneer fruit-raiser here. (See
Appendix, 70.)

Vietuals and Drink, Big Sweet, or Pompey. Unworthy.

Vanderere Yellow, or Vandevere Pippin. Color, red and
yellowish green, striped gray; form, round, flattened a
good deal; size, 1; use, kitchen; quality, 2 to 3; season,
November to February.

RemMarKs.—Coarse and acid; excellent for cooking and
drying. Much cultivated in Western Pennsylvania, Ohio,
and Indiana; weighs very heavy. This is different from
APPLES. 95

the gray Vandevere. Apt to speck and rot. Large tree,
thrifty and productive. Cooks well with sugar, but coarse
and tart when raw.

Virginia Greening. Color, green; form, round, flat;
size, 2; use, kitchen; quality, 3; season, very late in
Spring, or beginning of Summer.

Remarxs.—Unworthy. ‘“ Long keeper, but valueless.”
—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. Exhibited at the Cincinnati
Horticultural Society’s Rooms very late in the season.
The Fruit Committée “can not recommend this variety for
the table, yet it keeps well, and will command a good
price in the market in the Spring.” It is a passable apple
next Summer—very different from the Grindstone, or
American Pippin. This used to be a great favorite in
this neighborhood (now fortunately times have changed),
but it has lost of late its character of a good keeper.
It rots badly on the trees. We consider it a very poor
apple, and not to be recommended.

Wacener. Color, shaded, and indistinctly striped with
pale red, and a full, deep red in the sun, on warm, yel-
low ground, often streaked with russet; form, oblate,
obscurely ribbed ; size, 1; use, table; scason, ripens early
in the Winter. Very delicate.

Remarks.—Much admired in New York; flesh yellow-
ish, very fine grained, tender, compact, mild, sub-acid,
very aromatic; excellent. Should be freely trimmed, to
produce large, fine fruit in abundance.

Warson’s Dumpiine. Color, yellowish green, faintly
striped; form, nearly round, regular; size, 1; use, for
cooking; quality, 2; season, early Winter, or late Fall,
in Ohio.

Remarks.—English. Indifferent, poor.
96 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Ward.
Remarxs.— Of Champaign County, Ohio; very large
and showy; little known.”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

WaAXEN APPLE. See Belmont.

Wett’s APPLE. Color, bright yellowish, green and
red; form, roundish conical, shghtly oblate ; size, 2 to 1;
use, fine baking; season, Winter.

RemuarKs.—Tree very productive, Central Ohio. “ Eng-
lish Red Streak, Striped Rhode Island Greening, Domine?
Approved in Eastern Ohio.”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

WHITE BELLFLOWER, Detroit, Ortley, etc. See Bell-
flower, White. (See Appendix, 71.)

Remarxs.—Very superior, but very subject to scabbi-
ness. Bears heavily every other year, and were it not
for the scab would be far before Yellow Bellflower.

Wittow Twic. Color, greenish yellow, striped and
mottled faintly with dull red; form, roundish, slightly
conical; size,1; use, table; quality, 2; season, Winter.

Remarxks.—A long keeper. Much cultivated with us
now as a market apple. “ Profitable Winter in the South-
West.’— Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

WINE, synonymous with Hay’s Apple, or Hay’s Winter.
Color, obscurely striped and mottled with red, on yellow
ground; size, 2 to 1; use, table; quality, 2; season, Fall.

Remarxs.—Flavor, rich, sub-acid. Flesh, yellowish
white, very handsome and regular; not equal to many
other sorts, however. There are several apples improp-
erly called by this name. ‘“ Profitable and good Win-
ter.”"— Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. It has a pleasant, vinous
flavor, whence its name. Tree, thrifty.
APPLES. 97

WINESAP. Color. dark red, lively; size, 2; use,
kitchen and dessert; quality, 2 to 1; season, November
to February.

Remarks.—Hardly ever fails to bear. No. 2 in quality
and No. 1 in profit. A valuable second-rate apple. A
productive and early bearer. “ Exceedingly well adapted
to the vicinity of Cincinnati.”—F. G. Cary. Not vigorous
yet; hardly a word to be said against it. Valuable for
cultivation. One of the good little, or rather, medium ap-
ples, pleasant cating all the Winter, good cooking, and a
good bearer. A very fine cider fruit, and one of the best
for all purposes.

WESTERN Spy.
Remarxs.—< Of Centrai Ohio. Handsome and good
Winter.”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

WESTFIELD SEEK-NO-FURTHER.

Remarxs.—This apple is entirely distinct from the
White Fall Seek-no-further, the Westfield having red and
russet at one end. More like Pryor’s Red, being a
medium Winter apple. The White never has any red
or russet, but is remarkable when the apple is ripe (a
pale straw color), for a green tinge around the stem, and
is gone in November.

WHITE DETROIT, see White Bellflower and Ortley.

White Gilliflower.
Remarxs.— Of Mr. Benedict; not approved.’ — Trans.
Ohio Pom. Society.

Waiter Copiin- Color, white; form, oblong; size, 3;
use, table and kitchen ; quality, 2; season, November and

December.
9
98 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Remarxs.—Pennsylvania apple, originated in Mary c
land. Fall and early Winter. Very rich, acid juice,
and very pleasant.

WHITE BELLFLOWER, or Detroit, see Ortley, etc.
Color, light yellow ; form, generally conical, a little flat at
base; size, 1; use, dessert; quality, 2; season, December
to April.

Remarxs.—Skin, thin, smooth and oily to the touch.
Flesh, tender and sprightly. Identical with Ortley, or
Woolman’s Long, White Detroit, Hollow Core Pippin, Ohio
Favorite, etc., etc. ‘“ Excellently well adapted to the vicin-
ity of Cincinnati.’— F. G. Cary, a practical fruit culti-
vator. One of the most hardy and profitable apples in
the West, and much seen on the stalls.

Whitt Spicz. Form, regular round, somewhat flat;
size, 1; use, table; quality, 2; season, August and Sep-
tember.

Remarxs.—A Pennsylvania apple. “Good for home
use, but especially for market.” — Pennsylvania Reports,
from David Miller, Jr.

WHITE PIPPIN, see Canada Pippin (although identity
is very doubtful), and Canada Reinette. Color, greenish
white; form, round; size, 1; use, kitchen and dessert;
quality, 1; season, Winter and Spring.

Remarxs.—Succeeds well in the vicinity of Cincinnati.
“ Good and profitable Winter.”— Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.
Exhibited by M. McWilliams (one of the Fruit Committee
of the Cincinnati Horticultural Society, with whom it is,
as with others, deservedly a very great favorite), and
others. Pronounced by the Fruit Committee, at large, of
great value. By some it is considered to lack high char-
acter and flavor, but if itis not of the very highest, we
APPLES. 99

think it makes very close approaches to them. Excellent
for cooking, and productive, also for market.

White Winter Colville.
Remarxs.—Not admired. Grown somewhat in Canada
and at the North.

WHITE WINTER PEARMAIN. Color, pale yellow,
or greenish yellow; form, oblong-ovate conical, or verg-
ing to a point, with the ends somewhat flattened ; size, 2;
use, dessert; quality, 1; season, as its name implies.

Remarxs.—This apple is of the highest excellence, and
early engaged the attention of the Fruit Committee of
the Cincinnati Horticultural Society. They have thus
described it:—‘“Medium, conical, basin shallow, often
plaited, stem short, skin smooth, greenish yellow when
vipe,blushed when exposed; flesh, firm, breaking, juicy,
very sweet, pleasant, lively, sub-acid; seeds of a pecu-
liarly light brown color, in a moderate cavity.” This
very prolific and delicious variety is a good keeper, and
highly valuable. How could it have been confounded
with Michael Henry Pippin so long? We consider this
the best flavored dessert apple of its season (April and
May), retaining its juicy flavor and crispness to the last.
They were fine on the 10th of last June (1856). A great
bearer on alternate years; a little subject to scab. The
wood is remarkably soft, stems thick, and when loaded
with fruit hangs to the ground; just the reverse of the
Michael Henry Pippin, which is never pendulous. (See
Appendix, p. 72.)

Waitt JUNEATING.
Remarxks.—< Bracken, and Carolina, of Southern Ohio.”

—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.
100 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

WHITE RAMBO. Color, white; form, roundish flat-
tened; size, 1 to 2; use, table and kitchen; quality, 2 to
1; season, Fall.

Remarxs.—By some preferred to the famous Rambo.
It is larger and whiter. ‘Of Morrow county. Approved
where known.’—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. I. Morris sells
more trees of this than of any other variety. Not gene-
rally distributed. Has the same thick skin and dots, as
the common Rambo.

White Vandevere.
Remarxs.—* What is it?’—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

White Astrachan. Color, white, faint streak of red ; form,
roundish conical; size, 2; use, table; quality, 3; season,
July and August.

ReEemArKs.— Unworthy — poor.

WaitE SEEK-NO-FURTHER,
Remarxs.— Resembles Westfield, except in color.”—
Trans. Ohio Pom. Society

Williams’ Favorite. ;
RemMARKS.—Has not met the expectation of its planters.
Sometimes very beautiful. Requires rich soil.

Wititow Lear.

Remarxs.—Willow Leaf, and Willow Twig, are settled
to be distinct. The Willow Leaf is reckoned rather a
poor apple; its keeping qualities being its only recom-
mendation.

WINTER PEARMAIN, WHITE. See, also, White
Winter Pearmain. Color, greenish yellow; form, conical,
APPLES. 101

size, 2; use, table; quality, 1; season, January to
May.

Remarxs.— We consider it a No. 1 fruit in Cincin-
nati. Exhibited late in the season before the Horticul-
tural Society, and is fast growing to be a favorite. It is
sound and good till Spring. Prolific, and a good keeper;
nearly first-rate in quality ; a safe-keeping variety, and a
juicy and good apple in January and February. Often
confounded with the Michael Henry Pippin, from which
it is not easily distinguished by the taste; seeds, pale
brown, while those of the Michael Henry, are nearly
black. The shape is also more conical — hence its syno-
nyme, Sheepnose. Michael Henry often becomes cottony
and tasteless. White Winter Pearmain is crisp and juicy.
See Michael Henry. :

Winter Cheese.
Remarxs.—Of Eastern Ohio, Good as a long keeper.

WINTER QUEEN. Color, deep crimson in the sun,
a lively, pale red in the shade; form, conical, base broad ;
size, 1; use, table; quality, 2; season, early Winter.

Remarxks.—lt is a large, fine, juicy fruit.

WINTER GREENING..
Remargs.—‘ Of Zanesville. Resembles Rhode Island
Greening.”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Winter Pennock. See Pennock.
Remarxs.— Coarse, liable to bitter rot.” — Trans. Ohio
Pom. Society.

Winter Sweet Pippin.
RemarKxs.— Little known.”— Trans. Ohio Pom. Society,
4

“*

102 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Wine Sweeting. Color, light and dark red, indistinctly
striped on dark yellow; form, round, flattened; size, 2;
use, table; quality, 2; season, Winter.

RemMarks.—Productive. Moderate grower.

WIntER Sweet Panavise. Free grower. Good bearer.

Remarxs.—A rich, sweet apple, of good, sprightly but
not high flavor; light in weight; a very productive and
excellent, good-sized orchard fruit, and of fine appearance.
“ Excellent for table and baking.”—Trans. O. Pom. Society.
A valuable sweet apple, grown much about Columbus by
Pennsylvanians. Successfully cultivated in different parts
of Ohio. Generally approved.

Wonderlich's Spice.
Remarxs.— Resembles American Golden Russet.”—
Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.

Woodstock.

RemarKxs.—A coarse apple, only fit for cooking. It has
been confounded with the Dyer, one of the very best des-
sert apples.

Wormsley Pippin. Color, greenish yellow; form, round-
ish; size, 2; use, cooking; quality, 3 to 4; season, Fall.
Remarxs.—Unworthy.

Yellow Ingestrie. Color, clear, rich yellow; size, small.
Remarxs.—Of little value in this country.

YELLOW NEWTOWN PIPPIN. See also Newtown
Pippin, Yellow, and Newtown Pippin, Green. Color,
greenish yellow; form, round flattened, often one-sided ;
size, 1; use, table and kitchen; quality, 1; season, March.

Remarxs.— The American apple, in England, at the
bi a

 

 

 

Uitddleton, Wallace & C2 Cir 0.

YELLOW BELLEFLOWER.
Natural Size.
APPIFES, 103

tabligs of Royalty and the Nobility, and the,rich who can
afford the luxury. There is only one: apple there that
comes up to this—the Ribston Pippin —and that has
hardly as high a flavor. ‘Well adapted to the locality of
Cincinnati, with a rich soil."—F. @. Cary. Rich lime-
stone lands best. Pell grows it largely for shipment in
New York. The Yellow is the commonest kind in mar-
ket, and is larger than the Green. Apt to be one-sided.
Richer color, more juicy and sprightly, and less tender
fleshed than the Green Newtown. Rather indigestible
before Spring, but of the highest character for flavor.
There is great confusion about these two kinds in nurseries.
*

YELLOW BELLFLOWER. See Bellflower. Color, ay
its name denotes; form, oblong, conical; size, 1; use, table
and kitchen ; quality, 1; season, November to February.

Remarxs.—‘Generally approved, rather acid.”—Trans.
Ohio Pom. Society. A favorite fruit, of peculiar flavor.
Very tart before ripe. A wonderful change when ripe.
Apt to be frosted in the blossom. “ Excecdingly well
adapted to the locality of Cincinnati.”—F. G. Cary.

York Russet.
Remarxs.— Sweet Russet. Large, sweet, poor.’’— Trans.
Ohio Pom. Society.

Zane’s Seedling.
Remarxs.—‘Resembles Gilpin or Romanite.”— Trans.

Ohio Pom. Society.

Zane’s Greening
Remargs.— Not generally epprogel, "Trans. Ohio

Pom. Society.
104 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

ADDENDA OF SEEDLINGS.

Bucuanan’s Pippin, or James’s. Color, dull greenish
red; form, round; size, 1; use, table; quality, 2; season,
March to May.

Remarks.—This pleasant seedling was named after a
young son of Mr. Robert Buchanan, and found by him in
his father’s fine orchard. It is named after him, asa me-
lancholy memento. Basin open, planted moderately deep.
Tree with a round, upright head. <A great bearer, and
vigorous.

SEEDLING, from A. A. Mullett. Color, yellow, with red
streaks; form, evenly round, rather flattened; size, 2;
quality, 2; season, fine eating beginning of October.

Remarxs.—Sub-acid, and good for cooking.

Fink’ Sgrpiine. See Fink.

Remargs.—A -remarkably long keeping variety, of
good quality. A seedling of Perry county, Ohio. Speci-
mens grown one year, weil preserved, were shown along
with those of the next season. Size, 2, very smooth and
round; color, dull green, becoming yellow at maturity,
with a dash of bronze red on the sunny side; flesh, white,
tender, juicy, of mild, sub-acid flavor. The tree of fair
growth, and very productive.

Loneworta’s Sweet. Color, yellowish green, with
spots of smoky russet; form, roundish, conical; size, me-
dium; use, table; quality, 2; season, Winter.

Remarxs.—Flavor, very pleasant, but rather dry in
February. A very good sweet apple, particularly in
December.
APPLES. 105

LIST OF APPLES,
FOR THE WESTERN STATES.

The following list contains a Catalogue of the most
popular variety of Apples recommended by various Pom-
ological Societies of the United States for the Western
States :

Batpwin. Ohio, Missouri, Illinois.

Roxsury Russet. Michigan, Ohio, Missouri, Indiana,
Illinois.

RuopeE Istanp Greening, Michigan, Iowa, Ohio, Mis-
souri, Illinois.

Swaar. Qhio, Illinois, Michigan.

Esopus Spitzenpura. Ohio, Missouri, Hlinois, Michigan.

Harty Harvest. Virginia, Ohio, Missouri, Indiana, Illi-
nois, Michigan, Iowa.

Sweet Bovau. Illinois, Virginia, Missouri, Indiana, Ohio.

Summer Rose. Ohio, Missouri, Illinois.

Fatt Pippin. Michigan, Virginia,Ohio, Missouri, Illinois.

Betmont. Michigan, Ohio.

GoLpEN Sweer. Missouri.

Rep AstracHan. Iowa, Ohio, Missouri, Llinois.

JonatHaNn. Ohio, Missouri.

HARLY STRAWBERRY. Ohio,

DANVER’s WINTER SWEET. Ohio.

AMERICAN SUMMER PEARMAIN, Illinois.

MarpEn’s BiusH. Ohio, Missouri, Indiana, Illinois.

Porter. Ohio, Missouri.

GRAVENSTEIN. Ohio.

VANDEVERE. Missouri, Indiana, [linois. '
. YeLLow BELLFLoWER. Michigan, Iowa, Virginia, Ohio,
Missouri, Illinois.

Famevse. Illinois.
106 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK,

Newtown Previn. Michigan, Iowa, Virginia, Ohio,
Missouri, Indiana; Illinois.

Ramo. Michigan, Iowa, Ohio, Missouri, Indiana, Ili-
nois.

SMOKEHOUSE. Virginia, Indiana.

FALLAWALDEN. Ohio.

GoLpEN Russet. Ohio, Illinois.

Winesap. Ohio, Llinois.

Waite BrLitFLowER. Missouri, Illinois.

Hoiianp Pippin. Michigan, Missouri, Indiana.

Ravze’s Janet. Lowa, Virginia, Illinois.

Lapy APPLE. Ohio, Missouri.

 

LIST OF APPLES,

ADAPTED TO ORCHARD AND GARDEN CULTURE IN THE OHIO VALLEY.

Names. Summer. Fall. Winter
1. American Summer Pearmain ...... I cepted Owacged 0
2. American Golden Russet ......... O Samewis 0: peeaive 1
3. Bellflower (Yellow) ............4. gue Oly Oase 2
An, BelAPOIy sasicasaostinaus ever dcesausame wees Oh secede Oe Lestat 3
5. Bevan’s Favorite ......ccccccceseeeeee DB dags OW ccdberae 0
Ge, BOMOM A eles acca aan avesiuinesawmacan names Bi sewssik On cosaas 0
%. Black’s Annett .......ccccceeeeee eeeee Ae So's scat OO eictos 0
8, Bohbatinon: soma exeisivigersacastecsies v« anes Os ied & 0
9: Broadsyelll— cosas ina weoonates teeceuman ves O seanis Oo ees 4
10, COOPEP sncrsuscscwsreinen seecinmmccercers O weeees T eaners 0
TL, (‘CAREW OUSE: . ccuivcnceeasews seen games O sxcaxs OF sees ex 5

He
LD
Oo
°
5
me
B
S
Oo
oS

a

13. Dutch Mignonne wh... 0 iacdees Ob nese oe 7
14. Early Strawberry 00.0... .cceeeeeees IO sasiies 0 sees 0
15. Harly Chandler ..........cccccesees sees sense O isis 'ds 0
16. Early Pennock ........ eee Bees Ores ok 0
17s Finley” sxe: sie everreavecerennveuvenahed OS aian OS des aoe 0

18, Pall Rippin scamssevicrsccnemarxernivenvens Ospgese Di scsi se 0
APPLES. 107

Names. Summer. Fall. Winter.
19. Fameuse (Snow Apple) ............ Oo wicca ss 0: sara 8
20. Hort MIAMI! 2.5 ospsediasnacws seerniawecnen 0 aswres 0 vssnes 9
21. Gravenstein oc. ceeceeeeeeeee wees O>ccsen B ayssue O
22. Harvest (Yellow H., Early H.) ...10...... OD seesne 0
23. Jersey Sweet .....cccssooccesneeeeerees 0 nsvaee A sins 0
24, J ONACIAM pcegony au vik ieeaps euseaplde eaadine O vissans Oo sseane 10
25. Keswick Codlin ......ceceeeeeeeeee Louis sie Orewa 0
26. Large Sweet Bough .............00..12 .0... O eaten 0
27. Lady Apple (Pomme d’Api) ...... Ol gai ca O iseess 10
28. Dimiber LW gt cacsicsccneeseceesinn sencws Ob asics O veeeee 11
29. Maiden’s Blush ..........ccceeee wee ee Orsccegs DS xisnine 32
30. Michael Henry Pippin............... 0 seuss 0 sacra 10
Ble Milam. esse vesvgaaiemmnworetassseceues 0 sevice 0 cxvess 14
32. Newtown Spitzenburg ........... sone Ol vinws os 0 secs 15
33. Ortley (White Bellflower) ......... O: seis ee O ssesrae 16
34. Pennsyivania Red Streak ........ ¢ Osa site's 0
35. Phillips’ Sweeting ........ cceeeeeeee Oh seecas O ccmde 12
36. Pryor’s Red......... fragaiee nes tbemwasatien O seas Occiicca 18
BT RAM DG gsxsticne coins and ecdeedialnseosiion Orseaias esa 0
38. Raules’ Janet .......ccceceesecec scence ee Oh wags O acevs 19
39. Red Astrachan .........ccccee ceeeeeee Baga 0 eevee 0
40. Rhode Island Greening ............ 0 sssaas Ovenesee 20
41. Rome Beauty iscsscsiesscccseaceveceoes O: sonvas 0 scene 21
42. Roxbury Russet.......:scsssceeserneees 0 aera O sews 22
43. Summer Queen .......sceepeeeseeeeeeee LAD saaesis O eens 0
44, Summer Rose ........cceceeceeseneeren es LD os estene Osis 0
45. Smokehouse ........ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Onaiiat Beweraaty 0
46. Smith’s Cider .......cccceceeseeeeeeeeees Oh: cesee Desa iinws 0
AT, Vandevere .....ccccceeseenersseceeeeeene 0 scene Oeics 23
48. White June (Juneating, etc.) ...... 16 ...... Ol caiteas 0
49. Williams’ Favorite.......cccecseeeeees LF iaceea O wcsuas 0
BO. Willow Twig. ......ssscsscesenecseeeeees 0 vesese O ceseone 24
51. Wine Apple......cccceccscssenseneerenes O saan O seen 25
52. Yellow Newtown Pippin ............ 0. sevens 0) sxeans 26
108 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

The list, as thus extended, embraces fifty-two varieties
of apples, which competent authorities recommend for
general cultivation in the Ohio valley. Of these, seven-
teen are Summer apples, and twenty-six Winter apples.

1. “Decidedly the best apple of its season.”—Trans.
Ky. Hort. Society. “ Highly approved.”—Trans. Ohio Pom.
Society. ‘“ Requires a deep, warm soil, well supplied with
lime and potash, when it succeeds admirably in all sec-
tions.— Elliott. ‘Bears early and abundantly; one of the
best in all parts of the country.”’—Barry.

2. “First rate.’—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. “ Flesh
remarkably tender; juicy, almost buttery, delicate,
sprightly.” — Elliott.

3. “Generally approved; rather acid.”—TZrans. Ohio
Pom. Society. “Tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid.”—El-
liott. “Crisp, juicy, pretty acid, and rich. Very pro-
ductive, succeeds well throughout all portions of the
country.”’—Barry.

4. “Generally approved, especially in Northern Ohio,
but in Southern part of the State somewhat given to rot-
ting upon the tree.’—TZrans. Ohio Pom. Society. ‘“ Flesh
very tender, juicy, sprightly, sub-acid. On all high,
warm, or limestone soils, does finely.”’—EHiliott. “ Suc-
ceeds well in New York and Northern Ohio, but is vari-
able at Cincinnati and further South. Flesh, sub-acid,
juicy, fine.”—Barry. —

5. “ Of little value.”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. ‘*Flesh,
fine, tough, sub-acid.”—A#iliott. “A New Jersey apple,
where it is esteemed as one of the best of its season, sub-
acid and good.” —Barry.

6. “Handsome, early, and good.”—Trans. Ohio Pom.
Society. “Flesh, yellow, tender, crisp, juicy, vinous,
very good.”"—Eiliott. ‘Tender, juicy, and rich; a good
bearer.” —Barry.

7. “Recommended by Young and Byram. A very
APPLES, 109

superior apple, well known, and deservedly popular.” —
Trans. Ky. Hort. Society. .

8. “Fine Southern apple.”—Zans. Ohio Pom. Society.
“Flesh, yellowish white, tender, slightly aromatic, sub-
acid.”—EHiliott, ‘Very delicious, high flavored, very ten-
der, sprightly, and fine.” —Barry.

9. “Sweet, approved where known.” —Trans. Ohio Pom.
Society. ‘Flesh white, fine-grained, sweet, juicy.” —Zl-
lott. “Tender, sweet, and excellent.”—Barry. .

10. “Highly recommended by many.”—Trans. Ohio
Pom, Society. ‘Flesh, yellowish, not fine-grained, crisp,
juicy, very good.”—EZiliot. “Tender, juicy, and agree-
able.” —Barry.

11. “Good keeping qualities, flesh yellowish, firm,
juicy.”—Elliott. “Sub-acid and agreeable. Largely cul-
tivated in some parts of the South, where it is esteemed
for its productiveness and good keeping qualities.’ — Barry.
[The Ohio Pomological Society makes Gilpin and Roman-
ite synonymes. Elliott’s synonymes are Carthouse and
Romanite of the West. Barry’s, Gilpin, and Red Ro-
manite.] The Ohio Pomological Society calls the Gilpin*
“small, good keeper, second-rate.”

12, “A pleasant Winter apple.’—-Bateham. “Flesh,
white, tender, juicy, very good.”—#lliott. ‘‘ Sub-acid,
juicy, and high-flavored. Resembles Rambo, and, like it,
succeeds well, West and South.”’—Barry.

13. “Proved valuable wherever grown; very fine in
Southern Ohio. Flesh, whitish, firm at first, becoming
tender when well matured, sub-acid, aromatic.” —Hlliott.
“ Beautiful and excellent apple; fine flavor, good bearer.”
—Barry.

14, “Fine and early.”—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. « Pro-
ductive and successful in all localities. Flesh, yellowish
white, tinged with red, sub-acid, sprightly, tender.”—
110 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Elliott. “Tender, almost melting, with a mild flavor;
good bearer.”—Barry.

15. “Handsome, high-flavored, acid.’’— Trans. Ohio Pom.
Society. “Good quality; extensively cultivated in some
parts of Ohio, where it succeeds well.”—Barry.

16. “ Large, handsome, second-rate.”— Trans. Ohio Pom.
Society. “Tree, thrifty, hardy; early, prolific bearer.
Fruit, rather below second-rate quality. Flesh, yellow-
ish white, juicy, sub-acid.’’—£lliott. “ Large, handsome,
and showy.”—Barry.

17. Recommended by Young and Byram. Local, and
a fine Kentucky fruit. Believed by Col. Anderson, of
Meade county, to be identical with the “ Horse Apple.”
Called by some old citizens, the “ Runnels,” and “ Fort
Runnels Apple.’ Trees, vigorous, and great bearers.
Fruit, quite large, ripening the latter part of July; yel-
lowish green color; flesh, white, mild, somewhat sprightly,
very juicy, and palatable. Grows very large on the grav-
ely loam undulations of the Peewee Valley. Good for
either dessert or cooking. Much liked by stock. Lasts
till September. Preferred, by the writer, to the Early
Harvest, as more juicy and sprightly.

18. “Large, handsome, and good.”—Trans. Ohio Pom.
Society. ‘Universally succeeds well. Flesh, yellowish
white, tender, sub-acid, aromatic.”’—Elliott. “ Tender,
rich, and delicious; a fine bearer. Fruit, esteemed every-
where.” —Barry.

19. A great favorite in Bourbon county, Kentucky,
and highly approved by Mr. Bedford. Elliott says:
“Without being a fruit of high character, it is just so
good, that, taken with its production of regular, handsome
fruit, it can not be dispensed with. Flesh, remarkably
white, tender, juicy, with a slight perfume.” “Tender,
and delicious.’—Barry.
APPLES. 111

20. “ New, and productive. Flesh, yellowish white,
fine-grained, tender, mild, and sub-acid.”—EZilliott. “ Said
to be rich, and high-flavored; a good keeper.”—Barry.

-21. “A good fruit.”— Trans. Ky. Hort. Society. ‘ Hand-
some, and good.” —Trans. Ohio Pom. Society. ‘Indispens-
able to every collection; succeeds finely in all soils;
annually productive; fruit, always fair, fit for cooking in
August. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, sub-acid, with a
peculiar aromatic taste.’"— Elliott. “Tree, very productive,
and fruit, of first quality.”—Barry.

22. “ Well known, and everywhere approved.’'— Zrans.
Ohio Pom. Society. “ Universally esteemed; requires a
soil well supplied with lime and potash. Flesh, white,
tender, juicy, crisp, sub-acid.”—Ziliott. ‘ Rich, sub-acid.
Tree, a good bearer.”—-Barry.

23. “ First-rate for table.”’—Trans. Ohio Pom. Society.
“ Succeeds in all localities. Abundant bearer in all soils.
Warm, sandy soils give more character to the flesh, and a
closer texture. Flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, juicy,
sweet.’—Liliott. “A good bearer; succeeds well in all
parts of the country ; much esteemed everywhere for des-
sert and cooking.”—Barry.

24, “One of the handsomest and best apples.”— Trans.
Ohio Pom. Society. ‘Very productive, but needs rich,
strong soil. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, slightly
acid until fully matured, then sub-acid, and sprightly.”—
Elliott. “Very productive. Flesh, tender, juicy, and rich,
with much of the Spitzenburg character.”—Barry.

25. “A popular Summer cooking apple.”—TZrans. Ohio
Pom. Society. ‘Very productive; valuable for cooking;
one of the best for Western soils. Flesh, greenish white,
tender, acid.”—#illioit. “ Bears abundantly quite young ;
acid; excellent for cooking from July to October.” —Barry.

26. “Karly, good, generally approved.”—Trans. Ohio
Pom. Society. ‘Tree,a moderate, annual bearer, succeeding
112 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

in all good soils not wet. Valued as a dessert fruit.
Flesh, white, tender, crisp, sprightly, sweet.’ —Zliott.
“ Abundant bearer, sweet, rich flavored.’—Barry.

For the descriptions of the remainder, we refer the
reader to the several names in their proper places in
this work.

 

FRUITS OF OHIO.

Statement of R. Bucuanan, A. Tf. Ernst, and J. A. War-
DER, of Cincinnati, Hamilton county, Ohio, as reported to the
American Pomological Society at their annual meeting held at
the City of Boston in September, 1854.

“The climate and soil of our State are so varied, and
the fruit in culture so numerous, that a report to embrace
catalogues to suit each locality would be too voluminous.
From Cleveland, on Lake Erie, in the Northeast, to Cin-
cinnati, on the Ohio, in the Southwest, a distance of two
hundred and fifty miles, there is a difference of near three
degrees in latitude, and a great diversity of soil, It is,
therefore, difficult to fix a uniform standard of excellence
in fruits for the whole State.

“Loam and clay, intermixed with lime and sand, are
tbe principal components of our soil, often underlaid by
a substratum of gravel, and the greater portion of our
State is well adapted to the culture of most of the fruits
grown in the Middle States.

“The present report will be confined to the Southwest-
ern and Central parts of our State. The Northeastern
section having been embraced in previous reports.

APPLES.

“The average bearing of apple trees, with us, is four
out of five years. Many varieties which are highly
esteemed further North do not suit the climate and warm
limestone soils of Southern Ohio. The ‘Rhode Island
APPLES. 113

Greening,’ for instance, ripens and casts its fruit so early
here as to become a Fall apple, and but few are gathered
from the trees for Winter. The ‘Alexander,’ with us, is
an early Fall apple, and the far-famed ‘Esopus Spitzen-
burg’ is here a shy bearer, and an unprofitable variety to
cultivate. Even the ‘Baldwin’ and the ‘Roxbury Russet’
mature too early, and do not keep so well as when culti-
vated further North and in cooler soils. The ‘Belmont,’
a favorite apple in Northern and Eastern Ohio, with us is
subject to crack open, and rot upon the tree in some sea-
sons.

“With ordinary care and culture, the apple thrives well
in all parts of our State, and, with the exception of the
grape, is the most certain bearer of any of our fruits.
The following list comprises the most favorite varieties
cultivated in this section.

“SuMMER VARIETIES.— Benoni, Bohanon, Drap d’Or,
‘Carolina Sweet, Karly Bough, Early Harvest, Gravenstein,
Maiden’s Blush, Red Astrachan, Strawberry, Summer
Rose, Summer Pearmain, Summer Queen.

“Patt Varizties.—Alexander, Cooper, Fall Pippin,
Golden Russet, Jersey Sweeting, Monmouth Pippin, Por-
ter, Rambo, Rhode Island Greening, Wine.

“WinTER VARIETIES.—Baldwin, Black Apple, Cannon
Pearmain, Danver’ss Winter Sweet, Belmont, Jonathan,
Lady Apple, London Sweet, Michael Henry Pippin, New-
town Spitzenburg, Roman Stem, Ortley, Pryor’s Red,
Rome Beauty, Swaar, White Winter Pearmain, Wine Sap,
Yellow Bellflower, Yellow Newtown Pippin, White Pip-
pin, Black Gilliflower, Fallawalder.

“The ‘Northern Spy’ and a few other celebrated varie-
ties give fair promise of doing well here.”

This apple needs a rich soil, high culture, and constant
growth, to produce fair fruit as the tree grows old.
114 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Mr. A. H. Ernst, one of our most zealous and experi-
enced pomologists, recommends, for a limited selection, 14
kinds of apples for the vicinity of Cincinnati and Southern
Ohio, viz:

Early Red Margaret, Sweet Bough, Prince’s Karly Har-
vest, Summer Rose, Fall Pippin, Newtown Spitzenburg
(or Ox Eye), Yellow Bellflower, Woolman’s Long, White
Bellflower (or Detroit of the West), Golden Russet,
Broadwell Sweet, Winesap, Yellow Newtown Pippin.

Kirtland and Elliott recommend the following varieties :

Summer.—For the garden, Summer Rose, Early Har-
vest, Red Astrachan, American Summer Pearmain, Harly
Joe, Lowell. For market, White Juneating, Red Astra-
chan, Early Harvest, Williams, Red Quarrenden,. Lowell.

Fatu.—For the garden, Gravenstein, Fall Pippin, Fall
Strawberry, Pomme Royale, Porter, Jersey Sweeting, Fa-
meuse, Fall Harvey, Maiden’s Blush, Rambo, Fall Seek-
no-further, Fall Wine. For market, we prefer these to
showy inferior fruits.

Wintrer.—For the garden, Belmont, Swaar, Old Non-
such, Hubbardston Nonsuch, Jonathan, Peck’s Pleasant,
Rhode Island Greening, Putnam’s Russet (Roxbury Rus-
set, Ep.), Westfield Seek-no-further, Wine, Danver’s Win-
ter Sweeting, Wood’s Greening, Tewksbury Winter Blush,
Lady Apple, Fort Miami. For the market, substitute the
Baldwin for Danver’s Winter Sweet, and the Hollow
Crown Pearmain for Wood’s Greening.

Selection of apples for the vicinity of Cincinnati by a distin-
guished cultivator.

Red Juneating, Prince’s Harvest, Summer Rose, Fall
Pippin, Rambo, Newark Pippin, American Golden Russet,
Newtown Spitzenburg, White Bellflower (or Detroit),
Swaar, Pryor’s Red, Raule’s Janet, Newtown Pippin. Or
these: White June, Benoni, Strawberry, Golden Sweet,
APPLES. 115

Fall Pippin, Rambo, Westfield Seek-no-further, Newtown
Spitzenburg, Yellow Bellflower, Waxen (or Gate), White
Pippin, Roxbury Russet. Some might wish to add the
long keeper, but indifferently flavored, Gilpin or Romanite.

List of fruit for general purposes, recommended by the Cincinnati

Horticultural Society.

For July and August, 2 Summer Rose; July and August,
2 Strawberry; September and October, 2 Fall Pippin;
October and November, 4 Rambo ; November and Decem-
ber, 5 Golden Russet; November and December, 5 Yellow
Bellflower; November and December, 20 White Bell-
flower ; January and February, 15 Pryor’s Red ; February
and April, 25 Raule’s Janet; March, 20 Newtown Pippin.
100 trees.

APPLES FOR INDIANA.—By a Cotrtivaror.

SummEer.—Red or Carolina June, Summer Queen, Yel-
low Hoss, Sweet Bough, Prince’s Harvest, Kirkbridge
White, Sweet June, Daniel.

Aurumn.—Maiden’s Blush, Wine, Holland Pippin,
Rambo, Fall Harvey, Gravenstein, Ashmore, Porter.

Winter.—Black, Golden Russet, Newtown Spitzenburg,
Rhode Island Greening, Hubbardston Nonsuch, Vande-
vere Pippin, Yellow Bellflower, White Bellflower, Michael
Henry Pippin, Pryor’s Red, Green Newtown Pippin,
Genneting or Raule’s Janet, Putnam Russet.

APPLES OF WAYNE COUNTY, INDIANA.—By a
CULTIVATOR.
Summzr.—Yellow June, Sweet Bough, Sour June, Early
Red, and Summer Queen.
Avrumn.—Wine Apple, Fall Pippin, Rambo, and Maid-
en’s Blush.
Winrer.—Vandevere Pippin, Golden Russet, Yellow
116 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

fe * .
Bellflower, Cumberland Spice, Smith’s Cider, Winesap,
Raule’s Janet, Rhode Island Greening, Red Pearmain,
Romanite, and the Butter Apple.

INDIANA APPLES.—RecommenpeD BY Henry Warp
BEECHER, INDIANAPOLIS.

The most popular Winter apples in Indiana, are Yel-
low Bellflower, White Bellflower (Detroit, of the West),
Newtown Spitzenburg, Campfield, Raule’s Janet (or Nev-
erfail), Green Newtown Pippin, Michael Henry Pippin,
Pryor’s Red, Golden Russet, Milam, Rambo, and Vande-
vere Pippin, only a second or third rate table apple, but
having other qualities that make it valuable to the Farmer.
It seldom fails of a crop. It usually hits when others miss.

OHIO APPLES.—Rreommenpep By 8. A. BARKER,
McConnELSVILLE.

Summer.—Bracken, Early Chandler, Summer Sweet (or
High Topped Sweet), Pound Royal, of Marietta (Dyer),
and Red Streak.

AutumMN.—Rambo, Holland Pippin, Winter Russets,
Yellow Bellflower, Spitzenburgs (of Marietta), Vandeveres
(Red, Green, and Yellow), Red, or Long Pearmain, Red
Winter Pennock, Black Gilliflower, Newtown Pippin,
Westfield Seek-no-further, Rhode Island Greening, Ro-
manite, Rome Beauty, Cooper, Orange (or Golden Sweet,
of Columbus), Stone’s Sweet, Sigler’s Red.

APPLES OF THE SHAKERS.—Mercer Co., Ky.

Summrr.—Striped June, Harly Harvest, Carolina June,
Summer Rose, Royal Pearmain, American Summer Pear-
main, and Gravenstein.

Avrumn.—Rambo, Queen, Fall Pippin, Golden Russet,
Newtown Spitzenburg, and Bellflower.

Wintrer.—Raule’s Janet, Pryor’s Red, and Limber Twig.
APPLES. 117

APPLES OF JEFFERSON COUNTY, VIRGINIA.

Summer.—Yellow June, Vestal, Grab, Golden Sweet,
Doctor Red, and Summer Pearmain.

AUTUMN. — Gravenstein, Rambo, Blenheim Orange,
Bellflower, Fall Pippin, Cat Head, and Pound.

Winter.—Newtown Pippin, Green Pippin, Lady Fin-
ger, Sheepnose, or American Golden Russet, Russet, Black
Coal, Prior’s Red, Limber Twig, Pennock, Abraham, Jen-
neting, Vandevere, and Smoke House.

ILLINOIS APPLES.

Summer.—Early Harvest, Sine Qua Non, Sweet Bough,
Caroline, Red June, Sugar Loaf Pippin, Red Astrachan,
Golden Sweet, American Summer Pearmain.

Auttumn.—Rambo, Holland Pippin, Red Ingestrie.

Winter.—Limber Twig, Milam, Raule’s Janet, Roman
Stem, Romanite, Winesap, Yellow Bellflower, Ortley, or
White Bellflower, Baldwin.

VIRGINIA APPLES.

Abraham, Beverley’s Red, Waugh’s Crab, Raule’s Janet,
Limber Twig, Milam, Leather Coat, Brooke’s Pippin,
Ogleby, Prior’s Red, Skawn’s Seedling, Belpre, Winter
Cheese, Wellford, Vandevere, Hall’s Red, Bonum, Wine-
sap.

Sweet apples strongly recommended for stock, are:

Lady’s Sweeting, Sweet June, Sweet Bough, Golden
Sweet, Jersey Sweet, Bailey Sweet, Broadwell, Ramsdell,
Danver’s Winter, Talman’s Sweet, Michael Henry, Camp-
‘field. For cider, the Harrison Campfield, Graniwinkle,
Gilpin, and Hewe’s Virginia Crab.
118 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

PEARS.

Azzorr. Color, dark green, with reddish brown cheek ;
form, oblong obovate; size, 2; use, table; texture, sugary
and buttery; quality, 2; season, August and September.

Remarxs.—From Rhode Island.

ADELE DE ST. DENIS. Color, yellow, with some
russet ; form, obovate, irregular ; “size, 2 to 1; use, table;
texture, melting, juicy ; quality, 1; season, September.

Remwarks.—Very little known here yet. Foreign.

Alpha. Color, pale ycllowish green, with some reddish
spots, then pale brown blush ; form, obovate, and a little
oblong; size, 2; use, table; texture, buttery; quality, 2
to 3; season, September and October.

Remarxs.—A. seedling, from Belgium, of Van Mons.
It is a moderately pleasant and passable fruit.

Amire Joannet. Color, green and yellow; form, pyri-
form ; size, 3; use, table; “tec bute, buttery ; quality, 2 ~
3; season, Ta and July.

Remarks.—Synonymous with Early Sugar and St.
John. Exhibited before the Cincinnati Horticultural
Society, by Mr. McWilliams. (See Appendix, 73.)

ALTHORPE Crassanr. Color, pale green; form, round-
ish obovate ; size, 2; use, table; texture, buttery; qual-
ity, 2; season, Octeber and November.

Remarks.—The quality of this pear is not always
PEARS. 119

equal. But generally it may be pronounced “ very good.”
It is of foreign origin.

AMBRETTE. Sometimes called TZilton. Color, green;
form, oblong ; size, 2 to 3; use, table; texture, juicy, but-
tery; quality, 2; season, November to February.

RemarKks.—Resembles, a little, Echasserie. It is a
good pear.

AmpBrosia. Lchasserie by some. Color, green; form,
roundish ; size, 2; use, table; texture, buttery; quality,
2; season, January.

Remarxks.—Foreign. Hardly worthy of cultivation.

Amande Double, or Amanda’s Double. Color, yellow and
red; form, pyriform ; size, 2; use, table; texture, coarse ;
season, August.

Remarxs.—Foreign. Unworthy.

Ananas. Color, clear yellow, with small dots; form,
obtuse pyriform ; size, 1; use, table; texture, juicy ; qual-
ity, 2; season, August.

Remarxs.—Flesh, white, fine grained, firmer than the
Bartlett, but of rich, sweet, and excellent flavor. Des-
cribed in Downing’s Horticulturist, ‘Fine flavor.”

ANANAS D’ETE. Color, dull yellowish green; form,
oval; size, 2; use, table; texture, sweet, juicy, pleasant;
quality, 1; season, August and September. Best.

Remarxs.— Very Good.”—J. B. Eaton, Buffalo. —

ANDREWS. Color, yellowish and green, with a brown
cheek ; form, oval, pyriform; size, 1; use, table; texture,
buttery ; quality, 2 to 1; season, September.

Remarxs.—Not an early bearer; American origin.
120 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Good for market. Early bearer, and productive. Exhib-
ited by William Heaver; Nurseryman and Pomologist, at
the Cincinnati Horticultural Society’s Rooms in 1855.
Succeeds well about Cincinnati.

ANGLETERRE. Color, green to yellow; form, pyriform ;
size, 1; use, kitchen; texture, buttery; quality, 1; sea-
son, September.

Remarxs.—Productive, though rather apt to rot soon.
Beurre d’Angleterre, of William Heaver; large, produc-
tive, baking.

ANGORA.
Remarks.—Belicved to be the Pound, or Uvedale’s St.
Germain. Hardy, large, handsome, and most productive.
Fine for cooking.

‘

Ashton Town. Color, greenish yellow; form, roundish ;
size, 3; use, table; quality, 3; season, September.

Remarks.—From England. Generally considered un-
worthy.

AuRATE. Color, pale yellowish green; form, regular;
size, 3; use, table; texture, buttery; quality, 2; season,
July.

Remarxs.—aA pretty good fruit.

Autumn Colmar.
Remargks.—Unworthy.

Autumn Bergamot. Color, brownish green, yellow when
ripe; form, flat at blossom end, stem shart; size, 2; use,
table; texture, juicy ; quality, 3; season, September.

Remarxs.—Tree not vigorous but prolific. Unworthy.
(See Appendix, 74.)

Autumn Paraptse. Color, dull yellow; form, obo-
 

Middleton, Wallace « Clin. 0.

BARTLETT PEAR.

 

x
a
d
3
a
PEARS. 121

vate, acute pyriform; size, 1; use, table ;.texture, buttery,
melting, juicy ; season, September and October.

Remarks.—Of foreign origin. Similar, in most respects,
to Beurre Bose.

AUTUMN SUPERB.

Remarxs.—Large, obtuse, pyriform. Good for kitchen
use. A great bearer.

Barker. Color, greenish yellow; form, obovate; ae
2; use, tablé and baking; texture, coarse; putelity, 2 23
season, September and October. a

BARON DE MELLO. Color, yellow and russet; form,
obovate, acute pyriform; size, 2; use, table; texture,
melting, juicy; quality, 1; season, September and October.

Remarxs.— Good and new.”—Horticultural Exhibition,
1855. “Very good,”’—Marshall P. Wilder, in Horticulturist.

BARTLETT, or Williams’ Bon Chretien, with a great num-
ber of synonymes (showing its great value everywhere).
Color, yellow; form, obovate, obtuse pyriform; size, 1;
_ use, table; texture, buttery, melting, sugary, juicy, with
“a peouliae flavor; quality, 1; season, August to October.

Remarxs.—Hnglish. Originated in 1770. Tree vigor-
ous, and very early productive. “Well suited to the
vicinity of Cincinnati.’—F%. G. Cary. Excellent, early,
productive, either on pear or quince. The former stock
sufficiently good. Thus far, taken altogether, the best
pear of its season for the locality of Cincinnati. It is
even now too little grown, but continually gaining the
great favor and estimation it so justly and fully merits.
The Bartlett is a pear that it is not necessary to cultivate
on the quince. On its own stock it does not grow large to

11
122 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

take up much room, and from its very productive charac-
ter naturally, it over-bears on the quince. It is one of those
rare pears that succeeds equally well North and South.
It takes the widest range of climate possible for the pear
kind. This is the pear for this vicinity. It is a thrifty
grower, produces the second year from the graft, when
put on large trees. We have had it to bear the first year.
It outsells any thing else. Three dollars per bushel is
the usual price—often more. (See Appendix, 75.)

Beadnell. Color, pale yellow and green; form, turbi-
nate; size 2; use, table ; texture, melting, and very juicy;
season, September.

Remarxs.—Foreign.

BELLE ExcELLENTE.—Color, yellow, with a red blush;
form, oblong pyriform ; size, 1; use, table; texture, melt-
ing, buttery; quality, 1; season, September.

BELLE DE BRUXELLES, or Beauty of Brussels. Color, deep
yellow; form, variable, obovate pyriform; size 1; use,
table; texture, sugary ; season, August.

Remarxs.—Exhibited by W. 8. Hatch, August, 1855.
Fruit Committee considered it a first-rate market fruit,
and of pretty good flavor. This is presented as Belle of
Flanders (erroneously) in the Catalogue of the London
Horticultural Society.

Belle Canaise. Color, light yellow; form, obovate ; size,
3; use, table; texture, juicy, coarse; season, October to
January.

Remarxs.—Foreign. Unworthy.

BELLE OF FLANDERS, or Flemish Beauty, Bosch,

4
PEARS. 123

Bosch Nouvelle, Bosc Sire, etc., etc. Color, pale yellow,
mostly covered with marblings and’ patches of light rus-
set, and reddish brown in the sun; form, oblong, obtuse
obovate ; size, 1; use, table; texture, not very fine grained,
Juicy, melting, sugary ; quality, 1; season, Aug. and Sept.

RemarKs.—Very much admired, and the flavor greatly
approved of. Considered to rank among the very best.
“Merits the first place with the Bartlett, Seckel, etc.,
among the most delicious pears tested in this neighbor-
hood.” “One of the best.”—Dr. Warder. Very fine spe-
cimens exhibited by the author, August 25,1855. It is
deserving of the most general cultivation. It succeeds
well on the quince. The rich soils of the West suit it,
Tree vigorous, with the branches upright, and shoots dark
brown. Has been sometimes mistaken for Knight's
Monarch. This comes next to the Bartlett, but does not
bear so young. Delicious. Very handsome. (See Ap-
pendix, 76.)

BELLE LUCRATIVE. See Fondanted’Automne. A
most delicious fruit. A universal favorite.

BELMONT.
Remarks.—Large. Good for cooking. A good bearer,
and profitable.

BreLte Jvuuiz. Color, yellowish green; form, long
ovate ; size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy; quality 2; sea-
son, September and October.

Remarxs.— Very good.”—Hovey’s Mag. (See App. 77.)

BELLE DE NogL, or Belle Apres Noel. Color bright yel-
low; form obovate, obtuse pyriform ; use table; texture,
juicy ; quality, 2; season, December.

Remarxs.—Very rich, and highly flavored. A great
keeper. ‘Good keeper.”—Dr. Warder.
124 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

BELLISSIME D’ErE, or the Beauty of Summer, or French
Jargonelle, Red Muscadel, English Red Check, etc., etc. Color,
yellow, with red cheek; form, roundish obovate ; size, 3;
use, table ; texture, juicy, sugary ; season, July, and some-
times August.

Remarks.—The fruit is small and singularly beautiful ;
the skin is smooth, of a bright yellow, the cheek toward
the sun of a brilliant red, with small dots; the form is
regular, diminishing toward the stem, which is long. If
picked before it is ripe, it is a pretty good early pear; it
sometimes grows in clusters; produces abundantly, and
commonly ripens about the middle of July.

BELLE DE TuHouars. Color, brownish russet; form,
pyriform, angular; size, 2; use, table; texture, tart,
juicy; quality, 1 to 2; season, August and September.

Remarks.—Of foreign origin.

BELLE ET Bonne, or Beautiful and Good, or Gracieuse.
Color, greenish yellow; form, roundish; size, 2; use,
table; texture, juicy and melting; quality, 2; season,
August.

Remarxs.—Pretty good when well ripened.

Bensett’s Winter. Color, yellow; form, round; size,
1; use, baking; texture, juicy, astringent; quality, 2;
season, Winter.

Remarxs.—Originated near Philadelphia; a fine keeper
and a great bearer. Somewhat harsh and astringent,
though not of a bad quality for cooking.

Benoist Nouveau. Color, greenish yellow; form, round
obovate ; size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy, sugary; qual-
ity, 2; season, Winter.

RemaARxKs.—Also rather astringent.
PEARS. 126

BERGAMOTTE D’HsPEREN.

Remarks.—A great keeper. Like the Autumn Berga-
motte, grows well on quince. Melting and juicy. Not
quite so rich as some of the Autumn Pears.

Bequesne. Color, yellow, with dark spots; form, long;
size, 1; use, baking; texture, astringent; quality, 2.
Remarks.—Only good for cooking.

BERGAMOTTE SYLVANCHE. Color, green, size, 2; use,
table; texture, juicy; quality, 2; season, August and
September.

BEURRE DE CaPpraumont. Color, clear yellow; form,
long turbinate; size, 2 to 3; use, table; texture, crisp;
quality, 2 to 3; season, August and September ; situation
or aspect, South.

Remarks.—A great bearer. Exhibited by the author
at the Cincinnati Horticultural Society Hall, August 25,
1855, Committee considered it “a pretty good pear, but
subject, when the trees bear full, to be a little too crisp
and astringent.” These specimens, more astringent than
it usually is, and, therefore, not so good as the pear some-
times is. An annual bearer. A good little pear; when
ripened in the house, it loses its astringency. Too small
for market.

Brvrre DE Breumont. Color, yellowish green; form,
round obovate; size, 2.
RemarKs.—Foreign. Good.

Beurre Presie. Color greenish yellow; form, oblate
obovate; size, 2; use table; texture, buttery; quality, 2;
season, September.

Remarxs.—Hardly worthy of cultivation.
126 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

BrvrRe Mouuetts Guernsey. Color, yellowish green ;
form, ovate pyriform; size, 2; use, table; texture, melt-
ing; quality, 2; season, November to December.

RemarKs.—Foreign. A fine kind.

Brvurre Benoist. Color, yellow, mottled; form, obtuse
pyriform; size, 2 to 1; use, table; texture, melting, but-
tery, sweet and rich; quality, 1; season, July.

RemMarKs.—A new and exceedingly fine pear; always
fine. Flesh, white, tender, buttery, abounding in rich,
sweet, sprightly juice. (See Appendix, 78.)

Beurre p’Ansov. Color, pale yellow, with a dull blush;
form, oblong, obovate pyriform ; size, 1; use, table; tex-
ture, juicy, melting; quality, 1; season, October and
November.

Remarxs.—Foreign. Good on pear and quince. An
old pear, on Loudon’s List. “ Fine, good, rather acid.”—
Cincinnati Horticultural Exhibition, 1855. Of nearly the
highest excellence. A great many good qualities about it.

BEuRRE D’AREMBERG. Has many synonymes. Form,
obovate, obtuse pyriform; size, 2; use, table; texture,
juicy, melting, vinous; quality, 2; season, December to
February.

Remarks.—Forcign. Sometimes confounded with Glout
Morceau. Fruit hangs well. A great bearer and hardy.
A warm, rich soil suits it. Wood, strong, long jointed.
Rather difficult to ripen: a common fault with Winter
fruit. A warm temperature has been found injurious
for this purpose. A cool place, about 40° or 50°, and
allowing it a long time gradually to ripen, appears by
late experiments to be the most successful of all methods.
The Buerre d’ Aremberg can not be regarded as a
good Winter pear with us, West, with our present ex-
' PEARS. 127

perience in ripeningit. It has not the fault of coming too
late into bearing that some varieties have.

Brurre Easter. See Hastcer Beurre.

Bevurre Ruine. Color, light yellow, rough spots ; form,
pyriform, irregular; size, 1; use, table; texture, rather
coarse; quality, 2; season, October and November.

ReEMaARKs.—Succeeds very well on the quince. Often
very good in the Hast. Called “Poor,” by the Fruit Com-
mittee Cincinnati Horticultural Exhibition, 1855.

Brurre Brown, or Brown Beurre. Color, yellowish
green on brownish ground; size, 1; use, table; texture,
buttery, melting, juicy; quality, 2; season, September.
(See Appendix, 79.)

Remarxs.—An old variety. Requires a warm, rich
soil. A peculiar vinous taste. Much finer in England
than in the West. There it is one of their choicest fruits.

BEURRE BOSC. Color, dark yellow, with russet dots;
form obovate, acute, pyriform; size, 1; use, table; tex-
ture, juicy, melting, sweet; quality, 2; season, September
and October.

Remarxks.—Fruit always fine. Foreign, by Van Mons.
Fruit varies somewhat in size. Tree, vigorous; long,
brownish olive shoots. Very fine, though a wild grower.
Exhibited by Mr. T. M. Millikin, of the town of Ham-
ilton, at the Cincinnati Horticultural Exhibition, 1855.
Will not do on the quince stock; perhaps the only one
that will not do at all. Varies in different seasons.

Beurre SuperFiIn. Color, dull pale green; size, 1;
use, table; texture, juicy; quality, 2; season, Septem-
ber and October.
128 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Rzemarxs.—Excellent in Boston ; received prize. Flesh,
juicy, melting, and with slight aroma. Described by Col.
Wilder, in Horticulturist. Tree vigorous.

BrEurReE Sprin. Form, obovate obtuse pyriform ; size,
1; use, table; texture, juicy; quality, 2; season, October.
Remarxks.—Flesh, melting, juicy, rich with a peculiar
aroma. Described by Col. Wilder. 1

Beurve Bachelier. Color, greenish yellow; form, oblate
obovate pyriform ; size, 1; use, table; texture, sugary ;
season, Winter. é

Remarks.—Foreign. Tree vigorous. Good bearer.

Beurre D’AMANLIS. Color, dull green; form, obtuse
pyriform; size, 1; texture, juicy; quality, 2; season,
August.

Remanrxs.—Rots at core before it looks ripe. Fine in
flavor, however, when sound. Exhibited by A. H. Ernst,
in August, 1855. Committee considered the specimens
“very fine; a first-rate fruit.” Not much cultivated, yet, in
this vicinity. If it generally rots, which is likely, it will
be better to regraft old trees, and cease cultivating it.
Committee must have been in error about this fruit; not
a first-rate fruit. Good on alternate years, when it bears
heavy crops. It is of fair size for market, although it
comes in with the great Bartlett. Specimens of the same
fruit will often vary very much—so much so as often to
deceive the most experienced. It sometimes requires
several trials of the same fruit to be infallible.

BEvRRE DE WATERLOO. Fondante de Chaneuse. Color,
dull green, rough skin, with russet traces and points;
form, obtuse pyriform; size, 1; use, table; texture, juicy,
sprightly, sugary; quality, 1; season, September.
PEARS. 129

Remanxs.—Described by Col. Wilder in Horticulturist.
Fine with us (Cincinnati). Exhibited in Mr. Ernst’s col-
lection, at the Horticultural Exhibition of 1855.

Beurre Stetkmans. Color, dull grayish russet; form,
obovate pyriform ; size, 2; texture, rich, sub-acid; season,
October.

Burrre Brerronneav. Form, obovate oblate pyri-
form; size, 1; use, table; texture, sugary, melting; sea-
son, long keeper.

Remarxs.—Large and handsome. Flesh, melting, high
flavored and excellent. Described thus briefly by Col.
Wilder, President of Massachusetts Horticultural Society
for many years. Foreign. “Does not succeed well on
the quince.” —Rivers, in Horticulturist.

Burrre Diet. Color, yellow; form, obovate, obtuse
pyviform; size, 1; use, table; texture, juicy; quality, 2
season, October to November. ~

Remarks.—Fine, when well ripened. Thrifty, fruit
roughish. Foreign. Does well on either pear or quince.
Very productive. Not difficult to ripen. Fruit apt to
drop from the tree, before picking time. Fine, large,
very delicious when ripened in the house, as most pears
should be. Very subject to leaf-blight. We kept them
until January, one season, when they were pronounced
very superior, by the members of the Cincinnati Horti-
cultural Society. Notas great a bearer as the Bartlett.
(See Appendix, 80.)

?

BeuRRE CLAIRGEAU, OF Nantes. Color, yellowish green ;
form, irregular turbinate ; size, 1; use, table ; texture, but-
tery ; quality, 1; season, October ‘anid N ovember.

REMARKS. _-Dieecribeit’ by Andre Leroy, in Horticulturist,
130 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

A handsome pear, of first-rate quality. Flesh, melting,
juicy. Resembles Gray Doyenne. Very productive,
and bears early; very vigorous. A very great acquisition.

Beurre Charron. Color, greenish yellow; form, round-
ish; size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy, melting; quality, 1.

Beurre Kenrick. Color, greenish yellow; form, pyri-
form ; size, 2; use, table ; texture, not juicy.
Remarxs.—Unworthy.

Beurre Nantats. Color, greenish yellow, with crim-
son; form, long pyriform, sometimes obovate; size, 2;
use, table; texture, melting, very juicy; richly flavored,
sweet, and pleasant; quality, 1; season, September.

Remarks.—Should be picked before ripe. Summer and
early Fal] pears should be picked when fully grown, and
before the process of ripening commences. Much fine
fruit is spoiled by being picked too late. With very few
exceptions, no pear ought to ripen on thé tree.

Beurre Knox.
Remarks.—Unworthy.

Bevurre Presie. Color, greenish yellow, russet and
green spots; form, oblong, obovate; size, 1; use, table;
texture, buttery; quality, 2; season, September and Oc-
tober.

Remarxs.—American origin. Worthy.

Beurre Colmar.
Remarxs.— Unworthy.

BEURRE LANGELIER. Color, light green, with
pale yellow; form, obovate, pyriform ; size, 2; use, table;
PEARS, 131

texture, juicy; quality, 1; season, December and Jan-
uary.

Remarxs.—Flesh, yellowish white, melting, and fine-
grained. Flavor, sprightly, sub-acid, rich, excellent, with
a light perfume. Vigorous on pear or quince. Produc-
tive. Has proved fine here.

BrvRRE DE BEaumont. Color, yellowish green, brown-
ish red in sun, with many dark green, or russety spots;
form, roundish obovate; size, 2; use, table; quality, 2;
season, September.

Remarxs.—Of foreign origin. Flesh, white, buttery,
juicy, sweet, by good authority pronounced “ very good.”

BEURRE GOUBAULT. Size, 1; use, table; quality,
1; texture, buttery; season, August and September.

Remarxs.—Good and large. Exhibited by Wm. Hea-
ver, at Cincinnati Horticultural Society, August 25, 1855.
Committee on Fruit considered it “rich, buttery, and of
good flavor.” Tree, vigorous, early bearer, and product-
ive. (See Appendix, 81.)

BEURRE GIFFARD. Color, yellowish green; form,
pyriform; size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy, melting;
season, August.

RemarKs.—Foreign. <A beautiful, early pear. Does
well on quince stocks. Of fine texture and flavor.

Beurre Van Mons. Color, yellowish, with russet; form,
pyriform ; size, 2; use, table; texture, coarse; insipid to
some extent; quality, 3; season, September.

Remarxs.—Exhibited before the Cincinnati Horticul-
tural Socicty, August 18th, 1855. Fruit Committee pro-
nounced it third-rate. The judgment of fruit often
depends upon eating it at the exact point of perfection.
132 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Brvrre Anpusson. Color, yellowish green when ripe;
form, obovate, acute pyriform, tapering abruptly ; size, 2;
use, table; texture, juicy, tender; quality, 2; season,
August and September.

RemarKks.—Flesh, melting, tender, juicy. Flavor, rich
sub-acid, slightly perfumed with rose. Described by Col.
Wilder, in Horticulturist.

Beurre Moir. Color, pale green; form, obovate, oblate,
pyriform ; size, 1; use, table; texture, juicy, vinous; sea-
son, September and October.

Remarxs.—Foreign. Not tested here.

Beurre Romain. Color, yellowish green ; form, obovate;
size, 2; use, table; texture, poor; quality, 4; season,
September.

Remarxs.—Unworthy. Very poor.

Beurre Gris. See Brown Beurre.

Beurre TuHoury. Color, greenish yellow; form,
round, obtusely turbinated; size, 2 to 1; use, table;
texture, buttery, juicy; quality, 2; season, August and
September.

Rrmarxs.—Tree, handsome and vigorous. “Almost, very
good.” Exhibited before Cincinnati Horticultural Society,
1855, by Elliott, of Cleveland, author of American Fruit
Grower's Guide.

Beurre pve Ranz, Beurre Kpine, Beurre de Flandres.
Color, dark green, with a sunny bronze, some russet at
the crown, with some russet dots; form, oblong, obtuse
pyriform; size, 1; use, table; texture, coarse, juicy ;
quality, 2; season, January to March.
PEARS. 133

Remarxs.—Varies a great deal in quality. Not often
“very good.” ‘Tree, very straggling in habit. Foreign.

Beurre Beavizu. Color, yellow, with russet spots;
form, obovate pyriform ; size, 2 to 1; use, table; texture,
juicy; quality, 2; season, August and September.

Beurre Cuarron. Form, round, obovate; size, 2; use,
table; texture, juicy; quality, 1; season, August and
September.

Remarxs.—Flesh, exceedingly melting, juicy, and per-
fumed. A new pear, from Anjou, France.

Bevrre Suisse. Color, green, red and yellow ground;
form, obovate oblate; size, 2;.use, table; texture, poor,
tasteless ; quality, 3.

Remarks.—Foreign. Only curious.

Beurre Bronzee.

Remarxs.—Unworthy.

BEURRE OSWEHGO. Color, yellowish green, dull
blotches of russet ; form, ovate obovate, or obovate round-
ed; size, 2; use, table; texture, melting, juicy, sub-acid,
sprightly; quality, 2; season, September.

Remarks.—This is of value. Size, medium. Very
juicy. Of brownish color. Tree, said to be hardy ; Sep-
tember, or sometimes October. Promises to be a good
pear here.

Brvugre Fievz. Color, greenish yellow; form, round;
size, 2; use, table; texture, tender, juicy; quality, 1;
season, August.

Remarxks.—A small pear. “Good.”—A. H. Ernst, who
has paid particular attention to the pear.
134 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

oy,

BrurreE Van Marum. Color, greenish yellow; form,
obtuse pyriform; size, 1; use, table; texture, tender;
season, October.

Remarks.—Productive and fair. An early bearer.
Good for market. Synonymous with the Grosse Cala-
basse.

BEURRE SPENCE. Color, greenish, becoming yel-
low at maturity, shaded with dull crimson, thinly sprin-
kled with russet, and thickly covered with russet dots ;
size, 2; form, short, pyriform, inclining to turbinate ;
quality, 2; use, table; season, August and September.
Tree, moderately vigorous, very productive.

BEuRRE Crapaup. Color, deep yellow; form, round
obovate; size, 2; use, table; texture, melting, juicy;
quality, for Cincinnati, 3.

Remarxs.—Fine for the North. Foreign. Vigorous
upon both pear and quince,

Bervurre SuperFrin. Color, pale green, traces of rus-
set, cheek of a dusky brown ; size, 1; use, table; texture,
juicy, melting, slight aroma; quality, 2; season, Sept.

Remarxs.—Col. Wilder, in the Horticulturist, approves
of it.

BEURRE PICQUERY, or Urbaniste. Color, pale yel-
low, with gray dots ; form, obovate pyriform ; size, 2; use,
table; texture, Eee buttery, and juicy; quality, 1
season, September to November.

Remarxs.—Very rich and good. Of great excellence.
Horticultural Exhibition, 1855. Urbaniste, according to
Elliott. Suited to rich aoile, West.

3

BEURRE GRIS D’HIVER NOUVEAU, or Winter
Gray Doyenne. Winter. One of the very best.
PEARS. 135

Beurre Kossutn. Color, dull yellowish green ; form,
turbinate rounded; size, 1; use, table; texture, juicy,
sugary ; quality, 2; season, August and September.

Remarks.—Foreign. New. A little acid. Described
in Hovey’s Magazine.

BEURRE MILLET. Color, pale yellow ; form, round-
ed, obtuse pyriform ; size, 2; use, table; texture, melting,
juicy ; quality, 1; season, October to January.

Remarxs.—Exhibited by A. H. Ernst, in the Autumn
Fair of the Cincinnati Horticultural Society, 1855. Very
fine.

Bezi, or Bezy Vaet. Color, greenish yellow, brown cheek ;
form, obovate; size, 2; use, table; texture, indifferent ;
quality, 3; season, October.

Remarxs.—Unworthy of attention here.

Beurre d’ Heri. Color, greenish yellow; form, roundish ;
size, 2; use, table; texture, poor; quality, 3; season,
September.

Remarxs.—Not worthy of any attention.

Bergamotte Suisse. Unworthy.

BERGAMOTTE D’ESPEREN. Color, yellowish green ; form,
roundish; size, 2; use, table; texture, buttery, melting,
juicy; quality, 2; season, Winter.

Remarks.—Foreign.

BERGAMOTTE GAuDRY. Color, yellowish green; form,
roundish ; size, 2; use, table; texture, tender, juicy;
quality, 2; season, Winter.

Bercamotre CapETTE. Color, pale yellow; form, round
136 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

obovate; size, 2 to 3; use, table; texture, tender, juicy,
a little gritty; season, September.
Remarxs.—Foreign, as, indeed, all these French names

imply.

Bezt DE CHARMONTELLE, or Winter Buiter. Color, yel-
low, reddish next the sun; form, very irregular; size, 1;
use, table; texture, melting; quality, 2; season, long
keeper.

Remarks.—Crown of the fruit very deeply hollowed.

Bezi de Caissoy. Color, greenish yellow, when ripe;
form, round, flat at crown; size, 2 to 3; use, table; tex-
ture, buttery; quality, 2; season, October.

Brzi pE Montieny. Color, yellowish green; form, ob-
ovate; size, 2; texture, juicy, sugary, tender; season,
September.

Remarxs.—Nice little pear. Of not much flavor, mushy.

Bez SansPaRuIL. Color, dull greenish yellow; form,
obtuse, pyriform ; size, 3; use, table; texture, juicy, aro-
matic; quality, 2; season, Winter.

Remarxs.—Of foreign origin.

Bezi DE LA Morte. Color, dull green; form, round;
size, 2; use, table; texture, buttery; quality, 3; season,
October.

Remarxs.—An old variety, which appears as hardy as
deficient in high flavor ; sweet and juicy. Very product-
ive, and worthy of cultivation. A good pear.

Buz pe Napuzs. Color, light yellowish green ; form,
ovate, obovate ; size, 2; use, table ; texture, buttery, juicy,
sugary ; season, September.
PEARS. 137

Bishop’s Thumb, or Beurre Adam, Winter cooking.

BLOODGOOD. Color, yellow; form, obtuse, pyriform ;
size, 2; use, table; texture, buttery; quality, 1; season,
July, August.

Remarks.— Very fine, though rather small. A fine
early pear, but not the earliest. Exhibited by several
during the season. The Fruit Committee decided it a
first-rate Summer fruit. Best ripened in the house.

Bleeker’s Meadow, or Pfiester. Color, yellowish; form,
roundish; size, 2; use, table; texture, medium. “ Pretty
good.”—J. A. Warder. Mr. Ernst thinks he has found it
quite unworthy of cultivation.

Black Worcester. Color, russet green; form, obovate;
size 1; use, kitchen; texture, harsh; quality, 2; season,
November to February.

Remarks.—Flesh, firm, coarse, austere. For baking
only.

Bon Curetien Fonpantse.— Color, yellowish green;
form, round, oblate; size, 2; use, table; texture, melting,
juicy, tender, sugary; quality, 2.

Remarks.—A little gritty, but pretty fine. A very
melting, good pear; not very rich, but a uniform bearer;
nearly always smooth.

Bon CHRETIEN D’HIvER, or Good Christian of Winter.
Color, yellow; form, truncated pyramidal; size, 1; use,
table; texture, tender, sugary; season, January.

Remarks.—Flesh a little odoriferous. Size, sometimes
six inches long and four inches wide. Proved worthless,
here, with A. H. Brnst.

Bonne ves ZexEs, Color, light yellow, and red; form,
12
138 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

obovate pyriform; size, 2; use, table; texture, melting,
juicy; quality, 1; season, September.

BorpENIEvE, or Lodge. Color, dull greenish russet;
form, acute pyriform; size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy,
buttery, sugary; season, September.

Bouguia. Unworthy.

Bon Curetien p’Espacne. Color, yellow, brown dots;
form, long; size, 1; use, kitchen; texture, juicy; quality,
2; season, November.

Remarxks.—Requires a good soil. Good cooking.

. Brocas Bergamot. Color, dull light green ; form, round ;
size, 2 to 1; use, table; texture, juicy; season, September.

RemarKks.—An uncertain and small bearer; deficient
in vigor. Loses its leaves early.

Bovssouck. Color, yellow, russet spots; form, globu-
lar, obtuse pyriform ; size, 1; use, table; texture, juicy ;
season, October.

Remarxs.—Introduced by Kenrick. Tree vigorous.

Brown Beurre, or Beurre Gris of Coxe (the best and
most practical writer of his time on fruit in the Middle
States). Color, green, with black clouds; form, almost
elliptical; size, 1; use, table; texture, juicy; quality, 2 in
this country, 1 in England; season, September.

Remarxs.—Requires a very rich soil; varies in excel-
lence; sometimes too acid, sometimes cracks when the
year is unfavorable. It lasts a long time in favorable
seasons. This was the great pear of our boyhood in Eng-
land, where it is superlatively fine, rich, and melting, like
the Bartlett.
PEARS. 139

Broome Park. Color, brown ; form, roundish; size, 2; use,
table; texture, rather poor; quality, 3; season, November,’
Remarxs.—Unworthy.

BRANDYWINE. Color, dull yellow and green ; form,
tapers to stalk; size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy; qual-
ity, 1; season, August, same time as the famous Bartlett.

Remarxs.—Flesh more rich, juicy, and sprightly than
the Bartlett; not so brilliant in complexion. It never
rots in core, and keeps well rather early picked from the
tree. Trée very thrifty. Of American origin.

Branpbez’s St. Germain. Color, bright yellow; form,
oblate oval; size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy, vinous;
quality, 2; season, Winter.

Remarks.—Foreign. Manning thinks well of it, con-
sidering its season.

Brineewoop. Color, yellow, russet and brownish ; form,
pyriform ; size, 2; use, table; texture, rich; quality, 2;
‘ season, November.
Remarks.—Of English origin. Gritty at core, though
otherwise well flavored.

Brielmont. Color, yellow; form, obovate oblate; size,
3; use, table; texture, melting; quality, 2; season, Sep-
tember and October.

Remarxs.—Of foreign origin.

Brovauam. Color, yellowish white; form, obovate ;
size, 3; use, table; texture, buttery, sugary; quality, 2
to 3; season, Fall.

Remarxs.—Foreign. A little gritty. This is objection-
able; but many very rich pears—as Gansell’s, Bergamot,
and a few others—have this defect. Rather austere.
140 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

BUFFAM. Color, brown; form, ovate; size, 2; use,
table; texture, buttery ; quality, 2; season, August and
September.

Remarxs.—Of American origin. Productive and early.
Native of Rhode Island. Excellent for standard orchard-
ing. An upright, strong grower. Always productive. A
great fruit for marketing. Variable in quality. (See Ap-
pendix, p. 82.)

Burnett. Unworthy.

Casor. Color, russct yellow, red in sun; form, oval,
roundish ; size, 2; use, table; flesh, not high flavored ;
quality, 3; season, August.

Remarks.—‘A good little fruit.’—A. A. Ernst.

Caen de France. Color, yellow russet ; form, round obo-
vate; size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy, sugary; season,
Winter.

RemarKks.—Foreign.—( Hort. Mag.)

CapsHEAF. Color, yellow, with a great deal of cinna-
mon russet ; form, roundish-obovate ; size, 2; use, table ;
texture, melting, juicy, sweet; quality, 2; season, Sept’r.

Remarxs.—Native of Rhode Island. Tree hardy. Fruit
agreeable, but not of high flavor.

Calebasse Grosse. Unworthy.

Capucin. Unworthy, nearly.

Capiaumont. Color, yellow; form, globular, acute,
pyriform ; size, 2; use, table; texture, buttery, sugary ;

quality, 2; season, September and October.
RemMaRkKs.—Handsome, but inferior with us®
PEARS. 141

CaLHowun. Color, yellow; form, roundish ; size, 2; use,
table; texture, melting, juicy, sugary; quality, 2; season,
September and October,

Remarxs.—American. New Haven, Connecticut.

CANANDAIGUA.—Size, 1; texture, juicy, sugary; quality,
2; season, August.

Remarks. — Resembles the Bartlett. Does well on
quince or pear. Tree, healthy, vigorous and productive.
Described in Hovey’s Magazine. Often worthless with us.

Calebasse d’Ete. Color, dull green; form, oblate, pyri-
form ; irregular; size, 2 to1; use, table; texture, buttery,
juicy; quality, 2; season, August.

Caritiac. Color, yellow; form, obtuse, pyriform ; size,
1; use, kitchen; texture, coarse, breaking or crisp, juicy;
quality, 2; season, November to March.

Remarxs.—For Winter baking.

CATINKA. Color, yellow; form, oblate pyriform; size,
1; use, table; texture, juicy, sugary; quality, 1; season,
September and November. ;

Remarxs.—New and good. Large, round, fine melting
pear. Good bearer. Tree of vigorous growth.

CHANCELLOR, or Early German. Color, green; form,
oblate obovate, pyriform; size, 1; use, table; texture,
melting; quality, 1; season, September and October.

Remarxs.—Brinckle (one of the best authorities), in
Horticulturist, pronounces this a truly delicious pear. (See
Appendix, p. 83.)

CHAPTAL. Color, greenish yellow; form, round obo-
vate ovate; size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy; quality, 1;
season, Winter.
142 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

CuarLes Van Mons. Color, yellowish green, russet
spots; form, obovate obtuse pyriform ; size, 3; use, table; -
texture, juicy, melting, vinous; quality, 2; scason, Jan-
uary.

Remarxs.—Of foreign origin, as the name denotes;
Van Mons, the great originator of some of the finest pears
from seed, having used the greatest perseverance and
energy, skill and science, in his labors. Be

CHELMsFoRD. Season, Fall. Product vigorous.

Remarks.—Like the Stone, is good to sell, for baking,
but not for the dessert. Its fine appearance promises,
like many things, more than it can perform, and attracts
the popular eye. Large, yellow-red cheek. Unworthy
of cultivation.

CHAUMONTEL TRES GRos, or Chaumontel. Very rich and
large. See Beurre Easter, or Easter Beurre, it being syn-
onymous.

CHAUMONTEL, or Winter Beurre. Color, yellowish rus-
set, brown in sun; form, oblate obovate; size, 1; use,
table; texture, buttery. melting; quality, 2; season, Oc-
tober to February. ‘

Remarks.—Requires a rich, warm soil. Often poor.
(See Appendix, p. 84.)

\

Curistuas. Color, bronzed, russety; form, ovate, round-
ish; size, 2; use, table; a little gritty, but juicy and su-
gary; quality, 2 to 1; season, November to February.

Remarxs.—American. New. From this vicinity (Cin-
einnati). Warder’s Notes.

Cirron. Color, dull green, with russet spots; form,
roundish obovate; size, 2; use, table; texture, some-
PEARS, : 143

what coarse, but melting and juicy; quality, 2; season,
August.

CITRON DES CARMES, or Madeleine. See Madeleine.
The best and most profitable, and earliest pear of any
great merit. Good, if picked before it turns yellow.
Early, medium; not at all like Green Chisel, as has been
said.

Clara. Unworthy. Inferior. Color, clear, yellow. Fall.
CLION. See Vicar of Winkfield.

Clinton. Unworthy.

COLLINS. Color, yellowish green; form, round, obo-
vate; size, 1; use, table; texture, vinous, juicy, sugary ;
quality, 1; season, August and September.

Remarks.—From Watertown, Massachusetts. Supposed
to be a seedling of White Doyenne (that most excellent
fruit.) A great bearer. Tree, moderate growth.

CotmartT. Color, a little yellowish when ripe, green
and brown spots; form, flat at blossom end; size, 1; use,
table; texture, buttery, melting; quality, 2; season,
Winter.

Remar«s.—Keeps very well.

COMPTE DE LAMY. Color, yellow, with a brown
cheek, with russet dots; form, round, obovate; size, 2;
use, table; texture, buttery; quality, 1; season, August
and September.

Remarxgs.—Exhibited by Heaver & Hyler, August
25,1855. Rich, delicious, and sugary. Tree of upright

' growth.
144 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Comprette. Unworthy, when there are so many better.
Commodore. Inferior.

ConsEILLER RAuwez. Color, dull greenish russet ; form,
obovate, obtuse pyriform; size, 2; use, table; texture,
melting, tender; quality, 2; season, September.

Remarxs.—Described and recommended by Colonel
Wilder, in Horticulturist.

Colmar Epine. Color, dull green; form; round, obtuse,
oblate; size, 1; use, table; texture, melting, vinous, juicy;
quality, 2; season, August and September.

Remarxks.—Origin foreign. A good fruit.

Colmar Neill. Color, pale yellow; form, obovate; size,
1; use, table; texture, buttery, melting; quality, 2; sea-
son, September.

Remarxks.—Origin foreign.

CotumBia. Form, oblate, obovate, pyriform; size, 1;
use, table; texture, juicy; quality, 2; season, Winter.

Remarks.—From Westchester, New York. Tree very
hardy and productive. Fruit always smooth and fair,
often first-rate, but rather apt to drop before it is per-
fectly ripe.

Cormar p’AREMBERG. Color, green on deep yellow;
form, irregular ; size, 1; use, cooking or kitchen ; texture,
crisp; quality, 2 to 3; season, October and November.

Remarks.—Skin, thin. Flesh, unfit for the table.
Juice, abundant, acerb, pleasant, but on the whole it is
only middling. Only “so-so” in flavor. It has some-
times been confounded with the Glout Morceau. Almost
worthless.
PEARS. 145

Colma. Winter Vergalieu of some. Indifferent.

CorER. Color, pale green; form, regular obovate ; size,
2; use, table; texture, tender, melting; quality, 2; sea-
son, October and November.

Remagxs.—Tree of moderate growth and bearing.

COUNTESS OF LUNAY. Color, pale yellow, red and
russet; form, roundish obovate; size, 2; use, table; tex-
ture, crisp, melting, juicy ; quality, 1; season, September.

Remarxs.—Tree, vigorous; very productive on quince.
Has been distributed as the Doyenne d’Ete, in some parts
of the country.

COIT’S BEURRE. Color, rich brown russet; form,
obtuse pyriform; size, 1 to 2; use, table; texture, juicy,
buttery, melting; quality, 1; season, August and Sep-
tember.

Remarks.—From Euclid, Ohio. Tree, hardy, vigorous,
upright. Well worthy a place in all collections. Ranks
among the first. Can hardly be too highly commended.
“Very rich, and luscious.’—Frudt Committee at the Cincin-
nati Horticultural Exhibition, 1855, the greatWestern Fruit
Year, when there were so many fruits tested, and decided
upon, pro and con—a valuable and memorable year for
pomologists, and the public at large.

Crawford. Unworthy.

Croft Castle. Inferior. Worthless.

Cross, or Winter Oross. Color, deep yellow; form,
round obovate; size, 2; use, table; texture, melting,

juicy; quality, 1; season, October to February.
13
146 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Remarxs.—Of American origin; from Massachusetts.
Tree, hardy, slender. Wood, grayish yellow. Slow growth.

CrassaNE, or Bergamotte Orassane. Color, greenish yel-
low; form, rather round, with black dots; use, table;
texture, melting, juicy; quality, 2; season, September.

RemarKs.—Ripens soon after the Yellow, or Orange
Beurre. Dry when first gathered. It will keep in the
house six weeks. It is a great bearer; of vigorous growth,
and hardy.

Cuisse Madame. Color, yellowish green; form, long;
size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy; season, July.

Remarxs.—Possesses a slight musky flavor. Liable to
be blown from the tree.

CUSHING. Color, light, greenish yellow, with gray-
ish dots, or patches; form, ovate obovate; use, table;
texture, white, melting, sugary ; quality, 1; season, August.

Remarks.—American. From Hingham, Massachusetts.
Tree, hardy. Of fine quality, as many from this State
(Massachusetts), particularly near Boston, with that dis-
tinguished Pomologist and Merchant Prince, M. P. Wilder,
to take the lead, with his excellent judgment, and great
zeal, fully and truly demonstrate. Good for all soils.
Not of high flavor. ;

Cumberland.
Remarks.—An indifferent fruit. Sometimes pretty
good, but we would not recommend it.

DALLAS. Color, dull yellow and red, with risset ;
form, round, obovate; size, 2; use, table; texture, white,
melting, juicy ; season, October. :
PEARS. 147

Remarxs.—American. From New Haven, Connecticut.
It may be observed, as a general rule, that the native fruit
trees, originating, either from native seed, or from the
seed of established fine foreign kinds, are the hardiest,
most thrifty, vigorous, and healthy—as the Seckel, Buf-
fam, Dearborn’s Seedling, etc. The Bartlett, and some
others, are exceptions to this rule. 3

D' Amour.

Remarxs.—Rather too small to be popular here, though
sometimes of rich flavor. It is a very fruitful tree, but
too small to be much cultivated.

Deran’s Summer. See Doyenne d’ Ete.

DEARBORN’S SEEDLING. Color, pale yellow, with
russet spots ; form, obovate ; size, 3; use, dessert; texture,
juicy, melting; quality, 1; season, August.

Remarxs.—Tree bears wellat 7 or 8 years old. First-
rate. Origin Roxbury, Massachusetts. Tree very vigorous,
erect, yet spreading. Very fine and delicious, but rather
small. Exhibited by A. H. Ernst, with whom it has always
been a great favorite, August 11, 1855. Fruit Committee
decided it, “ Hardly to be too highly prized.” “ Very
fine."—Dr. Warder. An early and abundant bearer. A
hardy tree.

Dr Louvain. Color, dull greenish yellow; form, obo-
vate, acute pyriform ; size, 1; use, baking; texture, crisp,
juicy, astringent; quality, 1; season, December to Feb-
ruary.

RemarKs.—Foreign. It is well known that, for the
purposes of good baking or cooking, there are qualities
required different from the table or dessert. These qual-
ities are juiciness, crispness, some acidity; and even astrin-
148 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

gency, or harshness, and hardness, is but little objection-
able for this purpose in most fruits. Still the best fruits,
when they do cook well, retain their delicious and superior
points as well after the culinary processes are applied to
them, as before.

DELICES D’HARDENPONT. Color, pale yellow,
green dots, russet in sun; form, roundish; size, 2; use,
table; texture, white, buttery, melting, juicy; quality, 1;
season, September.

Remarxs.—Foreign. We are greatly indebted to Mr.
Knight, the great English botanist, for many new and
most excellent fruits, obtained by cross impregnation; as
well as to Van Mons and others, fur kinds from the seed.
It is well known that upon this first, most delicate, and
beautiful process, must greatly depend our improvement,
especially in grapes, upon the native vines; also, rasp-
berries, etc., etc.

DES NONNES. Color, clear yellow, with small brown
dots ; form, turbinated ; size, 2 ; use, table ; texture, white,
buttery, melting, juicy ; quality. 1; season, August to Sept.

Remarxs.—A pear of great excellence, combining the
high flavor of the Seckel, with the delicious melting qual-
ities of the Belle Lucrative, or its synonyme, Fondante
d’Automne. In short, of very fine flavor and texture.

Dexices DE Mons. Color, lemon yellow; form, pyti-
form, uneven surface; size, 1; use, table; texture, melt-
ing, vinous, juicy; quality, 2; season, September.

Remarks.—Foreign.

De Sorivs. Color, yellowish, grayish, white dots;
form, turbinate; size, 1; use, dessert; texture, white,
melting, juicy ; quality, 2; season, September to Nov.
PEARS. 149

. Remarxs.—New. Tree vigorous. Described favorably
in Hovey’s Magazine.

DituEN. Color, greenish yellow; form, obovate, obtuse
pyriform ; size, 1; use, table; season, September to Nov.
RemMARKs.—Tree not vigorous. Described in Hovey’s Mag.

DILLER. Color, golden yellow, sprinkled with russet
dots; form, obtuse, or one-sided; size, 2; use, table;
texture, white, buttery, sugary; quality, 1; season, Aug.

RemarKks.—Among the best. Its growth resembles the
Bloodgood. Flesh, yellowish white, buttery, with rich,
sugary, luscious flavor. A little gritty atthe core. Seeds
long, black, and pointed. Slow growth. Cankers some.

DIX. Color, yellow, with russet spots; form, oblong
pyriform ; size, 1; use, table; texture, melting; quality,
1; season, October to November.

Remarxs.—First bore fruit in 1826, in the garden of
Madame Dix, in Boston. Itis very hardy. It does not
bear until it has reached some considerable size, different
in that respect from the Bartlett and some others. Pro-
duces abundantly. Very free from disease. It deserves
the attention of all cultivators, as it is of high excellence.
Tree, thorny. Very good, but long coming into bearing.
Bears all at the top of the tree. Those pears on the
quince that are the longest coming into bearing, are the
best. Those well adapted to this stock come quite soon
enough for the benefit of, and enduring effect on, the tree.
The only difficulty is, that most of them begin to bear.
too early, and exhaust the vigor of the plant too much.
In cultivating the pear on the quince, it is very important
to know what kinds are suitable for that purpose. There
is a great deal involved in their particular adaptations for
that purpose. ‘The Dix is hardy and long lived.
150 - WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

DOYENNE D’ALENCON, or D. Gris, D' Hiver Nouveau.
Form, obovate pyriform ; size, 2; use, table; texture, but-
tery; quality, 1; season, November and December.

_ Remarxs.—Tree, fine, handsome grower. Good on
quince or pear. A good bearer, and a fine Winter fruit.

Doyenne Gris, D’Hiver Nouveau, or Winter Gray
Doyenne. Color, pale, dull yellow; form, obovate, obtuse
pyriform ; size, 3; use, table; texture, juicy; quality, 2
to 3; season, long keeper, to April.

Remarks.—Flesh, tinged with orange, coarse-grained,
but melting and juicy. Flavor, sprightly, vinous, good ;
slightly astringent near the skin. MRipens readily, in due
time. It is recommended by the author, from experience,
not to force the ripening of pears out of their natural sea-
son; but to mature them, gradually and evenly, in rather
a low temperature, giving sufficient air when the weather
is favorable. The air should be a medium, between dry-
ness and a slight natural moisture. Not in extremes of
either. The Gray Doyenne is described by Col. Wilder,
in the Horticulturist, first established. by Downing, and
which leading work has also been well conducted ever
since, by good theoretical, as well as eminently practical
men. It is now in very good hands, and has, as it
deserves, a large circulation, and still increasing, as may
be expected from the gloriously growing interest in Hor-
ticulture, and Agriculture, in all parts of the Union. Men
are beginning to get their eyes open, at length, to their
highest welfare, happiness, and wealth. Fruit should
comprise one-third of the human diet, at least.

Dovenne v’Err. Color, yellowish brown ; form, round-
ish, obtuse, pyriform ; size, 3; texture, juicy; quality, 2;
season, Augus!, and sometimes July. New and excellent.
Great bearer.
PEARS. 151

Remarxs.—‘ Very good.”—J. B. Haton. Is a good
early pear, but not very large. Tree grows slowly.

BuFFALO.

Remarxs.—Foreign. Tree, moderately vigorous. Ear-
ly and abundant bearer. Flesh, a little coarse, but but-
tery, juicy, sugary, and sprightly.

Doyrnne PanacuEr. Color, yellowish, green, and red,
in stripes; form, regular; use, table; texture, juicy;
quality, 2 to 3; season, September and October.

Remarxs.—Singular in appearance. Not of high
flavor.

_Doyrnnze pE Cornice. Color, greenish yellow; form,
turbinated; size, 1; use, table; texture, juicy; quality,
2; season, November and December.

Remarxs.—Flesh, melting, buttery, juicy, sugary, agree-
ably perfumed. Very delicious.

Doyenne Rose. Form, oblate, ovate pyriform; size, 1;
texture, white, crisp, juicy; quality, 3; season, October.
Remarks.—Foreign. Rots at the core.

Doyenne SreuLite. Form, roundish obovate; size, 1;
use, table; texture, melting, sugary; quality, 1; season,
October to December. .

Remarxs.—Foreign. Requires high culture. Fine.

DOYENNE ROBIN. Form, bergamot shaped ; size, 1;
use, table; texture, melting; quality, 1; season, Sep-
tember.

Remarks.—Foreign. “Very fine. New, good, nearly
first-rate."—Fruit Committee, at Cincinnati Horticultural Ex-
hibition, 1855. Excellent here on quince. Tree vigorous.
152 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Doyenne Santellette. Color, dull yellow, gray russct dots ;
form, roundish, pyriform ; size, 1; texture, white, melting,
vinous, juicy; quality, 1; season, September.

Remarks.—Foreign. An old variety. Little known.
Tree vigorous.

DOYENNE GOUBALT. Color, dull, pale yellow ;
form, obovate, acute pyriform; size, 2 to 1; use, table;
texturo, good; quality, 2; season, November to January.

Remarxs.—Foreign. A delicate sickly tree.

Doyrnne DEratx. Color, yellow; form, roundish ; size,
2; use, table; texture, juicy, rich; quality, 2; season,
September and October.

Remarxs.—Tree robust and productive. Described by
Thorpe, Smith & Co., Syracuse, N.Y.

DUCHESSE DANGOULEME. Color, dull green and
yellow; form, oblate, ovate, pyriform ; size, 1 (often mon-
strous); use, table; texture, buttery, juicy; quality, 1;
season, September and October. ;

Remarxs.—Magnificent. Sold for cight dollars per
bushel, by Professor Mapes and others, in New York City.
Sometimes sold for seventy-five cents each in Philadel-
phia.’ Blooms too soon. Does not set well with us—
often very badly. Dr. Warder complains that he knows
that six pears only set on fifty trees, three years planted,
after having been white with blossoms, on quince stocks,
on which it grows best. Valuable for market when it
succeeds; some-years frost, or some other cause, affects,
or may affect, its bearing. High culture very desirable
for it. Does well on the quince, when it has a soil and
climate to suit it. The Duchesse d’Angouleme should be
cultivated only on the quince. It is rather a shy bearer
PEARS. 153

here, which, if it is not in extreme, is rather a good
quality, as most pears are allowed to produce too largely
on quince stocks, which makes them too short-lived.
Good on pear or quince.

Ducuxrssr pE Mars, Color, yellowish russet; form,
oblate obovate ; size, 3; uso, table; texture, melting, juicy,
aromatic; quality, 2; Season, September and October.

Remarxs.—Best grown on quince, and succeeds well
on it.

Decuesst DE‘ Berni. Color, pale yellow, with russet
spots; form, round obovate; size, 3; use table; texture,
melting, juicy, sugary; quality 2; season, August and
September.

Remuarxs.—Tree, moderately vigorous.

DUNDAS, or Parmentier. Color, yellow, greenish black
spots; form, obovate ovate; size, 2; use, table; texture,
melting, aromatic; quality, 1; season September.

Remarxs.—Foreign—English. Rather liable to drop
before matured. Keeps some time.

DUNMORE. Color, green, red and russet; form, ob-
late obovate ; size, 1; use, dessert ; texture, white, buttery,
melting; qualiiy, 2; season, September and October.

Remarks.—A good grower and hardy bearer on pear
stocks. Requires rich, high culture.

Harzy Burrer, or Cincinnati. Color, greenish yellow,
dark greenish specks, sometimes a little of bronzy red in
sun; form, oblong, ovate, diminishing a good deal to the
stem ; size, 3; use, dessert; texture, white, buttery, juicy ;
quality, 2; season, last of July generally. —Z. B. of Ind.

Remarks.—This is distinct from Dearborn’s Seedling.
154 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

We know of no other description than this. “Very
good.” —Frutt Committee of Cincinnati Horticultural Society.

Earzty Sucar. Color, green to yellow; form, pyri-
form; size, 3; use, table; texture, white, very saccharine
or sugary, a little gritty; quality, 3; season, July.

Remarks.—Only valued for its earliness.

Earty Burrer, oF Inpiana. Color, whitish yellow ;
form, obtuse pyriform ; size, 2 ; use, table ; texture, white,
sugary, buttery, juicy; quality, 2; season, July.

Remarxs.— Not identical with any I have seen else-
where.’—A. H. Ernst. Tree, long coming into bearing.

Earty Jciy.—A fruit near Newport, Kentucky, a
seedling. A pretty good small early pear, generally
ripe in July. At that particular period in its maturity,
just before it rots or mushes in the core, it is a pretty
passable Summer fruit, although somewhat -harsh and a
little astringent at most points of its ripening. It bears
well and isa healthy tree. It sells at about three dol-
lars per bushel, chiefly on account of its earliness.

Early Bergamot. Unworthy—very poor.

EARLY CATHERINE, or Earry RovussEer, see Rous-
selet Hatif.

EASTER BEURRE, with several synonymes, as Beurre
Gris d@’ Hiver Nouveau, Pater Noster, Doyenne de Printemps, ete.,
etc., etc. Color, yellowish green with russet spots; form,
globular, obtuse pyriform ; size, 1; use, table; texture,
juicy, melting ; quality, 1; season, December to March.

Remarxs.—Requires a rich, warm soil, and some care
in ripening, one of the arts not generally well understood,
and owing to the want of good houses for preservation
PEARS. . 155

on good principles, similar to Schooley’s, of Cincinnati,
for instance, not successfully pursued. Col. Wilder, the
best authority on this subject, speaks, from experience,
very highly of Schooley’s fruit houses and plans of saving
fruit for a long period beyond their season. This fine
pear was exhibited before the Cincinnati Horticultural
Society in the Winter of 1855. Fruit Committee agreed
it was ‘a first-rate Winter pear, and would keep a long
time under proper and favorable circumstances.” One of
the best keeping table pears; first-rate in March.

Easter BERGAMOT. .
Remarxs.—Smaller, and not so good as Easter Beurre.

Easter BEurRE.
Remarxs.—Rarely ripens. When it does it is excellent.
Keeps well. See Beurre Easter. (See Appendix, 85.)

EvizaBeta (Edwards). Color, lemon yellow; form,
roundish, obtuse pyriform; size, 2; use, table; texture,
white, crisp, melting, juicy, vinous; quality, 1; season,
September and October. American. Fine.

EvizaBetH (Mannings). Color, lemon yellow; form,
obovate, roundish ; size, 3; use table; texture, melting,
sugary, juicy ; quality, 1; season, August.

RemarKs.—Of foreign origin. A sweet, lively fruit.

Epwarps (William). Unprofitable.

Epwarps (Henrietta). Color, dull yellow, spots of.
crimson in sun, russet round the stem; form, obovate,
obtuse pyriform; size, 2; use, table; texture, rather
coarse, but melting and juicy ; quality, 2; season, August.

Remarxs.—tTree hardy, productive, and vigorous,
156 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Enrant Propice. Color, russet or gray; size, 2; use,
cooking.

Remarks.—Flesh, greenish white ; form, breaking, juice
abundant, acidulous, but sugary and very good.

Eparane, or Harvard. Color, green, with grayish spots
of fawn color; form, long; size. 2; use, table; texture,
buttery ; quality, 2; season, August.

Errine p’Ere, or Summer Thorn. Color, yellowish green ;
form, round at blossom end ; size, 2; use, table and kitch-
en; texture, melting, tender; season, August.

Remarxs.—aAn agreeable flavor.

Remarks.—This pear is the Beurre Bronze of some.
Tree vigorous and productive. Good fall cooking.

FIGUE. Color, green, with yellow; form, oblate pyri-
form; size, 2; use, table; texture, white, juicy, melting,
aromatic; quality, 1; season, October.

RemarKs.—Tree vigorous, hardy. Productive on pear
or quince.

Fiaur p—E Napies. Color, pale greenish yellow; form,
oblate, pyriform ; size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy, sweet ;
quality, 2; season. October.

Remarxs.—This pear is the Beurre Bronzee of some.
Tree vigorous and productive.

FIN OR D’ETE, or Fine Gold of Summer. Form, round;
size, 2; use, table; texture, melting, juicy; quality, 2;
season, July.

Remarxs.—Fine and beautiful. The skin is a little
PEARS. 157

rough; of a rich yellow on one side, and on the other a
brilliant red, dotted with yellow. Growth of the tree
vigorous, with long hanging limbs.

FLEMISH BEAUTY, or Belle de Flandres (which see) ;
a beaytiful, productive, and early bearer; not, however,
equal to some. Great for market for short distances, with
great care. Very tender; does not keep long. Must be
gathered, like most other pears, a little before ripe, and
while it is firm. This applies to the Bartlett, Seckel,
Swan’s Orange, Fondante d’Automne, etc., etc.

Flemish Bon Chretien. Unworthy of notice, or cultivation.

FONDANTE DE MILLET.

Remarxs.—Perhaps “ Beurre de Millet ;” but, however,
it is “very good.”—Ezhibition of the Cincinnati Horticul-
tural Society, 1855.

FonpantE Van Mons. Color, greenish yellow; form,
roundish, obovate; size, 2; use, table; texture, white and
melting, buttery, sugary; quality, 1; season, September.

Remarxs.— Foreign. Tree, good grower, and pro-
ductive.

FONDANTE D’'AUTOMNE, or Belle Lucrative. Color,
pale yellowish green; form, pyriform ; size, 2; use, table ;
texture, juicy, melting, aromatic.

Remarxs.—Extraordinarily fine. Exhibited by several,
August, 1855, at the Horticultural Rooms. The Fruit
Committee consider it “of the very finest pear flavor.”
“ Excellently well adapted for the locality of Cincinnati.”
—F. G. Cary, in Western Horticulturist and Cincinnatus.

Fondante du Bois. Unprofitable; poor.
'
iz %
158 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Fonpanry DE Mauines. Color, pale yellowish lemon ;
form, round, obovate; size, 2; usc, table; texture, juicy ;
analy? 2; season, Beptauiben

REMARKS. Flesh white, buttery, melting; a little gran-
ulous near the core. Tree vigorous. Mod. productive.

FoNnDANTE DE CHARNEUSE, or Beurre de Waterloo. Color,
dull yellowish green; form, obtuse pyriform, irregular ;
size, 1; use, table; texture, melting, juicy, saccharine.

Remarks.—New. Described in Morticulturist.

Forme de Deliccs. Unworthy of notice here.

Fore.ue, or Trout. Color, green, striped yellow, and
red; form, pyriform ; size, 2; use, table; quality, melting,
juicy, vinous; season, September to January.

Remarxs.—Pretty, but not superior. Deserves some
attention. Warm soil, and exposure.

FORTUNES, or Episcopal, etc. Color, grayish yellow ;
form, roundish, size, 3; use, table; texture, rich, melting,
juicy, tender; quality, 2; season, October.

Remarxs.— Very fine and good.”—AHorticultural Exhi-
bition, 1855. We do not know how Elliott placed this
among the unworthy. It must have been from some
unfortunate specimen he had. Such things will happen
sometimes, even among the most careful and skillful.

FREDERIKA Bremer. Form, round, obovate; size, 1;
use, table; texture, brittle; quality, 2; season, September
and October. :

Remarxs.—Flesh, white, free from grit, melting, fine,
buttery, sugary, slightly acid. Described by J. C. Hast-
ings, in Horticulturist. “A good pear.’’—Fruit Com. Cin.
Hort. Society, Hort. Exhibition, 1855. Tree vigorous.
PEARS. 159

FREDERICK DE WoRTEMBURG. Color, dull yellow ;
form, angular pyriform ; size, 1; use, table ; texture, white,
juicy, melting ; quality, 2; season, August and September.

REMARKS.—Tree early and productive. Decays at core.
Sometimes very large and handsome, but uncertain. A
less vigorous tree than desirable.

Franc Real d’ Hiver.
Remarks.—Poor, undeserving attention. Cooking only.

FRANGIPANE, Color, yellow; form, long; size, 2; use,
table; texture, melting; quality, 2; season, September.
Remarxs.—Perfumed.

FULTON. Color, reddish, or dark cinnamon russet;
form, flattened round; size, 2 to 3; use, table; texture,
buttery ; quality, 1; season, September and October.

Remarxks.—From Maine. Very fine. Tree very hardy,
and abundant bearer. Well suited for standard orchard-
ing in the West.

GansEL’s Bercamor. Color, yellow, with brownish
russet; form, roundish obovate; size, 2; use, table; tex-
ture, crisp, sugary ; season, September.

Remarks.—Requires a warm, rich soil. Does not suc-
ceed well on quince. Fruit a little gritty at core, but of
extraordinary high flavor. Does not grow so large here
as in England, owing probably, to a too warm climate,
and is therefore, never equal to its English or foreign
reputation. Tree not very vigorous here.

Gendesheim. REmMarxs.—Undeserving attention.

a

Gideon Paridant. Color, yellowish gray, brown in the
sun ; form, obtuse, pyriform ; size, 2; use, table; texture,
160 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

melting, juicy, sugary; quality, 2; season, August and
September.
Remarxs.—A respectable fruit, though not first-rate.

GILE-O-GILE, or Garde d’ Ecosse. Color, russet, with a
reddish russet cheek; form, roundish ; size, 1; use, cook-
ing and preserving; texture, firm and crisp; quality, J,
for baking, etc.; season, October to January.

RemarKs.—Highly esteemed for preserving. Requires
amoist soil. We have already noticed the necessity of
watering fruit trees, and particularly recommend it to_
pear trees that have large crops on them, as it will pre-
vent them falfing off, and assist greatly in their size, for
the crops of standard trees can not well be thinned, Wet
Summers alone have convinced the author how much
these trees are assisted in their crops by plenty of mois-
ture. And the experience of very dry Summers has
proved the reverse. :

GLOUT MORCEAU. Color, pale yellowish green ;
form, obovate, obtuse pyriform, often angular; size, 2;
use, table; texture, juicy, melting; quality, 1; season,
December to February, or later.

RemarKks.—Flemish, and one of the best Winter fruits.
Honied. Does not bear well when young. After ten
years, an abundant bearer. One of the best and hardiest,
and fine. The Glout Morceau is a good Winter pear in
this vicinity, and is almost the only one that ripens
well here, without extraordinary pains being taken for
that purpose in a particularly careful manner. Indeed
we do not seem to have found out a good method of pre-
serving and ripening Winter pears, suitable for our
climate, yet. The Glout Morceau, and Vicar of Winkfield
or Clion, and Winter Nelis, are about our best Winter
pears. As a general thing, Winter varieties are difficult
PEARS. 161

to ripen. The chief reason seems to be, that the leaves
fall too soon. Nature can not perform her functions, and,
therefore, the fruit is deficient in those peculiar qualities
for ripening, which are necessary for it. Hot, dry wea-
ther, of which we often have so much, deprives the tree
prematurely of its leaves. It is not so frequent in the
East as with us; we having a richer soil also, The Glout
Morceau is one of the latest to shed its leaves. Those
kinds which hold their leaves longest, are the best trees
to bear Winter fruit. Winter Nelis is likely to be a good
early bearer here. Isa tolerably good grower, although it
is hard to make a handsome tree of it. The Glout Morceau
bears well on the quince, but ripens with some, rather
poorly. Others speak well of it for ripening, compared
with other Winter pears generally. (See Appendix, p. 86.)

GOLDEN BEURRE OF BILBOA. Color, rich yel-
low, with russet dots; form, obovate; size, 2; use, des-
sert; texture, juicy, melting, sweetish ; quality, 1; season,
August and September.

Remarxs.—Spanish origin. Tree hardy. Requires a
rich, strong, heavy soil. Exhibited by Wm. Heaver, and
Mr. Hatch (those of the latter very finely colored, as is
usual with this gentleman’s fruit, from some cause, per-
haps sunny exposures and superior cultivation), August,
1855. Decision of the Fruit Committee—“ Juicy, sweet,
buttery, melting, and good, but not of the highest flavor.”
Very fine, buttery, and very juicy, equal to Belle Lucra-
tive, or Fondante d’Automne. It is a rich-looking and
very good pear.

Granp SotEL. Color, orange yellow; form, roundish ;
size, 2; use, table; texture, white, crisp, buttery, melee)
quality; 2 ; season, October.

Remarks.—Tree vigorous well formed, productive.
14
&

162 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

GREEN CATHARINE, or Rousselet. See Rousselet.

Green Mountain Boy. Color, golden yellow; form,
round obovate, irregular; size, 2 to 1; use, table; texture,
melting, juicy, sugary; quality, 2; season, September.

RemarKs,—‘ Native American.”

GREEN CuisEL. See Madeleine.

Gray Doyvenne, with many synonymes. Color, cinna-
mon russet ; form, roundish, obovate; size, 2; use, table;
texture, melting, juicy, buttery; quality, 2; season, Sep-
tember. Shoots upright, grayish brown.

Remarks.—Distinct from Boussock and Surpasse Ver-
galieu. A good bearer on pear or quince. A hardy
tree. It resembles the White Doyenne, except that it has
a lively cinnamon russet. It is a handsome pear, and is
equally fine.

Green Pear of Yair, or Grand Monarque. A poor affair.

GrisE Bonnz, or Good Gray Pear. Color, gray, with
black spots; form, regular; size, 2; use, table; texture,
juicy; quality, 2; season, August.

Remarxs.—Flesh, large grained, but juicy.

Groom’s Princess Royal. Color, greenish brown; form,
roundish ; size, 2; use, table; quality, unknown in Amer-
ica, but 1 in England; season, Winter.

Remarxs.—Not yet tested here. Raised by Mr. Groom,
the famous tulip grower, near London, who has earned a
good name as a great fruit and flower grower.

GrossE CALEBASSE, OR BEURRE VAN Marvum. Color,
greenish yellow; form, bell; size, 1; use, kitchen; tex-
ture, melting; quality, 2.
PEARS. 163

Remarxs.—Considered unworthy of cultivation by A.
H. Ernst, who has paid great attention to pears, and has
had a larger variety growing at Spring Garden Nursery,
than any other person in the neighborhood of Cincinnati.

Hamppen’s Bereamor. Color, green at first, yellow at
maturity, with small dots, and a few greenish specks,
sometimes, in the shade; size, 1; use, table; quality, 2;
season, August, sometimes July.

Remarxs.—A_ beautiful fruit; approaches, at times,
near to the attraction of the Bartlett, but inferior in fla-
vor to it, and not near so buttery, but breaking in texture.

Happineton. Color, greenish yellow ; form, ovate, obo-
vate pyriform; size, 1; use, table; texture, juicy, aroma-
tic; quality, 2; season, Winter.

RemaRks.—From the seed of the Pound Pear. Tree,
vigorous and productive,—Brinckle, in Hort. Magazine.

Hacon’s IncomparABLE. Color, dull yellowish green;
form, round, obtuse pyriform; size,2 to 1; use, table ;
texture, buttery, melting, sugary; quality, 2; season,
September and October.

Remarks.—Hardy, productive. Deserving of attention.

Hecrerman. Color, yellow; form, roundish; size, 3;
use, dessert; texture, juicy, sugary; quality, 2; season,
August and September.

Remarks.—From Flushing, New York.—Prince.

Hanover. Color, green; form, round obovate; size,
3 to 2; use, table; texture, melting; quality, 2; Sept’r.

”
RemarKs.—Hanover Furnace, New Jersey. ‘“ Good.

Hanners. Color, yellowish green; form, oblate; size,
164 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

; * : - :
2; use, table; texture, melting, juicy, vinous; quality, 2;
season, August and September. * Origin uncertain. (Seé
Appendix, p. 87.):

Harrison's Large Fatt. Form, flat at blossom end;
size, 1; use, baking; texture, crisp; season, September.
Remarxs.— Fall baking” of Coxe.

Harvarp, or Epargne. Form, oblate pyriform ; size, 2;.
use, table; texture, white, juicy; quality, 2; season, Sept.
Remarxs.—From Cambridge, Mass. Tree hardy, vig-
orous, upright, productive. Fruit liable to decay at core.

Hativeau.

RemarKs.—A very small pear, pointed toward the stem;
the blossom end flat; the skin is-clear yellow; the flesh
is of a yellowish cast, somewhat spicy, but without much
juice or flavor. It is avery great bearer; the time of
ripening from the middle to the end of July. Authority,
Coxe, of Burlington, New Jersey, an oninent practical
Pomologist of old times.

Hazel, or Hessel. Color, greenish yellow; size, 2; use,
kitchen, quality, 3; season, September.

Rumanne, —‘“ Flesh sweet; rough, and astringent, how-
ever. Unworthy.”—4. H. Ernst.

Hennrietra.—Color, dull yellow; form, obovate, obtuse
pyriform ; size, 2; use, table; texture, crisp, melting,
juicy; quality, 2; season, Soptember: 2

Remarxs.—Of ‘Amexioon origin—— New Haven, Conn.
Tree vigorous, hardy, productive:

Henke. Color, dull yellow, russety; form, obovate;
size, 1; use, table; texture, crisp, juicy, vinous; quality,
2; season, September.
PEARS. 165

Remarxs.—Foreign. ‘Tree fine grower; early and pro-
ductive bearer on pear roots. Valuable for orcharding.

Hericart. Color, pale greenish yellow; form, obtuse
pyriform ; size 1; use, table; texture, crisp, juicy; season,
August and September. Belgian. Second rate.

Hessel. Unworthy of cultivation.

HEATHCOT (Gore’s). Color, greenish yellow, skin
rough; form obovate, rounded; size, 2; use, table; tex-
ture, melting, buttery, juicy ; season, September.

Remarks.—From Waltham, Mass. Not much known,
but very deserving. Tree hardy, branches slender. A
very fine pear. Tree thrifty, pyriform. Holds its leaves
well. Productive when old enough, and very good.
Melting, juicy, but not rich. We know of no fruit that
varies in quality more than the pear; for, while some of
the kinds are so unpalatable as not only to be refused by
the swine, but even rejected by ravenous boys, others are
of so delicious a flavor that we see most of the Autumnal
fruits give place to them. A bad pear is injurious to
health, and brings a poor price in the market, while a
rich, melting pear, is eagerly sought after at a large price ;
and we never recollect of any person being injured by
eating such fruit. Those, therefore, who have discovered
their trees to produce a worthless fruit, should lose no
time in grafting them with a known good variety, that
both themselves and future generations may be benefited.

Ho.ianp GREEN, or Holland Table. Color, green, with
small spots; form, irregular; size, 1 to 2; use, table; tex-
ture, juicy ; season, August and September.

Remarks. — Tree a strong and vigorous, with long
branches ; foliage Juxuriant. It is a great and uniform
166 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

*
bearer. Imported from Holland, by William Clifton® of
Philadelphia. 8,

Hotianp BerGamorre. Color, brown, with spots;
form, flat at crown; size, 2; use, table; texture, melting;
quality, 2; season, Winter. ‘Good and juicy.”—Fruit
Commitice Hort. Exhibition, 1855.

s

HOVEY. Color, rich yellow and golden russet; form,
round, tapering; size, 3; use, table; quality, 1; season, Aug.
Remarxs.—Delicious. Season 4 little before the Bartlett.

HOWELL. Form, obtuse, pyriform; size, 1; use, table;
texture, juicy; quality, 1; season, September and October.

Remarxs.— One of the most beautiful in cultivation.
Flesh, melting and juicy; flavor, rich, slightly acidulous,
with a delicate aroma. An early and profuse bearer.

Huguenot. Unworthy.

Hutt. Color, yellowish green, with some dull red and
russet; form, obovate; size, 2; texture, white, a little
coarse, gritty at core; quality, 2; season, September.

Remarxs.—Tree upright and strong. Somerset, Mass.;
Huntington, Conn.

Inconnue Van Mons. Color, pale-green; form, oblate
pyriform ; size, 2; use, table; texture, melting; quality,
2; season, Winter.

Remarks. —Foreign. Best-on Quince. Flesh, melting,
buttery, and fine; flavor, pleasant, good, resembling a
little the Glout Morceau.—Col. Wilder, in Horticulturist.

JAMINETTE. Color, green, with russet dots; form, obo-
vate, obtuse, pyriform ; size, 1 to 2; use, table; texture,
juicy, sugary; quality, 2; season, November and Dec’r.
PEARS. a 167

Et

Remarxs.—Of foreign origin. Tree vigorous. Not an
early bearer. Fruit a little gritty at core. Productive.

Jargonelle, English. Color, light green; form, long neck;
size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy; quality, 3; season,
July and August. (See Appendix, p. 88.)

Remarxs.—Should be picked a little before it is fully
ripe, or it will soon rot at core on the tree, and fall.
Upon the whole, it may be called unworthy. Exhibited
by T. V. Petticolas, and the author at the same time, July,
1855. Fruit Committee reported, “ This fruit is not much
admired; though, when eaten just in the nick of time,
before it is too ripe, tolerably good. It soon rots at the
core.” If picked before ripe, and kept a day or two, is
not so very bad. Bears well on the quince.

Jargonelle, French. Of still less value. Smaller. (See
Appendix, p. 89.)

JaLousiz. Color, of the deepest russet, ruddy in the
sun, and curiously marked with lighter colored specks, a
little raised ; form, varying from roundish to obovate, and
more frequently pyriform; size, 1 to 2; use, dessert;
quality, 2; season, September.

Remarks.—It is only of second-rate flavor, and soon
rots at the core. An unique-looking old French pear.
Exhibited by A. H. Ernst, and reported by Fruit Commit-
tee, “ Pretty good.”

JALOUSIE DE FONTENEY VENDEE. Color, dull
yellow and green, with russet patches and dots; form,
turbinate, or obtuse pyriform; size, 2; texture, white,
buttery, melting, with a rich-flavored juice; quality, 1;
season, September and October. It gives general satis-
faction. Fine, grown on quince; inclined to overbear.
“Very good.”—Fruit Committee Report, 1855.
168 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Jaminetic, Only “good.” Fruit above medium.

Jeay De Wirrr. Color, greenish yellow; form, obovate;
size, 1 to 2: use, table; texture, melting, juicy, vinous;
quality, 2; scason, October to December.

Remarks.— One of Van Mons. Tree of moderate
growth.—Hov. Mug.

JERSEY Graciou. Color, greenish yellow; form, round-
ish, oblate, obovate, angular; size, 1; use, table; texture,
white, crisp, sugary, vinous; quality, 2; season, Sept.

Remarks.—Tree moderately vigorous. Great bearer.
Succeeds on quince. Described and commended in Hovey’s
Magazine. Very little gritty at core.

Jouonnor.—Size, 2 to 3; use, table; texture, crisp, a
little melting, juicy; quality, 2; season, September.

Remarks.—an eastern fruit, from Massachusetts. Tree
moderately healthy. Productive in the Western soils:

Josepnine DE Maines. Color, yellow, russety ; form,
roundish, obovate; size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy, melt-
ing, Vinous; quality, 2; season, November and December.

Remarks.—Not an carly bearer. Best on pear. To
render trees more fruitful, the authg@ has witnessed the
advantage of taking off a ring of bark from the branches
of unfruitful pear trees, and he has no hesitation in ad-
vising the practice, as it has not been found to injure the
trees so operated upon, on which it has been repeated for
several successive years. But it should be performed on
branches that are not exposed to the full rays of our fer-
ventsun. Many persons object to the experiment, fearing
to injure the branches; but what is the value of unpro-
ductive limbs. The author has seen, in the month of May,
a ring taken off the bark of two principal branches,
PEARS. 169

the one extending east and the other west. In the follow-
ing Spring, these two branches were covered with flowers,
although no other part of the tree gave out a single blos-
som. The author saw this tree in the Fall, and counted
thirty-nine fine grown pears on one of the ringed
branches. Some gardeners have regarded the plan as
being unnatural, as if it was more unnatural to make a
tree fruitful by checking the circulation of the sap, than
to make it productive by grafting.

JULIENNE, or L’ Archduc D Fite, of Coxe, sometimes
called Summer Beurre. Color, brownish, sometimes bright
yellow; form, obovate; size,2; use, dessert; texture,
juicy; quality, 1; season, August, sometimes July.

Remarxks.— Larger than Bloodgood, or Dearborn.
Bears in three years on its own stock. Exhibited at the
Cincinnati Horticultural Rooms by many members during
the season. Fruit Committee report it—‘ A first-rate
Summer fruit.” Very good, if house-ripened; equal to
Doyenne Gris, the Brown Beurre, of Coxe. One of the
best early pears. Bears young and abundantly, on alter-
nate years. The tree is of singular growth, the branches

‘long and bending, with large swellings at the extremities.

The wood is of a lively yellow brown. It is sometimes
several weeks in perfection. It bears young and most
abundantly. It is called by some the butter pear of Sum-
mer. It should be gathered before fully ripe, and kept a
few days in the house, as before observed.

KINGSESSING. — Form, obovate, sometimes obtuse ;
size, 1; use, table; texture, buttery; quality, 1; season, Aug.
Remarxs.— From near Philadelphia. Not an early
bearer. Requires double working on quince.—Brinckle, in

Horticulturist.
15
170 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

King Epwarp’s. Color, yellow; form, pyriform; size,
1; use, table; texture, buttery; quality, 2; season, October.

KIRTLAND PEAR. Color, crimson russet; form,
globular, ovate; size, 2;.use, table; texture, juicy; qual-
ity, 1; season, September. Succeeds well on quince.

Remarxks.—Texture, fine, melting, juicy and rich. Fla-
vor, aromatic, sweet, and in the highest degree delicious.
Tree hardy and productive. Obtained from the seed of
Seckel. Raised by Dr. Kirtland, of Cleveland, Ohio, a good
pomologist, a man of very scientific attainments, and of
versatile talents. Dr. Kirtland has been most success-
ful in raising very valuable and delicious cherries from
the seed (which will be noticed in the proper place), as
well as some other fine seedling fruits. He is always
indefatigable in the pursuits of horticulture and science,
(See Appendix, p. 90.)

Kyicut’s Monarcn, Color, yellowish brown; form,
obovate oblate; size, 1; use, table; texture, melting,
juicy ; quality, 2; season, December.

Remarks.— Of a somewhat musty flavor. Requires
high cultivation. Rather similar in shape to the Flemish
Beauty, or Belle de Flandres, but a little larger. This is
the fruit, some spurious trees of which he having been the
means of distributing, Mr. Knight stated that he would
rather have lost ten thousand pounds than have done so.

Knicut’s Szrepuine. Color, yellowish green, with a
brownish red cheek ; size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy,
sweet; quality, 2; season, September.

Remarxs.—From Cranstown, Rhode Island. “A beau-
tiful and excellent fruit.”—A. H. Ernst. Tree vigorous
and produces early.
PEARS. 171

La Jurtvse. Color, yellow; form, pyriform; size, 1;
use, table; texture, buttery, juicy; quality, 2; season,
September.

Remarks.—Foreign. Described in Hovey’s Magazine.

Large Summer Bercamor, see Summer Bergamot.

Las Canas. Color, pale yellow; form, pyriform; size,
2; use, table; texture, juicy, sugary; quality, 1; season,
September.

Remarxs.—Of French origin. Tree, vigorous, and an
early bearer.

LawERARD. Color, lemon yellow; form, obtuse pyri-
form; size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy, white; quality,
1; season, September.

RemarKs.—Sycceeds on quince. Described by Wilder
in Horticulturist.

LAWRENCE. Color, dull pale yellow; form, obovate,
obtuse at stem; size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy, melt-
ing; quality, 1; season, October to February.

Remarxs.—Recommended by Ohio Pomological Society
for general cultivation. Very good. Tree rather thorny.
This pear does not succeed well on the quince. A lit-
tle gritty at core. Slightly sugary. A great and early
bearer. A good keeper—till Christmas. Retains its fine
juicy quality, and does not shrivel in ripening.

L’Ecuasseriz. Color, yellow; form, oval; size, 2;
use, table; texture, melting, vinous; quality, 2; season,
November to January.

Remarxs.—A pretty good pear, although rather too
small— which is a fault, particularly for market. We
would not recommend it.
172 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK

LE CURE, see Vicar of Winkyield, Monsieur Le Oure, or
Clion. A pear very profitable for market — productive
and early:

Intile Muscat. Color, yellow, with a dull red cheek;
form, turbinate ; size, 4 (very small); use, table; texture,
breaking, sweet, with a slight musk flavor ; gnaility, 4 2 te
3; season, July, sometimes even June.

"Brus. Feenth, It is the earliest of pears, and
that is its chief merit. It bears most enormously, in
clusters. It is only passably good. Can be sold by the
quart at eight or nine dollars per bushel. It is very
common to see it on the same stall with cherries. Trees
very handsome, of fine pyramidal growth, and hardy..

Locker. Color, yellowish green; form, round obovate;
size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy, vinous; quality, 2; sea-
son, October.

Remarxs.—American— West Cambridge, Mass.

Lone Green. Color, green, dark gray spots; form,
“oblate, ovate pyriform ; size, 2; use, table; texture, melt-
ing; quality, 1; season, September and October.

Remarxs,—An old foreign variety ; always very good,
and an abundant bearer.

LOUISE BONNE DE JERSEY. Color, smooth and
glossy, green in shade, brownish red in sun, dotted with
gray dots; form, oblong pyriform ; size, 1; texture, white,
juicy, melting, and delicious; quality, 1; season, Septem-
ber and October.

Remarxs.—One of the best and most proauniine large
pears. Best.on quince. From the Island of Jersey. Tree
hardy, very productive, and very early in bearing. Fruit
sometimes rather variable in quality. Shoots vigorous.
PEARS. 173

Fruit of the first order of merit; except at times, does not
grow large enough here; still it isa good market fruit.
Louise Bonne de Jersey just suits the quince, and bears
profusely, but not so much as to shorten a great deal the
life of the tree. (See Appendix, 91.)

Louis PHILLIPE.

Remarxs.—The tree came from England. It is a great
bearer; not quite so large as the Bartlett, but nearly as
good. Comes in later. Most of our best pears, except
our native, are from England and France. The apples
are more our own; nine-tenths of American apples are
native; three-fourths of the pears we cultivate are for-
eign. American fruits will prove the hardiest for culti-
vation, even if the fruit from them is not so good. Pears
are more of an exotic luxury with us than apples; they
are altogether the more difficult for us in the West to
raise than apples and other fruits. We can not expect
but to have difficulties with pears on the quince, as we
have had, and still, to some extent, suffer, and probably
shall still be subject to, with standard pears. Our cli-
mate is more dry than those States on the Atlantic
border. The pear delights‘in moisture.

Lopes. Color, yellow; form varies; size, 2; use, table;
texture, juicy, melting, a little gritty; quality, 2; season,
September.

Remarxs.—Native born—from Philadelphia. Requires
a rich, warm, sandy soil. Flavor of Brown Beurre.

MADELEINE, Citron des Carmes. Color, green; form,
obovate oblate; size, 3; use, table; texture, buttery ;
quality, 1; season, July.

Remarxs.—A uniform bearer. The fruit is slightly
acid, but delightful. One of the very best early pears ;
174 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

productive; growth too upright. Taste, when not too
ripe, sugary. This pear Mr. Prince calls Chaumontel.
It does well either on pear or quince stocks. There is a
striped Madeleine, Citron des Carmes Panachee (which
see), which differs from the above in being striped with
light yellow: inferior in flavor. The Madeleine is not
very vigorous in growth, but sufficiently so to do well.

Mawnina’s HuizaABetu. See Elizabeth.

Marie Louise. Color, dull green ; form, oblate pyriform ;
size, 1; use, table; texture, buttery, melting, vinous, juicy;
quality, 2 to 3; season, September and October.

Remarks.—Fruit Committee reported this fruit rather
inferior at the Horticultural Exhibition, 1855. It is only
passable, and hardly that. Tree vigorous, hardy, and
productive.

March Bergamotte. Color, greenish yellow; form, obo-
vate; size, 2; use, table; texture, buttery, gritty at core;
season, March.

Remarks.—Poor. It is difficult to keep Winter pears
in this climate, owing partly to its great irregularity, and
partly to the want of preparation for the purpose; also,
fruit in general is not sufficiently tenderly handled in the
gathering. The slightest bruise is calculated to rupture
the cells and break the fine tissue. It is not easy to main-
tain the right temperature. This can only be surely and
effectually accomplished by building fruit houses for the
express purpose. See Schooley’s Patent.

Martin Sec. Color, yellow; form, obovate, angular ;
size; 2; use, table; texture, melting, juicy; quality, 2;
season, Winter.

Remarxs.—A foreigner.
PEARS. 175

MarEcHAL DE LA Cour. Color, yellowish green; form,
oblate pyriform; size,1; use, table; texture, melting,
juicy, vinous; season, October.

Remarks.—An adopted citizen. Tree vigorous. De-
scribed in Hovey’s Magazine.

Marie Louise Nova. Unworthy.

MIEL DE WATERLOO, or Beurre d’ Anjou. Color,
greenish yellow; size,1; use, table; texture, melting,
rich, and juicy; quality, 1; season, October.

Remarxs.—“ A new pear, of great excellence.”’—A. H.
Ernst. (See Appendix, 92.)

Merriam, Color, yellow; form, round; size, 1; use,
table; texture, crisp, juicy, sugary; quality, 2; season,
September.

Remarxs.—From Roxbury, Massachusetts. Described
favorably, in Hovey’s Magazine. Tree, vigorous, productive.

MERVEILLE D’Hiver, or The Wonder af Winter. Color,
dull green, with russet spots; form, irregular; size, 3 to
2; usec, table; texture, melting, luscious; quality, 2; sea-
son, December.

Remarxs.—Destitute of beauty, but otherwise pretty
good. Eye, very singular, frequently without any crown.

Messtre JEAN. Color, yellow, with some russet; form,
round at blossom end, small at stem; size, 2; use, table;
texture, juicy; quality, 2; season, October and November
to December.

Remarks.—A sweetish Winter pear. In the possession
of A. Worthington, who thinks well of it. Not very rich,
or high-flavored. On young trees it sometimes grows
large. Flesh, rather coarse, and sprightly.
176 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Mitiot pe Nancy. Color, pale yellowish green; form,
obovate pyriform; size, 2; usc, table; texture, juicy,
sugary ; quality, 2; season, Winter, nearly Fall.

ReMARKS.—Tree, very vigorous, of rapid growth, and
productive.— Wilder, in Horticulturist.

Moon’s Pounp. Color, lemon yellow; size, 2; use,
kitchen; texture, melting, juicy; quality, 1; season, Dec.

Remarxs.—Exhibited by A. H. Ernst, at the rooms
of the Horticultural Society, August 21, 1855. Fruit
Committee report it, “ A very good pear.” ‘ Very tender,
and abounding in pleasant juice. May prove a fine fruit.”
—A. H. Ernst. Valuable for cooking, and a profitable
orchard fruit.

Michaux. Unworthy.

MircHeLy’s Russet. Color, dark russet, gray dots.

Remarxs.—aA seedling from the Seckel; resembling it
in every respect, but of larger size. Origin, Belleville,
Illinois. Fruits of Missouri, by Thos. Allen, of St. Louis.

Moor Fowls Egg.
Remarxks.—Unprofitable, and, therefore, unworthy.

MONSIEUR LE CURE. See Vicar of Winkyield.

Mo.uuertt’s Guernsey BrEurRRE, or Chaumontelle. Color,
yellowish green, with dusky brown, some russet in the
sun; size, 2; use, table; texture, yellowish, melting, vin-
ous; season, October and November.

Remarks. —“ Very good.” — Elliott's American Fruit
Grower's Guide.

Moccas. Color, greenish yellow, brownish cheek in
PEARS. 177

sun, some russet' specks; size, 2; use, table; texture, yel-
lowish, melting, juicy; season, December.

Remarus.—tTree, very vigorous, growth very quick and
prolific.

/ : e

Muscat ALLEMANDE, or German Muscat. Color, green;
form, blossom end wide and flat; size, 2; use, table; tex-
ture, rich and buttery; quality, 2; season, October.

Remarxs.—Flesh, yellow. It is a good pear. From

France.

Muscat Robert, or Iiittle Muscat. See Little Muscat. A
small pear, very early, and very poor when too ripe. If
it is not too ripe, it is rather pleasant. It ripens from the
Ist to the 10th of July.

MOYAMENSING (Smith’s). Color, lemon yellow, with
yellowish russet; form, round, obovate; size, 2; texture,
inelting, buttery; quality, 1; season, August.

Remarxks.—A native of Pennsylvania. Tree, vigorous,
wood yellowish brown, with light dots. A regular and
abundant bearer. (Brinkle in Hort.)

MuscapineE. Color, yellowish green; form, round obo-
vate; size, 2; use, table; texture, white, buttery, melting ;
season, August. (See Appendix, 93.)

Remarks.—Not prolific. A native of America.

Musk, Summer Bon Curerien, or Large Sugar. See
Summer Bon Chretien. “An old, and once good variety,
but now not very worthy.’—A. Hl. Ernst.

NAPOLEON. Color, greenish yellow; form, obtuse
pyriform; size, 2; use, table; texture, buttery, juicy;
quality, 2; season, September to November,
178 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Remarxs.—Foreign. Very fine, large, juicy, vinous.
Tree, thrifty, hardy, and vigorous. Productive. Good
for market in every respect. Deserves general cultiva-
tion. Bears young and regularly, and is good and large
enough. Fruit keeps long. Ripens best in the house,
though not invariably.

Nie. Color, pale yellow, thin russe, faiat red.
RemMARKs.— Pretty good, rather harsh and rough.”’—
Fruit Committee Report, Horticultural Exhibition, 1855.

Ne Prius Mevris. Color, dull yellowish brown ; form,
roundish irregular; size, 2 to 3; use, table; texture, but-
tery, melting, with a sugary and very agreeable flavor;
quality. 2; season, end of Fall into Winter.

RemarKs.—Keeps well under proper care and advan-
tages. Its appearance is unprepossessing and uneven.
Belgian.

Notveau Poirgzav. Color, pale green, dark green
spots: form, obovate, obtuse pyriform ; size, 1; use, table;
texture, juicy, melting, rich, aromatic; quality, 2; sea-
son, October.

Remarxs.— Flesh, melting and juicy; flavor, rich,
sweet and delicious, with melon-like aroma. Medium
fruit.” Described by Colonel Wilder, who considers it
“an acquisition.” Said to be, by many, a good Winter
pear. Promises well.

ONONDAGA, see Swan's Orange, one of the very best.
Deemed by Mr. A H. Ernst very fine. Sometimes twelve

inches in circumference. A variable fruit.

Orange Mosquee, or Musk Orange. Color, greenish yellow;
PEARS. 179

form, round ; size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy; quality,
3; season, July, and sometimes August.

Remarxs.—Uncommonly subject to rot. -

OSWEGO BEURRE, see Beurre Oswego. Color, dull
yellowish green, with marblings and patches of russet;
form, ovate obovate, or obovate rounded; size, 2; use,
table; texture, melting, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly; qual-
ity, 1; season, September and October.

Remarxs.—Bears early on quince or pear roots. Amer-
ican origin. “ Rather acid.’—J. B. Eaton, Buffalo.

OSBORN. Origin, Economy, Indiana.

Remarxs.—F ruit, small, ovate, short pyriform, greenish
yellow ; stem, about one inch long, set with two or more
fleshy ridges at base. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet,
very little astringent. A very good Summer pear. In-
troduced first to notice here by A. H. Ernst.

OTT PEAR. Form, rounded turbinate; size, 3; use,
table; texture, juicy; quality, 2; season, August.

Remarxs.—Flavor aromatic, rich and sweet. Described
by Dr. Brinckle in Horticulturist, Philadelphia. Seedling
from the Seckel, and hardy and healthy like the parent
tree. Best, also, like it, grafted on the apple, leaving
part’of the branches of the stock or apple to grow. This
plan gives great size and healthy development to the
fruit, as advised by Mr. Sleath, formerly the very expe-
rienced and scientific pioneer gardener of Cincinnati and

~~ N. Longworth, and who did much here for horticulture,
at an early day. By this mode the too strong tendency
of the Seckel to grow to too much wood, is checked.

Orance Bergamot. Color, yellow; form, flat at blossom
180 -WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

end; size, 1; use, baking; texture, crisp; quality, 2; sea-
son, September.
Remarks.— Only fit for baking.” —A. H. East.

PaNnacHEE, see Verte Longue.

Pappinaton, or Easter Bergamot. Color, green; form,
round; size, 2; use, table; texture, sprightly, crisp, juicy,
and melting at maturity; quality, 2; season, January to
February.

Remarxs.—A little acid. It is inferior to the Easter
Beurre for eating, but worthy of cultivation. Stem short
and thick.

PassE Cobar, with about twenty synonymes. Color,
yellowish green, becoming yellow at maturity, sprinkled
with light brown russet; form, oblate, obovate, obtuse
pyriform; size, 1; use, table; texture, buttery, sugary;
quality, 2, sometimes 1; season, Winter.

Remarks.—Unceertain in quality at the West. Slender
wood, thrifty. Mr. Buchanan tells us to be patient with
it, and we shall be repaid. There have been brought to
the Horticultural Society, occasionally, a few good speci-
mens. The tree requires high culture, severe pruning,
and great care. Subject to overbear when young.

Pacency. Color, dull pale green, with patches of
russet, yellowish at maturity; form, pyriform; size, 2;
use, table; texture, juicy, sugary, melting; quality, 2;
season, September to October.

RemarKs.—Tree of vigorous growth, early bearer, and
particularly profitable on the quince.—Col. Wilder.

PETRE. Color, pale yellow; form, oblate, obovate
PEARS, 181

pyriform ; size, 1 to 2; use, table; texture, melting, but-

tery, juicy ; quality, 1; season, September.
Remarxs.—From Bartram’s Botanic Garden, Phila-

delphia. Tree moderate grower. (See Appendix, 94.)

PENDLETON. Color, greenish yellow; form, obovate,
obtuse pyriform ; size, 1; use, table; texture, tart, sugary;
quality, 2; season, July.

Remarxs,—American—Connecticut. Described favor-
ably in Hovey’s Magazine.

PENNSYLVANIA. Color, yellowish green; form, obovate
pyriform, irregular; size, 1; use, table; texture, crisp,
buttery, juicy; quality, 2; season, September.

Remarxs.—American. Tree, vigorous, hardy and mode-
rately productive. “A pretty good pear.”’—Dr. Warder.

* Pitt's Prolific. Unworthy.

PLoMBGASTEL. Color, greenish yellow, red in sun ; form,
ovate pyriform ; size, 1; use, table ; texture, melting, juicy ;
quality, 2; season, August and September.

Remarks.—Tree vigorous. Sueceeds on quince.

Porre p’ALBERT. Form, pyramidal, angular; size, 2;
use, table; texture, white, crisp, melting, juicy; season,
September.

Remarxks.—Tree, vigorous, and productive on pear.
Described in Hovey’s Magazine.

Poire. de Jardin, or Garden Pear. Color, yellow; form,
long and flat; size, 1; use, table; texture, juicy; quality,

2; season, October.

Pope’s Scarlet Major. Unworthy; poor.
182 WESTERN FRUIT BOUK.

Pope's Quaker. Unprofitable; indifferent; poor.

Pounp. Color, greenish brown ; form, regular ; size, 1;
use, baking; texture, tough ; quality, 1; season, Winter ;
good, and long keeper. Only for cooking. (See App. 95.)

Remarks.—Weighs sometimes from twenty-six to
twenty-cight ounces. Tree, very vigorous, and large, and
hardy. “Productive and hardy, keeps well, but good only
to sell.’— Fruit Committee Cincinnati Horticultural Society.

Pound, Moon’s. See Moon’s Pound.
Princess of Orange. Not worth notice.

PRATT. Color, greenish yellow; form, obovate pyri-
form; size, 1; use, table; texture, melting, juicy; quality,
1; season, September.

Remarxks.—From Rhode Island. Tree, vigorous, and
productive on pear.

Prince's St. Germain. Color, green, and pale yellow,
marbled; form, oblate, obovate pyriform; size, 2; use,
table; texture, juicy; quality, 2; season, November to
February.

Remarxks.—Fine, juicy, Christmas pear. From the
seed of the old St. Germain, nearly fifty years since, at
the Princes’ Nurseries, Flushing, Long Island. Tree,
hardy, thrifty, very productive. Fruit, keeps well, and
requires no more care to ripen, than apples (a rare thing).
Shoots, reddish brown.

Puusirer. Color, yellow; form, pyriform, obtuse ; size,
3; use, table; texture, white, melting, juicy; quality, 1;
season, August.

Remarks.—Native to the soil. Tree vigorous.
' PEARS. 183

QUEEN oF THE Low Counrrizs. Color, dull yellow;
form, obovate, acute pyriform; size, 1; use, table; tex-
ture, buttery, melting, juicy; quality, 2; season, Sep-
tember. ;

Remarxs.—Not a great bearer in the West.

Quilletette. Unworthy ; poor.

Ra.uay. Color, yellow; form, globular, acute pyri-
form ; size, 3; use, table; texture, juicy, gritty at core;
quality, 2; season, Winter. 5

Remarxs.—Ellwanger & Barry.

* Raymond. Best for the North. “Very good.”

Rep Bercamot. Color, yellow, with much red to sun;
form, round ; size, 2; use, baking; texture, juicy; qual-
ity, 2; season, August.

Remarxks.—Tree, of vigorous growth and large size.
It does not bear while young, but when more advanced is
a great bearer. ‘“ Only for baking.”—A. H. Ernst.

Reaping. Color, greenish yellow, with dots; form,
pyriform, tapering to crown; size 2 to 1; use, table; tex-
ture, sprightly, vinous; quality, 2; séason, January to
March (maturity).

ReMARKS.— Good.’—Downing’s Horticulturist, N. Y.
From Philadelphia. Young shoots, tender, yellowish
olive; old wood, gray olive. Tree vigorous, productive.

Reine Carouine. Color, yellowish green, becoming
yellow at maturity, with a rich, brownish red cheek;
form, narrow pyriform ; size, 2; use, cooking only; tex-
ture, dry and poor; quality, 3; season, August.

Remarxs.—It bears abundantly. Nearly worthless.
1&4 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Reine des Poires. Not suited to our soil and climate.
Worthless here.

RonveteEt. Color, yellow, with russet dots, in sun red-
dish ; form, obovate; size, 3; use, table; texture, yellow-
ish white, buttery, juicy, sweetish, and aromatic ; quality,
2to1; season, September.

Remarks.—Tree, a good bearer, upright, suited to
orcharding. ‘Nearly best.”—From good judges at Cleve-
land—among them Dr, Kirtland: A. H. Ernst does not
like it. (Specimens of the same fruit will differ.)

Rorss. Color, russet and brown, a little tinge of red
in sun; size, 3; use, table; texture, rather coarse, but
melting ; quality, 2 to 3; season, September.

Remarxs.—Nume of a gentleman at Salem, Massachu-
setts. “ Good.’ —From authority of value.

Ross. Color, yellowish green and russet; form, obo-
vate ; size, 2; use, table; texture, rather gritty (this does
not affect the flavor), sweet, juicy ; quality, 2 to 3; season,
Winter.

Remarxs.—Tree, of great vigor. Fruit, not remarkably
good, but classed “ good” by men of competent judgment.

RovussELET DE RueEims. See Spice, or Musk.

ROUSSELET HATIF. Color, yellow, with russet and
red; use, table; texture, buttery, delicious; quality, 2;
season, July.

RemarKs.—One of the best early pears. Early Cathe-
rine, of Philadelphia. Fine, rich, waxy, and luscious.
Form, like a calabash, with a long curved neck, and a
long, fleshy stem. The skin is, on one side, of yellow, the
other, a rich russet, or brownish red. The tree grows to
PEARS. 185

a large size before it bears; it is then very fruitful. The
limbs are long, and, when full of fruit, hang like a willow.
This pear should be always suffered to hang on the tree
till ripe. Coxe is, for this, our best authority, as for
many older fruits of the Middle States; when we have not
had opportunity of testing them with us, on the spot. This
fruit was exhibited, however, by our indefatigable friend,
A. H. Ernst, at our rooms, and at the Cincinnati -Horti-
cultural Exhibition, 1855. Fruit Committee consider it
“an excellent pear.” Rather small.

Rousselet de Meister. Unworthy.

Rousselet Double Esperin. Color, dull greenish yellow,
with cinnamon russet; form, obovate, acute pyriform ;
use, table; texture, melting, sprightly; quality, 2 to 3;
season, September.

RemarKs.—* Very good.”—Ripens well.

RosaBiRnE. Color, russet, on dull greenish yellow;
uneven surface ; form obovate, acute pyriform ; use table ;
texture, melting, juicy, brisk, sub-acid; quality, 2 to 1;
season, September.

Remarks.—“ Very good,” may be “ best.” —Col. Wilder
in Downing ; and other Horticults. Slightly astringent.

RoyaLe D’Hiver, or Winter Royal. Color, yellow and
red; form, pyriform ; size, 1; use, table; texture, melting,
sweet; quality, 2; season, November to January.

ROSTIEZER. Color, dull green; form, obtuse pyri-
form; size, 3; texture, juicy, melting ; quality, 1; season,
July or August.

Remarks.—Fine fruit, rather small, delicious flavor,
productive. (See Appendix, 96.)

16
186 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

SauviaTe. Color, waxy yellow; form nearly round;
size, 2; use, table; texture, buttery; quality 2; season,
July or August.

SHELDEN. Color, greenish yellow, with some russet ;
form, obovate, acute pyriform; size, 2; use, table; tex-
ture, melting, juicy, sugary, gritty at core; quality, 1;
season, September.

Remarxs.—Native. Tree vigorous; tolerably produc-
tive. Valuable and delicious. Nearly “ best.

Sans Peau, or Skinless. Color, pale greenish yellow ;
form, oblate pyriform; size, 3; use, table; texture white,
juicy; quality, 2; season, July or August.

Remarxs.—A high-flavored, early fruit. Exhibited by
R. Buchanan, at the Cincinnati Horticultural Society
Rooms. It bears in clusters.

SECKEL. Color, yellowish green, with red cheek,
smooth ; form, regular; size, 3; texture very juicy, very
sweet, and delightfully pleasant; quality, 1; season, Au-
gust, September, and October.

Remarxs.—From Mr. Seckel. It is though small the
finest pear of this or any other country. A native fruit,
“well adapted for the vicinity of Cincinnati.”—F. G.
Cary. What more can be said of this superlatively choice
fruit? “Best grafted on the apple (a singularity), reser-
ving part of the apple branches to give a large size and
flavor.” So says Mr. Gabriel Sleath, an experienced hor-
ticulturist and cultivator, and one of the pioneers of
Cincinnati, in flowers and fruit, with Jas. Howarth, and,
to be in good company, may I be permitted to add the
author. Tree very vigorous and beautiful on its own
stock, and remarkably hardy, healthy, and luxuriant in
growth, and requires on its own stock a liberal use of the
PEARS.: 187

knife. The pear treo is liable to be much injured, if
pruned by those who do not understand the nature of it.
The blossoms are commonly produced from buds at the
extremity of the last year’s shoots; and, as these are often
cut off by the unskillful pruner, it prevents their pro-
ducing fruit, and causes the boughs to send out new
branches, which encumber the tree with too much wood.
The Summer is the best time to look over pear trees, and
to remove all superfluous and interfering shoots, which
would too much shade the fruit, although in this climate
they will stand more shade than in the north of Europe.
If this be carefully done, they will require but little
pruning in the Fall—tThe original venerable Seckel pear
tree stands in a meadow in Passyank township, less than
a quarter of a mile from the Delaware River, opposite to
League Island, not more than half a mile from the mouth
of the Schuylkill, and about three and a half miles from
the city of Philadelphia. It measures six feet in circum-
ference one foot above the ground, and four feet nine
inches higher up. It is about thirty feet high. It has its
usual roundness. It is nowin a great state of decay.

SEIGNEUR D’EspErin. Color, lemon yellow; size, 2;
use, table; texture, juicy, sweet, pleasant; quality, 1 to 2;
season, August or September.

Remarxs.—A new, beautiful, and very superior fruit.
Tree, a healthy, upright grower.

SINCLAIR'S SEEDLING.

Remarxks.—A small, but excellent fruit, from Balti-
more, Maryland; only rather liable to crack, as is com-
plained of by some in particular situations, in the White
Doyenne and a few others ;—unsuitable soil and aspect
probably the chief causes. Time and more experience
will improve these things, by closer attention.
188 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Sxrnuess. See Sans Peau.

Remarxs.—A fruit of the size of the Early Catherine ;
skin smooth and very thin. ‘Color, greenish yellow, with a
little blush. The stem is long and small; the flesh juicy
and breaking, rather than melting; of a pleasant, sweet
taste; very attractive to wasps and bees, the thin skin
much favoring their operations. The trec and foliage aro
of delicate growth. Season, about the end of July, or a
little sooner sometimes, varying, of course, like otber
fruits, according to the seasons in our latitude, being
sometimes a month or even six weeks, earlier or later.

~This has been borne in mind by the author in the state-
ments of the seasons of all our fruits. We are dlso about
a month earlier here than in the North or East; and still
earlier than in the North of Europe. This changes their
Winter fruits sometimes into Autumn with us, and their
Fall fruits into nearly Summer, in the West; thus, often
materially affecting their character and quality. The dif-
ference of our soil, too, having no slight influence on
them.

ScHENCK’s, or Hosenschenck (Stocking Leg). Color, light
yellowish green; form, obovate; size, 1; use, table; tex-
ture, tender and melting, with a juicy and very sprightly
flavor; quality, 2 to 1; season, September.

Remarxs.— From Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Jiarge.
Yellow. Resembles Bartlett, and perhaps as good. Though
this would be very doubtful, in the estimation of most.

SIEULLE, or Doyenne Steulle. Color, pale yellow, with a
little red on the sunny ‘side; form, roundish flattened ;
size, 2; use, table; texture, buttery, melting, rich, and
very good; quality, 2 to 1; season, September.

Remarks.—A new fruit. From the London Horticul-
tural Society’s garden, which has performed immense
PEARS. 189

benefit to pomologists in England, as well as to the world,
although the results of their trials have but a partial
bearing on the benefits to be derived from us here, on
account of the great-difference of climate, soil, and other
circumstances. But the old mother country has undoubt-
edly ever taken the foremost lead in the improvement of
the,world-in every thing. We are following, shall follow,
and, in due time, under many more favorable circum-
stances, natural advantages in particular, will, in all like-
lihood, surpass Great Britain in almost every thing, pom-
ology as well.

Soupar ‘pb’ EsPerEn, or Soldat Laboreur d’ Experen. Color,
greenish yellow, becoming yellow, with many patches,
stripes and dots of russet; form, pyriform, sometimes
ovate pyriform; size, 1; use, table; texture, coarse, juicy,
melting, somewhat perfumed; quality, 1; season, October
to November.

Remarxs.—Raised by Mr. Esperin, of Malines. Must
not be confounded with Soldat Laboreur of the French,
which is a third or fourth rate fruit. Described by Col.
Wilder in Downing’s Horticulturist.

Soldat Laboreur of the French. (See Appendix, 97.)
Remarxs.—Not worth notice.

Spanish Bon Chretien. Unworthy.

Spice, or Musk Pear. Color, greenish yellow; form,
oval; size, 3; use, table; texture, breaking, or half but-
tery, with a sweet, rich, aromatic flayor; quality, 2; sea-
son, August.

Remarxs.—There is a pretty strong resemblance in the
color, form, and flavor of the Seckel, but the latter is
much the most delicious. Tree, very vigorous, grows
190 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

with long shoots, like the Catherine. It does not bear
till large; then very fruitful. Eaten when fully ripe,
very good, but too small. iy.

Sr. Gursnatin, or St Galen. Color, pale yellow; form,
pyriform; size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy, sugary;
quality, 2; season, August and September.

RemMarks.—Tree, upright, vigorous growth; young
shoots, light brown. Requires a warm, rich soil; other-
wise a little insipid. Excellent, thrifty, and upright.
Productive. A little variable in some soils. Fine with
A. H. Ernst.

St. Anpre. Color, yellowish green; form, globular,
acute pyriform; size, 2 to 1; use, table; texture, juicy,
tart; season, August and September.

Remarxs.—Rather inclined to rot at core. Tree, vigor-
ous, healthy grower. Harly bearer.

ST. NICHOLAS. Color, greenish yellow; form, oblong
pyriform; size, 1; use, table; texture, rich, sub-acid,
slightly perfumed; quality, 2; season, Fall.

Remarxs.—Flesh, with some astringency, next the
skin. Described by Colonel Wilder in Downing’s Horticul-
turist, “As a standard, good for market.’’ This ig an in-
stance of a small pear in France, growing a large pear in
this country.

ST. GERMAIN. Color, green; form, irregular; size,
2; use, table; texture, juicy; quality, 2; season, October.

Remarks.—Keeps pretty well with care. Stem short,
and generally planted in an oblique direction. Flesh,
highly flavored. Requires a warm situation to ripen.

ST. MICHAEL OF BOSTON, or Virgalieu, White Doy-
enne, or Beurre d’Oree. Color, bright yellow; form, oblong;
PEARS. : 191

size, 1; use, table; texture, juicy, melting, buttery; qual-
ity, 1; season, Sap ombar to November.
Remarks. —One of the very best. White Doyenne of
“France. Almost as good as the Seckel. Should be gath-
ered before fully ripe, and kept some time in the house.
An abundant béarer ; produces early. Cracks sometimes.

STEVEN'S GENESSER. Color, greenish yellow; form,
round obovate; size, 1; use, table; texture, juicy, sugary,
aromatic; quality, 2; season, August and September.

Remarxs.—Not equal to the above (St. Michael). Apt
to rot at core. Native of Rochester, New York. Good
on pear and quince, but the West does not seem to suit it
very well, though it has done well in some parts of the
country. Grows to a good size; of a beautiful gold color
when ripe. It needs to be eaten as soon as ripe, as it soon
gets mushy. The tree is a fine, upright grower; the
fruit large and fine. The trees spread in their habits,
and are only moderately productive.

Stone Pear. Color, greenish white, with large red blush;
form, top-shaped, or turbinated; size, 1; use, baking ;
quality, 3; season, 10th September to 10th October. Ori-
gin, Cincinnati. Great bearer.

Remarks.—For market and baking only. Its fine ap-
pearance renders its merits deceptive. In passing this
judgment on this fruit, that it is merely fit for sale, we
advance a very poor encomium on the popular knowledge
of pomology. Indeed it is rather low, and a very few
years back was much lower. But ought not this fact to be
a strong inducement to the philanthropist, and to horti-
culturists, to spur them on to still unceasing efforts for
the improvement and establishment of fruits, not only in
quality but in quantity, until they shall be within the reach
of all, at a reasonable price.
192 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Sryrr. Color, green; form, round; size, 2; texture,
buttery, juicy, gritty; quality, 1; season, August.
Remarks.—Origin unknown. Tree very productive.

Striped St, Germain.
Rewarks.—Only a striped variety—like the Striped
Duchesse. Unworthy of much notice.

Sucre Verts, or Green Sugar. Color, green; .form,
oblong; size, 2; use, table; texture, buttery; quality, 2;
season, September. Of vigorous growth.

Sugar Green Chisel. Good. Summer.

Souvrain D’ErE. Color, lemon yellow; form, round
obovate ; size, 2; texture, juicy; quality, 2: season, Au-
gust.

Remarks.—Described by Col. Wilder, in Downing’s Horti-
culturist. Flesh, melting, tender, and very juicy; flavor,
sprightly, a little vinous, rich.

Summer Bercamor. See Bergamot of Summer.

Remarks —sShould be eaten before it is too ripe. The
skin is green, full of small russet spots; but, when fully
ripe, it becomes yellow. It is a highly flavored fruit, if
gathered from the tree; but, when too ripe, it becomes
dry, and loses its flavor. ‘Poor when too ripe. The size
is small; of a round form; the flesh rich and sprightly.
It is the least vigorous pear tree in our country, of moder-
ate size, and great hardiness; free from blight. 'The fruit
in perfection from the middle to the end of July.’—Coze.

Summer Franc Real. Color, dull green; form, obovate,
obtuse pyrifurm ; quality, 2; use, table; texture, buttery,
juicy, sweet; season, August.
PEARS. 193

Remarxs.—Foreign. Tree thrifty, hardy, good bearer;
best on quince. ‘Indifferent in quality. May prove
better, another year.”’—A. H. Ernst. Probably a second-
rate fruit. Sometimes a second-rate fruit is better than
a first, it depending so much for what purposes they
are required. If a person wants half a peck of the very
best pears (speaking by way of comparison), for any par-
ticular purpose, or for his own use and enjoyment, then
he may grow the best fruit; but if he wishes for half a
bushel for market, to make money, it is another thing.
In both cases the same amount of labor and pains are
bestowed upon the culture.

Summer Pine Appts. See Ananas d’Hte.
!

Summer Rose. Unworthy.

Summer Cotmar. Color, green, white at maturity ;
form. round, obtuse conical; size, 2; use, table; texture,
melting, sugary, vinous; quality, 1; season, August.

Remarks.—An unsightly, but exceedingly luscious, and
fine fruit. Tree, unsightly, rough, and brittle.

SummugR Bon CuRETIEN. Color, yellowish green ; form,
very irregular, oblong; size, 1; use, table; texture, melt-
ing, buttery; quality, 2; season, August and September.

Remarks.— Tine odor. Skin very smooth. It fre-
quently cracks, which diminishes its excellence. Leaves
large and smooth. Tree vigorous. Sometimes misnamed
Jargonelle in this country. Exhibited by T. V. Petticolas.
July 29, 1855. Fruit Committee report, “delicate and
fine.” Ripens about the time of the Seckel, and several
other pears of high reputation. Mr. R. Buchanan ranks
it as a good market fruit—not of the first order. ‘‘ Worth-
less in stiff clay.”—A. H. Ernst.

17
194 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

SumMER Doyrrnne. See Doyenne d’Ete.

Remarxs.—Exhibited by T. V. Petticolas, July 29, 1855.
Fruit committee considered it a “beautiful, small, but
good fruit.”

Summer St. Germain. Color, pale green all over the
surface; form, obovate; use, table; size, 2; texture, juicy,
tender, sweet, with a very little acid, and very good;
quality, 2.

Remarxs.—A pleasant, juicy, Summer pear, bearing
large crops, and growing vigorously.

Summer PortucaL. Color, yellow; form, round, obo-
vate; size, 3; use, table; texture, white, juicy, buttery ;
quality, 1; season, July and August.

SuPERFONDANTE. Color, pale yellow, marked with a
few dots, and sometimes russet; form, obovate; size, 2;
use, table; texture, buttery, melting, and good; quality,
2; season, September.

Remarxs.—Of the same class as the White Doyenne,
and like it somewhat in appearance and flavor.

Sutuivan. Color, pale greenish yellow; form, oblong
pyriform; size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy, melting,
sugary, and agreeable; quality, 2; season, August and
September.

Styrian. Color, deep yellow, with a bright red cheek,
and streaks of light russet; size, 2 to 1; use, table; tex-
ture, crisp, with a rich, high flavored juice; season, Sept.

SURPASSE VIRGALIEU. Color, yellow, small dots;
form, varying; size, 2; use, table; texture, buttery, juicy,
and aromatic; quality, 2; season, September.
x

PEARS, 195

Remarxs.—This is a foreign pear. A regular and
abundant bearer, on pear, or quince. A vigorous, healthy
tree, with yellowish brown wood; growth upright. (This
upright growth, of many kinds of’ trees, is advantageous
for the smaller room they take up in gardens and
grounds, while forming a pleasing variety of character to
the scene.)

Swan's Egg. Color, green, part brown; form, elliptical ;
size, 2; use, table; texture, melting, musky; quality, 3 to
4; season, September.

Remarxs.—A good little pear in England, being very
hardy, and bearing large crops as a standard, without
needing training, which is most practiced there from the
coolness of the climate in Summer, compared with ours in
the Middle States. It is very little esteemed here, where
they can have such fruits as the Seckel, Kirtland’s, ete.

SWAN'S ORANGE, or Onondaga. Color, pale greenish
yellow, becoming golden yellow when matured, a good
number of russet dots, and at times a dull blush in the
sun; form, ovate, obovate; size, 1; use, table; texture,
white, juicy, buttery, and rich.

Remarks.—Succeeds equally well on the pear or quince
stock, and, as a profitable market variety, deserves ex-
tensive culture. It will compare well with the great
Bartlett, or Williams’ Bon Chretien (before described).
It is not so sweet as many fine pears, but of a very good
flavor, and large size. “It is very valuable.”—Dr. Warder.

Sylwange, is unworthy, very nearly. Long keeper.
TRIOMPHE DE JoRDIOGNE. Form, obovate; size, extra

1; use, table; texture, melting, sub-acid ; quality, 1; sea-
son, September and October. Described by Col. Wilder.
196 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

in Horticulturist, by Downing. Very large, and promises
well.

Yea. Color, rich yellow; form, round oval; size, 3;
use, table; texture, white, melting, juicy ; season, August.
Remarks.—Origin, New Haven, Conn.

Tuompson. Color, greenish yellow; form, turbinate,
round to eye; size, 2 to 1; use, table; texture, buttery,
melting, sugary; quality, 2; season, September and Oct.

Remarks. — Flesh, white and grecnish yellow, fine,
melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, and highly and agreeably
aromatic.

TYSON. Color, deep yellow and russet; form, round,
pyriform, irregular; size,2; use, table; texture, juicy,
sugary, melting; quality, 1; season, July and August:

Remarks.—From Pennsylvania. Tree of vigorous, up-
right growth, with reddish brown wood. This, with the
Bartlett, Seckel, White Doyenne, Bloodgood, Louise
Bonne de Jersey; Glout Morceau, Duchesse d’Angouleme,
Julienne, Doyenne Robin, and some few others, Mr. Bu-
chanan finds to succeed admirably with him, as dwarfs.
He plants them round the borders of his garden, about
eight feet apart. Thus they occupy but little room, and
require but slight attention. Sometimes a sucker from
the stock has to be cut away, or a straggling branch short-
ened in—and but little more. Too deep, or highly ma-
nured ground, makes them grow too much to wood, but
no fruit. In this way, even in rather bad years, some of
the trees will bear fifteen to twenty pears, when only five
to six feet high. Thus they look promising, to a conside-
rable extent, for amateur culture in our locality, The
soil and climate seem to suit them tolerably well. For a
profitable market crop, we shall probably have to rely
PEARS. 197

principally upon our standard pear trees; but time will
show —“ we shall see.” One thing may be here observed,
viz: that owing to our dry Summers, compared with Eu-
rope and the Atlantic States, the fibrous small roots of the
quince, which are near the surface of the ground, are
more affected by drouth than the pear roots, which seek
their sustenance deeper in the earth. This is rather
against the dwarf pears for market use. If the pear is
permitted to take root, then it will soon cease to be
dwarf, and grow away high. With regard to the grafting
of pear trees, on their own stock, and on the quince, it
must not be forgotten that, in the former case, the union
is more perfect than in the latter, where the sap is not in
action at the same instant of time, and the quality of their
secretions, be they what they may, can not be as perfectly
identical, or precisely the same. This will, and does have
a great bearing on the success of the culture of dwarf
pears, compared with the standards; and on this account,
also, we can not look for the same permanent prosperity
of these trees. We must necessarily incur the loss of time
and money in their continual decay and renewal. It is
only when varieties of the same species are worked on each
other, that a perfectly sound and durable union is effected,
and not always, even then, as we see when a fast growing
apple-tree is grafted upon a diminutive and slow-growing
variety, such as the Paradise. A peach-tree, when bud-
ded on the varieties of the plum, were it not that the plum
stock is impervious to the peach worm, would not be more
durable, in this country, than when budded on its own
stock. One very great advantage, which must not be
overlooked, in the use of dwarf pears is, that they fill
that vacuum in the cultivation of the pear which is so
trying to the patience of fruit-growers, and which must
necessarily exist, until the standards shall have come
into full bearing.
198 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Upper Crust. Size, 3; use, table; texture, buttery,
melting; quality, 2; season, July.

Remarxs.—A South Carolinian. Tree, healthy, mode-
rate grower. Fruit size of Dearborn’s seedling.

URBANISTE, or Beurre Picquery, ete. Color, pale yel-
low, with gray dots, and some russet lines ; form, obovate
pyriform ; size, 2; use, table; texture, white, yellowish at
core, buttery, melting, vinous; quality, 1; season, Septem-
ber and October.

Remarxs.— Good. Tree, moderately vigorous and
hardy ; well suited to Western soils. Notan early bearer,
but when it bears, produces regularly and abundantly.
Should be extensively planted. Fruit keeps well.

Uvedale St. Germain. Poor. For baking only.

VaLLeE Franxcoe. Form, round, obtuse, turbinate ;
size, 2; use, table: texture, poor; quality, 3; season,
July or August.

Remarxs.—Exhibited to Cincinnati Horticultural Soci-
ety, by A. H. Ernst, August 18,1855. Committee on Fruit
considered it ‘‘ quite a second, or even third rate Summer
pear.” “Deficient in flavor and character.”—A. H. Ernst.

Van Asscue. Color, light yellow; form, obovate ob-
tuse; size, 1; use, table; texture, buttery, melting; qual-
ity, 1; season, September and October.

Remarxs.—New pear. Worthy of general trial. Has
proved fine, and handsome, with A. H. Ernst.

Van Buren, Rather poor. Good for baking.
PEARS. 199

Van Mons’ Leon te Crerc. Color, pale yellow, gold
at maturity; form, ovate, obovate pyriform; size, 1; use,
table; texture, buttery, melting, juicy; season, October
to January.

Remarxks.—Foreign. Valuable on the quince. Bears
carly and well.; Very large and fine, but the tree soon
becomes old; has no stamina or vigor. Unworthy.

Verte Lonevs, or Long Green. Color, green, even at
maturity, with numerous minute dots; form, long pyri-
form, narrowing a good deal from the middle toward both
ends; size, 2; use, table; texture, very juicy, witha sweet,
slightly perfumed, very excellent flavor; quality, 2; sea-
son, August and September.

REeMARKS.—Very pleasant and lively tasted fruit. Bears
abundant crops. The true sort is large, green and good.
We doubt if all our nurserymen have the real Mouthwa-
ter, one of its synonymes.

Verte Lonaus, or Panachee. Color, yellow and green
striped; form, round at blossom end; size, 2; use, table;
texture, buttery; quality, 2; season, September.

Remarxs.—Striped sort. Bears abundantly.

VICAR OF WINKFIELD, Le Cure, Clion, ete. Color,
skin fair and smooth, pale yellow, sometimes, with a
brownish cheek, and marked with small brown dots;
form, long, pyriform, often six inches, and a little one-
sided; size, 1; use, table, but chiefly cooking; texture,
very juicy generally, but it varies; sometimes it is but-
tery, often crisp, with a good sprightly flavor; quality, 2;
seasen, October to January.

Remarxks.—The opinions differ more on this fruit than
any other, unless it be Passe Colmar. A great many
highly approve of it. It depends, we think, a great deal
200 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

upon the way and time it is ripened. It certainly is the
very best kind of baking pear; and, sometimes, we find
ita fine table pear. It probably requires a warmer tem-
perature to ripen than most other pears. It can not be
easily bruised when picked, as it is very firm; but no
pear can be too tenderly handled and deposited. It
is very productive, hardy and large, fair and handsome.
The fruit-branches droop.

VIRGALIEU. See White Doyenne, or St. Michael's.

VIRGALOUSE. Color, yellowish green, at maturity,
with gray or reddish dots; form, conical; use, table;
texture, juicy and rich; quality, 1; season, October to
January.

Remarks.—It has brought twenty dollars per barrel at
New York. An old French Winter variety. It is of good
size, high flavored, and juicy, and has every fine quality
necessary. It should be picked some time before it is
ripe, as it is a long while ripening. Exhibited by some
member at the Horticultural Society Rooms. “A good
fruit.” Not a good enough bearer for the West.

WASHINGTON. Color, lemon yellow, with red rus-
set; form, roundish ovate, or ovate pyriform; size, 2;
use, table; texture, juicy, sugary; quality, 1; season,
August and September.

Remarks.—The Washington deserves its name; it is
excellent, thrifty, and hardy. American—from Delaware.
Tree, healthy, of moderate growth, an annual bearer.
A young but moderate bearer. Fine for the amateur,
particularly further South.

WENDELL. Form, round, obtuse; size, 2; use, table;
season, August.
PEARS, 201

4
Remarks.— Flesh, white, breaking, tender, juicy and
a little gritty, sweet, pleasant; somewhat aromatic. ’—
A. H. Ernst. Tree, vigorous, upright. Not high flavor.

WHITE DOYENNE, Tirgalieu, or Yellow Butter. See
St. Mighael’s, Boston. Called Butter Pear, Philadelphia.

Remarxs.— Excellently well adapted to the locality
of Cincinnati."—F. G. Curvy. Should be picked before
ripe. Does well on quince or standard. Sometimes it has
cracked, but not lately ; probably from atmospheric causes.
Great sales of these trees in the nurseries. Itis particu-
larly well adapted for the quince stock. Varies much.

Wiepow Pear. Color, yellowish green; forra, regular
turbinate; size, 2; use, baking; quality, 1; season, Sep-
tember and October.

Remarks.—Skin, thin; flesh, white, very melting, but-
tery, juice abundant, slightly acidulous, or vinous, agreea-
bly perfumed, and highly flavored. Described by Andrew
Leroy, in Horticulturist. A delicious, first-rate fruit.

Windsor, or Summer Bell.

teMARKS.—Good for nothing. Exhibited by M. McWil-
liams, July 29,1855. Fruit Committee considered it “A
poor fruit.”

WILLIAMS’ Harry (not Bartlett, or Williams’ Bon Chre-
tien). Color, bright yellow, with rich scarlet dots on
sunny side; form, roundish, turbinate, regularly formed;
size, 3; use, table; texture, very juicy, half buttery, rich,
with a slight musky flavor.» (Downing’s Fruits and Fruit
Trees of America.)

Remarxs.—Tree, a moderate grower.

Witsur. Color, yellowish green; form, oval, obovate;
202 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

size, 2; use, table; flesh, white, juicy; quality, 2; season,
August.

Remarks.—From Somerset, Mass. ‘I'ree, a moderate
grower. Shoots, slender, yellowish brown.

Wituiams’ Vireatouse. Color, light green; form,
irregular; size, 1; use, table; texture, juicy ; quality, 2;
season, November to January.

Wilkinson. Color, golden yellow; form, obovate, nar-
row near stall; size, 2; use, table; texture, sugary.

Remarks.—Rich yellow color. Flesh, yellowish white,
fine grained, melting; and though rather solid in texture,
juice sugary and vinous. Described by H. Wood in
Downing’s Horticulturist. A natural seedling. Sold at high
prices in Fulton market, N. Y.

Winter RovussELer. Color, lively russet; size, 2; use,
table and baking; texture, sugary; season, long Winter
keeper.

RemaRKs.—An abundant bearer, and rather too acid
for the table.

WINTER NELIS. Color, yellowish green; form,
roundish obovate; size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy,
sugary; quality, 1; scason, October to December.

Remarxs.—Foreign. Very hardy. Prolific on pear or
quince. Excellent for Winter. Wood slender.

The following important conditions should be observed,
as recommended by John Sayers, one of our most intelli-
gent and reliable nurserymen and florists, near Cincin-
nati, in the cultivation of the pear on the quince:

“1st. A proper selection of varieties, such as are known
to succeed on the quince.
PEARS. 203

“2nd. Good, healthy trees worked on a good stock—the
Angers, or Paris.

“3rd. A good, loamy soil, of moderate fertility, on a
clay sub-soil, and from eighteen to twenty inches deep.

“4th. Planted so deep that all the quince stock is below
the surface.

“5th. Ordinary good cultivation, and moderate prun-
ing, but not pruned so severely as to deprive the plant of
power to send down woody matter enough to keep the
roots healthy and active. Nearly all the failures can be
traced to a want of one or more of the above requisites
for successful cultivation.”

The truth is, our climate and soil is not so much against
the success of pear, either on its own stock or the quince,
as the want of attention to those particular requirements,
which are necessary for each, in common with all other
fruits, more or less.

WINTER ORANGE. Form, nearly round; size, 2;
use, kitchen; texture, melting, juicy: quality, 2; season.
October to December.

Remarks.—Good Winter pear. where, as in the West,
there are but few to keep well. Very productive.

WILHELMINE, or Beurre d’Amalis. Color, greenish
yellow; form, round obovate; size, 2; use, table; texture,
buttery, sugary, juicy; quality, 1; season, Summer.

Remarks.—Foreign. Excellent, and delicious.

Winter Bergamotte. Color, russet; form, round, flat at
ends; size, 2; texture, spongy; quality, 3.

Remarks.—From England. Not of much value. “ Good
when taken just in time.’—4. H. Hrnst. To how many
fruits does not this observation apply? There is one cer-
tain point in their perfection. It is best for kitchen.
204 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Zoar Brauty, or Superb. Color, light yellow; form
varies; size, 2; use, table; texture, juicy, sugary ; season,
July and August. -

Remarxs.—Native of Ohio. Tree a vigorous grower,
with dark brown shoots. This pear, from its great nat-
ural vigor, with some others like it, as the Seckel, Buffum,
etc., would not require so rich a soil as pear trees do in
general. The pear tree, as a general rule, requires a
rather moist and tenacious soil; not, however, wet and
saturated with stagnant waters. If placed on a loamy
or clayey soil, abounding in the requisite inorganic ele-
ments (phosphate of lime and potash), with pure water
percolating beneath at a depth at which it can merely be
reached by the extreme roots, this tree will be as hardy,
strong growing, and durable as the oak. The deficiencies
which occur in most soils may be, to some extent, arti-
ficially supplied. Animal bones, urine, the sweepings and
droppings of the roosting poultry, or of the poultry-house
and yard, and guano, are the principal sources from which
the surplus must be supplied—Probably the very best
mode of preventing any species of blight, either the frozen
sap blight, the cunker blight, often occurring in the inscet
blight, ov the fire blight, is to bury about their roots large
quantities of unground bones; time and weather breaking
them down as rapidly as the trees call for supplies; the
surface of the ground being also dressed with ashes and
refuse lime. No one should set out one pear tree more
than he can at suitable intervals cultivate with care, and
can at certain times supply, in some form, with the requi-
site food.
PEARS. 205

FRUITS OF OHIO.

Statement of R. Bucuanan, A. H. Ernst, and J. A. WaRDER,
of Cincinnati, Hamilton county, Ohio, as reported to the Amer-
ican Pomological Society, at their annual mecting, held at the
City of Boston, in September, 1854. ,

PHARS.

“Some varieties of this fruit, as the ‘Bartlett’ and
‘Seckel,’ bear as well as the apple, and others one year
in two or three.

“The Committee is largely indebted to one of its mem-
bers, Mr. Ernst, for valuable notes on this fruit, carefully
prepared, from his own experience in its culture.

‘“« Many varieties, particularly those of American origin,
thrive well as standards; but, as a general rule, the for-
eign sorts do best on the quince stock. The cultivation
is principally in the hands of amateurs, but the high
prices obtained for the pear in our markets will soon
cause a more general culture, which is invited by our
favorable soil and climate.

“The following are considered best; Bartlett, Beurre
d’Aremberg, Beurre Benoist, Beurre Diel, Beurre Spence,
Bloodgood, Dearborn’s Seedling, Dix, Doyenne d’Ete
(very early), Duchesse d’Angouleme, Haster Beurre, Flem-
ish Beauty, Heathcot, Julienne, Lawrence, Louise Bonne
de Jersey, Madeleine, Onondaga, Osborn, Pratt, Saint
Ghislain, Seckel, Stevens’ Genessee, Tyson, Van Assene,
Washington, White Doyenne.

“The following are rejected, as unsuited to this region,
or for inferior size and quality: Amire Johonnot, Beurre
d’Amalis, Beurre Capiaumont, Chelmsford, Colmar Neil,
Early Catherine, Grosse Calebasse, Jargonelle, Moon’s
Pound, Musk, Summer Bon Chretien, Orange Bergamot,
Petit Muscat, Red Bergamot, Rondelet, Summer Franc
Real, Valle Franche, Windsor.”
206 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

INDIANA PEARS.—RecommenpEeD By Henry Warp
BEECHER.

Summer, or such as ripen from the first of July to the last of
August.—Madeleine, or Citron des Carmes, Bloodgood,
Summer Frané Real, Dearborn’s Seedling, Julienne, Will-
jams’ Bon Chretien.

AUTUMN, or such as ripen from September to the last of No-
vember.—Stevens’ Genessee, Belle Lucrative. Henry the
Fourth, Washington, Dunmore, St. Ghislain, Seckel, Beurre
Bose, Andrews, Marie Louise, Doyenne or Fall Butter, Dix,
Petre, Duchesse d’Angouleme.

WINTER, or those which ripen during the Winter and Spring
months.—Beurre Dicl, Hacon's Incomparable, Passe Col-
mar, Beurre Ranz, Columbia, Beurre d’Aremberg, Van
Mons’ Leon le Clerc, Beurre Easter, Chaumontelle, Glout
Morceau, Prince’s St. Germain, Winter Nelis.

Those who wish only four trees, may select Bloodgood,
Williams’ Bon Chretien, Duchesse d’Angouleme, Beurre
d’Aremberg. Those who have room for etght, to the abbve
may add Beurre Bosc, Passe Colmar, Columbia, Winter
Nelis. Those who wish sizteen trees, to the above may add
Madeleine or Citron des Carmes, Summer Franc Real, Dun-
more, Seckel, Dix, Beurre Diel, Beurre Ranz, Beurre
Easter.

List of Pears for Southern and Central Ohio, Indiana, Ilinots,
Southern Iowa, Northern Kentucky, Maryland, Tennessee, and
Northern Missourt.

ANaNAS D’EtE. Stock, pear; use, table and market;
season, August.

Barrett. Stock, pear; use, table and market ; season,
August.

Brite Lucrative. Stock, pear and quince; use, table
and market ; season, September.
PEARS. 207

BEURRE Laneuier. Stock, pear and quince; use, table
and market ; season, October and November.

BrEURRE Morr. Stock, quince; use, table and market ;
season, October.

Bervurre Bosc. Stock, pear; use, table; season, Sep-
tember and October.

BeEuRRE p’AnJov. Stock, pear and quince; use, table
and market; season, October.

BeEvurre Easter. Stock, quince; use, table and market;
season, January to March.

Burrum. Stock, pear; use, table and market; season,
September.

Buack Worcester. Stock, pear; use, cooking; season,
November to January.

Bioopeoop. Stock, pear; use, table and market; sea-
son, July.

Bon Curetren Fonpants. Stock, quince; use, ‘table
and market; season, September.

DEARBORN SEEDLING. Stock, pear; use, table; season,
July.

Doyenne, WuitE. Stock, pear and quince; use, table
and market; season, September and October.

Futon. Stock, pear; use, table and market; season,
October.

Fiemiso Beauty. Stock, pear and quince; use, table
and market; season, September.

Guiout Morceav. Stock, quince; use, table and mar-
ket; season, November to January.

JALOUSIE DE FonTENAY VENDEE. Stock, quince; use,
table and market; season, September.

LovisE Bonne DE JERSEY. Stock, quince; use, table
and market; season, September.

Lawrence. Stock, pear; use, table and market; sea-
son, November.
208 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Lone GREEN, of Coxe. Stouk, pear; use, table and mar-
ket; season, September and October.

Lewis. Stock; pear; use, table and market; season,
October to January.

Novveav Poirzau. Stock, pear and quince; use, table
and market; season, October and November.

Doyenne D’Err. Stock, pear; use, table; season,
July.

Beurre Sr. Nicnyonas. Stock, quince; use, table and.
market; season, October and November.

Pounp. Stock, pear; use, cooking; season, November
and December.

Sorpat Lazpourevr D'EsPEREN. Stock, quince; use, ta-
ble and market; season, November and December.

-URBANISTE. Stock, quince; use, table and market;
season, September and October.

VicaR OF WINKFIELD. Stock, quince; use, market and
cooking; season, October to December.

SeckEL. Stock, pear; use, table and market; season,
September and October.

STEVENS’ GrNESSEE. Stock, pear and quince ; use, table
and market; season, September.

Tyson. Stock, pear and quince; use, table and market;
season, August.

St. GHisLain. Stock, pear and quince; use, table and
market; season, September.

Winter Neuis. Stock, pear; use, table and market;
season, November to January.

JAMINETTE. Stock, pear; use, table and market: sea-
son, November to February.

Payerncy. Stock, quince; use, table and market; sea-
son, September.

Wasuineton. Stock, pear; use, table and market;
season, August and September.
PEARS. 209

Zoar Beavry. Stock, pear; use, table and market;
season, July and August. .

Brurre p’AREMBERG. Stock, pear; use, table and mar-
ket; season, November to January.

Sxinuess. Stock, pear; use, table; season, July and
August.

Rostizzer. Stock, pear; use, table and market; sea-
son, August.

Imperial Society of Horticulture of the Rhone (France), upon
Pears.

We most sincerely hope that Pomological Societies may
continue to flourish and to labor unceasingly. As, some-
times, so much perseverance is required to completely
settle the true merits of any sort of fruit, the work of
these Societies will never cease, and but little diminish
in their hands. There will be a necessity often for some
reconsiderations. The very same specimen will vary from
tolerably good to very good, and from good to indiffer-
ently good, and also from being grafted on a different
stock, etc., etc. The different seasons will also occasion
them to vary much; and sometimes, if many sorts are
grafted on one tree, those which have less vigor than the
others will become greatly deteriorated. The great varie-
ties of soil, climate, and exposure, will change considerably
the same kinds, so much so that the same fruit in one
locality can be hardly recognized in another. We make
these remarks in order to direct the attention of our read-
ers to the fact that the Imperial Society of Horticulture
of the Rhone (France), have communicated to the various
Horticultural Societies of the world that the French Pom-
ological Congress, touching the action of that body on the
nomenclature of fruits, propose to abolish synonymous
names of fruits, and give each fruit a single definite
denomination, or title. Our Horticultural Society at

18
210 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Cincinnati have resolved to codperate with them as much
as possible in this respect, in a matter in which they and
the other Societies of America have been laboring for some
years. The first session was held at Lyons in September
last (1856), and it may be interesting, here, to enumerate
the number and kinds of pears admitted into cultivation.
There were sixty-three for standards and dwarfs, seven
especially for espaliers (a common mode for gardens
in Europe), eight varieties for the kitchen, and twelve
especially for standard. or orcharding. The names of
the first sixty-three are: Adele de St. Denis (synonymes
follow, which are abolished), Alexandrine Droullard, Ar-
bre Courbe, Beau present d’Artois, Bergamotte d’Angle-
terre (Gansel’s Bergamotte, etc.), Bergamotte d’Esperen,
Beurre Beaumont, Beurre Benoit, Beurre Bretonneau,
Beurre Capiaumont, Beurre Clairgeau, Beurre d’Amanlis
panachee, Beurre d’Aremberg, Beurre d’Anjou, Beurre
Davy, Beurre de Nantes, Beurre d’Hardenpont (Glout
Morceau, etc.), Beurre Diel, Beurre Giffart, Beurre Pic-
query (Urbaniste, etc.), Quetelet, Beurre Six, Bezy de
Montigny, (not the Musk Doyenne, commonly so called),
Bon Chretien Napoleon (Charles of Austria, etc.), Bon
Chretien William (Bartlett, etc.), Bonne d’Ezec, Calebasse
Bose (Thompson), Calebasse monstre (Van Marum, etc.),
Colmar d’Aremberg, Conseiller de la Cour, Cumberland,
Des Deux-Sceurs, Delices d’Hardenpont d’Angers, Delices
de Lowenjoul, Doyenne Boussoch, Doyenne Defais, Doy-
enne d’Hiver (Bergamotte de la Pentecote), Duchesse
d’Angouleme, Duchesse panachee, Duchesse de Berry d’Ete,
Epine du Mas, Esperine, Figue (Figue d@’Alencon), Fon-
dante de Charneux, Fondante de Noel, Belle ou Bonne, etc.,
Grand Soleil, Graslin, Jalousie de Fontenay (Jalousie de
Fontenay Vendee, etc.), Louise Bonne d’Avranches (Louise
de Jersey), Marie Louise Delcourt (Marie Louise Nora),
Nouveau Poiteau, Passe Colmar, Rousselet d'Aout, St.
PEARS. 211

Michel-Archange, St. Nicholas, Seigneur (Esperen), Fon-
dante d’Autumne, Belle Lucrative, etc.), Shobdencourt,
Soldat Labourer, Suzette de Bavay, Triomphe de Jodoigne,
Van Mons (Van Mons de Leon Leclerc). The Congress
observe of the sub-varieties; Panachees, Beurre d’Aman-
lis and Duchesse d’Angouleme, are rather small of their
kind. Pears for espaliers are seven: Bergamotte Cras-
sanne (Cressanne, Cresane d’Automne, etc.), Beurre Gris,
Bezy de Chaumontel (Chaumontel, vulgarly Charmontel),
Bon Chretien de Rans (Hardenpont of Spring, etc.),
Doyenne Blanc, or White Doyenne (St. Michel, Beurre
Blane, etc.), Doyenne Gris, St. Germain d’Hiver. The
varieties, the fruits of which are for cooking, are cight,
viz., Belle Angevine (Angora, Bolivar, ete.), Bon Chretien,
d’Hiver, Catillac (Grand Monarque, Teton de Venus, ctc.),
Certeaux d’Automne, Monsieur le Cure, (Le Clio, Vicaire de
Wakefield, (query, Winkfield, ctc.), Leon Leclerc, Martin
See (Rousselet d’Hiver), Messire Jean. Pears specially for
standards (orchard trees), Bergamotte Sylvange, Beurre
d’Angleterre (Poire Anglaise, St. Francois, ete.) Beurre
Goubault, Beurre Millet, Blanquet, Citron des Carmes
(Petite Madeline, St. Jean, etc.), Doyenne de Juillet,
Epargne (grosse Madeleine), Josephine de Malines, Rous-
selet de Rheims (Petit Rousselet, Rousselet musque), Seckle
(Shakespear, Seckle pear), Zephirin Gregoire. f

In closing our remarks on pears, we will observe, here,
that one of the reasons why there has been a discouraging
impression made as to the value and success of the Dwarf
pear in the West and in this vicinity, is that some of the
Eastern nurserymen, before they became acquainted with
the right kind of stock, sent trees worked on the Common
Quince, instead of the Angers or Paris—the latter is the
stronger of the two.
212 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

PEACHES.

ALBERGE. Form, roundish; leaves, globose; flowers,
small; flesh, yellow, red at stone; color, purplish cheek;
size, 2; quality, 2; season, August; freestone.

Remarxs.—Foreign. Only second-rate in flavor.

ALLEN. Form, roundish leaves. globose; flowers, small ;
flesh, pleasant vinous flavor, juicy ; color, white, red cheek ;
size, 3; quality, 2; season, September, freestone.

Remarxs.—Hardy, and good bearer, and eminently
productive. Has been raised forty years from the seed,
uniformly true. Cultivated by several of its name, in
Walpole, Mass. (Cole). This peach, like the Blood, and
many others, reproduces the same from the seed (there
are also some plums which do the same). Probably the
trees are more healthy and hardy in consequence.

Anne, Early. Form, roundish ; leaves, serrated, without
glands; flowers, large; color, white, with a faint, but
beautiful tinge of red, next the sun; size, 2 to 3; quality,
2 to 3; season, Ist July ; freestone.

Remarxs.—An old English sort. It is the first peach,
of any value that ripens; except the Early Tillotson,
which ripens at the same time, and is superior. The Barly
Tillotson, will, therefore, take its place for goneral culture.
The Early Red and White Nutmeg, are not worth much,
being too small. The trees of the Harly Anne are of
rather feeble growth.

BALTIMORE BEAUTY, or Belle. Form, rotndish
PEACHES. 213

oval; leaves, with globose glands; flowers, large; flesh,
yellow, but red at the stone, sweet, and very good—a
little mealy, if over-ripe; color, deep orange, with a rich,
brilliant red cheek; size, 2 to 3; quality, 2; season, Aug’st;
freestone. ;

Remarks.—A very good, and remarkably handsome,
peach, of native origin. Its chief fault is not being quite
juicy enough.

Barrineton. Form, roundish ovate, apex rather point-
ed, suture on one side, moderate; leaves, crenatc, with
globose glands; flowers, large; flesh, slightly red at the
stone, juicy, rich, and of high quality ; color, nearly white,
with a deep red marbled cheek; size, 1; quality, 2; sea-
son, July and August, freestone.

Remarxs.—lIs best south of New York city. The fruit
Tipens at the medium season—a week after Royal George.

BELLEGARDE, Violette Hative, French Royal George, Large
Violette, Brentford Mignonne, etc. Form, round and regular,
suture, shallow, with a projecting point ; leaves, with glo-
bose glands; flowers, smull; flesh, a little red at stone, a
little firm, but melting, juicy, rich, and high flavored; size,
1; quality, 2; season, August; freestone.

Remarxs.—One of the best that supplies the Paris mar-
ket; also prized by the English.

BEER’S LATE RARERIPE.
Remarxs.—Succeeds well at Frankfort, Ky.

BELLE DE VITRY, synonyme, Admirable Tardive.
Form, approaching oblate, apex depressed, suture deep ;
leaves, serrated without glands; flowers, small; ficsh,
rather firm, red at the stone, juicy, and rich ; color, nearly
«

214 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

white, tinged and marbled with bright and dull red; size,
2; quality, 1; season, September; freestone.

Remarxs.—This is distinct from the Late Admirable
ana Early Admirable, often called the same, but which is
six weeks earlier. Both of the latter have crenate leaves,
with globose glands. This is a great fruit at Frankfort,
Ky. Flesh, firm.

BERGEN, or Bergen's Yellow. Form, globular; leaves,
or glands, reniform ; flowers, small; flesh, yellow, melting,
luscious; color, deep orange, with a broad red cheek ; size,
1; quality, 1; season, August; freestone. It differs from
the Yellow Rareripe; which, however. it much resembles
in its more oblate form, deeper color, better flavor, and.
ripening about ten days later, and in its glands being uni-
form. A moderate and regular bearer. It is probably
the finest of all the peaches, with yellow flesh. It came
from Long Island, N. Y.

BuiEpsor’s SEEDLING. Form, roundish oblong; leaves,
glandless; flowers, large; flesh, mild, sweet, grateful ;
color, red and yellow; size, 2; quality, 2; season, Sep-
tember.

RemwarKks.—One of the best peaches in Kentucky—at
Frankfort.

Broop Ciinestone. Form, suture, distinct; leaves,
glandless; flowers, large; flesh, deep red throughout,
firm, juicy; color, dark, clouded purplish red; size, of
good fair medium average; quality, 1 (for pickling and
preserving) ; season, September; clingstone, as its namo
denotes.

Remarks.—For pickling and preserving only. The
French Clingstone is not so large. There is a Blood Free-
*

PEACHES. 215

stone, a variety of this, size 2, leaves without glands, and
not worth as much.

BRECKENRIDGE, see Old Mixon Cling.

Remarks.—A great peach at Frankfort, Kentucky, and
a valuable variety everywhere, as well as the Old Mixon
Free; both good kinds for market, especially the latter.

BREVOORT. Form, round and slightly oblate, suture
distinct, deep at apex ; leaves, with reniform glands; flow-
ers, small; flesh, rather firm and slightly red at stone,
rich, sweet and high flavored; color, nearly white, with a
faint cloudy tinge, a bright red cheek; size, 2 to 1; qual-

‘ity, 1; season, August or September; freestone.

Remarxs.—Very good for the garden. From New York.

A choice variety. Bears regular. Moderate crops.

CaBLe’s Late Matacatune. Freestone; yellow.

Remarxs.—Is ripe about a week after Crawford’s Late.
It is a seedling from the old Red Cheek Malacatune, or
Yellow Malacatune, the parent of most of the new yellow
peaches lately known.

CARPENTER'S RED RaRERIPE. Form, roundish; leaves,
reniform glands; flowers, small; flesh, melting, juicy;
color, red and white; size, 2; quality, 2; season, Septem-
ber ; treestone.

Iemarks.—A great peach at Frankfort, Kentucky.

CLARK’s Harty.

Remarxks.—A small native red peach, of good appear-
ance, and of lively and decided rich flavor; the earliest
on the list; tree of rather slow growth; productive; fruit
ripe about the 28th of July; originated in St. Louis, and
216 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK,

+

named by the Chairman of the Society in honor of Mr.
Lewis Clark, who raised it—Fruits of Missouri, by Thomas
Allen, of St Louis.

Cole’s Early Red. Form, roundish; leaves, or glands,
globose ; flowers, small; flesh, good, but rather dry ; color,
pale yellow, mostly covered with red; size, 2; quality, 2
to 3; season, August; freestone.

Rewarks.—American. Productive; not much can be
said in its favor, beyond this—at any rate, for the West,
where we have so many finer seedlings; and to these the
year 1855 witnessed a very valuable accession, a list of
which is given at the end of the description of this fruit,
which see.

COOLIDGE’'S FAVORITE, or Coolidge’s Early Red
Rareripe. Form, round, largest on one side; leaves, or
glands, globose ; flowers, small ; flesh, melting, rich, juicy ;
rich, sweet, delicious flavor; color, white, with a bright
red blush, generally mottled; size, 1 to 2: quality, 1 to 2;
seaxon, July and August; freestone.

Remarks. — Tree, stout, healthy and prolific bearer.
Rather too tender for market. Much eaten by bees,
wasps, etc., on account of its delicate texture; and, from
the same cause, injured greatly by wet weather when
ripening. We can recommend it to amateurs and for
small gardens, yet there are others which can be better
depended upon. From Watertown, Massachusetts. It is
named after a gentleman residing there.

COLUMBIA. Form, round, with a shallow crease, or
suture all round; glands, or leaves, globose; flowers,
small; flesh, yellow, often shows a red streak next the
skin ; color, dull and dingy red, curiously marked and
PEACHES. 217

striped with dark red ; size, 1; quality, 1; season, August ;
freestone.

Remarxs.—Origin, New Jersey. Shoots, dark reddish
purple. It is a singular and peculiar fruit. Mr. Coxe,
one of the best and earliest writers on fruit in this.coun-
try, very practical, and whose work is now becoming
scarce, raised it—Coxe’s work abounds with good shaded
likenesses, engraved on wood, of all of the first-rate fruits
of America. Mr. Coxe considers the texture of this peach
very like a pine apple, rich, juicy, and of very excellent
flavor. Very fine. Spevimens of this fruit were exhib-
ited at our Fall Exhibition, in 1855 and 1856, by Mr. Bush
of Covington, and others. Mr. Bush has sucoéeded well
with many fine fruits, and particularly with plums, last
year (1856) saved from the Curculio in a yard where poul-
try roosted and ran. His Rawle’s Janets are always

_splendid, with several other kinds. This may, in part,
be attributed very much to the favorable soil and hilly
situation in Kentucky, adjacent to Cincinnati. It is
greatly favorable, also, to the growth of strawberries and
raspberries. The hills are very healthy, and what is
healthy for animal life, has the same effect, in a great
measure, upon vegetable tissues.

CRAWFORD’S EARLY. Form, obovate, ovate ; leaves,
globose, in their glands; flowers, small; flesh, yellow,
juicy ; color, yellow, red cheek; size, 1; quality, 1; sea-
son, August; freestone.

_ Remarks. — Of American orth, For market it is
planted largely by all cultivators as the best of the yellow
fleshed varieties. It is a very prolific bearer. The fruit
is rich and sweet, if it has the benefit and advantage of a
sunny exposure; otherwise, in the shade, it is slightly
acid. This is another of the most valuable kinds raised
in this country, from seed. It is not so common here to

19
218 WESTERN FRUIT BOCK.

raise this, or any other fruit, by the ingenious method of
impregnating the blossoms. But, as time advances, there
will, it is hoped, be more of this done with many fruits,
as the grape, etc. There is a singular fact related in
Philips’ Companion to the Orchard, published in 1831, as
follows: “T. A. Knight, President of the London Horti-
cultural Society, procured a new peach by this operation :
he impregnated the pistillum of the blossom on an almond
tree, with the pollen of the peach flower ; and this almond,
when planted, produced a peach tree instead of one of its
own kind, and has since ripened peaches.——The oldest
trees in England, of from forty to sixty years, generally
yield a good crop, when younger ones fail; the finest
peaches having been gathered from trees of the greatest
age. How different from our climate!

CRAWFORD’S LATE. Form, round; suture, shallow ;
leaves, crenated with globose glands; flowers, small; flesh,
red at the stone, juicy, vinous, hardly first-rate; color,
yellow, with a broad dark red cheek; size, 1; quality, 1
to 2; season, September and October; freestone.

Remarks.—This deserves a place in all collections.
Productive. It is among the first as a late variety for
market. Origin, New Jersey. The Red Cheek Malacatune
is mistaken for it in some localities. Suits the Northern,
Middle and Western States, as a market variety, as well
as Crawford’s Karly.

Early Anne. See Anne Early.
Harty Rep. See Cole’s.
EARLY TILLOTSON. See Tillotson.

BARLY TROTH. See Troth’s Early.
PEACHES. 219

Early Admirable (not Belle de Vitry, nor Admirable).
Form, nearly round; leaves, crenate, with globose glands;
flowers, large; flesh, red at the stone, juicy, rich, sweet,
fine; color, nearly white, with a red cheek ; size, 2; qual-
ity, 2; season, June and July.

RemMARKs.—Quite early, ripening very soon after Ser-
rate Early York. French origin. ~

Harty Newineron; freestone. Form, roundish, with
a distinct suture; leaves, with reniform glands; flowers,
small; flesh, white, but red at the stone, to which many
tentacles adhere, particularly if not fully ripe; color, pale
yellowish white, dotted and streaked with red, with a rich
red cheek ; size, 2 to 1; quality, 1; season, after the Early
York, about the latter end of July, or beginning of August.
Supposed to be American.

Harty Newineron; clingstone; or Smith's Newington,
of the English. Form, rather oval, narrower at the top,
and one half a little enlarged; leaves, serrated, without
glands ; flowers, large; flesh, firm, pale yellow, but light
red at the stone, firmly adhering ; color, pale straw color,
with a lively red cheek streaked with purple; size, 2;
quality, 2; season, first of August.

Remanrxs.—Not much cultivated in this country, where
we have many better; yet it is one of the best early
clingstone peaches. It is of English origin. With regard
to the effects of soil, climate, and location, on fruits,
nearly all the books which have been written in Amer-
ica, have taken by far too large a range of region, or
country, embracing, indeed, the whole United States, and
some of those which were but lately Territories. It is
seldom that these works have been particular enough in
their pages to designate any particular portion of the
whole country, to which any fruit was specially adapted.
220 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

And yet any person, who has paid the slightest attention
to the growing of fruit, must certainly be well aware, that
from one hundred to two hundred miles, generally, forms
the diameter of a circle in which many kinds of fruit can
be profitably and successfully raised. It is really neces-
sary that every locality should have its own fruits min-
utely and carefully described, and every thing relative to
their character, quality, size, use, season, appearance,
color, flavor, their popularity in market, keeping, etc., etc.,
most accurately pointed out. In the first place, the soil
has a powerful influence in the modification of fruit—to
such a degree that some are of fine size, and of the great-
est excellence, in one soil, and of very little, if any value
in another. It also changes the time of their maturity,
and has a great effect on the vigor and health of a tree,
its size, and age, or longevity. Climate, also, has a most
important effect upon both trees and fruit. Some kinds
will succeed only where they have been raised, not being
able to endure, without much injury, their removal two
hundred, or even one hundred miles,in any direction,
from their native place; while others, again, seem to suc-
ceed well in almost every latitude, and even in foreign
lands. Most of the apples of Europe are failures with us;
and how much is it desirable that we should have a most
critical acquaintance with them, so as to be able to point
out to new-beginners the fruit which will answer their
expectations, satisfy their palates, assist their pockets,
and save their time.

Harty Sweetwater. Form, roundish, with a slight
suture; leaves, with globose glands; flowers, large; flesh,
white, melting, juicy, sweet, and pleasant; color, pale
white, very seldom with a faint blush when ful ly exposed ;
size, 2; quality, 2; season, July and August; freestone.

Remarxs—Harly. Ripens not long after the Early

‘
PEACHES. 221

Anne, and two weeks earlier than the Early York. Amer-
ican, from the seed of the Early Anne, to which it has
been compared, but it is larger and better.

HARLY YORK, or Serrate Harly York, or True Early
York. Form, round, ovate; leaves, serrated, withou’
glands; flowers, large ; flesh, greenish white, tender, melt-
ing, filled with rich, sprightly juice; color, pale red, dotted
or greenish white in shade; size, 2; quality, 1; season,
July; freestone.

Remarxs.—The Coolidge’s Favorite, Royal George, and
some others, come after this fine fruit. There has been a
considerable mixing up, and difficulty with the proper
nomenclature of this peach, and others, similar to it. It
has been thought by some to be the New York Rareripe,
and the Large Early York, both of which are distinct
kinds. Tree, hardy and productive. It holds a high rank
among American cultivators. It is the first really fine,
early peach, which ripens.

GEORGE THE FOURTH; with twenty-five syno-
nymes. Form, round; glands, globose; flowers, small,
dull red ; flesh, pale red at stone; ‘color, yellowish white,
with bright red dots; size, 2 to 1; quality, 1; season, July
and August.

Remarxs.—Probably the greatest peach for amateur
culture in the United States. It is of large size. Its fla-
vor is very high. The tree is so healthy and so produc-
tive, that it is suited to all parts of the Union, as the
National Pomological Society has decided. No garden
is complete without it. It is an American seedling, from
Mr. Gill, Broad street, New York.

GROSSE MIGNONNE. Form, round; glands, glo-
bose; flowers, large; flesh, yellowish white, marked with
222 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

red at the stone, melting, juicy, with a very rich, high,
vinous flavor; color, dull greenish yellow, mottled with
red, and having a purplish red cheek ; size, 1; quality, 1;
season, beginning of August; freestone.

Remarxs.—The universal, high estimation in which this
celebrated peach is held, may be known, if from nothing
else, like the Bartlett pear, from the great number of dif-
ferent names, or synonymes which are attached to it. It
is a good and regular bearer, a large and handsome fruit,
and flourishes well, even in rather uncongenial climates,
like Boston, and in nearly all soils.

HEATH CLING, Late Heath, or Heath. Form, oblate,
narrow at both ends; glands, serrated; flowers, small;
color, greenish white; size, 1; quality, 1; season, Octo-
ber and November.

Remarks.—American. A very valuable kind in the
West and South. Used most for preserves. Of a juicy,
rich, luscious flavor. It often reproduces itself from the
seed. Trees very hardy, and producing often when oth-
ers fail. The fruit will keep long, in a cool room, wrapt
in paper. This peach is at the greatest perfection in the
State of Maryland. It is equal to the very best when
perfectly ripe, and the best for preserving. The juice is
most plentiful.

Hive Sgepiine. Form, round; leaves, globose; flow-
ers, large; flesh, juicy, sweet, good; color, red and yellow;
size, 1; quality, 1; season, September; clingstone.

Remarks.—American ; from the Heath Cling, but of
finer color, and believed to be earlier. Raised by Daniel
Hine, of Talmadge, Ohio. Fruit premium awarded to it
by the Ohio Pomological Society.

HONEST JOHN, see New York Rareripe, Large Early
PEACHES. 223

York. Form, roundish, somewhat like its synonymes;
color, greenish white, generally some red on the side of
the sun; leaves, with reniform glands; flowers, small;
flesh, pale, melting, juicy, high flavored, delicious and
sweet; size, 2; quality, 1; season, August; frecstone.

Remarxks.—Profitable for market. Some have disputed
the correctness of the above synonymes, but we can not
see any material difference.

Hystop. Form, oblate roundish; glands, reniform ;
flowers, small; fiesh, juicy, melting, rich, luscious; color,
white, deep rich red cheek; size, 1; quality, 1; season,
September; clingstone.

Remarxs.—For Northern climates this is a most desira-
ble fruit—more so. than the Heath Cling. The latter is
best for us, and nothing of the kind is capable of taking
its place, from its peculiar qualities, lateness and firmness,
juiciness, etc., for preserves in particular, Trees of the
Hyslop prolific, healthy and most hardy.

IncoMPARABLE, Pavie Admirable, Late Admirable, Cling.
RemarKs.—This is only worthy of cultivation for mar-
ket. Season, September.

Jaques, Jaques’ Rareripe. Form, round; glands, reni-
form ; flowers, small; flesh, yellow, red at stone; color,
downy dull yellow, with a red check ; size, 1; quality, 1;
season, August; freestone.

RemarKs.—A good market variety. Not of the high-
est flavor, but very saleable. A very sure bearer. Juicy,
rich, slightly sub-acid. Vigorous and productive. There
are various opinions regarding the character of this peach.
It is good in some places and indifferent in others. It is
not so easy to determine the characters of peaches and
pears as apples—so many new are continually coming in.
224 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Some that have come in with good names and a high rep-

_ utation elsewhere, have been discarded. A few should be
our main dependence. Every book on this subject
strongly recommends some particular kinds. People ex-
pect that nurserymen should grow all those which are
recommended. They go to work and get up all this stock
for three or four years, and, by the time they are ready,
something has been found wrong about them; others come
into notice and are praised; these again fail in some way,
and it is, therefore, a hard task for growers to keep up
with the fashions in this way. The fact is, a few very
good and well tried kinds should embrace our main sup-
ply and dependence. -

LARGE EARLY YORK. See Early York.

LarcEe Harty. Not asynonyme of Large Early York.
It is not so early as that fruit. It is of very rich, delicious
flavor. Color, whitish, red cheek, purplish in the sun;
stone very small; size, 1; quality, 2; season, August and
September.

Lance Waits Ciinestonz. From New York. Adapted
to the Middle States. Excellent for preserves. Season,
September. :

, LATE ADMIRABLE. Form, roundish, slightly oval;
large suture, small point at top; glands, globose; flowers
small; flesh, greenish white, red at the stone, melting,
very juicy, and most delicious; color, yellowish green,
pale red cheek, marbled with dark red; size, 1, very large;
quality, 2; season, August and September.

Remarxs.—Fine for a private garden; rather too deli-
cate for carriage; but very deservedly popular among
amateur fruitiers. Origin, France,
PEACHES, 226

Lare Rep Rareripe, Prince's Red Rareripe.
ReEmarxks.—One.of the best for general culture; season,
August.

Lemon Cuinestonn.

Remarxs.—Large and popular for market. Native of
South Carolina. Season, September. Clingstone peaches
are not generally appreciated. Certainly, in comparison
with them for immediate, and convenient and delicious
eating, the freestone peach, provided it is sufficiently
juicy, is generally preferred. But for some culinary pur-
poses, they are greatly superior to freestones. There isa
firmness, substance, flavor, and juiciness possessed by them
which gives them advantages when made into pies and
pickles. They may be sent to more distant markets, or
kept longer at home, than other varieties. They may be
picked and remain several days before fully ripe, while
freestones have to be hurried off for immediate sale. The
Late Heath Clingstone can be picked a little time before
frost, and kept sometimes several weeks on shelves in a
cool place, and fora much longer time in a Schooley Fruit
House—a considerable time into Winter.

MALACATUNE. Form, round, ovate; leaves, globose ;
flowers, small; flesh, deep yellow; color, yellow, deep red
cheek; size, 1; quality, 1; season, August; freestone.

Remarxs.—American. Popular everywhere. A fine
and lovely fruit. Some of the finest peaches have been
derived from it—as Crawford’s Early and Late, etc. This
is of Spanish origin.

MORRIS RED RARERIPE. Form, round; glands,
or leaves, globose; flowers, small; flesh, greenish white,
red at stone; color, greenish white, red cheek; size, 1;
quality, 1; season, July; freestone,
226 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Remarxs.—Everywhere valued greatly; tree prolific,
strong, and healthy. Origin, Philadelphia. Ripens a few
days later than George IV.; bears heavier crops and
fairer fruit.

MORRIS WHITE. Form, oval; glands reniform ;
flowers, small; flesh, white to stone; color, downy, green-
ish white; size, 1; quality, 2; season, August; freestone.

Remarxs.—Best for the South and South-west; more
valuable North for preserving and cooking. Moderately
prolific. Tree of great vigor and strength. Fruit tender.

MONSTROUS CLING. Form, round obovate; glands,
reniform ; flowers, large; flesh, yellowish white, deep red
at stone; color, yellowish white, some red; size, 1, very
large; quality, 2; season, September and October; cling-
stone.

Remarxs.—Good for market profit, on account of its
great size ; requires a soil that is both deep and very fer-
tile. Of foreign extraction. :

MORRIS RED, Mew York Rareripe, or Honest John.
Form, round; glands, globose; flowers, small; flesh,
almost white ; color, whitish, dots of red, clear red to sun;
size, 2 tol; quality, 1; season, August; freestone.

Remargs.—New York Rareripe of Coxe.

Nivetre. Form, roundish, slightly oval; leaves, glo-
bose ; flowers, small; flesh, greenish white; color, yellow-
ish green, red cheek; size, 1; quality, 2; season, August;
freestone.

Remarxs.—A good fruit, both for the North and South.
A regular bearer; a rich, delicious flavor.

NOBLESSE, or Vanguard. Form, round obovate; leaves,
PEACHES. 227

without glands; flowers, large; flesh, greenish white;
color, pale greenish white; two shades of red to sun; size,
1 to 2; quality, 1; season, August; freestone.
Remarxs.—English ; of the highest character. Wherever
it has been tried it has given great satisfaction. Most de-
licious and valuable. Tree, hardy and productive. No
cultivator should be without it.—In the London Horticul-
tural Society’s Garden, at Chiswick, even as early as 1826,
we find that they have at least fifty varieties of the native
peaches of America—the selection from the extensive na-
tive orchards of this fruit, raised in the Middle and West-
ern States, for distillation and other purposes. All these,
many of which are so fine in our climate, and which are
so grateful to travelers, as well as ourselves, with the ex-
ception of only two, are réjected as worthless, not being
adapted to their latitude; and, owing to the want of sun
and length of season, even on walls and the warmest as-
pects and situations to which they are obliged to confine
them. It is about the same with our other native fruits,
so superior in our own climate—on trial they are also
obliged to reject them—the splendid and delicious apples
of America—the selections of two centuries. On the other
hand, there are not, comparatively, a great number of
foreign fruits, particularly those of Northern latitudes,
which, when brought down to our own, do not lose a great
portion of that high reputation which they may have there
been entitled to, compared with our native seedlings.
There are, however, some foreign fruits which enjoy a lat-
itude more like our own, as the Mela Carle, from Italy,
one of the greatest apples in the world—at least it is so
considered—which do very well with us, although this
apple, in the climate of England, is a very ordinary fruit,
and although the temperature of our climate is very con-
siderably different from those parts of Europe, of Asia,
and of Africa, in latitudes which are very similar to them.
228 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

OLD MIXON; cling. Form, round ovate; glands,
globose; flowers, small; flesh, pale white, with red
dots; color, yellowish white; size, 1; quality, 1; sea-
son, August.

Remarks. — American. Deserving, with Hyslop, a
place in every. collection. This is one of the finest of
clingstone peaches; ripens in the first part of Autumn.

OLD MIXON; free. Form, roundish oval; glands,
globose; flowers, small; flesh, white, with red at stone;
color, yellowish white, and pale green with dull red min-
gled; size, 1; quality, 1; season, September and October.

Remarxs.—Merits a place in every collection. Stands
late frosts, in the Spring, better than any other, and ripens
for market when most other varieties are out. All this
makes it uncommonly profitable. A rather ugly, strag-
gling grower. In selecting trees from a nursery, choose
them more because of their strength and vigor of body,
than for the beauty, or symmetry of their form, or the
greatness of their hight. Ifa tree has good roots, chiefly,
it will take good care of itself, and will grow according
to its character. It will be sure to assume its true, natu-
ral shape. Mr. Sayers, a good nurseryman, informs us,
that he is often quite glad to retain the trees that most
persons reject. Though trees may have lost some of their
leading branches, or are otherwise apparently deformed,
when there is a strong constitution they will soon outgrow
such, in reality, slight defects. ‘

Orance CiinestoneE. Form, round; leaves, no glands;
flowers, small; flesh, yellow; color, deep, or dark red, red
cheek at times ; size, 2; quality, 2; season, August.

Remarxs.—American. Firm, juicy, vinous.

PRESIDENT. Form, roundish ovate; glands, globose;
PEACHES. 229

flowers, small; flesh, white, red at stone; color, downy
pale yellowish green, red cheek; size, 1 to 2; quality, 1;
season, August; freestone. (See Appendix, 98.)

Remarxs.—Ripens a little later than Morris White, or
middle of August. Similar to the Rareripes; a’ great
acquisition as a market fruit. Rich, sweet, juicy, high
flavored. A moderately good bearer.

PRINCE’S RED RARERIPE. See Late Red Rareripe.
RED CHEEK MALACATUNE. See Malacatune.

RODMAN’S CLING, or Red. Form, oblong; glands,
reniform ; flowers, small; flesh, white, firm, juicy; color,
mostly red in sun; size, 1; quality, 1; season, August and
September ; clingstone. Resembles Old. Mixon. C.

Remarxs.—Recommended by R. Buchanan, A. H. Ernst
and J, A. Warder, to the American Pomological Society.

RoseBank. Form, round, compressed at apex; flesh,
thick, whitish yellow, very little red about stone; color,
whitish yellow, red cheek; size, 2; quality, 1; season,
August.

Remarxs.—American. Trees, healthy, moderate but
regular bearers. Juicy, rich, excellent flavor.

ROYAL KENSINGTON. See Grosse Mignonne, Stet-
son’s Seedling. Form, roundish, full at the base, and
tapering a little to a very prominent point at the apex;
suture, very indistinct, with a moderately deep and narrow
cavity at the stem; glands, globose; flowers, small; color,
slightly downy, greenish white, delicately and beautifully
marbled and abruptly shaded with deep crimson on the
sunny side; size, 1; quality, 1; season, August; freestone.

RemarKs.—This fine peach ranks with the Noblesse, in
230 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

¥

size, surpassing it in beauty, and equaling it in its deli-
cious flavor. It was an accidental seedling. It is among
the very choicest in cultivation. Although, like this,
many fine peaches are raised from seed, yet to rely upon
this mode for the general purposes of cultivation, as Mr.
Hovey remarks, is neither economy of time nor money.
Budding is the most certain method, and will be the
means of saving both time and money.

Swerer Water. See Early Sweet Water.

SMOCK FREE. Form, ovate; flesh, bright yellow,
red at stone; color, light orange yellow, red mottled ; size,
1; quality, 1; season, October.

Remarks.—Very late. Much esteemed for orchard cul-
ture. From New Jersey.

Snow. Form, oval; leaves, reniform; flowers, small;
flesh, white, juicy; color, thin, clear white; size, 2; qual-
ity, 2; season, August; freestone.

Remarxs.—American. Requires sunny exposures, and
rich, deep soils. The blossoms of this variety are white,
and the wood is a light green. Prune this tree rather
low. Low-headed trees are, on many accounts, to be pre-
ferred, in our climate, even for the apple, the great orch-
ard fruit. These should have their training commenced
in the nursery; but it is seldom there attempted, on
account of the desire of most purchasers to see tall trees.
Often, mere whip-stalks, trimmed up clean and straight,
will sell more readily than stout, stocky young trees, con-
taining every element of future beauty and usefulness.
Always select such when it is possible ; remembering that
the ground planted in fruit should not be appropriated to
pasturage, and hence the tall stems are not needed to
keep the fruit and foliage up out of the reach of cattle.
PEACHES. 231

A frequent examination of their condition should be made

during the growing season, and with good judgment, and
small sacrifice of wood, great good may be effected. This
should consist in stopping rambling, or rampant shoots,
either by pinching their buds with the thumb and finger,
or cutting them back with the knife: here, however, is
-the point to exercise great judgment. In branching the
tree it should be an object from the first, to divide the
head among more than two main limbs, since the division
into only two is more apt to be followed by injury from
splitting in after years, from the weight of the fruit and
foliage, than when the strain is more divided.

Sr. Louis.

REMARKS.—So called by the Chairman. A large yel-
low peach, native of this country. Chiefly valuable for
its large size, and marketable qualities —Sruits of Mis-
souri, by Thomas Allen, of St. Louis.

TETON DE VENUS. Form, round, divided by fur-
rows; flesh, red near stone; color, fine yellow, red down
next sun; size, 1; quality, 1; season, August; freestone.

Remarxs.—See Late Admirable ; identical.

Tittotson. Form, round; leaves, glandless; flowers,
small; flesh, white, red at stone; color, nearly white, red
dots, dark red next sun; size, 2; quality, 1; season, July,

Reitarxs.—A few days before the Harly York. Amer-
ican. Requires a good rich soil. It is nearly the earliest
fruit known. Trees hardy, but not good bearers while
young. Very good for early marketing. Juicy, rich,
high flavor.

TIPPECANOE. Form, roundish; glands, reniform ;
232 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

flowers, small; “flesh, yellow; color, yellow, red in sun;
size, 1; quality, 2; season, August to September.
Remarxs.—American. Juicy, sprightly. Very good.

TROTH’S EARLY.
Remarks.—Very fine. ‘‘Excellently adapted for the
locality of Cincinnati."—F. @. Cary.

Van Zanpt's Supers. [orm, round, one side enlarged ;
glands, obscure; flowers, small; flesh, white, red at stone;
color, white, marbled with clear red; size, 2; quality, 2;
season, August.

Remargs.— American. Not fit for market, but for
small gardens for dessert. In this place it will be highly
prized by amateurs.

VANGUARD. Sce WNoblesse.

WALTERS’ EARLY. Form, globular, flattened; glands,
globose; flowers, small; flesh, white; red at stone; color,
white, rich red cheek; size, 1 to 2; quality, 1; season,
August; freestone.

Remarxs.—American. A variety very popular among
orchardists. Adapted to light soils. Trees healthy,
hardy and productive.

Wasuineton. Form, broad, depressed, with a broad
deep suture extending nearly around it; leaves, globose;
flowers, small; flesh, yellowish white; color, yellowish
white; size, 1; quality, 2; season, September ; freestone.

Remarxs.— American. Tender, juicy, sweet. Fruit
ripens late.

Ware Imperiat. Form, roundish; leaves, globose;
PEACHES. 233

flowers, small; flesh, mealy, white; color, yellowish
white ; size, 1; quality, 3; season, August; freestone.

Remarxs.—Valuable for the North. Melting, juicy;
sweet, delicate, delicious flavor.

Warp’s Freestone. Form, roundish; flowers, small;
flesh, mealy, white; color, yellowish white, red cheek
When exposed to sun; size, 1 to 2; quality, 1; season,
September ; freestone.

Remarks.—American. One of the very best late fruits.
Trees vigorous, healthy; not too rapid growth. Juicy,
vinous, and, for a late peach, sweet and delicious flavor.
Invaluable for late preserving.

YELLOW RED RARERIPEH. Form, round; glands,
globose; flowers, small; flesh, deep yellow, red at stone;
color, deep orange yellow, red dots, rich red cheek, shaded
off in streaks; size, 1; quality, 2; season, July to August.

Remarks.—American. The greatest fruit, either for
market or garden. Very desirable to get it correct, as
there are some spurious sorts. Juicy, melting; rich,
vinous, nearly first-rate flavor.

I will close this description of peaches by remarking
that in planting all kinds of trees, one important thing
should be strictly observed, which is, not to plant too
deep. The roots should have, as much as possible, all the
beneficial influences of air and light. This is according
to nature. We may observe it in those trees which spring
up naturally. So much the more the crown of the plant,
which may not improperly be called the seat of life, is
below the surface, so much the worse. To plant this deep
is to go contrary to nature. There are two different kinds
of roots. Oneset holds the tree in the ground, and
the other, the spongioles, take up or absorb the liquid

20
234 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

nourishment. The main tap roots are in connection with
the heart of the plant. In one word, it is very desirable to
know what is the proper depth ‘to plant, whether it be the
seeds or the roots. In either case, we believe, no deeper
than what is necessary for its protection from too much
sun, and what is requisite for it to partake of proper nu-
triment from the soil, with moisture, and a certain degree
of heat and air.

Seedling Peaches exhibited before the Horticultural Society on
different occasions.

Buzpsoz’s SEEDLING, at Frankfort, Ky. Very good.

Carter's SEEDLING, back of Newport, Ky. Very good;
freestone.

Gavpis’s SEEDLING, back of Newport, Ky. Freestone.
Good.

COOK’S SEEDLING; Nursery, Walnut Hills. Very
good, and immensely productive. Highly valnable.

Ive’s SEepLine. Cincinnati. Valuable.
Morrtier’s SEEDLING. Good.

BUSH’S SEEDLING. Covington. Good.
Hooper’s Seepiine, back of Newport. Good.
KITTREDGE'S SEEDLING. Good.

Horrner’s Srepuine. Cumminsville. Very Good.
PEACHES, 235

FRUITS OF OHIO.

Statement of R. Bucuanan, A. H. Ernst, and J. A. WarpER,
of Cincinnati, Hamilton county, Ohio, as reported to the Amer-
ican Pomological Society, at their annual meeting, held at the
City of Boston, in September, 1854.

PEACHES.

“ Average bearing every other year, or one out of two
or three, in favordble positions. Nearly every variety
succeeds here, and our warm suns and soils have produced
some splendid specimens in favorable seasons.

“The worm is kept from destroying the trees by the
usual methods—picking out, and placing ashes, lime, or
warm manures around the stem of the tree at the root.
The latter is preferred, as the peach-trec is a great feeder,
and requires manure and good culture. With these requi-
sites, no yellows need be feared in this region. It is only
necessary to give the following as a aw of the varieties
in general ealkare:

“ Baltimore Rose, Coolidge’s Favorite, Crawford’s Early,
Crawford’s Late, Early York, George IV., Grosse Mig-
nonne, Jaques’ Rareripe, Late Admirable, Late Heath
Cling, Morris’ Red, Morris’ White, New York Rareripe,
Old Mixon, President, Rodman’s Cling.”

List of one hundred Peaches for the vicinity of Cincinnatt.

Red Magdalen, 10; Harly York,5; New York Rare-
ripe, 10; Red Cheek Malacatune, 5; Morris’ Red, 5; Late
Apricot Peach, 10; Baltimore Rose Cling, 5; Columbia,
5; Morris’ White, 10; President, 5; Mammoth Cling, 5;
Yellow Admirable, 10; Newington Cling, 5

For Preserves.—Heath Cling, October, 5.
~ 236 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

List of Peaches recommended by the Ohio State Pomological
Soctety for Ohio.

Large Early York (not serrate); Crawford’s Harly
Malacatune; George the IV.; New York Rareripe, or
Morris’ Red; Old Mixon Free; Old Mixon Cling; Craw-
ford’s Late; Smock Free; Heath Cling.

List of Peaches for Southern and Central Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
Southern Iowa, Northern Kentucky, Maryland, Tennessee, and
Northern Missouri.

THE TWELVE BEST FOR GARDENS.
Brrq@en’s YELLOW. Season, early July to early Sept.
CooLenGE’s Favoritz. Season, early July to last Aug.
Earzty Yorx. Season, middle June to middle Aug.
Grosst MicNnonne. Season, early July to middle Aug.
Heatu’s Ciinastone (for the South). Season, middle

September.

Hysior Ciinestone. Season, first Sept. to first Oct.

Larcr Harty York. Season, middle July to last Aug.

Morris’ Wuire, for preserving. Season, middle July
to middle Sept.

Oup Mixon Ciinastone. Season, last July to early

September.

Oxp Mixon FreEstone. Season, middle July to early

September.

Warp’s FREEsTONE. Season, middle Aug. to last Sept.
YELLow Rarepipe. Season, early July to last Aug.
Van Zanpt’s SuPERB. Season, early July to early Sept.

THE TWELVE BEST FOR MARKET.
ALBERGE. Season, early July to middle Aug.
Crawrorp’s Harty. Season, middle July to early Sept.
Crawrorp’s Late. Season, early Aug. to last Sept.
Contumpta. Season, early Aug. to early Sept.
PEACHES. 237

Hearu’s Cuinastone (for South). Season, Sept.
Lemon Curnestone. Season, early Aug. to Sept.
Lance Harty York. Season, middle July to last Aug.
PresipentT. Season, middle Aug. to middle Sept.
Warp’s Frezstonz. Season, early Sept. to early Oct.
YuLtow Rarzrire. Season, early July to last Aug.
WaLter’s Harty. Season, early July to last Aug.
Trotu’s Harty Rep. Season, middle June to last July.
Hysior’s Cuinastone. Season, last Aug. to carly Oct.

Phe jollowing List of Peaches ts presented as a guide for plant-
ing, by the Kentucky Horticultural Society.

The best varieties of each, are in Roman letters; infe-
rior ones, ripening with them, in italics. The time of
ripening, as given, is of much value to us here.

July 13—1st week—White Nutmeg.

July 20—2d week—Yellow Nutmeg. As yet no good
fruits.

July 27—3d week—Early York, Early Anne.

August 3—4th week—Early Crawford, Early Tillotson,
President, Walters’ Barly, Grosse Mignonne.

August 10—5th week—Pope’s Cling, Van Zandt’s Su-
perb, Yellow Alberge, Cole’s Red, Haines’ Early Red, Wash-
ington Red, Davis’ Early.

August 17—6th week—Hill’s, Rodman’s Cling, 1 Malta,
Hill’s Jersey, Royal George (or Teton de Venus, of some),
Davis’ Cling, Jacques’ Rareripe, Late Newington, Spanish Cling,
Williamson’s Cling.

August 24—7th week—Leopold, Catherine, Crawford’s
Late Orange, Free Red, Pine Apple (or Grosse Mignonne,
of some), Lemon Cling, Grosse Admirable Jaune, Large Mala-

. eatune, Green Catherine, Lemon Free, Old Mixon Cling, Breck-
enridge Cling, and many others—(glut of peach season).

August 31—8th week—Red Rareripe (not large, but
one of the best fruits for cream, or the dessert), Red Cheek
238 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Malacatune, Pavie Pompone, Young’s Seedling, Htke’s
Seedling.

September 3—9th week—At this period there is a defect
in the present list of succession, and peaches are scarce
for some two weeks.

September 10—10th week—Grand Admirable, Colum-
bia, Whitehead’s Red Heath, Smock’s Late Free.

September 17—11th week—The weather is now cooler,
and the same varieties last several weeks. ripening slowly.

September 24—-12th week—Columbia, Lagrange, Large
Heath, Freestone Heath.

October I—13th week—Ford’s Late Yellow, White’s
Favorite. These are the latest well-flavored peaches of
the season.

N. B.—The author of this list is aware that Troth’s
Early, Druid Hill, “Stump of the World,” and a fow
other varieties, rather new, have not been fruited here,
and are not, therefore, classified ; with this exception, the
list is believed to be reliable.

PEACIIES, watch succrrp at 'RanKrFort, Ky.

Ciincs—Late Heath, Old Newington, Late Newing-
ton, Breckenridge Cling (same aa Old Mixon Cling), Sweet
Malacatune of Spain, Baltimore Rose (the finest cling of
all; it follows the Breckenridge, a local name at Louis-
ville, and in size and beauty is every thing that can be
desired; it is succeeded by the Sweet Malacatune of
Spain, which is also one of the finest of its season), very
handsome size, beautiful appearance, and very productive;
the Grand Admirable.

Freestoxes.—Royal Kensington (probably Grosse Mig-
nonne), Belle de Vitry, Walters’ Early, Carpenter’s Red
Rareripe.
NECTARINES. 239

NECTARINES.

Boston. Leaves, globose ; flowers, small; flesh, yel-
low to stone; color, light yellow, deep red cheek; size, 1;
quality, 1; season, August; freestone.

Remarxs.—One of the bést; adapted to all locations.

‘Downton. ‘Leaves, reniform ; flowers, small; flesh, pale
green; color, pale green, violet, red cheek; size, 1; qual-
ity, 1; season, July; freestone. #

Remarxs.—Melting, rich, high flavor.

Eariy ViotEr. Leaves, reniform ; flowers, small; flesh,
white, red at stone; color, yellow, green in shade, dark
purple in sun ; size, 1; season, July and August; freestone.

Remarxs.—Foreign. Tree, very hardy. Not the El-
ruge. Melting, juicy, rich, and high-flavored.

Exruce. Leaves, reniform; flowers, small; flesh, green ;
color, pale green; size, 2; season, August; freestone.
Remarxs.—Foreign. Rich, high flavor.

We give merely the names of the following, as they are
seldom cultivated here, being oftener destroyed by the cur-
culio, even, than the plum:—Barker, Early Newington,
French Yellow, Hunt’s Tawny, Hardwicke, Large Early
Violet, Neate’s White Orange, Red Roman, Stanwicke.

From Report of R. Bucnanan, A. H. Ernst, and J. A.
WarpeER, to the American Pomological Soctety.
NECTARINES.

“This fruit, with us, is less hardy than the peach, and is
liable to be destroyed by the curculio. The varieties most
in esteem, are the Early Violet, Elruge, Golden, Lewis.”
240 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

APRICOTS.

ALBERGE. Size,3; color, yellow; form, roundish ; qual-
ity, 2; freestone; season, July and August.

Remarxs.—The seed of the Alberge apricot will pro-
duce the same fruit, or with very little alteration. The
Apricot tree produces its blossom buds, not only on the
last year’s wood, but also on the curzons, or spurs from the
two-year-old wood. Great care should be used, in prun-
ing, not to injure them; and it is advisable to remove all
foreright shoots in the growing time. The Brussels and
the Breda apricots make the best standards. They can
all be propagated by grafting them on plum stocks.

Brepa. Size, 2 to 3; color, orange brown, orange in
sun; form, roundish, suture well marked; flesh, deep
orange, juicy, rich, high-flavored ; freestone; season, June
and July.

Remarxks.—This old variety is very hardy, a good
grower, productive, although small, and hangs well, even
after ripe. Bears late Spring frosts well.

Harty Goupen. Size, 2 to 3; color, pale orange; form,
round ovate, narrow suture; flesh, orange, juicy, sweet ;
freestone; season, June and July.

Remarks.—Tree, thrifty, yet close-wooded, hardy, pro-
ductive, and bears late frosts well. Valuable for market.

Larce Harty. Size,2 to1; color, pale orange in shade,
brown orange in sun ; form, oblate, compressed ; flesh, pale
orange, rich, juicy; freestone ; season, June and July.

Remarxs.—The best large early apricot known, and
an abundant bearer. Foliage large, leaves smaller toward
the foot-stalks. Grosse Precoce of the French.
in APRICOTS. 241

Moor Park, or Park. Size, 1; color, orange in shade,
deep orange in sun; form, roundish; flesh, firm, brown
orange, juicy, rich, luscious; freestone; season, July.

Remarxs.—An old, well known, fine English variety.

We merely give the names of the following, as they are
so little cultivated here:—Burlington, Brown’s Early,
Kaisha, Large Red, Musch, Roman, Royal, Shipley, Sha-
ker Para, Turkey.

From Report of R. Bucuanan, A. H. Ernst, and J. A.
WaARDER, to the American Pomological Society.

APRICOTS.

“ Apricots bear, in sheltered situations, one out of three
years. The tree flowers too early for this climate; but
on walls, and in protected positions it succeeds pretty
well. This fruit, like the nectarine, is only cultivated in
amateur gardens.

“The favorite varieties are, the Breda, Large Harly,
Moorpark.”

These varieties are recommended as best suited to the
locality of Cincinnati.

The north sides of hills and buildings are best for apri-
cots, to retard their blossoming, and thus tend to save
the fruit from Spring frosts. In 1855, our great fruit year,
apricots were abundant in our stalls, in Cincinnati. They
were, chiefly, the Early Golden, and a few of one or two
other kinds.

The apricot is almost always budded in the plum stock.
Seedling apricots are usually more hardy and productive
ere than the finest grafted sorts.
242 © WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

PLUMS.

BLEECKER’S GAGE. Wood, downy; color, rich
yellow; form, rounded oval, very regular; size, 2; stone,
separating; quality, 1; use, table; flavor, sweet and
luscious; season, August.

Remarxs.—From Albany, N. Y. Tree of a healthy,
hardy habit, and a regular, sure bearer. Recommended
by Ex-presidents Buchanan and Ernst, and the present
incumbent (1857), Dr. Warder, of the Cincinnati Horti-
cultural Society, for the locality of Cincinnati. Two
weeks later than Yellow Egg.

BLUE GAGE. Wood, downy; color, blue; form,
round; size, 3; stone, free or separating; quality, 3; use,
table; flavor, juicy, a little acid and somewhat rich; sea-
son, July.

Remarxks.—Foreign. Of sweet and pleasant flavor,
very hardy, but the poorest of all the gages. It bears
most abundant crops every season, and the seedlings make
good stocks. It is the Azure Hative of the French. Re-
commended by Buchanan, Ernst, and Warder, for the
locality of Cincinnati.

CHERRY PLUM, or Barty Scaruet, etc. Wood, round;
color, lively red, with very little bloom; form, round;
size, 3; stone, adheres; quality, 2; use, table; flavor,
melting, soft, very juicy, with a pleasant, lively, sub-acid;
not rich nor high-tasted ; season, July.

Remarks.—On the trees they resemble cherries. Its
blossoms are very thick in the Spring, which, from their
earliness, renders them liable to be cut off by frost. It
PLUMS. 243

appears to be a native of this country. There is the com-
mon Cherry Plum, or Myrobolan of Europe, which is rather
larger, and shaped like a heart. In all else the same.
There is also the Golden Cherry Plum. Shy bearer.

Currry Puum. <A seedling from the Cherry Plum,
which is worthy as a market plum in Philadelphia.

Cuickasaw Pium (Prunus Chicasa, Michaux).

Remarks.—Fruit about three-quarters of an inch in
diameter, round, and red or yellowish red, of a pleasant sub-
acid flavor ; ripens pretty early; skin thin. The branches
are thorny, the head rather bushy, with narrow lanceo-
late, serrulate leaves, looking a little distance off some-
what like those of a peach tree. It usually grows about
twelve or fourteen feet high, but on the prairies of Arkan-
sas it is only three or four feet high, and in this form it
is also common in Texas. The dwarf Texas plum de-
scribed by Kenrick is only this species. It is quite
ornamental.

COE’S GOLDEN DROP. Wood, smooth; color, light
yellow, dotted next sun; form, oval; size, 1; stone, ad-
heres; quality, 1; use, table; flavor, rich and sweet;
rather coarse-grained ; season, August.

Remarxs.—An English variety. Tree only moderately
productive. Sometimes confounded with Yellow Egg,
which is a little larger. It is one of the most delicious
of all plums. It is nearly as large as the Washington.
It can compare with the Green Gage (the richest-flavored
of all plums, as the Seckel is of pears, and the American
Golden Russet of apples) in point of lusciousness, and as
it comes in after both these are gone, it may be ranked as
one of the best kinds yet produced, and ought to have a
place in the very smallest collection. Hovey considers it
244 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

an abundant bearer. It will keep a long time after it is
gathered, if placed in fine paper and kept in a dry room.
Recommended by Buchanan, Ernst, and Warder, for the
locality of Cincinnati.

DAMSON. Color, purple, blue bloom ; form, oval ; size,
3; stone, separating partially; quality, 1; use, kitchen;
flavor, very juicy, melting, acid until quite mature; sea-
son, August and September.

RemarKks.—Most excellent, and the best for preserves,
pies, and puddings, being rich and strong-flavored. Pro-
ductive from seed. Melting and juicy; rather tart until
veryripe. Good for the market and locality of Cincinnati.

DAMSON WINTER. Color, purple; form, almost
round ; size, 3; stone, separating partially ; quality, 1;
use, kitchen; flavor, acid, juicy, and rich; season, latter
end of September or beginning of October.

Remarxs.—Valuable from its extreme lateness. Flesh,
greenish, acid, with a slight astringency. Recommended
by Buchanan, Ernst, and Warder, for the vicinity of
Cincinnati.

Deryniston’s Supers. Wood, downy; color, pale yel-
lowish ; form, round and a little flat; size, 2 to 1; stone,
separating ; quality, 2; use, table; flavor, rich, vinous,
and juicy; season, July.

Remarxs.—From Albany, N. Y. Of great productive-
ness. Not of the best quality, but very good.

DUANE’S PURPLE. Wood, downy; color, reddish
purple in sun, pale red in shade, with yellow specks;
form, oblong, oval, one side enlarged; size, 1; stone, ad-
hesive; quality, 1; use, table; flavor, juicy, sprightly,
moderately sweet; season, July.
PLUMS. 245

Remarks.—Foreign. Flesh, amber color, juicy, slightly
acid. Recommended by. Buchanan, Ernst, and Warder,
for the locality of Cincinnati. In wet seasons, which are
the great trouble of plums, especially, of all fruits, this
plum suffers from rotting and mildew; but in warm sea-
sons it is first rate. It is apt sometimes to be confounded
with the Purple Magnum Bonum. It ripens rather early,
and is a highly tempting dessert fruit.

Harty ORLEANS. Wood, downy; color, dark reddish
purple; form, round, oval; size, 2; stone, separating;
quality, 1; use, table and kitchen; flavor, brisk, rich;
season, July.

Remarxs.—An English variety of early maturity, and
of good quality. Recommended by Buchanan, Ernst, and
Warder for the locality of Cincinnati.

EMPEROR, or @oliath. Color, purplish red; form,
round oblate; size, 1 (very large); stone, adhesive; qual-
ity, 1; use, table; season, August.

Remarks.—Successfully raised in poultry-yards, where
the fowls roost on the trees, and perambulate much all
under them, making the ground hard, and frighten-
ing the Curculio away. Exhibited at the Horticultural
Society Rooms by Mr. Bush, August 23, 1856. Hight
bushels of plums saved in a very scarce year, raised in a
yard where poultry is kept—all the fruit very fine. Mr.
Bush has, also, in this way saved several other kinds,

FLUSHING GAGE. See Imperial Gage, Pringe’s.

GERMAN PRUNE, or Dutch Prune. Wood, smooth;
color, very dark purple, nearly black, dusted with some
blue bloom; form, long, oval; size, 2; stone, adhesive;
quality, 1; use, table; flavor, quite juicy at first, but, if
246 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

allowed to hang on the tree, becomes dry, rich, and sweet;
season, August.

Remarxs.—A variety with many sub-varieties, the best
of which is Manning’s Prune; flesh, greenish. Recom-
mended by Buchanan, Ernst, and Warder for the locality
of Cincinnati.

GREEN GAGE. Wood, smooth ; color, yellowish green ;
size, 2; stone, separating; quality, 1; use, dessert; flavor,
melting, juicy, high, luscious, sprightly ; season, July.

Remarxs.—Of short-jointed, slow growth, spreading
and dwarfish habit. Requires a rich, warm soil, North
of 42 degrees. Recommended by Buchanan, Ernst, and
Warder for the locality of Cincinnati. ‘ Excellently well
adapted to the locality of Cincinnati.”—F. G. Cury.

IMPERIAL GAGE, PRINCE'S, or Flushing Gage. Wood,
a little downy; color, pale green, and yellowish green;
form, oval ; size, 1 to 2; stone, rather adhesive; quality,1;
use, table; flavor, juicy, rich, sprightly; season, August.

Remarxs.—American variety, from Prince, Long Island.
A seedling from the Green Gage. Nearly as good as the
parent; rather more sprightly. Soil best, light loam, dry,
or even poorish. Some seasons it rots a good deal, like
other plums, but it is about as sound as any in general.

It is a fine market variety ; very rich stewed, in pies, or
preserved. Recommended by Buchanan, Ernst, and War-
der for the locality of Cincinnati. “Excellently well
adapted to the locality of Cincinnati.”—F. G. Cury.

HORSE PLUM. Wood and branches downy; color,
purple in the sun, reddish on the shaded side, with blue
bloom ; form, oval, with a deep suture on one side; size,
2; use, table; stone, free or separates; quality, 2; flavor,
rather dry and acid; season, July.
PLUMS. 247

Remarxs.—American. Seedlings make good stocks for
budding. It reproduces itself from seed, like some peaches,
and is almost naturalized with us in our gardens; flesh,
greenish yellow. Recommended by Buchanan, Ernst, and
Warder for the neighborhood of Cincinnati.

HULING’S SUPERB (not Duane’s Purple). Wood,
downy ; color, dull greenish yellow, with a pale bloom;
form, round ovate; size, 1; stone, adheres partly; qual-
ity, 2; use, table; flavor, rich, brisk, excellent; season,
July and August.

Remarxs.—A noble plum. It is as large as Washing-
ton. Itis hardly inferior to the Green Gage. There is a
little more acidity in its sweetness than in the Green
Gage. It is very productive, and in all respects a very
valuable fruit. Recommended by Buchanan, Ernst and
Warder for the region about Cincinnati. Flesh is slightly
coarse-grained, but not enough to injure it much.

JEFFERSON. Wood, nearly smooth; color, greenish
yellow and golden yellow, red to sun; form, ovate; size,
1; stone, separates; quality, 2; use, table; flavor, juicy,
rich; season, July and August.

Remarxs.—An American variety, from Judge Buel,
Albany. Very productive; free from decay in a great
measure. Hangs long on the tree. It takes its position
very high on the list of plums. It is nearly equal, when
fully ripe, to the Green Gage. As large as the Washing-
ton; it is about ten days later. It does not appear so
liable as some sorts to the attacks of wasps; perhaps on
account of its dark color in comparison with other plums.
Recommended by Buchanan, Ernst and Warder for the
neighborhood of Cincinnati.

LAwrence’s? Favorite. Wood, downy; color, a dull
248 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

yellowish green; form, roundish; size, 1; stone, separa-
ting; quality, 1; use, table; flavor, rich, excellent ; season,
July and August. .

Remarks.—American. Tree upright, thrifty. Bears
young and abundantly fruit like the Green Gage, only
larger.

LOMBARD, Bleecker’s Scarlet, and Beckman’s Scarlet.
Color, delicate violet red, paler in the shade, dotted with
red, and dusted thinly with bloom; form, roundish oval,
slightly flattened at either end; suture obscure; size, 2;
stone, adheres; quality, 2; use, table; flavor, juicy, not
rich, pleasant; season, July and August.

Remarxs.— American. Thrifty, healthy, hardy and
very productive, and has the power of holding its fruit
more uninjured than most other sorts from the attacks of
that pest, the Curculio. Leaves are much crumpled.
Much cultivated and highly esteemed by Mr. P. 8. Bush,
of Covington, Kentucky, who has raised great crops of
this kind with others. Mr. Bush plants his plums in a
poultry-yard, in which the fowls are continually peram-
bulating about and roosting on the trees. By this method
he succeeds in raising fine crops. Mr. Consedine has suc-
ceeded one or two years in obtaining good crops by syring-
ing his trees with a solution of ime and sulphur, mixed
together in a barrel, and applied directly after rain.

Mavison. Wood, a little downy; color, ight orange,
with greenish yellow ; form, roundish oval; size, 2; stone,
separating; quality, 1; use, table; flavor, firm, juicy, rich
and sweet; season, September.

Remarxks.—From Albany, New York. Hybrid from
Bleecker’s Gage, and Blue Gage. Matures late, and very
hardy. Has been found, by several cultivators, to suit
the West very well.
PLUMS. 249

McLaveuiin. Wood, smooth; color, russet aeloM
with a red tinge ; form, roundish, flattened ; size, 2 to 1;
quality, 2; use, table; flavor, fiom and seeellents Seaton,
July and Aves:

REMARKS.—American. Tree thrifty, making stout, vig-
orous shoots of four to six feet in a season. A round,
regular head. Best adapted for the North; and, there-
fore, not to be recommended for this locality.

Macnum Bonum, see Yellow Egg, Nectarine. Wood,
smooth; color, purple; form, roundish; size, 1; stone,
partly adhesive; quality, 2; use, table; flavor, a little
coarse-grained, with a rich, brisk quality; season, July
and August.

Remarxs.—Foreign. Flesh, greenish yellow. A noble-
looking fruit. Not first-rate ; inferior to the Columbia.
A good and regular bearer. The Peach Plum is quite
different from this; it is the Prune Peche of Brittany,
and superior to, and quite distinct from, the Nectarine.
Many seedlings have sprung from this variety like the
parent. Recommended, however, by Messrs. Buchanan,
Ernst and Warder, for the locality of this region.

OLp ORLEANS. Wood, downy; color, reddish purple;
form, round; size, 2; stone, separating; quality, 1; use,
table and kitchen, chiefly ; flavor, sweet, mixed with ‘neid
quality, 2; season, July and August.

Remarks.—We have in America better sorts than this
old favorite in England. It is only esteemed for the
kitchen here; flesh, yellowish. Recommended, however,
as a cooking fruit mostly by Messrs. Buchanan, Ernst,
and Warder for our locality.

OTTOMAN. Wood, slightly downy; color, greenish
yellow, dark spots below; form, roundish obovate; size,
250 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

2 to 1; stone, separating; quality, 1; use, table; flavor,
juicy, sweet, excellent; season, July.

Remarxs.—Foreign. Very early. Trees hardy and
abundant bearers.

PEACH PLUM, or Prune Peche. Color, red; form,
roundish; size, 1; stone, separating; quality, 1; use, ta-
ble; flavor, a little acid, pleasant; season, Ist of July.

Remarxs.—Imported from. France, in April, 1820, by
James Duane, of Schenectady. It.was called the Apricot
Plum, because the tree’s name was lost. It is the Prune
Peche, of Noisette. Itisalittle tender. Color, red; flesh,
firm, green, slightly sub-acid—beautiful appearance. It
parts freely from the stone, and is distinct from the plum
in the nurseries of Long Island, under the name of Duane’s
Purple French. Recommended by Buchanan, Ernst, and
Warder for this vicinity. Valuable for its earliness.

PURPLE EGG. Wood, smooth; color, deep red, with
gray dots ; form, oval; size, 1; stone, separating ; quality,
2; use, table; flavor, pleasant, not high. Long and ex-
tensively grown. It is surpassed by several ripening at
the same time. Flesh, greenish, coarse. Recommended
by Messrs. Buchanan, Ernst, and Warder for the vicinity
of the Queen City.

Purrie Favorite. Wood, smooth; color, bright pur-
ple, with golden spots; form, roundish obovate; size,
2 to 1; stone, free; quality, 2; use, table; flavor, juicy,
sweet, excellent; season, July to August.

REMARKS.— American. Trees dwarfish and slender,
hardy, and bear when young. Good for private gardens
only. Unfit for market or orcharding.

Purrte Gace. Wood, smooth; color, violet dots, pale
PLUMS. 251

yellow ; form, roundish, a little flat; size, 2; stone, sep-
arating ; quality, 1; use, table; flavor, firm, sugary, high;
season, August to September.

Remarks.—Foreign. Moderate bearer, but high flavor.

Prince’s YELLOW Gace. Wood, smooth; color, golden
yellow, a little clouded; form, oval; size, 2 to 1; stone,
separating; quality, 2; use, kitchen; flavor, sugary, rich,
rather dry; season, July.

Remarxs.—American. Abundant bearer. Carries well
to market. Too dry for table. Best for market.

QUETSCHE, or German Prune, with a great number"
of synonymes. Color, purple, with a thick, blue bloom;
form, long oval, near two inches long, peculiarly swollen
on one side, and drawn out toward the stalk. Suture dis-
tinctly marked. Flesh, firm, green, sweet, and pleasant;
separates from the stone, which is flat, very long, and a
little curved ; season, September.

Remarxs.—Many plums are cultivated under this
name. It is, therefore, rather an uncertain title. This
is partly on account of its frequently coming the same
from the seed. Its quality is tolerably fair for the table,
but its chief use is for drying and preserving. Great
bearer, and hanging long on the tree. It is very valuable,
and universal in Central Hurope.

Rep Gace. Wood, smooth; color, bright red; form,
oval, rounded; size, 3; stone, separating; quality, 1;
use, table; flavor, juicy, sweet, delicious; season, July to
August. ;

Remarks.—American. Hardy, vigorous; small, but of
the best flavor. Very productive, and free from curculio.

Saint Martin’s. Wood smooth; color, bright yellow,
252 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

bright red in sun; size, 2; stone, adheres; quality, 1;
use, kitchen; flavor, juicy, rich, excellent; season, Sep-
tember.

RemarKs—German. A good bearer. Profitable for
market or preserving. Will hang two weeks. A kind
of prune.

Sand Plum, or Beach Plum (Prunus Maritima, Wang).

Remarxs.—A low shrub,with stout, straggling branches,
found mostly on the sandy sea coast, from Massachusetts
to Virginia, and seldom ripening well elsewhere. Fruit,
roundish, scarcely an inch in diameter, red or purple,
‘covered with a bloom; pleasant, but somewhat astringent.
Leaves oval, finely serrate.

ScHENEcTADY. Wood, smooth; color, greenish yellow;
form, round, oval, broad at stem end; size, 1 to 2; stone,
separating; quality, 1; use, table; flavor, juicy, rich,
sweet, delicious, melting; season, July and August.

Remarks.—American. Tree thrifty, hardy, and prolific.

SMITH'S ORLEANS. Wood, nearly smooth; color,
deep purplish red, with small golden specks, and deep
blue bloom; form, ovate oblate, largest at base; size, 1;
stone, adhering; quality, 1; use, kitchen; flavor, tender,
juicy; season, August.

Remarxs.— American, from Long Island. Fine for
market only. Flesh, yellow. Recommended by Buchanan,
Ernst, and Warder for the region round Cincinnati.

Tuomas Prum. Wood, nearly smooth; color, deep
amber colored, beautifully mottled and shaded with bright
red on the sunny side near the point, profusely sprinkled
with white dots, and covered with a thin whitish or pale
lilac bloom; size, 1; stone, freely separating ; quality, 1;

&
PLUMS. 253

use, table; juicy, sweet and pleasantly flavored; season,
August. =
Remarxs.—Though not equal to the Washington, Impe-
rial Gage, Jefferson, and some American plums, it pos-
sesses a combination of qualities which render it a very
desirable variety. It is nearly as large as the Washing-
ton, and quite as beautiful, and hangs longer on the tree
than most large plums. The trees are vigorous, early in
bearing, and produce abundantly. It is very little sub-
ject to rot on the tree. Fora large collection, it is a desi-
rable plum.

WASHINGTON. Wood, downy; color, dull yellow,
with little spots of red green; form, roundish oval; size,
1; stone, separating; quality, 1; use, table and kitchen ;
flavor, firm, sweet; season, July or August.

Remarxs.—American., Uniformly hardy and produc-
tive. Very Large. Often free from curculio. Good for
market everywhere. Recommended by Buchanan, Ernst,
and Warder, for the vicinity of Cincinnati. “ Excellently
well adapted for the locality of Cincinnati.”—F. G. Cary.
Stands highest in value.

Witp Rep or YeLtLtow Pium. (P. Americana, Marshall.)

Remarxs. — Fruit, roundish oval, skin thick, reddish
orange, with a juicy, yellow, sub-acid pulp. The leaves
are ovate, coarsely serrate, and the old branches rough
and somewhat thorny. Grows in hedges and by the
banks of streams, from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico.
Tree from ten to fifteen feet high. Fruit ripens in July
or August.

YELLow Hae. See Egg Yellow. Wood, smooth ; color,
yellow; form, ovate; size, t; stone, adheres; quality, 2;
use, kitchen ; flavor, not high, rather poor; season, August.
254 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Remarks.—Foreign. Only esteemed for cooking or
market purposes. Recommended by Buchanan, Ernst,
and Warder for the region around us. Its large size gives
it rather an imposing appearance. It grows to a larger
size in England, from its probably requiring a cooler cli-
mate than ours.

From Report of R. Bucuanan, A. H. Ernst, and J. A.
WARDER, to the American Pomological Soctety.

PLUMS.

“ Most varieties of this fruit bear well here, when pro-
tected from the curculio; and in some seasons, when all
fruits are abundant, even without protection. Average
bearing, three out of four years. The curculio is de-
stroyed by shaking it off in the morning and evening on
sheets, or by syringing the tree several times with sulphur
and lime water (five pounds of flower of sulphur and a
half bushel of lime to a barrel of water), or by planting
the trees in pavements, or in a well protected chicken-
yard, apart from other fruits. The varieties most gener-
ally cultivated are as follows:

“ Bleecker’s Gage, Blue Gage, Coe’s Golden Drop, Du-
ane’s Purple, Early Orleans, Flushing Gage, German
Prune, Green Gage, House Plum, Huling’s Superb, Jeffer-
son, Nectarine, Old Orleans, Peach, Prince’s Imperial,
Purple Damson, Purple Egg, Smith’s Orleans, Washing-
ton, Yellow Egg.”

THE FIFTEEN BEST PLUMS,

The following range of seasons is from the maturity of
the fruit from the northern to the southern parts of the
country.

BLEECKER’s GAGE. Season, first July to last Aug.

Coz’s Gorpen Drop. Season, early Aug. to last Sept.

“
PLUMS. 255

Harty Punrpre, for South. Season, early June.
Harty OruEans. Season, last June to first Aug.
GREEN Gace. Season, early July to middle Aug.
ImprriaL Gaace. Season, first July to first Sept.
JEFFERSON. Season, last July to last Aug.
McLaveuuin. Season, last July to last Aug.
ImpEriaL Ortoman. Season, middle June to last July.
Purpie Favorite. Season, middle July to last Aug.
Purpue Gace. Season, middle Aug. to middle Sept.
Prince’s YELLOw Gaae. Season, middle June to early
August.
Rep Gace. Season, July to middle Aug.
Saint Martin. Season, last Aug. to first Oct.
Wasuineton. Season, July to last Aug.
SmirH’s ORLEANS. Season, July to last Aug.

A list of Plums recommended by HENRY WARD BEECHER for
Indiana.

Green Gage, Jefferson, Huling’s Superb, Coe’s Golden
Drop, Purple Gage, Cruger’s Scarlet, Washington, Red
Gage or Lombard, Smith’s Orleans, Royal de Tours.

The following are suitable for light, sandy soils, on
which the curculio makes the greatest ravages, and on
which plums usually drop their fruit: Cruger’s Scarlet,
Imperial Gage, Red Gage or Lombard, Coe’s Golden
Drop, Bleecker’s Gage, Blue Gage.
256 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

CHERRIES.

Apam’s Crown. Color, pale red; form, round, heart-
shaped; size, 2; use, table; quality, 2; flesh, tender,
juicy, agreeable; season, June.

Remarxs.—Of English origin. Tree vigorous. Class
of sweet cherry—The cherry is rather short-lived. It
does not generally continue more than thirty years in
perfection. Ii is observed of stone fruit in general, that
if sown immediately after they are excarnated, they will
appear the following Spring, but being kept too long, they
will not germinate under two years —The cherry-tree pro-
duces its fruit, generally, at the extremity of the branches;
therefore, in pruning, they should never be shortened.

AMERICAN Heart. Color, pale yellow and red; form,
heart-shaped, compressed ; size, 2; use, table; quality, 2;
flesh, yellowish, juicy, sweet; season, May and June.

Remarks.—Tree vigorous. Spreading.

ANNE. Size, 2; use, table; quality, 1; flesh, excellent
flavor.
Remarxs.—Sweet-cherry class.

AncuDUKE. Form, heart-shaped, compressed; size,
1; use, table; quality, 2, flesh, light red, tender, sub-acid.
Remarxs.—Not May Duke.

BELLE DE CHOISY. Color, red; form, round ; size,
1; use, table; quality, 1; flesh, tender, sweet; season,
June.
CHERRIES. 257

Remarxs.—Very handsome and good. Recommended
for this reason by Buchanan, Ernst, and Warder, and
other members of the Cincinnati Horticultural Society,
eminent as practical pomologists. Moderate crops.

BELLE or OruEAns. Color, yellowish white; form,
roundish ; size, 2; use, table; quality, 1; flesh, tender,
juicy, and delicious ; season, May and June.

RemarxKs.—Promises to be valuable.

BELLE Maenirique. Color, clear rich red on pale yel-
low; form, ovate rounded, heart-shaped; size, 2 to 1; use,
table; quality, 2; flesh tender, very acid; season, June
to August.

Remarxs.—Tree of Duke habit. Hardy and vigorous.
Moderate bearer. Fruit hangs well. Tree feeble.

BIGARREAU MOTTLED. Color, amber with red;
form, rounded, heart-shaped; size, 1; use, table; flesh,
yellowish white; season, June.

Remarxs.—Of American origin. Tree vigorous, very
productive. Half tender, juicy, sweet. Not high flavor.
Recommended by Buchanan, Ernst, and Warder for the
locality of Cincinnati.

BIGARREAU NAPOLEON. See Napoleon Bigarreau.

BLACK HAGLE. Form, obtuse, heart-shaped; size,
1 to 2; use, table; quality, 2; flesh, reddish purple, half
tender, rich, sweet flavor; season, June.

Remarxs.—From England; by the great botanist and
pomologist, Charles Knight. Not very productive. Fruit
borne in threes. One of the finest cherries in cultivation,
No collection can be considered complete without it. ‘Hix-
cellently well adapted for Cincinnati.”—F. G. Cary, late

22
258 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

President of the Cincinnati Horticultural-Society, and a
good practical fruit cultivator, at Farmers’ College, near
Cincinnati.

BLACK TARTARIAN. Color, purplish black; form,
heart-shaped; size, 1; use, table; quality, 2; flesh, half
tender, juicy, sweet, mild, pleasant, not high flavor; sea-
son, June.

Remarxs.—Of peculiar, upright growth. Requires more
pruning than others, or it will become too dense. Recom-
mended by Buchanan, Ernst and Warder for the vicinity
of Cincinnati. “ Excellently well adapted for the locality
of Cincinnati.”—-F. G. Cary.

BLACK HAWK. Color, dark purplish black ; form,
heart-shaped, often obtuse; size, 1; use, table; quality, 1;
flesh, almost firm, rich, sweet, fine flavor; season, June
and July.

Remarxs.—Raised by Professor Kirtland, Cleveland,
Ohio, the judicious originator of many fine and valuable
cherries and other good fruits, and possessing and culti-
vating much science in horticulture, ete. This cherry is
also among the fruits recommended by Buchanan, Ernst
and Warder for the region of Cincinnati.

Brant. Color, reddish black; form, heart-shaped, round-
ed angular ; size, 1; use, table; quality, 2; flesh, tender,
juicy, sweet and rich.

Remarxs.—Raised by Professor Kirtland. Tree vigor-
ous. Flowers irregularly.

Burr's SEEDLING. Color, clear bright red ; form, heart-
shaped; size, 2to1; use, table; quality, 2; flesh, half
tender, juicy, sweet; season, May and June.

Remarxs.—New York origin. Productive, vigorous.
* CUERRIES. 259

Burtver’s YeLLow. Color, pale yellow; form, regular,
heart-shaped ; size, 2; use, table; quality, 3; flesh, whit-
ish yellow, rather tough; season, July.

Remarks.—From Germany.

CaRNATION. Color, bright red; form, roundish ; ‘size,
1 to 2; use, table; quality, 2; flesh, tender, juicy, and not
acid when fully ripe; season, June and July.

Remarxs.—A variety of Morello. Hardy.

Cuina Bigarreavu. Color, bright amber yellow; form,
roundish, heart-shaped; size, 2; use, table; quality, 2;
flesh, half tender, juicy and rich; a little bitter till ripe;
season, June.

RemaRKs.—Very productive.

CLEVELAND. Color, bright clear red, on amber yellow
ground; form, round, heart-shaped, flattened at apex; size,
1; use, table; quality, 2; flesh, juicy, rich, fine flavor, pale
eellowivh white, almost cao season, ae

Remarxs.—One of Professor Kirtland’ 8 raising in 1842.
Tree thrifty and very productive.

Conr’s TRANSPARENT. Color, pale light amber yellow,
with bright clear red; form, regular round, slightly
angular at junction of stem; size, 2; use, table; quality,
2; flesh, tender, juicy, rich; season, June and July.

Remarxs.—Tree vigorous; healthy habit.

Dewicate. Color, rich amber yellow, mottled; form,
regular, roundish flattened, slight suture on side; size, 2
to 1; quality, 1; flesh, rich, juicy, sweet, high flavor, deli-
cate, translucent (a pretty quality) ; season, June.

Remarks.—Raised by Professor Kirtland. Tree thrifty,
productive and healthy. Fine for family use.
260 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

DOCTOR. Color, light yellow and red; form, round-
ish, heart-shaped, with a suture extending all around;
size, 2; use, table; quality, 1; flesh, juicy, tender, sweet,
with a delicious flavor; season, June.

Remarxs.—One of Professor Kirtland’s. Not very vig-
orous, but all his seedling cherries are of a healthy habit.
Bearing too great crops, a fault however, on the right side.
Requires good cultivation.

DOWNER’S LATE. Color, bright lively red, mottled-
amber in shade; form, round, heart-shaped, slightly com-
pressed on one side; size, 1; use, table; quality, 2; flesh,
tender, delicious, and sweet when fully ripe; season, June
and July.

Remarxks.—Tree vigorous, hardy, prolific and healthy.
Recommended by Buchanan, Ernst, and Warder, for the
vicinity of Cincinnati.

Downrna’s Rep Carex. Color, yellowish white; form,
obtuse, heart-shaped; size, 2 to 1; use, table; quality, 2;
flesh, half tender, and delicately sweet; season, June.
Regular and great bearer.

Earty PurpLe Guieng. Form, roundish heart-shaped,
indenture at point; use, table; quality, 1; flesh, juicy,
rich, sweet, and excellent; season, May and June.

Remarxs.—By some called German May Duke. Only
moderately productive when young. It is very early, and
delicious. It is highly deserving of cultivation, being the
earliest yet known; more so, even, than the May Duke,
and Karly May, with the same advantages of situation
and soil. The May Duke is quite green, and the Early
May is hardly ripe, when the Early Guigne is in full per-
fection. It is nearly two weeks earlier than the May
Duke, and fully equal to it in quality. The Early May
CHERRIES. 261

hangs so long, that it will come up to the Guigne at last.
This cherry is even earlier than the May Bigarreau.

EARLY PROLIFIC. Color, bright carmine red, mot-
tled on light amber yellow; form, round obtuse, heart-
shaped ; size, 1; use, table; quality, 1; flesh, half tender,
almost firm, juicy, rich, sweet, and delicate flavor; season,
May and June.

Remarxs.—Professor Kirtland. Tree, healthy, vigor-
ous, and upright. Recommended by Buchanan, Ernst,
and Warder, for the locality of Cincinnati.

EARLY RICHMOND, Pie Cherry, Kentish, Early May.
Color, bright red, becoming darker as it ripens; form,
round; size, 2; use, chiefly kitchen, very ripe for table,
though rather too acid; quality, 2; flesh, juicy, very ten-
der, sprightly, rich, acid flavor; scason, May and June.

RemarxKs.—Very early, valuable, and hardy. Of Mo-
rello family. Excellent for early market, for stewing,
pies, ete. It also has the fine quality of hanging long.
The Karly May is so very like the above, that the distinc-
tion is hardly worth making. Both very productive, and
“excellent for Cincinnati.’—/F. G. Cary. Recommended,
also, as a matter of course, by those good judges, Buchan-
an, Ernst, and Warder, for the locality of Cincinnati.

ELTON. Color, shining pale yellow on the shaded
side, but with a cheek next the sun delicately mottled
and streaked with bright red; form, long, heart-shaped,
pointed; size, 1; use, table; quality, 1; flesh, nearly ten-
der, juicy, sweet, with an exceedingly rich, high flavor ;
season, June.

Remarxs.—English. Ofsuperior quality. Trees, grow
vigorously, with a rather drooping habit. Recommended
by Messrs. Buchanan, Ernst, and Warder, for this vicinity,
202 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

GOVERNOR WOOD. Color, clear rich amber; form,
roundish, heart-shaped; size, 1; use, table; quality, 1;
flesh, light pale yellow, half juicy, tender, sweet, and fine.

Remarxs.—Raised by Professor Kirtland. Tree a vig-
orous, healthy grower (like most of his seedlings, which
constitutes much of their value, beside their qualities),
productive while young, very remarkably good. Recom-
mended by Messrs. Buchanan, Ernst, and Warder, for the
locality of Cincinnati. First June to middle.

GRAFFION. See Yellow Spanish.

Hitprsuem. Color, yellow, mottled with red; form,
heart-shaped; size, 2; use, table; quality, 1; flesh, pale
yellow, firm, sweet: season, July and August.

Remarks.— From Germany. Tree, upright, strong
grower. Unproductive while young. Bears late.

Jfortenss.* Color, bright, lively red, mottled on am-
ber; form, round, elongated side, compressed; size, 1;
use, table, and kitchen; quality, 1; flesh, rich, sprightly,
sub-acid ; season, July.

Remarns.—From France. Of Duke habit. Vigorous
and healthy. Suited to rich, moist soils. Moderately
prolific.

Joc-o-sor. Color, dark liver; firm, very regular, uni-
form, heart-shaped, slightly obtuse, deep indenture at
apex; size, 1; use, table; quality, 2; flesh, dark liver,
tender, juicy, rich, sweet flavor ; season, June.

Remarxks.—Kirtland. Tree thrifty, round-headed, and
productive.

KIRTLAND'S MARY. Color, light and dark rich
red; form, roundish, heart-shaped; size, 1; use, table;

 

* Reine Hortense?
CHERRIES. 263

quality, 1; flesh, light yellow, firm, rich, juicy, sweet, and
very highly flavored ; season, early in June.

Remarxs.—Raised by the Professor. Very beautiful,
very desirable, and early, for both family and market,
Recommended by Buchanan, Ernst and Warder for the
vicinity of Cincinnati. Took premium in Spring of 1855,
when exhibited by the author at the Cincinnati Horticul-
tural Society, as the best earliest eles ry. Tree hand-
some, rather upright.

Kirtianp’s Mammory. Color, light clear yellow; form,
obtuse, heart-shaped; size, 1; use, table; quality, 2; flesh,
almost tender, juicy, sweet, high flavor ; season, June.

RemarKks.—Another seedling of the Professor. Tree,
large and vigorous. Only moderately productive.

Late Biearrzav. Color, rich yellow ground, red cheek;
form, obtuse, heart-shaped, broad indenture at the apex;
size, 1; use, table; quality, 2; flesh, firm, juicy, sweet, of
agreeable flavor; season, June and July.

Remarxs.—Dr. Kirtland. Tree, vigorous. and very pro-
ductive.

Large Heart-SHapep. Color, dark shining red; form,
roundish, heart-shaped; size, 1; use, table and kitchen;
quality, 2 to 3; flesh, coarse tissue, not juicy, nor high-
flavored ; season, last of June.

Remarks.—From France. Tree, strong and vigorous;
very productive, and desirable for market.

LATE DUKE. Color, rich deep shining red, when
mature; form, roundish, heart-shaped, with a slight suture
on one side; size, 1; use, table; quality, 1; season, be-
ginning of July to the end.
264 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Remarks.—From France, although of English origin.
Every late cherry must prove a valuable acquisition to
this fine fruit. Of this character is the Late Duke. Itis
of very large size, of a beautiful color, and an abundant
bearer. It is equal to the May Duke. The fruit of the
Late Duke is usually borne in pairs, or threes, on a short
stem, about a quarter of an inch in length.

Loan. Color, liver; form, obtuse, sometimes regular,
heart-shaped; size, 2 to 1; use, table; quality, 2; flesh,
nearly firm, juicy, rich, sweet flavor; season, June.

Remarks.—Kirtland. Tree, hardy and healthy, moder-
ately productive. Little liable to injury by frost.

MARY. See Kirtland’s.

May Bicarreau (Bigarreau de Mui, Beauman’s May, or
Allen’s Favorite). Color, rich deep red, when fully mature
becoming of a shining, dark, purplish color; form, oval,
heart-shaped; size, 2 to 3 (rather small); flesh, purplish
red, soft, and tender, juice abundant, with a sweet, rich
flavor; quality, 1; season, last of May, sometimes the be-
ginning of May, or early part of June.

Remarxs.—With the exception of the Early Purple
Guigne, which is not yet much known, the May Bigarreau
may be safely set down as at least two weeks earlier than
any varicty; unless perhaps the Harly May, or Early Rich-
mond, may equal it in this respect.

MAY DUKE. Color, deep red; form, roundish obtuse,
heart-shaped ; size, 1; use, table; quality, 2 to 1; flesh,
reddish, tender, sub-acid ; season, May to June.

Remarks.—From France. Of ahardy, upright growth;
produces freely, but ripens very irregularly. Good for
CHERRIES. ‘ 265

the Cincinnati market. “Excellently well adapted to tho
locality of Cincinnati.”—F. G. Cary.

MOTTLED BIGARREAU. See Bigarreau Mottled.

NAPOLEON BIGARREAU. Color, pale yellow, be-
coming amber in the shade, richly dotted, and spotted
with very deep red, and with a fine marbled, dark crim-
son cheek ; form, roundish, obtuse, heart-shaped, with a
suture line frequently raised, instead of being depressed ;
size, 1; use, table and kitchen; quality, 1; flesh, very
firm, moderately juicy ; season, June.

fRemarKs.— Tree, vigorous, productive. Showy for
market. Good for cooking. ‘ Excellently well adapted
for the vicinity of Cincinnati.”—F. G. Cary. Very fine.

OscroLa. Color, dark purplish red; form, regular,
heart-shaped; size, 2 to1; use, table; quality, 1; flesh,
juicy, rich, and sweet; season, June.

RemarKs.—One of those many good seedlings which
Dr. Kirtland. had the singular judgment and good fortune
to raise by selection, etc. Tree round, hardy, and heal-
thy. A good bearer.

Ox Heart, or WHITE BicarreAv. Yellowish red in
sun; form, heart-shaped; size, 1; use, table and kitchen;
quality, 2; flesh, almost firm; season, June. °

Remarxks.—Sweet, delicious. Not avery good bearer.

Pontiac. Color, dark purplish red; form, obtuse,
heart-shaped; size, 1; use, table; quality, 2; flesh, juicy,
sweet, and agreeable; season, June.

Remarxs.—From Professor Kirtland. Tree vigorous
and healthy. Recommended by Messrs. Buchanan, Ernst,
and Warder, for the locality of Cincinnati.

23
266 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Pownatan, Color, rich purplish red; form, roundish
flattened ; size, 2; use, table; quality, 2; flesh, half ten-
der, juicy, sweet, pleasant; not high flavor; season, late
June to July.

Remarxs.—Kirtland’s. Tree vigorous and productive.
Profitable for a market fruit. Late, and regular in size.

Rep Jacket. Form, regular, obtuse, lengthened; size,
1; use, table; quality, 2; flesh, half tender, juicy, of good,
not high flavor; season, June to July.

Remarxs.—Another of Professor HKirtland’s. Fruit
vipens late. Excellent for market. Recommended by
Buchanan, Ernst, and Warder, for the region of Ohio.

Rockport. Color, brilliant, deep red; form, obtuse,
heart-shaped ; size, 1; use, table; flesh, firm, juicy, sweet,
rich, and delicious; season, June, early.

Remarxs.—Professor Kirtland’s raising. One of the
hardiest of his fine seedling cherries, as was fully proven
in the memorable severe cold of last Winter (1856). A
few of these cherries were found rather too tender in
that great and unusual trial. But it is not very likely
we shall soon have another sucha winter. The wood was
also not matured enough to mect it. Tree strong, vigor-
ous, upright habit. Valuable for gardens and markct.
Recommended by Buchanan, Ernst, and Warder, for the
region of Ohio. Good bearer, and really worthy.

Suannon. Globular, flat at junction with stem; size,
1 to 2; use, kitchen; quality, 2; flesh, juicy, acid; season,
June.

RemaRKs.—AStill another of Professor K.’s. A Morello.
Tree very hardy. :

SWEET MONTMORENCY., Color, pale amber in the
CHERRIES. 267

shade, of a deep orange red in the sun, becoming darker
when fully ripe, and mottled with yellow; form, nearly
round, little flattened at both ends, with a shallow suture
on one side, and an indented point at the apex; size, 2 to
3; use, table; quality, 1; season, July.

Remarxs.—The number of American varieties of fruits,
and cherries in particular, is yearly incrcasing; and we
may soon expect to find the principal kinds, in general
cultivation, our native varieties. Mr. Knight produced
several new sorts of cherries by cross-fertilization, which
have stood high ; and Dr. Kirtland’s success speaks well
for itself. The Sweet Montmorency is the production of
Mr. Manning, in this country. It is an accidental seed-
ling in 1831 or 1832. It was produced in Mr. J. F. Allen’s
garden in Salem. It hardly ever fails to ripen a crop of
fruit every season. It is scarcely ever injured by weather
(particularly if wet), which usually cracks and injures
most varieties. It is one of the latest sweet cherries,
ripening at the same time as the May Duke, and hangs
long after it is mature, and also keeping some time
after itis gathered. It is very productive, and bears
sometimes 100 cherries on a small forked branch a foot
long.

TxcumsEH. Color, reddish purple; form, obtuse, heart-
shaped; size, 2 to 1; use, table and kitchen; quality, 2;
flesh, sweet, juicy, but not high-flavored; season, July.

Remarks, —Kirtland’s again. Tree moderately vigor-
ous. Hardy, late, for market.

YELLOW. SPANISH. See Graffion. Color, whitish
yellow, with mottled red in the sun; form, regular obtuse,
heart-shaped ; size, 1; use, table; flesh, yellowish ; form,

juicy, rich, sweet, delicious; season, June.

RemARKs.—One of the richest and best cherries. But
268 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

has rather a tendency to decay. Tree strong, spreading,
healthy, and.productive. Recommended by Messrs. Bu-
chanan, Ernst, and Warder, for the locality of Cincinnati.
“Excellently well adapted for the locality of Cincinnati.”
—F. G. Cary.

From Report of R. Bucuanan, A. H. Ernst, and J. A.
WARDER, to the American Pomological Society.

CHERRIES.

« Cherries bear, on an average, one out of three years.
The climate of Southern Ohio is too warm for this fruit,
and but few varieties suceced well here. The best cherry
region in our State is the southern shore of Lake Erie,
where fine crops are produced almost every year. The
rose-bug and the slug, there complained of, do not annoy
us here; but the trees of the finer varieties often crack
open in winter, after warm wet Autumns, and are either
destroyed or greatly disfigured.

“The western country is largely indebted to Dr. J. P.
Kirtland, of Cleveland, for the production of some very
fine seedling cherries, better adapted to the climate than
those of foreign origin. The hardiest varieties with us
are of the ‘Morello’ family; next are the ‘Dukes,’ and
least of all the ‘ Bigarreaus.’

“The following are mostly cultivated :

“ Belle de Choisy, Black Hawk, Black Tartarian, Down-
er’s Late Red, Harly May, Early Prolific, Elton, Governor
Wood, Kirtland’s Mammoth, Kirtland’s Mary, Reine Hor-
tense, Carnation, May Duke, Mottled Bigarreau, Napo-
leon, Pontiac, Red Jacket, Rockport (hardiest, very early),
White Bigarreau, Yellow Spanish.

Dwarf cherry trees are produced by propagating the
Sweet or Duke varieties on the Mahaleb or Morello roots.

They should be worked just at the crown of the root,

/
CHERRIES. 269

Merits of Cherries, decided upon at a Cherry Festival held at
Cleveland, Ohio ; the best situation (on the Lake) and soil for
Cherries.
Kirtuann’s Mary. Large, pale red, firm, first quality ;

avery pretty cherry.

GovERNorR Woop. New. A large, round, pale red,
sweet, first quality ; a delicious cherry; one of the very
best.

Vircinia May Duke. Small, heart-shaped, bright red,
second-rate.

Rockrort BiearReav. Large, handsome, bright red,
first-rate.

Davenport's Harty Buack. Large, soft, black, sweet ;
very good.

CLEVELAND Bigarreav. Large, bright red, first qual-
ity; a great bearer.

Louis Paripurrez. New; Morello; large, dark red,
tart, rich.

GRIDLEY. Small, dark, second-rate.

Downton. Pale red, solid, rich ; good.

BELue DE Cuoisy. Round, red, soft, rich ; first rate.

Mavison BigarRrEav. Medium size, bright red, soft,
sweet; second-rate.

Mannina’s Motritep Bigarrzeav. Pale red; second-
rate.

Cuina BigARREAU. Small, pale red; poor.

Harty Waitt Heart. Medium, pale red, sweet, firm ;
good.

Boyer’s Earty. Medium, etc., as above.

Rosert’s Rep. Medium. These three are very sim-
ilar, and suspected to be the same.

Docror. Above medium, red, firm, rich; first quality.
-Junu Duke. A tart variety of May Duke.

Knigut’s Harty Biack. Dark, rich, soft; first qual-

ity.
270 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Buack Heart. This cherry is smaller than it’ should
be, and appears to be only a-good mazzard, but it is said
to improve as it ripens, and to bear well.

Enauiso Amer. Not nearly equal to its American
namesake. .

Swepisu. This is the Rockport Bigarreau.

Deticate. A new cherry, of a pale but bright and del-
icate color. Size, moderate; quality, good.

Euizasetu. Above medium, bright color, flavor brisk ;
good.

Buiack Ox-Hearr. Dark, and not large.

Oxntio Beauty. Very handsome, good, and a great
hearer.

Buack Hawk. Medium size, dark red; a superior
fruit, becoming a liver-colored black when ripe; excellent
for market.

Mammotu. Large, light red, tender, very fine; one of
the best, but not so good a bearer.

OscEoLa. Good size, black, very pleasant; handsome
on the tree, and a good bearer.

Rep Jacket. Medium size, light red, good, and a great
bearer.

Exvxiorr’s Favorite. Very handsome on the tree; a
great bearer, and very hardy.

Jocxosot. Large, black, tender, pleasant, and a great
bearer.

*

THE TWELVE BEST SWEET CHERRIES.

All cherries ripen at the South (that is, with us) about
one month earlier than the date here fixed. These are all
good market varieties, with the exception of “Delicate,”
and “ Karly Purple Guigne.”

BELLE OF ORLEANS. Use, table; season, early June.

Brant. Use, table; season, middle June.

Briaok TarrTartan. Use, table; season, last June.
CHERRIES. 271

Brack Hawx. Use, table; season, last June.

Coxz’s TRANSPARENT. Use, table; season, last June.
Deticare. Use, table; season, first July.

Downer’s Late. Use, table; season, middle July.
Ear.y Purpie Guiane. Use, table; season, first June
Exton. Use, table; season, last June.

Governor Woop. Use, table; season, middle June.
Kirtianp’s Mary. Use, table; season, last June.
Rockport. Use, table; season, middle June.

THE SIX BEST DUKE CHERRIES.

ARCHDUKE. Use, table and cooking; season, early
July.

BELLE DE CHorsy. Use, table; season, last June.

BELLE Maanirique. Use, cooking; season, July and
August.

May Duke. Use, table; season, June.

Reine Hortense. Use, table; season, middle July.

Vaiu’s Avaust Duxz. Use, table and cooking; season,
August.

THE SIX BEST MORELLO CHERRIES.

Carnation (for South and West). Use, table and cook-
ing; season, July.

Earty Ricamonp. Use, cooking; season, June.

SHannon. Use, table and cooking; season, middle
July.

Donna Maria. Use, cooking ; season, middle July.

ImpErisL. Use, Cooking; season, August.

Lotvis Purtirpr. Use, cooking; season, middle July.

The “Large Morello,” originated by Professor Kirt-
land, will probably supersede Carnation, but it is not yet
sufficiently tested.
272 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK. "

QUINCES.

CoMMON QUINCE.

Remarks.—This and the two following are often con-
founded with each other. It is probable that from seeds
of either sort, varieties have been, and still may be ob-
tained, some of which would produce apple-shaped, and
some pear-shaped fruit.

APPLE-SHAPED QUINCE.

PEAR-SHAPED QUINCE.

Remars.—Medium size; roundish oblong, or pyriform,
tapering to the stalk; skin, dull yellow; flesh, firm, tough,
dry, but of high flavor. When stewed, or cooked, it is
less tender, and the flesh less lively in color, than the
Orange Quince. Leaves, oblong, ovate; season, September.

PorTUGAL QUINCE.

Remarxs.—Very good, and distinct from the preceding
sorts. It does not, however, become, except in very favor-
able seasons, of so deep an orange; its leaves are broader,
and its growth less contracted ; consequently it is used for
grafting pears on. Shy bearer. Fruit, medium to large,
regular oblate, pyriform, smooth; flesh, mild; cooks
tender. Ripens ten days earlier than the Orange Quince.

ORANGE QUINCE, Angers Quince.
Remarxs.—These two last enumerated varieties, pos-
sess characters differing so little from what may be found
.QUINCES. 273

among sub-varieties of the others, that they are scarcely
worth distinguishing. Excellent for dwarf pears. Leaf,
round, and downy underneath.

Larce-Frvuirep Quince. :

RemArKs.—This variety is most esteemed. Should not
be gathered early. Leaf, ovate, pointed; fruit, large,
ovate, oblate pyriform; skin, smooth, of a rich golden
yellow.

New Uprieut Quince. é ‘

Remarks.—From Ellwanger & Barry, of Rochester,
New York. It grows upright, strikes readily from cft-
tings; but after the first year’s growth seems to lose
vigor, and afterward grows very tardy. Not fit to graft
pears on.

Angers, Paris, or Orleans quinces, are the best stocks
for dwarf pears. The Middle and Western States seem
to be the peculiar home for the quince. There are four
kinds, only, used for cooking. In most cases, quinces
will produce the same from seed, but they will sport a
little — hence the variety, although not many, of forms.
They are very easily propagated from cuttings. The
bush form is the most natural.
274 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

GRAPES.

Apa. Bunch, compact; color, very dark; skin, thin;
flavor, sweet and vinous, very juicy ; quality, 2; situation,
south.

Remarks.—Originator, Dr. Valk, of Flushing, Long
Island. Strong and vigorous growth; shoots, partially
brown ; joints, six inches from eye to eye; leaf, large, and
handsome. Fruits freely. Perfectly hardy

Brianp. Bunch, long and loose; color, pale red; skin,
thin ; flavor, delicate, pleasant, sweet, a little astringent ;
quality, 1; situation, south-east.

RemarKs.—From Virginia. It is a good table grape,
where it will ripen, which is not north of Philadelphia.
Late in ripening, and valuable to put away for Winter use.

CaTawBA. Bunch, medium sized, shouldered; color,
pale red;-form of berries, nearly round; skin, thick;
flavor, slightly pulpy, sweet, juicy, rich, aromatic, musky
flavor; quality, 1; situation, south-east.

Remarxs.—Highly—most highly esteemed, for dessert
and wine use. In growth and foliage it resembles the
Isabella, except that the wood is of darker color, shorter
jointed, and more round, and at base of every leaf, there
is a white downy spot. Sweet when only half ripe, but
very luscious when quite ripe, and dark colored. Berries
covered with a beautiful lilac bloom. Pond’s Seedling,
To-Kalon, Clermont, White Catawba, and the Zane, are
sub-varieties of the Catawba, but not equaling it. The
GRAPES. 275

‘Mammoth Catawba” is also a sub-variety which, under
high culture, surpasses the original, only in size—That part
of the United States between the thirty-eighth and forty-
fourth parallels of latitude, so far, is entitled to the
supremacy in grape culture. Already the wines of Ohio
and Missouri, begin to supplant the imported Rhine and
Champagne wines here, even at the same prices. Terra-
ces rise above terraces on the hill-sides of the Ohio, and
the red bluffs begin to disappear beneath masses of vine
foliage, and purple clusters of fruit. We find that Indi-
ana, Illinois, and Michigan, are improving the hint given
by Ohio; in fact Indiana must be recognized as one of the
pioneers, for Vevay first commenced it in the beginning
of the present century. Missouri already ventures to
contest the palm with Ohio.—The Catawba is twenty to
one in cultivation, in Ohio, over the Isabella. Of these
two grapes the best wines are made in Ohio. There is a
peculiarity of these wines, that no spurious compound can
be made to imitate them ; and in purity and delicacy, and
we may almost add richness, there is no known wine
to equal them. The cuttings of these vines are always
saleable, to propagate new vineyards.

Cuinton. Bunch, medium or small, compact,not shoul-
dered; color, blue bloom ; form of berries,nearly round,
small; skin, thin; flavor, pulpy, rather harsh ; quality, 2;
situation, South.

Remarxs.—From Western New York. Not a strong
grower, although perfectly hardy and suited to border
planting, three feet apart, and stake training not exceed-
ing four feet high, in gardens. Its greatest recommen-
dation is that it ripens ten days or two weeks earlier than
the Isabella, and is, therefore, suited to higher or more
Northern latitudes—Grapes should be extensively raised
from seed, but not from the seed of foreign grapes, as has
276 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

been recommended. We should extensively plant the
seed of dur native grapes, and great changes will be pro-
duced. Mr. Longworth had an evidence of this, he
having presented at the exhibition of our Horticultural
Society, a seedling from the Isabella, that passed as the
Black Hamburgh. The berry was larger than the largest
Black Hamburgh on the tables, though the latter was
raised under glass. In raising plants from the seed of
the Catawba, grapes of great value may be produced,
and varieties without number. But the greater portion
“will go back to the origin of all, the Fox Grape. The
Fox Grape is readily distinguished by the extreme white
color of the leaf on the under side, and when a full blood-
ed Fox, the stem will be covered with a heavy down.
When there is a down, the plant should be thrown aside
as soon as the stem shows it. When the stem is smooth,
if the leaf is white, it may produce a good fruit. When
the under side of the leaf has less, or not more of the Fox
character than the Catawba, a plant of value may be ex-
pected. It is not the sweetest grapes that contain the
most sugar. The size of the berry is not important for
wine, but the vine should be of vigorous growth, and
bear a good crop. Solid wood of last year’s growth, two
eyes to cach graft, are enough; cut one inch above the
upper eye, and three inches below the lower eye, it will
make a cutting that will vegetate.

Diana. Bunch, small, below medium, compact; color,
pale red ; form of berries, round; flavor, little pulpy, rich.

Remarks.—Seedling from the Catawba; grown by Mrs.
Diana Crehore, Boston, Massachusetts. Matures two
weeks earlier than the Catawba. It has not equaled its
parent at Cincinnati. It suits best a Northern latitude.
Resembles the Catawba a little in flavor. It is hardy,
vigorous and productive.
GRAPES. 277

ConcorD.

Remarks.—A little larger, and six days earlier than
the Isabella. Very hardy, and a free grower—nearly as
good as the Isabella. Suited to the North rather than to
our latitude.

DELAWARE, or Traminer. Color, pale reddish; form,
roundish oval} bunches, medium sized; berry, middle
size, uniform, tender, juicy, sweet, without pulp, and rich
and agrecable flavor. Campbell, of Delaware.

Rewarns.—Messrs. Prince, Grant, Downing, Brinckle,
Hovey, and others, consider this the most delicious native
grape, except, perhaps, the Scuppernong ofthe South. It
is very hardy. It was discovered in New Jersey, and
was introduced into Ohio twenty-five or thirty years ago.
This variety may be recommended as promising very
well. Ripens three weeks before the Isabella.

ExsinpureH. Bunch, medium, loose shouldered; color,
black; form of berries, small, round; skin, thin, blue
bloom; flavor, melting, sweet; quality, 1; situation, S.E.

Remarxs.—From Salem county, N. J. A nice little
grape, suited for the dessert, and for growing on trel-
lises in gardens. A moderate, regular bearer. Ripening
a little before, or with the Isabella. ‘ Best.”

HERBEMONT. Bunch, large, compact shouldered ;
color, purple; form of berries, small, round ; skin, thin,
purple bloom; flavor, sweet, excellent, juicy, vinous ;
quality, 1; situation, South.

Remarks.—Of doubtful origin. Hardy. In fruit it
does not differ from the Lenoir; but in wood, distinct.
Growth very vigorous. Greatly productive.

Imrration Hamsures. Bunch, large; color, dark pur-
278 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

ple; skin, thin; flavor, juicy, soft; quality, 2; situation,
south.

Remarxs.— A native variety, inferior to the Black
Hamburgh. Origin not known.

ISABELLA. Bunch, large, rather loose shouldered ;
color, dark purple; form of berries, oval, large; skin,
thin; flavor, juicy, sweet, rich, a little musky aroma;
quality, 1; situation, south-east.

Remarxs.—Origin somewhat disputed. Probably from
South Carolina, and, therefore, a native. Its vigor and
product with us, will ever render it a favorite. Berries,
when fully ripe, nearly black, and then very sweet. Ber-
ries covered with a blue bloom. Hyde's Eliza, Troy
Grape, Pennsylvania, Maicon, Sherman, Chillicothe Seed-
ling, and Lee’s, are all sub-varieties; not equal to the
original.

KItTREDGE SEEDLING. Color, brown; form of berries,
round ovate; skin, thick; flavor, rich and sweet; quality,
2; situation, south.

Remazxs.—This may become a good grape for wine.

Lenoir. Quality, 1; situation, south.

Remarxs.—More vigorous than the Herbermont, but
otherwise like it. Wood, light colored, with a light blue
cast.

Minor’s SEEDLING, or Venango.
RemarKks.—Has value as a wine grape.

Missouri. Bunch, below medium, loose; color, black
almost; form, small, round; flavor, tender, sweet and
juicy, little pulp; quality, 2; situation, south-east.

Remarks. — From Missouri. Of slow growth, short-
GRAPES. 279

jointed, and, like the Clinton, suited to border culture.
A wine is made from it resembling Madeira.

Morin.
NAUMKEAG.

Norron’s Virainia. Bunch, long, little shouldered,
compact; color, deep purple ; form of berries, small round;
flavor, pulpy, harsh; quality, 3; situation, south-east.

Remarxs.—A native. Of but little value, but tolerably
passable for the table. .

Out1o Szcar Box. Bunch, large, loose shouldered;
color, nearly black; form of berries, small round; flavor,
without pulp, sweet; quality, 1; situation, south-east.

Remarks.—True origin unknown. North of Cincin-
nati it fails. Only for table use.

Rezsecca. Superior. A great acquisition. Excellent.

RemarKs.—No donbt a variety of the Chassclas family.
The only white native grape within our knowledge, and
desirable, if only for that reason. It promises well.
Proved now to be hardy.

RULANDER.

Remarxs.—A German grape of this name, gives great
promise of success in the open air. The Muscadine and
Scuppernong scarcely succeed. Fruits of Missouri, by
Thomas Allen, of St. Louis.

ScHUYLKILL, etc. Bunch, not shouldered ; color, black ;
form of berries, large, round ovate; flavor, pulpy, juicy,
firm, musky, often harsh; situation, south.

RemarKs.—From Pennsylvania. Leaves, downy.
280 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

SHAKER’s SEEDLING. See Union Village Grape.
Remarxs.—Large, valuable, and pleasant, A seedling
of the Isabella.

Scupprrnone. Southern species; there highly esteemed.

Union VILLAGE GRAPE.

Remarks —As large as the Black Hamburgh, and quite
hardy. It is a monstrous grower, bunches quite large,
the flavor sweet, and as good as the Isabella. A fine table
grape. A little earlier than the Isabella and Catawba, but
not so early as the Delaware. Vigorous. Probably not
well adapted for making wine. Flavor very fine. Cane
very stout.

FOREIGN GRAPES.

BLACK HAMBURGH. Bunch, large, shouldered both
sides; color, bright purple, purple blue when ripe; form
of berries, very large, roundish, oval; skin, thin; flavor,
sugary, rich; quality, 1; situation, cold house, vinery.

Remarks.—The best for the vinery. In sheltered loca-
tions, out of doors. In many cities south, as far as Cin-
cinnati, it does well with Winter protection. A good
bearer. A vine of this variety, at Hampton Court Palace,
planted in 1769, produced two thousand bunches—over
one ton of fruit, which the author saw.

BLACK PRINCE. Bunch, long, often shouldered ;
color, black, blue bloom ; form of berries, large, thinly set,
oval; skin, thick; flavor, sweet, excellent, very good; qual-
ity, 1; situation, cold house, vinery.

Remarks.—Succeeds well, with Winter protection, out
of doors. It hangs long in the house after fully ripe. A
profuse bearer.

Biack Fronrienac. Bunch, long; color, black; form
GRAPES. 281

of berries, medium size, round; skin, thin; flavor, good,
musky, ciel, quality, 1. 5

REMARKS. = Aeiaoadinte wine is made from this. A pro-
fuse bearer.

Buack Ciuster. Bunch, small, compact; color, black;
form of berries, medium, roundish ovate; flavor, juicy,
sweet; quality, 2; situation, cold house.

Remarxs.—This variety is hardy, and succeeds out of
doors.

Grizzty Frontienan. Bunch, rather long, narrow;
color, green red; form of berries, medium, round, thick
bloom; flavor, juicy, rich, musky, high flavor; quality, 1;
situation, cold house.

Remarxs.—Adapted only to the house. It ripens early.
Best quality.

ROYAL MUSCADINE. Bunch, large, long shoulder-
ed; color, green white, and blue when ripe; form of ber-
ries, above medium, round; flavor, tender, rich, delicious;
season, September ; quality, 2; situation, cold house.

Remarxs.—Highly esteemed. Stronger in growth, and
larger in berries than the White Sweetwater. Requires,

-out of doors, Winter protection, and plenty of wood
ashes; very hardy.

MUSCAT OF ALEXANDRIA. Bunch, very large,
loose, irregular ; color, pale amber ; form of berries, large,
oval; skin, thick; flavor, musky, rich, perfumed flavor;
quality, 2; situation, hot house.

Remarxs.—Adapted only to house-culture, und bene-
fited by artificial heat. It is the Malaga grape. Brought
to this country in jars.

"24
282 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

TRAMINER. Bunch, medium, compact; color, pale
red; form of berries, round, ovate, middle size, uniform ;-
flavor, tender, juicy, sweet, no pulp, rich, and pleasant;
quality, 1.

Remarxs.—This deserves a place in every garden.
Ripens ten days before the Isabella.

WHITE FRONTIGNAN. Bunch, medium size, rather
long, rarely shouldered; form of berries, middle size,
round, rather closely set; flavor, delicious, sugary, rich,
musky flavor; quality, 1; situation, cold house.

Remarxs.—An old productive variety. Suited only to
the house. Hardy habit.

SEEDLING GRAPE.

RINTZ’S SEEDLING. Bunch, compact, medium size ;
color, dark purple, almost blue when fully ripe; form of
berries, round, larger than Catawba, medium size.

Remarxs.—F rom the seed of the Catawba, by Sebastian
Rintz. In wood, leaf, and habit, like the Catawba. Same
vigorous growth as the Fox Grape, the parent of the Ca-
tawba. The skin is thick, pulp tough, juice sweet, but
slightly astringent, and, as in the Fox grape, not abun-
dant. Ripens one month before the Catawba. Considered
by the Committee the best seedling from the Catawba
raised in this vicinity ; but as a wine grape, can not com-
pare with the Catawba.
STRAWBERRIES. 283

&

STRAWBERRIES.

Avice Maupg. Flowers, hermaphrodite; form, conical ;
size, 2; quality, 2; color, dark crimson.

Remarxs.—lIn some parts of Virginia extensively culti-
vated.

Asax. Flowers, staminate; form, globular; size, 2;
quality, 2; color, dark crimson.
RemuarKs.—New.

Brirtsh QuEEN. See Myatt’s.
Remarns.—Very large, and of rich flavor, but does not
fruit well here.

Bicton Pine. Flowers, staminate ; form, roundish ; size,
1; quality, 2; color, white; bright blush on cheek.

Remarxs.~-The blossoms will not produce as much as
many kinds. It should be tested by amateurs.

Bishop’s Orange. Flowers, pistillate; size, 2; quality, 2;
color, light orange scarlet. :

Remarxgs.—Moderately prolific. Fruit in clusters. De-
sirable in warm, deep, sandy soils. “

Black Prince. Flowers, pistillate; form,round; size, 2,
quality, 2; color, deep purplish red.

Remarks.—English. Flesh, rich, red, sweet. Requires
a rich, loamy soil. Of high flavor. Succeeds best North.
fs there of high flavor. Is variable in quality; some sea-
sons first-rate. It is hardy and prolific.
284 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Boston Pine. Flowers, staminate; form, roundish, slightly
conical; size, 2; quality, 2; color, deep, rich, shining red;
season, early.

Remarxs.—American. Requires high cultivation, in
hills ; vines, vigorous; firm, juicy, swect, with a sprightly,
agrecable flavor. Productive. We will here observe that
the strawberry is as easily raised from seed as any other
plant, and with the certainty of producing very good va-
rieties. Mr. Hovey states that the French cultivators
raise the Alpine Strawberry in this way, as an annual,

“the plants bearing a fine crop the first year. To com-
bine the greatest number of good qualities in any fruit
is the great object in the growth of new kinds: the pos-
session of a portion of them without the others must fail
to give any variety a high rank for general cultivation ;
therefore it is a saving of both time and money to reject
all of those that do not come up very near to this stan-
dard. THovey’s great. seedling was a successful hit, and
has at least combined a great many most precious char-
acteristics of what a strawberry should possess. The
Boston Pine has not by any means reached the elevation
of its great predecessor ; still, under certain circumstances
of climate, soil, management, etc., it may be pronounced
arespectably good fruit. In the first place, Mr. Hovey
says: “It should receive good cultivation to have the
fruit in fine condition. If the plants are allowed to run
together, the produce will not be half a crop. The soil
should be good, and there should be a space of at least a
foot between the rows. Each plant throws up from six
to ten stems, and if the roots do not find sufficient nour-
ishment, many of the berries will not fill up and attain
their proper size. Well grown, the plants are literally
covered with fruit.” We have no account of its having
had any considerable success in our Western soils. It is
ripe a week before Hovey’s seedling, at the same time ag
STRAWBERRIES. 285

the Old Scarlet, or Early Virginia, and continues a long
time in bearing. There are good qualities in any location
where it may suit. Flesh, pale scarlet, fine grained, but-
tery, and solid, very juicy, sweet, and rich, with a brisk,
high, and delicious flavor.

British QuEEN. See Myatt’s British Queen.

BURR’S NEW PINE. Flowers, pistillate, rather large
for the sex; firm, obovate, or round; size, 2; quality, 1;
color, light pale red; season, very early.

ReMARKS.—Origin at Columbus, Ohio, on a clayey soil,
in 1846. Vines, hardy, vigorous, and productive; flesh,
whitish pink. Of delicate, aromatic flavor, sweet and de-
licious. Too tender for a market fruit, but highly de-
sirable in a garden. Recommended by Messrs. Buchanan,
Ernst, and Warder, for the locality of Cincinnati.

Burr's SEEDLING. Flowers, hermaphrodite; form,
roundish ovate, often conical; size, 2; quality, 2; color,
light pale red.

RemarKks.—American. Vines vigorous and hardy; ten-
der, mild and pleasant. Does not bear carriage well.
Valuable as a fertilizer of other kinds.

Brewer's Emperor. Flowers, staminate; form, oval;
size, 2; quality, 2; color, dark red.

Remarxs.—English. Hardy; said to be productive.
Not much disseminated.

Brilliant. Flowers, hermaphrodite ; form, conical; size,
2; quality, 2; color, deep crimson.

Remarxs.—American. Flavor good ; productive ; plants
vigorous. Described by W. R. Prince, in Horticulturist.

»
286 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Cazes Corr. Flowers, pistillate ; form, pointed; size.
2; quality, 2; color, scarlet.
RemarKs.—American. Flavor good. Prolific.

CuarLorre. Flowers, pistillate; form, obovate; size,
2; quality, 2; color, dark scarlet.

RemarKs.— American. Sweet, sprightly flavor. Pro-
ductive. Described by W. R. Prince in Horticulturist.

CLEVELAND. Flowers, hermaphrodite; form, cocks-
comb to conical, irregular; size, 2; quality, 2; color,
dark purplish red in sun, opposite clear vermilion.

Remarks.— American. Firm; of Pineapple flavor ;
rich and delicious.

Crescent Seedling.
Remarxs.—From New Orleans. A perpetual bearer.
Requires testing.

Climaz. Flowers, pistillate; form, conical, a little
necked; size, 2; quality, 3; color, light scarlet.
Remarks.—American. Rather acid; very productive.

Cornucopia. Flowers, pistillate ; form, conical; quality,
3; color, scarlet.

Remarks.—American. Productive. Described by W.
R. Prince in Horticulturist. My. Prince has flourished
out in too many kinds for all to be very valuable.
Tt is better to have one really great, than to have one
hundred merely passably good. Without this the very
best NAMES will be lavished upon them almost in vain.
Better to have a wonderfully fine fruit with a plain name,
than one hundred only moderately good with the most
high-sounding titles.
STRAWBERRIES. 287

Crimson Cong. Flowers, pistillate; size, 2; quality, 2.

Remarxs.—Dutch berry. Good flavor; a little acid.
Vines vigorous, requiring space; productive. A great
New York berry. Its defects are its second-rate size,
and acid flavor. Firm. Good for preserving.

Cusuine. Flowers hermaphrodite; form, obtuse coni-
cal; size, 2; quality, 2; color, scarlet. .

Remarxs.—American; by Dr. Brinckle, Phila. Flesh,
fine ; flavor, sprightly, agreeable; moderately productive.

Duchesse de Trevise. Form, ovate; size, 2; quality, 3;
color, deep red.

Remarxs.—Not known here. Much praised in England
and France. <A very different thing for us here. They
describe it as having a brisk, rich flavor, and juicy, and a
good bearer.

Doxe or Kent. Flowers, staminate; form, roundish,
conical; size, 3; color, bright scarlet; season, very early,
ripe 1st June, or even middle of May.

Remarxs.—Hnglish. Sharp, rather acid flavor; vines,
hardy.

Duncan's Seedling. Size, 2; quality, 2; color, dark rich
red.

Remarks.—English. New. Fine flavor. Productive.
Lately introduced.

DunpeEz. Flowers, pistillate; form, round, ovate, very
uniform ; size, 2; quality, 2; color, light pale clear scar-
let; season, ten days after Willey, or Hudson.

Remarxs.—Scotch. Firm, rich acid, high flavor, very
productive. Great for market. Rather late. Vines

very hardy.
288 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

EBeR.ein’s SEEDLING. Flowers, hermaphrodite ; form,
conical, compact; size, 2; quality, 2; color, dark scarlet;
season, early.

Remarxs.—American. Vines vigorous. Moderately.
productive. Good. Slightly acid.

Exton. Flowers, staminate ; form, ovate; size, 2;
quality, nearly 1; color, light red; season, very late, and
yaluable only on that account.

Remarks.—English. Rather too acid. Of good size,
but rather shy in bearing. Rather tender.

EXTRA RED. See McAvoy’s Extra Red.

GENESSEE. Flowers, hermaphrodite; form, round;
quality,1; size, 1; color, dark crimson; season, a little
late.

Remarks—American. Very productive. Of very fine
rich, very sweet flavor. A delightful, and very desi-
rable sort.

Green Strawberry. Form, round ; size, 3.

Remarxs.—Only curious.

Havrzoy. See Prolific Hautboy.

HOVEY’S SEEDLING. Flowers, pistillate, small;
form, roundish ovate, a little conical, with a short neck,
never cockscomb-shaped even in the largest berries ; size,
1 (very large, commonly three to four inches in cireum-
ference); quality, 1; color, dark rich shining red, paler
when grown in the shade; seeds, dark, and imbedded in
a small cavity; flesh, scarlet, firm, nearly solid, abound-
ing with a most agreeable acid, and exceedingly delicious
and high-flavored juice (Burr's New Pine, and McAvoy’s
STRAWBERRIES. 289

Superior, only, surpassing it in richness); season, May ;
ripe, about a week after the Boston Pine, and continues
in perfection during the whole strawberry season,
REMARKS. —American, Originated in 1834. Vines,
very vigorous, more ‘so than most other varieties, per-
fectly hardy, forming numerous runners, though seldom
too many ; leaves, large; leaflets, roundish, generally con-
vex, obtusely serrated with about twenty serratures; sur-
face, rather smooth, deep brilliant glossy green, and rarely
ever spotted with brown; petioles, short; leaf-stalks,
upright, medium length, moderately strong; flowers,
rather small, very.regular in form; petals, roundish,
slightly imbricated and cupped; stamens, very short and
imperfect, deficient in anthers; calyx, very small, finely
divided, and quite reflexed; scapes, moderately strong,
about the same length as the leaf-stalks, elevating the
fruit from the ground; peduncles, rather long and slender.
Every flower, when properly fertilized, is succeeded by a
perfect berry. Flesh, firm, bears carrying remarkably
well, of a very agreeable, sweet, lively favor. Bestin rich
loam, and wood soils; impregnated with the Old Hudson
male, yields immense crops. Not so good on sandy soils.
In clay much better. Good for both market and amateur
cultivation. Berries, very large. Sometimes, in the West,
even five inches in circumference. Suited to nearly all
soils and climates. Stands drouth wonderfully well.
Hardy also in Winter. This berry should be well ripened
to be eaten in perfection. Recommended by Messrs.
Buchanan, Ernst, and Warder, for the locality of Cincin-
nati. In speaking of this fine strawberry, it may be well
to observe, that Mr. Keen, of Isleworth, near London,
about the year 1820, made the first really great improve-
ment in this delicious fruit, in the production of the
variety so well known as Keen’s Seedling. A few years
ago Mr. Myatt, of Deptford, near London, succeeded in
25
290 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

raising some varieties, as the British Queen, and others,
which have done wonders in England, but in our climate,
our American seedlings have completely surpassed them.
Mr. Hovey raised his seedlings from the seeds of Keen's
Seedling, and some others, all English.

Hoorer’s SrEDLine. Flowers, staminate; form, coni-
cal; size, 2; color, dark rich red; quality, 2; season, late.
Remarxs.—Of good flavor, and not productive.

HUDSON, or Hudson's Bay, Late Scarlet, American Scar-
let. Flowers, pistillate; form, ovate, often with neck;
size, 2 to 1; color, rich dark, glossy red; season, May to
June.

Remarks.—Most extensively cultivated, particularly
round Cincinnati. Hardy, and rather late. Fine and
rich, but of rather acid flavor. Excellent for preserving
and for market; firm in carriage. In the new, fresh
wood soils in this neighborhood it produces -great crops
and large fruit; not, however, quite so sure a crop as the
Hovey; yet not much difference. Should hang until fully
ripe. Recommended by Messrs. Buchanan, Ernst, and
Warder, for the locality of Cincinnati.

IOWA MALE, or Washington. Flowers, staminate ;
form, roundish conical; size, 2 to 1; quality, 1 to 2; color,
pale red; season, quite early, before the Hovey and Hud-
son, etc.

Remarxs.—American. Delicate and good, and peculiar
in flavor. A good impregnator. Immense crops of this
most productive fruit are raised by the field cultivators in
Kentucky, back of Newport, and are brought to Cin-
cinnati market. Most valuable for its earliness.

JENNY’s SEEDLING. Flowers, pistillate; form, very
STRAWBERRIES, 291

regular, roundish conical; size, 2 to 1; quality, 2; color,
rich glossy dark red; season, one week after Longwoxth? 8
Prolific. Rather lata,

Remarks.—Firm texture; desirable for preserving.
Good for general cultivation; vines very hardy. Very
productive; 3,200 quarts patherod from less than three-
fourths of an acre. Rich, sub-acid, delicious ; almost never
failing a crop. Recommended by Messrs, Buchanan,
Ernst, and Warder, for the Cincinnati market.

Jenny Lind. Flowers, staminate; form, conical, per-
fect, often short neck; size, 2 to 1; quality, 2 to 1; color,
bright light scarlet.

Remargs.—Rather solid, heavy ; tender and juicy ; fla-
vor, pleasant, sub-acid, and sometimes highly perfumed.

Keen’s Seepiinc. From Indiana. Flowers, pistillate ;
form, round; size, 2; quality, 2; color, light crimson;
season, medium.

Remarxs.—At A. H. Ernst’s. Greatly productive. A
great market fruit ; very uniform in shape. ~ Rather acid,
but of pleasant flavor.

LARGE EARLY SCARLET. Flowers, staminate;
form, roundish ovate; size, 2; quality, 2; color, bright
scarlet; season, very early.

Remarxs.—Good impregnator of pistillates. Rich,
slightly acid. Good market berry, on account of earliness.

Larce Waite Bicoton Pine. See Bicton Pine,
La Granez. See Prolific Hautboy.

LONGWORTH’S PROLIFIC, or Schneicke’s Seedling.
Flowers, hermaphrodite; regular roundish, or obovate ;

~
292 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

size, 1; quality, 1; color, rich dark crimson; season, me-
dium, with the-Hudson. Requires much moisture.

Remarks.—Cincinnati, 1848. At the Garden of Eden,
by Schneicke. For market culture likely to be valuable.
It is immensely productive, and its own impregnator.
More firm than McAvoy’s Superior, and equally large, but
not so rich and good in flavor. Sub-acid. Thirty well-
ripened berries on one truss, exhibited 1857. Ripens in
succession.

McAVOY’S SUPERIOR. Flowers, pistillate; form,
varying, irregular, roundish, conical, sometimes a little
necked ; size, 1; quality, 1; color, rich, dark, glossy crim-
son; season, medium.

Remarxs.—Originated at Cincinnati, in 1848, on loamy
soil. Received prize of $100 from Cincinnati Horticultu-
ral Society, in 1851. Tender, juicy, rich, with fine, high
flavor. Too tender for long distances to market. Desir-
able for private gardens and markets near town. Requires
very strong and abundant fertilization—nearly plant for
plant. Too tender and delicate in texture to keep and
preserve its flavor as long as many other kinds. It is not
considered equal to Burr’s New Pine in flavor, but is as
fine, when perfect, as any other.

Mersren’s Scaruet. Flowers, pistillate; form, round,
coxcomb; size, 2, quality, 2; color, dull scarlet; season,
four or five days after general strawberry season.

Remarks.—Scotch. Strong grower. Sometimes pro-
duces large crops, but is of indifferent flavor.

McAVOY'S No. 1, or Extra Red. Flowers, pistillate ;
form, round, uniform; size, 1; quality, 1; color, scarlet.

Remarxs.—Originated in Cincinnati, in 1848. Flavor,
agreeable, but very acid. Immensely productive. Likely
 

Middleton, Wallace & Cn.

* M° AVOY’S. SUPERIOR.
Natural Size.
STRAWBEBRIES, : 293

to become a good market fruit. Has not a very high fla-
vor. Recommended by Messrs. Buchanan, Ernst, and
Warder, for the locality of Cincinnati. Vastly hardy.

Pzazopy’s New Srepuine. Flowers, hermaphrodite;
color, rich, deep crimson; form, irregular, and somewhat
compressed ; beautiful, attached to the calyx by a polished
coral-like neck without seeds ; size, 1 (of the largest, mea-
suring six and seven inches in circumference) ; use, table ;
quality (not yet known here) ; flavor and flesh, firm, melt-
ing, and juicy ; season (unknown here),

Remarxs.—lIt is said by the proprietor and originator
that the fruit is borne on tall foot-stalks, is of the most
exquisite fine flavor, and bears transportation better than
any strawberry ever yet cultivated. He further states
that as a proof of the keeping qualities of this new straw-
berry, on the morning of the 9th of May, he packed a
case of the berries, took them to Columbus, six miles, in
his buggy, sent them from Columbus to Savannah, 300
miles, by railroad, and from Savannah to New York, 900
miles, by steamer, to Messrs. Thorbirn & Co. Mr. Thor-
burn stated that they came to hand on Tuesday, sound
and in very good condition, retaining an unusually strong
strawberry aroma. They observed that their dark color
gives them a richer look, approximating to the English
Hautbois, grown at New York. They added that the
berries had wilted down only a very little up to that time,
Friday morning, 16th May. This new seedling has been
produced by crossing the Ross Phenix with a wild straw-
berry of Alabama. Being hermaphrodite, it requires, of
course, no impregnation, and is said to be a capital im-
pregnator for pistillate varieties; a hardy, vigorous
grower, withstanding both cold and heat without injury.
In good soil, the vine is said to grow to an enormous size;
single plants can not be covered by a half-bushel measure.
294 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

The berry has few seeds. It requires no sugar for the
dessert, rivaling the far-famed Burr’sNew Pine. Prolific,
opening its blossoms during the mild days of Winter, and
perfecting its fruit as soon in the Spring as the weather
will permit. (This description applies to Georgia.) The
plant is reported very beautiful when it is in flower and
leaf. If it should not succeed here as well as in Georgia,
or not at all, it may be valuable to cross others with. It
has been thought by some by its standing the great jolt-
ing of so long a journey, that it may be too firm to eat
well. But this, of course, is merely conjecturing about
it. So, also, although this strawberry is of the Hautbois
and Pine family, and they have hitherto been of a kind
not to succeed well in this country, and, therefore, very
few of them are sold, in comparison with other strawber-
ries, it does not follow that the Peabody seedling may fail
also in this respect :—this also by way of suggestion.

Mowrok Scartet. Flowers, pistillate; form, roundish,
short neck; size, 2; quality, 1; color, light scarlet.

Remarxs.—American. Very prolific. (Ellwanger &
Barry, 1850). Surpassing most others in productiveness.
It is ahybrid of Hovey’s Seedling and the Duke of Kent.
Fruit beautiful and good for market use, and a long bearer.
Does well partially shaded. Of good flavor.

Mayomensine, Flowers, pistillate ; form, roundish con-
ical; size, 2; quality, 2; color, deep crimson.

Remarxs.—American origin. Flesh, red ; flavor, fine.
It bore off the premium of the Pennsylvania Horticultu-
ral Society, in 1848, for the best seedling strawberry ex-
hibited that year. Good ag a market fruit. Like Hudson.

Myarr’s British QuEEN. Flowers, staminate; form,
roundish; size, 1; quality, 3; color, scarlet.
STRAWBERRIES. 295

Remarks.—Raised by Mr. Myatt, Deptford, near Lon-
don. Valuable in England, but in our climate infinitely
inferior to our own seedlings. Flavor, rich. A poor
bearer. Vigorous. Rather tender. Firm.

NECKED PINE. Flowers, pistillate; form, conical,
always with neck; size, 2 to 3; quality, 1; color, light
scarlet; season, medium. .

Remarxs.—American. <A little acid, pleasant when
fully ripe. Only suited to private gardens, being tender
but very productive. Recommended by Buchanan, Er nst,
and Warder, for the vicinity of Cincinnati.

No. 1, or McAVOY’S EXTRA RED. See McAvoy’s
Extra Red, or No.1. Stands drought and frost very well.

PENNSYLVANIA. Flowers, pistillate ; form, broadly con-
ical; size, 2; quality, 2; color, dark crimson.

Remarxs.—American, “ Flavor fine.”—Trans. Pennsyl-
vania Horticultural Society. Like Mayomensing.

Proutric Hautsoy, or La Grange. Form, round coni-
cal; size, 2; quality, 2; color, dark purplish red.

Remarks. —The only high wood class worth cultiva-
tion. Very musky in flavor.

Red Alpine. Flowers, perfect; form, conical; size, 3;
quality, 3; color, bright scarlet.

Remarks.—Of a delicate and peculiar flavor. It ripens
gradually a long time—its chief value. The White Alpine
varies only in color from it. Destroy early blossoms, and
a full crop may be had.

Rivat Hupson. Flowers, pistillate; size, 2; quality,
2; color, bright scarlet.
296 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

RemarKs.—Flesh, red, firm, sub-acid. Very produc-
tive. Much like Hudson, or Hudson Bay, its parent.
Originated the same time as Burr’s New Pine.

Ross Pu@nix. Flowers, staminate ; form, round, conical;
size, 2; quality, 2 to 3; color, dark red.

Remarxs—American. Generally a poor bearer. Firm,
and of very good flavor.

Ruby. Form, ovate; size, 2; quality, 2; color, ruby red.
Remuarks.—English. Good flavor; prolific; tender.

Southborough. Flowers, pistillate ; form, ovate, conical;
size, 2; quality, 2; color, rich deep scarlet; season, early.

Remarxs.—A good mate to the Early Scarlet. Fruits
at same time. Vines hardy.

Swainstone Seedling. Flowers, staminate; form, ovate;
size, 2; quality, 2; color, light crimson.
Remarxs.—Ripens a long time, but an uncertain bearer.

WALKER'S SEEDLING. Flowers, staminate ; form, round-
ish conical; size, 2; quality, 1; color, very dark crimson ;
season, medium.

Remarxs.—Worthy of attention. Very hardy. Amer-
ican. Of sprightly, rich flavor. Prolific for a staminate.
A great bearer. Described by Col. Wilder in Horticulturist.

WesTERN QUEEN. Flowers, pistillate; form, regular,
round conical; size, 2 to 1; quality, 2; color, rich, dark,
glossy red; season, medium.

Remarxs.—Origin, Cleveland; by Professor Kirtland,
in 1849. Firm, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly, and of- agreea-
ble flavor. Bears carriage well; considered by many bet-
ter than the Hudson.
RASPBERRIES. 297

RASPBERRIES.
ALLEN,

Remarxs.—A native variety; extensively raised at
Black Rock, New York; equal to most foreign kinds in
use. It is a reddish black. It is indispensable with the
Black Cap and Ohio Everbearing in any collection.

ANTWERP RED. Color, red, dull; quality, 1.

Remarxs.—Rarely found true, West. It is a Dutch sort.
It is regularly long-conical. A rich, sweet flavor. Canes
moderately strong, yellowish green, becoming pale brown
carly in Autumn—nearly smooth in the upper portions.
Ripens from June to July. It requires protection in Win-
ter, by forking the canes down and covering with earth
or litter. Though the American kinds require less trouble
in protection in Winter, etc., yet they do not much dimin-
ish the value of the foreign kinds, as they ripen at differ-
ent periods. Near large cities this berry is among the
best, as it always yields fair crops. Distinct from N. River.

ANTWERP YELLOW. Color, yellow; quality, 1.

Remarxs.—Suited to small gardens. It sometimes
throws up a succession of shoots, maturing fruit for a long
time. Shoots, strong, light yellow, with greenish spines.
Requires protection in Winter. The Antwerps do not
suit the Southern States. The fruit is rather long in
shape, very tender, rich and. delicate. All the Antwerps,
to produce good crops, need to be covered in Winter. It
is a great trouble and expense. Probably some of the
native kinds, with common Black Cap, if improved by
better cultivation, would be found ‘the best suited to our
298 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

. 4
wants. They, at present at least, sell well in market. The
Antwerps require to be picked every day, while the Black
Cap remains on longer, and, therefore, can be more easily
gathered, as it is much more firm.

American Rep. Color, red; quality, 3.

Remarxs.—Very common. Shoots, upright, light brown.
Fruit, medium, roundish, light red, sub-acid and tender.
Early—in June and July. Grows wild in some places.

American Wuite. Color, white; quality, 3.
Remarxs.—Like the above. More firm than the Red.
Very sweet, but of little flavor.

AMERICAN BLACK, Phimble Berry, or Black Cap.
Color, black ; quality, 2.

Remarxs.—Grows wild. It increases much in size in a
rich garden soil; and, ripening late, is profitable for mar-
ket. Itis liked for jam, puddings, etc. It is a firm berry.
Shoots, long, rambling, recurved; berries, dark purple,
nearly black, round, flattened. It will yield large crops,
and will probably give as much satisfaction as any other
kind, perhaps more. It is very hardy. The foreign
kinds are rather too tender and unproductive, but richer.

Barnet. Color, red, quality, 2.

Remarks.— English. Shoots, long, yellowish green,
branching; fruit, large, soft, roundish conical, purplish
red; agreeable.

BLACK RASPBERRY. See American Black.
Brentford Cane. Color, dull red; quality, 3.

Remarxs.—English. Shoots, strong, branching; fruit,
medium, oval, conical. Inferior.
RASPBERRIES. 299

Corre. Color, crimson; quality, 2.

Remarks.—A seedling of Dr. Brinckle’s. Not much
disseminated. Foliage, light green; fruit, large, conical,
crimson ; spines, red.

COLONEL WILDER. Color, cream; quality, 1.

Remarks. — Dr. Brinckle’s seedling; handsome, firm,
light colored, and good for market. Shoots, strong, light
colored, and rather hardy; fruit, above medium, roundish
conical, light cream color, a sprightly, fing flavor. Pro-
ductive, and ripening its fruit in succession, early to late
in the season. Raised from seed of the Fastolf.

Cusuine. Color, crimson; quality, 2.

Remarxks.—Raised by Dr. Brinckle, from seed of the
Double-bearing. Not much known, but deserving atten-
tion of amateurs. Shoots, strong, vigorous; prickles,
brown; leaf, plaited, regular, firm. Fruit, large, round-
ish conical, crimson, and of fine flavor. Matures early;
said to produce sometimes, when the season is wet, a
second crop in Autumn. Fine for preserving.

Cornwati’s Rep. See Barnet.

Cox’s Honey. Color, yellowish white; quality, 3.

Remarxs.—English. Fruit, medium, borne in clusters
along the stems.

Common Rep. See American Red.

COMMON BLACK CUP. See American Black.

Creton Red. Color, red; quality, 2.

RemaRKs.—From the Mediterranean. Shoots, upright,
hardy. Fruit, medium, round, deep red, acid. Late.
300 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Dovusiz-Beaxrine (Late Cane). Color, red; quality, 2.

Remarxs.—Variety of the Antwerp. Large, dull red,
hardy. Ripens late. Perpetual bearing (which means
late in the Autumn, as well as in the Summer).

Emity. Color, light yellow; quality, 2.

Remarks—From Col. Wilder. Little disseminated ;
vigorous growth, with white spines. Fruit, barge, round,
occasionally shouldered ; light yellow. Very productive.

EVER-BEARING OHIO. Color, blackish purple ;
quality, 2.

Remarxks.—A valuable, very hardy, early berry, for
amateurs. Produces a good crop from the shoots of the
same year, in the Fall, if the weather is moist and favor-
able. Carries well to market; a rich, pleasant berry.
The ends of the shoots can be easily made to take root by
inserting them in the ground. Native of the northern
part of Ohio. Cultivated at the Quakers’ Settlement.
Introduced in Cincinnati by N. Longworth. A valuable
addition to a collection. Very like American Black.

Frencu. Color, red; quality, 2. Rather late.
Remarks.— From Dr. Brinckle. From the Fastolf.
Fruit, large, round, crimson, matures late; spines, red.

Fuuron. From French seed. Fruit, large, round, crim-
son; productive, and vigorous grower; spines, red.

FASTOLF. Color, bright purplish red.

Remarxs.—English. Worthy of praise; though, like
the Antwerp and some others, tender, and requiring pro-
tection in Winter. Less tender than the R. Antwerp.
Shoots, strong, and much inclined to branch; light yel-
lowish brown. Fruit, large, roundish, obtuse conical,
RASPBERRIES, 301

soft, rich, high flavored, productive; ripening its fruit in
long continued succession.

FRANCONIA. Color, dark rich red; quality, 1.

Remarxs.—From France. Its canes are nearly hardy,
but in most Winters require protection; matures good
crops. Shoots, strong, branching, yellowish brown, with
scattered, rather stout bristles. Leaves, rather narrow.
Fruit, large, obtuse conical, dark rich red, rather acid
flavor; more firm than Fastolf, and not so much as R.
Antwerp. <A few days later than the latter in ripening.

General Patterson. Color, crimson; quality, 2.
Remarxs.—From Colonel Wilder. Vigorous grower.
Spines red. Fruit, large, round, crimson.

KNEVET’S GIANT. Color, deep red.

Remarxs.—A good English fruit, very early. Canes
very strong, and nearly hardy. Fruit very large, conical,
of excellent flavor; sometimes double.

MONTHLY (Large Fruited Monthly, etc.). Color, red;
quality, 2. ,

Remarks. —Hixcellent and productive; requiring a
peculiar system of culture, like most others of this kind,
to produce fruit in succession. Shoots, long, slender,
purplish in the sun, thickly covered with dark purple
spines. Fruit, hardly above medium, fine flavor. To
produce an Autumn crop, prune the canes in the Spring
to within a foot of the ground.

Mrs. WILDER. Color, cream; quality, 2.

Remarxs.—Seedling of Col. Wilder. Nearly resembles

the Col. Wilder.
302 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Nottingham Scarlet. Color, scarlet; quality, 2.
Remarks.—English. Fruit, medium; obtuse conical.

Orange. Color, brown orange; quality, 1.

Remarks.—From Dr. Brinckle, in 1844. Nearly hardy,
and rather late. Good for market. Shoots, vigorous, with
white spines; leaf, irregular. Fruit, large, ovate, and of
excellent flavor. Productive. Reproduces from seed.

OHIO. See Ever-bearing.

Victoria. Color, red; quality, 2.
Remarks. —Medium, roundish conical. Dwarf habit.

Waker. Oolor, deep crimson; quality, 2.

Remarxs.— From Dr. Brinckle. Promises well for-
market. Fruit, large, round, solid; adheres firmly to the
stem, keeps long in perfection on the plant, and bears
carriage well; spines, red.

WHITE THIMBLE BERRY. Color, whitish yellow;
quality, 2. Very like the American Red, except in color.

Woodward’s Red Globe, Color, red; quality, 2.
RemaRKs.—LEnglish. Large red, roundish conical.

Witmor’s Barty Rep. Color, red; quality, 2.
ReMARKS.—English. Small, roundish, red. Early.
BLACK BERRIES—CURRANTS. 303

BLACKBERRIES.
Hicu Busx.

Low Busu.

LAWTON, or New Rochelle. Color, black; quality, 1

Remarxs.—Very large, a great bearer, pulpy and deli-
cious flavor. It loves a cool, moist, rich soil, is easily
cultivated, and is everywhere becoming a universal favor-
ite. Adopted by the Congress of Fruit Growers. The
“ New Rochelle Blackberry ” sends up, annually, large
and vigorous, upright shoots, with lateral branches, all
of which, under common cultivation, will be crowded
with fine fruit; a portion ripens daily, in most seasons,
for six weeks, commencing about the first of July. They
are perfectly hardy, always thrifty and productive, and
have not been found liable to blight, or injury by insects.
To produce berries of the very largest, they should have
a heavy, damp soil, and shade. This will be a good
starting point for seedlings. It is a most valuable im-
provement in this fruit. :

 

CURRAN TS.

AMERICAN BLAck.

Remarxs.—Not very productive— better shaded. We
will here observe, that this valuable variety is seldom cul-
tivated as it should be—that it bears transportation to
market, without injury, that it grows well in all soils, and
under almost any mode of culture; that with extra atten-
tion, and manure, the Common White and Red Dutch,
yield fine crops.

“
304 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

BLACK NAPLES. Color, black ; quality, 1.

Remarks.—The largest fruited, and most productive of
the black currants. Hardy in all sections of the United
States, but in the South not productive. Requires shade,
and arich soil. Burns up in a very sunny exposure.

Buack Enetisu. Color, black ; quality. 3.
Remarxs.—Not productive here —bunches too short.

BLACK GRAPE. Color, black; quality, 2.
Remarxs.—Better than the above. Makes excellent
wine, and good for medicinal purposes.

CHampaGne. Color, pale red; quality, 3. Very acid.

CHERRY. Color, red.
Remargs.—Very large. Not very productive.

Gonpovin. Color, red; quality, 1.

‘Remargs.—From France. Strong growth, large, ma-
tures late; should be further tested, but not largely
planted. The Middle States do not seem to suit the newer
kinds of currants —the Old Red, and White Dutch appear-
ing to do best, and bearing immense crops, properly cul-
tivated, with a very deep soil, rich, rather shaded, and
grown in the bush form, which is the most natural and
successful—not the tree style. They should be well and
properly pruned.

COMMON RED, AND WHITE. Quality, 1.
Remargs.—Supposed, by some, to be the same as the
Old Red Datch. Very valuable.

Kyieut’s Sweer Rep. Color, light red; quality, 1.
RemArRgS.—Varying from Red Dutch, only in the fruit
CURRANTS. 305

being less deeply colored, and slightly less acid; resem-
bling more the White Dutch; as large as Red Dutch.

Knigut’s Earty Rep. Color, red; quality, 3.
Remarxs.—Not very early, as represented to be.

Missouri.
Remarxs.—Only ornamental. Very early, and blos-
soms very fragrant in Spring.

RED DUTCH. Color, red; quality, 1.

Remarxs.—Not distinct from the variety usually grown
in most old gardens. About the very best sort to culti-
vate in the Middle States, and in our vicinity (Cincinnati).

Striped Fruited. Only as a curiosity.

VICTORIA, Goliath, ete. Color, red; quality, 2.

Remarxs.—Bunches, long, somewhat larger than Red
Dutch, and slightly more acid; ripens later, and hangs a
long time. Plants vigorous, of a spreading habit. Its
very large bunches make it desirable for market culture.
It requires more trial in the vicinity of Cincinnati. Its
lateness in ripening makes it more valuable. Hangs long.

WHITE DUTCH. Color, white; quality, 1.

Remarxs.—Differing only from the quality of the Red
Dutch, in being of a yellowish white, and less acid, more
delicate in flavor, and therefore preferred for table use.
Not quite so hardy as the Red Dutch ; rather more deli-
cate in flavor, less acid, and the berries generally larger.
Currants are better, in this climate, for a little shade.

Wuitrt Peary. Color, pearl; quality, 2.
RemMARKS.—A new variety. Bunches very large.
26
306 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

WHITE GRAPH.

RemarKxs.—Larger than the White Dutch. Very pro-
ductive, large, and fine flavored. Makes a superior wine,
and when two or three years old it is as good to most
palates, as any Port wine.

PALNav.
Remargs.—French. Early; productive. Not suffi-

ciently tested.

GO OSEBERRIES.~

Bricgut VENvs. Color, whitish green; surface, hairy;
form, obovate ; size, 2.
Remarxs.—Flavor, best. Hangs a long time.

Bunxer Hity. Color, yellow; surface, smooth; form,
roundish ; size, 1.
Remarxs.—Branches, spreading ; flavor, very good.

CROWN BOB. Color, red; surface, hairy; form, ob-
long; size, 1; quality, 1. Z
Remarxs.—Branches, spreading; early; flavor, best.
This is little liable to mildew. It is thought a good plan

to plant them on the north side of a board fence.

EARLY SULPHUR. Color, yellow; surface, hairy ;
form, roundish ; size, 2; quality, 1.

Remarxs.—Branches, erect; flavor, best; ripens very
early. Nearly all the English gooseberries mildew. They
ought to have a cool soil. That is the reason why they
grow so well in England. They succeed near Chicago
for the same reason; some people near that city have no
difficulty with them. They pinch out new wood.
GOOSEBERRIES. 307

HOUGHTON’S SEEDLING. Color, dull red; sur-
face, smooth,; form, nearly round; size, 2 to 3; quality,
1 to 2.

Remarks.—The most hardy, productive, and free from
mildew, in the country. Fruit, rather small. American.
Best suited for cooking. Branches erect, spreading, slen-
der. Flavor of the fruit good. Mr. John Sayros has two
varieties, one of them a little better than the common one.
The only gooseberry upon which we can entirely depend.

'

IRONMONGER. Color, red; surface, hairy; form,
roundish; size, 3; quality, 1.

Remarks.—Branches, spreading; flavor, very good.
Productive.

Pate Rep. Color, pale red; surface, hairy; form,
ovate; size, 2; quality, 2.

Remarxs.—Very productive. Flavor, very good. Re-
sembles Houghton’s Seedling closely. Like it never
mildews.

RED WARRINGTON. Color, red; surface, hairy ;
form, round oblate; size, 1; quality, 1.
ReMARKS.—Branches, drooping.

Roaring Lion. Color, red ; surface, hairy; form, oblate;
size, 1; quality, 1.

Remarxs.—Branches, drooping. Flavor, best. Hangs’
late.

Waitt Honesty. Color, white; surface, smooth; form,
round oblate; size, 2; quality, 1.
Remarxs.—Branches, erect. Flavor, best.

WHITESMITH. Seldom mildews.
308 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

APPROPRIATE LOCATION, SOIL, AND TREAT-
MENT OF FRUIT TREES.

THERE is yet a very great deal to be learned on these
subjects. This knowledge can be only obtained by prac-
tical trials and great attention to the particular require-
ments, habits, and suitable locality of each kind of fruit.
The mechanical and chemical condition of the soil, and
its complete drainage, have not met with the consid-
eration due to their great importance and value, especially
when the land is too compact in its nature, and will not
readily carry off the surplus water. The roots of trees
are very apt to be affected in very damp, cold, and hard-
pan lands, and diseases will thereby be likely to ensue;
deleterious substances being imbibed, and nutriment of a
healthy kind can not then be properly elaborated. Too
much moisture, and the result, a low temperature, and an
imperfect preparation of the soil, will greatly affect the
vitality of the plant, and disorder all its functions. In
time, it may be gradually drowned, if we may be allowed
the expression. Numerous derangements, such as the
black spots on the fruit, canker, fungous excrescences,
and fermentation of the sap, affecting and separating the
bark, with numerous other evils, may, probably, arise
from this cause. Subsoiling with the plough, and trench-
ing with the spade, should go hand in hand with the
draining materials, and open the ground to the salutary
influences of the air and light to destroy the injurious
acidities of the carth, elevate its low temperature, and
render available its unexcited riches. It has been stated
by a writer of high authority, that he frequently found
the soil of a well-drained field higher by the thermometer,
TREATMENT OF FRUIT TREES. 309

from ten to fifteen degrees, than that of another field, not
so drained, though in every other respect the soils were
similar. Draining is also the very best preservative
against the drought; With regard to situation, there are
some kinds of fruit trees that, like cats, are very strictly
local in their habits; while others are more ubiquitous,
and a minority of them are at home everywhere. <A suit-
able stock is also necessary for every graft to arrive at the
desired normal condition. It has been the paramount
object of the writer of this work, and the principal reason
of its being undertaken, to make the description of the
fruits therein contained, subservient to the wants of each
sort; and the particular attention bestowed in bringing
forward the reports from all quarters, but more particu-
larly from the Western States, and our own neighborhood,
will, we think, sufficiently prove it. With the careful,
though generally brief, portraiture, individually, of our
chief pomological treasures, thére will be seen the partic-
ular locality to which each is specifically adapted, thus
rendering the path of the cultivator more clearly defined,
to enable him to discover what he should obtain, and what’
he ought to avoid. The action of Pomological Societies,
but more especially that of the Cincinnati Horticultural
Society, has been of inestimable advantage to us, espe-
cialy from their lists of “worthy” fruits, of which it has
been seen we have so largely availed ourselves, and so
liberally presented to our readers. And the labor and
money saved to both nurserymen and fruit-growers by
the Cincinnati Horticultural Society alone, in its reports
of those varieties which are “unworthy,” or rejected, are-
also incalculable.

And now a word in relation to “Dwarf Pears.” We
presime that although it has not yet been most conclu-
sively and satisfactorily proved (owing to the time not
having been had) that our Western climate and soil is as
310 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

favorable to the pear on the quince, to say nothing of the
pear on its own stock, as the Eastern portions of our
country — Massachusetts for instance—yet we think we
may venture to say that there is but little probability
that the difference is so great, in this regard, as to act as
a barrier to their successful cultivation, when we shall
have taken the pains to avail ourselves of all the requisites
for that object, in every other respect. Col. Wilder, as
much of a monarch among fruit-raisers as he is a prince
among merchants, has given us ample proof in his own
case, and that of many others, that they have reached
success in this department of pomological science, in his
communications to our Society, and to others, on this
subject. We have no reason to doubt his statement, cor-
roborated, also, by eye-witnesses from among ourselves.
He suggests “that the pear, upon the quince, should be
planted deep enough to cover the place of junction, three
or four inches below the soil, and then the pear will
throw out roots from itself, and the result will not only
be an carly fruiting, but also longevity ; and (the Col.
adds), to obtain the pleasure and profit of regular crops,
for many years, before the trees would produce fruit on
their own stock.” We believe this all right, and an ad-
vantage ; the only objection that occurs to us is, that as the
trees, when they take root from their own stock, cease in
a great measure to be dwarf, they will take up more space
in a garden, ctc., than they would if confined only to the
quince stock, and so far, in a measure, defeat the object
intended.—Figures, like facts, are stubborn things. They
have made out the profits of these trees in the Hast. Our
good time may come yet, when, notwithstanding the un-
favorable balance against us, if any, in climate, we shall
have complied with all the conditions necessary for their
prosperous culture. The celebrated Mr Beerkman, form-
erly of Belgium, but now of New Jersey, says that quince-
TREATMENT OF FRUIT TREES, 811

grafted pears are less subject to blight, that pernicious
pest which has destroyed the hopes and prospects of so
many. He says:

1st. “Have a good, substantial, rather deep soil, with
porous or drained sub-soil.

2nd. ‘Select the Angers or Orleans Quince (Paris is
good with us in the West, and probably the strongest).

3rd. “Plant no other varieties than those which suc-
ceed on the quince.

4th. “Plant the trees deep enough, so that the place
where they have been budded shall be at least three
inches below the surface of the soil.

5th. “ Keep the weeds down.

6th. “Keep the branches low, and make a pyramidal
tree, by judicious pruning once or twice a year. If well
pruned, the tree requires no ‘ pinching.’ ”

We shall conclude with a few observations on the selec-
tion of trees suitable for an apple orchard, which we have
drawn in a condensed form from a series of papers on the
subject, from the pen of Dr. Jno. A. Warder, President
of the Horticultural Society; an excellent writer, who
has improved his natural gifts and tastes by much study
and observation, and who has long devoted his talents to
one of the noblest pursuits that can occupy the mind of
man. The articles from which we extract were published
in that capital and too neglected work, the Western Horti-
cultural Review and Botanical Magazine. The general sub-
ject is the selection and planting of an apple orchard.
In planting an orchard for family use, he says:

It is a very common mistake to plant too many varie-
ties. We are apt to select generously, rather than judi-
ciously ; few men are capable of making out a select list
of trees that shall bear a succession of fruits for the table
and kitchen, so as to have a constant supply during the
year—such a selection requires a pretty thorough knowl-
312 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

edge of Pomology, and great familiarity with the varie-
ties, and their adaptation to different soils and situations.

For a SINGLE FAMILY, a dozen trees should furnish a su-
perabundance of fruit; but the observation of all who
have attempted a selection is, that the smaller the list to
be chosen, the greater will be found the difficulty in mak-
ing the selection. The following list is recommended,
commencing with the earliest: the Red Juneativg, Prince’s
Harvest, Summer Rose, Fall Pippin, Rambo, American
Golden Russet, Newtown Spitzenburg, White Bellflower,
Swaar, Pryor’s Red, Raule’s Janet, Newtown Pippin.

Others would prefer, White June, Benoni, Strawberry,
Golden Sweet, Fall Pippin, Rambo, Westfield Seek-no-fur-
ther, Newtown Spitzenburg, Yellow Bellflower, Waxen,
White Pippin, Roxbury Russct.

For Market, the question assumes another phase ualto-
gcther, for itis a matter of great importance to furnish a
supply that shall suit the tastes of customers, and the
consumers are possessed of as much diversity in this
respect as in any other; and withal, are coming rapidly
within the influence of the enlightening rays of the Po-
mological Conventions of the States and Nation; although
still bound by fashion and early association. Thus, in
New England, the Porter, Baldwin, Rhode Island Green-
ings, Westficld Seek-no-further, and Boston Russet, will
outsell most other varieties. In New York, theGrecning,
Esopus Spitzenburg, and the Newtown Spitzenburg (their
Vandevere), the Newtown Pippin, and the Yellow Bell-
flower, will bear the palm; and in Philadelphia, another
style of fruit would command more attention, among
which the Rambo would stand pre-eminent; and the
beautiful little Lady Apple, which constitutes a necessary
part of the Christmas decorations, and the ornaments of
every winter feast, will receive the highest price of any
other Apple in either of those cities.
TREATMENT OF FRUIT TREES. 313

In the SourHERN MARKETS—to which vast quantities of
the products of our Western orchards are shipped by
river—all red apples are preferred to those of lighter
color. The warmth of the climate also requires that the
fruit should be of the firmest and best-keeping varieties ;
hence we find that the Pryor’s Red, the Raule’s Janet,
and even the Gilpin, ave favorites among the shippers and
purchasers, who will almost at once reject-all of the light-
colored fruits.

Near our large towns and cities, particularly in the
vicinity of railway stations, a very large supply of choice
fruit is wanted for the retail trade throughout the season,
and the retailers desire fruit that shall be attractive, and
pay much less regard to real excellence than to external
beauty—so that it may be profitable to produce a supply
for this demand, that may not rank as first-rate, but real-
ize to the producer the highest prices. Thus, for this pur-
pose, the-beautiful Maiden’s Blush, which can scarcely be
ranked as good, will be purchased readily, while other and
better sorts remain unsold. The Waxen will follow after
this fruit, and be eagerly sought on account of its appear-
ance; the Yellow Bellflower always commands a high
price, though not admired universally as a dessert fruit.

The HOTEL KEEPER, in purchasing, has two objects in
view; the decoration, as well as the supply, of his table;
and he cares less about the quality than the appearance
of the fruit he purchases. For a dinner of one hundred
plates, it is cheaper to pay one dollar for a bushel of neat,
medium-sized, or small apples, containing one hundred
specimens, than to give one dollar and a half for two
bushels of the finest and largest fruit of the season, that
shall count but one apiece for the party. This matter
of calculation is beginning to be well understood, and
even private families find it to their account to select me-
dium-sized fruit, independent of the fact, that most of the

27
314 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

apples of the highest character are not large. The best
dessert fruits are of medium size, although many of the
large kinds are good for the table, and may be much pre-
ferred for the kitchen.

From these hints, it will be inferred that it is important,
before setting out an orchard for profit, to determine the
character and extent of the demand to be supplied; and
also, whether it be northern, eastern, or southern, or even
beyond the seas, since each will require a different selec-
tion of varieties. In all cases, it is safest to select very
few varicties, and those the varieties that have proved auc-
cessful in your particular neighborhood—for it has long
since been observed, that the finest fruit of one region
may become quite an inferior affair in another; nor can
any one determine this point, beyond a general guess,
without absolute observation or trial. A change from a
somewhat sterile soil to one of great fertility, is generally
followed by an increase of size, but often, also, by a greater
coarseness, in appearance at least. So remarkable is this,
that pomologists are often puzzled in recognizing fruits
produced in our region, although they may be perfectly
familiar with the same variety at home.

There is one variety, so far as the trade has yet been
tested, which will pay well for transportation to the Eng-
lish market; it is known there as The American Apple, and
here as the Newtown Pippin. Mr. Pell, and other orch-
ardists, have found it the best variety for shipping on a
long voyage, and others may safely rely upon their expe-
rience; but in some sections the Newtown Pippin does
not succeed so as to be profitable. As a general rule, it is
claimed that this tree should have a rich calcareous loam,
but the subsoil should not be too tenacious and wet.

The growing of apples as a food for stock has, within a
few years, attracted much attention among the most intel-
ligent agriculturists ; and pomologists have been engaged
TREATMENT OF FRUIT TREES, 315

in selecting lists of such as were most hardy, productive,
and ripening in succession. Those who have tried the
‘most experiments-in the use of this kind of food, speak in
the most exalted terms of the results.

The following sorts of sweet apples are recommended
for a succession of fruit for stock feeding; they are par-
ticularly selected for their hardiness and prodtstivensss;
and are offered with the restrictions and provisos already
noted: Sweet June, Sweet Bough, Golden Sweet, Jersey
Sweet, Baily Sweet, Ramsdell, Danver’s Winter, Talman’s
Sweet, Michael Henry, and Campfield.

For a Crper Orcuarp.—There are several varieties
that have been fully proved to be superior to most others.
They should be of thrifty growth, very productive, and
should ripen late in the season. It isa great mistake to
suppose that any common apples will answer for the man-
ufacture of cider.

The varieties that have been found most desirable for
this purpose are those which contain the most saccharine
principle, and which will yield the heaviest must; they
are not, however, necessarily sweet apples—such are the
Harrison, Campfield, Graniwinkle, Gilpin, and especially
the Hewes’ Virginia Crab. Several others, on account of
their hardiness and productiveness, are frequently planted
for cider orchards.

Horticultural Society’s selections for GENERAL PURPOSES :

For July and August, - 2 Summer Rose.
July and August, - - - 2 - Strawberry.
«© September and October, - 2 - Fall Pippin.
*¢ October and November, 4 Rambo.
‘© November and December, 5 Golden Russet.
s* November and December, 5 Newtown Spitzenburg.
«© November and December, - 20 - - - White Bellflower.
« January and February, - - 15 Pryor’s Red.
“February to April, - 2-2 © Rawle’s Janet.
«© March, - Newtown Pippin.

100

 

*See Appendix, 99.
316 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

Having selected the trees, the next points to be con-
sidered, are,—When, and how to plant them? Two very
important questions, upon the answers to which much of
the success of the plantation inevitably depends. As to
situation, it may be said, generally, that whenever it is
possible, select an elevated position for the orchard ;
though no one should be discouraged, or deterred from
planting, even though he be located in the level bottom
lands of our rivers. Those who would establish large
orchards, with a view to profit from the sales of fruit,
should, by all means, be advised to select their sites in
elevated and hilly regions, on account of greater immu-
nity from frosts, the finer fruits that are produced with
the better circulation of the air, and a soil generally bet-
ter adapted to the purpose of fruit-growing.

One special advantage of elevated positions for the
orchard, consists in the character of the soils that are
generally found in such situations—they are less rankly
fertile, and less productive of excessive wood-growths,
than the deep alluvials that prevail in the bottoms. This
appears to bea condition most favorable to the highest
development of the apple in its greatest beauty and per-
fection. Upon hills there is generally a more probable
immunity from the lichens, that so often disfigure the
fruits produced in the damper atmosphere of lower levels,
which is also less stirred by the winds. The very tex-
ture of the fruit, and its consequent keeping qualities, are
undoubtedly superior upon the thinner soils of the hill-
lands, than elsewhere. These are mere matters of obser-
vation, now cumulating and not to be gainsayed, but
rather spread out before the public, for the sake of guard-
ing them against mistakes in selecting the sites of large
commercial orchards, than with any desire to prejudice
the thousands in the country which are planted in the
other class of sites and soils, for the very good reason that
TREATMENT OF FRUIT TREES. 317

they must have been planted there, or not planted at all.
There are soils and situations, however, which are so bare,
broken, and rocky, as to be unfit for cultivation; if such °
are planted as orchards, it will be unreasonable to expect
80 heavy, or so fine crops of fruit as where judicious cul-
ture can be applied.

Having settled the question of situation, that of soil
ensues as a matter of considerable importance ; for no one
can doubtihat the permanency and success of the orchard
will depend very much upon whether the trees find sufii-
cient and proper aliment from which to elaborate their
desired -products. In this particular, however, we are
relieved from any great anxiety, by observing that the
apple-tree thrives in almost every soil that contains the
usual mixture of materials that is common to all reason-
ably fertile land: certain definite elements are, however,
necessary; among these are potash, and phosphate of
lime, which enter largely into the constitution of the
plant and its products, and should exist in the soil, or
they must be applied artificially.

Too little attention is paid to the preparation of the
land; and it is believed, and has been fully demonstrated,
that a thorough tillage before planting is very conducive
to success. And for three or four years after planting,
the ground should be kept in tillage, either with or with-
out root-crops, avoiding the introduction of cereals, for
the double purpose of preventing the consequent abstrac-
tion of elements that will be needed by the future crops
of apples, and also, that the constant culture of the soil by
tillage may not be interrupted.

After the second or third year of tillage-crops among
the young trees, which will have encouraged them to
make a vigorous growth, some orchardists will find it
advantageous to sow a green crop, such as buckwheat,
oats, or peas, to be pastured off by hogs, before they ripen.
318 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

It is believed that the green manure, thus left with the
animal droppings, will be very advantageous, and may be
plowed in with good effect. The swine will not be apt
to injure the trees materially, unless they are kept on too
long, so as to pasture the green crop very closely. In all
the tillage, the greatest care must be exercised to avoid
wounding the bark by carelessly striking the stems with
the single-trees, when the plowing is done with horses;
an additional hand will be needed in plowing next the
trees, to save them. When the trees have made a good
growth, and bear well, the tillage may be suspended, and
the ground sown to clover, to be pastured with swine for
a year or two, and again broken up and tilled.

Many orchards have been planted in grass lands, how-
ever, without any especial preparation of the soil, as above
recommended. When this is necessary, there should be
a substitute for the thorough and continuous tillage. The
ground about the trees must be turned over with the
spade, in a sort of rough-digging, twice or three times a
year; in the Fall, or early Winter, in the latter part of
Spring, and again during the Summer, so as to make the
earth loose and mellow, and to keep down the weeds. This
digging should be about six feet in diameter, and grad-
ually increased, as the roots extend; it should be shallow
next the tree. In some situations this kind of treatment
will be necessary, and must be adopted as the best that
can be employed; but thorough and continuous tillage
with the plow and cultivator is recommended for several
years; indeed, some persons insist upon constant culture
of orchards, as conducive to their best success; one or two
plowings, during the season, with a naked fallow, or
green crops turned in.

The distance at which the trees should be placed, will
depend upon the soil, and also, in a great degree, upon
the character and habit of the variety ; since some kinds
TREATMENT OF FRUIT TREES. 319

are much more thrifty, and grow to a larger size than
others. As a general rule, the richer the soii, the greater
the space that will be required. From this suggestion a
valuable inference may be drawn :—that trees, particu-
larly for large orchards, should be studied, in regard to
their style of growth, and assorted accordingly, before
planting. Thus, there are some kinds that will do better
if set at twenty-five feet apart, than others planted at
forty-five feet distance. As a general proposition, trees
should not be too much crowded ; and when the price of
land is of small moment, compared to the success of the
orchard, forty feet may be assumed as a good average
distance-——two rods is a very common allotment.

Below is a list of some of the coarsest growing, com-
pact, and least diffusely branched varieties :—

For wide planting — Rhode Island Greening, Pennock,
Summer Queen, Newtown Spitzenburg, Vandevere Pip-
pin, Roxbury Russet, Fall Pippin, Yellow Bellflower,
Fallawalder.

For Close Planting—American Golden Russet, Juneating,
Lady Rawle’s Janet, Sweet Bough, Strawberry.

Laying out the ground, will afford an opportunity for the
exercise of some taste and fancy, and will require accu-
racy. The usual form is that of a square, or in rows,
crossing one another, at right angles. But many advise
wide planting in this manner, and the addition of a cen-
tral tree between each rectangle; this is called the
quincune method. The hexagon style has also been sug-
gested, but the rectangle affords the greatest convenience.
Whatever plan be adopted, the places or stations for the °
trees should be marked by a stake, which will ‘indicate
the positions where the holes are to be dug.

The stations should be prepared by opening large
holes, if the ground has not been thoroughly prepared
by deep plowing —if, however, the soil be mellow, the
320 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

excavation need not be larger than the roots of the young
trees require for their accommodation; from eighteen
inches to two feet square, and about one spade deep. If,
however, the land be in grass at the time of planting, the
holes should be made four or five feet in diameter, and
should be deeply excavated.

Planting the trees, will require the exercise of great care
and judgment. If the stations have been well laid out,
and carefully excavated, the trees may readily be made to
range with that perfect regularity which gives a pleasant
character of artistic propriety, that will be a source of
satisfaction for many years. To insure this result, it will
be best to set range stakes in cither direction ; after a few
trees are planted, they will aid in the correct setting of
the remainder,

‘We shall not need the theories of the terraculturist, but
simple observation, to induce us to plant the trees at the
same depth they previously occupied in the soil—the
collar should be at the surface. To this end, the hole
should be partially filled with good mellow soil, a little
raised in the middle, and upon this bed the tree is to be
placed, in its proper position in regard to orange and depth.
Then the finest mold is thrown lightly én the roots, after
they have been carefully spread out. Gentle pressure by
the foot, will aid in setting the earth about the roots, after
taking particular care that the fine earth has been well
worked in among the fibers. Some planters recommend
the application of a bucketful of water at this stage, par-
ticularly if the soil be dry; but others cons der this of
doubtful propriety, particularly when the land is stiff and
clayey. When the natural soil is poor, or unkind, and
not well prepared, it will be necessary to use a good com-
post for filling up the holes; but great care should be
taken to avoid the application of any strong or fresh ma-
nure. Rotten sods, with old decayed chip manure, or
TREATMENT OF FRUIT TREES, 321

cow-yard scrapings, well incorporated, and treated. with
lime and ashes, or some other judiciously prepared com-
post, will be available, but should have been prepared
beforehand. In filling up around the tree, less care will.
be requisite as to the character of the earth. The surface
should be made a little rounding, to allow of settling, and
also to prevent the accumulation of water in a wet season ;
this is to be particularly observed in Fall planting. Care-
fully examine the roots, and remove, with a sharp knife,
all those portions that have been unfortunately torn, or
wounded by carelessness, in digging at the nursery, or
in transportation. Set the roots upon a bank of mellow
earth, spread out every fiber in its natural direction, fill
in with the most mellow soil, or compost, shaking the
tree very gently, and working in the dirt thoroughly ; fix
the roots by a gentle pressure of the foot, and then fill up
the hole to the proper level of both tree and surface. In
dry weather it may be necessary to leave a slight. con-
cavity or hollow about the stem, so as to retain moisture
until it can soak into the earth; but in newly-planted
trees it is better to sprinkle the tops. Mulching, or cov-
ering the whole surface above the roots with straw, etc.,
to prevent the evaporation of moisture, will be found of
inestimable value, particularly in a season of drought.
Subsequent Summer treatment will depend, in a great
degree, upon the manner in which the ground had been
prepared for the young orchard. According to the best
authorities, the soil should have been thoroughly loosened
by deep plowing, and, if practicable, subsoil plowing, in
most soils, before the trees were set, for such complete
culture can never afterward be applied, on account of the
presence of the trees. If this kind of preparation has
been made, it will be best to continue stirring the whole
of the ground, with the plow or cultivator, so as to destroy
the weeds and maintain a good tilth during the season ;
322 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

this will require two or more repetitions of the plowing,
according to the character of the soil, and the abundance
of weeds and grass.

Cultivation of the soil among the trees should, if possi-
ble, be continued for some years, to secure and promote
the rapid and healthy growth of the orchard, even should
it be objected that such a thrifty growth of the trees is
not followed by early productiveness. Lay a broad foun-
dation for future bearing of large crops, and the coming
years will not have to blame you for stinted trees, unable
to produce a liberal yield. The plow is the great agent
of culture, upon which we depend for the comminution of
the soil, and its subversion, when we desire to bury the
weeds and expose the earth to the influence of the atmo-
sphere, which is ever ready to impart its aerial treasures
of gaseous manures, from which, indeed, the chief element
of woody fiber is to be derived. Two or more plowings
of the soil will be found necessary, and will maintain the
requisite mellow condition and freedom from weeds.

In all cases, the use of the plow and cultivator, espe-
cially the former, should be guarded with great care, to
prevent the injurious contact of the trace-chains and.
whiffle-trees with the bark, that would be otherwise
bruised and often removed, to the great injury of the
growing trees. The single-trees should be as short as
possible, and as the team approaches the rows, an assistant
should watch and guard the young trees, by lifting up the
projecting portion. Some persons prefer oxen for this
culture among trees, upon the supposition and belief that
they are more readily controlled in their steady gait,
slower than horses, and because the yoke alone is liable
to injure the trees, and this is more perfectly under con-
trol of the driver. For heavy plowing, the oxen would
be preferred by most operators; but for the light, continu-
ous culture among young trees, the horse, or, perhaps
TREATMENT OF FRUIT TREES. 323

still better, the small-footed and precise- stepping mule
would be preferred.

When plowing among orchards, care should be taken
not to open a land between two rows repeatedly, by
throwing the first furrow against the tree, but the lands
should be alternately opened and gathered, so as to main-
tain a level surface; unless, indeed, the surface be very
flat and humid, when it may have heen necessary to plant
the trees upon the original surface, and cover the roots
with a small hillock of earth; here, the constant “open-
ing” of the lands, by throwing the furrows toward the
trees, will be advisable; this soon supplies a series of su-
perficial drains that are beneficial to the orchard.

Cultivation of the soil may be continued for several
years, with the best results, as will be very apparent in
the thrifty growth, fine foliage, and smooth bark of the
trees; but it is very desirable to have it continued at least
during three or four Summers; after which the surface
may be laid down to grass, provided due care be taken to
keep a large space cleared about the trecs, but no cattle
should be allowed to pasture upon the land, except swine,
which will destroy insects that are in the fallen fruit.

In some situations, whether from convenience or neces-
sity, the young trees are set in a grass field, which may
be rocky, or otherwise unfit for the use of the plow and
cultivator. When this is the case, as general culture of
the whole area is impracticable, it becomes advisable to
pay special attention to the treatment of that immediately
occupied by the roots. When planting in such a field, the
holes should be dug much larger than required to receive
the roots, and, of course, much wider than when planting
a thoroughly prepared soil. The grass and weeds must
be kept under control by digging about the trees to an
extent of five or six feet in diameter,ormore. This digging
may be performed during the Winter, when the frost will
324 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

permit, and will require repetition by Midsummer, and
perhaps again during the season, unless we have applied
a most excellent adjuvant, the mulching of the surface.

So much has been said and written of late years upon
the subject of mulching, that it must be familiar to all, yet
a few words will be in place. The object of mulching is
to preserve a certain degree of moisture in the soil, about
the roots, by preventing the rapid evaporation from the
surface, in our arid climate; it will, therefore, be particu-
larly serviceable in sandy and gravely soils. The mulch
may consist of any light rubbish that may be at command ;
straw is generally used, and is applied to freshly-dug soil
to the depth of three or four inches; this soon settles
down and forms a close coat that prevents rapid evapora-
tion, collects dew, and with it, ammonia, which it retains,
ready to be washed down into the soil by the next rain.
Chip dirt, from the wood- pile, or old tanbark, are very
suitable materials to be thus applied, and even loose
brush and twigs, the trimmings of the trees themselves,
which will retain the blowing leaves, will form a good
mulch. and keep the soil loose and mellow beneath ; but
where accessible, as from a saw-mill in the neighborhood,
there is nothing that so well and so neatly produces the
desired effect as coarse saw-dust, which, in stiff soils, may
be turned in at the winter digging, or scraped to one side,
and reserved for application the ensuing season.

Young trees, freshly set out, especially those from
crowded nurseries, and where they have been cleanly
trimmed up with naked stems, just such as are generally
most admired, on account of their resemblance to walk-
ing sticks, perhaps, are frequently obnoxious to serious
evils when transplanted to open exposures. The smooth
bark is often scorched and blistered, and oftentimes fine
young trees are also destroyed by the larva of an insect
that lives upon the cambium or young wood just beneath
TREATMENT OF FRUIT TREES, .| 325

the bark; the worm eats away a considerable surface,
often nearly girdling the tree before his invasion is dis-
covered. The latter injury can only be suitably met with
the sharp knife, in the hands of the ever-wakeful orch-
ardist, who watches his trees with lynx-eyed vigilance;
but the former evil may be prevented by a very simple
contrivance, and one that is particularly recommended for
the cherry, that has its bare and polished shank exposed
to a hot sun, after having been drawn upward in search
of light and air in the close rows where it grew. The
application consists in a wisp of straw gently tied to the
stem, and extending from the branches to the ground.
As the trees grow larger, the straw may still be applied
with advantage to the cherry, which appears to suffer
from sunshine, both in the Winter and Summer, more than
other trees; for the larger trees, a straw rope is used,
wound about the stem; but a couple of boards tacked
together, and set up to the south and south-west sides,
have been found a very efficacious protection.

Low-headed trees are, on many accounts, to be preferred
in our climate, even for the apple, the great orchard fruit.
These should have their training commenced in the nur-
sery, but it is seldom there attempted, on account of the
desire with most purchasers to see tall trees: often mere
whip-stalks, trimmed up clean and straight, will sell more
readily than stout, stocky young trees, containing every
element of future beauty and usefulness. Always select
such when it be possible, remembering that we have
already agreed that the ground planted in fruit should
not be appropriated to pasturage, and hence the tall stems
are not needed to keep the fruit and foliage up out of the
reach of cattle.

Having selected properly grown trees and planted and
tended them as already advised, the Summer pruning for
the first few years becomes a matter of great importance.
826 # WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

A frequent examination of their condition should be made
during the growing season, and with good judgment and
small sacrifice of wood, great good may be effected. This
should consist in stopping rambling or rampant shoots,
either by pinching their buds with the thumb and finger,
or cutting them back with the knife; here, however, is
the point to exercise great judgment. In branching the
tree it should be an object, from the first, to divide the
head among more than two main limbs, since the division
into only two is more apt to be followed by injury from
splitting in after years, from the weight of the fruit and
foliage, than when the strain is more divided.

SELECTION OF TREES FROM THE NURSERY.

BE. J. Hooprr.—Dear Sir :—At your request, I sit down
this evening to address a few remarks to the readers of
your valuable work on fruits, upon the selection of trees
from the nursery. (See. Appendix, 100.)

At different periods, and in different places, I have ad-
dressed nurserymen upon a similar topic; not exactly the
same, but similar, that is, upon the proper mode of grow-
iug trees for sale. These addresses have been received,
with different degrees of favor and disfavor; the nursery-
men sometimes admitting the truth of the remarks offered,
but asserting that purchasers desired to buy their trees
by the foot in height, and not by the inch in diameter. This
being too much the case with planters, as you are very
well aware, the attempt is now made to reach them, the
buyers; as we may be well assured, that the intelligent
nurserymen of our country, very well knowing the true
philosophy of the matter, will gladly supply the public
with a better article, if that public can be made sufii-
SELECTION_OF TREES FROM THE NURSERY. 327

ciently intelligent to demand well-grown instead of tall-
grown trees—substantial stocky plants, instead of slender
drawn, feeble, whip-stocks. 2

Those who are about planting an orchard, will do well
to visit the nurseries, and see the stocks; then they can
select for themselves such trees as they may prefer. Allow
me to suggest to them a few things by the way, and before
they become fascinated with the tall, smooth stems of the
saplings they may be about to visit, and before they may
have selected their stocks; and also allow me to send a
telegraphic dispatch to the nurseryman, to the effect that
intelligent customers are on their way to the nurseries.
To this effect, therefore, I will say to the visitors, that it
is presumed they, as intelligent planters, and promising
orchardists, desire to form orchards, with low heads, hav-
ing appropriated a certain piece of ground to the produc-
tion of choice fruit, and not to a general range for the
pasturage of all sorts of stock; for no sensible man will
expect to produce good fruit without due care of his trees,
and the entire devotion of the soil to the orchard.

There are those who can not afford to relinquish any
ground to trees alone, they are patriarchal in their habits;
they keep droves of cattle which range everywhere, and
they have no idea that an orchard field should be inclosed
perfectly ; and that from it, not only foraging boys, but
feeding cattle also, must be excluded. Such persons re-
quire that their trees, when planted, should be already
fully grown, and that they should be high-limbed, so as
to be without branches, until above the reach of all hun-
gry cattle; to such, it behooves us to be lenient, but, at
the same time, let us hope that the number of such plant-
ers will become less and less from year to year. :

Having reached the nursery, with a list of varieties
wanted, already made out, proceed to examine the stock,
to see if any have been properly grown for the making
328 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

,

of an orchard of low-headed trees. The nurseryman,
who has been expecting you, will have a corps de reserve
to suit your case, even though his anxiety to serve the
majority of customers, and perhaps to gratify his own taste
for taliness, may have induced him to have a majority of
his trees made after the whip-stock fashion. Look at
these better trees, and among them proceed to select
thrifty, stocky plants, furnished with twiggy branches
from near the ground. It is not necessary that the side
branches should be large, much less that they should
be at all equal, or nearly equal to the leader, which should
always be supreme, among the branches. Here you may
be able to find the desideratum for which you seek. All
well-grown trees, to be well-grown, must be developed
on all sides alike. With our modern views of the im-
portance of the doctrine of the individuality of buds, it
becomes necessary so to arrange the trimming of young
trees as to provide an equal and universal, or general
supply, over the extent of the infant tree, if we desire to
have it well and fully developed. We all know that
where young trees are crowded closely, or where they
are cleanly trimmed up and crowded together, they will
necessarily be tall, slender, and poorly developed, while,
if they have had room to develop themselves fully, and
have been encouraged to put out lateral branches, they
will, perhaps, be less tall, but they will be more stout
and stocky; and experience shows that such trees will
be more able to withstand the shock of transplanting,
and will be much more likely to grow well, just in pro-
portion to the number of vital centers they may possess ;
these centers are the buds, and the more widely they are
distributed over the plant, the better will they be able to
exercise their functions. This is not all—that most de-
ceitful and insidious of all the enemies of a young orch-
ard, the bark worm, seldom attacks any trees but such as
SELECTION OF TREES FROM THE NURSERY. 329

have a clean, smooth, uninterrupted bark, open and ex-
posed to their ravages, which, alas, are never to be ob-
served until too late, when their work of destruction is’
completed, and the dead bark, sloughing off from the
wood, presents itself to the eye of the orchardist, at the
end of the season, and explains, in terms of unmistakable
plainness, the damage to which the unsuspecting planter
has been subjected. This enemy, rarely, if ever, dares
intrude upon a tree that has been properly grown, and
which is furnished with lateral branches, from near the
root to the proper head of the tree; and if, perchance, it
have ventured to intrude, the numerous points of vitality
near at hand are able, by their resiliency, to restore the
loss, and to repair the damage.

Heretofore these expressions have applied to the gener-
ality of trees; the bark worm, however, is peculiarly de-
structive of the apple, quince, thorn, and pear, perhaps
in the order named. There are, however, other evils that
are inflicted upon high-grown trees, that are still more
apparent with the cherry and other sorts of fruit. The
effects of the bright sunshine upon such naked stems is
also disastrous, as seen in the dried, and shriveled and
scorched bark of many a noble, tall, but naked speci-
men—while those but partially shaded by the moderate
spray that exists in well-grown trees, entirely escape
these results. It is a common remark with regard to the
cherry, particularly the freeer-growing sorts, that they
will suffer from bark-bursting, which is attributed by
some to the frost, and by others to the influence of the
sun. Whoever saw these effects, from what cause soever,
upon low-headed trees, or above the branches? No one
often, though there may be exceptional cases. No, these
results are always most manifest upon the prettiest, most
thrifty, and most naked trees; and the very remedy which
has proved most effectual is simply supplying to such

28
330 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

trees as are most exposed, the shade by boards, or straw-
wrapping, that might have been afforded more cheaply
and better, by the natural limbs of the tree. In select-
ing cherry trees, therefore, choose those which have been
so treated, in the nursery, by heading down, or otherwise,
as to have their sides furnished with low branches, instead
of those which have been either trimmed up high, or
allowed to branch only from the upper buds; so as to
make a high head. With pears, apples, and most other
fruits, the same rule will apply, and you may safely
restrict your selection to those that are furnished with
moderate side branches from near the ground. Rest as-
sured, that it will be much more easy a matter to trim
these lateral branches off, as you may wish to raise the
head of the tree, than it will be to produce them from
one of your beautiful, smooth, high-trimmed trees, such
as are constantly to be seen, and which, unfortunately,
are so much admired. ,

With the peach there is less importance to be attached
to this matter of nursery trimming; for the virgin trees
are always of but one year’s growth from the bud, and
it matters little how they may have been branched and
have grown, for a judicious planter will always cut them
down to a foot or less, when setting them out, and force
them to take a new start. The more equable this is, the
better for the future tree; for, of all our fruits, the peach
most needs to be a bush, branching equally from its stock,
near the ground; but this plan involves the modern ad-
mirable ideas, of pinching in, and shorteniug of fruit
trees, particularly applicable to the peach, and this is a
topic that it was not intended to broach.

-These general rules with regard to the branching of
the trees being premised, next look to the condition of
the bark, which should be smooth and fresh, not wrinkled,
nor mossy with age; for all thrifty young trees will have
PRESERVATION OF FRUITS. 331

a healthy, smooth skin; this part being to them, as to
animals, an organ of great importance in the function of
transpiration, and here, too, in that of respiration.

When taken up from the ground with sufficient care,
the roots should present an appearance of a mass of fibers,
rather than that of a few prongs of smooth forks. The
former condition is that most favorable for success in
planting, and is worth much to the purchaser, but is not
obtained without the expense of labor and time by the
nurseryman, and should always entitle him to your con-
fidence, and to a liberal remuneration, for the extra pains
-he has taken in transplanting the trees to produce this
condition.

Excuse, dear sir, these hasty notes, thrown off rather
as suggestions than as precise rules for the selection of
trees. Hoping that they may not be entirely useless to
some of your readers, believe me yours,

Feburary 23, 1857. Jno. A: WARDER.

PRESERVATION OF FRUITS, BY SCHOOLEY’S
PATENTED PROCESS.

As we have referred to Schooley’s Patent Process for
the Preservation of Fruits, we deem it our duty to say a
few words in reference to it. We had the pleasure and
satisfaction of examining the plans of Mr. John C. Schoo-
ley, of Cincinnati, several years ago, and were then confi-
dent they were based upon correct scientific principles.
Since our first examination of his plans, Mr. Schooley
(who has endeavored for many years to ascertain the best
mode of preserving ripe native and tropical fruits) has
been very successful, and has demonstrated, that the ripen-
ing process can be so retarded as to preserve all kinds of
our choicest native fruits, from one season to another,
with all their original flavor and freshness. It is evident
332 WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

that various mcans have been used during the last fifty
years, whereby ripe fruits could be preserved from year
to year. Ice has been used in many ways, which, in every
case, succeeded in reducing the atmosphere to a proper
temperature ; but the great difficulty has been, to get clear
of the moisture, and then again to produce a continued
supply of desicated, or dry, cold atmosphere.

If fruits are placed in a room containing moist, still air,
though it be sufficiently cold, these fruits will become
moldy and musty, and if retained any length of time in
this atmosphere, decomposition will inevitably take place,
and it is evident that this air will become contaminated
with such substances as the aqueous vapor holds in solu-
tion; and when there is no current of fresh air, all sub-
stances submerged in such an atmosphere will become
enveloped in their own exhalations. Hence, a current of
pure, cold, dry air is essential for the preservation of all
organic substances, and particularly ripe fruits. In a
fruit-room, constructed upon a large scale, Mr.S. has been
enabled to preserve quantities of our most tender fruits,
during the space of one year, with all their original flavor.
The entire process,as patented and put in operation by
Mr. Schooley, is fully indorsed by the American Pomo-
logical Society, as will be observed by their last Annual
Report; and the president, Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, in
noticing this valuable invention, in his annual address
before the society, says:

“Having heard of the great success of Mr. Schooley,
of Cincinnati, Ohio, in his celebrated discovery for the
preservation of meats, I opened a correspondence with
him with respect to the application of the same process
to the preservation of fruit. He subsequently visited me
at Boston, and advised as to the construction of a fruit
room upon his principle. This [have found, during the last
Winter and the present Summer, to operate in accordance
PRESERVATION OF FRUITS. 333

with his statement, as illustrated by Professor Locke, in
his ‘Monograph upon the Preservation of Organic Sub-
stances.’ By his plans, the temperature and moisture of’
the fruit-room, and consequently the ripening of the
fruit, may be perfectly controlled. One gentleman in-
forms me that he kept strawberries in a fruit-room con-
structed on this plan, from June 1st to the 20th, in perfect
condition for the table; and he entertains no doubt of its
complete success in the preservation of apples and pears
indefinitely. My own experience corresponds with this
statement.”

We do not hesitate to recommend Mr. Schooley’s patent
to the attention of all fruit-growers, as an invention of
great importance; and properly constructed (according to
the plates published in the first part of this work, and
taken from the Annual Report of the American Pomolo-
gical Society), can not fail to be successful.
APP EIN DL Ss

Ow1ne to the MSS. of this book having come into the
publishers’ hands quite late last winter, the work was
somewhat hurried; in consequence, a few errors, as well
as some omissions, occurred. The following omissions of
fruits (many of which are new) are therefore, now sup-
plied. The figures correspond with those in the text:

1. This apple does well in the West generally, but is not
suited to this locality (Cincinnati). It is subject to rot
and speck on the tree. Page 11.

2. The English Golden Russet, is more acid, and of
much less value to us. Page 12.

3. Valuable for all purposes, and does very well on
sandy, but is rather hard-fleshed on stiff clay soils. Of
slow growth in the nursery. Page 12.

4, Striped and shaded with carmine, and sprinkled with
large light dots. Page 13.

5. Winter Pearmain, of the Middle States. Page 14.

6. With large russet dots, and streaks of russet about
the stalk. Page 14.

7. The author has had reason to change his opinion
very much, about this apple. It deserves more general
cultivation here; sometimes it is very fine, always good,
a sure bearer every other year, a good cooking as well as
table fruit, and a good market variety. It keeps better
than it has general credit for doing, although not a late
winter sort here. Page 14.

8. With stripes of red. Page 15.

9. Flat at base, narrowing to the edge; chiefly for
cooking. Page 15.

(335)
336 APPENDIX.

10. Mr. John Sayers thinks this apple too uncertain
sometimes, in this locality, to be recommended for gen-
eral cultivation. Tree vigorous, with spreading, drooping
branches. Page 16.

11. Waxen, or Mamma Beam, etc. Tree healthy, vigor-
ous, and very productive where it succeeds. Page 16.

12. And deep red. From Dedham, Mass. Very pro-
ductive. Fruit of rich flavor. Page 17.

13. Raised by John Bledsoe, Carroll county, Kentucky.
Growth moderate, rather spreading. Good for the South.
Page 19.

14. Color, fine ycllow, sometimes faint blush; form,
roundish flattened; size, 1 to 2; use, table; quality, 2;
season, November to January. From Philadelphia, Penn.
Growth, moderately upright. A good bearer. Page 19.

15. With us (back of Newport, Ky.) We are fully pre-
pared to substantiate our statement in the first edition of
the Fruit Book, that this apple, from Ellwanger and Bar-
ry’s Nursery, was once incorrect. We can at any time
bring forward the highest evidence to this effect. The
best nurscrymen will sometimes commit errors, and we
shall always be sufficiently independent to point them
out, without fear or favor from any party. Page 19.

16. Flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, with a spicy subacid
flavor. Page 19.

17. Requires to be grafted high, to make a good head.
Page 20.

18. Except perhaps, the Pumpkin Sweet. Tree vigor-
ous, spreading and productive. Page 21,

19. Conical ; calyx small, closed; basin abrupt. Tree
vigorous, spreading, and productive. Page 22.

20. Brown on the sunny side, with dots and russet
patches; form, conical, flattened, rather irregular, with
projecting ribs. Page 23.

21. Form, oval, irregular to conie. Tree very vigorous,
APPENDIX. 337

upright; an early and abundant bearer. A profitablo
market fruit. Page 23.

22. Royal Pippin. Color, yellow and red striped ; form,
roundish oval; size, 1to 2; use, table; quality, 1; season,
October to January. A vigorous grower, and productive.
Page 24. ;

23. Overspread with dull red, with stripes of bright
yellowish red. Tree of moderate vigor. <A great bearer.
Early Winter. Page 24.

24. Charles Downing thinks them the same fruit. P. 28.

25. With a little tinge of red. Page 28.

26. Subject to crack and rot on the tree. A good bearer
on alternate years. Page 29.

27. Greenish yellow; form, regular, flat. Probably a
native fruit. Page 29.

28. Half covered with rich, dull red. Tree with strong,
upright shoots. Page 30.

29. Regular. Valuable for market. A Russian fruit.
Succeeds particularly well at the North. Page 30.

-80. Synonymes— Large White Juneating, Tart Bough,
July Pippin, etc. With afew faint-white dots. The Early
Harvest begins to ripen about the middle of June, and
continues in use till the middle of July. The young trees
are of moderate vigor, with scarcely diverging shoots.
Page 31.

31. Size, 2; form, roundish, conical; color, striped rich
red, or greenish yellow; rather acid, not rich; quality, 2;
flesh, very tender; skin thin; season, middle to end of
Summer. Page 31.

32. Rarely, a little flattened. Page 31.

33. A large, fine apple, introduced by R. Buchanan,
Esq. Ernst’s Pippin, supposed to be a seedling; large,
roundish, conical, slightly ribbed; skin, smooth, oily,
yellowish green; flesh, tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid.

9
338 APPENDIX.

Very good. Early Winter. Worthy of cultivation.
Page 33. 7

34. In the City of New York, this fruit is highly es-
teemed, particularly by Stetson of the Astor House.
Page 34.

35. This apple is probably a seedling from Holland
Pippin. Page 35.

36. With a brownish blush on sunny side. P. 36.

37. Thrives well on our rich Western soils. Sometimes,
however, knotty. Tree of rather slender growth. P. 36.
38. A great grower, and bears large crops. Page 41.

39. Greenish yellow at first, bright yellow when ripe,
with red and orange. Trees thrifty, strong growers, and
bear young. Page 41.

40. It is good both for dessert and cooking. Page 44.

41. On green ground. Quite prolific. Tree vigorous.
April. Page 45.

42. Or pale green. Page 45.

43. Growth of tree moderate, very productive. Origin,
Pennsylvania. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, and very
good. Page 47.

44. Good only for cooking. Very large and beautiful.
Page 49.

45, Dutch Codlin of some. Page 49.

46. Does not bear well while young. Page 56.

47. Except for fall baking.

48. With a waxen appearance. Page 56.

49. Origin, Woodstock, Connecticut. Tree thrifty, pro-
ductive, and handsome. Page 57.

50. Particularly good for drying. Like the Vandevere.
Page 58.

51. Tree vigorous, upright, and productive. Page 59.

52. Tree of moderate, upright growth. Page 61.

53. But not so good as formerly. The fruit is some-
times kept till the 4th of July. Page 64.
APPENDIX, 339

54. They have generally russet marks at the stalk.
They require a pretty strong, deep, warm soil to attain
perfection, and should be well manured in the orchard
continually. Page 65.

55. With a light bloom. Vandevere of New York. A
light rich_soil is best for it. Tree moderately vigorous,
and productive. Page 65.

56. A good cooking apple, productive, showy, and sale-
able in market. Page 68.

57. It belongs to the Newtown Pippin class. Page 69.

58. Sometimes a little blush next sun; form, regular,
conical. It is remarkably fair and pure in complexion.
Tree is very productive. Page 71.

59. This, we venture to say, is much below its value
and character. It is one of the very best of the Sweet
Apple class for baking. Page 73.

60. Origin of this apple, Virginia, on the farm of Caleb
Rawles. Page 75.

61. Good in Ohio, Michigan, and in New York. Tree
thrifty, but of slender growth. Very prolific. Page 76.

62. Almost entirely deep red; form, roundish, a little
narrowing toward the eye. The fruit is covered with a
pale white bloom. Excellent for summer stewing, with
sugar. Page 77.

63. Orange next the sun. Keeps one month later than
the Fall Pippin. Page 79.

64. Good for cooking and drying. Page 79.

65. Whitish yellow, with a faint brownish blush, with
a few red specks sometimes. Page 81.

66. There are many other varieties of native Russets,
but most of them are rather inferior. Page 82.

67. In rich, deep, sandy loam it bears fine crops. It
does not succeed well in damp or cold soils. P. 90.

68. It is not so good for the kitchen as Yellow Harvest,
yet it is good for summer baking. It is one of the best
340 APPENDIX.

dessert apples of its season for those who like sweet ap-
ples. Page 92.

69. Or Cayuga Red Streak. Page 94.

70. A valuable, keeping fruit, near Newport, Ky. P. 94.

71. Perhaps lime and ashes under the tree would cure
this tendency. Page 96.

72. “ Winter Harvey is similar to this, and may prove
the same.” Charles Downing, in revised edition of A. J.
Downing’s Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. P. 99.

73. It lasts but a few days. It is superior to Little
Muscat. Same season. Page 118.

74. Coarse grained. Autumn Bergamot of the French
distinct from this. Page 120.

75. The Bartlett will ripen completely in the house, even
if it be picked before it is ripe. Page 122.

76. This fruit should be gathered soon. It should not
ripen on the tree. Page 123.

77. “An excellent fruit.”’—Chas. Downing. Should be
more cultivated about Cincinnati—A. H. Ernst. P. 123.

78. Tree not vigorous but very productive. Page 126.

79. Form, oblong, obovate, tapering convexly quite to
the stalk. Rather variable in different soils. Page 127.

80. Requires a warm soil, else it is rather coarse and
astringent. Page 129.

81. Should be Doyenne Goubalt. Page 131.

82. Brownish russet, suffused with red. Page 140.

83. Not very vigorous. Spreading. Page 141.

84. Does not succeed well here; better South. P. 142.

85. Kept in a cool place, will usually keep till February
or March. The fruit should be put in a close box or
drawer, in a cool, dry cellar; and when desired to ripen,
brought into a warm room for a few days. This is true
of most kinds of winter pears. Some may be stored in
barrels, like hard apples, in the cellar, and would ripen
beautifully in mid-winter. Mr. Downing says, the Haster
APPENDIX. 341

’

Beurre is variable in quality, and seems to require rich
culture and warm climate to bring it to perfection. P. 155,

86. This has been confounded with the Beurre D'Arem-
berg. Page 161,

87. This fruit is very similar to the Cushing, but quite
distinct. Young wood of Cushing is of grayish brown,
while the Hanner’s is greenish. Page 164.

88. It is still found in the New York market. P. 167.

89. The common Cuisse Madame. Page 167.

90. Anerror. Originated by H.T. Kirtland, of Poland,
Mahoning county, Ohio. Page 170.

91. This fruit is distinct from the old Louise Bonne, a
green winter fruit of third-rate quality. Page 173.

92. Or Beurre D’Anjou. Page 175.

93. High musky flavor; best ripened in house. P. 177.

94. But produces regular crops. Fruit, if picked early,
will keep long. Page 181.

95. Good for preserving in the winter. Page 182.

96. The young trees require severe shortening, to bring
them into handsome furm. A foreign variety. An early
and prolific bearer, equal to any of its season. Only
equaled by the Seckel. Page 185.

97. Drops much from the tree. “Good on the quince.”
—fobt. Buchanan. Color, yellow at maturity; form, ob-
lique-pyriform ; size, 2 to 1; season, October. Page 189.

98. Stone small, flat. Page 229.

99. Mr. R. Buchanan thinks with the author, that this
is a poor selection for profit. Page 315.

100. Mr. Buchanan thinks also, with the author, that
Dr. Warder’s Letter on the Selection of Trees from the
Nursery is excellent. Page 326.

 

Note.—We prefer Standard Pear Trees for the orchard. The Dwarfs never can sup-
plant them. Let Dwarfs line the garden-walks; they will occupy but little space, and
richly repay labor, if properly cultivated in moderately rich and light soil, but with a
good depth always. They should be allowed to bear very little the first and second years
after they are planted. Page 211,
LIST OF FRUITS,

CONSIDERED VALUABLE, BUT OMITTED IN THE FIRST EDITIONS.

APPLES.

Cuxxesr.—An apple under this name (local probably),
from Col. Lewis Sanders, of Grass Hills, Ky., of medium
size—color, mingled red, green and yellow—was sent in
to thé Cincinnati Horticultural Society; which from its
tender, rich and pleasantly sub-acid, juicy character, was
pronounced by the Committee, well up to, if not beyond
second rate; form, roundish, rather inclining to conical.
The writer considers this a delicious fruit, and well
worthy of propagation. Trees vigorous, healthy, and
productive. —

Futron. Color, light yellow, sprinkled with green or
grey dots, having a blush on the sunny side. Flesh,
yellowish, juicy, tender, melting, with a very rich, mild,
sub-acid flavor; form, oblate, unsymmetrical; size, 2;
use, table; quality, 1; season, November to March.

REMARKS.—This is a new Western Fruit, from the
Nursery of A. J. Downing, Canton, Fulton county, II,
and is esteemed nearly as high as the Newtown Pippin—
cither yellow or green—when they succeed to perfection
(which in the West, they often do not). The tree is vig-
orous, very hardy, of regular form, and an annual and
prolific bearer. This apple, for Western and Northern
Ilinois. is what the Newtown Pippin is for New York.

[342]
APPENDLX. 343

Monarcn. Color, light red, splashed and striped with
dark red, and numerous light dots; form, roundish. oblate,
regular ; size, 2; use, table; quality, 2; season, September
and October. Flesh, juicy, not very tender, but rich,
pleasant, sub-acid. Becoming deservedly, like the Ful-
ton, a popular fruit in Illinois, and the far West.

GOLDEN PIPPIN, American Golden Pippin, Ribbed
Pippin, New York Greening. Color, fine golden yellow
with dots; form, variable, oblate, globular or conic, angu-
lar or ribbed ; size, 2 to 1; use, table; quality, 1 to 2;
season, October to December. —

Remarxs.—Not generally known, but a valuable native
fruit. Profitable for orchard, and for the market. Bears
rather shyly when young, but productive when more old.
Habit of tree, round, handsome, spreading. Golden Pip-
pin, English, very much smaller, and quite distinct.

 

Inpriana Favorite. Color, yellow and striped; form,
flattened at both ends; size, 1 to 2; use, table; quality, 2;
ecason, January to April—(A. A. Ernst.)

Remarxs.—Originated on the farm of Peter Morrits,
Fayette county, Indiana. Tree, healthy, spreading, and
productive.

Jounny Hitt (Black's Annette of Louisville). Color, yel-
low, with some brown dots; form, conical; size, 2; use,
table; quality, 2; season, August.

Remarxs.—A good, rather early market-fruit. Pleas-
ant, juicy, sub-acid, and tender. Good for cooking also.
Cultivated a good deal back of Newport, Ky., and esteemed
quite profitable.

ERNST’S PIPPIN (see body of this work, and the
Appendix, for description). A very valuable Winter
344. APPENDIX.

fruit, not cultivated equal to its deserts; well known
around Dayton, O., and disseminated in Indiana by some
good judges there. It is undoubtedly one of the very
best of its season.

Primate, or Rough and Ready. Color, greenish white,
with a crimson blush on the exposed side; form, conic, or
oblate angular; size, 2; use, dessert; quality, 2; season,
August.

Remarxs.—Its origin is not known. A strong grower,
and very stocky, with a fine head, and very prolific.

Twenty Ounce Pirin, not Twenty Ounce Apple, which
latter is Cayuga Red Streak. Color, chiefly dull rich red
on greenish yellow; form, roundish conical, regular,
exceedingly handsome; size, 1 (very large); use, chiefly
cooking ; quality, 2; season, Winter.

Remarxs.—Brought to Cincinnati Horticultural Soci-
ety by Mr. McDonald, of Ky. Supposed by him, errone-
ously, to be a seedling. This fruit is very smooth, and
strikingly beautiful.

SrEpLine Avaust APPLE, by J. C. Ferris. Resembles
Early Pennock, and Early Red Streak. Of second qual-
ity, but very handsome.

Waite PEARMAIN, OF INDIANA. A popular Western
apple; it has puzzled pomologists to find out its true
name and history. Not much known in Ohio. Highly
esteemed in Indiana and Illinois. “One of the best for
Southern Ohio.”—Dr. J. A. Warder.

HAGLOE (Summer Hagloe). Size, 1; color, whitish yel-
low, striped with bright red, and covered with a thin
bloom; form, conical, oblate; flesh, tender, juicy, sub-
APDENDIX, 345

acid, a little coarse. Season, August. ‘Tree, a stout,
healthy grower. A good bearer; exceedingly popular,
where known, as a market fruit. Of very beautiful
appearance. Totally different from the Hagloe Crab,
erroneously described by Coxe under this name.

PEARS.

 

CHURCH. Color, green, yellow at maturity; form,
oblate, inclining to turbinate; generally a great deal
depressed, somewhat angular; size, rather below 2; use,
dessert; quality, 1; season, latter part of August and
beginning of September.

Remarxs.—First brought into notice by S. P. Carpen-
ter, of New Rochelle, where it originated. It is a fruit
of high excellence, though rather too small for us, who
are less contented with small fruit than our Eastern
friends. The fruit is slow in ripening, and continues
some time in use.

Leon LE Cuerc. This is distinct from the famous Van
Mons’ Leon Le Clere. It is good for cooking, and some-
times passably good for the table. Itis of large size;
color, yellow; juicy, crisp, and firm; season, November to

February.

OSBAND’S SUMMER. Color, fine, clear yellow,
thickly sprinkled with small, greenish and brown dots,
with a warm cheek on the side exposed to the sun, and
some lines of russet, especially | about the calyx and rallies
form, obovate, inclining to conic; size, 3; use, dessert;
quality, 1; season, July and August, auciiiine to She

season.
346 APPENDIX.

Remarxs.—An early and productive bearer. First-rate
at its best point of perfection, but soon deteriorates when
ripe. Origin, Wayne county, New York.

PARSONAGE. Color, orange yellow, shaded with
dull crimson, netted with russet, and thickly dotted with
russet specks; form, obovate, obtuse-pyriform, often
inclined on one side; size, 1 to 2; use, dessert; quality,
1; season, August and September.

Remarxs.—This pear had its origin close by the Church
Pear, as was natural. It is equally excellent, and prob-
ably better than the Church Pear. A vigorous grower,
and a very prolific, annual bearer.

Windsor, or Summer Bell. Color, yellowish green ; form,
pyriform, or bell-shaped, widest above the middle, nar-
rowing to the eye; size, 1; use, cooking; quality, 4; sea-
son, August.

RemarKks.—Poor, coarse grained, and with astringent
juice. Rots at the core. Of but little value in this coun-
try. An old European pear, where it is passably good.

WALKER. Very handsome. One of Van Mons’ ori-
gin, and named in honor of Samuel Walker, by Robert
Manning. Fruit, large, elongated pyriform, even and
regular. Lemon yellow, numerously covered with green
and russet spots, and dashed with indistinct scarlet on
sunny side, more or less so in the basin of the calyx; stem,
short and thick, in an obtuse, slight depression; calyx,
small, closed and set in a somewhat deep and regular
basin; skin, thin, smooth; flesh, white, very tender, ana
buttery, slightly granulated, and abounding in juice; fla-
vor, sweet, and very pleasant; core, compact; seeds, small,
pointed, and light brown. Ripe, last of September, and
keeps well after taken from the tree. Described by Mr.
Ernst, and likely to prove one of our best Fall pears.
APPENDIX. 347

Jackson’s Srephina. Originated by 8. S. Jackson,
Cincinnati, from seed of the Seckel. Sizo, 2 (larger than
Seckel) ; color, similar to Seckel, but less russetty ; flavor,
very good; not as spicy as Seckel. Tree moderately vig-
orous, and does well on quince. The writer thinks well
of it, though it possesses a slight astringency.

Srasier’s Seepiinc. Origin, near Cincinnati. Very
large, resembling WHarrigson’s Fall Baking, of Coxe.
Good for cooking, but inferior for table. Tree vigorous
and productive.

Fort Duquesne. A seedling from Pittsburgh, fifty or
sixty years old. Never known to blight. Fruit closely
resembles Flemish Beauty, but not equal to it in quality.
Tree remarkably hardy, productive, and fruit excellent.
Regarded as a highly valuable variety. Recommended
as deserving of trial, by the Ohio Pomological Society.

Buzy SanspAREIL. Medium to large, roundish, yellow,
melting, sweet, good. Keeps well till January or Febru-
ary. Tree vigorous, very erect, and productive.

Ervine Dumas. Duc de Bordeaux. Medium size, yellow,
handsome, melting, fine. Tree.a good grower, and bears
immensely.

 

PEACHES.

COOK’S SEEDLING. Fre. Although this superb,
very fine, and wonderfully prolific variety has been men-
tioned among our best new seedlings after our general
description of peaches in the first edition of this work,
348 APPENDIX.

still as it was very briefly noticed at that time, from a
partial acquaintance with it, we now deem it worthy, from
a subsequent knowledge of its merits, of particular pre-
sentment to the attention of the public. Its color is of
the most brilliant red and yellow; its size is very large
when the trees are not too heavily laden; the wood is
remarkably strong and healthy; and the flavor of the
fruit is excellent, the form being nearly round. Its late-
ness also makes it more valuable. We presume it will be
very largely propagated this season, by Mr. Cook, of
Walnut Hills Nursery. The Ohio Pomological Society
report it as “resembling Crawford’s Late, ripening a few
days later (last of September), and think it excels that
variety in quality of fruit, and also in productiveness,
They consider it a fine bearer, excellent for market, and
bearing carriage well—the last particularly.”

LA GRANGE. Leaves, reniform; color, greenish white,
with generally red on the sunny side ; form, oblong; size,
1; quality, 1; season, September and October. Free.

Remarks.—The lateness of its maturity, fine color, pro-
ductiveness, great size, and high and delicious flavor, ren-
der this fine variety worthy also of particular notice.

Seepiina, from J. F. Baldwin, Reading Road. A hand-
some Clingstone Peach, resembling Rodman’s Cling—of
fine vinous flavor,

POOLE'S LARGE YELLOW. Leaves with reniform
glands ; color, deep yellow, with a cheek of dark red;
form, roundish, with a suture its whole length; size, 1;
quality, 1; season, September. Freestone.

Remarxs.—Very large. A Melacoton. Of late origin,
near Philadelphia. Red at the stone, with a yellow flesh,
Rich, juicy, and excellent.
APPENDIX. 349

STUMP THE WORLD. Color, creamy white, with a
bright red cheek ; a shallow suture a little more than half
round; form, roundish, a little oblong ; size, 1; quality, 1.

Remarxs.—Excellent for profitable market use. A
very great bearer. The brag peach of New Jersey.

WARD'S LATE FREE. Glands reniform; flowers,
small; color, white, with a handsome cheek of crimson ;
form, roundish to oval; size, about medium; quality, 1;
season, late in September.

Remarxs.—Perhaps this is Weld’s Freestone. Red at
the stone. Rich, melting, excellent.

BELLE CHEVREUSE. A French variety. ‘One of
the very best for market, every way a good peach, and
its thick skin being of great advantage in preventing
injury by transportation. Recommended for trial.’-—
Ohio Pomological Society.

PLUMS.

BINGHAM. Color, deep yellow, a little spotted with
rich red on the sunny side; form, oval, thickest near
stalk ; size, 1; adhering to stone; quality, 1; use, table;
flavor, juicy, rich, and delicious; season, August.

Remarxs.—A native fruit from Pennsylvania, from the

Bingham family.

DE DELICE. Color, green, marked with violet, with
a thin bloom; form, roundish oval, a small neck, small
suture ; size, 2; adheres a little to stone; quality, 1; use,
table; flavor, luscious, very sweet, juicy, dissolving; sea-

son, September.
Remarxs.—A new variety of great merit, from Europe.
35U APPENDIX.

PARSONAGE. Color, pale yellow, marbled lightly
with green; form, oval; size, 2 to 1; separates easily
from the stone; quality, 1; use, table; flavor, very juicy,
with a rich saccharine taste; season, August.

Remarxs.—New. Well worthy of attention and culti-
vation. From Duchess county, N. Y.

POND’S SEEDLING, or Plum del’ Inde. Color, reddish
violet, with many brown dots, and covered with a beau-
tiful bloom; form, nearly egg-shaped, narrowing a little
in direction of the stem; size, very large, immense ; qual-
ity, 2; use, table and cooking; flesh, a little coarse, yel-
low, with much juice, saccharine, but not of a rich flavor ;
season, beginning of September. :

Remarxs.—Very imposing from its very great size
and beautiful appearance. Received great attention at
the Ohio State Fair (1857), from these qualities, when
exhibited by Messrs. Ellwanger and Barry, with a very
large and varied collection of this delicious fruit.

 

CHERRIES.

 

American AmBER. Color, light amber, sprinkled
lightly with bright red; form, roundish, heart-shaped ;
size, 2; use, table; quality, 2; flesh, rather tender, with
a lively, though not very rich, juice; season, June.

Remarxs.—Sometimes called Bloodgood’s New Honey.

Brauman’s May, or Bigarreau de Mai. Oolor, rich
deep red, when fully ripe more dark ; form, heart-shaped,
oval, and a little angular; size, 3; use, table; quality, 2;
flesh, pleasantly sweet and good when quite ripe, tender,
with abundant juice ; season, early in May, in some years,
APPENDIX. 351

Remarks.—Foreign. Very prolific, and very early.
Of good quality.

DOWNTON. Color, pale cream, semi-transparent, red
on one side, with delicate red dots; form, nearly round-
ish ; size, 1; use, table; quality, 1; flesh, adhering a little
to stone; flavor, luscious and very rich; season, June.

KNIGHT'S EARLY BLACK. Color, dark purple,
becoming black; form, irregular, obtuse heart-shaped ;
size, 1; use, dessert; quality, 1; flesh, juicy, delicately
sweet, and of the highest flavor; season, a week earlier
than Black Tartarian.

RemarKs.—One of the very best of our early cherries.

Biack aND YELLOW GERMAN. Seedling, originated at
College Hill from seed brought from Germany. Consid-
ered by Mr. F. G. Cary of great merit and promise.

 

RASPBERRIES.

CATAWISSA.. Color, dark reddish, or dark crimson,
or nearly a purple when ripe, covered with a thick
bloom ; form, flattened ; size, 2; quality, 2; season, July,
and continues in use a long time.

Remarks.—This is a new ever-bearing variety, similar
in growth to the Ohio Ever-bearing; but it is more
tender and pulpy, and superior to the Ohio, which rather
lacks juice when compared to some others. The writer
saw specimens of this new fruit exhibited by Dr. Warder,
at the United States Agricultural Society, at Louisville,
last Fall (1857), and also at the Ohio State Fair at
302 APPENDIX.”

Cincinnati, soon after. From the large bunches of fruit
we should regard it as of value to collections, though we
consider it better adapted to the amateur, than for general
cultivation. It is certainly vigorous and very productive,
and we believe hardy. It bears abundantly through the
season, after the young wood, on which it produces its
best fruit, attains a hight of four or five feet. The fruit
is produced from branches continually pushing out from
all parts, and successively appearing at various stages of
growth, from the blossom to perfect maturity, like the
Ohio; but of course its bearing depends very much
on favorable (rather moist) seasons. A well-trenched,
rich soil is very desirable to guard against the effects of
drouth. Mulching with straw is also of much benefit at
that particular time. This plant was discovered in a lit-
tle grave-yard near the Quaker meeting-house, in the
village of Catawissa, Columbia county, Pa., by a mower,
who, seeing the quantity and quality of the fruit, spared
and preserved it.

KIRTLAND. This isa new kind, sent to the author
from D. C. Richmond’s Nursery, near Sandusky, with the
highest recommendation and encomiums for its qualities
and value as a market fruit. Its entire hardiness, as well
as the excellence and firmness of the fruit, as it is stated,
being a part of its great value and promise.

It ought to be noticed here, and impressed on the minds
of cultivators, that all the very fine kinds of raspberries,
both old and new, with but few exceptions, are too tender
for our climate, in the West; and they therefore require
a covering of some kind, during Winter; a process that
will well repay the trouble. The canes may be tied to
stakes, and covered with straw; or they may be laid down
in Autumn, and covered with a few inches of earth, leaves,

¥
APPENDIX. 353

litter, or branches of evergreens. The old and weak dead-
wood should be cut out every season, to give strength to
the young shoots for the next year’s bearing.

 

STRAWBERRIES.

 

HOOKER. Flowers, hermaphrodite; form, broadly
conical, regular, sometimes cockscomb-shaped, or de-
pressed ; size, 1; color, deep crimson, rather soft, polished
surface ; quality, 1.

TROLLoPE’s Vicror1a. Very large, roundish conical ;
pale red; sweet, and agreeably perfumed; hardy, a free
grower, and productive. The most so of all English
sorts, both native and foreign.

Maryzanpica. We give for the present only, the fol-
lowing notice of this new variety, from the Country Gentle-
man. If this sort maintains its high promise, it must take
a high place among market berries.

“The Marylandica Strawberry, one of the finest, if not
the very finest, we have ever seen and tasted, comes from
Samuel Feast & Sona, of Baltimore. It is the berry that
took so many premiumsin the hands of the late Dr. Ed-
mondson, who would never part with a plant. Messrs.
Feast have control of the whole stock, and we advise cul-
tivators to look after it at once. These strawberries are
entirely different from any others we know; the vines are
very strong; leaves, dark and glossy; many of the ber-
ries have a fvotstallk from five to six inches long; fruit,
very large, often flattened, solid and firm, bearing trans-
portation remarkably well. The interior is perfectly
beautiful, cutting almost as solidly as a pear, without any

BO
ob4 _ APPENDIX,

toughness ; well-colored, and luscious, requiring less sugar
than most.”

Preapopy’s. This great berry of Georgia fruited a little
last season with us; and although it had been planted
early, of course very little could be expected from it then.
The fruit was necessarily small in comparison, but the
flavor indicated richness when in perfection, and when
fully developed. The accounts East, and elsewhere, more
South, were very encouraging —nous verrons, this Spring
(1858). Prepare the land for the plants by digging-in a
compost of wood ashes, finely pulverized wood soil, and
the scrapings of the wood-pile. Decomposed oak wood is
the best fertilizer for the strawberry—add to this a portion
of well-rotted manure.

Sir Harry. Seedling of British Queen, impregnated
with Keen’s Seedling. Considered the most valuable of
all English varieties. Size, 1; color, deep, dark red, or
mulberry ; of delicious flavor; robust, and a great bearer.

WeEsTERN QUEEN. Pistillate. Color, rich, glossy, dark
red; form, roundish conical; size, 2; quality, 2; flesh,
firm, juicy, sub-acid, sprightly, and pleasant flavor.

RemMARrKS.—Raised by Prof. Kirtland, Ohio—of itself a
recommendation.

WILSON’S ALBANY. Hermaphrodite. Color, deep
crimson ; form, broadly conic, pointed ; size, 1; quality, 1;
flesh, crimson, with a brisk acid flavor.

RemarKs.—A remarkably promising variety. Vines,
hardy, vigorous, and productive. Raised by the late
James Wilson, Albany, N.Y. High encomiums passed
upon this fruit, in the North and East. Mr. Longworth
thinks it will rank next to the Prolific. as all his blossorns
APPENDIX. 355

produced perfect fruit. Hermaphrodites some years bear
fair crops; some years not more than one-half, or three-
fourths. But this has borne full crops, and we judge
will continue to do so.

 

FILBERTS.

 

Fiuzerts do not require a very rich soil, but grow well
in that which is rocky and gravelly. The ground is
kept clean around the trees, which are placed about twelve
feet apart. They are very carefully pruned, and one stem
only is left to branch out, a few inches above the ground;
the branches are trained and pruned in the shape of a
punchbowl, and are not allowed to run above four or five
feet high. Thus they will bear abundantly, and very
profitably. When the filberts are gathered, they are laid
to dry in the sun, or under a shed exposed to the air. If
they are well dried, they will keep good for several years.

The above refers to England; but would not this tree
succeed in the United States, and prove profitable to the
cultivators of it? It seems to us that some trials on the
culture of it in this country ought to be made; as also on
the English Walnut, so termed, which has proved profit-
able in some instances at least.
* Grape vand Strawberry Culture.

The e Culture of the Grape and Wine: Makin “py Robert Buchanan.
ith an Appendix, containing Difections ‘or the Cultivation of the
Strawbefty. By N. Longworth. Sixth Edition. One volume, 12mo.,
. Muslin. “Brice: 63 cents. *
It contains much opportine and instructive infurmatign relative to the cultivation
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®: We can not too strongly recommend this little volume to the attention of all who

have a vine or strawberry bed.—Farm and Shop.

This book embodies the essential principles necessary to be obgerved in n the successful
management of these fruits.—Bogton Cultivator. “ye

We have on two or three occasions said of this little book, that it is the best we have
sver seen on the subjects of which it treats, A‘man with ordinary judgment can not
failin grape or strawberry culture, if he tries to follow its advice.—Ohio Farmer,

* MOORE, WILSTACH, KEYS & Co., Publishers,

25 West Fourth Street, Gincinnati.

.

* Practical Landscape Gardéning.

By G.M. Kern. Containing 22 Illustrations and Plans for laying
out Gr ds, with full directions for Planting Shade’ arent Shrub-
bery, an Flowers. One vol. 12mo., Muslin. Price, $1 50
Mr. Kern's suggestions are in an eminent degrce valuable, and his opinions (which

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crn ‘Fufmer. oe : : :

Itis‘a very timely and valuable book. & oe Better adapted to the wants and
circumstances of our people than any other upon the subject.--Ohio Cultivator.

No one ean long walk hand in hand with Mr. Kern without being sensible that he is
in the hands of one who is worthy of all confidence.—Louisville Courier.

It is plain in its details, and will be more valuable to the million than any work on
the subject of Landscape. Gardening yet published, The mechanical execution of the
yolume isa the very perfection of printing and binding.—Ohio Farmer.

Admirably calculated to meet the wants of the public.—Boston Atlas.

By a carefol perusal of this little volume, which will cost but £1 50. the purckaset
will probably find that he has learned what he has been all his life wishing to know,
snd what will be worth to him more than ten times its cost.—Nashville Whig.

He descends to the minutest details of instruction, so that his book may be taken as
a manual for the practical operator.—N. Y. Evangelist.
Publications of Moore, Wilstach, Keys & Co.
PRACTICAL LANDSCAPE GARDENING.

By G. M. Kern, Containing Twenty-two Illustrations and Plans Sor laying out
Grounds, with full directions for Planting Shade Trees, Shrubbery and Flowers.
Phird Edition. One volume, 12mo., Muslin. Price, $1 50.

Mr. Kern has produced the right book at the right moment.—Putnam's Magazine.
Hlis suggestions are in an eminent degree valuable, and his opinions (which are
expressed in clear, concise, and lucid diction), easily interpreted by even the most ”
limited conception, -fairly assert his claim to a station in the foremost rank of rural
improvers,—N. Y. Horticulturist.
It abounds in useful and tasteful suggestions, and in practical instructions,—North-
ern Farmer.
It is a very timely and valuable book. . ... Better adapted to the wants and cir-
culstances of our people than any other upon the subject.—Ohio Cultivator.
_ No one can long walk hand in hand with Mr. Kern without being sensible that he
is in the hands ofone who is worthy of all confidence.—Louitsville Courier.
Has so nobly succeeded as to render his volume an invaluable acquisition to all_—
Boston Traveler.
It is plain in.its details, and will be more valuable to the million than any work on
athe subject of Landscape Gardening yet published. The mechanical execution of
the volume is the very perfection of printing and binding.—Ohio Farmer.
Admirably calculated to meet the wants of the public.—Boston Atlas.
By a careful perusal of this little volume, which will cost hut $1 50, the purchaser
will probably find that he has learned what he has been all his life wishing to know,
and what will be worth to him more than ten times its cost.—Nashville Whig.

 

He descends to the minutest details of instruction, so that his book may be taken ©

as a manual for the practical operator.—N. Y. Evangelist.

GRAPE AND STRAWBERRY CULTURE.

The Culture of the Grape and Wine Making. By Rosert BucHanan. With an
Appendix, containing Directions for the Cultivation of the Strawberry. By N.
Lonewortu. Sixth Edition. One volume, 12mo., Muslin. Price, 63 cents.

It contains tnuch opportune and instructive information relative to the cultivation
of these two delicious fruits.—Michigan Farmer.

One of the books which pass current through the world vu account of the great
authority of the author’s name.—Hoboken Gazette. .

There are no men better qualified for the undertaking.—Louisville Journal.

It deals more with facts, with actual experience and observation, and less with
speculation, supposition and belief, than any thing on this topic that has yet appeared
in the United States. In other words, a man may take it and plant a vineyard, and
raise grapes with success.—Horticulturist.

We can not too strongly recommend this little volume to the attention of all who
have a vine or a strawberry bed.—Farm and Shop.

This book embodies the essential principles necessary to be observed in the suc-
cessful management of these fruits —Boston Cultivator.

We have on two or three occasions said of this little book, that it is the best we
have ever scen on the subjects of which it treats. A man with ordinary judgment
can not fail in grape or strawberry culture, if he tries to follow its advice——Ohio
Farmer.

HOOPER’S WESTERN FRUIT BOOK.

‘A Compendious Collection of Facts, from the Notes and Experience of Successfur
Fruit Culturists. Arranged for Practical use in Orchard and Garden. One vol.,
12mo., with Illustrations. Price, $1 00.

Three thousand copics of this work have already been disposed of.
Publications of Moore, Wilstach, Keys & Co.
PULTE’S TESTE ON DISEASES OF CHILDREN.

A Homeopathic Treatise on the Diseases of Children. By Aun. Teste, Doctor in
Medicine, Member of several learned Societies, etc. Translated from the French, by
Emwa Il. Corz. Second Edition. Revised by J. H. Punre, M. D. One volume,
12mo., muslin. Price, $1 25.

It is the only treatise on the Homeopathic plan expressly devoted to the diseases
of children. With great completeness of detail, it describes the principal diseases
to which that age is subject, together with their appropriate remedies. Asa manual

_ of domestic practice, it must be welcome to the receivers of Hahnemann's system.—
N. Y. Tribune.

This is an excellent work.... - It is distinguished by clearness of statement,
practicalness of direction, and by originality of observation. What renders it par-
ticularly valuable to families is the simplicity of its directions, obviating the doubt
and uncertainty which attend the attempt to administer medicines according to
most Homeopathic works.—Cleveland Leader.

 

 

CROSERIO’S OBSTETRICS.

A Homeopathic Manual of Obstetrics: or a Treatise on the Aid the Art of Midwifery
may derive from Homeopathy. By Dr. C, Croserio, Aedecin Del Embassade De
Sardaigne, Membre De La Societe Hahnemannienne De Paris, etc., etc. Trans-
lated from the French, by M. Corr, M. D. Second Edition. One volume, 12mo.,
muslin. Price, 75 cents.

It is only necessary to have it known that Dr. Croserio is the author of the above
work, to induce cach practitioner of our school to seek a copy of it without delay.
It is one of those few practical works which will aid practitioners at the bedside of
the sick. .... The volume may seem insignificant, because it contains only 153
pages; but our readers can hardly conceive of the amount of information which
the author has contrived, in the clearest manner, to express in a few words... ..
The practice is purely Homeopathic.—American Journal of Homeopathy.

. ... Shows what Homeopathy has done, and can do. .... We take pleasure in
recommending it to Homeopathists.— North-West. Journal of Hom.

Having read the original, we can pronounce this a good translation... .. We
think it a very excellent work; such a book as has long been needed in Homeo-
pathic practice, one manifesting in itself a great deal of close and patient study and
research.—Philadelphia Journal of Hom.

RAPOU ON FEVER.

Lyphoid Fever and its Homeopathic Treatment. By Av. Raprov, Docteur en Med-
ecine De Faculte De Paris. Translated by M. Cotr, M. D. One volume, 12mo.,
muslin. Price, 50 cents.

The original work, of which this volume is a translation, is understood by the stu-
dents-of Homeopathy to be one of the most valuable treatises on the subject that
exists in medical literature. It contains many original and striking views on the
characteristics of fever in general, while its practical directions in regard to the spe-
cifie disease of which it treats, can not fail to suggest important hints to the intelli-
gent practitioner of every school. An interesting feature of this volume is a spir-
ited discussion of the use of blood-letting, and of water in the cure of typhoid fever.
The translation, which is from the pen of an eminent Homeopathic physician in
Pittsburg, presents the views of the writer in neat and compact English. In the
prevailing uncertainty of the profession with regard to the fatal scourge, to which
this work is devotcd, its lucid reasonings, must prove acceptable to a wide circle of
medical readers.—New York Tribune.
Publications of Moore, Wilstach, Keys & Co.
RENOUARD’S HISTORY OF MEDICINE.

4 History of Medicine, from its Origin to the Nineteenth Century, with an Appen-
diz, containing a series of Philosophic and Historic Letters on Medicine of tha
Present Century, by Dr. Renouard, Paris. Translated from the French, by C. G.
Comegys, Prof: Inst. Med. in Miami Medical College. One volume octavo. Sheep,
Price, $3 50.

 

BYNOPTIO TABLE OF CONTENTS:

_L AGE OF FOUNDATION. 1, PRIMITIVE PERIOD: From the Origin of §o-
ciety to the Destruction of Troy, 1184, B. ©. 2. SAORED orn MYSTIC. PERIOD:
Ending with the Dispersion of the Pythagoreans, 500, B. ©. 8, PHILOSOPHIC
PERIOD: Ending at the Foundation of the Alexandrian Library, 320, B. 0. +. AN-
ATOMICAL PERIOD: Ending at the Death of Galen,-A. D. 200. II. AGE OF
TRANSITION. 5, GREEK PERIOD: Ending at the Burning of the Alexandrian
Library, A. D. 640. 6. ARABIC PERIOD: Ending at the Revival of Letters in ©
Europe, A. D.1400. IIL AGE OF RENOVATION. 7. ERUDITE PERIOD: Com-
prising the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. 8, REFORM PERIOD: Comprising
the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.

 

From Professor Jackson, of the University of Pennsylvania.
PHLaDELPuiA, May 1.

My Dear Sir—The work you have translated, “Histoire de la Medecine,” by Dr.
P. V. Renouard, is a compendious, well-arranged treatise on the subject.

Every physician and student of medicine should be acquainted with the history
of his science. It is not only interesting, but of advantage to know the views and
the interpretations of the same pathological conditions investigated at the present
day, in past ages. They were handled then with as much force and skill as now,
put without the scientific light that assists so powerfully modern research....

Very truly yours, SAMUEL JACKSON.

—

The best history of medicine extant, and one that will find a place in the library
of every physician who aims at an acquaintance with the past history of his profes-
sion....... There are many items in it we should like to offer for the instruction
aud amusement of our readers.—American Journal of Pharmacy.

From the pages of Dr. Renouard, a very accurate acquaintance may be obtained
with the history of medicine—its relation to civilization, its progress compared with
other sciences and arts, its more distinguished cultivators, with the several theories
and systems proposed by them; and its relationship to the reigning philosophical
dogmas of the several periods. His historical narrative is clear and concise—
tracing the progress of medicine through its three ages or epochs—that of foun-
dation or origin, that of tradition, and that of renovation.—American Journal of
Medical Science.

Is a work of profound and curious research, and will fill a place in our English
literature which has heretofore been vacant. It presents a compact view of the pro-
gress of medicine in different ages; a lucid exposition of the theories of rwal sects;
a clear delineation of the changes of different systems; together with the bearings of
the whole on the progress of civilization. The work also abounds in amusing and
instructive incidents relating to the medical profession. The biographical pictures
of the great cultivators of the science, such as Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna, Hal-
ler, Harvey, Jenner, and others, are skillfully drawn. Dr. Comegys deserves the
thanks of not only the members of the medical profession, but also of every Amert-
can scholar, for the fidelity and success with which his task has been performed,—
Harper’s Magazine.

From the British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review, for July, 1857.

History or Mepicine.—It is expressly from the conviction of the deficiency of
the English language in works on the History of Medicine, that we feel indebted to
Dr. Comegys for the excellent translation of the comparatively recent work of
Renouard, the title of which is placed at the head of this article. ..... We hope
hefore long to find that in every important school of medicine in this country, op-
portunities will be offered to students whereby they may be enabled to attain some
knowledge at least of the history of that profession to the practice of which their
lives are to be devoted.
Publications of Moore, Wilstach, Keys & Co.

 

We recommend all the boys in the land to get these books and Tead them.

Pittsburg Gazette,
MAN-OF-WAR LIFE,

A Boy's Experience in the United States Navy. By CHARLES Nogpnorr. Seventh
Edition. One volume, 16mo., illustrated. Muslin, 75 cents. Muslin, gilt, $1.

THE MERCHANT VESSEL,

A Sailor Boy's Voyage to See the World. By CuarLes NorDHOFF. Seventh Edition.
One volume, 16mo., illustrated. Muslin, 75 cents. Muslin, gilt, $1.

WHALING AND FISHING,

By Cuartes Norvuorr, Author of “ Man-of- War Life," “The Merchant Vessel,” etc.
One volume, 16mo., illustrated. Muslin, 75 cents.

A writer who is destined to cheer the family circle in many thousand houses on
many a winter night. He writes well—admirably; that is, simply and truthfully,
and in a very interesting way indeed. He tells the story of the vicissitudes, as well
as the pleasures, of the life of the boy or man before the mast, 80 that no youth who
longs to be on the ‘deep blue sea” may hereafter say that it was out of his power
to learn precisely what he would have to encounter on becoming a sailor. The moral
of the work is excellent, and its style pithy and descriptive.—Washington Star. —

Full of variety, and adapted to awaken the interest of young people in traveling
adventure, while it must greatly extend their geographical knowledge.—N. Y. Times.

Very striking and graphic pictures of the life at sea, evidently authentic and very
instructive. .... Has adventure enough to please, yet truth enough to dissipate
the charm of a sailor's life.—N. Y. Evangelist.

There is in them a vast amount of information respecting the commerce of the
world.—Presbyterian Witness.

These books are not for mere children, but for lads of some years and discretion.
They are remarkably well written—N. Y. Independent. :

One of the best and truest descriptions of seamen and of a seaman’s life ever
given to the public, and the reader is only left to wonder why one who can write so
remarkably well, had ever any thing to do with the rigging. . . . . He describes the
various countnes which he visited so far only, be :t remembered, as they fell under
his own observation—and this careful restriction and regard to the truth forms one
of the principal charms of the works.—Boston Traveler.

Has a fine eye for observation and excellent descriptive powers.—Louisville Cour.

Multitudes of young readers will delight in these books.—Presbyterian Banner.

Since Dana's ‘Two Years Before the Mast," we do not call to mind any more
admirable descriptions of a sailor’s life at sea than are contained in these graphic
volumes. Herman Melville’s nautical narratives are more highly spiced with
piquant descriptive scenes, it is true, but: for quiet, absorbing, and, as far as lands-
men can judge, faithful accounts of life on shipboard, commend us to this anony-
mous author. He somewhat resembles Capt. Basil Hall in his lively pictures of the
routine of sea service, Lut he is not so rambling nor so flippant as that celebrated
“old salt."—N. Y. Tribune.

It (Man-of-War Life) is excellently well written, is characterized by a high moral
tone, and impresses the reader with the truthfulness of its sketches, while it has all
the fascination of a romance. It is by far the best book for boys that we have ever
seen. It both instructs and amuses them. Indeed, there are few men who will
commence this book and lay-it down unfinished.—Lexington Ky., Statesman.

Mr. Nordhoff is a young writer who has seen every variety of sea life, from the
artistic organization of the Man-of-War to the rough and tumble arrangements of a
Nantucket whaler; and without assuming any-of the airs of anthorship, has given
a strait-forward account of his adventures, which, in frank confiding naturalness,
are not without something of the secret charm which so bewilders all classes of
readers in the perusal of works like Robinson Crusoe. Not that he makes use of
any imaginary touches to add to the piquancy of his autobiographical confessions,
but he has the rare gift of investing every day realities with an atmosphere of hu-
man sympathy which is more effective than the most dazzling colors of romance.—
Harper's Magazine.

 
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