iC YP New York State College of Agriculture At Cornell University Ithaca, N.Y. Library “iii : FUR-BEARING ANIMALS 180 160 140 120 700 8a 60 40 20 20 40 60 80 100 420 140 160 180 S frrg nz Josephs Spitzbergen . Bend ‘ : WA ARC Ti G 616 &Ale Gee \ > » ad c ew Siberia | ~ ¢ , AND “a 1 emia de 3 3 ots 4 lc FOX Me ce ed HARE ‘ 4 wore eee cdues he gentanee TOME csi vn nic manned bam ettamdeasbmeneeoees 7 be OoOLINS|KY GRI . aes feelaky : ZZLEV BEAR ‘ i" e “e oe M GREENLAND GEAL é iM Pt RE i ALASKA SEA\ ACE a . C. ratewell <4 UR RIED - xn : Je Ki TT FOX fp WeodeD szaL prinisn4/% % q 7 ee A 4 Ke HARP /SEAL 1SLes et” al FOETID SEAL 2 eG OF # MESUAN, SAREE Aloxhotsk ‘ jen ek ° € 3) ASTPOLECAT Sea GEA OTJER 4 8 at, saumMarren & 4 E/E P A S8 Ti A a SEAL “Al | [a Newfoun diand arhaseit OTTER MARMOT r “rT n kg a ANSON Mercy EEP WN , HIMALAYAN LEOPARD ae : on p NORTH ATLAN 3 Crimes { IAND TIGER goa press” Tropic| of Cancer fap Azoras 2 OO. 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Paul | Augraa Melbou M A P T 0 s GROZET ISLES taamihia RpsBr “FUR-BEARING ANIMALS” | & ¢ Jsywers Sen | ogheny aa : “ae 18 ‘ : APE HORN’ > "we S. Georgial BY HENRY POLAND PUA sta SC. den ne Co at 4 | | SOUTH SHETLAND SEAL 1 Z 120 100 a0 6 0. 40 20 20 40 60, 80 100 120 140 160 a0. London: Gurney & Jackson; Paternoster Row. Stantords Geogr peteey FUR-BEARING ANIMALS IN NATURE AND IN COMMERCE BY HENRY POLAND, F.Z:S. LONDON: GURNEY & JACKSON, 1,PATERNOSTER ROW. [Saccessors to MR. VAN VoorstT.] 1X4 MDCCCXCII. SP YO: Pe @/50, CER WOODFALL AND KINDER, PRINTERS, 7° TO 76, LONG ACRE, w.c. PREFACE. Ts work is intended, firstly, to aid persons engaged in trade to recognize readily, and to have a closer know- ledge of the animals with which they are to some extent already familiar, and which they would have some \difficulty in finding in more elaborate and scientific works. Secondly, to be a connecting link between commerce and science. The scientific portions of natural history are often described with much detail, but, though interesting and important, they should not altogether close our eyes to the relations which the animals bear to man, and the important part they play with regard to his clothing and, consequently, to his personal comfort. The Author has also endeavoured to make this work more interesting to the general public by adding small sketches of the habits of the animals described. CONTENTS. PAGE Black Monkey (Colobus vel- lorosus) . 2 Black Monkey (Colobu ur- sinus) . é East African Golsbun. Abyssinian Monkey . Common Monkey Campbell’s Monkey . Mona Monkey Green Monkey . Grivet Monkey . Malbrouck Monkey Patas Monkey Vervet F : Moustache Monkey Grey Monkey Red Monkey Pluto Monkey Blue Monkey Wanderoo Monkey Blue Monkey, or Mountain Entellus ‘ 4 China Grey Monkey . Guinea Baboon . Black Lemur Black and White or Rutfed Lemur a Red-fronted Lemur Ring-tailed Lemur Woolly or Dwarf Lemur Grey Lemur é Lion . _ _ COMNNANNNANNN ODDS FB OO ee oo ll 11 12 12 12 18 13 14 14 15 PAGE Puma : F . . Tiger . 5 é 5 . 19 Bengal Tiger . . 20 Mongolian or Chinese Tiger 21 Turkestan Tiger ‘ . 22 Jaguar ‘ : . 28 Ounce, or Snow Téspatid . 24 Chinese Leopard . . 24 East Indian Leopard . . 25 African Leopard : . 27 Persian Leopard : . 29 Clouded Tiger . j . 29 Ocelot : : 3 . 80 Kyra Cat . : : . 81 .Geoffroy’s Cat . 2 . 81 African Leopard Cat . . 81 Pampas Cat . i . 82 Molina’s Guiana Cat . . 82 Tiger Cat, or Serval . . 382 Bushy-tailed Red-spotted Cat. : : . 88 Himalayan Leopard- Cat . 34 Desert Cat . - i . 34 European Wild Cat . . 85 House Cat, or Domestic Cat 37 Persian or Angola Cat . 42 Manx Cat . . . . 42 Siamese Cat . ‘ . 42 Abyssinian Cat . : . 42 Caffer Cat . : 4 . 43 Siberian or Persian Lynx . 44 American Lynx, . + 45 viii CONTENTS. European Lynx. Cat Common, or Bay Lyne Canadian or Halifax a Lynx ‘ Caracal, or Red Cat Cheetah : Bush Cat, or African “Civet Cat. 3 a Chinese Bush or Civet Cat. Common Genet . Blotched Genet . Mountain Cat Two-spotted Paradoxure Woolly Paguma. Egyptian Ichneumon Dusty Ichneumon Grey Ichneumon Aard Wolf . Spotted Hyena . Esquimaux Dog Dingo Common or Hneapeen Wolf American Wolf . Indian Wolf Prairie Wolf, or Coyote South American Wolf Siberian or Chinese Dog Japanese Wolf . Chinese Wolf Common Fox Norway Red Fox American pa Fox American Cross Fox . American Silver Fox . White Fox Blue Fox Kitt Fox # Grey Fox} or Virginian Fox Prairie Fox Steppe, or Afghan Fox Persian Fox és East Indian Fox Azara’s Fox Cape Fox . 62 - 100 - 100 - 101 . 101 - 101 | PAGE 49 50 51 52 53 55 56 57 58 58 59 60 61 61 61 62 63 65 65 68 72 72 73 74 75 76 80 81 86 87 89 98 95 97 99 Common Jackal Black-backed Jackal Racoon-like Dog Baum Marten, or Pine Marten tone Marten . Perwitsky American Marten Fisher, or Canadian Marten Afghan Fisher . Kolinsky . Japanese Marten Russian Sable ‘ Mink Russian Mink . Fitch, or Polecat Russian Fitch . Ermine, or Stoat Wolverine, or Glutton Cape Zorilla Ratel Cape Ratel American Badger Badger Chinese Badger Japanese Badger Skunk Civet Cat, or Little Bintpad Skunk . South American or Chilian Skunk . European Otter China Otter 7 Indian or Calcutta Otter . West African Otter . Cape Otter | South American Otter American Otter Sea-Otter . Racoon South Aeneaiions or Gah. eating Racoon Cashmere Racoon Panda PAGE 102 102 103 104 106 107 108 111 118 114 115 116 118 120 121 123 123° 127 130 130 130 131 133 136 136 187 140 141 142 144 145 145 146 146 146 148 152 155 155 156 White or Polar Bear 7 Russian or Siberian Bear Syrian Bear Isabelline Bear Grizzly Bear (ikmaartoa) . Himalayan or Thibetan Bear : Black Bear Brown Bear East India Bear South Shetland Fur Seal . Crozet Island Fur Seal San Louis Fur Seal . Alaska Fur Seal ‘ Victoria or North-West Fur Seal : Copper Island Fur Seal Robben Island Fur Seal . Japanese Fur Seal West Coast Seal Lima Fur Seal Cape Horn or Lobos Talend Fur Seal , Cape Fur Seal . ‘ New Zealand and Aus- tralian Fur Seal New Zealand and West Australian Hair Seal Macquarie Island Seal Steller’s Sea-Lion Common or Hair Seal Greenland Hair Seal Ringed or Fetid Seal Grey Seal a) cae Bearded or Ground Seat, Bladder-nosed Seal . Sea-Leopard Mole Russian Musk- Rat or Dee: man . 7 Common Squirrel Jerelang Squirrel Malabar Squirrel : American Grey Squirrel . CONTENTS. PAGE 157 | Hast Indian or Three- 160 striped Squirrel . 162 | Hudson’s Bay Squirrel 162 | Red-bellied Flying Squirrel 162 | American Flying Squirrel African Flying Squirrel 165 | European Souslik 166 | Russian Marmot 169 | Quebec Marmot 170 | Cashmere or Himalayan 171 Marmot 173. | Chinese Marmot 174 | Prairie Marmot or Dog 175 | Beaver Beaver Rat 192 | Hamster . 195 | Water Vole 196 | Lemming. 196 | Musquash 198 | Coypu Rat, or Nutria 199 | Chinchilla Chili Chinchilla : 200 | Bastard Chinchilla . 208 | Chinchillone, or Lagotis . Viscacha . 204 | Spring Haas Common Hare. 206 | Polar or White Hare 208 | American Hare or Rabbit 210 | Varying Hare . 212 | Rabbit . 215 | Buffalo, or American Rien 220 | Yak. 222 | Musk-Ox . . 223 | West African Striped Dear 223 | Harnessed Antelope. 226 | Spring-bok 228 | Snow Antelope Indian Antelope 231 | Bless-bok . 238 | Gnu. ag 238 | Common Goat . 238 | Russian Goat . 239 | Italian Goat ix PAGE 239 240 241 241 241 242, 243 244 245 245 245 247 255 255 257 258 258 263 265 266 266 267 268 270 Q71 274 276 277 278 290 300. 301 304 804 305 306 306 307 308 308 311 312 x Norway Goat Angora Goat Thibet Goat Cape Goat China Goat Mongolian Goat Sheep. ‘ Iceland Sheep . China Sheep Arabian Sheep . Bokharan Lamb 3 Shiraz, or Half Persian . Thibet Lamb Persian Lamb . Pinheaded Persian tise, Astracan Lamb Ukrainer Lamb i Crimmer, or Crimean Lamb Transylvanian Lamb Spanish Sheep . Shetland Sheep Russian Sheep . Red Deer Wapiti East Indian Deer, or iigis Fallow Deer Moose or Elk . ‘ ¥ North American or Vir- ginian Deer . Black-tailed or Mule Deer Reindeer . Llama Vicuna Guanaco . a Great Ant-eater Maugé’s Dasyure, or Native Gat | : Spotted-tailed Daye . 817 PAGE 312 312 314 315 315 318 825 326 327 327 328 328 329 330 330 331 332 332 333 333 334 335 339 342 343 344 348 349 350 853 353 354 356 357 358 CONTENTS. Long-tailed Dasyure Banded Bandicoot Long-nosed Bandicoot Rabbit-eared Bandicoot Myrmecobius . , Phascogale . American Opossum . Koala . 7 Australian Opossum Tasmanian Opossum Victoria Opossum , Sydney Opossum . Melbourne Opossum Adelaide Opossum Rock Opossum, or Short. eared Phalanger Ring-tailed Opossum Squirrel-like Phalanger Great Flying Phalanger or Opossum . 4 Red Kangaroo . Blue Kangaroo Wallaroo . Great Kangaroo Yellow Wallaby, or Vellie: footed Rock Kangaroo . Rock Wallaby . Bennett’s Wallaby, or Bush Kangaroo . ‘ Swamp Wallaby Black-striped Wallaby Short-tailed Wallaby Bridled Kangaroo Kangaroo Rat . Wombat . Platybus . ‘ Echidna é - InDEX PAGE 358 359 359 360 360 361 361 363 365 367 367 368 369 369 370 370 371 372 373 374 B74 375 377 378 379 379 380 380 381 381 381 382 383 385 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Black Monkey . Abyssinian Monkey , Mona Monkey . Grey Monkey . Siberian or Persian Lynx Caracal, or Red Cat Cheetah Kitt Fox Wolverine, or Glutton White or Polar Bear Macquarie Island Seal Buffalo, or American Bison Koala Australian Opossum Great Kangaroo Yellow Wallaby, or Yellow-footed Rock Kangaroo . f PAGE 44 52 54 95 127 157 209 290 363 366 B75 377 INTRODUCTION. CoLour. In treating of colour, the first prominent fact we observe is the increase of pigment as approach is made towards the Equator, and the corresponding decrease towards the Poles. For instance, the Skunk, Racoon, European Lynx, Bengal Tiger, and Ermine, are all of a darker hue the nearer they are to the Equator. There are, however, one or two exceptions, one being the Beaver, which attains its greatest depth of colour in a certain district in the Dominion of Canada, and is lighter in the Southern States of America. But this may be owing to the greater altitude in which it lives in the latter district. Another exception is the Alaska Red Fox. This is also demonstrated in the case of plants and birds, and even in the human race. The negroes, Hindoos, etc., whose dark skins seem to have been produced by exposure to the sun’s rays, after many years’ stay in a colder climate lose a great deal of their colour, becoming a yellow or dusky-brown hue. When it is past the season of mid-winter, the skins become lighter, and it is therefore best to trap fur-bearing animals at this time. The new growth is always deeper in colour than the old coat. In forests and woods the colour is generally deeper. xiv INTRODUCTION. White has always been considered a mark of distinc- tion. It is mentioned at an early age in Scripture (Judges, v. 10). The North American Indians set a high value on a white Buffalo skin, which they consider ** good medicine,” and give several horses in exchange for it. The Alaska Indians now esteem highly a pure White Marten skin, and are willing to pay five Otter or Fox skins for it. The reverence with which the White Elephants are regarded in Siam is a well-known fact. The late King Cetewayo kept a herd of royal coronation white cattle. They must have been very beautiful, as the Zulu cattle, although smaller than Alderneys, are extremely well-made and handsome. We cannot but consider the wild white cattle of Chillingham Park to be. the descendants of a tame variety become feral. Their ancestors were probably imported for the sacri- fices of the Druids, and their descendants became wild in the turbulent times and drove out the smaller Celtic Ox from the centre of the country. The Zebu, the sacred Ox of India, is white, and at the same time tame. These white animals, including the Charolais breed of France, seem to have been of great size and strength. They are perhaps all derived from the same ancestor as the Chillingham, and the Zebu would probably inter- breed readily with the latter. A few Albinos, drab, and parti-coloured animals are found in almost every species. The original colour of all wild animals was probably brown, grey, and black, the first-named being the most numerous. White animals, as a race, are only found in the extreme north. In temperate climes white, spotted, and mottled colours seem to be produced by artificial breeding. INTRODUCTION. XV The most ancient breed of sheep was probably black, like the Persian and Arabian sheep. Many dark sheep are found in the Highlands of Scotland, Shetland, Iceland, Italy, ete. The white seem to have been selected for the sake of the wool. Blue, which is of such frequent occurrence in plants, is seldom found in animals, the only species in which this colour is found being the Blue-faced Mandrill. The so-called Blue Fox is rather of a deep drab. Red is of frequent occurrence; for instance, the Red Fox, Red Squirrel, Red Monkey, Black-backed Jackal, ete. Cold has a great effect on the colour of the fur of animals, as well as on the plumage of birds. It turns them in many instances pure white, thus preventing them from being seen in the snow by their enemies, and also serving to retain the heat in their bodies, white being a worse conductor of heat than black or drab. The White Fox, Ermine, and Hare furnish good examples of this ; and amongst birds the pheasant of the Himalayas and the ptarmigan of Norway. In severe weather in this country the common Hare begins to assume the winter coat; the cheeks, back of the ears, and hind-quarters becoming white, or greyish-white, and the white of the belly extending further into the sides. The Arctic Hare has some of the colour remaining in the tip of the ears, and the Ermine and White Fox in the tip of the tail. Quatiry. The quality of the fur depends to a great extent on the mildness or severity of the winter. A cold winter produces the best fur, and a mild winter the reverse. Xvi INTRODUCTION. This is not, however, always the case, for in a very rigorous winter, if food be not abundant, the animals suffer from exposure and want ; their coats become thin, and many of them die. The quality depends also on altitude, the fur becoming thicker and finer as a greater height (and consequently lower’ temperature) is attained. The Snow Leopard, which is found at a eee of 8,000 feet, is a good illus- tration of this. Open water, such as Jakes and seas, render the fur thicker. When on an exposed sea-coast the sea-air renders the fur coarse, as in the fauna of Nova Scotia, Kamschatka, and Kadiak Island. Exposed steppes have the same effect as the sea-air, rendering the fur coarse, but to a lesser degree, as in the Turkestan Leopard. Woods and forests render the fur finer ; for instance, the Timber or Forest Wolves have finer fur than those living on the exposed prairie. The density of pine or fir forests is a good protection from the northern blasts, making the country warm and inhabitable, and tends to increase animal life in high latitudes. Siberia, when densely covered with forests, was much warmer than it is at the present time. Half-seasoned skins are usually blue-pelted; that is, with a dark-bluish stripe down the back or sides. The third quality are generally quite dark, of a deep greenish- blue hue. Inthe pelt of the Racoon there is sometimes ‘a peculiar bluish mark, shaped like a horn. This is probably owing to the skins not having been quite seasoned. Veiny skins are usually poor in quality. The young have usually a thicker, although sometimes a coarser INTRODUCTION. xvii coat, than the adult animals. The Mongolian Tiger is a good example. Others, such as the Phocide, or Hair- Seals, are only thickly-furred when quite young, losing the thick and woolly covering when they enter the water. Size. As the wild animals decrease gradually in colour towards the Poles, so they increase in size. Thisisa very natural effect, for in a more northern and colder latitude, animals have a great range of country to traverse in order to procure their necessary food, thus developing bone and muscle, and causing interbreeding of the species. Moreover, the elimination of the more weakly animals through rigour of climate, and the consequent greater abundance of food for those remain- ing, are causes likely to increase the size. Notable examples are the White Hare, Beaver, Red Fox, Skunk, Rabbit, Bay Lynx, and Tiger. The Sitka Musk-rat is a curious exception, which is difficult to account for, unless by reason of scarcity of food in this district. The size of all animals is also increased by domesti- cation. This is effected by crossing the various strains, and is intensified by judicious high feeding. The domestic Rabbit, and many breeds of cattle are cases in point. In-breeding makes the stock become more symmetrical, but smaller, and if cairied to too great an extent, sterility ensues. XVill INTRODUCTION. Sex. The number of females of any species is supposed by many naturalists to exceed that of the males, but this is pure hypothesis. We only seem to have any true statistics in the case of the human race, the dog, and perhaps the Alaska Seal. In these it is generally accepted that the sexes are of almost the same number. We must not suppose that by observing an abundance of one sex in a certain district or at a certain time, that the particular sex is predominant ; we find a super- abundance of females in England, and a like proportion of the opposite sex in Australia. Again, the Red Deer and others congregate in herds of different sexes at different times of the year. Although the Fur Seal is polygamous, yet the propor- tion of the young is equal, the young bachelors con- gregating together separately, as also do the females before and after leaving the Prybilov Islands. The males in migrating arrive several weeks before the females, as in the case of birds. The sexes of cattle and sheep are of about equal numbers. FasHion. Fashion exercises a great influence over the prices of furs. Skins, that for some years have been neglected, and almost unsaleable, owing to the vagaries of fashion, suddenly assume a high value, an advance of 50 or 100 per cent. in these days of quick communication and transit not being much thought of, although a rise of INTRODUCTION. XIX 30 or 40 per cent. was considered sufficient a few years ago. Any fashion, if constantly kept up, would probably lead to the extinction of many species, but its frequent changes give the animals time to increase. The Hudson’s Bay Company have a good plan of passing over for a time any district that is exhausted. The furs of a country are, as a rule, only used to a minor extent there, a great number being exported, and, on the other hand, many foreign ones are imported, the want of one country being supplied by the abundance of another, thus stimulating and promoting commerce. QUANTITIES. The immense number of fur skins imported will perhaps astonish many readers, and the more so, as the importa- tion of the skins of many animals is increasing every year. Some quantities, however, are stationary; and others are on the decrease. Certain wild animals, especially those of large size, are steadily decreasing ; but, on the other hand, many animals, such as the Racoon, American and Australian Opossum, increase with the settlement of the country, feeding in the culti- vated fields, and thus procuring food more readily than when the land was unreclaimed. The prolific nature of the Rabbit was well known in former times, and its enormous increase in Australia in a few years, a decade at most, does not cause the same astonishment ; itis, moreover, a matter of history that the Rabbit almost devastated a small island in ancient times. Another cause for the increase in the quantities captured is the facility of transit by means of railways and steamers. bY XX INTRODUCTION. Quantities are nevertheless subject to a certain degree to the demand. If the fashion sets in for a certain fur, it is soon known to the trappers, who pursue the animal with greater vigour, and capture as large a quantity as possible, neglecting those whose skins are in less de- mand, and which in some cases hardly pay the expenses of trapping, collecting, and shipping. The Indians, on the other hand, trap all sorts of fur-bearing animals, and refuse to do business with a collector if he will not buy all the kinds. Having therefore paid too much for the unmarketable skins, and perhaps too little for the more saleable articles, the collector is obliged to re-value his purchases after the settlement of the transactions. In the subjoined list of the Hudson’s Bay Company’s sales, the quantities quoted are those that are imported towards the end of the previous year, excepting those shipments which are delayed by the ice to the north of Hudson’s Bay; these do not arrive till the year after. The goods from the North-West district were originally sold in the year in which they arrived, but since the September sales have been suspended, they are sold the following year. As they take much longer in the voyage than those from the other districts, they have been quoted for the year in which they arrive. 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QUANTITIES oF AMERICAN Wolver- coke, |e | Meet | -Oetads W depate || greg ol Beaver. Beaver, 1752 | 10,148 | 33,675 24,639 | 1,296 | 4,009 913 | 670 1753 | 9,061 | 29,041 25,725 | 1,388 7,179 | 1,015 712 1754 | 7,295 | 22,970 10,787 | 1,123 4,198 638 721 1755 | 7,441 | 27,755 9,671 | 1,191 1,444 753 868 1756 | 7,825 | 25,049 6,050 | 1,192 838 | 1,229 847 1757 | 9,846 | 26,388 5,352 | 1,839 631 572 751 1758 | 8,000 | 29,886 7,882 | 1,805 917 352 652 1759 | 7,000 | 20,110 20,295 | 1,250 1,881 | 2,445 934 1760 | 9,900 | 23,196 22,465 | 1,514 3,842 | 4,755 871 1761 | 13,300 | 30,446 18,547 | 2,939 5,838 | 2,719 952 1762 | 13,000 | 36,265 13,389 | 2,557 5,820 | 2,057 {1,221 1763 | 9,853 | 24,881 17,332 | 1,478 6,000 | 2,207 | 1,822 1764 | 10,500 | 23,088 11,814 | 1,553 8,005 | 2,892 843 1765 | 14,450 | 30,450 7,558 | 1,935 1,771 | 1,536 755 1766 | 10,400 | 28,536 8,066 | 2,144 1,188 | 2,445 486 1767 | 10,500 | 23,436 20,768 | 1,752 1,088 | 3,328 885 1768 | 6,300 | 17,950 19,949 | 1,438 1,128 | 1,146 473 1769 | 6,750 | 18,767 15,897 | 1,171 2,508 952 | 481 1770 | 9,500 | 95,273 26,047 | 1,296 4,012 | 3,588 604 1771 | 9,900 | 99,497 22,496 | 1,605 4,225 | 2,126 | 983 1772 | 8,850 | 19,851 12,626 | 1,490 5,463 | 1,451 742 1773 | 5,700 | 17,689 9,891 | 1,579 2,301 | 1,552 570 1774 | 4,600 | 19,472 16,739 | 1,958 1,744 609 407 1775 | 4,050 | 16,668 19,742 | 1,698 705 911 451 1776 | 4,900 | 15,964 18,143 | 1,778 1,157 674 337 1777 | 5,700 | 25,597 17,798 | 2,144 2,823 887 434 1778 | 4,300 | 20,033 16,730 | 1,584 2,478 558 199 1779 | 2,900 | 17,320 17,484 | 1,343 1,245 988 193 1780 | 7,070 | 26,867 22,060 | 2,401 8,168 | 2,188 344 1781 | 6,360 | 35,763 18,277 | 2,174 | 2,966 2,149 896 1782 | 2,050 | 18,759 7,466 | 2,306 1,553 |, 593 121 1783 | 1,500 | 13,100 18,420 | 1,750 960 540 87 1784 | 2,500 | 15,500 13,800 | 1,400 980 440 90 1785 | 3,200 | 24,350 16,322 | 1,996 822 515 218 1786 | 3,950 | 25,095 23,365 | 9,145 801 999 234 1787 | 8,800 | 37,100 27,960 | 8,000 1,080 | 1,620 250 1788 | 2,900 | 38,390 25,070 | 2,940 2,050 | 1,440 | 270 1789 | 4,900 | 41,690 23,901 | 2,674 1,550 | 3,778 242 1790 | 3,600 | 41,530 18,847 | 2,899 970 | 2,990 | 249 1791 | 5,276 | 49,738 20,954 | 8,701 1,603 | 5,823 202 1792 | 3,600 | 46,930 21,095 | 2,983 1,400 | 6,000 | 300 1798 | 4,724 | 49,949 11,639 | 3,338 1,546 | 2,180 | 995 1794 | 4,024 | 39.517 8,627 | 8,737 989 | 1,837 296 1795 | 8,664 | 51,193 15,547 | 4,667 1,102 | 2,834 344 1796 | 2,516 | 48,697 25,787 | 4,364 1,149 | 2,688 312 1797 | 2,901 | 44,516 80,374 | 4,151 1,625 | 8,780 388 1798 | 2,595 | 48,418 18,488 | 4,006 1,541 (11,754 410 1799 | 1,728 | 39,995 22,875 | 3,997 2,269 | 7,440 397 ee ee INTRODUCTION. XX1i1 Furs (Hupson’s Bay Co.). Bear. | Wolf. | Mink, [Musk-rat. | Raccoon, | Elie and Rabbit, | Pishor. 350 988 233 553 534 a 375 1,820 88 285 419 esa 250 | 1,071 ses ei ae e 414 | 1,450 as 443 .| 1,927 bo 333 1,621 ae 340 2,452 Pe 367 | 4,008 iad 434 8,395 ma 621 4,718 nA! 585 8,212 ae ide ce 541 2,731 147 2,789 eee ae 648 | 4,073 Be a 1,072 oe 494 | 3,461 120 | 1,269 1,927 is 706 4,226 133 ste a we 732 5,905 302 5,279 2,885 534 409 | 2,914 307 | 1,458 4,010 110 442 | 3,080 174 | 2,312 590 116 373 5,476 160 1,199 2,274 160 401 | 8,565 129 622 8,237 120 275 2,703 94 9438 8,944 97 269 | 4,263 116 | 2,328 4,499 67 250 583 168 | 5,918 3,127 18 226 | 1,955 163 | 4,909 3,920 30 243 383 192 5,626 ah 3,206 86 3809 613 290 4,857 807 8,945 99 314 875 197 8,700 800 1,252 36 219 80 263 4,095 416 500 46 309 ‘2,644 221 6,100 289 6,421 56 310 1,166 218 4,750 300 3,025 95 406 375 150 | 2,750 430 516 85 350 1,480 200 5,830 ee 100 59 230 480 150 2,500 540 700 40 196 1,820 188 4,040 488 1,403 74 172 | 2,393 871 | 5,161 401 | 2,379 95 170 3,500 380 5,700 840 1,490 ei 80 210 2,580 366 4,360 660 8,665 8,200 30 384 2,423 464 5,197 502 2,980 4,440 | 181 341 3,038 308 8,801 406 3,480 4,602 | 100 479 8,287. 567 9,004 604 3,036 9,294 | 182 450 3,450 888 5,250 wee 4,060 wae 145 3872 3,007 Bue 5,147 347 1,820 862 | 146 459 2,619 884 |12,776 664 2,923 4,130 | 282 629 8,741 876 |19,532 1,075 8,358 | 17,470 | 344 466 4,734 1,035 | 10,390 733 4,217 | 12,072 | 242 526 7,681 1,145 | 12,708 867 2,876 9,646 | 457 549 8,264 1,148 9,309 910 4,097 7,917 | 465 675 | 11,636 1,240 | 10,557 2,209 8,988 | 14,447 | 584 Xxiv INTRODUCTION. QuantITIES oF AMERICAN Furs leet, | Bach | aarton, | otter. | Lynx | ox, |*9lve") peor. | Wott 1800 | 1,668 | 35,037 | 30,053] 3,694] 3,708] 10,164; 495) 605] 5,693 1801 | 1,406 | 33,253} 22,949| 3,486) 4,495|32,754| 466] 672} 3,122 1802 | 2,150 | 37,187] 18,265] 3,911| 3,658/17,155| 377] 683] 4,666 1803 | 1,642) 32,197| 9,893) 3,897] 2,083] 7,624| 365] 607! 4,035 1804 | 1,668 | 31,737 | 17,182| 4,160] 1,091] 3,109; 358] 560| 3,252 1805 | 1,862 ) 28,083) 22,318] 4,548} 820| 8,322] 356) 529} 3,199 1806 | 1,011 | 20,732] 40,182] 3,447] 1,052/18,284| 318} 566) 4,260 1807 | 1,050 | 29,759| 40,476] 4,320] 1,588] 3,052] 401] 759| 4,181 1808 | 1,684 | 32,884) 33,706| 5,077| 2,788| 3,741| 163|1,060] 3,704 1809 | 1,495! 32,025] 2,350] 866] 277) 2,700) 37] 162]. 97 1810 | 1,274 | 28,720} 51,807) 8,206] 7,029] 7,114] 401 | 1,560 | 16,330 1811 | 1,060 | 15,524| 11,339] 3.044! 2,593] 2,019) 155] 425] 3.169 1812 | 1,525 | 41,873 | 24,495) 6492) 1,884] 5,273) 314/1,036| 5,933 1813] 672/18,066| 9,990! 3.495; 167) 1,319) 163] 684] 1,280 1814 | 462) 17,356) 23,106} 3,947} 122] 2,353] 116] 846] 505 1815 | 698| 10,380} 21,787) 2,908] 131] 8,802| 166) 466) 1,520 1816) ... |11,248] 16,628| 9,997; 116] 1,993/ 38] 154 20 1817 | 651) 97,815| 56,648] 5,837} 347) 3,704) 182|1,094| 2,189 1818 | 551} 25,493) 65,139) 7,758! 845] 2.979] 991} 1,568! 5,077 1819 | 480/17,356) 65,851| 4,211] 1,533| 3,811) 257| 763] 2.994 1820 | 281 | 15,683} 62,411| 3,747] 2,901) 2,964, 247| 960| ‘697 1821 | 297 | 20,565) 69,995] 5,394] 4,198] 3,847! 181 1,511 3 1822 | 9210] 59,847) 87,884] 7,381) 8,986| 8,048) 778|2,700| 985 1823 | 706 | 46,202| 62,861] 8,069] 7,173| 5,119) 579!9319] 384 1824 | 1,309 | 76,060) 61,216 | 10,528! 6,456) 3,309] 631|2,188| 727 1825 | 800) 66,600| 61,520| 9,635| 5,104| 3,730| 694/3,139| 1,141 1826 | 1,652 | 61,400) 88,839| 7,895| 5,161|10,011) 590|2,118] 1.568 1827 | 472) 51,125 | 105,561 | 9,051| 7,254} 2,757} 513/ 2,600} 1,057 1828 57,200 | 83,417 | 10,552 | 11,550| 7,706| 402|2,999| 1/269 1829 65,614 | 73,860} 11,192 | 20,558] 4,192) 454\1,941| 1.961 1830 95,718 | 95,524] 3,795 | 24,611| 4,534| 652] 1,583) 3°196 1831 | ... | 87,000| 96,450 | 18,100 | 38,200] 4,453 | 1,242| 3,490] 3,140 1832 | Ibs. | 70,100| 37,954) 13,012 | 16,347 | 4,674 | 1,472| 4.158] 6.371 *1g83 | 264/32,903| 17,732| 5,442} 870, 522) 114/1.500| 567 +1834 | 1,074 | 98,288 | 64,490 | 29,308 | 14,955) 9,937! 1,571 | 7.451! 8,484 1835 | 860] 78,908 | 61,005 | 15,487 | 6,990 | 15,694 | 1,265 | 4,127) 3.799 $1836 | 939 | 51,788 | 56,893 | 10,208| 4,440| 2378] 145|29191) 958 §1837 | 804 | 82,997 | 156,168 | 15,934 | 31,887 | 25,008 | 2,166 | 7.563 7,081 1838 | 165 | 61,868] 83,709 | 10,792 | 45,152) 6,726| '948|4:161| 1,875 1839 | 198 | 56,288] 63,129] 9,465 | 66,691 | 8,626 | 1,328 | 41087] 6,869 1840 | 220 | 55,481] 56,860| 8,636 | 35,843 | 12,681 | 1,998 | 4.993 | 8.185 1841] 322|50,900| 57,848 | 7,158 | 45,143| 8,407 | 2,034 | 5,409 | 9/550 1842 | 372] 40,305 | 63,529] 5,960|10,034| 7,115 | 1,647] 5.576] 8,696 1843 | 184 | 39,086} 70,532| 6,820] 8,247] 9,061 | 1,229 | 6,040 | 10.738 1844 | 409 | 38,252/ 71,954| 6,971] 7,173 | 11,104 | 1,080 | 5;700 | 13,204 1845 | 484 | 41,111 | 103,621] 6,398 | 10,359 | 16,312 | 1,075 | 4’329 | 10,191 1846 | 190 | 65,189 | 148,670 | 8,168 | 21,180 | 12,597| ‘938 | 6,339 | 8,599 1847 | 211 | 26,892 | 146,187] 6,648 | 31,062 | 19,759| 985 | 5.630 | 10.795 1848 | 187 | 40,845 | 115,823 | 9,266 | 47,065 | 20,219 | 1,126 | 6,003 | 7,969 * YF, MR not arrived this year. t Including YF, MR of 1833. INTRODUCTION. XXV (Hupson’s Bay Co.)—continued. Mink. | Musk-rat, ee ee ae Fisher.} Swan. Gaaio- Badger, 1,344 15,272 | 1,979 | 5,185 | 21,825) 578 1,078 15,894 | 2,329 | 2,642) 24,600] 393 923 8,534 | 1,635 | 8,886; 18,099! 418 678 10,757 | 1,522 | 8,556} 10,618) 762] ... we 847 16,153 | 890 | 4,314 9,856] 228) 168 at 1,399 31,100 | 1,062 | 4,992 | 28,048) 211] 4385 : 1,880 | 21,046) 1,500 | 4,441 | 84,746] 417| 396 : 2,662 14,886 |:1,013 ) 4,059 | 54,836} 502 | 1,192 : 3,185 24,660 | 1,173 | 5,889 | 25,914) 714 | 1,067 : 706 | 21,167/1,152} 45) 384,210] 164] 1,652 . 4,499 32,564 | 1,071 | 4,852 | 101,072} 980/4,6381] ... ‘ 660 25,268} 101] 5138] 22,580) 614] 517 398 44,144] 168|8,854| 15,003) 570] 588 : 541 80,381 96; 141 2,506 | 317 | 4,805 ‘ 1,065 | 188,772] 46] 394] 9,105] 550 |-3,884 ‘ 1,324 99,534 70 48| 19,855| 838 | 3,835 ‘ 533 18,983 |... vias 19,427 51 25 ‘ 2,475 154,070 22 85 | 77,052; 395 | 3,670 % 3,567 | 63,357) 87! 772) 14,268} 962 2,463 4 1,638 | 62,431] ... 49| 16,955} 802] 9279 ; 1,722 66,236 | 300/ 258) 19,682; 779] 718 ‘ 2,647 | 113,914] 350} 300] 16,650] 879 8 - 4,667 | 156,279| 290}; 992] 9,561/1,805) 447 : 4,549 217,646 64; 578 970 | 1,289 | 1,507 5,929 | 306,891] 51] 3,221 830 | 1,688 | 3,377 5,559 235,000 78| 712 se 1,820 | 3,911 6,952 | 397,597) 153|1,633| 2,330 | 1,440 | 5,817 11,119 | 473,298] 138) 1,000| 5,444 | 1,825 | 5,052 13,969 859,093 79 | 2,779 sis 1,321 | 4,307 16,592 {1,062,513 | 107 | 3,340 1,482 | 3,784 7,672 396,300] ... ao see 974 | 5,686) ... 22,700 728,000 | 177 1,380 | 3,400 | 8,559 | lbs. 9,990 387,000 | 372 a 2,970 | 4,994 | 2,707 6,506 63,374 | 210 : 682] ... 759 25,100 694,092 | 713 i 5,296 | 7,918 | 3,462 17,809 |1,111,646| 522 . | 2,479 | 4,708 | 3,029 16,049 161,053 | 1,900 . 1,435 12 / 1,475 27,750 | 838,549] 585 . | 6,115 | 6,600 | 2,788 15,641 | 188,545] 273 ~ — | 3,590 } 3,251 | 2,080 19,141 | 573,600 | 1,115 . | 4,962 | 2,704 | 1,520 22,190 | 198,236 | 1,034]... ». | 6,401 | 2,129 | 1,667 17,093 100,640 | 1,175 | 2,492 ‘ 5,293 | 2,002 | 1,492 17,780 | 549,577 | 1,820 | 8,790 4,040 | 1,940] 1,161) ... 25,382 548,155 | 1,898 | 3,790 4,302 | 2,456] 773| 883 24,855 265,117 | 1,763 | 2,161 sete 4,504 | 2,576 | 1,055 | 1,887 32,031 295,617 | 1,467 806 | 285,607 | 4,678 | 2,453 | 2,060 | 1,115 53,264 | 308,172 | 1,805 | 8,518) 29,006 | 5,805 } 1,922 | 1,746 | 1,225 36,621 | 248,710] 1,140) 1,971 | 25,840 | 5,269 | 1,573 | 1,657 | 798 37,123 224,347 | 2,091 | 2,395 ae 5,894 | 1,522)1,170| 769 + YE not arrived this year. § Including YF of 1836. XXvi INTRODUCTION. QUANTITIES OF AMERICAN Furs 23 7 % & 3 Ppa Marten. | Otter. | Lynx. Fox. bela Bear. Wolf. Mink. 1849 |185| 82,502] 65,558 | 11,810 | 48,253 | 15,977 | 1,465 | 6,342 | 12,045] 34,712 1850 |452| 49,517] 66,069] 9,155 | 20,604 | 10,842 | 1,454] 5,876] 9,783; 24,772 1851 |147] 62,130} 80,005] 8,296} 9,808 | 12,107 |1,374] 6,021 | 8,087| 17,827 1852 | 61] 52,480] 90,683] 9,221] 6,722] 17,070 '1,508| 8,340] 8,558] 27,413 1853 | ... | 60,691} 85,603 | 12,3818] 4,850 | 14,883] 1,104} 6,864] 7,228] 389,686 1854 |... | 62,914 | 127,019 | 11,885 | 4,907 | 16,003 | 1,086 | 6,612 | 13,830} 49,373 1855 | ... | 72,425 | 177,052 | 10,228 | 10,764 | 23,620 | 1,052 | 9,027] 8,515] 58,628 1856 | ... | 76,825 | 175,494 | 18,992 | 21,511 | 25,178 | 1,065 | 8,814] 9,499) 54,924 1857 | ... | 86,414 | 182,752 | 12,483 | 32,264 | 25,271| 933) 7,326] 7,451] 65,522 1858 | ... | 94,053 | 186,451 | 18,011 | 33,038 | 22,882 | 1,099 | 8,259 | 12,834] 73,066 1859 | ... | 106,797 | 120,480 | 12,454 | 27,460 | 24,816 | 1,319 | 8,539) 8,781] 55,720 1860 | ... | 107,745} 77,844 | 13,664 | 15,968 | 20,801 | 1,394] 7,654) 5,980] 32,548 1861 | ... | 105,562} 74,062 | 14,205 | 7,927 | 16,809 | 1,547 | 7,487) 8,909] 38,306 1862 | ... | 109,686) 78,089/]18,659| 4,616 | 17,479|1,295| 7,086] 8,904] 45,584 1863 | ... | 127,674 | 105,659 | 14,527 | 4,570 | 21,774 | 1,374 | 7,792] 8,204] 59,599 *1864 | ... | 118,118 | 115,430 | 12,606 | 4,760 | 17,670 | 1,212} 7,349] 5,427) 68,724: +1865 | ... | 155,880 | 145,889 | 19,991 | 17,044 | 22,844 |1,057| 8,249) 12,3878] 49,349 1866 | .. | 150,192 | 115,560 | 14,626 | 34,732 | 25,829} 706/ 7,687] 6,610} 53,113 1867 | ... | 145,654 | 96,114 | 14,609 | 68,097 | 42,912) 927} 6,360] 7,427] 73,752 1868 | ... | 158,110 | 163,088 | 12,678 | 70,372 | 48,836 | 1,643} 8,116] 9,318) 81,769 1869 | ... | 129,039) 67,072 | 11,818 | 39,119 | 28,542 | 1,396 | 8,600), 5,047] 35,081 1870 | ... | 173,181] 50,193 | 12,628 | 19,992 | 17,797 | 1,824 | 7,778] 5,169] 28,184 1871 | ... | 174,461] 54,333 | 12,778 | 8,806 | 15,861 | 1,747) 7,880] 8,701] 385,660 1872 | ... | 157,764] 64,587 | 11,4381 | 5,679 | 25,400 | 1,637 | 9,357] 7,016] 44,352 *1873 | ... | 105,369] 62,488] 8,875] 4,839 | 20,501 |1,761| 6,884] 38,470] 55,496 +1874 | ... | 189,893 | 125,733 | 11,766 | 10,045 | 23,552 | 1,386) 7,163} 2,565) 63,810 1875 | ... | 129,976 | 87,803 | 12,414 | 17,849 | 20,555 | 1,265] 6,499} 2,417] 83,319 1876 | ... | 126,959] 84,439 | 11,559 | 18,868 | 20,145 | 1,282] 7,737] 2,071] 79,206 1877 | ... | 145,706 | 83,835 | 12,278 | 48,575 | 52,693 | 1,881 | 8,680] 3,128] 90,080 1878 | ... | 147,263 | 55,489 | 13,201 | 37,490 | 26,168 | 2,000 | 7,565] 2,575] 63,318 1879 | ... | 182,099} 52,578] 9,988 | 21,291 |-22,594|1,909| 7,557] 4,813] 86,360 1880 | ... | 120,836 | 46,529 | 10,124 | 14,767 | 18,487 | 2,322 | 8,336) 3,032] 38,828 1881 | ... | 119,698} 54,370 | 10,317 | 10,053 | 14,855 | 1,621} 7,862] 1,486] 40,834 1882 | ... | 118,728] 66,821 | 12,292) 7,581 | 14,545 | 1,881) 9,139) 2,081] 56,882 1883 | ... | 104,459} 70,802) 9,207) 8,016 | 13,333 | 1,568) 5,515) 1,555] 52,958 #1884 | ... | 119,549] 78,755 | 12,270 | 27,119 | 6,969 | 1,528 | 10,808 | 1,820 | 110,610 §1885 | ... | 102,589 | 78,857 | 10,867 | 51,414 | 19,039} 1,198) 8,886] 1,226) 76,398 1886 ... | 83,589} 50,842] 8,322 | 73,878 | 19,947 | 1,244 | 8,283) 1,161] 64,215 91887 | ... | 102,745 | 72,939 | 11,597 | 78,555 | 385,157 | 2,489 | 9,763) 4,749} 82,941 1888 | ... | 33,061] 64,179! 8,748 | 33,720 | 27,611 | 2,020 | 9,139) 3,330] 43,641 1889 73,355 | 72,713) 9,280 | 18,726 | 18,649 | 2,243 | 11,643 | 2,495] 35,400 **1890 | ... | 64,246) 64,689 | 8,180 | 11,445 | 22,017 | 1,388 | 10,542 | 4,237 | 29,368 * MR, EM not arrived this year. +t Including Mz EM, of 1864. t Including MR, EM of 1873. | Part of YF not imported. Cam Owens wrecked. INTRODUCTION. (Hupson’s Bay Co.)—continued. XXVil Rac- |Elkand| Rabbit, |. Casto- IBadger,| a1. ‘ Musk-rat. | coon, Deer. Amer. Fisher. | Swan. hae ee Skunk. Baal deal. 179,075 | 1,289] 653| 24,301 | 7,500} 1,510] 1,796} 1,140| 1,263! 1,308] .. 192,261 | 1,442] 1,326) 15,621 | 6,522 | 1,016 | 1,728 738 ite 1,064 a 291,281 | 1,712 Se 26,781 | 5,027 | 1,093 | 1,264 | 1,471 | 1,453 122 re 488,288 | 1,633 54,827 | 6,053 | 1,009 | 2,888 | 1,710] 1,618 953 =x 527,161 | 1,481 oie 82,480 | 5,218 | 1,804 | 2,849] 956| 4,459) 1,750 ? 819,444 | 1,052 459 | 82,814 | 4,049 | 1,283 | 8,009} 900] 5,959] 2,404 ae 260,805 } 1,978 283 | 91,316 | 5,333 | 1,043 | 3,230 | 1,240 | 11,318 | 2,777 se 995,847 | 1,370 58 | 70,685 | 5,618 646 | 8,179} 999] 17,728) 5,365 xe 811,953 | 1,929 149 | 84,489 | 5,643 775 | 8,994 11,185 | 8,124 | - 8,368 wa 948,862 | 2,140) 2,687] 95,534 | 6,258 802 | 3,976 | 1,869 | 8,483 | 14,002 Pa 206,156 | 1,959) 3,081] 62,543 | 7,633 840 | 4,181 | 1,773 | 9,970 | 12,761 we 205,471 | 2,560] 2,718] 29,590 | 6,415 | 1,028 | 4,573 | 1,218 | 3,674 | 12,095 od 330,527 | 2,871| 21242] 15,409 | 5,984 | 1,098 | 4'046 | 1,091 | 3,204 | 17,833 856,789 | 3,876| 4,279) 18,516 | 5,822 864 | 8,108 | 1,642 | 1,908 | 14,250 429,804 | 3,980] 10,491 | 39,258 | 5,036 851 | 4,075 | 1,295} 2,332 | 16,692 867,302 | 2,384) 3,200 5,052 | 4,715 771 | 2,942 | 1,562 | 2,063 | 15,145 424,875 | 4,150] 3,825 | 155,461 | 5,310 887 | 5,835 | 1,285} 2,765 | 16,3381 812,543 | 4,832) 3,715 | 144,519 | 4,432 989 | 5,298 618 | 2,755 | 14,9381 610,280 | 24,783) 4,170 | 106,279 | 5,951 247 | 3,082 | 1,644 | 6,067 | 14,845 469,775 | 5,811] 6,851] 45,909 | 7,376 725 | 8,674 | 1,781 | 6,115 | 9,654 275,963 | 4,887] 8,744] 22,668 | 8,917 803 | 4,664 | 2,288} 7,062} 8,062 436,509 | 2,411| 9,480 681 | 6,849 | 2,596 | 6,142) 1,986] 3,293] 2,722 590,916 | 2,967) 6,444 8,070 | 6,509 807 | 8,547 | 2,274 | 2,621] 9,821 711,174 | 1,630] 9,032 9,932 | 4,348 805 | 3,125 | 2,786 | 2,162) 3,445 — 659,159 3,582 | 6,858 6,434 | 3,271 271 | 3,209 | 1,512] 1,206] 8,775 891 474,942 | 3,114] 6,995] 60,520 | 3,272 266 | 1,923 | 1,870} 1,789} 6,125 | 2,344 626,711 | 7,193} 12,058| 491053 |3,274| 303|2,911/2,980| 2,644112,848| 93447 588,319 | 2,147] 11,229] 50,934 | 3,262 803 | 1,277 | 2,273} 2,444] 8,565 3816 464,297 999 | 18,628 | 104,123 | 5,706 164 | 1,610 | 2,474] 6,919] 4,485 813 511,993 506} 9,506 87,722 5,750 123 | 1,400 | 2,031 | 8,263 | 8,401) 1,779 519,963 607 | 6,700} 65,585 | 5,155 188 | 2,951 | 2,866} 8,140} 7,077] 1,186 830,100 813} 6,483] 17,593 | 4,987 250 | 2,516 | 1,867 | 6,768} 5,720] 3,808 1,028,187 584] 5,056) 10,950 | 5,171 198 | 8,286 | 1,428 | 5,239] 2,192} 3,085 1,081,489 803 | 2,922} 17,830 | 4,977 222 | 1,571 11,499] 7,163] 5,963 | 5,633 1,082,999 354 Bei 18,595 | 3,784 112 | 2,640} 746] 6,393] 1,896 134 817,003 142 18,072 | 4,170 246 | 2,020 | 1,330 | 12,628 380 573 847,050 124 sae 45,118 | 4,029 91 | 3,082 | 1,473 | 21,189 | 2,824 6 880,022 825] 1,558] 53,522 | 4,492 57 | 1,450 749 | 10,926 | 4,284 | 2,071 344,818 239 ier 136,726 | 6,188 134 | 2,501 | 1,109 | 16,322) 1,652] 2,025 223,615 217 803 | 187,685 | 5,387 109 | 2,033 777 | 11,298 | 1,278} 2,583 822,360 153 92} 94,150 | 6,580 93 | 2,872 | 1,801 | 10,747 | 1,632 482 574,742 Liz 150] 36,286 | 5,658 88 | 1,646 | 2,445 | 12,583 | 2,195 279 § Including WR, EM of 1884, No MR, EM of 1885; lost at sea. ** Part of YF not imported. q With part of YF 1886. XXvili INTRODUCTION. Quantities or AmERIcAN Furs Beaver. Bear. Otter. | Fisher. | Marten. | Wolf. we ce 1763 75,040 8,340 8,060 | 2,800 | 42,247 608 59 1764 88,000 5,000 7,000 | 3,000 | 30,000 200 100 1765 66,664 4,540 6,126 | 1,183 | 22,340 287 57 1766 92.295 8,902 10,669 | 3,816 | 35,085 824 104 1767 75,905 6,625 12,383 | 3,436 | 57,371 694 143 1768 55,064 6,582 7,773 | 1,895 | 44,490 646 74 1769 91,388 13,982 | 11,753 | 2,688 | 59,050,| 1,059 211 1770 97,182 11,201 12,000 | 4,845 | 48,028 815 113 1771 95,288 6,872 12,876 | 3,983 | 51,381 | 1,234 172 1772 | 107,829 9,289 18,410 | 3,123 | 45,980 | 2,880 337 1773 94,681 3,429 14,176 | 2,912 | 29,841 | 2,875 318 1774 98,827 5,912 | 14,737 | 2,899 | 38,263 | 5,382 358 1775 97,148 11,222 14,668 | 3,884 | 47,840 | 5,393 824 1776 92,612 6,169 11,953 | 3,397 | 56,787 | 8,279 323 1777 | 120,800 | 11,580 | 19,250 | 3,740 | 43,390 | 5,550 360 1778 | 109,000 | 12,100 | 14,600 | 3,000 | 45,500 | 6,700 400 1779 97,000 14,000 | 13,600 | 4,100 | 35,000 | 6,300 200 1780 | 101,500 10,000 16,000 | 4,200 | 37,000 | 6,300 200 1781 91,500 5,500 13,000 | 2,300 | 22,000 | 5,400 180 1782 | 116,000 9,550 15,100 | 3,300 | 24,000 |} 2,900 220 1783 | 105,000 12,500 19,700 | 3,700 | 48,300 | 5,750 300 1784 | 126,600 14,200 | 21,900 | 4,100 | 42,300 | 7,200 300 1785 | 121,000 12,400 19,600 | 4,500 | 36,000 | 7,700 350 1786 | 116,000 17,000 | 22,700 | 4,000 | 47,000 |13,000 500 1787 | 140,000 18,200 | 32,800 | 6,800 | 73,000 | 9,700 700 1788 | 127,000 14,000 19,300 | 4,600 | 52,000 | 9,500 450 1789 | 164,828 16,331 21,303 | 5,547 | 32,341 | 5,890 537 1790 | 161,500 16,000 | 21,000 | 5,500 | 33,000 | 5,800 550 1791 | 173,500 14,600 | 22,500 | 6,000 | 37,000 | 9,600 650 1792 | 165,000 20,000 | 21,000 | 6,300 | 61,000 | 8,300 750 1793 | 172,000 19,700 | 21,600 | 5,700 | 25,000 | 9,700 700 1794 | 152,800 17,200 47,200 | 4,800 | 37,000 | 7,600 950 1795 | 144,000 15,000 18,500 | 6,200 | 45,000 | 5,700 950 1796 | 180,500 15,800 16,700 | 3,700 | 31,000 | 6,700 950 1797 56,000 8,800 9,500 | 3,600 | 35,000 | 4,000 450 1798 | 110,000 17,000 14,500 | 5,500 | 45,000 | 8,700 750 1799 | 114,200 21,000 16,000 | 5,400 | 34,500 | 5,900 780 1800 | 129,200 24,500 | 18,000 | 6,000 | 40,000 | 2,400 | 1,000 1801 | 116,500 | 22,600 21,000 | 5,300 | 23,000 | 3,000 | 1,300 1802 | 140,000 17,000 19,000 | 6,300 | 20,000 | 4,600 | 1,400 1803 93,200 23,000 17,000 | 7,000 | 32,000 | 5,600 | 1,400 1804 | 110,000 17,600 20,000 | 6,000 | 25,000 | 8,200 | 1,300 1805 91,300 19,300 15,000 | 4,300 | 18,800 | 4,600 | 1,000 1806 | 106,000 16,000 12,000 | 7,000 | 54,000 | 1,000 200 1807 | 114,000 10,500 8,400 | 5,400 | 46,000 tie 50 1808 94,200 1,300 7,000 | 3,900 | 10,000 te aa 1809 | 101,800 550 6,200 | 8,000 800 se 450 1810 | 101,100 8,000 3,500 | 2,600 500 50 550 INTRODUCTION. XXIX (Unitep Strares, Canapa, ETC.). Cas- Lynx. Mink. |; Fox. Raccoon. | Musk-rat. Elk. | N.A. Deer. ee, 8. 4,150] 1,080) 2,300| 39,000 6,080 1,568 6,511 4,000] 1,100| 6,500| 87,000 12,000 700 8,000 2,851 | 1,235) 1,840] 54,951 32,099 1,038 2,917 ate 4,435 | 1,876] 1,723 | 101,066 47,011 2,078 8,670 | 2,225 8,905 | 3,904) 2,764| 56,750 17,644 8,348 4,808 | 1,964 2,160} 1,815] 1,010} 38,316 15,826 5,223 6,282 590 2,891 | 3,483| 3,845 | 117,307 25,826 7,079 15,828 | 2,257 5,873 | 3,524) 2,521 | 52,504 29,769 5,788 17,695 | 2,399 8,021; 2,967] 8,886] 48,025 30,204 4,050 82,565 | 2,308 7,179 | 38,9384] 3,096} 51,508 25,022 6,594 46,470 289 8,147 | 2,970} 38,800! 37,468 84,229 3,070 98,7384 | 2,645 6,360] 38,121] 3,481] 40,157 52,712 4,633 55,769 of - 11,051] 4,855] 6,006; 14,586 54,451 7,815 85,130 9,588 | 8,660| 4,488] 72,538 40,654 7,868 89,199 12,840 | 6,060 | 10,480 | 198,500 44,180 4,675 | 125,510 sae 12,000 | 4,800 | 10,600 | 173,000 66,800 8,200 | 130,000 | 1,500 8,500 | 6,700 | 12,000 | 125,000 62,000 4,000 | 116,000 | 1,200 10,000 | 8,000] 18,000| 19,700 64,000 5,500 | 138,000 Ss 5,000 | 6,800] 9,500] 85,000 73,000 5,800 71,000 wee 6,700 | 4,700 | 138,400| 80,500 50,400 5,700 95,000 | 2,000 8,300 | 7,200) 5,200) 95,000 69,000 5,600 | 123,000 | 1,000 9,400) 9,300) 7,800 | 173,600 87,800 7,500 | 227,000 | 1,000 9,700 | 9.800} 6,000) 96,000 | 133,000 8,800} 158,000 | 1,000 5,600 | 9,000] 6,000] 105,000 | 190,000 6,000 | 117,000 | 1,400 8,700 | 35,500 | 13,900 | 145,000 | 269,000 | 19,000} 142,000 | 1,500 8,900 | 11,000 | 7,000 | 114,000 31,000 6,700 | 140,000 | 2,000 8,990 | 17,714 | 8,540 | 161,180 | 201,840 4,040 94,000 | 4,000 9,000 | 17,700} 8,500} 161,000 | 200,000 1,000 94,000 | 4,000 9,400 | 21,000 | 11,000 | 178,000 | 147,000 2,000 86,000 | 6,000 10,000 |} 16,000 | 12,000 | 182,000 | 188,000 1,000 | 129,000 | 3,000 10,500 | 22,700] 8,500 | 187,000 29,000 600 | 125,000 | 5,000 9,200 | 12,800} 6,100 | 130,000 16,000 250 | 130,000 | 2,000 9,400] 8,600) 8,600 | 125,000 82,000 600 | 165,000 | 2,000 8,300} 9,000} 8,000 | 130,500 93,000 800°} 168,000 | 1,500 5,700 | 7,000] 9,600} 109,000 80,000 800 | ‘80,000 200 9,500 | 8,400; 11,000 ; 185,000 50,000 800 | 158,000 | 1,600 12,500} 8,000] 7,800 | 130,000 6.000 1,000 | 160,000 | 2,500 16,000 | 8,000 | 14,000 | 108,000 12,000 700 | 197,000 | 1,000 18,000 | 10,500 | 29,000; 95,000 ae 1,200 | 215,000 400 17,000 | 10,000 | 13,090 | 145,000 25,000 1,400 | 152,000 200 14,000 | 12,000 | 10,000 | 150,000 76,000 600 | 204,000 | 1,300 15,000 | 12,000} 9,000 | 180,000 93,000 1,100 | 246,000 300 8,800 | 11,200} 9,100 | 124,000 66,100 1,200 | 207,500 700 5,800 | 15,000 | 10,000 | 125,000 15,500 800 |} 216,000 600 6,200] 9,400) 1,500} 80,000 1,000 1,050 | 163,000 wee 5,800}. 9,000}, 1,000 | 123,000 5,400 600 | 103,500 con 5,900} 2,000 200} 47,000 15,000 860 81,600 150 2,800 “200 800 | 39,000 9,000 500 83,000 100 XXX INTRODUCTION QUANTITIES or American Furs Beaver. | Bear. | Otter. | Fisher. | Marten. | Wolf. Ba ca Lynx. | Mink. Fox. |Raccoon, 1811 | 80,000 400 | 2,200 | 2,500 ene we [ae 800 | 28,000 1812 | 93,000 | 4,500 | 7,800 | 1,100 600] ... |1,500] 7,800 ais, 4,800} 1,000 1818 | 70,000 | 7,000 | 7,500 | 2,300 -.- (5,200) 800) 4,000 200 | 1,800 ies 1814 | 67,000 | 2,600 | 7,000} 4,600 | 25,000} 200] 450} 1,700} 4,000) 1,800! 3,000 1815 | 57,500 | 2,500 | 5,600 | 2,500] 36,000] 100) 100 200] 4,610] 3,000 | 19,000 1816 | 40,600 | 7,000 | 9,500 | 3,500 | 30,000 /1,000 | 200] 2,300} 9,000] 4,000 | 45,000 1817 | 55,000 | 3,400 | 7,200 | 3,700 | 67,000 {8,100 | 850] 2,700) 7,500 | 3,700, 15,000 1818 | 55,000 | 3,800 | 9,600 | 3,900 | 84,000 |2,000 | 300} 4,000) 9,000; 3,600} 15,000 1819 | 51,000 | 5,500 |10,000 } 4,000 | 76,000 ]1,800 | 500] 6,000 | 11,000 | 6,000 | 30,000 1820 | 56,000 | 3,000 | 6,000 } 2,400 )105,000 |2,600 | 400] 6,200] 17,500} 6,000} 15,800 1821 | 58,300 | 7,000 | 8,500 | 4,000) 80,000 |1,100 | 400 /10,000 | 11,000 | 13,000 |143,000 1822 | 65,652 | 6,572 | 9,471 | 3,855 103,098 |1,109 | 394 |12,280 | 81,435 | 15,202 /151,622 1823 | 10,016 | 4,068 | 3,096 | 3,474 | 26,254 31 33 | 3,946 | 24,149 | 18,072 | 79,390 1824 | 2,616 | 3,519] 1,740 | 5,440] 33,898 | 146 6 | 5,913 | 19,837 | 9,031 | 42,834 1825 | 9,677 | 9,006 | 2,600 | 5,824 | 38,054) 521 12) 7,148 | 42,617 | 22,131 | 52,643 1826 | 5,923 | 9,851 | 3,899 | 5,829] 68,812] 900 43 | 7,120] 55,901 | 34,703 | 83,257 1827} 4,906 | 5,958 | 2,524 | 6,847 | 42,451) 149 12 | 5,190 | 44,963 | 18,810 | 76,405 1828 | 12,581 | 9,640 | 1,440! 5,681 | 82,257) 194 87 | 6,108 | 64,855 | 39,817 | 79,415 1829 | 9,388 {10,616 | 4,148 | 5,518 | 66,738 | 299 28 | 5,968 | 60,560 | 15,740 |110,340 1830 | 7,332 |12,730 | 7,510 | 7,140 | 82,256) 750 16 | 9,220 | 90,550 | 52,990 |172,470 1831 | 12,002 | 8,789 | 3,624 | 8,920} 78,800] 727 25 | 9,420 |102,882 | 53,648 |209,497 1832) 5,753 |13,569 | 4,160 |11,143 | 57,151 | 829 7 | 8,318 | 95,712 | 67,647 [847,552 1833 | 17,871 |20,387 | 5,645 | 6,215 | 53,687 |2,400 | 188 /16,940 | 93,216 | 69,730 |863,288 1834 | 18,641 |13,707 | 3,920 | 6,003 | 59,240 /2,870 | 557 | 5,529 | 96,550 |71,425 |219,164 1835 | 3,318 | 7,590 | 2,922 | 5,700 | 51,425 12,041 60 | 2,486 |116,447 | 61,994 |274,651 1836,| 4,460} 9,974-] 2,840 | 4,832 | 53,814 !1,720 25 | 8,982 104,471 | 62,099 |273,510 1837 | 17,065 | 4,202 |10,848 | 5,587 | 55,780 1,750 15 | 9,350 | 78,689 |68,458 |204,106 1838 | 10,559 | 5,080 | 9,283 | 5,130} 56,245 |1,442 11 | 6,766 | 75,823 | 58,375 |177,017 1839; 9,024 | 5,204 | 1,880] 4,350 | 71,300 /1,750 10 | 8,725 | 95,700 | 52,249 |250,100 1840 975 | 4,819 | 7,359 | 3,486 | 58,900 |1,112 14 | 8,982 |101,450 | 41,041 |283,088 1841 | 6,587 | 6,360} 8,720 | 6,185 | 46,150 |3,300 15 |14,210 |116,400 | 61,549 |857,200 1842 | 5,638 | 6,417 | 7,136 | 6,130 | 89,650 |5,460 34 | 9,580 |121,500 | 63,316 |340,200 1843 | 12,022 | 5,205 | 7,550 | 4,994 | 37,963 |2,090| ... | 5,077 |118,860 | 67,162 392,474 1844 | 7,361 | 6,152 | 6,240 | 5,870] 81,299] 875 8,852 |107,872 | 59,495 |420,759 1845 | 2,433 | 4,485 | 7,028 | 6,197 | 43,107 /1,553 748 |156,976 | 72,663 |406,709 1846 | 4,181] 7,316 | 9,998 | 6,949 | 41,939 |3,690 . 854 |192,224 |'72,631 |486,767 1847 | 2,692] 4,471] 5,269 | 6,398 | 87,697 |1,120 a 830 |178,688 | 54,356 |428,757 1848 709 | 3,269 | 4,477 | 5,066 | 38,822 84 i 627 |190,133 | 48,949 |423,519 1849 416 | 3,719 | 5,426 | 3,899 | 39,894 |1,834 .. | 8,208 184,847 | 61,114 |434,878 1850 | 1,829] 3,666 | 3,031 | 5,487 | 27,294] 235] ... | 3,886 |167,675 | 62,535 507,142 1851 800 | 3,528 | 3,815 | 4,998] 18,191] ... -. | 5,465 |207,422 | 55,160 |551,140 1852 850 | 4,136 | 4,604 | 3,396 | 27,171 | 207 5,968 |181,712 | 59,985 |560,544 1853 | 3,211 | 2,921} 3,208 | 3,584 | 15,422) ... 728 |193,005 | 68,023 |507,061 1854 | 3,204 | 3,220] 5,166} 2,588] 9,737 1,151 |153,798 | 47,080 |485,022 1855 | 6,681 | 3,808 | 6,263 | 3,400} 15,090 750 (141,937 | 54,013 |497,347 1856 | 12,256 | 3,461 | 5,592 | 2,677 | 15,966 1,207 | 70,075 | 61,035 |487,088 1857 | 10,087 | 3,644 | 4,787 | 3,961 | 15,731] ... 776 | 79,698 | 70,394 |475,909 1858 | 12,050 | 3,596 | 6,150 | 3,218 | 15,338 |2,073 1,997 |100,596 | 95,707 |467,522 1859 | 18,120 | 4,758 | 9,184 | 5,286 | 18,295 |1,885 8,942 | 30,805 | 77,219 /581,025 1860 | 28,040 | 4,320 /12,671 | 4,943 | 21,555] ... 4,067 | 99,891 |'75,649 |611,018 1861] 8,458 | 2,182) 8,586 | 3,342 | 17,335 2,059 | 70,218 | 62,914 |527,054 INTRODUCTION. XXxi (UnitEp States, Canapa, ETC.)—continued. Nea. | 68S Cat, lonimcninal me | Fur [African Musk-rat, | Elk.) peor an. Swan. Icommon Fe ec csie Seal, |Monkey| Sunk. 1,000 | 300 | 80,000 19. the Jaguar (F. onca) is an inferior animal. * To the insatiable, bloody appetite of this animal nothing comes amiss ;. he takes the male Ostrich by surprise, and slays the wariest of wild things on its nest; he captures little birds with the dexterity of a Cat, and hunts for diurnal Armadillos; he comes unawares upon the Deer and Guanaco, aid springing like lightning. on them, dis- locates their necks before their bodies touch the ground. Often after he has slain them he leaves their bodies untouched for the Polyborus and Vulttire to feast on, so great a delight does he take in destroying life. The Vizcacha falls an easy victim to this subtle creature, and it is not to be wondered at that it becomes wild to excess and rare in regions hunted over by such an enemy, even when all other conditions are favourahle to its increase.’ (P.Z.8. 1872, p. 826.) The Guanaco is said to be the favourite prey of this. animal. TIGER. Felis tigris. French: Le Tigre. German: Der Tiger. The Tiger is handsomer in colour and markings than the Lion, but does not possess its imposing and grand- bearing ; it is, however, said to equal even if it does not excel it in strength. ; The Tiger is exclusively an inhabitant of Asia, where itis rather widely distributed; it is found throughout India, Turkestan, and some mountainous parts of China, as far north as.Mongolia and the Amoor Province; it is also met with in Burmah, Sumatra, Java, and Malacca. It is extremely numerous in some parts of Mysore and c 2 20 CARNIVORA. South of India, being often found in the gardens of remote habitations. There are two very marked varieties or sub-species of Tiger. Tue Beneat Tiger is perhaps the more numerous of the two, and is distinguishable by the very bright markings; the general colour of body is of a rich bright brown colour, with white belly ; the stripes on body are black, and well-defined spots are sometimes seen between the stripes, especially at hind legs. The black and white markings of the head are also in strong con- trast ; the whiskers are strong, bristly, and white in colour. The tail is long and ringed with black. The canine teeth are well developed. The hair of the Bengal Tiger is very short, and lies close to the skin. Like many wild animals, the colour of the Tiger assimilates itself to the ‘country where it lives. The stripes are with difficulty seen in the reedy jungles of India. We recently came across a skin with a grizzly head, probably from an old animal : such skins are very uncommon. ‘ The Tiger has at times been tamed to a certain degree, but its temper is uncertain and treacherous, and many fatal accidents have occurred in consequence. Itis avery powerful animal, even attacking and eating man; it is occasionally kept in confinement by the native princes of India; in that country the Tiger is generally hunted or driven by means of Elephants, or are shot from stages erected in trees: these are quite safe, as the Tiger is unable to climb. The following incident is very interesting:—A man walking through the jungle was suddenly confronted by a Tiger; he had the presence of mind to remain quiet, TIGER. o1 the Tiger came up to him, smelt about him, and then rubbed himself against the man, and afterwards left him untouched. Tigers are said to begin eating their prey at the hind quarters. Tigers will at times eat fish, frogs and carrion. One thousand four hundred and sixty-four Tigers were killed in British India in 1886. The value of a good Bengal Tiger skin is about £4 to £6; and the value of a Tiger-claw is from 9d. to 5s,: these are mounted for pins by jewellers. The Bengal Tiger rarely exceeds 11 feet. One thousand and sixty-three human beings were killed by Tigers in India in 1888. Albinos, or White Tigers, are extremely scarce and are very beautiful ; the stripes are generally light brown, but we have seen a white skin with dark drab stripes. There has recently been an extraordinary number of Tigers in Java; in 1846 a black, or very dark brown, Tiger is said to have been seen at Tipperah, near Chittagong. Tue Moncorran on CHINESE TicER.—This woolly variety of the Tiger has the fur or pelage of great richness, and has consequently been classed as a different species by some naturalists. Very little seems to be known of it in Science, although it is well known in Commerce. The fur of this animal, as before said, is very thick, and is often 13 to 2 inches in length, and on the belly it is much longer (several inches), like a Lynx. The general colour is paler than the Bengal animal, and it is of a less ferocious disposition. The stripes are scarcely so black as in the Bengal 92 CARNIVORA. type, and are generally not quite so numerous, al- though occasionally they are very beautifully and fully marked. They vary considerably ; in some animals there are but few stripes on the shoulder, in others the stripes are long and sometimes triangular: the stripes are generally deeper towards the tail. The fringe which surrounds the face of the Chinese Tiger is long (8 to 4 inches) and thick, composed of black and white fur like a Lynx; the ears are black, with a white spot near the tip; the ear of a Tiger varies considerably in size in the same way that it does in individual persons. In many animals there is a hump of longer and thick fur between the shoulders, and in all there is a thick ridge of bristly hair running down the back, the same as Lynx, Cat, and other species of the Felide. Owing to cold elevated regions where this Tiger lives, the fur has become dense, thick, and the colour of many of these animals is very pale, especially in the younger animals; the larger are mostly of a fine rich brown, approaching the deep hue of the Bengal variety. The cubs or quite young have an especially dense coat. The size of a full-grown animal varies considerably ; the largest skin we have met with measured 14 feet, including the tail. The Chinese Tiger inhabits ‘Manchooria. ‘The majority of the skins are shipped from Shanghai, and fetch from £10 to £40, according to quality, condition, colour, etc.; £66 has even been paid for an extraordinary large skin. 185 skins were imported in 1891. The Chinese often use black Cat to imitate ear of Tiger when deficient. : Tue Turkestan Ticer is distinct from the Chinese . TIGER. 23 animal in so much ag it is deeper and redder in colour, and coarser in the fur, and also slightly denser. This is probably owing to exposed regions of Turkestan and high grounds of Central Asia and Western Himalayas which it inhabits: the stripes on the Turkestan or Himalayan Tiger. are occasionally brown. The skins of this animal are imported in the rough state through Russia and Leipsic, and fetch from £3 to £25. The skins of all the different varieties of Tiger are manufactured into handsome wrappers or rugs, or are used for mounting for museums or shop-windows. The claws are often mounted as jewellery, and are worth about 5s. in the rough state. JAGUAR. Felis onca. French: Jaguar. German: Jaguar. The Jaguar inhabits South America, Mexico, and British Honduras, but it is not found in Chili or Peru. It is not a particularly numerous animal, and appears of late years te have decreased. The general colour is of a light yellowish-brown, with very beautiful rings or markings; these rings are black, with a small black spot in the centre, except those on the head and the tail ; the hair is very short and bristly. The belly is whiter. The Jaguar is about 8 to 10 feet long, including the tail ; ij has a massive and heavy appearance, and climbs trees with agility. There is a black variety of this animal. 24 CARNIVORA. OUNCE, OR SNOW LEOPARD. Felis Uncia. French: l’Once. German: Irbiss or Unze. The Ounce inhabits Cashmere, the Himalayas, and many parts of high lands of Central Asia. The general colour of the Ounce is almost white, with thick pale long fur (2 inches], which is bluer at the ground, and rather harsh to the touch; this is caused by exposed and elevated plains in which it lives; the rings or spots are but faintly marked, and are just distinguishable. The tail is very long in proportion to the body, and is very thickly furred and marked with faint rings. It seems to us very remarkable that in a wild state and in cold climates the tails of most animals seem to become shorter, as in the Wild Cat, Bison, Yak, ete. The extraordinary length of tail of the Ounce must be sought for in other causes. The spots on the head are small, black, and solid. It is not so rare an animal as many suppose ; a certain number of skins are imported into Russia, through Siberia, annually. The price of a good skin is from 40s. to 180s. ; and 140s. is the highest price paid. The mountains of the Leopard (Canticles, iv. 8) appears to refer to the habitat of this animal in ancient times in Palestine. Tue Cuinesz Leoparp (Felis Pardus) approaches more closely to the common Leopard in colouring, but has a rich fur, almost equalling that of foregoing variety CHINESE LEOPARD. 25 as to thickness; the fur is finer, and over 1 inch in length ; the general colour is very light yellow; the spots are darker, with buff centres. Some animals, however, vary considerably. The tail is long and thickly furred, and marked with spots at the base. The Chinese Leopard inhabits Amoorland, Man- chooria, the Corea, the high mountains of China, and eastern slopes of the Himalayas. The skins are very beautiful, and fetch from £5 to £10 10s. These are made into very handsome rugs or wrappers; about 100 skins, splendidly dressed by the Chinese, are imported annually from Shanghai: in 1891, 123 skins. The Chinese sometimes use the ear of the Fox to imitate the Leopard ear when this is wanting. Both the foregoing are the woolly varieties of the Leopard. The Turkestan or Himalayan Leopard is lighter in colour than the Chinese animal, and rather coarser in the fur. EAST INDIAN LEOPARD. Felis Pardus. French : Le Léopard, German: Der Leopard. The Leopard was also called the Pard in former times ; it is remarkable for its graceful movements and hand- some markings; it is plentiful in India and many other parts of Asia. Although examples of this species vary somewhat, the usual colour is yellowish-brown; the spots are 26. CARNIVORA. numerous and black, with lighter coloured centres. On the face, neck, legs, and middle of the back the spots are solid ; occasionally the. rings or spots are marked in the centre like those of the Jaguar: the belly is white, but still spotted, as likewise the under part of the tail. The tail is marked with black spots and ringed at the tip. . The head is beautifully marked with black and white, and the ears are dark, tipped with white. -The hair of the Hast Indian Leopard is very short, and harsh. The spots are sometimes merely a collection of blotches with a deep shade of colour in the centre; in other specimens the rings are quite circular. - The whiskers are white ; the colour of eyes is brown. In the cubs the hair is rather longer, and the spots are very. numerous and small. The skins of black variety of this animal are much prized. In some, although never absolutely black, the spots are. barely perceptible owing to the darkness of surrounding hair; in lighter and greyer skins the dark spots stand out in beautiful contrast. Formerly the Black Leopard was considered a different species; it is now admitted to be a mere variety, as animals of both colours are found in the same litter. The Ceylon Leopard is very rich in colour, and has rather thicker hair than the East Indian animal. In Bombay there appears to be a very spotted and paler type of Leopard. The Leopard preys on the Axis, or Kast Indian Deer, and is said to commence eating its prey on the fore quarters. It is asserted that it also kills the East Indian Bear. . The young are pretty little creatures, and Play i like kittens, catching their mother’s tail, etc. EAST INDIAN LEOPARD. 27 . Leopard-skins are used for saddle-clothes for the officers and bandsmen of the Hussars and other cavalry regiments. Sometimes the skins are also made into rugs, foot-muffs, wrappers, slippers, and drummers’ aprons. Some are also bought for theatrical purposes. Four thousand and fifty-one Leopards were killed in British India in 1886. The Indian Government pay a royalty on every animal taken; the skins are marked by their agents, either by cutting a circular or triangular piece out of the skins at the head or root of the tail, or sometimes by merely giving a cut at the base of the tail. The claws are occasionally used as scarf-pins. A few thousand skins are imported into London annually ; the prices fluctuating a great deal according to demand and supply: 12s. to 52s. are the extreme prices for a good large skin. Many skins are brought over by private people. The value of a live Leopard is about £20, and of a Black Leopard £150. AFRICAN LEOPARD. Felis Pardus. Thé African Leopard has much darker and more numerous spots than the East Indian. The general colour is, however, paler, or almost white, thus giving it a very handsome appearance. It is smaller than the East Indian animal. It is fairly numerous on the Gold Coast, but here the natives have a habit of cutting off the: legs of the 28 CARNIVORA. animals they secure. Most of the skins, consequently, are sent to this country in a mutilated condition. The African Leopard is also found in Algeria, Natal, in the Transvaal (where it is called the Tiger), and in many other parts of Africa. Its numbers have been greatly reduced at the Cape, and the baboons, on which it preyed, have increased considerably, and have acquired a habit of preying on the young of farmers’ flocks. Where it is still met with, the Leopard commits ravages on the flocks, and is sometimes killed by strych- nine. Leopards are found in East Central Africa up to a height of about 8,000 feet. Mr. Johnston does not, however, give any remarks as to the colour of the animals in that part. We should think they would be lighter in colour and thicker in the fur at that altitude. The Hast African Leopard from Zanzibar has a pale- yellowish general ground, not a warm brown like the East Indian, but considerably browner than the West African variety ; the spots are also not so dark. The African Leopard rarely shows fight, except when brought to bay by its escape being cut off; it usually prefers to seek shelter by flight or by climbing. The Kaffirs prepare the karosses of Leopard-skins with a suppleness and neatness unsurpassed by Euro- peans. The spotted and unchangeable coat of this animal is mentioned in Scripture (Jer. xiii. 23). . Peculiarly spotted skins are occasionally met with. We have met with three, one of which came from the Gold Coast. One which was exhibited at the Zoological Society’s meeting gave rise to a good deal of com- ment. These skins are merely an incipient black AFRICAN LEOPARD. 29 variety, such as we should call: a dark tabby in the domestic cat.. Several hundred skins are imported annually. The price varies from 10s. to 30s., according to demand. PERSIAN LEOPARD. Felis Pardus. The Persian Leopard is a more solid and straighter animal than even the East Indian. It is, however, not so graceful. The fur, or hair, is slightly longer than the East Indian, and harsh. The colour is light, almost white, covered with numerous spots, many of which are solid, especially on the neck. The fur is short, and rather thick. This Leopard is also found in Afghanistan and in the Caucasus. Some 30 to 50 skins are imported into London, and fetch up to 45s. All the Leopards sharpen their claws against trunks of trees in the same way as the domestic cat does. The peculiar habit of watching is well depicted in Scripture :— ‘A leopard shall watch over their cities.” ‘** As a leopard by the way will I observe them.” CLOUDED TIGER. - Felis macrocelis. This very beautiful animal inhabits the southern portion of China and Assam. Its graceful movements and large and dark markings do not fail to attract the notice of the most casual observer. 30 CARNIVORA. It is about’ 3 feet long, not including its tail. The Clouded Tiger lives in trees, and its skin is worth £38 to £4. The tail is ringed. OCELOT. Felis Pardalis, French: l’Ocelot. German: Ozelot. This graceful and well-known animal is most varied in its markings; the spots are also more of an oblong shape than the usual round of many of the Felide. The general colour of the coat is light, with dark oblong spots, with drab centres. Those on the back are, however, solid black. The ears are white at base, and black at top. The tail rather short, dark, and partly ringed. The whiskers are part white and part black, according to the spots. The colour, perhaps, varies more than most animals. Some specimens are-beautifully striped; others have dark blotches like a dark tabby. Some examples are -red-striped. The Ocelot is about 3 feet in length, and is an extremely lively and beautiful creature. It inhabits British Honduras and South America generally. Its skin is chiefly used for making wrappers, and its value is from 2s. to 4s. 6d., according to size, quality, and demand. : Several hundred skins are imported annually. The Ocelot brings forth about two young at a time. 31 EYRA CAT. Felis Kyra. This cat is about 2 feet long, and the tail is another. 8 inches. The hair is short and bristly, and the colour bright yellow all over the body. The skins are almost valueless, and but few are imported. The Eyra is an inhabitant of South America. GEOFFROY’S CAT. Felis Geoffroy. Geoffroy’s Cat is likewise an inhabitant of South America, more especially of Buenos Ayres. Its fur is rather long; medium colour brown, with black spots of a squarish shape, with brown centres. The tail is similarly marked and tipped with black, but not very thickly furred. It is rather a small animal, of about 14 feet in length, and is of. rare occurrence. , AFRICAN LHOPARD-CAT. Felis Chrysosthriz. This cat is sometimes called the African Golden Cat, and has very short drab or reddish hair, with spots of a darker hue, either dark brown or darkish red. ‘The general colour is white underneath. The colour of this cat varies considerably ; some are even of a very red-brown colour. 32 CARNIVORA. The hair or fur is quite short; the skins are conse- quently of little value—about 1s. to 2s. It is by no means a numerous animal. About 20 to 40 skins are imported annually with monkey-skins. The Leopard-Cat inhabits West Africa. PAMPAS CAT. Felis passerum. The colour of this cat is an uniform light grey, with a tinge of yellow; the fur is rather harsh and much longer on the back ; the tail is rather short. The skin is of little value and is rarely imported. The Pampas Cat inhabits South America. MOLINA’S GUIANA CAT. Felis colo colo. This small cat likewise inhabits South America; its colour is very light grey, with darker grey markings ; its length is about 9 inches, not including the tail. It is a rare animal, and its skin is seldom seen. TIGER CAT, OR SERVAL. Felis Serval. French: Le Serval. German: Tigerkatze. The Serval is larger than the Leopard-Cat, and its colours are in more marked contrast than in the latter animal. The general hue of the body is of a light TIGER CAT, OR SERVAL. 33 yellowish-brown, with long black narrow stripes of some three or more inches long down the back; the spots on the sides are round, and more or less numerous in different examples : this is often the case in many species of this family. The ears are long and black at base, and the tip or remaining half the light yellow colour of the body. The legs are long for its size, but the head is small ; it has a peculiar appearance when sitting on its hind legs, its small head contrasting strangely with its long ears and legs. There isa dark stripe under the chin, and a black corresponding mark on each fore-leg. The tail is only of moderate length, and is sometimes ringed and sometimes spotted. The Serval is an inhabitant of West and East Africa, and its skin is comparatively rare, and for this reason is not so valuable as it ought to be: 1s. to 4s. is the usual price for a good skin. BUSHY-TAILED RED-SPOTTED CAT. Felis euptilura. The Red-spotted Cat is an inhabitant of Japan, Manchooria, and other parts of China, and but little is known of its habits. The general colour is light brown, covered with: numerous red spots, from whence it derives its names: these spots are most clearly shown on the belly. This animal is about the size of an ordinary cat, perhaps slightly larger. About 40 to 60 skins have been recently imported: value is about 1s. 6d. to 2s. D 84 CARNIVORA. HIMALAYAN LEOPARD-CAT. Felis bengalensis. This beautiful cat inhabits India, Cashmere, Nepaul, and the Himalayas. It is about 1 to 1} feet long; the tail is another 6 inches. This appendage is full furred and partly ringed, more especially towards the tip ; this is most noticeable in the Northern or Nepaul variety. The general colour is light yellow, covered with black spots, which are irregular in shape and sometimes lighter in the centre ; the fur is long and fine, and the claws curved and sharp. The Bengal Leopard-Cat is not numerous enough for its skin to be appreciated as it justly deserves to be on account of its bright markings and fineness of quality : not more than a handful of skins (some six or more) are seen from time to time. Its value is about 2s. to 3s. DESERT CAT. Felis ornata. This rare cat likewise inhabits India; it is about 18 to 27 inches long, and the tail about 9 inches. The colour is light yellowish-brown, covered with numerous darker spots or small solid black spots ; these are more abundant on the back. The belly is white or very light yellow ; the head is marked with black lines, and the ears are tipped with white ; the tail is spotted at. base, ringed with black towards the tip. The fur is about half an inch long, full, and rather harsh. The whiskers are brown or white. DESERT CAT. 35 The colour of this animal varies considerably, some- times the spots are inclined to run into blotches, and the legs have a tendency to have black lines. The value of its skin is 1s. 6d. Seventy-one skins were imported in 1891, The larger examples appear to be called the Fishing Cat by some writers. EUROPEAN WILD CAT. Felis catus. French: Chat Sauvage. German: Wilde Katze. The Wild Cat is indigenous to Great Britain ; it is by no means rare in Sutherlandshire, Ross-shire, Inverness- shire, parts of Perthshire, and South Caithness; it is also found in North Wales, and some of the Northern counties of England. It is very rare in Lincolnshire, but is not thought to exist in Ireland. Its habitat extends to France, Sardinia, Hungary, Prussia, the Caucasus, and other parts of Europe. Its yellowish-brown colour and full fur cannot fail to attract even the most casual observer ; its tail is bushy, ringed with black at extremity, and shorter than in the domestic cat. The Wild Cat is about 2 to 8 feet long, and has a ridge of hair along the back like the domestic variety. The fur is about 1 inch long and very thick; the colour is yellowish-brown, and blue shade at the ground; there are usually a few narrow black lines or marks between the ears. The colour of individual specimens, however, vary ; many are beautifully marked with spots or stripes ; most are plain, except at the back, which is darker. D2 36 CARNIVORA. The value of its fur is about 1s. to 1s. 6d. for a good skin, but the number collected is small. ; Six hundred and twenty-six Wild Cats were killed in Prussia in the winter of 1885-6. It is said to sell its life dearly, and to be very fierce when attacked, as the following account shows :— St. John, in his ‘‘ Natural History of the Highlands,” p. 45 :—‘In the hanging birchwoods that border some of the Highland streams and lochs the Wild Cat is still not uncommon, and I have heard their wild and unearthly echo far in the quiet night as they answer and call each other. I do not know a more harsh and unpleasant cry than that of the Wild Cat, or one more likely to be the origin of superstitious fears in the mind of an ignorant Highlander. These animals have great skill in finding their prey, and the damage they do to the game must be very great, owing to the quantity of food which they. require. When caught in a trap, they fly without hesitation at any person who approaches them, not waiting to be assailed. I have heard many stories of their attacking and severely wounding a man, when their escape has been cut off. I was fishing in a river in Sutherlandshire, and, in passing from one pool to another, had to climb over some rock and broken kind of ground. In doing so, I sank through some rotten heather and moss up to my knees, almost upon a Wild Cat, who was concealed under it. I was quite as much startled as the animal herself could be, when I saw the wild-looking beast so unexpectedly rush out from between my feet, with every hair in her body standing on end, mak- ing her look twice as large as she really was. I had three small Skye terriers with me, who immediately gave chase, and pursued her till she took refuge in a corner of the rocks, where, perched in a kind of recess, she EUROPEAN WILD CAT. 37 stood with her hair bristled out, and spitting and growl- ing like a common cat. Having no weapon with me, I laid down my rod, cut a good-sized stick, and proceeded to dislodge her. As soon as I was within 6 or 7 feet of the place, she sprang straight at my face, over the dogs’ heads. Had I not struck her in the mid-air as she leaped at me, I should probably have got some severe wound. As it was, she fell with her back half-broken amongst the dogs, who, with my assistance, dispatched _ her. I never saw an animal fight so desperately or one so difficult to kill. If a tame cat has nine lives, a wild cat must have a dozen.” HOUSE CAT, OR DOMESTIC CAT. Felis domestica. French: Le Chat. German: Hauskatze. Who is not familiar with the softly-purring denizen of our hearths? We know it and play with it from childhood, and to many it becomes a companion in old age. It shows its contentment by purring and rubbing its fur against the trousers of its master; yet, after saying this, we must still confess that the domestic cat forms more of an attachment to places than to persons. ‘ Tts intelligence is not much inferior to that of the dog. It attracts by tapping with its paw the side of one from whom it expects to receive a dainty morsel, or even will express its wish by mewing to be let in or out of the house. When admitted, it shows its satisfaction by alowpurr. The same cat would be offended if its place in front of the fire were occupied by anybody. When » 38 CARNIVORA. the outside bell was rung it would get up from its warm position on the hearth and run under the table. It probably did this as a dog was sometimes brought into the house. The cat loves warmth, both of the sun or of the fire, and is one of the animals attached to civilization throughout the globe. Every one knows its wonderful agility in catching mice, small birds, etc., and the way in which it plays with its prey, allowing it to escape a few feet or inches, and then pouncing on it again. : In some animals the showing of a rather poaching propensity asserts itself. We knew a rather small cat to travel about half a mile and bring back a young rabbit or other prey, leaping two high fences on its return journey. Its powers of dropping or falling from a height are also wonderful. This is probably owing to the elasticity of its limbs, and the freedom with which its skin moves over its body. We have seen a cat jump out of a loft some twelve feet or more high, and alight on a granite paving without seeming to have worse effects than a few rolls over. The food of the cat usually consists of small birds, mice, etc. Itis extremely fond of fish and game, and will occasionally kill or capture moles and frogs, but will not eat them. In the domesticated state its usual diet is horseflesh. Its propensity for fish even over- comes its dislike of water. It has been known to fish by means of its paw. The cat will eat grass and Indian corn, and is active enough to kill the agile squirrel. A favourite position of the cat is sitting on its haunches or hind legs, with its tail curled round it; DOMESTIC CAT. 39 sometimes it squats on all fours, with its fore-paws doubled under it. It sharpens its claws by scratching the bark of trees, window-curtains, table-cloths, etc. It loves to prowl about roofs and outhouses in search of sparrows and other prey. Although not fond of water, it yet swims well, and is very cleanly in its habits—so different to the habits of the dog. It is interesting to observe with what care the cat performs its toilet. It first licks one paw and cleans its head with it, and then repeats the operation on the other side. It also loves to roll in the soil or gravel. The domestic cat produces about four young at a time, which are born blind. The kittens are generally of different colours in a litter. When disturbed, it carries its young in its mouth to a place of safety. When deprived of its young, it has been known to suckle young rabbits. The cat—in fact, most 0 the Felide—is extremely fond of valerian. It is sometimes troubled with para- sites or nits; these are quite minute in size, and attach themselves to the hair by lobster-like claws. Although not a large animal, it can give a good blow with its fore-paw. The cat was sacred to the Egyptians, and was often embalmed by them. Several tons of embalmed cats were recently (1890) sold in Liverpool, and fetched £3 18s. 9d. per ton for manure. They were dug up in Central Egypt, and are supposed to be about 2,000 years old. ; Its flesh was eaten during the siege of Paris, and is said even to have been relished. Cats fight desperately at times, and generally, during the night, the caterwauling is often distracting. It is 40 CARNIVORA. sometimes plaintive, like a child, and sometimes angry and discordant. Domestic cats, become wild, soon acquire the habits and colour of the wild cat. Many are shot by game- keepers, and are sometimes taken in traps like the familiar penny mouse-trap, on a larger scale, with a drop door instead of the spring flap. The domestic cat ought to be classed with the wild; it is the same species. The trade in the fur or skins of the cat is of some importance. The hair is soft, and it is one of the warmest furs. It is, perhaps, only surpassed in this respect by that of the buffalo. Every skin has a ridge of. bristly hair running down the back. This hair has to be taken out when manu- factured into articles of clothing. When finished, it is often called genett, and is much used for coat-linings, muffs, sets, trimmings, and rugs. Although not a very showy skin, it is a good, durable, and warm fur. The black skins are of the greatest value. The best and largest black skins come from Holland, where many cats are gelded. Denmark and Holstein also produce many good skins, and medium grades are collected in Germany, Switzerland, and other districts. .English skins are-very mixed in colour and small, but of fair quality. Russia produces many skins, but of low, medium, or poor qualities. Many are imported in linings. American skins, of which about 8,000 are imported annually, are generally black, blue, white, or tabby in colour, and of rather low quality. The prices are from about 3d. to 1s. 6d. Australian skins are very flat, the worst of all in quality, losing their rich coat in the warm climate. The predominating colour is red-tabby. DOMESTIC CAT. 41 The prices of all cat-skins vary from year to year. Six shillings to eight shillings per skin is sometimes willingly paid for the very best Dutch skins. The colour of the cat varies considerably, perhaps more than that of any other animal, excepting the rabbit—black, white, black and-white, brindled, tortoise- shell, white and tabby, tabby, dark tabby, blue, blue- tabby, silver-tabby (sometimes called Cyprus), and red- tabby. Tabby colours are most numerous, and dark tabby, to our mind, the most beautiful. Some speci- mens are nearly as finely marked as a miniature tiger. Silver-grey cats are very rare; we once saw a white cat with a tabby tail. Red-brown and other similar coloured skins are generally topped (dyed on top of the hair) to imitate the natural colour. The difference can, however, be at once detected by an experienced eye. In Canada and other cold climates the domestic cat reverts to its original colour—mouse, or yellow, mouse- brown, and black-tabby. Spotted cats are not so often seen as in this country. The wild cat and tame cat cannot well be broken into different species. The greater length and more taper- ing form of tail of the house cat is explained by the warmer condition and better feeding under which it lives. When the coat or fur of a cat is rubbed it generates electricity. The sparks may clearly be discerned in a dark room. The eyes of the cat also gleam and shine in the dark. The skin of the cat, like that of the lynx, is much thicker at the head. This thickening is probably a natural defence to protect the males, or tom-cats, when fighting, which is often of a desperate character. 42, CARNIVORA. The cat bristles up its fur when excited. It is fond of valerian. At some seasons of the year it will eat grass with avidity. The head of the cat is round, with broad and rather long ears, which are furnished with hair in the inside and short fur on the outside; the whiskers are long, and tolerably abundant, and there are a few bristles or feelers over the eye. The hind quarters of the cat are much higher than those of the fore quarters. The claws are retractible. The antics of young kittens are very amusing. They love to play with balls, etc. We have known a cat to live to the advanced age of twenty years. Tue Persian on Ancota Cat has a long and rather flimsy fur, which gives it a woolly, shaggy, and unkempt appearance ; the colour varies almost as much as in the smoother-haired variety. The Persian Cat is much esteemed as a pet; its tail is rather shorter than in the ordinary cat; it is, however, delicate in constitution. Tae Manx Car is tailless, and resembles the Lynx in this respect ; most of the other Felide have long tails. Tue Siamese Cat isa bright-looking creature, with smooth fur of a dark red-brown colour, like a Caracal or Red Deer; it is very plain-looking, but bright and intelligent. In a recent Crystal Palace Show a light- coloured specimen, with dark markings on head or feet, exactly like a pug dog, was exhibited. Tue Asyssintan Car is another well-formed cat, similar to above in colour, but rather of a deeper rusty greyish-brown. 43 CAFFER CAT. Felis caffra. The Caffer Cat is an inhabitant of the Cape; it is of a dun yellow-grey colour, with brown or spotted markings, more or less abundant ; the cheeks and sides are redder ; sometimes it is of a light blue colour, the tail is rather short, ringed with black, especially near the tip; the fur is soft, and the ears are of an ochre-red colour, but sometimes are dark grey. It appears to be an uncommon animal, and its skins are sometimes found in karosses of native manufacture ; a few hundred skins are, however, imported annually, and are used for wrappers ; the value of a skin is about 3d. to 6d. The young are quite striped like a tabby cat. The adult animal resembles the European Wild Cat, with which it would no doubt as freely interbreed as with the Domestic Cat, with which both might well be classed. The Caffer Cat is very similar to the Afghan Cat, or Bokhara Chaus (Felis caudata) ; but the latter has finer and longer fur, lighter in colour, and fewer rings on the tail. . The Chaus, Caffer Cat, Wild and Domestic Cat, are all undoubtedly one species; their common offspring would no doubt be fertile. 44 CARNIVORA. SIBERIAN OR PERSIAN LYNX. Felis Isabellina. The Persian Lynx is much smaller than any other Lynx, excepting, of course, the Bay Lynx; it is only about 3 feet long ; the fur is close, dense, and of a palish light brown or yellowish colour, sometimes marked with spots, more or less well defined; the pale and light hue of its coat is probably produced by the elevated and exposed regions in which it lives. This Lynx inhabits Persia, Siberia, Nepaul, Thibet, and Central Asia generally. Not many skins are imported into Western Europe, and its fur is applied to the same purposes as that of the American Lynx. The Persian Lynx is probably a local variety of the ordinary Lynx. 45 3 AMERICAN LYNX. Felis Canadensis. French: Loup-cervier or Lynx. German: Luchs. The American Lynx is distributed throughout the whole of British North America, with the exception of Labrador, where, it is only found in small quantities. It is abundant in the territory of Alaska and in California. It is also met with in Minnesota, but this appears to be its most Southern range. The Yorkfort district produces the greatest quantity of skins. The Canadian variety, coming from Nova Scotia, Moore River, East Main, and Canada ports of the Eastern part of Hudson’s Bay, has been classed by many naturalists with the European animal of Norway, which it closely resembles in the fineness, silvery appearance and beauty of its fur, and texture of its pelt; in fact, the whole of the Scandinavian fauna resembles in a marked degree that of Canada and Labrador, not only in the similarity of the various species, but also in the way that the skins and pelts are handled ; we, however, prefer to class the Norway Lynx with the European example, till the American Lynx, like the Elk and Reindeer, have. been classified with the European types. The Californian and North-West District Lynx is coarser in pelage and pelt, and redder and stronger in the fur than the foregoing variety. The Yorkfort and Alaska skins resemble these, but are paler, or very pale, with thick soft fur, produced no doubt by the severity of the climate; the footpads are large, and furnished with thick hair to protect the feet from the snow. The Sitka 46 CARNIVORA. skins have a shrivelled appearance, but the fur is soft, pale and fine. These characteristic distinctions are only seen as a whole; the gradation from one district to another is very gradual. All Lynx, with the exception of the Bay Lynx, will no doubt interbreed freely, and their offspring prove fertile : this is a sure way of proving whether it is a distinct species or a mere local variety. * The American or Canada Lynx, as it is sometimes called, is a moderately-sized animal, about 4 feet long and 2 feet high; the fur along the backis about 1 inch long, and is of a reddish-brown colour, intermixed with longer silvery hairs; in the centre of the back the hairs are very abundant and there is little fur there; this corresponds to the ridge of hair in domestic Cat, Tiger, etc. The upper part of under fur is reddish-brown, but the ground is of a drab-blue colour;'the face is sur- rounded by a fringe of several inches in length of long coarse hair, black at base and white at extremity ; these are more abundant under the chin, and gives the animal a weird appearance. The tail is very short, about 2 or 3 inches long; for about two-thirds nearest the base the colour on upper part is same colour as back, but lighter underneath ; the tip is quite black. The ears are long and tufted with black hair. The fur on the belly is much longer and finer than on the back ; it is soft, about 3 inches long, and white, with faint dark spots appearing. Drab-coloured or blue varieties are very beautiful and rare, and afew are taken every year; light yellow or fawn skins are very exceptional and rarely seen: we have once seen a dark tabby Lynx, with deep large spots on the back like a cat; such incipient melanotic AMERICAN LYNX. AT forms are extremely rare, but more or less spotted animals are often met with, but in these the fur is never so rich as in the paler and thicker-furred individuals. In summer the Lynx loses most of its beautiful fur, and is chiefly covered with brown hair. The whiskers are white and bristly, the claws are white, sharp and retractible, and are well concealed in its thick footpads ; they resemble those of a Leopard, but are of course-smaller. The skin of the Lynx is rather thin, but at the head and neck it is much thicker ; this is probably to protect the males when fighting. The female has 6 or 8 teats. The skull of the Lynx is oval-shaped, about 5 inches long, 24 high, and 3 broad. The canine teeth are well developed. There are ten molars. The hind legs of the Lynx are much longer than the front legs. The fur or skin of the Lynx forms a rather important article of trade, the usual quantity of skins imported and sold by the Hudson’s Bay Company ranges from 8 to 40,000 skins; however, in 1887 over 70,000 skins were sold by the Company. These large increases usually occur in two to four successive years. In 1891, 11,445 were sold by the same Company. Lynx on these occasions follow the Wood Hare or American rabbits in troops, leaving their usual habitats, and preying on their favourite food. When American rabbits are abundant, Lynx are always plentiful. Martens are also a favourite prey of this animal. Lynx-skins are used over a great part of the civilized world, both in the natural and dyed state. The United States, Germany, France, Turkey, Eng- land, and Canada, are the chief consumers. 48 CARNIVORA. Many skins are dyed black, and some are dyed brown, blue, or silvered. The fur of the belly is long, and makes very hand- some boas, trimmings, or muffs; this was much in vogue in England a few years ago, and is always in demand in Turkey, Herzegovina, etc., where it is much appreciated. The officers’ busbies in the English Hussar regiments are made of Lynx-skins, dyed dark brown, which, being a free flowing fur, gives a dashing appearance to the wearer. The price of Lynx-skins varies considerably, accord-. ing to demand: 40s. 9d. to 42s. is a high price for a. prime large skin ; the lower qualities range from about 4s. to 15s. An ancient name of the Lynx is Lucerne, probably derived from the French name of Loup-cervier. Dr. Richardson, in his “North American Fauna,” says:—‘‘It isa timid creature, incapable of attacking any of the larger quadrupeds; but well armed for the capture of the American hare, on which it chiefly preys. Its large paws, slender loins, and long, but thick hind legs, with large buttocks, scarcely relieved by a short thick tail, give it an awkward, clumsy appearance. It makes a poor fight when it is surprised by a hunter in a tree ; for though it spits like a cat, and sets its hair up, it is easily destroyed by a blow on the back with a slender stick; and it never attacks a man. Its gait is by bounds, straight forward, with the back a little arched, and lighting on all the feet at once. It swims well, and will cross the arm of a lake two miles wide; but it is not swift on land. It breeds once a year, and has two young at a time. The natives eat its flesh, which is white, tender, but rather flavourless, much resembling that of the American hare. AMERICAN LYNX. 49 “The early French writers on Canada, who ascribed to it the habit of dropping from trees on the back of deer, and destroying them by tearing their throats and drinking their blood, gave it the name of Loup-cervier.” EUROPEAN LYNX. Felis Lynx. French: Lynx moucheté. German : Europiischer Lynx. The European Lynx is a rather rare animal com- pared to the foregoing; it inhabits Russia, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Galicia and Spain, and formerly was also found in France. The Northern form is very similar to the Lynx of Canada Proper and Labrador, having in its winter pelage a soft, silvery and fine coat ; in its summer dress it is rather redder than the American type. The skins are used for the same purposes as the American Lynx, and are stretched and treated very much like those of Nova Scotia and Labrador. The best skins are worth about 22s. (1885). The colour of the European Lynx varies considerably, according to the locality where it is found; it is some- times light brown, and marked with small black spots. The Southern type, called sometimes Felis pardina by naturalists, is more spotted and has less fur, owing to the milder climate which it inhabits. It can hardly be called a well-defined species, nor can the European form be consistently separated from the American type, when the varieties of the Elk, Reindeer, Wolverine and Ermine (which are common to both Continents) are classified respectively as one species. Like the American Lynx, this animal climbs and lives in trees, and preys on birds, small mammals, etc. E 50 CARNIVORA. CAT COMMON, OR BAY LYNX. Felis rufa. French: Chat Cervier. German: Luchs-katze. This animal is by no means abundant, but this should be hardly a reason for the confusion which until recently existed in its classification. Richardson, who is so careful and accurate in his description of the North American fauna, described it as the Banded Lynx, but, in justice to this eminent naturalist, it must be stated that but few Cat Common are found in the Hudson’s Bay Territory. It is often described by American dealers and authors under the name of Wild Cat or Lynx Cat. The Bay Lynx inhabits New York State, Pennsyl- vania, Virginia, Texas, California, and other States of the American Union. . It is about 2 feet long; the back is, as a rule, of a light brown shade, often marked with handsome spots or rings; the belly is light coloured or white; the chest is white, and the ears black at base, then white and black at tip; some of the whiskers are black, and some are white. The tail is very short and coloured at the base, the same as the back ; towards the tip it is black, the extreme tip is white, with white hair underneath the whole length of the tail; this colouring invariably distinguishes it from the Lynx. The tail is correctly described by Richardson. The feet are well padded and furnished with sharp claws, and the face is beautifully marked with black and white lines, resembling a miniature Tiger. The Cat Common varies considerably both in colour and marking. CAT COMMON. 51 The Californian variety is of a reddish hue, with well- defined black or dark red spots on the belly; the fur is tolerably thick; many specimens, especially from the Western or Middle States, are quite light or pale in colour ; those from the South are well spotted on the back, but the fur is very short and harsh. Many animals are quite plain like Lynx, others are marked with circular rings like a Leopard, and again others are very beautifully marked on the back and belly with large black spots, which are more oblong on the back. Someskins are almost white, and others of a beautiful light blue colour. When attacked by dogs it defends itself with vigour ; and by some authors its flesh is said to be excellent eating, a fact which would not seem probable from its carnivorous habits. The skins of Cat Common are not very numerous. Six thousand seven hundred and seven were sold in 1891 at prices from 8d. to 4s. Od. It is a useful fur, and generally used for wrappers in this country; the bulk, however, usually go to Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Turkey, etc. A few are dyed black to imitate Lynx. The Hudson’s Bay Company rarely import these skins; a few sometimes come from their Columbian posts. Tue Canapian on Hatirax Bay Lynx is a large and woolly variety of the animal just described ; it does not appear to have been previously described, and seems to have escaped notice altogether. It is much larger than the usual type of Cat Common ; the fur is longer, richer, and denser, and the colour is of a richer grey-brown; that of the belly is long and beautifully marked with black spots. This large Northern variety is notnumerous, a hundred E 2 52 CARNIVORA. skins or so are sold annually in London, and realize up to 9s. 9d. for a good large skin; these are usually shipped from Halifax in Canada. Tt inhabits Nova Scotia, or even a little farther North. CARACAL, OR RED CAT. Felis caracal. This small Lynx is usually of a light red colour, but sometimes it is yellowish-drab or marked with silvery hairs; the tail is rather short, and tipped with black; it is most remarkable for the length of its ears, which are black in colour, grey inside, and tufted with long black hair; the base of the ears is also black, this gives the animal a weird-like appearance; the legs are marked slightly with black. CARACAL. 538 When it closes its eyes it has a peculiar satisfied expression, but when startled it is all activity, opening its mouth, hissing, snarling, and showing off the fine black markings round the mouth and at side of the eyes. It is about 24 to 3.feet in length. The Caracal is an inhabitant of South Africa, Nepaul, and Northern parts of India, and is occasionally employed like the Cheetah in hunting birds and game. Like other members of this family, it climbs trees with agility, and has a ridge of hair along the back. The skin is of little value and is rarely imported. The Cape variety is sometimes yellowish, but generally of a light red colour. The name Karakal is derived from the Turkish Kara, black; Kulack, ear. CHEETAH. Cyneturus jubatus. French: Guépard. German: Jagdleopard. The Cheetah inhabits South and East Africa, India, Afghanistan, etc. ; it is rather smaller than the Leopard, and is of a very pale colour, and marked with numerous black round spots, which are slightly raised above the rest of theskin. It hasa slight mane of black and white hair, the head is small, and there is a characteristic black line running perpendicularly from the eye towards the jaw. In some examples the fur is long on the belly, even reaching 8 or 4 inches; the tail is rather long, and spotted at base, but ringed from the latter half of the 54 CARNIVORA. tail; the ears are black at base and light at the tip ; the eyes are brown. In cold climates the colour is lighter and the fur and mane much longer and thicker. Albino specimens are rare; they are very beautiful, being pure white with light brown spots. The claws are white, somewhat like dog-claws in shape, and non- retractible. The Cheetah is used for hunting the antelope or black buck in India. It is starved before hunting; it is usually brought blindfolded ina cart drawn by oxen, and released when the prey is in sight; it approaches by bounds, singles out one animal, and soon seizes the quarry, which it pulls down; the hunter then hastens up and replaces the bandage over its eyes, the animal being satiated with a spoonful of blood from its victim. , , CHEETAH. 55 The late Tippoo Sahib kept sixteen of these animals for hunting. In the middle ages the Cheetah was also used in France to hunt the roebuck and hares. In its wild state the Cheetah will eat fowls and pigs. Sir Peter Lumsden sent a pair of young Cheetahs from Afghanistan during his eventful stay; the mother was shot, and it was at first supposed that young Snow- Leopards had been captured. The value of its skin is about 10s. to 15s., but it is too rare an animal for its skin to find much favour ; it is most suitable for wrappers or rugs. BUSH CAT, OR AFRICAN CIVET CAT. Viverra civetta. French : Civette. German: Zibeth Katze. This Cat is rather a scarce animal, of about 2 feet in length ; its coat is composed of very coarse, bristly hair, of a lightish colour, but thickly covered with dark long spots, which are more or less numerous in different examples; sometimes lighter and more numerous, at others sparser, darker, and blotched like a dark tabby cat; the tail is about 9 inches or a foot long. The Bush Cat inhabits the West Coast of Africa. Its skin is of little value, about 2s. 6d., and but few, certainly not above 50, are imported in the year. The Rev. J. G. Wood says that the young of the Civet Cat is almost black. The Bush Cat secretes civet. 56 CARNIVORA. CHINESE BUSH OR CIVET CAT. Viverra zibetha. French: Civette de Chine. German: Chinesischer Zibeth Katze. This Cat is most probably a variety of the foregoing species, to which it has a great resemblance, but is rather lighter in colour. The fur or hair is rather finer and thicker. The general colour is light yellow or grey, and generally slightly spotted. The head and neck is, however, distinctly marked with black and white. In some examples there is a deep stripe of black down the back, with two fainter lines, one on each side. The tail is long and thick-furred, and striped with six large broad black rings, of which the last is at the tip, and is much smaller. The feet are dark. The skins are generally imported from China in plates or linings, but only in small quantities. Sometimes a few hundred skins are sent; in 1891, 1,200 were imported. Professor Johnston, in his ‘“‘ Chemistry of Common Life” (p. 55), says that the substance known in commerce by the name of civet is produced by this and the fore- going species. “Tt is of a pale yellow or brownish colour, has usually the consistence of honey, and possesses a some- what acrid taste. Its smell resembles that of musk. When undiluted, this smell is so powerful as to be offensive to many; but when mixed with a large quantity. of butter, or other diluting substance, it CHINESE BUSH CAT. ‘57 becomes agreeably aromatic, fragrant, and delicate. It is only used as a perfume, and chiefly to mingle with and improve the odour of less costly scents. “Numbers of them are kept in wicker cages for the purpose of collecting the civet they secrete. It is used by the women (North Africa) for the purpose of powder- ing the upper parts of their bodies, their necks, etc.” Civet is imported in small quantities in horns, and finds a market in London at 12s. to 19s. Civet is sent to this country from Aden. This Bush Cat is an inhabitant of China and Nepaul. It is also called the Zibeth. A local variety is the Indian Civet (Viverricula mala- censis). COMMON GENET. Genetta vulgaris. French: Genetite. The Genet, or Wild Cat, inhabits France and South Europe. Ii is a small animal, with dark spots on a palish yellow ground. The tail is long for its size, bristly, and ringed with black. The fur is short and harsh; the skin is consequently of low value, and is chiefly used for common wrappers. The Genet is by no means numerous. 58 CARNIVORA. BLOTCHED GENET. Genetta Tigrina. This Cat is hardly larger than the before-mentioned species, and measures about 10 inches long. It is marked with dark blotches ‘rather than spots. The general ground is of a lighter colour. The tail is long and spotted with six to nine dark or black rings, and is covered with long bristly hair. There is a white or lighter mark on each side of the mouth. This Genet inhabits the West Coast of Africa, the Cape, and South Africa. The type from the former district is, of course, darker (because nearer to the Equator), and has been classified as a distinct species (Genetta pardina), Pardine Genet. Both varieties are very scarce, and the fur conse- quently of little value. The Cape variety is the more numerous, some hundred skins being imported yearly. This sub-species is lighter-coloured and thicker-furred than the West African type. It is especially bristly along the back. MOUNTAIN CAT. Bassaris astuta. This somewhat rare animal is chiefly noticeable for the very plain greyish colour of its body, and for its long, full-furred tail, which is beautifully ringed with black and white. The belly is very light in colour MOUNTAIN CAT. 59 —almost white. The ears are short and light in colour; they are almost devoid of hair. The whiskers are sparse, and black and white. The fur is short, and light grey. The ground is dark, and rather darker along the back. The colour varies, however, in most examples. The skin is of little value—about 4d. to 6d., and but few are imported. Sometimes a hundred or so appear in the sundry lots (in 1889 624 skins). It inhabits the Western and Southern parts of the United States, and is sometimes called the Niagara Cat or Cacomistle. Dr. St. G. Mivart, P.Z.8. p. 862, 1885, remarks that “‘it lives amongst rocks and trees. It is not rare, but is seldom seen, being nocturnal. It is easily tamed, and even domesticated, and makes a mild, playful pet. It is useful for destroying mice and rats, but is very destructive to poultry, and is naturally bold. It prefers to inhabit woods traversed ‘by water-courses. It feeds on small quadrupeds and birds, and makes its nest in the trunks of trees, in holes from 12 to 18 inches deep which are the result of natural decay. The tail is carried bent over the back, much in the fashion of a squirrel. It has three or four young at a birth.” TWO-SPOTTED PARADOXURE. Nandinia binstata. The Nandine, or Two-spotted Paradoxure, is a native of the West Coast of Africa, and is a rather small 60 CARNIVORA. animal, with small dark brown spots on a brown ground. Along the back there are no spots; these are placed along the half side nearest the belly. The tail is about 2 feet long, brown and striped. The total length of the animal is about 3 feet. The skin is of little or no value, and is only imported with the more saleable monkey-skins. WOOLLY PAGUMA. Paguma langifer. Called sometimes the Masked Paguma. This extremely rare animal is about 4 feet long, including the tail. This appendage is rather more than half the length of the body. The head is marked with dark lines at the mouth, and the nose pointed. The ears are rather short. There are fine curved nails in its feet, which indicate its arboreal habits. The toes are dark brown. Its skin is shaped like a kangaroo; and the fur is dense, rather harsh to the touch, and about 1} inches long. Itis of a greyish colour. The tail is broader at base than at the tip, which is black. The Woolly Paguma inhabits Nepaul and China, but little is known of its habits. ee 8 OF 61 EGYPTIAN ICHNEUMON. Herpestes ichneumon. German: Ichneumon. The Egyptian Ichneumon inhabits North Africa, Spain, and Italy, and is rather a rare animal. , Some two or three hundred skins are collected annually, and sold at about 5s. 6d. ; when the fashion for pointing furs (that is placing white hair among the fur) was in vogue, the hair of this animal was in great request, being superior for this purpose to the hair of the Skunk or Fox, and even supplanted the Badger, the greater attraction being the varied white tips. Its general colour is light brown, covered with longer hairs of red and white, alternate colours. Its tail is long and bristly. Its cry is a sharp hissing sound, and its bite is severe. It lives on small birds, eggs, ete. DUSTY ICHNEUMON. Herpestes pulveruleutus. This Ichneumon is probably a variety of the following animal, resembling it in every respect except its colour, which is dark brown. GREY ICHNEUMON. Herpestes gresis. The Grey Ichneumon is an inhabitant of South Africa. This little animal, called also the Mongus, is very similar to the Indian species, but is rather smaller, and has more grizzly hair. Several hundred skins are imported from time to time, and the value is from 2d. to 4d. 62 CARNIVORA. AARD WOLF. Proteles cristatus. This rather small Wolf, the Earth Wolf of the Dutch, is sometimes called Hyena by furriers ; it inhabits South Africa, and is about 8 feet in length. The fur is thick and rather long, mixed with longer coarse hairs; the colour is light brown, with black stripes across the body ; it has a slight mane of very long bristly hair ; the tail is furnished with long bristly coarse black hairs. The fur is well adapted for making wrappers; but its skin is rarely met with, and worth about 1s. 6d. to 3s. The Aard Wolf is said to feed on ants and carrion. _ SPOTTED HYAINA. Hyena crocuta. French: Hyéne. German: Hyine. The Spotted Hyena inhabits South Africa, and is larger than the foregoing species, being 4 feet in length. The fur is thin, and chiefly composed of hair of a light brown colour, marked with dark spots ; there isa longer ridge of hair between the shoulders. The head is round, and the eyes dark and prominent. The tail ig thin and bristly. The power of the jaw of the Hyana is immense ; it breaks large bones with the greatest ease. Its cry is peculiar and unearthly. Its gait is also re- markable, and might be described as a quick shuffle. SPOTTED HYANA. 63 The Spotted Hyena has bred in the Zoological Gardens. One thousand six hundred and fifty Hyenas were killed in British India in 1886. ESQUIMAUX DOG. Canis familiaris. Many naturalists have suggested that this animal is ‘of the same species as the Wolf; it interbreeds freely with this animal, and Indians often use Wolves to increase the size of their domesticated breed of dogs. To us it appears to be merely a domesticated Wolf. Like it, it varies in its colouring, black and white, black, white spotted with brown, white, dark brown, or grizzled, being the predominating colours. The fur is dense and thickly covered with strong hairs, and is nearly of the same value as a small wolf- skin. The Esquimaux Dog inhabits Labrador, and other eastern parts of British North America. But few skins are sent to this country, and these principally by the Harmony Company; an occasional skin is sometimes found amongst the Hudson’s Bay Company’s sundries, or is imported from Greenland. The Hare Indian Dog is a variety of this animal, from which it however differs in many respects. The dog of North America was used as a beast of burden by the Indians, for drawing household utensils, etc.; just asin the present day dogs are employed in Germany and Belgium for drawing milk carts, etc. The Esquimaux Dog is invaluable for drawing sledges. On many of the Polar expeditions they were employed 64 CARNIVORA. as furnishing the most practical means of transport. They were used in the late Arctic Expedition of Sir George Nares, and more recently by Major Greeley, who speaks more highly of dog-sleighs than the former ; but we must not lose sight of the fact that the dog is unable to draw on half-frozen snow (as was the case in Nares’ Expedition) ; a fine surface is required in order to travel with speed. The Esquimaux Dog will devour its harness if left within its reach : its appetite is voracious. The well-known Pomeranian: Dog resembles this animal, both in appearance and disposition. Dr. Richardson says, p. 75 :—“‘ Without entering at all into the question of the domestic dog, I may state that the resemblance between the wolves and the dogs of those Indian natives who still preserve their ancient mode of life continues to be very remarkable, and is nowhere more so than at the very northern extremity of the Continent, the Esquimaux Dogs being not only extremely like the grey wolves of the Arctic circle in form and colour, but also nearly equalling them in size. The dog has generally a shorter tail than the wolf, and carries it more frequently curved at the hip; but the latter practice is not totally unknown to the wolf, although that animal, when under the observation of man, being generally apprehensive of danger or on the watch, seldom displays this mark of satisfaction. I have, however, seen a family of wolves playing together, occasionally carry their tails curled upwards.” Dr. Richardson, quoting Captain Lyon, says :—‘“ It might be supposed that in so cold a climate these animals had peculiar periods of gestation, like the wild creatures ; but, on the contrary, they bear young at every season of the year, and seldom exceed five at a litter.” 65 DINGO. Canis Dingo. The Dingo is the Wild Dog of Australia. Its general colour is red-brown, black, and brindled (ike Wolves), or red-brown with black hairs, are some- times met with. It is about 3 feet long, and breeds in confinement. The skin of the Dingo is of small value, and very few are imported. COMMON OR EUROPEAN WOLF. Canis lupus. French: Loup. German: Wolf. The Wolf, although extinct in Great Britain and Ireland, still exists in‘ some quantities in the West of Europe ; it is found in Spain, France, Russia, Hungary, Austria (Carinthia), East Prussia, and Belgium (Forest of Ardennes). In severe and cold weather it leaves its refuge in the hills and comes out of its covert in the forest to commit ravages among the herds, and even penetrates into the villages. In recent years an attempt has been made to exter- minate or greatly reduce the number of Wolves in France, In 1888, 1,308 Wolves were killed, for which £4,105 were paid: 200 francs for a full-grown Wolf, 150 franes for a she-Wolf, 100 francs for a Wolf not fully grown, and 40 francs for a young Wolf. 66 CARNIVORA. In 1883, 1,308 were killed at premiums about £4,105 In 1884, 1,035 r 5 £3,200 In 1885, 900 i 3 £2,600 In 1886, 760 e . £2,984 In 1887, 701 - fe £1,920 In 1887 the departments where most Wolves were killed were the Dordogne (109), Charente (68), Vienne (50), Haute-Vienne (47), situated nearly in the centre of France ; it is still hunted in that country. The Common Wolf is of a bolder and fiercer disposition than its American cousin (which, although larger, is more cowardly) ; in some instances, it attacks man without fear, and every one is familiar with the thrilling sledge adventures which have happened. In olden times, in wild and thinly-populated districts, such as Flixton in Yorkshire, places of refuge ,from Wolves were erected for the convenience of travellers. It was then so common in Britain, during the times of the Heptarchy, that January was the ‘‘ Wolf Month ” of the Anglo-Saxons. (Standard, 25th November, 1884.) In 1684, in a fair held on the ice on the Thames, the pelts of Irish Wolves occupied a prominent position in the show. Mr. J. E. Harting says that, ‘‘ as far as can be ascer- tained, it appears that the Wolf became extinct in England during the reign of Henry VIL., that it survived in Scotland until 1748, and that the last of these animals was killed in Ireland, according to Richardson, in 1770, or, according to Sir James Emerson Tennant, subsequently to 1766.” The Welsh, in whose country the wild fauna existed to a much later date than in England, paid a tribute to Edward I. in Wolf heads. The names of Wolfshole, Wolfscrag, etc., denote the EUROPEAN WOLF. 67 abundance at one time of this animal in the North of England. Remains of the Wolf have been found in the Swiss Lake Dwellings. The Common Wolf is about the size of a large dog,, but the Russian variety attains larger dimensions. The colour is generally brown-red, with longer black hair, the under fur or wool thick and dense, and bluish in the ground; many are of a lighter or paler colour, and again a few are almost red; the tail is full, of medium length, dark brown above and lighter. below; this appendage is tipped with black; the ears are generally dark brown, and covered with short velvety fur; the whiskers are black and few in number. The English Wolf was undoubtedly very much of the above description, but of smaller size and darker colour, and was also probably of a fierce disposition. Wolves imported from Europe would, no doubt, after the lapse of some years, acquire the former charac- teristics of the English Wolf, viz., its deep colouring and smaller size. The Collie or Shepherd’s Dog is very similar in size, habits, and colour to the Common Wolf; in fact, there is a greater resemblance to this animal than to any breed of dog; the habits of Fox-hounds, packs of Boar and Stag-hounds, and the occasional predatory manners of the domestic dog (worrying and slaying Sheep), clearly indicate that the Wolf (who has likewise these. characteristics) was their common ancestor. If these hounds were allowed to relapse into the wild state they would re-acquire these habits. The Wolf is at times subject. to hydrophobia ; its bite is even more fatal than that of the dog. Dr. Richardson says, ‘‘ Black Wolves are more frequent in the Southern parts of Europe than in the Northern, F 2 68 CARNIVORA. and to the South of the Pyrenees they are said to be more common than the ordinary species or variety.” (Griffith’s ‘‘ Animal Kingdom,” vol. ii. p. 348.) The Siberian type is of a larger size than the foregoing species; it is usually of a light colour, with dense and rather harsh fur; many are of a reddish hue, and a few are almost quite red. Several thousand skins are imported into Europe from Siberia ; these are mostly used for making sleigh-robes, wrappers, etc., but some are manufactured into boas. In Russia Wolves are hunted with Wolf-hounds ; when brought to bay the hunter dismounts, bestraddles the Wolf, seizes it by the ears, and dispatches it. The Russian Wolf is sometimes tamed and trained to stand on backs of chairs, etc. It is estimated that there are about 170,000 Wolves slain annually in Russia: the reward for. killing a Wolf is ten roubles (about £1). The number killed in the province of Wologda, Kasan, was 80,000 in 1889. The number of persons killed by Wolves was 208. Many Siberian Wolf- skins are sold at Irbit Fair; many are brought from Turuschanki, Berevorsky, and Perschorsky districts. AMERICAN WOLF. Canis lupus occidentalis. French: Loup d’Amérique. German: Amérikanischer Wolf. This large animal, which is also called the Timber Wolf, is about 5 to 6 feet in length, and is found throughout the wild regions of British North America (including Vancouver Island), Alaska, and of the United States. It is larger than the European repre- sentative ; those from the extreme North attain to a AMERICAN WOLF. 69 very considerable size, especially those from the Churchill and Esquimaux Bay districts of the Hudson’s Bay Company; from the first-named districts the white variety, and those with the hair almost white, are most abundant: the exposed situation and extreme tempera- ture undoubtedly produces these effects, and corresponds with the colour produced in the Arctic Fox. A similar conclusion is to be drawn from the blue or dusky variety of the Wolf, which is most abundant in the EH. B. dis- trict. Black and pied animals are also found, but the grey is the prevailing colour of this animal. Fawn- coloured specimens are extremely rare. | The large White Wolves which a few years ago were abundant in the States, going about in. troops of 50 to 60, seem to have disappeared with the Buffalo. The fur of the Wolf from the Northern ports is long and rather silky; skins from these parts are of good quality, and consequently very valuable. The blue and white skins are exceptionally handsome; the hair between the shoulders is longer and coarser. The ears of the American Wolf are about 4 inches long, and dark in colour, and usually protected by the dense fur with which they are surrounded. The legs of grey animals are white and grey, with short stubbly hair ; the tail is full, about 18 to 24 inches long, and tipped with black hair ; the whiskers are sparse, and usually black. The fur of the Alaska animal is coarse. According to Elliott, the Wolf is not found farther in the Aleutian Islands than Oomniak. Dr. Richardson, p. 62 ‘‘ Northern Zoology,” says: “‘T do not mean to assert that the differences existing between it and its European congener are sufficiently permanent to constitute them, in the eye of the natur- alist, distinct species. The same kind of differences 70 CARNIVORA. may be traced between the Foxes and native races of the domestic dog of the New World and those of the Old; the former possessing finer, denser, longer fur, and broader feet, well calculated for running in the snow.” And at p. 64: “The American Wolf burrows and brings forth its young in earths with several outlets, like those of a Fox. Isawsome of their burrows on the plains of the. - Saskatchewan, and also on the banks of the Coppermine River. The number of young in a litter varies from four or five to eight or nine. In Captain Parry’s and Captain Franklin’s narratives, instances, are recorded of the female Wolf associating with the domestic dog; and we are informed that the Indians endeavour to improve their sledge-dogs by crossing the breed with Wolves. Theresemblance between the Northern Wolves and the domestic dog of the Indians is so great that the size and strength of the Wolf seems the only difference. I have more than once mistaken a band of Wolves for the dogs of a party of Indians; and the howl of the animals of both species is prolonged so exactly in the same key, that even the practised ear of an Indian fails at times to discriminate them.” Again, p. 70: ‘‘ The Indians do not consider the black Wolves to be a distinct race, but report that one or two black. whelps are occasionally found in a litter of a grey Wolf.. In conceding to their opinion, I do not mean to assert that the offspring of black Wolves are not most frequently black. The black Wolves differ from the grey ones only in eons and their haunts and habits ‘are precisely the same.’ The American Wolf reaches a high latitude. It was observed in latitude 27° N. during the late Polar Expedi- tion. Mr. Fielden states that ‘‘on the 1st April, 1876, AMERICAN WOLF. 71 several Wolves made their appearance in the neighbour- hood of the winter-quarters of the Alert. They were evidently following a small herd of Musk-oxen, whose tracks and traces were observed in the vicinity; and that they were able at times to secure these animals was shown by their dung being composed chiefly of Musk-ox wool and splinters of bone. Several of our sportsmen. started in pursuit of these Wolves, but, with one exception, they did not allow them to approach them within three or four hundred yards. The follow- ing day (April 2) the Wolves still continued in the neigh- bourhood of the ship, and at intervals their long, melancholy, but not unmusical wail reverberated from the hills.” — (“ Voyage to Polar Sea,” p. 192.) Some 460 to 620 skins are imported annually (1891, 263 skins only) by the Hudson’s Bay Company ; and about 800 to 500 from other parts of North America. Grey fetch 48. 6d. to 288. 9d.; white, 7s. 6d. to 90s. ; blue, 50s. to 126s. per skin. These skins are especially adapted for handsome sleigh-robes or wrappers. They are especially in vogue in London, New York, Paris, Montreal, etc. Dyed black or brown, they are made into excellent boas, to which they are well adapted, owing to the lightness of ,the pelt. The skull and dentition approaches closely to that of the dog. The female has eight teats. The Wolf, in former times, surrounded the Moose and drove it over precipices, and then descended to devour the carcase. It, however, feared to attack the Buffalo, unless they were infirm, aged, or sickly animals. In Alaska the Wolf preys on the Reindeer. 72 CARNIVORA: INDIAN WOLF. Canis patlipes. French: Loup des Indes. German: Ostindischer Wolf. This Wolf is about 4 feet in length, and inhabits India, Cashmere, Nepaul, etc. The colour is of the usual grey hue of the Wolf, but, generally speaking, much lighter. The fur is dense from the northern districts, but further south the coat is chiefly composed of short, harsh, bristly hair. It has a lanky and hungry appearance. Six thousand seven hundred and twenty-five were killed in British India in 1886. Very few skins are imported. The Indian Wolf is said to breed occasionally with the village dogs. PRAIRIE WOLF, OR COYOTE. Canis latrans. The Coyote is smaller than the foregoing species or varieties of Wolves, and is foundin many States of the North American Republic, such as Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Texas, and is also tolerably abundant in the Manitoba and South districts of the Hudson’s Bay Company. The colour of the Prairie Wolf is grey, or dark grizzly, with black tops. The tail is tipped with black, but occasionally is white. The ears are large for its size, usually reddish and tipped with black. The under- ground of the fur is blue, and specimens are sometimes found of an ordinary brown colour. The fur is rather long, harsh, and dense. PRAIRIE WOLF. 73 Some 2,000 to 3,000 skins: are imported annually, and another 1,000 to 3,000 by the Hudson’s Bay Company. In 1891 8,974 skins were sold by the Company. The skins from the Dominion are, of course, of fuller and finer quality than those from the United States. Of late years it has been hunted in Iowa by packs of hounds, or dogs of mixed breeds, and affords good sport to the hunters. It is extremely wary, and difficult to take in traps. The Coyote appears to breed occasionally with the grey or Virginian Fox. It is said to produce five to eight young at a birth. The female has six teats. The Prairie Wolf has bred in Epping Forest from animals escaped from captivity. It breeds freely with fox-terriers, pointers, &c., thus showing the identity of the wolf and dog. The skins of the Prairie Wolf make excellent wrappers and boas, and take a brilliant dye (black or brown). Its fur is used all over the civilized world, with the exception of China. SOUTH AMERICAN WOLF. Canis antarcticus. This small Wolf is grey in colour, and somewhat similar to the Coyote of the Northern Continent. There are but few skins; some 50 to 100 are imported annually. Its fur is consequently little known to traders. Its skin is, however, sometimes used to replace that of the grey Fox, as its colour is dark brindled, and dark on the top hair. 74 CARNIVORA. The length of this Wolf is about 2 feet, not including the tail, which is about 6 to 8 inches long, and dark in colour. It inhabits South America and resembles a Jackal. There is a larger species, the Red Wolf (Canis jubata), of a size between the Coyote and North American Wolf. The belly of this animal is of a reddish colour; the back is dark grey, and also the tail. It likewise inhabits South America. \ SIBERIAN OR CHINESE DOG. The Chinese Dog is about the size of a large retriever. Like other wolves or dogs, there is a long ridge of hair running down the back of this animal. The legs are long, as well as the ears. The animal has altogether a starved and lanky appearance. Its tail, being rather long and not bushy, adds to this effect. Many have coats almost like a retriever. One of these animals was exhibited in the Gardens of the Zoological Society in 1886, but it seems to be practi- cally unknown to the scientific world, although known for centuries to the Chinese, and has of late years. become an article of commerce. The bulk is made into robes of eight skins (sometimes four), and sent from Shanghai to London and New York. They vary in colour: black, white, fawn, mottled, and some brindled, are the predominant colours. These skins or robes are generally imported in the dressed state. This animal inhabits China, etc., and about 50,000 to 100,000 skins are imported annually into London. This does not include the yearly collection which, SIBERIAN DOG. 75 according to Mr. Edgar, at Newchang, in Manchooria, reaches from £40,000 to £60,000 in value annually. He says that ‘there are thousands of small dog and goat farms dotted over Manchooria and the eastern borders of Mongolia, where from a score to some hundreds of dogs are annually reared on each farm, and where they constitute a source of wealth.” The Siberian Dog is larger and has a more magnificent coat than even the foregoing. It is usually black. Many skins are imported into this country either direct from Russia or through Leipsic. The Chinese Dog-skin takes a brilliant black dye, or may be topped. It makes an excellent sleigh-robe. It is also used for the manufacture of men’s coats in Canada. : JAPANESE WOLF. Canis podophylax, or Canis lupus. This rare animal is about 4 feet long. Its general colour is dark blue. Skins are seldom seen. CHINESE WOLF. Canis lupus. The Chinese Wolf is of a pale light grey colour, and the fur is dense and rather coarse. It is about the size of the foregoing species, and is rather larger than the Coyote. Very few skins (about 100 to 745) are imported into 76 CARNIVORA. this country. The best skins sometimes fetch 16s. per skin. The usual price is much lower. The Tibetian Wolf (Canis laniger) is a climatic variety of the Common Wolf. They are usually: black. COMMON FOX. Canis vulpes, or perhaps Vulpes vulgaris. French: Renard du pays. German: Land Fuchs. The Common Fox is one of the most abundant fauna of the British Islands ; it is found throughout the greater part of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, and in the Isle of Wight. It is best known for the sport which it affords when hunted. j There are (1889) 152 packs of Fox-hounds in Eng- land, 9 in Scotland, 16 in Ireland, 3 in Wales. Regular hunting commences about the middle of October, and ends on the 1st of March. Hunting is often prolonged to the first or second week in April. The younger hounds or drafts are trained by a course of cub-hunting, which commences in September. Many interesting tales and stories are told about the wiles and various tricks of the Fox when hard pressed, such as taking refuge in out-houses, etc. A case is re- corded in the Field of a Fox when driven from cover, having climbed a tree covered with ivy, and disappeared from sight. A man ascended the tree, shook the Fox down, when he gave an excellent run of 80 minutes, and ultimately escaped. Foxes have also been seen nestling on the bough of a tree 30 feet from the ground. When hotly pursued, they have been known to run on the tops of walls, hedges, etc., COMMON FOX. 17 and to run along some distance before jumping down, and to spring across the corners. A Fox, when hunted by a single hound, has been known to turn on its pursuer, fight with him, and to escape. The Fox has also been known to play with dogs.