Pry ee eke oe Ss ean EROS OS Cereal _ he New York State College of Agriculture At Gornell University Sthaca, N.Y. Library Date Due DEC 5 Library Bureau Cat. No. 1137 Cornell University Library QK 306.W33C Ti 3 1924 001 689 326 — sam COMPENDIUM OF THE CYBELE BRITANNICA; OR Hritish Plants in their Geographical Belations. BY HEWETT COTTRELL WATSON, “There is scarcely any well-informed person, who, if he has but the will, has not also the power to add something essential to the general stock of knowledge, if he will only observe regularly and methodically some particular class of facts which may most excite his attention, or which his situation may best enable him to study with effect.’—HzurscHsLu. LONDON: LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, & DYER. 1870. QK306 W3a¢ @B7I697 LONDON : E. NEWMAN, PRINTER, DEVONSHIRE STREET, BISHOPSGATE. PREFACE. Tus Volume was printed in three successive Parts in the years 1868, 1869, 1870; the manuscript for the several portions having been prepared chiefly in the years preceding those dates. Attention to the dates is requested, because they will shew that the earlier pages of the volume could scarcely take into account any facts ascertained or records made later than 1867; although in the pages last printed some few discoveries and records even of 1870 have been noted while the proof sheets passed through hand. The additions given under the head of ‘‘ Notes and Corrections,” on pages 606—615, will bring the whole volume nearly up to actual knowledge about British plants and their dis- tribution at the beginning of 1870. The Author’s personal experiences in British botany may be said to extend over most of the forty years preceding the last mentioned date. In course of those years he has observed and collected plants in many different counties, from Cornwall and Kent southwards to Sutherland and Caithness northwards, from the: coast line to the summits of the highest hills. But most of his botanical ramblings were done in years before the railways had grown into such a network of locomotive facilities as they now afford for botanical purposes. Thus, while much was seen, much also has remained unseen by him; advancing age and other conditions having latterly interfered to render him iv PREFACE. sedentary at home, or locomotive only to the range of a single-day journey to and fro. Books and the manu- script communications of botanical friends have been largely resorted to, in order to extend and supplement the knowledge acquired by personal investigation. His writings are thus to be looked upon as a combination between actual observation at first-hand and rather elaborate compilation at second-hand. This present volume may be taken as a condensed summary from thousands upon thousands of individual facts, real or alleged, actually ascertained or accepted on faith. It is not to be expected that such a sum- mary has been made without errors and oversights on the part of the Author himself, besides those which may have been taken on trust from other writers or communicators. The attempted elimination of old errors, over and over again repeated in books, and of the many others of more recent date continually in- creasing their numbers, has been found one of the most unsatisfactory among the emendatory tasks under- taken. On the whole, however, it is believed that the present Compendium may be accepted by the botanists of Britain, as a fairly reliable exposition of that depart- ment of botanical science to which it relates. If so accepted, it may claim to constitute a new and advanced starting ground for further investigations. At any rate, the Author must himself feel well assured that his own past efforts would have been very greatly assisted, if he could have found any similar book forty years ago. For want thereof he has been compelled to sacrifice much time and labour in the accumulation of small facts, to be methodically arranged and then selected PREFACE. ¥ from. The course has been always onward, indeed, but at the deliberate pace of the tortoise. Successors may march forward all the faster and surer for this slowness hitherto. A work like the Cybele Britannica or its Com- pendium, the first of its kind, unavoidably assumes a good deal the character of being critical and polemical. Distribution is primarily based on localities observed and recorded; and records of localities give frequent occasion to weigh critically the personal testimony, in reliance upon which the records are to be accepted and made use of as scientific truths or facts. Dis- tribution, again, deals with plants as so many species; and under existing conditions of technical botany, that term itself immediately suggests controversial dis- crepancies of opinion about the validity of those entities intended by the specific names used. It is not the Author’s disposition to accept opinions on faith or facts non-inquiringly. His creed is, that intellectual truth should be held paramount over all other considerations. Such a creed is certain to give offence to individuals when practically carried out. The official and, the influential are prone to think it quite proper that they should receive the largest amount of personal laudation, and yet they will inconsistently object against the smallest degree of personal censure, in reference to their published opinions or public practices in science. While the Author has refused to be restrained by rules so inconsistent, he has never wittingly either misrepresented or misquoted the writers whom he has had occasion to criticize. Not seldom he has himself been subjected to garbled quotation and intentional misrepresentation, usually anonymous or vi PREFACE. editorial. But there is nothing surprising in the fact, that those who are base enough to be intentionally false, should also be mean enough to be covertly false. The name Cybele has been variously pronounced. The two first vowels are short, the final e is sounded long. This correct pronunciation is insured by making the two first syllables end with the consonants thus, Cyb-el-e. Some persons insist on Cy-bel-e, and others even on Cy-be-le. The Author prefers to sound the name nearly as if it were written Sib-el-e. The Address of the Author remains at Thames Ditton, near Kingston, Surrey. But the town of Kingston-on-Thames having been changed under postal arrangements to a Head country office, it is no longer proper to add the letters ““8.W.” which are the initials of a Metropolitan district. Correspondents are requested to note this change in postal address. CONTENTS. PAGE I, Introductory Explanations :— 1. Topographical Divisions 2 2. Ascending or Climatic Zones. ll 3. Types of Distribution . 23 4, Grades of Species ‘ 32 5. Relation of Varieties to Species 40 6. Nativity of the Species 59 7. Explanation of the Formula used 62 II. Synopsis of Species :— Orders RatviuncuLacez to EquisETacum . 79 to 420 III. Segregates and their Nomenclature 425 1. Ranunculus aquatilis, its history. 2. Thalictrum minus, ditto. 8. Viola canina, ditto. 4. Hypericum quadrangulum, ditto. 5. Valeriana officinalis, ditto. 6. Aspidium spinulosum, ditto. IV. Additional List 461 1 Segregates, 461. 2 Aliens, 464. 38 Casuals, 465. 4 Extincts, 467. 5 Errors, 468. 6 Ambiguities 469. Orders RanuNcuLAcEz to EquisrTacEZ . 478 to V. Notes and Corrections in Synopsis Cybele Britannica, explanatory notice concerning it Index of Names 605 606 616 617 I. INTRODUCTORY EXPLANATIONS. Puyto-cEoaraPuy traces out the history and distribution of plants, in connexion with the geographical position of countries, their conditions of climate, and the physical peculiarities of their surface. It has been more specially described under two names or divisions, according to the different modes in which the subject matter is chiefly taken under consideration. 1. Geographical Botany is understood to begin with the plants themselves, whether by individual species or in generic or ordinal groups, and to trace the distribution of the species or groups over the surface of the Earth, or over any portion of it immediately under consideration. 2. Botanical Geography regards the Earth’s surface itself pri- marily, and examines the floral peculiarities of its various parts or divisions ; investigating the diversities and correspondences of their respective floras, and endeavouring to ascertain the circum- stances or influences which have determined the existing con- ditions of plant-distribution. Briefly, the former may be said to treat about the places of the plants; the second, conversely, to treat about the plants of the places. If reduced into brief questions, the distinction may become still more clear. 1. In what places, and under what conditions, does this plant or group of plants occur ? 2. By what kind of plants, or combination of plants, is this country inhabited and characterized ?—how did they first get to it?—how maintained there ? This present volume will be devoted to geographical botany. Each British species will be treated separately and successively, and its geographical distribution will be indicated in accordance with a fixed form. The ample details thus condensed within a B 2 INTRODUCTION. small compass, and the uniformity of treatment ensured by ad- herence to one fixed formula of distribution, will be found advan- tageous to phyto-geographers. All the leading facts are thus placed ready for use, whether it be wished to compare the botanical geography of Britain with that of any other country,— or, to compare one part of Britain with any other part of itself, under the like view,—or, to compare the distribution of one species with that of another, or with the distribution of all others by means of general lists. Many of such comparisons have been shown in the fourth volume of the Cybele Britannica. Those readers who may desire to gee and understand such an application of the details of geo- graphical botany, can readily do so by consulting that fourth volume ; which may be regarded, indeed, as a second volume also to the present more epitomized work. The three earlier volumes of the Cybele Britannica having been longer in print (1847— 1852) their details were brought up of course less near to the actual knowledge of to-day; while the later date of the fourth volume (1859) places it less in arrear, and more especially so on account of the more generalised character of its contents. The present work will be understood to replace the three earlier volumes of the Cybele Britannica almost exclusively, and with only brief explanations drawn from the fourth volume and the Supplement. But it is not simply an epitome of these three volumes; being in fact almost a re-written work on a similar plan. 1. TopoGRAPHICAL DtIvIsIons. For the purposes of phyto-geography it was found expedient to form and name some other partitions of the surface of Britain, besides those in current use for social or political geography. The three antient divisions of the island—England, Wales, Scotland— were too few and too unequal; while nimety counties and islet- groups were too numerous, and also too unequal, for some of the objects. Intermediate divisions were especially required, and these were easily formed by uniting the counties into less numerous I. TOPOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. 3 groups. At the same time, it was sought to obviate the prac- tical inconvenience of new sections and new names as far as possible. A close adherence to county-boundaries was conse- quently resolved upon, for a basis of all the new divisions. To this rule some slight exceptions will be found, where small portions of one county lie apart, being imbedded or insulated within the outline limits of other adjaccut counties. Provinces. — In forming the intermediate sections, by grouping the counties, a wavy middle line was first traced from the south coast of England northwards into the Highlands of Scotland; this line corresponding with the boundaries of counties, and being traced in that course which would best divide the counties whose rivers flow to the eastern coasts, from those other counties the waters of which are emptied into the western seas or ocean. These two longitudinal portions of the island were then transversely sub- divided into Provinces, or groups of counties which together con- stitute the basin of a principal river, or have some other physical peculiarity in common. The mesial line was not continued northward of Inverness, where Scotland becomes very narrow, and where counties extend from the east to the west coast, as Ross and Sutherland. The wide county of Inverness itself, also extending from east to west, is bisected by the longitudinal line ; the eastern portion being thus divided from the western portion ; its two portions being severally named East-Inverness and West- Inverness, abbreviated into Easterness and Westerness. The small eastern county of Nairn is included with Easterness ; while that detached part of Argyle, situate on the north-west side of Loch Linhe, is taken along with Westerness. In this manner eighteen Provinces, or groups of counties, have been traced on the map of Britain; and though still being arbi- trary or conventional partitions of the surface, through conforming with county boundaries, they will be found on examination to be more natural sections of the island, than are the counties them- selves. It will be observed that any needful new names are given to the provinces in accordance with some physical peculiarity or character, usually that of a principal river basin, as Thames or 4 INTRODUCTION. Severn. If other names were already in familiar use and suffi- ciently applicable, those customary names have been retained im preference ; as in the case of North or South Wales, or Highlands and Lowlands of Scotland. In order to render these Provinces suitable for phyto-geogra- phical comparisons among themselves, it was sought to give to each a considerable portion of coast line; as otherwise maritime plants in some of them, and not in others, would have rendered their local floras less comparable. But the inland province of Severn was unavoidably left with a coast line of less extent than elsewhere. For convenience of geographical nomenclature it was deemed better to keep the twelve counties of Wales to themselves ; and to have included all Somerset with the Severn counties, more strictly so designated, would have intruded their province too far into that of the Peninsula. The existing conditions of botanical knowledge and records, at the date of 1840—5, likewise in some degree affected the provincial boundaries, more especially those of the Highland provinces. The counties were so grouped that the then existing records should furnish a tolerably full list of the species for each group. Otherwise, it would have been preferable to group the Highland counties into four provinces instead of three only ; also, to keep the Western isles of Scotland, Ebudes and Hebrides, united together as one province, apart from the two sub-groups of Northern isles, Orkney and Shetland. But the botanical data on record a quarter century ago, though much increased by the present writer’s own manuscript notes, were still too incomplete and imperfect to allow a compilation of local Floras for six instead of four Highland and Insular provinces. By a subsequently adopted arrangement, presently to be explained, the same counties and isles can now be treated as ten sub-groups, instead of four chief groups, in cases where the more numerous partitions are likely to prove more useful. Before proceeding to explain the other divisions and sub- divisions of Britain, more numerous than these eighteen pro- vinces, it seems advisable to present a list of the counties enumerated under their respective provinces ; this first grouping I. TOPOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. 5 of the counties into the eighteen primary provinces being the guide to all other divisions and combinations, whether larger and fewer, or smaller and more numerous sections. Through a reference to the subjoined list, any plain county map of Britain may readily be converted into a provincial map, by colouring such of the outlines of counties as constitute any portion of the bound- aries of the provinces. For example, a coloured line along the contiguous boundaries of Devon and Somerset, on the one side, with Dorset and Wilts on the other side, will separate the province of the Peninsula from that of the Channel; and in like manner a coloured line traced along the northern boundaries of Wilts, Hants and Sussex, will separate the Channel province from that of the Thames. List of Provinces and their included Counties. 1. Pentysuna.—Cornwall, Devon, Somerset. 2. CHannEeL.—Dorset, Wilts, Isle of Wight, Hants, Sussex. 3. Tuames.—Kent, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Bucks, Middlesex, Herts, Essex. 4. Ousr.—Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, Bedford, Huntingdon, North- ampton. 5. SEVERN.—Gloucester, Worcester, Warwick, Stafford, Salop, Hereford, Monmouth. 6. Sours Wazes.—Glamorgan, Caermarthen, Pembroke, Cardigan, Bre- con, Radnor. 7. NorntH Wares.—Montgomery, Merioneth, Caernarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Anglesea. 8. Trent.—Leicester, Rutland, Lincoln, Notts, Derby. 9. Mersry.—Cheshire, Lancashire. 10. Humsper.—York. 11. Tyne.—Durham, Northumberland. 12. Laxes.—Westmoreland, Cumberland. (Isle of Man). 13. Wesr Lowzanps.— Dumfries, Kirkeudbright, Wigton, Ayr, Lanark, Renfrew. 14. East Lownanps.—Berwick, Roxburgh, Peebles, Selkirk, Haddington, Edinburgh, Linlithgow. 15. East Hiaunanps.—Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Perth, For- far, Kincardine, Aberdeen, Banff, Moray (including Nairn, Elgin, and the north-east of Inverness). 16. West Hicuianps.—Dumbarton, Argyle, Inverness, westward of Loch Erricht. Isles adjacent, from Arran to Skye. 17. Norra Hicuranps.—Ross and Cromarty, Sutherland, Caithness. 18. Nortu Istes.—Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland. 6 INTRODUCTION. Sub-provinces. — The varying width of the island in its different latitudes, and the necessity also for taking into account the then actual state of botanical records, caused the provinces to be less equalized in size or area than was desirable ; although they were made much less disproportionate than the counties themselves. As the distribution of the plants became better ascertained, it was found to become practicable and useful to equalize the provinces more closely, by further subdividing the larger of them, and leaving the smaller undivided. By this course the eighteen pri- mary provinces were increased into thirty-eight subordinate pro- vinces, to which the designation of Sub-province was given; the original names being retained for the undivided provinces, and a prefix added to the original names for the severed portions of the others. The great county of York, constituting alone the province of Humber, thus became apportioned between two sub-provinces, —those of East Humber and West Humber. In other respects county boundaries were still adhered to in forming the sub- provinces ; several of which are identical with large counties. There is one important difference between the provinces and sub- provinces, which is to be kept in recollection in all comparisons between their floras; namely, that some of the English sub- provinces are entirely inland, presenting no coast line for maritime plants. Thus, while several species of the sea-shore can be stated to occur generally in all the provinces, the like character of generality cannot be assigned to them, when their distribution is traced by the sub-provinces in England. Vice-Counties.— The still greater inequality and disproportion in the size of the counties, frequently rendering any comparison between their floras quite unsatisfactory and delusive, was also sought to be partially removed by cutting the larger counties into two or more sections designated Vice-counties, and leaving the smaller counties whole. Some few of the smallest counties had previously been sunk or included in those adjacent to them, as Rutland in Leicestershire, and Kinross in Fifeshire; and the fragmentary county of Cromarty was held as part of Ross, within which its detached portions are situate. Through this course of I. TOPOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. « subdivision, the counties and vice-counties together are increased to 112. The familiar names of the counties are almost always retained, the vice-counties being distinguished by a prefixed word, usually denoting the points of the compass,—North, South, East, West, or Mid,—as being obvious and easily remembered. Some few exceptions to this rule of nomenclature are introduced, where a familiar name already existed, as Isle of Wight, or else in order to avoid the awkwardness of writing, for instance, “ North North- umberland with North Durham ;” the name of “ Cheviotland ” being substituted for this latter compound. The vice-counties, equally as the sub-provinces, came into use only in the fourth volume and Supplement of the Cybele Britannica; the distribution of the species being traced by the provinces and counties only in the three earlier volumes. In this work, the sub-provinces and the vice-counties will come fully into use in forming a ‘ Census’ scale; and hence the necessity for explaining what they are and what their names represent. Divisions of Britain.—Taking the 18 Provinces as a basis, we are now prepared to trace larger divisions of the surface, which can often serviceably be substituted for the old divisions into Eng- land and Scotland, or England and Wales. The single mesial line traced from south to north, as before explained, will make two longitudinal divisions into East and West Britain. Two trans- verse lines will in turn divide the island into South, Mid, and North Britain. These three longitudinal divisions are thus shown, on the map prefixed to this volume :— 8. Britain includes provinces 1—7; sub-provinces 1—18 M. Britain . . «2 @ Blas « = « « T0828 N. Britain . . . . . .15—18; . . . . 29-88 In subdividing the whole island longitudinally by provinces only, there comes the difficulty before mentioned, of the two most northerly provinces being partly eastern and partly western. This difficulty is somewhat lessened by founding the two longitudinal divisions on the sub-provinces. On this basis, the two sub-pro- vinces of Lower and Upper North Highlands, together with the Hebrides, and also the West Channel in England, are to be 8 INTRODUCTION. reckoned in the nineteen Western Sub-provinces, forming West Britain ; while Shetland and Orkney, with Mid Channel and East Channel, are to be reckoned among the nineteen Eastern Sub-provinces, forming East Britain. A clear understanding of these various divisions or sections of the whole area of Britain, more or less in use through this present work, as well as in the volumes of the original Cybele Britannica, is quite necessary to those readers who may consult either of the works. The subjoined enumeration of them in detail, with the aid of the map, will shew all the provinces and their subordinate partitions, as well as the three series of. con- secutive Nos. by which they are respectively distinguished. I—Divisions of Britain into Highteen Provinces, as indicated by Nos. on the margin of the Map. I. PENINSULA. xX. HUMBER. II. CHANNEL. XI. TYNE. Til. THAMES. XII. LAKES. IV. OUSE. XIII. WEST LOWLANDS. V. SEVERN. XIV. EAST LOWLANDS. VI. SOUTH WALES. XV. EAST HIGHLANDS. VII. NORTH WALES. XVI. WEST HIGHLANDS. VIII. TRENT. XVII. NORTH HIGHLANDS. IX. MERSEY. XVIII. NORTH ISLES. I1.— Subdivisions of the primary Provinces into the 38 Sun-PRovINcES, and 112 Counties and Vice-Counties. Te IL. I. Sourn Prwninsuna. IV. West Cuannen. 1 West Cornwall. 7 North Wilts. 2 East Cornwall. 8 South Wilts. TI. Mm Penrnsvuna. 9 Dorset. 3 South Devon. V. Mip Cuannet. 4 North Devon. 10 Isle of Wight. III. Norte Preninsvna. 11 South Hants. 5 South Somerset. 12 North Hants. 6 North Somerset. VI. East Cuannet, I. 13 West Sussex. 14 East Sussex. Ii. VIL. Soura THames. 15 East Kent. 16 West Kent. 17 Surrey. VIII. Norta Tames. 18 South Essex. 19 North Essex. 20 Herts. 21 Middlesex. IX. West Tuames. 22 Berks. 23 Oxford. 24 Bucks. IV. X. Sour Ouse. 25 East Suffolk. 26 West Suffolk. XI. Norra Ovse. 27 East Norfolk. 28 West Norfolk. XII. West Ouse. 29 Cambridge. 30 Bedford. 31 Hunts. 32 Northampton. Ne XIII. SourH SEVERN. 33 East Gloucester. 34 West Gloucester. 35 Monmouth. XIV. Mip Severn. 36 Hereford. 37 Worcester. 38 Warwick. XV. NortH SEVERN. TOPOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. 39 Stafford. 40 Salop. VI. XVI. Sourn East Wates. 41 Glamorgan. 42 Brecon. 43 Radnor. XVII. SourH West WALEs. 44 Caermarthen. 45 Pembroke. 46 Cardigan. VIL. XVUOI. Norra Wates. 47 Montgomery. 48 Merioneth. 49 Caernarvon. 50 Denbigh. 51 Flint. 52 Anglesea. VOL XIX. East TRENT. 53 South Lincoln. 54 North Lincoln. XX. West Trent. 55 Leicester. 56 Notts. 57 Derby. IX. XXII. MERsEy. 58 Chester. 59 South Lancaster. 60 West Lancaster. x, XXII. East HumpBer. 61 South East York. 62 North East York. 10 INTRODUCTION. XXIII. West Humser. 63 South West York. 64 Mid West York. 65 North West York. XI: XXIV. Tyne. 66 Durham. 67 Northumberland. 68 Cheviotland. XIf. XXYV. Lazes. 69 Westmoreland. 70 Cumberland. 71 Isle of Man. XIII. XXVI. South West Lowranbs. 72 Dumfries. 73 Kirkcudbright. 74 Wigton. XXVII. NortH West Lowzanps. 75 Ayr. 76 Renfrew. 77 Lanark. XIV. XXVIII. East Lowzanps. ° 78 Peebles. 79 Selkirk. 80 Roxburgh. 81 Berwick. 82 Haddington. 83 Edinburgh. 81 Linlithgow. XV. XXIX. Sourn East HicHnanps. 85 Fife, Kinross. 86 Stirling. 87 West Perth, Clackmannan. 88 Mid Perth. 89 East Perth. XXX. Mip East HicHLanps. 90 Forfar. 91 Kincardine. 92 South Aberdeen. 93 North Aberdeen. XXXI. Nortu East Hieunanps. 94 Banff. 95 Elgin. 96 Easterness. XVI. XXXII. Inner W. Hicuranns. 97 Westerness. 98 Main Argyle. 99 Dumbarton. 100 Clyde Isles. 101 Cantire. XXXITII. OutER W. HieHranps. 102 South Ebudes. 103 Mid Ebudes. 104 North Ebudes. XVII. XXXIV. Lower N. Hienuanps. 105 West Ross. 106 East Ross. XXXY. Urprr N. Hieunanns. 107 East Sutherland. 108 West Sutherland. 109 Caithness. XVIII. XXXVI. Nortu Waist Istzs. 110 Hebrides. XXXVILI. Lower Nortu Istzs. 111 Orkney. XXXVI. Urrer Nortu Isres. 112 Shetland, II. ASCENDING ZONES. ll 2. AsceNDING og CLimatic Zonns. If a Botanist, while standing on the summit of one of our loftiest hills, will make out a list of all the plants he can see close around him, he will find that his list includes very few flowering plants. Suppose that, while slowly descending from summit to base, he carefully sets down the names of all the other phanero- gamous plants successively as they may come under his notice. His list will thus shew the highest point, or upper limit, attained by each species on that particular hill, and in that particular line of descent from its summit; of course, not the absolute heights, but the upper limits of the species relatively to each other, or one above another. If the Botanist should now reverse his course of observation, in ascending from base to summit, he will first make a much more numerous list of species at-and about his starting point at the foot of the hill. The species quite on the summit being very few, those of the base will be found gradually disappearing from his view as he ascends higher and higher towards that summit. At the same time, a smaller number of other species, not descending so low as the base of the hill, will gradually come under his notice ; some of which will again disappear from view, while probably some others will continue to be found at intervals nearly or quite up to the actual summit. All the species which were not seen at the base of the hill, and which first became obvious in succession during the ascent, may be said to have a lowest point, or lower limit on the hill supposed to be under examination. : By a further supposition, our Botanist shall make like observa- tions on some other adjacent hill, one of nearly equal elevation, and in the character of its surface also resembling the hill before ascended and descended. Often repeated experience warrants an expectation that the Botanist will find a nearly similar series or succession of species on this second hill, if comparing its plants with those on the former hill. He would never find two lists corresponding precisely, if so made on different hills. Some of the species seen on the one hill, might likely not be observed at all 12 INTRODUCTION. on the other hill. Those really seen would seldom or never be found exactly in the same series or order of succession on both. Real differences would be traced, through some of the species themselves not invariably keeping the same upper and lower limits relatively to each other. Apparent differences would arise, through the Botanist failing to observe the highest or lowest points for some of the species. But the absolute heights by measurement, at which the same single species appeared or disappeared on the two hills respectively, would usually be found to differ more than the relative heights of the several species, one compared with another. Again, the Reader will please to suppose that our botanical observer has repeated the described process on numerous hills within Britain ; making out so many lists of the species, as they were first observed in ascending or descending the hills. The series of names in his various lists will present an approximate similarity, although not an actual sameness. The closest approxi- mation towards sameness will be found among the very common species which occur almost everywhere; the rarer species in general being less uniform in their relative position. For instance, it will be found almost invariably that Evica cinerea ascends higher than Ulex europaus ; that Calluna vulgaris ascends higher than the Erica; that Vaccinium Myrtillus ascends higher than the Culluna. Conversely, Saxifraga stellaris will almost always be found to descend Jower than Su.xifraga nivalis ; Eimpe- trum nigrum will be seen lower down than Azalea procumbens ; and Luzula spicata will appear at a much lower elevation than the rarer Luzula arcuata is ever found at in Britain. : This tendency of plants to cease at different altitudes, to have upper and lower limits, and for several also usually to keep an approximate similarity in the distance apart of those limits, one species relatively to another, affords the facility for forming ascending zones of plants. Common and conspicuous species are selected, which usually cease at some considerable distance from each other, a distance tolerably uniform in measurement. The intervening spaces between the limits of these species are taken to Il. ASCENDING ZONES. 13 apportion the whole height of the hills into successive stages, which are denominated Ascending Zones. If, for example, on one hill the Ulex ewropeus should cease at 1000 feet of altitude, Erica cinerea at 2000 feet, Calluna vulgaris at 3000 feet, and Vaccinium Myrtillus at 4000 feet,—in such a case, their upper limits would divide the hill into four ascending zones of 1000 feet each. Again, on some more northerly hill, if the same shrubs should cease respectively at 500, 1500, 2500, and 3500 feet,—in this case, their upper limits would still form equivalent zones, rela- tively to each other, although their absolute altitudes differed by 500 feet on the two hills. The low horizontal surface of the island equally admits of zonal division. A large number of the species which are seen in the southern counties of England, fail to reach the northern counties of Scotland ; disappearing or being left behind successively as a traveller proceeds from south to north. Conversely, various other species which flourish in the northern counties, will be found to run out and disappear as the traveller returns southward. But it is less easy to make or mark out horizontal zones on the low grounds, although in their general character they correspond with the vertical or montane zones, one single country being under view. Zones must be bounded by imaginary lines, while species seldom or never cease thus abruptly in hard lines. In the usual mode of cessation, especially on the horizoutal surface, a species first becomes less abundant and less continuous in its distri- bution ; its localities gradually becoming wider and wider apart, and often less productive ; finally, a few outlying localities may be found, far separated from each other, in which the species almost seems to re-appear after a cessation. These extreme localities constitute the actual or true limits of the species, southerly or northerly, easterly or westerly, as the case may be. But if they were correctly marked on a map, such localities would be only minute dots wide apart, and not real lines. It is the conventional custom, however, to connect these dots on a map by tracing lines from one to another, and thus to make the terminal limits of plants to appear linear, instead of distantly dotted. Something of 14 INTRODUCTION. the linear character may often be really traced along the upper limits of species, as seen on the acclivities of mountains; although, even on the hill-sides, there is the like tendency to run out gradually in detached spots, rather than to cease suddenly along a continuous line. The mode in which it has been found most convenient to divide the surface of Britain into floral zones, horizontal and vertical taken together, is that of first tracing a line along the upper limit of grain crops, and then subdividing the two spaces above and below that line into three zones each. The two primary divisions have been designated the Agrarian Region, or region of culti- vation, and the Arctic Region, or region of (so-called) alpine plants. The three subordinate zones into which each of these two regions is subdivided, are similarly named by prefixing the words Infer Mid Super to the names of the regions. Tracing them upwards, —that is, from south to north, from lower grounds to higher grounds,—they may be said to stand thus I. Agrarian Region. II. Arctic Region. 8. Super-agrarian Zone. 6. Super-arctic Zoue. 2. Mid-agrarian Zone. 5. Mid-arctic Zone. 1. Infer-agrarian Zone. 4. Infer-arctic Zone. The manner in which they succeed and overlap each other, is shown by a diagram at the lower corner of the map. These zones represent the facts of nature, but represent them by an artificial or conventional method. The zones are arbitrary sections, in so far as the selected species and fixed boundary lines are concerned ; and yet they do correspond with and represent differences which actually exist in nature, inasmuch as the flora (the species) and vegetation (general mass of plants) of each single zone differ con- siderably from those of the other zones above or below. In truth, however, the natural changes in flora and vegetation being every- where gradual, any line will unavoidably sever that which is nearly alike ; the vegetation being more similar on the contrary sides of any single dividing line, than it is on the two sides of the wide space between any two lines. I, ASCENDING ZONES. 15 It is to be observed also, that climatic or ascending zones of plants are designed to indicate the relative distribution of species under the joint influence of altitude and latitude, with other con- ditions of more local character, such as proximity to seas or moun- tains, the state of exposure or shelter, etc. Connexions may be traced between the distribution of plants and each of those con- ditions singly ; but everywhere the influence of any one condition is more or less disturbed and modified by the influence of other conditions. Their effect upon the species-flora, or upon the general vegetation, is mostly indirect or remote; that is, the flora varies with the climate, and the climate varies with altitude, lati- tude, and other conditions of place and surface. On a single isolated mountain floral stages are strongly marked in accordance with height ; some species disappearing, other species appearing, one above another, as we gradually ascend from base to summit. Yet on a single mountain the regularity of its ascending zones will be somewhat disturbed by local differences in the character of its surface, as even or rocky, dry or damp; and through dif- ferences of aspect on its acclivities, as facing to or from the sun. On an extended range of mountains the disturbing effect of local peculiarities will become much more obvious. And when we require to generalize our zones from the facts noted on several groups of mountains, dissimilar in extent, elevation, latitude, maritime proximity and other circumstances, it then becomes difficult to define them with any exactness. This difficulty is experienced within Britain. The absolute elevation at which the same species is found to grow, varies by several hundred feet on the different mountain ranges of our own island. And as this variation is by no means uniform among the different species, we find local changes in their relative elevation also, when the limit of some one species is constantly compared with the limit of some other species. Notwithstanding such local exceptions, however, the general rule may still be held true, that a species which ascends decidedly higher than another on one range of mountains, will also usually be found higher on other ranges ; 16 INTRODUCTION. and the commoner the species, the more constant is this rule found to be. The primary division into Agrarian and Arctic Regions, adopted as the one best applicable in Britain, is ostensibly founded upon an artificial character; namely, the presence or absence of culti- vation. In the spontaneous flora or vegetation of Britain we can find no character equally obvious and general as is that afforded by the cultivation of grain. The interests of mankind are so closely connected with the production of corn, that we shall every- where find cultivated fields as far up the valleys and acclivities of the mountains as their climate will allow. We may doubtless see many spots where the nature of the soil or surface, rather than the climate by itself, forbids success in cultivation. But a correct observer can scarcely be misled in such instances, since he will usually find cultivation sufficiently near to those spots, to show that it has not been prevented by inferiority of climate. More- over, nature will afford us a second test of the Agrarian region, in the presence of a very common and conspicuous fern, the Pteris aquilina. This fern is abundantly distributed through the lower region, and from one extremity of our island to the other; its upper limit usually running almost uniform with the climatic limit of corn cultivation ; so that the two characters in connexion afford a satisfactory test of the region. The height to which cultivation ascends among the mountains varies much with aspect and position. Among the Grampian mountains of Scotland, about the latitude of 57, the general line of corn cultivation runs from 1000 to 1200 feet; rising in some favorable situations in Aberdeenshire even to 1500 or 1600 feet. So likewise with the Pteris; which is seldom seen above 1200 feet on the exposed moors of the Highlands, unless in sheltered depressions of the surface, or on acclivities which front to the sun: while in the woods of Lochnagar, in Aberdeenshire, it was ob- served in two spots respectively estimated, and perhaps somewhat over-estimated, to be 1760 and 1900 feet of elevation. In the North of England, we are told by Mr. J. G. Baker, oats have been grown as a field crop at 1650 feet, and that in Weardale he Il. ASCENDING ZONES. 17 saw oats at 1340 feet, barley at 1000 feet, and wheat at 750 and 800 fect. Turnips and potatoes can be grown up to the extreme limit of the oat, or somewhat higher. The highest point at which the Pteris has been noted in Yorkshire by Mr. Baker, is about 1500 feet; and 1680 feeteis the highest point indicated for it in the Lake province, at page 337 of the fourth volume of the Cybele 3ritannica. The Arctic Region is conveniently subdivided into its three zones by the upper limits of Erica Tetralix and Calluna vulgaris ; the Mid-arctic zone being understood to include any spaces which lie between the upper limits of these two heath shrubs on the acelivities of the mountains. The spaces situate above the limit of cultivation, and below the limit of Erica Tetralix, belong to the Infer-arctic zone. Those above the limit of the Calluna, being only the upper portions of the highest hills, belong to the Super- arctic zone. Of course, it is only in places where the upper limits of these shrubs are determined by general climate, that they can be correctly taken as tests and indications of the zonal stages. On very arid ground, at any elevation, the Calluna might still be present, while the Evica Tetralia might be absent owing to lack of sufficient moisture ; and in any such case the absence of the latter would be uo indication that the ground in question was really a portion of the Mid-arctic zone. Neither would the absence of both always suffice to show that the surface spaces destitute of them were certainly within the uppermost or Super-arctic zone. In England, we often find green pasturages, instead of heath-bearing moors, quite within the natural limits of those heaths. The test derived from the presence or absence of either of those shrubs, indeed, is more obvious and more readily applied in the Highland provinces, than is found to be the case in those more southward, where the ericaceous shrubs are more frequently and completely destroyed by fire, in order to the production of a pasturage suitable for sheep. The three Arctic zones are further distinguishable by the presence or absence, respectively, of several other common plants; so that we do not depend absolutely on any one species as atest of a zone. Thus, in the absence of Evica Tetraliz on dry D 18 INTRODUCTION. ground, the presence of Erica cinerea might be taken for a test instead. The Agrarian Reyion cannot be subdivided into its three zones rigidly by the presence or absence of single species. As corn cultivation of some kind extends throyigh the whole length of Britain, even into Shetland where crops of oats and barley are still grown, the whole low surface of the country has to be apportioned between the three Agrarian zones, along the sea coast, and thence upwards to the line or spots where cultivation ceases on the acclivities of the hills, and where the Pieris aquilina also usually disappears. If we had to deal with a truly level or only slightly undulated surface, the region might conveniently be divided into three zones simply in accordance with latitude ; namely, South—Middle—North. But the three zones must also be considered to overlap each other in succession on the lower acclivities of the mountains, and in their intervening valleys ; increasing elevation above the level of the sea, in any more southerly province, corresponding in a general manner with increasing latitude in a northerly direction. Our indications of the zones must thus keep in view both elevation and latitude, and be adapted to both conditions. On comparing a flora of one of the south-eastern provinces of England with a flora of the High- land valleys, or of the plains near the north coast of Scotland, the differences would be found decidedly marked, and this both in the species and in their comparative numbers or frequency; and an intermediate tract between these two extremes of the agrarian region, would be sufficiently well characterised by its own dis- tinctive features taken in the aggregate. But the difficulty is always renewed when we attempt to divide natural gradations by abrupt lines, or to lay down distinctions which rest upon single characteristics to be applied under varying circumstances. Keeping this practical difficulty im recollection, the three Agrarian zoncs may now be shortly described, rather than very rigidly defined. The Super-ayrarian zone may be said to comprise three different kinds or portions of the surface of Britain. First, all the coast- line and low plains or moors in the north and north-west of II. ASCENDING ZONES. 19 Scotland, where plants of an alpine character are found descending to the sea level or sea shore, such as Thalictrum alpinum, Draba incuna, Savifraga oppositifolia, Arbutus alpina, and Dryas octopetala, Secondly, all other spaces in any parts of the island, where the elevation of the ground leads to the production of the same or usually associated species; Arbutus Uva-Ursi, Saxifraga stellaris, Alchemilla alpina, Tofieldia palustris, Luzula spicata, and Juncus triglumis being examples of the latter. Thirdly, those tracts of slight elevation, upon which a corresponding flora ‘and general vegetation prevail, apparently in consequence of simple proximity to the high mountains; Sawifraga aizoides growing so low as 300 feet among the mountains of Cumberland, and Epilobium alsini- jolium at 500 or 600 feet in Carnarvonshire ; although these plants are never seen at so low an elevation in the English counties remote from the higher hills. In addition to the species mentioned, which are to be regarded as descending from the Arctic into the Agrarian region, this upper zone of the latter region is characterised by the presence of Ilex, Quercus, F’raxinus, Lonicera, Crategus, and the fruticose Rubi, which can scarcely be said to occur above the limits of cultivation or of Pteris aquilina ; equally so, by the absence of other species which are not seen truly wild until we descend into the next lower zone. The Mid-agrarian zone will comprehend all the low grounds, clear from the mountains, which are situate between the estuaries of the Clyde and Tay, on the north, and those of the Humber and Dee, on the south; also, a narrow coast tract of the East High- lands, extending from Perth to Aberdeen. ‘To this space is to be added a narrow belt winding around and amid the hills of Wales, and characterised by the vegetation of the present zone, rather than by that of the zones above or below this intermediate one. The higher hills of Wales rise to the Arctic region; and as the surrounding coast line and low grounds inland belong to the lowest Agrarian zone, the middle and upper Agrarian zones will be found represented above the bases and below the summits of the Cambrian hills. In descending from the Super-agrarian into the present zone, we find some of its characteristics in the first 20 INTRODUCTION. appearance of Convolvulus sepium, Bryonia dioica, Tamus com- munis, Acer campestre, Rhamnus catharticus, Ulex nanus, Vibur- num Lantana, Euonymus europaeus, and Cornus sanguinea ; all of which occur also in the lowest zone, and more plentifully there ; while none of them are ascertained to occur truly native in the uppermost portion of the Agrarian region; and all certainly fail far below the upper limit of Pteris aquilina ov of cultivated crops. The Infer-agrarian zone will embrace all the country southward from the Dee and Humber (continued into the river Trent) ex- cepting the mountainous tracts of Wales and the higher hills and moors in the provinces of the Severn and the Peninsula. This zone is more particularly characterised by the increased prevalence of the species before mentioned as commencing in the zone above. Clematis Vitalba is one of the couspicuous species almost (if uot quite) restricted to this zone as a truly native shrub. Rubia pere- grina is another characteristic species, partially prevalent in the southern and western counties; while the Clematis affects the calcareous tracts of the southern, eastern and inland counties, where it is often abundaut and conspicuous. ‘hough several species are quite peculiar to this lowest, or most southern, of the six zones, they are usually too scarce or too local to be relied upon as characteristic tests. Examples occur in Erica ciliaris, Iilece- brum verticillatum, Sibthorpia europaea, Cyperus longus, Scilla autumnalis, Pulicaria vulgaris, and Actinocarpus Damasoniun. The six climatic zones, into which the two regivus are thus subdivided, may be better understood and borne iu meniory, after presentation to the eye in closer connexion with each other. Their Nos. are reversed here because it has been found more convenient to describe or explain the zones downwards, although the plants themselves are in general traced niore readily upwards, that is, from south to north, from low to high grounds, from the open country to the montane valleys and acclivities :— ; II. ASCENDING ZONES. Q1 II. Arctic Region. 6. Super-arctic zone—Salix herbacea, without Calluna. . Mid-aretic zone—Calluna vulgaris, without Erica. . Infer-arctic zone—Erica Tetralix, without Pteris. eo I. Agrarian Region. oe . Super-agrarian zone—Pteris aquilina, without Rhamnus, &e. . Mid-agrarian zone—Rhammus catharticus, without Clematis. 1, Infer-agrarian zone—Clematis, Rubia, Cyperus longus. ~w “ Unless the highest part of Snowdon can be deemed to attain the super-arctic zone, none of the before-explained provinces will include the full series of six zones. Elsewhere the hills are not sufficiently lofty to pass the mid-arctic zone, until we arrive at the Highland provinces, all three of which have their highest summits clearly above the limits of the Calluna; but the lowest portions of these provinces, near their coast-line and southern boundary, fall barely within the mid-agrarian zone.” “It is probable that six such zones are quite as many as can be satisfactorily distinguished when attention must be directed to the whole surface of Britain. Even with six only, it would be useless to attempt very great precision in assigning the species to their respective zones. We must disregard the occasional and slight. trespass of a species into a zone above or beneath those to which it is otherwise restricted by its natural adaptation to their climate. Such trespasses (if the expression be allowable) are usually found in connexion with some local peculiarity by which the true climate is varied, or its influence on the plants modified. For example, the cool spray of a waterfall, or the efflux of a cold spring, will support the species of a colder climate than is natural to the latitude and elevation. And, on the contrary, the plants of a warmer climate will grow on the south face of rocks which are raised above the altitude where the same species cease to exist in more bleak situations. These apparent exceptions come incon- veniently in the way of precise lines on botanico-geographical maps. Thoush such lines muy be made to look very clear and 22 INTRODUCTION. satisfactory upon paper, nature refuses to trace them on her own domains. “To take an example: — Gnaphalium supinum has been seen at the level of a corn-field by Loch Callater (1600 feet) in Aber- deenshire, and Pteris aquilina has been found much above the same altitude, at a distance of half a dozen miles; namely, at or near 1700 and 1900 feet. Yet in ascending the gradual declivities of the same mountains, under equal conditions of surface and shelter, the Pteris always ceases before we attain the altitude at which the Gnaphalium commences. On this account, they are assigned to different zones, although their limits can thus cross in respect of absolute elevation. They belong to different climates, and are so placed by nature when under equal conditions of exposure, &. So, again, a bush of Corylus Avellana has existed during many years against the sunny face of a steep rock on the Clova Mountains, at nearly 2000 feet of elevation ; rather below which, and at a slight distance, some weakly plants of Sawifraga nivalis have been observed. Nevertheless, this solitary instance cannot warrant the assignment of these two species to the same zone; because the upper-line of the Corylus is usually 500 to 1000 feet below the lower-line of Saaifraga nivalis. In studying the climatic affinities of plants, we must reason as well as observe, and estimate as well as measure. “Though examples of each may thus occur, it is more usual to find ‘trespasses’ downwards than upwards. The descending course of water conduces much to‘this result in the mountain districts, not only by bringing down the seeds of plants from the higher zones, but also by bringing down the cold of the mountains ; so that the first appearance of alpine species, as we ascend the mountains, is usually by the side of the water-courses, or upon wet rocks which are kept cool by the dripping and oozing of water. In such situations, Silene acaulis may be found a thousand feet lower than it is seen as a constituent of the drier and sun-exposed sward. And there is also another circumstance which makes the lower limits appear more irregular and ex- ceptional than the upper ; namely, the fact that mouutain species III. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION. 23 will re-appear on maritime cliffs, although absent from the open plains and low hills between the coast and the mountains. Thus, on the southern acclivities of the Grampian mountains, Savifraga oppositifolia is seldom seen below a thousand feet of elevation ; although still farther south, it was found on the west-coast of Scotland, by Professor Balfour, very little above the sea-level. On the coast, consequently, this ‘ alpine plant’ intermingles with species which never occur at alpine elevations on the mountains.” » 3. Types or DISTRIBUTION. In addition to their distribution traced horizontally through provinces and counties, or northwards and upwards through ascending zones, a third mode of indicating the geographical relations of plants requires explanation here Many species are spread over the whole island; at any rate, are so spread near the coast level; while others are limited to one, two, three, or more of the provinces. The same holds true of their distribution in ascending zones ; some species being found in all of the six zones, others only in one or more of them. Perhaps no two species have exactly the same distribution or uniform frequency of repetition ; and yet certain general similarities can be traced, by which the native species can be grouped together under a few leading Types of Distribution,—as they are at present named, in the want of some better designation. The groups into which it has been found convenient to congregate the plants of Britain, are primarily six ; to which two others are subordinate or supplementary. They may be briefly shown thus :— 1. British type,—species widely spread through 8. M. N. Britain. 2. English type,—species chiefly seen in 8. or 8. M. Britain. 3. Scottish type,—species chiefly seen in N. or in N. M. Britain. Intermediate type,—species chiefly seen in Mid Britain. 4, Highland type,—species chiefly seen about the mountains. . Germanic type,—species chiefly seen in East England. 6. Atlantic type,—species chiefly seen in West England. Local species, restricted to single or few provinces. + Or Q4 INTRODUCTION. No decided lines of separation can be traced between these Types of Distribution. They may be said to pass gradually into each other; the distribution of some of the species presenting a character so intermediate, as to render the choice of type to express it either dubious or optional. Still, the differences be- tween them are real, inasmuch as a prevailing tendency to such peculiarities of distribution among the plants of this country has been made quite evident through the Cybele Britannica, and was also earlier shown, though perhaps less clearly shown, in the same Author's “Remarks on the Geographical Distribution of British Plants,” published so long back as 1836. The transition from one group or type into another, is gradually brought about through some species having less of the distinctive character of the group to which they must be assigned on the general view, and thus in so far partially resembling the plants of some other group also. Many of the species assigned to the British type, in becoming less plentiful towards the northern or southern extremities of the island, will thus approximate to the English or Scottish types. In like manner, some of those placed under the English type may be regarded as passing into the Germanic or Atlantic type by their lessened frequency in the westerly or easterly provinces of Eng- land. And between the Highland and Scottish types (or arctic and boreal types) the distinction is occasionally very slight indeed; certain species being assignable to either with almost equal fitness. Still, it is repeated, these geographic types do represent real peculiarities of distribution, thrown into combination according to some common points of similarity. They will now be briefly described, each in succession, simply as facts in nature, and apart from all the idle and hypothetical fancies which have been spuriously connected with them. 1. The British Type.— In this group will be included those species which are found in all, or in nearly all, of the eighteen provinces before explained; and which, moreover, are not so exclusively prevalent in any particular portion of the island as to bring them clearly within one or other of the sueceeding types. Some of them may be regarded as of universal occurrence in this III. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION. 25 country, having been well ascertained to occur in all the eighteen provinces, probably to be found in every county, and even in all the six ascending zones also. Few species even of this most general type, however, are so very general in their distribution, By far the larger number of them have a restricted zonal range. Many, too, which are general with reference to the provinces, are absent from some of the counties. And a considerable number of species, which are too widely and abundantly distributed to come properly under any of the other types, are yet rare or wholly wanting in one or more of the provinces; particularly so in the northerly provinces of Scotland, and more especially in that of the North Isles, which has a very scanty flora. These are the “common plants,” too frequently disregarded by mere collectors of specimens ; and being seldom recorded, it has been found difficult to ascertain their full distribution from book records. It is to be observed, that the name of ‘ British type’ is applied to them, not as indicating any hypothetical notions about their origin within Britain, but because such a general distribution and - prevalence indicate great adaptation to the climate and other physical con- ditions of this island, and entitle them to be held Britons in the widest application of the term. Over one-third of the native and well-established species belong to this type, including ‘ natives,’ ‘denizens,’ ‘ colonists,’ as presently to be explained. Among the more thorough examples of the type may be instanced the fol- lowing, namely, Alnus glutinosa, Betula alba, Corylus Avellana, Lonicera Periclymenum, Hedera Helix, Calluna vulgaris, Ranun- culus acris, Cerastium viscosum, Trifolium repens, Stellaria media, Lotus corniculatus, Bellis perennis, Carduus palustris, Plantago lanceolata, Polygonum aviculare, Urtica dioica, Juncus effusus, Carex panicea, Poa annua, Festuca ovina, Anthoxanthum odora- ratum, Pteris aquilina, Polypodium vulgare. 2. The English Type. — The plants of this geographic type are distinguished from those belonging to the preceding type, by having their chief prevalence in England, and particularly in its more southern provinces; whence they gradually become rare in a nortliern direction, and finally (with few peculiar exceptions) find E 26 INTRODUCTION. an earlier northern limit or cessation than those of the preceding type. Their terminal points or lines are very different among themselves ; some of the species being entirely limited to two or three of the most southern provinces of England; while other species occur in all the provinces of Britain, with an exception of two or three of the most northern; the great majority having their limits between these extremes. ‘Those species which extend into nearly all the provinces, except two or three of the northern, approximate very closely to the less general examples of the British type; and, in fact, there are cases where it becomes almost optional whether the species are to be referred to the one or to the other type. To the characters of lessened frequency and earlier termination northward, which distinguish the species of the English from those of the British type, must be added that of spreading into both the eastern and the western provinces of England, and without any very decided difference of comparative frequency towards the two sides of the island, beyond that which may be caused by the repellent influence of the western mountains, which necessarily tend to banish such species as are naturally adapted to low situations, in a warmer and drier climate than that of our mountainous districts. The name will not be mis- understood to indicate that all the species are peculiar to England, but is to be understood only as implying that the species are apparently adapted to the climate of England, either being restricted to that part of Britain, or being more prevalent there than in Scotland. Characteristic examples of the English type of distribution may be cited in Rhamnus catharticus, Ulex nanus, Tamus communis, Bryonia dioica, Hottonia palustris, Chlora per- foliata, Sison Amomum, Linaria Elatine, Ranunculus parviflorus, Lamium Galevbdolon, Hordeum pratense, Alopecurus agrestis, Ce- terach officinarum. 3. The Scottish Type—This may be deemed the opposite of the English type; the distribution of the species referred hercto being characterised by a northern tendency, either by absolute limitation to Scotland or the north of England, or otherwise by a chief prevalence there and increased rarity southward. Parallel Ill. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION. Q7 with some of the species referred to the English type, so some of those referred to this present one are quite restricted to two or three of the most northern provinces of Scotland, while others abound in Scotland, and also spread southward, although in diminished frequency, far down England; others, again, finding their southern limits between the extremes of narrow and wide distribution. With respect to those species of the type which are most widely distributed, their lessened frequeucy in the southerly provinces, or entire absence therefrom, applies more particularly to the south-east of England, where the climate is drier, and the summer temperature is higher, than usually experienced in the south-western provinces of England. Along with this group, also, certain species may be associated which run out to diminished frequency, or early entire cessation, northward as well as south- ward ; occurring chiefly or only in the northern provinces of England and southern provinces of Scotland. In these respects they constitute an “ Intermediate Type.” Equally with the rest, these are truly plants of a boreal distribution and prevalence, when we consider them with reference to the southern provinces of England; although it may also be said that they are so far species of a southern distribution likewise, when considered with reference to the northern provinces of Scotland. From most other species of the Scottish type, however, they differ chiefly by their more restricted areas; for their tendency to the hilly districts of England and the Lowlands, like those which extend still farther northward in Scotland, indicates a general similarity of climatal adaptation, while it clearly distinguishes them from species of the truly English type. It will thus be understood that several of the species assigned to the Scottish type of distribution are not prevalent in Scotland only ; some few of them, as explained, being really more prevalent in the northern provinces of England, although nowhere very abundant. But since the majority are prevalent in Scotland, the name of the type is taken from that northern portion of the kingdom, as a contrast against the name adopted for the more southern or English type. Primula scotica and Ajuga pyramidalis ave instances of an extremely restricted 28 INTRODUCTION. and quite boreal area. Goodyera repens and Corallorhiza innata are also very partial, though less exclusively boreal. Primula farinosa and Sawifraga Hirculus may be cited as examples of the Intermediate type, characterised by a comparatively early limit northward. More characteristic examples of the Scottish type may be mentioned in Empetrum nigrum, Rubus saxatalis, Trol- lius europaeus, Geranium sylvaticum, Trientalis europea, Ligus- ticum scoticum, and Mertensia maritima. 4. The Highland Type.— This may be considered the boreal flora in a more intense degree, as respects climate, than that of the Scottish type. The species referred hereto are distinguished from those of the Scottish type by being more especially limited to the mountains or their immediate vicinity. Some of them are wholly confined to the higher mountains, and never descend within the agrarian region; these bemg the ‘aretics,’ less appro- priately called ‘alpines.’ Others, though prevalent on the mountains, do descend also into their glens and valleys quite within the agrarian region. And others, again, may occasionally be seen outside the mountainous tracts, particularly along the courses of rivers which are fed by the mountain streams, or even upon the rocks of the seacoast. As a group, these plants are either restricted to the mountains or very decidedly more pre- valent there. Several of them, more especially the true arctics, are strictly peculiar to the Highland mountains; while others occur also on the hills of England and Wales, though less plenti- fully there than in the Highland provinces of Scotland. The name chosen for the type intimates their most appropriate habitat, allhough some of them do likewise find a suitable climate on the mountains of England or Wales. As examples of thoroughly Highland plants, such as do not occur in any province southward of the Highlands, we may cite «lzalea (Loiseleuria) procumbens, Cherleria sedoides, Veronica alpina, Alopecurus alpinus, Phlewin alpinum, Juncus trifidus, Sibbaldia procumbens, Erigeron alpinus, and Gentiana nivalis. And as examples of other species which occur also on the more southern mountains, and mostly descend lower than the preceding on the mountains of the Highland Ill. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION. 29 provinces, may be enumerated Sulix herbacea, Silene acaulis, Saxifraga stellaris, Oxyria reniformis, Thalictrum alpinum, Luzula spicata, Juncus triglumis, Rubus Chamemorus, Draba incana, Dryas octopetala, and Alchemilla alpina. 5. The Germanie Type.— The distribution of several species which might otherwise be associated with those of the English type, is peculiarly characterised by a tendency to the eastern side of the island. Some few of these are quite restricted to the south- eastern provinces of England,—Channel, Thames, Ouse, one or more; while others of them extend farther northward or west- ward, yet decidedly diminishing in abundance in either direction. «As the cretaceous deposits lie almost exclusively in the eastern and south-eastern provinces of England, the ‘chalk plants” are included with the others referred to the present type; although the type itself is primarily founded upon botanico-geographical peculiarities, and not upon any geological character or preference. Some of the eastern species extend their area even into Scotland : but, for the most part, they are the plants of England only. The name of ‘Germanic’ type is not applied in reference to any sup- posed origin from Germany, but simply as indicating the tendeucy of the plants to a distribution specially connected with those provinces of England which are bounded by the ‘ German Sea’ (otherwise called ‘ North Sea’) eastward, including the Straits of Dover and upper part of the English Channel; for the species of this present type, and those of the next (Atlantic) type, more or less intermingle in the counties of the English Channel. Among the examples of the type may be mentioned the following; namely, Frankenia levis, Anemone Pulsatilla, Reseda lutea, Silene conica, Silene noctifiora, Pimpinella magna, Pulicaria vulyaris, Lactuca Scariola, Atriplex pedunculata, dceras anthropophora, and Spar- tina stricta. 6. The Atlantic Type.*- Contrary to the peculiarity of distri- bution which constitutes the preceding type, there is in that of other species an evident tendency towards the western and south- western coasts or counties. Some few species are known only in the single province of the Peninsula. Others occur also in one or 380 INTRODUCTION. more of the adjacent provinces. And others, again, run far up the western coasts in a northerly direction, often plentifully there, and yet occur rarely, or not at all, towards the eastern coasts of the island. These species, while thus dissimilar in their area and census, correspond in the one circumstance of having some evident tendency to the western or Atlantic side of the island, in contra- distinction to the eastern or Germanic (sea) side. Although there may exist other grounds for specially designating some of these the “ Atlantic species,” the name of the type will be here under- stood in reference only to their distribution within Britain itself, and by itself. As examples we may cite Sinapis monensis, Matthiola sinuata, Raphanus maritimus, Sedum anglicuin, Coty- ledon Umbilicus, Bartsia viscosa, Pinyuiculu lusitanica, Euphorbia portlandica, and Scirpus Savii. More strictly local examples are found in Sibthorpia europea, Erica ciliaris, Polycarpon tetraphyl- lun, Adiantum Capillus-Veneris, and Cynodon Dactylon, each occurring in very few counties. 7. A Local or Doubtful Type. — Dispersed about the island, there are some species whose area includes only single or few counties. Such plants can seldom exhibit that decided tendency to the east or the west, to the south or the north, to the mountains or otherwise, which would fully warrant their assignment to any one of the six preceding types of distribution. In those instances where the single or few localities occur clearly and solely within the geographic limits of one of the types, the plants will usually be associated with the group to which they thus make the nearest approximation. There can be no hesitation, for example, in assigning to the Highland type the extremely local Oaytropis campestris and Lychnis alpina, both mountain species; and scarcely more doubt can arise in placing Arenaria norvegica of Shetland, and L’rimula scotica of the two most northerly pro- vinces, among plants of the Scottish type. So also, the local Cicendia filiformis may joi in with the English type; Veronica verna, with the Germanic type; Erica vagans, with the Atlantic type. But after thus disposing of a large portion of these very local plants, there still remain some others which cannot be so III. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION. 31 fairly assigned to any of the six principal groups. Potentilla rupestris and Lloydia serotina are peculiar to single mountains in North Wales, and are found considerably below the highest summits. As local western species they might seem properly to associate with those of the Atlantic type, did not the hilly and inland character of their special localities, and their absence from the provinces of South Wales and the Peninsula, come incon- veniently in conflict with the chief characters of the Atlantic type. Draba aizoides and Cotoneaster vulyaris, found very locally on the rocky coasts of Wales, approximate rather nearer to that type, and might be associated under it in so far as Britain alone is con- cerned ; and yet, if we should extend our views, so as to take in their distribution upon the Continent of Europe, this would be found a misposition. Some other less local species have also a distribution which does not correspond well with that of any of the six types specified ; their localities being restricted to calcareous rocks, and being such as net to place them properly under one of those types. Examples may be cited in Draba muralis and Hutchinsia petrea, the distribution of which is strictly neither eastern nor western, northern nor southern; and though they are in some degree hill plants, they are unknown in the Scottish Highlands; while their very limited area separates them as clearly from the British or general type. Eriocaulun septangulare is another anomaly, limited to Ireland and a few islets on the western side of North Britain; the species beig otherwise American, not European. This mode of viewing the distribution of plants is still essentially a climatic classification of them, though not exclusively so. It would seem not incorrect to regard the types as repre- senting so many preseut climatic areas, which are not separated by limitary lines, as the climatic zones are supposed or feigned to be, but which amalgamate or at least intermingle one with another. The actual areas and sites of the various species, as well as their directions of increase or decrease in abundance, appear on the whole to accord so closely with existing climatic and other physical conditions, as legitimately to warrant a conclusion, 32 INTRODUCTION. that the present distribution of plants within this country is mainly determined by its present physical circumstances. 4. Grapes oF SPECIES. An ever recurring difficulty in treating the distribution of plants, and one continually increasing from year to year, is found in the uncertainty and inequality of species, as described in Floras and other botanical writings. Independently of errors in nomen- clature—very numerously in print—the same specific name unfor- tunately will too often be found not to include or intend the same species. As used by one botanist, it means a gross whole ; and it is then applicable indifferently to any part or fraction of that same whole ;—while another botanist restricts the same name to express some special part or fraction of the whole, exclusively of all other parts or fractions ;—and more inconveniently still, the special part or fraction is itself occasionally made a varying portion of the whole. In one book, the same single name may apply to two or more different species treated as a single species ;—in another book, it may be strictly limited to one of those two species solely and exclusively. In the former case, the name is applicable alike to all or to any of the included forms or species which go to make up the aggregate union ;—in the latter case, it is applicable only to some one of the dissevered forms or species, the other forms taking different names. These discrepancies in the meaning of applied names cause enormous trouble to students in phyto geography. Perhaps some clearer idea of the practical working of such discrepant meanings may be given by taking letters and numerals to represent the species and sub-species in successive grades. Let it be supposed that two dozens of the many modern species carved out of the old book-species Rubus fruticosus, are cach-represented by one letter of the alphabet Keeping to the old idea, the name ‘ Rubus fruti- cosus’ means and includes the whole alphabet; and as a name it may thus be applied alike and indifferently to any one letter. But some modern botanist will declare that it means only, and IV. GRADES OF SPECIES. 83 ought to be applied only, to the first six letters A B C D E F,— to any or all of these, but to none others. Another botanist will demur to that narrowed application of the name, and will propose to limit the meaning and application of the word to A B CD, or any of these four, excluding E and F. Yet another will restrict it to A B, or either of them. And still another will next confine it to A alone, excluding all the rest of the alphabet. Nor does the variation or inequality of name always end even here; for other botanical species-splitters might subdivide species A, and then restrict the name ‘ fruticosus’ to only some special part or fraction of A itself, giving new and different names to the other part or parts. The name thus means: Rubus fruticosus = the whole alphabet, belonging alike to each and every letter. Rubus fraticosus = A BC D EF, all or any of these six letters. Rubus fruticosus = A BC D, all or any of these four only. Rubus fruticosus = A B, both or either of these two only. Rubus fruticosus = A only, excluding all the other letters. Rubus fruticosus = Some special part of A, not the whole. A seeming exactness or definiteness was given to species in books, by the peculiar nomenclature of Linneus, which is now seen to be often far from true in nature. That system of nomen- clature (with its false analogy to the surnames and christian-names of mankind) has thus proved in some respects a misleading inno- vation upon older methods, however great its redeeming practical convenience may be in other respects. As the Linnean method of nomenclature came into general use, his named species also came at first to be considered the true natural or real species, which his disciples and immediate successors were unwilling to call in question, and were seldom allowed to alter. More gradually, it became apparent to careful observers that many of the Linnean species were readily divisible ; two or more easily and constantly distinguishable forms having been united together by him under a single specific name. The process of subdivision or re-division then commenced ; done cautiously and sparingly at first, freely and numerously of late. 34 INTRODUCTION. As time wore on, the authority and influence of the Linnean writings became lessened; and more botanists began practically to admit that the bestowal of a Linnean specific name had not sufficed to prove the various forms of plants, which Linneus him- self had grouped under it, to be all rightly regarded as together making up one single fixed species. For some time, it was more customary to keep up the Linnean species and its name, dis- tinguishing the included forms as so many “ varieties” of the species ; the more familiar form being usually adopted as the type, or else that particular form to which the brief Linnean description best applied, or any fragment of which chanced to have been preserved in his wretched herbarium, as the representative of the species which he had named. Subsequently, some of the varieties were quite separated from the supposed type; and other specific names having been bestowed upon them, they came to be admitted as real species, and were then held entitled to take equal rank in botanical books with the supposed type forms of the original compound species, or with any other still undivided species. But this was seldom accomplished without a good deal of disputation and denial; some botanists stoutly maintaining the separated forms to be “ only varieties,” while other botanists earnestly advocated their ‘claims to the rank of species.” This process has gone on to the present time, and with an increasing tendency among botanists to divide and subdivide the species named and believed in by Linneus and his earlier successors. Most unfortunately, while thus splitting the Linnean species into two or more secondary species, the original Linnean name was usually retained for one of them, and it was thus taken away from the other or others of them. As before illustrated by the alphabetical letters, the original name thus acquired two or more different meanings and applications, with a vast amount of confusion in botanical records, incidental on the double or multiple signification. The old name now means either the aggregate species to which it was originally given by Linneus, or only some one of the segregate quasi-specific forms into which that aggregate IV. GRADES OF SPECIES. 35 species has since been subdivided. Literally, the name in books still means the whole or any part of the whole, or it is used ina more restricted sense to mean one special part exclusively, — a logical equally as a mathematical absurdity. It would certainly have been the wiser course, always to keep up the Linnean specific name for the original aggregate species, and thus to keep it still applicable to all and any of the included forms ; and to give a new name to each of the segregate species, not excepting the type form itself, whether real or suppositious. The Linnean name would thus have retained his own meaning and application of it, and would have been so far true and constant; while the substituted modern practice makes an arbitrary and false limitation of it. But the mere species- describers who have most delighted in dividing and re-naming, have usually been persons of an unreasoning character of mind, and were perhaps seldom capable of seeing how illogical their practice was, and how inconvenient to their botanical successors it would prove to be. In thus pointing out the process of separating original aggregate species into more modern segregate species, the name of Linneus has been used simply for convenience, and because many of his old species have been thus subdivided, or “ split ” as the process is more scornfully designated. But of course the like may be said of the aggregate species originally named and described by any other botanical describer, which have been subsequently split into segre- gates. For instance, many of Robert Brown’s original Australian species were probably aggregates ; their short characters having been since found applicable to more than one apparent species. The same, I am assured by a resident botanist there, is true of New Zealand plants named and described by Dr. Hooker, or referred by him to the named species of Europe or other countries. Partly owing to more exact discrimination, but it may be feared chiefly under a weak-minded craving for name-notoriety, the modern tendency is to subdivide species on differences so slight and uncertain that descriptive language now almost fails to make 36 INTRODUCTION. them intelligible to other botanists, without the aid of portrait figures or selected specimens. To such an excess has this practice been carried of late, that we now find in print long and worthless descriptions, miscalled specific, made only from a single individual plant, or even from a fragment of an individual plant,—say, from a single fern frond or from the dried twig of a rose-briar or bramble-bush. It would be about as wise to describe an individual Hottentot or Eskimo, a Tom Thumb or a Daniel Lambert, a one- legged Donato or a three-legged Baby, as a species distinct from the fair-skinned and two-legged Homo sapiens (Linn.) of medium size. As the result of all this ingenuity in rightly or wrongly dividing and subdividing species, originally so considered and still retained as such by at least some botanists of authority, we have now various ‘ grades of species ’ in Floras and other works of descriptive botany. The conventional expression “rank of species” means wide inequality of rank in its actual application to plants; for there is truly no equality among book species, but instead many grades of them. Some botanists of high authority will keep up an original aggregate species, or will even combine two or more such species into one; while others divide the original into two segregates ; others again making three segregates out of it; and still others going on to four, five, six, or any greater number of segregated sub-species,—occasionally, as in Rubus fruticosus (Linn.), even a score or a hundred sub-species,—all carved out of the formerly supposed single species. And much more troublesome than this, through the illogical methods in renaming before adverted to, we too often find the same specific name now applied to quite different things, that is, applied alike 1o combinations and separations which are themselves widely unequal and variable. Without attempting to define all the various grades possible, we may place plants under three ranks or categories which have been conveniently designated “ Super-species, Ver-species, Sub-species.” The first work on British plants in which these terms have been adopted and practically carricd out, is Mr. Boswell Syme’s Third Edition of ‘English Botany.’ The Super-species are those originally IV. GRADES OF SPECIES. 37 described species which have been subsequently found (or supposed) to be correctly divisible into other subordinate species. The Ver- species are those which remain undivided, and seemingly are indivisible. The Sub-species are those into which the super- species have been or may be divided. Of course, the same terms may be used in the reverse process, that of uniting or re-uniting species. Various botanists still regard the ‘ super’ to be the true species, and only co-equal with the ‘ver-species ;’ while others look on the * sub’ as co-equal with the ‘ ver-species.’ Three other terms have also been employed; namely, “ Aggre- gate, Integrate, Segregate species ;” which certainly better express the facts, apart from all theory about the reality of species. And just because of their superiority in sense and logic they will be longer in coming into use than the terms Super-species and Sub- species. They might be defined in the same words as the other three terms; but they better admit of practical application without involving any inconsistency real or seeming. The Aggregate species is the compound which has been, or may be, divided into quasi-specific parts. The Segregate species are those quasi-specific parts themselves. The Integrate species stands between them, as an undivided or indivisible whole. The chief advantage of these terms is, that they admit of any change or variation in use, to suit the actual views of botanists, however diverse and changeable those views may be. The very same species may be placed as an aggregate by one botanist, as a segregate by another botanist, without contradiction between them; because the words simply express the fact of union or severance, without necessarily raising the controversial question, as to which among them are equal to Ver-species. For instance, in the English Flora by Smith the Linnean Ranunculus aquatilis is an aggregate species (there treated as a specific integrate) including four principal forms or varieties, which are now usually accepted for true species ; namely, heterophyllus, pantothriv, circinatus, and fluitans. Regarded as subdivisions of Ranunculus aquatilis, these latter may be denomi- nated four segregate species ; although Smith himself, like many other botanists, hit upon a false line of separation between 38 INTRODUCTION. heterophyllus and pantothrix (now named trichophyllus and Drouetii). But these two last have been again subdivided into other species, real or supposed ; thus, they also in turn become aggregates, when viewed relatively to the segregates into which they have latterly been further separated. In using the words ‘Super-species’’ and ‘ Sub-species,’ we are checked at the first division ; for how are we to designate the two halves or the three thirds of a sub-species ? The two words ‘ aggregate’ and ‘segregate’ can be applied inde- finitely to any series of combinations in the one direction, or of severances in the contrary direction. Treated in this form, the vexed question of species becomes a comparatively novel subject in botanical books, the right under- standing of which is truly a matter of much importance for young botanists. Hence, even at the risk of tediousness, some further illustration by examples may still be presented to readers. In the ‘Handbook of the British Flora’ Mr. Bentham united two Lin- nean species, by sinking Ranunculus hederaceus as a ver-species, and uniting it with Ranunculus aquatilis; an union sufficiently justifiable in the eyes of those who also combine R. tripartitus and R. Lenormandi with either. By that union, it will be seen, the two aggregate or super-species (now more usually so deemed) were reduced to segregates or sub-species; and our illustration shall commence with this great combination of subordinate forms, divided and subdivided into successive segregates by other botanists, as here shown :— A. Ranunculus aquaticus (Bentham). 1. hederaceus (Linn.) a. hederaceus. b. Lenormandi. 2. aquatilis (Linn.) a. heterophyllus. heterophyllus. floribundus. peltatus, ete. b. pantothrix. trichophyllus. Drouetii, etc. c. fluitans. d. circinatus. IV. GRADES OF SPECIES. 39 Now, it may be asked, with which grade in the above treble or quadruple series should Rununculus Ficavia be associated as a co-equal? Mr, Bentham made it the equal of his very inclusive FR. aquaticus (A). Sir James Smith made it the equal of the Linnean hederaceus and aquatilis as two disunited species (1 and 2), —a view to which Mr. Bentham himself has subsequently gone back. Professor Arnott makes it the equal of hederaceus, Lenor- mandi, fluitans, circinatus, and also of aquatilis Linn.) Professor Babington makes it the equal of the former four; also (instead of aquatilis) the equal of heterophyllus, floribundus, peltatus, tricho- phyllus, Drouetii, etc. In further illustration, let us suppose a botanist to follow the nomenclature of Bentham’s Handbook, first edition, and to print the name of R. aquaticus in a list of plants seen in some given country or place, it would be impossible for a reader to know whether the Linnean hederaceus or the Linnean aquatilis was intended ; either or both might be there, and every form of both, or only one form of either. Another botanist, avowedly using Smith’s English Flora, might print nearly the same name in like manner ; and here we should know that he intended some form of the Linnean aquatilis, exclusive of hederaceus and its sub-forms, although we should still be uncertain whether heterophyllus, panto- thria, fluitans, or circinatus,—or some one, two, three, or all of these,—had been found in the district under report. Still less should we be prepared by the name of R. aquatilis (Linn.) or aquaticus (Benth.) to decide whether all or any of the sub-forms heterophyllus, floribundus, peltatus, trichophyllus, Drouetit, etc., had been found; since our Benthamian or Linnean botanist might have intended to record fluitans or circinatus only by his use of the name Ranunculus aquatilis or aquaticus. A practical consequence of much importance to works like the present one, arises out of these diverse ways of dividing or grouping, of segregating or aggregating plants. As the phyto- geographer consults many recorded localities and lists of plants, written by various botanists at widely different dates, or by those severally using the same name to express various different unions 40 INTRODUCTION. and severances of the quasi-specific forms, he is too frequently left uncertain what is really intended by the names used. He is thus forced to go backward rather than forward, by keeping up the elder and larger aggregates, and by shunning the more recent and smaller segregates, while endeavouring to trace out the distribution of plants by examining those discordant sources of information. His motto must be “omne majus in se continet minus ;” for, in falling back upon the larger aggregate, all the records become available; while the further he gets forward to the newer and smaller segregates, the less available for his purposes do the past printed records become. In several instances in the prescut volume, two or more readily distinguishable segregates are un- avoidably treated together as one aggregate species, simply because the printed records of their localities would mostly be found non- available, in attempting to treat them apart. 5. Rexation of VARIETIES TO SPECIES. The antecedent remarks on the different grades of species will have prepared us to see that no theoretic line of distinction is always practically available between Species and Varieties. That which is a good and true species, in the estimation of one botanist, is simply a variety of some other species, in the estimation of a second botanist; or, it may be held a sub-variety, by a third botanist ; even a sub-sub-variety, by a fourth botanist. Thus, to revert to the illustration on page 88, if Ranunculus aquatilis (Linn.) be accepted as the true species, then heterophyllus is one of the forms or varieties of that species, and floribundus is a secondary or sub-variety of the primary variety. And if, by any possible expression of technical characters, the floribundus itself could be further divided, any of its segregated parts would be in the position of tertiary or sub-sub-varieties to the Linnean species R. aquatilis ;— it even was so, without further subdivision, rela- tively to the very aggregate species, the Rununculus aquaticus of Bentham’s Handbook in its first edition. In the actual practice of technical botanists, let the student understand and remember, Vv. VARIETIES, ETC. 41 there is no constant distinction made between species and varieties, other than a decision by individual opinion in each special instance. Super-species, ver-species, sub-species, heredi- tary race or strain, greater variety, lesser variety, variation, are simply a series of terms expressing gradations of difference, not things shown to be absolutely distinct in their kind. No doubt a theoretic distinction may be alleged between them at some one of the grades. It is still hypothetically assumed that distinct species do exist in nature, and that one real or natural Species can never pass into or produce another species. This assumption, while accepted as a truth, will occasionally afford a practical and seemingly positive test for a variety, although it can never become such a test for a species. However dissimilar any two plants or sets of plants may be, if it is known that they have descended from a common ancestor, or have been produced by the same parent,—then they are held to be varieties, or type-form and variety, of the species represented by that common ancestor or same parent. On the contrary, however similar any two plants may be otherwise, if some constant and inconvertible difference seemingly exists between them, by which they can be dis- tinguished one from the other, one form never having been observed to produce or pass into the other form ;—then, any botanist may hold himself warranted to name and describe them as two distinct species, in reliance on the negative evidence only, and with little fear of refutation. But here comes the conflict of opinion about species and varieties ; because it can never be possible to ascertain that the seemingly constant difference is a really inconvertible difference, or even that it is a really constant difference. In most cases it is made a matter of analogical inference, not one of experimental knowledge. A decision must often be given simply in the absence of any positive evidence of sameness. Where the differential characters do not exceed, either in kind or in degree, those which experienced botanists have observed to be convertible between other plants, some of them will usually declare the characters @ 42 INTRODUCTION. insufficient to justify a severance into two species, and will prefer to place one as a variety of the other plant. On the other hand, the “splitters” will too often ‘* make species ” resting on differences of a very slight kind or degree, if they expect or hope to find them constant,— rather, that nobody else will find them inconstant. Usually, all they look for is some difference which can be expressed in technical language, or shown in portrait drawings ; while they leave to others the far less facile task of trying whether the difference is constant or inconstant, of proving that the characters of the two alleged species are con- vertible, if such be the case. This latter task and proof, though perhaps easy and rapid in some few instances, will more commonly require experiments or observations carefully carried on during a succession of years. However injudicious or precipitate he may be, the “ species-maker” has thus the chances largely in his favour for maintaining the species, truly or falsely so called; although it may be much doubted by other botanists, it cannot be denied on proof,—at any rate, not for some considerable time after its first penni-facture. The proper category or position of a ‘‘ new species” so made, is eventually decided on the balance of conflicting opinions, which may be long in suspense before inclining either way so far as to become a quasi-unanimity. And even if thus virtually decided at one time or by one generation, the question whether a given plant is a species or variety may be re-opened at any after time. In the Floras of our own small and much examined island, there are probably more proposed and disputed species at the present time, than was the case half a century ago. Aud certainly there never was a time when so wide a species- discrepancy could be found between two standard Floras, as is now seen between ‘ Babington’s Manual of British Botany’ and ‘ Ben- tham’s Handbook of the British Flora.’ Thus, it must certainly be admitted, Botanists have truly no clear and available line of severance between species and varieties. Most of them still believe, or act as believing, that species are absolute and permanent realities in nature; while they deem varieties fluctuating and temporary, always liable or tending to Vv. VARIETIES, ETC. A3 revert into the type-species. But when they come to practice, it is found that they too often cannot at all agree among themselves where to trace the dividing line between the two categories. And we are at last practically left in this alternating definition :— Species are wider varieties ; varieties are closer species. Much new light has been brought upon this debatable matter by the theory of Charles Darwin, so rapidly become known to all naturalists, and still so much discussed among them, although with an increasing tendency to acceptance. It bears very im- portantly on phyto-geography in various ways; and thus some consideration of that theory has become unavoidable with every student in this department of botany. According to the Darwinian theory, there is no absolute difference between species and varieties. They are supposed to be the same in kind, differing only in age or degree. A slight variety is held to be an “incipient species,” the progeny of which, in course of many generations, and by increasing variation, may eventuate in a new and (so considered) distinct species. Mr. Darwin's idea is, that organic life on the earth com- menced with extremely few original forms, possibly with one only ; all the thousands on thousands of present species, and all the countless numbers (millions on millions?) of extinct species, having proceeded from those few original forms. He does not insist upon this origin of all from one only; but he writes, “I be- lieve that animals have descended from at most only four or five progenitors, and plants from an equal or lesser number.” (Edition 2, p- 518). The process by which those few original forms have become the million or so of species which now exist, is alleged to have been of a two-fold character, — accumulation of divergent variations by “ Natural Selection.” First, as to accumulating divergences or variations. The imme- diate progeny usually resemble their parents, without being always exact repetitions of those parents, or exactly like each other. Any little difference apparent in the progeny is so far a divergence from the characters of their parents; and they thus become two varieties, or a normal and a varied form. The progeny become 44 INTRODUCTION. parents in their turn ; and some of their descendants, immediate or remote, may again differ among themselves ; diverging still farther from the original stock, either by increase in the first variation, or by other variations superadded thereto. Let such a process continue for an indefinite time, and through an indefinite number of yenerations, and the divergent variations from the original stock may (it is fancied) accumulate to any conceivable extent. Given, the measureless time; given, the countless gene- rations; given, the variations gradually increasing in kind and in number ;— all the differences now seen between the present species, and all the differences ascertained between the living and the extinct species, might thus have accumulated by way of repeated divergences from the original stock, whether single or sparingly multiple at first. So far, many other naturalists had held views closely similar to those lately announced by Mr. Darwin. Among animals and plants they have seen variations arise, and augment, and accumu- late, until some of the descendants have thus gradually become widely unlike their ancestors, certainly known or fairly supposed to be such. And they have thought and argued, if such changes can be seen produced in course of a human life or of human history ;— then, why not all the changes which geology shows to have occurred between the former and the present, the extinct and the living, animals and plants of the globe? During time so vast and measureless, these wide changes may also possibly have come to pass, as gradual evolutions of life in the ordinary course of nature. The result, as now seen or known, may perhaps have been practically and methodically brought about without the necessity of any direct interference of Creative Power, whether it be supposed to have been exerted immensely at some few distant intervals of time, or to be exerted very gradually and continuously through past and present time. All undoubtedly fore-seen and fore-arranged ; but fore-arranged with such perfect fore-sight, that no man-like intermeddling or rectifying could ever have become requisite. Sir Humphrey Davy, with others of his day and school, Vv. VARIETIES, ETC. 45 contended for a few enormous efforts of destructive and re-creative power, as well in the organic as in the inorganic world. Sir Charles Lyell, with a curious inconsistency in so able a writer and reasoner, contended for the most gradual and ever-successive and still-continuous changes in the inorganic world, from past to present, by natural processes alone ;—yet also argued in favour of an absolute distinctness of species and their successive creations, not gradual evolution from those past to those present. The doctrine maintained by Lyell conduced greatly to the advance of correct views in geology ; but at the same time all the influence of his deservedly high repute was repeatedly given in support of views in biology, which Darwin and many others declare to be incorrect. The baneful effect of this influence could hardly be better exemplificd than by citing the instance of Dr. J.D. Hooker. ‘This illustrious Botanist appears to have been kept out of the light, in his earlier years, by the mere authority of Sir Charles Lyell ;—it could not have been so through the force or clearness of Lyell’s arguments. In ‘Flora Indica,’ vol. 1, page 20, Drs. Hooker and Thomson wrote in high eulogy of Sir Charles Lyell’s inconsistent views, rather too dogmatically designating as “ superficial naturalists” those who accepted “ the doctrine of the mutability of species.” Subsequently, it would now seem, both Sir Charles Lyell and Dr. J. D. Hooker have adopted the Darwinian doctrines; thus enlisting themselves into the ranks of the (so-called) “superficial naturalists,” and rapidly rising to generalship over them. But, might it not now be fairly retorted by any one satirically disposed, that the aforesaid de- signation has been fairly earned by both of them? Assuredly it was no great evidence of clearness or profundity, altogether to miss the right track until it was converted by Darwin into a broad highway, along which “he that runs, may read.” True, the track then was indistinct in itself, and but dim in the early twilight. Before Darwin’s theory was formed and announced, all may justly be said to have failed in their attempts to show satisfactorily how the changes from past to present species could actually have been brought about. According to present appearance, 46 INTRODUCTION. Charles Darwin has made a really grand advance beyond his predecessors ; although he too, after much ingenious effort, has left the most important part of the problem for some successor to elucidate; while he has unfortunately mixed up the probably sound portion of his doctrine almost inextricably with views which cannot be accepted for anything better than crude hypothesis unsupported by facts. An example may here be permitted, in illustration of the similar but crudely unsettled ideas which were afloat before Darwinism gave a more precise direction to them. The example is suitable for showing in contrast the onward advance made by the ‘ Origin of Species... The Author of the Cybele Britannica, m a con- troversial pamphlet published so long ago as 1836, intimated his own leaning in favour of the transition-of-species theory, as it was then designated. That subject, however, was connected only indirectly and incidentally with the immediate purpose of the pamphlet, and was therefore only slightly alluded to. But he introduces here some extracts from the pamphlet, as a record of the direction which his own thoughts had taken full thirty years ago, at a date when comparatively few naturalists would have admitted that species and varieties differ only in degree, and that the present species may be the actual descendants of the extinct species. Witness the opposite views advocated by Dr. Hooker, a score of years later ; and still the prevailing views among botanists. The extracts must in fairness be read by the rush-lights of thirty years ago, not by any luminous lamp of the present time. “The facts of geology, explained by the only test which science can legitimately apply to them—namely, the causes now in action —lead to inferences showing a very different course of events prior to the time when man is supposed to have commenced his existence. And thus explained, they give some probability that the earth has contained within itself the elements of all the changes hitherto unfolded to us by geological researches. In the present state of scientific knowledge, a philosopher, reasoning solely on philosophical grounds, is not entitled to say that the productions of our globe were created hy the direct exercise of V. VARIETIES, ETC. 47 Divine Power. The existence of the earth itself may be only one of a long series of changes in our planetary system, ultimately referable to the Power that has fashioned all things, but which may have required no more direct interference than the creation of Mr. Scott’s essay itself has required.” . . . . . “ Geology, be it observed, has shown nothing whatever con- cerning the creation of races or individuals. Neither the mode of creation, nor the first state, nor yet the last state, of any race or species, has been in the slightest degree explained by geological discovery. The fossil records of past life are limited to incomplete representations of the state of individuals at death; and in the older deposits the remains are scarcely more than mere copies of their shapes. In the more recent deposits good skeletous, etc., are found; but in all likelihood, the stony models and skeletons, which have hitherto met the eye of man, will not bear the pro- portion of one individual out of every million that have existed. Granting this, how can any sober reasoner assert positively, on such meagre evidence, that intermediate forms and structures have not existed? Geology is far too imperfect yet, to allow of any fair presumption, from its individual facts, either of the trausition or non-transition of one species into another. On the great scale, it is as clear as such evidence can make it, that one species has been substituted for another, but we know not how this substitution has been brought about; and, allowing for the dif- Jerence of time, it may well be questioned whether the changes brought to light by geological researches, at all exceed the changes now effected in the vegetable world by human efforts.” . . . . “The nearest approach towards bringing about a sudden change of species, occurs in the production of hybrids or mule breeds. This is something ; but it is not the way for permanently converting or creating species, if it be possible to do so at all. These hybrids rarely breed with each other; and, when mixing with the original stocks, they soon revert back so far as to be undistinguishable. If man is ever to create a permanent species, he must go to work in a much more gradual manner, by coupling together varieties becoming more and more unlike the original 48 INTRODUCTION. stock at each descent. We have yet to learn what would be effected by following this course through several hundreds of successive descents. It would almost seem as if the dog had been thus created. If not, where is the original stock to be found ?” “In the santas world, it is peculiarly man’s interest to bring hundreds or thousands of species (as they are called) into a domes- ticated state, to use his utmost skill in bringing about considerable changes in many of them, and to keep extending these changes. The extent to which their external circumstances can be varied, and the facility of rapidly producing many successive generations, with other peculiarities appertaining to vegetable life, afford ad- ditional aids to his exertions. Accordingly, we find varieties produced, and regularly continued by descent, having greater differences between themselves, than are seen between other races generally supposed to be distinct species.” “An illustration may assist in showing the liability to false inferences, by predicating of a long series of events from in- specting a small part of the series. In the middle period of life, many individuals change so gradually that we see little difference between the samme person on the first and last day of the same year. Yet is a year one-seventieth part of a life; and in the seventy years an individual passes from infancy to manhood, and thence wanes again to feebleness. Now, two or three thousand years may not be the seventieth, or even the seven-hundredth part of the duration of a species; so that an inappreciable change, were it established, would be no very cogent argument against a great change during the full series of time and events.” (Exami- nation of Mr. Scott’s Attack on Mr. Combe’s Constitution of Man). This last quoted passage has reference to the alleged identity of embalmed mummies of Egyptian animals with those now living. It bears on a defect in the Darwinian hypothesis, to which allusion will shortly be made. In the preceding extracts a very decided bias is evinced in favour of the transition-of-species theory ; especially so, considering that the subject was only an Vv. VARIETIES, ETC. 49 incidental one in the pamphlet from which they are extracted. The more matured views of the same writer were set forth in papers in the Phytologist for 1845, and partially copied thence into the Cybele Britannica, volume 4, pages 59—63. They afford a fair sample of the state of the question in the years that inter- vened between the date of the ‘ Vestiges’ and that of the ‘ Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection.’ At same time, a full conviction of the truth of the transition-of-species theory is not declared ; in either instance cited, being evidently withheld from lack of the one key or explanation which Mr. Darwin has brought to its support, whether successfully or unsuccessfully so brought, under the designation of “ Natural Selection.” The distinctive peculiarity of the Darwinian theory, is, that its Author has much more fully and clearly explained how (in his view) the changes between past and present life on the earth could have been brought about, and this in a manner so gradual and unobtrusive that it is even yet going on around us in ceaseless progress, long unobserved by most of us, imperfectly recognized by a very few, clearly and fully detected by none before Mr. Darwin himself took up the subject. By giving a name to this hitherto nameless process of nature, most ably marshalling an ample array of illustrative details, all more or less intimately bearing upon his leading principle of “ natural selection,” he has perhaps achieved the greatest advance in natural science that ever has been achieved by one individual. What is the real advance? It is familiar even to triteness that variations do arise among animals and plants, and that some of these variations do tend to become hereditary, by re-appearing in a second generation, and so on to succeeding generations. It is well known, too, that the progeny of the variety will often also apparently tend back, by reproducing the original ancestral like- ness, more or less perfectly, instead of its own altered likeness or “characters.” Here are two seeming tendencies, both inferred from actual facts; the preponderance of one keeping up the species ; the preponderance of the other keeping up its varicties. In the long run, which of the two tendencies will prevail, and H 50 INTRODUCTION. why ? We know that the full restoration of the original characters of the “species” may often be prevented by carefully breeding or seed-saving from select examples of the variety ; destroying or letting die out those individuals that are tending back towards the oriyinal form. And so long as this careful selection of parents is continued, whether among animals or plants, an apparent (but, still, only an artificial or humanly-dependent) character of per- manence is given to the variety. We know also that, by this careful selection of parents, the peculiarities may be increased in their descendants; either some given peculiarity may become stronger, or other divergent peculiarities may be superadded thereto. Is there any analogous selection in nature, ceaselessly in operation, especially tending to the increase and conservation of varieties, and eventually allowing or causing the ancestral species to become extinct as itself, and to be represented by descendants specifically changed ? The Darwinian theory asserts that a like process is always operative in nature; but it is one not truly identical in action, though supposed to be analogous in its effect. Mankind volun- tarily and designedly select the varieties to be conserved, from those which are to be lost by neglect or purposely destroyed. In this respect, Man is declared to be simply an imitator of Nature, in a small way and with few species, for his own purposes or advantage. But always, as well now as through epochs long past, Nature is declared to have been selecting fresh varieties of animals and plants to be conserved, and further varied, and re-varied to any extent. What is the “ Nature” which has thus selectel, and is still selecting? The Will of the Creator primarily, beyond question, but immediately acting on the animals and plants through the secondary instrumentality of all those external circumstances or conditions, to which they are indi- vidually subjected, and by which they are affected in health, existence, fertility, etc. Thus, the external circumstances may be said to conserve the varieties best adapted to themselves, and gradually to destroy or let perish those which are less so adapted ; the ratio of increase by sced (in plants) allowing great numbers of Vv. VARIETIES, ETC. 51 the less adapted forms to die in the struggle for ground whereon to live. This is “ Natural Selection,” or selection by natural agencies. The better adaptation of the variation or variety to the external circumstances conserves it; the external circumstances select (figuratively) the variety or variations to be conserved. Accumulated variations change the species, —even the genus or order. From one point of view, and to a limited extent, this is such an obvious truth as to be simply a truism, which nobody would dispute, and nobody had taken the trouble to describe in detail or to endow with a special name. But it is an old and just saying “Nomina si nescis, perit cognitio rerum.” By giving a special name to the agency, describing its operation very clearly, illus- trating it im copious detail, showing its universality, and con- necting its phenomena together, Mr. Darwin has rendered vast service to the progress of natural science, and fairly made the previously rude recognition of this agency into a new and explana- tory theory of organic life. It is the characteristic of Mr. Darwin's reasoning, to heap fact upon fact, and to convince his readers by accumulations of evidences and illustrations,—always the most successful mode of addressing the miscellaneous public of readers. A more causal reasoner would have stated his principle or rule,— illustrated it by half a dozen examples,—left it then to make its own way,—and remained neglected or misunderstood for half a century. A man who only convinces himself, how warrantable soever that conviction may be, has done but little. Although guesses_ and suggestions about the gradual transition of past into present species, and even that varieties are less distinct species, and that species are more distinct varieties, were repeatedly made before Darwin wrote on the subject,—yet the scornful scepticism with which his first announcements were received by some of the most eminent naturalists of his day, abundantly testify that he had really carried onward previous crude ideas into something con- siderably different or more perfect, — virtually a novelty and a discovery, its truth being admitted. 52 INTRODUCTION. A pre-recognition of the Darwinian theory has been claimed for Mr. Patrick Matthew, whose volume on ‘Naval Timber and Arboriculture,’ dated in 1831, bears much internal evidence of mental vigour and independent thought. A theory of species was only incidental to the leading object of that book; and hence perhaps in part the vagueness and brevity of its Author’s remarks on species-conservation and species-transition ; both of which were recognized and alluded to, as fact and probable fact. But the ambiguously worded and half-conjectural remarks by Mr. Matthew, though certainly an advance beyond ideas currently prevailing at the date of his work, cannot thus late be fairly adduced as an exposition of the Darwinian theory of “ natural selection,” or even as a real pre-recognition of it. They read, indeed, like a near guess at it, if now interpreted under the light so clearly thrown upon the matter by Mr. Darwin’s own publications. But, it may fairly be asked, whether Mr. Matthew himself, or any of his readers, ever afterwards united the disjointed and incidental remarks into a connected theory of nature, or theory of species ? — into anything which would have required or justified a volume under the Darwinian title of “ Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection”? His views, on the whole, seem to have been more Lamarckian than Darwinian. The reaction against a first sceptism has been great and rapid in favour of the Darwinian doctrines. The danger now is, that Mr. Darwin will be supposed to have discovered and established much more than he truly has done. Along with what is clear and presumable in his theory as a whole, there still remain points of primary importance left unexplained, and things assumed as probable or certain on the slenderest possible evidence, not to say, positively against the bearing of such evidence as can be adduced. How far will this go towards accounting for the utter neglect of Darwinism in the only Journal of Botany maintained in England? It can hardly be that none of the writers in that Journal are of intellectual calibre and training sufficient to treat the subject ; one which bears so closely, not only on questions about species Vv. VARIETIES, ETC. 53 and varieties, but otherwise also on the very foundations of phyto- geography, phyto-geology, and other departments of botanical science, so soon as we rise above the a b ¢ of descriptive botany. First, the selection theory cannot be accepted as a true causal theory of variation in plants and animals. The variations must have already come into existence, before “ natural selection” could begin at all. It thus fails to explain the mutation of species into species, if such mutation does actually occur. It assumes that new species are (and have been) coming into existence very gradually, and as gradually are gaining the places of other ceasing species which are ousted by them. On this yet unsubstantiated ‘assumption, the theory very plausibly explains how existing species might be lost or extinguished, and how the new species might become substituted for them. It tells us that when variations a b ¢ d etc. have successively accumulated or combined in the descendants of a given species, those descendants will have become so unlike their remote ancestor, as properly to be accepted in our systems of classification as a new and distinct species. But this brings us no nearer towards a real answer to the question, how variation a or b or ¢ or d can have arisen. Unfortunately, Mr. Darwin has not kept his phraseology clear from the vulgar error of attempting to exp’ain natural events by fitting them to the human standard of thought and language, instead of fitting that very plastic standard to the natural events observed. Selection is a human act, an act of will and effort, and the prefixed Natural fails to change the fundamental idea of intentional choice,—choice for a purpose or with a motive. Apart from Mr. Darwin's unlucky phraseology, and the false bias given by it to the thoughts of his followers, the true question is, ‘Are new species developed from older species, by accumulated varia- tions, which better adapt them to changing external conditions ?’ But in answering this question of fact, we still fail to reach the causal origin of the variations. Indeed, it would scarcely be wrong to assert, that the very title itself of Mr. Darwin's admirable volume is a misnomer,—false in phrase, unsound in idea. Natural Selection cannot properly be said to originate either varieties or 54 INTRODUCTION. species ;—at best it can only be said to conserve some among those variations which have originated through other causes or agencies. When the gardener selects good plants of any favoured variety, from which to save seed, he is not originating the variety, he is simply conserving it by his care in selecting the parents of the next expected generation. The first variation, howsoever brought about, begins the new species ; the superadded variations being a gradual further mutation of it towards apparent distinct- ness, until their accumulation amounts to a difference sufficient to place it as an independent species. Natural Selection may rightly be said to conserve the first variation,— to conserve the super- added variations,— to conserve the accumulation or totality of the variations. But, if it does not originate any one of these variations, how can it be said to originate the totality of them,— the new species ? Secondly, the Darwinian theory, as above intimated, is based on the hypothetical assumption that variations can and do accumulate sufficiently to convert species into species; forming new species from old species, by divergences of characters gradually accumu- lating until the descendants cease to resemble specifically their own remote ancestor. And further still, the theory assumes that such divergences can go on in a limitless extent until, not only species is changed into other species, but also until genus is changed into other genera,—order is changed into other orders,— class is changed into other classes. What is there now seen adequate to sustain such bold assumptions ? The varietal changes hitherto traced and recorded go such an infinitesimally small way towards such results, that they cannot be construed into giving much support to the likelihood of those results. Is there any change now noted, that is really sufficient to warrant the belief that (say) a Fern and a Fir-tree, a Moss and a Mushroom, ever had the same common ancestor for both ? Thirdly, the theory assumes a beginning of organic life in some eight or ten types, if not in one only; all the countless species in subsequent succession, the extinct and the still existent, having hereditarily resulted from those eight or ten original species ; less V. VARIETIES, ETC, 55 than half being allotted to the present plant-species, as their primitive Adams. How the first one, or first eight or ten, began and progressed, the theory fails to explain. Surely a “ Natural Selection” would not be potent enough to give an “origin” to these out of nothing! But is there anything observed in the present age at all sufficient to show that species are still increasing in numbers? Is there any sort of evidence on record to show that they have increased in the historical time? (Book-species increase fast, no doubt, but that sort of increase is beside the true question.) Is the geologic evidence enough to show, or even reasonably to suggest, that species are truly more numerous now than they were at any former period? When it suits his pur- pose, Mr. Darwin is very justly disposed to lay great stress on the extreme “imperfection of the geologic record.” The older in date, the more imperfect is it likely to be; and thus there seems a sufficiently good explanation of the more numerous species now or less long ago living, in contrast against the remains of less numerous species at the more remote epochs. On the other hand, if a single or half score original species could have increased by divergent variations into the tens or hundreds of thousands now existent,—what is to stay the progress of their numbers hence- forth? If eight or ten can diverge into (say) an existing million, why not one million into millions of millions ?— the millions of millions into....? At what figure or degree in the increasing thousands or millions is the limit to be fixed? Are not these simple queries something very like a reductio ad absurdum ? To assume or assert a period when only one, or ten, or a hundred species existed, is not reading the past by the present facts ;—it is inventing the past; fitting it badly with the present, incredibly with the future. Fourthly, to the writer of these pages it seems to be a great deficiency or insurmountable defect in the Darwinian theory, that it makes uo provision for a counterbalance in nature which seems warrantable enough as an hypothesis, and is abundantly obvious as a fact. The theory is wholly one of constantly successive divergence from antecedent forms, without taking into account 56 INTRODUCTION. that divergence from one form, as now witnessed, usually is and must be approximate convergence towards and with some other form. ‘To illustrate this counterpoise of convergence, as fully and clearly as Mr. Darwin has illustrated his principle of divergence, would demand a volume by itself. One very simple example must here suffice to show what is meant by convergence. Let it be supposed that in some genus of plants there are two species respectively with ovate leaves and linear leaves; these two forms of leaf being part of their specific characters or differences. It would be a simple divergence, such as really does occur in nature, if a variety of either species should be found with lanceolate leaves,—an intermediate form of leaf. In such a case, just to the extent to which the variety diverges from one species, it approxi- mates towards the other species. Aud if varieties with lanceolate leaves should occur to both species, the convergence would be complete between the two, so far as the one simple character of lanceolate leaf is concerned. Any number or kind of other characters might be taken in like manner. Let any actual variation in any plant be taken, and the probability is great almost to certainty, that the so-far divergence from its own specific type is more or less approximately a convergence with some other type, whether belonging to the same or to some other genus. The similarities among plants are equally numerous with the dissimilarities. The convergences may be found to equal the divergences. Mr. Darwin thinks that species arise through accumulated divergences. Is it not as true that they are known by (not to say, result from) the convergence of numerous characters,—the classic—ordinal—generic—specific characters all converging in the individual plants put together as a species? Why should it be declared that all these combinations of character in each species have resulted from or through divergence solely ? If divergence and convergence both be admitted—and truly the one seems as visible in nature as is the other—the two processes might reasonably be supposed to keep up, and perhaps to have ever kept up (that is, so far as we see or trace), an approximate V. VARIETIES, ETC, o7 equilibrium in the number of species by their compensating balance of action. On present evidence, it might be unsafe to say that any one new species would ever actually be formed by gradual convergences of variation from numerous other species. The tendency of convergence, as seen at present, may rather be said to operate by check or counterpoise against the limitless results of unbalanced divergence endlessly in action. Still, there are not wanting facts which at least suggest the possibility, that indi- viduals of two closely allied species may converge into an inter- mediate species, by divergences from their own stocks, and without the intermediate being necessarily a return towards any more remote ancestor, from which those two had themselves originated by accumulated divergences. There is a tendency among botanists to use the adjective “ intermedia” as a specific or varietal name, because many plants do appear like intermediates, * uncertainly assignable to either of the two allied species. But botanists have never supposed that the two species had developed out of the ‘intermedia’ by divergent variations therefrom ‘ natu- rally selected.’ On the contrary, the name “ hybrida” is now often substituted instead of ‘ intermedia,” that the intermediate has originated from the two species, and not itself given origin to both or to either of them. It seems curious that Mr. Darwin should have failed to see, and have refused to admit when shown, that some such hypothesis as this one of convergence— indeed, the expression of actual facts which are continually in occurrence—would have saved his theory from the supposed necessity of tracing backwards all the past and present species into and out of scarcely half a score, completed somehow, without a beginning for themselves,—without stocks to diverge from in their turn, — without any aid from “ Natural Selection” itself. To step farther back, from this short half-score into one solitary species, cannot mend the matter. In this respect, the theory is too much like the sage explanation of the Earth on an Elephant;—the Elephant on a Tortoise ; -—the Tortoise clearly showing a belief Oi eae 58 INTRODUCTION. If it be granted that the Darwinian theory seems sound in the main, though disputable and perhaps false in some of its parts,— it is necessarily granted also, that there is and can be no absolute difference between species and varieties; that they are groupings of individuals which differ in degree, but not in kind. Where the differences are so many, or so wide, or so slowly convertible, that numerous generations must have been required for diverging one from the other,—or, it may be added, would be requived for con- verging one into or with the other,—then, the two groups of mdividuals thus decidedly differing, may be accepted as two species. On the contrary, if their differences are of a slighter character or constancy, of so small a degree that the production of one of them from the other seems probable on analogy, although not actually observed,—then they are more properly to be accounted varieties, or type form and variety, of a single species. When the much discussed question is re-viewed under this theoretic light, the same conclusion is at length come to, as was almost unavoidably reached from a consideration of the wide dis- crepancies of opinion and practice among technical botanists; who are so much at variance among themselves in deciding which are species, and which are varieties only, among their described plants. Through Darwinism, or some modification of Darwinism, we come back again to the former alternating definition, and may repeat that “Species are wider varieties; varieties are closer species.” Or, nearly the same idea may be expressed in another form by saying, ‘ Varieties are infantile species, Species are adult varieties.’ There are many stages between infancy and ado- lescence ; and botanists will continue to differ as to the stage of development where the one becomes the other. Perhaps it may be thought that too many pages have been given to these remarks on the grades of species, and on the relation of varieties to species, which is but carrying the gradation into further detail. Certainly the remarks have run out to con- siderable length ; but a writer on phyto-geography, during present unsettled opinions, ought to let his readers have a clue to his own views, and especially to make them aware of the difficulties VI. NATIVITY OF SPECIES. 59 and uncertainties which the discrepant views of the authors he must consult and rely upon, unavoidably introduce into his geo- graphical records and arrangements. Further, it is to be hoped, that Darwinism may operate serviceably in checking the frivolous vanity of ‘‘ species-making ;” while it will also stimulate to a more careful study of variation, and perhaps induce naturalists to discard that unphilosophical expression “ only a variety,” far too frequent in use among botanists. 6. Nativity oF THE SPEcIEs. Among the plants now found seemingly wild in Brita, whether more or less widely distributed, are many species which occur “under conditions calculated to suggest an idea that they may have been first introduced into this island by the agency of mankind, and not by pre-human natural agencies. Botanists are far from agreed on a line of separation between the admitted and disputed natives. Inexperienced observers more readily believe in the true nativity of plants; while those of greater experience will frequently find grounds for doubt or distrust. Besides this personal dif- ference, the desire of appearing as discoverers too often leads vain- glorious collectors to make out the best case they can in support of the “ native claims” of species, and the “ truly wild” character of their localities. A good deal of actual misrepresentation, along with the frequent suppression of important circumstances which are adverse to an acceptance of the localities, thus comes into the records of plant-localities, greatly to the inconvenience of phyto- geographers; some of whom have not been sparing of their censures upon the writers who are guilty of these paltry falsifi- cations, which always finally recoil in disparagement of their short-seeing perpetrators. Various questions in botanical geography, retrospective and present, require an elimination of the introduced or non-native elements in a mixed flora; leaving those only which are truly natural to the country as aboriginally native species. Not that botanists expect ever to make an exact separation of the humanly- 60 INTRODUCTION. introduced species from the aboriginal natives of Britain ; because those species (if any) which were so introduced, and became thoroughly established before botanical history commenced, are now unavoidably looked upon as aboriginal natives; while all degrees of uncertainty appertain to the other species, whose conditions here still show some sort of evidence of a foreign origin. Cultivation has been carried on in this island during many centuries; while our truly reliable records scarcely extend back one century. Really careful observations and reasonings on the nativity of species can hardly be dated back half a century. Even in the present day, the records made by a large number of the locality-reporters are too often unreliable by reason of their deficient knowledge, carelessness in observation, inaccuracy of language, or wilfully one-sided statements. A series of terms, drawn from our own legal and social classi- fications, has been used to express the various grades of uncer- tainty or belief with respect to those plants whose aboriginal nativity is more or less unsettled. The terms ‘ Native, Denizen, Colonist, Alien, Casual’ serve to express a descending series, from the truly wild and pre-historically established species, down to the occasional stragglers from cultivation, or the products of seeds accidentally imported with merchandize, ship-ballast, or otherwise. The word “naturalised” has been so variously and carelessly applied by botanical writers, that it has ceased to carry with it any exact signification. It ought to mean a species originally introduced by man, but now become thoroughly established, by seed or otherwise, among the native plants of the country, and existing without human aid in sowing its seeds or in preparing the ground for them. We have two American plants fully coming up to this definition,— Impatiens julva and Elodea canadensis. Few botanists indeed restrict the use of the term “ naturalised” to this just and proper meaning; while some will even apply it to mere casuals, stragglers from cultivation, with no permanent or certain locality. The Natives, Denizens, and Colonists will be formally treated in this volume. The Aliens and Casuals will be enumerated in VI. NATIVITY OF SPECIES. 61 an Appendix List; as also the few species supposed to have become extinct, and most of which perhaps were Casuals only ; and those improperly recorded as British species, through errors of name or mistakes about the localities of garden examples, or con- sequently on tricks and impositions practised by guides and others at the expense of incautious botanists. Typographical convenience will necessitate a somewhat strict adhererence to this rule; the adopted formula of seven lines of text just allowing four species to a page without break or division. It would be scarcely possible, and little useful if possible, to exhibit the distribution of the Aliens and Casuals in the same form. The definition and use of the three terms may be thus understood :— 1. Native. — Apparently an aboriginal British species; there being little or no reason for supposing it to have been first intro- duced into this island by human agency. Eaamples may be cited in Corylus, Calluna, Clematis, Brilis, Butomus, Teesdalia, Glaux, Littorella. 2. Denizen.—At present maintaining its habitats as if a native species, without the direct aid of man, but liable to some suspicion of haviug been originally introduced by human agency, whether by design or by accident. The single species of Aconitum, Cheli- donium, Saponaria, Myrrhis, and Buxus, well established in some of their localities, are perhaps not clearly native in any of them, and certainly introduced to several of them. 3. Colonist.— A weed of cultivated land, by road sides or about houses, and seldom found except in places where the ground has been adapted for its production and continuance by the operations of man; with a tendency also in some of them to appear on the shores, landslips, and in what are called “ waste places.” Ranun- culus arvensis, Papaver dubium, Thlaspi arvense, Centaurea Cyanus, Alopecurus agrestis ave weeds of cultivated land, and would perhaps disappear if plough and spade ceased their work. Several Chenopodia, Mercurialis annua, Rumex pulcher, Lepidium ruderate; Asperugo procumbens, and others constitute connecting links be- tween the Colonists and Denizens, found chiefly by road sides, rubbish heaps, dunghills, and near the sea. 62 INTRODUCTION. 4. Alien species are those certainly or very probubly of foreign origin; though several placed in this category are now well established amid the indigenous flora of this island; others less perfectly so. 5. Casual species are chance stragglers from culti- vation ; those occasionally imported and sown with agricultural seeds ; those introduced among wool, oil-seeds, or other mer- chandize; foreign plants found on ballast heaps deposited from ships; and generally such alien species as are most uncertain in place or persistence. 7. EXPLANATIONS OF THE FoRMULA. In treating various questions of phyto-geography, and in forming comparative tables and lists for illustration, it is found convenient that the distribution of each and every species in a flora should be shown under some uniform plan or method, all treated alike. Besides its more direct uses, such an uniformity of treatment has the considerable incidental recommendation of being easily read and understood by foreigners, whose knowledge of our language may be too limited for easily following a more varied diction. And strict condensation of many details being an object especially sought to be attained in the present work, a fixed formula has been adopted, which will be found to express much within a compass comparatively short; showing the distribution of each species under various aspects, and in various relations to the physical geography of Britain; as well as tracing its area or geographic extension over many other countries. Allowing seven lines to each, it is found that four species can be conveniently got on a page, without the awkwardness of disjoining the lines relating to the same species, by the necessity of carrying some of them over to a succeeding page. Four of these lines will suffice for a condensed summary of distribution within Britain itself ; leaving three lines available for tracing out the geographic area beyond Britain, and in a manner which will exhibit the negative equally as the positive facts of distribution elsewhere ; a part of the inquiry far too much neglected by Authors who VII. FORMULA EXPLAINED. 63 profess to show the outside extension of the species treated in their Floras ;— a good practice in itself, lately adopted by several botanists, but in this country almost exclusively in the ‘ Hand- book’ by Mr. Bentham. The Natives, Denizens, Colonists, as explained on pages 60—~ 61, are treated under the formula. Aliens and Casuals will be subsequently treated in a general commentary ; as also several segregate species, the distribution of which is yet too imperfectly ascertained, to allow of the formula being adhered to for them, taken apart from each other. Their localities having been recorded usually under the name formerly applied to them col- lectively as an unit, it remains at present too often impossible to distinguish which one of two or more segregates was observed in the places indicated; fresh examination and corrected records being now required, in order to remove the uncertainty. It is by no means always the separated or new-named segregate, whose distribution is the more difficult to show; being even more fre- quently the remnant of the original aggregate species, which is thus uncertain. The localities ascertained and recorded for the recently distinguished segregate, will often be found only incom- plete or insufficient, not uncertain or erroneous. Those on record for the older aggregate must usually be uncertain between the two, and may be assigned erroneously to either. By way of example, it would be easier now to trace the distribution of the segregate species H’pilobiwn obscurum, than that of the remnant Epilobium tetragonum, from which the former was first separated -many years ago. We know exactly what is intended by the former of these names, supposing it correctly applied by a botanist of the present age ; but we do not know what was intended under the latter name in records of past ages, or in present records by botanists who still use the aggregate name of tetragonum, unless accompanied by some explanation that it intends the segregate remnant only, and not either or both of the two segregates formerly included under the one name. It is this difficulty which prevents the distribution of Epilobium obscurum from being shown 64 INTRODUCTION. by the formula; namely, because the other half of the aggregate cannot also be so shown apart. The names and numbers of the plants will correspond with those used in the ‘London Catalogue of British Plants,’ sixth edition, published in 1867, which thus becomes an arranged Index to the present volume. The nos. will not be found to run quite regu- larly ; and less so in this volume than in the Catalogue itself. Plants peculiar to Ireland or the Channel Islands are enumerated in the Catalogue, as also various Alien species and some segre- gates, which must here be omitted from the regular series. Hence, the omission of their appropriate nos. in this volume. Moreover, since the first edition of the London Catalogue was printed, various changes have been made in it, in order to adapt each successive edition to the actual knowledge and views of British botany at its date; and these changes necessitated a doubling or repetition of some of the nos. and a transfer of others ; so that the numeration of the Catalogue itself has ceased to be quite regular. As the same Catalogue was followed in the original Cybele Britan- nica, the several volumes of that work corresponding with the successive editions of the Catalogue, the sequence of names will still be nearly the same in the present Compendium, and usually also the same nos. will precede them. This co-relation of Cybele and Catalogue was one among the several cogent reasons for continuing the original numeration of the latter through six editions ; it being found altogether far more convenient to alter a few nos. in each edition, than to have six editions differently numbered throughout; which must otherwise unavoidably have been the case with respect to all nos. after the first changes, which would each time have occurred almost at the beginning of the list, in the genera Thalictrum and Ranunculus. No species is admitted into the series unless the Author has actually seen a specimen alleged on good grounds to be of British origin. So many errors have got into our botanical literature, and have been transferred from book to book, as merely false names or otherwise incorrect reports, that some such rule for non-admittance scems to have become highly desirable. And after his many years VII. FORMULA EXPLAINED. 65 of experience, there can be only very few known British plants which he has not seen living or dried. All such plants or names, however, will have a brief notice in the latter portion of this work. The records of localities in local guide-books, county-histories, and such-like publications, are usually altogether ignored; unless in those cases where they have been already adopted into some work expressly botanical; an adoption unfortunately far too frequent, and giving permanence to many errors. In such cases, the usual ordeal for acceptance or distrust is applied to them here; hence the rejection of many plants adopted into Ravenshaw's Devon Flora, Balfour's Edinburgh Flora, etc., on bad authority or no authority. The original series of the Phytologist has been care- fully consulted throughout, and has been found highly serviceable in its numerous facts, although not free from occasional errors by correspondents. But the ‘ New Series” of that periodical, under its incompetent editorship, and largely contributed to by ignorant pretenders in botany, has been wholly ignored, as standing too far below the grade of scientific reliability. The statements of some few individual botanists and collectors are also disregarded, through grave distrust of their good faith or their botanical know- ledge. If anything else has been overlooked, which ought to have altered the filling in of the formula under any species, it may be attributed to the errors or oversights which must be unavoidable in a work involving in its preparation the collection and examination of thousands upon thousands of special details ; often very petty details, if looked at singly and separately, not in their collective bearings. c The First line of the Formula traces the area of the plant within Britain, from south to north, by citing the nos. of those provinces, as explained on pages 8 to 5, in which it has been reported to occur. The enclosure by crescent curves () dis- tinguishes the provinces into which the species is known or suspected to have been introduced through human agency, although it may be indisputably native in other provinces. In various cases of plants being fairly accounted indigenous in KE 66 INTRODUCTION. some of the more southerly provinces, while they are thought to have been introductions from thence into the more northerly provinces, it is found impossible to decide with confidence where- about the line of distinction should be drawn. Under suck circumstances the enclosed nos. must be somewhat arbitrarily apportioned ; and perhaps this sort of optional separation may have been made unduly frequent at the border line which runs between the English and Scottish provinces, or between the Lowland and Highland provinces. The angular enclosures [] are used for provinces, in regard to which there is so much distrust that it seems better to reject them until reported anew on some reliable authority. Errors of name, mistakes about the localities, tem- porary casuals and planted examples recorded as if natives, and generally any circumstances which lead to an expectation that the plant will not long continue to be found in the province, if it ever really were seen there, may warrant the use of the angular enclosures ; which may thus be construed to mean either decided ” or only doubting rejection. Little linear marks “--” indicate absence from the province, usually real, occasionally perhaps ouly the want of record. In the latter part of the line one of the three words before explained on pages 60 to 62 is introduced, with any brief remark added, to show whether the plant is deemed Native, or Denizen, or Colonist in this country. The Second line gives the range of latitude within Britain by the even parallels south and north of the extreme known localities; that is, all the true localities ascertained for the species under consideration, fall between the two mathematical lines of latitude cited, although the area of the plant may not perhaps reach close up to either line. The extreme south-west of Cornwall is slightly below the fiftieth line of latitude ; so that some plants might have been given as “‘49—,” by the rule specified, though it appeared not worth while to go below “50—” for the few of them so on record. Following the indications of latitude, the names of the most southern and most northern counties known for the plant are also mentioned. For native species the lines and counties are to be understood as indicating only the seemingly native localities, VII, FORMULA EXPLAINED. 67 exclusive of others to which they may have been extended by human agency. If these latter are named, they are enclosed in the same manner as the provincial nos. in the line above. For denizens and colonists less strictness in this respect is unavoidable; none of their localities of course being clear from some degree of doubt or distrust; and thus only the most distrusted are left out or enclosed. The counties in which these plants become more evidently aliens or casuals, for instance, are either not taken into account at all, or else. are enclosed like the provincial nos. Usually, the citations of counties are so made as to include both the western and eastern sides of the island, so as to indicate also the longitude. Thus, “ Cornwall, Wight, Kent,” will not only show an area extending into the most southern counties, but will serve also to show an intermediate along with an extreme westerly and easterly extension. It has been found not so easy to adhere closely to, this rule in citing counties for the northern limits ; although it is usually acted upon in cases where those limits would not appear to be unduly contracted by so doing. Botanists will scarcely require to be reminded, that the discovery of a new locality beyond the limitary lines specified, would in general be a more important fact in topographical botany, than would be the discovery of another locality within the limits specified. Besides, they may hold with some approach to certainty, that localities beyond the indicated limits truly are new additions to our reliable records, not simply repetitions of the old facts. The Third line indicates the zonal and altitudinal distribution. The Ascending or climatic zones in which the plant occurs, are first shown by citing their corresponding nos. The explanations about these zones were given on pages 14 to 21. Secondly, such notices of the range of altitude are added as can be compressed into the other portion of the line. The relation of plants to elevation was treated in full in the original Cybele Britannica ; and two linés of the formula there used were devoted to the indi- cations of upper and lower limits. The subject is too complex to permit of full and precise indications within the space that can be allotted to it in this Compendium. The citation of the zonal 68 INTRODUCTION. range will partly compensate for the brevity, more especially in reference to the lower limits which are seldom given. With com- paratively few exceptions, less than a hundred, all the plants treated occur at or near the coast-level in some part of the island ; the greater, number of them being found on the low open country of the southern counties, away from hills of any considerable elevation. Many of these also ascend the acclivities of the northern and western mountains, though to widely unequal heights, as previously explained on pages 11 to 13. All the species indicated as occurring in the first zone, are found at a trifling altitude in South Britain, and far the greater number of them at or near the coast-level,—say, between the level of the sea and one hundred yards above it; and thus “zone 1” is almost equivalent with the words “ descending nearly or quite to the coast-level in latitude 50—53.” Of those which commence in the second zone, also, nearly all descend to the like low level in Mid Britain ; though of course not so low in South Britain, “otherwise they would have been assigned to the first zone. Some few of those indicated to find their lowest climatal limit in the third zone, have not been recorded so low as the coast-level anywhere in Britain ; for instance Luzula spicata and Sibbaldia procumbens. But most of them do descend nearly or quite to the coast-level in North Britain, although rarely found so low even there. Thus, for the most part, it will suffice to give indications of upper limits only ; making occasional exceptions to this rule, when some indications of lower limits may seem specially desirable. The figures (which denote the highest observed localities in yards of three English feet) are primarily divided into three sets, respectively belonging to North Britain, to Mid Britain, and to South Britain; the last division being seldom mentioned, and then usually by naming instead some subordinate province or county, as North Wales or Devon. For those plants which rise to the greatest heights, only North Britain will need to be mentioned; the hills of that division greatly exceeding those of Mid Britain in altitude. The first numeral figure will indicate the highest station noted, whether by measurement or by estimation ; other heights being added thereto, VII. FORMULA EXPLAINED. 69 as space may admit or records supply them. The ranges of High- land mountains, situate about the fifty-seventh line of latitude, and which culminate in Ben Nevis (1458 yards or 4874 feet) and Ben-na-muick-dhu (1440 yards or 4320 feet), have supplied most of the specified altitudes for North Britain. The most carefully made measurements have been taken on these mountains; and in general, owing to the greater elevation and extent of that mountain tract, it is the one best adapted for showing the heights attained by plants in this island. But doubtless many of the species could exist at a considerably higher elevation in the latitude of North Britain, if its hills were so much higher as to afford suitable situations for them above their actual limits. For most of the plants which fail to reach the uppermost zone, some indi- cations of altitudes attained in Mid Britain are added. These are mostly re-copied from a list given in the fourth volume of the Cybele Britannica, supplemented by the statements of altitude since printed in Mr. J. G. Baker's excellent work bearing the title of “North Yorkshire—Studies of its Botany, Geology, Climate and Physical Geography.” For many of the species which are found only in the three lower zones, the actual upper limits are un- ascertained, and can seldom be a matter of much interest. Unless known to rise above 150 yards from the sea-level, their altitudinal position may be sufficiently expressed in general terms. The words “ Low grounds” will thus be understood to express places of any height between the coast-level and 150 yards or nearly 500 feet; the words “Coast” or ‘ Coast-level” being used for plants known or supposed to grow considerably lower than 100 yards. * Littoral” plants are those of the seashore and its immediate vicinity ; mostly restricted thereto, as the Euphorbia Peplis and Atriplex arenaria; occasionally found inland likewise, at a low elevation, as the Asplenium marinum and Hrodium maritimum, notwithstanding their sea-side names; and some of them rising to or reappearing high upon the mountains, as the Armeria maritima and Silene maritima. These terms are seldom introduced, how- ever, unless to intimate that no higher elevation has been ascer- tained ; although sometimes used with intent to show a descent to 70 INTRODUCTION. the lower situations, as in the case of arctic species which grow on coast rocks occasionally. The Fourth line is somewhat miscellaneous in its subjects. It begins with a “Census” of the species, founded upon the pro- vincial and sub-provincial, the comital and vice-comital sections before explained on pages 8 to 10. The three nos. set after that word show the number of provinces, of sub-provinces, and of counties (including vice-counties therewith) ascertained for the plant under treatment ; usually excluding all those in which it is deemed an alien only, as well as any others in which its existence is not sufficiently authenticated. Such a census will thus un- avoidably fluctuate in respect of its exact numbers, according to fluctuations in knowledge or belief. New localities may raise the figures, by adding counties or provinces to those previously ascer- tained; while occasionally the figures may be reduced lower, either through detection of errors or by increased reasons for distrusting records of localities suspected to be erroneous. For comparison it has appeared desirable to introduce here a Census for Ireland also; which is now made available by the publication of Moore and More’s Cybele Hibernica,—a very serviceable addition to the geographic botany of the British Isles. These Authors divide Ireland into twelve “ Districts,” which may be held to correspond with the eighteen provinces of this present volume. The numeral figure set after the name of “Ireland” will show the number of Trish districts in which the species is recorded by the Authors named. Details must of course be sought in the Cybele Hibernica itself. The remainder of line fourth is devoted to the ‘ Type of Distri- bution,’ in accordance with the expositions before given on pages 23 to 82. Where combinations are used, they will be understood to express something intermediate between two types,—a shading off from one to the other. Thus, “ British-english type” will intend that the species is widely distributed over Britain; but that its lessened frequency or comparatively early termination in Scot- land, gives to it also somewhat the character of the English type of distribution. The Fifth line commences an outline of the area or extcusion of VIT. FORMULA EXPLAINED. 71 the species outside of Britain; shown in this and the two succeeding lines, simply by naming a series of habitats in the extra-tropical portion of the Northern Hemisphere ; more particu- larly in Europe and adjacent portions of Asia and Africa. This fifth line relates to Europe only, and is exclusive of Russia which comes under line sixth. The plant is here traced over Europe by indicating its retorded presence in fourteen countries of South and West Europe; absence therefrom being likewise indicated by short marks “--” the same as used for vacant provinces in line first. As with the British provinces, so here with European countries, the comparative predominance of marks or abbreviated names in the line, will give at a glance the more or less general distribution of the plant, independently of the special details. And as the enumeration runs from South to North, the shortened lines will indicate a restricted northern extension. For convenience of using familiar names, those of the political and national divisions of Europe will mostly be adhered to, although not always repre- senting the sections most suitable for phyto-geography. And in order to get a sufficient series of these names within the length of a single line, each name is abbreviated to its first three letters ; initial capitals being dispensed with. Some of the abbreviated names must stand for more than a single political territory, and others for portions only of an empire or kingdom. Spain (spa) will include Portugal also; and this name may be omitted occasionally through lack of the needful information about the plants of the Spanish peninsula ; no completed or general list of its plants being yet in print. Italy (ita) extends from Sicily to the southern sides of the Alps bordering Piedmont and Lombardy; and it may be held to include also the islands situated between the two peninsulas of Italy and Spain. Turkey (tur) must still cover modern Greece also, together with some adjacent portions of Asia minor, included in the Prodromus Flore Greca, by Sib- thorpe and Smith. Austria (aus) is the heterogeneous empire so named, extending from Dalmatia to Galicia, from Tyrol to Transylvania; and in its flora but imperfectly separable from Germany and Italy. Germany (ger) must be extended south- 72 INTRODUCTION. ward to take in Switzerland also ; its north-west angle being taken along with another section, as explained underneath. France is the more compact country so named, exclusive of the quasi-italian isle of Corsica; and since it must thus share the Alps with Italy, Austria, and Germany as here taken, the “ Alpine plants” are so made to belong alike to the floras of western, middle and southern Europe; as indeed many of them truly do belong by being repeated on the Pyrenees and Carpathians, and farther southward on the Sierras of Spain, and some even on the lower hills of Italy and Turkey. Channel (cha) is intended to express a com- paratively narrow section of north-west France, bordering upon the English Chanuel, between Britany and Belgium. As the citations are here mostly made from Brebisson’s Flore de la Normandie the abbreviation ‘nor’ might have been more appro- priate for this northerly portion of France, had it not been required for Norway instead. Many of the plants equally belong to the ‘Channel Isles’ still under the English Crown, and so far the name suits fitly enough; although it is to be understood that not all of them occur there. Netherlands (net) is an old name revived to include Belgium and Holland; and it must be so far extended as to cover Hanover and other small territories of North- west Germany, completing the space between France and Den- mark. N.B. These three comparatively small tracts are thus specialized in order to indicate the existence of our English species on the lands fronting opposite the southern and eastern coasts of Britain, and believed to have been united therewith formerly, as continuous land without intervening sea. As a whole the flora of this country sufficiently accords with the belief of such a former land continuity, while there is now little or nothing special on the two coast lines, insular and continental, to be adduced as botanical evidence of that continuity. Not only by these three sections, but throughout the three lines also, the habitats have been selected and arranged in order to relate to Britain as a quasi-centre,—to show where the species extend in neighbouring countries, not to trace them equally ovcr the earth, independently of a fixed starting point. Gothland (got) is a VII. FORMULA EXPLAINED. 73 name taken from the Summa Vegetabilium Scandinavia, by Fries, to express the southern portion of Sweden,—say, southward of latitude 59 or 60. Norway (nor) is the country usually so designated ; the most northerly portions of which will come under the abbreviations for Lapland and Finmark, presently to be mentioned. Sweden (swe) will here be restricted to the northern latitudes, that is, exclusive of Gothland above mentioned. Lap- land (lap) is the still more northerly part of the long Scandinavian peninsula ; being partly Norwegian, partly Swedish, partly Russian. Finmark (fin) is the most northern portion of Norwegian Lapland, about latitude 69—71; the less northern portion being known as Nordland. Finmark is thus specially brought into the series, in order to give that far northerly latitude for such British species as are known to grow there. The lists given by Professeur C. Martins, in his highly valuable Voyage Botanique, have proved an essential assistance in this respect; though other authorities have likewise been consulted, for instance, a collection of plants made in Finmark by Dr. Lund. The Sixth line traces the distribution eastward from Europe ; commencing with Russia, and passing thence into Asia. In Lede- bour’s Flora Rossica the great country of Russia-in Europe is distinguished into four latitudinal zones or wide belts, with two added sections ;—1 Arctic, to the northward of the arctic circle ;— 2 Northern, thence to latitude 60 ;—8 Middle, between latitudes 60—50, or thereabouts ;—4 Southern, to the southward of lati- tude 50;—also, 5 Crimea;—6 the Caucasian provinces, more Asiatic than European. These six figures or some of them follow the name of Russia at the beginning of line sixth; being reversed in the order of their sequence, because it is found more con- venient, and more in accord with the divisions of Europe in the preceding line, to trace the extension of the plant from south to north. West-asia, or simply Asia, will apply to the wide extent of countries southward from Caucasus, eastward from the Mediter- ranean sea to India. Occasionally, more special habitats will be named, but without meaning that the plant is found only there, and not elsewhere in West Asia. North India or India will be i TA INTRODUCTION. considered to include Affchanistan and Belookistan, together with the Himalaya Mountains; the latter sometimes specially named instead of the wider name of India. Unfortunately, the Flora Indica by Drs. Hooker and Thompson, and the almost equally important Flora Orientalis by Boissier, are yet only in their first volume, perhaps towards half a dozen which may be required to complete those valuable works on the same scale as volumes first. And the botanical data for West Asia and India are otherwise widely scattered, and sparingly within reach of the present writer. Siberia is the vast Russian territory stretching across Northern Asia, from the Ural Mountains to the Sea of Ochotz. The Seventh line is more miscellaneous or inclusive than either of the two preceding lines. North Africa with some of its islands will come into the first portion of the line. For this division the Algerian Flore and Cutalogue of Munby will be preferentially relied upon ; ‘ Algeria’ being thus often named to represent North Africa, with or without a second habitat added. The Canaries must be understood to include Madeira and its islets, sometimes recognized by geographers as a second and distinct small group ; but too many subdivisions would here prove inconvenient and unnecessary. The Azores, however, are kept distinct; being in the latitude of South Europe, and lying wide apart from the Canaries and Madeiras. — The remainder of line seventh will be devoted to America and the insular lands between America and Scandinavia. The British Isles would be the intermediate stage between the Southern and Northern Isles, the African and Sub- arctic. The name of America will be taken to include all the United States and British territories eastward from the Rocky Mountains. The name of Columbia will be taken to represent all Western America, from the Aleutian Isles to the Rocky Moun- tains, southward to the borders of Mexico, northward to the shores of the Arctic Ocean through Behring’s Straits. Greenland, Ice- land, Faroe are named apart, abbreviated or otherwise according to space in the line. And in this, as in either of the two pre- ceding lines, any space left on account of much restricted distri- bution, will occasionally be utilized ly naming other habitats, or VII. FORMULA EXPLAINED. 75 by explanations reducible to words sufficiently few. It is not intended by this juxta-position of the three, to connect Faroe and Iceland as American Islands, equally with Greenland. The two former are usually held by geographers to belong to Europe; and they are European by their floras. This is not quite the case with Greenland. An elaborate attempt has been made lately, to show that the flora of Greenland is Scandinavian, not American ; also, that there is something very peculiar in it, at variance with the present climate and geographical position of Greenland itself. After full consideration of these views, and of the facts and arguments by which they are supposed to be proved, the writer of this volume must entirely dissent from them ; believing the views to be unsound in themselves, and looking upon the arguments as curiously weak and inconclusive. Nevertheless, it must be admitted, they were brought before the scientific public on very high authority ; while they have challenged denial by a bold con- fidence of assertion, barely short of authoritative dogmatism. The flora of Greenland appears to correspond remarkably well with the present climate and surface character of that gelid land, and with its intermediate position between Europe and America, more approximate to the latter. By far the greater number of the Greenland plants are species common to Europe and America; some few being European only; some few being American only. If an European botanist starts from the one-sided notion of the species common to Greenland and Europe being “ Scandinavian plants” specially, because found also in that part of Europe, he can of course make out a seemingly close affinity between the plants of Greenland and Scandinavia. On the other hand, if an American botanist as correctly calls most of them “ American plants,” because found elsewhere in America, he may then make out a like close floral relation between Greenland and America ; that is, by adding to the species found on both sides of the North Atlantic, those also which occur only on the American side; thus leaving only a score or so to be designated Europeans. On either side, this would simply be a mode of reasoning falsely or fal- laciously,—the usual style and manner of ratiocination performed 76 INTRODUCTION. by English writers on questions in phyto-geography. On the whole, after eliminating from the Greenland list all the migratory weeds and other plants likely carried thither by human agency, Greenland may be found to possess a slight excess of American species and subspecific varieties; though its floral balance is nearly even between the two sides of the Atlantic. And the flora of arctic and boreal Europe being more exactly known, than is the flora of the corresponding latitude or climate in America, addi- tional identities are more likely to come from the latter side. Of course, so far as British species alone are concerned, Greenland might be treated as au outlier of Europe, wanting some of the plants which extend westward to Iceland or Faroe, with milder climates. The non-European plants found in Greenland and America, are non-British also. Au attempt was first made to show the distribution of our native plants outside Britain, by stating their limits in latitude and longitude, expressed in numerals or the degrees of mathe- matical geography ; but the result was found unsatisfactory, and was abandoned for the simpler and more intelligible plan of naming habitats. Still, the habitats themselves have been so selected and arranged that they do indirectly express ranges of latitude with considerable accuracy. For instance, in the series of names ‘ Channel, Netherlands, Denmark, Gothland, Norway, Sweden, Lapland, Finmark,” the range or limit of latitude north- ward is approximately indicated. At whichever name in the series the northern extension is arrested, the latitudinal limit may be inferred with a near approach to exactness. These three lines will bring together, in the form of habitats or names of countries, a considerable amount of information towards showing the areas and ranges of British plants beyond the small island of Britain itself, although not carried into the intertropical and austral lands. Still, the Author requests his Readers clearly to understand, that the epitomized sketch of external distribution cannot pretend to be complete in itself, or to Le free from errors and oversights. It is impossible to sift such indications of widened VII. FORMULA EXPLAINED. 77 area, so as to separate the true and the false with anything like the same care and confidence given to the sifted records of localities within our own island. Many errors likely exist in the numerous Floras and other writings consulted, without an English- man being able to detect and correct all their errors ;—any more, for instance, than a Foreigner would be able to see and amend all the many errors about plants and their places, which are still to be found within our home books on the botany of Britain; and which are repeatedly cited by the continental botanists as if they were true and unquestioned facts ;—even still so cited and re- peated by various English botanists themselves. It is also to be kept in recollection, im attempting to trace species-distribution over distant lands, that the geographical inves- tigation becomes greatly entangled with questions and opinions about the technical distinctness of the plant-species themselves ; with questions as to what foreign forms ought to be united with, or to be kept separated from, the special forms known in Britain, or in Britain and Europe. This is the case, for example, with various East-Asian and American plants; their position under the names of European species depending upon the indi- vidual opinions of botanists; some holding them entitled to dis- tinctive names, as species ; others placing them as varieties under single specific names. Theories about centres of distribution, about migrations and modifications of species, also inconveniently interfere with good judgment. Such theories cause alleged facts to be recorded in a misleading manner, or to be so tabulated as to become unavailable for any use beyond the one purpose of making out a seeming evidence in support of some foregone conclusion or fanciful hypothesis ; perhaps only such an one as would imme- diately fall before a fair and plain record of the simple facts themselves. English writers on phyto-geography have sinned greatly against a logical philosophy in this wise; almost all of them treating their facts unequally and one-sidedly ; the sup- pressed portion being just those facts which would alter or modify the bearings of the others, if all were fully and fairly given alike. Moreover, alleged similarities between plants are sometimes 78 INTRODUCTION. only non-detected differences; often so, likely, with general sys- tematists whose view seeks to take in the flora of the whole globe ; and who thus cannot compete on equal terms with the local botanists, engaged in minutely examining the species of very limited areas. Curious examples of this non-appreciation of real differences might be adduced, by citing vecent combinations and severances widely at variance with those which a more careful and continued observation of the living plants ought to suggest. Would it not be held highly absurd in a gardener, for instance, to maintain that the black and red currants are simply varieties of the same single species, while the white currant is distinct from both? Or, equally injudicious in a botanist to combine the cherry and bullace together as one species, keeping the sloe apart as a distinct species? And yet, it may be asserted confidently that the writings of our first-rate systematists show severances and unions quite as outrageous as these, only relating to plants of smaller size and less familiarity, when they write Local Floras or make out species-lists in support of their phyto- geographical theories. Here is one of the many difficulties and error-traps for those who endeavour to trace out the geographic areas of species ;—the comprehensive knowledge of the general botanist is not sufficiently precise ;—the precise knowledge of the local botanist is not sufficiently comprehensive. II. SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES. 1. Clematis Vitalba, Linn. Provinces 12345 6(7891011)-- [1415]. Native. Lat. 50—53. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Pembroke, Norfolk. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 6 17 48. (Ireland 4.) English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. “‘ Holstein.” Russia 6-4. West Asia. Syria, ete. Barbary ; Lecoq geogr. bot. 2. Thalictrum alpinum, Linn. Provinces - - - - - - 7--10111213-15161718. Native. Lat. 583—61. Carnarvon, York. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones-- 3456. North Britain 0 —- 1300 yards. Census 9 15 23. Ireland 2. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia 6 --- 21. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 3. Thalictrum minus, Auct. Prov. 1-3456789101112131415161718. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Herts, Suffolk. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 1284. Lakes to 600 yards. Humber to 500 yards. Census 17 30 50. Ireland 9. Scottish-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Finmark ? Russia 6 5 48. West Asia. India. Siberia. — Greenland. Columbia ? T. saxatile, in Algeria. 80 1. RANUNCULACE-E. 4. Thalictrum fiavum, Linn. Provinces 12845°789101112 181415 16 [17]. Native. Lat. 50—57. Devon? Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Fife. Zones 1 2. Low grounds only. Census 15 24 52. Ireland 10. English type of distribution. Hiurope spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap fin. Russia 6-43.21. Siberia. Kamschatka. Algeria. N.B. An aggregate species. 5. Anemone Pulsatilla, Linn. Provinces--345--8-10. Native. Lat. 51—55. Gloucester, Berks, Herts, Essex. — N.\W. York. Zones 12. Low grounds. Census 5 9 16. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 65 432. Siberia. —N.B. Turkey doubtful. “In agro Byzantino;” Sibth. prodr. 6. Anemone nemorosa, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17, continuously. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland; Oliver! Zones 12345. Highlands to 960 yards. England to 850 yards. Census 17 34 87. Iveland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap. Russia -- 4 3 2. Siberia. — America. Columbia. Rocky Mountains. 9. Adonis autumnalis, Linn. see zage boy Provinces (1) 2.3 4 (5--89 1011-1814). Alien or Colonist. Lat. 50—52. Dorset, Kent. — Somerset? Oxford? Norfolk ? Zone 1. Low grounds. Imperfectly established. Census 8 6 10. (Ireland 2). Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa - tur aus ger fra cha (net). Russia 6 5 4 (3). West Asia; Syria, ete. Algeria. — (America, certainly introduced.) “ Labrador.” 1. RANUNCULACER. 81 10. Myosurus minimus, Linn. Provinces ?23845--891011. Native. Lat. 50—85. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Chester, Northumberland. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. [South Devon; on old authority.] Census 8 17 33. Ireland 0, Germanic-english type. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6-43 2. West-asia. Syria, Mesopotamia. Algeria. — America. Columbia. 11. Ranunculus aquatilis, Auct. Provinces all. Native. An aggregate species. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 123. Highlands to 350 yards. Humber to 350 yards. Census 18 86 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap. Russia 654321. West-asia. India. Siberia, Algeria. Canaries. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Col. 11. Ranunculus “ trichophyllus” et “ Drouetii,” Anglor. Provinces 12345---9101112-1415. Native. Lat. 50—56. Devon, Wight, Sussex. — Edinburgh, Fife. Zones 12. Low grounds. Localities much confused. Census 11 15 ? Ireland 6. English type? Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia? West-asia; Syria, etc. India? —N.B. Distribution given, as variously recorded. 11. Ranunculus circinatus, Sibth. Provinces 123456-891011--14 [15]. Native. Lat. 50—56. Devon? Dorset, Kent. — Edinburgh. Fife ? Zones 12. Low grounds. Localities unsafely recorded. Census 11 21 88. Ireland 5. English-germanic type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia --- 8. Siberia. —N.B. Ranuneulus divaricatus, of several Floras. 82 1. RANUNCULACES. 11. Ranunculus fluitans, Liza. Provinces 1234567891011--14 [15]. Native. Lat. 50—56. Devon? Dorset, Kent. — Berwick. Fife ? Zones 12. Low grounds. Many false localities. Census 10 22 87. Ireland 1. English type of distribution. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia --- 8. “ Lithuania, Warsaw, Moscow.” Algeria. A segregate hitherto insufficiently recorded. 11. Ranunculus tripartitus, De Cand. Provinces 123--6. Native. Rare or overlooked. Lat. 50—52. Cornwall, Dorset, Hants, Kent, Surrey, Pembroke. Zone 1. Coast level, or Low grounds. Census 4 5 6. Iveland 0. English-local type. Europe spa - - - - fracha net. Belgium. —N.B. a western plant only ; but its habitats perhaps imperfectly recorded hitherto. Algeria ? 12. Ranunculus Lenormandi, Schultz. Provinces 1 to 18, and likely farther north. Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Northumb. Zones 123. North Yorkshire to 550 yards; Baker. Census 13 21 385. Ireland 4. English type of distribution. Europe spa - - - - fra cha. —N.B. Long confused with R. hederaceus; and habitats thus imperfectly on record. Algeria? 4;Aage soy 13. Ranunculus hederaceus, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Sutherland. Zones 12384. Carnarvon to 770 yards, by estimate. Census 18 386 85. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. Norway ? Russia --- 8. Isle of Oesel, Mid Russia. Algeria. — Iceland; Zoega. Greenland; Giesecke. 1. RANUNCULACER. 83 14. Ranunculus Ficaria, Linn. see Aase 57 Provinces all? Native. Province 16 needs verification. Lat 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 28 4, Carnarvon to 800 yards. Highlands to 300 yards. Census 18 85 82. Jreland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap. Russia6 54821. West-asia; ‘Charles Fellowes.” Algeria. — Faroe. Columbia ? 15. Ranunculus Flammula, Linn. Provinces all. Native. R. reptans in province 15. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yards; also at 810, ete. Census 18 88 100. Iveland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap. Russia -- 4821. Siberia. ‘ Constantinople.” Algeria. ‘ Azores.” — Faroe. Greenland. Amer. Columbia? 16. Ranunculus Lingua, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15 - - [18]. Native. Lat. 50—88. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Elgin. Zones 128. Humber to 250 yards. Census 15 30 63. Iveland 11. English-british type. Europe spa ita ? aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6-482. India. Siberia. —N.B. Likely in Turkey and Asia minor. 18. Ranunculus auricomus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Any locality in province 16 ? Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Moray. Zones 128. Highlands to 530 yards. Humber to 400 yards. Census 15 30 68. Ireland 9. British-english type. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap fin. Russia 6- 4321. Himalaya. Siberia. Caucasus ? — Faroe. In America, if R. affinis united with this. 84 1. RANUNCULACES. 19. Ranunculus acris, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent.— Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123456. Highlands to 1330 yards; also at 1210, etc. Census 18 88 100. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Southward to Portugal and Sicily. Russia 654321. Siberia. Mid-asia; Hooker arc. distr. (Madeira). — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Col. 20. Ranunculus repens, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 234(5). Highlands to 910 yards; also at 850, 830, ete. Census 18 38 99. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 654321. Westasia. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. Am. Col. 21. Ranunculus bulbosus, Linn. Provinces I to 16 - [18]. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Moray. Zones 1238. Highlands to 510 yards. Humber to 500 yards. Census 16 83 83. Ireland 12. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got - swe. (Norway). Russia 6-432. West-asia. Constantinople. Persia. Algeria. — (America, introduced). 22. Ranunculus hirsutus, Curtis. R. Philonotis, Auct. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Province 16 needs verification. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Forfar. Zones 1 2 ? Low grounds. Sparse or overlooked ? Census 16 30 58. Ireland 0. LEnglish-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den (got nor). Russia- 5 43. West-asia. Syria. Algeria. Canaries. 1. RANUNCULACES. 85 23. Ranunculus sceleratus, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent — Hebrides, Ross. Zones 12 3. Low grounds. Census 18 85 85. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Egypt. Algeria. — America. ‘“ South America.” 24. Ranunculus parviflorus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 11. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, Durham. Zones 1 2. Low grounds ; sparsely distributed. Census 11 23 50. Iveland 6. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha net den. Russia - 5. West-asia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — America. 25. Ranunculus arvensis, Linn. Provinces 1 to 14. Colonist. Lat. 50—56. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Edinburgh. Zones 1 2, Low grounds. Census 14 26 59. Ireland 1. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got - swe. Russia 6 5-8. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. 26. Caltha palustris, Linn. Provinces all. Native. . radicans in province 15. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1238456. Highlands to 1160 yards; also at 1150, etc. Census 10 38 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 6-4321. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia. 86 1. RANUNCULACEE. 27. Trollius europeus, Linn. Prov. ---- 5678910111218 1415 16 17 (18). Native. Lat. 51—59. Glamorgan, Worcester, Derby. — Sutherl. (Shetl.) Zones-2345. Highlands to 1050 y.; also at 1010, 1000, ete. Census 138 21 50. Ireland 1 or 2. Scottish type of distrib. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - den got nor swe lap fin. Russia 6 - 43 21. — Not in Africa or America. 29. Helleborus viridis, Linn. Provinces (1) 28 4 5 (6 7)8 91011 12(13 1415). Denizen. Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Hants, Sussex. — Westmorel., Durham. Zones 12. North Yorkshire 50—200 yards, native; Baker. Census 10 16 30? (Ireland). English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. — This may be a true native in some of the English counties, though frequently an escape from gardens. 30. Helleborus fetidus, Linn. Provinces (1) 2345 (678 -)1011 (12131415). Denizen. Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Hants, Sussex. — West York, Durham. Zones 1 2 ? West Yorkshire, above 200 yards; Tatham. Census 6 14 25? (Ireland). English-germanic type. Europe spa ita - - ger fra cha net. — The same remark may be repeated with this second species also, perhaps more dubiously native. 31. Aquilegia vulgaris, Linn. Provinces 12345678910 1112 13(1415 16). Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumfries, Durham. Zones 1 2 ? Lakes to 300 yards. Humber to 350 yards. Census 13 23 49. Ireland 4 (and 3). English-intermed. type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den) got nor swe. Russia 6-4 3. India. Siberia. Caucasus, var. caucasica. Canaries. Azores; but not clearly indigenous there. 1, RANUNCULACER. — 1.* BERBERACE®. 87 82. Delphinium Ajacis, Reich. Provinces (1 2 3) 4 (5 6-89 1011)-- [14]. Alien or Colonist. Lat. 52—53. Cambridge, Norfolk, etc., but scarcely established. Zone 1. Low grounds; usually as an alien or casual. Census 1 3 5. Ireland 0. Germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra (cha - den). Russia 6 5 4 3. (Siberia). Algeria. Egypt. (Canaries. Azores.) 33. Aconitum Napellus, Linn. Provinces 1 (2 8 4)567--(1011 131415-17). Denizen? Lat. 51—53. Somerset, Monmouth, Glamorg., Heref., Denbigh. Zone 1. Low grounds; usually as an alien or casual. Census 4 6 7. Ireland 0. Atlantic-intermediate type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got - swe. Russia 6. Himalaya. Siberia. — Columbia; but a variety or sub-species there. 34. Actea spicata, Linn. Provinces - - [8] - - --- - 10 ? 12--{15]. Native? Lat. 53—-54 or 55. E. and W. Yorkshire. Durham? Cumb.? Zones - 23. Yorkshire 50—850 yards; Baker. _ Census 2 8 6. Ireland 0. Intermediate or local type. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6-4321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. — America; but the species perhaps distinct from our plant. 35. Berberis vulgaris, Linn. Provinces 12345-78910(111213 14 15 16). Native. Lat. 50—55. Difficult to assign its. native limits. Zones 12. Yorkshire to 200 yards, “ native ;” Baker. Census 10 20 80?° (Ireland). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den) got nor swe. Russia 6 5432. West-asia. India. Persia. — (America, but probably introduced). 88 2. NYMPHM@ACER, — 3. PAPAVERACE. 36. Nymphea alba, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones 123. Lake province to 350 yards. Census 18 33 65. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6-48321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. — Columbia. 37. Nuphar lutea, Smith. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. (Elgin, introduced). Lat. 50—58. Cornwall? Devon, Kent. — Isla, Aberdeen. Zones 1 2 ? Humber to 250 or 300 yards. Census 16 31 69. Ireland 12. LEnglish-british type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6- 4821. West-asia. Mid-asia. Siberia. — America? Columbia. “Wooded country ;” Dr. Richardson. 38. Nuphar pumila, DeCand. Seepage 607 Provinces --- (4 5--8--11 18]-1516. Native. Lat. 56—58. Argyle, Perth, Kincardine, Moray. Zones ? 8. Some uncertainty about the species in England. Census 2 4 4. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution. Europe - - - aus ger fra - net (den got) nor swe lap. Russia---3 21. Siberia. — America? 39. Papaver hybridum, Linn. Provinces 12345-78(910)11. Colonist. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Carnarvon, Durham. Zones 1 2. Low grounds; chiefly the calcareous soils. Census 8 17 380. Ireland 6. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 65. West-asia. India. Syria. Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. 3. PAPAVERACER, 89 40. Papaver Argemone, Linn. Provinces all; except 18 without record? Colonist. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — “ Hebrides,” Ross. Zones 128. Low grounds; especially the arenaceous. Census 17 33 74. Ireland 5. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe). Russia 6 5 43. West-asia. Caucasus to Palestine. Algeria. N.B. Is it a casual only in provinces 17, 18 ? 41. Papaver dubium, Linn. Provinces all. Colonist. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones 123. Humber to 200 yards. Census 18 88 85. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den nor swe. Russia 65 4 8. India. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America). 42. Papaver Rheas, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15 - - (18). Colonist. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar. (Shetland). Zones 1 2 (3). Humber to 250 yards. Census 15 29 78. Ireland 8. English-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia 6543. West-asia. India. Syria. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 44. Meconopsis cambrica, Vig. Provinces 1 - --- 6 7 - (9) 10- 12 (13 14 15). Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall? Devon, Somerset. — Westmorel., York. Zones 1234. Carnarvonshire to 700 yards. Census 5 7 15. Ireland 7. Atlantic-intermediate type. Europe spa - fra cha. —N.B. The area of this plant is restricted to Western Europe, extending from England to the Pyrenees. 90 3. PAPAVERACEE. — 3*. FUMARIACE. 45. Chelidonium majus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 14 (15 16). Denizen. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lowlands. Zones 1 2 (3). Humber to 250 yards. Census 14 28 70. (Ireland 11). English-british type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 65482, West-asia. Siberia. Persia. “ Canaries.” (Azores). — (America). 46. Glaucium luteum, Scop. Provinces 1234567 9101112131415 16- (18). Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Kincardine. Zones 1 2 (3). (One locality recorded for Shetland). Census 15 24 46. Ireland 6. English-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den nor. Russia 65 4. West-asia. Syria. Algeria. Canaries. — (America, introduced). 48. Corydalis claviculata, De Cand. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cantire, Ross. Zones 123. Devon to 400 yards. Lakes to 300 yards. Census 17 30 64. Ireland 2. British-atlantic type. Europe spa - - - ger fra cha net den. — This otherwise western plant is reported to occur also in Sicily and Greece; correctly so reported ? 50. Fumaria capreolata, Auct. Provinces all. Colonist. Various segregates included. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 123. Low grounds. Census 18 85 77. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia? West-asia. Syria, etc. Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. Azores. 3.* FUMARIACER. 91 51. Fumaria officinalis, Linn. Provinces all. Colonist. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Lakes to 800 yards. Humber to 250 yards. Census 18 36 88. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6 6 482. West-asia. Siberia. Syria, etc. Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. “Azores.” — (America). 52. Fumaria micrantha, Lag. Provinces -2345--8--11--1415--[18]. Colonist. Lat. 50—58. Dorset, Sussex, Kent. — Forfar, Elgin. Zones 123. Low grounds; sparsely distributed. Census 8 15 21. Ireland ? English-british type. Europe spa ita tur -- fra cha. ‘“ Hamburg.” Russia? West-asia. India. Persia. Syria. Egypt. Azores; Drouet flore. 53. Fumaria parviflora, Lam. Provinces - [2] 38 4----- 10 ---1415 -- [18]. Colonist. Lat. 51—58. ([Dorset?] Kent, Surrey. — Perth, Elgin. Zones 123. Low grounds. Census 5 8 19. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 6. West-asia. India. Arabia. Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. 58 (54). Fumaria Vaillantii, Lois. Provinces - 234----- (10) -?----- [18]. Colonist. Lat. 51—58 or 54. Hants, Kent. — Hunts, (York). Zones J (2). Low grounds. Casual in Shetland. Census 3 5 7. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den - - swe. Russia 6-4 8. West-asia. India. Siberia. Syria. Algeria. Canaries. 92 4, CRUCIFERE. 55. Cakile maritima, Scop. Provinces 1 to 18, except 5 without authority? Native. Lat. 59—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Littoral. Census 17 80 54. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe all. / Russia - 5-82. [C. americana excluded underneath]. Algeria. “Egypt.” “Madeira.” [Azores]. — Faroe. Iceland. 56. Crambe maritima, Linn. Provinces 1234-678-10-1218 141516. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex. — Islay, Fife. Zones 12. Littoral ; now quite sparsely distributed. Census 13 21 26. Ireland 5. English type of distribution. Europe - - - - - fra cha net den got nor. Russia 6-- 82. N.B. Germany, perhaps only in the north- west, or the Netherlands section. 57. Coronopus didyma, Sm. Provinces 1 2 (8 -5)67(891011---15). Denizen. Lat. 50—538. Cornwall, Devon, Dorset. — Pembroke, Carnarvon. Zone 1. Low grounds; and perhaps truly an alien in Europe, etc. Census 4 9 12. Ireland 7. Atlantic-english type. Europe spa ita - - ger fra (cha net). (Isle of Bornholm). Russia 6. Caucasus; Bentham Handb. br. flo. Canaries. Azores. — America, in the South States. 58. Coronopus Ruellii, Gaertn. see Aage 607 Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Lat. 50—57 (or 58). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Fife, (Elgin). Zones 1 2 (3). Humber to 200 yards; Baker. Census 15 28 70. Ireland 11. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor swe). Russia 6543. West-asia. Syria. Algeria. LTgypt. Canaries. — (America). 4. CRUCIFERSE. 93 60. Thlaspi arvense, Linn. Provinces all. Colonist. ‘‘ Probably native ;” A. De Candolle. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Orkney. Zones 1 28. Humber to 200 yards. Census 18 82 62. Ireland 7. British type, sparsely spread. Europe all. More frequent than it is in Britain ? Russia 654821. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. Camaries. “ Azores.” — (America). 61. Thlaspi perfoliatum, Linn. Provinces - - [8] - 5 ---- [10-12]. Native. Lat. 51—52. Gloucester. Formerly in Oxford also. Zone 1. About 700 feet; Rev. H. Roberts. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. English-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Bornholm. Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia. Isle of Oesel. Algeria. 62. Thlaspi alpestre, Linn. Provinces [1 - 3-- 6] 78-101112--15. Native. Lat. 51—57. Carnarvon, Derby. — Cumberland, Forfar. Zones ? 2345. Forfarshire, at 900 yards or thereabouts. Census 6 6 10. Iveland 0. Highland-intermediate type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net - got. —N.B. In the Flora Boreali-americana, this is recorded as a plant of Canada, on authority of “ Mrs. Percival.” 63. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, De Cand. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Highlands to 400 yards. England to same. Census 18 88 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all; northward to Mageroe. Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc. Algeria, Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Icel. (Gre. Am.) 94 4. CRUCIFERZ. 64. Hutchinsia petrea, Br. Provinces 1 -(3)- 5678-10. Native. Lat. 50—55. Somerset, Gloucester, Derby. — Carnarvon, York. Zones 123. Wales to 450 yards. Humber to 500 yards. Census 6 9 11. (Ireland). Intermediate-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net - got - swe. Russia 543. West-asia. India. Algeria. 65. Teesdalia nudicaulis, Br. Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Lanark, Elgin. Zones 123. Humber to 300 yards; Baker. Census 15 26 54. Ireland 0. British-english type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia -- 4 3. West-asia? Caucasus ? Algeria. Canaries; Dr. Lemann’s Madeira list. 66. Iberis amara, Linn. Provinces (1)284(5-78-10-1213 1415). Colonist. Lat. 50—53. Dorset, Hants. — Cambridge, Norfolk. Zone 1. Low grounds; chiefly on cretaceous soils. Census 8 7 10. TJTreland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 0. West-asia ? — In West Europe, from Portugal to Hanover. 67. Lepidium latifolium, Linn. Provinces 1 (2)34567(891011-1381415-17). Native. Lat. 51—58. Somerset, Glamorgan, Kent. — Flint, Norfolk. Zones 1 (2 3). Coast-level ; introduced to many localities. Census 6 8 9. Treland 2. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur - ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6543. West-asia. India. Siberia, Tibet. Algeria. Egypt. 4. CRUCIFERZE. 95 69. Lepidium Smithii, Hook. Provinces 1 to 16. Native in England. Scotland also? Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Moray. Zones 128. Highlands to 850 yards; but introduced? Census 16 28 62. Ireland 7. British-english type. Europe spa ---- fra cha. Transylvania? Holland ? —N.B. Synonyms unsettled; more widely distributed, if united with L. hirtum of South Europe. 70. Lepidium campestre, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Elgin. Zones 123. Humber to 250 yards; Baker. Census 15 39 68. Ireland 6. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 65482. West-asia. Cilicia. Constantinople. Algeria. — Iceland ; Hooker list, from Zoega. (America). 71. Lepidium ruderale, Linn. Provinces 128456--(91011---15). Denizen? Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Hants, Kent. — Pembroke, Norfolk. Zones 1 (2). Low grounds; chiefly near the coast. Census 6 12 20. Ireland? English type of distribution. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 65432. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. — America. Columbia. 72. Cochlearia officinalis, Linn, Provinces all. Native. Alpine segregate included below. Lat 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1238456. Highlands to 1300 yards; also at 1260, ete. Census 18 30 62. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe - - - aus ger fra cha net den got nor - lap fin. Russia ---821. Siberia. — Synonyms unsatisfactory. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America? 96 4. CRUCIFERAE. 72. Cochlearia danica, Linn. Provinces 1234 ?67-9-1112-1415 16-18. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Shetland; Neill, etc. Zones 128. Littoral. Northern localities questionable. Census 13 22 36. Ireland 7. British type of distribution. Europe spa - - - - fra cha net den got nor swe. Finmark? Russia ----2 1. Kamtschatka; Ledeb. flo. ros. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 72*. Cochlearia anglica, Linn. Provinces 1234567 (8]9 [10] 1213 ? 1516. Native.. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Mid-ebudes, Moray. Zones 1 28. Littoral; the northern provinces uncertain. Census 12 20 30. Ireland? British type? Europe - - - - - fra cha net den. CO. fenestrata, nor swe lap fin. Russia ----21. . fenestrata in Arctic Russia and Spitsbergen. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 74. Subularia aquatica, Linn. Provinces ---- [5] 7-[9]--1218-151617. Native. Lat. 53—59. Anglesea, Carnarvon, Denbigh. — Ross, Sutherl. Zones ? 2545. Highlands to 710 yards; and low grounds. Census 6 8 14. Ireland 7. Highland-scottish type. Europe - - - aus ger - - net den got nor swe lap. France ? Russia--- 321. Siberia. Altai. — Iceland ; Hooker list, from Zoega. Maine, America. 75. Draba aizoides, Linn. Se¢e¢fage Gos Provinces [1 2]---6. Native? Lat. 51—52. Glamorgan. Also in Somerset? Zone 1. Coast-level, or thereabout. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-atlantic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net. West-asia? =N.B. The area varies according to the segregates included under the one name, or excluded. 4, CRUCIFER.E. 97 76. Draba rupestris, Br. Provinces - [2] ------------ 15 1617 [18]. Native. Lat. 56—59. Perth, Forfar, Banff, Dumbarton, Sutherland. Zones ----5 6. Highlands about 1000—1300 yards. Census 8 4 4, Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe ---~------ nor swe lap fin. Altai and Eastern Siberia. Spitsbergen. Faroe? Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 77. Draba incana, Linn. Provinces - [2-- 5]-78-101112--15161718. Native. Lat. 583—61. Carnarvon, Derby. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones -- 3456. Highlands 0—1060 y.; also at 960, 900, etc. Census 9 13 18. Ireland 8. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita-- ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin. Russia 6-- 321. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 78. Draba muralis, Linn. Provinces 1 - (8) [4] 5-7 8-10-12(13 1415). Native. Lat. 51—55. Somerset, Stafford. — Westm., York, to 400 yds. Zones 1 2 3. Nearly down to coast-level, in Monmouth ; Babington. Census 6 7 8. (Ireland). Intermediate-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net - got - swe lap. Russia6 54821. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. — Iceland. America? 79. Draba verna, Linn. Provinces all. Native. D. preecox included below. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Orkney. Zones 128. Humber to 400 yards. _D. inflata in zone 5. Census 18 85 83. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 65 482. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland. America. ‘98 4, CRUCIFERZ. 88. Dentaria bulbifera, Linn. Provinces -28-5------- 18 - (15). Native. Lat. 51—56. Sussex, Surrey, Herts, Midx., Bucks, Staff, Ayr. Zones 12, Low grounds. (Dupplin, Perthshire). ‘Census 4 5 6. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6-48. West-asia. Bithynia. —N.B. Is it really indigenous in Scotland ? 84. Cardamine amara, Linn. Provinces (1)2345-78910111213 1415 16. Native. Lat. 50—58. Devon, Dorset, Kent. — Dumbarton, Elgin. Zones 123. Humber to 300 yards; Baker. _ Census 14 25 57. Ireland 2. British-germanic type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia-- 432. Himalaya. Siberia. — Faroe? Is this alleged habitat correct ? 85. Cardamine pratensis, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123456. Highlands to 1080 y.; also at 980, 810, etc. Census 18 88 92. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Northward to Spitsbergen. Russia6 54321. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 86. Cardamine hirsuta, Linn. Provinces all. Native. C. sylvatica included. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 1000 yds. ; also at 930, 900, etc. Census 18 36 88. Iveland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor) swe. Russia 65482. West-asia. Himalaya. Kamtschatka. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. Am. Col. 4, CRUCIFERAE. 99 87. Cardamine impatiens, Linn. Provinces 1 (2) 8-5 67 8(9) 10 - [12 18--16]. Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Devon, Surrey. — Denbigh, York. Zones 12. Humber to 800 yards; Baker. Census 7 10 17. Ireland 0. Intermediate type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den nor swe. Russia 6-482. West-asia. India. Siberia. — Faroe? An error for C. sylvatica? 88. Arabis thaliana, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, connie: Zones 123. Humber to 500 yards; Baker. Census 18 83 74. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. — (America). 89. Arabis petra, Lam. Provinces [1---5] 7[8-10-12]--15161718. Native. Lat. 52—61. Merioneth, Carnarvon. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones -- 345 6. Highlands to 1200 yards, or “1390 yards.” Census 5 8 11. Ireland 1. Highland type of distribution. Fiurope - - - aus ger - - - - - nor swe. France ? Russia 6---2. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 90. Arabis stricta, Huds. Provinces 1 ---5-[7----12]. Native. Lat. 51-52. North Somerset, West Gloucester.. Zone 1. Altitude ...? Below 200 yards? Census 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Local-atlantic type. Europe spa aus ger fra. Apparently limited to Mid-europe. North Spain to Transylvania. — America? Labrador; Pursh flo. amer. sept. 100 4. CRUCIFERZE. 92. Arabis hirsuta, Br. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight? Kent. — Skye, Sutherland ? Zones 12845. Highlands to 900 yards; also at 880, 750, ete. Census 17 84 73. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 65432. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — America. Columbia. 94. Turritis glabra, Linn. Provinces ? 2345--8-101112--1516. Native. Lat. 50—57. Wilts, Hants, Kent. — Dumbarton, West Perth. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 10 16 31. Iveland1. English-germanic type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6-432. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. — America. Columbia. Same species in America? 95. Barbarea vulgaris, Auct. Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Segregates included below. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Renfrew, Elgin. Zones 1 2 8. Humber to 250 yards. Census 15 31 81. Iveland 12. British-english type. Europe all northward to Sweden. B. stricta in lap fin. Russia 6-43 21. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. TKamtsc. — (America). Columbia; but a sub-species ? 98. Nasturtium officinale, Br. SLE fap 608 Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—60. Comwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Orkney. Zones 128. Humber to 350 yards. Lakes to 250 yards. Census 18 86 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6-- 32. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. (Am.) Col. 4. CRUCIFERZE. 101 99. Nasturtium terrestre, Br. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. N. palustre, auct. plur. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Forfar. Zones 12. Low grounds. Census 16 380 59. Ireland 9. British-english type. Europe all, except Finmark and Spain ? Russia 6-4321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc. Egypt. Libya. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 100. Nasturtium sylvestre, Br. Provinces 12345 6-891011-1314(15). Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Devon, Sussex. — Dumfries, Edinburgh. Zones 12. Low grounds. (Fife, perhaps introduced). Census 12 22 46. Ireland]. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den) got nor swe. Russia-- 482. West-asia. Siberia. “Persia.” ‘ China.” — (America, introduced). 101. Nasturtium amphibium, Br.’ Provinces 12845--8910(11)-131415, Native. Lat. 50—57. Devon, Dorset, Kent. — Lanark, Fife. Zones 12. Low grounds. Is it native in Scotland ? Census 11 22 42. Ireland 10. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap. Russia 654321. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria, Egypt. — America ?? 102. Sisymbrium officinale, Scop. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 128. Humber to 250 yards. Lakes to 250 yards. Census 18 87 88. Jveland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland with Finmark. Russia 65432. West-asia. Syria. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (Greenland. Amer. Columbia). 102 4. CRUCIFERZE. 103. Sisymbrium Irio, Linn. Provinces [1 2] 3 4 [5] 6 - [8] ----- 14. Denizen. Lat. 51—56. London, Oxford, Glamorgan. — Berwick-on-Tweed.. Zones 12. Low grounds. Localities very uncertain. Census 4 5 6. Ireland 1. English-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. (Sweden). Russia 6-48. West-asia. India. ‘“ Arabia.” Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. ‘‘ Azores.” 104. Sisymbrium Sophia, Linn. Provinces 1234567891011-1831415-17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Moray, Ross. Zones 12 8. Low grounds; widely but thinly spread. Census 15 28 53. Ireland 4. British-english type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 65 4321. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. — America? Columbia. “ Straits of Magellan.” 106. Erysimum cheiranthoides, Linn. Provinces 12345678(9101112-141516). Colonist. Lat. 50—53. Devon, Sussex, Kent. — Denbigh, Lincoln. Zones 1 (2 3). Low grounds. Well established in S. B. Census 8 17 382. (Ireland). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia- 4821. Mid-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — America. Columbia. Arctic America; Hooker dist. are. 107. Erysimum Alliaria, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross. Zones 123. Lakes and Humber to 300 yards. Census 17 33 81. Iveland 9. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 65432. West-asia, India. Algeria. 4. ORUCIFER.E. 103 110. Matthiola incana, Br. Provinces - 2---(6). Denizen. (Sussex, Pembroke). Lat. 50—51. Isle of Wight, perhaps introduced ; A. G. More. Zone 1. Coast cliffs; deemed native by Dr. Bromficld. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. English-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra, Sicily, Crete, etc. West-asia. Cyprus. ‘Canaries. (Azores). 111. Matthiola sinuata, Br. Provinces 1 [2]---67. Native. [Dorset? Sussex ?]. Lat. 50—52. Cornwall? North Devon. — Anglesea, Flint. Zone 1. Littoral. Census 8 5 7. Ireland 3. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Sicily, Crete, ete. West-asia. Cyprus, Algeria. 118. Brassica oleracea, Linn. Provinces 1 2 3 (4 5) 6 7--(101112--15). Denizen? Lat. 50—53. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Merioneth, Carnarvon. Zone 1. Coast cliffs, native? Inland only an alien. Census 5 9 10. (Ireland 2). Atlantic type of distribution. Europe. Wild on the western coasts of France? —N.B. Exceedingly difficult to trace the native habitats of this plant. See De Cand. Geog. bot. 653 and 839. 114. Brassica campestris and B, Napus, Linn. Provinces 1284567 89-10 (1112181415 16). Colonist ? Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — York, Scotland ? Zones 12. Low grounds; often through cultivation. Census 10 20 80? (Ireland). English type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger (fra cha) net den got nor swe lap. Russia65 4821. West-asia. India. Siberia. Barbary. — (Faroe). Distribution not satisfactory. 104 4, CRUCIFER.E. 116. Sinapis arvensis, Linn. Provinces all. Colonist, or likely Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1238. Highlands to 400 yards. Humber to 350 yards. Census 18 88 93. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 65482. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. (Azores). — (America). 117. Sinapis alba, Linn. Prov.1234567891011- 183 14 15 16 (17 18). Colonist. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Kincardine. Zones 1 2 (3). Humber to 200 yards. Census 15 28 50. Ireland 7. English-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe). Russia- 5-3. West-asia. Syria. Algeria. Canaries. — (America, introduced). 118. Sinapis nigra, Linn. Provinces 12384567891011-131415. Native? Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Fife, (Elgin). Zones 1 2. Humber to 200 yards. Census 14 27 57. Ireland 2 (8). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe). Russia -- 43. West-asia. India. Siberia? Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. Azores. — (America). 120. Sinapis tenuifolia, Br. Provinces 1234567-9101112-1415. Denizen. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Cumberland, Fife. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Alien in Scotland ? Census 13 23 34. (Ireland). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. (Scandinavia). Russia 6-- 3. West-asia, Algeria. 4, CRUCIFERA. 105 121. Sinapis muralis, Br. Provinces 128 45 6--(9101112--15). Denizen. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Sussex, Kent. — Carmarthen, Suffolk. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 6 11 14. (Ireland). English type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net. Russia - - 4, Algeria. 122. Sinapis monensis, Bab., etc. Provinces (1)----67-9--1218(14 15) 16. Native. Lat. 51—58. (Cornwall), Glamorgan. — Cantire, Skye ? Zones 1 2 ? Littoral. (S. Cheiranthus, introduced). Census 6 8 17. Ireland 0. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe spa ita - - ger fra cha net. — Algeria. —N.B. The native plant of West Britain is now held to be a slight variety of S. Cheiranthus. 123. Raphanus Raphanistrum, Linn. Provinces all. Colonist. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 23. Highlands and Humber to 350 yards. Census 18 38 87. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia -- 43 2. West-asia. Mid-asia; Hook. are. pl. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America). 124. Raphanus maritimus, Sm. Provinces 1 2 - [4] - 6 7-9 [10] - 12 13 --16-{18]. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Bute, Cantire. Zones 12. Littoral. Sufficiently distinct from Raphanistrum. Census 8 18 17. Ireland 6. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe spa - - - - fra cha net. Norway? Baleares? — A western species, reported from South Spain to Holland, or perhaps to Norway. Pp 106 5. RESEDACER. — 6. CISTACE. 125. Reseda Luteola, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Denizen in North Britain. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross. Zones 1 23. Humber to 200 yards. Census 17 83 79. Ireland 12. British-english type, Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6 5 4 3. West-asia. Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. Azores. — (America). 126. Reseda lutea, Linn. Provinces 1234567891011 -1314(15). Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumfries, Haddington. Zones 12. Low grounds. (Fife to Moray, introduced). Census 18 25 58. Ireland 4. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. (Scandinavia). Russia 6 5 4 8. West-asia. Algeria. 128. Helianthemum vulgare, Auct. Provinces 1 to 15-17. Native. Any locality in 16? Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross. Zones 1234. Highlands to 670 yards. Humber to 700 yards. Census 16 81 73. [Ireland]. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net deu got nor swe. Russia 65 43. West-asia. Finland; Fries sum. veg. Algeria. 129. Helianthemum polifolium, Pers. Provinces 1 - -- [5]. Native. Lat. 50—52. South Devon, North Somerset. [Glouc., Worc.] Zone 1. Somerset, at 150 or 200 feet; T. B. Flower. Census 1 2 2. Ireland 0. Local-atlantic type. Europe spa ita tur - ger fra cha. “ Meuse et Moselle.” — Not in Russia or Asia? Algeria. — America? ‘“ Arkansas and Texas.” wy 6. CISTACER, — 7. VIOLACER. 107 180. Helianthemum canum, Dunal. Provinces [1 - -- 5] 6 7--10-12. Native. Lat. 50—55. Glamorgan. — Cumberland, Westmoreland, York. Zones 1234, Humber to 600 yards or upwards. Census 4 4 7. Ireland 1. Intermediate-atlantic type. Europe spa ita tur fra cha aus ger. Isle of Ocland. Russia 6 5 48. West-asia. Algeria. 131. Helianthemum (guttatum) Breweri, Planch. Provinces [1 ---5]-7. Native in form of H. Breweri. Lat. 53—54. Isle of Anglesea only. Zone 1. Coast-level or cliffs. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 1. Local-atlantic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Hanover. West-asia. Cyprus, Syria, ete. Algeria. — N.B. H. guttatum in lines 5 6 7, and in Ireland. 132. Viola palustris, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 2345 6. Highlands to 1360 yards; also at 1800, etc. Census 18 36 74. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Turkey. With varieties in lines 5, 6, 7. Russia -- ? 821. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 133. Viola odorata, Linn. Provinces 1 to 12 (13 14 15)-- [18]. Native in England. Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Westmoreland, York. Zones 12. Low grounds. Alien in Scotland ? Census 12 24 57. Ireland 7. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. (Sweden). Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores; but doubtfully native there. 108 7. VIOLACE. 134. Viola hirta, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar, Kincardine. Zones 12. Lakes and Humber to 300 yards each. Census 15 29 63. Ireland 1or4? English-germanic type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia. 185. Viola sylvatica, Bab. man. V. canina, Sm. eng. flo. Provinces all. Native. V. Riviniana the prevailing form. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 980 yards. Wales 1100 yards. Census 18 88 93. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark ; but synonyms uncertain. Russia 6-- 8. West-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Algeria. Canaries. — Faroe. 135. Viola canina, Bab. man. excl. V. lactea, Sm. Provinces 1 to 15 ; but no certain record for 18. Native. Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight Kent. — Aberdeen, Banff. Zones 123. Highlands to 710 yards. Census 14 27 54. Ireland 8. British type of distribution. Europe, in all the divisions, if in Finmark. Russia 654321. Siberia. Canaries? — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. [Am. Col.] 135. Viola lactea, Sm. Provinces 123 [4--7-9----14]. Native. Lat. 50—52. Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Sussex, Kent. Zone 1. Low grounds. _ V. flavicornis often thus misnamed. Census 38 3 5. Ireland? English type of distribution. Europe. Holland, Norway, France, Italy ; Nyman Sylloge. —N.B. Confused with V. stagnina in Continental Floras; as was formerly the case in England also. 7. VIOLACER. 109 135. Viola stagnina, “ Kit.” Bab. man. Provinces 1--4---8. Native. Lat. 50—54. South Devon? Cambridge, Hunts, Lincoln. Zone 1. Low grounds. Much confused with V. lactea. Census 3 8 4. Ireland 1. English-germanic type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den (got) nor (swe). Russia -- 4 8. Siberia. — N.B. See above, under V. lactea. 136. Viola tricolor, Auct. Provinces all; but in part perhaps V. arvensis only. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 630 yards. Census 18 88 90. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe all, unless Finmark excepted. Russia 65 4.321. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. (Azores). — Faroe. Iceland. America? 136. Viola arvensis, Murr. Provinces all; apart from V. tricolor. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones 1 2 3. Highlands, Humber, each to 350 yards. Census 18 34 64. Ireland 12? British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den - swe. Russia654321. West-asia. Siberia. Persia. Canaries. — America ? 136. Viola Curtisii, Forster, and Mackay. Provinces 1----67-9. Native. Lat. 50—54. Devon, Carmarthen, Anglesea, Cheshire, Lancash. Zone 1. Coast-level. Sub-littoral. Cornwall ? Census 4 4 6. Ireland 5? Atlantic type of distribution. Europe? V. sabulosa, in Normandy. —N.B. Two violets, ‘ Curtisii’ much like a depauperised ‘lutea’ ; and Mackaii (sabulosa ?) approximating to ‘tricolor’ in colour. 110 7. VIOLACEH. — 8. DROSERACEZ. 186. Viola lutea, Huds. Provinces ? --- 5 to 18. Native. Cornwall? Lat. 52—58. Glamorgan, Monmouth. — Hebrides, Ross. Zones ? 2845. Highlands to 930 yards. Humber to 830 yds. Census 14 21 52. Ireland 4. Scottish type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net. Naples; Nyman Sylloge. — N.B. Much uncertainty yet remains respecting the affinities of this violet with Continental forms. 138. Drosera rotundifolia, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 770 yards. Humber to 750 yards. Census 18 88 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Turkey. Russia --4 821. West-asia. Siberia. Altai. Syria. — Iceland. America. Columbia. 139. Drosera intermedia, Hayne. Provincees 123456789 10-1218- [15] 16- [18]. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex. — Westerness, Fife ? Zones 123. Low grounds. Census 14 24 42. Ireland 6. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia -- 438. West-asia. “ Syria.” — America. D. longifolia of several english works. 140. Drosera anglica, Huds. Provinces 12-45 6--9101112131415 1617 18. Native. Lat. 50—60 or 61. Devon, Dorset, Suffolk. — Orkney, Shetland? Zones 1234. Highlands to 580 yards, Humber to 300 yards. Census 14 25 40. Ireland 10. Scottish type of distribution. Europe all, except Turkey. D. longifolia of Auct. cont. Russia-- 4321. Siberia. WKamtschatka. — Iceland. America. Columbia. D. longifolia of Authors. 9. POLYGALACEA, — 10. FRANKENIACER. 111 141. Polygala vulgaris, Auct. Provinces all; including P. depressa. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12845. Highlands to 930 yards; also at 800, 760, etc. Census 18 87 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapl. and Finmark. P. depressa, in Lapl. ete. Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia. Barbary. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. 141*. Polygala calcarea, F. Schultz. Provinces ? 23-5 [6] Native. Scilly? Carmarthen? Lat. 50—52. Wilts, Dorset, Kent, Surrey, Berks, Gloucester. Zone 1. Low grounds ; also above ? Census 3 5 6. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha. Spain? —N.B. The European distribution of this plant not satisfactorily made out. 141*. Polygala uliginosa, Reich. Province --------- 10. Native. Lat. 54—55. In North Yorkshire only, as yet known. Zone -- 8. Humber at 550—600 yards; Baker. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-intermediate type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia? Finland; Fries sum. veget. scand. —N.B. Distribution not satisfactorily made out. 142. Frankenia lavis, Linn. Provinces (1) 234. Native. (11 Durham, on ballast). Lat. 50—53. Wight, Sussex, Kent. — Suffolk, Norfolk. Zone 1. Littoral. Also in South Hants and Essex. Census 3 6 10. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur - fra cha. Russia - 5. West-asia. Tauria; Boiss. flo. or. Algeria. 112 11. ELATINACER. — 12. CARYOPHYLLACEA, 143. Elatine hexandra, De Cand. Provinces 123-5-789----- 1516. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Sussex. — Bute, West Perth, Kincard. Zones 1 2 3. Low grounds. Census 9 12 13. Ireland 2. English type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net - got. Russia? Under E. Hydropiper ? Azores. 144. Elatine Hydropiper, Linn. Provinces -- 3-5-7. Native. Lat. 51—54. Surrey, “ Worcester,” Anglesea. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 3 3 8. Ireland 1. LEnglish-local type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap. Russia --- 32. Siberia ? — N.B. This and E. hexandra are reunited by some authors. 145. Dianthus prolifer, L. Provinces - 2 3 4 [5]. Native ? Lat. 50—53. Wight, Sussex, Berks, Norfolk. Zone 1. Low grounds. Middlesex? Worcester ? Census 8 4 4 Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6 5 4 3. West-asia. Algeria. Canaries. 146. Dianthus Armeria, Linn. Provinces 1234567 -(9)101112-(14 15). Native? Lat. 50—55 (or 57). Devon, Wight, Kent. — Cumberl., Durham. Zones 12. Low grounds. (Edinburgh, Perth, Forfar). Census 10 16 30. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. (Sweden). Russia 6 5 4 3. West-asia. — (America, introduced). 12. CARYOPHYLLACES. 113 149. Dianthus cesius, Sm. Provinces 1 - - - (5)--[8---12-14]. Native. Lat. 51—52. North Somerset. Zone 1. Somerset between 50—250 yards; Thomas Clark. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-atlantic type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net. — In Europe only, eastward to Transylvania, southward to Lom- bardy, northward to Belgium. 150. Dianthus deltoides, Linn. Provinces 1 [2] 845-789 101112- 1415 16 - [18]. Native. Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent? — Cantire, Moray. Zones 123. Low grounds; anywhere above 200 yards? Census 14 22 35. Ireland 0. English-intermediate type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia - - 4 8 2. — In Europe southward to Sicily. 151. Saponaria officinalis, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15; usually by former cultivation. Denizen: Lat. 50—56 or 58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ayr, Moray. Zones 1 23. Low grounds; by coasts, and near houses. Census 15 28 50? (Ireland 10). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor swe). Russia 65 4 3. West-asia. Siberia. — (America). The native habitat very uncertain. 152. Silene inflata, Sm. Provinces 1 to 17 [18 also?] Native. Lat 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Islay, Ross. Zones 128. Lakes, Humber, to 300 yards. Census 17 34 83. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe all the divisions. Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America). 114 12. CARYOPHYLLACEE. 153. Silene maritima, With. Provinces 1 to 18; but no record for province 8. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128456. Highlands to 1060 yds. ; next at 720” yds. Census 17 82 61. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - - - fra cha net den got nor - lap fin. Russia - - - 8 or 2. South Finland. Canaries. [Azores ?] — Iceland. 154. Silene Otites, Linn. Provinces - - [3] 4- [6---10]. Native. Lat. 52—53. Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge. [York ?] Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 1 3 38. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia 6 5 4 8. West-asia. Siberia. Persia. 155. Silene anglica et gallica, Auct. Provinces 12345678910(11)12131415. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ayr, Moray. Zones 123. Low grounds. Colonist in Scotland ? Census 14 26 48. Ireland 7. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net got. Russia 6-43. West-asia. Syria. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 156. Silene nutans, Linn. Provinces 1 23 [4] 5-78-10 - [12]--15--[18]. Native. Lat. 50—57. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Forfar, Kincardine. Zones 12. Low grounds. Census 8 9 15. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 654321. Siberia. Davyuria. Canaries. 12. CARYOPHYLLACES, 115 157. Silene noctiflora, Linn. Provinces -2345--891011--1415. Colonist. Lat. 50—57. South Hants, Sussex, Kent. — Perth, Forfar. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 10 16 32. Ireland 2. English-germanic type. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe. Russia 65 43. West-asia. India. Siberia. — (America, introduced). 158. Silene conica, Linn. Provinces - - 8 4 [5] -------- 1415. Native. Lat. 51—57. Kent, Suffolk, Norfolk, Haddington, Forfar. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 4 5 5. [Ireland]. Germanic-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 65 43. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. 159. Silene acaulis, Linn. Provinces [1] - - - - - 7----12--151617 18. Native. Lat. 53—61. Caernarvon, Westmoreland. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones --- 45 6. Highlands to 1440 yards. Shetland coast. Census 6 11 9. Ireland 3. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia----21. Siberia. Spitsbergen. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 160. Lychnis alpina, Linn. Provinces ----------- 12--15. Native. Lat. 54—58. Cumberland, Forfar. Zone --- ? 5. Highlands about 1000 yds. Lakes at “2000 ft.” Census 2 2 2. Treland 0. Highland-local type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia ---- 21. Siberia. Davuria. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 116 12. CARYOPHYLLACE. 161. Lychnis Viscaria, Linn. Provinces - - - - - 67----- 13 1415. Native. Lat. 52—57. Radnor, Montgomery. — Stirling, Perth, Forfar. Zones - 28. North Wales to 300 yards? Census 5 6 9. Ireland 0. Scottishiutermediate type. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6-4 3 2. Siberia. — Iceland; Dr. Lauder Lindsay’s list. 160. Lychnis Flos-cuculi, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 660 yards; also at 650, 640, etc. Census 18 38 93. TJreland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6 - 4 8 2. Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. 163. Lychnis (dioica) diurna, Sibth. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yards. Humber to 450 yds. Census 18 38 90. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Turkey. Russia--- 3821. Siberia. — Faroe. Greenland, between 72—76. 164. Lychnis (dioica) vespertina, Sibth. Provinces 1 to 17. Colonist or Native. Lat. 50-——59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent — Ross, Sutherland. Zones 123. Highlands to 350 yards. Humber to 250 yards. Census 16 31 74. Ireland 5. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6 £321. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. 12, CARYOPHYLLACEE. 117 165. Lychnis (Agrostemma) Githago, Lam. Provinces all. Colonist ; but scarcely so in North Isles. Lat. 50—59 (or 61). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross or Shetl. Zones 1 23. Humber to 300 yards. Census 17 33 88. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe (lap). Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia. Persia. Algeria. Canaries. — (America, introduced). 166. Moenchia erecta, Sm. Provinces 1234567891011). Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — York, Cheviotland. Zones 123. North Wales to 400 yards; Bowman. Census 1] 21 43. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net. —N.B. Replaced by M. octandra in Asia minor. Algeria. — (America, introduced). 167. Sagina maritima, Don. Provinces 123 4-67-9101112 131415 1617 18. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128. Littoral. [Alpine also ?] Census 16 28 47. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. —N.B. Distribution not sufficiently ascertained ; reported south- ward to Sicily, eastward to Greece. 167. Sagina apetala, Linn. (in part). Provinces 1234567891011-131415-- [18]. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar, Kincardine. Zones 12. Humber to 300 yards; Baker. Census 14 28 66. Ireland 9. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia 6-43. West-asia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America). 118 12. CARYOPHYLLACES, 167. Sagina ciliata, Fries. §S. apetala, Auct. var. Provinces 1234---8-10 L1--1415. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Fife, Aberdeen. Zones 12. Low grounds. Distribution ill ascertained. Census 9 18 24. Ireland 8. English-british type. Europe - - - aus ger fra cha net - got. —N.B. Confused with Sagina apetala, as well in Britain as in Europe. Likely to be found in Russia. 168. Sagina procumbens, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Clearly distinct from the annual species. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 23456. Highlands to 1260 yards; also at 1080, etc. Census 18 88 96. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 6- 4321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Greenl. Am. Col. 169. Sagina saxatilis, Wimm. Spergula saginoides, L. Provinces - -- - [B ------- 13] - 15-17 [18]. Native. Lat. 56—59. Perth, Forfar, Aberdeen, Easterness, Sutherland. Zones---45. Highlands to 900 yards. Descends to ... ? Census 2 4 5. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap. Russia 6---21. Siberia. Kamtschatka. [Spitsbergen]. — Faroe, Iceland. Greenland? America. Columbia. 169.* Sagina subulata, Wimm. Prov. 123 [4]567-9101112131415161718. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. Hebrides, Shetland. Zones 12345, Highlands to 700 yards, or upwards. Census 15 25 39. Ireland 4. Scottish-british type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor. — Absent from Russia and Asia ? — Iceland? Columbia? ‘“ Rocky Mountains; Drummond.” 12, CARYOPHYLLACER. 119 170. Sagina nivalis, Fries. Provinces -------------- 15 16 [17]. Native. Lat. 56—57. Perth, Dumbarton. [Forfar, Skye, Ben Nevis]: Zones ----5 6. Altitude not ascertained. Census 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe. Norway. Elsewhere? — Spitsbergen ; formerly as Spergula saginoides. — Greenland; under name of Spergula saginoides. 171. Sagina nodosa, Meyer. Spergula nodosa, L. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128. Highlands to 510 yards. Humber to 600 yards. Census 18 86 79. lIreland11. British type of distribution. Europe - - - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap fin. Russia -- 4321. Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 172. Spergula arvensis, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128. Highlands to 850 yards. Humber to 350 yards. Census 18 88 93. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 6-43 21. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. (Am. Col.) 173. Honkeneya peploides, Ehbrh. Provinces all; unless 5 Severn is to be excepted. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 2 8. Littoral. Census 17 30 58. Ireland 8. British type of distribution. Europe spa - - - ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap fin. Italy ? Russia --- 321. Siberia. Kamtsc. Spitsbergen. Adriatic? — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 120 12. CARYOPHYLLACER. 174. Spergularia (or Lepigonum) marina, Auct. Provinces all. Native. Several segregates included. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones128. Littoral. Localities of segregates much confused. Census 18 33 60. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 65432. West-asia. ‘“ Himalaya.” Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. Azores? —Greenl. Am. Col. 175. Spergularia (or Lepigonum) rubra, Auct. Provinces all. Native ; but rather a Colonist in North Britain. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Orkney. Zones 123. Humber to 200 yards. Census 18 82 72. Ireland 2. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6-432. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Greenland?? Am. Col. 177. Arenaria norvegica, Gunn. Provinces ----------------- 18. Native. Lat. 60—61. Shetland only. [* Orkney,” erroneously]. Zone--38or4. Altitude about “200 feet” above the sea. Census 1 1 1. Iveland 0. Scottish-local type. Europe Norway. Lapland. Finmark. Italy ?? —N.B. A. ciliata is distributed from Crete to Arctic Russia. A. noryegica, true, occurs in Iceland; Bab. list. 178. Arenaria serpyllifolia, Linn. Provinces all. Native. A. leptoclados, a slight var., is included. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 123. Humber to 650 yards. Lakes to 450 yards. Census 18 87 87. Ireland 8. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6543. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. — Iceland ; Hooker list. (America). 12. CARYOPHYLLACER. 121 179. Arenaria tenuifolia, Linn. Provinces 12345-78-10---([1415]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Sussex, Kent. — Anglesea, York. Zones 12. Humber to 300 yards ; Baker. Census 7 16 26. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 65 4 3. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. — N.B. A. viscosa included for ‘den got.’ 180. Arenaria verna, Linn. Provinces 1 [2]--56789101112131415--18. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Somerset, Stafford. — Aberdeen, Shetl. Zones 12845. Highlands to 850 yards. Humber to 830 yds. Census 13 16 27. Iveland 3. Scottish-intermediate type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net. Belgium. Russia 6? Caucasus? Siberia? The British form? Algeria. — Greenland? America. Columbia. 181. Arenaria rubella, Hook. Provinces - -.------------ 15 17. Native. Lat. 56—59. Mid Perth, West Sutherland. Russia ----5 6. Highlands 850—1800 yards. Census 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe. Norway. Nordland. Dwarfed A. verna? Russia - - - - - 1. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Spitsbergen. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 181+. Arenaria uliginosa, Schl. Province ---------- 11. Native. Lat. 54—55. Durham; G. 8. Gibson sp. Zone -- 38 or 4. A single station, “ about 1800 feet.” Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-intermediate type. Europe - ita - - ger fra - - - - nor swe lap. Russia - - - - - 1. Siberia, middle and eastern. — Greenland; J. D. Hooker distrib. of arctic plants. 122 12, CARYOPHYLLACE. 182. Arenaria (or Moehringia) trinervia, Linu. Provinces 1 to 15-17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross. Zones 1 2 8. Humber to 300 yards. Census 16 32 76. Ireland 10. British-english type- Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 65 482. West-asia. Siberia. Canaries, a variety. — Greenland; Gisecke list. 183. Holosteum umbellatum, Linn. Province --- 4. Denizen or Native ? Lat. 52—53. Suffolk, perhaps extinct, and Norfolk. Zone 1. Coast-level, or low grounds. Census 1 2 2. Ireland 0. Local-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 65 4 3. West-asia. India. Algeria. 184. Stellaria nemorum, Linu. Provinces [1 8]-56789101112181415 16. Native. Lat. 51—58. Glamorgan, Monmouth. — Dumbarton, Moray. Zones ? 2 8. Humber 50—400 yards; Baker. Census 12 18 85. Ireland 0. Scottish-intermediate type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap fin. Russia -- 4821. Caucasus, dubia civis ; Boiss. flo. or. —N.B. Cerastium aquaticum occasionally thus misnamed. 185. Stellaria media, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yards; also at 830, 580, ete. Census 18 388 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Segregately named, through diversities of situation. Russia 654821. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtse. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Ice. Gre. (Am. Col.) 12. CARYOPHYLLACER. 123 186. Stellaria Holostea, Linn. Provinces all. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Orkney. Zones 1234. Highlands to 630 yards; also at 600, 4380, ete. Census 18 35 86. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Sweden? Russia 6-482. West-asia. Siberia ? . 187. Stellaria glauca, With. Provinces 12345-789101112181415. Native. Lat. 50—57. Devon, Dorset, Sussex. — Renfrew, Fife. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 14 25 45. Ireland 5. English-british type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia -- 482. West-asia. India. Siberia. — Greenland ?? <“ Disco Island, Dr. Lyall ;” J. D. Hooker. 188. Stellaria graminea, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Highlands to 410 yards. Humber to 500 yards. Census 18 36 90. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 654321. Himalaya. Siberia. “Madeira.” — Faroe. Iceland; Mr. Isaac Carroll. 189. Stellaria uliginosa, Murray. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12845 6. Highlands to 1100 yards; also at 1060, etc. Census 18 88 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 6-432. Himalaya. Siberia. Canaries. — Faroe. Greenland. America. Columbia. 124 12. CARYOPHYLLACE. 190. Stellaria cerastioides, Linn. Provinces - ------------- 1516. Native. Lat. 56—58. Perth, Aberdeen, Easterness, Westerness. Zone - - - - - 6. Highlands at 900—1260 yards. Census 2 4 4. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia 6 --- 21. West-asia. Mid-asia. Siberia. Spitsbergen. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. Cerastium trigynum, E. B. 3. 191. Cerastium aquaticum, Linn. Provinces 12345678910--[181415--18]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall? Wight, Kent. — North Yorkshire. Zones 12. Low grounds. Does it occur in Scotland ? Census 10 22 46. Ireland? English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor) swe. Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. Stellaria aquatica, Eng. bot. ed. 3. 192. Cerastium glomeratum, Thuil. Provinces all. Native. C. vulgatum, Anglor. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Highlands to 350 yards. Lakes to 350 yards. Census 18 388 90. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. —-C. viscosum, Auct. plur. Russia 6543821. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia? Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Greenl. (Am. Col.) 193. Cerastium triviale, Link. Provinces all. Native. ©. viscosum, Anglor. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128456. Highlands to 1200 yards; also at 1080, ete. Census 18 38 99. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all. C. vulgatum, Auct. plur. [Spitsbergen]. Russia 654821. Westasia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc. Barbary? Canaries. Azores. — Far. Ice. Gre. Am. Col. 12. CARYOPHYLLACER. 125 194. Cerastium semidecandrum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15 - - [18]. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Moray. Zones 123. Humber to 300 yards. Census 15 31 69. Ireland 7. British-english type. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6 5 4 3 2. Barbary. — Faroe? America? 194.* Cerastium tetrandrum, Curt. Provinces 1 to 16-18. Native. C. pumilum, in - 23-5. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Low grounds. Census 17 28 46. Ireland 8. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus - fra cha net den got. —N.B. Mr. A. G. More places C. pumilum under this, rather than as a variety of C. semidecandrum. ‘“ Madeira.” 195. Cerastium arvense, Linn. Provinces - 2345 78910111218 1415 -- [18]. Native. Lat. 51—58. Hants, Sussex, Kent. — Kirkcudbright, Moray. Zones 128. Humber to 250 yards. Census 18 25 49. Ireland 5. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. (Sweden). Russia 6-432. Himalaya. Siberia. Canaries. — America. Columbia. ‘ South America.” 196. Cerastium alpinum, Linn. Provinces - - - - - - 7 (8]---12--151617 [18]. Native. Lat. 53—59. Carnarvon, Westmoreland. — Sutherl. [Orkney?] Zones ----5 6. Highlands 800—13800 yards. Census 5 6 9. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia ----21. Siberia. Spitsbergen. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia, 126 12. CARYOPHYLLACES. — 13. LINACER. 197. Cerastium latifolium, Auct. Provinces - - - - - - 7------- 15161718. Native. Lat. 58—61. Carnarvon. — Sutherland. C. nigrescens in Shetl. Zones --- 45 6. Highlands 1000—1210 yds. Shetl. “200 ft.” Census 5 7 10. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor - lap. Russia 6. — N.B. An unsatisfactory species. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. 198. Cherleria sedoides, Linn. Provinces -------------- 15 1617 [18]. Native. Lat. 56—59. Argyle, Perth, Forfar. — Sutherland. Zones ----5 6. Highlands 850—1310 yards. Lower also? Census 3 6,6. Iveland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra. —N.B. Area limited; the plant being reported to grow on the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, Parnassus. 200. Linum perenne, Linn. Provinces [1 2] 8 4 [5] --8-1011 [12-14]. Native. Lat. 52—55. North Essex, Suffolk. — Durham, Westmoreland ? Zones 12 3. Humber to 250 yards. Census 5 9 12. [Ireland]. Germanic type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra. [‘¢ Channel Isles.” Russia--4 3. West-asia. India? Siberia. Kamtschatka. — America. Columbia. The European species? 201. Linum angustifolium, Huds. Provinces 1 23 4 [5] 67 [8] 9 [10] 12. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Man, Lancashire. Zones 12. Low grounds. Census 8 13 22. Ireland 4. Atlantic-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Channel Isles. Russia 6. West-asia. “ L. marginatum, flo. ross.” Algeria. Canaries. 13. tiInaAcE.R. — 14, MALVACER. 127 202. Linum catharticum, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 800 yds. Humber to 700 yds. Census 18 88 97. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6-4 82. West-asia. Persia. Canaries ; Boissier. — Faroe. Iceland. 203. Radiola millegrana, Sm. Provinces 1 to 18; except 14, East Lowlands. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Orkney. Zones 123. Low grounds; rather uncommon. Census 17 31 65. Ireland 7. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia -- 4 38. West-asia. Algeria. Canaries. 204. Malva moschata, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15 (16). Native. Alien in North Britain ? Lat. 50—56 or 57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lowl.? Highl.? Zones 12 ? Humber to 300 yards. Census 15 81 73. Ireland 8. English-british type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia --- 8. Lithuania only, by Led. flo. ross. —N.B. Occurs in Scotland, perhaps native in Lowlands. 205. Malva sylvestris, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16 (17). Native. Alien in North Britain ? Lat. 50—57 or 58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, (Ross). Zones 12.8. Humber to 250 yards. Census 16 83 80. Ireland 12. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe). Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. Lybia. — (America). 128 1d. MaLvace.e. — 15. TILIACES. 206. Malva rotundifolia, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15; except 14, East Lowlands? Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Aberdeen, Elgin. Zones 1 238. Humber to 200 yards. Census 14 28 68. Ireland 8. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe). Russia 65 4 38. West-asia. India. Siberia. Barbary. Canaries? Azores? — (America). 208. Althea officinalis, Linn. Provinces 12845 6-8(910111213--16). Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall? Wight, Kent. — S.Wales, Lincoln. Zones 12. Low grounds, or coast-level only. Census 7 15 20. Ireland 4. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. (Gothland). Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. — (America, introduced). 210. Lavatera arborea, Linn. Provinces 1 2 (8 4)- 67 --- [11] 1218 (14 15). Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Dorset — Man, Ailsa Craig. (Fife ?). Zones 1.2. Coast cliffs; but often from gardens? Census 6 9 12. Ireland 6. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Channel Isles. N.B. Eastward to Greece; but not in Russia or Asia? * North Africa, Canaries ;” Boiss. flo. or. (Algeria, introduced). 211. Tilia (europea) parvifolia, Ehrh. Provinces 1 2 3 (4)5 678910 (11) 12- (14). Native? Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland, York. Zones 12. Humber to 200 yards, “native;” Baker. Census 10 18 24. (Ireland). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 65 432. Siberia. — Apparently the T. europzea of various authors. 15, TILIACE«. 16. HYPERICACEA. 129 213. Tilia grandifolia, Ehbrh. Provinces (- 28 4) 5 -(7 8 9) 10 (11 -- 1415). Denizen? Lat. 51—55. Gloucester, Worcester, Warwick, York. Zones 12. Low grounds, and hill-sides. Census 2 8 5. (Ireland). English-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra (cha net den got). Russia 6 - 4 8. — Difficult to know where really indigenous. 214. Hypericum Androsemum, Linn. Provinces 123456789 10(11) 1218 (14 15) 1617. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Ross. Zones 123. Low grounds. (Perthshire ?) Census 14 27 64. Ireland 12. Atlantic-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia 6. West-asia. ‘“* Pontus and North Persia.” Algeria. 215. Hypericum perforatum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15 - 17 (18). Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Elgin, Ross. Zones 123. Humber to 300 yards. Lakes to 250 yards. Census 16 83 82. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 65 432. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. (America). 216. Hypericum (quadrangulum) dubium, Leers. Provinces 1 to 16. Native, Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Hants, Sussex. — Argyle, Perth: Zones 12 ? Humber to 250 yards. Census 16 27 56. Ireland 6. English-british type. Europe all, except Turkey and Finmark. Russia -- 4 3 2. Siberia. — Faroe. 180 16, HYPERICACE.F. 216. Hypericum (quadr.) beticum, Boiss. Province 1. Native. Only recently distinguished. Lat. 50—5J. Cornwall, Devon. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 1 2 3. Ireland 0. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe spa ita. France? Area not clearly made out, because the species was long confused with H. tetrapterum. Africa. Canaries. Azores. H. undulatum ? 216 (217). Hypericum (quadr.) tetrapterum, Fries. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent — Moray, Ross. Zones 128. Humber to 400 yards. Lakes to 300 yards. Census 17 34 84. Ireland 12. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Loffoden? Russia 6-4 3. West-asia. [Canaries. Azores. Misnomers for H. beticum ?] 218. Hypericum humifusum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Westerness, Moray. Zones 1 2 3. Humber to 300 yards. Highlands to 150 yards. Census 16 83 81. Ireland 12. British-english type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got Russia- 5 38. Canaries. Azores. 219. Hypericum linarifolium, Vill. Province 1. Native. Lat. 50—51. Cornwall, Devon. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 1 2 3. Ireland 0. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur - - fra cha, —N.B. Eastward to Greece? Not in Asia. Canaries. 16. HYPERICACER. 181 220. Hypericum pulchrum, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1284. Highlands to 750 yds.; also at 700, 680, etc. Census 18 88 98. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den (got) nor. Russia --- 8. Lithuania only; by Led. flo. ros. — Faroe. Gothland, “ sporadica seu inquilina;” Fries. 221. Hypericum hirsutum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15-17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Banff, Ross. Zones 123. Humber to 450 yards. Lakes to 300 yards. Census 16 31 73. Ireland 2. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den (got) nor swe. Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia. —N.B. Gothland, “sporadica seu inquilina;” Fries sum. veg. 222. Hypericum montanum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 12 [18]. Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall? Wight, Kent. — Cumberland, Durham. Zones 12. Humber to 200 yards. Census 12 20 35. Iveland 1? English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor) swe. Russia-- 43. West-asia. Caucasus, a variety. Algeria. Norway, “ sporadica seu inquilina;” Fries. 223. Hypericum elodes, Linn. Provinces 12345678910 1213--16-18. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Orkney. Zones 123. Humber to 250 yards. Wales to “ 1000 feet.” Census 14 28 52. Ireland 10. Atlantic-english type. Europe spa - - - ger fra cha net. Russia? Simbirsk; Lepech. in flo. ros. Azores; T. C. Hunt! 182 17. ACERACEA. — 18. GERANIACER. 225. Acer campestre, Linn. Provinces 1234567891011 (12131415 16). Native. Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — York, Durham. Zones 1 2 ? Humber to 300 yards. Census 11 23 56. Ireland 3 (and 2). English type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6 5 4 8. West-asia. — Is it native anywhere in Scotland? 227. Erodium maritimum, Sm. Provinces 1 2 3 [4] 567 8 [9]--1218. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Wigton, Cumberland. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Littoral; rarely inland. Census 9 15 28. Ireland 6. Atlantic-english type. Europe - ita - - - fra cha. — N.B. Reported to grow also in Turkey, Greece, and Egypt; but not admitted into ‘ Flora Orientalis.’ 228. Erodium cicutarium, Auct. Provinces all. Native. | Two or three varieties included. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. —. Hebrides, Sutherland. Zones 123. North Wales to 400 yards; Edwin Lees. Census 18 36 Sx. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 65 432. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. (America). ‘ Columbia.” 228%. Hrodium moschatum, Sm. Provinces 1 2 (3 4) 5 6 (7 8 9 10) - [12-14]. Native. Lat. 50—52 (or 54). Cornwall, Dorset. — Pembroke, Anglesea? Zone 1. Littoral. Inland, but not wild there ? Census 4 6 8. Ireland 7. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. (Scandinavia). Russia? West-asia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 18. GERANIACE E. 133 230. Geranium sylvaticum, Linn. Prov. [1-8 4] 5--891011 1213 1415 1617 [18]. Native. Lat. 52—58. Worcester, Warwick. — Westerness, East Ross. Zones 12845. Highlands to 900 yards; also at 760, 750, ete. Census 11 16 37. Iveland 1. Scottish type of distribution. Europe all, except the Channel section. Russia 6-4 3821. West-asia. Siberia. Barbary ? — Faroe. Iceland. 231. Geranium pratense, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex. — Isla, Banff. Zones 1234. Highlands to “600 yards.” Census 16 381 69. Iveland 1. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den got) nor swe lap. Russia 6-43 Siberia. “Iberia, Constantinople.” — Faroe? Iceland; Hooker list, from Zoega. 232. Geranium pyrenaicum, Linn. Provinces 12845 67 [8] -10(11 12-1415 16). Denizen. Lat. 50—55. Devon, Dorset, Surrey. — Denbigh, York. Zones 1 2. Humber to 100 yards, “native ;” Baker. Census 8 16 381. Ireland 7. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den got - swe). Russia 6 5 4 3. West-asia. India. Algeria. 233. Geranium rotundifolium, Linn. Provinces 1234 5 [6789 10(11) 12-14]. Native. Lat. 50—538. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Gloucester, Suffolk. Zone 1. Low grounds. Many erroneous records. Census 5 10 16. Ireland 2. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 6-432. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores; Drouet flore. 184 18. GERANIACES. 234. Geranium pusillum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Banff. Zones 1 28. Humber to 250 yards. Census 15 29 63. Iveland 2. English-british type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 65 4382. West-asia. Cyprus, Syria. Algeria. — (America, introduced). 235. Geranium molle, Linn. Provinces al]. Native. Two forms. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Lakes, Humber, to 500 yards. Highl. 850 yards. Census 18 88 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 43. West-asia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 236. Geranium dissectum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — South-east Sutherland. Zones 123. Lakes, Humber, to 300 yards. Highl. 150 yards. Census 17 35 88. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe). Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America). 237. Geranium columbinum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Forfar. Zones 1 2. Humber to 250 yards; Baker. Census 16 29 56. Ireland 6. English-british type. Europe all, execpt Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 4.3. Siberia. Algeria. 18. GERANIACEa, — 19. BALSAMINACEA. 135 238. Geranium lucidum, Linn. Provinces | to 17 [18]. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, sent. — Moray, Ross. Zones 123. Humber to 500 yards. Lakes to 300 yards. Census 17 80 71. Iveland 11. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5-3. West-asia. India. Siberia. Barbary. Canaries. 239. Geranium Robertianum, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Two or three segregated forms. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Orkney. Zones 1234. Humber to 650 yards. Highlands to 530 yards. Census 18 36 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 65432. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — America. 240. Geranium sanguineum, Linn. Provinces 1 to17. Native. G. lancustriense in 12 only? Lat 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross. Zones 123. Highlands to 400 yards? Lakes to 300 yards. Census 17 28 48. Iveland 6. British type? Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 65 4 8. West-asia. — N.B. Three forms, the interme- diate one being of late confused with true Lancastriense. 212. Impatiens Noli-me-tangere, Linn. Provinces (1 23 45)-7(891011)12(18 1415). Native? Lat. 52—55. Montgomery, Merioneth, Westmoreland, Cumberl. Zone ? 2. Is it truly wild in Somerset and Lancashire ? Census 2 2 4. Ireland 0. Local or doubtful type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap. Russia 6-432. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. — N.B. Much mis-reported ; but it may be native in England. 136 20. OXALIDACE.Z. — 22. RHAMNACEAS. 248. Oxalis Acetosella, Linn. Provinces all. Native. (Summer flowers apetalous, as in Viola). Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney ? Zones 12845 6. Highlands to 1800 yds. Lakes to 1020 yds. Census 18 37 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6-43.21. West-asia? Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. — Faroe. America. Columbia. 245. Euonymus europeus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 14 (15). Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark ? Edinburgh. Zones 12. Humber to 250 yards. Census 14 28 65. Ireland 10. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia 6 5 4.3. Western Siberia. Algeria. N.B. Kirkcudbright perhaps the true limit. 246. Rhamnus catharticus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 12 (13 - 15 16). Native. Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Westmoreland, Durham. Zones 1 2. Humber to 250 yards. Census 12 22 49. Ireland 7. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. Siberia. Algeria. — (America, used for hedges, locally naturalised). 217. Rhamnus Frangula, Linn. Provinces 12345678910-12138-15 17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ayr, Elgin. Zones 123. Low grounds. Is it native in Scotland ? Census 13 25 40. Ireland 5. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6-4 82. Siberia. Constantinople. Algeria. 23. LEGUMINIFERA. 137 248. Sarothamnus scoparius, Koch. Provinces 1 to 17. (Introduced to 18, Orkney). Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 660 yards; also at 600, 570, etc. Census 17 85 93. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia -- 4 3. Siberia. (Canaries. Azores). 249. Ulex europeus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. (Sown in 18, Orkney). Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross or Sutherland. Zones 1 23. Wales to 700 yards. Humber to 400 yards. Census 17 35 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - - ger fra cha net den. (Gothland). Russia? Caucasus ; Georgi in flo. ros. (Canaries. Azores). Greece ; Chaub. flo. pel. 250. Ulex nanus, Forster. Provinces 1 to 18 [14 15]. Native. U. Gallii included. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ayr, Northumberland. Zones 12. Lakes to 250 yards. Humber to 200 yards. Census 13 26 58. Ireland 9. English type of distribution. Europe spa ---- fra chanet. U. Gallii in France. —N.B. U. Gallii, of Planchon, is likely the more frequent form in Britain, and more widely distributed. 251. Genista tinctoria, Linn. ‘Provinces 1 to 14. Native. Lat. 50—86. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Wigton, Edinburgh. Zones 12. Lakes to 250 yards. Humber to 200 yards. Census 14 27 63. Treland 1. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 65 43. Siberia. — (America, introduced). 1388 23. LEGUMINIFERZ. 252. Genista pilosa, Linn. Provinces 12845 6(7]. Native. Extinct in 3 and 5? Lat. 50—538. Cornwall, Sussex, Kent. — Pembroke, Suffolk. Zone 1. Low grounds ; and quite rare. Census 6 6 6. Iveland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia - 5 - 3. —N.B. Found by Mr. Borrer in province 5, Worcestershire. 253. Genista anglica, Linn. Provinces ] to 17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Westerness, Ross. Zones 1234. Highlands to 730 yards; also at 720, 710, etc. Census 17 88 77. Ireland 0. British-english type. Europe - - - - ger fra cha net den. Italy ? — The isolated habitat of Aspromonte, in Calabria, is recorded by Bertoloni, in Flora Italica. 254. Ononis arvensis, “ Linn.” Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Sutherland. Zones 123. Lakes to 300 yards. Humber to 250 yards. Census 17 35 86. Ireland 8. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia -- 4. India? (Azores). N.B. Includes O. repens of several authors. 255. Ononis spinosa, “ Linn.” Auct. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Much confused with O. arveusis. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Forfar. Zones 12. Low grounds.e Census 16 80 58. Tveland? Tinglish-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Sweden; Wahl. Tussia 6 4 3-2. West-asia. “ Valestine.” — N.B Synonyms and habitats unsatisfactory. 23 > LEGUMINIFERS. 139 257. Anthyllis vulneraria, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Irregularly distributed. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345, Highlands to 800 yards. Humber to 600 yds. Census 18 88 87. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 65 4321. West-asia. Algeria. — Iceland ; Hooker list from Zoega. 259. Medicago falcata, Linn. Provinces [1 2] 8 4 [5 6---1011]. Alien or Denizen. Lat. 51—53. Surrey? Kent? Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge. Zone 1. Low grounds. M. sylvestris, in province 4. Census 2 + 7. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor) swe. Russia 6543. West-asia? Siberia. Davuria. —N.B. M. sylvestris, of Fries, in Britain and Scandinavia. 260. Medicago lupulina, Linn. Provinces all; perhaps only an introduction in 18. Native. Lat. 50—58 or 60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Orkney? Zones 123. Lakes to 820 yards. Humber to 300 yards. Census 18 84 87. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. ‘Russia 65432. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America). 261. Medicago maculata, Sibth. Provinces 12384567 8(9)10 J1---(15). Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — York, Durham. Zones 12. Low grounds. Census 10 19 381. (Ireland 2). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. (Sweden). Russia 6 5. Algeria. — (America, introduced). 140 23, LEGUMINIFERA. 262. Medicago denticulata, Willd. Provinces 12345---910(l1)---[15]. Denizen? Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — North-east York. Zones 12. Low grounds. Census 7 12 15. (Ireland). English type of distribution. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia 6 5. India. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America). ‘‘ California.” 263. Medicago minima, Lam. Provinces [1] - 8 4 - (6)-- [9]. Native. Lat. 50—53. Kent, Surrey, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge. Zone 1. Low grounds. Glamorgan; T. Gissing. Census 2 5 8. (Ireland). Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha uet den got. Bornholm. Russia 65 4 3. West-asia. Algeria. Canaries. 264. Melilotus officinalis, Willd. Provinces 1 to 11 (12 to 15 less established). Denizen. Lat. 50—55 (or 58). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — York, Durham. Zones 1 2 (3). Humber to 200 yards. Census 11 24 58. Ireland 3 (or 5). English type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. India. Siberia. Barbary. — (America, introduced). 265. Melilotus vulgaris, Willd. Prov.128456--(9101112-14 15). Alien or Colonist ? Lat. 50—53 (or 58). Devon, Dorset, Kent. — Carmarth., Norfolk. Zones 1 (2 3). Low grounds; often sown with clover seed. Census 6 8 13. (Ireland 2). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor swe). Russia 65 432. West-asia. India. Siberia, — (America, introduced). 23. LEGUMINIFERA, 141 266. Trifolium (or Trigonella) ornithopodioides, Linn. Provinces 12345-7-9 [10-12] 181415. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Renfrew, Fife. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 10 16 21. Ireland 2. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur - - fra cha. Bornholm. — N.B. Comparatively a restricted distribution ; from Portugal to the isle of Bornholm ; eastward to Constantinople ? 267. Trifolium repens, Linn. Provinces all. Native. ; Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yards. Humber to 830 yds. Census 18 88 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 654321. Westasia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. (Am. Col.) 268. Trifolium subterraneum, Linn. Provinces 12845678[91011]. Native. Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Anglesea, Notts. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Cardigan; Miss Atwood. Census 8 16 29. Ireland 1. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Holland. Russia 6 5. West-asia. India? Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 269. Trifolium ochroleucum, Linn. Provinces [1 2] 84 [5--891011]. Native. Lat. 52—58. Essex, Herts, Suff., Norf., Camb., Bedf., Hants. Zone 1. Low grounds. [Surrey? Worcester? Lincoln? ete.] Census 2 4 7. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution, Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Holland. Russia 6 5 4. “ Belgrad, in Turkey.” — N.B. Many localities in England need verification, 142 23. LEGUMINIFERE. 270. Trifolium Molinieri, “ Balb.” Province 1. Native? ‘'T. incarnatum cultivated. Lat. about 50. West Comwall only. Zone 1. Coast-level. Census 1 1] 1. Ireland 0. Atlantic-local type. Europe. Italy. France. Channel. Elsewhere? —N.B. Is this truly a variety or wild state of the cultivated T. incarnatum ? 271. Trifolium pratense, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Common; but much sown. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 930 yards; next highest 570 yds. Census 18 38 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. (Canaries). — Iceland. (America. Columbia). 272. Trifolium medium, Linn. Provinces all; but not an abundant plant. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight? Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1283. Humber to 450 yards. Highlands to 350 yards. Census 18 35 79. Ireland 8. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark and perhaps Spain. Russia 6-43. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — (America). “Temperate Asia;” Hooker dist. are. 271. Trifolium maritimum, Huds. Provinces 12345 67---(11). Native. Cumberland? Lat. 50—53. Cornwall? Dorset, Kent. — Merioneth? Norfolk ? Zone 1. Littoral. Cumberland ; Joseph Robson. Census 7 10 14. TIveland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus - fra‘cha net. Holland. — Eastward to Greece and Crimea: Lecog. Not in Ledeb. flo. ros. Algeria. Canarics. Azores. 23. LEGUMINIFERM®. 143 275. Trifolium arvense, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Ross. Zones 1 238. Low grounds. Census 17 33 78. Ireland 5. British-English type. Kurope all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Iceland; Hooker list. (Am.) 276. Trifolium scabrum, Linn. Provinces 12345678? 1011--1415. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar, Kincardine. Zones 12. Low grounds. ‘“ Cheshire ;” Miss Potts. Census 12 24 40. Ireland 1. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia 6 5. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 277. Trifolium striatum, Linn. Provinces 1284567891011 12-1415-- [18]. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Stirling, Forfar. Zones 1 2 ? Highlands to 300 yards. Census 14 26 52. Ireland 4. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6 5. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 277.« Trifolium Bocconi, Savi. Province 1. Native? Lat. about 50. West Cornwall only. Zone 1. Coast-level. Census 1 1 1. Iveland 0. Atlantic-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Normandy. — Not in Russia. Portugal to Greece eastward. Canaries. 144 23. LEGUMINIFER. 278. Trifolium glomeratum, Linn: Provinces 1284-([678--11]. Native. Lat. 50—58. Scilly Isles, Wight, Kent. — Suffolk, Norfolk. Zone 1. Low grounds. Formerly in South Wales? Census 4 10 12. Treland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Channel Isles. Russia 6 A single locality in Caucasia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 278.« Trifolium strictum, Linn. Province 1. Native? Once seen in Anglesea. Lat. about 50. West Cornwall only for certain. Zone 1. At or near the coast-level. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Atlantic-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra. (Channel Isles!) — Absent from Russia and Asia? Algeria. Lybia. 279. Trifolium suffocatum, Linn. Provinces 1234--7. Native. Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Anglesea, Norfolk. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 5 9 10. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe - ita tur aus - fra cha. Russia 6. A single locality in Caucasia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 280. Trifolium fragiferum, Linn. Provinces 1234567891011 (12)-1415. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Westmoreland, Fife ? Zones 12. Low grounds. Census 13 26 56. Ireland 3. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 4 38. West-asia. India. Algeria. Canaries. 23. LEGUMINIFERE. 145 281. Trifolium procumbens, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. (18, Orkney ; Neill). Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Ross. Zones 128. Humber to 300 yards. Lakes to 250 yards. Census 17 34 86. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 432. West-asia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced). 282. Trifolium minus, Relhan. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Often taken for T. filiforme. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Banff. Zones 123. Lakes to 350 yards. Humber to 300 yards. Census 16 33 70. Ireland 12. British-english type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net. Scandinavia ? Russia 6-- 3. N.B. T. filiforme of foreign authors. Algeria? Canaries. Azores. 282.% Trifolium filiforme, Anglor. Provinces 1 to 15 apparently. Native. Many false records. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Fife, Clackmannan. Zones 12. Low grounds. [Forfar to Ross, by misnomers}]. Census 15 26 59. Jreland 4. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita aus ger fra cha net. Scandinavia? Russia 6. Caucasia, certain in one locality. Algeria? ‘“'T. micranthum, Viv.” 283. Lotus corniculatus, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 950 yds.; also at 850, 830, ete. Census 18 88 99. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6543. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. U 146 23. LEGUMINIFERS. 283,b. Lotus tenuis, Wald. et Kit. Provinces 12345-789101112-1415. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberl., Kincardine. Zones 12. Doubtfully distinct from L. corniculatus. Census 13 23 ? Ireland..? British-english type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 65 4. N.B. Habitats insufficiently recorded apart from those of L. corniculatus. 284. Lotus major, Scop. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Banff. Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards; Baker. Census 16 33 85. Ireland 9. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6 - - 3. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 285. Lotus angustissimus, Linn. Provinces 12 [845 --8----- 14]. Native. Lat. 50—51. Cornwall, Devon, Hants, Sussex. Suffolk ? Zone 1. Coast-level. Census 2 4 5. Ireland? Atlantic-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Channel Isles. Russia 6-4. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria? Canaries. Azores. 285. Lotus hispidus, Desf. Provinces 1 2. Native. Lat. 50—51. Cornwall, Devon, Dorset. Zone 1. Coast-level. Census 2 3 4. Ireland? Atlantic-english type, Europe spa ita tur - - fra cha. — Absent from Russia and Asia > Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 23. LEGUMINIFERA. 147 286. Astragalus glyciphyllus, Linn. Prov.12345-78-101112181415-17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Banff, Ross. Zones 1 23. Low grounds. Census 14 27 52. Ireland 0. Germanic-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 4 8. Siberia. 287. Astragalus hypoglottis, Lian. Provinces - 238 45--8-1011 [1218] 1415-17. Native. Lat. 51—58 or 59. Wilts, Oxford, Essex. — Ross, Sutherland. Zones 123. Worcester to 250 yards; Edwin Lees. Census 10 19 31. Ireland 1. Germanic-british type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - den. Russia 6-4 3. Siberia. Temperate Asia; Hooker dist. arc. Barbary ? — America. Columbia. 288. Astragalus alpinus, Linn. Provinces - ------------- 15. Native. Lat. 56—58, or about 57. Forfar, South Aberdeen. Zone ----5. Highlands about 800—850 yards. Census 1 1 2. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia 6---21. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — America. Columbia. 289. Oxytropis uralensis, De Cand. Provinces -- ---------- 18-15 1617. Native. Lat. 55—59. Wigton, Argyle, Fife. — Sutherland, Caithness. Zones - 28. From coast-level to .... yards. Census 4 6 8. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus - fra - - - - - - lap.‘ O. Halleri,” a var. Russia 6-- 321. Siberia. Davuria. — America. Columbia. An aggregate species. 148 23. LEGUMINIFERZ. 290. Oxytropis campestris, De Cand. Province -------+------- 15. Native. Lat. 50—57. North of Forfar only. Zone----5. Highlands about 700 yards? Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - got - - lap fin. Russia 6 -- 821. Siberia. Temperate Asia; Hooker dist. arc. — America. Columbia. Also an aggregate species. 291. Ornithopus perpusillus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dunbarton, Elgin. Zones 1 2 3. Low grounds. Census 16 30 72. Ireland 2. British-english type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia --- 8. Eastward to Moscow. Barbary. Canaries. Azores. 292. Arthrolobium ebracteatum, De Cand. Province 1. Native. Lat. 49—50. Scilly Isles, by West Cornwall. Zone 1. [South-west York; Elihu Berry, in Phytol. 3, p. 366}. Census 1 1 1. Iveland 0. Atlantic-local type. Europe spa ita tur - - fra cha. — Eastward to Greece. Canaries. Azores. 293. Hippocrepis comosa, Linn. Provinces 12345678-10-1213-15. Native. Lat. 50—57. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Ayr, Kincardine. Zones 1234. Humber to 600 yards. Census 12 23 38. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. — Eastward to Transylvania. “ Barbary.” 23, LEGUMINIFER. 149 294. Onobrychis sativa, Linn. Provinces (1) 2845 -(78-10-12-1415). Native? Lat. 50—538. Dorset, Hants, Kent. — Salop, Norfolk. Zone 1. Low grounds. Usually a relict from cultivation. Census 4 10 20. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra. (Scandinavia). Russia 6 5 48. Siberia. —N.B. In Britain, possibly native on the chalk. 295. Vicia Orobus, De Cand. Provinces 1---5-7-- [10] 111213141516. Native. Lat. 51—58. Somerset, Gloucester, York. — Skye, Aberdeen. Zones 128. Low grounds. “Somerset ;” T. B. Flower. Census 9 14 22. Ireland 2. Scottish-intermediate type. Europe - - - aus ger fra - - den - nor. —N.B. Distribution partial and interrupted ; from the Pyrenees to South Norway ; eastward to Transylvania. 296. Vicia sylvatica, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — West Ross, Elgin. Zones 1234. Highlands to 560 yards; also at 460, 350, etc. Census 17 29 62. Ireland 9. Scottish-british type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - den got nor swe lap. Russia -- 4321. Siberia. Temperate Asia; Hooker dist. arc. —N.B. “ Mountains of central Asia;” Bentham Handb. brit. flo- 297. Vicia Cracca, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 800 yards; also at 500, 400, etc. Census 18 388 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamts. Barbary. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. 150 23. LEGUMINIFERA. 298. Vicia sativa, Auct. Provinces all; but usually through cultivation. Denizen? Lat. 50—61. Records confused with those of V. angustifolia. Zones 123. Highlands to 350 yards, sown ? Census 18 85 77. (Ireland). British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 - 4 3 (2). West-asia. India. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America). 298. Vicia angustifolia, Auct. Provinces 1 to 15. Native. V. Bobartii, a small state. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray. Zones 1 23. Low grounds, and higher? Census 15 26 52. Ireland 6. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6 5 48. India. Punjab; Edgeworth. Algeria. Canaries. Azores; Drouet flo. — (America). 299. Vicia lathyroides, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross. Zones 123. Low grounds. Census 17 26 45. Ireland 2. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 43. West-asia. Cyprus; Sibth. Sm. Algeria. 300. Vicia lutea, Linn. Provinces 1 2 - 4 - - - [8] 9 (10) - [12] 18-15. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Ayr, Kincardine. Zones 1 2. Low grounds, or coast-level only. Census 6 10 11. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia 6-4. West-asia. Caria; Don, etc. Algeria. Canaries. 23. LEGUMINIFERA. 151 301. Vicia sepium, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 1234. Humber to 650 yards. Lakes to 560 yards. Census 18 37 92. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6-4 821. West-asia. Siberia. Cyprus. 802. Vicia bithynica, Linn. Provinces 123-567--10(11). Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Flint, York. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 7 11 14. Ireland 0. English-atlantic type. Hurope spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Russia 6 5. West-asia? Algeria. Azores; T. C. Hunt add. 303. Vicia (Ervum) hirsuta, Koch. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. [18, Orkney; Lowe]. Lat. 50—859. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Caithness. Zones 123. Humber to 200 yards. Census 17 384 83. Ireland 9. British-english type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia6 543821. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America. Columbia). 304. Vicia (Ervum) tetrasperma, Moench. Provinces 1 to 15 - - [18]. Native in England. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Forfar. Zones 12. Low grounds. Alien in Scotland ? Census 15 29 65. Ireland 4 English-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 4 3. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. — (America, introduced). 152 23. LEGUMINIFERA. 804.* Vicia (Ervum) gracilis, Lois. Provinces 12845. Native or Colonist? Lat. 50—53. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Warwick, Cambridge. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 5 9 13. Ereland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia - 5. Crimea: Bieb. flo. taur. cauc. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 305. Lathyrus Aphaca, Linn. Provinces 1 2345 --(8 9)[10---14]. Colonist. Lat. 50—53. Devon, Dorset, Sussex. — Warwick, Cambridge. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 5 13 22. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia 65 4. West-asia. India. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 306. Lathyrus Nissolia, Linn. Provinces 1 2345 - [7] 8-(101112-1415). Native. Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Derby. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 6 17 85. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Holland. Russia 6 5 4. Algeria. 307. Lathyrus hirsutus, Linn. Provinces [1 2] 8----[8-1011}. Colonist. Lat. 51—52. Surrey, Essex. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 1 2 38. Ireland 0. Local-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia 6 5 4 3. Algeria. 23. LEGUMINIFERA. 153 308. Lathyrus pratensis, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Highlands to 530 yards. Humber to 400 yards. Census 18 38 96. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 654321. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland; Giesecke. 309. Lathyrus palustris, Linn. Provinces 1 [2 8] 4 [5] - 7 8 [9] 10 -- [18]. Native. Lat. 51—54 or 55. Somerset, Suffolk. — Carnarvon, York. Zones 12. Low grounds. “Hants.” “ Galloway.” Census 5 8 11. Ireland 4. English type of distribution. Europe all; including var. tenuifolius, in Finmark. Russia -- 482. ‘Temperate Asia.” Siberia. Davuria. — America. Columbia. A var. pilosus in Kamtschatka. 310. Lathyrus sylvestris, Linn. Provinces 12845 67 8(9) 10-12181415 16. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Mull, Forfar. Zones 1 2 8. Low grounds. Census 14 26 49. Ireland 0, English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia - - 4 3 2. Algeria. 310.* Lathyrus tuberosus, Linn. Province -- 3. Denizen, through ancient cultivation ? Lat. 51—52. Essex; Gibson's Flora of Essex. Zone 1. Low grounds. (Surrey, Middlesex ; “ Gerarde”]. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-germanic type. Europe-spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got - (swe). Russia 6 5 4 3. Algeria. 154 23. LEGUMINIFERE. — 244. ROSACER. 311. Lathyrus maritimus, Bigel. Provinces [1] 234---8---[12]----- 18. Native. Lat. 50—61. Dorset, Sussex, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Littoral. Also in Suffolk and Lincoln. Census 5 7 7. Ireland 1. Doubtful or local type. Europe - - - - ger fra - net den got nor - lap. Istria? Russia--- 32]. East Siberia. Kamtschatka. Behringia. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 312. Orobus tuberosus, Linn, Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 720 yards; also at 680, 670, etc. Census 18 35 81. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia -- 432. Davuria? 313. Orobus niger, Linn. Provinces - - - - [5] - - - - - 11 ---15-- [18]. Native? Lat. 55—57 or 58. Cheyviotl., Perth, Forfar, Elgin ? Easterness ? Zone - 2 or 3. Altitude not ascertained. Census 2 8 8o0r5. Ireland 0. Scottish-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe. Russia 6 5 4 3. —N.B. O. tuberosus often thus mislabelled by young botanists. 814. Prunus (communis) spinosa, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Sutherland. Zones 12 8. Humber to 450 yards. Lakes to 300 yards. Census 17 84 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution, Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6 5 4 3. — (America, introduced). 24. ROSACER. 155 314. Prunus (communis) insititia, Linn. Provinces 1 to 18 (1415 17). Native in England. Lat. 50—56. Devon, Dorset, Kent. — Dumfries, Northumberl. Zones 12. Low grounds. Is it native in Scotland? Census 13 25 45. Ireland 7. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor swe). Russia 6 5 (4 3). West-asia. Smyrna. Algeria. — (America, introduced). 315. Prunus Padus, Linn. Provinces (1 23 4)56789101112131415 1617. Native. Lat. 52—59. Glamorgan, Brecon, Gloucester? — Ross, Sutherl: Zones 123. Humber to 500 yards. Highlands to 350 yards. Census 138 19 40. Ireland 4. Scottish type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap fin. Russia 6-4321. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka. ** Canaries”; Lecog. Geogr. bot. An error? 316. Prunus Cerasus, Linn. Provinces 12845 678910-12-(1415). Denizen. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland, York ? Zones 12. Low grounds. Wild or well-established. Census 12 16 22. (Ireland 5). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. (Scandinavia). Russia 6 5 (4 3). India. (Canaries. Azores). 316. Prunus avium, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native? Often misnamed P. Cerasus. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland, ...? Zones 1 2 ? Humber to 250 yards. Census 16 30 60°? Ireland 6. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got uor (swe). Russia 65 4.3. West-asia. India. Algeria: 156 £4, ROSACEA. 317. Spirea Ulmaria, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yards; also at 760, 700, etc. Census 18 88 97. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 66-4821. Siberia. Davuria. ‘Temperate Asia.” — Faroe. Iceland. 318. Spirea Filipendula, Linn. Provinces 1 2845-789 1011 12 (18) 14 15- (17). Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Fife, Forfar. Zones 12 3. Humber to 400 yards; J. Tatham. Census 13 26 50. Ireland 1. English-germanic type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6 5 432. Siberia. Algeria. (Azores). 321. Geum urbanum, Linn. Provinces 1 to17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Elgin, Ross. Zones 1 2 3. Lakes to 560 yards. Humber to 350 yards. Census 17 83 86. Ireland 12. British-english type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 65 43. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. — G. strictum in America and Columbia. 322. Geum rivale, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—60. Devon, Dorset, South Hants, Sussex. — Orkney. Zones 12345. Highlands to 930 yds.; again at 930, 900, ete. Census 18 34 71. Iveland 3. British-scottish type. Europe all. Russia 654821. West-asia. Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia. 24. ROSACEA. 157 322,b. (321,b.). Geum intermedium, Ehrh. Provinces -2345-789101112181415--18. Native. Lat. 50—60. Dorset, North Hants, North Essex. — Orkney. Zones 123. Range of altitude ...? Census 14 18 26. Ireland 3. British type? Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6 - 4 8. Siberia ? — Iceland; Dr. Lauder Lindsay’s floral list. 323 (3820). Dryas octopetala, Linn. Provinces ----5-7--10[lL-13]-15 161718. Native. Lat. 54 or 53—60. York, Stafford? Carnarvon? — Orkney. Zones -- 345. Highlands 0—900 yards, or upwards. Census 7 10 14. Ireland 7. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia 6----1. Siberia, to the arctic coast, west and east. — Faroe, Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 324. Sibbaldia procumbens, Linn. Provinces ------------ [18] 1415161718. Native. Lat. 50—61. Peebles, Stirling, Perth. — Sutherland, Shetland. Zones-- ? 456. Highlands 50U—1360 yards. Census 5 8 16. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - - swe lap fin. Russia 6---21. Himalaya. Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 325. Potentilla fruticosa, Linn. Provinces - - [3] ------ 10 11 12 (13 14). Native. Lat. 54—B5 (or 56). York, Durham, Westmoreland, Cumberland. Zones -234. Humber 250—400 yards; Baker. Census 3 8 8. Ireland 2. Intermediate-scottish type. Europe - - - - - fra net. Isle of Oeland. Russia 6-4 3. “Temperate Asia.” Siberia. Kamtschatka. —_— Greenland. America. Columbia. 158 24. ROSACER. 326. Potentilla rupestris, Linn. Province - - - - - - 7. Native. (15, Perth, by mistake]. Lat. 52—53. Craig Breiddin, Montgomery only. Zone - 2. Apparently about 150—200 yards. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net - got. Norway? Russia 65-8. India. Siberia. Davuria. —N.B. A curiously local plant in Britain. 327. Potentilla anserina, Linn. Provinces all. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128. Highlands to 350 yards. Humber, the same. Census 18 38 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, unless Turkey to be excepted. Russia 6-43 21. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Azores? — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 328. Potentilla argentea, Linn. Provinces 12845-789101112 ? 1415 -- [18]. Native. Lat. 50—58. Dorset? South Hants, Sussex, Kent. — Elgin. Zones 128. Low grounds. Wales to 200 yards? Census 13 22 46. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 65432. Siberia. ‘ Bithynia and Constantinople.” — America. “Canada! North States”; Torrey and Gray flo. 829. Potentilla verna, Linn. Provinces 1--45678([9]101112-1415. Native. Lat. 51—57. Somerset, Cambridge, Suffolk ? — Fife, Forfar. Zones 123. Humber to 250 yards; Baker. Census 11 14 18. Ireland 0. Doubtfully British type ? Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 65432. Himalaya, Siberia. “ Azores”? — Faroe. Iceland? Greenland. America. Col. 24. ROSACEA. 159 330. Potentilla alpestris, Hall. fil. Provinces - - - - - 6---101112--15. Native. Lat. 52—57. Brecon? Cardigan, York. — Forfar, Aberdeen. Zones-- 345. Highlands to 900 yds.; again at 900, 830, etc. Census 5 6 9. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin. Russia 6---21. West-asia. Spitsbergen. — Iceland; Babington, in Annals, 1847. 331. Potentilla reptans, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cantire, Banff. Zones 123. Humber to 350 yards. Lakes to 300 yards. Census 16 32 78. Ireland 12. English-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor) swe. Russia 65 432. India. Siberia. Algeria. Azores ? 832. Potentilla Tormentilla, Schreb. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123456. Highlands to 1110 yards; also at 1060, etc. Census 18 38 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 6-4 321. Siberia. Constantinople. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. 332. Potentilla procumbens et nemoralis, Auct. Provinces 1 to 15 - 17 [18]. Native. Orkney? Lat. 50—58 or 60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross. Zones 123. Altitude ...? Tormentilla reptans, Linn. Census 17 80 47. Ireland! British type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. Spurious aggregate ? Russia - - 4 3; but no example seen by Ledebour. Canaries. Azores. — Labrador; Torrey and Gray. 1160 24. ROSACEA. 333. Potentilla Fragariastrum, Ehrh. Provinces 1 to 15 1718. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney; Miss Boswell. Zones 1234. Wales to 700 yards. Lakes to 500 yards. Census 17 33 82. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha uet den. Russia --- 8. Lithuania only. Algeria. 334. Comarum palustre, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12845. Highlands to 930 yards; also at 710, 600, ete. Census 18 86 80. Ireland 12. British-scottish type. Europe all, except Turkey. Russia 6-4 821. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 335. Fragaria vesca, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. —- Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12384. Highlands to 650 yards ; also at 500, 450, ete. Census 18 37 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia654321. Westasia. Himalaya. Siberia. Barbary. Canaries. Azores. — Iceland. America. Columbia. 337. Rubus Chamemorus, Linn. Provinces - - - - - - 789101112138 14151617. Native. Lat. 52—59. Montgomery, Derby, York. — Ross, Sutherland. Zones -- 345 6. Highlands to 1080 yards; also at 1080, etc. Census 10 14 380. Ireland 1. Highland type of distribution. Europe --- ger - - - den got nor swe lap fin. Russia --- 321. Siberia. — Greenland. America. Columbia. 24, ROSACEAE. 161 338. Rubus saxatilis, Linn. Prov. [1] ---5 678910111218 1415161718. Native. Lat. 51—61. ([Corn., Dev.], Glamorg., Gloucest. — Ork., Shetl. Zones ? 2845. Highlands to 910 yards; also at 900, 760, etc. Census 14 23 42. Iveland 11. Scottish-highland type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap. Russia 6-43 21. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America? Columbia? 339. Rubus Ideus, Linn. Prov. 1 to 17 (18). Native; but introduced to many localities. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Sutherland. Zones 1284. Highlands to 660 yards; also at 650, 640, ete. Census 17 82 77. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia65 4321. West-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka “ Algiers.” — Columbia? 340. Rubus césius, “ Linn.” Auct. Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Lat. 50—57 or 58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Perth, Elgin? Zones 1 2 ? Humber to 800 yards. Lakes the same. Census 15 28 63. Ireland 4. English-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 4 8. West-asia. Siberia. Finland; Fries. —N.B. Distribution given, as nominally recorded. 340*. Rubus corylifolius, “Sm.” Auct. Provinces 1 to 15-17. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Moray. Zones 128. Low grounds. Census 16 ? ? Ireland 8. British type of distribution. Europe - ita - « ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia 6-48, N.B. The distribution of this, as of the very aggregate R. fruticosus, is that of a name only. 162 ae 24. ROSACEA. 340*. Rubus fruticosus, Auct. Provinces all. Native. Including numerous segregates. Lat. 50—60. Cornw., etc. — Hebrid.; Balf., Bab. Ork.; Neill. Zones 1 23. Humber to 800 yards; Baker,—* discolor,” ete. Census 18 87 99. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 43. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 341. Rosa spinosissima et pimpinellifolia, Linu. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. [18 Orkney; Lowe.] Lat. 50—59. Devon, Wight, Sussex. — Sutherland, Caithness. Zones 1234. Highlands to 570 yards. Humber to 500 yards. Census 17 81 67. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den - nor. Russia 65482. India. Siberia. Davuria. — Iceland; Lauder Lindsay flo. “ R. pimpinellifolia.” 842. Rosa hibernica, Sm. Provinces - - 8 --- - - 9101112. Native. Lat. 53—55. Surrey, Chester, York, Northumberland, Cumb. Zones 1 2. Humber to 200 yards; Baker. Census 5 5 6. Ireland 1. Intermediate type? Europe. No habitat ascertained. Russia. ‘The same remark. — Iceland; Hooker list. “R. villosa var. hibernica ”; Lindsay flo. 343. Rosa Sabini, Doniana, Wilsoni, etc. Provinces 123 ?56789101112-1415--([18]. Native, Lat. 50—58. North Devon, Sussex. — Aberdeen. Zones 1 23. Humber to 300 yards; Baker. Census 13 17 25. Ireland 2. British type? Europe. No certain habitats ascertained. —N.B. The distribution is filled in to accord with the use of these names by the botanists of Britain. 24. ROSACEA. 163 344. Rosa villosa, mollis, mollissima, Anglor. Provinces all, by safe and unsafe records. Native. Lat 50—60. Isle of Wight; A. G. More. — Orkney; B.-Syme. Zones 1234. Humber to 500 yards; Baker. Census 18 37 88. Ireland 1. British type of distribution. Europe - - - - - fra - net den got nor swe lap. Russia. General in Finland; Fries sum. veg. —N.B. European habitats taken from Baker and Fries. 345. Rosa tomentosa, scabriuscula, Anglor. Provinces all, by safe and unsafe records. Native. Lat. 50—58 or 61. Devon, Sussex, Kent. — Aberdeen, Shetl. ? Zones 1 23. Humber to 500 yards; Baker. Census 18 83 78. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. (Sweden), Russia 6-432. Siberia. Algeria. N.B. Distribution not satisfactory. 348. Rosa Borreri, Woods. Provinces-23-5----10. Native. (Query, 1481114 15]. Lat. 50—55. “Sussex, Kent, Worcester, York”; Baker. Zones 12. Altitude perhaps 20—200 yards. Census 4 5 ? Ireland 0. English type of distribution ? Europe. Identified with the German R. inodora of Reichenbach, according to Mr. J. G. Baker, but not identical with the Scandinavian R. inodora of Fries. 349. Rosa micrantha, Sm. Provinces 12345678-1011. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — York, Durham ? Zones 1 2. North Yorkshire 0—250 yards; Baker. Census 10 18 80. Ireland 2. English type of distribution. Europe. “Belgium. Germany.” Usually combined with R. rubiginosa, by the Continental botanists. — (America. New England, with R, rubiginosa; Gray). 164 24. ROSACES. 350. Rosa rubiginosa, Linn. Provinces 12345-789 1011121314 15 16). Native. Lat. 50—58? True and false localities inextricably confused. Zones 12. Humber to 250 yards; Baker. Census ? ? ? (Ireland 1). English type of distribution ? Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 4 3. West-asia? India. Algeria. — (Ameriea, naturalised in many places). 851. Rosa canina, Auct. Provinces all; including many segregates. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 2.3. Humber to 450 yards. Lakes to 420 yards. Census 18 36 96. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6548321. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. 352. Rosa systyla, Anglor. Provinces 123456 ([7--101112-1415]. Native. Lat. 50—53. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Cambridge. Zone 1. Low grounds. Strangely confused with R. arvensis. Census 6 12 22. Ireland 2. English type of distribution. Europe - - - aus ger fra cha net. Normandy. —N.B. Distribution in England uncertain. By Nyman’s sSyl- loge it occurs in Austria, Switzerland, France, Belgium. 353. Rosa arvensis, Linn. Provinces 1 to 14 (15). Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Haddington. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. (Kincardine; Boswell Syme). Census 14 27 65. Ireland 8. English type of distribution. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. [Siberia?] Only a single locality in the Flora Rossiva, namely, “in Siberia uralensi prope Jekaterinenburg; Uspenski.” 24. ROSACER. 165 854 (823). Agrimonia Eupatoria, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent, — Sutherland. Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Lakes to 250 yards. Census 17 34 85. Ireland 10. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 43. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries Azores. — America. Columbia. 354 (323, b). Agrimonia odorata, Mill. Provinces 123-5678-10-12. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland, York. Zones 12. Low grounds. Distribution imperfectly known. Census 9 13 19. Ireland 3. English type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. ‘‘ A. procera, Wallr.” Russia 6 5 4. Canaries ; Lecog. geogr. bot. 354*. Sanguisorba officinalis, Linn. Provinces 1 to 14 (15). Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Devon, Dorset. — Kirkcud., Roxburgh. Zones 123. Humber to 500 yards. Lakes to 450 yards. Census 14 23 49. Ireland 2. Intermediate-english type. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia 6-4 83-1. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. =Iceland; Zoega. America? Columbia? 355. Poterium Sanguisorba, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Perth, Forfar. Zones 128. Humber to 550 yards. Lakes to 300 yards. Census 15 29 61. Jreland 6. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den (got) swe. Russia 65 43. Siberia. Egypt. Azores ; Seubert flo. — (America). 166 24. ROSACEA. 355*. Poterium muricatum, Spach. Provinces 12845. Alien or Colonist. Lat. 50—538. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Hereford, Cambridge. Zone 1. Low grounds; introduced with clover seeds ? Census 5 10 15. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra - net. Russia 6-4. P. polygamum. Algeria? Azores? 356. Alchemilla vulgaris, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Devon, Sussex. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1238456. Highlands to 1200 yards; also at 1080, ete. Census 18 33 71. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 6543821. West-asia. India. Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. “Labrador; Dr. Morrison.” 357. Alchemilla alpina, Linn. Provinces --------- 10-12--15161718. Native. Lat. 54—61. Cumberl., Westmorel., York. — Hebrides, Shetl. Zones--3845 6. Highlands 150—1330 yards. Census 6 11 23. Ireland 2. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin. Russia - - - - - 1. [West-asia; ‘“Bithynia.”] Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. [N. States; Pursh]. 358. Alchemilla arvensis, Scop. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128. Highlands to “570 yards.” Humber to 450 yds. Census 18 87 87. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia 6 - 4 3. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 24, ROSACEA. 167 360. Crategus Oxyacantha, Auct. Provinces 1 to 16 (17 18). Nutive; very frequently planted. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Moray. Zones 1 23. Humber to 500 or 600 yards. Lakes to 450 yards. Census 16 33 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 48. India. Siberia. Algeria. — (America). ©. monogyna included above. 861. Cotoneaster vulgaris, Lindl. Province - - - - - - 7. Native? Lat. 53—54. Ormeshead, Carnarvonshire. Zone 1 or 2. Coast-cliffs, at or about “150 yards.” Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local and doubtful type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net - nor swe. Bornholm. Russia 654821. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. —. How brought to the Ormeshead ? 362. Pyrus communis, Linn. Provinces 123 45-78 (9) 10 (1112181415). Denizen? Lat. 50—55. Devon, Dorset, Kent. — North Yorkshire. Zones 12. Low grounds; usually chance-sown ? Census 8 17 28. (Ireland). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor swe). Russia 6548. N.B. Not clearly native in several of the Eu- ropean countries cited. Algeria? 363. Pyrus Malus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 14 (15 16). Native. Denizen in Scotland. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Edinburgh. Zones 123. Lakes to 300 yards. Humber the same. Census 14 28 60. Ireland 9. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 4 3 2. — Likely a native more widely than P. communis. 168 24. ROSACER. — 25. ONAGRACE. 364. Pyrus torminalis, Ehrh. Provinces 123845678(9- 1112). Native. Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Anglesea, Notts. Zones 12. Low grounds; very sparsely distributed. Census 8 12 ? Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia 6 5 4 8. Siberia? Constantinople. Algeria. N.B. Decreasing in England? 365. Pyrus Aria, Auct. Prov. 12345678 (9) 1011 12 (13) 14 (15) 1617. Native. Lat. 50—59. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland. Zones 1 2 3. Humber to 500 yards. Census 14 24 40? Ireland 6 (2). English-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net - (got) nor. Bornholm. Russia 6 5. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Segregates included above. 366. Pyrus Aucuparia, Gaertn. Provinces all; unless 4, Ouse, should be excepted. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12845. Highlands to 880 yards; also at 830, 700, etc. Census 17 34 70. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 6543821. Siberia. Davuria. Madeira? — Faroe? Icel. Var. americana in Gre. Am. Col. 367. Epilobium angustifolium, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yds.; again at 550, 500, ete. Census 18 81 72. Iveland 4. British-scottish type. Europe all. Russia65 4321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamts. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 26. ONAGRACER. 169 368. Epilobium hirsutum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15 -- [18]. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Aberdeen, Moray? Zones 1 2 ? Humber to 200 yards. Census 15 30 76. Ireland 11. English-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 432. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. 369. Epilobium parviflorum, Schreb. Provinces 1 to 16-18. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Moray. Zones 123. Lakes to 300 yards. Humber to same. Census 17 83 82. Ireland 12. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 4 8. India. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 370. Epilobium montanum, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 530 yards. Lakes to 560 yards. Census 18 38 99. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 6-4321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. 371% (370*). Epilobium lanceolatum, Seb. et M. Provinces 1 (2) 3-5. Native. Lat. 50—52. Cornwall, Devon, Surrey, Gloucester, Monmouth. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 3 4 5. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha. Channel Isles. —N.B. This is sufficiently distinct from ‘ montanum’ or roseum, with which it has been confused. Madeira? 170 25. ONAGRACEA. 371. Epilobium roseum, Schreb. Provinces 128456-891011--1415 Native. Lat. 50—57 or 58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Forfar? Moray? Zones 1 2 ? Low grounds; often overlooked or misnamed ? Census 11 17 30. Iveland 1? English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6-48. India. Siberia. — Faroe? Columbia. Isle of Sitcha; Led. flo. ros. 372. Epilobium palustre, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Segregates included in lines 5, 6, 7. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 630 yards. Humber to 650 yards. Census 18 38 88. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe all, unless Finmark excepted. Russia6-4321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Canaries. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Col. 373. Epilobium tetragonum, Auct. Provinces 1 to 16-18. Native. Probably in province 17. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 1234. Highlands to 700 yards, Ep. obscurum. Census 17 85 88. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6543-1. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. — Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia. 374. Epilobium alpinum, Linn. Provinces - - - - - - [7 8-10] 11 [12] --15 1617. Native. Lat. 56—59. Cheviotland. — Ross, Sutherland. Zones --- 45 6. Highlands 500—1300 yards. Census 4 7 17. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia - - - - - 1. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia, — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 25. ONAGRACES. 171 374". Epilobium alsinifolium, Vill. Provinces - - - - - {6] 7--101112138-151617. Native. Lat. 53—59. Carnarvon, York, Westmoreland. — Sutherland. Zone-- 345. Highlands to 960 yards. Wales 200—? yards. Census 8 10 18. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia 6-43-1. N.B. Two forms in Britain. — Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia; Flo. ros. 376. Isnardia (or Ludwigia) palustris, Linn. Province - 2. Native. [12 Cumberland; Joseph Robson]. Lat. 50—51. South Hants, East Sussex. Zone 1. Coast-level. Extinct in Hants? Census 1 2 2. Ireland 0. Local-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Hamburg. Russia 6 - 4. Algeria. — America. Columbia. Oregon; Torrey and Gray. 377. Circea lutetiana, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Moray. Zones 12 3. Humber to £00 yards. Lakes to 300 yards. Census 17 32 79. Ireland 12. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia 65 432. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. — America. Columbia. 378. Circea alpina, Linn. P. 10-12--15 1617. Native. (1-456789 11-18 14-18}. Lat. 54—59. York, Westmoreland, Cumberland. — Sutherland. Zone -- 8. Lakes to 450 yards. Highlands to 350 yards. Census 5 6 ? Ireland 5. Scottish-highland type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - den got nor swe lap fin. Russia 65432. Himalaya. Siberia. — America. Columbia. N.B. Ill understood in Britain. 172 26. HALORAGIACER. 379. Hippuris vulgaris, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16-18. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 23. Humber to 250 yards. Census 17 36 72. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, unless Spain and Turkey to be excepted. Russia 6- 4321. India. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 380. Myriophyllum verticillatum, Linn. Provinces 1 2345 [67] 891011 [12--15--18]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Sussex, Kent. — Northumberland. Zones 12. Humber to 250 yards. Census 9 15 85. Ireland 7. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6-432. India. Siberia. Davuria. ‘“ China.” Algeria. — Faroe? Iceland? America. Columbia. 381. Myriophyllum spicatum, Linn. Provinces all; but much confused with no. 882. Native. Lat. 50—60. Carnarvon, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney ? Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Lakes to 350 yards. Census 18 83 70. Ireland 7. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6-432 1. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. — Iceland. America. 382. Myriophyllum alternifiorum, De Cand. Provinces all. Native. Localities not fully recorded. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones 123. Highlands to 400 yards; also at 350, 300, etc. Census 18 29 42. Ireland 7. British type of distribution, Europe - ita - - ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap. Russia? Not in Ledebour’s Flora Rossica. Algeria. Azorcs. — 8. Greenland and Arc. Am.; Hook. dist. are. 26, HALORAGIACEZ. 173 383. Callitriche verna, Auct. Provinces all? Native. Other species confused with this. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 28. Humber to 750 yards? Lakes to 510 yards. Census 18 88 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Segregates partly included ? Russia 654321. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Ice. Gre. Am. Col. 384. Callitriche platycarpa, “ Kutz.” Provinces 1 to 16 18. Native. Localities insufficiently on record. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones 123. Highlands to 400 yards. Lakes the same. Census 17 31 49. Ireland 12? British type of distribution. Europe - - - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia. Distribution not given apart from that of C. verna. Algeria. 885. Callitriche hamulata, Kutz., et pedunculata, DeC. Provinces all. Native. ‘C. autumnalis,” by frequent misnomer. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones 1234 ? Highlands to 710 yards, perhaps higher. Census 18 31 45. Ireland 4. British type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia - - 4 3. Algeria. 386. Callitriche autumnalis, Linn. Provinces [-23456]7?9?11?? 141516 ?? Native. Lat. 58—57 or 60. Anglesea. — Islay, Kincardine. Orkney? Zones ? 2 8. Alt....? Much confused with no. 385. Census 6 ? ? Ireland 4? Scottish type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus - - - net den got nor swe lap. ‘‘ Spain”? Russia-- 4321. Siberia. “ Algeria” ?? — Faroe. Iceland. America? Columbia? 174 26. HOLORAGIACEEH. — 27. LYTHRACER. 387. Ceratophyllum demersum et submersum, Linn. Provinces lL to11--1415. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Edinburgh, Forfar. Zones 12. Low grounds. Localities imperfectly separable. Census 13 26 40. Ireland 4 LEnglish-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6-438. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia. 389. Lythrum Hyssopifolia, Linn. Provinces [1 2] 3 4 [5 6]-8 9 [101112]. Native? Lat. 51—54. Hertford! Cambridge! Derby? Lancast.? Cumb. ? Zone 1? Old authorities for other counties, Kent to York. Census 4 ? ? Ireland? English type? Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Hanover. Russia 65 43. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America). 390. Lythrum Salicaria, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Perth. Zones 1 2 ? Humber to 250 yards. Lakes 150 yards. Census 16 38] 79. Ireland 12. English-british type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 654321. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. — America, “ probably native”; Torrey and Gray. 391. Peplis Portula, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent — Sutherland, Orkney. Zones 1 28. Humber to 400 yards. Lakes to 250 yards. Census 18 36 80. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6 1 3. Algeria. Azores. 29. CUCURBITACER. — 381. ILLECEBRACER. 175 393. Bryonia dioica, Linn. Provinces 12345-7891011. Native. Lat. 50—55. Devon, Dorset, Kent. — Lancaster, Durham. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. (Introduced to Northum. ; Mr. Chrisp). Census 10 20 50. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia 6. West-asia. Lycia or Caria; Fellowes. Algeria. 394. Montia fontana, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123456. Highlands to 1060 yards; also at 1000, ete. Census 18 38 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia --- 321. West-asia. East Siberia. Smyrna. Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 395. Illecebrum verticillatum, Linn. Province 1. Lat. 50—51. Cornwall, Devon. Zone 1. Coast-level. Census 1 2 8. Ireland 0. Atlantic-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia --- 38. Isle of Oesel and Poland; Led. flo. ros. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 396. Corrigiola littoralis, Linn. Province 1. Native. Lat. 50—51. Cornwall, Devon. Zone 1. Coast-level. Census 1 2 2. Jreland 0. Atlantic-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia -- 4 8. Shore of the Caspian sea; Led. flo. ros. Algeria. 176 31. ILLECEBRACEA, —— 32. SCLERANTHACE. 397. Herniaria (vulgaris) glabra, etc. Provinces 1 [2 8] 4[56-89----1415]. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, Lincoln ? Zone 1. Low grounds. Two forms, “ glabra” and “ciliata.” Census 2 4 5. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 43. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. 898. Polycarpon tetraphyllum, Linn. Provinces 1 2 (3)--6---(10). Native. Lat. 50—51. Cornwall, Devon, Dorset. (Middlesex ; Hind. cat.) Zone 1. Coast-level. (Yorkshire; P. W. Watson; 8. Hailstone). Census 2 3 8. Ireland 0. Atlantic-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 6. West-asia. Syria. Algeria. Egypt. Azores. — (America, introduced). 399. Scleranthus annuus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Sutherland. Zones 123. Highlands to 350 yards in several places. Census 17 34 80. Ireland 5. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. — Iceland. (America). 400. Scleranthus perennis, Linn. Provinces [1 - 3] 4 [5] 6 [7-9----- 15]. Native. Lat. 52—58. Suffolk! Norfolk! Radnor! Zone 1. Low grounds. [Kent? Surrey? Chester ?]. Census 2 3 4. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia -- 4 8. Siberia. N.B. An intermediate form of S. annuus, sub-perennial, is mistaken for this. 33. GROSSULARIACE&. LT 403. Ribes nigrum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16, by the records. Alien or Denizen. Lat. 50—55 or 57. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Islay, Aberdeen ? Zones 12. Humber to 250 yards. Census ? ? ? (Ireland). Intermediate type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra (cha net den) got nor swe lap. Russia-- 4321. India. Siberia. Davuria. —N.B. Usually a garden-escape in Britain. 404. Ribes rubrum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16, by the records, usually as an Alien. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Aberdeen ? Zones 123. Humber to 350 yards. Census ? ? ? (Ireland). Type ...? Europe all, native or assumed as native. Russia 6-4 321. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — America. Columbia. N.B. See the vest. 404. Ribes (rubrum) petreum, Sm. Province - - - - ----- 10 1112--15 16. Native. Lat. 54—57. Cumberland, Westmoreland. — Isla, Elgin. Zones - 2 8. North Yorkshire, 100—500 yards; J. G. Baker. Census 5 7 18. Ireland 0. Scottish-intermediate type. Europe. Not distinguished from R. rubrum. _—N.B. This is treated apart, as some approach towards showing the truly native area of R. rubrum. 405. Ribes alpinum, Linn. Provinces - - - - (5 6)7 891011 12 (18 1415). Native. Lat. 583—55. Stafford? North Wales ? — Cumberland, York. Zones 1 2 ? N.Yorkshire to 250 yds., “ clearly indigenous ;” Baker. Census 6 7 15. Ireland 0. Intermediate type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap. Russia 6-4 321. Himalaya. Siberia. IXamtschatka. — America. Labrador; Hooker dist. are. plants. aa 178 33. GROSSULARIACEA. — 34, CRASSULACE. 406. Ribes Grossularia et Uva-crispa, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15, by records. Denizen in 9 to 12? Lat. 54—56. Cumberland, Westmoreland, York, Lancaster, etc. Zones (1) 23. Lakes to 300 yards. Humber the same. Census ? ? ? (Ireland). Intermediate type? Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6-482. India. Algeria. — N.B. Doubtful where native. 407. Tillea muscosa, Linn. Provinces 1 2 (3) 4. Native. Lat. 50—53. Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Hants, Suffolk, Norfolk. Zone 1. Low grounds. Spreading more widely of late? Census 3 6 8. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur - ger fra cha net. Holland. — Not in Russia or Asia? Eastward to Greece. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 408. Sedum Rhodiola, De Cand. Provinces - - - - - 67--101112131415 161718. Native. Lat. 51 or 52—61. Glamorgan or Brecon. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones- 2845 6. Highlands to 1300 yards. Coast rocks, N.B. Census 11 17 26. Ireland 7. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia --- 3-1. Himalaya. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 409. Sedum Telephium, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16 - (18). Native, but only Denizen northward. Lat. 50—57 Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Perth? Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Lakes to 150 yards. Census 16 29 60? Ireland 5 (5). English-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6-432. India. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — (America, introduced). A single species in Britain ? 34, CRASSULACE.L. 179 410. Sedum villosum, Linn. Provinces - - - - - - - - [9] 10 11 12 13 1415 16. Native. Lat. 54—58. Westmoreland, York. — Argyle, Elgin. Zones --- 34. Humber 200—700 yds. Highlands to 660 yds. Census 7 10 25. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra ----nor-lap. Transylvania. Russia -- 3. Lithuania only, by Led. flo. ros. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. 412. Sedum anglicum, Huds. Provinces 12345 67-91011 12 13 [14] 15 16-18. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones 123485. North Wales to 1110 yards; unusually high. Census 15 26 46. Ireland 10. Atlantic-british type. Europe spa - - - - fra cha - - got nor. Austria? — A West-european species, reported from Transylvania. — Iceland; Dr. Lauder Lindsay’s Flora. 414. Sedum acre, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney ? Zones 1 23. Humber to 500 yards. Lakes to 300 yards. Census 18 37 90. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 654821. Siberia. Algeria. — Iceland; Hooker list, from Zoega. 416. Sedum rupestre, Huds. “S. elegans, Lej.” Provinces 1 (2 - 4)5 67 (8-10]-1213. Native. Lat. 51—53 or 55. N. Devon, Somerset. — Westm.? Wigton ? Zones 1 2. Upper limit not ascertained. Two forms. Census 6 9 12. (Ireland 3). Atlantic type? Europe spa ita tur aus - ger fra cha net. Germany? —N.B. Confused with ‘ Forsterianum’ and ‘ reflexum.’ — Iceland ; Lauder Lindsay’s Flora. Error? 180 34, CRASSULACER. — 85. SAXIFRAGACES. 416. Sedum Forsterianum, Sm. Provinces [1--4] 567. Native. Two forms under this name. Lat. 51—54. Glamorgan? Heref., Radnor. — Carn., Denbigh? Zones 1 2. Altitude not ascertained. Census 8 4 5. Ireland 0. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe. Germany, if 8. aureum, of Wirtgen, identical. —N.B. Four forms occur in West Britain, confusedly ap- portioned to the two names of ‘ Forsterianum’ and ‘ rupestre.’ 418. Cotyledon Umbilicus, Linn. Provinces 1 2 8 [4] 5 678910-1213--16. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Mid Ebudes, Argyle. Zones 123. North Wales to 350 yards. Census 12 22 46. Ireland 1}. Atlantic-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha. Tessin for “ ger.” West-asia. Brought from Lycia or Caria; D. Don. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 422. Saxifraga stellaris, Linn. Prov. [1] - ---- 7--101112181415161718. Native. Lat. 52—59. Montgomery, Merioneth. — Hebrides, Sutherland. Zones -- 345 6. Highlands to 1440 yards. Wales 150—? Census 10 14 80. Ireland 7. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia - - - - - 1. Siberia. 8. foliolosa in Spitsbergen, etc. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. Labrador. 423. Saxifraga nivalis, Linn. Provinces - - - - - - 7----12--1516. Native. Lat. 58—57 or 58. Carnarvon, Westmorel. — Argyle, Aberdeen. Zones ----5 6. Highlands 700—13810 yards. Census 4 5 10 Ireland 1. Highland type of distribution. Europe. Switzerland? Bohemia. Scandinavia, nor swe lap fin. Russia ---- 21. Siberia. Spitsbergen. —— Faroc. Iecland. Greenland. America Columbia. 35. SAXIFRAGACER. 181 424. Saxifraga Hirculus, Linn. Provinces - - - - - - - - 9101112131415. Native. Lat. 53 or 54—57. [Chester, extinct], York. — Perth, Kincard. Zones - 2.3. Humber 350—700 yards. Census 7 8 9. Ireland 2. Scottish-intermediate type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap fin. Russia 6-43 21. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. Spitsbergen. 425. Saxifraga aizoides, Linn. Provinces - - - - - - (78 9} 101112138-15 161718. Native. Lat. 54—60. Cumberland, Westmoreland, York. — Orkney. Zones - 238456. Highlands 9—1050 yards. Census 8 12 27. Ireland 3. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia ----21. Spitsbergen. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 426. Saxifraga oppositifolia, Linn. Provinces - - - - - 67--10-1213-15161718. Native. Lat. 52—61. Brecon? Merioneth, Carnarvon. — Orkney, Shetl. Zones -- 38456. Highlands 0—1310 yards. Census 9 14 22. Ireland 4. Highland type of distribution. Kiurope spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia - - - - - 1. Himalaya. Siberia. Spitsbergen. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 427. Saxifraga granulata, Linn. Provinces- 2345 7891011121314 15--(18). Native. Lat. 50—58. Dorset, Hants, Kent. — Elgin, Banff. Zones 1 2.8. Humber to 500 yards. Lakes to 250 yards. Census 13 24 57. Ireland 2. British-intermediate type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia-- 43. Himalaya. North Asia; Hook. dist. arc. Algeria. — Iceland; Lindsay Flo. 182 35. SAXIFRAGACEX. 428. Saxifraga cernua, Linn. Province -------------- 15. Native. Lat. 56—57. On Ben Lawers, Mid Perth. Zone - --- - 6. Altitude about 1300 yards. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger - - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia ----21. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka. —TIceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. Spitsbergen. 429. Saxifraga rivularis, Linn. Provinces - - ----------- 15 16. Native. Lat. 56—57 or 58. Westerness, Aberdeen, Perth, Forfar? Zones ---- - 6. Highlands 1000—1200 yards. Census 2 3 3. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe - --------- nor swe lap fin. Russia - - - - - 1. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Spitsbergen. — Faroe? Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 430. Saxifraga tridactylites, Linn. Prov.123456789101112-1415 17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Sutherland. Zones 1 23. Humber to 600 yards. Lakes to 300 yards. Census 15 30 64. Ireland 11. British-english type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6-43.21. West-asia? Eastern Siberia. Algeria. — Iceland; Hooker list, from Zoega. 431. Saxifraga hypnoides, Linn. Prov. 1 [2] --5678-10111213 1415 161718. Native. Lat. 51—59 or 60. N. Somerset, Glamorgan. — Sutherl., Ork. Zones ? 23456. Highlands to 1800 y. Somerset below 200 y. Census 14 19 37. Ireland 7. Scottish-highland type. Europe spa - - aus - fra - net. Norway ? Russia? Synonyms and habitats uncertain. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland; Gicsecke. 35. SAXIFRAGACER. 183 431. Saxifraga decipiens, “ Ehrh.” Eng. bot. ed. 3. Provinces - - - - - - 7 (8---12]. Native. Lat. 53—54. Carnarvonshire only ? Zones---- ? Altitude not ascertained. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local type. Europe? Distribution not ascertained. It is to be feared that the habitats of 8. decipiens, cespitosa, and hypnoides are much confused together in books. Faroe? Iceland? 432. Saxifraga cespitosa, “ Linn.” Eng. bot. edit. 8. Provinces - ------------- 15 16. Native. Lat. 56—58, about 57. Banff. Westerness. [Aberdeen, etc. ] Zone - - - - - 6. Altitude not ascertained. Census 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa - tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Hub. une. Russia - - - - - 1. Arctic Siberia. Spitsbergen. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 434. Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Orkney. Zones 123456. Highlands to 1110 yards; also at 1060, etc. Census 18 85 87. Ireland 12. British-highland type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den - nor. Russia -- 3. “Himalaya.” Siberia? — Columbia? OC. oppositifolium var. Scouleri; Hook. bor. am. 435. Chrysosplenimm alternifolium, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—58. Dorset, Hants, Kent. — Nairn, Elgin. Zones 12345 Highlands to 1060 yards ; also at 900, etc. Census 16 26 65. Ireland 2. British-scottish type. Europe all, unless Spain to be excepted. Russia 6- 4821. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — Greenland. America. Col. C. tetrandrum in Spitsbergen. 184 35, SAXIPRAGACEE. — 37. CORNACER. 436. Parnassia palustris, Linn. Provinces [1] 2345-7 to18. Native. [Somerset]. Lat. 50—61. [Dorset], South Hants. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yards. Lakes to 600 yards. Census 16 29 64. Ireland 11. Scottish-british type. Europe all. Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. — Iceland. America. Columbia. 437. Adoxa Moschatellina, Linn. Provinces 1 to15-17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — East Ross. Zones 12845 6. Highlands to 1080 yards; rarely so high. Census 16 32 74. Ireland1. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Turkey. Russia 6-4321. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — America. Columbia. 438. Hedera Helix, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 23. Humber to 450 yards. Lakes to 350 yards. Census 18 387 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 43. India. Algeria? Canaries? Azores? A distinct species there ? 439. Cornus sanguinea, Linn. Provinces 1 to 12 (18 14 15 16). Native in England. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland, Durham. Zones 1 2. Humber to 300 yards. Census 12 25 56. Ireland 2 (8). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia 65 4.3. West-asia. Siberia. — (Isla and Elgin, North Britain ; but introduced). 37. CORNAGER. — 38. UMBELLIFERAE. 185 440. Cornus suecica, Linn. Provinces - - - - - - --- 10 11 -- [14] 15 1617. Native. Lat. 54—59. North-east York, Cheviotland. — Ross, Sutherl. Zones, 2345. Highlands 300—950 y. Humber 150—250 y. Census 5 8 18. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ------ net den got nor swe lap fin. N.W. Germany. Russia --- 321. Eastern Siberia. Kamtschatka. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 441. Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Lakes to 350 yards. Humber to 300 yards. Census 18 87 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tuf aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia 6 -- 8. Caucasia, Lithuania, Poland. Barbary. — Iceland; W. J. Hooker. 442. Sanicula europea, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Sutherland. Zones 123. Lakes to 350 yards. Humber to 350 yards. Census 17 33 81. Ivreland12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Aland. Russia 6543. Finland; Fries sum. veg. North Africa? “ Equatorial Africa.” 444, Eryngium maritimum, Linn. Prov. 1284-6789101112181415 16- [18]. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Mid Ebudes, Aberdeen. Zones 12. Littoral. (Shetland, casually ?]. Census 15 24 44. Ireland 8. English-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia 65 4. Finland; Fries sum veg. Algeria. 186 38. UMBELLIFERA. 445. Eryngium campestre, Linn. Provinces 1 -- 4 (5)6--[9 10] 11. Denizen. Lat. 50—55. 8S. Devon! N. Somerset! Glamorgan! Durham! Zones 1 2. Coast-level. Extinct in Suffolk and Northampton, Census 3 4 4. (Ireland). English-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net, (Denmark). Russia 6 5 4 3. Western Siberia. Algeria. Egypt. 446. Conium maculatum, Linn. Provinces all. Native; becoming doubtfully so northward. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Caithness. Ork.; Neill, Zones 123. Humber to 300 yards. Lakes to 250 yards. Census 18 386 90. Ireland 11. British type of distribution, Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America). 447. Physospermum cornubiense, De Cand. Province 1. Native. Lat. 50—51. Cornwall, South Devon. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 1 2 2. Ireland 0. Atlantic-local type. Europe spa ita tur-- fra. Danza aquilegifolia. Russia 65. N.B. The identity of the Danea and Physospermum appears still an unsettled question. 448. Smyrnium Olusatrum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15. Denizen on coast. Alien inland? Lat. 50—57 (or 58). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Stirling, (Aberd.) Zones 1 2. Littoral; possibly native on the coast. Census 15 22 35. (Ireland 12). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha net. Holland. Russia 6-4. West-asia. Cyprus. Algeria. Canaries. Azores, 38. UMBELLIFERAE. 187 449. Cicuta virosa, Linn. Provinces 12345--8910111213141516. Native. Lat. 50—57. Dorset, Sussex? Kent? — Dunbarton, Forfar. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Many erroneous records? Census 14 20 24. Iveland 5. English type? Europe - ita - aus ger fra ? net den got nor swe lap. Russia -- 4321. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — America? Columbia? In Scandinavia it is var. tenuifolia. 450. Apium graveolens, Linn. Provinces 1 to 18 (14 15) 16. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cantire, Northumb. Zones 1 2. Littoral. Inland in province 5. Census 14 23 48. Ireland 6. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia 65 4 3. West-asia. India. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Columbia? ‘South America.” 452. Petroselinum segetum, Koch. Provinces 128456-8-10----- [16]. Native. Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lincoln, York. Zones ] 2. Low grounds. Census 8 18 32. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe - - - - ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia 6. Western Temperate Asia; Helmsley. —N.B. Portugal and Turkey also recorded for this plant. 453. Trinia vulgaris, De Cand. Provinces 1 --- 5 -[7----12]. Native. Lat. 50—62. South Devon, North Somerset, West Gloucester. Zone 1. (Hereford, Carnarvon, Cumberland, erroneously]. Census 2 3 3. Ireland 0. Atlantic-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia 6 5 4 38. ~— In Europe, southward to Greece. 188 38. UMBELLIFERA. 454. Helosciadium nodiflorum, Koch. Provinces 1 to 14 [15] 16. Native. Including H. “repens.” Lat. 50—856. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Haddington. Zones 12. Humber to 250 yards. Census 15 29 72. Ireland 12. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Denmark? Russia --- 3. Lithuania only. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America). 455. Helosciadium inundatum, Koch. Provinces 1 to 17; perhaps to 18. Native. Lat. 50—58 or 60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Orkney? Zones 123. Humber to 550 vards. Highlands to 250 yards. Census 17 88 72. Jreland 11. British type of distribution. Eiurope - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia - - - 8. N.B. Dr. Neill included this among plants observed in Orkney; not found there by others. 456. Sison Amomum, Linn. Provinces 12845678910(11--14). Native? Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Chester, York. Zones 12. Low grounds. Census 10 23 49. Treland 0. English type of distribution. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha. Normandy. West-asia? N.B. Looks indigenous in Southern England. Dr. Johnston thought it introduced into its single Scottish locality. 457. Aagopodium Podagyraria, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16 - (18). Native? Denizen in N. Britain. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Elgin. (Orkney). Zones 123. Humber to 250 yards. Highlands to 150 yards. Census 16 32 69. Ireland 9. British-english type. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got swe. Russia 6-432. West-asia. Siberia. — Always near inhabited places in Britain ? 38. UMBELLIFERE. 189 459. Carum verticillatum, Koch. Provinces 1 ----67----1218--16]. Native. Lat. 50—57. Devon? Glamorg., Pembroke. — Dunbarton, Argyle. Zones 123. Low grounds. Census 6 8 17. Ireland 2. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe spa - - - ger fra cha net. Holland. Corsica? —N.B. If truly found in Corsica, then “ita” should be added in the line above. Barbary ? 460 Carum Bulbocastanum, Koch. Provinces - [2] 8 4. Native. Lat. 52—53, Hertford, Bedford, Cambridge. [Wilts, Middx.] Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 2 2 3. Ireland 0. Germanic-local type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia 6. Siberia. Algeria. 461. Bunium flexuosum, With. Provinces all. Native. Shetland; G. Tate. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent, — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 2 3. Highlands to 530 yards. Lakes to 410 yards. Census 18 37 65. Ireland 1l. British type of distribution, Europe spa ita - - fra cha net - nor. Corsica. Russia? By the references (erroneously ?) to Smith and De Candolle, in the Fl. Ros., this would appear to grow in Crimea and Caucasia. 462. Pimpinella Saxifraga, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — North-west Sutherland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 570 yards. Lakes to 600 yards. Census 17 84 89. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 65 432. Siberia. Davuria. — In Europe, southward to Grenada. 190 3R. UMBELLIFERA. 463. Pimpinella magna, Linn. Provinces 12845--891011--(1415). Native. Lat. 50—55 (or 57). Devou, Sussex, Kent. — York, Durham. Zones 1 2. Humber to 150 yards. (Fife or Perth; Dewar!) Census 9 18 387. Ireland 5. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe). Russia 6 - 4 3. N.B. Reported from province 14 in the Flora of Edinburgh, by Professor Balfour. Correctly so? 464. Sium latifolium, Linn. Provinces 12345-78-101112-1415. Native. Lat. 50 or 51—57. Cornwall? Sussex, Kent. — Stirling or Fife. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 12 28 35. Ireland 5. English-germanic type. Europe all, except Turkey and Finmark. Russia - - 4 3 2. — America? Columbia? The European species ? 465. Sium angustifolium, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15 - - [18]. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Kincardine, Elgin. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 15 30 66. Ireland 8. English-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6-4 3. West-asia. India. — N.B. Common in Orkney, according to Neill; an error? 466. Bupleurum tenuissimum, Linn. Provinces 12345--89-11. Native. Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Lancashire, Durham. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 8 14 20. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6. Caucasus; Bieb. flo. taur. cau. Algeria. 38. UMBELLIFERAE. 191 467. Bupleurum aristatum, Barth. Provinces 1 2 - - [5]. Native. Lat. 50—51. South Devon, East Sussex. Zone 1. Coast-level, or low grounds. Census 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Atlantic-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Russia 6. [Reported for Worcestershire, by Mr. Edwin Lees; but very likely some error in nomenclature.] 468. Bupleurum falcatum, Linn. Province -- 8. Native; Gibson’s Flora of Essex. Lat. 51~—52. Essex only, between Ongar and Chelmsford. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 1 1 1. Iveland 0. Local-germanic type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia6 543. Eastward to Japan; Mr. Helmsley, in the Journal of Botany. Ceylon; Mr. Thwaites. 469. Bupleurum rotundifolium, Linn. Provinces 12845--8(9)1011. Native. Lat. 50—55. Dorset? Wight, Kent. — York, Durham. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 8 17 35. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den got). Russia 6 5 4 8. West-asia. Barbary ? — (America, introduced). 470. Oenanthe fistulosa, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16; but authority wanted for no. 12. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dunbarton, Argyle. Zones 128. Low grounds. Census 15 28 56. Ireland 8. English-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6 - - 3 2. Algeria. 192 38. UMBELLIFER. 471. Oenanthe pimpinelloides, Linn. Provinces 1 28 45. Native. Not‘ pimpinelloides” of Smith, etc. Lat. 50—53. Devon, Wight, Sussex. — Worcester, Suffolk. Zone 1. Low grounds. Many false localities on record. Census 4 8 12. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia - 5. West-asia. Lycia or Caria; Fellowes. Algeria. 471*. Oenanthe Lachenalii, Gmel. Provinces 1 to 14-16. Native. Oe. pimpinelloides of old authors. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Haddington. Zones 12. Littoral. Occasionally inland. Census 15 28 55. Ireland 7. English-british type. Europe spa ita - - ger fra cha net den. Russia 6. N.B. Until a recent date, this was named “ pimpi- nelloides ” in books on British botany. 472. Oenanthe silaifolia, Bieb. Provinces [1] 2345 [67] 8[91011-18]. Native. Lat. 50—54. Dorset, Sussex, Kent. — Notts, Lincoln. Zones 12. Low grounds. Many erroneous localities. Census 5 7 13. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe - ita - aus - fra cha net. Habitats uncertain. Russia 6 5. Algeria. In Britain, confused with ‘“ Lachenalii.” 473. Oenanthe crocata, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Elgin. Zones 123. Lakes to 250 yards. Census 16 30 70. Ireland 9. British-english type. Europe spa ita - aus - fracha. Belgium ? —N.B. Some of the British examples closely resemble those dis- tributed by Borgeau, no. 1889, as Ov. apiifolia of Brotero. 38. UMBELLIFER®. 193 474. Oenanthe Phellandrium, Linn. Provinces 12345-789101112-14-[16]. Native. Lat. 50—56. Devon, Hants, Kent. — Cumberland, Haddington. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 12 21 48. Ireland 9. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6 - 4 3 2. Siberia. —. Southward to Andalusia and Sicily. 474*. Oenanthe fluviatilis, Coleman. Provinces 12345--8. Native; but a dubious species. Lat. 50—53. Dorset, Hants, Kent. — Leicester, Cambridge. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 6 11 20. Treland 1. English-germanic type. Europe? If existent in European countries, beyond the British islands, it would seem not to be distinguished by foreign botanists from the ordinary Phellandrium. 475. Athusa Cynapium, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15 - - (18). Native. Colonist in N. Britain. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Elgin. (Orkney). Zones 128. Humber to 200 or 300 yards. Lakes to 200 yds. Census 15 81 78. Iveland 10. British-english type. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 65 432. Siberia. — (America, introduced). 476. Feniculum vulgare, Gaertn. Provinces 12384567 (891011 12)-[1415]. Native? Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Anglesea, Carnarvon. Zone 1. Littoral; on coast cliffs. Alien in most localities. Census 7 10 21.* Ireland 3 (3). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur (aus ger) fra cha net. (Scandinavia). Russia 6 - (4 3). India. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. a oO 194 38. UMBELLIFERAE. 477. Seseli Libanotis, Linn. Province -284------- [12]. Native. Lat. 50—53. Sussex, Herts, Cambridge. Bucks? Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 5 3 38. Ireland 0. Germanic-local type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6-482. Himalaya. —. Cumberland, on worthless testimony. 478. Ligusticum scoticum, Linn. Provinces - --------- 11-13814151617 18. Native. Lat. 55—61. Ayr, Cheviotland. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 2. Littoral. Census 7 12 20. Ireland 2. Scottish type of distribution. Europe--- ---- den got nor - lap fin. Russia - - - - - 1. Eastern Siberia. Kamtschatka. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 479. Silaus pratensis, Bess. Provinces 1 to 12-1415. Native. Lat. 50—57. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland, Fife. Zones 12. Lakes to 300 yards. Humber to 300 yards. Census 14 25 59. Treland1. English type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net - got. Russia --- 32. Siberia. —. Southward to South France, North Italy, Transylvania. 480. Meum Athamanticum, Jacq. Provinces - - - - - - 7-91011 1218 [14] 1516. Native. Lat. 52—58. Merioneth, York. — Dumbarton, Moray. Zones - 23. Highlands to 460 yards. Humber 300—350 yds. Census 8 11 21. Ireland 0. Scottish-intermediate type. : Europe spa ita - aus ger fra- net. Belgium. —. Distribution much restricted; eastward to Transylvania ; southward to Naples ; northward to Germany and Belgium. 38. UMBELLIFERA. 195 481. Crithmum maritimum, Linn. Provinces 123 [41-67 [9])--1213[14]. Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Wigton, Ayr. Zones 12. Coast-level. Formerly found in province 4? Census 9 13 24. ITveland 9. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Russia - 5. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 482. Angelica sylvestris, Linn. Provinces all. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yards; also at 820, 670, etc. Census 18 388 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 6-4821. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. — Faroe. Iceland. 483. Peucedanum officinale, Linn. Provinces [- 2] 3 [4 --- 8]. Native. Lat. 51—52. Kent, Essex. [Sussex, Norfolk, Leic., Notts. ] Zone 1. Coast-level. Census 1 2 2. Ireland 0. Germanic-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net. Russia 6--38. Siberia. —N.B. Oenanthe Lachenalii occasionally mistaken for this plant. 484. Peucedanum palustre, Moench. Provinces 1 - 8 4 [5] -- 8 [9] 10 - [12 18 14]. Native. Lat. 51—58. Somerset, Essex. — York, Notts, Lincoln. Zones 12. Low grounds. Census 5 8 10. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap. Russia-- 4321. Siberia. — Is there any reliable locality for this plant in Scotland ? 196 38. UMBELLIFER“®. 486. Pastinaca sativa, Linn. Provinces 12845 6-891011-(13--16). Native. Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, Durham. Zones 1 2. Humber 0—200 yards, “native”; J. G. Baker. Census 10 20 45. Ireland 5. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 4.3. Siberia. — (America, introduced). 487. Heracleum Sphondylium, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yds.; again at 900, 630, ete, Census 18 38 97. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia -- 432. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Algeria. — Columbia? 488. Tordylium maximum, Linn. Provinces -- 3 - [5]. Alien or Denizen. Lat. 51—52. Middlesex! Oxford, 1799, 1819. Bucks, 1803. Zone 1. Low grounds. [5, Gloucester; Buckman B. G. C.] Census 1 2 3. Ireland 0. English-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 6 5. -— Gathered in Middlesex by the late R. Castles. 489. Daucus Carota, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones 123. Humber to 300 yards. Census 18 37 90. Iveland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 48. India. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, naturalised). 38. UMBELLIFER®, 197 491. Caucalis daucoides, Linn. Provinces 12345--8-1011. Colonist. Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Hants, Kent. — York, Durham. Zones 12. “At 650 feet near Bath’’; R. Withers, 1857. Census 8 14 22. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia 6 5 4 3. West-asia. Barbary. 493. Torilis Anthriscus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Moray. Zones 123. Humber to 450 yards. Lakes to 300 yards. Census 16 33 88. Ireland 12. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 4 3. India. Algeria. 494. Torilis infesta, Spreng. Provinces 1 to10---[{14 16]. Colonist. Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, York. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 10 22 46. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Holland. Russia 6 5 4, Algeria. Egypt. Canaries? Azores? 495. Torilis nodosa, Gaertn. Provinces 1 to 12-1415. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland, Forfar. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 14 27 62. Ireland 7. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha net den. Russia 6 5. West-asia. India. Algeria. Canaries. 198 38. UMBELLIFERAS. 496. Scandix Pecten-Veneris, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15 - 17 (18). Colonist. (18, Orkney !) Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross. Zones 12 3. Humber to 350 yards. Census 16 81 78. Ireland 10. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6 5-3. West-asia. India. Algeria. Canaries. 497. Anthriscus vulgaris, Pers. Provinces 1 to 15-1718. Native. Shetland? Lat. 50—58 or 61. Cornwall, Wight? Kent. — Sutherland. Zones 123. Low grounds. Census 16 28 57. Ireland 6 (2). British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6 5-3. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. 498. Anthriscus sylvestris, Hoffm. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Highlands to 480 yards. Humber to 450 yards. Census 18 37 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 654321. Siberia. Davuria. North Africa ? 500. Cherophylum temulum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross. Zones 128. Humber to 400 yards. Lakes to 300 yards. Census 17 38 82. Ireland 3. British-english type. Europe spa jta tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe). Russia 6543. West-asia? ‘“ Davuria; Pallas.” Algeria. 39. LORANTHACEA, — 40. CAPRIFOLIACEA. 199 501. Myrrhis odorata, Scop. Prov. (1- 8-5 6 7 8)9 10 1112 18 (14 15 16 17 18). Denizen. Lat. 53—56. Chester, Derby. — Renfrew, Northumberland. Zones - 23. Humber 0—400 yards. Lakes to 300 yards. Census 5 8 15. (Ireland 5). Intermediate type? Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - (net den got nor swe). Russia 6 - - (8). West-asia. — Best established in Mid Britain; but always an Alien? 503. Viscum album, Linn. Provinces 1 2345-78 (9) 10 (11---15). Native. Lat. 50—54. Devon, (Wight), Kent. — Denbigh, York. Zoues 12. Low grounds. Census 8 17 34. [Ireland]. English-germanic type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 4.3. Siberia. 504. Sambucus nigra, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16 (17 18). Native. Denizen in N.B. Lat. 50—57 (60). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Fife. Zones 1 2 (3). North Yorkshire to 450 yards; Baker. Census 16 80 70. Ireland 12. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe). Russia 6 5 4 3. (Algeria. Madeira. Azores). 505. Sambucus Ebulus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15 - (17). Denizen. Decreasing? Lat. 50—57. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Forfar. (Ross). Zones 1 2 (3). North Yorkshire 0—200 yards; “indigenous.” Census 15 25 50. (Ireland 10). English type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den got). Russia 6 5 4 3. Algeria. Madeira, dubiously native. 200 4(). CAPRIFOLIACER. 506. Viburnum Opulus, Linn. Provinces 1 to17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross. Zones 12 3. Teesdale to 350 yards; Baker. Census 17 33 70. Ireland 12. British-english type. Europe all, except Finmark and nearly all Lapland. Russia 6543821. Siberia. Davuria. — Viburnum Oxycoccos, in America and Columbia. 507. Viburnum Lantana, Linn. Provinces 12345 6-8-10(11-131415). Native. Lat. 50—54. Devon, Wight, Kent. — South-west York. Zones 12. Low grounds. Surrey to 200 yards. Census 8 15 384. (Ireland). English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia 6 5 4 3. Algeria; variety glabrescens. 508. Lonicera Periclymenum, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. North of England to 5U0 yards. Census 18 37 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net deh got nor. Kamtschatka (Krascheninnikow) ; Ledeb. flo. ros. Morocco ; Lowe. (Madeira, introduced). 511. Linnea borealis, Linn. Provinces ---------- 11--1415-17. Native. Lat. 55—58. Northumberland, Edinburgh. — Moray, Ross. Zones - ? 345. Highlands to 800 yards. Census 4 6 11. Ireland 0. Scottish-highland type. Europe - ita - aus ger - - net - got nor swe lap fin. Alpine Italy. Russia --- 3821. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. — America. Columbia. Newfoundland. 41. RUBIACER. 201 512. Rubia peregrina, Linn. Provinces 1 23 [4] 567----[12---16]. Native. Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Anglesea, Carnarvon. Zone 1. Low grounds only. Census 6 12 21. Iveland 6. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Russia - - 4 3. Algeria. Canaries. 513. Galium verum, Linn. Provinces all. Native. G. elato-verum in 1 2 38. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Humber to 650 yards. Highlands to 580 yards. Census 18 38 100. Iveland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. — Iceland. (America, introduced). 514. Galium cruciatum, With. Provinces 1 to 15. -- 18. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Elgin. Zones 1 28. Humber to 500 yards. Tyne to 400 yards. Census 15 82 82. Ireland 1. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 65 48. West-asia. Siberia. 515. Galium palustre, Linn. Provinces all. Native. G. elongatum and Witheringii included. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123 ? Tyne to 650 yards. Humber to 600 yards. Census 18 88 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 6-4 821. Siberia. Persia. Algeria. Azores. — Iceland. Greenland. 202 4]. RUBIACEE. 516. Galium uliginosum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16 [17 18]. [Orkney; Lowe. Shetl.; Edm. flo.] Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye; Lawson. Banff. Zones 123. Tyne to 550 yards. Census 16 80 61. Iveland, probably. British-english type. Europe all, unless Turkey excepted. Russia- 54821. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland; Lindsay list. Greenland; Hook. are. 517. Galium saxatile, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1238456. Highlands to 1280, 1230, 1120, 1100 yards. Census 18 38 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa “ita” - aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia? Western Siberia. — Faroe. “Iceland.” Greenland; Hooker distr. arc. pl. 518. Galium erectum, Huds. Provinces [1] 2345--8-10---{[1415]. Native. Lat. 50—55 [or 57]. Dorset, Kent. — Derby, York. Zones 1 2. Humber province at 100—150 yards. Census 6 14 27. Ireland 1. Germanic-english type. Europe spa ita tur “aus” - fra cha. Russia, apparently absent. Algeria. N.B. A species not well understood. 519. Galium Mollugo, Linn. Provinces 12345 6-8910111213 1415. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, introduced ? Zones 1 2:3. Humber to 350 yards. Lakes to 820 yards. Census 14 27 70. Ireland 2. English-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 482. Siberia. Madeira? — Iceland; Hooker, from Zoega’s list. 41. RUBIACER. 208 520. Galium sylvestre, Poll. Provinces 1 2 [3 4] 5 - [7] 8 [9] 1011 12-1415 --18. Native. Lat. 50—60. Dorset, Somerset. — Perth, Forfar, Orkney. Zones 1234. Humber to 800 yards. Highlands to 650 yards. Census 9 13 19. Ireland 4. Intermediate-highland type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Absent from Russia. Eastward to Transylvania. — Iceland; Isaac Carroll, etc. 521. Galium anglicum, Huds. Provinces ? 284(56--9 10]. Native. Somerset? Lat. 51—53. Sussex, Kent, Essex. — Suffolk, Norfolk, Camb. Zone 1. Low grounds. Many doubted localities on record. Census 8 6 10. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. G. parisiense included. Russia 6 5 4. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 522. Galium tricorne, With. Provinces 1 2 845 6-8-101112. Colonist. Lat. 50—56. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Cumberl., Northumberl. Zones 1%. Low grounds. (H. Cornwall, 8. Devon; Briggs). Census 10 19 39. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den (got). Russia 6 5. India. Algeria. Canaries. — (America, introduced). 523. Galium Aparine, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne to 350 yards. Census 18 88 96. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe lap). Russia 654821. Siberia. India. Kamtschatka. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America. Columbia). 204 41. RUBIACE. 524. Galium Vaillantii, De Cand. Provinces -- 8. Alien or Colonist. Lat. 52. North Essex. (G. spurium, casual in province 10). Zone 1. Low grounds. [G. “spurium” in 4 5 8 10 11 15.} Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-germanic type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net (den) got (nor swe). Russia - 5-8. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. — N.B. G. spurium included above. 525. Galium boreale, Linn. Provinces - - [8 - 5] 6 7--10111218 1415161718. Native. Lat. 51—61. Brecon, Carnarvon. — Orkney? Shetland. Zones - 2345. Highlands 0—930, 730, 700 yards. Census 11 J6 36. Ireland 9. Highland type of distribution. Europe all, except Channel and Netherlands. Russia 6-4321. India. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia. 526. Sherardia arvensis, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Colonist in (15 1617 ?). Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross. Zones 123 ? Tyne to “850 yards”? Humber to 850 yards. Census 17 384 88. Ireland 12. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 43. Siberia Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 527. Asperula odorata, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Rare in provinces 17 and 18. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Shetland. Zones 123. Highlands to “400 yards.” Tyne to 350 yards. Census 18 86 80. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia. ‘“ Olympus.” Algeria. 4]. RUBIACER. — 42. VALERIANACER. 205 528 Asperula cynanchica, Linn. Provinces 123456-8910-12. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall? Wight, Kent. — Westmoreland, York. Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 10 22 33. Ireland 4. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. ‘531. Valeriana dioica, Linn. Provinces 123456789101112-1415 16. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dunbarton, Fife. Zones 128. Tyne to 650 yards. Humber to 600 yards. Census 15 27 60. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia 5 - 3. — Apparently unknown in Asia, Africa, America. 532. Valeriana officinalis, Linn. Provinces all. Native. V. Mikanii in 2 8 4, local or rare? Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 1234. Lakes to 800 yards. Highlands to 720 yards. Census 18 387 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. V. sambucifolia and V. Mikanii combined. Russia 6-4321. India. Siberia. Davuria. — Iceland. 534, Valerianella olitoria, Moench. Provinces all. Native? Colonist in northern provinces. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Low grounds. Humber to 200 yards. Census 18 84 77. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. West-asia. Cyprus. Algeria. Canaries. — (America, introduced). 206 42. VALERIANACEE, — 48. DIPSACER. 536. Valerianella Auricula, De Cand. Provinces 128456---10----15. Colonist. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Fife; Macauley ! Zones 12. Low grounds; perhaps often overlooked. Census 8 16 22. Ireland 6. English type of distribution. Europe “spa” “ita” - aus ger fra cha net. — N.B. Apparently absent from Asia and Africa; but its habitats not readily separable from those recorded for V. dentata. 537. Valerianella dentata, Koch. Provinces 1 to 15. Colonist. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Moray. Zones 123. Humber to 200 yards. Tyne to 150 yards. Census 15 31 82. Ireland 10. English-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 65 4 3. India. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 539. Dipsacus sylvestris, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Colonist in Scotland ? Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dunbarton, Fife. Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 16 28 66. Ireland 5. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia 6 5 4 3. West-asia. Algeria. Canaries. — (America, introduced). 540. Dipsacus pilosus, Linn. Provinces 12345-78910(11)---[15]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Dorset? South Hants, Sussex, Kent. — York. Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards. Census 9 21 43. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6 - 4 3. West-asia. 43. DIPSACER. — 44. COMPOSITE. 207 541. Scabiosa succisa, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123845. Highlands to 860, 850, 800, 750 yards. Census 18 88 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, Turkey (?) and Finmark excepted. Russia 6-432. Siberia. Algeria. Madeira. — Faroe. Iceland. 542. Scabiosa columbaria, Linn. Provinces 123456789101112-1415. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar, Aberdeen. Zones 123. Humber to 550 yards. Tyne to 550 yards. Census 14 28 61. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 4 8. Algeria, a variety. [Madeira, by misnomer]. 543. Knautia arvensis, Coult. Provinces 1 to 17 (18). Native. Colonist in North Britain ? Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland. (Orkney). Zones 123. Lakes, Humber, Tyne, each to 800 yards. Census 17 384 85. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 654321. Siberia. Algeria. 544. Tragopogon pratensis, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15 - (17). Native. Lat. 50—858. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Moray. Zones 128. Tyne to 860 yards. Humber to 300 yards. Census 15 30 74. Ireland 6. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 43 2. Siberia. N.B. T. pratensis and T. minor are taken together above, as one single or aggregate species. 208 44, COMPOSITZ. 546. Helminthia echioides, Gaertn. Provinces 12845 67891011--(14 15). Native or Colonist. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Northumberland. Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 11 24 55. Ireland 2. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 6 - - 8. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 547. Picris hieracioides, Linn. Provinces 123456%78-1011- [18]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Durham. Zones 12. Low grounds. Tyne to 150 yards. Census 10 23 49. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 65 4 3. India. Siberia. Canaries. 548. Leontodon hirtus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15. Native. (Aberdeen, introduced). Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Fife. Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 15 28 59. Ireland 6. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia - - - 3 Algeria? Canaries? Azores. 549. Leontodon hispidus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16 [18]. Native. Rare in North Britain. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Kincardine. Zones 128. Tyne to 650 yards. Humber to 600 yards. Census 16 30 78. Ireland 9. English-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 4 3. 44, COMPOSITA. 209 550. Leontodon autumnalis, Linn. Provinces all. Native. L. Taraxaci or pratensis included. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123456. Highlands to 1000, 960, 930, 900 yards. Census 18 88 92. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia ? 54321. West-asia. Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. (America, introduced). 551. Hypochoeris glabra, Linn. Provinces 12 3456-8910 [11]-18-15. Native. Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Ayr, Moray. Zones 1 2 3. Low grounds. Census 11 19 28. Ireland 0. Germanic-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia -- 4 3. West-asia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 552. Hypochoeris maculata, Linn. Provinces 1 [2] 3 4 [5] -7--[10]-12-- [15]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Essex, Cambridge, Carnarvon, Westm. Zones 1 2. Low grounds only ? Census 4 5 5. Ireland 0. English-local type. Europe all, except Channel and Finmark. Russia -- 4382. Siberia. Davuria. — N.B. In Britain, confused with maculate Hieracia. 553. Hypochoeris radicata, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 1234. Highlands to 580, 560, 530 yards. Census 18 87 95. Treland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia - - 4 38 2. Algeria. (Madeira, introduced). 210 44. COMPOSITA. 554. Lactuca virosa, Linn. Provinces 123456? 8-1011--1415-- [18]. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall? Wight, Kent. — Stirling, Perth. Zones 1 2. Humber and Tyne, in each to 150 yards. Census 11 20 40. TJreland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia --- 3. Western Siberia. Algeria. 555. Lactuca Scariola, Linn. Provinces - [2] 3 45 -- [8]. Native? [Sussex, an error]. Lat. 51—53. Kent, Surrey, Essex, Norfolk, Worcester. Zone 1. Low grounds. [Extinct in Cambridge ?} Census 3 4 5. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den got). Russia 6 543. Siberia. Madeira. Azores. 556. Lactuca saligna, Linn. Provinces - 234 (5--8]. Native? Lat. 50—53. Sussex! Kent! Essex! Suffolk. Cambridge ? Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 3 5 6. Ireland 0. Germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 6 5 43. West-asia. Algeria. 557. Lactuca muralis, De Cand. Provinces 1 to°16. Native. Doubtfully native in Scotland. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Moray. Zones 123. Humber to 450 yards. Lakes to 300 yards. Census 16 28 58. Ireland 2. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6-432. West-asia. —. N.B. In Scotland, the localities are few and suspected. 44, COMPOSITE. Q11 558. Sonchus palustris, Linn. Provinces [1 2] 8 4 [5 --8---12-14]. Native, but decreasing. Lat. 51—58. Kent; B.Syme! Essex; Newman! Suffolk; Paget ! Zone 1. Coast-level. Huntingdon; Rev. M. J. Berkeley. Census 2 4 5. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den (got). Russia 6 - 4 8. N.B. Reported erroneously in several counties of Britain, through misnomers of 8. arvensis. 559. Sonchus arvensis, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128. Tyne to 330 yards. Humber to 300 yards. Census 18 387 89. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Northward to Finmark; N. J. Andersson. Europe 6-432. India. Siberia. Algeria. — (America, introduced). 560. Sonchus asper, Hoffm. Provinces all? Native. No authority for province 17. Lat 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones ] 23. Tyne to 480 yards. Humber to 400 yards. Census 17 33 67. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. India. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced). 561. Sonchus oleraceus, Linn. Provinces all. Native. §. asper often confused with this. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 23. Humber to 400 yards. Highlands to 350 yards. Census 18 87 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 654821. India. Siberia. Davaria. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America). ‘ Columbia.” 219 44. COMPOSITE. 562. Mulgedium alpinum, Less. Provinces ---------- [ll]---15. Native. Lat. 56—57, about 57. Forfar. Aberdeen. Zone ----5. Highlands about 760—900 yards. Census 1 1 2. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia 6-- 821. Siberia. [Erroneously attributed to America, by an error explained in Torrey and Gray’s Flora, 2, p. 498.] 563. Crepis virens, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Orkney; Lowe in Gillies flo. Lat. 50—59 or 60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Ross. Zones 1 28. Highlands to 350 yards. Humber to 350 yards. Census 18 85 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia 6 - 4 3. Canaries. Azores; Drouet flore. 564. Crepis biennis, Linn. Provinces 1 ? 84??? 8&-10[1112-14]. Native. Lat. 51—55. Devon, Kent! Essex! Northampton! Leicester! Zones 12. Low grounds. Floras of Suffolk, Cambridge, York. Census 5 9 15. [Ireland 1.] Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got - swe. Russia -- 43. N.B. In England, this and Crepis or Borkhausia taraxacifolia have been confused together. ‘‘ America”? 566. Crepis succisifolia, Tausch. Provinces --------- 10 11--1415 16. Native. Lat. 54—57. York. — Dumbarton, Forfar, Kincardine? Aberd. ? Zones- 284. Tyne to 400 yards. Humber 150—300 yards. Census 5 6 11. Ireland 0. Intermediate-scottish type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra. Russia - 5 4 8. — (America; Pursh]. 44. COMPOSITR. 213 567. Crepis paludosa, Moench. Provinces [1 -- 4]567891011121314151617. Native. Lat. 51 -59. Glamorgan, Leicester. — Skye, Sutherland. Zones ? 284, Highlands to 660 yards. Tyne to 650 yards. Census 18 18 47. Ireland 9. Scottish-highland type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap. Russia -- 432. Siberia. N.B. This may have been truly reported in Norfolk, although needing to be verified there. 568. Hieracium Pilosella, Linn. Provinces all. Native. H. “collinum” is reported in prov. 14. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 1284. Humber to 800 yards. Highlands to 720 yards. Census 18 87 97. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 654321. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland. 570. Hieracium alpinum, Auct. Pro. ------ 7----12--151617. Native. Several segregates. Lat. 58—59. Carnarvon, Westmoreland. — Ross, Sutherland. Zones ----5 6. Highlands to 4200 feet; Backhouse. Census 5 9 138. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia --- 3821. Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. “ Labrador.” 570*. Hieracium lingulatum, Backh. Provinces - - ------------ 15 16. Native. Lat. 56—57 or 58. Perth, Forfar, Aberdeen, West-Inverness. Zones ---45. At 1500—2500 feet; Backhouse. Census 2 8 4. Treland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe? N.B. ‘“ Not certainly described by Continental Authors.” . “ A strongly marked and handsome species .... one of the most distinct of our British Hieracia ;” Backhouse. 214 44. COMPOSITE. 571. Hieracium pulmonarium, Sm. Provinces - - - - - - - - - 10-12--15 1617. Native. Lat. 54—59. York. — Sutherland. 4H. chrysanthum, Backh. Zones----6 ? Highlands to 1000 yards. To “3000 feet;” B. Census 5 7 11. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe : - - aus ger - - - - - nor swe lap fin. N.B. This must be understood as including H. chrysanthum and H. nigrescens of Backhouse’s Hieracia. ‘ Arctic Russia.” 572. Hieracium murorum, Auct. Provinces all. Native. H. cesium inclusively. Lat. 50—61. Devon, Dorset, Sussex. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yards. At “ 0—3000 feet.” Census 18 34 66. Ireland 2. British type of distribution. Europe all, by the use of the name in books. Russia 654321. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria ? — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. 573. Hieracium sylvaticum, Sm. Provinces all. Native. H, vulgatum included. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones 12345 6. Highlands to 1100 yards. To “3500 feet.” Census 18 36 70. Iveland 4. British type of distribution. Europe all, unless Turkey should be excepted. Russia--43821. Siberia. Davuria. — Greenland? America? Columbia; Ledeb. flo. ross. 575. Hieracium pallidum, Fries. Prov. ? --- ? 678-101112131415161718. Native. Lat. 52—58 or 60. Cardigan, Derby. — Sutherland, Orkney ? Zones ? 234. Humber to 550 yards. At “ 1000—2000 feet.” Census 12 15 23. Ireland 2. Scottish type of distribution. Europe. “ Almost all Kurope.” Italy. Austria. Germany. Scan- dinavia. N.B. Formerly assigned, by English botanists, partly to H. murorum, partly to H. anglicum. 44, COMPOSITE. 215 576. Hieracium anglicum, Fries. Provinces --------- 10 11 12 - [14] 15 161718.. Native. Lat. 54—59 or 60. Westmoreland, York. — Hebrides, Orkney ? Zones --3 45. Highlands to 900 yds. At “1500—2000 feet.” Census 7 10 16. Ireland 5. Highland type of distribution. Europe. France. Sweden. Norway. Finmark; N.J. Andersson. N.B. The H. Lawsoni of Smith and various other English Bota- nists. Reported in Faroe and Iceland. 577 (574). Hieracium iricum, Fries. Provinces - - - - - -- - - 1O01L 18-15 17. Native. Lat. 54—59. York, Durham, Dumfries, Aberdeen, Sutherland. Zones -- 34. Tyne to 8350—550 yards. Census 5 5 5. Ireland 6. Highland type of distribution. Europe? ‘ Only found hitherto in Great Britain and Ireland.” Apparently this means ‘Hitherto found only in Great Britain and Ireland,’ not elsewhere. 579. Hieracium prenanthoides, Vill. Provinces - +------- 10 1112-1415. Native. Edinburgh ? Lat. 54—58. York, Northumberland. — Aberdeen, Moray. Zones -- 345. Highlands to 800 yards, or thereabouts. Census 5 7 15. Ireland 1 or 2. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia 6. Siberia. — “Greenland; Fries.” ‘ America,” probably an error. 580. Hieracium crocatum, Fries. Provinces - [2]------- 1011 ?--1516. Native. . Lat. 54—58. York, Durham. — Argyle, Perth, Aberdeen. Zones --8 ? Highlands, Tyne, Humber, each to 400 yards. Census 4 7 14. Ireland 2. Highland type of distribution. Europe. Norway. Sweden. Lapland. Russia ----21. Siberia, if H. boreale of Led. flo. ros. — “Greenland”; Backhouse British Hieracia. 216 44, COMPOSITA. 581. Hieracium strictum, Fries. Provinces - - ------- 10-12--151617. Native. Lat. 54—59. Cumberland, York. — Sutherland. Zones - ? 8. Lakes and Humber to 300 yards. Census 5 8 12. Ireland 2. Highland type of distribution. Europe. “Middle and North Europe.”. Norway. Sweden. N.B. An unsatisfactory species, variously named by Eng- lish botanists of past years. 581*. Hieracium gothicum, Fries. Provinces - - - - - - 7--1011---15. Native. Lat. 54—58. Merioneth, Carnarvon, York. — Forfar, Aberdeen. Zone -- 3. Highlands 250—350 yards. Census 4 6 11. Ireland 4. Highland type of distribution ? Europe - - - - ger - - - - got nor. Russia - - - 3. N.B. Treated apart here, through the difficulty of assigning its alleged specimens to other reputed species. 582. Hieracium tridentatum, Fries. Provinces 12845--89101112. Native. Lat. 50—56. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Westmorel., Northumb. Zones 128. Humber and Tyne to 400 yards. Census 10 14 20. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia. Finland; Fries sum. veg. N.B. This is perhaps the the true ‘rigidum’ of Hartman. “Scotland”; Bab. Man. 583. Hieracium corymbosum, Fries. Provinces --------- 10 11 13814151617. Native. Lat. 54—59. York, Durham, Northumberland. — Sutherland. Zones -- 34. Tyne and Humber 150—400 yards. Census 7 8 13. Ireland 2. Highland type of distribution. Europe - - - aus ger fra - net - got nor swe lap. Russia 6 - - - 2. — “Newfoundland.” N.B. H. rigidum included above. 44, COMPOSITA. 217 584. Hieracium umbellatum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 14 [15 1617]. Native. Islay? Cantire? Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Kirkcudb., Berwick. Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne to 200 yards. Census 14 27 61. Ireland 5. English type of distribution. Europe all? All Scandinavia; Fries sum. veget. Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc. — Greenland. America. Columbia. Through misnomers ? 584.*. Hieracium boreale, Fries. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Banff. Zones 1 2 3. Humber and Tyne, in each to 400 yards. Census 16 33 70. Ireland 3 or 4. British-english type. Europe all? Lapland; Fries. Finmark; Martins voy. bot. Russia 6 5 43 (21). [Arctic Russia and Siberia; Led. flo, ros.] — “Canada.” Not likely ? 585. Barkhausia fetida, De Cand. prodv. Provinces - 23 4 [5] ----- [11]. Native. Lat. 50—53. Sussex! Kent! Essex! Suffolk! Norfolk, Carmbr. Zone 1. Low grounds. Surrey? Berks? Hereford? Census 3 7 10 or 12. Ireland 0. Germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia - - 4. Algeria. Canaries, 586. Barkhausia taraxacifolia, De Cand. prodr. Prov. (1) [2]84--7-[91011]. Native. (Tyne, on ballast). Lat. 50—-54. Kent, Surrey, Essex, Suffolk, Carnarvon. Zone 1. Low grounds. [Lancaster? York ?]. Census 3 4 5. Ireland 1. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia ----2. Finland? Algeria, N.B, Formerly confused with Crepis biennis. 2¥ 218 414d. COMPOSITE. 588. Taraxacum officinale, Wigg. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 680 or 910 y. Lakes to 500 y. Census 18 88 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 6543821. West-asia. India. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Icel. Greenl. Am. Col. 588*. Taraxacum palustre, De Cand. Provinces all. Native. TT. levigatum partly intended ? Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Devon, Wight, Sussex. — Shetland. Zones 12345 6. Highlands to 1360, 1310, 1200, 1100 yards. Census 18 81 ? Ireland 6. British-scottish type. Europe all? Not always distinguished from T. officinale. Russia 65 432. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Spitsbergen. — Faroe. Greenland. America. Columbia. 589. Arnoseris pusilla, Gaertn. Provinces ? 2345--8------ 15. Colonist. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall? Dorset, Hants. — Banff, Elgin. Zones 123. Low grounds. Census 6 11 20. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia - - - 3 2. - 590. Lampsana communis, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50--60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 123. Tyne to 450 yards. Highlands to 350 yards. Census 18 37 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Lapsana, L. Lampsana, Diosc., DC., etc. Russia 65432. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria, Canaries. — (America, introduced). 44. COMPOSIT. 219 591. Cichorium Intybus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 12 (18 14 15 16). Native or Colonist. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberl., Northumb. Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards. Census 12 25 60. (Ireland 5). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor swe). Russia 6 5 4.32. India. Siberia. Algeria, Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced). 592. Arctium majus, Schkuhr. Provinces 12345--89. Native. Lat. 50—54. Devon, Wight, Sussex. — Lancaster, Derby. Zones 12. Low grounds; imperfectly recorded. Census 7 12 18. Ireland 1. English type of distribution. Hurope spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor swe). Russia 65 432. India. Siberia. Algeria. Madeira; Lemann. — (America, introduced). 592%. Arctium minus, Schkuhyr. Provinces all? Native. ‘“ Lappa” and “ Bardana” in all. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Skye; Prof. Lawson. Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Lakes to 300 yards. Census 15 22 387. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6-432. West-asia. Madeira ; Lowe. — (America, introduced). 593. Saussurea alpina, De Cand. Provinces - - - - - - 7-(9]--1218-15 161718. Native. Lat. 58—61. Carnarvon. — Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland. Zones ---45 6. Highlands to 1310, 1000, 900, 850 yards. Census 7 12 16. Ireland 1. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger - - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia ----21. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. — America. Columbia. Not exactly the British plant there. 220 44, COMPOSITE. 594. Serratula tinctoria, Linn. Provinces 1 to 18 - - - - [18]. Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Northumberl. Zones 12 ? Humber, Tyne, Lakes, in each to 300 yards. Census 13 26 59. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia - - 4 8 2. Siberia. 595. Carduus nutans, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16 - [18]. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Moray. Zones 123. Humber to 550 yards. Lakes to 370 yards. Census 16 30 68. Ireland 3 (2). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net - - nor swe. Baltic. Russia 6 5 4 3. Siberia. Algeria. 596. Carduus crispus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16 - [18]. CC. acanthoides, Angl., included. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Moray. Zones 1 2.3. Humber to 800 yards. (Highlands to 350 yards). Census 16 380 74. Ireland 5. British-english type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia6543821. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. —N.B. The true C. acanthoides is different from our plant. 597. Carduus tenuiflorus, Curt. Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Lat. 50—57 or 58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar, Elgin? Zones 12. Low grounds. “ Reported in Elgin”; Gordon, cat. Census 15 29 74. Ireland 9. English-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia 65. N.B. Different from the English plant ? Algeria. Lybia. Mogador. Madeira. CC. pyenocephalus ? 44, COMPOSITA. 221 599. Carduus lanceolatus, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Humber to 650 yards. Highlands to 570 yards. Census 18 38 97. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 43 2. Siberia. Algeria. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. (America). 600. Carduus eriophorus, Linn. Provinces 12345 6-891011 [12-(14 15) 16]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall? Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, Durham. Zones 1 2. Humber 0—250 yards. Census 10 20 41. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net. Turkey? Russia -- 4 3. West-asia. 601. Carduus palustris, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123845. Highlands to 800 yards. Humber to 700 yds. Census 18 88 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark ; — but Finmark list incomplete. Russia 6- 4321. Siberia. — Faroe. 602. Carduus arvensis, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128. Tyne to 660 yards. Highlands to 480 yards. Census 18 88 97. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 65432. India. Siberia. — Iceland. (America, introduced). 222 44, COMPOSITE. 604. Carduus pratensis, Huds. Provinces 123456? 8 10[11---- 16]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — York. Zones 12. Humber between 150—400 yards. Census 8 19 40. Ireland 12. English type of distribution. Europe spa “ita” - - ger fra cha net. Russia, apparently absent. — [N.B. C. tuberosus formerly in province 2]. 606. Carduus acaulis, Linn. Provinces 12345 6-89- [1112]. Native. Lat. 50—54. Devon? Wight, Kent. — Chester, Lincoln ! Zones 1 ? Low grounds. To 250 yards in Surrey. Census 8 17 87. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6-432. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. 607. Carduus heterophyllus, Linn. Provinces - - [8 45 67891011121814151617. Native. Lat. 51—58. Glamorgan, Stafford, Derby. — Skye, Ross. Zones - 234. Highlands to 720 yards. Tyne to 550 yards. Census 138 17 70. Ireland 0. Scottish-highland type. Europe - ita = aus ger fra - - den got nor swe lap fin. Russia --- 321. “Persia.” Siberia. Davuria. — Iceland. 608. Onopordium Acanthium, Linn. Provinces 1 to 9 and (10 to 15) -- [18]. Alien or Denizen. Lat. 50—54. Conwall, Dorset, Kent. — Chester, Lincoln. Zones 12. Low grounds; often as a casual or alien. Census 9 20 30. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 4 3. Siberia. — (America, introduced from Europe). 44, COMPOSIT. 224 609. Carlina vulgaris, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Arran, Elgin. Zones 1 2 3. Tyne to 400 yards. Humber to 400 yards. Census 16 30 68. Ireland 9. English-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 4 32. Siberia. 611. Centaurea nigra, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Radiate varieties 1 to 18 - 15. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 23. Tyne to 550 yards. Highlands to 430 yards. Census 18 88 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net - - nor. Russia - - 4 38. — (America, introduced). 612. Centaurea Cyanus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15 - (17 18). Colonist. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Renfrew, Moray. Zones 1 23. Highlands to 350 yards. Tyne to 150 yards. Census 16 28 70. Ireland 7. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. India. Siberia. -— (America, introduced). 618. Centaurea Scabiosa, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15 - (17). Native. Colonist in Scotland ? Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray. (Sutherland ?) Zones 123. Humber to 300 yards. Lakes to 250 yards. Census 15 80 72. Ireland 6. British-english type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6 5 432. Siberia. 224 44, COMPOSITA. 615. Centaurea Calcitrapa, Linn. Provinces 12384-6---[(1011]. Native? Lat. 50—52. Cornwall, S. Hants, Kent. — Glamorgan, Norfolk. Zone 1. Coast level or Low grounds. Census 5 11 16. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia- 5 - 3. India. Algeria. Canaries. — (America, introdnced). 617. Bidens cernua, Linn. Provinces 1 to16. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Elgin. Zones 123. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 16 81 64. Ireland 11. English-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6-432. India. Siberia. — America. Columbia,—a variety ‘elata.’ 618. Bidens tripartita, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Clackmannan. Zones 12 ? Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards. Census 16 30 69. Treland 10. English-british type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. — America; Hook. distr. arc. plants. 619. Bupatorium cannabinum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Introduced to N. Britain ? Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Sutherland. Zones 123. Low grounds. Humber to 200 yards. Census 17 35 86. Ireland 12. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 4.32. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. 44. COMPOSITA. 225 620. Chrysocoma Linosyris, Linn. Provinces 1 (2]----7. Native? Lat. 50—54. Devon! Carnarvon! (Dorset, Sussex.] Zone 1. Low grounds or low hills. Census 2 8 8. Ireland 0. Local-atlantic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Baltic Isles. Europe 6 5 4 3. Algeria. 621. Diotis maritima, Cass. Provinces 1234--7. Native? Lat. 50—54 formerly. Cornwall, Kent. — Anglesea, Suffolk. Zone 1. Littoral; but now become almost extinct. Census 5 7 7 (formerly). Ireland 2. English type? Europe spa ita tur - - fra cha, Russia, absent. Algeria. Canaries. 623. Artemisia campestris, Linn. Provinces [1] --4----- [10 11]. Native. Lat. 50—83. Suffolk! Norfolk! Cambridge? (Durham !), Zone 1. Low grounds. (On ballast, in provinces 10, 11.) Census 1 2 2. Ireland 0. Germanic type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 - 43 2. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. — “ Canada ;”—likely something different. 624. Artemisia maritima, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Any locality in province 16? Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Wigton, Aberdeen. Zones 1 2. Littoral. Census 15 22 42. Ireland 1. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur - ger fra cha net den got nor (swe). Russia 65 43. India. Siberia. N.B. The plant of Russia and Asia may not be quite identical with ours. 2G 226 44, COMPOSITA. 625. Artemisia Absinthium, Linn. Provinces 1 to 12-14 15 -- (18). Denizen. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Man, Forfar. Zones 12. Tyne to 400 yards, doubtless introduced there. Census 14 28 55. Ireland (12). English-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den got nor swe). Russia 65 432. India. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. — America. Columbia; Led. flo. ross. 626. Artemisia vulgaris, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Tyne to 400 yards. (Highlands to 400 yards). Census 18 38 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark ? Russia 654321. West-asia. India. Siberia. Barbary; Desf. flo. atla. — America. Columbia. Not typical. 627. Gnaphalium dioicum, Linn. Provinces 1 [2] 8 to 18. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Devou, Herts. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345 6. Highlands to 960, 930, 930, 920 yards. Census 17 31 70. Treland 12. Scottish-british type. Europe all; but as a variety in Turkey. Russia65 4321. West-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — Greenland. America. Columbia. 630. Gnaphalium sylvaticum, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Extinct in Isle of Wight ? Lat. 50—61. Devon, Dorset, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 530 yards. Tyne to 450 yards. Census 18 385 79. Iveland 7. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 654321. West-asia. Siberia. — Iceland. Greenland? Labrador? Canada. Columbia. 44, COMPOSITA. 227 630%, Gnaphalium norvegicum, Gunn. Provinces -------------- 15-17 [18]. Native. Lat. 56—58. Forfar! Aberdeen! Ross. [Shetland]. Zones ----5 6. Highlands about 800—1200 yards. Census 2 3 4. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia 6 ---21. Siberia. — N.B. Do the American habitats for “sylvaticum” belong here? 631. Gnaphalium supinum, Linn. Provinces -------------- 15 1617 [18]. Native. Lat. 56—59. Stirling, Ochills, Forfar. — Sutherland. Zones --- 45 6. Highlands to 1480, 1360, 1310, 1270 yards. Census 3 6 12. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia 6 - - - 2 1. — Faroe. Iceland; Lindsay list. Greenland. America. 632. Gnaphalium uliginosum, Linn. Provinces all? Native. Authority wanted for province 17. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orlmey, Shetland. Zones 123. Lakes to 300 yards. Tyne to 300 yards. Census 17 35 89. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia- 54821. India. Siberia. — Iceland. Greenland. America. 634. Filago minima, Fries. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. (F. gallica, casual in 2 8). Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Sutherland. Zones 128. Tyne to 300 yards. Highlands to 250 yards. Census 17 31 72. Ireland 6. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia -- 432. Siberia. Algeria. 228 44. COMPOSITH. 635. Filago germanica, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Rare in North Britain. Lat. 50—68. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cantire, Ross. Zones 128. Humber to 300 yards. Tyne to 250 yards. Census 17 82 74. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6-48. Westasia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introdnced). 635.* Filago apiculata, G. E. Smith. Provinces-2345----10. Native? Likely elsewhere. Lat. 50—54. South Hants, Surrey, Essex. — South-west York. Zones 12. Low grounds. Distribution ill ascertained. Census 5 9 12. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution ? Europe spa - - - - fra cha net. Russia, not recorded. Algeria. N.B. Itis the F. lutescens of Jordan. 635%. Filago spathulata, Presl. Provinces- 284. Native? Likely to occur elsewhere. Lat. 50—54. Dorset, Wight! Sussex! Kent! — Cambridge ! Zone 1. Low grounds. Distribution imperfectly known. Census 8 7 14. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur - - fra cha net. Russia? Siberia? Ledebour flo. ros. vol. 2, p. 616. Algeria. 636. Petasites vulgaris, Desf. Provinces 1 to 16 - [18]. [Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland]. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Moray. Zones 123. Tyne to 315 yards. Humber to 300 yards. Census 16 83 78. Ireland 12. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor swe). Russia 65432. West-asia. Siberia. Barbary ; Desf. flo. atlant. 44, COMPOSIT&. 229 637. Tussilago Farfara, Linn. Provinces all. Native. No authority for the Hebrides. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 900, 900, 830, 700 yards. Census 17 87 92. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. Faroe. Iceland. — (America, introduced). 638. Erigeron alpinus, Linn. Provinces -------------- 15. Native. Lat. 56—57. Perth! Forfar! Aberdeen! Zone ----5. Highlands at 850—1000 yards. Census 1 2 8. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap. Russia 6----1. Himalaya. Siberia. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 639. Erigeron ‘acris, Linn. Provinces 1 to 12--15. Native. One county in Scotland. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar; Mr. Croall ! Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 18 25 56. Ireland 5. English type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 654821. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc. —. America. Columbia. Varieties there. 641. Aster Tripolium, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50-59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Sutherland. Zones 1 2 3. Littoral. Census 18 31 69. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 65432. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. 230 44. COMPOSITA. 641. Aster salignus, Willd. Provinces --- 4------- 12--15. Alien or Denizen. Lat. 52—57. “Cambridge.” “Perth.” Cumb.; Miss Edmonds! Zones 12. Low grounds. Nativity unsettled. Census 3 8 8. Ireland 0. Local-english type. Europe - ita - aus ger. Central Europe. N.B. Lately found passably well established in some few wide-apart localities in England, where it seems not likely to be a true native. 642. Solidago Virgaurea, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123456. Highlands to 980, 970, 910, 850 yards. Census 18 87 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 65 43821. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamts. Algeria? — America. Columbia. 648. Senecio vulgaris, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128. Tyne to 550 yards. Highlands to 400 yards. Census 18 88 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia -5 4321. (India). Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. (America). 644. Senecio sylvaticus, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney; B. Syme. Zones 1 23. Highlands to 350 yards. Humber to 300 yards. Census 18 85 87. Jreland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia - -- 32. Siberia. Madeira; Lemaun. Azores. — Iceland; Lindsay list. 44. COMPOSITE. Q31 645. Senecio viscosus, Linn. Prov. ? 284567 8(910) 1112131415 16- [18]. Native. Lat. 50—57. Devon? Dorset? Kent. — Dumbarton, Forfar. Zones 12. Low grounds. Localities decreasing ? Census 13 18 29. Ireland 2. Germanic-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia - - - 3. ‘« Madeira ;” probably by a misnomer. 647. Senecio erucifolius, Linn. Provinces 1 to 14. Native. (13 Lanark; Dr. Graham in H.B.F.) Lat. 50—56. Cormwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland, Berwick. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards. Census 14 27 62. Iveland1. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6543. Siberia. Davuria. 648. Senecio Jacobea, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Denizen in N. Britain ? Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 700 yards. Tyne to 600 yards. Census 18 38 90. Iveland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 43. India. Siberia. Davuria. 649. Senecio aquaticus, Huds. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128. Lakes to 510 yards. Tyne to 500 yards. Census 18 38 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa - tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia -- 4. Siberia. 232 44, COMPOSITE. 650. Senecio paludosus, Linn. Provinces ---4---8 [9]. Native. [9 Cheshire.] Lat. 52—54. Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, Lincoln. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 2 4 4. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got. Russia -- 4 3. Siberia. 651. Cineraria palustris, Linn. Provinces [1] - - 4 [5 6 7] 8 [9--12]. Native. Lat. 52—54. Suffolk, Norfolk! Cambridge? Hunts? Lincoln? Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 2 4 5. Ireland 0. Germanic type. Europe - - - aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia--4 8-1. West-asia? Siberia. Davuria. — America. Columbia. Not typical there. 652. Cineraria campestris, Retz. Provinces - 2345-7----[12]. Native. Lat. 50—54. Dorset, Wight, Sussex. — Anglesea, Cambridge. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 5 10 18. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - den got. Russia654321. West-asia? Siberia. Davuria. — America. Columbia. Not typical there. 655. Inula Helenium, Linn. Provinces 1 2 (8 4 5) 6 7(89101112138-151617). Native? Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, (Wight), Sussex. — Anglesea, (Durham). Zones 1 ? Possibly native about the south coasts. Census 4 ? ? (Ireland 7). English type of distribution ? Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. (Sweden). Russia 65 432. Siberia. — (America, introduced). 44. COMPOSITE. 233 656. Inula Conyza, De Cand. Provinces 12845678910 (11)12-- [15]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Westmoreland, York. Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 11 23 62. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia 65 43. West-asia. 657. Inula crithmoides, Linn. Provinces 1 23 [4] 567----- 13. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent, Essex. — Wigton. Zones 1 2. Littoral. Census 7 12 15. Ireland 3. Atlantic-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Russia, unrecorded. Algeria. 658. Inula dysenterica, Linn. Provinces 1 to 14-16. Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Haddington. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 200 yards. Census 15 29 69. Ireland 12. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia 6 - 4 3. Algeria. 659. Inula Pulicaria, Linn. Provinces - 2345--8-[10]. Native. Lat. 50—538. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Hereford, Leicester. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 5 11 22. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. 234 44, COMPOSITE. 660. Bellis perennis, Linn. Provinces all. Native. No authority for S.E. Wales. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12845. Highlands to 980, 910, 830, 820 yards. Census 18 38 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe). Europe - 5 4 3. (Madeira). (Azores; Guthnick’s coll.) — Faroe. “Iceland.” 661. Chrysanthemum segetum, Linn. Provinces all. Colonist. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Highlands to 250 yards. Humber to 150 yards. Census 18 88 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor swe). Russia 6-432. West-asia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 662. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, Linn. Provinces all. Native. No authority for the Hebrides. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Wales to 700 yards. Highlands to 500 yards. Census 18 387 or 88 90. Ireland 12. British type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6-4321. West-asia. Siberia. — (America, introduced). 663. Chrysanthemum Parthenium, Pers. Provinces 1 to 17. Denizen. Alien in Scotland? Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Kent. — Dumbarton, Moray, Ross. Zones 123. Tyne to 300 yards. Humber to 250 yards. Census 17 32 ? (Ireland). British-english type. Europe spa (ita) tur aus (ger) fra cha (net) den got (nor swe). Russia 65 43. West-asia. Pyrethrum Parthenium of C. B. Canaries. (Azores). — (America, escaped from gardens). 44, COMPOSITAE. 235 663*. Chrysanthemum Tanacetum, B. Syme. Provinces all. Native. Alien in North Britain ? Lat. 50—58 (61). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — (Heb. Ork. Shetl.) Zones 1 2 (8). Humber to 200 yards. (Highlands to 350 yards). Census 18 87 ? (Ireland 10). British-english type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap. Russia 6543821. Siberia. Tanacetum vulgare of C. B. 622. — Faroe. (America). Columbia; in the Aleoutian Isles. 664. Chrysanthemum inodorum, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Highlands to 400 yards. Tyne to 330 yards. Census 18 38 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Pyrethrum inodorum of C. B. vol. 2, ete. Russia 6543821. West-asia. Siberia. Madeira. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. Am. Col. 664,b. Chrysanthemum maritimum, Auct. Provinces 1234-67-9101112181415 16 1718. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1238. Simply a littoral form of C. inodorum ? Census 16 26 49. Ireland-? British type of distribution. Europe spa - - - - fra cha net. Scandinavia to Finmark ? Russia? C. maritimum and C. salinum not distinguishable. — Faroe. Iceland. 665. Chrysanthemum Chamomilla, Mey. Prov. 1 to 12 (18 14 15 16) - [18]. Colonist. Casual northward. Lat. 50—56 (57). Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — (Lanark, Fife). Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 12 24 51. Ireland 2. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. West-asia. India. Siberia. 236 44, COMPOSITE. 667. Anthemis nobilis, Linn. Prov. 1 to11--(14-16-18). Native. (Isla, Skye, Orkney). Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Anglesea, Durham. Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 11 21 39. Iveland 5. English type of distribution. Europe spa - - aus ger fra cha (net). Russia - - 4 8. Madeira. A. aurea, Algeria and Azores. 668. Anthemis arvensis, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15. Colonist. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Moray ! Zones 123. Humber to 800 yards. Census 15 28 56. Ireland 5. English-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 432. West-asia. Cyprus. Algeria. Azores; Drouet flo. — (America, introduced). 669. Anthemis Cotula, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16- [18]. Colonist. [Forfar? Shetland ?] Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton! Fife! Zones 12 ? Humber to 300 yards. Census 16 27 65. Ireland 9. English-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced). 670. Achillea Ptarmica, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Humber to 750 yards. Highlands to 710 yards. Census 18 38 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia- 5482. Siberia. — Faroe. (America, introduced). 44. COMPOSITH. — 45, CAMPANULACER. 237 671. Achillea Millefolium, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123456. Highlands to 1310, 1080, 900, 850 yards, Census 18 38 99. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 675. Campanula rotundifolia, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Absent from Orkney? Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones 123456. Highlands to 1180, 1080, 1060 yards. Census 18 37 96. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe all. N.B. Confused with C. linifolia elsewhere ? Russia 6-4 3821. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland? Greenland? America. Columbia. 676. Campanula patula, Linn. Provinces 123 ? 56-8-10[11]12. Native. Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Hants, Kent? — Westmoreland, York. Zones 1 2. Low grounds ; sometimes confused with C. Rapunculus. Census 8 14 25. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita ? aus ger fra cha net (den got) nor swe. Russia 6-432. Siberia. — [Iceland ; Hooker list, from Zoega]. 677. Campanula Rapunculus, Linn. Provinces 1 2 8 (4) 5 -(78-1011---15). Denizen. Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Sussex, Kent. — Stafford! (York !). Zone 1. Low grounds; uncertain in most localities. Census 4 8 12. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den (got). Russia 65 4 3. Siberia. Algeria. 238 45, CAMPANULACER. 678. Campanula latifolia, Linn. Provinces [1 2]34567891011121381415 16. Native. Lat. 51—58. Monmouth, Gloucester, Surrey. — Isla, Moray. Zones 128. Humber to 400 yards. Lakes to 350 yards. Census 14 25 53. [Ireland ?]. Scottish-intermediate type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap. Russia 6-432. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. — N.B. In English records sometimes confused with Trachelium. 679. Campanula rapunculoides, Linn. Provinces - [2] 845 --8(91011)--1415. Alien or Denizen. Lat. 51—57. Oxford? Surrey? Bedford! — Fife! Perth? Zones 12. Low grounds; likely not a native species. Census 6 7 10. Ireland 0. Local-intermediate type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den got) nor swe. Russia 65 4 3. Siberia. 680. Campanula Trachelium, Linn. Provinces 12345 67 8 [9} 10 (11 12131415 16). Native. Lat. 50—57. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Anglesea, York. Zones 1 2 (3). Low grounds; much confused with C. latifolia. Census 9 19 48. Ivreland1. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. Siberia. “Japan; Thunberg!” Algeria. 681. Campanula glomerata, Linn. Provinces 123456-8-101112-1415. Native. Lat. 50—57. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Forfar, Kincardine. Zones 12. Lakes to 300 yards. Humber to 250 yards. Census 12 25 46. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type. Europe all, except Norway, Lapland, Finmark. Russia 6-432. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. 45, CAMPANULACER. 239 683. Campanula hederacea, Linn. Provinces 123-567-910-1218. Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Renfrew, York. Zones 12. Low grounds. To 800 yards on Dartmoor. Census 10 19 39. Ireland 3. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe spa - - aus ger fra cha net den. N.B. The European area is comparatively a limited one, extending from Portugal and Dalmatia to North-west Germany and Denmark. 684. Campanula hybrida, Linn. Provinces 1 2 3 45 --(8 9)1011-- (1415). Colonist. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — York, Durham. Zones 12. Low grounds; chiefly on chalk. Census 7 19 41. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia - 5 4. “ Georgia.” Algeria. Canaries. 685. Phyteuma orbiculare, Linn. Provinces - 2 3------ [10]. Native. [10 York? see below]. Lat. 50—52. Dorset? Sussex! Kent. — Wilts! Hants! Surrey! Zone 1. Low grounds; to 200 yards on chalk hills. Census 2 5 8. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia -- 43. N.B. Specimens were distributed in 1841 by the Botanical Society of London, as coming from 8.W. Yorkshire. 687. Jasione montana, Linn. Provinces 12345678910111213-1516-18. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Tyne to 350 yards. Wales to 350 yards. Census 16 82 67. Ireland 10. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 - 4 38. West-asia. Algeria. 240 45. CAMPANULACEE. — 46. ERICACE. 688. Lobelia urens, Linn. Provinces 1 [8]. Native. Lat. 50—51. South Devon only. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-atlantic type. Europe spa ---- fra cha. Area very limited, comprising parts of Spain and Portugal, Western France northward to Normandy. Madeira; an isolated or outlying habitat, on present knowledge. 689. Lobelia Dortmanna, Linn. Provinces ----567----1213-15161718. Native. Lat. 51—61. Glamorgan, Cardigan, Salop. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 530 yards, or upwards. Census 9 17 29. Ireland 9. Scottish-highland type. Europe - - - - ger fra - net den got nor swe. Russia - - - 8 2. — America. 690. Erica Tetralix, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 790, 760, 720, 700, 700 yards. Census 18 38 96. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa - - ? ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia --- 3. Eastward to Transylvania, by records. — Iceland ; Lauder Lindsay’s list. An error? 691. Erica ciliaris, Linn. Provinces 1 2 [3]. Native. [‘* Hants”! “ Surrey” !]. Lat. 50—51. Cornwall! Dorset; Sir W. C. Trevelyan! Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 2 2 8. Ireland 1. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe. Spain. West France. Normandy. N.B. Specimens have been distributed from the alleged localities of Alresford, Hants, and Farnham or Frensham, Surrey. 46, ERICACER. 241 692. Erica cinerea, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 780, 780, 715, 690, 680 yards. Census 18 88 93. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - ? ger fra cha net - - nor. Not in Russia. Alleged to occur in Transylvania. Madeira. — Faroe. N.B. The Madeira plant is a slight variety. 694. Erica vagans, Linn. Provinces 1---[5 6-8]. Native. [8 Notts]. Lat. 50—51. Cornwall! [Devon? Glamorgan ?] Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-atlantic type. Europe. Spain. France. Normandy. N.B. It is desirable to ascertain whether the counties of Devon and Glamorgan were correctly reported for this heath. 695. Calluna vulgaris, Salisb. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 1100, 1080, 1060, 1050 yards. Census 18 38 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. N.B. Authorities wanting for 14 counties of Britain. Russia -- 4821. Western Siberia. Azores. — Iceland. Faroe. Greenland; Giesecke. America! 696. Menziesia cerulea, Swartz. Province -------------- 15 -{17]. Native. Lat. 56—57. Perthshire; Brand! Still there in 1866; Naylor. Zone ----5. Highlands at about 900 yards, by estimate. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe - - - - - fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. “ Pyrenees.” Russia----21. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. — Greenland. America. Columbia. 242 46, ERICACER. 698. Loiseleuria procumbens, Desv. Provinces [1] ------------- 15161718. Native. Lat. 56—61. Stirling, Perth, Forfar. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones ----5 6. Highlands to 1180 yards, or up to * 1280.” Census 4 9 16. Iveland 0, Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia ----21. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 699. Andromeda polifolia, Linn. Provinces 1 [2 8] 45678910111218-15. Native. Lat. 51—57. Somerset, Hunts, Norf. — Perth. [Hants, Bucks.] Zones 123. Tyne to 200 yards. Anywhere higher ? Census 10 16 22. Ireland 4. Intermediate-scottish type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap fin. Russia -- 4321. Siberia. — Greenland; Taylor list. America. Columbia. 700. Arbutus alpina, Linn. Provinces ----------- [12}-- 15161718. Native. Lat. 56—61. Mull? Perth? Forfar. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones -- 3456. North Highlands at 50—900 yards. Census 4 9 11. Treland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia ----21. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — Iceland. America. Columbia. 701. Arbutus Uva-ursi, Linn. Provinces ---- [5 -- 89} 101112-1415 161718. Native. ‘Lat. 54—61. Cumberland, York. — Orkney, Shetland. [Derby ?] Zones --845. Highlands 0—930 yds. Humber 350—500 y. Census 8 13 26. Ireland 5. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - den got nor swe lap fin. Hamburg. Russia 6-- 321. Siberia. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 46. BRICACER. 243 708. Vaccinium Myrtillus, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1238456. Highlands to 1400, 1310, 1250 yards. Census 18 36 77. Ireland 12. British-highland type. Europe all. Russia 6-4 321. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtsc. Atlas ; Desf. flo. — Faroe. Iceland. America? Aloutia. 704. Vaccinium uliginosum, Linn. Provinces - - - - - - [7--10] 11 12--15161718. Native. Lat. 54—61. Westmoreland, Durham. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones- ? 8456. Highlands to 1160 yds. Tyne 150—450 y. Census 6 10 16. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe all, except the English-Channel countries. Russia -- 43821. Persia. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 705. Vaccinium Vitis-idea, Linn. Provinces 1- ? -567891011121314 15 161718. Native. Lat. 50—58. “Devon.” Essex, extinct. — Hebrides, Sutherl. Zones - 2345 6. Highlands to 1110, 1100, 1080, 1066 yards. Census 15 23 49. Ireland 9. Highland-scottish type. Europe all. Russia 6-4821. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 706. Vaccinium Oxycoccos, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Rare in South Britain. Lat. 50—58. ‘“ Devon,” Hants, Sussex. — Skye, Ross. Zones 12345. Highlands to 900, 810, 660 yards. Census 17 28 56. Ireland 11. British-intermediate type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap fin. Russia-- 4821. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 244 46. ERICACER. 707. Pyrola rotundifolia, Linn. Provinces [1 2] 845 ---910 11 [12 18] 1415 -- [18]. Native. Lat. 51—57 or 58. Kent, Salop, Stafford! — Forfar! Aberdeen. Zones 12345. Highlands to 800 or 850 yards. Census 8 12 19. Ireland 0. Scottish-germanic type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap fin. Russia 6-43821. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtsc. — Iceland; Hooker list, from Zoega. Greenland. Am. Columb. 708. Pyrola media, Swartz. Prov. - 2 [3]-5---9101112131415161718. Native. Lat. 51—61. Sussex, Worcester! — Mull! Ross, Shetland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 600, 590, 580, 500 yards. Census 11 18 380. Ireland 4. Scottish type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap. Russia 6 -- 32. “ Norway northward to Tromsoe; Blytt.” — Faroe. N.B. Has been often mislabelled “ rotundifolia.” 709. Pyrola minor, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Rare in South Britain. Lat. 50—58. Devon, Hants, Kent. — Skye, Ross, Moray. Zones 1234. Highlands to 500 yards, and likely higher. Census 17 27 50. Ireland 4. Scottish-british type. Europe all, except Turkey. Russia6 54321. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 710. Pyrola secunda, Linn. Provinces - [2] ------- 101112138-15 1617. Native. Lat. 54—58. Cumberland! York! — Skye, Ross, Moray! Zones -- 345. Highlands to 800 yards. Tyne at 200 yards. Census 7 10 16. Ireland 1. Scottish type of distribution. Europe all, except Channel aud Netherlands. Russia 6- 4821. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 46, ERICACE®, — 48. JASMINACE.E. 245 711. Pyrola uniflora, Linn. Provinces ----------- [12]--15 1718. Native. . Lat. 56—59. Perth! Forfar ? — Hebrides, Sutherland, Ross! Zones - - 3. Only in low situations ? Census 3 6 8. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net (den) got nor swe lap fin. Russia --- 321. Siberia. — Greenland; Giesecke. America. Columbia. 712. Monotropa Hypopitys, Linn. Provinces 1 23 4 5 [6]-8910[1112]--15. Native. Lat. 50—58. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Aberdeen, Moray. Zones 123. Low grounds. Census 9 20 37. Ireland 3. Germanic-english type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap fin. Russia 65432. Siberia. Davuria. — (America; but probably an error]. 713. Tlex Aquifolium, Linn, Provinces 1 to 17 (18). Native. (18 Planted near Roddal ?) Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Sutherland. Zones 123. Lakes to 500 yards. Humber to 450 yards. Census 17 34 83. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den [got] nor. Russia 6. N.B. Destroyed by winter frost in N.E. Europe. Algeria. 714. Ligustrum vulgare, Linn. Provinces 1 to 11 (12 13 14 15 16). Native in England. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — York, Durham. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards. Census 11 24 58. Ireland 1 and (9). English type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia 65 43. ‘Inter Smyrnam et Bursam.” Algeria; Desf. flo. atla. — (America, introduced). 246 48. JASMINACER. — 50. GENTIANACE, 715. Fraxinus excelsior, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17 (18). Native. Denizen in N. Britain. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, (Hebrides). Zones 1 2 8. Humber to 450 yards. Lakes to 400 yards. Census 17 31 89. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den) got nor swe. Russia 6 5 4 3 2. Algeria. ‘“ F. excelsior var. australis, Gay.” 716. Vinea minor, Linn. Provinces 1 to 7 (8 to 15). Native or Denizen in England. Lat. 50—53 (58). Devon, Wight, Kent. — Montgom., Norfolk. Zone 1. Low grounds; frequently near dwellings. Census 7 15 ? (Ireland). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den (got). Russia 65 43. West-asia. | N.B. In England it may perhaps be truly native in some places ; usually a stray from gardens. 718. Gentiana verna, Linn. Provinces - - [8] ------ 101112. Native. Lat. 54—55. Cumberland? Westmoreland? York. Durham. Zones-- 34 ? Humber 400—800 yards. Tyne 850—550 yds. Census 3 3 4. Ireland 3. Intermediate type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra. Russia 6. West-asia. Siberia. — Iceland; an outlying habitat, if correct. 719. Gentiana Pneumonanthe, Linn. Provinces -234-678910-12. Native. Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Hants, Sussex. — Cumberland, York. Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 9 13 26. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nov. Russia 6-432. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — America; Gray’s Manual. 50. GENTIANACE.E. 247 720. Gentiana nivalis, Linn. Provinces - ------------- 15 [16]. Native. Lat. 56—57. Perth; Syme! Gourlie! — Forfar! [Inverness]. Zones ----5. Highlands about 900 yards, and upwards. Census 1 2 2. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia - - - - - 1. Davuria? — Iceland. Greenland. Labrador. “Arctic America.” 721. Gentiana Amarella, Linn. Provinces 123456789101112-1415161718. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1284. Humber to 700 yards. Tyne to 500 yards. Census 17 32 67. Ireland 10. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland? ‘“ Altenfiord”; Martins voy. bot. Russia 6-43.21. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. — Iceland. “America” and “Columbia”; a distinct species there ? 722. Gentiana campestris, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 51—61. Cornwall! Wight! Sussex. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12845. Highlands to 800 yards. Humber to 600 yds. Census 18 35 80. Ireland 11. British-scottish type. Europe all, except Turkey. South Finmark; Andersson. Russia --- 32. Western Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. 723. Cicendia filiformis, Reich. Provinces 1 2 [3] --6. Native. Lat. 50—52. Cornwall! Devon, Dorset, Hants! Sussex! Pemb. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 38 5 7. Ivreland1. English-atlantic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia, absent. Eastward to Greece and Transylvania. Azores. 248 50. GENTIANACES. 724. Erythrea Centaurium, Pers. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones 128. Low grounds. Humber to 200 yards. Census 18 36 91. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6 5 432. West-asia. India. Algeria. Morocco. Canaries. Azores. — (America). 724, Erythrea latifolia, Sm. (vera). Provinces (1 2---6 7]-9--[12---16]. Native. Lat. 583—54. Lancashire only. Formerly in Cheshire ? Zone- 2. Littoral. An irregular growth of Centaurium ? Census 1 1 1. [Ireland]. Local type of distribution. Europe? N.B. The habitats of “ France,” “ Norway,” “Algeria,” “Azores,” are referred to Centaurium. Authors who cite fig. 2719 in E. Bot. Sup. evidently misunderstand Smith’s plant. 724. Erythrea, littoralis, Fries. Provinces 12-4-67 9-111213141516-18. Native. Lat. 50—58. “ Cornwall,” “ Sussex.” — Moray? Heb.? Shetl. ? Zones 12 ? Littoral. Suffolk! Holy Isle! Arran! etc. Census 13 18 81 (as veported). [Ireland]. British type? Europe spa - tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. N.B. This includes the E. linearifolia or linarizefolia with E. chloodes as a single aggregate species. Range in Britain uncertain. 724*, Erythrea pulchella, Fries. Provinces 1234-6789 10- [12] 13 [14]. Native. Lat. 50—55 or 56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumfries, York ? Zones 1 2. Littoral and low grounds. Census 10 19 38. Iveland 2. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries? Azores; Drouet flo. — (America, introduced). 50. GENTIANACER. — 50*. POLEMONIACE. 249 725. Chlora perfoliata, Linn. Provinces 12345678910 [1112]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — York, Cumberland ? Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 10 21 41. Ireland 9. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 6 5. West-asia. Algeria; but the African plant is C. grandiflora, Viv. 726. Villarsia nympheoides, Vent. Provinces - 23 4(5--89101112131415). Native. Lat. 50—53. Sussex, Surrey, Berks. — Northampton, Norfolk. Zones 1 (2). Low grounds. “Wild” in Sussex; Mr. Hemsley. Census 3 5 10. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia 6-4 3. West-asia. India. Siberia. Davuria. China. 727, Menyanthes trifoliata, Linn, Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50 —61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1284. Lakes to 600 yards. Highlands to 510 yards. Census 18 88 88. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 6- 4321. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 728, Polemonium ceruleum, Linn. Provinces (1 2 3 4) 5 - (7) 8-10 11 12 (18 14 15 16), Native. Lat. 52—56. Stafford, Derby! York! — Westmorel., Cheviotl. ! Zones - 28. Cheviotland at 200 yards. Cumberland ? Census 5 5 6. Ireland 0. Intermediate type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - (got) nor swe lap fin. Russia 6-4321. Himalaya, Siberia. Davuria. Kamtsc, — [N.E. Greenland, by a misnomer]. America? Columbia? 25 250 51. CONVOLVULACEE. — 51%, cUSCUTACER. 729. Convolvulus arvensis, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15 -- [18]. Native. Denizen in N. Britain. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Renfrew, Moray. Zones 123. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards. Census 15 30 72. Ireland 9. English-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. West-asia. India. Sib. Day. “China.” Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. Azores. 730. Convolvulus sepium, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Denizen in 14 15 16. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Elgin. Zones 128. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards. . Census 16 383 79. Ireland 11. English-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. Azores. — America, a variety or subspecies. 731. Convolvulus Soldanella, Linn. Provinces 1284-678910111213 ? 1516. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Forfar. Zones 1 2. Littoral. Census 14 21 388. Ireland 7. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 6 5. West-asia. Algeria. [Azores; Drouet flo. a mistake]. 732. Cuscuta europea, Linn. Provinces 1284 5--8[9(10)--131415]. Native. Lat. 50—-58 or 55. Wight, Sussex. — Leicester or York. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Much confused with the other species. Census 6 12 23. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia -- 432. Siberia. The species not certain. Algeria. Egypt. The same remark as in line above. 51*, CUSCUTACEH. — 52. SOLANACEA. 251 734. Cuscuta Epithymum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 11-18 [14]. Native. 13 C. europea, Burgess. Lat. 60—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — York or Cheviotland. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 12 20 86. Ireland 1. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia? West-asia. Algeria. Canaries. 735. Cuscuta Trifolii, Bab. Provinces 12845--891011--1415. Alien or Colonist. Lat. 50—56. Devon, Wight, Kent. ~ Fife ; always sown ? Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 250 yards. Census 11 20 ? (Ireland). English type of distribution. Europe -? France; South Sweden; Nyman Sylloge. N.B. Difficult to decide whether an old native in Britain, not distinguished apart, or a late introduction with clover seeds. 736. Hyoscyamus niger, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Denizen in Scotland. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Ross. Zones 123. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 17 32 76. Ireland 9. English-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. West-asia. India. Siberia. Davuria. - Algeria. — (America, introduced). 737. Solanum nigrum, Linn. Provinces 12845678910(11-181415). Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, York. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 10 21 41. Ireland 4. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America). ‘ Columbia.” 252 52. SOLANACEH. — 58. SCROPHULARIACE. 738. Solanum Dulcamara, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Denizen in N. Britain. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Ross. Zones 128. Low grounds. Humber to 200 yards. Census 16 34 82. Ireland 11. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. West-asia. India. ‘ China.” Algeria. — (America, introduced). 739. Atropa Belladonna, Linn. Provinces 1 to 12 (13 14 15 16). Denizen. Lat. 50—56. Sussex, Kent. — Westmoreland, Northumberland ? Zones 1 2 (3). Humber to 250 yds. Native in Yorkshire; Baker. Census 12 23 41. (Ireland 4). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia 6 5. Algeria. — (America, escaped from gardens). 740. Verbascum Thapsus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Denizen in North Britain. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Arran, Forfar. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 200 yards. Census 16 30 74. Ireland 10. Hnglish-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. West-asia. India. Siberia. (Azores, but likely introduced). — (America, introduced). 741. Verbascum Lychnitis, Linn. Provinces (1 2)3 45 -(78-10----15 16). Native? Lat. 50—54 (or 57). Devon? Sussex, Kent. — Denbigh, Stafford. Zone 1. JLow grounds; very sparsely scattered. Census 3 ? ? Ireland 0, English type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den (got - swe). Russia 65 4.3. West-asia, a variety. — (America, introduced). 53. SCROPHULARIACEA. 2538 742. Verbascum pulverulentum, Vill. Provinces [1 2 3] 4---[8-10----15]. Native? Lat. 52—53. Suffolk! Norfolk! Hants? Surrey ? Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 1 2 4. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe “spa” ita tur aus ger fra cha net. N.B. It is probable that V. nigrum or Lychnitis has been mistaken for this in some of the English counties. Madeira ? 743. Verbascum nigrum, Linn. Provinces 12345 6-8-(1011--14). Native. Lat. 50—54, Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Stafford, Notts. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 7 17 388. (Ireland). English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6-- 32. Siberia. —N.B. Next to Thapsus, the most native-seeming in Britain. 744. Verbascum Blattaria, Linn. Provinces 12345 6--(9101112). Alien or Denizen. Lat. 50—538. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Stafford, Norfolk. Zone 1. Low grounds; often temporary. Census 6 ? ? (Ireland 3). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 6 5 4 8. West-asia. India. Siberia? Algeria. Azores; Drouet flo. — (America, introduced). 745. Verbascum virgatum, With. Provinces 1-345 6(7 8-10). Alien or Denizen. Lat. 50—(55). Cornwall, Devon! — (Denbigh, Lincoln, York). Zone 1. Low grounds; mostly as a Casual. Census 5 ? ? (Ireland 2). Atlantic-english type. Europe spa ita - - - fra cha (net). Stated to extend northward into Belgium and even possibly into Holland. Algeria. Azores. — Not in Flora Rossica. 254 53. SCROPHULARIACE. 746. Veronica spicata, Linn. Provinces [1-3] 4567----12----- [18]. Native. Lat. 51—55. Gloucester, Suffolk, Radnor, N. Wales, Westmorel. Zones 1 2. Low grounds (spicata) and cliffs (var. hybrida). Census 5 5 8. Ireland 0. English-intermediate type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. Siberia. N.B. Some other subordinate forms included for the European and Russian areas. 747. Veronica arvensis, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 23. Humber to 650 yards. Tyne to 600 yards. Census 18 38 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. West-asia. Siberia. Cyprus. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America). 748. Veronica verna, Liun. Provinces - [2 3] 4-- [7]. Native. Lat. 52—53. Suffolk! Norfolk! Zone 1. Low grounds. [London. Sussex. Denbigh]. Census 1 2 3. Ireland 0. Local-germanic type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia65 432. West-asia. India. Siberia. 749. Veronica triphyllos, Linn. Provinces - - [8] 4 [5] ----10. Native. Lat. 50—54. Suffolk! Norfolk! West York! Zones 1 2. Low grounds. (London. Warwick]. Census 2 3 5. [Ireland]. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 65 43. West-asia. India. Western Siberia. Algeria. 53. SCROPHULARIACE. 255 750. Veronica serpyllifolia, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 850 yards? Humber to 850 yds. Census 18 38 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, if it be this in Finmark,—not the V. humifusa. Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc. Algeria. Azores. —~ Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia. 750,b. Veronica humifusa, Dicks. Provinces - - - - - - 7---1112--151617. Native. Lat. 58—59. Denbigh; Bowman. — Sutherl.; Northern Flora. Zones ---45 6. Highlands to 1260, 1210, 1200, 1060 yards. Census 6 7 11. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe? N.B. Not distinguished apart from V. serpyllifolia by Continental writers. Said to occur on the ‘ Rocky Mountains’ of Western America. Verification of “ Denbighshire” desirable. 751. Veronica alpina, Linn. Provinces -- ------------ 15 16. Native. Lat. 56—58. Stirling, Perth, Forfar. — Westerness, Kasterness. Zones ----5 6. Highlands between 700—1230 yards. Census 2 4 7%. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia - - - - - 1. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 752. Veronica saxatilis, Linn. Provinces - ------------- 15 ? 17. Native. Lat. 56—59. Perth! Forfar! — Sutherl. Cruachan? Nevis? Zones ----5 6. Highlands between 700—1000 yards. Census 3 4 6. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia, absent. Eastward to Transylvania. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. 256 53. SCROPHULARIACE, 753. Veronica scutellata, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17 [18]. Native. ‘“ Orkney; Barry’s list.” Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Sutherland. Zones 1234. Humber to 750 yards. Highlands to 500 yards. Census 17 34 79. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. ‘“ Thrace”; Lecoq. geogr. Russia -- 4821. West-asia. Siberia. “ Persia.” Algeria. — Iceland. America. Columbia. 754. Veronica Anagallis, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Lake province to 300 yards. Census 18 88 85. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 48. West-asia. India. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. Am. Col. 755. Veronica Beccabunga, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 930 yards. Tyne to 650 yards. Census 18 38 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. — Faroe. Iceland. America? Aleutia. 756. Veronica officinalis, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 980 yards. Humber to 800 yds. Census 18 88 92. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Kurope all, except Finmark. Russia 65 432. India. Siberia. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. America, introduced ? 58. SCROPHULARIACES,. 257 757. Veronica montana, Linn. Proviuces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Moray. Zones 128. Humber to 850 yards. Tyne to 200 yards. Census 16 32 72. Ireland 10. British-english type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia -- 43. Western Siberia. Algeria. 758. Veronica Chamedrys, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yards. Humber to 800 yds. Census 15 37 97. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Northward to Finmark; N. J. Andersson. Russia654321. West-asia. Siberia. — (America, introduced). 759. Veronica hederifolia, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 23. Humber to 300 yards. Census 18 386 83. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. West-asia. Cyprus, Euphrates, &c. Algeria. — (America, an introduced weed). 760. Veronica agrestis, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Tyne to 400 yards. Lakes to 300 yards. Census 18 36 88. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. West-asia. India. Siberia. — Algeria. — (America, introduced). 258 53. SCROPHULARIACES. 761. Veronica polita, Fries. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Frequently recorded as V. agrestis. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Forfar. , Zones 1 2. Tyne to 830 yards. Lakes to 800 yards. Census 16 80 69. Ireland 12. British-english type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got - (swe). Russia -? Included under V. agrestis in Ledeb. flo. ross. But the two are abundantly distinct. 762. Veronica Buxbaumii, Ten. Provinces 1 to 15. Alien, becoming a Colonist. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — (Aberdeen, Moray). Zones 1 2 (3). Tyne to 330 yards. Humber to 300 yards. Census 15 28 ? (Ireland 7). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 6-43. West-asia. Punjaub; Edgeworth. — Algeria. — (America, probably introduced). 763. Bartsia alpina, Linn. Provinces - - [3] ------ 10 11 12--15 [16 17}. Native. Lat. 54—57. York! Durham! Perth! Westmoreland? Ross ? Zones ---45. Highlands about 900 y. Humber 300—600 y. Census 4 4 5. Ireland 0. Intermediate-highland type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - (got) nor swe lap fin. Russia ---- 21. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. Labrador. 764. Bartsia viscosa, Linn. Provinces 1 2---6--9---13--16. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Argyle, Dumbarton. Zones 1 2 ? Low grounds. Census 6 10 17. Ireland 2. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus - fracha. Dalmatia for “aus.” Russia 6. West-asia. Algeria. Tunis. Egypt. Azores. Canaries; Bentham. 58. SCROPHULARIACER, 259 765. Bartsia Odontites, Huds. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 128. Highlands to 400 yards. Tyne to 350 yards. Census 18 87 93. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 482. Siberia. Davuria. — North Africa; Bentham, in De Cand. prodyr. 766. Euphrasia officinalis, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones-1 23456. Highlands to 1200, 1120, 1090, 1080 yards. Census 18 38 99. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. [Azores; Drouet flo.] — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. Am. Col. 767. Rhinanthus Crista-galli, Linn. Provinces all. Native. R. major included. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 850, 800, 680, 610, 580 yards. Census 18 388 93. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Turkey. Russia65 4821. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 768. Melampyrum cristatum, Linn. Provinces - (2) 3 4 [5 ----10]. Colonist? Lat. 51—53. Herts! Essex! Suffolk! Norfolk! Beds! Northton ! Zone 1. Low grounds. (South Hants) — [York]. Census 2 4 8. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha - den got nor swe. Russia -5 432. Siberia. 260 58, SCROPHULARIACES. 769. Melampyrum arvense, Linn. Provinces - 23 4 [5---9]. Casual or Colonist. Lat. 50—58. Wight! Essex! Herts. — Suffolk, Norfolk. Zone 1. Low grounds. [Dorset, Gloucester, Warwick, Chester.] Census 3 4 6. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got - swe. Russia 65 432. West-asia. 770. Melampyrum pratense, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Often misréported as “sylvaticum.” Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 12345. Highlands to 1080, 930, 900, 830, 800 yards. Census 18 387 87. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe all, unless Turkey excepted. Russia 6-4321. Siberia. — America. M. pratense var. americana. 771. Melampyrum sylvaticum, Linn. Prov. [12 3-5-789]101112131415 17 [18]. Native. Lat. 54—58. Westmoreland, York! — Moray! Ross. Zones - 2.3. Highlands to 350 yards. Tyne to 300 yards. Census 7 10 17. Treland1. Scottish type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap fin. Russia 6--321. Siberia. — “America”; but the species not certain. 772. Pedicularis palustris, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 600 yards. Tyne to 550 yards. Census 18 38 92. Iveland 12. British type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap. Russia -- 4821. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. — Faroe. America; Hook. flo. bor. am. Columbia? 53. SCROPHULARIACES. 261 773. Pedicularis sylvatica, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1284. Highlands to 670 yards. Tyne to 550 yards. Census 18 38 94, Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap. Russia - - - 3 2. [Algeria]. — Iceland; Hooker list, from Zoega. 774. Scrophularia nodosa, Linn. ‘Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Harris, Ross. Zones 128. Humber to 500 yards. Tyne to 400 yards. Census 18 36 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6-432. West-asia. Siberia. — America, Columbia. 8. marilandica, Linn. 775. Scrophularia Balbisii, Hornem. Provinces 1 to 14 [15 --18]. Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent.— Renfrew, Berwick. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 14 27 65. Ireland 7. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 6. Siberia? India? Algeria. “Canaries.” Azores. 775*. Serophularia Ehrharti, Stev. Provinces-23-5-7-910--? 14. Native. Lat. 50—56. Sussex, Middlesex. — Linlithgow or Edinburgh. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber at 200—250 yards. Census 7 8 14. [Ireland]. English-intermediate type. Europe - - - aus ger fra - net den (got). Imperfect? Russia 6 5 4 8. Siberia ? N.B. This and the ‘ Balbisii’ have been confused under the common name of ‘aquatica.’ 262 53. SCROPHULARIACEA. 776. Scrophularia Scorodonia, Linn. Provinces 1 - [8]. Native. Lat. 50—51. Cornwall! Devon! [Hertford]. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 1 2 2. [Ireland]. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur - - fra cha. Russia 6. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 778. Digitalis purpurea, L. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 1284. Highlands to 660, 650, 630, 590, 570 yards. Census 18 87 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net (den) got nor. Russia - 5 - 8. Madeira; Lemann. Azores; Drouet flo. Introduced? 780. Antirrhinum Orontium, Linn. Provinces 12345 67--(101112). Colonist. Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Anglesea, Norfolk. Zone 1 ? Low grounds. Census 7 17 89. Ireland 4. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia- 5 38. West-asia. India. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced). 782. Linaria spuria, Mill. Provinces 12345 6-8-(1011). Colonist. Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Notts, Lincoln. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 7 18 41. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 6 5-3. West-asia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced). 53. SCROPHULARIACEA. 263 783. Linaria Elatine, Mill. Provinces 12345678(91011). Native or Colonist. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Anglesea, York. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 8 19 49. Ireland 3. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6 5. West-asia. India. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced). 784. Liparia repens, Ait. Provinces 12345 6-(8 91011) 12 (13 14 15). Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent? — Westmoreland. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 7 11 17. Ireland 3. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net - - nor (swe). Russia ? -- 3. West-asia? N.B. Perhaps more usually native in the English habitats, than is indicated above. 785. Linaria vulgaris, Mill. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Moray. Zones 123. Humber to 200 yards. Tyne to 200 yards. Census 16 32 78. Ireland 8. British-english type. Europe all, except Finmark, and possibly Spain. Russia 65 482. Siberia. Davuria. — (America, introduced). 787. Linaria minor, Desf. Provinces 12345678-1011-1314 (15). Colonist. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Roxburgh. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 200 yards. Census 12 25 48. Ireland 4. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 4 3 2. Algeria. N.B. Prof. De Candolle holds it an alien in Britain. 264 58, SCROPHULARIACE®. — 54. OROBANCHACES. 788. Limosella aquatica, Linn. Provinces 12345-7891011--1415. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall? 8. Hants, Sussex. — Kincardine; D. G. Zones 1 2. Low grounds mostly. Surrey to 300 yards. Census 12 21 33. Ireland? Germanic-english type. Europe all, except Turkey (?) and Finmark. Russia -- 4 821. N.B. It is L. tenuifolia below, in Am. Col. Algeria; Lecog. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland? [Am. Col.] 789. Sibthorpia europza, Linn. Provinces 1 2---6-[8---12]. Native. Extinct in prov. 2. Lat. 50—52. Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Glamorgan, Caermarth. Zone 1. Low grounds. Destroyed in Sussex; Mr. Hemsley. Census 3 6 7%. Ireland1. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe spa - tur--fracha. So-called 8. “africana” in Baleares. Azores. N.B. The Azore plant is not separable from the usual British form of S. europea. 790. Orobanche rapum, Thuil. Provinces 1234567891011-18-[15 16]. Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Kirkudb., Cheviotland. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. O. major, of many authors. Census 12 24 54. Ireland 4. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net. Russia - - 4 3. Algeria. 791. Orobanche caryophyllacea, Sm. Provinces [1]- 84. Native. O. “lucorum” in province 38. Lat. 51—538. South-east Kent. Semer; Flora of Suffolk. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Germanic-local type. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha - den. Russia 6543. West-asia. Siberia. 54. OROBANCHACER. 265 792. Orobanche elatior, Sutton. Provinces 1 23 4 5 6 [7] 8-10 11---- [16]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex. — York, Durham ? Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Several localities are uncertain. Census 9 16 24. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra - net den got. Russia 6-48. Siberia. — N.B. This, not O. rapum, said to be the true O. major, Linn. 7938. Orobanche minor, Linn. Provinces 1 2 345 [6 7]-91011. Native or Colonist. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — York, Cheviotland. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 8 17 384. (Ireland). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den got). Russia 6 - 4. Algeria. Madeira; Lemann list. 793*. Orobanche Picridis, F. Schultz. Provinces - 234-6. Native. Lat. 50—58. Wight. Kent. Cambridge. Pembroke. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 4 4 4. Ireland 0. English or Germanic type Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net. N.B. Hitherto confused with O. minor, but alleged to be distinct by those botanists who have seen it living. 793*. Orobanche Hedere, Duby. Provinces 12--5678. Native. Likely in other provinces. Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight. — Carnarvon, Leicester. Zone 1. Low grounds. Long united with O. minor. Census 6 10 15. Ireland 9. LEnglish-atlantic type. Europe spa ita - - ger fra cha net. N.B. The British stations recorded by old Authors for so-called ‘ minor’ on ‘ivy,’ have been transferred to the present species. “West Asia.” 2M 266 54, OROBANCHACEEH. — 54*. VERBENACER. 794. Orobanche rubra, Sm. Provinces 1 ----6---10----151617. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, York, Fife. — Skye, West Ross. Zones 128. Coast rocks. Humber at 250 yards. Census 6 7 8. Ireland 4. Scottish-atlantic type. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra. Baltic Isles. Russia 6 - - 8. N.B. The O. rubra, of Smith, latterly has been identified or united with O. Epithymum. 795. Orobanche cerulea, Vill. Provinces 1 2 3 4 5 [6]. Native or Colonist. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight! — Monmouth, Herts! Norfolk. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 5 5 6. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Holland. Russia -- 4 3. India. 797. Lathrea squamaria, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—57. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Westerness, Clackmannan. Zones 1238. Tyne to 330 yards. Humber to 250 yards. Census 16 24 48. Ireland 6. English type of distribution. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6 5 432. India. Western Siberia? 798. Verbena officinalis, Linn. Provinees 1 to 12 - - (15). Denizen or Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberl., Northumb. Zones 1 2. Low grounds; usually about inhabited places. Census 12 25 60. Ireland 9. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6 5 48. India. “China. Japan.” Algeria. Canaries. Azores. (America). 55. LAMIACEA. 267 799. Salvia Verbenaca, Linn. Provinces 1 to 12-1415 -(17). Native. (17 Ross). Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Fife, Forfar? Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards. Census 14 25 55. Ireland §. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. ‘“ Denmark.” Russia 6 5. West-asia. Algeria. Canaries ? 800. Salvia pratensis, Linn. Provinces [1 2] 8 [45678-1011]. Denizen. Lat. 51—52. Kent, certainly and for many years. Oxford. Zone 1. Low grounds. Many erroneous localities. Census 1 ? ? Ireland 0. Germanic-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. (Sweden). Russia 6-4 3. West-asia. Western Siberia. 801. Lycopus europeus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Rare in province 14. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Westerness, Ross. Zones 12 3. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 17 34 83. Ireland 11. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Azores. 802. Mentha rotundifolia, Linn. Provinces 12345678-1011 12 -(14)[15 16]. Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberl., Northumb. Zones 12. Low grounds. Denizen in Mid Britain. Census 11 23 40. Ireland 6. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Bornholm. Russia --- 3. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, from gardens). 268 55. LAMIACE. 803. Mentha sylvestris, Linn. Provinces 12345678-10-12-1415 16. Native? Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Dumbarton, Moray. Zones 128. Humber to 200 yards. True area uncertain. Census 18 ? ? [Ireland]. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 65 43. West-asia. Cashmere. Siberia. Algeria. Egypt. Morocco. Canaries. Azores. 805. Mentha piperita, Huds. Provinces 123456789101112-141516. Native? Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex. — Dumbarton, Aberd.? Zones 1 2 2? Humber to 250 yards. Distribution uncertain. Census 15 ? ? (Ireland 5). English type of distribution ? Europe - - - aus ger. N.B. So seldom indicated as a native plant, in the Local Floras of Europe, that its area cannot be satisfactorily traced out. 806. Mentha aquatica, Linn. Provinces all? Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Orkney. Zones 128. Humber to 500 yards. Lakes to 450 yards. Census 18 84 87. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. Madeira; Lemann list. Azores; Drouet flo. 807. Mentha sativa, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Exclusive of M. rubra. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex. — Isla, Kincardine. Zones 1 2. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 200 yards. Census 16 ? ? Ireland 9. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. (Sweden ?) Russia? As a variety of M. arvensis, in Led. flo. ross. Canaries. Azores? 55. LAMIACE.E. 269 808. Mentha arvensis, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Orkney. Zones 128. Highlantls to 850 yards. Humber to 300 yds. Census 18 33 81. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6-482. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. — Faroe. (America, introduced). 809. Mentha Pulegium, Linn. Provinces 1 to [2 - (14.15). Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Man, Durham. Zones 1 2. Humber to 200 yds. Is it wild in Lake province ? Census 12 23 43. Ireland 5, English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia 65 43. West-asia. Western Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — ‘ America.” 810. Thymus Serpyllum, Linn. Provinces all. Native. T. Chamedrys included. Lat. 50 -61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1238456. Highlands to 1180, 1100, 1010, 850 yards. Census 18 88 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. T. ‘‘ Chamedrys” from Spain to Norway. Russia 6-4 821. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. [America]. 811. Origanum vulgare, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Moray. Zones 128. Humber to 450 yards. Tyne to 350 yards. Census 16 82 75. Ireland 9. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria? Canaries. Azores; Drouet flo. — (America). 270 55. LAMIACES. 812. Calamintha Acinos, Clairv. Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Colonist in Scotland ? Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Aberdeen, Moray. Zones 123. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 15 30 61. Ireland 2. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland (uncertain) and Finmark. Russia 6 5 4 3 2. Algeria. 813. Calamintha Nepeta, Clairv. Provinces 123 45 6 (7 8]-10 (11 12]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Devon? Kent! Essex! Herts! Oxford! Gloucester ! Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Native in N. Yorkshire; Baker. Census 7 ? ? Ireland? English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 65 4. N.B. In England, confused with C. officinalis. Algeria. Canaries. Azores; Drouet flo. — (America). 814. Calamintha officinalis, Auct. Provinces 1 to 10 ? 12--(15). Native. C. sylvatica - 2. Lat. 50—56 (57). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Westmoreland ! Zones 1 2. Humber to 200 yards. Extinct in province 11? Census 11 24 56. Ireland 9. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 6-- ? West-asia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 815. Calamintha Clinopodium, Spenn. Provinces ] to 15. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Aberdeen, Elgin. Zones 123. Highlands to 350 yards. Tyne to 350 yards. Census 15 30 73. Ireland 5. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5432. West-asia. India. Siberia. “Japan.” Algeria. Madeira. Azores. — (America, introduced). 55. LAMIACEA, Q71 817. Melittis Melissophyllum, Linn. Provinces 1 2 [3 - 5] 6 - [8]. Native. Lat. 50—53. Cornw. Dors. Suss. — Cardigan; Miss Atwood ! Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 8 7 10. Ireland 0. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha. Russia --- 3. Eastward to Greece and Transylvania. —. N.B. Apparently confined to Europe. 818. Teucrium Scorodonia, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 128. Tyne to 500 yards. Highlands to 400 yards. Census 18 36 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den). Norway. Russia, apparently absent. “ Algeria.” “Morocco.” Madeira; Lemann list. 819. Teucrium Scordium, Linn. Provinces 1-3 4---8-10. Native? Lat. 51—55. N. Devon; Mrs. Russell! N.W. York; Bowman! Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Oxf. Suff. Norf. Camb. North. Linc. Census 5 7 9. Ireland 8. Germanic-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6-4 3. West-asia. Cashmere. Siberia. North Africa? ‘ Abyssinia”; but this is beyond our limits. 822. Ajuga reptans, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234? Highlands to 730, 620, 540, 530 yards. Census 18 385 88. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6 - 4 3. N.B. A. “alpina,” of Forfarshire, 1831, was simply a misnamed example of this species. 272 55, LAMIACER. 823. Ajuga pyramidalis, Linn. Provinces [1 - - - - - T])------- 15161718. Native. Lat. 56—60. Argyle, W.E. Inverness. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones -- 34. Orkney at 200 yards; Boswell Syme. Census 4 6 8. Iveland1. Scottish type of distribution. Europe all, except Channel and Finmark. Loffoden Isles. Russia 6 - 4 8 2. — Greenland; Giesecke. N.B. Distribution in Britain anomalous. 824. Ajuga Chamepitys, Schreb. Provinces - 23 4-[67]. Colonist. [Sussex, Gloucester, etc.] Lat. 51—53. Surrey! Kent! — Herts! Cambridge! Bedford! Zone 1. Low grounds. ‘“N. Wilts. N. Hants. 8. Essex.” Census 3 5 8. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 6 56 4.3. West-asia. Algeria. 825. Ballota nigra, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15. Native. 3B. ruderalis in provinces 3 and 12. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Renfrew, Fife. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards. Census 15 28 69. Ireland 8. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. West-asia. Algeria. Madeira. Azores. 827. Lamium Galeobdolon, Crantz. Provinces 12345678910-12-(14 15) [16]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland? York. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards. Census 11 24 54. Ireland 38. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia -- 4 3. Western Siberia. —. N.B. A specimen came to Bot. Soc. London, labelled “Argyle.” 55. LAMIACE.#. 273 828. Lamium album, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15 - - [18]. Native. Denizen in N. B. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Aberdeen, Moray. Zones 123. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 215 yards. Census 15 31 74. Ireland 7. British-english type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6-432. Siberia. Davuria. {Barbary ; Desf. flo. atla.] — Iceland; Lindsay list. 830. Lamium amplexicaule, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 1 28. Low grounds. Humber to 200 yards. Census 18 34 79. Ireland 7. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Iceland; Lindsay list. (Am.) 830%. Lamium intermedium, Fries. Provinces - [2-- 5 - 7]---11-138141516-18. Native. Lat. 54—61. Wigton, Dumfries, Cheviotland. — Orkney, Shetl. Zones - 23. Low grounds. Tyne to 250 yards. Census 6 12 18. Ireland 2. Scottish type of distribution. Europe - - - aus ger - - - den got nor swe. Russia --- 32. Lithuania; flo. ross. Finland; Fries. —. N.B. In Britain the distribution not well ascertained. 831. Lamium purpureum, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128. Tyne to 650 yards. Highlands to 350 yards. Census 18 388 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. West-asia. Siberia. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. a74 55. LAMIACEAE. 831*. Lamium incisum, Willd. Provinces 1 to 16-18. Native. Any record for N. Highlands? Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 23. Humber to 300 yards. Census 17 31 53. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - - ger fra cha net den got. Russia - - 4 38. —. N.B. Doubtless often confused with L. purpurewni, 832. Galeopsis Ladanum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16 - [18]. Colonist. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Elgin. Zones 1 2 3. Low grounds. Humber to 250 yards. Census 16 30 59. Ireland 3. Enuglish-british type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6-432. Armenia. Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. (America, introduced). 833. Galeopsis ochroleuca, Lam. Provinces - - 3 - [5] -7(89)1011. Colonist. Lat. 51—55. Essex! Carnarvon! York! Durham! Zone 1 2. Low grounds. [Warwick]. (Notts? Lancaster ?} Census 4 6 7. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den. Russia - - - 3: 834. Galeopsis Tetrahit, Linu. Provinces all. Native or Colonist. G. bifida included. Lat. 50—61. Cotnwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1238. Tyne to 450 yards. Highlands to 400 yards. Census 18 38 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, unless Turkey to be excepted. Russia 66-4821. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtse. = Faroe. Iceland. (America, introduced). 55. LAMIACEA. 275 835. Galeopsis versicolor, Curt. Provinces - 2345 78910111213814181617. Colonist. Lat. 50—58. Sussex, perhaps only casual ? — Ross, west and east. Zones 123. Highlands to 250 yards. Tyne to 250 yards. Census 15 26 60. Ireland 7. Scottish-british type. Europe - ita - aus ger - - net den got nor swe lap fin. Russia 66-4321. Asa variety of G. Tetrahit in Flo, Ross, — N.B. Perhaps truly a boreal variety of Tetrahit. 836. Stachys Betonica, Benth. Provinces 1 to 16, Native. Betonica officinalis, Linn. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Ross. Zones 123. Tyne to 400 yards. Lakes to 360 yards, Census 16 29 70. Ireland 7. English-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 65 432. Western Siberia. (Barbary; Desf. flo. atla.] Madeira; Lemann list. 837. Stachys palustris, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128. Tyne to 500 yards. Highlands to 350 yards. Census 18 87 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark, Russia 65432. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria, — America. Columbia. 837,b. Stachys ambigua, Sm. Provinces all, by the records. Native. Two or three sub-forms, Lat. 50—61. Cornwall! Dorset! Kent! — Orkney! Shetland. Zones 123. Tyne to 450 yards. Name often misapplied. Census 18 82 46. Ireland 6. British type of distribution. Europe - - - aus ger fra cha net (den got) nor. Russia -? Caucasus? N.B. In the Flora Rossica, a Stachys “ambigua” is made the type form of 8. palustris. 276 55. LAMIACEA. 838. Stachys sylvatica, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Tyne to 500 yards. Highlands to 350 yards. Census 18 388 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 66 432. Himalaya. Siberia. 839. Stachys germanica, Linn. Provinces (1 2) 8 4---(8-10). Alien or Denizen. Lat. 50—53. Formerly in Hants! Kent! — Oxford! Norfolk. Zone 1. Low grounds. (Cornwall — York, by report). Census 2 ? ? Ireland 0. Local-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. (Denmark, extinct). Russia 6 5 4 8. West-asia. Siberia. Northward to the Isle of Oesel, in European Russia. 840. Stachys arvensis, Linn. Provinces all. Native or Colonist. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Orkney. Zones 128. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards. Census 18 35 82. Jreland 7. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.den got nor (swe). Russia 6-- 3. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced). 841. Nepeta Glechoma, Benth. Provinces all? Native. 18 North Isles uncertain. Lat. 50—58 or 60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Orkney ? Zones 123. Tyne to 430 yards. Lakes to 300 yards. Census 18 35 79. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. | Glechoma hederacea, Linn. Russia 6 5 4.32. West-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Azores, perhaps introduced. — (America, introduced). 55, LAMIACE. Q77 842. Nepeta Cataria, Linn. Prov. 1234567 8(9)1011-(18 1415-1718). Native? Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Northumberland ! Zones 1 2. Low grounds. (* Lanark.” “ Berwick.” “ Perth.”) Census 10 21 45. Ireland 8. English-germanic type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. West-asia. India. Siberia, — (America, introduced). 848. Marrubium vulgare, Linn. Provinces 1 to 12 - (14 15). Native in England? Lat. 50—56 (or 58). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Man, Cheviotl. Zones 1 2. Low grounds; often as a casual escape. Census 12 ? ? Ireland 5. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 43. West-asia. India. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced). 844. Prunella vulgaris, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1284. Humber to 800 yards. Highlands to 730 yards. Census 18 38 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark? Loffoden Isles. Russia 65432. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. “Japan.” [Barbary]. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Icel. Am. Col. 845. Scutellaria galericulata, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Harris, Ross. Zones 128. Humber to 200 yards. Tyne to 200 yards. Census 18 35 82. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6-4321. West-asia. Himalaya. Sib. Dav. Kamtsc. Algeria. — America. Columbia. 278 55, LAMIACE&. — 56. BORAGINACE. 846. Scutellaria minor, Linn. Provinces 1 to 138 --16. Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Durham. Zones 1 2. Devon to 350 yards. Tyne to 200 yards. Census 14 26 58. Ireland 7. English-atlantic type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net. Russia --- 3. Siberia? N.B. Chiefly a western plant, extended in Europe from Portugal to Holstein; eastward to Transylv. 847. Myosotis palustris, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15 - [17 18]. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Perth! Forfar. Zones 1 2 ? Humber to 200 yds. [* Aberdeen ”—“ Shetland”]. Census 15 30 74. Ireland 12. British-english type. Kurope all, except Finmark. Partly M. repens here ? Russia 6-43.21. Siberia. Davuria. Same query ? Algeria? — [Faroe. Iceland. America], 848. Myosotis repens, Dou. Prov. 12 8 [4] 5 6 [7] 8910111218 1415161718. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones 1234. Humber to 750 yards. Highlands to 680 yards. Census 16 27 44. Ireland 7. British-scottish type. Europe —? Normandy? South Sweden. Russia? N.B. Not included in the Flora Rossica; but perhaps passed by on the Continent, as a form of M. palustris. 849. Myosotis caspitosa, Schultz. Provinces all. Native. Much confused with M. palustris. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Tyne to 550 yards. Humber to 550 yards. Census 18 36 76. Ireland 10. British type of distribution, Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha - den got nor swe lap. Russia 6-4 321. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. — America; Hook. flo. bor. am. and DC, prodr, 56. BORAGINACE.%. 279 850. Myosotis alpestris, Schmidt. Provinces - - - - - - - - - 10-12--15. Native. Lat. 54—57. York! Westmoreland? Perth! Zones ----5 6. Highlands to 1300 y. Humber at 750—800 y. Census 38 3 38. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra - - - - - swe lap. Russia 6543821. Sib. Dav. Confused with M. sylvatica ? = America. Columbia. “Common on the Rocky Mountains.” 851. Myosotigs sylvatica, Ehrh. Provinces 12845-789101112131415. Native. Lat. 50—57. Devon? Sussex, Kent. — Forfar, Aberdeen. Zones 128. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne to 350 yards. Census 15 22 38. Ireland 0. English-intermediate type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra ? net den got nor. Finmark? Russia 6--821. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. Canaries. — America? Columbia? By misnomers? 852. Myosotis arvensis, Hoff. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 5.0—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 23. Tyne to 500 yards. Highlands to 410 yards. Census 18 38 97. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 654821. West-asia. India. Siberia. Madeira. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. (Am. Col.) 853. Myosotis collina, Hoffm. Provinces 1 to 15 -~- [18]. Native. Shetland? Lat. 50—58 or 61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Banff, Elgin. Zones 128. Highlands to 350 yards? Humber to 200 yards. Census 15 29 62. Ireland 3. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6-432. West-asia. Algeria. — Faroe. N.B. ‘Abundant in Shetland”; Edm. 280 56. BORAGINACEE. 854. Myosotis palustris, Lehm. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones ] 23. Tyne to 500 yards. Highlands to 400 yards. Census 18 85 80. Ireland 12. British type of distribution Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia 6 -- 3. West-asia. Aigeria. Canaries. Azores. — Iceland. ‘“ Columbia.” 855. Lithospermum officinale, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native; but doubtfully so in Scotland. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Elgin, Ross! Zones 1 23. Low grounds. Humber to 200 yards. Census 17 82 69. Ireland 9. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. — (America, introduced). 856. Lithospermum arvense, Linn. Provinces all. Colonist. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Ross. Zones 123. Humber to 300 yards. Tyne to 200 yards. * Census 18 82 77. Ireland 8. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 65 4832. West-asia. India. Western Siberia. Algeria. — (America, introduced). 857. Lithospermum purpuro-ceruleum, Linn. Provinces 1 - 3 - [5] 67-- [10-12]. Native. Lat. 50—54. Devon, Somerset! Kent! Glamorgan! Denbigh! Zone 1. Low grounds. [Hereford, York, Cumberland]. Census 4 5 6. Ireland 0. English-atlantic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha. Russia 6 5 4 3. 56. BORAGINACE, 281 858. Mertensia maritima, G. Don. Prov. [1 2]--- ? 7---1112181415 161718. Native. Lat. 53—61. Carnarvon, Cheviotland. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Littoral. [Cornwall, Devon, Hants, Cardigan ?] ‘Census 9 15 28. Ireland 4. Scottish type of distribution. Europe -------- den got nor lap fin. Russia - - - - - 1. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Spitsbergen. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 859. Symphytum officinale, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Denizen in North Britain. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar, Kincardine. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Tyne to 150 yards. Census 15 31 72. Ireland 12. English-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe). Russia 65 432. Western Siberia. — (America, introduced). 860. Symphytum tuberosum, Linn. Provinces - (2 3 4 5)- 78-10 [11] 1213141516. Native. Lat. 52—58. (Beds!), Merioneth, York. — Isla, Elgin. Zones ? 23. Low grounds only? (Sussex, Herts, Essex, etc.) Census 8 11 20. Ireland 0. Intermediate-scottish type. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra. Russia -- 4 8. “ Davuria; Pallas.” N.B. Possibly a native in S. England, though usually recorded there with some distrust. 862. Lycopsis arvensis, Linn. Provinces all. Native? Introduced; Alph. De Candolle. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128. Highlands to 350 yards; sown with corn? Census 18 88 88. Ireland 6. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland (scarcely) and Finmark. Russia 6 5 432. India. Western Siberia. — (America, introduced). 282 56. BORAGINACEE. 864. Anchusa sempervirens, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17%. Alien or Denizen. (Cornwall to Ross). Lat. 50—58. Devon! Sussex! Kent! — Dumbarton! Kincard. ! Zones 123. Low grounds. Mostly a casual, from gardens. Census 17 ? ? (Ireland 6). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita - - - fra cha. —. N.B. It would likely be wiser to discard this from the lists of quasi-british plants, and treat it as truly an alien. 865. Asperugo procumbens, Linn. Prov. [1234] 5-7---11--1415 17. Alien or Denizen. Lat. 52—58. Salop! Cheviotl.! Haddingt.! Fife! Forfar! Ross ! Zones 1 2 8. Low grounds. Misreported or extinct in many places. Census 6 9 9. Ireland 0. Local-scottish type ? Europe all, except Channel. Russia 65 432. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. 866. Cynoglossum officinale, Linn. Provinces 1 to 12 - 14 15 - (17) [18]. Native. Lat. 50—57 (or 58). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Fife. (Ross). Zones 1 2 ? Humber to 250 yards. Census 14 28 66. Ireland 6. English-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. West-asia. Siberia. Barbary ; Desf. flo. atla. — (America, introduced). 867. Cynoglossum montanum, Linn. Provinces = [2] 34 5--------- (15). Native in England. Lat. 51—58 (57). Surrey! Essex! Gloucester! Warwick ! Zone 1. Low grounds. [Sussex] — (Perth, Forfar). Census 3 6 12. Ireland 1. English type of distribution. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha. Russia 6. N.B. Apparently mis-records occur in English books, through mistaking C. officinale for the present species, 56. BORAGINACEH. — 57. PINGUICULACER, 283 868. Pulmonaria angustifolia, Linn. Provinces [1] 2 [8 4--7]. Native. [1 Ravenshaw Flo. Dev.] Lat, 50—51. Dorset. Wight! South Hants! Zone 1. Low grounds. [Devon, Surrey, Suffolk, Flint]. Census 1 2 8. Treland 0, Local-english type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net (den) got nor. Russia-- 432. N.B. P. officinalis occurs in many counties of Britain, as an escape from gardens, and is confused with this. 869. Echium vulgare, Linn. Provinces all? Native. Alien or Colonist in North Britain. Lat. 50—56 or 59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Harris, Caithness. Zones 123. Humber to 250 yards, Tyne to 150 yards, Census 18 33 78. Ireland 5. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 4 3 2. Western Siberia. Algeria. Azores. — [Iceland; Hooker list]. (America). 872. Pinguicula vulgaris, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Rare in the South of England. Lat. 50—61. Devon, Dorset, Hants. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123845. Highlands to 970, 930, 930, 900, 880 yards. Census 18 34 75. Ireland 12. Scottish-british type. Europe ail. Russia ---821. Siberia. Aleutia. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 878. Pinguicula alpina, Linn. Provinces - - - - - - - - presses 16 17 [18]. Native. Lat. 57—58. Skye; James Mackay! E. Ross; W. A. Stables! Zone -- 8. Low grounds only? Census 2 2 2 Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin. Russia--- 3821. Himalaya. Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland; Giesecke, 284 57. PINGUICULACE. 874. Pinguicula lusitanica, Linn. Provinces 1 2 - [4] ------- 1213-15 161718. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Dorset, Wight. — Hebrides, Sutherland. Zones 1 2 8. Low grounds only? [West Norfolk, by an error]. Census 8 13 24. Ireland 12. Atlantic-scottish type. Europe spa ---- fra cha. Portugal to Normandy, and continued northwards only in Britain and Ireland. A single locality in the East Highland province, in its extreme North-west. 875. Utricularia vulgaris, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15-1718. Native. U.neglectain 28-5. Lat. 50 -61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Highlands to 500 yards; Prof. Dickie. Census 17 32 66. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark.. U. neglecta, N. Italy to Sweden. Russia -- 48 2. Siberia. “Davuria. Algeria. — America. Columbia. 876. Utricularia intermedia, Hayne. Provinces [1] 2 - [4 5] ----- 1112--151617. Native. Lat. 50—59. Dorset, South Hants. — Ross, Sutherland. Zones 128. Tyne to 250 yards. Several false localities ? Census 6 10 14. Iveland 5. Local-scottish type ? Europe - - - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap. Russia -- 4321. Siberia. — America. N.B. The British localities mostly need verification. 877. Utricularia minor, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Occasionally mislabelled ‘intermedia.’ Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Sutherland. Zones 123. Tyne to 250 yards. Sparse or overlooked. Census 18 33 57. Ireland 7. British type of distribution. Hurope - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap. Russia -- 4 3. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. 58. PRIMULACEA. 285 878. Primula vulgaris, Huds. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Humber to 550 yards. Highlands to 500 yards. Census 18 38 92. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den (got) nor. Russia 65 4. “Syria; Labill”; De Cand. Prodr. Algeria; Munby cat. — Faroe. 879. Primula elatior, Jacq. Provinces -- 34. Native. Not P. elatior of With. ete. Lat. 51—53. Essex! Suffolk! Cambridge. [Middlesex]. Zone 1. Low grounds. Varieties of P. vulgaris excluded above. Census 2 3 38. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got. Russia 6 -- 3. Siberia. Iceland ; Lecog. geogr. Surely this is an error? 880. Primula veris, Linn. Provinces ] to 15 - 17 (18). Native. Orkney; Gillies herb. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Caithness! Sutherl.! Zones 1 2 3. Tyne to 550 yards. Highlands to 450 yards. Census 16 30 77. Ireland 11. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. West-asia. Siberia. Barbary; Desf. flor. atla. ‘‘ Flores umbellati,” etc. 881. Primula farinosa, Linn. Provinces [1 8---7]-9101112-14--[1718]. Native. Lat. 53—56. Lancaster, York. — Cumberland, Peebles. Zones - 234. Humber 0—600 yards. Tyne to 550 yards. Census 5 6 11. Ireland 0. Intermediate type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra -- den got- swe. Lapland? Russia 6-432. Siberia. Davuria. Mongolia. —TIceland. “Greenland.” Am. Col. The same species ? 286 58. PRIMULACE. 882. Primula scotica, Hook. Provinces ---------------- 17 18. Native. Lat. 58—60. Sutherland! Caithness! Orkney! Zones -- 8. Low grounds only ? Census 2 2 8. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution. Europe. Scandinavian mountains, nor swe lap. N.B. This seems quite satisfactorily distinct from P. farinosa, with which it is re- united in the Handbook of the British Flora, and in DC. prodr. 884. Trientalis europea, Linn. Provinces - - - - - - -- - 10111218 1415161718. Native. Lat. 583—61. Westmoreland, York. — Orkney? Shetland ! Zones-2345. Highlands to 930 yards. Tyne 70—500 yds. Census 9 13 30. Ireland 0. Scottish-highland type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap fin. Russia-- 43821. Siberia. Davuria. T. arctica, in Kamtsc. — Iceland; Lindsay list. T. arctica, in Aleutian Isles. 885. Hottonia palustris, Linn. Provinces 12345-789101112-- [15]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Hants, Sussex, Kent. — Westmoreland, Durham. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. [Dorset, on old authority.] Census 11 19 41. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia - - 4 3 2. Western Siberia. 886. Lysimachia vulgaris, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Mull, Aberdeen. Zones 123. Humber to 250 yards. Census 16 82 70. Ireland 10. English-british type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia65 43821. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. 58. PRIMULACES. 287 887. Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Linn. Provinces [1 2 3 - - - 7] 8 [9] 10 - (12] 138 [14] 1516. Native. Lat. 583—57. Notts, York! — Lanark! Forfar! Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Dumbarton or Stirling ? Census 5 7 8. Ireland 0. Intermediate-scottish type. Europe - - - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap. Russia-- 4321. Siberia. Davuria. — America. Columbia. 888. Lysimachia nummularia, Linn. Provinces 1 to 13 (14 15). Native. (Renfrew to Forfar). Lat. 50—56. Devon, 8. Hants, Kent. — Dumfries, Northumb. ? Zones 1 2. Humber to 200 yards. Census 13 25 56. Treland 1 & (4). English type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 4 3. 889. Lysimachia nemorum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Sutherland. Zones 12845. Highlands to 810, 710, 700, 680, 670 yards. Census 17 35 87. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor. [* Kamtschatka; Rudolph”). Not elsewhere in the Russian empire. [‘«Azores”]. The Azoric plant is not identical with the European. 890. Anagallis arvensis, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Colonist in North Britain. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Banff. Zones 1238. Tyne to 200 yards. A. cerulea included. Census 16 82 81. Ireland 12. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 43. West-asia. India. Western Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced). 288 58. PRIMULACER. 891. Anagallis tenella, Linn. Provinces all? Native. No authority for province 17. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Lakes to 250 yards. Humber to 250 yards. Census 17 86 87. Ireland12. British type of distribution Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. [‘‘ Eastern Siberia”]. Otherwise, unknown in the Russian Empire. Algeria. — Faroe. 892. Centunculus minimus, Linn. Provinces 1234567-910-12181415 16. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Kincardine. Zones 128. Low grounds. Census 14 25 46. Ireland 7. English-british type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia -- 4 3. Siberia. Azores. — Said to occur in South America. 893. Samolus Valerandi, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Moray. Zones 1 28. Low grounds; chiefly littoral. Census 16 81 72. Ireland 10. TEnglish-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got - swe. Russia 6 5 43. West-asia. India. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — America. Columbia. 894. Glaux maritima, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Littoral. Census 18 85 69. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Turkey. Russia 6- 4821. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. China. — Iceland. America. Columbia. 59. PLUMBAGINACE®, 289 895. Armeria maritima, Auct. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128456. Highlands to 1270, 1200, 1100, 1000 yards. Census 18 34 71. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all; if A. elongata or vulgaris be included herewith. Russia -- 4 82. Arctic and Eastern Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 897. Statice Limonium, Linn. Provinces 1 to 18 - (15 -- 18). Native. Province 5 uncertain Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Wigton, Cheviotland. Zones 1 2. Littoral. (Fife. Shetland). Census 13 21 33. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia, absent. But S. Gmelini of Rus. and Sib. is closely allied. Algeria. Azores; the species not certain. — America. 898. Statice bahusiensis, Fries. Provinces [1] 284-6--910111218. Native. Lat. 50—55. Wight, Sussex, Kent. — Wigton, Cheviotland. Zones 1 2. Littoral. [Reported in Devon]. Census 10 11 18. Ireland 8. English type of distribution. Europe -? France. Scandinavia, den got nor. —. N.B. Whether this is sufficiently and permanently distinct from Limonium, may be held an open question. 899. Statice binervosa, G. E. Smith. Provinces 12384-6789--1218. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Wigton, Lincoln. Zones 1 2. Littoral. 5S. Dodartii, Dorset? Norfolk ? Census 10 14 20. Ireland 4. Atlantic-english type. Europe spa ----fracha. S. occidentalis and Dodartii. N.B. The prevailing form in England is 8. occidentalis, of Lloyd ; true Dodartii being very local or unknown. 2P 290 60. PLANTAGINACES. 900. Statice caspia, Willd. Provinces [1 - 8] 4-- [7] 8--- [12]. Native. Lat. 52—54. Norfolk! Cambridge. “Lincoln; Banks. Herb.” Zone 1. Littoral. [By misnomers, in other counties also]. Census 2 3 4. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra. Russia-5 4. Siberia. Hast Asia. —. N.B. Friestone, Lincoln; Bab. Man. 6. 901. Plantago major, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Tyne to 650 yards. Highlands to 580 yards. Census 18 38 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. N.B. Carried widely over the earth. Russia 654321. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtsc. Algeria, Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Am. Col. (States). 902. Plantago media, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15 --{18]. Native. (Shetland, casual.] Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar, Aberdeen. Zones 1238. Tyne w 550 yards. Lakes to 360 yards. Census 15 29 70. (Izeland). English-british type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6543821. Westasia. Siberia. Davuria. fAzores; Drouet flo.j} — Faroe? Iceland? Columbia ? 903. Plantago lanceolata, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Wales to 750 yards. Highlands to 710 yards. Census 18 38 101. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6 5432: West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Am. Col. (States). 60. PLANTAGINACEEH. — 62. CHENOPODIACEE. 291 904. Plantago maritima, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Highlands to 600 yards. Humber to 600 yards. Census 18 35 76. Ireland 8. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia-5 4321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Barbary; Desf. flo. atla. — Far. Icel. Greenl. Am. Col. 905. Plantago Coronopus, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 238. Low grounds; often littoral. Humber to 200 yds. Census 18 387 82. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia 6. West-asia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. 906. Littorella lacustris, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1284. Highlands to 550 yards; James Backhouse. Census 18 34 64. Ireland 8. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Turkey (overlooked there?) and Finmark. Russia --- 8. Lithuania only. Azores; only the leaves found. — Faroe. 908. Chenopodium olidum, Cart. Provinces 12384---891011 -14 (15). Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Edinburgh. (Fife). Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 9 18 382. (Ireland 2). Germanic-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6 5 4 3. Algeria. 292 62. CHENOPODIACER. 909. Chenopodium polyspermum, Linn. Provinces 123456789 10(11)--- [15]. Native Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, York. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Scarcely indigenous in prov. 9 10? Census 10 20 88. (Ireland). English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 - 4 3 2. Siberia. 910. Chenopodium urbicum, Linn. Provinces 12845 -[7]891011-- [1415]. Native? Lat. 50—56. Cornwall! Wight, Kent. — Chester, Cheviotland. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. “Colonist” in provinces 10 11. Census 9 18 34. Ireland? Germanic-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. Canaries. — (America, introduced). 911. Chenopodium rubrum, Linn. Provinces 1234567891011-181415. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Renfrew, Fife. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards. Census 14 27 54. Ireland 38. English-germanic type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6-4 32. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. Azores. — “ America.” ‘ Columbia.” 9l1*. Chenopodium botryoides, Sm. Provinces [1 2} 3 4--[7---11---15]}. Native. Lat. 51—53. Kent! Essex. Suffolk. Norfolk! Zone 1. Littoral. [C. pseudo-botryoides in 1 27 11 15.) Census 2 3 4. Ireland 0. Local-germanic type. Europe —? [Channel Isles, by a misnomer}. Scandinavia? N.B. The European area (if any) of this plant cannot be determined until its proper synonyms are ascertained. 62. CHENOPODIACE®. 293 912. Chenopodium murale, Linn. Provinces 1 23 45 6 [7] 891011 [12 13 14 15]. Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, Northumb. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to J00 yards. Census 10 20 38. Ireland 3. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6543. West-asia. India. Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced). 913. Chenopodium hybridum, Linn. Provinces 12345 ----- (1L--14). Native? Lat. 50—53. Dorset! Kent! — Salop, Cambridge, Norfolk ! Zone 1. Low grounds. 1 South Somerset; Coleman. Census 5 11 19. Ireland 0. English type of distrikution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6543. India. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. — (America, introduced). 914. Chenopodium album, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Including Ch. viride, etc. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 238. Humber to 800 yards. Tyne to 250 yards. Census 18 38 90. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all. Ch. candicans, viride, paganum. Russia 654321. West-asia. India. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. — Faroe. (America. Columbia). 915. Chenopodium ficifolium, Sm. Provinces - 23 4 [5 -- 8]-(10 11). Native. Lat. 50—53. Dorset? Sussex, Kent! — Cambridge, Norfolk. Zone 1. Low grounds. Surrey! Middlesex! Essex! Census 3 8 15. Ireland 8. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa - tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia -- 4 3. Siberia. N.B. In England, the ‘paganum’ variety of Ch. album is occasionally mistaken for this. 294 62. CHENOPODIACE. 916. Chenopodium glaucum, Linn. Provinces - 28 4-6---1011---(15). Native? Lat. 50—55. [Dorset ?], Wight, Hants. — Durham! (Fife !) Zones 1 2. Low grounds; and very scarce. Census 6 7 8. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. Cashmere. Siberia. Davuria. Canaries. — (America, introduced). 917. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15-17. Native? (Often near houses). Lat. 50—58. Carnarvon, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross. Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne to 400 yards. Census 14 32 74. (Ireland 10). British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Often semi-domestic. Russia-- 432. Siberia. Davuria. — (America, introduced). 918. Obione portulacoides, Mog. Provinces 1234-6789101112 138 [14-16]. Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Wigton, Northumberl. Zones 1 2. Littoral. [Dumbarton, Edinburgh.] Census 12 20 28. Ireland 3. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Sweden, extinct. Russia -- 4 3. West-asia. Western Siberia. Algeria. Egypt. Azores; Drouet flo. — “ America.” 919. Obione pedunculata, Mog. Provinces -- 3 4 -(6)-8--(11). Native. Lat. 51—53. Kent! Suffolk! Norfolk! Cambridge? Lincoln? Zone 1. Littoral. (Caermarthen and Durham, on ballast). Census 3 4 5. [Ireland]. Germanic type of distribution. Europe - - - - ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6 5 4 3. Siberia. —. N.B. Atriplex pedunculata in Cvb. Brit. vol. 2, 62. CHENOPODIACE. 295 920. Atriplex arenaria, Woods. Provinces 1234--7 29? 1011 9? 13 ? ? 1617 [18]. Native. Lat. 5059. Cornwall, Wight, Kent! — Arran, Sutherland? Zones 123. Littoral. Much confused with A. Babingtonii. Census 10 18 18. Ireland 8. British-local type. Europe - - - - - fra cha net den got nor. “A. crassifolia, Mey.” Russia ? N.B. This plant long stood in our books under the name of A. laciniata, but is now alleged not to be that species. 921. Atriplex Babingtonii, Woods. Provinces all. Native. Perhaps a variety of A. hastata? Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 2 8. Littoral. Formerly confused with A. arenaria. Census 18 81 55. Ireland 6. British type of distribution. Europe —? Channel Isles. A. hastata, var. salina, Fl. de Fr. ? — N.B. This plant is not satisfactorily identified with any Eu- ropean Atriplex. 922. Atriplex hastata, Linn. Proy. all. Native. Including ‘ patula’ (Sm.) and ‘ deltoidea’ (Bab.) Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128. Tyne to 450 yards. Humber to 400 yards. Census 18 38 88. Ireland 8. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 65432. West-asia. India? Siberia. Azores? — Faroe? (America, introduced). 923. Atriplex angustifolia, Sm. Provinces all, ifin 17. Native. A. patula, “ Linn.” Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128. Tyne to 350 yards. Lakes to 300 yards. Census 17 34 69% Ireland 8. British type of distribution. Europe all, if in Finmark. Russia 65 432. West-asia. India? Siberia. Algeria. Azores; Drouet flo. — Faroe. Iceland. 296 26. CHENOPODIACEA. 923%. Atriplex erecta, Huds. Provinces 12845 6-8-1011-181415 16-18. Native. Lat 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent? — Skye, North Uist. Zones 12 8. Low grounds. Scarcely separable from ‘ angustifolia.’ Census 14 23 386. Ireland 3. British type of distribution. Europe - ita - - ger fracha. Scandinavia? N.B. Wide ex- tremes occur; from a weakly state often merged in ‘ angusti- folia,’ to an extra-luxuriant state figured in Eng. Bot. ed. 3. 924. Atriplex littoralis, Linn. Provinces -234-6789101112-1415. Native. Lat. 50—57. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — West Perth, Fife. Zones 1 2. Littoral. A. marina is included. Census 12 19 82. Jreland 4. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6-4 82. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. — Columbia? “ Kotzebue Sound,” “ Bay of Eschscholtz.” 925. Beta maritima, Linn. Provinces 1234567? 1011 12-1415 16-(18). Native. Lat. 50—57 or 61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Fife. Zones 1 2 ? Littoral. (18 Orkney & Shetland; Neill). Census 13 19 33. Ireland 9. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ? fra cha - den. Russia 6-48. West-asia. India. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 926. Salsola Kali, Linn. Provinces 1234-6789101112 13141516. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Moray. Zones 12 3. Littoral. Census 15 25 50. Ireland 8. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 482. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries? Azores. — America. 62. CHENOPODIACE. 297 927. Sueda maritima, Dum. Provinces all? Native. No authority for province 13. Lat. 50 -61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Littoral. Schoberia maritima in Cyb. Brit. Census 17 29 51. Ireland 7. British type of distribution. Europe all, except North Sweden, Lapland, Finmark. Russia 65 4832. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. — America. 928. Sueda fruticosa, Foersk. Provinces 1 234 -6---(10 11) [12]. Native. Lat. 50—53. Devon? Dorset! Essex. — Glamorgan? Norfolk! Zone 1. Littoral. Cornwall? Somerset? Census 5 6 8. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra. Dalmatia for ‘aus.’ _ Russia 6-4. West-asia. India. Algeria. Canaries. N.B. Schoberia fruticosa in C. B. 929. Salicornia herbacea, Linu. Provinces all. Native. 8. procumbens (Sm.) included. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Littoral. Census 18 381 55. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65482. India. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. — America. 930. Salicornia radicans, Sm. Provinces [1] 23 4- [6] ---10---- [15]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Dorset! Wight! Kent! — Norfolk! York! Zones 1 2. Littoral. (Somerset, Glamorgan, Forfar]. Census 4 8 10. [Ireland]. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita - - - fra - - den got. N.B. The area is not well traceable by books, apart from that of ‘fruticosa,’ in which Smith’s S. radicans is merged as a variety by several authors. 29 298 63. POLYGONACE. 931. Polygonum Bistorta, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17 (18). Native; but introduced to many counties. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Skye, Ross. Zones 123. Tyne to 350 yards. Humber to 300 yards. Census 17 ? ? Jveland 8. British-intermediate type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den) got - (swe). Russia 6-4 821. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc. — Iceland ; Hooker list, from Zoega. Am.? Col.? A var. there? 932. Polygonum viviparum, Linn. Provinces ---- [5] - 7 [8] -101112--15 161718. Native. Lat. 53—61. Carnarvon, York. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones- ? 3456. Highl. 20—1310 y. Humber 200—450 y. Census 8 13 27. Ireland 1. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin. Russia 6-- 321. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc. Spitsbergen. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 933. Polygonum amphibium, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 150 yards. Census 18 38 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 654321. West-asia. India. Siberia. Dav. China. Algeria. — Iceland. America. Columbia. 934 (935). Polygonum lapathifolium, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. P. laxum (of Eng. auth.) included. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Elgin. Zones 128. Humber to 300 yards. Lakes to 250 yards. Census 17 84 77. Ireland 8. British-english type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 65 432. India. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. — (America, introduced). 63. POLYGONACE. 2099 935 (934). Polygonum Persicaria, Linn. Provinces all. Native. No authority for Sutherland. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Tyne to 400 yards. Lakes to 400 yards. Census 18 87 93. Ireland 12. British type of distribution Europe all. Northward to Finmark; N. J. Andersson. Russia 654321. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. Canaries. Azores; Drouet flo. — Far. Icel. (Am.) 936. Polygonum mite, Schrank. Provinces ? 234-[67 9]10-?-. Native. Lat. 50—55. Dorset! Surrey! — Hunts! Northton! York. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. “ Cornwall” to “ Cumberland”? Census 4 8 12. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra eha net den got. Russia 6--3. N.B. This is nearly allied to Persicaria, but has been strangely confused with the less similar P. minus. 937. Polygonum Hydropiper, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16 - [18]. Native. Lat. 50—58 or 61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Shetland ? Zones 128. Lakes to 450 yards. Humber to 250 yards. Census 16 82 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6-43.21. India. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. Madeira. — Faroe. Iceland. America. 988. Polygonum minus, Huds. Provinces 1234567891011-18- [15]. Native. Lat. 58—55. Wight, Sussex, Kent. — Kirkcudbright, Durham. Zones 1 2. Humber to 150 yards. Somerset; Dr. Southby. Census 12 19 33. Ireland 10. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6-43. India. Siberia. “China.” N.B. Clearly distinct from P. mite, see mem: under 936. 300 63. POLYGONACE. 939. Polygonum aviculare, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Tyne to 600 yards. Highlands to 460 yards. Census 18 38 97. Iveland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Spread hence over the earth. Russia 654821. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Greenl. (Am. Col.) 940. Polygonum Raii, Bab. Provinces 12-4-67-9-1112181415 16- [18]. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall! Wight! Sussex. — Cantire! Forfar! Zones 1 2 ? Littoral. [Shetland, “common”; Edm. flo.] Census 12 18 29. Ireland 8. British type of distribution. Europe. South France. Bretagne.,, Channel Isles. Euxine. N.B. The range may be expected to extend from Spain to Scandinavia, but is ill ascertained as yet. 940*. Polygonum maritimum, Linn. Provinces [1] 2 --- [67]. Casual or Native. Lat. 50—51. South Hants; Borrer, in 1847. Extinct since? Zone 1. Littoral. [P. Raii thus misnamed in 1 6 7.] Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Russia 5 4. West-asia. Cyprus. Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. Azores. — America. 941. Polygonum Convolvulus, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Colonist northward. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 123. Highlands to 350 yards. Tyne to 300 yards. Census 18 87 89. Iveland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 654321. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamts. Japan. Algeria, probably introduced. — (America, certainly introduced). 63. POLYGONACER. 301 942. Polygonum dumetorum, Linn. Provinces 123-5----- [11]. Native. Lat. 50—52. Somer.! Dorset! Hants! Surrey ! Herts! Monm.! Zone 1. Low grounds. Sussex; Borrer. Essex; Varenne. Census 4 6 7. Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5432. India. Siberia, — “America.” But the American plant is P. scandens exclusively ? 943. Rumex Hydrolapathum, Huds. Provinces 1 to 18 - [15] 16. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla! Perth? Zones 1 2 ? Lowgrounds. Formerly confused with R. aquaticus. Census 14 26 58. Ireland 8. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita ? aus ger fra cha net den got - swe. Russia -- 48. Cyprus? — America? 944. Rumex crispus, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1238. Tyne to 650 yards. Humber to 400 yards. Census 18 88 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark? <‘ Altenfiord.” Russia 6 5 432. West-asia. Siberia. China. Japan. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced). 944%. Rumex aquaticus, Linn. Provinces [1 - - 4 5] ----101112181415 161718. Native. Lat. 54—61. Westmoreland, York. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones- 23 ? Highlands to 530 yards. Tyne to 450 yards. Census 9 14 28. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution. Europe -? Germany. France. Scandinavia all. Russia 6-4321. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — Faroe. (Iceland). Greenland. America. Columbia. 302 63. POLYGONACEL.K. 945. Rumex pratensis, Mert. et Koch. Provinces 12345678-1011---15. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Aberdeen; Syme. Zones 12 ? Tyne to 400 yards. A species ill understood. Census 10 21 34. Ireland —? English type of distribution ? Europe spa - - aus ger fra cha net. Russia 6 5 - 8. “ Specimina rossica non vidi”; Ledebour. — N.B. A dubious species, —“ R. cristatus,Wallr.” “R. acutus, L.” 947. Rumex obtusifolius, Auct. (Meisner, etc ) Provinces all. Native. No authority for 8.W. Lowlands. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Tyne to 550 yards. Lakes to 510 yards. Census 18 87 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. — (America, introduced). 948. Rumex nemorosus, Schrad. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. R. sanguineus et viridis. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Elgin. Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne to 250 yards. Census 16 83 72. Ireland 12. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6 - 4 8. West-asia. — (America, introduced). 948%. Rumex conglomeratus, Mur. Provinces 1 to 16-18. Native. Common in Shetland; Edm. flo. Lat. 50—58 or 61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye. Shetland? Zones 1 23. Humber to 300 yards. Tyne to 200 yards. Census 17 30 78. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6-4 3. West-asia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe? Iceland? (America). 63. POLYGONACE. 303 919. Rumex pulcher, Linn. Provinces 12345 6-8--(11-13). Native? Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Notts, Lincoln. Zones 1 ? Low grounds. (Northumberland, on ballast.) Census 7 17 388. (Ireland 5). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 65 4. West-asia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 950. Rumex maritimus, Linn. Provinces 12345 ?? 8 ? 1011-[13-15--18]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Devon, Dorset, Kent. — Durham; Prof. Lawson! Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 8 17 30. Ireland 1. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 65 48. Siberia. — America? 950*. Rumex palustris, Sm. Provinces 123 45--[8]910[11---15]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall? Dorset, Kent. — Chester, York. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 7 15 22. {Ireland]. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia -- 4 3. India. Siberia. Davuria. 951. Rumex Acetosa, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128456. Highlands to 1350, 1320, 1270, 1230 yards. Census 18 38 101. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 304 63. POLYGONACEZ. — 65. THYMELAACE. 952. Rumex Acetosella, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Humber to 850 yds. Highlands to 710 yds. Census 18 38 97. Treland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Carried thence almost over the globe. Russia 6-43.21. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Greenl. Am. Col. 953. Oxyria reniformis; Hook. Provinces - - - - [5] - 7--[10]-12--15161718. Native. Lat. 52—60. Merioneth, Carnarvon. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones --345 6. Highlands to 1830, 1800, 1250 yards. Census 6 10 20. Ireland 4. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia 6----1. West-asia. Himalaya. Sib. Kamtsc. Spitsb. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 954. Hippophae rhamnoides, Linn. Provinces -- 38 4---8-10(11--14-16). Native in England. Lat. 51—55. Kent! Suffolk. Norfolk! Lincoln. York! Zoves 1 2. Chiefly littoral. (Islay, Fife, etc.) Census 4 5 5. (Ireland). Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den - nor swe. Russia 6-- 32. Westasia. India. Siberia. 955. Daphne Laureola, Linn. Provinces 12345 -(7)891011 (1218 14 15). Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — York, Durham. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. (Lanark, Fife, Kincardine.) Census 9 19 42. Treland 0. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia, absent. Mount Olympus, in Bitbynia. Algeria. Azores, high on the Peak of Pico island. 65. THYMELZACE®. — 68. EMPETRACES. 305 956. Daphne Mezereum, Linn. Provinces 1 2845--8-101112. Alien or Denizen. Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Hants, Sussex. — Westmorel., Durham. Zones 1 2. Humber to 200 yards. Sussex, truly wild; Borrer. Census 9 ? ? Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe all, except Denmark (introduced ?) and Finmark. Russia 6-43.21. Siberia. N.B. A garden escape in various localities in Engl., and now difficult to decide where it is native. 957. Thesium humifusum, De Cand. Provinces 12345. Native. Lat. 50—53. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Gloucester, Norfolk. Zone 1. Low grounds; littoral sands and chalk hills. Census 5 12 2). Ireland 0. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net. T. divaricatum, DC prodr. Russia 6. West-asia. ‘ Crimea.” Algeria. 958. Asarum europeum, Linn. Provinces 23----(8)910(11 12-1415). Denizen. Lat. 51—55. Wilts! — 8. Lancaster! York! Westmoreland ? Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Herts; Ray Syn. Berks; B.G. Census 4 5 6. Ireland 0. Local-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. (Scandinavia). Russia 6 - 4 3. Western Siberia. —. N.B. Decreasing in Britain, if ever well established. 960. Empetrum nigrum, Linn. Provinces 1 [2]--5 to 18. Native. [2 Sussex, extinct.] Lat. 50—61. Devon, 1866. Somerset! — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123456. Highlands to 1850, 1170, 1130, 1110 yards. Census 15 27 59. Ireland 8. Scottish-highland type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap fin. Russia 6-4 321. West-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 2R 304 63. POLYGONACEA. — 65, THYMELZACEE. 952. Rumex Acetosella. Jinn. Peovinces all. Native: wNative. “Very rare and uncertain. Lat. 50- py 4 Comwall, 1821. Wight, before 1840. Glam., 1834. Zone he: Littors-l. Devon, Dorset, Somerset, Cardigan. Census 3 @y 7. Ireland 1. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Dalmatia. Russia 65 4 8. West-asia. Western Siberia. Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. Azores. 962. Euphorbia Helioscopea, Linn. Provinces all. Colonist. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Highlands to 350 yards. Lakes to 300 yards. Census 18 58 938. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 65 432. West-asia. India. Siberia. Japan. Algeria. Canaries. — America, introduced. 963. Euphorbia platyphyllos, Linn. Provinces 1 23845 ----(1011). Casual or Colonist. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Worcester, Cambridge. Zones 1 (2). Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards. Census 5 10 24. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 65 43. West-asia. Algeria. Canaries. — (America, introduced). 963%. Huphorbia stricta, Koch. Provinces [1 2]-- 5. Native. Not E. stricta of Smith. Lat. 51—52. W. Gloucester; Hort. Monmouth; Watkins! Zone 1. Low grounds? Census 1 1 2. Ireland 0. Local-english type. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Russia 6. West-asia. 69, RUPHORBIACE. 307 964. Euphorbia hiberna, Linn. Provinces 1] - [3] - --- - - (10). Native. Lat. 51—52. Linton, North Devon; Mrs. Russell ! Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 3. Local-atlantic type. Europe. Italy. Sardinia. Corsica. France. Switzerland. Russia, apparently absent. Said to occur in Gallicia. 965. Euphorbia pilosa, Eng. Bot. Supp. 2787. Provinces 1 2. Alien or Denizen. ‘ Wild” in Sussex ; Hemsley. Lat. 51—52. 1 Somerset. 2 Westmeston, Sussex; Hemsley. Zone 1. Low grounds. [Not E. coralloides, found at Slinfold.] Census 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Local-english type. Europe —? N.B. According to Bentham and Syme, this is E. pilosa of Linneus ; while Boissier (DC. prodr.} and Babington hold it a form of E. palustris of Linneus. The area would be changed in accordance. 969. Euphorbia Paralias, Linn. Provinces 1234-67-9-(11)12- [14]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Cumberl. Suffolk. Zones 1 2. Littoral. Census 8 14 27. Ireland 6. Atlantic-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha net. Belgium. Russia, absent? West-asia, several habitats recorded. Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. 970. Euphorbia portlandica, Linn. Provinces 1 2 [8] --67-9--1213. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent? — Wigton, Cumberland. Zones 1 2. Littoral. Census 7 10 16. Ireland 6. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe. Spain. France. Channel Isles. Greece? Russia, apparently absent. Azores; Drouet. Perhaps a misnomer here. 308 69. EUPHORBIACE®. 971. Euphorbia exigua, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15. Colonist. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar, Banff. Zones 123. Low grounds. Humber to 250 yards. Census 15 30 70. Ireland 8. English-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got - (swe). Russia 6 5-8. West-asia. India. Western Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 972. Euphorbia Peplus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native or Colonist. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Caithness. Zones 123. Highlands to 350 yards. Humber to 350 yards. Census 17 33 82. Ireland 12. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia---8. Westasia. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced). 974. Euphorbia amygdaloides, Linn. Provinces 12345678 1011. Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cheviotland; Bigge! Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 10 20 46. Ireland 1. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Isle of Oesel ? Russia 65 4. West-asia. Western Siberia. 976. Mercurialis perennis, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17, possibly 18. Native. Lat. 50—58 or 61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Orkney ? Zones 1234. Highlands to 570 yards. Tyne to 550 yards. Census 17 384 88. Ireland 6. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 4 3.2. Western Siberia? Algeria. 69. EUPHORBIACE.E. — 70. URTICACE2. 309 977. Mercurialis annua, Linn. Provinces 123456789 (101112-14 15). Colonist? Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, Notts. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. (York — Perth, a casual weed.) Census 9 18 80. Ireland 4. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den - nor). Russia 6 5 4. West-asia. Cyprus. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 978. Urtica urens, Linn. Provinces all. Nutive. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Tyne to 550 yards. Highlands to 400 yards. Census 18 388 92. Ireland 1x. British type of distribution. Europe all. Carried widely to other countries. Russia654321. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. Canaries. — Iceland, introduced? (America). 979. Urtica dioica, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123845. Highlands to 830 yards. Humber to 800 yds. Census 18 88 97. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 654321. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Barbary; Desf. atlan. — Faroe. Iceland. (America). Aleutia. 982. Parietaria officinalis, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15 - (17). Native. Lat. 50—57 or 58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar! (Ross). Zones 1 2 (3). Low grounds. Humber to 250 yards. Census 15 30 74. Ireland 12. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 65 43. India. Western Siberia (P. erecta). Algeria. Egypt. Morocco. Canaries. Azores, 310 70. URTICACER. — 71. AMENTIFERA. 983. Humulus Lupulus, Linn. Provinces 12345678910(11 1218314 15). Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, York. Zones 1 2 (8). Highlands at 350 yards, doubtless introduced. Census 10 23 50. (Ireland 10). British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 43. West-asia. Siberia. — America, “truly indigenous”; Gray. 984. Ulmus montana, 5m. Provinces all, wild or planted. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Sutherland. Zones 1 2 8. Humber to 450 yards. Tyne to 400 yards. Census 18 36 ? Jreland 1 and (9). British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe. Russia 6 5 432. Siberia. U. campestris var. vulgaris. — N.B. Difficult to assign habitats of “campestris” between the two. 985. Ulmus suberosa, Ehrh. Provinces 1 to 11 - (18 14 15). Denizen. Lat. 50—55. Almost all England. Planted in Scotland. Zones 1 2. Humber to 350 yards, not clearly native. Census 11 ? ? (Ireland 12). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha. Baltic Isles. Russia 6 5 4 3. Siberia. Davuria. U. campestris var. suberosa. Algeria. Azores; Drouet flo. U. campestris. 988. Quercus pedunculata, Ehrh. Provinces 1 to 17. Native in all? “ Robur” included. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Ross. Zones 123. Humber to 450 yards. Tyne to 100 yards. Census 17 84 80. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. ‘“ Robur” included. Russia 6 - 4 38. Varieties in West-asia. Barbary; Desf. atlan. ‘ Q. Robur.” 71. AMENTIFERA. 311 988*. Quercus sessiflora, Auct. Provinces 1 to 17. Native in all? Apart from “ Robur.” Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherl.; G Johnston. Zones 128. Heights not ascertained for this species apart. Census 17 382 ? Ireland 1. British type of distribution. Jiurope spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor swe). Russia 6 5 4 8. West-asia, with varieties. — N.B. Few British botanists appear to understand this. 989. Fagus sylvatica, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17, wild or planted. Native in England. Lat. 50—54. (Cornwall). Hants, Sussex. — Chester. (Ross). Zones 1 2. Tow grounds. Humber to 400 yards, planted. Census 17 ? ? (Ireland). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia 65 43. West-asia. | N.B. It has become impossible to fix the native limits of this in Britain. 990. Carpinus Betulus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15, wild or planted. Native in South Britain. Lat. 50—58 (58). Sussex, Kent. — Cambridge; Bab. flo. Zones 1 (2 3). Low grounds. (Devon — Moray.) Census 15 ? ? (Ireland). English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6 5 43. West-asia. N.B. In Britain the true native limits cannot be determined now. Decreasing? 991. Corylus Avellana, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Formerly in Lewis and Shetland. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Orkney. Zones 128. Highlands to 630 yards. Humber to 550 yards. Census 18 36 92. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Limit within South Lapland. Russia 65 432. Davuria. Algeria. 312 71. AMENTIFERS. 992. Alnus glutinosa, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Wild in the Hebrides? Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Sutherland. Zones 123 ? Highlands to 550 yards. Tyne to 400 yards. Census 18 35 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. West-asia. Siberia. “Japan.” Algeria. — [America. Columbia.] 993. Betula alba, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Segregates included. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Orkney. Zones 12845. Highlands to (9002), 680, 670, 660, 630 yds. Census 18 36 88. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. B. ‘glutinesa’ and ‘ pubescens’ included. Russia 6-4 321. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtsc. — Iceland; Hooker list, from Zoega. ‘ America.” 994. Betula nana, Linn. Provinces ---------- 11-13 14151617. Native. Lat. 55—59. Lanark, Peebles, Cheviotland ? — Sutherland. Zones -- 345. Highlinds to 920, 700, 650, 640, 600 yards. Census 6 9 12. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin. Russia---321. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtsc. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 995. Populus alba, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16, wild or planted. Native in England? Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex. — Cantire, Forfar. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. N.B. provinces given as reported. Census 16 ? ? (Ireland). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha (net) den got (nor swe). Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka? Algeria. | N.B. Impossible to fix the native area in Britain. 71. AMENTIFER4. 3138 996. Populus canescens, Sm. Provinces 1 to 11, wild or planted. Native. Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Cheviotland, “denizen.” Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 11 16 ? Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - (net) den (got). By use of the name. Russia? Caucasus and Siberia; if truly identical with P. hybrida of Bieb. flo. taur. cauc. 997. Populus tremula, Linn. Provinces all. Native. No authority for S.W. Lowlands. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 123 ? Humber to 550 yards. Highlands to 530 yards. Census 18 86 78. Iveland 9. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 654321. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. “Japan.” Algeria. 999. Salix pentandra, Linn. Prov. (12 3 4)5678910111213 14 15 16-(18). Native. Lat. 51—58. Pembroke; Bab. cat. — Argyle, Moray. (Harris). Zones 1 28. North Yorkshire O—350 yards. Tyne to 450 yds. Census 12 18 33. Ireland 6. Scottish type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap. Russia -- 4321. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtse. — Iceland. 100]. Salix fragilis, Russelliana, etc. Prov. 1234567891011- 1314 15 16 (1718). Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, (Wight), Kent. — (Moray, Ross). Zones 128. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 450 yards. Census 15 26 50. Ireland 7. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 654382. West-asia. Siberia. Azores; Drouet flo. Planted only ? — (America, introduced). Qs 314 71. AMENTIPER. 1002. Salix alba, vitellina, etc. Provinces 1 to 16 (17 18). Native in England. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, (Wight), Kent. — (Harris, Sutherland). Zones 12 ? Humber to 200 yards. Tyne to 250 yards. Census 16 83 51. Ireland 7. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe). Russia 6543. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. — (America, introduced). 1004. Salix triandra, amygdalina, etc. Provinces 2345678910 11 (12)-14 15. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Perth. (Kincardine). Zones 1 2. Low grounds; usually planted. Census 13 24 43. Ireland 4. English-british type. Europe all, except Lapland (uncertainly) and Finmark. “Tornes.” Russia 6-- 38. Siberia. ‘ Amur river.” — N.B. Surrey examples named “ undulata” by Dr. Andersson. 1005. Salix purpurea, Lambertiana, etc. Provinces 12345--891011-18141516. Native. Lat. 50—57. Devon, Sussex, Kent. — Isla, Perth. Zones 12 9 Humber to 250 yards. ‘Tyne to nearly 500 yards. Census 13 23 43. Ireland 6. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe). Russia 65 43. West-asia. India. Siberia. Algeria. — Iceland; Hooker, from Zoega. (America). 1005,e. Salix Helix, “ Linn.” Provinces- 2345-7891011-13 141516. Native. Lat. 50—57. Dorset, (Sussex), Kent. — Isla, Kincardine. Zone 1 2 ? Low grounds; distribution uncertain. Census 13 20 86. Ireland 3 or 5. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net den (got). Russia? N.B. In England, this has usually been deemed a segregate of S. purpurea. See no. 1006. 71. AMENTIFERR. 315 1006. Salix rubra, Huds. et Forbyana, Sm. Provinces 12345 78-101112-[14 15]. Native? Lat. 50—56. Devon, Hants, Kent. — Cumberland, Cheviotland. Zones 1 2. Low grounds; distribution ill ascertained. Census 9 14 25. (Ireland 3). English type of distribution ? Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net den (got - swe). Russia 6-43. “Mid Asia.” Davuria. —. N.B. Mr. Boswell Syme unites “ Helix” herewith. 1007. Salix viminalis, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16 - (18). Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — (Elgin, Harris). Zones 1 2 (3). Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 450 yards. Census 16 32 58. (Ireland 12). British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia -- 432. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka; Andersson. — (America, as an introduced species). 1008. Salix Smithiana, Willd. 1009. S. acuminata, Anglor. Provinces 1 to 16 - [18]. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall? Sussex, Kent. — “Isla.” Fife; E.B.S. Zones 1 2 3. Humber to 300 yards. Tyne to 450 yards. Census 16 29 37. Ireland 5. English-british type. Europe—? France. Germany. Netherlands. Scandinavia. Russia. Siberia. Davuria. The English species ? — N.B. The British localities for these two are not separable. 1010. Salix cinerea, aquatica, oleifolia, Auct. Provinces 1 to 16-18. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Harris, Orkney. Zones 123. Tyne to 500 yards. Highlands to 400 yards. Census 17 85 78. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland (in extreme south ?) and Finmark. Russia 6-432. West-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka? — Recorded localities for these are not satisfactorily separable. 316 71. AMENTIFER-E. 1012. Salix caprea, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16 - (18). Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — W. E. Inverness. Zones 1234. Highlands to 700 yards. Tyne to 550 yards. Census 16 382 73. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark, and perhaps Turkey. Russia 65 432-1. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Amur. — Faroe. Icel. N.B. Our Highl. form may be 8. grandifolia, Scr. 1013. Salix nigricans, Fries; cum segr. var. Provinces [1 2345 --89]10111213141516. Native. Lat. 54—58. Cumberland, York. — Isla, Aberdeen. Zones- ? 345. Highlands to 700 or 800 yards. Census 6 9 16. Ireland 1. Scottish-highland type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin. Russia ---8 21. Siberia? Kamtschatka? —. N.B. Vix in Asia, nec in America; Andersson in DC. prodr. 1014. Salix laurina, Smith; cum segr. Provinces [-234-6---]101112--15. Native. S. Britain? Lat. 54—57. Westmoreland, N.W. York. — Mid Perth, Forfar? Zones - 2 3. Tyne to 450 yards. Distribution uncertain. Census 4 4 6. Ireland 1. Scottish type of distribution ? Europe - - - - ger - -- - got nor - (lap). “ Silvestris rarius occurrit, in Saxonia, Anglia, parte meridionali Sueciz et circa Petropo- lin observata; in hortis autem sat frequenter culta”; Andersson. 1015. Salix phylicifolia, Linn. cum segr. var. Provinces [- 2 3-4----]910111213 1415 16-18. Native. Lat. 53—60. ‘ Cheshire,” ‘ Lancashire.” — Orkney; B. Syme. Zones- 2345. Highl. to about 700 y. Humber at 50—550 y. Census 9 12 19. Ireland 1. Scottish-highland type. Europe spa - - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia --- 3-1. West-asia. Siberia? Kamtschatka? — Iceland. ‘ Ex Siberia incerta, in America vix crescit”; And. 71. AMENTIFERE. 317 1016. Salix ambigua, Ehrh. et plicata, Sm. Provinces ? 234------ 11l--1415-1718. Native. Lat. 50—60. 8. Devon? Sussex; Borrer. — Orkney; Borrer. Zones 1 2 3. Highlands at “400 yards.” Tyne at 150 yards. Census 8 10 10. Ireland 1 or 2. Doubtful type. Europe - - - - ger fra - - den got. Russia --- 38. N.B. A dubious species; perhaps better included under S. aurita, as a segregate form. 1017. Salix repens, fusca, prostrata, etc. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 700 yards. Humber to 550 yards. Census 18 86 72. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia--4321. Siberia. Davuria? — Iceland. America? 1021. Salix arbuscula, prunifolia, vacciniifolia, etc. Provinces ------------ (18] - 15 16-{18]. Native. Lat. 56—58. Argyle, Mid Perth, Forfar, South Aberdeen. Zones ---45. Highlands to 800 yards, or upwards. Census 2 3 4. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia 6 ---21. West-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. 1022. Salix Lapponum, Linn. cum segr. Provinces - - - - - [6----11]--1415 16 17 [18]. Native. Lat. 55—59. Edinburgh; Maughan! — Sutherland; Graham! Zones -- 845. Highlands to 800 or 900 yards. Census 4 7 10. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia -- 4321. Siberia. — Iceland. America. Columbia. 318 71. AMENTIFERA. 1023. Salix lanata, Linn. Provinces -------------- 15. Native. Lat. 56—57. Mid Perth, Forfar, South Aberdeen. Zones ---- 5. Highlands to 900, 860, 830 yards. Census 1 2 38. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe. Scandinavia - nor swe lap fin. Russia - - - - - 1. Arctic Siberia. Altai. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. Aleutia. 1025. Salix Myrsinites, L. 1024. §. procumbens, Forbes. Provinces - - - - - - - [8-10] ----1516. Native. Lat. 56—58. Argyle, Perth, Forfar, Aberdeen, Moray. Zones----5 ? Highlands to 900 yards, or upwards. Census 2 4 5. Ireland 1 “procumbens.” Highland type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia’--- 821. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Aleutia. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Rocky Mountains. 1026. Salix reticulata, Linn. Provinces [- - - -- - 7--10-12]--15-17. ‘Native. Lat. 56—59. Perth, Forfar, Aberdeen, Sutherland. Zones ----5 6. Highlands to 1080, 1000, 900 yards. Census 2 8 4. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia - - - - - 1. Siberia. Davuria. Spitsbergen. —TIceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1027. Salix herbacea, Linn. Provinces - - - - - 67--10-1213-15 161718. Native. Lat. 52—61. Brecon, Carnarvon, York. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones ----5 6. Highlands at 620—1440 yards. Census 9 15 24. Ireland 7. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia ----21. Siberia. Davuria. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 71. AMENTIFER®. — 72. CONIFER. 319 1028. Myrica Gale, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Province 8 uncertain. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Sutherl., Caithness. Zones 1234. Highlands to 600, 560, 530, 510, 500 yards. Census 17 30 60. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa - - - ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap. Russia ---821. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — America. Aleutia. 1029. Pinus sylvestris, Linn. Provinces (-2 845-78910111213814)151617. Native. Lat. 56—59. Now truly wild in the Highland provinces only. Zones (1 2) 34. Highlands to 740 yards. Planted to 840 yds. Census 3 6 ? Ireland? Scottish type of distribution. Europe all. Extinct in Denmark, etc. Russia 654321. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. — N.B. Anciently spread throughout Britain. 1030. Juniperus communis, Linn. Prov. ?234567(89)101112131415 161718. Native. Lat. 50—61. Dorset? Sussex, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234 ? Highlands to 800, 732, 720 yards. Census 15 30 58. Ireland 7. British type of distribution. Europe all. N.B. Do some of the other habitats belong to J. nana? Russia 65-321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1030,b. Juniperus nana, Willd. Provinces - - - - - - 7--[1011] 12--15 161718. Native. Lat. 58 —61. Carmarvon, Cumberland. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones - ? 345. Highlands to 920, 900, 890, 880 yards. Census 6 9 13. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia ---- 21. West-asia. Himalaya. Sib. Dav. Kamtse. “ Algeria; Cosson!” — Greenland, America, Columbia. 820 72. CONIFERE. — 73. ORCHIDACEA. Taxus baccata, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. (Introduced to9 18314 ?) Lat. 50—57. Devon, Dorset, Kent. — Argyle, Aberdeen. Zones 128. Tyne to 500 yards. Humber to 450 yards. Census 14 20 ? Ireland 7. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - got nor swe. Russia 65 432. West-asia. Himalaya. “River Amur.” Algeria. [Azores; Drouet flo.] — T. canadensis in Am. Col. 1032. Goodyera repens, Br. Provinces [-23------- 11 12]-14151617. Native. Lat. 55—58. Roxburgh. Berwick, Linlithgow. — Ross. Zones - 28. Highlands to 150 or 200 yards. Census 4 6 13. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin. Pyrenees. Russia 6-- 321. Himalaya. Siberia. — America. 1033. Spiranthes autumnalis, Rich. Provinces 12345678910-12. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Westmoreland, York. Zones 1 2. Humber 0—200 yards; Baker. Census 11 28 57. Iveland 7. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Bornholm. Russia 6 - - 3. Algeria. 1034. Spiranthes estivalis, Rich. Provinces -2--? Native. A single specimen found in Wore. Lat. 50—53. South Hants; Brewer! Worcester; Gissing. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 1 1 1 or 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Local-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha. Russia, absent. Algeria. 73. ORCHIDACE.X, 821 1036. Neottia Nidus-avis, Rich. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. 16 “ Argyle; Carmichael.” Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Easterness; Miss Grant! Zones 1 23. Humber to 200 yards. Highlands to 200 yards. Census 16 381 65. Tyreland 4. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. Western Siberia. — Iceland; Dr. Lindsay’s list. 1037. Listera cordata, Br. Provinces 12--5-789101112131415 161718. Native. Lat. 50—61. North Devon, South Hants. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yds. Humber 0—600 yds, Census 15 28 50. Ireland 4. Scottish-highland type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin. “Turkey.” Russia 6--821. Siberia. Aleutia. — Greenland. America. Columbia. 1038. Listera ovata, Br. Provinces 1 to 17. Native, Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Devon, Kent. — N.W. Sutherland. Zones 123. Tyne to 650 yards. Highlands to 350 yards. Census 17% 34 84. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6 5 4 3 2. Siberia. — Iceland. 1089. Epipactis latifolia, All. Provinces 1 to 16 [17]. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Banff. “ Ross.” Zones 1 23. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 200 yards, Census 16 31 73. Ireland 7. British-english type, Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark, Russia 65432. Siberia, Algeria. 322 73. ORCHIDACEA, 1039.* Epipactis media, E. purpurata, Auct. Provinces 12845--8-10-12-14. Native. Lat. 50—56. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland. Linlithgow. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Distribution ill ascertained. Census 9 15 26. Ireland 38. English-germanic type. Europe. Mid-Europe? Scandinavia den got nor swe lap. Russia? N.B. Synonyms uncertain; some of the British lo- calities likely mis-assigned to E. latifolia. 1039%. Epipactis ovalis, Bab. Provinces - [2]-45-7--10-12----17. Native. Lat. 52—59. Norfolk, Heref., Carnarvon, York, Westm., Sutherl. Zones 123. Humber 0—450 yards; Baker. Census 6 6 7. Ireland 1. Intermediate type ? Europe spa - - - ger fra cha net den. “ Ep. atrorubens.” Russia 6 - 4.3. Western Siberia. N.B. Possibly the Ep. atro- rubens may include ‘ media’ with ‘ ovalis.’ 1040. Epipactis palustris, Sw. Provinces 123456789101112-141516. Native. Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Fife! Skye; Lightf. Zones 123. Humber 0—250 yards; Baker. Census 15 24 51. Ireland 8. English-british type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6 5 4 8, Siberia. —. N.B. Verification in “ Skye” desirable. 1041. Cephalanthera grandiflora, Bab. Provinces 12345--8-10-12-- [15 16}. Native. Lat. 50—55 [57]. Dorset, Kent. — Cumberland. Scotland ? Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 8 12 26. [Ireland]. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia 6 5 4 3. N.B. Are both this and ‘ensifolia’ found in Scotland or one of them only ? 73. ORCHIDACE. 323 1042. Cephalanthera ensifolia, Rich. Provinces - 23-5-78-101112-141516. Native. Lat. 50—57. Hants, Sussex, Kent. — Isle of Mull, Perth. Zones 123. Humber 100—250 yards; Baker. Census 11 19 23. Ireland 8. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 43. West-asia. Western Siberia. ‘‘ Olympus.” 1043. Cephalanthera rubra, Rich. Proviuces 1-- 45 -[7--10]. Native. Lat. 51—52. Somerset? Huntingdon? Gloucester. Zone 1. Low grounds; but rarely found. Census 3 3 3. Ireland 0. English-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha - den got. Norway? Russia 6 5 4 3. Western Siberia. N.B. Ep. ovalis has been sometimes mis-labelled “ C. rubra” by English collectors. 1044. Epipogium aphyllum, Sw. Provinces ----5. Native, if still existent in England. Lat. 52—58. N.E. Herefordshire; Mrs. A. Smith, July, 185+. Zone 1. Low grounds; but found once ouly. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - den got nor swe. Russia 6-43. Siberia. 1044. Corallorhiza innata, Br. Provinces - - [3] --------- 131415 17. Native. Lat. 55—58. Ayr, Berwick, Edinburgh. — Moray, Ross. Zones - 2.3. Low grounds. Census 4 5 10. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - den got nor swe lap fin. Pyrenees. Russia 65-321. Siberia. Davuria. “— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 324 73. ORCHIDACEA. 1045. Orchis Morio, Linn. Provinces 1284567891011 12- [14 ? -- 18). Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberl. Cheviotl. Zones 1 2. Humber 0—300 yards; Baker. Census 12 24 57. Ireland 7. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia 6543. West-asia. Siberia. ‘‘ Cyprus.” — [Faroe ; Trevelyan, from Lingbye]. {Icel. ; Hooker, from Zocga]. 1046. Orchis mascula, Linn. Provinces 1 to 18. Native. 16 Flo. Glot. ‘very common.” Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 2. Lakes to 500 yards. Humber to 350 yards. Census 18 34 80. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia 65 43. Western Siberia. Barbary; Desf. — Faroe. Iceland. 1048. Orchis ustulata, Linn. Provinces 12345--89101112. Native. Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Keut. — Cumberland, Northumb. Zones 1 2. Humber 0—200 yards; Buker. Census 10 21 39. [Ireland]. Germanic-english type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. Norway? Russia 6 - 4 38. Western Siberia. — [Faroe; Landt descr.] 1049. Orchis militaris, ‘‘ Linn.” Provinces -- 8. Native. Lat. 51—52. Berks! Oxford! Bucks. Herts? Zone 1. Low grounds. [Middlesex, Kent). Census 1 2 4. Ireland 0. Germanic-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6 5 £3. Siberia. Davuria. N.B. Localities of this and next two much confused. 73. ORCHIDAUEA. 325 1049. Orchis Simia, Lam. Provinces - - 8. Native. Lat. 51—52. Berks. Oxford! [Kent, Surrey]. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 1 2 2. Ireland 0. Germanic-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net. Normandy? Belgium. Russia 6 5 - 3. Barbary ? 1049. Orchis fusca, Jacq. Provinces - [2] 3 ---- [8]. Native. Lat. 51—52,. Sussex, extinct. Kent! Surrey. Bucks. Zone 1. Low grounds. [Liucoln; Carrington]. Census 1 2 8. [Ireland]. Germanic-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. ‘“ Holland.” Russia 6 5-8. Siberia? Algeria ? 1050. Orchis hircina, Scop. Provinces -- 38 4.---[8---12]. Native. Lat. 51—53. Kent and Suffolk, still or recently. Zone 1. Low grounds. Very rare, nearly extinct. Census 2 2 2. [Ireland]. Germanic-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia - - - 3. Algeria. 1051. Orchis pyramidalis, Linn. Provinces 1 to 13 - [15 16]. Native. [Fife, Colonsa]. Tat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Wigton, Cheviotland. Zones 1 2. Humber 0—150 yards; Baker. Census 13 25 55. Ireland 10. Germanic-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Baltic Isles. Russia 6 5 - 3. Algeria. 326 73. ORCHIDACEA. 1052. Orchis latifolia, Auct. Provinces all. Native. O. incarnata inclusively. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Tyne to 580 yards. Humber to 500 yards. Census 18 37 83. Iveland12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. _O. incarnata spread more widely. Russia 6-43821. India. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. Algeria? — Faroe. Iceland. “Columbia.” 1053. Orchis maculata, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 1010, 960, 950, 930 yards. Census 18 87 92. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 6 4821. West-asia. Siberia, Davuria. — Faroe. Iceland. 1054. Orchis conopsea, Linn. Provinces all? Native. Any authority for South Wales ? Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Shetland, one locality. Zones 1234. Highlands to 680 yards. Tyne to 500 yards. Census 18 35 85. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 65 £321. Westasia. Siberia. Davuria. N.B. Gymnadenia conopsea, of several authors. 1055. Habenaria bifolia, Auct. Provinces 1 to17. Native. H. chlorantha included. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Sutherland. Zones 123. Tyne to 500 yards. Highlands to 350 yards. Census 17 386 86. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. H. chlorantha not in Lapland. Russia654821. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. N.B. Localities of ‘ bifolia’ and ‘ chlorantha’ much confused. bad 73. ORCHIDACE.. 327 1056. Habenaria viridis, Br. Provinces all. Native. Rare in South England. Lat. 50—61. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 850, 800 yards; also 830.” Census 18 35 76. Ireland 10. British-scottish type. Europe all, if in Turkey. Russia 6-4321. Siberia. Davuria. — Faroe. Iceland. America. 1057. Habenaria albida, Br. Provinces - 2 - [4 5-67-9101) 1218-15161718. Native. Lat. 51—61. Sussex; Borrer. Cardigan. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 630 yards. Humber 200—450 y. Census 12 18 38. Ireland 10. Scottish type of distribution. Europe all, except Turkey. Russia --- 821. Western Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. 1058. Aceras anthropophora, Br. Provinces - 23 4---8-10. Native. Lat. 51—54. Wilts? Sussex, Kent. — 8.W. York? Lincoln. Zones 1 ? Low grounds. Census 5 9 16. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia - - - 3. Algeria. 1059. Herminium Monorchis, Br. Provinces [1] 28 45----[10-12!. Native. Lat. 530—53. Dorset, Sussex, Kent. — Cambridge, Norfolk. Zone 1. Low grounds. (Somerset; Dr. Davis, in F. B.j Census 4 10 19. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap. Russia 6- 4321. Siberia. Himalaya. N.B. Extinct or mistaken in several English localities. 328 73. ORCHIDACE. 1060. Ophrys apifera, Huds. Provinces 1234567891011. Native. Lat. 50—55. “ Cornwall,” Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, Durham. Zones 1 2. Severn to 350 yards; Rev. H. Roberts. Census 11 25 50. Ireland 9. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia ? Algeria; but not a typical form. 1060,b. Ophrys arachnites, Reich. Provinces - [2] 8 [4 5]. Native. Lat. 51—52. Kent, Surrey? West Gloucester? Zone 1. Low grounds. [“ Suffolk,” by an error]. Census ] 1 2. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia? ‘Isle of Oesel.” N.B. Ifa good species, this would seem to be imperfectly known in England. 1061. Ophrys aranifera, Huds. Provinces [1] 23 4[5--8-10]. Native. Lat. 50—53. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Northampton, Camb. ? Zone 1. Low grounds. Apparently decreasing. Census 3 7 12. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha. Russia---3. N.B. The ‘aranifera’ and ‘fucifera’ of English botanists are here taken together. 1062. Ophrys muscifera, Huds. Provinces 12345-789101112. Native. Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Westmoreland, Durham. Zones 1 2. Humber at 50—200 yards; Baker. Census 12 21 40. Ireland 8. English-germanic type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia --- 2‘ Warsaw.” 73. ORCHIDACE.E. — 74. IRIDACES. 329 1063. Malaxis paludosa, Sw. Provinces 1 2845-7-910111218-151617. Native. Lat. 50—59. Dorset, Sussex, Kent ? — Ross, Sutherland. Zones 123. Tyne to 500 yards. Highlands to 400 yards. Census 14 22 382. Ireland 5. British type of distribution ? Europe - - - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia --- 321. Siberia. Davuria. N.B. Sparingly, though widely, distributed in Britain. 1064. Liparis Loeselii, Rich. Provinces - - (3! 4. Native. Lat. 52—53. Hunts, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk. [Kent]. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 1 3 4. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got vor. Russia - - 4 3. N.B. “ Ham Ponds near Eastry, Kent”; Dillwyn in B. G. 1065. Cypripedium Calceolus, Linn. Provinces - - - - [5] ----101112. Native. Lat. 54—55. York, Durham, Westmoreland. [Cumberland]. Zone - 2. Humber at 150 yards. Nearly extinct. Census 3 4 4. Iveland 0. Intermediate type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net - got nor swe lap. Russia 654321. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. N.B. Very local and now rarely found in England. 1066. Iris fetidissima, Linn. Provinces 1 2345678-1011-- (1415). Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Durham. (Fife). Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 10 23 45. Iveland 6 (and 3). English type. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Russia 6. Algeria. Canaries. Azores; Drouet flore. 330 74, IRIDACER. 1067. Iris Pseudacorus, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Three segregates, in E. B. edit. 3. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128. Tyne to 200 yards. Humber to 150 yards. Census 18 88 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6-43 2. Siberia. Algeria. — Faroe. 1068. Gladiolus illyricus, Koch. Provinces (1) 2. Native? Lat. 50—61. (Devon, Dorset, Wight). South Hants ! Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-english type. Europe spa ita - aus - fra. Russia 6. Algeria. N.B. Distribution varying with the nomenclature. 1068*. Trichonema Columna, Reich. Province 1. Native. Lat. 50—51. South Devon; Sir W. C. Trevelyan! Zone 1. Coast level. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-atlantic type. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Dalmatia for “aus.” Russia, absent. West-asia. “ Caria or Lycia.” Algeria. Azores. 1070. Crocus nudiflorus, Sm. Provinces - ---5--89 (10). Denizen or Native. Lat. 52—54. Warwick, Salop, Stafford. — Lancaster, Notts. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 3 4 7. Ireland 0. Intermediate type. Europe. Spain. France. Greece ? Russia, absent. N.B. Area not sufficiently known, and syno- nyms somewhat uncertain. 75. AMARYLLIDACEA. — 76. LILIACER. 331 1072 (1073). Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, Linon. Provinces 1 to 12 (18 14 15 16). Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberl., Northumb. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards. Census 12 23 46. (Ireland). English type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net (den) got (nor swe). Russia 6. N.B. Several recorded localities in England belong to N. major escaped from gardens. 1074. Leucojum vernum, Linn. Provinces - 2 -- (5). Alien or Denizen. Lat. 50—51. Dorset; J. C. Mansel! Zone 1. Low grounds. Predial claim unsettled. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha (net den got). Russia, absent. N.B. The right of this species to be held a British plant, is yet undecided. 1075. Leucojum estivum, Linn. Provinces 1 2 3 4 (5)----- [11 12]. Denizen. Lat. 50—52. Devon, Dorset, Kent. — Oxford, Suffolk. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 4 5 7. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - (net) den. Russia 6 5. N.B. This may perhaps be a native in province 8; less likely so in other provinces of Britain. 1078. Fritillaria Meleagris, Linn. Provinces (1) 28 4 (5 --8-10)-[12]. Denizen. Lat. 51—58. Dorset, Hants, Sussex ? — Bedford, Norfolk. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 3 8 15. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha (net den got) nor swe. Russia 6-43. West-asia. N.B. Is this truly wild in Warwick or Stafford ? 332 76, LILIACE. 1081. Allium Scordoprasum, Linn. Provinces [L 2 -- 5]--- 9101112131415. Native. Lat. 53—57. Lancaster, York. — Fife, Perth, Forfar ? Zone - 2. Humber 0—200 yards; Baker. Census 7 9 15. Ireland 2. Intermediate-scottish type. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe. Russia 5432. West-asia? “Cyprus”; Sibthorpe. N.B. Confused with A. vineale, through the name “ arenarium.” 1082. Allium oleraceum, Linn. Provinces 12345 [6]-8-101112 [14]15. Native. Lat. 50—57. Devon, Sussex, Kent. — Fife, Forfar. Zones 1 2. Humber to 200 or 300 yards. Census 10 18 380. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap. Russia -- 432. Himalaya. Western Siberia. Madeira; Dr. C. Lemann’s manuscript list. 1083. Allium vineale, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Aberdeen. Zones 1 2. Humber 0—200 yards; Baker. Census 15 29 65. Iveland 5. English-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia - - - 3. Canaries; Webb. phyt. can. — (America, introduced). 1084. Allium spherocephalum, Linn. Provinces ----5. Native? Lat. 51—52. St. Vincent’s Rocks, West Gloucester; Stephens! Zone 1. Slight elevation. Another station in 1869. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-atlantic type. Europe spa ita tur - ger fra cha net (den). Belgium. Russia 6 - 4 3. Algeria. Canaries. 76. LILIACE. 333 1085. Allium Schenoprasum, Linn. Provinces 1 - - - (5 - - 8- 10) 11 12 (18 14 15) [16]. Native?’ Lat. 50—56. Cornwall! Westmorel.! Northumb.! Cheviotland. Zones 1 2. Tyne at 150—250 yards; New Flora N.D. Census 3 3 4. Ireland 0. Local-intermediate type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - (net). Finmark, ‘sibiricum.’ Russia 6-- 3821. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. — America. Columbia. 1086. Allium ursinum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Ross. Zones | 23. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne to 350 yards. Census 17 34 82. Ireland 11. British-english type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6-4321. Siberia. Kamtschatka. 1087. Gagea lutea, Kerr. Provinces 12345--891011121314 15. Native. Lat. 50—58. Dorset, Somerset, Surrey? — Moray; Stables! Zones 123. Humber, Tyne, in each to 250 yards. Census 13 18 29. Ireland 0. Intermediate-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe. Russia 6-432. India. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. 1088. Ornithogalum pyrenaicum, Linn. Provinces 1 2 [3] 4 [5]. Native. Extinct in Cambridge. Lat. 50—58. Devon? Somerset! Wilts! Sussex. Bedford. Zone 1. Low grounds. (Surrey, Middlesex, Salop]. Census 8 4 5. Iveland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia 6 5. Tripoli; Viviani flo. lyb. 334 76. LILIACE. 1091. Scilla verna, Linn. Provinces 1 [2]---67---1112181415 161718. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Devon, [Wight]. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 23. Orkney to 300 yards; Dr. Gillies. Census 11 18 23. Iveland 3. Atlantic-scottish type ? Europe spa - - - - fra cha. Norway? Russia, absent. — Faroe. 1092. Scilla autumnalis, Linn. Provinces 123-5 [Y%----12]. Native. Lat. 50—52. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Gloucester, Middlesex ? Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 4 5 7. Treland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha. Russia 6 5. Algeria. 1093. Hyacinthus non-scriptus, Linn. Provinces all. Native Not native in province 18? Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — “ Harris,” Ross. Zones 1238. Lakes to 500 yards. Tyne to 350 yards. Census 18 34 84. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net. Lombardy to Holland. Russia, absent. Algeria? 1094. Muscari racemosum, Mill. Provinces - (2 8) 4.---(8). Denizen. Lat. 52—58. Suffolk, Norfolk; alleged to be wild there. Zone 1. Census 1 2 3. (Ireland). Germanic-local type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha (net). Russia 6 5 4. Barbary ; Lecoq geogy. bot. 70, LILIACEA. 335 1095. Lloydia serotina, Reich. Provinces - - - - - - 7. Native. Lat. 583—54. Snowden mountains, in Carnarvonshire. Zone---4. At 700—800 yards, or thereabouts. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local type of distribution. Hurope - ita - aus ger fra. Russia 6----1. Himalaya. Siberia. — America. Columbia. 1095*. Simethis bicolor, Kunth. Provinces - 2. Alien or Denizen. Lat. 50.—51. Dorset; Borrer! Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 1. Local-atlantic type. Europe. Spain. Italian isles. South France. Normandy. Russia, absent. Algeria. 1095* (1175). Narthecium ossifragum, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland Zones 123456. Highlands to 1960, 1010, 1000 yards. Census 18 37 83. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Turkey and Finmark. Loffoden Isles. Russia --- 38. “ Livonia”; otherwise non-russian. — Faroe. N. americanum, its representative in America. 1096. Asparagus officinalis, Linn. Provinces 1 (2.38 4 5)67(89----14). Native. Lat. 50—54. Cornwall. (Wight, Kent). — (Lancaster, Lincoln). Zone 1. Littoral. Often only the garden variety escaped. Census 38 5 5. Ireland 2. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe). Russia 65 4 3. Siberia. Algeria. — (America, naturalised on the coast near New York). 336 76. LILIACE. 1097. Ruscus aculeatus, Linn. Provinces 1 2 3 4 [5] 6 -(8- 1011-18 1415 16). Native. Lat. 50—53. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Glamorgan, Suffolk. Zones 1 (2). Low grounds. (Ayr, Lanark, Isla). Census 5 11 20. (Ireland). Germanic-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia 6 5. West-asia. Algeria, Madeira. Azores. 1098. Maianthemum bifolium, De Cand. Provinces - - (3 4) - --- [9] 10 (11). Denizen. Lat. 54—55. N.E. Yorkshire, “wild”; James Ward! Zone - 2. Humber at 150—200 yards; Baker. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local type of distribution. Europe all, except Turkey and Finmark. Russia -- 4321. Himalaya, Siberia, Davuria, Kamtschatka. — Iceland. America, not typical. “Columbia.” Aleutia. 1099. Convallaria majalis, Linn. Provinces 12345-78910111213(14)15. Native. Lat. 50—58. Somerset, Hants, Sussex, Kent. — Moray. Zones 123. Humber 50—300 yards. Tyne to 350 yards. Census 13 26 50. Treland 0. Germanic-british type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6543821. Siberia. Davuria. N.B. Clearly native ; though introduced to some of its localities. 1100. Polygonatum verticillatum, All. Provinces - - [8] - ----+- 10 --(13)-15. Native? Lat. 55—57. Northumberland! Perth! (Dumfries, Forfar). Zones - 2.8. Tyne, probably about 200 yards. Census 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap. Russia 6 5-3. Himalaya. —. N.B. Usually accepted as a native in Britain. 76, LILIACEA. — 77*. DIOSCOREACE. 337 1101. Polygonatum multifiorum, All. Provinces 1238 45--8910(11 121381415) [16]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Devon, Hants, Sussex, Kent. — York. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber at 150 yards. Census 8 15 21. (Ireland). English-germanic type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. Siberia. Davuria. N.B. Difficult to decide where truly wild in Britain. 1102. Polygonatum officinale, All. Provinces 1 2 [8 4] 5 6-- 91011 [12 --15]. Native. Lat. 51—56. Somerset, Wilts, Hauts ? — Lancaster, Cheviotl. Zones 1 23. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne about 150 yards. Census 7 7 8. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. Siberia. Davuria. N.B. Localities of this and ‘ multiflorum’ confused in books. 1108. Paris quadrifolia, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Lat. 50—58. Dorset, Sussex, Kent. — Renfrew, Moray. Zones 128. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne to 350 yards. Census 15 28 78. [Ireland]. British-english type. Europe all. Russia 6-43821. West-asia. Siberia. — Iceland; Hooker's list. 1104. Tamus communis, Linn. Provinces 1 to 12. Native. Lat. 50—55 or 56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumb., Northum. Zones 1 2. Humber to 250 yards. Census 12 25 65. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia 6 5. West-asia. ‘“ Cyprus.” Algeria. 338 78, MELANTHIACEEZ. — 79. HYDROCHARIDACE. 1105. Colchicum autumnale, Linn. Provinces 1 to 12 - - [15]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Hants, Surrey. — Westmorel., Durham. Zones 1 2. Humber, Tyne, in each to 200 yards. Census 12 18 37. Ireland 3. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den - - (swe). Russia ? ? 4 3. Algeria. 1106. Tofieldia palustris, Huds. Provinces ------ - [8] - 10 11- - [14] 151617. Native. Lat. 54—59. York, Durham. — Skye, Ross, Sutherland. Zones-- 345. Highlands to 800, 750, 710, 660 yards. Census 5 9 13. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe - - - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Arctic Russia. Western Siberia. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1107. Hydrocharis Morsus-rane, Linn. Provinces 1234567891011-- [14]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Devon, (Wight), Kent. — Lancaster, Durham. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 11 22 48. Ireland 6. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6-43 2. Siberia. 1108. Stratiotes aloides, Linn. Provinces - (2 8) 4 [5] -- 8910 11 [12] -(14 15). Native. Lat. 52—56. Northampton, Suffolk. — Lancaster, Northumb. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. . Census 5 7 14. (Ireland 3 or 5). Germanic-english type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap. Russia 6-4 32. Siberia. N.B. Certainly wild in the eastern provinces of England. 80. ALISMACE. 339 1109. Alisma Plantago, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17 [18]. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross. [Orkney ?] Zones 123. Humber to 200 yards. Census 17 34 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Kurope all, except Finmark. Russia654321. India. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. Algeria. — America. Columbia. Not typical in America. 1110, Alisma ranunculoides, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — East Ross! Zones 1 23. Humber to 250 yards. Census 17 34 73. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia --- 3. “Lithuania.” “ Kursk.” Algeria. 1111. Alisma natans, Linn. Provinces - - [8] -5 6 7--10-1213. Native. Lat. 51—55. Glamorgan? — Wigton? Cumberland? York ‘!” Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Salop! Carnarvon! Census 6 7 9. Ireland 3. Local-atlantic type. Europe spa - - aus ger fra cha net den - nor. Russia --- 3. ‘ Nowgorod.” “Livonia.” ‘ Lithuania.” N.B. British localities mostly need verification. 1112. Actinocarpus Damasonium, Brown. Provinces [1] 2345. Native. [Cornwall; Bree]. Lat. 50—53. South Hants, Sussex. — Salop, Suffolk ? Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 4 9 12. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus - fra cha. Dalmatia. Russia 6--3. Eastward to Moscow? | Algiers]. 340 80. ALISMACEA. 1118. Sagittaria sagittifolia, Linn. Provinces 1 to 18. Native. Lat. 50—56. Devon, Sussex, Kent. — Renfrew, Durham. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 13 24 538. Ireland 5. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia6-4321. India. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. — America. Columbia. Not typical in America. 1114. Butomus umbellatus, Linn. Provinces 1234567891011 12-(14 15). Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland, Durham. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 12 25 52. Ireland 6. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. West-asia. India. Siberia.. Davuria. 1115. Triglochin maritimum, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Littoral. Census 18 35 61. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all, unless Turkey to be excepted. Russia-- 4821. India. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. — Faroe. America. Columbia. 1116. Triglochin palustre, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 960, 880, 710, 710 yards. Census 18 38 92. Ireland 1. British type of distribution. Europe all, unless Turkey to be excepted. Russia 654321. India. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. Barbary. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia 80. ALISMACE&. — 81. POTAMACEA. 841 1117. Scheuchzeria palustris, Linn. Provinces ----5--8910----15. Native. Lat. 52—57. Salop, Notts, Chester, York, Perth. Zones 1 2 ? North Yorkshire at 50 yards. Census 5 5 6. Ireland 0. Intermediate type of distribution. Europe - - - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap. Russia -- 4321. Siberia. — America. Rocky Mountains. 1118. Potamogeton densus, Linn. Provinces 12345678-1011121814. Native. Lat. 50—56. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Edinburgh. Zones 1 2. Lakes to 340 yards. Census 13 24 52. Ireland 6. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia - - - 3. Algeria. — America ? 1119. Potamogeton pectinatus, Auct. Provinces 12345-789101112131415-1718. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney. [Shetland ?] Zones 123. Tyne to 200 yards. Humber to 150 yards. Census 16 28 63. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. P. flabellatus inclusive. Russia 6--321. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. Azores. — Iceland. America. Columbia. 1119*. Potamogeton filiformis, Nolte. Provinces - [2-4--7 8]----- 1415 1718. Native. Lat. 56—61. Berwick, Fife, Forfar, Orkney, Shetland, etc. Zones ? 2 8. Sub-littoral. Imperfectly on record. Census 4 6 6. Ireland 2. Scottish type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - den got - swe. Russia 65432. “P. marinus, Linn. spec. 184.” Algeria. — Iceland; Bab. cat. America; Gray bot. 3842 81. POTAMACEA. 1120. Potamogeton trichoides, Cham. Prov.---4-[6]. Native. Var. of P. pusillus; Benth. Handb. Lat. 52—58. Norfolk; A. M. Barnard! Zone 1. Low grounds. An unsatisfactory species. Census 1 1 2. Ireland 0. Local type of distribution ? Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net. Russia --- 3. N.B. Lombardy to Petersb. Schleswig to Hungary. America. 1121 (1120). Potamogeton pusillus, Linn. Prov. 1 to 16-18. Native. P. “ compressus” partly included. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney ; Gillies herb. Zones 123. Humber to 350 yards. Tyne to 200 yards. Census 17 33 69. Ireland 8. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Turkey and Finmark. Russia 6-432. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Icel. Greenl. America. 1123 (1121). Potamogeton obtusifolius, M. et K. Provinces 12345-? 891011 ? 181415-- [18]. Native. Lat. 50—57. Devon, Sussex, Kent! — Lanark! Kincardine! Zones 1 2. Tyne to 200 yards. Census 12 20 86. Ireland 5. English-british type. Europe - - - aus ger fra cha net den got. Sweden, very local. Russia --- 38. Western Siberia. N.B. The P. gramineus of British botanists; not so of several Continental botanists. 11238*, Potamogeton acutifolius, Link. Provinces - 23 4---8-[10]. Native. Lat. 50—53. Dorset! Sussex! Surrey! Norfolk! Lincolu. Zones 1 ? Low grounds. Kent. Herts. Yorkshire? Census 4 5 5. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type. Europe - - - aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia 6 -- 3. N.B. In Britain ,this also has occasionally been labelled as P. gramineus. 81. POTAMACES. 343 1123, Potamogeton zosterifolius, Schum. Provinces - [2] 845 --8-[10]----15. Native. Lat. 51—57. [Sussex], Surrey. — East Perth, Forfar. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 5 8 12. Ireland 1. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia - -- 3 2. P. compressus, Led. ross. et Fries sum. — America. 1124. Potamogeton crispus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16 - [18]. Native. [Shetland]. Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Elgin. Zones 128. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 200 yards. Census 16 82 71. Ireland 11. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 432. India. Siberia. — Iceland; Hooker’s list, from Zoega. [America]. 1125. Potamogeton perfoliatus, Linn. Provinces all? No authority for South Wales? Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne to 200 yards. Census 17 34 68. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6-43.21. India. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland. America. 1126. Potamogeton lucens, Linn. Provinces 12345-7891011121314 15 -- [18]. Native. Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Aberdeen, Banff. Zones 123. Tyne to 200 yards. Humber to 150 yards. Census 14 28 55. Ireland 9. English-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia -- 432. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. Azores. — Faroe. -Iccland. America. 344 81. POTAMACE. 1127. Potamogeton prelongus, Wulf. Provinces --345--8-101112-1415. Native. Lat. 51—58. Berks! Surrey ? — Westmoreland, Moray. Zones 1 2 38. Low grounds; area not sufficiently ascertained. Census 9 14 18. Ireland 5. Scottish-intermediate type. Europe - - - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap. Russia --- 8 2. Himalaya. — America. 1129. Potamogeton heterophyllus, Schreb. Provinces - 2345678910111213141516 18. Native. Lat. 50—61. Dorset? Sussex? Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 23. Humber to 300 yards. Census 16 27 48. Ireland 0. British-english type. Europe spa - - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap. Russia ? N.B. Much confused with obtusifolius, nitens, poly- gonifolius, and other species. 1129. Potamogeton nitens, Weber. Provinces -------------- 15 16. Native. Lat. 55—58. Bute, Perth, Elgin, Nairn. Zones - 2 3. Low grounds. Census 2 3 4. Ireland 2. Scottish type of distribution. Europe - - - aus ger fra cha - den got nor swe. Russia --- 8 2. N.B. The P. lanceolatus (Sm.) is made up of this and the next species; the Scottish localities belonging to this. 1129* (1130). Potamogeton Janceolatus, Sm. in part. Provinces [1 --- 5] -7--[10-1218 15--18]. Native. Lat. 58—54. Isle of Anglesea only, as yet known. Zone 1. Low grounds. Confused with P. nitens. Census 1 1 1. Ireland? Local type of distribution. Europe ? N.B. The Anglesea plant has not been certainly identified with any European species. By name it is enu- merated in Babington’s list of Iceland plants. 81. POTAMACE.E. 345 1131. Potamogeton rufescens, Schrad. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall? Sussex, Kent. — Isla, Caithness. Zones 123. Tyne to 500 yards. Census 17 26 388. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap. Russia ---3 2. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. — Iceland; Lindsay flo. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1182. Potamogeton natans, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15, or all by safe and unsafe records. Native. Lat. 50—58 or 61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides? Shetl.? Zones 123. Low grounds. Confused with ‘ polygonifolius.’ Census 15 32 ? Ireland 12. Bvritish type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6-4 321. India. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. Madeira. Azores? — Faroe. Iceland. America. Ool. 1132 (1133). Potamogeton polygonifolius, Pourr. Provinces all. Native. Often mislabelled ‘ natans.’ Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Lakes to 590 yards. Highlands to 530 yards. Census 18 384 65. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia --- 3. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries? Azores! — America. 1132 (1134). Potamogeton plantagineus, Ducros. Provinces-234-678-101112-14-16. Native. Lat. 50—57. Wight, Hants, Kent. — Arran, Argyle. Zones 123. Humber to 150 yards. Area ill ascertained. Census 11 15 22. Ireland 9. English-british type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den. N.B. Apparently re- stricted to Europe; but this and ‘ polygonifolius’ have been much confused with each other and with ‘ natans.’ Q2¥ 346 81. POTAMACER. 1135 (1136). Ruppia maritima, Linn. Provinces 12384-67-910111213141516-18. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12 3. Littoral. P. rostellata, Wight to Orkney. Census 15 29 43. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur - ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6-432. West-asia. Western Siberia. Algeria. — America. Columbia. 1136 (1137). Zannichellia palustris, Linn. Provinces 1 to 14--1718. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Orkney. Zones 128. Humber to 150 yards. Census 16 28 56. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6-432. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. — America. Columbia. 1187. Zostera marina, Linn. Provinces 1234-67-9101112181415161718. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Littoral. Census 16 28 44. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia - 5 4 8 2. — Faroe. Icelaud. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1137. Zostera nana, Roth. | Provinces 12-------- 11-13-1516 [18]. Native. Lat. 50—57. Dorset, Wight, Sussex. — Argyle, Forfar? Zones 1 2? Littoral. Localities overlooked ? Census 6 8 10. Ireland 1. English type of distribution. Europe - - - - - fra cha net den got. Russia - 5. Algeria. 82. LEMNACE.E. 347 1138. Lemna minor, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Orkney. Zones 123. Lakes, Humber, in each to 300 yards. Census 18 34 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. India. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — America. 1139. Lemna gibba, Linn. Provinces 128456-8910---1415. Native. Lat. 50—57. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Fife; B. Syme, 1840. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Perhaps often overlooked. Census 11 20 387. Treland 8. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6 - 4 8 2. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. — America, rarely. 1140. Lemna polyrhiza, Linn. Provinces 12345678910--1314. Native. Lat. 50—56. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Edinburgh. Zones 1 2, Low grounds. Census 12 24 46. Treland 3. English type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6-432. Siberia. Madeira. — America. 1141. Lemna trisulca, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — “ Banff; Dr. L. Stewart.” Zones 1 2 3. Low grounds. Census 15 28 60. Ireland 6. English-british type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6 432. Siberia. — Ameriva. 348 82. LEMNACEA, — 82*. ARACER. 1141*. Wolffia arhiza, Wimm. Provinces - 2 8. Native. Likely in other provinces. Lat. 50—52. Middlesex ; Trimen, 1866. Hants. Surrey! Essex. Zone 1. Low grounds. Full area not ascertained. Census 2 8 4. Ireland G. Local-germanic type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net. From England to Transyl- vania, from Naples to Holland. Sparsely reported, but minute and likely to be disregarded. 1142. Arum maculatum, Linn. Provinces 1 to 14 (15). Native. (Edinburgh — Moray). Lat. 50—56 (58). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Berwick, Roxburgh. Zones 1 2. Tyne to 825 yards. Humber to 250 yards. Census 14 28 62. Ireland 12. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia --- 3. “Livonia. Lithuania. Warsaw.” Algeria; Desf. atlant. 1142. Arum italicum, Mill. Provinces - 2. Native; but also planted at Steephill. Lat. 50—51. Isle of Wight; A. G. More! Zone 1. Coast level or thereabout. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha net. Holland. Russia, absent. Algeria. Madeira? Azores. 1148. Acorus Calamus, Linn. Provinces 12345 6-89 10--(13). Native. Lat. 51—55. Somerset, Hants, Surrey. — Lancaster, York. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. (Devon, Sussex — Ayr, Renfrew). Census 9 17 25. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe. Russia 6-482. India. Siberia. Davuria. — (America, probably introduced; Gray Bot. N.S.) 82*, TYPHACEL.E. 349 1144. Sparganium natans, Auct. Provinces all. Native. 8. minimum inclusive. Lat. 50—61. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234, Highlands to 580 yards. Census 18 32 66. Ireland 8. British-scottish type. Europe all, except Turkey. 8. minimum included. Russia---321. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1145. Sparganium simplex, Huds. Provinces 1 to 17 [18]. Native. [Orkney; Neill}. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Ross. Zones 123. Low grounds. Census 17 34 76. Ireland 9. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia -- 4 32. West-asia. India. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — America. Columbia. 1146. Sparganium ramosum, Huds. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Orkney. Zones 1 23. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 200 yards. Census 18 35 85. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. India. Siberia. Algeria. — America. 1147. Typha latifolia, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15 -- [18]. Native. Formerly in Orkney ? Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Renfrew, Elgin. Zones 128. Tyne to 200 yards. Census 15 380 67. Ireland 10. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 43. India. Siberia. Algeria, “La Calle’; Desf. atlant. 350 82*. TYPHACES. — 84. JUNCACE. 1148. Typha angustifolia, Linn. Provinces 1 to 18 15. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Kirkcudbright, Fife. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. ‘Truly wild in Fife; Arnott. Census 138 25 48. Ireland 2. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. India. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. — America. 1149. Eriocaulon septangulare, With. Provinces --------------- 16. Native. Lat. 56—58. Mid and North Ebudes. Zones -- 3. Low grounds only ? Census 1 1 2. Ireland 5. Scottish-atlantic type. Europe, absent. Russia, absent. — America. Order 88. ReEstIAcns. 1150. Juncus filiformis, Linn. Provinces - - [3] ----- [9] --12--15--[18]. Native. Lat. 54—58. Westmoreland. Cumberland! Kincardine! Perth ? Zones - 28. Lakes to 150 yards. Census 2 2 3. Ireland 0. Intermediate type of distribution. Europe all, except the Channel division. Russia 6-- 821. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. — Greenland. America. Columbia. 1151. Juncus conglomeratus, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Any authority for Sutherland ? Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123 4. Highlands to 630 yards. Lakes to 560 yards. Census 18 387 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Loffoden Isles; Martins. Russia 6-432. Himalaya? Siberia. Madeira? — Faroe. 84. JUNCACER. 3851 1151. Juncus effusus, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Any authority for Hebrides ? Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 800 yards. Humber to 800 yards. Census 18 37 96. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 654321. Himalaya? Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. America. Columbia. 1151* (1152). Juncus diffusus, Hoppe. Provinces 12845--89101112--15. Native. Lat. 50—57. Dorset, Wight, Sussex. — West Perth; Bab. Man. Zones 1 2. Humber, Tyne, in each to 250 yards. Census 11 17 22. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa - - - ger fra - net den got. Russia, not recorded in Ledebour’s Flora. N.B. A dubious species, usually or always infertile. 1152. Juncus glaucus, Sibth. Provinces 1 to 15 - - [18]. Native. Orkney? Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Aberdeen. Zones 1 2 ? Lakes, Humber, Tyne, in each to 400 yards. Census 15 80 71. Ireland 10. English-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 65 43. Siberia. Algeria. Madeira. Azores; Drouet flore. 1153. Juncus balticus, Willd. Provinces - ------------- 15 1718. Native. Lat. 56—59. Forfar, Kincardine. — Hebrides, Sutherland. Zones - 2 8. Littoral and Sub-littoral. Census 3 5 9. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution. Europe. North Germany. Scandinavia den got nor swe lap. Russia --- 3 21. — Iceland. America. Columbia. 352 84. JUNCACEL. 1154. Juncus maritimus, Linn. Provinces 12384-678910111218-1516. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Nairn. Zones 1 2 8. Littoral. Census 14 25 45. Ireland 9. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ? fra cha net den got. Russia 6 5. Western Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — America. 1155. Juncus acutus, Linn. Provinces 1 28 4 [5] 6 7---- [1213]. Native. Lat. 50—54. Cornwall? Sussex, Kent. — Carnarvon, Flint ? Zone 1, Littoral. [North Lancashire? Kirkcudbright ?] Census 6 10 15. Iveland 3. English-atlantic type. Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Russia 6. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 1156. Juncus acutiflorus, Ehrh. Prov. all. Native. Any authority for subprovinces 16 and 26? Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 2 8. Takes to 600 yards. Tyne to 500 yards. Census 18 36 89. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark? Loffoden Isles. Russia? Siberia? — America. Rocky Mountains. 1157. Juncus lamprocarpus, Ehrh. Provinces all. Native. Any authority for Sutherland? Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 800 yards; Prof. Dickie. Census 18 37 89. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 65432. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. Algeria. Madeira. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Sd. JUNCACEX. 353 1158. Juncus obtusiflorus, Ehrh. Provinces 1284567891011 1814 [15]. Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Wigton, Haddington. Zones 1 2. Humber to 200 yards? Census 138 25 47. Ireland 3. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia, probably absent. Algeria. 1159. Juncus supinus, Moench. Provinces all. Native. Any authority for 8.E. Lowlands ? Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 800 yards. Tyne to 700 yards. Census 18 37 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Turkey and Finmark. Loffoden Isles. Russia 6 - - 3 2. Azores. — Faroe. Iceiand. America? 1160. Juncus compressus, Jacq. Provinces 1 to 16-18; but doubtful in several of them. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Skye? Shetland? Zones 128. Low grounds. Surrey and Middlesex; H.C. W. Census ? ? ? Ireland —? British type of distribution ? Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. Persia. — Iceland; Hooker list. America. Columbia. 1160,b. Juncus Gerardi, Lois. Provinces 12 34-6789101112 131415 16-18. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128. Littoral. Often labelled ‘‘ compressus.” Census 16 30 50. Ireland —? British type of distribution. Europe all? Scarcely distinct from ‘ compressus.’ Russia 6-4 321. Siberia. — America ? Is it this, not ‘compressus,’ in Iceland ? 22 B54 84. JUNCACER. 1162. Juncus bufonius, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123 ? Lakes to 650 yards. Tyne to 550 yards. Census 18 88 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 6-4 321. India. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Greenl. Am. Col. 1163. Juncus squarrosus, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Any authority for 5.W. Wales? Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123456. Highlands to 1080, 1000, 960 yards. Census 18 87 84. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia -- 432. Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. 1164. Juncus castaneus, Linn. Provinces [1] --------- [11] ---15 16. Native. Lat. 56—58. Mid Perth! Forfar! South Aberdeen! Argyle! Zones--- 5 6. Highlands at 800—1000 yards. Census 2 8 4. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe. Alps of Switzerland and Austria. Norway, Sweden, Lapl. Russia ----21. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. — Greenland. America. Columbia. 1165. Juncus trifidus, Linn. Provinces -- --------- [12] --15 1617 [18]. Native. Lat. 56—59. Dumbarton, Perth. — Skye, Sutherland. Orkney ? Zones ----5 6. Highlands at 550—1410 yards. Census 8 7 10. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia ----21. West-asia. Siberia. Persia. — Faroe. Jecland. Greenland. America. on 84. JUNCACEX. 35 1167. Juncus biglumis, Linn. Provinces - ------------- 15 [16]. Native. Lat. 56—58. Perth! Forfar? Aberdeen. Banff? Zones ----5 6. Highlands to 1100 y. Down to 2000 ft.; Dickie. Census 1 3 4. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe. Norway, Sweden, Lapland, Finmark. Russia - - - - - 1. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1168. Juncus triglumis, Linn. Provinces - - - - - - 7--(10)1112--15161718. Native. Lat. 583—61. Carnarvon, Durham. — Sutherland, Shetland. Zones-- ? 4 5 ? Highlands at 400—1000 yards. Census 7 11 17. Ireland 0, Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia 6-- ? 21. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtse. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Rocky Mountains. 1169. Luzula sylvatica, Bich. Provinces all. Native. Orkney? Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones 12345 ? Highlands to 1030, 900, 900, 860 yards. Census 18 86 85. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den nor - lap. Loff, Russia ? -- ? 6 Caucasia? 3 Isle of Oesel? — Faroe. “ America.” 1170. Luzula pilosa, Willd. Provinces all, Native. L. Borreri - 2 3-5. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Highlands to 630 yards. Lakes to 560 yards. Census 18 36 86. Ireland 6. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 654321. West-asia, Siberia. Kamtschatka. Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 306 R41. JUNCACEA. 1171. Luzula Forsteri, De Cand. Provinces 123-56----- [12 13 - 15}. Native. Lat. 50—538. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cardigan, Essex. Zone 1. Low grounds. [Cumb. Ayr. Forfar.] Census 5 13 25. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur - ger fra cha. ‘ Russia 6. Algeria. 1172. Luzula campestris, Willd. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 1080 yards. Wales to 1080 yds. Census 18 387 91. Ireland 1. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 65 4521. Himalaya? Siberia. Davuria. Kamtse. Madeira. Azores. — Iceland; Hooker list. Greenl. Am. Col. 1173. Luzula multifiora, Le}. Provinces all? Native. Any authority for N. Highlands? Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 12345. Highlands to 980 yards. Tyne to 850 yards. Census 17 34 73. Iveland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Confused with ‘ campestris’ in the older books. Russia 6- 4321. Siberia. Madeira. — Iceland; Bab. cat. America; Taylor, etc. 1174. Luzula arcuata, Hook. Provinces -------------- 15 17. Native. Lat. 56—59. Forfar? Aberdeen! Banff. Sutherland! Zones - - - - - 6. Highlands at 1100—1410 yards. Census 2 3 3. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe. Norway, Sweden, Lapland. Russia---- 21. Siberia. L. hyperborea to Spitzbergen. — Greenland. America. Columbia. ~ R41. JUNCACEK-E. — &4,. CYPFRACE.E. 35 1175. Luzula spicata, De Cand. Provinces - - - - - - 7----12--15 161718. Native. Lat. 53—59. Carnarvon, Westmoreland. — Hebrides, Sutherl. Zones --- 45 6. Highlands to 1444, 1310, 1270, 1200 yards. Census 6 10 14. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia 6-- 3-1. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1176. Cyperus longus, Linn. Provinces ? 28 [45] 6. Native. Cornwall? Somerset ? Lat. 50—52. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Pembroke, Wilts. Zone 1. Low grounds. |Norfolk. Stafford.] Census 3 4 5. Ireland 0. Atlantic-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha. Russia 6 5 4. Algeria. Madeira. Azores. 1177. Cyperus fuscus, Linn. Provinces -- 3 ------ [10.. Native. Tat. 51—52. Surrey, Middlesex. [York, an error]. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 1 2 2. Ireland? Local-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. 1178. Cladium Mariscus, Brown. Provinces 1 to 14 [15] 17. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Berwick, Sutherland. Zones 1 23. Low grounds. [Formerly in Forfar]. Census 15 22 30. Ireland 10. English-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 65 3. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries, a variety. Azores. 358 %5. CYPERACE®, 1179. Schenus nigricans, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Rare in provinces 2 8 5 and 18 14. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Dorset, Hants. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 28. West Highlands to 350 yards. Census 18 384 56. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. EKurope spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den - nor. Baltic isles. Russia 6-- 43. Siberia. Algeria. 1180. Rhyncospora alba, Vahl. Provinces 1284567891011 1213-15 161718. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones 123. Tyne to 150 yards. Census 17 32 61. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap. Russia -- 4 32. Siberia. — America. Columbia. “ North States, common in bogs.” 1181. Rhyncospora fusca, Sm. Provinces 1 2-- [5] 6--- [10]. Native. Lat. 50—52. Cornwall? Somerset! Dorset! Glamorgan. Zone 1. Low grounds. [Reported in Salop and York]. Census 3 5 5. Ireland 4. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia --- 8. ‘Isle of Oesel.” ‘ Lithuania ” — America; Gray’s Botany of the Northern States. 1182. Blysmus compressus, Panz. Provinces 12345-7891011 121314 - [16]. Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall? Dorset, Kent. — Ayr, Haddington. Zones 123. Tyne to 500 yards. Humber to 400 yards. Census 13 25 45. [Ireland]. English type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 65 4 8 2. Siberia. — Iceland; Hooker’s list, from Zoega. 85. CYPERACEA. 359 1183. Blysmus rufus, Link. Provinces - - - - - - 7-9-11121381415 161718. Native. Lat. 58—61. Anglesea, Durham. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Littoral. Census 10 16 31. Ireland 4. Scottish type of distribution. Europe. North Germany. Scandinavia den got nor swe lap. Russia --- 32. India. Siberia. Davuria. — Iceland; Lindsay flo. 1181. Scirpus lacustris, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 128. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 150 yards. Census 18 88 75. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 654321. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. — Iceland; Hooker, from Zoega. America. Columbia. 1184,b. Scirpus glaucus, Sm. Provinces 12345678-1011 131415 16- [18]. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Forfar. Zones 1 2. Low grounds; sub-littoral. Census 14 25 82. Iveland 8. English-british type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6-432. Siberia. Davuria. N.B. 8S. Taberneemonti of Continental authors. 1184*. Scirpus carinatus, Sm. Provinces - 23 -[5--8--11j. Native. Lat. 50—52. Sussex, Kent, Surrey, Middlesex. Zone 1. Low grounds. [Provinces 5 - - 8 by misnomers]. Census 2 3 5. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe - - - aus ger fra - net den. Russia, absent. N.B. An unsatisfactory species; its localities confused with those of ‘triqueter’ and ‘ glaucus.’ 360 85. CYPERACE.E. 1185 (1188). Scirpus triqueter, Linn. Provinces - 2 3 [4--- 8]. Native. Lat. 50—52. Sussex, Surrey, Middlesex. Zone 1. Low grounds. (Norfolk. Leicester.] Census 2 3 38. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita ? aus ger fra cha net den. Russia 6 - 4. — [America]. ‘ Columbia.” 1186. Scirpus setaceus, Liun. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney? Zones 128. Humber to 500 yards. Lakes to 480 yards. Census 18 36 79. Ireland 8. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia 6 5 43. Siberia. Algeria? Azores. — Iceland. 1187. Scirpus Savii, Seb. Maur. Provinces 12-4-67 9--1213--16. Native. Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Devon, Wight. — Isla; Prof. Balfour! Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Lastward in Suffolk and Norfolk. Census 9 15 22. Ireland 7. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur - - fra cha. Russia, absent. Algeria. Azores. 1188 (1185). Scirpus Holoschenus, Linn. Provinces 1 [2--5------ 12]. Native. Lat. 51—52. North Devon! [Somerset? Dorset? Hants ?} Zone |. Sub-littoral. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-atlantic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra. Russia 6 5 4. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. 85. CYPERACE. 361 1190. Scirpus maritimus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Ross. Zones 1 23. Littoral. Census 17 29 56. Treland 10. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5. Western Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. America Columbia. 1191. Scirpus sylvaticus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Occasionally mislabelled “ carinatus.” Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Banff. Zones 1 2 3. Humber, Tyne, in each to 150 yards. Census 16 31 61. Ireland 6. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. Siberia. Davuria. — America. Columbia. 1192. Scirpus palustris, Linn. Provinces all. Native. S. uniglumis partly included? Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 23. Humber to 400 yards. Highlands to 350 yards. Census 18 36 84. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 654321. India. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Greenl. Am. Col. 1193. Scirpus uniglumis, Link. Provinces - 2----7-9-11--1415 16-18. Native. Lat. 50—60. Dorset, Sussex. — Orkney; Boswell-Syme. Zones 123. Altitude -? Localities imperfectly known. Census 8 10 18. Ireland 1. British-scottish type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6-- 321. Himalaya. — Iceland. N.B. Jil understood in Britain. 362 85. CYPERACE&. 1194 (1193). Scirpus multicaulis, Sm. Provinces all. Native. Partly confused with 8. uniglumis ? Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney; B.-Syme. Zones 1 23. Low grounds; also higher ? Census 18 30 55. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - - ger fra cha net den got. Russia ---8. Lithuania; Ledeb. flo ross. Algeria. Azores. — America. Columbia, 1195 (1194). Scirpus pauciflorus, Lightf. Provinces 1 to 17 [18]. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Sutherland. Zones 1234. Humber, Lakes, in each to 700 yards. Census 17 82 61. Ireland 5. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Turkey. Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. Madeira; Lemann’s list. — Faroe. ‘‘ Rocky Mountains.” 1196. Scirpus cespitosus, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Occasionally mislabelled “ pauciflorus.” Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123456. Highlands to 1160, 1060, 980 yards. Census 18 36 77. Ireland 12. British-scottish type. Europe all, except Turkey. Russia --- 821. Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1197. Scirpus acicularis, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15 -- [18]. Native. [Orkney; Lowe]. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex. — Perth, Forfar? Zones 1 2, Low grounds. Census 15 28 49. Iveland 4. English-british type. Europe all, except Turkey and Finmark. Russia 6-4321. India. Siberia. Davuria. — Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia. 85. CYPERACES. 363 1198. Scirpus fluitans, Linn. Provinces all? Native. Any authority for S. Wales? Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 1238. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne to 200 yards. Census 17 33 59. Ireland 8. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus - fra cha net den got. Russia --- 8. Warsaw; Ledeb. flo. ross. Azores. — Faroe. 1199 (1200). Eriophorum vaginatum, Linn. Provinces all. Native. [E. alpinum, 15 - 17]. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Devon, Sussex. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 980 yards. Lakes to 950 yards. Census 18 384 73. Ireland 11. British-scottish type. Europe all, except Turkey. Russia -- 4 32:1. West-asia. Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1200 (1201). Eriophorum angustifolium, Roth. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345 6. Highlands to 1160, 1060, 1050 yards. Census 18 38 96. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia-- 4821. West-asia? Siberia. Davuria. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1201 (1200). Eriophorum latifolium, Hoppe. Provinces 1 to 15-17. Native. Lat. 50—59. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Ross! Sutherland ! Zones 128. Tyne to 500 yards. Humber 100—400 yards. Census 16 25 87. Ireland 3. British-english type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6-43.21. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. — Iceland; Lindsay flo. America. Columbia. 364 85. CYPERACER. 1202. Eriophorum gracile, Koch. Provinces - [2] 3 - [5-7] --10---- [15]. Native. Lat. 51—55. Surrey! York; Woods, Borrer. Zones 1 2. Humberat 100 yards. [Sus. Wore. Carn. Per. Forf.] Census 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Local-english type. Europe all, except Finmark and perhaps Spain. Russia --- 321. Siberia. — America. Columbia. 1203. Kobresia caricina, Willd. Provinces [1] ------- - 101112--15. Native. [Devon]. Lat. 54—57. York! Durham! Westmoreland? Perth! Zones-- 345. Highlands (say) 900 y. Humber 400—600 y. Census 4 4 4. Iveland 0. Intermediate type of distribution. Europe. Alps - ita aus ger. Scandinavia - nor swe lap. Russia 6. — Greenland. America. Rocky Mountains. 1204. Carex dioica, Linn. Provinces all; but the Peninsula not certain. Native. Lat. 50—61. Dorset, Sussex; Borrer. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 960, 900, 830, 710 yards. Census 17 34 62. Ireland 9. Scottish-british type. Europe all, except Turkey and perhaps Channel. Russia ---3821. Siberia. — Iceland. Greenland. America. ‘ Columbia.” 1205. Carex pulicaris, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 900, 810, 810, 800 yards. Census 18 37 81. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6 -- 3 2. Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. 85. CYPERACE. 365 1206. Carex pauciflora, Lightf. Provinces ----[(5]----1011 138-151617. Native. Lat. 51—59. Duwfries, N.E. York. — Ross, Sutherland. Zones - ? 345. Highlands to 900 yards. Tyne 150—250 yds. Census 6 10 19. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap fin. Russia - -- 38 21. — America. Columbia. 1207. Carex rupestris, All. Provinces - ------------- 15 17. Native. Lat. 56—59. Perth. Forfar. Aberdeen! Sutherland! Zones--- ? 5. Highlands at 800 or 850 y. Also “low rocks.” Census 2 3 4. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia - - - - - 1. Siberia. Davuria. Spitsbergen. —TIceland. Greenland. America. Rocky Mountains. 1208. Carex incurva, Lightf. Provinces - ------------ 1415-1718. Native. Lat. 55—61. Holy Isle, in Cheviotland. — Shetl.; Edmondston. Zones - 2 8. Littoral or Sub-littoral in Britain. Census 4 7 14. Ireland 0. Scotish type of distribution. Europe - ita tur aus ger - - - den got nor - lap fin. Russia 6--- 7. “India.” Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1209. Carex stellulata, Good. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12845. Highlands to 990, 980, 960, 700 yards. Census 18 38 87. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Loffoden Isles. Russia 6-482 1. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. Azores. — Faroe. America, Columbia. 366 85. CYPERACE,. 1210. Carex lagopina, Wahl. Provinces -------------- 15. Native. C. leporina, in C.B. Lat. 57—58 (about 57). Aberdeenshire; Prof. Dickie! Zones - - - - - 6. Highlands at about 1200 yards; Dickie. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia - - - - - 1. Siberia. Kamtschatka. —— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. Rocky Mountains. 1211. Carex ovalis, Good. Provinces all. Native. C. leporina of various authors. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones 1234. Lakes to 560 yards. Highlands to 500 yards. Census 18 35 81. Iveland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Loffoden Isles. Russia -- 4 32. Siberia. La Calle; Desf. atla, — Iceland? Greenland; Taylor list. Col. 1212. Carex curta, Good. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Elgin. Zones 12384 ? Highlands to 750 yards, more or less. Census 16 80 52. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Spain and Turkey. Russia 6-- 321. Siberia. Kamtschatka. # — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1212,b. Carex alpicola, Wahl. Proy. ------ 7--1011---15-17. Native. “OC. curta, var.” Lat. 53—58. Merioneth; Hort. York; Mudd. Ross; Babington. Zones -- 345 6. Highlands to 1200 y. Humber below 300 y. Census 5 6 8. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin. Russia--- 321. As varieties of C. curta. — America? Columbia. “ Unalaschka; Eschsc.” 85. CYPERACE. 367 1213. Carex elongata, Linn. Provinces --3-5---910. Native. Lat. 51—55. Surrey, Kent, Essex. — Lancaster, York. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Also in Salop and Chester. Census 4 5 7. Ireland 1. English type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. , Russia - -- 3 2. Western Siberia. Davuria. — Iceland; Hooker list, from Zoega. Columbia. “ Sitcha.” 1214. Carex remota, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Ross. Zones 1 23. Humber to 350 yards. Tyne to 330 yards. Census 17 32 69. Ireland 9. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6-- 32. India. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Algeria. — Columbia. “ Sitcha.” 1215. Carex axillaris, Good. Provinces 12345--8910---[1415]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, York. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 8 15 27. Ireland 2. English type of distribution. Europe. Tyrol. North-west Germany. Russia? The Caucasian plant, apparently C. Boenninghauseni- ana, is placed as a variety of this, in Ledeb. flo. ross. 1216. Carex Benninghauseniana, Willd. Provinces - 2 8 - - -- - ?----1415. 9 Chester? Lat. 50—58. Wight? Sussex, Kent. — Aberdeen, Banff. Zones 123. Low grounds. Census 4 8 10 Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution ? Europe. Germany. Denmark. Scania. N.B. A most un- satisfactory species; some examples approximating to C. axillaris, others to depauperised C. paniculata. 368 85. CYPERACEA, 1217. Carex intermedia, Good. Provinces 1234567891011-18141516. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Kincardine. Zones 123. Highlands to 400 yards? Tyne to 200 yards. Census 15 27 56. Ireland 11. English-british type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia --- 82. Siberia. Davuria. — America ? 1218. Carex arenaria, Linn. Provinces all? Native. Any authority for Severn province ? Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Littoral; rarely inland. Census 17 383 58. Ireland 8. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 65 43 2. Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. 1219. Carex divisa, Huds. Provinces 1284-678-[1011--1415]. Native. Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight! Kent! — Lincoln? York? Zone 1. Littoral. [Northumb. Edinb. Forf.] : Census 7 15 21. Ireland 1. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha. Russia 65 43. India? Western Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. 1220. Carex muricata, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Elgin. Zones 1 23. Humber, Tyne, in each to 250 yards. Census 16 31 65. Ireland 5. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 4 3 2. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. — Iceland. (America). Columbia? 85. CYPERACE.E. 369 1221. Carex divulsa, Good. Provinces 12345-78-10 [11-1814]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Denbigh! York! Zones 1 2. Humber to 150 yards. [Renfrew, Edinburgh]. Census 8 19 40. Treland 4. English-germanic type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia, absent ? Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 1222. Carex vulpina, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16-18. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Elgin. Zones 1 2 3. Low grounds. Census 17 34 76. Ireland 7. British type of distribution. Europe.all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 43 2. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Iceland. America. 1223. Carex teretiuscula, Good. Provinces 1234567891011-13 1415. Native. Lat. 51—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Moray. Zones 1283. Humber to 150 (or, to 400?) yards. Ceusus 14 25 42. Ireland 5. British-english type. Europe all, except Turkey and Finmark. Russia -- 4 32. Himalaya. Canaries. — America. Rocky Mountains. 1223*. Carex paradoxa, Willd. Provinces - - - [4] ----- 10. Native. Lat. 54 or thereabouts. Yorkshire only? [Suffolkj. Zones - 2. Low grounds. A dubious species. Census 1 2 2. Ireland 1. Local-intermediate type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap. Russia 6-- 3 2. Siberia. — “America; Dr. Richardson.” 370 85. CYPERACES. 1224. Carex paniculata, Linn. Provinces all? Native. Any authority for the Lake province ? Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney; B. Syme. Zones 123. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 150 yards. Census 17 80 62. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Russia 6 -- 3. Western Siberia. Canaries. — America. 1225. Carex alpina, Vahl. Provinces -------------- 15. Native. OC. Vahlii, Schk. Lat. 56—57. Forfar, Aberdeen. Zones----5. Highlands at 800—850 yards, or thereabouts. Census 1 1 2. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe. Switzerland. Tyrol. Scandinavia - - nor swe lap fin. Russia - - - - - 1. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Caucasus ? — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1227. Carex atrata, Linn. Provinces - - - - - - 7-(9)---18-15. Native. Lat. 53—58. Carnarvon. Dumfries? Perth! Forfar! Aberdeen! Zones ----5 6. Highlands at 850—1250 yards. Census 3 4 5. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia 6-4 8-1. India. Siberia. Davuria. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1228. Carex vulgaris, Fries. Provinces all. Native. C. cespitosa of Smith, ete. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 980, 900, 880 yards. Census 18 86 88. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, unless Finmark excepted. Russia 6 -- 3 21. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. 85. CYPERACER. 371 1229, Carex rigida, Good. Provinces [1] - - - - - 7--101112 1381415161718. Native. Lat. 53—61. Carnarvon, York. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones ---- 5 6. Highlands to 1449, 1310, 1270, 1200 yards. Census 10 15 23. Ireland 4. Highland type of distribution. Europe - - - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Russia 6 -- 3821. India. Siberia. Davuria. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1280. Carex aquatilis, Wahl. Prov. ------------ 2-15. Native. Two species included ? Lat. 56—58. Lanark? Fife? Forfar! Aberdeen ! Zones -- ? - 5 6. Highlands at 900—1100 y. And much lower? Census 1 2 2. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Kurope. Scandinavia - got nor swe lap fin. Russia --- 3 21. — Iceland; Nyman Sylloge. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1231. Carex stricta, Good. Provinces 1 to 12 (138 14.15 16]. Native. In Scotland? Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Sussex, Kent. — Westmoreland, Durham. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Confused with C. acuta, etc. Census 12 25 38. Ireland 11. English-intermediate type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 - 4 3 2. Algeria. — Faroe. America. Columbia. 1232. Carex acuta, Linn. Provinces 1234567891011-1814 15 16- [18]. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Moray. Zones 123. Humber to 200 yards. “ Kingussie, 1830.” Census 15 29 56. Ireland 5. British-english type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 654321. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. — Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia. 372 85. CYPERACE. 1233. Carex saxatilis, “ Linn.” Provinces -------------- 15 1617. Native. C. pulla, Good. Lat. 56—59. Dumbarton, Perth, Forfar. — Skye, Sutherland. Zones ----5 6. Highlands about 800—1030 yards. Census 3 6 10. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe. Scandinavia - - nor swe lap fin. Russia ----21. Spitsbergen. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1234. Carex flava, Linn. Provinces all. Native. C. “ Oederi” unavoidably included. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 960, 900, 800, 800 yards. Census 18 36 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. For ‘flava’ and ‘ Oederi’ alike ? Russia-- 43821. West-asia. India. Madeira. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. 1235. Carex extensa, Good. Provinces 1 28 4 [5] 67-9101112183141516-18. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 123. Littoral. Census 15 26 41. Ireland 7. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got - swe. Russia 654. > Algeria. 1236. Carex pallescens, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—59. Devon, Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland Zones 1284. Highlands to 630, 600, 410 yards. Census 17 81 65. Ireland 6 or 8. British type of distribution. Iurope all, except Spain and Finmark. Loffoden Isles. liussia 6-4 3821. Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. America. 85. CYPERACE. 373 1237. Carex fulva, Good. Provinces all? Native. C. speirostachya inclusive. Lat. 50—59. Devon? Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Sutherland. Zones 1234, Highlands to 630 yards. Humber to 600 yards. Census 18 33 69. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6 - - 3 2. — America; “ Dr. D. B. Greene” and “ Dr. Goodenough.” 1238. Carex distans, Linn. Prov.1234567[(8]91011-131415161718. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1 23. Littoral or Sub-littoral. Census 16 27 44. Ireland 7. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6 5 4 3 2; but perhaps C. binervis, not our distans. Algeria. 1239. Carex binervis, Sm. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 1030, 1010, 800 yards. Census 18 386 75. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe spa - - - ger fra cha net -- nor. Portugal to Norway. Russia? See the preceding species. Algeria. 1240. Carex levigata, Sm. Provinces 123-56789101112131415 16. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Mull, Aberdeen. Zones 123. Tyne to 350 yards. [Easterness; Ball]. Census 15 27 46. Ireland 8. British-english type ? Europe spa ita - - ger fra cha net. Gallicia. Holland. Russia 6 - - 3. N.B. In Britain, confused with C. binervis. Algeria. — America ? 374 85. CYPERACE. 1241. Carex panicea, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123845. Highlands to 760 yards. Tyne to 750 yards. Census 18 36 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, unless Turkey to be excepted. Russia 6543821. Siberia. Kamtschatka. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. 1241*. Carex vaginata, Tausch. Provinces - ------------- 151617. Native. Lat. 56—59. Dumbarton, Perth, Forfar, Aberdeen, Sutherland. Zones ----5 6. Highlands to 1260, 1220 yards. Census 8 5 6. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe - - - aus ger - - - - - nor swe lap. Russia ---- 2 1. Siberia. —TIceland. Arctic America. 1242. Carex depauperata, Good. Provinces 1-38----------- {15 16]. Native. Lat. 51—52. N. Somerset; Norman! Surrey; Salmon! Tent. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 2 2 8. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha. Russia 6 5. Kamtschatka; Ermann, in flo. ross. —N.B. Alleged to be “frequent” in Devon ; is it so? 1248. Carex capillaris, Linn. Provinces ---- [5]----1011 ? ? -15-1718. Native. Lat. 54—61. Dumfries? Cumberland? York. — Shetland? Zones --345. Highlands 0—900 yds. Humber 400—700 y. Census 5 7 9. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin. Russia 6--321. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 85. CYPERACES. 375 1244. Carex limosa, Jinn. Provinces [1] 2-45 67-9101112 181415 16 17. Native. Lat. 50—59. Dorset, Hants, Suffolk. — Skye, Sutherland. Zones 123. Tyne 0—200 yards. C. irrigua included. Census. 14 21 32. Ireland 7. Scottish type of distribution. Europe all, except Turkey. — C. irrigua in Finmark. Russia 6--3 21. West-asia. Siberia. —TIceland. America. Columbia. 1245. Carex rariflora, Wahl., Sm. Provinces - ------------- 15-17. Native. Lat. 56—59. Forfar, Aberdeen, Banff, Moray, Sutherland ? Zones ----5. Highlands at 800—1000 yards. Census 2 3 5. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. HKurope. Scandinavia - - nor swe lap fin. Russia ---- 21. Kamtschatka. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1246. Carex strigosa, Huds. Provinces 12345678910---([14--17]. Native. Lat. 50—54. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Chester, York. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 10 18 81. Ireland 5. English type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den. Russia 6. Algeria. 1247. Carex sylvatica, Huds. Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Moray. Zones 1234 ? Highlands to 700 yards, or thereabout. Census 15 29 67. Ireland 12. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia --- 3. Siberia. Davuria. 376 85. CYPERACE. 1248. Carex pendula, Huds. Provinces 1 to 15. Native. C. maxima, Scop. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Elgin. Zones 128. Humber to 150 yards. Census 15 29 57. Ireland 5. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia 6 5. Algeria. Madeira. Azores. C. myosuroides, Lowe. 1249. Carex pseudo-Cyperus, Linn. Provinces 12345-78910----(15) [16]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, York. Zones 1 2.8. Low grounds. (Elgin, planted). [Isla ?] Census 9 20 38. Ireland 8. English type of distribution Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6-4 8. India. Algeria. — Iceland; Hooker, from Zoega. America. 1250. Carex glauca, Linn. Provinces all. Native. C. recurva, of various books. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Humber to 750 yards. Highlands to 670 yds. Census 18 36 89. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6-4 3. Siberia. Algeria. 1251. Carex precox, Jacq. Provinces 1 to 15 --18. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones12345. Highlands to 750 yards. Humber to 600 yds. Census 16 82 75. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 6-432. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. — (America, introduced; Gray’s Bot. nor. sta.) ~ ~ 85. CYPERACE.E. 3 1251. Carex ericetorum, J.iun. Provinces --- 4. May occur elsewhere ? Lat. 52—53. Cambridgeshire; Mr. Boswell-Syme! Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-germanic type. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe. Russia 6-43.21. Siberia. Davuria. — N.B. A recent addition to the English flora. 1251*. Carex montana, Linn. Provinces -2--5. Native. Lat. 51—52 or 58. Sussex, Gloucester, Monmouth, Heref., Wore. Zone 1. Low grounds; and higher? Census 2 3 5. Ireland 0. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe. Russia --- 32. Western Siberia. — “Iceland”; but likely C. pilulifera. 1252. Carex pilulifera, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones 1 23456. Highlands to 1100, 1080, 1030 yards. Census 18 35 69. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia --- 32. West-asia. Kamtschatka. — Iceland? Greenland. America. 1253. Carex tomentosa, Linn. Provinces - 2. Native. Lat. 51—52. North Wilts! East Gloucester ? Zone 1. Channel at 150 yards; T. B. Flower. Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-english type. Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Baltic Isles. Russia 6 5 £3. 378 85. CYPERACLA. 1254. Carex clandestina, Good. Provinces 1 2--5. Native. C. humilis, Bab. Man., ete. Lat. 50—52. Somerset, Wilts, Dorset, Gloucester, Hereford. Zone 1. Low grounds. Census 3 4 5. Ireland 0. Local-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium. Russia 6-43. Siberia. 1255. Carex digitata, Liun. Provinces 1 2--5--8-10. Native. Lat. 51—55. Devon? Somerset, Wilts. — Notts, York. Zones 1 2. Humber at 0—200 yards; Baker. Census 5 8 12. Ireland 0. Inglish-local type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6 5-82. Siberia. 1256. Carex filiformis, Linn. Provinces 12-45-7891011121314151617. Native. Lat. 50—59. Devon? Somerset! Hants; Borrer. — Sutherland. Zones 1 23. Humber to 200 yards. Tyne to 150 yards. Census 15 20 381. Ireland 8. Scottish-british type. Europe all, unless Spain and Turkey excepted. Russia --- 321. Siberia. — America. 1257. Carex hirta, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cantire, Moray. Zones 123. Tyne to 400 yards. Humber to 350 yards. Census 16 30 73. Ireland 11. British-english type. Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Russia 65432. Siberia. Davuria. Algeria. — Iceland. me 1381. Cystopteris montana, Link. Provinces - - - - - - (7]------- 15. Native. Lat. 56—57 or 58. Mid Perth! Forfar! 8. Aberdeen. [Carn.] Zones ---- 5 6. Highlands at about 1200 yards. Census 1 2 3. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra --- - nor swe lap. Denmark? Belg.? Russia, absent. Kamtschatka. — Rocky Mountains, in America. 1382. Polystichum Lonchitis, Roth. Provinces - - - [4 - 6] 7-- 1011 [12 138] - 15 1617 [18]. Native. Lat. 583—59. Carnarvon, York. — Sutherland. [Orkney]. Zones - ? 8456. Highlands to 1080, 1000, 960, 920 yards. Census 6 10 16. Iveland 8. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin. Russia 6----1. Olympus. Himalaya. Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1383. Polystichum aculeatum et lobatum, Anglor. Provinces 1 to17. Native. Confused with P. angulare. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Ross. Zones 1234. Humber to 800 yards. Highlands to 700 yards. Census 17 384 85. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. ‘“ Scandinavia.” Russia 6. West-asia. [Azores; Drouet],-— America. Columbia. 410 87. FILICES. 1384. Polystichum angulare, Newm. Provinces 123456789101112-14. Native. Lat. 50—66. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland! Roxb. Zones 1 2. Humber to 300 yards. Census 138 25 49. Ireland 12. English type of distribution. ‘Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net - [got nor]. Russia 6. West-asia. Himalaya. Synonyms uncertain. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. 1385. Lastrea Thelypteris, Presl. Provinces 123456789101112--15-- [18]. Native. Lat. 50—57. Dorset, Wight, Sussex, Kent. — Forfar! Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Census 13 21 36. Iveland 8. English type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia 6-- 32. Himalaya. Siberia. Algeria. — Iceland; Hooker, from Zoega. America. 1386. Lastrea Oreopteris, Presl. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands to 980 yards. Humber to 550 yds. Census 18 87 81. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Sweden and Finmark. Russia --- 38. West-asia. 1387. Lastrea Filix-mas, Presl. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland ? Zones 1234. Humber to 800 yards. Highlands to 500 yards. Census 18 37 96. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 65 4321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. ‘‘ Japan.” Algeria. Madeira. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. 87. FILICES. All 1388. Lastrea rigida, Presl. Provinces [1] ------- 910-12. Native. Lat. 583—55. Lancaster, York, Westmoreland. [Somerset]. Zones -- 8. Probably about 400—500 yards. Census 3 3 5. [Ireland]. Intermediate type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra----nor. L. pallida, spa ita tur. Russia, absent. LL. pallida, West-asia. L. pallida, Tunis. — [America ?] 1389. Lastrea cristata, Presl. Provinces (1 - 3] 4 [5] -- 89 [10----15]. Native. Lat. 52—54. Suffolk, Norfolk, Hunts, Notts, Chester. Zones 1 2. Low grounds. [Essex? Derby ?] Census 3 5 6. [Ireland]. English-intermediate type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe. Russia 6-4 3. Western Siberia. — America. 1390. Lastrea spinulosa, Anglor. Provinces 12345 ? ? 89101112--15 16 [1718]. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Perth! Inverness! Zones 123. Low grounds. West Inverness; Mrs. Maskelyne! Census 14 24 53. Ireland 9. English-british type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net. Scandinavia? Russia --- 321. “Amur. Manchuria.” Kamtsc. a variety. [Pico, Azores; Milde]. — America, “forma genuina.” Sitcha, ‘var.’ 1391. Lastrea dilatata, Anglor. Provinces all. Native. Strangely confused with L. spinulosa, Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones12345 6. Highlands to 1230, 1200, 1150 yards. Census 18 36 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, unless Turkey and Finmark to be excepted. Russia 66-4321. West-asia. Siberia? Azores. — America. Columbia. 412 87. PILICES. 1392. Lastrea emula, Brack. Provinces 128-567--1011 12-14 [15] 16-18. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall! Sussex! Kent! — Mull, Skye, Orkney ! Zones 1 2 3. Humber to 150 yards. Census 12 18 24. Ireland 12. Atlantic-british type. Europe. Bretagne, in herbario Preslii; Milde, p. 142. Russia, absent or not observed. Madeira. Azores. Feenisecii of Lowe, recurva of Bree. 1393. Pseudathyrium alpestre, Newm. Provinces -------------- 151617. Native. P. flexile, 15. Lat. 56—59. Argyle, Perth, Forfar — Sutherland; Oliver! Zones ---45 6. Highlands between “ 600—1200 yards.” Census 3 5 8. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa - - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap. Russia 6-- 3-1. West-asia. — Greenland. Columbia; Dr. Lyall. 1394. Athyrium Filix-femina, Roth. Provinces all. Native. | Two species, but localities confused. Lat. 50—61. Cormwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Tyne to 750 yards. Highlands to 550 yards. Census 18 388 88. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Loffoden Isles. Russia 6-4 321. West-asia. Himalaya. Sib. Dav. Kamtsce. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. Am. Col. 1395. Asplenium viride, Huds. Prov. - (2 8)- ? 678910111218 ? 15161718. Native. Lat. 51—61. Glamorgan! Worcester, extinct ? — Shetl.; Tate. Zones- 2845. Highlands to 960 yds. Humber 200—800 yds. Census 12 17 30. Ireland 5. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra -- ? - nor swe lap fin. Russia 65 --2. West-asia. Siberia. — New Brunswick. Rocky Mountains. Aleutian Isles. 87. FILICES. 413 1396. Asplenium Trichomanes, Linn. Provinces all. Native. A. anceps included below. Lat. 50—66. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 1234. North Wales to 650 yards. Tyne to 550 yards. Census 18 387 88. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Lapland; Milde, not Fries sum. Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia. Japan; Milde. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. America. Columbia. 1397. Asplenium marinum, Linn. Provinces 1 2---67-9101112181415161718. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Littoral; rarely far inland. Census 14 25 46. Ireland 10. British-atlantic type. Europe spa ita - -- fra cha. Corsica; Milde fil. eur. Russia, absent. ‘Jamaica. Helena. Bermudas.” Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — British America. 1398. Asplenium lanceolatum, Huds. Provinces 123-567--{[10]. Native. Lat. 50—538. Cornwall, Sussex, Kent. — Merioneth, Gloucester. Zones 1 2. North Wales to 200 yards. Census 6 9 10. Ireland 1. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur - ger fra cha. Russia, absent. N.B. A. obovatum, spa ita tur - - fra. Algeria. Madeira. Azores. 1399. Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 680 yards. Tyne to 500 yards. Census 18 37 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia 6-- ? West-asia. Himalaya. ‘Western Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. Abyssinia; Milde fil. 414 87. FILICES. 1400. Asplenium Ruta-muraria, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney. Zones 1 2 8. Humber to 650 yards. Tyne to 550 yards. Census 18 87 87. Iveland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Russia 65 432. West-asia. Cashmere. Siberia. Algeria, — America. 1400*. Asplenium germanicum, Weiss. Provinces - - - - - - 7---1112-1415. Native. Lat. 583—57. Carnarvon! Cheviotland! — Cumberland, Perth! Zones ? 3. Tyne at about 150 yards. Census 5 5 7. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net - got nor swe. Russia ----2. Fennia australi prope Helsingfors.” “ Desideratur in Asia, Africa et America”; Milde fil. eur. 1401. Asplenium septentrionale, Hull. Provinces 1 - [8] ---7--101112-1415-- [18]. Native. Lat. 51—58. North Devon, Carnarvon. — Perth, Aberdeen. Zones - 28345. North Wales to 1000 yds.? Lakes to 500 yds. Census 7 8 11. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Lapland; Milde, not Fries. Russia 65 432. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. —- Iceland; Hooker list. Greenland; Giesecke. America; Milde. 1402. Scolopendrium vulgare, Sym. Provinces 1 to 16-18. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney? Shetland. Zones 12 8. Humber to 150 yards. Census 17 35 88. Ireland 12. British-english type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Gottland. Russia 6-4 8. West-asia. Western Siberia. “Japan.” Algeria. Madeira. Azores. — America, very local. Sitcha? 87. FILICES. 415 1403. Blechnum horeale, Sw. Provinces all. Native. Blechnum Spicant, Newm. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123456. Highlands to 1300, 1160, 1080 yards. Census 18 88 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Crete; Heldreich. Russia 6 -- 8. Kamtschatka. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Columbia. 1404. Pteris aquilina, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Highlands to 640 yards. Humber to 600 yards. Census 18 38 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 65 482. West-asia. Himalaya. Sib. Dav. Kamtse. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — America. Columbia, a var. 1405. Adiantum Capillus-Veneris, Linn. Provinces 1 2 - - [5] 6- [8-10] -12--[15 16]. Native. Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Devon, Som., Dorset, Glamorgan, Man. Zones 1 2. Coast level. ([Sal. Staff. Derb. Kinc. Arran]. Census 4 6 7. Ireland 4 or 5. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra. ‘“ Limbourg.” Russia 6. West-asia. North-west India. Western Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. ‘‘ Sandwich Islands.” 1407. Hymenophyllum tunbridgense, Sm. Provinces 123-2? 67 ? 91011121314 ? 16 [17]. Native. Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Sussex, Kent. — Mull, Argyle. Zones 123. Peninsula to 350 yards. Tyne at “300 yards?” Census 12 15 25. Ireland 8. Atlantic type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net. Russia, absent. Extends to the Southern hemisphere. Canaries. Azores; Drouet. 416 87. FILICES. 1408. Hymenophyllum Wilsoni, Hook. Provinces 1---567-9101112131415161718. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Devon. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234 2? Hebrides to 950 yards? Census 14 22 40. Ireland 9. Atlantic-highland type. Europe. Norway. Overlooked elsewhere ? Russia, absent. Extends to the Southern Hemisphere. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. 1409. Osmunda regalis, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Very rare in Shetland. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland. Zones 123. Tyne to 300 yards. Humber to 150 yards. Census 18 84 70. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got - swe. Russia 6-- 3. West-asia. India. China. Japan. Algeria. Azores. — America, if O. spectabilis, Willd. 1410. Botrychium Lunaria, Linn. Provinces all. Native. B. rutaceum in province 15 ? Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12845. Highlands to 900 yards. Humber to 550 yds. Census 18 34 78. Ireland 12. British-scottish type. Europe all, unless Turkey to be excepted. <‘‘ Australia.” Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Sib. Dav. Kamts. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1411. Ophioglossum vulgatum, Linn. Provinces 12345-7891011121381415 16-18. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Lakes to 300 yards. Humber to 150 yards. Census 16 32 69. Ireland 11. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Turkey and Finmark Russia 65 432. West-asia. Himalaya. Western Siberia. Madcira; Milde. Azores. — Iceland; Hooker. Am. Col. 82. LYCOPODIACER. 417 1412. Lycopodium clavatum, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Devon, Sussex. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1284, Humber to 850 yards. Highlands to 650 yards. Census 18 34 67. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Turkey. Russia-- 4821. Himalaya. Siberia. Amur; Milde. fil. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1413. Lycopodium annotinum, Linn. Provinces - - - - - - 78(9-11)12--15161718. Native. Lat. 53—60. Carnarvon, Leicester. — Ross, Orkney. Zones - ? 345. Highlands to 900, 900, 880, 860 yards. Census 7 10 14. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap fin. Russia-- 4321. West-asia. Siberia. ‘‘Amur. Kamtsc.” — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1414. Lycopodium inundatum, Linn. Provinces 128345--8910-12--151617. Native. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex, Kent. — Ross. Zones 123. Low grounds. Census 12 24 43. Ireland1. British-english type. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. Russia - - 4 3. — America; but perhaps a species sufficiently distinct. 1415. Lycopodium alpinum, Linn. Prov. 1--- [5]6789101112131415161718. Native. Lat. 51—61. Somerset, Wales, Derby. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones --8 45 6. Highlands to 1300, 1200, 1180 yards. Census 14 24 45. Ireland 7. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net - - nor swe lap. Loffoden. Russia - - - - - 1. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 3H 418 88. LYCOPODIACER. — 89. MARSILEACEA. 1416. Lycopodium Selago, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Rare in South-east England. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Devon, Sussex. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123456. Highlands to 1440, 1330, 1300 yards. Ceusus 18 84 68. Ireland 9. British-highland type. Europe all, except Turkey. Russia 6--321. West-asia. Siberia. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1417. Lycopodium selaginoides, Linn. Prov. [I] ----- 78910111213 1415161718 Native. Lat. 53—61. Anglesea, Carnarvon, Derby? — Orkney, Shetland. Zones - 23456. Highlands to 1080, 930, 910, 900 yards. Census 12 19 43. Ireland 10. Highland type of distribution. Europe spa - - aus ger fra - - den got nor swe lap fin. Russia 6-- 821. Himalaya. Siberia. Selaginella spinulosa. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 1418. Isoetes lacustris, Linn. Provinces - - - - [5 6] 7-- [10 11] 12--15 1617. Native. Lat. 52—59. Salop? Glamorgan ? Merioneth. — Skye, Sutherl. Zones - 2384. Highlands to 600 or 700 yards, or upwards. Census 5 7 16. ireland 6. Highland type of distribution. Europe - - - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap. Russia --- 3 21. Western Siberia. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. 1419. Pilularia globulifera, Linn. Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex. — Skye, Sutherland. Zones 123. Wales to 300 yards. Humber to 150 yards. Census 17 83 47. Ireland 2. British type of distribution. Europe - - - - ger fra cha net den got nor. Russia -- 4 3. 90. EQUISETACES. 419 1420. Equisetum maximum, Lam. Provinces 1 to 16 - [18]. Native. E. Telmateia, Ehrh. Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Aberdeen. Zones 1 2. Humber to 400 yards. Rarely above 200? Census 16 30 67. Ireland 8. English-british type. Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Russia 65 4 8. West-asia. Siberia. Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — America. Columbia. 1421. Hquisetum umbrosum, Willd. Provinces - - ----- (8] 9101112131415. Native. Lat. 583—58. Lancaster, York. — Perth, Aberdeen. Zones 123. Tyne 30—400 yards. Humber to 300 yards. Census 7 8 15. Ireland 2. Scottish type of distribution. Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha - den got nor swe lap. Russia 6-482. “All Siberia, to 70 lat.” Caucasus; Milde fil. — Iceland. America. Rocky Mountains. 1422. Equisetnm arvense, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 123. Tyne to 650 yards. Humber to 550 yards. Census 18 38 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all. Eastward to China and Japan. Russia 6-4321. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtsc. North Africa; Milde. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenl. Am. Col. 1423. Equisetum sylvaticum, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Sutherland. Zones 123845. Highlands to 900 yards on several hills. Census 18 36 72. Ireland 10. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6-4 321. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. Wamtse. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. 420 90. EQUISETACES. 1424. Equisetum palustre, Linn. Provinces all. Native. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 12345. Highlands 830, 810, 790, 710 yards. Census 18 87 86. Ireland 9. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Eastward to Japan. Russia 654821. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. — Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia. 1425. Equisetum limosum. Linn. Provinces all. Native. E. fluviatile, Linn., not of Smith. Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. Zones 1234. Highlands to 710 yards. Humber to 600 yards. Census 18 35 81. Ireland 12. British type of distribution. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia-5 4821. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka. — Faroe. Iceland. America. 1426. Equisetum hyemale, Linn. Provinces [1 2] 3456789101112131415 17. Native. Lat. 51—58. Hereford, Surrey, Kent. — Ross, Moray. Zones 123. Humber 0—200 yards; Baker. Census 14 21 36. Ireland 5. Scottish-british type. Europe all, except Finmark. Russia 6-43821. West-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia. 1428. Equisetum variegatum, Schl. Provinces 1 - ------ 910111213814151617. Native. Lat. 50—58. Devon! Somerset? Chester! York! — Ross! Zones 123. Humber to 600 yards. Tyne to 500 yards. Census 10 12 16. Ireland 3 or 5. Scottish type of distribution. Europe spa - tur aus ger fra - net den- nor. Baltic Isles. Russia --- 321. Siberia. Algeria. — Iceland; Mr. Carroll. Greenland. America. Acer, 132. Aceras, 327. Achillea, 236. Aconitum, 87. Acorus, 348, Actsea, 87. Actinocarpus, 839, Adiantum, 415. Adonis, 80. Adoxa, 184. fEgopodium, 188. Aithusa, 193. Agrimonia, 165. Agrostemma, 117. Agrostis, 385. Aira, 388. Ajuga, 271. Alchemilla, 166. Alisma, 339, Allium, 332. Allosorus, 408. Alnus, 312. Alopecurus, 383. Althea, 128. Ammophila, 387. Anagallis, 287. Anchusa, 282. Andromeda, 242. Anemone, 80. Angelica, 195. Anthemis, 236. Anthoxanthum, 881, Antirrhinum, 262. Anthriscus, 198, Anthyllis, 139. Apera, 385. Apium, 187. Aquilegia, 86. Arabis, 99. Arbutus, 242. Arctium, 219. Arenaria, 120. INDEX TO GENERA. 421 INDEX TO THE GENERA In THE FOREGOING SYNOPsIS oF SPECIES. Armeria, 289. Arnoseris, 218. Arrhenatherum, 391. Artemisia, 225. Arthrolobium, 148. Arum, 318. Arundo, 887. Asarum, 305. Asparagus, 335. Asperugo, 282. Asperula, 204, Asplenium, 412. Aster, 229. Astragalus, 147. Athyrium, 412, Atriplex, 295. Atropa, 252. Avena, 390. Azalea, 242. Ballota, 272. Barbarea, 100. Barkhausia, 217. Bartsia, 258. Bellis, 234. Berberis, 87. Beta, 296. Betula, 312. Bidens, 224. Blechnum, 415. Blysmus, 358. Botrychium, 416. Brachypodium, 403. Brassica, 103. Briza, 398. Bromus, 401. Bryonia, 175. Bunium, 189. Bupleurum, 190. Butomus, 340. Cakile, 92. Calamintha, 270. Callitriche, 173. Calluna, 240. Caltha, 85. Campanula, 237. Capsella, 93. Cardamine, 98, Carduus, 220, Carex, 304 to 379. Carlina, 223. Carpinus, 311. Carum, 189. Catabrosa, 393. Caucalis, 197. Centaurea, 228. Centunculus, 288. Cephalanthera, 322. Cerastium, 124. Ceratophyllum, 174. Ceterach, -L07. Cherophyllum, 198. Chelidonium, 90. Chenopodium, 291. Cherleria, 126. Chlora, 249. Chrysanthemum, 234. Chrysocoma, 225. Chrysosplenium, 183. Cicendia, 247. Cichorium, 219. Cicuta, 187. Cineraria, 232. Ciresea, 171. Cladium, 357. Clematis, 79. Cochlearia, 95. Colchicum, 338. Comarum, 160. Conium, 186. Convallaria, 336, Convolvulus, 250. Corallorhiza, 323. Cornus, 184. Coronopus, 92. 422 Corrigiola, 175. Corydalis, 90. Corylus, 311. Cotoneaster, 167. Cotyledon, 180. Crambe, 92. Crategus, 167. Crepis, 212. Crithmum, 195. Crocus, 330. Cuscuta, 250. Cynodon, 380. Cynoglossum, 282. Cynosurus, 398. Cyperus, 357. Cypripedium, 329. Cystopteris, 409. Dactylis, 399. Daphne, 804. Daucus, 196. Delphinium, 87. Dentaria, 98. Dianthus, 112. Digitalis, 262. Digitaria, 380. Diotis, 225. Dipsacus, 206. Draba, 96. Drosera, 110. Dryas, 157. Echium, 283. Elatine, 112. Elymus, 405. Empetrum, 305. Epipogium, 323, Epilobium, 168. Epipactis, 321. Equisetum, 419. Erica, 240. Erigeron, 229. Eriocaulon, 350. Eriophorum, 363. Erodium, 132. Ervum, 151. Eryngium, 185. Erysimum, 102. INDEX TO GENERA. Erythrea, 248. Euonymus, 136. Eupatorium, 224, Euphorbia, 306. Euphrasia, 259. Fagus, 311. Festuca, 399. Filago, 227. Foniculum, 193. Fragaria, 160. Frankenia, 111. Fraxinus, 246. Fritillaria, 331. Fumaria, 90. Gagea, 333. Galeopsis, 274. Galium, 201. Gastridium, 384. Genista, 187. Gentiana, 246. Geranium, 133. Geum, 156. Gladiolus, 330. Glaucium, 90. Glaux, 288. Glechoma, 276, Glyceria, 393. Guaphalium, 226. Goodyera, 320. Habenaria, 326. Hedera, 184. Helianthemum, 106. Helleborus, 86. Helminthia, 208. Helosciadium, 188. Heracleum, 196. Herminium, 827. Herniaria, 176. Hieracium, 213. Hierochloe, 381. Hippocrepis, 148. Hippophae, 304. Hippuris, 172. Holeus, 391. Holosteum, 122. Honkeneja, 119. Hordeum, 405. Hottonia, 286. Humulus, 310. Hutchinsia, 94. Hyacinthus, 3384. Hydrocharis, 338. Hydrocotyle, 185. Hyoscyamus, 251. Hymenophyllum, 415. Hypericum, 129. Hypochoeris, 209. Iberis, 94.- Tlex, 245. Tilecebrum, 175. Impatiens, 135. Tnula, 232. Tris, 329. Isnardia, 171. Isoetes, 418. Jasione, 239. Juncus, 350. Juniperus, 319. Knautia, 207. Knappia, 384. Kobresia, 364. Koeleria, 392. Lactuca, 210. Lamium, 272. Lampsana, 218. Lathrea, 266. Lastrea, 410. Lathyrus, 152. Lavatera, 128. Leersia, 380. Lemna, 347. Leontodon, 208. Lepidium, 94. Lepigonum, 120. Lepturus, 406. Leucojum, 331. Ligusticum, 194. Ligustrum, 245. Limosella, 26-4. Linaria, 262. Linnea, 200. Linum, 126. Liparis, 329. Listera, 321. Lithospermum, 280. Littorella, 291, Lloydia, 335. Lobelia, 20. Loiseleuria, 242. Lolium, 404. Lonicera, 200. Lotus, 145, Luzula, 355. Lychnis, 115. Lycopodium, 417. Lycopsis, 281. Lycopus, 267. Lysimachia, 286. Lythrum, 174. Mainthemum, 336. Malaxis, 329. Malva, 127. Marrubium, 277. Matthiola, 103. Matricaria, 235. Meconopsis, 89. Medicago, 139. Melampyrum, 259. Melica, 392. Melilotus, 140. Melittis, 271. Mentha, 267. Menyanthes, 249. Menziesia, 241. Mercurialis, 308. Mertensia, 281. Meun, 194. Milium, 385. Moenchia, 117. Moehringia, 122. Molinia, 393. Monotropa, 245. Montia, 175. Mulgedium, 212. Muscari, 334. Myosotis, 278. Myosurus, 81. Myrica, 319. INDEX TO GENERA. Myriophyllum, 172. Myrrhis, 199. Narcissus, 331. Nardus, 406. Narthecium, 335. Nasturtium, 100, Neottia, 321. Nepeta, 276. Nuphar, 88. Nymphea, 88. Obione, 294. Oenanthe, 191. Onobrychis, 149. Ononis, 138. Onopordum, 222. Ophioglossum, 416. Ophrys, 328. Orchis, 324. Origanum, 269. Ornithogalum, 333, Ornithopus, 148. Orobanche, 264. Orobus, 154. Osmunda, 416. Oxalis, 136. Oxyria, 304. Oxytropis, 117. Papaver, 88. Parietaria, 309. Paris, 337. Parnassia, 184. Pastinaca, 196. Pedicularis, 260. Peplis, 174. Petasites, 228. Petroselinum, 187. Peucedanum, 195. Phalaris, 381. Phleum, 382. Physospermum, 186. Phyteuma, 239. Picris, 208. Pilularia, 418. Pimpinella, 189. Pinguicula, 283. Pinus, 319. 423 Plantago, 290. Poa, 305 to 898. Polemonium, 249. Polycarpon, 176. Polygala, 111. Polygonatum, 336. Polygonum, 298. Polypodium, £07. Polypogon, 385. Polystichum, 409. Populus, 312. Potamogeton, 341. Potentilla, 157. Poterium, 165. Primula, 285. Prunella, 277. Prunus, 154. Pseudathyrium, 412. Pteris, 415. Pulmonaria, 283. Pyrola, 244. Pyrus, 167. Quercus, 310. Radiola, 127. Ranunculus, 81. Raphanus, 105. Reseda, 106. Rhamnuus, 136. Rhinanthus, 259. Rhyncospora, 358. Ribes, 177. Rosa, 162. Rubia, 201. Rubus, 160. Rumex, 301. Ruppia, 346. Ruscus, 336. Sagina, 117. Sagittaria, 340. Salicornia, 297. Salix, 313. Salsola, 296. Salvia, 267. Sambucus, 199. Samolus, 288. Sanguisorba, 165. 424 Sanicula, 185. Saponaria, 113. Sarothamnus, 137. Saussurea, 219. Saxifraga, 180. Scabiosa, 207. Scandix, 198. A Scheuchzeria, 341. Schoberia, 297. Schoenus, 358. Scilla, 334. Scirpus, 359. Scleranthus, 176. Sclerochloa, 394. Scolopendrium, 414. Scrophularia, 261. Scutellaria, 277. Sedum, 178. Senecio, 230. Serratula, 220. Seseli, 194. Sesleria, 388. Setaria, 381. Sherardia, 204. Sibbaldia, 157. Sibthorpia, 264. Silaus, 194. Silene, 113. Simethis, 335. Sinapis, 104. Sison, 188. Sisymbrium, 101. Sium, 190. INDEX TO GENERA. Smyrnium, 186. Solanum, 251. Solidago, 230. Sonchus, 211. Sparganium, 349. Spartina, 380. Spergula, 119. Spergularia, 120. Spireea, 156. Spiranthes, 320. Stachys, 275. Statice, 289. Stellaria, 122. Stratiotes, 338. Suda, 297. Subularia, 96. Symphytum, 281. Tamus, 337. Tanacetum, 235. Taraxacum, 218. Taxus, 320. Teesdalia, 94. Teucrium, 271. Thalictrum, 79. Thesium, 305. Thlaspi, 93. Thymus, 269. Tilia, 128. Tillea, 178. Tofieldia, 338. Tordylium, 196. Torilis, 197. Tragopogon, 207. Trichonema, 3380. Trientalis, 286. Trifolium, 141. Triglochin, 340. Trigonella, 141. Trinia, 187. Triodia, 392. Triticum, 404, Trollius, 86. Turritis, 100. Tussilago, 229. Typha, 249. Ulex, 187. Ulmus, 310. Urtica, 309. Utricularia, 284. Vaccinium, 243. Valeriana, 205. Valerianella, 205. Verbascum, 252. Verbena, 266. Veronica, 254. Viburnum, 200. Vicia, 149. Villarsia, 249. Vinca, 246. Viola, 107. Viscum, 199. Wolffia, 348. Woodsia, 407.” Zannichellia, 346. Zostera, 346. III. SEGREGATES anp tHeErR NOMENCLATURE. In explaining the formula used in the ‘Synopsis of Species,’ on pages 79—420, it was intimated that a general commentary afterwards would include the Alien plants and * also several segregate species, the distribution of which is yet too imperfectly ascertained, to allow of the formula being adhered to for them, if taken apart from each other.” Great difficulty is experienced in the attempt to shew the topographical distribution of that miscellaneous group of plants, which ought to include everything not already treated in the foregoing ‘Synopsis.’ Brevity is absolutely necessary in a single volume which professes to be only a Compendium ; while something like sameness of plan is needful, to prevent brevity lapsing quite into non-intelligibility. Looking to the Segregates in the first place. These may be distinguished roughly into three groups. First, those which have long been separated in books, more or less clearly, and which have thus become passably well known to botanical collectors and recorders of localities. Many of this first group have been already treated in the Synopsis, because the records of their localities were found sufficiently numerous, and in the main also sufficiently reliable, to afford the necessary data, when joined with those in the Author’s own notes and herbarium, the accumulations of many years. Second, there are numerous recent severauces, not yet become familiar to botanists who are guided by descriptive books in which these recent segregates remain unnoticed, or who have not seen such authentic examples as would suffice to render the novel species or variety (it matters not which it be called here) 31 426 lI. SEGREGATES AND clearly understood by them. Of course, the localities for these segregates are yet sparingly on record; and, if on record at all, they may usually have been assigned to some other more aggregate species. Third, there is the very troublesome class of “splits,” in which not only are old familiar species subdivided into these recent and yet unfamiliar segregates, but in which also transfers of name from one thing to another, the raking up of old obsolete names to displace those in habitual use, and perverse misapplications of names so as to give them different meanings from heretofore, —all come in more or less, to make confusion and to insure false records and frequent misnomers. The simple fact of severance always creates the topographical difficulty, even though quite warranted by clear differences in nature, and distinctly explained in books, without confusion- creating name-changes. Under these most favorable conditions it takes a long time before the segregates become so generally understood by botanists, that the recorded localities for them can also become numerous and generally correct. Too many of those which must here be treated after some fashion, have only quite recently been distinguished in books, as quasi-species, with special names and descriptions ; and they have become known as yet to very few botanists. Some of them which have been admitted only into the latter editions of Professor Babington’s carefully worked ‘Manual of British Botany,’ or have first appeared in this country in the new edition of ‘ English Botany,’ under Mr. Boswell- Syme’s discriminating Editorship, are yet imperfectly known to myself as living realities, or even remain still unknown either alive in nature or mummified in the herbarium. To the general body of botanical observers and collectors, scattered through England, several of them must be utterly unknown, or be so unfamiliar that little of reliance can be placed at present on reports of localities for them. ‘Thus, in too many instances, the records being few, and not always reliable if made, the time is not yet come for condensing the localities into any fixed formula that would truly illustrate the distribution of the plants geographi- cully considered, TIHFIR NOMENCLATURE. A27 Unfortunately, they are not the novel segregates only which are thus difficult to trace. The severance of any one of these from an older species, as previously recognized in books, must usually nullify all the past records about that old species, if the object now be to shew also its own distribution apart from the severed novelty ; such former records having been made for the undivided aggregate, not specially for either of its severed portions, that is, neither for the segregate nor for the remnant. When aggregate species AB comes to be made into two by the severance of B from it, leaving A equally alone, what are we to do with all its old recorded localities? None of them were reported for A or for B specially by itself; and often the places must be re-visited, or authentic specimens be re-examined, in order to determine the doubtful alternative between A and B for each locality. Such is the difficulty, at present almost an insurmountable difficulty, to be met in this division of the ‘Compendium.’ It must take inclusive notice of segregate species and varieties, familiar to few of us, and some of which are certainly ill-understood even by their own proposers or introducers into English books ; and the localities for which are at best very sparingly recorded, if not in some cases already misrecorded for the wrong thing. A commencement only can be attempted here, by putting into an abbreviated form so much or so little as is yet known to the writer concerning the distribution or localities of the segregates. Some half-century henceforward, when new Local Floras and Lists and other records have accumulated, a successful attempt will become possible to the botanists of that future time. As to now tracing their distribution through other countries (which has been advised), the attempt to do so would be only a futile mockery of the former portion of this work, so meagre and uncertain would any such enumeration of foreign habitats unavoidably become. Before proceeding to the brief summary alluded to, some pages will be devoted to expositions of the manner in which the aggregates (the recognized species of the older botanists, and still accepted in the same character by influential botanists of the present time) have passed into the modern segregates ; which too 428 Ill. SEGREGATES AND often bewilder us by their ill-defined pettiness, and doubtless drive away in disgust some of the students who might have become botanists under more encouraging conditions. The tendency of the practice must be to make book-botany attractive only to the lowest class of minds which can engage in science at all; the minds which devote themselves exclusively to minute details, and which find their right vocation there, simply because incapable of anything higher. & Be 15 23 stelligerum - See is - - 15 24 vulgatum 1234-6- 89101112. 15 16 b. cinereum - 7 c. rubescens - - 10 25 gothicum -- 7- 1011 15 b. latifolium - 15 26 tridentatum 128-5- 891011 27 prenanthoides - +e - 1011 - 1415 28 strictum -- 10 12 15 1617 29 umbellatum 12345678910111213 ? ? ? 380 crocatum - 1011 - 15 31 rigidum - 1011 1814151617 32 corymbosum S88 - 15 Barkhausia setosa, DC. Provinces - 23-5---91011---165. Casual. Cyb. ii. 68. Sown with imported clover seed; thus uncertain and temporary, though not very rare. Taraxacum (officinale) erythrospermum, Andrz. Provinces - 2 3. ‘‘ Chalk downs and sandy places.” Syn. 588. Eng. bot. v. 148. Perhaps frequent. Taraxacum (officinale) levigatum, DC. Provinces- 2? 45-7. “Sandy places”; E. B. v. 143. Syn. 588. Localities confused with those of palustre. Calendula arvensis, Linn. Provinces - 2-11. 2 Sussex coast, extinct. 11 Ballast-hills. Casual. Cyb. ii. 92. ili. 457. (C. officinalis, so much cultivated, is occasionally seen by waysides. Bot. N. Yorkshire, etc.) 3Y 530 44. COMPOSITE. Arctium Lappa, Linn. With varieties. Provinces all. A. Bardana in all, unless 12 and 17 excepted. Cyb. ii. 72. In the Flora Anglica and Flora Britannica only a single aggregate species was treated under name of Lappa, with subordinate varieties. In the English Flora it was divided into two species, Lappa and Bardana. In the British Flora these two were re-united into one. In English Botany, edition third, that dual division is discarded in favour of another, into the two species majus and minus; the latter subdivided into three sub-species. T can recognize the two species as probably real, and have so treated them on page 219. Other names need a notice here. Arctium intermedium, Man. ed. 4,5. A. nemorosum, Bab. 6. Arctium intermedium, Man. ed. 6. A. pubens, Bab. ed. 4, 5. Provinces 12345678-10---14. Ambiguities. Professor Babington having applied the name intermedium differently in successive editions, it will become usually impossible now to say which of the two segregates is intended by recorders of localities who use that name. In the sixth edition it means pubens, but in former editions it means something which is not pubens, but whether the nemorosum of edition sixth is not made apparent there. Probably both are slight varieties of A. minus. In English Botany they are made sub-species under this latter; but the Editor intimates non- acquaintance with A. nemorosum. Arctium tomentosum, “ Pers.” Bab. man. ed. 4, 5. Provinces- 238? Sussex. Oxford. East England. Ambiguity. ‘Apparently not a native of England, but may have been found in E. Anglia”; Bab. man. ed. 5. Oxford Botanic Garden in 1867; to which Mr. Baxter says he brought it from Bagley Wood, many years before; Rev. W. W. Newbould. Sussex ; Mr. Hemsley, in Journal of Botany, no. 69. I must leave to others the reconcilement between these contradictory records, finding myself only mystified thereby. Serratula (tinctoria) monticola, Bor. Province 1. In the Lizard, Cornwall! Syn. 594. <‘Scarcely deserves the name of a variety, though made a species by Boreau; .... it is represented in E. B. No. 88”; Eng. Bot. ed. 3. Carduus (crispus) genuinus, Gren. & Godr. Provinces...? Probably as they are shown on page 220. Syn. 596. Cyb. ii. 75. ini. 454. This and the other two segre- gates made up the ‘‘acanthoides” of most English botanists until very recent dates. Jam unable to apportion my own herbarium specimens among them with the needful confidence; and thus am , compelled to leave the provinces in blank, not finding special localities on record. 44. COMPOSIT:. 531 Carduus (crispus) polyanthemos, Godr. ‘‘ Koch Syn.” Provinces... ? Not ascertained for this apart. Syn. 593. Indirectly said to be “common”, in E. B. 3. Carduus (crispus) litigiosus, Gren. & Godr. Provinces... ? Less abundant than the other forms; E. B. 3. Syn. 596. ‘C. acanthoides, Koch Syn.” “ C. polyacanthos, Schreb.” Carduus Marianus, Linn. Silybum Marianum, Gaertn. Provinces 1 to 17. Cornwall to Ross. Garden escape. Casual or Alien. Seldom permanent. Cyb. ii. 77. iii, 454. Carduus oleraceus, Pers. Province - 8. Lincoln; Mr. Cole, fide E. Edwards. Alien. Particulars in Phytologist ii. 58 and 115. Carduus setosus, E. B. 38. Provinces 1- 3-11-15. Surrey; Irvine! Fife; Dewar! Orkney? Casual or Alien. Cyb. ii. 80. The Surrey plant came to my herbarium, thus labelled, through the Botanical Exchange Club, with the date of 1860. The Fife plant came through the extinct Botanical Society of London. The two examples are widely dis- similar in their stem-leaves and bracts. It has also been reported in South Devon and Durham. Carduus tuberosus, Linn. Province - 2. Formerly found in Wilts. Extinct? Cyb. ii. 83. iii. 455. [6 Glamorgan, erroneously.] Carduus Woodwardii, Cyb. brit. C. acauli-pratensis, E. B. 3. Provinces -2---6. Wilts. Glamorgan. Hybrid? Cyb. ii. 83. iii. 455. A series of examples, wild and garden-grown, shew a range of form sliding almost into pratensis at one extremity, and into caulescent acaulis at the other extremity. Carduus Forsteri, Bab. C. pratensi-palustris, E. B. 3. Provinces - 2 3- [5]. Sussex; Coleman! Surrey! Hybrid? Cyb. ii. 80. iii. 455. The true plant has seldom been found. Forms of C. pratensis have been reported occasionally under name of Forsteri, as from the Isle of Wight and Stafford, and probably from Gloucester. Carduus Gibsoni, Lond. Cat. C. arvensi-acaulis, E. B. 3. Province - 3. Essex; Mr. G. 8. Gibson. “C. dubius, Willd.” Hybrid? Cyb. ii. 84. Eng. Bot. ed. 3. Phytol. iti. 902. Carduus Newbouldi, L. C. C. nutanti-crispus, E. B. 3. Provinces - 8-11. ‘C. acanthoides, Flore de France.” Hybrid? North Essex; Rev. W. W. Newbould, in E. B. 3. A similar intermediate has been found near Wooler, in the Tyne province, by Mr. J. G. Baker. See E. C. report for 1866; also New Flora of N. D. page 196. 532 44. COMPOSITE. Centaurea montana, Linn. Provinces -5 10. Stafford; Garner. York; Mr. James Ward! Alien. yb. ii. 287. A waif from gardens. Centaurea Jacea, Linn. Provinces - 23. Sussex; Borrer. Middlesex: Dyer! Syme! Alien. Cyb. ii. 88. iii. 456. Eng. Bot. v.31. Flora of Middlesex, 164. The so-called “Jacea” of Forfarshire, and of various other counties, was the C. nigrescens or radiate states of C. nigra. Centaurea (nigra) nigrescens, “ Willd.” Provinces 1 to 15; but authority wanting for 7 9 12. Syn. 611. Cyb. ii. 88. iii. 456. The name “ nigrescens” included almost any radiate form of C. nigra or C. nigra decipiens. Centaurea (nigra) decipiens, E. B. 3. Provinces 12 345-15. Cornwall to Cambridge. Fife. Syn. 611. Scarcely distinguishable from C. nigra. Centaurea melitensis, Linn. Centaurea centaurivides, Linn. Province 5. Gloucestershire; Dr. St. Brody. Casuals. Exchange Club reports, 1867 and 1868. Centaurea solstitialis, Linn. Provinces -2345-7891011--14. Chiefly in S.E. England. Casual. Cyb. ii. 92. Among lucerne, clover, etc. Centaurea Intybacea, Linn. Province - 15. Forfarshire; G. Don, sole authority. Error. Cyb. ii. 91. Artemisia (maritima) gallica, Willd. Provinces 128-5----10---1415. And elsewhere? Syn. 624. I have not kept notes of this segregate apart from “maritima.” In English Botany it is said to be “ about equally common” with the more typical form, from which indeed it differs very slightly. Artemisia caerulescens, Linn. Provinces- 2-8. Wight. Hants. Sussex. Lincoln. Error. Cyb. ii. 99. Phytologist ili. 491. Eng. bot. v. 216. Artemisia scoparia, Wald. & Kit. Province - 3. South Kensington, Middlesex, 1865-7. Casual. Site of the Exhibition of 1862; Midx. flo. Artemisia compacta, Fischer. Province - 14. ‘ Tweedside, Melrose”; Mr. G. C. Stuart. Casual. Proceedings of the Berwickshire N. H. Club, 1869. Gnaphalium (dioicum) hyperboreum, “Don.” “ Winch.” Province - 16. Stated to have occurred in the Isle of Skye. Syn. 627. I have not seen an example of this variety. 44, COMPOSITA. 533 Gnaphalium margaritaceum, Linn. Provinces --34567--10-12-1415 16. Alien. Cyb. ii. 101. iii. 458. From America. See De Candolle Geog. Bot. Rais. 669 and 728. Gnaphalium luteo-album, Linn. Provinces - 2-4-9. Sussex. Norfolk. Cambridge. Lancaster. Casual. Oyb. ii. 101. Noticed very seldom. Gnaphalium (uliginosum) pilulare, Wahl. Province ---4. Toft, Cambridge; Eng. bot. v. Syn. 632. “May be common”; Eng. bot. Not yet known to me. Filago gallica, Linn. Provinces -- 845 --8---12--15. In corn-fields. Casual. Cyb. ii. 104. iii. 458. Has occurred in Kent, Surrey, Herts, Essex, Bucks. Errors elsewhere ? Tussilago alpina, Linn. Homogyne alpina, Cass. Province - 15. Forfarshire; G. Don, sole authority. Cyb. ii. 110. iii. 459. Absent from Scandinavia. Tussilago fragrans, Vill. Nardosmia fragrans, Reich. Provinces 1 23--6 7. Escape from gardens. Alien. Cyb.ii. 108. Too impatient of severe frost to become truly naturalised, although its roots will endure long in sheltered spots or near the coast. Tussilago alba, Linn. Petasites albus, Gaertn. Provinces - 5-10-15. Warwick. York. East Highlands. Alien. Cyb. ii. 108. iii. 459. EH. C. rep. 1868. Eng. bot. v. 118. Erigeron unifiorus, Linn. Province - 15. Perthshire; G. Don in Eng. Flora, etc. Error. A misnomer of EL. alpinus single-headed. Erigeron canadensis, Linn. Provinces 1-8-5 6--9-11. Chiefly about the Thames. Alien or Casual. Cyb. ii. 111. A weed in several places. Aster salicifolius, Scholl. Province - 11-15. By the river Tay, below Perth; Syme! Alien. Comp. 641*, Aster salignus in part. Perhaps more than one species pass under the name salignus. The examples sent to me from Perth, by Dr. Boswell Syme, well correspond with a specimen from [name not legible] labelled by Hornung as “A. salicifolius Scholl.” I am not certain that the Cumberland plant belongs to the same species; and have not seen that of Cambridge. The Perth specimens ill accord with one from Strasbourg, sent as salignus. 11, N. H. of Hastern Borders. Aster Novi-Belgiit, Linn. A. brumalis? Provinces - 8-10-15. Surrey. Essex. York. Perth. Alien. One or both of these occur occasionally as garden escapes. 534 44, COMPOSITR. And some other American species of this large genus have been found in isolated localities in Britain. Aster leucanthemos (Desf.) grew increasingly for several years, near to ‘Three Thimble Bridge,’ in the parish of Thames Ditton, Surrey. But in 1869 a new bridge was built, the channel of the stream altered, houses erected on one side of it, a garden made on the other side,—and the Aster became utterly destroyed. Some other species have hoon plexed in that much be-planted locality, the Tay-side below erth. Solidago (Virgaurea) cambrica, Huds. Provinces - - - - - 67--10-12--15--18. And others? Syn. 642. An opposite variety to this is noticed in English Botany, by name of angustifolia. Solidago lanceolata, Linn. Provinces ...? Where are the localities ? Alien. “Sometimes found naturalised”; Brit. Flora. Senecio squalidus, Linn. Provinces 1-345. Devon! Oxford! Worcester! Warwick! Alien. Oyb. 1.115. Midx. flo. Suff. flo. Norf. flo. Senecio erraticus, Bert. Provinces- 5 6 14. Flora of Shropshire, but a misnomer. Error. Cyb.ii.117. iii.461. Bot. Gaz.ii.9. Mag. N. H. iii. 563. Senecio (aquaticus) pinnatifidus, Gren. et Godr. Provinces... ? Probably general; localities not noted. Syn. 649. Eng. bot. v. 86. A slight variation or state. Senecio saracenicus, Linn. 8. salicetorum, Godr. Provinces 123-5-7891011 1218 1415 16. Alien. Cyb. ii. 118. Occasionally misrecorded as S. paludosus. Cineraria (campestris) maritima, Davies. Province - 7. On sea, cliffs, near Holyhead, Anglesea. Syn. 652. The severance of this variety would take province 7 from the area of C. campestris; but Professor Babington states that the latter becomes converted into the variety maritima during wet seasons. See Mag. Nat. Hist. v. 88; and Bot. Gaz. iii. 69. Doronicum Pardalianches, Linn. Provinces 12345--891011-131415. Partly errors? Alien. Cyb. i. 121. Some of the localities which have been recorded for this species, may belong perhaps to the other. My herbarium specimens of the present one are from Somerset, Norfolk, Northumberland, Perth, and Forfar. Doronicum plantaginewn, Linn. Provinces 123----8910---1415. And others? Alien. Cyb. ii. 121. See note to the preceding species. 44, COMPOSITA. 535 Anthemis (arvensis) anglica, Spreng. A. maritima, Sm. Province - 11. Durham; Robson, Backhouse. Syn. 668. Oyb. ii. 129. [By misnomers, in 2 - 6 - 11 - 18 - 15.] Anthemis tinctoria, Linn. Provinces- 3-11 15. Sur. Ess. Dur. North. Fife. Forf. Casual. Cyb. ii. 181. iii. 463. Journal of Botany, iv. 150. (Winch enumerates also the Anthemis Valentina, tomentosa, and miata among “ Exotics found on the ballast-hills of Tyne and Wear ;” Geog. dist. 38. It would needlessly extend this List if all the plants ever seen on the ballast in Tyne province should be included in it.) Achillea decolorans, Schrad. A. serrata, Sm. Provinces 1-8-10. Somerset. Derby. York. Extinct Casual? Cyb. ii. 182. Garden examples only ? Achillea tomentosa, Linn. Provinces -10--13-15 16. York. Renf. Banff. Dumb. Casual. Cyb. ii. 188. iii. 463. Brit. flo. ed. 6, p. 245. Achillea nobilis, Linn. Province - 5. Gloucester; Dr. St. Brody. Casual. Exchange Club report for 1868. “ Achillea asplenifolia, of gardeners.” Province -- 3. Twickenham, Middlesex; Boswell Syme! Alien. In the same field with Centaurea Jacea and Hieracium aurantiacum ; a triplet tending much to shew each other simply Aliens, relicts of some garden. It is apparently the Millefolium with purple or deep pink flowers. Achillea tanacetifolia, All. Provinces - 8-10. Derby; C. C. Babington. York; J. Hardy. Extinct casual. Cyb. ii. 134. iii. 464. Bot. Gaz. ii. 96. Cotula coronopifolia, Linn. Province -- 8. Highbury, Middlesex; Mr. Peter Gray ! Casual. In 1869 a rather dense patch of it ‘was growing in a building lot nearly opposite the new church of St. Augustine in Highbury New Park Road”; Peter Gray. It would be of some interest to know how this plant had got to the place named. Perhaps originally from the Southern Hemisphere, it had become established in Holland in the time of Linneus. It has spread into north-west Germany and Denmark; and it has also settled itself on the coasts of Spain and Portugal. (‘ Cotula aurea, a native of South Europe and the East, occurred a year or two ago in corn- fields at Mitcham, where it was associated with many other exotics obviously introduced with foreign grain”; Journal of Botany, Feb. 1870.) 536 45, CAMPANULACER. — 46. ERICACER. Galinsoga parviflora, Cav. Province -- 8. Surrey; Dr. Gray, 1860. Middlesex ; Mr. Britten. Alien. Journal of Botany, i. 104 and 375. Midx. flo. 151. Aanthium Strumarium, Linn. Provinces- 28-11. Dor. Ham. Sur. Midd. Dur. North. Casual. Cyb. ii. 135. Journal of Botany, i. 875. Xanthium spinosum, Linn. Provinces - 5 6-10-1314. Hereford; Dr. Bull! Casual. Wakefield flo. 50. E. C. rep. 1867. Berw. proc. 1869. 45. CAMPANULACES. Campanula persicifolia, Linn. Provinces- 10-1415. York. Edinburgh. Banff. Casual or Alien. Cyb. ii. 141. Bot. N. Y. 255. Phyteuma spicatum, Linn. Provinces - 2--5. Hast Sussex; W. Christy! Alien. One plant of it found in Warwickshire, in 1865. 46. EricacEa. Erica (Tetralix) Watsoni, Benth. in DC. prodr. Province 1. West Cornwall! Syn. 691 or 692. Cyb. ii. 147. A series of intermediate forms, to all appearance hybrids, between Tetralix and ciliaris; hence re-named “ Tetralici-ciliaris” in English Botany edition third. One of the forms, a living plant of which was kindly given to me by the Rey. C. A. Johns, has been distributed numerously through the Botanical Exchange Club; though not the special form described by Mr. Bentham. Erica multiflora, Linn. Province - 8. Derbyshire; Pilkington, quoted in B. G. Error. What could this name have intended in Derbyshire ? Erica mediterranea, Linn. Province - 6. Pontardulais, Glamorgan; Dr. Turton. Error. Cyb. ii. 349. Phytologist i. 142. Dillw. mat. 31. Erica carnea, Linn. Province 1. Newton Abbot, South Devon; Dr. Hance. Alien or Error? Journal of Botany, v. 136. Calluna (vulgaris) atlantica, Seem. Provinces... ? Probably any or all. Syn. 695. See Journal of Botany, iv. 306 and v. 84, for an account of the characters by which Dr. Seeman proposed to dis- tinguish his atlantica from the ordinary vulgaris. Since attention was called to their differences, in the Journal referred to, I have 49. APOCYNACER. — 50. GENTIANACER. 5387 particularly examined some hundreds of the living shrubs on the heaths in Surrey and neighbouring counties, besides a number of herbarium examples from other countries than England. The result is, that the distinctive characters indicated for atlantica entirely fail when a sufficient series of specimens is under examina- tion ; those of ordinary vulgaris so shading off towards atlantica, as to leave little or nothing to keep them apart. In English Botany, a different dual division is adhered to; namely, into glabrata and incana, dissimilar in their extreme states, but quite connected by a series of intermediate states. Menziesia polifolia, Juss. Provinces - 5 - 8. Worcester; E. Lees. Notts; N. B. G. Error. Cyb. ii. 152. Hast. Tus. Wore. Andromeda (polifolia) curta, Tate. Province - 8. Derby; Rev. A. Ley! Ireland; Dr. Tate. Syn. 699. Journal of Botany, iv. 377. HE. C. rep. 1868. Pyrola (rotundifolia) arenaria, Koch. Province - 9. Coast of Lancaster. P. maritima, Kenyon. Syn. 707. Phytol. ii. 727. Liverpool Nat. Jour. no. 17. Vaccinium macrocarpum, Ait. Province - 7. Flintshire, doubtless planted there. Alien. Extinct. Cyb. ii.158. An American species. 49. APOCYNACEA. Vinea major, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15. Cornwall to Forfar. Alien. Cyb. ii. 167. An escape or relict of gardens. 50. GENTIANACES. Gentiana acaulis, Linn. Provinces - 6 - 9. Pembroke; B.G. Lancashire; “Mr. Townley.” Error. Cyb. ii. 168. Misnomers or mis-reports. Gentiana (Amarella) germanica, Willd. Provinces - 2 8 - [5] 6---10. Hants to York, by report. Syn. 721. Cyb. ii. 178. Hants; Mrs. Russell! It has been found also in Bucks and Herts. Among five specimens sent to me from as many different counties, labelled *‘ germanica,” two are simply Amarella ; these latter being from Monmouth and Hereford. Not admitted into the ‘ Botany of North Yorkshire.’ Swertia perennis, Linn. Province - 6 or 7. Wales; Richardson, in Huds. flo. ang. Error. Cyb. ii. 177. Never verified; but what was the plant? 3% 538 50*. POLEMONIACER. — 52. SOLANACER. 50*. PoLEMONIACER. Collomia grandiflora, Douglas. Provinces 1-10. Shingle, Exmouth. Fields, Thirsk. Casual. Eng. bot. vi. 83. A very hardy annual or biennial from America, readily becoming weed-like in gardens.—(Gilia tricolor, another garden flower in the same order, is also mentioned in English Botany, vi. 83.) 51. ConvoLVULACES. Cuscuta epilinum, Weihe. Provinces 1 to 17, interruptedly. Sown with flax seeds. Casual. Cyb. ii. 182. iii. 470.—(C. approximata, Bab. in Cyb. ii. 183. Found on a cultivated Melilot.) Cuscuta hassiaca, Pfeif. Provinces -- 34. Essex, Varenne! Herts? Cambridge. Casual. Cyb. iii. 364. E. C. rep. 1867. HE. B. vi. 98. 52. SoLANACEE. Hyoscyamus albus, Linn. Provinces- 3-11. Middlesex; Dyer. Durham; Robson. Casual. Cyb. ii. 184. Jour. Bot.iv.151. Surrey flo. app. 317.— (H. aureus has occurred on the ballast-hills of Tyne.— And Hi. pallidus, a variation of niger without coloured veins in the corolla, has been seen in Surrey, Norfolk, and Edinburgh.) Solanum (Dulcamara) marinum, E. B. 8. Provinces - 2.3---7. Likely in others also. Syn. 738. Unless I misunderstand the plant intended under the name, it seems only a trifling variation, arising from its sea-side localities. The words of Ray express a different view: “ Hanc plantam toto habitu suo et omnino specie a priore (Duleamara) diversam.” The description of it in English Botany, edition third, is more accurate than that in the Manual of British Botany. Lycium barbarum, Linn. Provinces - 2 3------ 10. Only where planted ? Alien. Cyb. ii.187. “Nota native, but quite naturalised on the south and south-east coasts”; Eng. Bot. vi. Doubtless it lives where planted ; but is it renewed by seed ? Datura Stramonium, Linn. Provinces 1 to11---15. Cornwall to Moray. Casual. Cyb. ii. 186. An escape from garden culture. 53. SCROPHULARIACE. 539 Datura Tatula, Linn. Province - 8. East Kent; Eng. bot. vi. 108. Midx. flo. 196. Casual. Now usually held a variety of Stramonium. Physalis Alkekengi, Linn. Provinces -- 8-5. Middlesex; Dyer. Warwick; Kirk. Casual. Cyb. ii. 187. Phytol. ii. 971. Jour. Bot. iv. 151. Nicandra physaloides, Gaertn. Provinces - 2.3. Wight. Sussex. Kent. Middlesex. Casual. Declared to have become “ partially naturalised in waste and cultivated ground” in the Isle of Wight A plant so certainly destroyed by slight frost, can never become truly naturalised in England, although it seeds freely in gardens about London during hot summers. Nicotiana rustica, Linn. Province -- 3. Occasionally about London; Midx. flo. Casual. Jour. Bot. iv. 151. One year a plant of it appeared casually in my own garden, in Surrey; and I cannot at all guess through what agency it got thither; there was not then a seeding example of it in my herbarium, to suggest an explanation. 53. SCROPHULARIACEA. Verbascum thapsiforme, Schrader. Province -- 3. Kent. ‘A mistake of Dr. Lindley.” Error. Cyb. ii. 88. English Botany, vi. 187. Verbascum phlomoides, Linn. Provinces - 2 8. Sussex, accidentally; Borrer. Surrey, sown? Casual. Cyb.ii.192. iii. 470. Bot. Gaz.ii 9. Eng. bot. vi. 187. Verbascum pheniceum, Linn. “ V. ferrugineum, Andr.” Provinces 1-7. Anglesea, 1808-4. Somerset, 1 plant, 1830. Casual. Cyb. ii. 192. iii.470. “In a scattered old fence, on the right hand from Beaumares to the Almshouse, in 1803. In the following year, it nearly covered acres of ground in the adjoining field. 1 have never seen it in a garden in the neighbourhood”; Davies, in Welsh Botanology. Verbascum Thapso-Lychnitis, E. B. 3. Thapsoides, Huds. Province -- 8 --(6 7). Kent; Dr. Boswell-Syme! “ Hybrid.” Cyb. ii. 188. (Wales, in gardens; Motley, Griffith.) Verbascum Thapso-nigrum, “ Schiede,” E. B. 3. Provinces -- 3 4. Kent and Surrey; Syme. Norfolk. « Hybrid.” English Botany, vi. 118. “ V. collinum, Schrad.” Verbascum nigro-pulverulentum, “Sm.” E. B. 3. Province --- 4. Norfolk; Eng. flo. ii. 310. “ Hybrid.” Re-found by the Rev. K. Trimmer, in 1863; E. B. 540 53. SCROPHULARIACER. Verbascum nigro-Lychnitis, “ Schiede,” E. B. 3. Provinces- 234. Kent; Syme! Sussex. Norfolk. “ Hybrid.” Phytologist, iv. 861. Eng. Bot. vi. 119. Veronica (spicata) genuina, E. B. 3. Provinces [-- 8] 4. [18]. Suffolk! Cambridge; Bab. flo. Syn. 193. Cyb. ii. 198. East of England. Veronica (spicata) hybrida, Linn. Provinces [1] ---5 67----12. Glouc. Wales. Westm. Syn. 746. COyb. ii. 193. West of England. Veronica fruticulosa, Linn. Provinces -15 16. (14. Wall near Edinburgh.) Error. (Alien in 14.) Cyb. ii. 198. Veronica (scutellata) pubescens, E. B. 3. Provinces -- 3-5 ---9---13-15. Probably in others. Syn. 753. Simply a pubescent state of the type form. Veronica (officinalis) hirsuta, Hopkirk. Provinces - 18. Ayrshire only, and now extinct? Syn. 756. Cyb. il. 200. A specimen from Perthshire is in my herbarium, given to me labelled as hirsuta by Mr. Maughan; but this is not quite like the garden plant from Ayrshire. Veronica Allionti, Villars. Provinces - 15 --18. Forfar; Don. Shetland; Edmondston. Error. Hook. Scot. 10. Shetland flo. 16. Forfar flo. 186. Veronica peregrina, Linn. Provinces - 3-15, Middlesex, sown. Perth, in gardens. Casual. Ireland, in cultivated land; Cyb. Hib. Veronica (polita) grandiflora, Bab. man. Provinces- 2-4-1415. Wight. Camb. Berwick? Fife. Syn. 761. Eng. bot. vi. 150. Omitted from the latter editions of the Manual. In the ‘Eastern Borders’ the Berwick plant is named ‘ Buxbaumii,” but the figure of “V. filéformis” in the Flora of Berwick has the capsule of polita, not that of Buabaumii. Bartsia (Odontites) vulgaris, E. B. 8. “O. verna, Reich.” Provinces all? “ Rather common, especially in the South”; E. B. Syn. 765. Naming the specimens in my own herbarium, by the printed characters in English Botany, this segregate seems to be the more frequent form. Bartsia (Odontites) serotina, E. B.3. ‘O, rubra, Gr. & Godr.” Provinees all? “ Very common”; Eng. Bot. vi. 175. Syn. 765. “Seems to have little claim to be considered a distinct species, as most continental botanists regard it”; E. B. Bartsta (Odontites) rotundata, “ Ball, in Ann. N. H.” Provinces - 2-4. Sussex. Cambridge. Syn, 765, Eng. Bot. vi. 174. Not known to me. 53. SCROPHULARIACER. 541 Euphrasia (officinalis) gracilis, Fries. Provinces all? A slender state, frequent on heaths. Syn. 766. The £. officinalis is so very variable with situation that it appears scarcely possible to select a fixed type for the species. Rhinanthus (Crista-galli) major, Elirh. Provinces ? 2--5--8-101112-1415--18. Sussex to Shetl. Syn. 767. Oyb. ii. 207. iii. 472. Not readily distinguished from the type, though held a true species by many good botanists. The recorded localities are not always reliable. Melampyrum (pratense) latifolium, E. B. 3. Provinces - 23-5. Wight. Oxford. Monmouth. Syn. 770. In English Botany, this segregate is made the primary “variety” of the species, although it is is stated to be “rare”; the “common, and generally distributed” form being placed as the second “variety.” This runs counter to established usage in botanical books, where the prevailing or -usual form of a species stands for the type, and the less usual forms of it for the varieties. Why should a “ rare” exception be accounted the primary form? Melampyrum (pratense) montanum, Johnston. Provinces----5 7--1011--1415--18. And elsewhere? Syn. 770. Oyb. ii. 209. A boreal or montane form. Scrophularia vernalis, Linn. Provinces 1-345 7--1011121314 15. Alien. Cyb. ii. 214. iii. 472. An introduced plant; Alph. De Cand. Geog. bot. rais. 675. Said to have become well established in some places. Antirrhinum majus, Linn. Provinces 1 to 16. Cornwall to Argyle. Alien. Cyb. ii. 216. iii. 473. On walls, chalk rocks, ete. Linaria Cymbalaria, Linn. Provinces 1 to 15. Cornwall to Moray, on walls. Alien. Cyb. ii. 217. Well established in many places. Linaria purpurea, Linn. Provinces 1 23--6----11--1415. On walls, etc. Alien. Cyb. ii. 219. Cornwall to Edinburgh or Aberdeen. Linaria vulgari-repens, E. B. 38. Provinces 1 2-12. Cornwall. Wight. Hants. Sussex. Lake Lane. “Hybrid.” Cyb. ii. 219. iii. 473. Eng. bot. vi. 143. A series of forms, apparently hybrid, some of which were referred to L. italica formerly, but erroneously. Linaria (vulgaris) speciosa, Bromf. Provinces - 28. Isle of Wight; Bromfield! Syn. 785. Cyb. iii, 478. Phytol. iii. 627. Eng. bot. vi. 141. 542 54. OROBANCHACER. This reverts to the typical form under culture; and in the wild state they are connected by intermediate forms. Linaria supina, Desf. Provinces 12-11. Cornwall. Devon. Dorset. Durham. Alien. Oyb. ii. 221. Probably not native; DC. geogr. bot. rais. Linaria spartea, Hoffmansegg ? Province -- 3. Recent inclosures by Walton Station, Surrey. Casual. Cyb. ii. 221. Seen in quantity in 1848—5 ; less plenti- ful afterwards; extinct before 1860.— (The African Linaria bipartita is occasionally found in Surrey, in places where game has been fed on imported seeds.—And L. triphylla has occurred in a newly made road near Birkenhead, Cheshire.) Mimulus luteus, Linn. Provinces 123-5 6--91011 1213 14 15 16. Alien. Cyb. ii. 224. iii. 474. Established in Scotland._(The M. guttatus has been reported in Scotland also, by Dr. Arnott in the British Flora.) Mimulus moschatus, Douglas. Provinces- 3 7. Surrey; Dr.Trimen. N. Wales; Mr. Pamplin. Alien. Journal of Botany, iv. 151. Increases rapidly in damp loose ground, and likely may become established as a naturalised plant in Britain. Erinus alpinus, Lion. Province - 10. Near Tanfield, York; Bab. man. ed. 6. Alien. ‘In abundance on the old bed of the river.” 54. OROBANCHACES, Orobanche lucorum, Koch. 0. elatior, fide Borrer. Province - - 3. Corn-field near Epsom, Surrey, in 1846. Terror of name. Cyb. il. 226. 1.475. Eng. bot. vi. 197. Orobanche (minor) amethystea, Thuil. Provinces 1 ? 8. East Cornwall. South Devon. Kent. Syn. 793. Cyb. ii. 228. iii. 475. Sussex? ‘“T much doubt the correctness of the name”; Mr. Borrer, 1859. But the name is adhered to in Bab. Man. ed. 6, and in Eng. Bot. ed. 3. Orobanche ramosa, Linn. Provinces 1234. On Hemp, and thus very uncertain. Casual. Cyb. ii. 281.—(O. speciosa, DC., was found in 1860 by the late Thomas Clarke in a garden at Bridgewater, parasitical in a, row of pease.) 54*, ACANTHACER. — 55. LAMIACE. 543 54*, ACANTHACER. Acanthus mollis, Linn. Province 1. Near Penzance; Jones Tour, 31. “ Scilly Isles.” Alien. Cyb. ii. 232. iii.475. Phytol.iv.408. “ A.N.H. viii. 505.” 55. LAamMraceez. Salvia clandestina, Linn. Province 1. Lizard Point, West Cornwall; Bab. man. Ambiguity. Cyb. ii. 234. The corolla of Verbenaca elongates after first expansion, and thus perhaps gave occasion to make out a second species in England. The figure in Eng. Bot. 154 repre- sents the corolla with the short tube of its earliest expansion, not as seen when elongated beyond the calyx. Elsholtzia cristata, Willd. Province - - 3. Middlesex, 1856, lost in 1857. Scarcely admissible. Casual. T. D. flora, with reference to Irvine’s Handbook. Menthe Bakeriane. In the Journal of Botany for August, 1865, Mr. J. G. Baker published an article “On the English Mints.” He groups these proteiform plants into thirteen species, exclusive of Pulegium. 1n English Botany, third edition, Dr. Boswell Syme has, “for the most part, adopted the views of Mr. Baker,” as expressed in the paper referred to. In the Manual of British Botany, sixth edition, Professor Babington keeps some of the Bakerian species in combination; thus reducing the number into nine. In the Synopsis, pages 267-9, only six aggregates are treated. These half-dozen correspond with the Babingtonian species, except that viridis was omitted, as not being a real native; and no account was taken of alopecuroides and pratensis, known to me imperfectly by garden examples only. Among plants so readily multiplied through division of roots, all the garden examples of any one variety may have been only a single plant originally. To me now it would be an useless and most uninteresting trouble to relearn Mints by the species and varieties of Mr. Baker’s selection. I regard them, especially the varieties, simply as optional and arbitrary, as artificial arrangements of dried speci- mens and of portraits of individual plants; any other botanist having equal right to make either more or fewer species and varieties out of the same materials; and being just as likely to be correct by doing so. My indifference to them is not lessened by the circumstance that Mr. Baker enters very slightly into topo- graphical details; his scanty citation of localities warrantably suggesting that his arrangement rests really on a narrow experience altogether, as well in himself as in those from whom he adopts or 544 5B. LAMIACER. adapts. Still, this may not be at all the feeling of other botanists who will use the present Compendium; and thus it seems proper to imitate for Mentha the examples heretofore set in treating segregately the Roses, Brambles, and Hawkweeds. Accordingly a list of Mr. Baker’s named Mints is given here, along with such provincial nos. as his own scant enumeration of localities will warrant; assisted further by a few added in English Botany. As in Rosa, the prefixed numbers here also distinguish the Bakerian species, the non-numbered names which follow being those used for their varieties ;— Mentha. 1. rotundifolia 12- - - 14. 2. sylvestris a. sylvestris b. nemorosa c. mollissima - 4- - 14 15. d. alopecuroides 34- - oe 15 16. 3. viridis 4. crispa 3- - 11. 5. piperita 15. a. officinalis b. vulgaris 1- 3- 10 6. pubescens a. palustris 1-34--7 b. hircina 1-3 . hirsuta, 18 23- 10 15. . citrata - 45-7 9 . cardiaca 2 b. gracilis 34 - 8- 11 10. sativa -- . 15 16. b. paludosa c. subglabra 3-5 9 11 1b. 11. rubra 5 - 9 14. 12. gentilis 12-465 910 11 12 18. a. gentilis b. Wirtgeniana c. Pauliana ? : 13 14. d. pratensis 2 18. arvensis a. arvensis b. nummularia c. preecox 1 d. agrestis 12- 11. e. Allionii f. parietariefolia- 3 - 10. om =r 55. LAMIACER. 545 Thymus (Serpyllum) eu-Serpyllum, E. B. 3. Provinces 12345----10. And elsewhere? Syn. 810. Cyb. iii. 478. Both are widely distributed in Britain ; Borrer msc. Especially in mountainous districts; Eng. bot. Dry heaths ; Bab. man. Thymus (Serpyllum) Chamedrys, Fries. Provinces -2345----1011. And elsewhere? Syn. 810. Cyb. iii. 478. Dr. Boswell Syme writes, “ This is the only Thyme I have been able to meet with in the vicinity of London”; and most of the specimens in my own herbarium, brought together there from various parts of Britain, apparently belong to this segregate. But I find that the book-characters, taken as distinctive between the two, are occasionally cross- combined in nature. For instance, the stems or branches of Chamedrys may be seen variously “ procumbent, rooting, much- branched,” instead of “ascending, not rooting, slightly branched ”; —the printed words being very satisfactory distinctions between the two Thymes, if Nature would only act up to the rules of a Fries, a Babington, or a Boswell-Syme, instead of perversely going contrary to their printed text. Origanum virens, Link. & Hoffmg. Province - 2. Isle of Wight; Dr. J. E. Gray. Ambiguity.